HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology JUL 2 1936 MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY / ' ' ■ '' AT HARVARD COLLEGE VOL. LIII CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. IPriutcC) iov tbe /IDuseum 1936 MEMOIES OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE VOL. LIII CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. printeC* for tbe /iDuseum 1936 i /IDemoirs of tbe /iDuseum ot Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. LIII REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF DREDGING OPERA- TIONS FROM 1877 TO 1880, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, MADE BY THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY STEAMER "BLAKE," LIEUT. COMMANDER C. D. SIGSBEE, U.S.N., AND COMMANDER J. R. BARTLETT,U.S.N., COMMANDING, INCLUD- ING ALSO THE RESULTS OF THE DREDGING OPERATIONS FROM 1867 TO 1879, IN CHARGE OF L. F. DE POURTALES AND L. AGASSIZ, MADE BY THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY STEAMERS "CORWIN," "BIBB," AND "HASSLER," ACTING- MASTER R. PLATT, LIEUT. COMMANDER P. R. JOHNSON, U.S.N., COMMANDING. XLIX THE ALC YON ARIA OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN By ELISABETH DEICHMANN •WITH THIRTY-SEVEN PL.\TES CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. Iprtnteo for tbe /Buseum 1936 CONTENTS PART I. Introduction Material ..... Composition of the Fauna . The Relationship of the Fauna to that of other waters History of the West Indian Alcyonarians Taxonomic arrangement Characters used for Determination Macroscopical Features Microscopical Features Technical Terms PART II. System.\tic Account Order I. Stolonifera Clavulariidae Clavularia Quoy & Gaimard 1834 C. modesta (Verrill) C. tubaria Wright & Studer ?C. bathybius (Saville Kent) C. rudis (Verrill) Sarcodictyon Forbes 1847 . S. rugosum Pourtales (Anthopodium Verrill 1872 A. rubens Verrill) . Tubiporidae Cyathopodium Verrill 1869 C. elegans spec, no v. Order II. Telestacea Telestidae .... Telesto Lamouroux 1821 T. rigida Wright & Studer T. sangiiinea spec. nov. . T. flavula spec. nov. T. fructiculosa Dana T. riisei Duchassaing & Michelotti T. rupicola (F. Miiller) Order III. Alcyonacea . Alcyoniidae Alcyonium Linnaeus 1758 . A. digitatum Linnaeus A. rubistella spec. nov. Anthomastus Verrill 1878 . A. grandiflorus Verrill A. agassizii Verrill . Nidalia Gray 1835 N. occidentalis Gray N. rigida spec. nov. Page 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 23 26 28 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 48 49 52 52 54 55 56 57 CONTENTS Nephthyidae Eunephthya Verrill 1869 E. nigra (Pourtales) E. glomerata Verrill E. florida (Rathke) E. rubiformis (Ehrenberg) E. fructicosa (M. Sars) Neospongodes Kiikenthal 1903 N. portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers) N. agassizii spec. nov. N. caribaea spec. nov. (Fasciculariidae) (Xeniidae) Order IV. Goegonacea . Suborder Scleraxonia Briareidae Erythropodium Kolliker 1865 E. caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti) E. polyanthes (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Anthothela Verrill 1879 . A. grandiflora (M. Sars) Briareum Blainville 1830 B. asbestinum (Pallas) B. asbestinum (Pallas) var. ? Paragorgia ISIilne-Edwards 1857 P. arborea Linnaeus Iciligorgia Duchassaing 1870 I. schrammi Duchassaing Titanideum Verrill 1863 T. suberosum (Ellis & Solander) Suberia Studer 1878 S. clavaria Studer (Spongioderma Kolliker 1870) Diodogorgia Kiikenthal 1919 . D. ceratosa Kiikenthal D. nodulifera (Hargitt & Rogers) Suberogorgiidae Keroeides Wright & Studer 1887 K. richardii (Lamouroux) . (Coralliidae .... Melitodidae) .... Suborder Holaxonia Plexauridae (only two species are included) Eunicella Verrill 1869 E. tenuis Verrill . E. modesta Verrill Plexaurella Valenciennes 1855 Eunicea Lamouroux 1816 Page 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 72 72 74 74 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 85 85 85 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 94 95 CONTENTS Plexauropsis Verrill 1907 Plexaura Lamouroux 1812 Muriceidae Muricea Lamouroux 1821 M. muricata (Pallas) M. laxa Verrill . M. spicifera Lamouroux M. pendula Verrill Eumuricea Verrill 1868 . E. atlantica Riess Hypnogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 H. pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti Caliacis gen. nov. C. nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Scleracis Riess 1919 S. guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) S. petrosa spec. nov. Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860 T. solitaria (Pourtales) T. granulosa spec. nov. T. bicolor spec. nov. T. rubra spec. nov. T. gracilis spec. nov. T. citrina spec. nov. T. rugosa spec. nov. T. parviflora spec. nov. T. guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti T. grandiflora spec. nov. T. grandiflora var. rugulosa var. nov T. hebes spec. nov. T. nivea spec. nov. Thesea plana spec. nov. T. ? species .... Bebryce Philippi 1842 B. grandis spec. nov. B. cinerea spec. nov. B. parastellata spec. nov. Eubrandella nov. nom. E. flabellum (Verrill) Acanthacis gen. nov. A. scabra spec. nov. A. austera spec. nov. Trachymuricea gen. nov. T. hirta (Pourtales) Paramuricea Kolliker 1865 P. echinata spec. nov. P. placomus (Linnaeus) P. multispina spec. nov. P. grandis Verrill (Muriceides Wright & Studer 1887) Page 95 96 96 99 100 101 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 107 107 108 110 110 112 113 114 115 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 121 122 123 124 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132 133 134 135 135 137 137 138 COxNTENTS Villogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti V. nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti Placogorgia Wright & Studer 1889 P. mirabilis spec. nov. P. tenuis (Verrill) P. rudis spec. nov. Echinomuricea Verrill 1889 E. atlantica (Johnson) Doubtful Forms .... Filigella Gray 1868 F. gracilis Gray) (Anthomuricea Wright & Studer 1887 A. antillarum Aurivillius Acanthogorgiidae .... Acanthogorgia Gray 1857 A. armata Verrill A. aspera Pourtales A. schrammi (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Primnoidae ..... Primnoinae .... Plumarella Gray 1870. P. pourtalesii (^^errill) P. pourtalesii var. robusta var. nov. Primnoa Lamouroux 1812 P. resedaeformis (Gunnerus) Caligorgia Gray 1857 . C. gracilis (Milne-Edwards) C. verticillata (Pallas) Primnoella Gray 1857. P. polita spec. nov. P. delicatissima Kiikenthal Thouarella Gray 1870. T. goesi (Aurivillius) T. aurea spec. nov. Callozostroninae Stenella Gray 1870 S. imbricata (Johnson) Calyptrophorinae Narella Gray 1870 N. regularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) N. laxa spec. nov. N. pauciflora spec. nov. Calyptrophora Gray 1866 C. trilepis (Pourtales) Gorgoniidae ..... Gorgonia Linnaeus 1758. G. hartti Verrill Leptogorgia Milne-Edwards 1857 L. virgulata (Lamarck) L. setacea (Pallas) Page 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 147 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 150 151 153 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 159 162 162 163 164 164 165 166 166 167 168 168 169 170 170 171 171 172 174 175 175 177 178 CONTENTS 9 CKAGE IS INSURED WITH THE a Insuranrr (Srnitp iRTFORD, CONNECTICUT of loss or damage to the contents immedi- ihould be given to the shipper, ige is received by anyone other than the ase advise the shipper or the insurance WARNING livery of this parcel or any part of its con- lly investigated and the parlies responsible cuted to the full extent of the law. L. hebes Verrill ..... L. miniata (Valenciennes) L. sanguinolenta (Pallas) L. purpurea (Pallas) .... Swiftia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 . S. casta (Verrill) .... S. pourtalesii nom. nov. S. koreni (Studer) .... S. exserta (Ellis & Solander) S. species ...... Rhipidogorgia Valenciennes 1855 R. flabelhim (Linnaeus) Pterogorga Ehrenberg 1834 P. bipinnata Verrill .... P. americana (Gmelin) P. sparsiramosa Bielschowsky P. acerosa (Pallas) .... P. acerosa var. elastica Bielschowsky P. ellisiana ISIilne-Edwards . Xiphigorgia ]Milne-Edwards 1857 X. anceps (PaUas) .... X. citrina (Esper) .... Pliyllogorgia ISIilne-Edwards 1850 P. dilatata (Esper) .... Gorgonellidae ...... Junceella ^'alenciennes 1855 . J. antillarum Toeplitz. (Toeplitzella nom. nov.) .... Scirpearia Cuvier 1817 .... S. atlantica Toeplitz .... S. barbadensis (Duchassaing & IMichelotti) S. funiculina (Duchassaing & Michelotti) S. grandiflora spec. nov. S. elongata (Pallas) rrill) . 0 nov. isis (Duchassaing & 'plitz Toeplitz Michelotti) ;kson 1904 nov. ing & Michelotti 1864 Duchassaing & Michelotti jrsluys 1902 . ^ ^Verrill) Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 C. desbonni Duchassaing & Michelotti C. desbonni var. thyrsiformis var. nov. Page 179 180 181 182 185 187 188 189 190 192 192 193 193 195 196 197 198 199 199 200 201 201 201 202 202 204 204 205 206 206 208 210 211 212 214 216 217 218 220 220 220 223 223 224 225 226 226 227 228 230 CONTENTS Villogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti V. nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti Placogorgia Wright & Studer 1889 P. mirabilis spec. nov. P. tenuis (Verrill) P. rudis spec. nov. Echinomuricea Verrill 1889 E. atlantica (Johnson) Doubtful Forms .... Filigella Gray 1868 F. gracilis Gray) (Anthomuricea Wright & Studer 1887 A. antillarum Aurivillius Acanthogorgiidae .... Acanthogorgia Gray 1857 A. armata Verrill A. aspera Pourtales A. schrammi (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Primnoidae ..... Primnoinae .... Plumarella Gray 1870. P. pourtalesii (Verrill) P. pourtalesii var. robusta var. nov. Primnoa Lamouroux 1812 P. resedaeformis (Gunnerus) Caligorgia Gray 1857 . C. gracilis (Milne-Edwards) C. verticillata (Pallas) Primnoella Gray 1857. P. polita spec. nov. P. delicatissima Kiikenthal Thouarella Gray 1870. T. goesi (Aurivillius) T. aurea spec. nov. Callozostroninae Stenella Gray 1870 . S. imbricata (Johnson) Calyptrophorinae Narella Gray 1870 . N. regularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) N. laxa spec. nov. N. pauciflora spec. nov. Calyptrophora Gray 1866 C. trilepis (Pourtales) Gorgoniidae ..... Gorgonia Linnaeus 1758. G. hartti Verrill Leptogorgia Milne-Edwards 1857 L. virgulata (Lamarck) L. setacea (Pallas) Page 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 147 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 150 151 153 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 159 162 162 163 164 164 165 «*uji l« iW^i^. ■+-hfci UrvMv'fcnbii-t Oh tj ATHENS, QEOR^ 175 177 178 CONTENTS L. hebes Verrill .... L. miniata (Valenciennes) . L. sanguinolenta (Pallas) L. purpurea (Pallas) . Swiftia Duchassaing & INIichelotti 1864 S. casta (Verrill) S. pourtalesii nom. nov. S. koreni (Studer) S. exserta (Ellis & Solander) S. species ..... Rhipidogorgia Valenciennes 1855 R. flabelluin (Linnaeus) Pterogorga Ehrenberg 1834 P. bipinnata A'errill P. americana (Gmelin) P. sparsiramosa Bielschowsky P. acerosa (Pallas) P. acerosa var. elastica Bielschowsky P. ellisiana ]\Iilne-Edwards . Xiphigorgia JNIilne-Edwards 1857 X. anceps (Pallas) X. citrina (Esper) Phyllogorgia IMilne-Edwards 1850 P. dilatata (Esper) Gorgonellidae ..... Junceella \'alenciennes 1855 . J. antillarum Toeplitz . (Toeplitzella nom. nov.) . Scirpearia Cuvier 1817 . S. atlantica Toeplitz . S. barbadensis (Duchassaing & ]\IicheIotti S. funiculina (Duchassaing & Michelotti) S. grandiflora spec. nov. S. elongata (Pallas) S. grandis (Verrill) Nicella Gray 1870 N. obesa spec. nov. N. guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) N. ramosa Toeplitz N. americana Toeplitz Chrysogorgiidae .... Trichogorgia Hickson 1904 T. viola spec. nov. Riisea Duchassaing & ^lichelotti 1864 R. paniculata Duchassaing & Michelott: Metallogorgia Versluys 1902 . M. splendens (Verrill) Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 C. desbonni Duchassaing & Michelotti C. desbonni var. thyrsiformis var. nov. Page 179 180 181 182 185 187 188 189 190 192 192 193 193 195 196 197 198 199 199 200 201 201 201 202 202 204 204 205 206 206 208 210 211 212 214 216 217 218 220 220 220 223 223 224 225 226 226 227 228 230 10 CONTENTS C. fewkesi Verrill C. fewkesi var. multiflora var. nov. C. elegans (Verrill) C. squama ta (Verrill) C. agassizii (Verrill) . Iridogorgia Verrill 1883 . • I. poiirtalesii Verrill . Radicipes Stearns 1883 . R. gracilis (Verrill) Isididae .... Ceratoisidinae (Isidella Gray 1857) . Lepidisis Verrill 1883 . L. caryophyllia Verrill L. longiflora Verrill Acanella Gray 1870 A. arbuscula (Johnson) A. eburnea (Pourtales) Ceratoisis Wright 1869 C. flexibilis (Pourtales) C. simplex (Verrill) C. ornata Verrill Mopseinae . Primnoisis Wright & Studer 1887 P. humilis spec. nov. P. rigida W'right & Studer (Isidinae .... Chelidonisis Studer 1890 C. aurantiaca Studer) C. capensis (Studer) Order V. Pennatulacea (Veretillidae Echinoptilidae) . Renillidae Renilla Lamarck 1816 R. mi'illeri Kollikcr R. reniformis (Pallas) forma typica forma nov. R. reniformis (Pallas) forma americana Lamarck R. reniformis (Pallas) forma kollikeri Pfeffer Kophobelemnonidae Kophobelemnon Asbjornsen 1856 K. stelliferum (O. F. Miiller) Funiculinidae Funiculina Lamarck 1816 F. quadrangularis (Pallas) Protoptilidae Proptoptilum Kolliker 1872 P. carpenterii Page 230 231 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 237 239 239 240 241 242 243 243 245 246 247 248 249 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 253 253 256 256 257 257 258 259 259 259 260 260 260 261 261 262 263 263 264 CONTENTS 11 Distichoptilum Verrill 1882 D. gracile Verrill (Stachyptilidae) Chunellidae Scleroptilum Kolliker 1880 S. grandiflorum Kolliker Umbellulidae Umbellula Cuvier 1798 U. gtintheri Kolliker U. lindahlii Kolliker Virgulariidae Stylatula Verrill 1864 S. elegans (Danielssen) S. brasiliensis (Gray) S. antillarum Kolliker S. species Virgularia Lamarck 1816 V. mirabilis (Linnaeus) V. kophameli May V. spec. (V. tuberculata Marshall) Anthoptilidae Anthoptilum Kolliker 1880 A. grandiflorum (Verrill) A. murrayi Kolliker A. sertum (Verrill) Balticinidae Balticina Gray 1870 . B. finmarchica (Sars) B. christii (Koren & Danielssen) Pennatulidae Acanthoptilum Kolliker 1870 A. pourtalesii Kolliker . A. agassizii Kolliker Pennatula Linnaeus 1758 . P. grandis Ehrenberg P. aculeata Danielssen P. aculeata var. laxa Verrill Pteroeididae (Pteroeides Herklots 1858) Gyrophyllum Studer 1891 G. hirondellei Studer PART III. List of Dredging Stations Bibliography ... Explanations of Plates Page 265 265 265 266 266 266 267 267 268 268 269 269 270 271 271 272 272 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 277 278 278 279 279 280 281 281 282 282 282 283 283 284 285 285 286 286 286 299 309 EDITORIAL FOREWORD As far back as the Annual Report for 1898-1899 this Museum announced as "in preparation" a report by Prof. A. E. Verrill on the Blake Alcyonarians. Work on this report progressed steadily at Yale University, and pertinent specimens from this collection were sent to New Haven from time to time. The report began to assume larger and larger proportions because Prof, ^'errill apparently planned a monographic treatment, to include a review of most of the described forms from the entire world. Prof. Verrill died in 1927, and the writers assumed responsibility for the pubhcations of the Museum in November of the same year. We found a manu- script of tremendous length, with a very large number of propo.sed new species, and a long series of hehotype and some colored plates illustrating these new- forms. A very brief inspection of the manuscript showed that he must have quit working on it prior to 1911, as all references to literature ceased after 1910, and it was at once ob\'ious that the manuscript was seriously out of date. More- over, in many cases the types of proposed new species and other material cited proved to be missing from the museum's collections. Needless to state, the services of a speciahst were absolutely essential in such a state of affairs. Miss Elisabeth Deichmann was given a Fellowship early in 1928 "to make an attempt to collate the manuscript, plates and type specimens upon which Dr. Verrill based his report No one untrained in methods of marine zoological taxonomy would be competent to undertake this herculean task, for both the manuscript and collection are at present in sad confusion. Whether it will ever be worth while to pubUsh this report re- mains to be seen" (extract from Director's report for 1927-28, p. 8). The answer, unfortunately, has proved to be that it was not worth while. The present volume is a new report by Miss Deichmann, that retains scarcely a single Une of Professor Verrill's. Miss Deichmann has completed her re\'ision according to the recent monographic treatments of Kiikenthal and Broch and Hickson. She has, of course, used the names which Verrill selected when possible, and has many times had occasion to acknowledge the use which she has made of Dr. Verrill's notes. We are unable to give the history of this manuscript from 1910-1927, nor do we know what work if any Professor Verrill may have done on it during this 14 EDITORIAL FOREWORD period. But we know that the systematic history of any group of animals can be roughly divided into two stages (1) the preliminary, proposing an increasing number of genera and species based on whatever characters are first and most readily observed and (2) a later stage, with a sounder basic classification, which involves the discarding of many proposed genera and species, based on growth stages, habitat differences or even individual variations. Professor Verrill was a great leader in the first stage in the study of the Alcyonarians, the extensive hterature appearing after 1911 has ushered in the second stage. The chances are that the lapse of another decade or two will see the reduction of more dubious West Indian species to synonymy than the description of additional novelties. Be this as it may, the present report is strictly confined to the region repre- sented by the Museum's collections from the Western Atlantic, and all other species are omitted. Only eleven of the original 140 plates proved serviceable in the present connection. These have been mostly skillfully renumbered by the Heliotype Company of Jamaica Plain, Mass., who have also erased the erroneous names of most of these plates, printing over the erasures the new and correct names of the corals figured. These remarks should consequently explain the appearance of the plates and their apparent departure from the style normally adopted in our Memoir series. Dr. Verrill was a student of Professor Louis Agassiz and a Ufe long friend of his son Alexander, and by ties of traditional esteem and affection was bound to this institution, in which he was an officer from 1860-1864. It is with the deepest regret indeed that this Memoir could not appear under his own name. / T. Barbour and L. Griscom I. INTRODUCTION When Professor Verrill died in 1927 he left a manuscript of great length, describing the Alcyonarians secured between 1867 and 1880 by the "Blake" and other deep-sea expeditions in the West Indian seas and off the east coast of the United States. It was evident from the numerous references to Indo- Pacific forms that he intended to make a critical study of the entire group. As the Alcyonarians have been treated in several extensive monographs during the last twenty years, large parts of Verrill's manuscript had become completely out of date; he had apparently made no use of the literature on the subject since 1911-12. It has therefore been necessary to adopt the latest taxonomic arrange- ments. Very often they are almost the same as those employed by Verrill. The references to Indo-Pacific forms have been omitted, since other authors have made the corrections suggested. The descriptions have been re-written and re-arranged according to modern principles, and a number of genera and species, which Verrill considered new, have been abandoned, because they were based upon differences which are now not regarded of taxonomic importance. On the other hand, the paper has been extended to include all species occurring in West Indian waters,' off the coast of Brazil, and off the east coast of North America (except for one family).- The older collections in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology contain many of the types and specimens used by Verrill in making his determinations and also some West Indian material from the collec- tions of Duchassaing & Michelotti, as well as from those of KolUker. It was thus ' Very few references are made to the occurrence of Alcyonarians in Bermuda. Only the most spectacular shallow water forms have been collected, mostly Plexaurids which are not included in this paper. Verrill, 1907, describes five common forms and 12 Plexaurids. More systematic collecting along the shores will undoubtedly reveal that the fauna is much richer than Verrill's list leads one to sus- pect and also dredging may be expected to give interesting results. Only a few dredgings were made by the "Challenger," and the few species secured were described by Wright & Studer in 1889. 2 The family Plexauridae is represented in the West Indian seas by five genera with numerous species, mostly shallow water forms. A single species was obtained by the "Blake" Expedition from deeper water. Most of the genera have been treated extensively by Kunze (1916), others briefly by Moser (1921), and the whole family is included in Kiikenthal's Gorgonacea (1924). As the Museum of Comparative Zoology possesses relatively few colonies, most of which are quite common forms, not yielding additional information, it seemed useless to translate Kunze's and Kiikenthal's results. A key to the five genera is given, and references are made to Kiikenthal's, Kunze's and Moser's papers. 16 THE ALCYONARIA possible to correct many of the mistakes in Kiikenthal's and his students' papers on West Indian forms, which were based partly upon a study of the literature, partly upon Kiikenthal's and Hartmeyer's own collections, and partly upon specimens which Ktikenthal had obtained during his visit to Harvard in 1911. The West Indian Seas were fairly well explored in early times, even the deeper sea. The present study therefore adds relatively few new species to science. But the "Blake" material and the collections in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology give a very complete picture of the composition of the fauna, a picture which has been lacking hitherto because so many of the forms were insufficiently described and hence were of doubtful validity. In connection with the revision of the collections in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, I have had the opportunity of examining the material used by Verrill, in the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, for his last publication in 1922, and also the large collections of Alcyonacea collected off the west coast of the United States, belonging to the United States National Museum, Washington, while a visit to the British Museum in July, 1934, enabled me to examine numerous types and species not well represented in American mu-seums. I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. R. M. Anderson, Dr. Waldo Schmitt and Capt. A. K. Tottom for their generous help and for permission to publish on the material in their charge. I am also especially indebted to Dr. Sydney J. Hickson of Cambridge, England, with whom I have corresponded and who has kindly looked over some parts of the manuscript. Out of his lifelong experience he has given invaluable corrections and suggestions. Material The material examined for Verrill's manuscript was originally the collection secured by the "Blake" Expedition in 1877-1880 (about 600 lots), which was referred first to L. F. de Pourtales. He died in 1880 without having started the work. When the report was almost ready for publication in 1910, it was decided that Verrill should include the material collected by Pourtalds and Stimpson ("Bibb" and "Bache," 1867-1872), which had been returned undetermined from Kolliker (about 200 lots). The material from A. Agassiz's dredgings along the coast of New England in 1880 (partly published in 1883), and the "Hassler" material (from 1871-1872, L. Agassiz), was also included. About 580 separate dredgings were made in West Indian waters, and in 186 of the localities Alcyonarians were brought to the surface. In rocky places several species were found in one haul; in muddy locaUties only a few. The INTRODUCTION 17 absence of deep-water Alcyonarians may be due in many cases to the fact that only ordinary dredges were used instead of tangles, and it is greatly to be recom- mended that both types of instruments be used to secure this kind of material. The use of a dredge explains why Pourtales acquired so many of the small soft forms of the orders Alcyonacea and Telestacea, and only fragments of the larger more robust forms such as those belonging to the famihes Muriceidae and GorgoneUidae, which were so numerous later in A. Agassiz's hauls with tangles in the same locaUties. Several specimens secured by Stimpson in 1872 in the waters around Florida, during dredging operations by the "Bache," have no station number and often no record of depth. The number of actual dredgings is therefore somewhat higher than the lists (p. 286) beyond indicate. In the present revision of Verrill's manuscript all the material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology which could be of any interest has been included. Such common forms as Rhipidogorgia, etc., which have been recently monographed, are simply mentioned and a reference given, while in those cases where the material shows new features, or re-estabUshes a doubtful species, it is fully dis- cussed. In many cases the dredgings from deeper water contained relatives of forms which are mostly shallow water species, and it thus became necessary to give a short re\dsion of the whole genus. In this way the paper has been natur- ally extended to include all the shallow water forms with the exception of the Plexauridae. Composition of the Fauna About 200 valid species are known from the West Indian region and from the waters off the east coast of North America and Brazil. About 145 of these have been previously recorded, though several doubtfully, so there are now added about 50 previously unUsted species, some of which seem to be identical with the deep water forms in the eastern Atlantic. A large number of doubtful species have been found to be valid; others are regarded as synonyms, while a few have been completely discarded (Kiikenthal, 1919, gives a fairly complete list of all the doubtful Gorgonacea). A total of about 125 species have been examined; of these about 100 are in the "Blake" collections and the others in the old collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Very few additions to the West Indian Alcyonaria are to be expected in the future. Those that are found will consist mostly of species already known from deep water in the eastern Atlantic. 18 THE ALCYONARIA Although our knowledge of the number of existing species is fairly satis- factory, there are still gaps in the data covering these forms to be filled. There are large parts of the West Indian area where no collections have ever been made of shallow water gorgonians, and there are also large parts of the deeper water which have never been dredged and which undoubtedly would yield interesting results. We know for example about how many Pennatulacea there are in this region, but they are known only from single specimens because too few dredgings have been made in muddy locaUties. The "Blake" collections contain unexcelled series of several species, illustrating the changes which these forms undergo during growth, and they also contain evidences of individual variations, but there are other forms which are known only from fragments. Many fragments are in such an imperfect condition that it has been impossible to give a general description of the outer shape or size which the colony normally reaches. The Relationship of the Fauna to that of Other Waters I, The shallow water fauna consists of a West Indian and a Brazilian element. There is no shallow water fauna peculiar to the Atlantic coast of North America. A few species from Florida are still common off the coast of North Carolina and a single species may even occur in dredgings off New York, but that is rather an exceptional case. A striking feature of the shallow water fauna in the West Indian and in the Brazilian region is the absence of Alcyonacea, a pecuUarity which these two areas seem to have in common with the rest of the tropical Atlantic as well as with the Pacific coast of Central America. This condition is in marked contrast to the Indo-Pacific area, where cushionlike, spinous, or tree-shaped Alcyonacea are among the most characteristic forms. The Brazilian and West Indian faunas seem in the main to be distinctly separate. One species of Leptogorgia, two species of Renilla, and one of Stylatula are apparently identical in the two areas, but the remainder, with the exception of certain Plexauridae, appear to be different. The Brazilian fauna is much poorer in species than the West Indian. Whether it originally came from the West Indies or whether it is chiefly derived from African sources is at present impossible to tell, but probably the latter will be found to be the case. It is not known with certainty how many of the west Atlantic species actually occur in the tropical eastern Atlantic. None of the east Atlantic or Mediterranean species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology are identical INTRODUCTION 19 with any of the western forms in the collection. The Stolonifera and Alcyonacea are furthermore not too well known. A single species of Telesto, however, is known from the west coast of .Africa and may be identical with one of the west Atlantic forms. The shallow water Gorgonacea are richly developed in the West Indian and BraziUan waters, while few species are known from the eastern part of the Atlantic. Most species are distinctly different, but the descriptions given by Bielschowsky (1929) of certain species of west African Leptogorgia make it seem likely that one or two species occur on both sides of the Atlantic. Her description of L. petechizans, for example, suggests very much the West Indian L. sanguinolenta, and her L. purpurea may be the same as the one Usted here as L. purpurea from Brazil. From what we know about the extension of range of some stony corals it is quite possible that a few hardy species from South Africa may have reached the West Indian or BraziUan coasts and become settled there. Originally these few species may have come from the Indo-Pacific Ocean (see Thiel, 1928). There are only a few shallow water Pennatulacea in both the eastern and western Atlantic and they all appear to be different; the American forms belong to genera which are strictly Hmited to American waters. The fauna found off the west coast of Central America seems entirely dif- ferent, with the exception of two species of Renilla and one of Stylatula (?), which extend their range around the southern end of South America. Bielschowsky lists one species of Leptogorgia, L. rubra nom. nov., as recorded from Brazil, from the Straits of Magellan, and from the west coasts of Central America and California, but she has undoubtedly united two or three species under the one name. At least all the west coast species of Leptogorgia, which I have ex- amined, are different from the Brazilian species (L. purpurea Esper of the present paper). II. The lists which follow show that the Stolonifera and Alcyonacea of the deeper water are mostly the same in the eastern and the western parts of the Atlantic. A few forms are still known only from American waters, but it is possible that they are identical with some less well known deep water forms from the eastern Atlantic. The Telestacea, well represented in American shallow waters, have, aside from Verrill's form from the coast of Africa, one deep water form known off the shores of the Azores, which may be expected in American waters. From the descriptions, the bulk of the Gorgonacea of the deeper water seem to be the same on both sides of the Atlantic, but material from the two sides has never been compared or studied by persons who had the same conception of 20 THE ALCYONARIA the limits of the species and genera. A few genera, such as Thesea}, seem, however, to be developed only in West Indian waters. A single species of the family Gorgoniidae seems to be common in deep water in both areas, although most of the members of this family occur in very shallow water. The GorgonelUdae, chiefly regarded as a shallow water family, occur in the Atlantic Ocean almost exclusively at a depth of more than 100 fathoms. A few species have been Usted from the West Indies as well as from the Azores and South Africa by Toeplitz (1928), but it is doubtful whether any of them have so wide a distribution. Most of them seem to be characteristic either of the West Indies or of the eastern Atlantic region. It has been known for a long time that the Chrysogorgiidae and the Primnoidae, as well as the Isididae, are represented both in the eastern and in the western part of the Atlantic by the same species. The "Blake" material has confirmed this fact. It is noteworthy, however, that one of the genera known from shallow water (56 fms.) off the Cape of Good Hope occurs also in the West Indies, and is represented, as far as can be ascertained, by the same species. The Pennatulacea from deeper water seem to be practically the same in both the eastern and the western Atlantic. Some of them are reported also from the Indo-Pacific. One of the two listed species of Umbellula is reported by Studer off the west coast of Panama, but his material has not been compared with the "Blake" specimens ^; undoubtedly he was wrong. History op the West Indian Alcyonarians Among first descriptions of West Indian Alcyonarians were Pallas' (1766) and several of his species were later figured by Esper (1788-97). From 1792 to 1860 we have scattered descriptions or merely lists of names of West Indian corals compiled by EUis & Solander, Milne-Edwards, Lamarck, and Valenciennes. In the middle of the last century it was thought that the precious coral might possibly exist in the West Indies, and a number of dredgings were made by Italians, but with negative results. They provided material, however, for Duchassaing & Michelotti's classical monographs on the West Indian corals. Between 1860 and 1907 there were a number of short descriptions of West Indian ' Hickson's T. crosslandi from Panama (1928, p. 354) seems to be another species and genus. The type of T. guadalupensis, as well as the other West Indian forms, have no projecting outer spines on the spicules. ' Hickson (1928, pp. 334-336) has studied the shallow water fauna from Panama, and compares it with the West Indian forms. INTRODUCTION 21 species, as well as of forms occurring off the east coast of Americaj by Pourtales and especially by Verrill. In 1901 Hargitt & Rogers published a paper on the Alcyonarians from Porto Rico, with a brief outline of the genera which were known at that time in West Indian waters. From 1908-1929 a number of small detailed papers dealing with West Indian corals were published by Kiikenthal and his students. They were based upon the material from Kiikenthal's and Hartmeyer's expedition, consisting mostly of shallow water forms, and upon various specimens taken by the "Blake," etc., which Kiikenthal obtained while staying at Harvard. In 1912 Verrill published a paper on the Brazilian Alcyonarians (not mentioned in any of Kiikenthal's or his students' papers), and in 1922 he pubUshed a paper on North American Alcyonarians. A few forms from Curacao were described by Gordon in 1925. AuriviUius in 1931 added some new West Indian species, and redescribed one old form, from Brazil. Kiikenthal and Broch's Pennatulacea (1911) and Kiikenthal's Gorgonaria (1919), in the "Valdivia" report, gave an extensive bibhography, including the literature on the West Indian forms. In Kiikenthal's Pennatularia (1915) and Gorgonaria (1924) in "Das Tierreich," all species which can be recognized are listed, with short descriptions and com- plete lists of references. Large parts of these two papers are based, however, exclusively on the study of the Uterature, and invaluable as they have been in the preparation of this paper, they contain many errors, which have been cor- rected in aU cases where specimens have been available in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology. KoUiker included a few American Pennatulacea in his large monograph of 1872 and in the "Challenger" report of 1880; Wright & Studer also gave descrip- tions of several West Atlantic Alcyonarians in their report of 1889. When one examines the literature listed in Kiikenthal's recent papers, one is surprised at the small amount of work that has been done on the shallow water fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and on that of the west coast of Africa, the Canaries, etc. Since v.Koch's time there are only scattered descriptions ( Lacaze- Duthier and others), but no comprehensive studies with consideration of the relationship of the various species. The deep water forms have been treated in the Monaco reports by Studer (1901) and Thomson (1927), and these authors include also the species described by the older authors. In addition there have been Roule's report from the Gulf of Gascogne (1905) and Stephens' paper on the fauna of the Irish waters (1910). The northern forms have been treated by Broch (1911, 1928), Jungersen (1904, 1927), and Molander (1915, 1918, 1929), 22 THE ALCYONARIA all of whom have done their share in reducing the number of doubtful species, and by their critical studies have put our knowledge of this difficult group on a more solid basis. Taxonomic Arrangement The taxonomic arrangement which follows is based on the brief outline by Hickson (1930). Regarding the Pennatulacea and Gorgonacea, the sequence used by Hickson (1916) Kiikenthal and Broch (1911), and Kiikenthal, (1915, 1919, 1924) has been followed as closely as possible; a repetition of the literature has thus been avoided in most cases by giving references to their papers. The re- maining orders which Kiikenthal (1925) has grouped together in the subclass Alcyonaria, on account of the long gastral cavities which he thinks are present in all of them, are here kept separate following Hickson's arrangement. A few have been placed in the Gorgonacea. The attempt has been made to list all recognized species from the West Indian, Brazilian, and eastern United States waters. Brief references are also made to most deep sea forms which have been taken in the eastern Atlantic, as many of them undoubtedly occur likewise in the western part, or are represented by very closely related forms. Thanks to the works of Kiikenthal (1907-1925), Kiikenthal and Broch (1911), and Laackmann (1908), it has been easy to do this in the case of the Pennatulacea, of the Gorgonacea, and of the Telestacea. It has been more difficult in the case of the Stolonifera and of the Alcyonacea where no single person has ever had all the material in hand. Molander's paper on the northern forms of Alcyonacea (including Stolonifera) has been used as the founda- tion for the list of these forms, supplemented by Broch's paper on the northern species of Eunephthya (1928), but in the case of the Clavulariidae and to some ex- tent in the Alcyoniidae the lists do not claim to be complete, as no material has been available in most cases, and the descriptions and conceptions of species and genera of the different authors are so contradictory, that it is impossible to un- tangle the threads with the help of literature alone. The literature has been studied as carefully as possible, and it is hoped that the lists are now fairly complete, and that no species appears twice, under different names, or has been completely lost. Molander's last paper (1929) has unfortunately not been available. The arrangement which Verrill used in his manuscript differed in no essential features from Hickson's or Kiikenthal's outlines; the Pennatulacea were, however, placed first and the Stolonifera last. It was obviously necessary to change this INTRODUCTION 23 order. Several new families that had been established were abandoned, and the genus Riisea was placed in the GorgonelUdae instead of the Chrysogorgiidae. The changes which have been made in the taxonomic arrangement have, there- fore, not been of a fundamental nature and are only such as Verrill himself would have probably made had he had the opportunity to see the more recent studies of Hickson and Klikenthal. It must be remembered that their results are, in many cases, founded upon his earlier studies. Characters Used for Determination The fact that large parts of the collections have been preserved dry or in a strongly contracted condition in alcohol has made it necessary to leave out all finer anatomical and histological details. The characters which have been used in the descriptions have therefore been only the most simple, namely, 1) macro- scopical features such as size, outer shape, and branching of the colony, its axis and color, the arrangement, size, and armature of the zooids, the structure of the coenenchyma; and 2) microscopical features, namely, the spicules and their arrangement. I. Macroscopical Features In the Stolonifera the size of the colonies seems to be somewhat limited; they rarely extend more than 2 cm. in length and breadth, even small colonies showing the characteristic features. The zooids are large compared to the thin coenenchyma. Their arrangement in clusters or singly is generally assumed to be a constant specific character. The color in most deep water forms is white or grey; in the shallow water forms it is often bright red or yellow and quite variable (Sarcodidyon). In the Telestacea the stolons give rise to a large number of tall upright primary zooids, often forming grass-like coverings, where the outer conditions are favorable. The primary zooids may reach a height of 20 cm. in some species, whereas other forms are consistently shorter. The arrangement of the secondary zooids on the prunary zooids and their relative sizes are matters of taxonomic importance. The longitudinal striation of the walls and the color seem to be constant features in this small order. A few of the tropical shallow water Alcyonacea form enormous, low colonies but mostly the lump-shaped forms are less than 10 cm. in extent. The branched forms seem to have very definite limits in the height to which they grow, perhaps 24 THE ALCYONARIA due to mechanical reasons. Even the simplest forms appear to conform to a definite outer shape. Strong contraction and poor preservation of the colonies in the course of time have often caused much misinterpretation, as Broch's work on the northern species of Eunephthya has revealed, especially when poor preser- vation of the material has been combined with an inadequate study of the spicules on the part of the investigator. As a rule one can say that the outer shape is a valuable distinguishing character in the Alcyonacea. Where no di- morphism occurs, the shape and size of the zooids are almost constant within a species. In the dimorphic species the autozooids increase in size and number with advancing age, apparently until a certain limit is reached. Nothing is known about the longevity of these forms. The shallow water Gorgonacea in the West Indies usually grow to a height of between 50-100 cm. or even more. Very few are shorter {Briareum asbestinuvi, Muricea spicifera). Among the deep water forms there are certain families which have small deUcate colonies, rarely more than 20 cm. in height (Muriceidae, Chrysogorgiidae, Gorgoniidae, certain Isididae) while others normally reach 100 cm. or more (most of the Gorgonellidae, Primnoidae, certain Isididae). We know from observations made in the Tortugas Laboratory, that most of the shallow water forms reach their maximum size in 3-5 years and after that period they remain practically constant. Very young specimens are often less easily recognized, because they have not yet developed the typical branching. For- tunately the structure of the colony is very much the same in every part, and conclusions based on a study of either a fragment of a large colony or of a small juvenile colony are therefore valid. The thickness of the branchlets is almost constant throughout the life of the colony and they furnish valuable characters in identifying species, while the stem varies in thickness with age and has a variable amount of zooids and often a less characteristic spiculation. The size of the zooids is in most cases constant, even in the few forms which have di- morphism, and if considered in connection with the thickness of the branchlets, they furnish valuable outer characters. In the lowest forms within most of the families the number of zooids is large and undefined, while the zooids themselves are usually almost completely retractile and have very little characteristic arma- ture of spicules. In the higher forms they are more scattered, sometimes definitely arranged into pairs or into whorls containing a constant number; the armature of the zooids becomes more specialized, and they are often unable to retract. The shallow water forms aU have numerous zooids either completely retractile (Gorgoniidae) or forming short simple tubes (Plexauridae), sometimes with a INTRODUCTION 25 strongly pronounced operculum (Muriceidae) . The deep water forms often have strongly spinous zooids, with long projecting needles (Acanthogorgiidae, Isididae), or zooids resembling flowers of cacti. In many cases new zooids are intercalated between the older ; in other more specialized forms the number is settled from the beginning and additional zooids develop from the tip of the branchlets. In the whip-shaped forms of Gorgonellidae the zooids in the upper part of the colony are often several mm. smaller than those below. The spicules then become the most important criterion, as a broken tip has often been referred to different species from the lower part, when the size of the individual zooid is alone used as the distinguishing character! The coenenchyma shows a specialization similar to that of the zooids. The more primitive forms have a thick coenenchymatic layer with numerous spicules, while the higher forms have a thin layer either with specialized spicules or almost free from them (Isididae, certain Chrysogorgiidae) . The structure of the axis forms an important character in many cases. In the Scleraxonia the axis consists of spicules and a horny substance poorly set off from the outer tissue in the more primitive forms, but sharply set off in others, as in the precious coral where it forms a stone-like substance. An alternation of horny substance and horn and spicules is found in some of the east Asiatic forms. With the exception of certain species of Corallium, Paragorgia, the Melitodidae, etc., most Scleraxonia form relatively small colonies. Among the Holaxonia some families have an axis which distinguishes them from the other families. The hard metallic axis of the Chrysogorgiidae, with its often peculiar mode of branching, the jointed horny and calcareous axis of the Isididae, and the stone- like axis with concentrically arranged layers of the Gorgonellidae, are important features. In the remaining families, the axis shows certain variations, sometimes resembling horn, sometimes resembling wood with peculiar spaces between the layers ("gefachert," Kukenthal; "loculated," Hickson). Kiikenthal has tried to use this character for distinguishing the latter families, but without success. Most Muriceidae have a loculated, wood-like axis, but in Muricea itself, the axis is almost pure brown and horn-like; most of the species of the Gorgoniidae have a horny axis while others have it loculated. The Gorgonacea are either attached to the sea bottom by a smaller or larger horny disk covered with coenenchyma (in the more primitive forms wath zooids, in the more specialized barren), or they have short rootlets which may be at- tached to stones, but usually, anchor the colony in the mud (Chrysogorgiidae, Isididae). Some of the most primitive of the Scleraxonia {Briareum and others) 26 THE ALCYONARIA have creeping stolons, and either form simple colonies covering the marine substratum {Erythropodium) or give rise to several simple stems. In some Gorgonacea the color is a valuable character, in others it is quite variable. The species of Muricea which occur in Panama, are easily separated by their color, whereas such forms as Leptogorgia setacea and virgulata in the West Indies and off the coast of North America vary from pale yellow to ochre, or deep red, or red and yellow mixed. From some localities white, pink, and red specimens of Scleracis have been brought up in one haul of the dredge. In the Pennatulacea the shorter, broad forms, such as Renilla and Pennatula, have rather definite size and proportions and also a fairly constant number of different kinds of zooids, according to age, but in the rod-shaped forms, such as Stylatula, new rows seem to be added almost indefinitely, not from the tip but from an area between the stalk and the rachis. These forms may sometimes reach a length of 200 cm. (in the Pacific Ocean) while the short broad forms rarely grow higher than 20 cm. Polymorphism is strongly pronounced in this order, and as the juvenile stages have only few zooids, new ones developing toward the ventral side (except in the forms where complete rows are added from the basis of the rachis), the result is that the young colony is entirely unlike the adult, and consequently many errors have been made in analysing these forms. There is actually very little in the outer shape to indicate that one has an immature specimen before one. The question has been solved only by painstaking comparisons of all available specimens in large collections. The armature of the zooids and the relation between the stalk and the rachis have often proved to be valuable characters. The axis, which is present in almost all forms, sometimes offers valuable points, being either round or squarish in the different species, etc. The color is a constant character in most cases, and is found in the spicules themselves. A few cases of albinos among normally colored specimens have been recorded {Pennatula, Renilla). II. Microscopical Features In the most primitive group, Stolonifera, the spicules are either simple spindles or shorter bodies, sometimes star-shaped or cross-shaped, evidently derived from capstans. There is very little difference between the spicules of the coenenchyma and those of the zooids. In some species they may show a definite arrangement in collaret and operculum. The highly specialized and isolated Telestacea have long or short rods with few projections. In the older part of the INTRODUCTION 27 primary zooids they are often interlocked to form a close, solid meshwork. In the Alcyonacea the spicules are either derived from capstans or are simple spindles, sometimes both kinds occurring in the same species, sometimes only one. The zooids have Uttle armature, but an operculum and collaret may some- times be present. In the order Gorgonacea the greatest diversity of spicules is found, in many cases showing a similar development from the more simple to the more complicated. In the lowest of the Scleraxonia the spicules are simple, being almost smooth in the axis, while in the outer layer they are either thick, warted spindles or short, cross-or star-shaped bodies with tufts of warts, some- what resembling those found in certain Stolonifera but much more regular. The zooids have Uttle or no armature; that which does occur differing only sUghtly from that of the coenenchyma. The operculum has, at the most, only a few simple flat rods. In the Gorgoniidae the zooids are usually completely retractile and have practically no spicules in the upper part. The spicules of the thick coenenchyma are belted, warted rods; in some forms the rods are curved in the outer layer, while in others the confluent warts of some spindles are reduced to narrow disks. In the Plexauridae there is a tendency toward the formation of an outer layer of more club-shaped spindles, often with the spines better developed on one side, or even developed as plates or leaves; one genus has innumerable flask-shaped spicules. The zooids of the family are numerous and often not quite retractile, their spicules differing Uttle from those of the thick coenenchyma. There are few or no spicules in the operculum. In the heterogeneous family Muriceidae the coenenchyma is mostly thin and divided into an outer and an inner layer with different kinds of deposits. The zooids are never completely retractile, — at least the conical or eggshaped operculum projects a Uttle over the surface, and in most cases the zooids have spicules which differ markedly from those found in the coenenchyma. The shape of the spicules varies from simple spindles, often occurring with capstans, to heavy plates, thin plates, pseudo-spindles, and crosses or plates with peculiar outer comb-Uke projections, etc. They vary in size from several mm. down to about l/lO of a mm. The small family Acanthogorgiidae has slender needle-like spicules arranged in zigzag rows and often projecting. The tentacles are strongly spiculated, but no regular operculum is present. In the GorgonelUdae double rods and heads, mostly with closely packed warts, occur together with more or less flattened capstans. The spicules are of the same kind in the coenenchyma and in the zooids and their tentacles, but the 28 THE ALCYONARIA relative length and breadth of the spicules may be different in different parts. The double rods and heads are most numerous in the outer layer and the cap- stans in the inner, but the extremely small size of the spicules and the large num- ber in which they occur makes it difficult to separate these different layers. The spicules in the Chrysogorgiidae are either simple warted spindles, or they resemble those found in the GorgoneUidae, but they are thinner and more plate-like. In one genus, Riisea, they resemble exactly those in the GorgoneUidae. The highest development of spicules is found in the Primnoidae where they form large, thin scales on the stem and branches, mostly in one layer. In the large non-retractile zooids they are arranged in more or less definite order and number, those in the lower part often being different from those in the upper part. A well developed operculum is present with few but large, leaf-like plates. In the Isididae the spicules are either thin plates, somewhat resembUng those in the Primnoiidae, but much smaller, or they are long slender needles, often several mm. in length. The Pennatulacea have simple needles almost exclusively. They are often three-flanged, or the lower end is expanded Uke the head of a clumsy nail. They occur in more or less constant arrangement, often in fan-like clusters, and with a definite relationship as to size in the different parts of the colony. They may be very large, even to the point of being visible to the naked eye. Minute miliary grains are often characteristic of the axis. A few forms have short rods or plates. Technical Terms Macroscopical Features anthocodia: the distal free part of the zooid bearing the mouth and tentacles. anthostele: the proximal rigid part of the zooid. autozooids: individuals with a complete circle of tentacles, and mesenteries; used in forms with di- or trimorphism, where incomplete smaller siphonozooids also occur ; corresponds to polyp used in older literature. axis: the central part of the colony in the Gorgonacea, whether horny, or consisting of spicules and horny substance; also the central calcareous rod which occurs in most Pennatulacea. calyx or calicle: the basal part of the anthocodia (Molander) ; also used to desig- nate the verruca. coenenchyma: the Uving tissue which connects the individual zooids and contains the soleniae or nutritive canals. INTRODUCTION 29 collaret: a ring of transversely placed, bow-shaped spindles below the tentacles. crown: the same as collaret. dorsal, and ventral side: the side of the axial zooid which carries the ciliated groove (the sulcus) and where new zooids may develop, is called the ventral side, while the opposite or asulcar side is called the dorsal. Used only in the Pennatulacea. "Front" and "back" side used in Gorgonacea with fan- shaped colonies, when the zooids are gathered more densely on one side than on the other. leaves: lateral folds upon the axial zooids in some Pennatulacea, upon which the rows of secondary zooids are arranged. loculaied: condition of the structure of the axis in some Gorgonacea, when spaces occur between the horny layers. operculum: the spicula-filled tentacle bases. pinnulae: lateral folds in the tentacles. points: the eight divisions of the operculum. rachis: the upper part of the axial zooid, including all the secondary zooids; used in the Pennatulacea. siphonozooid: reduced individual either without tentacles or with only rudimen- tary ones; has a large siphonoglyph, and only the two dorsal mesenteric filaments; occurs in some Alcyonacea, in a few Gorgonacea, and in all Penna- tulacea; corresponds to zooid as used in older Uterature. solenia: tubules extending from the gastral cavity and connecting the individual zooids; from these, new zooids may sprout. stalk: the sterile part of the primary zooid in Pennatulacea, which rests in the mud. stolon: band-Uke or plate-like outgrowths from which new zooids or compounds of zooids may arise. Occurs in the Stolonifera, in the Telestacea, and in a few of the most primitive Gorgonacea. sulcar, asulcar: ventral, and dorsal side in the Pennatulacea. verruca: in the Gorgonacea; used for the contracted zooid. wings: the folds (pinnae) or leaves, upon which the secondary zooids are borne in some Pennatulacea. zooid: the individual animal, regardless of its anatomical features; introduced instead of the older term "polyp" by Bourne. Microscopical Features Most of the terms used in describing the spicules are easily understood; only a few, therefore, need explanation. 30 THE ALCYONARIA capstans: short, blunt-ended deposits with narrow middle and from three to four thickenings around the ends, sometimes more flattened. Some modified spicules seem to be derived from capstans. They occur mostly in the deeper layers of the tissue. clubs: deposits derived from spindles (or capstans?) with one end thickened, and often with larger development of spindles, warts, leaves, etc. disk-carrying spindles: belted spindles in which the belts of warts have developed into confluent sharp ridges; occur in the inner layer of some Gorgoniidae. double rods, double spindles and double heads: usually symmetrically developed deposits with narrow smooth middle and crowded clusters of warts toward the ends; the heads are almost circular in outline, while the rods and spindles are elongate and either blunt or pointed; the deposits are sometimes flattened; typical of the Gorgonellidae. pseudospindles: deposits derived from capstans through strong development of one side ; they are often V-shaped but may also completely resemble a simple primary spindle. scaphoids: halfmoon-shaped, belted spindles, often with warts and spindles sup- pressed on the convex side; occur in the outer layer of some Gorgoniidae. thorn scales: flattened scale-like deposits with a strong projecting outer spine or thorn ; arranged like petals in the zooids of many genera of the Muriceidae. 11. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Key to the orders of Alcyonaria occurring in the Atlantic Ocean 1 . Free-living colonies with a rounded stalk, the lower end of which is buried in the soft sea bottom, and with a short or long rachis which carries the zooids. The zooids are fre- quently of more than one kind and are often bilaterally arranged . .V. Pennatulacea p. 253. 1. Attached colonies without stalk and rachis, forming a sheet-like covering, irregular fleshy lumps or elegantly branched forms with or without axis; with or without dimorphism . .2. 2. Colonies mostly branching, tree-like, rarely sheet-like; with horny axis or at least horny substance in the central part. Gastral cavities short IV. Gorgonacea p. 72. 2. Colonies without horny axis or horny substance in the central part; if present it is as a lining of the gastral cavity or the outer surface. Gastral cavities long 3. 3. Fleshy or hard, lump-formed to branched forms; spicules as rods, as belted spindles with composite warts, as grains, or as lamellate bodies; never fused. Dimorphism often present III. Alcyonacea- p. 46. 3. Tubular, branched, or simple forms with creeping bandlike or sheet-like stolons. Wall of zooids often firm, with spicules wedged together. No dimorphism 4. 4. Tubular primary zooids with secondary zooids (i.e., those sprouting from the side of the walls; sometimes also tertiary, etc. zooids). Horny lining of gastral cavity, often also on the outside of zooids II. Telestacea p. 39. 4. Simple zooids, not branching from side of primary zooid. Mostly simple spindles with scattered simple warts. In Tubipora the wall is rigid with complicated spicules I. Stolonifera p. 31. Order I. Stolonifera Hickson 1894, emended 1930 Plate 1, figs. 1, 3-4; Plate 2, figs. 1-22 Diagnosis: — Alcyonarians with membranous or ribbon-like stolon not exceeding 6 mm. in thickness ; zooids connected with one another by endodermal canals at the base only, or in addition by connecting bars {Clavularia viridis), or by transverse platforms (Tubipora). 1 The following abbreviations are used when referring to the museums whose collections contain the material discussed in this paper: Br.M., British Museum; M.C.Z., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College; V.M., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa; U.S.N.M., United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. * Molander (1915, p. 17) has critically studied a large number of forms with creeping stolons and he has found that Alcyonium and Gersemia may occasionally develop as creeping, flattened forms. He regards Sympodium as near to Alcyonium. In this paper it is placed in the Xeniidae, following Kiikenthal, 1925, and Hickson, 1931. 32 THE ALCYONARIA Remarks: — A discussion of this difficult order is given by Hickson (1930, pp. 238-241). He recognizes three families, one of which is well represented in the Atlantic Ocean. A representative of one of the two other genera is described from the West Indies. Key to the families 1. No spicules; colonies with a thin, horny outer covering Cornulariidae 1 . Spicules usually present; no horny outer covering 2. 2. Colonies forming rigid tubes in some forms connected by transverse platforms II. Tubiporidae. 2. Colonies not forming rigid tubes connected by transverse platforms I. Clavulariidae. The first family is exclusively Mediterranean and Pacific. The Clavulariidae are well represented in the Atlantic Ocean. Hickson (1930) lists in all 14 genera, (some of which are not vaUd), two occurring in the Atlantic Ocean, only one of which is with certainty known from the American side. The Tubiporidae are chiefly Indo-Pacific forms, but one genus from West Indian waters is described in the following pages. Family 1. CLAVULARIIDAE Plate 1, fig. 1 ; Plate 2, figs. 5-8 Key to the genera known from the Atlantic Ocean Spicules simple warted spindles not firmly wedged together. .1. Clavularia Quoy & Gaimard. Spicules short irregular rods, crosses, or stars, firmly wedged together in the stolon and lower part of the zooids 2. Sareodictyon Forbes. List of Clavulariidae reported from the western part of the Atlantic Clavularia modesta (Verrill) C. rudis (Verrill) C. tubaria Wright & Studer ? C. bathybius (Saville Kent) Doubtful forms Sareodictyon rubens (Verrill) Sareodictyon rugosum Pourtales From the north eastern part of the Atlantic Clavularia arctica Sars C. stormi Koren & Danielssen SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 33 C. (Anthelia) borealis Koren & Danielssen C. (Anthelia) fallax Broch Sarcodictyon catenatum Forbes From the eastern Atlantic Anthelia armata Thomson Clavularia armata Thomson Clamlaria hathyhius (Saville Kent) C. concreta Thomson, nee Studer C. elongata Wright & Studer Clamlaria marioni v. Koch C. tubaria Wright & Studer Rhizoxenia rosea v. Koch Sarcodictyon catenatum Forbes Few of the species from the northeastern or eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean have been examined, and it is not possible to state the affinities nor the exact number of species. The most recent work on these forms is due to Molander (1915, 1929). Most likely the number of species can be reduced considerably. Thomson, 1927 gives no reference to Molander's work and his application of the generic names is not easy to follow. Molander (1915 and 1929) discusses some of the species. He retains Anthelia however. The "Blake" secured one species from the West Indies. It is here referred to C. hathyhius (Saville Kent) but may possibly be new. One species taken off Sombrero Island, West Indies, and three from the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, etc. have previously been listed. Some of these may be identical. Clav- ularia riisei Duch. & Michelotti from St. Thomas is placed in Telesto, in the next order. 1. Clavularia Quoy & Gaimard 1834 Diagnosis: — Stolonifera, with zooids large in comparison to the thin stolon. Spicules simple spinous spindles, rods, or clubs, occasionally double forms. Type species: — Clavularia viridis Quoy & Gaimard. Remarks: — At present this genus includes Trachythela and Cornulariella Verrill, Anthelia Savigny, Gymnosarca Saville Kent. Anthopodium Verrill (1872c, p. 434) from South Carolina may belong to this genus or to Sarcodictyon. Hickson 34 THE ALCYONARIA (1894, p. 385) gives a fairly complete list of the species which appear to belong to this genus, and a list of Claviilariidae reported from the western part of the Atlantic. Key to the species of Clavularia known from American waters 1. Body of zooid low; large collaret and high operculum; spicules as spindles with scattered spines, and up to 0.7 mm. long 3. ? C. bathybius (Saville Kent). 1. Body of zooid high ; none or very poorly developed operculum ; spicules often blunt or club- shaped rods 2. 2. Spicules large, up to 1.25 mm 4. C rudis (Verrill). 2. Spicules about 0.30-0.45 mm. in length 3. 3. Stolons forming reticulums 2. C. tubaria Wright & Studer. 3. Stolons not forming reticulums 1. C modesta (Verrill). 1. Clavularia modesta (Verrill) Cornulariella modesta Verrill, 1874, p. 40, pi. 8, figs. 1-2; 1922, p. 38, pi. 6, figs. 5-6, text figs. 8-9 (com- plete list of references). f Clavularia concreta Studer, 1901, p. 15, pi. 1, figs. 1-2. Non Clavularia concreta Thomson, 1927, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 14. The present material shows only narrow stolons with stout eight-ribbed zooids having comparatively small tentacles, mostly completely withdrawn. The zooids are either scattered or crowded, the latter seeming to be the case when the colony is attached to a small object. The zooids may retract to low tubes but usually they are 10-17 mm. in height. The color varies from white to brownish. The spicules are warted spindles, either pointed or blunt; the former kind predominates in the stolon and in the zooids, where they are arranged in con- verging double rows, the latter kind in the basal part of the tentacles. A few of the opercular spicules are transversely arranged, but a distinct collaret is not present. The spicules are 0.30 — 0.45 mm. in length. In the tentacles there are a number of much smaller blunt rods among the larger ones. Type: — U.S.N.M., cat. no. 30145. Type locality: — Off Head Harbor, Casco Bay, Maine, in 35 fms., on a mussel shell. Distribution: — OfT coast of New England, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, mostly at depths of 20-35 fms., but occasionally at greater depths (220 fms., Whiteaves; 1267 m., Studer). Specimens examined: — The type and 150 specimens from 82 different localities, all from shallow water (loaned from U.S.N. M.). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 35 Remarks: — The most characteristic features of this species seem to be the tall body of the zooid, which is rarely much contracted, and the diminutive crown of tentacles. The measurements of the spicules and the outer appearance make it very likely that Studer's Clamilaria concreta belongs to this species, although it came from an unusual depth. Unfortunately there are not sufficient data to permit a comparison of the different temperatures at which the specimens were taken. (Molander, 1915, p. 28, thinks C. concreta Studer does not belong in Clavularia) . Judging from Thomson's figure, his C. concreta from off Cape Verde, repre- sents an entirely different species. 2. Clavularia tubaria Wright & Studer Clavularia tubaria Wright & Studer, 1889, p. 256, pi. 42, fig. 10. — Studer, 1901, p. 14. — Thomson 1927, p. 7, pi. 4, fig. 5. This species seems to be characterised by reticulated stolons with tall zooids having completely retractile tentacles and spicules developed partly as clubs or blunt rods with numerous tufted warts (according to Wright & Studer's figure) . Type: — In Br. M. Type locality: — Off Sombrero Island, W. I., in 820 fms. Distribution: — West Indies, and off the Azores and Madeira (Studer, Thomson) . Specimens examined: — None. Remarks: — Possibly identical with C modesta. The U.S.N. M. has a speci- men from a depth of 33 fms., off Salem, Massachusetts, which exactly resembles the figure of C. tubaria given by Thomson (from about 700 fms. depth). 3. (?) Clavularia bathybius (Saville Kent) Plate 1, fig. 1; Plate 2, figs. 5-8 f Gymnosarca bathybius Saville Kent, 1870, p. 397, pi. 21, figs. 1-4. f Clavularia elongaia Wriqht & Studer, 1889, p. 257, pi. 42, fig. 11. f Clavularia concreta Thomson, 1927, p. 7, pi. 4, fig. 14. The collection contains two colonies, which grew on dead gorgonians. One colony is 4 cm. in length with four zooids in a row on a narrow thin stolon; the other is about 3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide with six zooids arranged irregularly in two rows. The stolon forms a thin membranaceous plate filled with small spindles. The zooids are short and broad, indistinctly eight-ribbed, the marginal spicules 36 THE ALCYONARIA forming eight points. There is a broad collaret and a tall operculum with the spicules in double converging rows. The color is greyish brown. The spicules consist of slender pointed spindles with a few scattered simple spines. The spicules are relatively small (up to 0.4 mm.) in the stolon, and increase in size in the zooid wall (up to 0.7 mm). In the collaret they are much smaller (about 0.3-0.4 mm.). They increase in size in the basal part of the tentacles and decrease toward the tips. Type: — Probably in Br. M. Type locality: — Of Cezimbra, Portugal, in 500 fms. Distribution: — Eastern and western parts of the Atlantic Ocean in 500-700 fms. Specimens examined: ■ — Two colonies on dead gorgonian stems collected off Guadeloupe Island, W.I., in 734 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 173); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4078. Remarks: — I have referred the present material to Saville Kent's species, because the colonies closely resemble his figures. He gives no measurements of the spicules. Thomson's C. concreta from the Azores also resembles the present material in the low body of the zooid, in the tall collaret and operculum, and in the thin broad membranous stolon. I do not think that it is the real con- creta. Thomson says, moreover, that it does not agree with Studer's figure. C. elongata Wright & Studer, from the Azores, has spicules which seem to re- semble those found in the present species. The main difference is that C. bathybius has the zooids in clusters, but that may be a character of absolutely no value. 4. Clavularia rudis (Verrill) Trachythele rudis Verrill, 1922, p. 37, pi. 7, figs. 1-7. The species is incompletely described. It seems to be characterized by its very large spicules, up to 1.25 mm. in length. Type: — Apparently lost. Type locality: — Off Newfoundland fishing banks, in deep water (no definite depth given), on dead Ceraioisis stems. 2. Sarcodictyon Forbes 1847 For discusssion of synonyms, number of species, etc. see Hickson, 1930, p. 209. Diagnosis: — Stolonifera in which the colonies form creeping stolons. The walls of the stolons and the lower part of the zooids are stiffened by spicules which form short irregular rods, stars or crosses. Type species: — S. catenatum Forbes. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 37 Remarks: — In 1894 Hickson united this genus with Clamlaria, but in 1930 he re-established it again, with S. catenatum Forbes as the type species, the only- form known with certainty from the Atlantic Ocean. The genus is not positively known from the American side but two doubtful forms may prove they belong in this genus. Sarcodidyon rugosum Pourtales, 1868, p. 113, no figure. "Small polydom rising from creeping stolons, on pebbles. Like little knobs, fragile, rough, closed by the contraction of the polyp by means of about six irregular rough pieces meeting together. When opened, the cavity shows six or eight membranous septa, nearly meeting in the centre. Stolons covered by irregular calcareous pieces. Color dirty white. Diameter of polyps one tenth of an inch." The type came from off Havana, 270 fms, and it is doubtful whether it is an alcyonarian at all; it has not been found in the M.C.Z. Anthopodiuvi rubens gen. et spec. nov. Verrill, 1872b, p. 434. Described as an incrusting form. No figures are given but the description of the spicules as light red, glomerate, irregularly cross-shaped, etc. could apply to Sarcodidyon. The type is lost and the species has never been recovered. It came from Fort Macon, North Carolina and grows on dead Leptogorgia stems. Family 2. TUBIPORIDAE Plate 2, figs. 1-4 Diagnosis: — • from Kiikenthal, 1925, p. 712. The colony consists of long, fairly parallel, closely placed zooid-tubes, the upper ends of which usually form a rounded surface. The body wall contains small rods which are flattened and almost smooth, but toward the basal part they develop large isolated projections by means of which the rods gradually become wedged together. They then form a solid calcareous tube which increases in thickness toward the base. The stolons also have rigid calcareous walls, and fuse into horizontal plates or platforms. The new zooids sprout from the basal stolon and from the lateral platforms. Remarks: — At present only one certain recent genus, Tubipora, is known, with a number of species not yet well defined (some authors list seven), and re- stricted to the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea. Another genus, Cyaihopodium, is here provasionally placed in this family. Duchassaing & Michelotti (1860, p. 35) report T. musica L. from the Antilles, but such an occurrence would seem to be impossible. Their specimen may be 38 THE ALCYONARIA identical with the small coral described below, the systematic position of which is still undecided. The coral in question was taken off Barbados, and in his notes Verrill placed it in the Telestidae in the genus Cyathopodium. As type species he gives C. tenue, first described by Dana (1864, p. 630, pi. 59, fig. 5) from the Paumotu Islands in the South Pacific as Aulopora, and later referred to Cyathopodium gen. nov. by Verrill (1868a, p. 415). The form described here seems to have an intermediate place between Clavularia and Tubipora and may eventually be placed in a new family. But as long as we do not know whether the specimens which have been examined are full-grown or not, nothing definite can be said about Cyathopodium' s position. Species of Tubiporidae known from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Cyathopodium elegans spec. nov. Cyathopodium Verrill 1868 Cyathopodium Verrill, 1868a, p. 415. f Aulopora Dana (part.), 1846, p. 630, pi. 59, fig. 5. Diagnosis: — Clavularia-like forms with short tubular zooids, having well developed inner layer of horny meshwork and outer layer of spicules, firmly wedged together into a soUd tube; zooids retractile into the tube which closes flatly with an operculum of warted spindles. Type species: — C. tenue (Dana). Remarks: — ■ The structure of the upper part of the zooids in Dana's species is not known. Verrill says that the free part of the zooid in the specimen ex- amined was worn off. Dana describes the tubes as being short and rigid hke those in Tubipora. The spicules were not studied. Cyathopodium elegans spec. nov. Plate 2, figs. 1-4 The largest colony represents a number of slender stolons which cover profusely a small piece of coral rock. About seven short vertical tubes, 5 mm. high and about 0.70 mm. in diameter, sprout from the stolons. The colony is bright red and very rigid and brittle. The opening of the tubes is closed by a SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 39 kind of operculum of lemon-colored spicules. The tentacles are withdrawn halfway down into the tube. The tentacles in the only zooid which was studied contained a collaret of small simple yellow rods and 2-4 smaller rods, arranged en chevron, in the basal part of each tentacle. The tubes are wide and thin walled, with the usual eight longitudinal inner bands of a horny substance and, in addition, there is a pronounced inner coating of the same substance forming a thick mesh work. The spicules are closely packed and firmly united to each other and to the inner coating. When isolated they are found to consist of short, clumsy deposits with a number of composite warts. There is no outer layer of horn in any part of the present colonies. The outUnes of the deposits are clearly \asible with a binocular microscope. Some of the isolated red spicules are 0.15 by 0.05 mm.; the spindles in the operculum may be as long as 0.25 mm.; the rods in the tentacles are 0.07 to 0.11 mm. in length. Type; — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4231. Type localitij: — Off Barbados, in 81 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 293). Distribution: — • From the type locality and also, off Barbados, in 69 fms. (Sta. 248). Remarks: — It is possible that the present species, which strikingly resembles a young Tubipora, is identical with the specimen which Duchassaing & Michel- otti (1860, p. 35), listed as Tubipora musica L. from the Antilles. Apparently their record has been considered inaccurate and has therefore been ignored. Order II. Telestacea Hickson 1930 Plate 1, figs. 3-4; Plate 2, figs. 9-22 Diagnosis: — • Stoloniferous alcyonarians with secondary individuals arising from the lateral walls of the primary individuals. No soft tissue developed. Spicules in the wall of the individuals form branching rods, often fused in the older part of the colony. One family, Telestidae, with four genera. Remarks: — Hickson 1930 elevates the family Telestidae to an order with one family. Three of the four genera are exclusively Indo-Pacific while the fourth, Telesto, seems to be predominatingly Atlantic, particularly West Indian, although a few forms are known also from the Indo-Pacific. 40 THE ALCYONARIA Family TELESTIDAE Only one genus is known from the Atlantic Ocean. Telesto Lamouroux 1821 For literature, synonyms, etc. see Laackmann (1908, pp. 41-104, pis. 2-8, text figs. A-H). Later, KuKENTHAL (1913), has given additional information. Diagnosis: — Alcyonarians with reticulate stolons, axial and lateral zooids ; upper part of zooid retractile into the lower part; axial and lateral zooids lined with horny substance which is thickened at the origin of the septa; spicules of the older part of the stem strengthened by horny substance ; secondary zooids up to the 5th order. Type species: — ■ T. riisei (Duch. & Mich.). Remarks: — ■ Kiikenthal (1913, pp. 234-235) lists seventeen species from tropical seas, mostly from shallow water and apparently of very narrow distri- bution. Three species were already known from the West Indian region, and two new species have been added by the "Blake" explorations. One species is rejected as insufficiently described (7". corallina Duchassaing, 1870, p. 19, pos- sibly Cyathopodium) . Verrill (1870, p. 372, T. africana; not mentioned by Laackmann) has de- scribed one shallow water species from the west coast of Africa. It may possibly be a synonym of one of the species described in the following. A deep water species has been reported off the Azores by Studer (1901) and is included in the key. List of species of Telestidae, known from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean Telesto flavula spec. nov. T. fructiculosa Dana T. riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti) T. rupicola (F. MuUer) T. sanguinea spec. nov. From the eastern Atlantic Telesto africana Verrill ; (shallow water) Telesto rigida Wright & Studer; (deep water) Key to the species of Telesto which occur or may be expected in the West Indian region 1. Axial zooids about as long as the lateral zooids, without longitudinal furrows (?); colony low, only a few cm. high; deep-water form ; color orange-red . . 1. T. rigida Wright & Studer. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 41 1. Axial zooids long, compared to the lateral zooids, with longitudinal furrows; colony high (5-20 cm.) ; shallow water forms 2. 2. Longitudinal furrows on the stem narrow 3. 2. Longitudinal furrows on the stem broad 5. 3. Spicules red 2. T. sanguinea spec. nov. 3. Spicules yellow or colorless 4. 4. Secondary zooids alternate, feather-like in arrangement; spicules colorless 3. T. flavula spec. nov. 4. Secondary zooids irregularly distributed; spicules yellow 4. T. frudiculosa Dana. 5. Spicules united in the upper part of the stem; few simple slender rods 0.45 mm. in length. 5. T. riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 5. Spicules loose in the upper part of the stem ; numerous long slender rods 0.72 mm. in length. 6. T. rupicola (F. Miiller). L Telesto rigida Wright & Studer Telesto rigida Wright & Studer 1889, p. 261, pi. 37, fig. 3; pi. 32, fig. 9. — Laackmann, 1908, p. 73, (all references) . ? T. humilis Thomson, 1927, p. 55, pi. 4, figs. 1, 13; pi. 6, fig. 3. Type: — In Br. M. Distribution: — Off the Azores in 3062 m. ("Challenger"), and in 1000- 3075 m. ("L'Hirondelle"). Remarks: — This species may be expected in the West Indies. It is possible that it is identical with Thomson's T. humilis from off the Azores, which, how- ever, has distinct longitudinal furrows. 2. Telesto sanguinea spec. nov. Plate 1, fig. 3; Plate 2, figs. 9-12 There are about twenty small colonies of this strikingly red species in the M.C.Z., all attached to bits of dead shell. The tallest colony measures about 3.5 cm. in height and has two stems. Other colonies have as many as six stems arising from a narrow stolon which is firmly attached to a small shell fragment. The axial zooid is clavate, usually 1 mm. wide at the base and 2 mm. wide at the top. It gives rise to a few obliquely placed secondary zooids which in turn may develop one or two tertiary zooids. The great uniformity in the size of the colonies, all of which were collected during May around Florida, may indicate that the species actually is small, but it may also be that it is a short lived form which has reached that size at that particular time of the year. The colonies 42 THE ALCYONARIA show eight distinct narrow furrows, which can be traced down to the base, alter- nating with broad flat ridges. The entire colony is covered by a thin horny mem- brane. The inner tube has as usual eight strong horny ribs. The colony is bright red, due to the color of the spicules, but the color is often more or less concealed by growth of sponges, bryozoans, etc. The spicules are short, irregular bodies with warted surfaces and with numerous, irregularly clustered spines, often arising from short protuberances. These deposits form a kind of meshwork but they never seem to be firmly united. Between them are narrower rods with a few, simple, conical spines. No deposits of any kind have been found in the tentacles. The largest, thick deposits are about 0.25 mm. in length; the rods may be as long as 0.20 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4529. Type locality: — Off Conch reef, Florida, in 39-40 fms.; off Florida, no def- inite locality, in 50 fms., and off Caryport's Reef, in 52 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.) ; and also from "Blake" Sta. 12, in 36 fms. (24° 34' N, 83° 16' W) Specimens examined: — • Those listed above: M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4528-4536. Remarks: — • A very characteristic species which at present cannot be con- fused with any other form known from the West Indies. 3. Telesto flavula spec. nov. Plate 1, fig. 4; Plate 2, figs. 13-16 About ten partly broken specimens of the species are in the M.C.Z., all from the same locality. The stolon is creeping and carries as many as seven upright axial zooids, slightly clavate. The largest stem, which is torn from its base, is 4.5 cm. high and has twelve lateral zooids, alternate or opposite, and almost in one plane. They decrease in size from 8 mm. in the lowest to 2 mm. in the uppermost. The zooids show eight distinct longitudinal furrows separated by eight flat bands, which can be traced to the basal part of the colony. The colony is completely covered by a thin, horny membrane. A cross section of the hollow "stem" shows the typical longitudinal horny bands. The color is pale yellow. The colorless spicules never seem to fuse to any great extent. They are chiefly thick clumsy rods or spindles with warted surfaces and numerous clusters of branched spines. Beside these there are simpler, less spinous deposits of SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 43 various shape: spindles, four-armed crosses, etc. The tentacles contain a few simple rods with occasional conical warts. The largest spicules may be as long as 0.30 mm., the rods in the tentacles 0.16 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4541. Type locality: — • Off Tortugas, in 54 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.). Distribution: — ■ Off Tortugas, off Sombrero Isl. Specimens examined: — Ten from the type locality, and two fragmentary specimens from Sombrero Island, no depth stated; also, two jars without any locaUty, M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4538-4541. Remarks: — This species is easily distinguished on account of the feather- like arrangement of its lateral zooids in one plane, and its characteristic warty, colorless spicules. It seems to be closely related to T. sanguinea, and may later be placed in a new genus together with that species. 4. Telesto fructiculosa Dana Plate 2, figs. 20-22 Telesto fructiculosa Dana, 1846, p. 632. — Laackmann, 1908, p. 74, pi. 8, fig. 32, text fig. B, (complete description and list of references). The largest specimen described by Verrill (1866, p. 5) was 10 cm. high. The present collection contains a number of stems, about 7 cm. high, broken off from the common creeping stolon. The colony resembles a branch of spruce — that is, numerous short lateral zooids, about 1 cm. long, occur at close intervals along the sides of the axial zooid. A few zooids carry secondary zooids, but only rarely do they grow out into long branches with numerous secondary zooids as on the main stem. The colony is covered by a thin layer of horny substance. In- distinct narrow longitudinal furrows, separated by broad ribs, are present; they are more distinct on the tips of the branches. All the branches are covered by sponges and bryozoans, so that only the tips of the zooids are free. The color is bright orange yellow, due to the yellow spicules. The spicules are short, irregular rods with clusters of spines and warts; some are spindle-Uke, others broad and elliptical. They vary from 0.1-0.18 mm. in length. Type: — Most Ukely not preserved. Type locality: — Off South CaroUna in shallow water (Dana). Distribution: — • Off South Carolina and from several localities off Florida. 44 THE ALCYONARIA Specimens examined: — About ten branches or stems, apparently from one colony, collected off Cape Fear River, in 9 fms. (Pourtales, Gulf Stream Ex- ploration). M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4081-4082. 5. Telesto riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Plate 2, figs. 17-19 Clavularia riisei Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 35. Telesto riisei, Laackmann, 1908, p. 78, pi. 3, fig. 4, pi. 7, figs. 28-29, text fig. C. (complete list of refer- ences). The colonies are about 20 cm. high, with creeping stolons. The "stem" of the axial zooid is about 2 mm. wide near the base and about 1 mm. near the tip. The stem is almost smooth in its lower part ; in its upper part it shows eight longitudinal ridges alternating with low furrows which are equally wide. This feature becomes especially distinct in the stem of the lateral zooids. In some cases the zooids arise in pairs, sometimes in spirals with about four zooids in each turn. Near the base they stand 5 mm. apart; in the upper part there may be as much as 10 mm. between those in the same row. Some of the zooids in the upper part grow out into lateral branches which carry tertiary zooids. Most of the secondary and tertiary zooids are about 5 mm. long, obliquely placed and strongly ribbed. The tentacles are soft and in most cases completely retracted. The zooids have eight distinct inner longitudinal ribs of horny substance. The entire surface of the colony is also covered by a thin membrane of horny substance which is specially well developed on the lower half of the zooids. The spicules are chiefly slender rods with widely separated, conical spines. Except for a distance of few mm. behind the tentacles, most of these spicules are interlocked and fused into a network which cannot be separated by ordinary chemical agencies. Immediately behind the tentacles the spicules are free, and it is here possible to distinguish between the shorter, thicker, more spinous kind, which is located in the ribs and may be partly interlaced, and the more slender, almost thornless type which form oblique rows inside the furrows. The tentacles contain minute, almost smooth, slender rods. The shorter, strongly spinous rods measure about 0.25 mm. in length; the longer, more slender rods about 0.45 mm. Type: — Museum in Turin. Type locality: — Off St. Thomas. Distribution: — Virgin Islands; Porto Rico; Florida; St. Lucia. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 45 Depth: — Most colonies appear to come from few fathoms depth; the material from St. Lucia is stated to come from 278 fms. Specimens examined: — A few colonies from Key West Harbor, Florida. M.C.Z. cat. no. 4431; a colony from off St. Lucia, M.C.Z. cat. no. 4537; a jar with no locality, cat. no. 4155. Remarks: — The description above is based upon the material from off St. Lucia which seems to agree in all essentials with Laackmann's description. I am unable to find any distinguishing characters between the material from shallow water and that from deeper water, except that the latter seems to have a greater munber of simple slender rods in the upper part of the zooids. 6. Telesto rupicola (F. Miiller) Carijoa rupicola F. Muller, 1867, p. 33, pi. 9, figs. 56-57. Telesto rupicola, Laackmann, 1908, p. 81, pi. 2, figs. 1-2; pi. 3, fig. 3 (complete list of references). ? T. ajricana Verrill, 1870, p. 372, text fig. 1. This species differs from T. riisei (Duch. & Mich.) in being distinctly more robust (3-5 mm. near base; only 1.5-2.0 mm. in T. riisei), in having longer spines on the short spindles and a greater total length of the smooth long rods, and in having no fusion of the spicules except in the old part of the colony. The short bodies average 0.15-0.25 mm. in length; the long rods as much as 0.72 mm. Type: — Probably in some European museiun. Type locality: — Off Rio de Janeiro; no depth given. Distribution: — Known with certainty from several localities off the coast of Brazil and, according to Laackmann, known also from Kingston, Jamaica. Collected in shallow water and to depths of 10-20 fms. If identical with Verrill's T. ajricana from Sherbro Island, West Africa,^ then known also in the eastern part of the Atlantic, and quite possibly occurring in the Indo-Pacific (New Britain, Hickson & Hiles, 1900, p. 496; and Zanzibar, Thomson & Henderson, 1906, p. 334). We have thus possibly, another instance of a hardy species being able to round the Cape of Good Hope and extending to Brazil and the West Indies, similar to Thiel's findings in the case of some of the stony corals (1928, p. 344). ' From Verrill's description: — "Two to four inches tall, ii'regularly placed zooids 0.10-0.25 inch apart, diameter 0.6-0.8 inch; zooid tubes 0.05 inch wide. Color whitish. Slender, sparingly branched spicules closely interlaced, 0.25-0.366 mm. in length. Resembles T. fructiculosa and is also infested with a parasitic sponge." 46 THE ALCYONARIA Specimens examined: — Two jars, one collected off Rio de Janeiro ("Hass- ler" Expedition, cat. no. 4157), and one without locality, but apparently from Brazil, collected either by the "Hassler" or by the Thayer Expedition, (cat. no. 4158). Remarks: — The specimens agree with Laackmann's description, to which nothing of importance can be added. Order III. Alcyonacea Hickson 1930 Plate 1, fig. 2; Plate 3, figs. 1-25; Plate 4, figs. 1-25 Diagnosis: — Alcyonarians with or without dimorphism, with the body- cavity of the primary individuals reaching from the surface to the base and the body-cavities of the secondary individuals elongated. Spicules as spinous rods or as crosses or stars, derived from capstans. Remarks: — According to Hickson (1930, p. 242) this order contains five families. Two of these are well represented in the West Indian waters as well as in other parts of the Atlantic Ocean, while a third is represented by one species in the Mediterranean Sea and in deep water off the Azores,' and may therefore pos- sibly be expected to occur in the western part of the Atlantic. The two other fami- lies (Siphonogorgiidae and Xeniidae) seem chiefly to be shallow water forms characteristic of the Indo-Pacific and they are not included in the key.^ Key to the families occurring in the Atlantic Ocean 1. Polyps able to withdraw in a cluster into the stem 3. Fasdculariidae. 1. Polyps unable to withdraw in a cluster into the stem 2. 2. Polyps uniformly distributed; dimorphism sometimes present. Colonies simple, lump- formed, fingerlike, or mushroom-shaped with a barren stem 1. Alcyoniidae. 2. Zooids single or in bundles; colonies branching, tree-like 2. Nephthyidae. Family 1. ALCYONIIDAE Diagnosis: — More or less fleshy Alcyonarians with a large amount of coenenchyma. The colonies are located or divided in a barren stem and a disk- • The peculiar Schizophytum echinatum Studer (1901, p. 19, pi. 3, figs. 2-7), from off the Azores, 130-318 m. and referred to the now obsolete family Organiidae, probably does not belong in this order. The type was 2.5 cm. high and the spicules resemble those of a Gorgonian. ^ A single representative of the Xeniidae viz., Ceralocaulon wandeli Jungersen, has been reported from the Arctic Sea only, at 538 meters, and it seems unlikely that it will be found in the Atlantic Ocean. (See Jungersen, 1892, 1916, and Hickson, 1931). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 47 shaped part which carries the zooids, but are never tree-like. Dimorphism often developed. Spicules spinous rods or spindles, sometimes crosses. Remarks: — The limits for the family have been discussed most recently by Hickson, 1930, p. 241. His viewpoint does not coincide in all details with those of Kiikenthal and Molander. Nine genera are accepted and three of these are known from the Atlantic Ocean. Key to the West Atlantic genera 1. Colonies irregularly shaped without distinct stem 1. Alcyonium Linnaeus. 1. Colonies with regularly shaped disk or head and with sterile stem 2. 2. Mushroom-shaped, fleshy forms with large autozooids and small siphonozooids 2. Anthomastus Verrill. 2. Head-shaped cluster of zooids and barren stem. No dimorphism 3. Nidalia Gray. List of species of Alcyoniidae known from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus A. rubistella spec. nov. Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill A . agassizii Verrill Nidalia occidentalis Gray A'', rigida Verrill From the northeastern and eastern part are known Alcyonium bocagei Saville Kent A . clavatum Studer A. digitatum Linnaeus A. palmatum (Pallas) A. palmatum (Pallas) var. acaule Marion Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill A. purpurev^ (Dan. & Kor.) Genus L Alcyonium Linnaeus 1758 Diagnosis: — From Molander, 1915, p. 33: — Colonies membranous, or of clumsy lobular shape and without dimorphism. All zooids with generative tissue. Spicules as spindles, rods, rollers with girdles, and crosses; in the bark of the colony the rollers with girdles, and crosses are more or less numerous ; all spicules strongly thorned and not lamellated. Type species: — A. digitatum Linnaeus. r 48 THE ALCYONARIA Key to the species of Alcyonium known from the western part of the Atlantic Ocean 1. Soft tissue; spicules as capstans and K-shaped deposits; few rods in collaret and operculum . 1. A. digitatum Linnaeus. 1. Hard, firm tissue; spicules as warted rods or spindles, a few capstans; numerous spicules in collaret and operculum 2. A. rubistella spec. nov. 1. Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus Alcyonium digitatum, Jdngersen, 1916, p. 5 (complete list of references for the European specimens). — ■ Thomson, 1927, p. 11. (?) A. digitatum, Verhill, 1879d, p. 199. A. siderium Verrill, 1922, p. 20, text fig. 3. The smallest specimen examined is less than 1 cm. in height and the largest about 4 cm. high and 2 cm. wide. The colonies form either finger-like lobes less than 1 cm. in diameter, or flattened broad erect plates. The present specimens are all smaller and more elaborate than those from European waters which have been available. The zooids are about 3 mm. in height and are evenly crowded all over the surface. When contracted they are visible as transparent eight-rayed stars on the opaque surface, or they form low protuberances. The color is in all cases whitish or yellowish; the spicules are colorless. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of numerous capstans, sometimes in pairs; a few large X- or K-formed deposits may also be present. The trans- parent zooids contain an indistinct collaret with 2-3 rows of curved rods and an operculum with 6-9 double rows of converging flattened rods, with scattered spines, and often slightly bent. The maximum length of the capstans is about 0.1 mm.; the X-shaped deposits are about 0.2 mm. from tip to tip, and the rods in the zooids are 0.2-0.3 mm. in length. Typ^: — Probably lost; the type of A. siderium is in U.S.N.M. cat. no. 30145. Type locality: — Coast of Scandinavia; A. siderium came from off Cape Cod in 80 fms. Distribution: — ■ In American waters known off New England and Nova Scotia at depths of 8-80 fms.; in European waters off the coasts of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, around the British Isles, and as far south as the Bay of Biscay ; also off the Azores ; apparently absent in the waters around Greenland ; normally in water above zero in temperature, from depths of few fathoms to SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 49 about 75 fms.; greatest depth recorded, off Ireland in 115 fms., and in Bay of Biscay at 383 fms. (Jungersen, 1916, p. 7.) Specimens examined: — • Twenty-five specimens from nine localities off the coast of New England at depths varying from 8-80 fms. Remarks: — The material has been compared with sixteen colonies from England and Helgoland. All the American colonies are smaller and most of them are more divided into lobes than the large, clumsy European forms. The spicules are much alike; but the large X- or K-shaped deposits are more rare in the Ameri- can forms. In 1922 Verrill proposed that the American form, which he knew from 2 specimens, be regarded as a separate species, A. siderium. He does not, however, state the differences between this form and A. digitatum. It seems to me that they are insignificant, and that possibly a larger series would reveal the fact that there are actually no differences. The total absence of A. digitatum in the waters around Greenland is very remarkable, especially since all the four species of Eunephthya occur in that region as well as in European and American waters. Jungersen (1916) is inclined to think that the record of ^4. digitatum collected off Cape Cod was a wrong determination, as Verrill had made no reference to it since 1879. All the specimens which I have examined were labeled A. carneum Ag. (a synonym of Eunephthya rubiformis), some with the addition — ■ "near to A. digitatum." The two species bear some resemblance to each other, both having the same transparent zooids with few spicules, but A . digitatum is covered by zooids to the base, whereas ruhiforynis has stem and branches free from zooids. Although the spicules are of similar shape and arrangement they are different (see pi. 4, figs. 20-25). 2. Alcyonium rubistella spec. nov. Plate 1, fig. 2; Plate 3, figs. 1-7 The collection contains 4 small colonies. The largest is 2 cm. high and forms an erect rigid lobe with the zooids arranged lengthwise at various heights. The base is membranous and there are only a few zooids in the lower part of the stem. The upper part of each zooid is free and forms a shorter or longer tube with eight longitudinal furrows. The anthocodia contains numerous spicules and is com- pletely retracted. The texture of the colony is firm, due to the large amount of calcareous matter it contains. The colonies vary in color from pure white to white with red verrucae. The majority of the spicules are white; some are pink. 50 THE ALCYONARIA The spicules consist of pointed rods with bundles of spines arranged in an irregular fashion. Some of the rods have simple belt-hke thickenings; there are also a few double heads. A collaret is present and contains several rows of curved spindles with simple spines. The tentacles have a large number of similar rods arranged in chevrons, a few of which are extremely thick and clumsy ; in addition the tentacles contain smaller, more delicate spinous rods. The larger rods average 0.30-0.40 mm. in length; the double heads about 0.12 mm. In the collaret and tentacles the length of the rods may increase to 0.5 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4084. Type locality: — Off Barbados in 123 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 297). Specimens examined: — • M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4085 290 73 Off Barbados 1 4083 292 56 it 11 1 4086 293 81 (t ti 1 4084 297 123 It n 1 Remarks: — The present species closely resembles Belonella variabilis Studer (1901) in size, outer form, and color. The size of the spicules is somewhat greater than that indicated by Studer. His figures do not appear to be particularly accurate and conclusions cannot safely be based upon them. Molander (1915), who has examined Studer's specimen, unites B. variabilis with Alcyonium com- pressum Studer under A. glomeratum Hassall. Kiikenthal (1907, p. 385), and Thomson (1927, p. 13, pi. 4, fig. 9), place it under Gersemia. Hickson (1895, p. 354) describes A. glomeratum as differing from A. digitatum in having more pointed, deeply divided lobes and reddish spicules, which are clubshaped, but no capstans (dumbbell-shaped spicules). His figures seem to indicate that the true A . glomeratum is entirely different from the present species. It may possibly be identical with Studer's A. clavatum (see p. 51). Note: — • It is impossible at present to say how many other species of Alcyon- ium there are in the Atlantic Ocean, but it seems probable that the following species are recognizable. Alcyonium glomeratum (Hassall) Alcyonidium rubrum Hassall, 1841, p. 285. (Nee A. rubrum O. F. Muller, 1776). Alcyonidium glomeratum Hassall, 1843, p. 112. Alcyonium glomeratum Hickson, 1895, p. 354. — Molander 1915, p. 34. Alcyonium compressum Stdder, 1901, p. 22, pi. 3, fig. 1. Belonella variabilis Studer, 1901, p. 25, pi. 2, figs. 5, 9, pi. 10, 4-6 figs. Not Gersemia variabilis Thomson, 1927, p. 13, pi. 4, fig. 9. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 51 Remarks: — • Hickson characterizes ^4. glomeratum as having more slender lobes than A. digitatum, and a rigid coenenchyma with reddish spicules, exclus- ively in the shape of clubs. It is stated to be a common species in the British seas and has also been taken in the Gulf of Gascogne. Molander, 1919, has examined Studer's type of variabilis and considers it identical with A. compressum and glomeratum. Thomson's figures of G. variabilis are not convincing; they represent a very young colony, collected off the Azores and may probably be another species. He does not mention Molander's attempt to unite A. variabilis with glomeratum. Alcyonium palmatum (Pallas) Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766, p. 349. — THOMSo>f, 1927, p. 10. A soft, deeply cleft form with slender arms or lobes, common in the Mediter- ranean, also collected off the Azores; ranges from 69 to 141 m. Alcyonium palmatum Pallas var. acaule Marion Alcyonium acaule Marion (according to v. Koch, 1891, p. 666, text fig. 17). Alcyonium palmatum var. acaule, Thomson, 1927, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 16. Remarks: — • The variety is known from the Mediterranean Sea and the Azores. According to Thomson it ranges from 48 to 1473 m. Possibly two different species. Alcyonium bocagei (Saville Kent) Cereopsis bocagei Saville Kent, 1870, p. 398, pi. 21, figs. 5-13. ? Gersemia bocagei, Thomson, 1927, p. 14. Remarks: — Possibly identical with A. glomeratum. It was taken off Portugal in 15 fms. later reported from off the Azores in 845 m. Very likely Thomson's specimen belongs to another species. Alcyonium clavatum Studer Alcyonium clavatum Studer, 1901, p. 23, pi. 2, figs. 1—4. Remarks: — • It is described as a small reddish form with a tall collaret and numerous convergent rows of spicules in the operculum. It was collected from off the Azores in 318 m. 52 THE ALCYONARIA Genus 2. Anthomastus Verrill 1878 Diagnosis: — ■ Mushroom-shaped alcyonarians with a sterile stem and few, large autozooids and numerous siphonozooids arranged on the disk. Spicules as spindles or rods, clubs and shorter dumb-bells or crosses. Type species: — • Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill. Distribution: — • Indo-Pacific and Atlantic; deep sea. Remarks: — • Kiikenthal, 1910, compiled short descriptions of the various species known; he recognized 10. One or two others have been described since. From the western part of the Atlantic are known, the type species and A. agassizii Verrill. In the eastern part the type species occurs widespread, and another form, A. purpurea (Koren & Danielssen), which is closely related to A. agassizii but apparently never forms so large colonies. Jungersen, 1927, maintains that there is only one species which varies according to the kind of bottom upon which it grows. But the differences between these "forms" seems so profound that they cannot be ascribed to differences in the bottom, and A. purpureus and agassizii are therefore here kept separate from A. grandiflorus. Key to the species of Anthomastus known from the Atlantic Ocean 1. Stem with conical base with large winglike lobes; texture of stem sharply set off from the disk; siphonozooids prominent; autozooids marginal in position. Spicules as double crosses and mostly smooth rods I. A. grandiflorus Verrill. 1. Stem with broad cylindrical base, rarely with lobes; texture of stem not sharply set off from the disk; siphonozooids not prominent; autozooids scattered over the whole disk. Spicules as double crosses and spinous or winged rods 2. 2. Disk large, several cm. in diameter, with numerous autozooids . .2. A. agassizii Verrill. 2. Disk small, few cm. in diameter, with few autozooids. A. purpureus (Koren & Danielssen). 1. Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill Plate 1, figs. 8-9; Plate 3, figs. 8-13 A. grandiflorus Verrill, 1922, p. 40, pi. 14, figs. 5-7; pi. 17, figs. 1-ld (complete list of references). — Jungersen, 1927, pp. 1-14, pi. 1 (pariimi). A. agaricus Studer, 1901, p. 27, pi. 1, figs. 6-9 {partim?). This common form is represented by twelve specimens all of which have a lobed basal disk. The largest specimen is 2.5 cm. high. The stalk varies in length from quite low to long and narrow, regardless of the diameter of the disk. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT . 53 In the present material the highest number of zooids is seven. The disk is covered by siphonozooids which in all cases form a rough granulated surface, due to their large size. Usually the disk is distinctly set off from the stalk by a sudden thickening of its tissue. In some of the smaller specimens the state of contraction is such that there is no line of demarcation between the barren stalk and the disk with its granulated surface. In all cases the color is bright red or purpUsh, slightly varying in intensity in the different colonies. The spicules show a certain amount of variation. In the stalk they are mostly slender rods with winged spines, sometimes almost smooth, but some of the younger colonies have thick blunt rods and innumerable double Maltese crosses in various stages of development. The tall autozooids are filled with slender rods, which are smooth in most cases. The tentacles contain shorter rods, often with brush-like div-ided ends. AU the spicules are pale red. The rods in the stalk may be as long as 0.40 mm.; the double Maltese crosses are between 0.07-0.13 mm. in length; the rods in the autozooids are usually 0.35 mm. long, and the rods in the tentacles about 0.20 mm. long. Type: — U.S.N.M. Type locality: — Off Newfoundland. Distribution: — Common off Newfoundland, Georges Bank, Martha's Vineyard, etc., in 150-300 fms.; off the North CaroUna coast in 603 fms.; off St. Vincent in 572 fms., and off Grenada in 576 fms. Also common in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. Xo. St a. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4008 227 572 Off St. Vincent 1 young 4089 309 304 " New Jersey 3 small 4090 329 603 " Carolina 12 of varying size 4088 265 576 " Grenada 1 medium size Also, a number of specimens loaned from U.S.N.M. Retnarks: — ■ Verrill, 1922, p. 41, suggests that Studer's A. agaricus, collected off Newfoundland, is a synonym of grandiflorus and he is undoubtedly right. He also thinks (1885) that A. purpureus (Dan. & Kor.) from the coast of Norway is identical with A. grandiflorus. Jungersen, 1927, is of the same opinion, but it seems to me that Broch's (1911, p. 31) excellent description of A. purpureus clearly shows that it is a separate species. Jungersen unfortunately gives no 54 THE ALCYONARIA figures illustrating the spicules. Most of his material seems to be A. grandiflorus. His fig. 8 may eventually prove to represent a colony of purpureus. 2. Anthomastus agassizii Verrill Plate 3, figs. 14-25 Anthomastus agassizii Verrill, 1922, p. 41, pi. 17, figs. 2-2a. A. grandiflorus Verrill {partim), 1922, p. 40. A. agaricus Studer, 1901, p. 27, pi. 1, figs. 6-9, (partimf). The smallest specimen is about 1 cm. high; the largest, about 8 cm. across the disk. The base is always simple and disk-shaped as in an actinian; the stem is usually short and about as thick as the disk from which it is not separated by any .sharp line except when strongly contracted. The siphonozooids are not prominent and the surface of the disk is smooth and even. The autozooids are large and, except in the smallest specimen, they are always scattered all over the surface. In one of the specimens which was examined, measuring 3 cm. across the disk, there were 11 autozooids, and in the largest specimen, about 27. When the autozooids are completely retracted, an eight-rayed star indicates the place of each autozooid. The color is bright red, the stem sometimes paler. The pinnae of the ten- tacles are pale, almost white. The color of the spicules is pale pink. As in .4. grandiflorus, the deposits consist of rods and double crosses, and they vary somewhat according to the age of the colony. In the young colony the rods have few but strong, conical spines; among the double crosses there are many which are more elongate, rod-like, or, when unequally developed, club-like. In the older colonies most of the rods are fluted, the spines are thin and wing-like, and the short double crosses predominate. The rods are about 0.35 mm. in length; the double crosses about 0.7-10 mm., sometimes 0.15 mm. The rods in the tentacles are about 0.17 mm. in length. Tijpe: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4087. Type locality: — Off Dominica Isl. in 542 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 190). Specimens examined: — The type (large), and a small specimen collected off Martinique in 1030 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 196); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4091; also, numerous large colonies taken off Gloucester, and from Georges Bank, previously labeled A. grandiflorus (loaned from U.S.N. M.) Remarks: — -This species seems distinctly different from A. grandiflorus. If it proves to be identical with A. purpureus, the latter name must be adopted. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 55 Anthomastus purpureus (Koren & Danielssen) Sarcophytum purpureum Korex & Danielssen, 1883. Anthomastus purpureus Broch, 1911, p. 31, text figs. 24-27. — Molander, 1915, p. 43. Anthomastus grandiflorus (partim), Jungersen, 1927, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 8. Anthomastus canariensis Wriqht & Stdder, 1889, p. 242, pi. 37, fig. 4; pi. 41, fig. 7. — Kukenthal, 1910 p. 5. A small form with broad base, attached to rocks, rarely with marginal lobes; stem indistinctly set off from the disk; siphonozooids small, giving a smooth surface to the disk; autozooids large, scattered over the entire disk. Spicules in the inner part of the stem as rods with few warts; in the outer layer shorter rods or crosses with fohate spines; in the tentacles the spicules are spinous to flat rods, often with brush-hke ends. Color of colony bright red. Type: — • Most likely lost. Type of A. canariensis in Br. M. Type locality: — • Trondhjem Fjord, Norway; A. canariensis came from off the Canaries. Distribution: — Off the coast of Norway, off the Canaries. Depth: — A. purpureus seems to frequent 200 fms depth; the unique speci- men of A. canariensis came from 1525 fms. Specimens examined: — ■ The type of canariensis, and three specimens from Trodhjem Fjord, and off the coast of Norway, all in Br. M. Remarks: — • Broch, 1911 has given a very careful description of the typical form from Tronhjem Fjord, and it seems to be absolutely identical with A. canariensis. Whether it is identical with A. agassizii needs to be proved. It seems to be a much smaller species than the latter and studies of the spicules may show constant differences. Genus 3. Nidalia Gray 1835 Diagnosis: — ■ Alcyonarians with long, slender, barren stalk and one (rarely two) large terminal head made up of the zooids, the youngest in the margin. No dimorphism. Spicules as warted, pointed rods and present in large quantities. Continental forms, occurring in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Type species: — Nidalia occidentalis Gray. Remarks: — ■ Studer (1901, p. 25) uses the name Belonella instead of the older term Nidalia and gives a Ust of synonyms. He acknowledges that there ia no sharp line between Alcyonium and Nidalia. (His Belonella variabilis is here regarded as belonging to Alcyonium, see p. 50). Besides the type species, 56 THE ALCYONARIA Kiikenthal (1906,) describes five new species from Japan. The "Blake" collec- tion contains a large number of the type species and also a new form. Key to the species of Nidalia in the West Indies 1. Diameter of spicules about one sixth of the length 1. A', occidentalis Gray. 1. Diameter of spicules about one fourth of the length 2. A'^. rigida spec, no v. 1. Nidalia occidentalis Gray Plate 1, fig. 5; Plate 4, figs. 1-3 Nidalia occidentalis Gray, 1835, p. 60. The M.C.Z. collection contains about 10 specimens of this species, some of them taken from near Gray's type locality. They range from 1.2 to 5 cm. in height, and even the smallest specimen shows the typical shape of the colony: a barren rigid stalk filled with large spindles, and a head with from 7 to 30 stiff conical or cylindrical zooids crowded together, the smallest in the margin. The tip of each zooid is blunt. The crown of tentacles is in all cases completely withdrawn deep into the zooid, and the outer orifice is closed by a number of smaller spicules which form a flat lid. The zooids are supported by long spindles similar to those in the stalk. Their ends do not project, and hence the margin of the zooids appears rounded. The crown of tentacles is placed far down in the body of the zooid, there being a soft tube of integument between the upper margin of the zooid and the tentacle crown. The soft tube of integument or "introvert" contains a number of flat oval rods. A large collaret is present and an operculum of slender rods, placed in chevrons. The tentacles are doubled up inside the operculum. The stalk of the tentacles is closely packed with numerous small oval deposits, whereas the pinnulae are almost without deposits. The central zooids are pro- longed down through the stalk by means of wide tubes. The younger ones either have narrower tubes, or they may have no extension to the base of the colony. On account of the abundance of spicules, however, it was impossible to determine this clearly. In some parts of the colony the large tubes seem to be in direct communication. The color of the colonies varies from pure white to pale orange. The mesen- teries of the larger specimens contained ripe eggs. The spicules consist of long spindles, which are \dsible with the naked eye and covered with minute clusters of spines. In addition there is an external layer, more or less developed, of smaller rods with simple conical spines. The spindles in the collaret and operculum are slender, curved rods with minute, simple spines. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 57 The introvert and the tentacle stems contain numerous, flat, blunt deposits with scalloped edges and often constricted in the middle. A few, more irregular forms also occur in the tentacles. The largest rods measure about 2.0 by 0.25 mm. The small spicules may be as large as 0.20 by 0.04. Opercular and collaret spicules average about 0.80 by 0.04. The flat rods in the introvert and in the tentacle stem are as large as 0.12 by 0.4 mm., and the irregular forms are of about the same size. There is a slight increase in the size of the spicules with advancing age. The measurements given above are from one of the largest specimens. Type: — In Br. M. Type locality: — Off Montserrat; depth unknown. Distribution: — Known only from West Indian waters. Specimens examined: — The type, Br. M., and the following specimens in the M.C.Z. M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. ifnu.) Locality Specimens 4101 127 38 Off St. Croix 1 young 4097 155 88 Montserrat 2, 1 young, 1 old 4106 231 95 St. Vincent 1 large 4102 247 170 Grenada 4 varying size 4105 262 92 it 1 large stalk 4104 272 76 Barbados 1 large 4093 276 94 tt 2, 1 large, 1 small 4096 Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor., 65 fms., west of Tortugas, 1 medium size 4099 "Hassler" Exp., 100 fms.. Off Barbados, 1 young Remarks: — There is some variation in the number and size of zooids in the heads. Some colonies have a few tall zooids, while others have a greater number but they are lower and conical in shape. There is also some variation in the density of the spinulation of the large rods, but it is not sufficient to establish a variety. The type specimen is much larger than any colony in the present material and has two heads, with 40 and 50 zooids respectively. None of the specimens in the present collection show any tendency to branch. NiDALIA RIGIDA SpCC. nOV. Plate 4, fig. 4 The M.C.Z. collection contains a few specimens, 5-7 cm. high, of a form which is closely related to N. occidentalis. It resembles it in most respects, but 58 THE ALCYONARIA the zooids are lower and broader, and the spicules are much thicker and usually more blunt than in the type species. The diameter of the spicules is usually M of the length, while in iV. occidentalis the diameter is about } e of the length. This difference is easily recognized without magnification. Type: — M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4094. Type locality: — OE Montserrat, in 120 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 157). Also, from St. Croix, in 44 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 133); M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4095. Specimens examined: — Two, from the stations listed above. Family 2. NEPHTHYIDAE Diagnosis: — • Branching, tree-like Alcyonarians with more or less barren stem; zooids in clusters or singly on tip of branches. No dimorphism. Spicules as spindles and capstans. Key to the genera occurring in the Atlantic Ocean 1. Zooids in clusters or singly without projecting bundles of spindles on their outer side .... 1. Euncphthya Verrill. 1. Zooids singly with projecting bundles of spindles on their outer side 2. Neospongodes Kiikenthal. List of species of Nephthyidae known from thewestern part of the Atlantic Ocean Eunephthya florida (Rathke) E. fructicosa (M. Sars) E. glomerata (Liitken Ms) Verrill E. nigra Pourtales E. rubiformis (Ehrenberg) Neospongodes agassizii Verrill N. atlantica Kiikenthal A^. bahiensis Kiikenthal N. caribaea spec. nov. N. portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers) From the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean Eunephthya florida (Rathke) E. fructicosa (M. Sars) E. glomerata (Liitken Ms.) Verrill E. rubiformis (Ehrenberg) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 59 In the eastern part of of the Atlantic Ocean Scleronephthya macrospina Thomson Gersemia variabilis Thomson ; nee Studer Paraspongodes clavata Studer Eunephthya florida (Rathke) E.fructicosa (Sars) The last Ust is partly compiled from Thomson's paper, 1927 and modified according to Broch, 1912. It is not possible to ascertain how many of his species are synonyms of other forms. Genus 1. Eunephthya Verrill, 1879 Syn. Drifa, Duva Koren & Dan., etc. See Jungersen 1916, Broch 1928. Diagnosis: — Tree-like Alcyonacea with zooids in clusters with retractile or non-retractile upper part; no projecting supporting spindles. Type species: — ■ E. glomerata (Liitken MS.) Verrill. Remarks: — • The genus is here taken in the sense defined by Broch, who in 1928 had occasion to study a large number of northern specimens and reached exactly the same conclusions as did Jungersen in 1916. Four species are known from northern waters and they all occur off the east coast of North America (although some of them have been wrongly determined). A fifth species from the West Indies was previously described by Pourtales. The M.C.Z. possesses material of the West Indian form but only two of the northern species. Through the kindness of the U.S.N.M., however, it has been possible to examine all the material they had (about 700 specimens), and also the type of E. multiflora (E. florida), and the results agree closely with Jungersen's and Broch's conclu- sions. The synonyms have mostly been omitted, except those mentioned in Verrill's last paper of 1922. Key to the species of Eunephthya known from the Atlantic side of North America 1 . Spicules in walls of zooids club-shaped 2. 1. Spicules in walls of zooids rod-shaped 3. 2. Spicules, in the shape of long slender clubs, evenly distributed in eight converging rows. 1. E. nigra (Pourtales) Verrill. 2. Spicules, as short, broad clubs, most numerous on outer side of zooids 2. E. ghmerata (Liitken MS.) Verrill. 60 THE ALCYONARIA 3. Zooids non-retractile, and with the spicules most numerous on the outer side. Much branched forms with numerous small curved zooids 3. £. florlda (Rathke). 3. Zooids retractile, and with evenly distributed spicules in the walls 4. 4. Zooids small, only few mm. in length, and retractile in the common cushion of tissue which forms the end of the branches A. E. rubiformis (Ehrenberg). 4. Zooids tall, up to 8 mm. in length, and retractile singly into the tubes which form the end of the branches 5. E. fructicosa (Sars). 1. EXJNBPHTHYA NIGRA (Pourtales) Plate 1, fig. 7; Plate 4, figs. 5-13; Plate 27, figs. 1-2 Nephthya nigra PouRTALfes, 1868, p. 130. Eunephlhya nigra Verrill, 1883, p. 44. — Kukenthal, 1907, p. 350. The M.C.Z. collection contains a large number of this striking species. The largest colonies are about 2 cm. high, with a broad base which clings actinian- like to bits of rocks. The broad, short stem gives off several short branches which carry a large number of zooids at their ends. When contracted the colony represents a short, partly barren stalk with clusters of closely packed zooids. The zooids are about 3 mm. long and pear-shaped, — that is, broadest near the tip, and have eight sharply defined longitudinal ridges. They are filled with innumerable rods placed in chevrons; many of the deposits are clubs with the thickest end distally placed. The eight ridges continue over the back of the tentacles. The coelom-cavities are prolonged to the base of the stem as wide tubes with narrow septa, two of which are better developed than the rest. These tubes are separated by thin membranes, and no perforations between them have been observed nor any connecting canals. The color of the colony is sepia-brown with paler whitish bands on the zooids where the spicules form ridges. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of short, simple rollers which tend to become club-shaped. The zooids contain rods with simple blunt spines or warts, and clubs with foliated club-part and blunt warts scattered on the remaining part. These spicules form the armature of the dorsal side of the tentacles. The remaining part of the tentacles contains short simple plates or rods with warts more or less distinctly arranged in girdles. The rollers in the coenenchyma are about 0.14 by 0.07 mm; the rods and clubs in the zooids may be as large as 0.35 by 0.06 mm; the rods in the tentacles average 0.14 by 0.03 mm. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 61 Type: — M.C.Tj. cat. no. 4112. Type locality: — Off Sand Key, Florida, in 120 fms. (Pourtales Gulfstream Explor.). Specimens examined: M.C.Z. Cat. No. 4112-13 OfP Sand Key in 120 fms., 10 specimens. 4110 S. W. off Sand Key in 125 fms., 1 specimen 4114 Off Pacific Reef in 98 fms., 1 specimen 4111 No exact locality, off Florida, in 130 fms., 1 specimen Remarks: — The present species is characterized by its dark color and its simple, slender spicules with few warts and slender, foUated clubs. The clubs are much more slender than those found in E. glomerata, and the zooids are symmetrically developed. 2. EuNEPHTHYA GLOMERATA (Lutken MS) Verrill Eunephthya glomerata Verrill, 1869, p. 284. — Jungersen, 1916, p. 14. — Broch, 1928, p. 10, figs. 1-2, 6. Non E. lutkeni Verrill (from Delaware), 1883, p. 43 (= E. fructicosa [M. Sahs]). Drifa glomerata+ E. thyrsoidea Verrill, 1922, p. 31 and p. 29. The largest colonies measure about 10 cm. in height, but colonies with a similar number of zooids may contract to hard lumps about 5 cm. in height. The stem is almost free from zooids and not rough to the touch except when strongly contracted. It gives off numerous branches which branch again and ultimately carry 3-10 zooids at various heights. When expanded the zooids are about 4-5 mm. in length with narrow base and club-shaped inwardly curving upper part with distinctly ribbed outer side. When contracted the zooids shrink to a length of 2-3 mm. and resemble small, hard, ribbed caraway seeds in dense clusters all over the colony, almost completely concealing the stem and branches. The colony is distinctly rough to the touch, especially when contracted. The color is greyish. There are several capstans in the stem and branches. The zooids contain slender spinous rods and, mostly in their upper abaxial side, numerous more or less foliated clubs. The projecting leaves of the club-shaped part give the rough texture. In the tentacles there are a few smaller simple spinous rods. The capstans measure about 0.10-0.13 mm.; the long rods and clubs, between 0.15 and 0.25 mm.; occasionally a slender rod may be found which is 0.45 mm. in length. 62 THE ALCYONARIA Type: — ■ Probably in Museum of Copenhagen. Type locality: — Off Greenland. Distribution: — According to Broch, E. glomerata occurs around Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla, off the coast of Norway, around Iceland, around Greenland, and north of Canada; also from several locaUties off the fishing banks of Nova Scotia and New England. Except in the Arctic region this species occurs between 50 and 600 fms., where the water is at or below freezing point. Specimens examined: — • About 25 colonies from 16 lots (loaned by U.S.N.M.) collected off the fishing banks in 53-600 fms. (temperature not known), and one colony from the waters east of Greenland (Capt. Bartlett); also, three from Ottawa, examined by Verrill. Remarks: — ■ This species is easily recognized on account of its non-retractile, rough, asymmetrical zooids and its club-shaped spicules. The latter show a great variation, from slender to plump. The material is not sufficient to decide whether this variation is related to age or surroundings. Verrill's E. glomerata taken off Delaware in 1186 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 339) is merely a retracted colony of E. fructicosa (likewise his E. longiflora from the same haul). The extreme southern occurrence of this northern species is thus elim- inated, and also the record of an unusually great depth. 3. EuNEPHTHYA FLORIDA (Rathke) Gorgonia florida Rathke, 1806, p. 137. Eunephlhya florida Jungersbn, 1916, p. 16. — Broch, 1928, p. 12, figs. 3, 7. Duva muUiflora Verrill, 1922, p. 35. The largest specimen (not particularly contracted) measures about 9 cm. in length and 12 cm. in width. This species is characterized by its thick stem, free from zooids, and by its numerous small club-shaped, not strongly ribbed, incurved zooids arranged in clusters at various heights on the end of the slender branchlets. The color is greyish or yellowish. Old material is apt to turn dark brown. The spicules consist of capstans in the stem and branches, and simple straight spinous rods in double rows in the zooids, being most numerous on the abaxial side of the zooid. In the tentacles there are smaller spinous rods. The capstans measure about 0.20 mm.; the rods in the zooids 0.35 mm. There is some variation in the density of the spines but it is not sufficient to establish any varieties. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 63 Type: — Possibly in some European Museum. Type locality: — Off the west coast of Norway. Distribution: — • According to Broch, somewhat more restricted than the foregoing species, and usually at a depth of 200 fms., 88 and 649 fms. being the extremes. Normally at a temperature of 1-4 degrees centigrade, occasionally at about 6 degrees below or at freezing point. Depth: — From 88-649 fms. Specimens examined: — The type of multiflora and about sixty colonies, taken off the fishing banks and off the coast of New England, at 1 10-300 fms. Remarks: — ■ It is on Jungersen's and Broch's authority that the present cauliflower-like form, described by Verrill as D. multiflora, is referred to Rathke's E. florida. Because of its asymmetrically developed non-retractile zooids, it might be confused with E. glomerata, but even quite young specimens are easily distinguished. A dead Ceratoisis stem, (U.S.N.M.), contains several colonies of both forms, but the roughness of the zooids in E. glomerata alone is a sufficient distinguishing character. 4. EuNEPHTHYA RUBiFORMis (Ehrenberg) Plate 4, figs. 21-25 Lobularia rubiformis Ehrenberq, 1834, p. 282. Eunephthya rubiformis Broch, 1928, p. 14, figs. 4, 8 (list of references). Gersemia rubiformis + G. canadensis + G. carnea + G.fructicosa + G. clavala Verrill, 1922, pp. 4, 20, 22, 23, 27, 48, with text figs. The colonies range in size from 1 to 10 cm. They possess a well-developed stem, often ribbed, with a broad basis and with numerous short rounded branches carrying the zooids, placed as if stuck into a cushion. When contracted the zooids disappear completely into the cushions and the colony resembles a strongly lobate kidney; when expanded the colony resembles a cluster of com- posite flowers. The individual zooids are 2-3 mm. in lengths. They are clear, the only spicules present being confined to the indistinct collaret and the oper- culum. The lobes are often 5 mm. across, but in numerous cases the lobes become confluent and form much larger lumps. The contracted colonies are fairly rough to the touch although the spicules generally are scattered. The color varies from white to yellowish or from pink to brick-red. The spicules in the stem and in the cushion-like branches consist of capstans of variable size. In the zooids they are more or less flattened rods, with a few 64 THE ALCYONARIA warts or blunt spines arranged in about 2 rows in the collaret and in 6-8 con- verging rows in the operculum. The spicules show much variation in the different colonies. The capstans vary in size from 0.09 to 0.15 mm. The rods in the zooids measure about 0.20-0.30 mm. Type: — ■ Possibly in some European museum. Type locality: — • "E mari septentrionalis." Distribution: — According to Broch, high arctic, circumpolar; not known from Iceland, the west coast of Norway, or the west coast of Greenland. Com- mon also off the coast of New England and Canada. Depth: — Shallow water, usually 20-50 fms., rarely more or less; usually found in water below zero in temperature. Specimens examined: — About 400 colonies (mostly loaned from U.S.N.M., some from V.M., and the rest in the M.C.Z.) collected off the coasts of New England, eastern Canada and eastern Greenland; all from shallow water. Remarks: — This species can hardly be mistaken for any other, although it shows great variability in color, size of the lobes, and size of the spicules. The same lot, however, will often contain all the possible variations, and it is therefore unlikely that the species can be divided into smaller units. Most of the material has been listed as A. carneum Ag., the red colonies as E. rubiformis. Both Gersemia canadensis and carnea in Verrill's last paper represent Eunephthya rubiformis, as well as his G. clavata, and fructicosa. All of his material has been re-examined. 5. Eunephthya fructicosa (M. Sars) Plate 1, fig. 6; Plate 4, figs. 14-20 Alcyonium fruclicosum M. Sars, 1860, p. 140. Eunephthya fructicosa Junqersen, 1916, p. 11. — Broch, 1928, p. 16, figs. 4 (labeled rubiformis),'- 9. Gersemia fructicosa + G. longiflora + G. mirabilis + G. studcri Verrill, 1922, pp. 23, 26, 48. The colonies reach a height of about 10 cm. They have a well developed stem, which is in general strongly ribbed and rough to the touch. The basal portion in the young specimens is attached to small objects, such as the slender branches of a dead Ceratoisis. In the larger specimens it forms a bag-Uke mud- 'Broch's figure 5, "E. fructicosa", is without doubt wrongly labelled. Both the shape of the spicules and their variation indicate E. rubiformis; likewise his statement that some of them are deep red. I have never seen any reference to the occurrence of red spicules in E. fructicosa. The spicules in his figure 4 labeled rubiformis, resemble much more those of fructicosa. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 65 filled tube which undoubtedly anchors the colony in the soft bottom. Numerous branches carry a number of large zooids, about 8 mm. in length when in an ex- panded condition. The zooids are regularly developed and cyhndrical in shape, with eight converging rows of slender spicules. They are able to contract. When half contracted they resemble acorns, the lower, less spiculose part expand- ing cupUke around the upper part of the zooid; when completely retracted, the lower part encloses the upper portion completely, causing the individual zooid to appear somewhat larger and more shapeless than when it is expanded. The stem contains numerous short rods derived from capstans. The base of the zooids (or terminal parts of the branches) contains similar short blunt rods, thicker or thinner, with scattered blunt warts. The zooids contain innumerable long slender rods with a few scattered spines; in the tentacles are a few short rods. The rods measure about 0.15-0.20 mm.; the long rods in the zooids about 0.25-0.35 mm. Type: — • Probably in Norway. Type locality: — ■ Off coast of Norway. Distribution: — According to Broch almost circumpolar, although not known from the waters north of Alaska. Normally found in waters below 5° C. in temperature. In the arctic region this species occurs in less than 50 fms., but in the "cold area" off the coast of Greenland it is found exclusively at a depth of about 1500 fms., sometimes 2000 fms. All the specimens from the Atlantic coast of North America were collected from a depth of about 1500 fms. Specimens exarriined: — About 150 specimens collected off Delaware and off the coast of New England, mostly loaned from U.S.N.M., except the two specimens from Blake Sta. 339, off Delaware, in 1186 fms. (the type of E. longi- flora and a colony wrongly called E. glomerata by Verrill. (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4526, 4168.) Remarks: — Jungersen's excellent paper of 1887, p. 375, unfortunately pub- lished in the Danish language, has been used as the basis for the determination of the present material. He emphasizes the "sleeve-like" elongations of the basal portion, filled with mud, that anchor the larger specimens in the soft sea bottom, a typical character of all the larger specimens and not found in any of the other species. He also emphasizes the tree-hke branching structure with only scattered zooids on the stem; the rough and furrowed surface of the latter, and the large size of the zooids, much larger than in any of the other species. The size of the spicules (0.09-0.13 mm., and 0.19-0.32 mm. for the rods in the branches and in the zooids respectively) is in agreement with the measurements 66 THE ALCYONARIA made of the present material. His figures illustrating his material apply equally- well to the American specimens. His statement that the zooids are completely retractile as in Alcyonium digitatum may perhaps be interpreted as signifying the way in which the upper part of the zooids is completely withdrawn and covered by the lower part; Thomson's expression (1927, p. 15) — ■ "completement retractile et se tenant isoles" — ■ seems to me more correct since there is no common mass of coenenchyma into which the zooids may retract, as in ^. digitatum and E. rubiformis. Verrill's E. longiflora and E. liltkeni (glomerata) , taken off Delaware, are both specimens of E. frudicosa, a bloated and a contracted specimen respectively. Jungersen was therefore correct when he guessed (1887) that E. longiflora was a synonym of E. frudicosa. Verrill's E. frudicosa (1922, p. 23) from Richmond Gulf, east of Hudson Bay is E. rubiformis. It was collected in only 15-30 fms., but in the arctic region E. frudicosa may possibly occur in much shallower water than off the coast of America and Greenland, where it is taken at depths averaging about 1500 fms. Studer's Paraspongodes clavata from 927 m. off the Azores (1901, p. 31) is not figured, and the description is not sufficiently detailed to make it certain whether or not it is E. frudicosa, as Jungersen suggests (Broch, 1928, p. 19). Gersemia mirabilis, Verrill (1922, p. 26) is undoubtedly a young E. frudicosa, as Verrill himself suggests (p. 27). It was a sUp of memory when Verrill stated that the U.S.N.M. had several specimens of G. mirabilis from deep water off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. All their material was identified by Verrill as E. longiflora. Genus 2. Neospongodes Kiikenthal 1903 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1903a, p. 273: — ■ Nephthyids of tree-Uke structure; zooids isolated or in bundles, with supporting rods; canal walls form- ing an irregular axis in the center of the stem and larger branches. Type species: — Neospongodes atlantica Kiikenthal. Remarks: — • Two species, taken off Bahia, Brazil (no depth indicated), were described, namely, V. atlantica and bahiensis, (Kiikenthal 1903a, p. 274), both in collections in Hamburg. No figures illustrating the specimens were given. Kiikenthal suggested that Spongodes portoricensis Hargitt and Rogers belongs to this genus. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 67 The "Blake" collection contains a large number of a species which, I think, is identical with A^. portoricensis , and two other forms, one of which may prove to be identical with one (or both) of Kukenthal's species, while the other seems to be new. Key to the species of Neospongodes in the West Indies 1. Colonies short, with short branches or lobes crowded with zooids. Supporting rods not sharply defined and rarely projecting to any extent. Color white, semi-transparent 1. A^. portoricensis (Hargitt and Rogers). 1 . Colony slender, with slender stem and branches and only a few scattered zooids. Support- ing rods distinct in strongly projecting bundles 2 2. Spicules not remarkably long; branches slender; zooids non-retractile 2. A^. aga^sizii spec. nov. 2. Spicules remarkably long, up to 1 cm.; branches thick; zooids completely retractile 3.N. caribaea spec. nov. Remarks: — The two BraziUan species are not included in the key as the descriptions seem insufficient. On gathers from these that the two species are closely related and also show strong affinities to N. agassizii. Very Ukely N. bahiensis and agassizii will prove to be synonyms of A'', atlantica but for the present it cannot be proved. 1. Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers) Plate 1, fig. 10; Plate 27, figs. 3-12 Spongodes portoricensis Hargitt & Rogers, 1901, p. 279, text fig. B. — Kukenthal, 1903a, p. 273; 1905, p. 718. The collection contains a large number of an Alcyonarian which appears to be identical with the one described as Spongodes portoricensis by Hargitt and Rogers. The colonies may be as high as 6 cm. but they are much shrunken in alcohol. There is a thick fleshy stem, usually short, with a broad disc-shaped base and a number of short thick branches. The zooids are scattered irregularly on the stem and all over the branches without any definite arrangement. When well-expanded they represent a long cylindrical, upward cur\dng "neck" at the end of which the cluster of tentacles is placed. They are armed, chiefly on the outer side, with two rows of converging curved spindles, which project very Uttle. There is an indistinct collaret, and an operculum which usually does not close and which contains eight pairs of curved spindles, arranged in a triangle, and one or two smaller spindles. The spindles in a pair are often of unequal length. 68 THE ALCYONARIA The spicules on the stem and branches are slender pointed spindles with simple conical warts scattered all over the surface. The center of the stem is gelatinous, surrounded by large canals, and contains a variable number of spindles. The average length of the spindles in the coenenchyma and on the outer side of the zooids is 1-1.25 mm. ; a few longer ones may be present. The heavier bent rods in the operculum may be as long as 1.50 mm. The short thick rods in the tentacles average 0.20-0.40 mm. Type: — -Apparently lost; not in U.S.N.M. Type locality: — Off Porto Rico, in 75 fms. Specimens examined: M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. ifms.) Locality Specimens 4176 152 177 Off St. Croix 5 4186 155 88 a Montserrat 1 4161 203 96 it Martinique 4 4185 203 96 it " 1 4172 243 171 a Barbados 5 4188 249 264 a Grenada 2 4167 269 124 a St. Mncent 4 4171 269 124 a it (( 2 4162 272 76 a Barbados 1 4179 272 76 '* 2 4166 272 76 it (( 3 4169 272 76 t( (t 3 4177 276 94 ti it 3 4190 276 94 (t ft 1 4181 290 73 tt (1 3 4183 290 73 tf 1 4164 292 56 tt 3 4184 292 56 tt 1 4178 293 81 tt 4 4170 294 136 tt 1 4187 296 85 ft 1 4180 297 123 tt 2 4173 298 120 ft 3 4174 No label 1 4189 (( « 1 4192 tt (( 1 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 69 Remarks: — It is possible that in the future this species will be placed in another genus. The supporting bundles are much less pronounced than in the two other forms. It has, however, a very distinct central column which is supposed to be characteristic of the typical forms of Neospongodes. As there has been no material available of other genera I have retained it in Neospongodes. It resembles superficially Sderonephthya macrospina collected off the Azores in 599 m. (Thomson, 1927, p. 16, pi. 3, fig. 11.) 2. Neospongodes agassizii spec. nov. Plate 1, figs. 11, 12 The "Blake" collection contains several specimens of this well defined species ranging from a few cm. in height to about 10 cm. (with the basal portion missing). The colony has a strong main stem, rather firm and spiculose, and a varying number of long slender branches which are given off at wide angles and bent gently upward. Occasionally they are bifurcate. A few zooids are scattered on the stem. On the branches they are irregularly distributed, though never crowded, and resemble buds on a tree. The zooids appear to be non-retractile. They consist of a distinct bracket-Uke portion with two bundles of projecting spines and a bud-like portion consisting of the collaret and operculum. In all cases the tentacles are retracted. The stem is grayish, the branches reddish-brown, and the zooids pale in color. The spicules consist of closely packed, parallelly arranged spindles in the outer layer of the stem and branches. A few rods are present in the gelatinous central part of the stem. The zooids contain a well-developed collaret with four to six rows of slender curved warted spindles. The operculum consists of two pairs of strongly bent spindles, sometimes with a smaller pair between them. The tentacles contain a number of short blunt-ending curved warted rods and there are several minute lozenge-shaped rods in the pinnulae. The spicules in the coenenchyma may be as long as 2 mm. ; the spicules in the collaret 1 mm., and the opercular spindles are approximately the same length. The blunt rods in the tentacles may reach 0.30 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4069. Type locality: — Off Cuba, in 101 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 45). 70 THE ALCYONARIA Specimens examined: — ■ M.C.Z. "Blake" myth Cat. No. Sta. (M.) LocalHy Specimens 4069 45 101 Off Cuba 10 4369 132 117 " St. Croix 2 frag. 4381 155 88 " Montserrat 2 4370 157 120 It It 1 4075 158 148 II It 1 4074 203 96 " Martinique 3 4390 203 96 II It 4 4372 203 96 It It 2 4379 216 153 " St. Lucia 1 4377 231 95 " St. Vincent 2 4395 231 95 It tt it 3 4373 247 170 " Grenada 1 4392 269 124 " St. Vincent 1 4072 272 76 " Barbados 1 4378 272 76 4 4389 272 76 1 4070 273 103 3 4383 276 94 5 4391 276 94 1 4396 277 106 1 4371 278 69 3 4385 290 71 fragments 4073 294 136 1 4376 296 125 1 4382 296 125 1 4398 298 125 1 4374 locality lost 1 4386 ti (( 1 4387 tt it 1 Remarks: — N. agassizii seems to be closely related to the forms which Kiikenthal 1903a, p. 274 describes from the waters off Bahia (in the Zool. Mus., Hamburg) and may prove to be identical with one or both of them. (See p. 66 above.) 3. Neospongodes caribaea spec. nov. Plate 1, figs. 13, 14; Plate 27, fig. 13 The type specimen is about 12 cm. high. It is a robust form with a thick short stem, about 1.5 cm. in diameter near the base, which almost immediately SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 71 gives off a number of branches. The branches are stout and of almost equal thickness at base and top (5 mm. in diameter). A few of them give off short secondary branches. All the zooids are completely retracted into their lower part which is conical, bracket-like, and supported by a number of large projecting spindles, usually in two diverging bundles. A small round opening on the upper soft-skinned side indicates the place into which the zooid has retracted. The integument is soft and fleshy, with several large spindles which may be 6 mm. in length. The interior consists of several tubes arranged around a fleshy columella which, in spite of its softness, contains a number of large spicules. Color in alcohol dull greenish gray. The zooids have a well-developed collaret with about six rows of curved, finely warted spicules. The operculum contains one pair of similar, large rods, and often a pair of smaller rods. In the tentacles there are a few short curved rods and a large number of minute flat lozenge-shaped rods, constricted in the middle. The spicules in the coenenchyma are long, tapering spindles covered with minute composite warts; there is also a number of small spindles. The longest spicules measure 6.0 mm. in length; few of them are 1 cm. The rods in the collaret are about 1.5 mm. long, the opercular rods about 1.0 mm. The short double cones in the tentacles average 0.05 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4068. Type locality: — • Off Martinique; no depth. Steamer "Enterprise," Captain Cole, coll. Specimens examined: — • The type, and a fragment without locality (cat. no. 4394). Verrill's manuscript also lists this species from 96 and 94 fms. off Barbados ("Blake" Stations 272 and 276), but these colonies appear to have been lost. Remarks: — The large specimens of this form are very different from N. agasdzii, but it is quite possible that some of the short contracted specimens, listed as young N^. agassizii, actually belong to N. caribaea. The lozenge-shaped deposits in the tentacles of the contracted specimens, Usted under N. agassizii, are numerous and the zooids may be withdrawn, as is typical in A'', agassizii. However, the deposits in the coenenchyma seem to be smaller and more numerous than one would expect in a young colony of N. agassizii. Note: — Other species in the Atlantic Ocean. Scleronephthya macrospina Thomson, 1927, p. 16, seems to belong in this genus and may possibly be N. portoricensis. 72 THE ALCYONARIA Family 3. FASCICULARIID^ Diagnosis: — See Kiikenthal, 1925, p. 713; Hickson 1930, p. 245. Indo- Pacific and Atlantic forms. Remarks: — • Three genera are recognized by both Kiikenthal and Hickson. None of the genera have been reported from the West Indies. Note : — ■ From the eastern Atlantic are known : — Paralcyonium elegans Milne-Edwards, from 880 m. off the Azores (Thomson, 1927, p. 12 pi. 2, figs. 8, 15.) It may therefore be expected also in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Fascicularia edwardsi (Lacaze Duthier) is a Mediterranean shallow water form. Most recently discussed by Motz-Kossowska and Fages, 1907, p. 423-443. Family 4. XENIIDAE Diagnosis: — ■ Small fleshy Alcyonarians with one pair of dorsal mesenteric filaments and tentacles usually with two, three or more, longitudinal rows of pinnules. Calcareous spicules when present are minute round or oval corpuscles or rarely thin rods. Remarks: — -A very careful revision has been given by Hickson, 1931. According to him only one form is known with certainty from the Atlantic Ocean, viz., Ceratocaulon wandeli Jungersen, briefly described in 1892 and 1916, from Davis Strait and east of Iceland, at about 300 fms. (According to Kiikenthal 1906, p. 19, it is closely related to Xenia antarctica). From the distribution of other arctic forms it seems rather unlikely that the species would occur further south in the Atlantic. From the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean a number of species are known which have been referred to the Xeniidae, but it is impossible to discuss their proper position in this connection. Order IV. Gorgonacea Verrill 1865 Plates 5-15; 28-30 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1925, p. 716: — Colony-building Octocorals which are always sessile, usually tree-like. The zooids are all of the same type, with short gastral cavity, and the individuals are mutually connected by solenia. The coenenchyma of the colony is differentiated into an outer and an inner layer. In the outer layer or cortex, the sclerites are isolated; in the inner, the sclerites are SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 73 surrounded by a horny substance, sometimes united to a solid horny axis which consists partly of sclerites cemented together by a calcareous substance; or else the axis consists solely of a hornj^ substance, while the sclerites have disappeared. Amorphous crystalline calcium carbonate may be deposited in the horny mass. Dimorphism of the zooids has been demonstrated in two genera only. The order contains 12 famiUes. Key to the families 1. The sclerites in the inner layer are either loose, or irnited, completely or incompletely, to an axis, either by horny mass or by calcareous substance Suborder Scleraxonia 2. 1. The axis consists of horny substance in which calcium carbonate may be deposited to varying extent and distributed in various ways Suborder Holaxonia 5. 2. The sclerites of the inner layer are surrounded by a coating of horny substance 1. Briareidae. 2. The sclerites are united by calcareous mass and form a solid axis 3. 3. The axis is jointed, with alternating horny and calcareous joints 4. Melitodidae (Indo-Pacific). 3. The axis is not jointed 4. 4. The sclerites of the axis are connected by their lateral projections only . . 2. Suberogorgiidae 4. The sclerites of the axis are completely cemented together by calcareous mass 3. Coralliidae (Indo-Pacific and eastern Atlantic). 5. The axis is jointed 12. Isididae. 5. The axis is not jointed 6. 6. The central core is soft and chambered 7. 6. The central core is calcified and solid 10. 7. The cortex of the axis is not loculated' 8. Gorgoniidae. 7. The cortex of the axis is loculated 8. 8. The zooids have an operculum composed of strong spindles l.Muriceidae. 8. The zooids have no operculum of strong spindles 9. 9. The zooids are retractile into the lower stiffened part 5. Plcxauridae. 9. The zooids are not retractile; the walls are stiffened by long rods . . .6. Acanthogorgiidae. 10. The lamellae of the cortex of the axis are undulated; sclerites are scale-like . 9. Primnoidae. 11. The sclerites are twin-balls or twin-spindles; occasionally clubs 10. Gorgonellidae. 11. The sclerites are flattened rods and plates 11. Chrysogorgiidae. Klikenthal, 1919, pp. 740-786, gave a complete list of famiUes, genera, and species with their distribution, depth, and reference to all the more important papers. In 1924 he pubhshed a second account covering the same group, but with short, condensed descriptions. It is quite evident, however, that large > See p. 29. (Definitions.) 74 THE ALCYONARIA parts of this important paper are based upon review of old, insufficient descrip- tions, and not upon actual examination of material. This is particularly true of the family Muriceidae, which is so well represented in the West Indies. The following descriptions of the genera and species, occurring in that region, will therefore be found to differ in several respects from those of Kukenthal. Suborder SCLERAXONIA Family 1. BRIAREID.IE Plate 5 Diagnosis, from Kukenthal, 1919, p. 736: — -The colonies are either incrust- ing, or they rise from the substratum as branched or unbranched, open or closed tubes, or as solid projections. The calcareous deposits in the medulla are not wedged together by a calcareous substance to form a reticulum. Beneath the superficial network of solenia, which connect the gastral cavities, there are wide longitudinal tubes which sometimes are absent from the medulla. The sclerites are fundamentally in the form of belted rods and warted spindles; also as stars and crosses. In the medulla are longer, more slender spicules, often with large projections. Dimorphism reported in one genus (Paragorgia) . Indo-Pacific and Atlantic forms; chiefly Uttoral. Remarks: — • Kukenthal, 1919, p. 740, gives a list of genera and species. There are known in all forty-six species and varieties, distributed among fourteen genera. Five genera are represented in the West Indian region, with five species and two varieties, and two genera are reported from the northeastern coast of the United States, each with one species. Four genera are represented in the "Blake" collections. Briareidae from the West Indies and Brazil : — Erythropodium carihaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Not in the "Blake" material. E. polyanthes (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Briareum asbestinum (Pallas), and B. a. var. f Iciligorgia schrammi Duchassaing. Suberia davaria Studer. Titanidium suberosum (Ellis & Solander). Diodogorgia nodulifera (Hargitt & Rogers). D. ceratosa Kukenthal. Keroeides richardii (Lamouroux). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 75 From northern waters : — Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus). Anthothela grandiflora (M. Sars). From the eastern Atlantic Ocean are reported : — Erythropodium asiraeoides Studer, 1901, p. 16, a doubtful form from the Bay of Biscay, in 63 fms. Titanideum obscurum Thomson, 1927, p. 18, off the Azores in 1250 m. Doubtful. Suberia capensis J. S. Thomson, littoral, from South Africa. Spongioderma chuni Kiikenthal, Uttoral, from South Africa. S. capensis Kiikenthal, littoral, from South Africa. Cor allium rubruin L., off Madeira, coast of Ireland, and from the Mediter- ranean, abyssal. C. johnsoni Gray, off Madeira, abyssal. C. maderense (J. Y. Johnson), off Madeira, continental. C. tricolor (J. Y. Johnson), off Madeira, continental. For literature, see Kiikenthal, 1924, pp. 47-52. Key to the Briareidae From Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 29. As the Briareidae represents a rather dLfficult group, it has been considered the best course to repeat the whole key, especially since some of the genera which have not yet been reported from the West Indian or Brazilian waters very likely do occur there, but simply have been overlooked because they are fairly inconspicuous. An incom- plete key may easily prove to be extremely misleading in this group. 1. Colonies form membraneous coverings over the substratum, but do not develop stems. {Erythropodiinae) Erythropodium } 1. Colonies have vertical stems 2. 2. Zooids developed on base as well as on stem {Briareinae) 3. 2. Zooids not present on base which is reduced to a small basal disk for attachment (Paragorgiinae) 6. 3. Stems canaliculated or tubulated Solenopodium. 3. Stems solid 4. 4. Stems with numerous anastomoses 2 Anthothela^ 4. Stems without any anastomoses 5. 5. Zooids without lower rigid part, and able to retract completely into the coenenchyma. 3 Briareum. ' This genus was earlier (1906) placed among the Alcyonacea (see Molander, 1915, pp. 33 and 37). In 1916 Kiikenthal treated the genus among the Briareidae from the West Indies. Possibly some of the species of Erythropodium belong to the Alcyonacea. 76 THE ALCYONARIA 5. Zooids with lower rigid part wherein they may retract Pseudosuheria. 6. The central core is perforated by soleniae 7. 6. The central core is not perforated by soleniae 10. 7. The zooids are dimorphic 4. Paragorgia. 7. The zooids are not dimorphic 8. 8. Zooids without lower rigid part M achaerigorgia. 8. Zooids with lower rigid part wherein they may withdraw 9. Stem and branches cylindric Semperina. 9. Stem and branches flattened, with secondarily formed canals or tubular structures .... Solenocaulon. 10. Stem and branches flattened; zooids placed on the edges biserially 5. Iciligorgia. 10. Stem and branches round; zooids distributed on all sides 11. 1 1 . Zooids without lower rigid part 12. 1 1 . Zooids retractile into lower rigid part 13. 12. Spicules typically in the form of very small three-to-four-armed bodies, and girdled rods. 6. Titanideum. 12. The typical form of spicules is warted spindles Paratitanideum. 13. Colony unbranched 7. Suberia. 13. Colony branched 14. 14. Zooids without spicules Spongioderma. 14. Zooids closely packed with small spicules 8. Diodogorgia. All the genera are treated by Kiikenthal, 1924, pp. 8-40. Genus 1. Erythropodium Kolliker 1865 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 31. — The colony forms a membran- aceous sheath which never rises from the substratum. The zooids are small, without any definite verrucae, and completely retractile. The gastral cavity is indirectly connected with the solenia by a network of tubes. The coenenchyma is developed as an outer and an inner layer, each layer with differently shaped and colored spicules. The typical forms of the spicules are spindles, crosses, and stars. A skeleton of horny substance is also present and forms a membrane in the basal part. Type species: — E. carihaeorum (Duch. & Mich.) Remarks: — The genus is at present known from both the West Indian region and the Pacific Ocean, exclusively as shallow water forms. Kiikenthal (1919, pp. 32-37) Usts two certain and two uncertain species. From the West Indies is known Erythropodium carihaeorum (Duch. & Mich.) and E. polyanthes (Duch. & Mich.). Numerous specimens of the former have SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 77 been collected by Kiikenthal and Hartmeyer from shallow water in the West Indies (no locaUties are given). For Ust of references, description, history, etc., see Kukenthal, 1916, p. 445, figs. A-E, and 1919, p. 34; also 1924, p. 10. The type species has not been examined, but E. polyanthes is well represented in the M.C.Z. (Duchassaing & Michelotti's material). Key to the West Indian Species Coenenchyma thin (at most, 4 mm. thick) ; spicules short rods, crosses, or stars with numerous tufts of warts I.E. caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Miehelotti). Coenenchyma thick (at least 10 mm. thick); spicules long thick rods with numerous narrow belts of warts 2. £. polyanthes (Duchassaing & Miehelotti). 1. Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Miehelotti). Xenia caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 8-11. E. caribaeorum Kukenthal, 1916, p. 445; 1919, p. 34; 1924, p. 10, fig. 8. Apparently common in shallow water in the West Indies. No specimens have been examined. 2. Erythropodium polyanthes (Duchassaing & Michelotti) PI. 5, fig. 23. Ammothea polyanthes Duchassaino & Michelotti, 1860, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 6. Ammothea parasitica Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 15, pi. 1, figs. 3-5. Erythropodium marquesarutn Kukenthal, 1916, p. 173; 1919, p. 34; 1924, p. 11, text-figs. 9-10. The M.C.Z. possesses a considerable amount of material from St. Thomas, sent by Kolhker to Verrill, but it was never incorporated in his manuscript. The colonies form round, thick lobes about 1 cm. in thickness over dead pieces of stony coral. The surface is smooth and even in the dry material, and the zooids are well distributed except near the edges. They are not contracted but form short soft tubes which have become flattened in drying. The color of the colony is pale yellow with bluish-red zooids. The spicules consist of a basal layer of mostly bright red, irregularly formed spindles with scattered tufts of warts. The outer layer and the zooids contain simple spindles with a large number of transverse rows of warts. The horny substance is sparingly developed. The spicules may be as long as 0.50 mm. ; Kiikenthal gives 0.36 mm. as his largest measurement. 78 THE ALCYONARIA Type: — • Possibly in Turin. Paratype: — M.C.Z., cat. no. 4216. Type locality: — • Off St. Thomas, no depth given. Distribution: — St. Thomas, Marquesas Keys, Florida. Specimens examined: — ■ A number of colonies from Duchassaing & Michel- otti's collections. Note: — • From the eastern Atlantic Ocean Studer (1901, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 3-5) describes Erythropodium astraeoides, collected in the Bay of Biscay, near Belle He, in 63 m. A doubtful form not mentioned by Ktikenthal 1924. Genus 2. Anthothela Verrill 1879 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 43: — Colony, with membranous, expanded base from which arise several stems with numerous anastomoses. Zooids are large, and occur on the base as well as on the stems, sometimes more numerous on one side of a stem than on the other. They are able to retract into the high verrucae. The coenenchyma contains long spinous spindles and shorter girdled rods. The medulla is not well differentiated from the cortex; it is spong- eous and filled with slender spindles and rods, and is perforated by solenia. Color pale rose, or brownish. Type species: — A. grandiflora (M. Sars). Remarks: — The genus includes, according to Kiikenthal, one certain and one doubtful species. The former is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, and is a deep littoral and continental form. See Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 14. 1. Anthothela grandiflora (M. Sars) Bnareum grandiflorum M. Sabs, 1856, p. 63, pi. 10, figs. 10-12. Anthothela grandiflora Kukenthal, 1924, p. 15, text figs. 13-14 (complete list of references). — Verrill, 1922, p. 18, pi. 6, figs. 1-4, text fig. 4. —Thomson, 1927, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 20; pi. 3, fig. 34; pi. 4, figs. 6-18; pi. 5, fig. 28. — Molander, 1918, pp. 6, 14. Rhizoxenia alba Grieg, 1887, p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 1-34. This species which forms both incrusting membranes and erect stems, has been described in detail by Verrill, 1922, and Thomson, 1927. Type: — Possibly in Norway. Type locality: — • West coast of Norway. Distribution: — In the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean it is known from the coasts of Scandinavia and as far south as the Azores. In the American waters SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 79 it is known from deep water of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. It may possibly occur also in the West Indies. Depth: — From 150-240 meters. Specimens examined: — None. Genus 3. Briareum Blainville 1830 Diagnosis, from Kukenthal, 1919, p. 45:^ Thick cyUndrical stems which rise vertically from a membranous base. The zooids are without any verrucas and may contract completely. The cortex has no distinct outer layer, and the medulla is not separated from the cortex. Solenia are present in the deeper layer of the cortex and in the medulla. The cortex contains long spindles and three- armed rods with high irregular spines; similar but larger deposits occur in the medulla together with a horny meshwork. Color yellowish or reddish; medulla, blue-red. Type species: — Briareum asbestinum (Pallas). Remarks: — Known only from the West Indies; shallow water, to depths of about 35 fms. One species and one variety, both in the "Blake" material. 1. Briareum asbestinum (Pallas) PI. 5, figs. 1-2 For complete list of references, history, description, and discussion, see Kukenthal, 1916, p. 469, pi. 23, fig. 2, text-figs. F-H; 1919, p. 47, fig. 18; 1924, p. 16, fig. 15. The "Blake" collection contains one specimen of this relatively common form. It is about 10 cm. high and 1 cm. thick, with a base about 4.5 cm. wide. The zooids are uniformly distributed over the surface, and are completely con- tracted into the coenenchyma. The texture of the colony is peculiar on account of the admixture of horny substance and calcareous spicules. Color pale yellow; in certain places reddish. The spicules in the outer layer of the coenenchyma are in most cases color- less; a few are red. They represent tapering spindles covered with a variable number of small scalloped spines or warts; the number of these projections seem to increase with increasing size of the spindles. The character of the spicules changes gradually in the inner layer where most of the deposits are red; here there are, beside the typical spindles, branched forms, three- to four-armed, often curved, and with small lateral branches covered by branched spines or 80 THE ALCYONARIA warts. Smaller deposits may also occur. The horny substance is best developed in the inner layer, and it is rather difficult to separate the spicules of the "axis." The tentacles may or may not contain spicules; if they are present they are red and white, mixed together, and of similar shape, as in the outer layer, but smaller and often curved. The largest spicules in the "axis" are about 1.00 by 0.18 mm.; the average is 0.40 by 0.7 mm. Type: — • Most likely lost. Type locality: — • West Indies. Distribution: — ■ The species seems fairly common in shallow water through- out the West Indies. Specimens examined: — One colony taken off Carysfort reef, Florida, in 35 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.) M.C.Z. cat. no. 4211. — Several colonies, all in the M.C.Z. , from earlier collections. Remarks: — ■ The spicules of the present specimens are slightly larger than those measured by Kukenthal; the largest spicules from the "axis" reported by him measured about 0.7 mm. whereas the present specimen has spicules as long as 1 mm. I do not think that this difference is sufficient grounds for establishing a new species, neither is there anything remarkable in the depth at which the specimen from Carysfort was taken. la. Briareum asbestinum (Pallas) var.? Duchassaing & Michelotti (1860, pp. 15-16, pi. 8, fig. 15, and pi. 11, fig. 7) described two forms of Briareum from the "Antilles" and off Guadeloupe, respec- tively. Kiikenthal (1916, I.e.) regards the first one, B. capitatum, as a synonym of asbestinum; the other, B. palma christi, he Usts as a doubtful species (1919, p. 741). The collection in the M.C.Z. contains four specimens, all from the same locality (off the Florida reefs), which show that these two forms can hardly be kept separate, but it is a question whether they represent distinct varieties or merely growth stages of the typical form, the development of which, as far as I know, has never been followed through its successive stages. One specimen is flat, with the zooids on the upper side only; another specimen is ear-shaped, with the zooids arranged along the thickened edge. A third repre- sents a short thick wall with zooids chiefly on one side, and the fourth is rod- shaped, with a thickened terminal part. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 81 The colonies are all much smaller than the full-grown colonies of B. asbes- tinum as usually described. The flat, leaf-like specimen is about 4 cm. long (breadth unknown), the ear-shaped colony is about 3 cm. wide; the wall-shaped, which resembles Duchassaing & Michelotti's figure of B. palma christi, is 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. high, and the rod-shaped, with the thickened terminal part, is 4 cm. high. The color in all four specimens is red, in agreement with Duchassaing & Michelotti's description of both their forms. The spicules are chiefly red, and most of them resemble the branched forms which occur in the central part of the typical form. It seems very Ukely that B. asbestinum begins with chiefly red, branched spicules which later become the characteristic spicules of the "axis," and that the more simple rods develop still later. It may be, however, that we have a separate variety with smaller colonies. Genus 4. Paragorgia Milne-Edwards 1857 Diagnosis, from Kukenthal, 1919, p. 76: — Colonies vertically growing, branching chiefly in one plane, with cylindrical thick stem and with branches which often are developed as short, thick lobes. Zooids irregularly distributed, sometimes leaving one side free. They are retractile in the broad verrucae which may contract completely, leaving an eight-rayed star on the surface. The walls of the autozooids contain eight rows of small, double crosses, which continue onto the back of the tentacles. Dimorphism always developed. The minute siphonozooids have no tentacles and do not protrude above the surface. They contain the eggs and sperm. The cortex contains two layers. The thin outer layer contains no soleniae and is filled with small double crosses. The deeper layer, however, contains a circle of solenia and has spindle-shaped deposits with large spines. The medulla is not sharply defined and is perforated by numerous soleniae. It contains still larger rods or spindles. Color red or yellow. Type species: — P. arborea L. (Edw. & Haime). Remarks: — Kukenthal lists the type species and two doubtful forms. North Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian-Ocean; deep Uttoral to abyssal forms. Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus) PI. 5, figs. 20-22 Alcyonium arboreum Linnaeus, 1758, p. 803. Paragorgia arborea Kukenthal, 1924, p. 28, text fig. 21 (complete list of references). — Verrill, 1922, p. 17, pi. 13; pi. 14, fig. 1, text-fig. 1. 82 THE ALCYONARIA This tall and striking species has been described in great detail by Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 77. Type: — • Probably lost. Type locality: — ■ Northern Seas. Distribution: — • Widespread in the Northern Atlantic both along the European and North American coasts; also recorded from the North Pacific. (See Kukenthal, 1924, p. 29). Depth: — Deep Utoral, coast abyssal. Specimens examined: — ■ Several fragments from off Norway and from off Georges Bank; M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4201-4202. Remarks: — ■ According to Verrill this species is common off the fishing banks off Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, etc; material in U.N.S.M. It is not known how far south it ranges. Genus 5. Iciligorgia Duchassaing 1870 For list of references, etc., see Kukenthal, 1916, p. 483; 1919, p. 101; 1924, p. 38. Diagnosis, from Kukenthal, 1919, p. 479-483: — Colony tree-Uke, branched in one plane, very brittle. Stem and branches flattened, with flat front-side, and more vaulted back-side. Zooids in two rows, one along each edge, and able to retract into the low verrucae. Spicules of the zooids large spindles, with widely separated spines, and arranged in eight chevrons. The thin coenenchjana con- tains slender spindles with large rounded warts. The central core is closely packed with long, needle-like rods. Solenia seem absent in the central core, being present only in the deeper layer of the cortex. Color brownish. Type species: — Iciligorgia schrammi Duchassaing. Remarks: — The type species is known from the West Indies. A new species is reported by Aurivillius from Bonin Islands (1931, p. 11, text fig. 1.) Iciligorgia schrammi Duchassaing PI. 5, figs. 3-5 Iciligorgia schrammi Duchassaing, 1870, p. 12. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 39. Iciligorgia ballini Kukenthal, 1908, p. 479, pi. 23, fig. 3, text figs. L, M, N; 1924, p. 38 (complete list of literature). Diagnosis: — See diagnosis for genus. Type: — Probably lost. Type locality: — Off Guadeloupe, 100 m. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 83 Distribution: — Off Guadeloupe; Montserrat; Dominica; Virgin Islands, Tortugas. Probably widespread in the West Indies. Depth: — From 10-50 fms. Specimens examined: — \ large dry fragment from off Tortugas, 10 fms. (Pourtales Gulfstream Exploration); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4222. Smaller fragments from off Dominica and Montserrat, cat. nos. 4229, 4230. Remarks: — • Kiikenthal bases his new species upon the fact that it has no solenia in the central part of the stem. What Duchassaing says is the case in /. schrammi, but this difference may probably be a mistake on Duchassaing's part. The present material shows distinctly the solenia in the external layer but no definite canals in the inner part of the stem. Genus 6. Titanideum Verrill 1863 For discussion, literature, etc., see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 81; 1924, p. 30. Diagnosis, from Kukenthal, 1919, p. 81: — Colony unbranched, or sparingly dichotomously branched. The main stems are cylindrical and arise from a com- mon base. The zooids have no rigid lower part and occur over the entire surface. The thick coenenchyma has no specially differentiated outer layer. The spicules are three-, four-, or multi-armed forms. Solenia are present only in the cortex of the branches. They are absent in the fairly well defined central portion which contains rod-like, long sclerites with a single outgrowth, and chiefly four-armed bodies which are embedded in the horny meshwork. Color red, the central part yellow-brown. Type species: — ■ Titanideum suberosum (Ellis & Solander). Refnarks: — The only certain species known is from shallow water off North Carolina. {T. noduliferum and crustatum Hargitt & Rogers, listed as doubtful forms by Kukenthal, 1924, p. 31, are synonyms of Diodogorgia (see p. 87)). Titanideum suberosum (Ellis & Solander) PI. 5, figs. 6-10 For list of references see Kukenthal, 1916, p. 476, figs. J-K; 1919, p. 82; 1924, p. 30, text figs. 22-23. The "Blake" collection contains two orange-colored thick branches about 7 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, slightly tapering, and with rounded tips. The zooids are completely retracted into very low, flattened verrucae which open through 84 THE ALCYONARIA an oblong star-shaped pore. The zooids reach almost to the medulla, and are irregularly distributed over the surface. The coenenchyma is orange-colored, the deeper layer more reddish. The medulla, which contains a large amount of horny substance, is brownish. The zooids are pale yellow. There is a ring of solenia in the outer part of the coenenchyma and also a ring in the deeper layer, close to the medulla. The coenenchyma contains numerous three-armed bodies with warts ar- ranged in cauliflower-like clusters at the end and sometimes at the base of the arms. In addition there are four-, five- and more armed bodies of similar type but larger. The tentacles contain no spicules whatever. The medulla contains a great number of parallel rods with smooth slender shafts and a few short terminal projections composed of small clusters of spines. The smallest bodies are about 0.04 mm. in diameter; the largest rods in the medulla may be as long as 0.2 mm. Type and Type locality: — • I have not been able to find in what collection the type is preserved or the locality and depth at which it was taken, as I have not seen Ellis & Solander's paper. Kiikenthal's description is based upon a specimen in the M.C.Z. from Carolina; Verrill, 1863, p. 39, lists the species from off Charles- ton and Beaufort. Specimens examined: — "Bache" Exp. South of Garden Key, Florida, 63 fms., 1 whole specimen (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4218). "Blake" Exp., no locality nor depth; 2 fragments (M.C.Z. cat. no 4217). Also, some colonies from Charleston and Beaufort, collected by L. Agassiz, J. W. Page, and W. Stimpson. Note: — • Other species from the Atlantic Ocean. TiTANiDEUM OBSCURUM Thomson Titanideum obscurum Thomson, 1927, p. 17, pi. 3, fig. 10; pi. 4; fig. 22; pi. 5, fig. 26. Described as a new species from deep water (1250 m.) off the Azores. Its position seems uncertain. It is colorless and distinctly different from T. suberosum, as one would expect from the fact that it is a deep water form. It may, however, be expected from deep water in the West Indian region. [Titanideum hartmeyeri Kiikenthal, (1908, p. 19) which Thomson mentions on p. 18, is a synonym of Briareum asbestinum. See Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 16.) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 85 7. SuBERiA Studer 1878 Diagnosis: — ■ Unbranched Scleraxonians ; colonies clubshaped with mem- branaceous base. Zooids large, scattered over the whole stem, anthocodia is practically free from spicules and can be retracted into the lower part which is filled with spicules. The central part of the axis consists of horny fibers and slender rods, the outer layer of short rods with warts arranged in girdles. Type species: — ■ S. clavaria Studer. Remarks: — • Two species are known, one is known from shallow water in South America, one from South Africa. The former occurs in the BraziUan waters. 1. SuBERiA CLAVARIA Studer Suberia clavaria Studer, 1878, p. 667, pi. 5, fig. 38 a, b. — Kxjkenthal 1924, p. 33, text figs. 24-25 (com- plete list of references). This species which hitherto has been known from the east cost of Patagonia and Uruguay was discovered also to occur in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. Three specimens, in the Br. M., have been examined, and seem to agree in all respects with Studer's and Klikenthal careful descriptions. Spongioderma Kolliker 1870 Diagnosis, see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 90. Type species: — • Spongioderma verrucosa (Mob.) Two littoral species from South Africa, besides a doubtful form. See Kliken- thal, 1924, pp. 34-36. Genus 8. Diodogorgia Kukenthal 1919 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1919. p. 96: — -Colony vertical, branching tree-like, branches almost in one plane; distal end of branches swollen. The zooids are small and able to retract completely into the conical verrucae which are distributed over the colony, rather widely apart, especially on the stem. The retractile part of the zooid is filled with small, low-warted rods and derivatives of these. The coenenchyma contains oval, thick spindles with large warts ar- ranged in girdles. In the deeper portion of the coenenchyma there are longer rods with more isolated tufts of warts. The medulla contains a closely-packed mixture of long rods with a few projections, and also irregular forms. The spicules 86 THE ALCYONARIA in the medulla are surrounded by a thick horny meshwork, which occasionally may become fused to and give rise to an apparent partial development of a horny axis. The medulla contains no solenia, but two concentric circles are present in the cortex. Type Species: — ■ Diodogorgia ceratosa Kiikenthal. Distribution: — ■ Exclusively West Indian forms. Key to the species of Diodogorgia Spicules in the cortex as sparingly warted rods in coinhination with numerous three- to five- armed stars 1. Diodogorgia ceratosa Kiikenthal. Spicules in the cortex as strongly warted spindles and relatively few stars 2. Diodogorgia nodulifera (Hargitt & Rogers). 1. Diodogorgia ceratosa Kiikenthal Diodogorgia ceratosa Kukenthal, 1919, p. 97; 1924, p. 36, text fig. 29. The specimen in the M.C.Z. is much larger than the type described by Kukenthal. It is about 25 cm. in height exclusive of the base; the stem and up- ward bent, knarled branches measure about 1 cm. in thickness. The zooids are more crowded than in the other species, especially toward the swollen tips of the branches. The retracted zooids either form conical verrucae or they are com- pletely retracted to the level of the surface. The color is dark red, peculiarly faded in some parts; the anthocodiae are bright yellow. Most of the spicules are red; those in the anthocodia are yellow. The spicules in the medulla are slender, sparingly branched rods, as much as 0.40 mm. in length, and easily hberated when treated with chemicals. The cortex and the zooids contain a dense layer of short warted rods in addition to numerous irregular crosses and stars, 0.05 mm. in length. Type: — Probably in Berlin. Type locality: — Gulf of Mexico. Distribution: — At present known only from the type locality, and off Cumana, Venezuela. Specimens examined: — ■ A large colony from Venezuela, M.C.Z. cat. no. 4205, and some small fragments, most likely from the same place. Remarks: — • Our specimens agree closely with Kiikenthal's description and with his figures of the spicules. Some of the branches are almost as slender as those SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 87 in his figure while others are much more robust. The zooids are also often com- pletely retractile, whereas his figure of the type shows distinct conical verrucae. 2. DiODOGORGiA NODULiFERA (Hargitt & Rogers) PI. 5, figs. 11-19 Solandria Twdulifera Hahgitt & Rogers, 1901, p. 279, fig. Cl. Solandria crusiata Hargitt & Rogers, 1901, p. 280, fig. C3. Diodogorgia cervicornis Kukenthal, 1919, p. 645; 1924, p. 38. Most of the colonies are considerably broken, but the best preserved frag- ments show that it is a slender, irregularly branching form with scattered conical verrucae, more crowded toward the swollen tips of the branches. The largest colony measures about 10 cm. in height, with a stem which is 5 mm. wide, and branches 2-3 mm. wide. One colony is incrusting, covering a horny tube, which is transversely striated — • probably a worm tube, as Hargitt & Rogers' figure also seems to indicate. The color varies from orange, to orange with a red inner layer and yellow zooids in the branching forms; the incrusting form is pure sulphur-yellow. The spicules in the medulla consist of long, sparingly branched, interlaced rods of a glassy consistency, easily broken. They seem to be about 0.5 mm. in length. The cortex contains numerous, long, strongly warted spindles, 0.25- 0.35 mm. in length, in addition to a number of smaller, star-shaped deposits. In the lower part of the zooids there are numerous spindles, and in the upper retractile part, small stars and rods, 0.05-0.10 mm. in length. Type: — Evidently lost; at least, not in the U.S.N.M. Type locality: — Off Porto Rico. Distribution: — Off Florida, Porto Rico, Montserrat; shallow water to depths of about thirty fathoms. Specimens examined: — - M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Station (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4227 9 37 Off Florida Fragments 4225 12 42 " " 4224 127 38 " St. Croix it 4226 155 88 " Montserrat Incrusting form 423.3 155 SS tt it Fragments Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor. 4223 W. of Tortugas in 35 fms. Fragments 4228 Great Bahamas Bank in 35 fms. Fragments 88 THE ALCYONARIA Remarks: — Ktikenthal gives no figures illustrating this species, but the description of the outer features, the scattered, tall, conical verrucae, and the strongly warted spindles make it appear amost certain that the present species is identical with his Diodogorgia cervicornis. Some of the spindles are slightly larger than his measurements indicate, and they are therefore more in agreement with the measurements given by Hargitt & Rogers. I feel convinced that the two forms described by the latter authors are the same, especially since the present material contains both an incrusting form on a striated tube, as the two authors figure it, and an erect colony, from the same lot. Note: — Sclerogorgia mexicana v. Koch is listed by Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 45 as Suberogorgia. In 1919 he expresses his doubts about its position. Aurivillius 1931, p. 18 suggests it is a Diodogorgia. It seems most likely that it is D. ceratosa. The original specimen was labelled "Mexico." Family 2. SUBEROGORGIIDAE See KuKENTHAL, 1924, p. 40. •The family contains two genera which hitherto have been known only from the Indo-Pacific. One genus is here reported for the first time from the Atlantic Ocean. Key to the Genera 1. Horny substance equally distributed in the axis Suberogorgia. 1 . Horny substance in an inner tube, and as fibers between the outer calcareous parts of the axis 1 . Keroeides. 1. Keroeides Wright & Studer 1887 Diagnosis: — Branched forms; axis with an inner horny central axis and an outer layer of scle rites united by their projections and surrounded by a horny substance. Zooids scattered, mostly lateral on the branches, and retractile to low verrucae. Sclerites in the zooids as spinous spindles which form a crown. Coenenchyma with large warty spindles, with flat disk-shaped sclerites, or with irregular forms. Type species: — Keroeides koreni Wright & Studer. Remarks: — ■ The genus was established for a species K. koreni described by Wright & Studer, 1889, from several localities in the Indo-Pacific. The Blake Expedition however, secured a closely related form from the West Indies and SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 89 examination has shown that this form imdoubtedly is identical with a species described by Lamouroux, in 1812, as Gorgonia richardii, and later figured by Duchassaing & Michelotti, in 1860. It has hitherto been regarded as a doubtful form, although Duchassaing & Michelotti mention that it is common in the West Indies. The present material agrees well with the original description, and one reaUzes when one examines the brittle fragments how httle suited this species is to be preserved. It may be possible to get a complete specimen up on a fishing line but not with a dredge, and in dry condition the colony is very Ukely to be reduced to dust. That is undoubtedly the reason why no specimens seem to exist in the older collections. Keroeides richardii (Lamouroux) Gorgonia richardii Lamouroux, 1816, p. 407. — Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 29, pi. 4, fig. 1; 1864, p. 18. — Verrill, 1869 d, p. 429. In the collection are some fragments of a species which seems to belong to Wright & Studer's Keroeides. Nothing can be stated definitely about the size of the complete colony. There are some fragments of a stem (about 10 cm. high and 2 mm. thick) which formerly had a few branches. There are also some branches with alternate, pinnately arranged branchlets which carry a few scattered zooids, occurring alternatingly, and in one plane. The zooids are about 2 mm. high. Most likely they are able to retract into low verrucae, but in the present material they are well expanded and slightly trumpet-shaped. The spi- cules are arranged in indistinct longitudinal rows and continue over the back of the inward bent tentacles. The coenench3Tna of the stem is covered with short thick rods with blunt warts on the outer side and longer, sometimes branched projections, on the inner side. The branches and branchlets are covered with slender pointed rods which are sparingly warted. The zooids contain similar rods, often thicker and slightly bent. The axis is distinctly ribbed, and pale brown, almost white in color. The outer layer consists of horny fibers surrounding a close network of interlocked, smooth- surfaced spicules ; their exact shape could not be determined. The inner part of the axis consists of a horny tube with thin, transverse septa. The color of the colony is whitish. The blunt rods in the stem measure about 0.3-0.5 mm. in length and the rods in the branches and the zooids are about as large but more slender, the tentacles contain smaller rods. 90 THE ALCYONARIA Type: — Possibly in Paris. Type locality: — "Antilles." Distribution: — Seems to be common in the West Indies at moderate depth. Depth: — From 73-150 fms. Specimens examined: — Fragments from off St. Vincent, Guadeloupe and Barbados (Blake sta. 231, 164, 290) ; M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4234, 4237, 423.5. Remarks: — This species is the only Gorgonian known from the West Indies in which the stem may be described as having the consistence of soft, white wood. Lamouroux, description and Duchassaing & Michelotti's figure agree well with the fragments in the "Blake" collections. According to the two authors it is a common form in the West Indies and that agrees well with the "Blake" Expeditions results. Also the comparative low depth, 73-150 fms, at which it is taken, indicates that it is a species which it was possible to secure in earlier days with an ordinary fishing line. In fact that may explain why Lamoroux had large well preserved colonies, while modern expeditions with their dredges only get broken fragments. It is impossible to say how closely related his form is to the species known from the Indo-Pacific. The spicules in the coenenchyma and zooids are stated to be much larger (2.4 mm.) in K. koreni than in K. richardii. Family 3. CORALLIIDAE For diagnosis, etc, see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 46. Genus 1. Corallium Lamarck 1801 For diagnosis etc. see KtJKBNTHAL, 1924, p. 47. The genus has 4 representatives in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, all from deeper water, but none of these have been reported from the western part. Family 4. MELITODIDAE For diagnosis etc. see Kukenthal, 1924, pp. 53-88. Indo-Pacific, littoral. A few species have been described from off South Africa. Duchassaing, 1870, p. 18, reports Melithaea occidentalis from the West Indian waters but most likely it is an Isidid. (See p. 252). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 91 Suborder HOLAXONIA Family 5. PLEXAURIDAE Diagnosis: — Colonies branching mostly in one plane, rarely bushy. The zooids occur on all sides of the branchlets and are always retractile. Verrucae may be present or lacking. The coenenchyma is thick and contains an inner layer of spicules either simple spindles or with girdles, and an outer layer with spicules of variable shapes. The central part of the axis is divided by traiLsverse septa; the outer part is almost always loculated, and is either porous or it may contain incrusted lime. The longitudinal solenia are regularly arranged along the axis. Indo-Pacific and Atlantic forms; mostly littoral. Remarks: — The whole family has been treated by Kiikenthal, 1924, pp. 89-139. For several of the West Indian genera Kunze has given extensive descriptions based upon first-hand study of material from that region, and Moser (1921, pp. 110-118) has revised the genus Plcxaura. Five of the eleven genera occur in the West Indian waters. A key has been given to these genera in the following pages, but as only one species was secured by the "Blake" Expedition and as the M.C.Z. possesses very few forms, the family has not been treated in detail. The reader is referred to Kiikenthal's, Kunze's, and Moser's recent papers. It is possible that a few forms occur both in Brazilian and West Indian waters. Some of Verrill's figures in his paper of 1912 seem to indicate this. It is not known whether any of the forms which occur in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean are identical with any of those known from the western part. No list has therefore been given, as it is impossible to estimate the correct number of species. For a list of the species names with their literature, reference should be made to Kiikenthal's monograph of 1919, pp. 747-748. Key to the West Indian genera of Plexauridae 1. The outer layer of spicules consists of balloon-shaped clubs 1. EuniceUa. 1. The outer layer of spicules contains no balloon-shaped clubs 2. 2. No clubs present; two- to four-rayed butterfly-like spicules are present in the outer layer. 2. Plc.vaurella. 2. Clubs of various forms are present 3. 3. Zooids with ele\'ated verrucae 3. Eunicea. 3. Zooids without elevated verrucae 4- 4. In outer layer, deposits with spines developed on the outer side only. . .4. Plexauropsis. 4. In outer layer no deposits with spines on the outer side only 5. Plexaura. 92 THE ALCYONARIA Genus 1. Eunicella Verrill, 1869 Diagnosis: — Plexauridae variously branching, most often in one plane. Zooids usually prominent; truncate-conic in expansion, verruciform in con- traction and generally capable of complete retraction; the margin of the ver- rucae closes the aperture in a stellate form. Coenenchyma and zooids are covered with an external layer of small, flask- shaped clubs, the larger blunt outer ends of which, crowded together at the surface, are smooth or slightly roughened, fluted, or grooved. Interior layer of the coenenchyma contains spindles, double spindles, double heads, or double cones. Type species: ■ — Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas). Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1919, p. 255) lists eight species from the Indo- Pacific and eastern Atlantic which he considers valid, and ten which he regards as doubtful ; among the latter is the one which he hitherto thought was the only species of Eunicella known from the West Indies. He listed E. tenuis Verrill but he evidently overlooked the other species, E. modesta Verrill (1883, p. 39, pi. 2, figs. 3-3a). Key to the species of Eunicella known from the West Indies Balloon-shaped clubs often three-winged 1. E. tenuis Verrill. Balloon-shaped clubs absolutely smooth in their outer part 2. E. modesta Verrill. 1. Eunicella tenuis Verrill Eunicella tenuis, Verrill, 1869d, p. 426 — Kukenthal, 1919, p. 752; 1924, p. 139. The colony is white, somewhat flabelliform, about 300 mm. high; densely branched, the ultimate branches subpinnate, giving rise to short, alternating branchlets, about 6 mm. apart. The latter are 7 to 15 mm. long, and 1.25 mm. in diameter, exclusive of the verrucae; the tips are dilated and bi-lobed. The verrucae are small, but prominent, conical in shape, unequally alternating on opposite sides of the branchlets ; about their own diameters apart ; height of the largest, about 1.25 mm.; diameter, 0.7 to 1 mm. The spicules are white; the larger double spindles in the interior of the coenenchyma are slender, acute, with a wide median space, each half covered with rather widely separated small conical warts; those nearer the center are SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 93 larger and in whorls, the rest scattered, decreasing in size toward the ends; external clubs very small, short, rather broad; the larger end flattened, often winged, or triquetral, truncate or slightly rounded, usually with two or three slight teeth or serrations on each, but these are often wanting. The small end is surrounded by a close whorl of very small rough warts, and terminated by one to three small points or papillae. The slender spindles and double spindles are 0.27 by 0.04 mm. ; the external clubs 0.08 by 0.04 mm. Tijpe: — Possibly in Philadelphia; fragments in Yale University Museum. Type locality: — West Indies (?). Specimens examined: — Fragments of the type (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4557). Remarks: — This is a well defined species which could easily be recognized if it were found again. 2. EuNiCELLA MODESTA VerriU Eunicella modesta Verhill, 1883, p. 39, pi. 2, figs. 3-3a. ? E. dubia Stdder, 1890, p. 557; 1901, p. 50, pi. 8, figs. 5-6. KuKENTHAL, 1924, p. 138. — Thomson, 1927, p. 50. The type is small, white, rather sparingly and subdichotomously branched in one plane. The base is expanded, adhering to shells or similar objects. The main stem gives rise to a few branches of about its own size. They spread abruptly at the base, and then bend upward in a broad curve. From these in turn arise a few, rather long, ascending branchlets, mostly from the outer side. The largest specimen is 120 mm. high and 65 mm. broad; diameter of the branches 2.5 to 3 mm. A smaller entire specimen is 75 mm. high, 85 mm. broad, and has twenty branches. The entire surface is covered with the exposed, smooth, rounded outer ends of club-shaped or flask-shaped spicules, forming the outer layer; they give the surface an even, regularly and finely granulated appearance when seen under a lens. The axis is round, horny, of a dark chestnut-brown color in the larger branches; soft and yellow in the smaller ones. The zooids, in alcohol, are rather large, low, rounded verrucae, which form a close double row along each margin of the branches. They are mostly in contact, or nearly so, at their bases, but leave a narrow, irregular, barren zone along 94 THE ALCYONARIA the middle of the sides. The tentacles are entirely retracted, and the aperture is usually completely closed so that the summit of the verrucae is evenly rounded or shows only a slight indentation in the center. When dry, the lower rigid part of its zooids is more prominent, and is rounded, verruciform; the coenenchyma appears shrunken between them, due to drjang. The flask-shaped clubs of the coenenchyma are remarkable for the smooth- ness and evenly rounded form of the outer end; at the inner end there is usually a single group of small warts; sometimes there is another whorl of warts a short distance higher up on the stalk. The clubs are mostly from 0.13 to 0.16 mm. in length and 0.03 to 0.05 mm. in breadth. There are also a few double-headed, warty spicules, about 0.15 by 0.07 mm., a few double cones and double spindles about 0.25 by 0.03 mm., and some simple, warty, fusiform spindles, usually acute at both ends, and more or less curved; the larger of these measure about 0.25 by 0.03 or 0.04 mm. Some of the flask-shaped clubs have the larger end bi-lobed; others are completely bi-lobed or twinned. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4556. Type locality: — -Off the coast of South CaroUna, in 337 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 318). Specimens examined: — The type. Remarks: — E. modesta is reported also from 324 fms. off Bahia Honda, Cuba (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.) ; but that specimen has apparently been lost. It seems very Ukely that the present species is identical with Studer's E. dubia from 1300 m. off the Azores. It has the same smooth clubs, about 0.14 mm. long and 0.042 mm. broad. Note: — ■ A number of species are known from the Mediterranean, off the coast of Africa, and off the Cape of Good Hope. See Kiikenthal, 1924, pp. 133- 139. One new species has been described by Thomson (1927, p. 50, pi. 6, fig. 2) from 91 m. off Cape Verde. Genus 2. Plexaurella Valenciennes 1855 For diagnosis, etc., see Kukenthal, 1919, pp. 200, 748, and 832; 1924, p. 101. Kunze, 1916, pp. 553-586, pis. 27-28, text figs. A-Z and A'-D' (detailed mono- graph). Exclusively West Indian forms. Kukenthal (1924) includes nine vaUd species, two varieties, and three uncertain species. Verrill (1912, p. 382) de- scribed six new species from the coast of Brazil. Their relation to the West Indian SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 95 forms cannot be ascertained without study of the material, but possibly some of them occur in both regions. The genus is not represented in the "Blake" col- lections. Genus 3. Eunicea Lamouroux 1816 Syn. Muriceopsis Aurivillids, 1931, p. 114. For diagnosis, etc. see Kukenthal, 1919, pp. 750, 789, 832; 1924, p. 118. The genus has been treated monographically by Kunze (1916, pp. 506-552, pis. 24-26, text figs. A-X). It is strictly Uttoral and contains eleven certain species, known from the West Indies and Brazil. It is not represented in the "Blake" collection. Remarks: — • Aurivilhus' new genus, Muriceopsis, is for the present placed as a synonym of Eunicea and removed from the Muriceidae. He Usts five species, four of these West Indian and Brazihan, and as far as one can ascertain, he has only examined one, from St. Bartholemew, called M. tuberculata (Esper), on Kolliker's authority. The other three species, from Brazil, are, M. acropora Verrill 1912, M. bicolor (Wright & Studer) 1889 and M. humiUs (Milne-Edwards) 1857. Fragments of the types of M. acropora and M. bicolor have been examined, (Yale University and Br. M. respectively) and represent merely varieties of Eunicea humilis, the most common and most variable form in the Brazilian waters. The M.C.Z. has a large number of this shrubby Uttle form. I doubt very much whether M. tuberculata from St. Bartholemew is distinct from E. humilis. (Auri\alUus uses Esper's name on KolUker's authority as KolUker had access to Esper's collection, but Esper's figure shows a fan-shaped colony with short branchlets. The type had no locality but was probably Mediterranean; Esper, 1791, p. 128). Kukenthal places Esper's species under Muricella, among the doubtful forms. Genus 4. Plexauropsis Verrill 1907 For diagnosis, etc. see Kukenthal, 1919, pp. 201, 213, 750, 789, 832; 1924, p. 118. One species, P. bicolor VerriU, is known only in shallow water off Bermuda. (Verrill, 1907, p. 309 pi. 33B figs. 2b-c; pi. 35, figs. 1-2). Remarks: — Kukenthal does not seem to have examined any specimens of the type species. 96 THE ALCYONARIA Genus 5. Plexaura Lamouroux 1812 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. Ill: — Tree-like colonies laterally or dichotomously branching; bush-like, or with tendency to branch in one plane. The stem and branches are round, covered on all sides by crowded zooids which occasionally are arranged longitudinally. Verrucae always absent; zooids com- pletely retractile into the cortex. Zooids with few or no spicules. In its outer part the thick cortex contains colorless spindles and rods, various kinds of clubs, and spinous spheres; no butterfly-shaped deposits are present. The inner cortex contains, beside colorless spicules, colored forms (mostly violet), such as spindles, and rods, the latter being sometimes curved. The innermost layer may contain red spicules. The axis is of a pure horny consistency. Type species: — Plexaura homomalla Lamouroux. Remarks: — Moser (1921) and Kiikenthal (1924) list nineteen valid and two uncertain species, exclusively West Indian, shallow water forms. They are not represented in the "Blake" collections. Family 6. MURICEIDAE Plates 6-14, 28-30; 33, figs. 2-3 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 139: — The colonies are mostly branching in one plane, often with anastomoses which may lead to reticulated forms. Sometimes the colonies are bush-like, or sparingly branched to un- branched. Zooids distributed over the entire surface, or absent on the back, or laterally placed. Verrucae in most cases higher than broad; operculum always present with spindles in the dorsal tentacle wall ; usually also a collaret. Spicules of decidedly varying forms. Axis with transverse septa in the medulla; in most cases a loculated cortex. Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1924) lists twenty-seven valid genera, and a few have been added in the present paper. The family is very heterogeneous and may eventually be split up into smaller sub-families. In most cases the stem is pale gray and fibrous, almost wood-like, but in some species it is dark brown and almost horny, resembling the kind one finds in the Gorgoniidae, which also seems to me to be a heterogeneous group. It is very likely that in the future some of the forms will be transferred from Gorgoniidae to Muriceidae, and vice versa. Lately Aurivillius (1931, p. 94), has made a very careful contribution to SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 97 the study of this family. He is however mostly concerned with Indo-Pacific forms. It is beyond the limits of this paper to incorporate his viewpoints. Only the few West Indian species which he discusses are therefore mentioned below. List of species of Muriceidae from the West Indies, Brazil, and the east coast of North America Muricea laxa Verrill M. muricata (Pallas) M. spicifera Lamouroux M. pendula Verrill Eumuricea atlantica Riess Hypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti Caliacis nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Scleracis guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) *S. petrosa spec. nov. Thesea solitaria (Pourtales) T. granulosa spec. nov. T. bicolor spec. nov. T. rubra spec. nov. T. gracilis spec. nov. T. citrina spec. nov. T. rugosa spec. nov. T. parviflora spec. nov. T. guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti T. grandiflora spec. nov. T. nivea spec. nov. T. hebes spec. nov. T. plana spec. nov. Bebryce cinerea spec. nov. B. grandis spec. nov. B. parastellata spec. nov. Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti Eubrandella flabellum (Verrill) Acanthacis austera gen. et spec. nov. A. scabra spec. nov. Trachymuricea hirta gen. nov. Paramuricea placomus (Linnaeus) 98 THE ALCYONARIA P. grandis Verrill P. multispina spec. nov. P. echinata spec. nov. Placogorgia mirabilis spec. nov. P. rudis spec. nov. P. tenuis (Verrill) Echinomuricea atlantica (Johnson) Uncertain position : — ■ Filigella gracilis Gray Anthomuricea antillarum Aurivillius From the eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea and the waters off the coast of Norway) Kiikenthal (1924) lists thirteen deep water species. Four of these forms are closely related to those which occur in the West Indies. Thomson (1927) lists eighteen species, seven of which are identical with Kiikenthal's forms and seven are new. One of these new forms seems to be represented in the "Blake" material. Thomson's nomenclature differs somewhat from that adopted by Kiikenthal. He recognizes, for example, Clematissa which Kiikenthal has merged into Muriceides, and he lists a number of Echinomuricea, a genus which Kiikenthal regards as exclusively Indo-Pacific. Some of Thom- son's species would apparently fit into Kiikenthal's Paramuricea and Placogorgia. Key to the Muriceidae known from the West Indian waters ^ 1. Spicules of various shape, i.e., spindles, grains, plates, cups and crosses, but never as thorn scales (projecting spindles with flattened expanded base) 2. 1. Spicules as plates or spindles, often with outer central projection, and at least around the margin of the verrucae as thorn scales 8. 2. Spicules as cups in the outer layer of the coenenchyma 7. Bebryce. 2. Spicules as spindles or plates 3. 3. Zooids placed on a shelf-like projection .' 4. 3. Zooids not on shelf-like but with wart-like to tubular verrucae 5. 4. Zooids crowded on all sides of the branchlets, resembling the needles of a conifer 1. Muricea. 4. Zooids scattered, opposite or alternate 3. Hypnogorgia. 5. Verrucae tube-like; spicules warted on inner side, spinous on outer side . . .2. Eumuricea. 5. Verrucae wart-like; spicules not differently developed on the outer and the inner side . .6. 6. Spicules in a single layer, as large, closely fitting spindles; zooids small .4. Caliacis gen. nov. 6. Spicules in double layer; zooids not remarkably small (compared to the deposits) 7. ' Not included in the key are Filigella and Anthomuricea. See p. 147 and p. 148. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 99 7. Spicules in outer layer, glass-like, transparent, as large spindles or plates ... 5. Scleracis. 7. Spicules in outer layer not glass-like nor transparent; as grains, plates, or spindles 6. Thesea. 8. Colonies regularly reticulated, fan-shaped, with oblong meshes; spicules as spindles and star-shaped bodies which, in the low verrucae, become thorn scales with a broad smooth spine S. Eubrandella nov. nom. 8. Colonies not regularly reticulated (a few branches may fuse) 9. 9. Coenenchynia covered by a single layer of spindles or plates ; zooids low, scattered, barely raised above the surface, with long projecting marginal spines ... .9. Acanthacis gen. nov. 9. Coenenchyma not with single layer of spindles or plates; usually a complete inner layer of smaller deposits of varying form ; zooids raised above the surface, often flower-like either scattered and relatively large, or small and crowded 10. 10. Zooids large, scattered 11. 10. Zooids small, more or less crowded 12. 11. Zooids with numerous rows of spindles in the collaret and operculum 10. Trachymuricca gen. nov. 11. Zooids with few rods of spindles in the collaret and operculum 11. Paramuricea and 12. Muriceides. 12. Coenenchyma with four-armed bodies, with a collumnar to coxcomb-shaped, central projection 13. Villogorgia. 12. Coenenchj'ma with warted spindles 13. 13. Thorn scales thin, with branched to lobate base and mostly blunt tip ... . 14. Placogorgia. 13. Thorn scales thick, almost ti-iangular in outline, and with pointed tip . 15. Echinomuricea. Remarks: — The relationships and Hmits of the last two genera are not clear. Thomson and Kiikenthal define their genera differently, and the descrip- tions are not complete enough to make it always evident when they are dealing with the same species. All these forms need a thorough revision, but it must be based on a first-hand study of the material, not on the literature. It seems to me that some of the species which Thomson lists in Muriceides could just as well be placed in Paramuricea, etc. 1. MuRiCEA Lamouroux 1821 Diagnosis, partly from Riess, 1929, p. 384: — ^ Colonies mostly tree-formed, dichotomously or laterally branching; zooids uniformly distributed. Anthostele with two lips, or with only a protruding, boat-shaped lower lip; operculum with a few simple spindles in the basal portion of the tentacles; collaret lacking or in- distinct. Spicules in the anthostele, and in the outer layer of the coenenchyma, as large spindles with numerous warts ; in the inner layer, as simple rods with a few blunt projections. Axis horny, flexible. 100 THE ALCYONARIA Color white, yellow to reddish-orange. Color contained in the spicules. Type species: — Muricea muricaia (Pallas). Remarks: — In her revision of the genus Miss Riess lists fifteen valid species with three varieties, and three uncertain species. The genus is restricted to the West Indies and to the waters off the west coast of Central America; shallow water forms. See Kiikenthal 1924, p. 141. The "Blake" collections contain one small fragment. Revision of the material in the M.C.Z. has shown that there seem to be four valid species which can be recognized in the West Indian region. Key to the species of Muricea from the West Indian region 1. The colonies branch pinnately; branchlets drooping. Large spicules with erect blunt spines 4. Muricea pendula Verrill. 1. The colonies branch dichotomously; branchlets not drooping 2. 2. Branches and axis flattened; distinct "wings" on the horny stem where the branches are given off. No rows of comb-like spines on the large spicules . .3. M. spieifera Lamouroux. 2. Branches and axis cylindrical; no distinct "wings" on the horny stem where the branches are given off 3. 3. Spicules as spindles; with numerous smooth thick spines on the distal part; verrucae crowded I. M. muricata (Pallas). 3. Spicules as spindles with one single smooth thick spine on the distal part; verrucae not crowded 2. M. laxa Verrill. 1. Muricea muricata (Pallas) Plate 6, fig. 1 ; plate 9, figs. 1-3 For literature see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 142. — Riess, 1929, p. 391. Muricea elongata Lamouroux, 1821, p. 37. — Aurivillius, 1931, p. 105, text fig. 20. The M.C.Z. collection contains about half a dozen specimens of this com- mon form. It reaches in general a height of 45 cm. and a similar breadth. Some of the specimens are taller and narrower. The main stem is short and gives off several strong branches which in turn branch dichotomously in one plane, usually in such a manner that one gets the impression that the branchlets all arise from the upper side of the branch. The branchlets are about 5 mm. wide. The verrucae are numerous, crowded, and obliquely appressed. The oper- culum is small and usually retracted. Between the verrucae large spindles are superficially placed. The coenenchyma is relatively thick with a distinct inner layer of small spicules. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUxNT 101 The color of the dry colonies is yellow or white. The axis is brown, horny, flexible, and cylindrical in cross section, and there are only very faint indications of "wings" in the angles of the branches. The spicules in the lower lip and in the outer layer of the coenenchyma are spindles with a number of large, obliquely placed teeth on the outer side. The rest of the spicules are covered by low complicated warts. The larger spindles between the verrucae are covered regularly by complicated warts on all sides. The spicules in the inner layer of the coenenchyma are simple rods, or short capstans with a few blunt projections. The spicules with the long spines vary between 0.3 and 0.8 mm. in length. The large, regularly warted spindles may be as long as 1.3 mm.; the simple spicules in the inner layer as long as 0.15 mm. Type: — Possibly in some European Museum. Type locality: — "Mare Americanum." Distribution: — The species seems to be common in shallow water in the West Indies and occurs also in the Bermudas. Specimens examined: — Six specimens collected off Florida and one off Havana (M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4564-65). Remarks: — The more slender specimens were labelled Muricea elongata Lam., but I do not think that that species can be maintained. 2. MuEiCEA LAXA VerriU Plate 9, figs. 4-8; plate 28, figs. 1, la Muricea laxa Verrill, 1864, p. 36. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 144. — Riess, 1929, p. 388. The M.C.Z. possesses two specimens, one of which is the type. These colonies are 25-30 cm. high, are less distinctly fan-shaped than M. muricata, and have longer, more flexible branchlets, usually 3^ ram. wide. The anthosteles have a more projecting lower lip and are more sparingly distributed than in M. muricata. The spicules differ from those in the latter species by having a simple smooth terminal tooth, varying in development. Otherwise, the spicules are of the same type and size. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4570. Type locality: — Off Florida, in shallow water. Specimens examined: — Two specimens, both from Florida, one of which is the type. 102 THE ALCYONARIA Remarks: — This species is easily distinguished from M. muricata when the spicules of both forms are examined and compared. It is very likely that M. laxa is quite common throughout the West Indian region, but it has apparently often been confused with M. muricata. 3. MuEiCEA spiciFERA Lamouroux Plate 9, figs. 9-11 Muricea spicifera Lamouroux, 1821, p. 36, pi. 71, figs. 1-2. — Ddchassainq & Michelotti, 1860, p. 19. — Verrill, 1864, p. 36. Gorgonia muricata (partim.) Pallas, 1766, p. 198. The colonies are 30-40 cm. high and branch mostly as a fan, with two or more main stems diverging near the base. The branching is dichotomous but unequal ; the outer part of the fork is usually thicker, and lies in the continuation of the foregoing joint. The zooids are crowded, and bent upward. The tentacles, with the small operculum, are often completely withdrawn. There are a few but large spindles in the lower lip; the coenenchyma is covered by similar spindles, and at intervals exceptionally large spindles, superficially placed, are found. Smaller deposits form an inner layer. The axis is dark brown, horny, paler distally, and shows a distinct tendency to become flattened and form "wings" when the tissue is removed. The color of the colony in a dry condition varies from almost white to pale orange and is incorporated in the spicules. The spindles in the outer layer and in the verrucae are uniformly warted and have no rows of comb-like teeth. The inner layer consists of much shorter spindles, with a few simple warts, and of capstan-Uke deposits. One colony examined contained large, apparently almost ripe eggs about 0.40 mm. in diameter. Type: — Possibly in Paris. Type locality: — West Indies. Distribution: — The M.C.Z. has material collected off Havana, Dry Tortu- gas, Florida, and Guadeloupe (M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4566-69) ; possibly much more widely spread. There is no certain record of its occurrence in Bermuda. Shallow water form. Remarks: — This species seems to have been entirely overlooked ever since 1869, when Verrill mentioned it. In most cases it has been placed as a synonym of M. muricata (see Riess, 1929, p. 301 [as spinifera]). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 103 It seems quite e%adent that this form should be kept as a separate species. Duchassaing & ]\lichelotti remark: "cette espece se reconnait assez facilement a ses rameaux assez gros et comprimes." Esper gave an excellent figure of this species (1788-94, pi. 8, Gorgonia). 4. MuRiCEA PENDULA VerriU Place 9, figs. 12-14 Muricea elegans L. Ag. MS., Verrill, 1863, p. 9; Verrill, 1864, p. 36. M. pendula Verrill, 1868a, p. 412, 1864a, p. 45. Non M. pendula RiESS, 1929, p. 385, pi. 8, fig. 1 (possibly M. lata, according to the figures). — KijKEN- THAL, 1924, p. 144. The ]M.C.Z. possesses two specimens, both designated as the type. They are about 50-60 cm. high, with a single stem from which arise large flexible branches, alternatingly, in the same plane, and these in turn give off short branchlets. The stem is about 1 cm. thick near the base, the branchlets measure as much as 3^ mm. in thickness. The zooids are not very crowded; the lower lip is long and projecting. On the stem the zooids are scattered. The axis is dark brown, horny, and cylindrical. The color of the dry colony is orange, due to the coloration of the spicules. The spicules are large, thick spindles with erect, blunt spines on the outer side and composite warts on the inner side; smaller spindles, with composite warts all over the surface, are intermingled with the larger spindles. The inner layer usually contains short rods and capstans with a few, blunt projections. The small operculum, which is often contracted, is composed of warted spindles arranged in pairs in each division. The outer divisions have somewhat larger spindles. No collaret seems to be present. The large spindles, which occur between the zooids, measure about 1 mm. in length; the large spindles in the lower lip 0.8 mm., and the smaller inner spindles between 0.15-0.20 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4558. Type locality: — Off the bar at Charleston, S. C. Distribution : — At present known only from the type locality. Specimens examined: — The type, and a poorly preserved colony from the same locality (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4561). Remarks: — As Verrill pointed out, the present species differs from the others known from Florida, by its long drooping branches and its pinnate mode 104 THE ALCYONARIA of branching; the three other forms are distinctly dichotomously branched. The name elegans (Ag. MS.), used in the two first papers, was superseded by pendula, because elegans was pre-occupied. 2. EuMURiCEA Verrill 1868 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 149: — Colonies branching tree-like, and dichotomously, sometimes almost in one plane. Branches and branchlets upward bending, almost parallel, and of about equal thickness, with slightly thickened ends. Zooids crowded all over the surface, at right angles to the stem or shghtly bent upwards. Verrucae long, slender, and cylindrical, somewhat enlarged at the distal end. In the verrucae, as well as in the thick coenenchyma, there are large spindles, with one or both ends pointed, and with conical spines on the outer and low composite warts on the inner side. The spicules may over- lap in the verrucae, but they never form converging double rows. Type species: — Eumuricea acervata Verrill. Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1924) lists several species, mostly from the west coast of Central America. A single species has been described from the West Indies. It is not in the "Blake" collection nor in those at the M.C.Z. 1. Eumuricea atlantica Riess Eumuricea atlantica Riess, in Kukenthal's monograph, 1919, p. 907; 1929, p. 399, pi. 8, fig. 4. — KtTKENTHAL, 1924, p. 152. From Riess' description and figure it is evident that this species forms fan- shaped colonies, often several fans parallel to each other, arising from a short main stem, and that the branches and branchlets are long, upward bent and slightly tapering. The type measures 28 cm. in height and is 23 cm. wide. The zooids are crowded with a shorter or longer anthostele and the anthocodia has a few warted spindles in the base of the tentacles. The spicules in the outer layer are large spindles, up to 1.8 mm. in length, with spines on the outer side and warts on the inner and often the lower end blunt. In the inner layer the spicules are 0.55 mm. long and have few broad spines. The color ranges from yellow brown to dark brown. Type: — Museum of Munich. Type locality: — Off Tortugas. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 105 Distribution: — Off Tortugas and Kingston, Jamaica. Depth: — Shallow water. Specityiens examined: — None. Remarks: — It is peculiar that this species has never been reported by others from the well explored Tortugas region; it is possible that it belongs to one of the forms which superficially resemljles a Plexaurid. Note: — Thomson, 1927, lists two species from the eastern Atlantic, both as new, viz., Eumuricea rugosa Thomson, -p. 48, pi. 1, figs. 2, 11; pi. 5, fig. 16, and Eumuricea rigida Thomson, p. 48, pi. 13, figs. 17, 22. I doubt very much whether they belong to this genus as it is defined by Riess and Kiikenthal. 3. HypnogorgiA Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 Diagnosis: — Colony upright, loosely branched with soft slender branchlets. Zooids laterally placed in alternating rows, with a narrow lower lip and a high operculum, of unequally long spindles, which is bent inward. Spicules as long spinous spindles. Type species: — Hypnogorgia pendula Duch. & Mich. Remarks: — Aside from the original description and the diagnosis included in Hargitt and Rogers' paper of 1901, as well as that in Kukenthal's last paper (1924, p. 237), I have been unable to find any other references to this genus. In Verrill's notes the species is placed in a new genus. A single jar, however, which has no catalogue number, bears a faded inscription — "Hypnogorgia pendula," on one of the "Blake" expedition labels. It is quite evident that the species is identical with the one which Duchas- saing & jNIichelotti examined, although the figures they give are rather indefinite. Hypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti PI. 6, fig. 3; pi. 12, figs. 23-24; pi. 33, fig. 2 Hypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 21, pi. 5, figs. 1-2. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 237. From the two authors' figures, the species evidently grows to quite a large size. The largest, broken specimen in the "Blake" collection appears to have been about 50 cm. high. The colony has one or more strong main stems which give off slender 106 THE ALCYONARIA branches, alternatingly or opposite, with intervals of about 1 cm., and these branches often give off branchlets in the same way. The branching is strictly in one plane. The zooids are laterally placed, alternating, and consist of a narrow bracket-like lower lip and a tall oblique operculum which is sharply bent inward. The color of the colony is white or pinkish ; the axis black and horny in the stem and pale yellow, soft, and flexible in the branches and branchlets. The spicules consist of slender rods covered regularly with simple spines. The verrucae consist of a few long projecting rods in the lower lip, and much smaller ones on the sides and in the upper lip. The operculum carries about 4-5 large rods on its outer side and some smaller ones on the inward-turned side. No collaret seems to be present. The tentacles contain a large number of rods of varying size, but their exact arrangement could not be ascertained. The coen- enchyma contains long rods, mostly arranged lengthwise; sometimes they may be transversally placed at the base of a verrucae. The largest spindles average about 2 mm. Type: ■ — Probably in Museum of Turin. Tijpe locality: — Off Guadeloupe; no record of depth. Distribution: — West Indies, in about 75-100 fms. Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4696 155 88 Off Montserrat 1 large 4697 203 96 " Martinique 1 small 4698 290 73 " Barbados 1 small 4699 No locality 1 large 4700 "Antilles," a fragment, sent from the Museum in Turin. 4. Caliacis gen. nov. Syn. Thesea (partim) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 15. Diagnosis: — Corallium branched with slender branchlets. Verrucae small, arranged on the branches in two rows, closer to one side, thus dividing the surface of the branches into a wide and a narrow longitudinal band. Coenenchyma thin, covered by a single layer of very large elongated spicules. Verrucae small, only slightly raised, and almost hidden between the bands of heavy spicules. Spicules elongated, simple, warted spindles, occurring in a single layer. Type species: — Caliacis nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 107 1. Caliacis nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Plate 6, fig. 2 Thesea nutans Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 15, pi. 3, figs. 1-2. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 154. The largest colony in the collection is branched and 20 cm. high; there is also a small specimen, 5 cm. high, and a branch 2-3 cm. long. It is a loosely- branching form with widely diverging, forked branches and long upward bending branchlets. The verrucae are small, insignificant, and laterally placed, somewhat closer to the front side. The coenenchyma is filled with very long, slender, warted spindles, mostly arranged length-wise. The color of the colony is white or greyish, the axis is brown. The spicules consist of a single layer of long, regularly warted spindles, as much as 4 mm. in length. The verrucae contain much smaller spindles which sometimes seem to project, but that effect may be due to the preparation. The operculum contains one pair of warted spindles in each section; the collaret, 2-3 transverse rows of curved spindles. Type: — Possibly in Museum of Turin. Type locality: — Off Guadeloupe, in deeper water. Specimens examined: — One large colony from 94 fms. off Barbados. ("Blake" Sta. 276), a small colony and a fragment from the same water in 72 fms. and 100 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 190, and "Hassler" Exp.); M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4572-74. Re77iarks: — The species is extremely striking on account of its long spindles and the diminutive verrucae. Duchassaing & Michelotti give quite a good illus- tration of the entire colony, evidently figured from the back. The contracted, dry zooids may be almost black, as the two authors describe them. Their speci- men was reddish, but if the color was incorporated in the tissue it would certainly fade in the course of time. The species does not appear to have been again reported since the type was collected. ScLERACis Riess 1919 Syn. Acts Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. (Nee Acis Billbero, 1820, Lesson 1830.) Diagnosis: — Colonies branching in one plane, both laterally and dicho- tomously. Zooids vertically placed, as high as 2 mm., laterally and in alternating rows. Operculum with double rows of spindles, slightly warted. Coenenchyma with two layers: an outermost layer of large spindles or plates fitting closely 108 THE ALC YON ARIA together, glass-like, in moist condition; innermost, a layer of sparingly warted, smaller spindles. Type species: — Scleracis guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Remarks: — This genus was described briefly by Riess, 1919, in Klikenthal's monograph p. 837, based upon a species from the collections in the M.C.Z., (labelled tentatively S. pumila by Verrill). Examination of the type of Ads guadeloupensis in Br. M., however, revealed that Riess' Scleracis pumila is a synonym of guadeloupensis. I doubt very much whether the genus can actually be kept separate from the Indo-Pacific genus, Paracis Kukenthal (1919, p. 837; 1924, p. 154). The "Blake" collection contains a large number of the type species and also one new species. Key to the species of Scleracis Spicules as flat scales 2. S. pdrosa spec, no v. Spicules as spindles 1. S. guadaloupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 1. Scleracis guadaloupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Plate 6, figs. 5-7 Ads guadaloupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 20, pi. 1, figs. 14, 15. Scleracis pumila Riess, in Kukenthai-, 1919, p. 908; Kukenthal, 1924, p. 161. — Riess, 1929, p. 405. pi. 8, fig. 6. Thesea guadaloupensis, KtJKENTHAL, 1924, p. 153. The "Blake" collection contains a large number of this species, which has been described in great detail by Riess (1929). Most of the colonies are small, 6-10 cm. high and often broader than high; they are fan-shaped, dichotomously branching, with stem and branches of about the same thickness, 1-2 mm. wide. The zooids are cylindrical, 1 mm. high, and mostly scattered along the edges, sometimes also on the front and back. The spicules in the outer layer of the coenenchyma are pointed, warted spindles with composite warts, and are translucent when moist. Those in the inner layer are small, with fewer warts. The spicules are smaller in the verrucae. The zooids have a distinct operculum with a few, curved rods. The color of the colonies varies from white, dirty grey, pink to scarlet red. The axis is brown, paler in the branchlets, and fairly horny. The outer spicules may be as long as 3.5 mm.; most of them average 1.-1.5 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 109 nun. in length. Those of the inner layer measure about 0.20 mm.; a few are longer. The rods in the operculum are about 0.20 mm. long. Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — Off Guadeloupe. Distribution: — Widespread in the West Indies. Depth: — From 42 to 191 fms. Specimens examined .- — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat No. Sta. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4575 45 101 Off Florida 8 (partly broken) 4578 155 88 ' Montserrat 2 4579 163 163 ' Cariacou 2 4583 210 191 ' Martinique 1 4584 231 95 ' St. Vincent 2 4585 241 163 ' Grenada 4 4586 247 170 C It 1 4587 272 76 ' Barbados 1 4588 273 103 ( tt 1 4589 276 94 i tt 4 4590 292 56 f tt 1 4591 No localitj'; " Bla ke" Exped ition. 2 4592 Off Barbados, in 100 fms. (" Hassler" Expedition) 3 4593 Off Florida, ir i42 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Expedition) 1 Pink forn i: — 4594 Off Florida, in 42 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Expedition) 4 4595 1. ii in 68 fms. (P ourta les Gulf Stream Expedition) 1 M.C.Z. "Blake Depth Cat. No. Sta. (fms.) Locality Specimens Scarlet-red form : — 4596 203 96 Off Martinique 2 4597 231 95 " St. Vincent 1 4598 241 163 " Grenadines 1 4599 246 154 " Grenada 1 4600 247 170 (( tt 2 4601 276 94 " Barbados 2 fragments 4602 No locality ; ("Blake" Expedition). 4603 12 42 " Florida 1 Remarks: — The scarlet-red and white forms occur together; also the pink and white ones have been taken in the same locality. The type is white and agrees in all respect with the specimens in the M.C.Z, no THE ALC YON ARIA 2. ScLERACis PETROSA spec. nov. Plate 6, fig. 8 The colonies are about 8 cm. in height, rather rigid, irregularly branched in one plane; branchlets stout, thick, slightly flattened, usually crooked; the ver- rucae are prominent and in general laterally placed, not closely packed, irregu- larly alternate. Axis brown, terminal branchlets yellow; central part distinctly divided into narrow compartments. Color in alcohol whitish; tentacles brown. Coenenchyma covered by a glass-like, outer coat of large, unequal, mostly angular plates with the edges in close contact, so that they form a kind of irregu- lar mosaic ; some of the larger plates are half as broad as the branchlets are wide, or even more; some are longer than broad, others squarish, or trapezoidal, etc., and usually curved to fit the form of the branch. Large and smaller plates are intermixed. The inner layer is thin, with small, spinous spindles. The verrucae are covered by smaller plates, irregularly distributed. The operculum is small and insignificant, with about three small spicules placed in chevron. Some of the larger plates may be as long as 2.00 by 0.92 mm. The spicules of the inner layer are much smaller and more regularly shaped spinous spindles. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4576. Type locality: — Off Morro Light, Cuba, in 175 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 101). Distribution: — Off Cuba, Dry Tortugas, St. Croix, Guadeloupe, Martini- que; usually in 150-200 fms.; one specimen from Guadeloupe was taken in 878 fms. (?). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4576 101 175 Off Morro Light, Cuba 4577 134 248 " St. CroLx 4580 166 150 " Guadeloupe 4581 174 878 tl K 4582 206 170 " Martinique 6. Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860 Syn. Evans {nomen nudum) Verrill, 1912, p. 377. Non Thesea Riess, 1929, p. 401. Diagnosis: — Muriceidae, having slender to thick branchlets, and small to large verrucae with simple spindles in eight teeth around the orifice; with or SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 111 without collaret, and with a variable number of double rows of spindles in the operculum. Spicules in two layers in the coenenchyma : the outer layer composed of large globular to plate-like deposits or rods, often with the outer side undulated; the inner layer consists of warted spindles of various thickness and size. Axis brown, wood-like, fibrous. Type species: — Thesea guadalupensis Duch. & Mich. Remarks: — The diagnosis given in the present paper is based upon the revision of a fragment of the type which was found in the collection. It is difficult to be sure whether Miss Riess actually had a specimen of a true Thesea before her or not. I am inclined to think that her Thesea guadalupensis from 42 fms. off Tortugas (evidently one of Pourtales' stations) is identical with "Scleracis puviila Riess" (see p. 108). The latter species occurred at that particular locality, both in the red and in the white variety, while no specimen of Thesea is present in the collection or has been described from those waters, and it is quite unlikely that the M.C.Z. should have turned all their material of an undescribed species over to Dr. Kiikenthal. It is erroneously stated in her key, and also in Kiiken- thal's keys (1919 and 1924), that the coenenchyma contains one layer of spicules in Thesea, and that this character serves to distinguish it from Scleracis. In her description (p. 403), however, she says that there are two layers, which is true of both Scleracis and Thesea. Kiikenthal (1924, pp. 153-154) lists three species, two of which are treated in the following pages. The third, T. nutans Duch. & Mich., is Calliacis nutans (see p. 107). The "Blake" material and the M.C.Z. collections contain in all twelve spe- cies. The genus is not known outside the West Indian region. A single species, T. bicolor, extends as far as Brazil (mentioned in Verrill's report of 1912). Key to the species of Thesea 1. Colony unbranched; stem band-like, flattened. Zooids in a close row along the sides. Color white 1. T. solilaria (Pourtales). 1. Colony branched; stem not distinctly flattened. Zooids not in close rows, often scattered over entire surface 2. 2. All or some of the spicules are red 3. 2. None of the spicules are red 6. 3. Spicules all red; outer layer \\-ith spherical deposits. Branchlets mostly short, sometimes coalescent 2.7. granulosa spec. nov. 3. Spicules not all red 4. 4. Spicules partly yellow 3. T. bicolor spec. nov. 112 THE ALC YON ARIA 4. Spicules partly white, partly red 5. 5. Spicules of the inner layer chiefly white ; branchlets thick, swollen at the tip 4. T. rubra spec. nov. 5. Spicules of the outer layer white; branchlets slender 5. T. gracilis spec. nov. 6. Spicules all orange colored. Slender form, with numerous long branches, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 6. T. citrina spec. nov. 6. Spicules orange and white, or white alone 7. 7. Spicules partly orange. Colony sparingly branched 7. T. rugosa spec. nov. 7. Spicules all white 8. 8. Spicules in outer layer as grains or plates, double cones rare 9. 8. Spicules in outer layer as grains or plates, double cones numerous 10. 9. Colonies with long slender branches, about 1 mm. in diameter. Verrucae low, hardly raised above the surface 8. T. parvijiora spec. nov. 9. Colonies with strong thick branches about 2-2.5 mm. in diameter. Verrucae prominent, conical, raised above the surface 9. T. guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti. 10. Spicules in outer layer as more or less flattened plates 10. T. grandiflora spec. nov. 10. Spicules in outer layer chiefly as rounded bodies 11. 11. Spicules in outer layer of unequal size, not chiefly developed as double heads 11.7". hebes spec. nov. 11. Spicules in outer layer of fairly uniform size, mostly developed as double heads, and double cones, or as coarsely warted spindles 12. 12. Branches in one plane. Spicules as double heads and double cones . 12. T. nieea spec. nov. 12. Branches not in one plane. Spicules as double heads and simple spindles, coarsely warted- 13. T. plana spec. nov. 1. Thesea solitaria (Pourtales) Plate 7, fig. 6; plate 11, figs. 1-3 Ads solitaria Pourtales, 1868, p. 132. Evacis solitaria Vekrill, 1912, p. 377. Thesea solitaria Kukenthal, 1924, p. 154. — Riess, 1929, p. 404. This species is represented by a large number of colonies, invariably un- branched, with flattened stem, as much as 30 cm. high and 3-4 mm. wide. The zooids form a closely set row along the edge, often larger and smaller verrucae alternating in the row. If a zooid is placed on the front or on the back side, the position seems to be abnormal (due to injury). The tentacles in most individuals are completely retracted and the verrucinal opening is distinctly slitlike. The collaret contains 3-4 rows of flattened spindles; in the operculum there are numerous similar flattened spindles with dentated edges. The coenenchyma is covered by a close-fitting pavement composed chiefly of oblong, rhomboid plates. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 113 The outer surface is enamel-like, glistening, with low knobs and ridges. In the verrucae these deposits become smaller, and spindles are present. The inner layer of the coenenchyma consists of small spindles, often club-shaped, with scattered groups of warts. The color of the colony is white; the axis is brown, and also fibrous. The large external plates may be as much as 0.95 mm. in length; the spindles in the inner as long as 0.35 mm.; the spindles in the operculum and collaret average about 0.30 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4618. Type locality: — Off Cuba, in 125 fms. Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. Cat. No. 4618 Off Cuba, in 12.5 fms., 1 specimen ("Bache" Exp.). 4619 " Sombrero Island, in 126 fms. 8 specimens ("Bache" Exp.). 4620 " Florida, in 152 fms., 4 specimens ("Bache" Exp.). 4621 " Sand Key, in 120 fms., 2 specimens ("Bache" Exp.). 4622 " Tennessee reef, in 174 fms., 1 specimen ("Bache" Exp.). 4623 " Tortugas, in 101 fms., 1 specimen ("Blake" Sta. 45). Remarks: — Judging by the present material, the species seems to be extremely limited in distribution. It shows no close affinities to any of the other species. 2. Thesea granulosa spec. nov. Plate 7, fig. 5; plate 11, figs. 24^26 There is one well-preserved colony and some fragments in the collection. The complete colony appears to be full-grown and measures 1 1 cm. in height and 10 cm. in breadth. It branches profusely in one plane with occasional anasto- moses, and has several main branches and a large number of upward curved branchlets in alternating order. Most of the branchlets are short (1-2 cm. long and 1 mm. in diameter). The zooids are conical and mostly lateral in occurrence, somewhat more crowded on the front side. The branchlets are not swollen at the tips. The verrucinal opening is distinctly stellate. In most cases the operculum is completely contracted ; in others it seems to have been torn off. The color of the colony is red, the color being incorporated in the red spicules. The coenenchyma is relatively thin, and the axis is brown and fibrous. 114 THE ALC YON ARIA The spicules in the outer layer of the coenenchyma consist of red warted grains of various size, rarely developed as double heads. The inner layer contains smaller, sparingly warted spindles which are also red; some of the smallest are, however, very pale. The spicules around the operculum contain a few pairs of roughly warted spindles arranged in chevrons, and a few transverse rows of similar curved spindles, also red, occur in the collaret. The outer irregular grains are between 0.15 and 0.30 mm. ; the inner spindles may be as long as 0.20-0.25 mm.; the opercular spindles as long as 0.40 mm.; those in the collaret, 0.50 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4624. Type locality: — Off Cariacou, in 163 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 241). Specimens examined: — The type, and some fragments from 263 fms. off Grenada ("Blake" Sta. 249), M.C.Z. cat. no. 4625. Remarks: — This species differs from Thesea rubra by the abundance of short branchlets and by the total lack of colorless spindles in the thin inner layer. 3. Thesea bicolok spec. nov. Plate 11, figs. 11-13 The type, which is the only specimen in the collection, is evidently young and has a simple stem with one short branch ; nothing can therefore be said about the characteristic form of the colony. The present stem is 6 cm. high and about 1.5 mm. in diameter, shghtly flattened, and with the conical verrucae occurring chiefly in a crowded zigzag row along the edge. They are more crowded near the slightly swollen tip. In the outer layer the fairly thin coenenchyma contains elongate plate-like spindles with sculptured surface, yellow in color, which decrease in size in the red verrucae where they become simple spindles. The verrucae have a slightly stellate, oval orifice. The inner layer of the coenenchyma contains smaller, slightly warted spindles, bright red in color. The color of the colony is clear yellow ; the operculum contains a few double rows of warted yellow spindles, and the collaret a few transverse rows of similar spindles. The axis is brown and fibrous. The outer spindles may be as much as 0.75 mm. in length the spindles in the verrucae about 0.40 mm. and those in the inner layer about 0.30 mm. The rods in the operculum are about 0.35 mm. long; those in the collaret are slightly longer. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4626. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 115 Type locality: — North of Bahia, Brazil (lat. 11° 49' S; long. 37° 15' W) in 200 fms. ("Hassler" Exp.) Specimens examined: — The type. Remarks: — The coloration of the spicules in this genus appears to be reliable, and the striking colors of this species ought therefore to be sufficient to distinguish it from any other form. 4. Thesea rubra spec. nov. Plate 7, fig. 4; plate 11, figs. 8-10 This form is represented by numerous specimens, the largest being 10 cm. high. It has a straight stem which gives off a few, long, upward turning branches; the lower branches in turn give off one or two long branchlets, all in one plane. The branches may be as much as 3 mm. in diameter and distinctly thickened at the tip. The verrucae are low, broad, wart-shaped. On the lower part of the branchlets they are laterally placed ; in the upper part, more uniformly distributed . The orifice is stellate and the operculum is often expanded. The surface of the coenenchyma is finely granulose. The color is in all cases red, due to the color of the spicules in the outer layer. The axis is brown and fibrous. The spicules in the outer layer of the coenenchyma consist chiefly of red double heads with a variable number of larger, irregular, warted red grains oc- curring at intervals. In the inner layer are chiefly white spicules of varying form, a few thick short bodies, a few double cones, and a large number of more spar- ingly warted spindles. The operculum contains a few double rows of warted red spindles, and the collaret from 3 to 4 rows of similar, curved spindles. The outer double heads are 0.15-0.20 mm. in length; the irregular grains as much as 0.55 nun. ; the double cones and simple spindles average about 0.25 mm. ; the collaret and opercular rods about 0.45 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4627. Type locality: — Off Cariacou, in 163 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 241). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jma.) Locality Specimejis 4627 241 163 Off Cariacou numerous 4628 249 262 " Grenada 1 4629 253 92 a it 1 4630 263 159 ii it 1 4631 271 458 " Bequia 2 116 THE ALC YON ARIA Remarks: — The species is easily recognized by its color, its simple mode of branching, the unusually thickly packed layer of spicules, and the difference in color between the spicules of the outer and of the inner layer. 5. Thesea gracilis spec. nov. Plate 12, figs. 4-8 Corallium slender, loosely branched, with rather long branches and branch- lets which turn upward. The type is about 6 cm. high (top apparently broken) and 7 cm. wide, the unusual width being due to the wide expansion of the branches near the base. The branchlets are slender, about 0.8 to 1.2 mm. in diameter. The coenenchyma has an external layer, often incomplete, of relatively large, elong- ated, thick, oblong and fusiform spindles, mostly with blunt or unequal ends. They are snow-white, strongly sculptured transversally, and as a rule fit closely together. The inner layer consists of much smaller and more regular slender, acute, warted spindles, often bright red or colorless. The two layers are strongly contrasted. The verrucae are small, immersed or nearly so, usually only the margins showing between the larger spicules. They are rather irregularly scat- tered and placed some distance apart. Their diameter is from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The operculum contains small red twin-spicules arranged in triangles; collaret apparently absent. The axis is brown, pale yellow in the finer branchlets, soft, and with numer- ous transverse septa. The type was attached to a piece of rock, and has a small, irregularly folded and twisted basal disk. The larger coenenchyma spicules are as much as 4.00 by 0.80 mm.; the smaller inner spicules average 0.35 by 0.05 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4160. Type locality: — Off Dominica Island, in 118 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 177). Specimens examined: — The type. 6. Thesea citrina spec. nov. Plate 12, figs. 1-3 The type is about 12 cm. in height, slender, with several long slender branches and shorter branchlets, all of which show a tendency to grow upwards in candle- stick fashion. The surface of the coenenchyma is relatively smooth and covered SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 117 by large, thick, very unequal, mostly elongated, embossed spicules; the larger ones are often one-third to nearly one-half of the diameter of the branchlets. Around the completely retracted zooids a number of smaller spicules of similar shape are arranged in circles. The axis is brown; in the branchlets it is yellow and soft, with numerous transverse septa. The color of the colony is brownish yellow, due to the color of the outer layer of spicules. The base is club-shaped and is twisted around a piece of coral. The outer layer of spicules in the coenenchyma are mostly large, oblong, and blunt. They are finely granulated on the surface and usually contain one longi- tudinal furrow and several transverse furrows which subdivide the surface in- distinctly. A number are spindle-shaped with spiculose surface. All the spicules in this layer are bright yellow in color. The inner layer consists of an abundance of smaller spindles with girdles of spines, mostly colorless; some are bright red.> The spicules around the verrucae are yellow, mostly blunt, of the same type as in the coenenchyma, but smaller. The operculum contains usually one pair of large, strongly diverging, yellow twin-spicules meeting at the tip, and one or two pairs of smaller spindles. In the zooids which I have seen the collaret is reduced to a single row of spicules. The large, outer, plate-like spindles may be as much as 2.60 by 0.27 mm.; the smaller spindles in the inner layer, about 0.3.5 by 0.05 mm. ; the spicules in the tentacles and in the collaret are about 0.30 by 0.05 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4632. Type locality: — Off Dry Tortugas, in 42 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.). Specimens examined: — The type. 7. Thesea rugosa spec. nov. Plate 7, fig. 1 The three specimens in the collection are all large (as much as 15 cm. in height), and sparingly branched, with 1 to 4 upward bending, long branches of almost the same thickness as the stem (2-3 mm.). The verrucae are conical, fairly prominent, and scattei'ed over the entire surface with some tendency toward a lateral arrangement. The surface of the coenenchyma is smooth, due to the closely fitting oblong deposits, and also undulated. The verrucae have stellate orifices; the operculum and collaret are contracted. 118 THE ALC YON ARIA The color of the colony when dry is pale orange, due to the color of the spi- cules in the outer layer; the axis is brown, fibrous. The outer layer of deposits consists of large, mostly oblong plates with somewhat convex surface and transverse ridges or low projections. In the ver- rucae the deposits become smaller and spindle-shaped; around the margin they are arranged in eight chevrons. The inner layer consists of smaller, mostly colorless, irregularly warted spindles, often with blunt ends; many are club- shaped. The operculum contains a few rows of curved spindles of varying thickness and with rough surfaces. In the collaret are a few transverse rows of slender bow-shaped spindles with a few spines on the outer side. The external spicules may be as long as 1.65 mm.; those in the inner layer 0.45 mm. Most of them average about 0.20-0.25 mm. The opercular spindles and those in the collaret are about 0.45 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4633. Type locality: — OS Dry Tortugas in 101 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 45), 2 speci- mens. S-pecimens examined: — The material from the type locality, and a colony taken off Grenadines ("Blake" Sta. 241), in 165 fms. M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4634. 8. Thesea parviflora spec. nov. Plate 7, fig. 2; Plate 11, figs. 22-23 The collection contains only one specimen of this species. The colony is about 14 cm. high with long branches which arise from the middle part of the stem and bend gracefully upwards, terminating at almost the same level. The branches are slender, 1.5 mm. in diameter; the stem, 2.5 mm. The coenenchyma is thin and firm. The verrucae are small flat cones, not crowded, arranged along the edges of the branches and branchlets in alternating rows; only rarely present on the ventral or dorsal surfaces. The color of the colony is white or slightly pinkish. The stem is brown and fibrous. The coenenchyma contains an outer layer of rather thick, oblong deposits with rounded ends and an embossed surface. Between these are smaller deposits; and in the verrucae there are also small deposits which become spindle-like. In the margin they are arranged in chevrons. The zooids in the present specimen are in most cases expanded and contain a high operculum with a number of SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 119 double rows of small spindles and a distinct collaret. The inner layer contains the typical smaller, sparingly warted spindles. The larger external spicules may be as large as 1.10 mm. by 0.50 mm.; those in the inner layer, 0.30 mm.; those in the operculum as long as 0.20 mm., and in the collaret, about 0.25 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4635. Type locality: — Off Dominica Island, in 118 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 177). Specimens examined: — • The type. 9. Thesea guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti Plate 7, fig. 3; Plate 11, figs. 14-15 Thesea exserla Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 18. — Kolliker, 1865, p. 137, pi. 17, fig. 18. — Nee exserla Ellis & Solander, 1786, p. 87. Thesea guadalupensis (partim) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 12, pi. 2, figs. 3-4. Non T. guadalupensis Riess, 1929, p. 402, pi. 8, fig. 5. The collection contains a large fragment of the type and also a large complete colony which is 20 cm. high. It corresponds with the figures given by Duchas- saing & Michelotti. The colony branches as usual in one plane with long, upward turning branches which arise from the middle third of the stem. The two lower- most of these branch again and carry similar long branchlets. The diameter of the branches is about 2 mm. The verrucae are conical, in most cases, uniformly distributed, and with stellate orifice. The operculum and collaret are expanded in several instances. The color is dirty white in the dry condition; the axis is dull brown and fibrous. The outer layer of the coenenchyma is covered by oblong colorless deposits, with irregular transverse ridges on the glistening outer side. The verrucae con- tain smaller deposits; around the orifice the spindles are arranged in chevrons. The spindles in the inner layer are slender, with scattered clusters of warts. The operculum contains a few pairs of simple, finely granulated spindles arranged in double rows, and the collaret contains similar slightly curved rods in 2-3 rows. The larger deposits in the outer layer may be as much as 1.20 mm. in length; the smaller, 0.45 mm. The spindles in the inner layer vary from 0.25 to 0.45 mm. The opercular rods measure about 0.50 mm. ; the collaret as much as 0.55 mm. Type: — Fragments in Br. M. and M.C.Z. Type locality: — • Off Guadeloupe, in deep water. 120 THE ALC YON ARIA Distribution: — ■ Known from the type locality, and ofif Cariacou ("Blake" Sta. 241), in 163 fms. Specimens examined: — ■ A fragment of the type, received through KolUker, and a large complete specimen from "Blake" Sta. 241, M.C.Z. cat. no. 4636-37. Remarks: — The present fragment of the type agrees with Duchassaing & Michelotti's smaller figure (pi. 2, fig. 4) and with Kolhker's figures of the spicules (pi. 17, fig. 18.) A colony in Br. M. from Turin is labelled T. guadalupensis but represents a different species with large marginal thornscales. (See p. 131.) 10. Thesea grandiflora spec. nov. Plate 33, fig. 3 The collection contains two large colonies and some fragments (beside the variety). The largest colony, in which the top is broken, seems to have been at least 15 cm. high. It is a profusely branching form with a stem which gives off several branches in the same plane. These branches in turn carry short to long branchlets which diverge at wide angles, sometimes bent upward, sometimes not. Occasionally a fusion of branches may take place. The branches, which are almost as thick as the stem, usually become thicker toward the tip. In the large specimens the diameter is about 2-2.5 mm. The verrucae are low and conical, with a large stellate opening. The tentacles are completely retracted in the present specimens. The surface of the coenenchyma is rough and granulose due to the warted irregular grains which cover it. Here and there the grains are larger, more plate-like, with smooth undulated surface. The color of the large specimens is pale brown; of the fragments, pale brown or white. The axis is olive brown and fibrous. The outer layer of the coenenchyma contains irregular warted grains which sometimes become larger, resembling cobblestones. Sometimes a single large scale is present, or a few double cones. The inner layer contains pointed rods with the warts arranged in irregular bands. In the verrucae are spindles which are arranged in chevrons in the margin. The collaret and operculum have the usual armature. The outer grains average about 0.30-0.40 mm. in length, the double cones about 0.30 mm., and the spindles in the inner layer, 0.20-0.30 mm. The rods in the collaret and operculum are between 0.30-0.50 mm. long. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4638. Type locality: — Off Tortugas, in 101 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 45). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 121 Specimens examined. — Two specimens from the type locality, and some fragments collected off Grenada in 92 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 253), cat. no. 4639, and off Montserrat in 88 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 155), cat. no. 4640. From the latter locaUty were taken also two small colonies which possibly represent young stages, but at present they are described as a variety. 10a. Thesea grandiflora var. rugulosa var. nov. Plate 11, figs. 4-7 The collection contains two small colonies, 5 cm. high, which were taken together with a fragment of the typical form. The stem and branches are slightly thinner (1.5 mm. wide), but otherwise the exterior, with the predomin- antly short branchlets and laterally placed verrucae, agrees well with the large typical form. The most striking character is the covering of the coenenchyma : in one specimen, exclusively flattened plates with undulated surface; in the other specimen, flattened plates intermingled with smaller grains. The spicules in the inner layer and in the verrucae, operculum, and collaret, resemble closely those found in the large specimens of T. grandiflora. The largest scales or plates are 0.95 mm. in length; the double cones average about 0.25 mm.; the inner spindles, between 0.20 and 0.30 mm., as in the typical form. The opercular spicules and those in the collaret are of the same size, 0.40-0.50 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4641. Type locality: — on Montserrat, in 88 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 155). Specimens examined: — Two specimens. 11. Thesea hebes spec. nov. Plate 11, figs. 19-21 The collection contains several colonies varying in height from 6 to 20 cm. The stem and branches are of about equal thickness in all specimens (3 mm.). The branches are long and bent upward, resembling a candlestick. The verrucae are low, conical, and fairly uniformly distributed over the surface, with some tendency toward crowding along the sides. The verrucinal opening is distinctly stellate. In many cases the operculum is retracted, filling the verrucinal orifice or forcing it to expand completely. The surface of the colony is irregularly rough as the individual grains are not closely fitted together. 122 THE ALCYONARIA The color is white or dirty gray; the axis is brown and fibrous. The outer layer of the coenenchyma contains thick, regularly warted grains of extremely variable size. There are in addition a few double cones which are smaller than the average size of the roundish grains. The verrucae contain warted pointed spindles arranged in chevrons around the verrucinal edge. In the inner layer are small, slender spindles with scattered warts. The operculum contains a few double rows of curved spindles slightly warted; the collaret, 2-3 transverse rows of similar curved spindles. The outer deposits are 0.20-0.40 mm. in length ; the double cones, 0.25 mm. ; the spindles in the inner layer, about 0.20 mm. The spindles in the collaret may be as long as 0.30 mm., and the opercular spindles are of about the same size. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4642. Type locality: — Off St. Vincent in 88 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 232). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth at. No. Sta. (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4643 157 120 Off Montserrat 1 4644 166 150 " Guadeloupe 5 4642 232 88 " St. Vincent 5 12. Thesea nivea spec. nov. Plate 7, fig. 7; Plate 11, figs. 16-18 The collection contains only the fragments of one or two specimens. They seem to indicate that the species reaches a height of at least 25 cm. It is sparingly branched with long branches, bent upward. The verrucae are low, broad, conical in shape, and are not crowded over the surface. The marginal opening is dis- tinctly stellate; in most cases the tentacles are completely withdrawn. The operculum is expanded in a few of the zooids. The coenenchyma is thick and of exceptional firmness, finely granulated when seen under the lens. The color of the colony is pure white ; the axis is brown and fibrous. The outer layer of the coenenchyma contains a large number of double heads and double cones, the latter being about twice as long as the double heads. The inner layer contains, as usual, simple spindles with fairly scattered warts. In the operculum are a number of curved spindles slightly warted, and the collaret contains similar arched rods in 2-3 rows. The double heads average about 0.15-0.20 mm. across; the double cones. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 123 about 0.35 mm. In the inner layer the spindles may be as much as 0.35 mm. long; collaret spindles, 0.70 mm., and the opercular spindles, about 0.50 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4645. Type locality: — Off Guadeloupe in 196 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 159). Specimens examined: — The type. Remarks: — This species bears some resemblance to T. hebes, but in the latter form the outer deposits are of exceedingly variable form, and the texture is much less firm and hard. 13. Thesea plana spec. nov. The collection contains fragments of three colonies which, in the manuscript, are described as a new species and genus, but which I think belong to Thesea. The colonies must have been 15-20 cm. high with a stem a few mm. wide and with numerous crooked branches, not in one plane, bearing shorter branchlets. The tips are not intact and it is therefore impossible to say anything definite about the length of the branches. The zooids are low, conical, and scattered irregularly over the surface. The operculum is retracted, and the orifice is closed by spindles arranged in chevrons and forming a regular star. The coenenchyma is whitish, firm, with a velvety surface, the axis is pale brown, wood-like, and fibrous. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of an outer layer of small double heads and an inner layer of straight or curved spindles. Both kinds of deposits are covered by coarse composite warts. In the zooids the spindles are smaller and arranged in bundles around the margin of the verrucae. The operculum contains a few pairs of warted spindles, and the collaret a few rows of similar curved rods. The double heads average about 0.15 mm. across; the spindles are from 0.30 to 0.70 mm. in length, the spindles in the operculum and collaret being about 0.20 mm. long. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4646. Type locality: — West of Tortugas, in 42 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.). Remarks: — In spite of the irregular curved and bent branches this form seems to belong in Thesea. The spicules resemble somewhat those found in T. nivea, but the composite warts are much coarser, and the spindles are never developed as double cones in the present form as they are in T. nivea. 124 THE ALC YON ARIA Thesea? sp. Plate 12, figs. 13-15 The collection contains two colonies which in the manuscript are referred to Stenogorgia. In their outer shape they have a certain similarity to that genus. They are about 8 cm. high with a stem 2 mm. wide which, at some distance from the base, gives off long widely diverging branches. The colonies are in dry condition somewhat apt to curl. The zooids form scattered low verrucae. At the tip of the branches they usually occur 2-3 together, as in most species of Stenogorgia. Some of the anthocodia are expanded. There is an operculum with a few pairs of warted curved rods, and a collaret with a few circles of similar spindles. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of simple spindles with clusters of composite warts; with low magnification these spindles appear transversally furrowed. Toward the edge of the verrucae the spicules become smaller and are arranged in eight points. Outside the firm layer of spindles there is a thin layer of small, delicate, bi-horned deposits with flattened base, narrowly constricted near the base. They are easily overlooked; in some places they have been rubbed off. The colony is white ; the axis pale brown, and fibrous. The spindles average 0.50-0.60 mm. in length; the opercular spindles and those in the collaret are about 0.40-0.50 mm. long; the bi-horned outer deposits, 0.20-0.30 mm. Usually the horns are broken off. Specimens examined: — The type, and another specimen, both without locality. M.C.Z. cat. no. 4647. Remarks: — This form seems to have a unique position, and it may belong in a separate genus. It is very likely to be confused with other forms on account of the delicacy of the outer layer of deposits which are easily overlooked. It seems to be near to Thesea, but for the present I leave its position undecided. Genus. 7. Bebrtce Philippi 1842 Diagnosis, partly from Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 841 : — Colonies branching in one plane with widely diverging branches. Zooids laterally placed, irregularly alternate, and well separated. Verrucae usually slender with a narrowed base, or low and cylindrical in shape. Tentacles retractile; opercular spicules in chevrons, and collaret developed. Outer layer of spicules in the form of cups, the margin frilled with finger-like projections; inner layer of spicules as crosses or stars, with central low projec- SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 125 tions, and a variable number of warts or spines. A few spinous rods may be present in the verrucae, sometimes with one end pointed and one plate-like. Type species: — Bebryce mollis Philippi. Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1924, p. 208) lists only one species; Thomson, 1927, gives one additional species. A number of forms which previously were included in this genus are transferred to Pseudobebryce (Kukenthal, 1919, pp. 759, 841) ; they are all Pacific forms. Three species of Bebryce occur in the West Indies, one of which seems to be identical with the "B. rnollis," which is hsted in Kukenthal's paper as occurring in the West Indies, on the authority of Miss Riess (1929, p. 413). Key to the species of Bebryce from the West Indian waters 1. Stout form, 2-3 cm. thick, with verrucae 2 mm. broad. Among spicules large four-armed crosses I. B. grandis spec. nov. 1. Slender form, about 1 mm. in diameter 2. 2. Large, four-armed crosses dominatmg S. B. parastellata spec. nov. 2. Smaller six-armed stars or plates dominating 2. B. cinerea spec. nov. 1. Bebryce grandis spec. nov. Plate 8, fig. 3; Plate 10, figs. 9-21 The type is about 20 cm. high and 5 cm. broad. It is an exceptionally stout form with few, long, upward-curved branches and stout conical verrucae, mostly placed alternatingly along the sides; occasionally one is present on the front. The stem is about 3 mm. wide; the branches about 2 mm. wide, exclusive of the verrucae. The latter are about 2 mm. broad and 1.5 mm. high, and are separated by a distance of about 2-3 mm. The axis is pale brown, wood-like, and very fibrous. The color in alcohol is faded brown to pinkish. The spicules are as usual divided into an outer and an inner layer. The outer, cup-shaped bodies are usually regular, and similar in shape to those found in B. cinerea. The inner layer consists of stout, thick crosses or stars with heavy warts or spines. There are also some spinous rods, sometimes with one end flattened and disc-shaped. The operculum contains a few pairs of curved spindles, and similar but more slender rods are present in the collaret. The outer, cup-shaped bodies are about 0.09 mm. in height. The crosses 126 THE ALCYONARIA and stars measure about 0.25 by 0.25 mm.; the tentacle spicules about 0.16 by 0.04 mm., and the collaret spicules 0.24 by 0.03 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4607. Type locality: — Off Montserrat, 88 in fms. ("Blake" Sta. 155). Specimens examined: — The type and also a single young specimen, 30 mm. high and 2 mm. wide, from 154 fms. off Barbados ("Blake" Sta. 282), M.C.Z. cat. no. 4608. Remarks: — This species seems to be very distinct. Even the young colony looks entirely different from the other species of Bebryce. 2. Bebryce cinerea spec. nov. Plate 8, fig. 5; Plate 10, figs. 1-8 Bebryce mollis ipartim) Kukenthal, 1924^ p. 208. — Riess, 1929, p. 413, text fig. 4. Non B. mollis Aurivillius, 1931, p. 190, text fig. 37. Several specimens are in the collection. The largest measure about 100 mm. in height, and from 40 to 80 mm. in breadth. It is a loosely branched form with shorter or longer terminal branchlets, often slightly curved, and a row of low verrucae on each side of the branch; rarely one or two are placed on the front side. The verrucae are about 1 mm. wide, and usually separated from one another by the same distance except near the ends where they are closer together. The branches and branchlets are about 1-2 mm. in width, exclusive of the verrucae ; in some of the oldest specimens the stem attains a diameter of about 4 mm. The axis is pale brown and decidedly wood-like in structure. The color of the specimens, faded in alcohol, is dirty grey. The entire surface of the colony is covered with a dense layer of cups typical of the genus ; beneath these there is a layer of large, stellate plates with radiating foliations and numerous protuberances, mostly also a central "handle." A few spinous rods are present, sometimes spindle-formed, sometimes with a more flattened basal portion. The tentacles, which are usually contracted, contain a few pairs of spinous curved spicules ; in the collaret are a few rows of slender bow- shaped spindles. The margin of the verrucae is without any special armature. The external cups are about 0.08 mm. in height and half as much in breadth; the stellate plates, about 0.15-0.22 mm. in diameter; the opercular spicules about 0.30 by 0.05, and the spicules in the collaret about 0.50 by 0.02 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4611. Type locality: — Off Barbados, in 94 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 276). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 127 Specimens examined: — ■ The type and also specimens from stations 273, 277, and 293 in the same vicinity, in 76, 82, and 106 fms. respectively; and off St. Vincent, in 95 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 231) ; M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4612-15. Remarks: — • This species seems to be very closely related to the type species, B. mollis Phihppi, which is known from several localities in the Mediterranean, and off the Azores. Kiikenthal (1919) lists it from 55 m. off Barbados. His figure of B. mollis from Seinebank (1919, p. 294) is somewhat more slender than the West Indian form. Unfortunately, he gives no figures of the latter, and those given by Koch of the Mediterranean form do not appear to be sufficiently exact. Koch figures (1887, pi. 1, fig. 1) a relatively simple star-shaped spicule, but leaves out all the typical, thin, plate-like forms, perhaps because it was impossible to reproduce them with the optical instruments of his day. Kiikenthal (1924) and Riess (1929) give short descriptions of the species, but do not figure the spicules. The measurements of the spicules seem to indicate that there is some difference in the eastern and western fornLs (0.96 mm., length of collaret spindles in B. mollis; 0.5 mm. in the "Blake" specimen). Actual comparison does not seem to have been made, and I have therefore kept the two forms separate. AuriviUius's B. mollis from Josephine Bank seems nearer to B. stellaia Thomson. 3. Bebryce parastellata spec. nov. Plate 8, fig. 4; Plate 10, figs. 22-28 This species is represented by five young unbranched specimens, about 60 mm. high, and two, poorly preserved branched specimens with few, widely diverging branches. Diameter of stem and branches about 1 mm. The cylindri- cal verrucae, in the unbranched specimens, are about 1 mm. high and equally wide and placed almost in one plane, on the sides of the branches and separated by approximately their own diameter; in the branched specimens they are somewhat more widespread and more contracted. The spicules form a similar outer and inner layer as in the two other species. The cup-shaped deposits are somewhat larger, and the outer part radiates more in a fan-Uke fashion. The stars and crosses of the inner layer are very similar to those found in B. grandis; they are thick and robust, with strongly developed warts or spines. The cups are about 0.1 mm. high and equally wide; the larger crosses in the inner layer measure about 0.25 by 0.25 mm. 128 THE ALC YON ARIA Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4609. Type locality: — Off Barbados, in 100 fms ("Hassler" Exped.). Distribution: — Known from the type locality and off Cuba. Depth: — From 22 to 100 fms. Specimens examined: — • Five unbranched and two branched colonies from the type locality ; one branched colony from off Cuba. Remarks: — This species resembles superficially B. cinerea, while its spicules are almost identical with those characteristic of B. grandis. The description which Thomson gives of his B. stellata, from the Mediterranean Sea, suggests very much this species and it is only for the sake of consistency that a new name has been given, in order to conform with the treatment of B. mollis and B. cinerea. It is possible that in spite of the apparent great discrepancies between the spicules, larger series will show that B. cinerea intergrades with B. parastellata or that the latter represents the juvenile stage, just as B. stellata possibly will be found to represent the youthful form or a variety of B. mollis. Genus 8. Eubrandella nom. nov. Lissogorgia Verrill, 1864b, p. 22. Fan-shaped Mureceids with numerous anastomoses, forming oblong meshes. Zooids scattered all over the branches, low, and with an operculum able to contract to the bottom of the verrucae. Spicules as warted spindles and numerous star-shaped plates which become thorn scales in the verrucae, with one short, broad, smooth, projecting spine. Operculum with one pair of rods, occasionally with one three-armed rod; a few rows in the collaret. Shallow water forms. Type: — Eubrandella fiahellum (Verrill). I have been unable to refer this form to any genus recognized in Kiikenthal's paper (1924). It shows great similarity to some of Nutting's (1910b, pp. 92-93) species of Heterogorgia: it has the same way of branching, the same low verrucae with the operculum placed almost at the bottom of the verruca in the dry speci- mens, but none of the star-shaped spicules seem to have developed as thorn scales with one smooth projecting thorn. It also seems to have some affinity to Brandella (Nutting's Villogorgia, 1910, p. 69.). The species was first described in 1864 as Lissogorgia flabellum (new genus, estabUshed for the present specimen, which was then supposed to be identical with Gorgonia cancellata Dana, 1846, p. 658, a synonym of Esper's Antipathes SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 129 flabellum and Gorgonia pseudo-antipatJies, first described by Pallas, according to Esper 1797, II. p. 32). Pallas' and Esper's species were collected from the East Indies; the type seems to have been lost. The description and the figures are of so general a character that it is impossible to base any determination upon them. Dana's Gorgonia cancellata had no locality; it is merely stated that it is identical with Esper's two species, and these names were both preoccupied. It therefore seems rather certain that the East Indian species is not identical with the present. Later (1866, p. 413), Verrill changed the name Lissogorgia flabellum to L. can- cellata (Dana) as he found that the first name had been preoccupied twice, and at the same time he dropped Lissorgorgia and adopted Kolhker's term Echino- gorgia, which was a few months older and seemed to him to agree completely with his definition of Lissogorgia. In 1868a, p. 413 he placed the species in Paramuricea, and added a number of taxonomic remarks. Among other things he thought that it was identical with what Kolliker had named P. nigrescens (Duchassaing & Michelotti) which in his manuscript he placed in a new genus, with a new name; KoUikers species seems to be different from Duchassaing & Michelotti's species, which he thought was a Bebryce. Kiikenthal (1919) lists Dana's species cancellata as a Paramuricea, but places it among the dubious species and gives as locaUty the Indian Ocean, affixing a question mark. He does not mention that, according to the hterature, the species was also supposed to occur in the West Indies. The name Lissogorgia must evidently be dropped, and also the name cancellata. In the present paper the name Eubrandella has been used, but it may be that the genus will be found to be one already known. Eubrandella flabellum (Verrill) Plate 13, figs. 1-15 Lissogorgia flabellum Verrill, 1864b, p. 22. Echinogorgia flabellum Verrill, 1866a, p. 283. Paramuricea cancellata Verrill, 1868a, p. 413. The unique specimen represents a colony about 20 cm. high and 20 cm. broad, distinctly flabellate, with short stem and numerous strong branches which are connected by short transversal anastomoses so that they form oblong meshes. The zooids are uniformly scattered over the branches. The verrucae are low, rounded warts, ^nd the operculum is completely lowered into the verrucae. The branchlets have flattened, wing-like bases. 130 THE ALCYONARIA The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of spindles with warted surfaces. The closely-set verrucae contain rows of star-shaped thorn scales; the projecting spine is smooth and the remaining part or the scale is rough. In the operculum there are either two simple rods, side by side, or one three-armed rods with smooth projection and rough basal arms. The collaret contains about three rows of curved rods. The color of the dry specimen is pure white ; the axis is horny, dark brown in the stem and pale yellow in the terminal branchlets. The coenenchyma spindles may be as long as 0.40 mm. The thorn scales measure about 0.30 mm. lengthwise and crosswise. The opercular rods are about 0.20 mm. long and 0.15 mm. high; the spicules in the collaret 0.30 mm. long. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4651. Type locality: — • Off Florida, no depth given (Williams College Exp.). Specimens examined: — • The type. Remarks: — The species is easily recognized on account of its numerous anastomoses, its regular flabellated form, and the characteristic spicules. I have been unable to identify it with any other form. It is remarkable that it has never been found in Florida again. Genus 9. Acanthacis gen. nov. Thesea (partim) Ddchassainq & Michelotti, 1860. Diagnosis: — • Muriceids branching in one plane, irregularly, dichotomously. Verrucae low, barely raised above the surface, laterally placed, and armed with eight marginal projecting thorn-scales with long spine. Spicules in the coenen- chyma as a single layer of heavy plates or spindles. Operculum with one pair of large spindles and several smaller spindles intercalated in each section; collaret with two-three rows of spindles. Type species: — Acanthacis scabra spec. nov. Two species are described in the following pages, both from the West Indies. Verrill mentions in his manuscript that Acis spinosa and A. ulex Thomson & Henderson (1906, pp. 77, 237, Plate 1, figs. 2-5, Plate 9, fig. 6;) most hkely belong to this genus; Kiikenthal (1919) places these two forms in the genus Paracis. Key to tJie species known from the West Indian waters Spicules in coenenchyma chiefly as spindles \. A. scabra spec. nov. Spicules in coenenchyma chiefly as irregular plates or scales 2. A. austera spec. nov. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 131 ACANTHACIS SCABRA SpeC. nOV. Plate 8, fig. 1; Plate 13, figs. 21-25; Plate 29, figs. 1, la-b There are three specimens in the collection ranging from 7 to 20 cm. in height. The colonies are slender, the branches diverge at various angles, irregu- larly and dichotomously. The verrucae are extremely low and placed laterally, often two indi\dduals close together, and these pairs are separated from the following verrucae by about the same distance as one pair occupies. The marginal thorn scales project as slender, vertically placed spines, often broken. The color of the colony is white; the axis is pale grey, wood-Uke. The coenenchyma spicules consist of mostly blunt spindles regularly warted with branched warts. They are mostly arranged lengthwise. Similar spicules occur in the low verrucae. The marginal spicules form typical thorn scales. They have a remarkably long, cylindrical, almost smooth spindle and a small, warted basal part, often bifurcated. The operculum consists of two large rods in each di\asion, and one-two smaller rods intercalated; the collaret of two- three transversal rows of spindles. The coenenchyma spicules vary greatly in size. They were found to be largest in the small specimens, and in the terminal branchlets of the large specimens. The marginal thorn scales may be as large as 0.60 mm; the coenenchyma spindles, about 0.8 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. 4648. Type locality: — Off Montserrat, in 88 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 156). Distribution: — Known from the type locaUty and off Guadeloupe. Specimens examined: — Three colonies from the type locality and one from Guadeloupe in Br. M. Remarks: — The colony in Br. M. came from Turin, and is labelled Thesea guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti. Although the label undoubtedly is correct, the colony cannot be regarded as the type of that species since it is evident from Duchassaing & Michelotti's description, and at least their smaller figure, and from KoUiker's description and figure, (1865, p. 137, Plate 17, fig. 18) that what they considered T. guadalupensis had only spindle-shaped spicules, in agreement with a fragment, sent from Duchassaing & Michelotti's collection to Verrill, through KoUiker (obviously the one from which KoUiker's figure was made) . 132 THE ALC YON ARIA ACANTHACIS AUSTERA SpeC. nOV. Plate 8, fig. 2; Plate 13, figs. 16-20 The collection contains nine colonies, eight of which are from one locality. They vary in size from 5 cm. to 25 cm. in height. The species is a stout form with slightly flattened stem and branches, branching in one plane, with widely diverg- ing branches and branchlets. In a medium sized specimen the stem is about 4 mm. wide, the branches and branchlets 2-3 mm. In the largest specimen the width of the stem increases to about 8 mm., while that of the branches and branchlets remains about the same. The verrucae are placed on the edges, some- what closer to one side. They are barely raised above the surface and carry eight strong, vertically projecting spines, which reach beyond the low operculum. The color of the colony is white or grey; the axis is pale grey, wood-like. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of one layer of irregular plates or scales, which form a cobblestone-like pavement. They vary quite irregularly in size in various parts of the stem. Around the verrucae they are smaller and may bear a short conical projection. The marginal spicules have a strong, thick, almost smooth spine and a bi-lobed thick warted base. The operculum contains two large spindles in each section, and in the collaret are a few rows of curved spindles. The largest plates measure about 1 mm. in length. The marginal spicules are 0.8, and the collaret spicules 0.5 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. no. 4649. Type locality: — Off Grenada, in 262 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 249). Specimens examined: — Eight from the type locality, and one from 163 fms. off Grenada ("Blake" Sta. 241); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4650. Genus 10. Trachymuricea gen. nov. Diagnosis: — Muriceids with large, conical verrucae and high, apparently non-retractile operculum, with numerous rows of spindles arranged in convergent rows, and placed on a high collaret in which are numerous rows of transversally placed spindles. Spicules in the coenenchyma and in the verrucae occur as spinous rods with a rough projecting spine, which is centrally placed and erect in the coenenchyma spicules, and more terminal and slanting in the spicules of the verrucae. Type species: — Trachymuricea hirta (Pourtales). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 133 Two species are the only forms known at present to be referred to this genus, and they are both from the Atlantic Ocean. The type species was briefly des- cribed by Pourtales, without any figures, as Acanthogorgia. Verrill, who re- described the species in his manuscript and established a new genus for it, evidently overlooked Broch's (1913, p. 26) excellent description of T. kukenthali from the coast of Norway, temporarily placed in Paramuricea. The two species seem to be closely related. The spicules of the Norwegian form are somewhat larger, but too few specimens are known at present to determine whether this difference is an absolute character. It may be that the Norwegian species will be regarded as a variety of the West Indian form. Trachymuricea hirta (Pourtales) Plate 13, figs. 26-33 Acanthogorgia hirta Pourtales, 1867, p. 131. Paramuricea hirta Verrill, 1883, p. 35. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 241. The four colonies in the collection are all small, the largest one measuring about 10 cm. in length. It is a slender, flexible form with long, soft branches arising alternatingly from the flexible stem, at intervals of about 1 cm. The verrucae are large and sparingly distributed, mostly along the sides, and slightly nearer to the "ventral" side. They are crowded near the tips. The operculum, which contains numerous rows of convergent spicules, is evidently non-retractile, and is placed upon a high collaret with numerous rows of transversally arranged spicules. The color in alcohol is pure white; the axis is brown, horny, and very flexible. The texture of the surface of the coenenchyma and of the verrucae is a rough chagrin due to the presence of numerous projecting rough spines of practically the same size. These arise from spinous rods and are placed erect and centrally in the coenenchyma spicules, and are slanting and terminal in those of the verrucae. The rods in the collaret and operculum are pointed, sparingly spinous rods, often most smooth on the inner side. The spicules may be as long as 0.50 mm. in the verrucae, and about 0.35 mm. in the coenenchyma. The opercular and collaret spicules may be 0.50 mm. long. Type: — M.C.Z., cat. no. 4678. Type locality:-— on Bahia Honda, Florida, at 324 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explorations); 4 specimens. Also listed in Verrill's manuscript from off Barbados at 130 and 96 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 166 and 176). 134 THE ALC YON ARIA Remarks: — The species seems to be closely related to Trachymuricea kilkenthali (Broch), from off the coasts of Norway. The spicules are apparently somewhat more spinous and slightly smaller in the West Indian form. Aurivillius, 1931, p. 175, text fig. 34, places T. kilkenthali in the genus Muriceides. He has only examined two species of that somewhat dubious genus. Genus 11. Paramuricea KoHiker, 1865 Diagnosis (modified) from Broch, 1912a, p. 20 : — Holaxonia with purely horny fibrous axis, branching chiefly in one plane. Zooids distributed freely over the branches, with distinct verrucae wherein the upper part can be withdrawn. Operculum with spicules in converging rows, at least two pairs in each section. Spicules in the coenenchyma as rods or crosses, often star-shaped; sometimes plate-like; in some species with projecting central spine. In the zooid-walls, scales in eight indistinct longitudinal rows, with mostly rough projection and varying development of the basal part. Opercular spicules and those in the col- laret as spinous rods. Type species: — -Paramuricea placomus (Linnaeus). Remarks: — Kukenthal (1924, pp. 221-227) lists a number of species, some of which are undoubtedly synonyms of P. placomus; others are quite distinct, but possibly identical with some of those described in the following pages. Aurivillius 1931, p. 156, has recently discussed the species from the Mediter- ranean and Atlantic Ocean. Key to the species of Paramuricea known from the western Atlantic 1. Zooids scattered; large and conical. Coenenchyma and lateral walls of zooids strongly spinous, due to long projections arising from plate-like deposits 1. Paramuricea echinata spec. nov. 1. Zooids crowded low, with more less retractile conical operculum. Coenenchyma and walls of zooids smooth or slightly spinous 2. 2. Coenenchyma with spinous crosses or knee-bent spinous rods; plates rare or absent. Thorn scales with pointed projection 2. P. placom us (Linnaeus) . 2. Coenenchyma with plates with or without an outer projection 3. 3. Some of the coenenchyma plates with strong outer projection . .3. P. muUispina spec. nov. 3. None of the coenenchyma plates with strong outer projection 4. P. grandis spec. nov. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 135 The first of these species is very distinct, the remaining may possibly be different forms of P. -placomus (L.), but judging by the present material they show distinct differences in their spiculation. It has therefore seemed preferable to describe them separately. They may be identical with some of the species described from deeper water off the Azores by Studer (1901) and Thompson (1927). 1. Paramuricea echinata spec. nov. Plate 14, figs. 22-28 The colony has a distinct stem which gives off at considerable intervals long lateral branches; these in turn bear a number of short branchlets. The branching is in one plane. The verrucae are few and widely distributed along the edges, rarely touching each other except near the tips. The verrucae are large and conical with long projecting spines; the operculum is low, rounded, often concealed. The surface of the coenenchyma is in places almost smooth, in other places strongly spinous with strong, vertically projecting spines. The color of the colony when dry is dirty brown; the axis is pale, wood-like. The spicules in the coenenchyma are thin plates with lobed margin, and often bear an enormous, thick, blunt projecting spine. In the verrucae the spine is eccentric in position. The operculum contains two long spinous rods in each section, and in the collaret there are usually three transverse rows of spindles. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4691. Type locality: — Off St. Croix in 580 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 131). Specimens examined: — Three specimens from the type locality, and one from 580 fms. off Sta. Croix, "Blake" Sta. 124. Remarks: — This species is well marked and cannot be confused with any others known at present from the West Indies. It may be identical with one of the east Atlantic species. 2. Paramuricea placomus (Linnaeus) Plate 14, figs. 1-13. Paramuricea placomus Kukenthal, 1924, p. 221 (complete list of references). P. borealis Vbrrill, 1882a, p. 364; 1883, p. 35, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5-5a. The M.C.Z. collection contains one colony from Norway which agrees in all essentials with Broch's excellent description (1912, pp. 21-26), and with a small fragment from the "Blake" expedition, locality not given. 136 THE ALCYONARIA The colony forms a distinct stem, and has numerous branches and shorter branchlets, about 2-3 mm. in diameter, more or less situated in the same plane. Anastomosing is frequent. The zooids are numerous, most crowded near the ends of the branchlets, and form low smooth cones with a pointed operculum. They measure about 2 mm. in height. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of a crowded layer of branched rods, spinous crosses, and knee-shaped spinous rods; plates are rare. The walls of the zooids contain large thorn scales with a strongly pointed projection, more or less rough on the surface, and a small lobate basal part. The collaret contains three-four rows of curved spinous rods, and the operculum two-three pairs of similar spindles. The coenenchyma spicules average 0.25-0.35 mm. in length. The thorn scales are about 0.70 mm. long, and the spicules in the collaret and operculum are of about the same length. Type: — Most Ukely not preserved. Type locality: — Off the coast of Norway. Distribution: — According to Broch, known from deeper water off the coast of Europe and the east coast of North America, and also from the Mediterranean Sea (described by v. Koch). Specimens examined: — A large branch from Norway (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4695), and a fragment without locahty, probably collected off the coast of New England (cat. no. 4690). Remarks: — Verrill's type of Paramuricea borealis taken off the coast of New England is lost, but it appears from his figures (1883, Plate 3, figs. 4, 5-5a) that P. borealis is identical with the Norwegian form. In his manuscript he in- sists upon the validity of P. borealis, but gives no explanation of the characters wherein it differs from P. placomus. He evidently overlooked Broch's paper of 1912. Thomson (1927, p. 40) lists P. borealis (as Echinomuricea) , collected off the Azores in 599 fms. and also describes P. placomus, but his P. placomus may be some other species. Verrill maintains that the Mediterranean P. placomus, de- scribed by V. Koch (1887, p. 49), has a long series of spicules in the operculum while the genuine P. placomus has two-three pairs. The two West Indian forms, P. hirta and tenuis, which Jungersen referred to P. placomus without examination, belong to two other genera (see p. 133 and p. 143). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 137 3. Paramuricea multispina spec. nov. Plate 14, figs. 29^3. The collection contains two branches of this form, the largest one designated as the type, measuring about 15 cm. in length. In its outer shape, mode of branching, and size and distribution of the verrucae it very much resembles P. placonms (Linnaeus). It differs by having numerous, strong, stout spines pro- jecting from the coenenchyma and also strong spines projecting from the sides of the verrucae. The color is dirty grey and the axis wood-like. The thorn scales have a stout projecting spine, and a more branched base than in P. placomus. The opercular rods are of the same slender type as in the latter species, and the coenenchyma contains the same kind of spinous rods, crosses and half crosses, and much indented plates, but there is in addition a variable number of large plates with a strong, blunt, projecting spine, centrally placed, which I never have seen in P. placomus. The thorn scales are as much as 0.55 mm. in length; the opercular rods 0.70 mm.; the smaller crosses and rods in the coenenchyma between 0.10 and 0.40 mm. The large spine-carrying plates may measure as much as 0.70 by 0.40 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4693. Type locality: — Oti Grenada, in 262 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 249). Distribution: — At present known from two localities in the West Indies. Specimens examined: — The type, and a branch from "Blake" Sta. 296, Barbados at 85 fms. (with a question mark on the label). Remarks: — The species is extremely well characterized by its stout conical projecting spines on the deposits in the coenenchyma and on the margin of those in the zooids. 4. Paramuricea grandis Verrill Plate 14, figs. 14-21 Paramuricea grandis Verrill, 1883, p. 37, pi. 3, figs. 3a-b. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 224. Lepidomuricea grandis Verrill, 1922, p. 16, pi. 8, figs. 1-2; pi. 10. The type, and some branches overgrown with Epizoanthus sp. are in the collection, labeled P. borealis V. by mistake. It is a tall, stout form which grows to more than 50 cm. in height, with a well-developed stem and several branches and branchlets, mostly dichotomously divided, more or less in one plane, and with occasional anastomoses. The zooids form low smooth verrucae with a 138 THE ALC YON ARIA conical operculum, which sometimes is almost withdrawn. They are numerous over the entire surface, being especially crowded toward the tips of the branchlets. The color is greyish; the stem is pale brown, fibrous and wood-Uke. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of large smooth plates with deeply incised and laciniated margin. There seem to be no crosses nor knee-bent rods as in P. placomus. The thorn scales have a thick, blunt-ending projection with rough surface and sometimes small lateral lobes ; the basal plate is usually deeply cleft and laciniated. The collaret and operculum contain three-four transverse rows and two-three pairs of spindles, respectively, very much as in P. placomus. The plates in the coenenchyma are about 0.20 mm. in length; the thorn scales may be as long as 0.20 mm., and the collaret and opercular rods 0.18 mm. in length. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4949. Type locality: — Of Georges Bank, in 524 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 306). Distribution: — With certainty known from deep water off the coast of New England, but it may also occur in the eastern Atlantic, and be insufficiently described under some other name. Depth: — Seems always to come from several hundred fathoms depth. Specimens examined: — The type, and a branch from "Blake" Sta. 329, off Cape May at 630 fms. Remarks: — ■ It is possible that comparison with a large series of specimens will show that this species actually represents an extreme form of P. placomus, but as far as the present material is concerned, it is easily distinguished from P. placo7nus on account of its large scale-like deposits and blunt thorn-scales. Genus 12. Muriceides Wright & Studer 1887 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 162: — • Colonies branching in one plane, sometimes sparingly branched, sometimes unbranched. Zooids on all sides, occasionally laterally placed, mostly widely separated. Operculum with con- verging double rows of spicules. Verrucae generally higher than broad. Spicules with branched warts, eventually developing into thorn plates. In the verrucae the spicules are arranged longitudinally and may reach above the margin. Type species: — ■ Muriceides fragilis Wr. & Studer. Remarks: — The genus is not known from the West Indian waters, but it is very likely that it occurs there. According to Kiikenthal (1924, p. 162), and Thomson (1927, p. 43), there are five species in the eastern part of the Atlantic. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 139 Note: — Thomson lists, 1927, the following forms: — ■ Muriceides furcata Studer, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 4, pi. 5, fig. 14. M. echinata spec, nov., pi. 44, pi. 5, fig. 25. M. tenuis spec, nov., p. 44, pi. 4, fig. 12; pi. 5, fig. 24. M. (Clematissa) chamaeleon (v. Koch), p. 45, pi. 4, fig. 7. M. (Clematissa) sceptrum Studer, p. 46, p. 4, fig. 8, pi. 5, fig. 10. M. tenue Nutting, p. 45, not figured. Thomson gives no diagnosis of the genera. The first three forms seem to me to belong in Paramuricea. The last three may possibly belong in another genus, but without any material for comparison it impossible to describe the distinguishing characters. Kiikenthal regards Clematissa as a synonym of Muriceides. Aurivillius, 1931, p. 175 lists a number of species which he thinks belong in Muriceides. He has only examined two; one which in the present paper is referred to Trachymuricea, namely T. kiikenthali. As most of his list is merely compiled from the literature it needs no further discussion. Genus 13. Villogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti Syn. Paracamptngorgia Kukenthal, 1919. For complete list, of synonyms, see Aurivillius, 1931, p. 204. Diagnosis: — ^ Colonies profusely branching in one plane; branches and branchlets fairly slender; zooids alternating in lateral rows. Spicules in coen- enchyma two to four-armed bodies (star-shaped in some Pacific forms) with a central projection composed of narrow to broad leaves with serrate margin. In the anthostele the deposits become more scale-like with two to four arms and a laciniated projecting spine. Collaret well developed with 2-4 rows; operculum with usually three rods in each section. Color dirty grey or white. Type species: — • Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti. Remarks: — ■ The genus is hsted in Kiikenthal's monograph, 1924, with only the type species which he had not examined. It is AuriviUius who deserves credit for reahzing that the one spicule of V. nigrescens, which KolUker figured in 1865, plate 17, fig. 20, belonged to the same type as those characteristic of Paracampto- gorgia and numerous other species, known from the Indo-Pacific. Aurivillius described one species from the West Indies as new, but the enormous variabiUty of the type species makes it impossible to separate it from the latter. Duchassaing & Michelotti's type is in Br. M. 140 THE ALCYONARIA ViLLOGORGiA NiGRESCENS Duchassaing & Michelotti Plate 16, figs. 1-18; plate 28, figs. 2, 2a Villogorgia nigrescetis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 32, pi. 4, fig. 2.— Kukenthal, 1924, p. 200. Villogorgia antillarum Aurivillius, 1931, p. 209, pi. 4, fig. 5, text fig. 40. Paracamptogorgia bebrycoides RiESS, 1929, p. 411, pi. 8, fig. 7. (P. bebrycoides (v. Koch), from the Medi- terranean Sea may prove to be identical with V. nigrescens). The colonies branches profusely, in one plane, with occasional anastomoses. The branches and branchlets are thin, about 1 mm. in diameter and the zooids although laterally placed, are more crowded on the "ventral" side. Mo.st of the colonies are about 10 cm. high and equally wide but there is one much larger specimen with the branches up to 3 mm. in diameter (the branchlets are broken off), and this fragment has exceptionally large spicules. The color of the colonies is dirty grey, or white. The axis is brownish and wood-like. The spicules vary exceedingly within the same colony, and from colony to colony. The coenenchyma contains mostly four-armed crosses with a central cluster of projections which varies from irregular, rough narrow pillars to broad, thin, coxcomb-like leaves. The thornscales in the anthostele have a two to four-armed base, smooth to rough, and a projecting spine of dentate leaves. The collaret consists of three to four transverse rows of warted spindles, thickest on the middle. The operculum consists of two large rods with curved base, warted surface and laciniated tip; a smaller, unpaired rod is usually intercalated. The spicules in the coenenchyma measure from 0.2-0.4 mm. in diameter; the thorn-scales in the verrucae measure 0.3-0.4 mm. across the base; the rods in the collaret measure 0.4-0.5 mm. and the opercular rods up to 0.5 mm. These measurements agree with those given by Riess and Aurivillius. (Riess gives lower numbers in her diagnosis than in her description of the individual colonies). Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — Off Guadeloupe. Distribution: — Widespread in the West Indies. Possibly also known from off the Azores and the Mediterranean Sea. Depth: — In the West Indies known from 56 to 262 fms. Specimens examined: — The type and the following colonies in the M.C.Z. M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4679 45 101 Off Florida Several 4680 1.32 117 " St. Croix 1 5022 155 88 " Montserrat 1 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 141 M.C.Z. "Blake" Depih Cat. No. Sta. ifms.) Locality Specimens 4681 203 96 Off Martinique 1 5023 166 150 " Guadeloupe 1 4682 232 88 " St. Vincent 1 4683 241 163 " Cariacou 1 4684 249 262 " Grenada numerous 4685 273 103 " Barbados 2 5024 276 94 1 4686 290 73 several 4687 292 56 1 4688 296 85 1 4689 297 123 4 Remarks: — It is with some doubt that I have united these various speci- mens under one name, but several series of spicules, taken from the same colonies have shown so much variation that I have found it impossible to express any- constant differences. The spicules from the large colony, collected of St. Vincent (no. 4682), are exceptionally large but siinilar deposits occur here and there in the smaller, typical colonies. Very likely the species V. bebrycoides, from the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean must be withdrawn under V. nigrescens. It is not known whether it dis- plays a similar wide variation of its spicules. The excellent figures given by Aurivillius, show clearly that his V. antillarum is a synonym of the present, common West Indian species which was redescribed by Riess in 1929 as Paracamptogorgia bebrycoides (v. Koch). Aurivillius died in 1928 and the editors of his paper have evidently overlooked her description. A. antillarum was based on a single colony from Anguilla, from 70-200 fms. and has very broad thin leaves on the central projections whereas KoUiker's figure of a spicule from the type of V. nigrescens represents a four-armed plate with a narrow, tall central column. Genus 14. Placogorgia Wright & Studer 1889 Diagnosis from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 209: — Colonies branching in one plane. The long branches and branchlets are bent upward, parallel with the main stem and the tips are swollen. The zooids are distributed over the entire surface,' most crowded at the tips. The verrucae are blunt, conical. Operculum with ' In poorly developed specimens they may be scattered laterally only. 142 THE ALCYONARIA two-three pointed spindles in triangular arrangement above a collaret of spinous rods, leaving a fairly large triangle free from spicules. Anthostele with large, often branched thorn scales in alternating rows. The coenenchyma contains long, blunt-ending spindles, often bent; around the base of a zooid they are circularly arranged. Type species: — Placogorgia atlantica Wr. & Studer. Remarks: — Neither Kiikenthal nor Riess have examined the type species. Key to the species of Placogorgia from the West Indian waters 1. In the coenenchyma superficially placed excessively large (4 mm.) spindles. Anastomoses frequent 1 . P. mirabilis spec. nov. 1. In the coenenchyma no superficially placed excessively large spindles. Anastomoses rare. 2. 2. The large spindles in coenenchyma are simple, with or without a single projection. Most thornscales with laciniated distal spine. Opercular rods often crutch-shaped 2. P. tenuis (Verrill). 2. The large spindles in coenenchyma carry a series of low conical spines on the external side. Thornscales with simple divided distal spine 3. P. rudis spec. nov. Placogorgia mirabilis spec. nov. Plate 6, fig. 4; Plate 12, figs. 9-12 The collection contains several specimens of a very striking species. The largest specimen (broken) must have been about 20 cm. high, with long bifur- cated branches and branchlets bent upward and somewhat meandering; often anastomosing; about I-I.5 mm. thick. The zooids are scattered irregularly over the surface, not especially crowded near the tips. They are about 0.5 mm. high, mostly with the operculum withdrawn or flattened to a low cone. The colony is externally covered by huge, white spindles often absent in the lower part of the colony which may be due to the fact that they have fallen off as they are very easily removed. Beneath them, the colony is a matted felt of small spindles, with or without an outer projection, resembhng the kind of spicules one finds in P. tenuis (Verrill). The low, rounded verrucae contain several rows of thorn scales with distinctly blunt spine. In the collaret there are a few rows of curved spinous spindles, and the low operculum contains two-three rods in each division. The color of the colony is greyish-brown with snow-white spindles scattered over the surface. The large external spindles may be as much as 4 mm. in length. The small spindles in the inner layer measure about 0.40-0.50 mm., the thorn scales about SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 143 0.30 mill., and the spindles in the collaret and operculum are about 0.25-0.30 mm. in length. Tijpe: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4666. Type locality: — Off Dry Tortugas, in 101 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 45). Specimens examined: — The type, and several other specimens and fragments from the same haul. Remarks: — ■ The huge .superficial spindles in the upper part of the branches, and the complete inner layer of small spindles characterize this species. Aside from the large spindles, which so easily drop off, it somewhat resembles P. tenuis but the verrucae are smaller, more rounded, and the thorn scales are also smaller than in the latter species. 2. Placogorgia tenuis (Verrill) Plate 15, figs. 19-32; Plate 30 Paranmricea tenuis Verrill, 1883, p. 38. — Kukenthal, 1919, p. 761; 1924, p. 225. f Placogorgia atlantica Riess, 1929, p. 415, pi. 8, fig. 8. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 209. Nee P. atlanlica (Wright & Studer). ? Placogorgia polybrachis Riess, 1929, p. 417, pi. 8, fig. 9. The colonies reach 30 cm. in height; many are smaller. A number of main branches arise from a common stem which, in turn, give off shorter or longer branchlets, usually slightly thicker at the tips, and situated in the same plane, sometimes coalescent. The stem may reach a thickness of 3-4 mm. ; the branches and branchlets are usually 1-1.5 mm. wide, exclusive of the zooids. The zooids are small, about 1 mm. high, usually numerous both on stem and branches, sometimes laterally placed, sometimes scattered over the entire surface. They may either be conical, with the operculum expanded, or blunt with the operculum withdrawn. The dry colony is greyish; the axis is pale brown, woodhke. The coenenchyma is covered by a dense felt of small spindles, in some cases bent and blunt, in others pointed and with a projecting outer spine. The zooids contain numerous thorn scales in alternating rows, usually with a blunt spine, more or less cleft or laciniated, and with a basal part which varies from simple bifurcate to strongly laciniated. The collaret contains a number of transverse rows of curved spinous spindles. The operculum contains two-three spindles, or, in a large number of cases, one single crutch-shaped rod, forked at the lower end, and usually laciniated in the upper end. The spicules in the coenenchyma average 0.30-0.60 mm. in length. The 144 THE ALCYONARIA thorn scales measure about 0.40 mm., and the opercular rods and collaret spindles are of about the same size. Tijpe: — M .C.Z. cat. no. 4673. Type locality: — Off Barbados, in 76 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 272). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. if'ns.) Locality Specimens 4669 45 101 Off Florida 8 4670 241 163 ' Cariacou 3 4671 220 116 ' St. Lucia 1 4672 249 262 ' Grenada 2 4673 272 76 ' Barbados 4 4674 276 94 t It 6 4677 277 106 I 11 1 4675 292 56 { a 1 4676 296 84-125 I it 3 Remarks: — This extremely variable species seems to be identical with what Kiikenthal (1924) and Riess' (1929) regard as Placogorgia atlantica, as well as with P. polybrachis Riess. Their specimens were all collected off Barbados in 100 fms. (most likely "Hassler" Expedition material). The figures given of the colonies agree well with the variable exterior of the present species, and the measurements are also fairly similar, but no figures are given of the spicules. It is remarkable that the peculiar single rod in the operculum is not mentioned, but Verrill also evidently overlooked that feature when he first described the species. I doubt very much whether this species is actually identical with the one described from St. Paul's Rock by Wright & Studer, but it is impossible to make sure without comparison with the type. 3. Placogorgia rudis spec. nov. Plate 15, figs. 33-34 The collection contains three small colonies as much as 10 cm. high, with mostly a dichotomous mode of branching, and in one plane. The Ijranches are about 0.15 mm. wide. The zooids are small, about 1 mm. high, and are scattered over the surface, not specially crowded toward the tips. The coenenchyma is covered by a single layer of large white spindles most of which carry a row of low, conical projections on their outer side. The verrucae have one-two circles of thorn plates with spinulated, blunt, divided tooth and broad laciniated base. The SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 145 collaret has a few transverse rows of curved spindles, and in the operculum are two-three rods. All the deposits are profusely spinulated. The color is white or grey, the axis is brown. The spindles in the coenenchyma measure about 0.9 mm., the thorn scales between 0.45 and 0.9 mm.; the collaret spindles about 0.5 mm., and the opercular rods may be as long as 0.9 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4665. Tijpe locality: — Off Barbados, in 94 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 276). Speci7Jiens examined: — Three from the type locality. Note: — • Other species in the Atlantic Ocean. Placogorgia atlantica Wright & Studer, 1889, p. 114, pi. 23, fig. 5; pi. 27, fig. 2. Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — St. Paul's Rock, Atlantic Ocean. Remarks: — No specimens have been examined, but it seems to differ from the species which occur in the West Indian waters. Genus 15. Echinomuricea Verrill 1869 Diagnosis: — Colonies branching in one plane with verrucae crowded toward the tip of the branchlets and mostly absent on the "dorsal" side. Zooids have several rows of projecting, sharply pointed thornscales. Operculum with one pair of large curved spindles in each division and one or two smaller spindles between the larger ones. Collaret with a few rods of spindles. Coenenchyma with warted spindles of extremely variable size, with or without projecting spines. Type species: — E. coccinea (Stimpson). Remarks: — Kukenthal (1924, p. 185) gives the distribution of the genus as exclusively Indo-Pacific, but from Thomson's description of E. atlantica (John- son), from off the Azores (1927, p. 40), it seems as if that species at least belongs to Echinomuricea, as defined for the present moment. It seems also to occur in deeper waters in the West Indies. (The other species of Echinomuricea which Thomson hsts seem, however, to be various species of Paramuricea (see below)). Echinomuricea atlantica (Johnson) Plate 12, figs. 16-22 AcarUhogorgia atlantica Johnson, 1862a, p. 194, 5 text figs. Echinomuricea atlantica Thomson, 1927, p. 40, pi. 4, fig. 3. 146 THE ALCYONARIA The collection contains a large number of specimens which I have referred to Johnson's species, hitherto reported only from the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The largest colony measures 23 cm. in height and 15 cm. in breadth. The stem gives off branches with upward bending branchlets, all in one plane. The verrucae are crowded, except on the basal part of the stem and on the "dorsal" part both of the stem and branches. The verrucae are low and covered by numerous projecting conical spines. The operculum contains one pair of rods, and sometimes a smaller, unpaired rod in each section. In the collaret are three transverse rows of spindles. The coenenchyma is covered by thick spindles, often with one or more projecting spines. The size and armature of these spindles vary from branch to branch and from colony to colony. The thorn scales in the verrucae Ukewise vary much in shape, but the projecting spine is always thick. The basal plate is irregular, with indented margin and rough surface, and is thickest in the middle. The color of the colony when dry is pale white or grey; the axis is pale grey, wood-Uke. The spicules in the coenenchyma may be a few mm. long. The largest thorn scales measure 0.9 mm., and the opercular and collaret spindles are about half as large. Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — Off Madeira. Specimens examined: M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jms.) 4652 45 101 4653 171 163 4654 232 88 4655 241 163 4656 249 262 4657 254 164 4658 269 124 4659 271 458 4660 273 103 4661 277 106 4662 295 120 4663 298 120 4664 299 123 Locality Off Florida " Cariacou " St. Vincent " Grenada (( (( (t (( " St. Vincent " Bequia " Barbados Specimens SYSTEISIATIC ACCOUNT 147 Remarks: — • The species described above, resembles exactly Thomson's E. atlantica. Johnson's original description is rather brief, and Kiikenthal (1924 p. 225) places atlantica without further comment in Paramuricea, and suggests it is merely a synonym of placomus. Note: — Four species of EchinomuHcea ai'e reported by Thomson (1927) in addition to E. atlantica (Johnson), from the eastern Atlantic. As far as I am able to estimate from the descriptions and figures, they are all various species of Paramuricea. E. borealis, p, 40, probably a Paramuricea. P. borealis Verrill is a synonym of P. placomtis (Linnaeus). E. annectens and intermedia Thomson, p. 41, probably P. placomus (Linnaeus). E. scolopendra Thomson, p. 43. The spicules figured resemble those found in P. grandis Verrill. FiLiGELLA Gray 1868 Syn. Elasmogorgia Wright & Stotjer, 1889. A diagnosis and a key to the five species known is given by Aurivillius, 1931, p. 126. Type species : — F. gracilis Gray. According to Aurivillius the genus is identical with Elasmogorgia Wright & Studer. Four of the species known are Indo Pacific; the fifth, and type species, is some very poor fragments, which have been very thoroughly examined and redescribed by AurivilUus. FiLiGELLA GRACILIS Gray Filigella gracilis Gray, 1868, p. 443, text fig. 2.— Verrill, 1912, p. 390. — Aurivillius, 1931, p. 137, text fig. 26. Gray's and AurivilUus' descriptions are used: It is an unbranched very slender fragment with cupulate verrucae more close to one side. The spicules in the outer layer are clumsy, those in the inner are smaller and more fusiform. In the walls of the zooids many spicules are clubshaped. The collaret has 3-4 rows, the operculum 3—4 pairs in each section. Tentacles with lateral and dorsal spicules. Colorless, with transparent spicules. The larger spicules measure 0.38-0.19 mm, the smaller ones 0.27-0.15 mm, collaret and opercular spindles 0.3-0.2 mm. 148 THE ALCYONARIA Tijpe: — Br. M. Type locality: — Off Cape Frio, Brazil, no depth given ("with Penna- tulacea"). Distribution: — Known from the type locality only. Specimens examined: — The types. Remarks: — The type specimens which lack bases are very likely degenerate fragments. To judge from the spicules they resemble some poor Siviftia, although none of the species which I have seen, have the zooids so widely separated as Gray indicates ("^^-l inches apart"). Aurivillius coimnents on the affinity to certain species of Stenogorgia. He places the genus in Muriceidae, but thinks it, with Stenogorgia africana Kiikenthal, should possibly be placed in a separate genus in the family Gorgoniidae. Anthomuricea Wright & Studer 1887 For diagnosis, etc., see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 16G. The genus comprises 9 species, all Indo-Pacific. A tenth has recently been described from the West Indian waters by Aurivillius. It may possibly turn out to belong in another genus. Anthomuricea antillarum Aurivillius Anthomuricea antillarum Aurivillius, 1931, p. 120, text fig. 23. Type: — Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Type locality: — Anguilla, W. I. Remarks: — Aurivillius' description of the type, an unbranched fragment, 13 cm. in length, with dome shaped cahcles, and the operculum mostly projecting into a high peak, and his figures of the slender spicules, recall Swiftia exserta, which however, always seems to be branched. It seems somewhat doubtful whether the specimen is an Anthomuricea. Family 7. ACANTHOGORGIIDAE Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 298: — Holaxonia with almost pure horny axis. The zooids not divided into a verruca and an upper soft part which may be retracted into the lower part. The zooids are large and have eight rows of spinous spindles arranged crosswise. No operculum nor collaret. The typical spicule form of the coenenchyma is the elongate spindle. Remarks: — ■ The family includes two genera: Acanthogorgia I. E. Gray and SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 149 Acalycigorgia Kukenthal, the latter occurring in Japanese waters and off the Nicobars, and the former in the Indo-Pacific as well as in the Atlantic Ocean. The members of the two genera are littoral, or belong to the coast abyssal. See Kukenthal, 1924, pp. 237-252. AuriviUius has recently (1931, p. 50) transferred what he considers Eumuricea to this family. AcANTHOGORGiA Gray 1857 Diagnosis: — The colonies branch chiefly in one plane. The zooids occur on all sides or are placed more or less in the plane of the branches. The zooids are large, unable to retract, and without distinct operculum. They are covered by long spindles arranged crosswise in eight rows, the upper ones projecting as spines over the oral disk. The cortex contains spindles of similar form, and in the deeper layer are small, often star-shaped, deposits. The axis is uncalcified. Type species: — Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales. Distribution: — ■ Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, deep Uttoral to coast-abyss. Remarks: — Kukenthal (1924, p. 239) lists twenty-eight certain and nine uncertain species. The genus is represented in the Atlantic Ocean by two forms from the Bay of Biscay, three from the Azores and Madeira, and three from the West Indies (one, P. armata, is reported also from the waters off South Africa). The east Atlantic species seem all to be closely related to the West Indian species. (See p. 153). Key to the species of Acanthogorgia, known from the western Atlantic 1. Zooids 6-8 mm. high. Colony with few, widely diverging branches; spicules slender. . . . \. A. armata Verrill. 1. Zooids at utmost 3 mm. high 2. 2. Zooids crowded on all sides of the stem and long branches; colony sparingly branched, with niostlj' long branches and branchlets which are bent upward, candlestick-like. Pro- jecting marginal spines smooth 2. A. aspera Pourtales 2. Zooids usually not crowded; mostly in a single row on each side of the stem and branches; sometimes more crowded near the tips. Colonies richly branched in irregular fashion, branchlets mostly short. Projecting marginal spines with low projections 3. A. schrammi (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 1. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill Plate 16, figs. 1-4. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill, 1878, p. 376; 1883, p. 31, pi. 3, figs. 1-lb, 2-2a-b. — Kukenthal, 1919, p. 733; 1924, p. 249. A. verrilli Studer, 1901, p. 44, pi. 7, figs. 4-6. 150 THE ALCYONARIA There are in the collection several specimens of this northern form, which is included in the present paper for the sake of comparison, and because it may eventually be found to occur in West Indian waters. The specimens are about 10 cm. in height with a few diverging branches. The zooids may be as much as 6 mm. high and are arranged in a loose spiral on the stem; toward the tips of the branches they become crowded. The zooids seem to be normally trumpet- shaped, narrow at the base, and widest at the tip where the contracted tentacles form eight lobes. The spicules are arranged crosswise in eight bands; only the marginal ones seem to project beyond the skin. The color of the colonies is dirty white. The axis is pale yellow and fibrous. The thin coenenchyma contains long, slender, almost straight, slightly spinous rods; similar rods form the armature of the zooids. The marginal spines have a smooth free portion and a relatively long spinous inner portion. In the base of the tentacles are numerous short spinous rods. The coenenchyma spicules are as long as 1.5 mm.; those in the zooids are of the same length. The marginal spicules may be as much as 1.1 mm. in length. r7/pe.- — U.S.N.M. Tyjye locality: — • Off Nova Scotia, in 300 fms. Specimens examined: — ■ Several specimens from lat. 40° 11' 40" N. and long. 68° 22' W. in 304 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 309); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4701. Remarks: — Acanthogorgia verrilli Studer (1901, p. 44, pi. 7, figs. 4-6) collected off Newfoundland is based upon a young specimen. Studer's figures of the spicules of A. verrilli agree absolutely with those of A. armata (it must be admitted, however, that Verrill's figures are not very clear), and I have therefore united the two species. 2. Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales Plate 16, figs. 14-27; Plate 31, figs. 2, 2a Acanthogorgia aspera VovKVAiJks, 1867, p. 113. — Vebrill, 1883, p. 33. — Studer, 1901, p. 44. — KuKENTHAL, 1924, p. 244. Non A. aspera Hedlund, 1898, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1, see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 244. Non A. aspera Nutting, 1910b, p. 15. Non A. aspera Thomson & Henderson, 1906, p. 47, pi. 2, fig. 2; pi. 5, fig. 15. Paramuricea hiria? Haroitt & Rogers, 1901, p. 281 (nee P. hirta Pourtales). The collection contains a small immature specimen (with degenerate spic- ules), probably the t3Tje, and also three small and three large specimens with well-developed spicules. The latter are as much as 20 cm. in height. They have a few long branches and branchlets, bent upward and densely covered with SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 151 zooids, 1-3 mm. high and 1 mm. wide, which are bristling with spines. The smallest specimen is 5 cm. high, and unbranched. The color of the colonies is dirty grey or white; the axis is pale brown and fibrous, woodlike. The spicules in the coenenchyma are mostly simple, spinous rods; a few crosses may occur. The zooids contain similar rods but generally with one end smooth and perforating the integument. Marginal rods are present in a multiples of eight, usually two-three rods in each tuft. These rods have a perfectly smooth outer projection and a strongly warted base, spinous in most cases. The base of the tentacles contain numerous short, spinous rods. The coenenchyma spicules are about 0.6 mm. in length, the crosses 0.3 mm. The rods in the zooids vary from about 1.0 to 1.20 mm. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4702. Type locality: — ■ Off Havana, in 270 fms. ("Bache" expedition). Specimens examined: — • M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4703 188 372 Off Dominica 1 young 4704 224 114 " St. Vincent 2 4708 288 399 " Barbados 1 fragment 4705 290 73 (( (t 2 4706 "Hassler" Exp. 100 11 li 3 4702 "Bache" Exp. 270 " Havana 1 4707 Fish Hawk Sta. 6067 97-120 " Porto Rico 1 fragment Remarks: — ■ The species is easily recognized on account of the large number of smooth projecting spines in the zooids, the simple branching, and the density of the zooids. Studer's Acanthogorgia aspera from 927 m., off the Azores, may be a different species, or possibly a deep sea variety. No figures of it are given. 3. Acanthogorgia schrammi (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Plate 16, figs. 5-13; Plate 31, figs. 1, la Blepharogorgia schrammi Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 9. Acanthogorgia muricala Vehrill, 1883, p. 34. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 243. A. schrammi Kukenthal, 1924, p. 252. A. goesi Aurivillids, 1931, p. 83, text fig. 18, pi. 2, fig. 3. Non A. muricala Hiles, 1899, p. 48, pi. 1, figs. 6-7, see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 243. Non A. muricala Studer, 1901, p. 45. Non A . muricala Thomson & Simpson, 1909, p. 192. Non .4. muricala var. indica Thomson & Henderson, 1905, p. 290. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 251. 152 THE ALC YON ARIA The collection contains two specimens and some fragments of this species which, according to Verrill's earher papers, is quite common off Barbados at a depth of about 100 fms. The specimens are as much as 25 cm. high, with slender stem and numerous dehcate branches and branchlets, all in one plane. The zooids are slender, cylindrical, and scattered along the sides, opposite or alternat- ing, somewhat more crowded near the tips. They are about 2 mm. high, distinctly higher than the thickness of the thin branches upon which they are placed. The margin of the zooids contains eight long, rough, projecting spines. The color of the colony is whitish ; the axis is pale brown, fibrous. The coenenchyma contains warted spindles, crosses, and branched deposits. In the zooids are warted spindles, often bent, and arranged crosswise, but rarely perforating the skin except those in the margin, which have a warted spinous base and a long, strong projection with low spinous base and a long, strong projection with low spines almost the entire length. The base of the tentacles contains small spinous rods. The projecting marginal spines may be as much as 1.35 mm. in length; the spindles in the sides of the zooids, 0.8 mm., and those in the coenenchyma 0.6 mm. The crosses may be as large a% 0.25 by 0.20 mm. Type: — Apparently lost. Type locality: — • Off Guadeloupe. Specimens examined: — • Two specimens from 94 fms. off Barbados ("Blake" Sta. 276), and one specimen and some fragments from 92 fms. in the vicinity ("Blake" Sta. 272). Also, one poor fragment from 164 fms. off Grenada ("Blake" Sta. 240); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4709-4711. Remarks: — ■ This species is the only one of the West Indian forms which seems typically to have isolated zooids in alternate rows and only eight marginal spines. I have therefore not hesitated to place Verrill's A. muricata as a synonym of Duchassaing & Michelotti's well characterized species. The only difference seems to be that the axis in their specimen was dark. It is impossible to tell whether Studer's A. muricata, collected off the Azores, is identical with the present species, as no figures are given. Studer does not mention the cross-shaped or branched spicules, nor the low number of marginal spines. His statement that the projecting spines are very smooth seems to indi- cate that his determination is wrong; possibly he had ^4. asperaPourtales before him. A. goesi was described by Aurivillius from Anguilla, W. I., 100-150 fms. Note: — Regarding the species of Acanthogorgia described from the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean : — SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 153 A. hirsuta Gray, 1857, p. 128, pi. 3, fig. 2 (erroneously labeled Nidalia). — ■ Johnson, 1861, p. 297. — ■ Studer, 1901, p. 46. — This form seems to be identical with A . aspera Pourtales, but the two forms should be compared directly before the matter can be decided. A. aspera Studer, 1901, p. 44. — Possibly identical with the typical form, or a variety, with smaller spicules. No figures are given. A. muricata Studer, 1901, p. 45. — -Probably A. aspera, since the projecting spines are described as very smooth. A. horrida Studer, 1901, p. 46, pi. 7, figs. 1-3. — Seems nearest to A. aspera with its numerous zooids, smooth spines, and short branched base on the mar- ginal spines. A. truncata Studer, 1901, p. 46, pi. 6, figs. 5-8. — Seems to be a young speci- men of A. aspera, except for the fact that the projecting spine is figured with irregular surface, but Studer states in his text that "la pointe est longue et lisse." [A list of the Atlantic forms is found in Aurivillius, 1931, p. 86 with brief discussion.] Family 8. PRIMNOIDAE The family is thoroughly treated by KtJKENTHAL, 1919, pp. 301-485; 1924, pp. 252-321. Diagnosis: — ■ Colonies feather-like, or tree-like; often dichotomously branch- ing; in some forms, whip-like. Zooids single, paired, or in whorls; not retractile, and covered by large scales. Operculum present; rudimentary in one genus only. (Primnoides) . Central core of axis thin; axis with horny lamellae, alternating with calcareous lamellae; surface smooth, lustrous. Reinarks: — The family occurs in the Indo-Pacific, Atlantic, and Antarctic Oceans; deep littoral to abyssal forms. It is divided into twelve genera, eight of which occur in the West Indies, off Brazil, and off the coast of New England. The key includes all the genera known. List of Primnoidae known from the West Indies Plumarella pourtalesii (Verrill). P. pourtalesii var. robusta nov. var. Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards). C. verticillata (Pallas). Primnoella polita spec. nov. (= P. distans Studer (partim). Thouarella aurea spec. nov. T. goesi Aurivilhus. 154 THE ALC YON ARIA Steriella imbricata (Johnson) . Narella (Stachyodes) laxa spec. nov. N. paudflora spec. nov. iV. regularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Calyptrophora trilepis (Pourtales). From the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean are listed the following species (Kukenthal, 1919; 1924).— Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas). C. grimaldi Th. Studer (possibly identical with C. verticillata). Stenella imbricata (Johnson). Stachyodes (Narella) bellissima Kiikenthal [ = N. regularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti)]. Calyptrophora josephinae Lindstrom. Thomson (1927) has added: — Caligorgia flabellum (Ehrenberg). Thouarella variabilis Wright & Studer. T. hilgendorphi Studer. Stachyodes versluysi (Hickson). S. almanni Wright & Studer. Key to the genera of Primnoidae From Kukenthal (1924, p. 252), slightly modified. — 1. Zooids with rudimentary operculum (Subfam. I. Primnoidinae) Primnoides. 1. Zooids with well developed operculum 2. 2. Zooids with scales of almost equal size, in as many as eight longitudinal rows (Subfam. II. Primnoinae) 3. 2. Zooids with few scales which form more or less complete rings (Subfam. IV. Calyptropkorinae) 10. 3. Zooids almost vertically placed, stiff, and unable to curve inward (Subfam. III. Callozostroninae) 9. 3. Zooids bent obliquely upward; in various degrees able to curve inward 4. 4. Marginal scales immovable 5. 4. Marginal scales able to turn inward, over the operculum 8. 5. The zooid scales form eight complete longitudinal rows 1. Plumarella. 5. The zooid scales form less than eight complete rows; often eight marginal scales present.6. 6. The adaxial part of the zooid is covered with scales almost as large as the aba.xial scales. Pseudoplumarella. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 155 6. The adaxial part of the zooid has no scales, or is covered by small scales 7. The zooids are closely and irregularly crowded together; sometimes directed downward on the branches 2. Primnoa. 7. The zooids are placed in whorls on the branches 3. Caligorgia. 8. The slightly differentiated, small, opercular scales are overreached by the large abaxial marginal scales. Colonies whip-like, or sparingly branched. Zooids appressed, with small scales on the adaxial side 4. Primnoella. 8. The well differentiated, large, opercular scales are not overreached by the marginal scales. Branched forms, carrying cylindrical to club-shaped zooids with scales well developed on all sides, resembling fir cones 5. Thouarella. 9. The zooids are arranged in closely successive whorls with not less than eight zooids .... Callozostro7i. 9. The zooids stand isolated, in pairs, or in whorls with as many as five zooids; the whorls widely separated 6. Stenella. 10. With three-four pairs of large abaxial scales, dorsally separated. .7. Narella (Stocky odes). 10. With two pairs of large abaxial scales 11. 11. With one pair of abaxial infrabasal scales; large scales dorsally fused. .8. Calyptrophora. 11. With three pairs of abaxial infrabasal scales; large scales more or less separated Arthrogorgia. Eight genera are represented in the western Atlantic Ocean. For all others see Kukenthal, 1924 (and 1919). Subfamily I. Primnoinae Genus 1. Plumarella Gray 1870 Diagnosis: — Colony branching feather-Uke, in one plane, alternating; sometimes the branches again bifurcating. Zooids rarely in pairs, mostly alter- nating, never in whorls. Zooid scales in eight complete rows, and only sUghtly sculptured. Marginal scales immovable, of same shape as the other scales, or strengthened by a short median projection. Operculum well-developed. Coen- enchyma sclerites as scales, sometimes more rod-shaped. An inner layer contains smaller roundish or irregular forms. Type species: — Plumarella penna (Lamarck). Remarks: — Kukenthal Usts sixteen certain species, two varieties, and two uncertain species. The genus is chiefly represented in Japanese and adjacent waters. From the Atlantic Ocean one species was previously known, occurring in the West Indian waters. A variety is added in this paper. 156 THE ALCYONARIA 1. Plumarella pourtalesii (Verrill) Plate 25, figs. 17-18; Plate 26, fig. 10, 10a Primnoa pourtalesii Verrill, 1883, p. 28, pi. 2, figs. 2, 2a-c. Plumarella pourtalesii, Kukenthal, 1919, p. 345; 1924, p. 257 (complete list of references). The type and a large fragment show the same characteristic outer features. The colony branches in one plane, and has one-two main stems which give off regularly slender branches in a pinnate manner, alternating at a distance of about 1 cm. Sometimes these branches may bifurcate again. The largest fragment is about 15 cm. high, with a stem l.,5 mm. wide near the base. The upper part of the stem is about as wide as the branches (0.5 mm.). The zooids are about 1 mm. long and 1-2 mm. apart, alternating, obliquely placed on the edge, and all directed toward one side. They are slightly conical, smooth, trim, with a low conical operculum, and contain eight longitudinal rows of scales in five-six transverse rows. The coenenchyma is covered with similar plates. Color of the colony, yellow to white; axis, honey-colored, glossy. Spicules as thin plates with smooth to dentate margin and low warts radi- ating out from the center, and present in various numbers. The opercular scales are triangular with dentate edge and similar warts or spines radiating out from a point near the base. The coenenchyma scales are roundish or irregular. The scales and plates may be as much as 0.25 mm. in length; the opercular scales, 0.35 mm. Type: — In M.C.Z. (cat. no. 4821). Type locality: — OE South Carolina, in 337 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 318). Specimens examined: — ■ The type, and a larger specimen, both from 125 fms. off Florida (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.) ; also, a branch from 324 fms. off Bahia Honda (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4822). Distribution: — ■ Off South Carolina, off Florida, and most likely off Porto Rico (Hargitt & Rogers' specimen not in U.S.N.M.); depth 125-513 fms. la. Plumarella pourtalesii Verrill var. robusta var. no v. Plate 25, figs. 14-16; Plate 26, fig. 9 The collection contains a somewhat stouter specimen of P. pourtalesii with thicker, more sculptured spicules, and with distinct longitudinal ridges on the opercular scales; operculum flatter. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 157 It is labeled from 18 fms. off Alligator Reef, Florida (Pourtales, coll. M.C.Z. cat. no. 4823). It seems to be merely a more robust variety of P. pourtalesii, but it is very doubtful whether the extremely shallow depth is correct. Genus 2. Primnoa Lamouroux 1912 For complete list of references, see Kijkenthal, 1924, p. 265. Diagnosis: — Tall colonies with long branches and branchlets upward bent. The entire surface except the base of the colony is covered by large scale-covered zooids in irregular order. The zooids are covered by scales on their external side while the adaxial side is almost without them. The anthostele has eight marginal scales and the anthocodia has eight opercular scales. The stem is covered by irregular plates. Type species: — P. resedaeformis (Gunnerus). Remarks: — Only one species is known, from the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean as well as from the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, where a variety furthermore has been described from off Japan. A doubtful species, with smaller zooids has been reported from off British Columbia. 1. Primnoa resedaeformis (Gunnerus) For complete list of references see Kukenthal, 1924, 0. 266. Also Verrill, 1922, p. 14, pi. 4, figs. 4-8; pi. 9, fig. 1. — AuRiviLLus, 1931, p. 293, text fig. 58. — Kramp, 1932, p. 16 (discussion of distribu- tion only). Diagnosis: — As for the genus. Type: — ■ Probably lost. Type locality: — Coast of Norway. Distribution: — "Principal occurrence in the deep part of the warm Atlantic area, although it does not apparently descend very far into the abyssal region, — ■ occurs also in the littoral region; in the eastern Atlantic it penetrates rather far towards the North; occur in fiords as well as in the open sea." (Kramp, 1932, p. 16). Known from the southwest coast of Greenland (Kramp, 1932) and as far south as the Gulf of Maine. (Verrill 1922). Depth: — From 100 to about 200 fms. Specimens examined: — Three colonies from off the coast of Maine, M.C.Z. cat. no. 4787. 158 THE ALC YON ARIA Genus 3. Caligorgia Gray 1857 For complete list of references, etc., see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 362; 1924, p. 267. Diagnosis: — Colonies usually large, flabelliform; branches pinnate, the terminal branchlets simple, long, slender, nearly parallel; sometimes unbranched. Verrucae in whorls, incurved, appressed, with the rows of scales on the adaxial side reduced, or partially lacking; outer and lateral surfaces usually with about four rows of overlapping scales; generally five or more in each longitudinal row, their exposed edges usually serrate or spinulose. Opercular scales thin, of various forms, usually minutely spinulose or granulose. Type species: — Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas). Remarks: — Kukenthal recognizes twenty-three species as valid, and four which he considers doubtful; keys are given (1919, p. 364; 1924, p. 268). From the West Indian region two species are known, both represented in the "Blake" material. Two others are reported from the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. See p. 16. Key to the species of Caligorgia known from West Indian waters 1. Zooids almost cylindrical, with high conical operculum. Scales fairly smooth; one lateral scale present on each side. Four-seven abaxial scales in each row. Opercular scales with a long hollow tooth 1. Caligorgia gracilis (M. Edwards). 1. Zooids distinctly club-shaped with low operculum. Scales with strongly developed ridges and marginal teeth. Outer lateral row represented by two-three scales; inner lateral row by one-two scales. Eight-ten abaxial scales in each row. Opercular scales triangular, the upper part deepened into a furrow, visible as a keel on the inner side 2. Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas). 1. Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards) Plate 25, figs. 4, 10-11; Plate 26, fig. 7 For literature, etc., see KtJKENTHAL, 1919, p. 375; 1924, p. 273. There are many specimens of this form in the collection. It is a species which superficially resembles C. verticillata, being about the same size (at least 60-70 cm. in height), with a feather-Uke branching, and a similar arrangement of zooids. Usually the whorls are close, with only three-five zooids in a whorl, but there may be as many as seven. The distinguishing characters are: the almost cylindrical zooids, the high pointed operculum, the almost smooth scales from SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 159 five-seven in number, and the apparently single lateral scale. The surface of the verrucinal scales is reticulated and the edge dentate. The opercular scales have a distinct furrowed tooth and no radiating furrows on the lower part of the scale. The coenenchyma scales are roundish on the larger branches and gradually become more slender and rod-Uke on the finer branches arranged parallel to the axis. The opercular scales average about 0.35 mm. ; the abaxial scales are smaller. The abaxial scales, in a middle-sized specimen, are about 0.30 mm. broad. Type: — Possibly in Paris. Type locality: — West Indies. Distribution: — • Off Jamaica and the Windward Islands. Depth: — From about 56 to 175 fms. Specimens examined: — ■ M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat No. Exp. (fms.) Locality Specimens 4788 155 88 Off Montserrat Fragments 4789 220 116 " St. Lucia 4790 224 116 " St. Vincent 4791 241 163 " Cariacou 4792 272 76 " Barbados 4793 276 94 4794 290 73 4795 292 56 4796 293 130 4797 296 85 4798 Bartlett coll., (1880); entrance to Port Royal, Jamaica; 100 fms., 1 specimen. 4832 Sigsbee coll.; off Havana; 243-450 fms. Remarks: — This material agrees in every respect with the description given by Kiikenthal. 2. Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas) Plate 25, figs. 5-9; Plate 26, fig. 6 For list of references, etc., see Kijkenthal, 1919, p. 371; 1924, p. 270. — Aurivillids, 1931, p. 257, text fig. 50. This common West Indian form is abundantly represented in the collection. None of the specimens is complete, but the largest ones must have been about 1 m. high. It is a straight erect form, usually with a single stem which gives off long branches in a feather-Uke fashion. They diverge at about 30 degrees, 160 THE ALC YON ARIA approximately 1 cm. apart, and are placed in one plane. Occasionally, a secondary stem may be given off in the same plane. The stem is strongly compressed. The verrucae are about 1-1.2 mm. high and placed in whorls, three or four to seven in each whorl, sometimes in close succession, sometimes a few mm. apart. They are strongly incurved and dis- tinctly club-shaped. Normally they are directed upward, but now and then a branch may be found with some of the whorls directed downward. In alcohol, the colony is pure wMte or yellowish. The axis is rigid, yellow, and glistening. The zooids contain eight-ten abaxial scales in two rows. The broadest ones, strongly curved and fairly smooth, occur near the base. The scales in the distal rows have long, strong ridges which give them a peculiar appearance. There are two-three scales in the outer lateral row in the upper part of the verrucae, and one-two scales in the inner lateral row. The adaxial rows are represented by two marginal scales which usually are not visible when the zooid is attached. The operculum consists of eight triangular scales, the adaxial ones somewhat smaller. The coenenchyma is covered by small plates or rods, the latter pre- dominating, on the distal part of the branches. The distal abaxial scales have about five-seven strong ridges or spines along the margin ; sometimes they diverge from a center. Occasionally there are two-three rows of spines. The lower abaxial scales and the scales in the other rows are covered by small warts which sometimes form a network. The opercular scales have dentate edges, and a number of ridges and furrows diverging from near the base. The edges along the apex are somewhat raised, thus deepening the intervening portion into a furrow which is apparent in the form of a keel on the inner side of the scale. The deposits of the coenenchyma are fairly thick, irregular to oblong, plates with irregular margin and covered by small tubercles which apparently never unite into stronger ridges. The large opercular scales are about 0.35 mm. in length; Kukenthal says as much as 0.4 mm. The larger scales and the deposits in the coenenchyma are about 0.30 mm. long, or smaller. Type: — Most likely lost. Type locality: — Mediterranean Sea. Distribution: — OfT Florida and the Windward Islands; reported also from the eastern part of the Atlantic. Depth, in the West Indian waters, from 120 to 288 fms. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 161 Remarks: — ■ Kiikenthal's description was based on M.C.Z. material. This species was formerly considered as restricted to the eastern part of the Atlantic, and it is on his authority that I refer the specimens hsted below to Pallas's species. Species examined: — ■ M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4816 208 213 Off Martinique Fragments 4817 216 154 " St. Lucia 4828 233 174 " St. Vincent 4818 269 124 " Grenada 4819 281 288 " Barbados 4820 U. S. Coast Survey 130 " Florida 4829 No locality No depth 4830 Pourtales, Coll. 120 " Sand Key Note: — Other species of Caligorgia, reported from the Atlantic Ocean. Caligorgia flabellum (Ehrb.) For literature, etc., see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 372; 1924, p. 271. This form was previously Usted from the West Indies (Duchassaing & Michelotti, Avad. Sci. Turin, Ser. 11, tome 19, p. 17), but most Ukely they did not have C. fiabeUum before them, but C. verticillata. C. flabellum is, however, reported by Stephens (1910) off the Irish coast, and by Thomson (1927) from 638-660 m. off Mogador and Cape Verde. It differs apparently from C. verticillata in having fewer zooids in the whorls (three- four), and only two lateral scales instead of two rows in the upper part of the zooid. The surface of the coenenchyma scales also seems to be more sculptured (see Versluys, 1906, p. 70, fig. 78). According to Thomson, the species often shows a tendency to a more dichotomous mode of branching. Caligorgia grimaldii (Th. Studer) See KtJKENTHAL, 1919, p. 370; 1924, p. 270. — AuRiviLLins, 1931, p. 259, text fig. 51. Apparently closely related to, or identical with C. verticillata; collected off the Azores. 162 THE ALCYONARIA Genus 4. Primnoella Gray 1857 For list of references, etc., see Kijkenthal, 1919, p. 384; 1924, p. 279. Diagnosis: — ^Primnoids, simple or dichotomously branched; the typical species are long, slender, wand-Uke, unbranched; a few species are branched. Verrucae in whorls, rather closely appressed to the stalk, directed distally. The abaxial or outer side is covered by two regular rows of large scales, usually five or more in a row. On the adaxial side the rows of scales are fewer or partly obsolete. Opercular scales are small, triangular; those on the adaxial side are also small. Coenenchyma is closely covered by small scales. Type species: — • Primnoella australasia J. E. Gray. Southern Hemisphere, West Indies; continental forms. Remarks: — Kiikenthal recognizes fourteen vaUd species and one uncertain. The only species hitherto taken in West Indian and Brazihan waters was P. distans Studer, reported by the "Challenger" off Sombrero Island. Kiikenthal has pointed out certain differences between the type, taken in AustraUan waters by the "Thetys," and the West Indian species, and thinks that they should be separated. In his notes Verrill describes one species, P. polita, identical with the West Indian form, hitherto passing under the name of P. distans. Studer's species has therefore been dropped from the list of West Indian corals. Key to the species of Primnoella, known from the western part of tlie Atlantic Ocean 1. Zooids with 6-8 scales in each abaxial row. Whorls with 3-4 zooids 1. P. polita spec, no v. 1. Zooids with 10-16 scales in each abaxial row. Whorls with 5-7 zooids 2. P. delicatissima Kiikenthal. 1. Primnoella polita spec. nov. Plate 26, fig. 12 p. distans (partim) Wright & Studeb, 1889, p. 85, pi. 17, fig. 1. Colony consisting of a simple, slender stem; length of only entire specimen, 145 mm.; diameter of base, 5 mm.; of axis, 2.5 mm.; length of verrucae, 1.5 to 1.75 mm.; their diameter, about 0.3 mm. The base of one specimen in the collec- tion consists of several irregular, lobed or root-like, divergent processes which are white and stony, and were evidently attached to the substratum. Axis terete, very smooth, partly calcareous and sometimes rigid, almost fihform; yellowish white toward the base, white and setiform toward the tip. Coenenchyma thin. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 163 filled with rather thin, regularly imbricated, rounded, elhptical scales, the distal end evenly and obtusely rounded, with the middle portion minutely spinulose. The zooids are elongated, mostly arranged in whorls of three, rarely of four; ascending, and closely appressed against the stem; the whorls are usually sepa- rated by intervals about equal to, but sometimes greater than the length of the verrucae; sometimes less, where new whorls have been interposed. The verrucae are flattened, narrow at the base, regularly enlarging toward the summit. They are entirely covered abaxially by two rows of alternating, relatively large, pohshed, imbricated scales, usually six to eight scales in each row; distal end of scales broadly rounded. A row of scales on each side consists of smaller and fewer plates, not visible dorsally; adaxial rows of scales largely abortive. Opercular scales are acute-triangular, forming a low operculum; their free edges are usually irregularly denticulate or lacerate^ but this condition may be due in part to injury, for in some cases they are entire. Type: — M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4799. Type locality: — Off Frederickstad, St. Croix, in 504 fathoms. ("Blake" Sta. 136). Distribution: — West Indies; Pernambuco, Brazil, (Wright & Studer.) Specimens examined: — Three fragments from St. Croix. Depth: — From 120 to 504 fms. 2. Primnoella delicatissima Kiikenthal Primnoella delicalissima Kukenthal, 1908, p. 47; 1919, p. 402; 1924, p. 286. — AxmiviLLins, 1931, p. 276, text fig. 55. The unbranched colonies hitherto described measure up to 35 cm. in height ; the zooids form well spaced whorls with 5-6 zooids in each. The zooids in Kiiken- thal's colonies measured up to 1 mm. in height and had 10-12 scales in each abaxial row, while the colonies which Auri\'ilUus examined had zooids which were up 1.5 mm. high, and had up to 16 scales in each abaxial row. Type: — • In Munich. Type locality: — Off Cape Frio, Brazil; no depth indicated. Distribution: — Known from off Cape Frio and the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. Depth: — Aurivillius' colonies came from 30-40 fms. depth. Specimens examined: — None. Remarks: — It is possible that P. delicatissima represents the shallow water form of P. polita. At the present moment the two species seem well separated. 164 THE ALC YON ARIA Genus 5. Thouarella Gray 1870 Diagnosis: — Primnoids with various modes of branching; zooids single, in pairs, or in whorls, and obliquely bent upward; cylindrical, or club-shaped, with scales usually in less than eight longitudinal rows, but always with marginal scales which may be bent inward over the well-developed operculum. Scales often with a projecting spine. Coenenchyma covered by scales. Type species: — Thouarella antarciica (Gray). Mostly in the Antarctic; in the Atlantic, the genus occurs in West Indian waters and off the Azores; in the Pacific, it reaches as far north as the coasts of Japan. Kiikenthal (1924) lists twenty-nine certain species, and seven uncertain. Key to the species known from West Indian waters 1. Verrucinal scales smooth, roundish, in six-seven transverse rows. One of the marginal scales has a long slender projecting tooth 2. Thouarella aurea spec. nov. 1 . Verrucinal scales thick, in four-fi\'e transverse rows, and with excentric fasciculated pro- jection 1. Thouarella goesi (Aurivillius). 1. Thouarella goesi (Aurivillius) Plate 25, fig 2, 19-23; Plate 26, fig. 8 Plumarella goesi Aurivillius, 1931, p. 244, pi. 5, fig. 6, text fig. 47. The most complete of the few specimens in the collection is 10 cm. high, with a single slender zigzag bent stem and alternating branches, diverging at about 45 degrees, placed in one plane, and sometimes bifurcating. The zooids are about 1 mm. long, and are arranged alternately on the stem equidistant from each other. As in Plumarella they are placed along the side of the branch and bent toward one side, so that there is a distinct back and front side to the colony. The color of the colony is pure white; the axis, golden, iridescent. The zooids resemble short pine cones. They have about five longitudinal rows of scales arranged in four-five transverse rows. The scales are thick and bear a projection, especially long in the marginal scales, which sometimes may be bent over the operculum. The operculum is low, almost flat. The coen- enchyma is covered by small scales which bear a low central projection. The scales have a dentate margin, and the excentric projection is composed of a number of long pillars or spines. Sometimes smaller spines are scattered over the surface. The opercular scales lack these projections but have a dentate margin and longitudinal furrows. The coenenchyma scales resemble the verru- cinal scales, but the projection is short and centrally placed. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 165 The longest scales average about 0.35 mm.; the opercular scales, about 0.30 mm. The average coenenchyma scales are 0.15 mm. in diameter. Type: — Riksmuseum, no. 28, Stockholm. Type locality: — Virgin Islands, W. I.; 250-300 fms. Specimens examined: — One from off Havana, 175 fms. Blake Sta. 56. (According to Verrill's manuscript, also taken by the "Albatross" in the same waters.) Remarks: — In Verrill's manuscript this species is placed in a new genus, but as far as I can see it belongs to Thouarella. The scales seem to be somewhat thicker than those in the species figured by Kiikenthal in his monograph, but without any other specimens for comparison it is impossible to comment further. It may be a new subgenus. It seems to be distinctly different from the two species of Thouarella which Thomson describes from the Atlantic Ocean (1927, p. 33). Aurivillius discusses this aberrant form at length. He calls attention to its resemblance to certain species of Thouarella, although he places it in Plumarella. 2. Thouarella aurea spec. nov. Plate 25, fig. 12-13; Plate 26, fig. 11 Several small specimens and some large fragments are in the collection. The largest fragments are about 10 cm. long. It is a flexible, loose-pinnately branched form, the single branches separated by about 1 cm. and often branched again. The zooids, about 1 mm. high and separated by approximately that dis- tance, are arranged as in Plumarella, with the openings turned to one side. They are distinctly bell-shaped, broadest at the tip, with a variable number of pro- jecting spines along the margin, and are closed by an operculum. The color of the colony is pale yellow; the retracted tentacles, seen between the opercular plates, dark brown; the axis, golden, iridescent. The spicules are arranged approximately as in Plumarella pourtalesii. They are thin, smooth plates with almost even margin and no radiating furrows. There are a variable number of small knobs in the center of each plate. One or more of the marginal scales bear a long tapering smooth spine. The opercular scales are oblong plates. The coenenchyma scales are of the same type as the verrucinal scales. The larger scales are about 0.25 mm. in diameter; the marginal scales may be as much as 0.50 mm., including the spine. Many scales are only 0.15 mm. in diameter. 166 THE ALC YON ARIA Type: — In M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4801. Type locality: — Off Bahia Honda, Florida, in 310 fms., according to Verrill's manuscript. The specimens are merely labeled, "Pourtales, coll."; the particular depth does not appear in the list of stations. Specimens examined: — ■ Five broken specimens from the type locality. Remarks: — • The species is easily characterized by its projecting spines and smooth scales. Note: — Thomson, 1927, p. 33, reports two species from deep water (1165- 1642 meters) in the eastern Atlantic, previously known from the Antarctic and Indo-Pacifi.c. These forms may consequently be expected in West Indian waters. They are Thouarella variabilis Wright & Studer; off the Cape Verde Islands and the Azores; depth, 1250-1642 m., and Thouarella hilgendorfi Studer; off Azores and Cape Verde; depth 1156-1494 m. (One record from 69 m. is undoubtedly incorrect). Subfamily II. Callozostroninae Genus 6. Stenella Gray 1870 For list of references, etc., see Kijkenthal, 1919, p. 443; 1924, p. 302. Diagnosis: — Primnoids which branch dichotomously, mostly in one plane, with slender forking branchlets. Verrucae on the branches mostly opposite, in two series, sometimes in whorls, rarely alternate; they are prominent, clavate, not appressed, nearly symmetrical, covered with several pairs of large, curved, overlapping scales. The marginal scales are larger, varjdng in number, often four, usually with flaring margins, sometimes with spiniform tips. Operculum conical, composed of eight triangular, usually curved scales. Coenenchyma thin, covered with rather large, overlapping scales of various forms. Type species: — Stenella inibricata (Johnson). Remarks: — Kiikenthal recognizes eight species. The genus is widely dis- tributed in deep water in all the warmer seas. The various species differ considerably in the structure of the verrucae, and especially in the number of marginal scales, which vary from four to eight. The more typical species usually have four marginal scales; some have eight, with the two adaxial ones smaller than the others. The type species belongs to the West Indian fauna. It was first taken by the "Blake" expedition, and a brief note on this find was included in Kiikenthal's paper (1919, p. 448). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 167 1. Stenella imbeicata (Johnson) Plate 26, fig. 5 Primnoa imbricaia Johnson, 1862, p. 245. Stenella imbricata Kukenthal, 1919, p. 448; 1924, p. 305. Complete list of references. — Thomson, 1927, p. 32, pi. 2, fig. 9; pi. 3, figs. 9, 31; pi. 5, figs. 5-6. Several fragments are in the collection, but no complete specimen. Appar- ently the larger colonies were about 40-50 cm. high. It is a rigid, brittle form with numerous short branches and branchlets, dichotomously dividing and mostly in one plane. The stem or main branch is about 3 mm. in diameter, and the branches and branchlets about 1 mm. wide. The zooids are rigid, about 3 mm. high, perpendicular to the stem, and not crowded (usually separated by a few mm.) ; occur eithpr in pairs or in whorls of three-four. The colony is pure white in alcohol ; the axis, pale yellow and glossy. The zooids are trumpet-shaped and covered by three rows of scales, the basal pair squarish, often with flaring edges; some smaller scales also present; the distal pair the largest. The operculum is composed of oblong scales with outward bending margin; the coenenchyma is covered by scales, often with projecting edges or keels. It seems to be almost a rule for some part of the colony to be deformed by an annelid, belonging to the Hesionidae. Under this condition the scales on one side of the branches grow out into large plates which curve together so that they form a practically closed canal. The zooid scales, especially the basal ones, are often deformed in a similar waJ^ The phenomenon has been described and fig- ured by Johnson who considered it a normal feature. Similar galls are also found in S. hehninthophora Nutting from the Pacific Ocean (1908, p. 575). Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — OfT Madeira, in deep water. Distribution: — Eastern part of the Atlantic, and West Indies; deep water (500-1000 fms.). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (Jms.) Locality Specimens 4802 2 805 Off Morro Castle Fragments 4803 41 860 " N.W. ofCuba tt 4804 131 585 " St. Croix ti 4805 227 572 " St. Vincent u 4806 268 955 " Grenada tt 168 THE ALCYONARIA Remarks: — Kiikenthal's specimen from the "Blake" expedition is un- doubtedly identical with the fragments from off Morro Castle, Cuba (not Moro- coast, as it appeared in his papers of 1919 and 1924). Note: — Other species of Stenella in the Atlantic Ocean — Stenella johnsoni Wright & Studer, 1889, p. 57, pi. 13, fig. 3; pi. 20, fig. 6. This species is closely related to S. imbricata, but the zooids are in pairs, and there are no flaring edges on the opercular scales which form only a sUghtly prominent cone. Subfamily III. Calyptrophorinae {Syn, Stachyodinae) Genus 7. Narella Gray 1870 Narella Gray, 1870 b, p. 49. Stachyodes Th. Studer, 1887, see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 452; 1924, p. 308, (complete list of references). Diagnosis: — A much branched primnoid, usually flabellate ; branches pin- nate or bi pinnate. Zooids in pairs or in whorls, usually turned downward; their walls are formed by 3-4 pairs of large separate scales, usually not coalescent so as to complete the covering of the adaxial side, especially not the basal pair. Coenenchyma thin, with rather large, thin scales, varying in form. Type: — Narella regularis (Duch. & Mich.), 1860. Remarks: — Primnoa regularis (Duch. & Mich.) was redescribed and also figured by KolUker (1865, p. 135) who studied the iypQ. Stachyodes Wright and Studer, 1889, is a synonjon of Narella Gray 1870. Kiikenthal (1919, p. 453) gives a complete key to the hitherto known species of Narella under Stachyodes. For some reason he does not include Stachyodes regularis among the definite species. He wrongly includes Calyptrophora trilepis in the genus. Key to the species of Narella from, the West Indies 1. Whorls closely set, with seven-eight zooids; colony fan-shaped 1. Narella regular i^s (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 1. Whorls well spaced, with three-five zooids 2. Three pairs of scales beside the basal pair in the zooids 2. A"^. la.ra spec, no v. 2. Two pairs of scales beside the basal pair in the zooids 3. N. paucijiora spec. nov. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 169 1. Narella regularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Plate 26, fig. 3 Primnoa regularis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 12-13. — Kolliker, 1865, p. 135. Stachyodes regularis Kukenthal, 1919, p. 466 (complete list of references); 1924, p. 316. S. Irilepis Th. Studer, 1901, p. 41, pi. 5, pi. 11, figs. 3, 6, 7. S. bellissima Kukenthal, 1915, p. 154; 1919, p. 457; 1924, p. 310. Non Stachyodes regularis Wright & Studer, 1889, p. 55, pi. 11, figs. 2-2a; pi. 20, figs. 3 (from the Ker- madec Islands). Several branches of this very characteristic form are in the collection. The colonies evidently grow large, about 30-50 cm. in height and the same in breadth. The branches lie in one plane, apparently arising from one side. The whorls are closely set, and form rings of seven-eight zooids around the slightly flattened stem. The color is white in alcohol; the axis, pale straw-colored and iridescent. The zooids are bent downward almost perpendicularly; the operculum often directed inward, and slightly irregular, its outer scales being somewhat larger. There is one pair of large basal scales, with a projecting squarish tip and a dis- tinct longitudinal ridge ; a pair of smaller scales, almost forming a short cylinder ; and a pair of distal scales with somewhat projecting tips. The verrucae are about 2 mm. long. The opercular scales have a median furrow and somewhat flaring edges. The coenenchyma is covered by oblong plates, often with projecting, thin edges. Type: — Possibly in Turin (re-examined by KoUiker, 1865). Type locality: — • Off Guadeloupe; no depth given. Distribution: — • West Indies, and off the Azores, Specimens examined: — • M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. A^o. Sta. (/'»*•) Locality Specimens 4807 232 88 Off St. Vincent 8 fragment 4808 233 174 " " " 2 Remarks: — Duchassaing & Michelotti's species has hitherto been regarded as doubtful, but the figure which the two authors give cannot represent any other species. A large beautiful complete specimen has been taken off the Azores, and is figured as trilepis in Studer's paper (1901). Kiikenthal later (1915) re-named Studer's species "bellissima," a name which obviously must be dropped. 170 THE ALC YON ARIA 2. Narella laxa spec. nov. Plate 26, fig. 1 The single specimen in the collection branches dichotomously, dividing near the base into eight large, rather upright branches, most of which do not branch again. The branches lie nearly in one plane. The zooids are arranged rather regularly in whorls of three to five; the whorls well-spaced, at distance about equal to length of verrucae, often more. The verrucae are turned down- ward; rather large and long, enlarged distally, convex abaxially, angulated, and narrowed near the basal pair of large scales, which project considerably and have their free margins rounded. The two or three intermediate pairs of scales are large, the proximal pair longer and narrower; the distal or marginal scales broader and more flaring. The opercular plates are large, triangular, arranged in pairs; the adaxial plates, smaller. Color in alcohol, yellowish white. Type: — U. S. N. M., Cat. no. 11853. Type locality: — Lat. 40° 34' 18" N.; long. 66° 00' W; depth, 1742 fms. Specimens examined: — Fragment of the type (M.C.Z. Cat. no. 4811). 3. Narella pauciflora spec. nov. Plate 25, fig. 3; Plate 26, fig. 2 The collection contains a few branches, as much as 20 cm. in length, which fork repeatedly in the same plane. The verrucae on the stronger branches are arranged four-five in a whorl; on the smaller branches, either three in a whorl, or opposite. They are bent downward and separated by a distance of about 3 mm. between the base of two zooids. The stem is greyish-yellow, glistening, hard, and calcareous. The color of the colony is pure white. The zooids are 2.5-3 mm. long. There is one pair of large basal scales, the outer margin of which projects only slightly, a pair of smaller median scales, and a pair of larger distal scales. The operculum is high and well-developed, with median furrow and flaring edges. The coenenchyma is covered by irregular scales, mostly squarish oblong. Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4809. Type locality: — Ofi St. Croix ("Blake" Sta. 124); in 580 fms. Also taken off St. Vincent in 573 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 227); M.C.Z. cat. no. 4810. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 171 Remarks: — I have been unable to identify this species with any other form known from the Atlantic Ocean. Note: — Other species of Narella (Stachyodes) from the Atlantic Ocean. Nar- ella versluysi Hickson, see Thomson, 1927, p. 30. — Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 456. Usually unbranched, with six-ten zooids in the whorls on the branches, fourteen zooids in the whorls near base; off the Azores. According to Thomson, A'', almanni Roule, 1896, p. 303 is possibly identical with this species. Narelli almanni Wright & Studer; Thomson (1927, p. 29) lists this species, which was previ- ously known from the Indo-Pacific, as occuring ofT the Azores; he gives no figures. Wright & Studer's illustration 1889 (pi. 11, figs. 1-la) shows a species with fairly close-set whorls and flaring edges on all three pairs of scales. Genus 8. Calyptrophora Gray 1866 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal 1919, p. 468: — The colony branches dicho- tomously; the main branches may branch feather-like to one side, and these branches and the branchlets may form different planes with each other so that the colony becomes a composite fan. The zooids are arranged in whorls, and the oral opening is directed ventrally (in C. japonica sometimes turned upward). The base of the zooid is covered by one pair of small infrabasal scales, followed by two pairs of larger scales which adaxially are either free or have coalesced into a ring. Small adaxial buccal scales may be present, or lacking; oral scales form a relatively high operculum. The spicules of the coenenchyma are scale-like, and form a single layer. Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean; deep sea forms. Type species: — Calyptrophora japonica Gray. Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1924, p. 317) lists five certain species to which C. trilepis (Pourtales) must be added (he referred it to Stachyodes). In the Atlantic Ocean, two species, closely related, are known to occur; one of these is recorded from the West Indies. Calyptrophora trilepis (Pourtales) Plate 25, fig. 1; Plate 26, fig. 4 Primnoa trilepis PouETALfes, 1868, p. 130. Calyptrophora trilepis Gkay, 1870, p. 42. — Lindstrom, 1877, p. 7. Stachyodes trilepis Versluys, 1906, p. 122. — Kukenthal, 1919, p. 465. Non Stachyodes trilepis Studer, 1901, p. 41 (=Stachyodes regularis Duchassainq & Michelotti.) 172 THE ALCYONARIA Pourtales' description: — "Branches irregularly and sparsely dichotomous, subflabellate. Branchlets very thin and flexible. Calicles in verticils of four, or more generally five, formed of three large cylindrical scales, joined angularly to each other like the elbows of a stove pipe downward bent. Aperture closed by eight triangular scales. The distance between the verticils is equal to or a little less than the length of the single polyps. The coenenchym is very thin and cov- ered with irregular imbricated scales. Axis hard and brittle, brown in the thicker branches and yellow in the younger. By its simplified scales, this species makes an approach to the genus Calyptrophora Gray." A few small branches, five or six inches long, were obtained in 324 fms. off Bahia Honda, Florida (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.). Type: — A fragment of the type is in the M.C.Z. (cat. no. 4812). Most of the colony is, however, lost. Remarks: — Lindstrom (1877, p. 6) has pointed out the differences between C. trilepis and C. josephinae. In trilepis, the large distal scales are united so that only a suture indicates the place where they liave coalesced; the basal scales do not project in a point, but form a rounded edge; the scales of the stem are large. Kiikenthal (1919) places C. trilepis in Stachyodes, but does so incorrectly. Studer's trilepis is identical with Stachyodes regularis (Duch. & Mich.). See p. 169. Note: — From the eastern Atlantic is known. — Calyptrophora josephinae Lindstrom Calyptrophora josephinae Lindstrom, 1877, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 1-3. — Studer, 1901, p. 41. — Thomson, 1927, p. 29. — KtJKENTHAL, 1929, p. 219. — Aurivillius, 1931, p. 301, pi. 6, fig. 5; text fig. 60. Type: — Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Type locality: — Josephine Bank, Lat. N. 36° 6' 7". Long. W. 14° 7' 22", 110-117 fms. Various specimens of this form have been taken off Portugal and off the Azores in 200-300 m. The differences between this species and the foregoing, C. trilepis, have already been pointed out by Lindstrom (see above) , and it seems almost certain that the two forms are distinct. If they should be united, Pour- tales' name has the priority. Family 9. GORGONIIDAE Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1919, p. 850: — Colonies branching mostly in one plane, laterally, alternating, or in pairs, rarely dichotomously. Anastomoses are often present. The zooids are usually absent near the base, and occur chiefly SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 173 in two lateral rows on stem and branches. They form low verrucae (which may be completely retractile) , and are armed with small irregularly warted or smooth spindles. The coenenchyma always contains small spindles and double spindles, in most cases with warts arranged in transverse rows, and from those forms may develop the half-moon shaped scaphoids or the disk-carrying spindles. The axis is usually horny, transparent, sometimes more fibrous. Remarks: — The family occurs in all seas, and ranges from shallow water to the coast abyssal. Kiikenthal (1924) treats the entire family briefly; Biel- schowsky (1929) describes the West Indian forms in great detail. Of the eleven genera, seven occur in the West Indian region, including Brazil. Twenty-one species are described in the following pages, two of which seem to be new. Very few additions can be expected in the future, as most of the species are conspicuous shallow water forms which early attracted the attention of collectors. List of Gorgoniidae known from the West Indies and Brazil Gorgonia hartti Verrill Leptogorgia hebes (Verrill) L. setacea (Pallas) L. miniata (Val.) L. purpurea (Pallas) L. sanguinolenta (Pallas) L. virgulata (Lamarck) Swiftia casta Verrill *S. pourtalesii nom. nov. >S. koreni (Wright & Studer) S. exserta (Ellis & Solander) S. spec. Pterogorgia acerosa (Pallas), and varieties P. bipinnata Verrill P. sparsiramosa Bielschowsky P. americana (Gmelin) P. ellisiana MUne-Edwards Rhipidogorgia flabellum (Linnaeus) Xiphigorgia anceps (Pallas) X. citrina (Esper) Phyllogorgia dilatata (Esper) 174 THE ALC YON ARIA Key to the genera of Gorgoniidae ^ From KuKENTHAL (and Bielschowskt), 1919, p. S50; 1924, p. 321. 1. Branches of the colony cylindi'ical or flattened 2. 1. Branches leaf-like expanded, or triangular in cross section 9. 2. The coenenchyma contains only small spindles with regular rows of warts 3. 2. The coenenchyma contains either large irregularly warted spindles; or spindles with regular rows of warts together with scaphoids; or spindles in which the warts have become transformed into disks 5. 3. Colony with numerous anastomoses Gorgonia L. 3. Colony usually without any anastomoses 4. 4. Zooids arranged on all sides of the cylindrical terminal branchlets Lophogorgia H. Milne-Edwards. 4. Zooids laterally arranged on the flattened terminal branchlets 2. Leptogorgia H. Milne-Edwards. 5. The coenenchyma contains large spindles without regular arrangement of the warts .... 3. SivifHa Duchassaing & Michelotti. 5. The coenenchyma contains no large spindles with warts irregularly distributed, but only small spindles with regularly arranged warts and, besides, either disk spindles or scap- hoids 6. 6. The coenenchyma contains disk spindles Eugorgia Verrill. G. The coenenchyma contains scaphoids 7. 7. Anastomoses are frequent 4. Rhipidogorgia Linnaeus. 7. Anastomoses are absent 8. 8. Scaphoids are warted near their blunt ends PseudopterogorgiaKukentha]. 8. Scaphoids not warted at their ends 5. Pterogorgia (Ehr.). 9. Zooids arranged on the margin of the leaf-like expansion of the branches 6. Xiphigorgia H. Milne-Edwards. 9. Zooids arranged on the surface of the leaf-like expansion of the branches 10. 10. Axis branched 7. Pkyllogorgia H. Milne-Edwards. 10. Axis expanded as a lamella in the leaf-like branches Phycogorgit Valenciennes. Genus 1. Gorgonia Linnaeus 1758 Diagnosis: — Reticulated, fanlike colonies with zooids forming low verrucae on the surface of the branchlets, or being completely contractile. Spicules, shorter or longer spindles blunt or pointed sometimes slightly curved with warts in belts. Axis horny. Color red or yellow. Type species: — G. ventalina Linnaeus. ' Regard ing the genera which do not occur in the West Indies, see KtJKENTHAL, 1924, p. 321 et seg. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 175 Remarks: — • The members of this genus are shallow water forms. Ten species are reported from the west coast of Central America. One species is known from the coast of Brazil.^ GoRGONiA HARTTi VerriU Gorgonia harlli Verrill, 1912, p. 391, pi. 29, figs. 6, 6a; pi. 30, fig. 2; pi. 33, fig. 6; pi. 35, fig. 6. The type specimen was about 20 cm. high and 34 cm. wide. A fragment less than 1 cm. square is all that has been examined. It is a dark red, regularly- reticulated form. The marginal branchlets are less than 1. cm. in diameter and the meshes are 3-4 mm. across. The spicules consists of two types, a pointed, often sUghtly curved, larger form with two large belts of warts and a more indistinct belt toward the points, and a shorter, blunt form with two large central belts and a terminal cluster of warts. Due to the scarcity of material, it could not be ascertained whether there were any spicules in the operculum. A few flat rods were observed but they may have come from the coenenchyma. ^ The larger pointed spindles measure about 0.12 mm, the shorter blunt ones, 0.08 mm. Type: — Yale Museum (small fragment). Type locality: — Maranhao, Brazil. Distribution: — ■ Known from the type locahty only. Remarks: — • The only species known in the area included which has a regu- larly fanshaped, reticulated colony, excepting only Rhipidogorgia which has entirely different spicules. It does not show any close affinities to the known species of Gorgonia from the west coast of Central America. Specimens examined: — Fragment of the type. Genus 2. Leptogorgia H. Milne-Edwards 1857 Diagnosis, from Kiikenthal, 1924, p. 324: — Colonies branching mostly in one plane, laterally, occasionally dichotomously. Anastomoses may be present. The terminal branchlets are almost always developed on both sides, feather-hke in their arrangement. When developed on one side only they may grow extremely long, whip-like. Branches and branchlets often flattened. Zooids biserially ar- 1 Verrill, 1912, lists two other species as belonging in Gorgonia; viz., G. braziliensis and G. gracilis, synonyms of Leptogorgia setacea (Pallas) and Pterogorgia bipinnata Verrill. * Verrill figures some bright yellow scaphoids, but these have undoubtedly come from some other species, examined at the same time. 176 THE ALCYONARIA ranged with low verrucae or none; orifice oblong, slit-like. Coenenchyma spicules as girdled spindles; sometimes the warts fuse together and form disks. Color brown, yellow, red, and violet; often mottled. Type species: — ■ Leptogorgia petechizans (Pallas). Indo-Pacific and Atlantic; shallow water and coast abyssal forms. Remarks: — Kiikenthal (1924, p. 324) lists thirty species, two varieties, and twenty-two uncertain forms, some of which are shown beyond to be valid. Bielschowsky (1929) has given a thorough treatment of the whole family. Six species are included in the present paper, all descriptions being based upon mate- rial in the M.C.Z. Practically all the doubtful species have been reduced to synonymy. A number of littoral forms are described by Kiikenthal and Bielschowsky from the west coast of Africa. Some of them seem to be closely related to the West Indian forms, but actual comparison of the material may prove that they are distinctly different. Key to the species of Leptogorgia from the West Indies 1. Colonies band-like, iinbranched or with relatively few long, whip-like branches 2. 1. Colonies branched, branches not long and whip-like 3. 2. Colonies slender, up to 2 mm. long, normally unbranched Spicules large warted bodies, often slightly curved Color orange, red, yellow, or mixed 2. L. setacea (Pallas). 2. Colonies with se\eral long slender branches. Spicules short, straight rods with two-four belts of warts. Color yellow, or red, or mixed \. L. virgulata (Lam.) 3. Zooids scattered, wart-like. Spicules clumsy egg-shaped bodies with numerous small irregular clusters of warts. Color red 4. i. miniata (Valenciennes). 3. Zooids numerous. Spicules with large clusters of warts 4. 4. Zooids mostly completely retracted, not wart-like (except on the stem). Spicules straight thick bodies with two-four belts of large warts. Color yellow or red. Large form 3. L. hebes Verrill. 4. Zooids wart-like, not able to contract completely 5. 5. Colonies closely pinnately branched. Zooids as small warts, usually crowded in thick bands along the edges. Spicules large, often slightly curved. In tentacles, rods with low warts. Color violet, or yellow and violet 5. L. sanguinolenta (Pallas). 5. Colonies loosely pinnately branched 6. 6. Zooids in a single row along the edges of the thin branchlets. Spicules slender, with numerous belts; often curved. Tentacles with pointed, flat, colorless rods. Color rusty red. 7. L. sp. 6. Zooids in two-four rows along the edges of the branchlets. Spicules short straight bodies with two-four belts of warts. Tentacles with flat, smooth, red rods. Color red 6. L. purpurea (Pallas). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 177 1. Leptogorgia virgtjlata (Lam.) Plate 19, figs. 24-34. For literatui-e see Kukenthal, 1919, p. 771; 1924, p. 334. Leptogorgia floridana Verrill, 1864, p. 31. L. tenuis Verrill, 1864a, p. 9. L. teres Verrill, 1869d, p. 420 (typographical error for L. tenuis). 7 Xiphigorgia setacea Kukenthal, 1916, p. 502, pi. 23, fig. 6, text fig. Z and A'; 1924, p. 358. Nee L. setacea (Pallas). Gorgonia flaifida Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860, p. 32, pi. 3, figs. 11-13. — Bielschowskt, 1929, p. 134. This species was not taken by the "Blake" expedition, but it is discussed briefly here, as this very variable form is widely spread in the West Indies, and has been described under various names. It is a sparingly branched form, usually with several long branches arising from one side; sometimes they are opposite. The branches form a large angle with the stem and bend upward. The stem and branches are of almost equal thickness. The zooids occur in more or less crowded rows along the sides, lea\'ing a narrow strip or furrow between the rows or scattered all over the stem. The zooids may either form low warts or be completely retracted, forming more or less oblong shts. The colonies vary much in size and stoutness. Specimens from Beaufort, where the species is common, may be very short and stout, or long and slender. The color varies from yellow to red; in some places yellow with red verrucae; sometimes these are yellow tipped. The largest specimens are about 96 cm. high, and in these cases the stem is about 5 mm. wide, while the branches taper off to 1-2 mm. The small stout specimens from Beaufort are 15 cm. high, with stem and branches about 2-3 mm. wide. The average specimens are 40 cm. high, with stem 3 mm. wide and branches 3-2 mm. wide. The spicules are of the usual type ; that is, — spindles with several rows of thick bundles of warts. They measure from 0.5 to 0.15 mm. in length. In the tentacles a few flat rods. Type: — Possibly in Paris. Type locality: — Coast of North America. Distribution: — Off Jamaica (Hargitt & Rogers, 1901); off Florida (L. flori- dana Verrill), M.C.Z. cat. no. 5027; and up to North Carohna (M.C.Z. cat. nos. 178 THE ALC YON ARIA 5028-5033). Reported also from the Harbor of New York, and described as tenuis Verrill ("teres," typ. error) ; M.C.Z. cat. no. 5050. As far as I can see Kiikenthal's specimen of Xiphigorgia setacea from Hon- duras is really this species. Specirtiens examined: — Numerous colonies in the M.C.Z. collections, ranging from Florida to North Carolina (and the Harbor of New York) . Remarks: — In spite of the great variation in form and color which this species exhibits, it has been impossible to separate it into different species or varieties. The specimens with their numerous zooids resemble very much Lophogorgia, as the zooids spread over the entire surface. It may eventually be referred to that genus, which has not yet been reported from the West Indies. It is certain that G. flavida Duch. & Mich, is a synonym of this species, as frag- ment of the type has been examined. This species shows closest affinities to L. setacea (Pallas), and it is possible that they will prove to be the same. 2. Leptogorgia setacea (Pallas) Plate 19, figs 35-38 Gorgonia selacea Pallas, 1766, p. 182. For other references, see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 358, and Biel- SCHOWSKY, 1929, p. 226, under Xiphigorgia. Leptogorgia setacea, Verrill, 1872b, p. 433. Gorgonia hrasiliensis Verrill, 1912, p. 392, pi. 29, fig. 3, pi. 33, fig. 7, pi. 35, fig. 7. ? Leptogorgia contorta Kukenthal, 1919, p. 915. Leptogorgia trinidadensis Hickson, 1928, p. 416, pi. 4, fig. 7, text fig. 37. Non Xiphigorgia setacea KtJKENTHAL, 1916, p. 502. This species is usually unbranched, and forms ribbonlike colonies as much as 2 m. (meters) in length. Some of the smaller colonies examined are 40 cm. long and about 1 mm. wide, and the zooids are arranged in a single row along each side. The basal disk is large, thin, and horny, and attached to mussel shells in the cases observed. The large specimens are 3 mm. wide, and the zooids are arranged in 2-3 rows along each side. The zooids sometimes form low warts; in other cases they are completely withdrawn, forming an oblong, slit-like open- ing. The axis resembles a coarse horse-hair and is brittle when dry. The color varies from almost white to yellow-orange or red; sometimes with red zooids and yellow coenenchyma. Some of the colonies from North Carolina and from Desterro, Brazil, are slightly branched. A gall-like thickening, caused by a barnacle, is often present. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 179 The spicules consist of short and long bodies with two or four belts of large warts. The large bodies are often slightly curved. In the tentacles there are a few flat rods. The color of the colony is due to the color of the spicules. The spicules are 0.07-0.14 mm. in length; the tentacle rods, about 0.07 mm. long. Type: — Most Ukely lost. Type locality: — "Mare Americanum." Distribution: — West Indies, off the coast of Texas, Bahamas, and North and South Carolina; shallow water form. Also from Desterro, Brazil, Bahia (L. braziliensis) , and Rio de Janeiro (L. contorta Kiikenthal). Specimens examined: — A large number (several hundred) , growing as dense as eelgrass, collected off the coast of Texas; a few young colonies from the Ba- hamas, and some fragments of large colonies (some with branches and gall-like formations) from North Carolina (M.C.Z. cat. no. 5012-5014). Also, some branched colonies from Brazil (cat. no. 5099). A fragment of Verrill's type of braziliensis. Remarks: — This species resembles the slender form of L. virgulata. The main differences seem to be the arrangement of the zooids in lateral rows, and the somewhat larger, often curved spindles, but these differences may prove to be of no value. Hickson's L. trinidadensis from Trinidad resembles closely the two- colored, branched colonies from Desterro, Brazil. Kiikenthal's Xiphigorgia setacea from off Honduras seems to be L. virgulata. 3. Leptogorgia hebes Verrill Plate 17, fig. 3; Plate 19, figs. 16-23 Leptogorgia hebes Verrill, 1869d, p. 422. Leptogorgia carolinensis Verrill, 1872b, p. 432. The M.C.Z. possesses several specimens (from Beaufort, N. C, and Florida) which I refer to this species. It is a strongly branched, flattened form, usually with several main branches which branch pinnately in one plane. The branchlets are well separated (about 5-10 nma. apart), and arise at a wide angle, thence bending upward. The zooids are arranged on the sides; on the main branches they may cover almost the whole surface. Usually, however, a distinct furrow is present here, and a wide, naked band on the branchlets. On the main branches the zooids form sometimes low warts, but normally they are completely retracted and visible only as oblong 180 THE ALCYONARIA slits. The colonies in the collection range from 20 to 50 cm. in height. The thick- ness of the stem and branchlets increases with the size of the colony, 5 mm. being the diameter in the small specimens and 9 mm. in the large ones. The color varies from orange to dark red. The axis is amber-colored and horn-like in the branchlets; dull greyish-brown and more wood-like in the main branches and stem. The spicules are red or yellow, and of the typical form, namely, spindles with more or less complete belts of complicated, spinous warts. The tentacles contain a few fiat, smooth spindles with irregular edge. They range in size from about 0.05 to 0.10 mm. Type: — Lost. Type locality: — Off Key West, Florida. Distribution: — Off Florida to North Carolina. Most likely common in other parts of the West Indies. Specimens examined: — Several colonies from Beaufort, North Carolina, and from Cape Fear River, Florida; M.C.Z. cat. no. 5015-5016. Remarks: — The specimens from Florida were not identified but agree well with Verrill's description of L. hebes, and also with the specimens of L. carolinensis in the collection. The latter name has been overlooked by Kiikenthal and Bielschowsky. 4. Leptogorgia miniata (Valenciennes) Plate 19, figs. 1-7 Gorgonia miniala, Valenciennes, 1855, p. 12. — Milne-Edwards, 1857, p. 160. Non Gorgonia miniata, Potjrtales, 1868, p. 131 (see p. 188). Non Stenogorgia miniata, Stcder, 1901, p. 51 (see p. 189). Non Stenogorgia miniata, Kukenthal, 1919, p. 642, pi. 48, fig. 91; 1924, p. 348. Among the Gorgonians which Verrill received from Kolliker, there is a small fragment of a dull red form, labeled G. miniata Val., from the Antilles. The fragment is about 6 cm. high with six branches, almost opposite to one another. Most of them are broken off, and the remaining ones are long and curved upward. The zooids are placed along the edge of the branches as low verrucae with oblong opening. The color is dull red in the dry condition; the axis, brown and horny. The spicules are red and resemble those found in the other forms. They are mostly thick spindles, covered with clusters of spinous warts which are SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 181 arranged in more or less distinct belts; in the tentacles smooth flat rods with dentate edges. The spicules may measure as much as 0.1 mm. in length. Type: — In Paris. Type locality: — Off the Antilles; no depth given. Specimens examined: — A fragment of the type?; M.C.Z. cat. no. 5017; also a large specimen from Puerto Colombia, Colombia, in the U. S. N. M. The present species seems to belong to Leptogorgia, as that genus is defined at the moment. It resembles somewhat the red species of Stenogorgia from the West Indies, but it lacks the large crown of warted spicules. The "miniatas" of Pourtales and Studer refer to some Swiftia and I have described the former beyond (see p. 188), while the latter seems to be S. koreni (Wright & Studer) (see p. 189), and would appear to be the same as the S. miniata of Kiikenthal. 5. Leptogorgia sanguinolenta (Pallas) Plate 17, figs. 1-2; Plate 19, figs. 39-40. Gorgonia sanguinolenta Pallas, 1766, p. 175. — Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 138, under Leptogorgia, (com- plete list of references). Gorgonia petechizans Ddchassaing, 1870, p. 19. — Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 122, under Leptogorgia, (complete list of references). ? Plerogorgia festiva Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, p. 19. — Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 133, under Leptogorgia, (complete list of references). Non Gorgonia sanguinolenta Espeh 1794, p. 86, pi. 22. The collection contains several colonies of a variable form, which Verrill long ago diagnosed as L. sanguinolenta. They are all more or less broken, but the largest colonies must have been 15-20 cm. high and about equally broad. They branch pinnately in one plane, and the short stem has several main branches. The branchlets are bent upward and distinctly flattened, as are also the stem and branches in most cases. The zooids are small warts, and are crowded along the edges, in some colonies leaving a wide naked band on the front and back sides; in some of the better developed colonies the two rows almost meet. The color varies from completely violet, to yellow or white stem with violet zooids. The axis, which is distinctly flattened and band-like except in the lower- most part, is almost black near the base, and changes to a pale brown and horny appearance in the branches. The spicules consist of shorter, more blunt rods and longer, more pointed ones with two or more distinct girdles in the middle, and irregularly acattered 182 THE ALC YON ARIA warts around the ends. There are simpler rods in the inner layer. A few small flat rods are present in the basal portion of the tentacles. The spicules are white and violet. The shorter rods measure 0.05 mm. in length; the longer, 0.12 mm. The rods in the tentacles are about 0.07 mm. long. Type: — Most likely lost. Type locality: — "Mare Americanum." Specimens examined: — Some colonies, labelled Hayti, and determined as L. sanguinolenta by Verrill. Also, some colonies labelled West Indies, from the Essex Institute (M.C.Z. cat. nos. 5018-5019). Remarks: — The specimens listed above seem to agree well with Pallas' description of sanguinolenta. It is very likely that the form which Duchassaing called petechizans is identical with the present species. The latter species has recently been described by Bielschowsky as typical of the west African fauna. Whether the two forms are identical or not cannot be decided. They seem to have at least a superficial resemblance to each other, but it would be unique if a shallow water form oc- cxirred in both the eastern and western part of the Atlantic Ocean. If the two species prove to be identical, the name sanguinolenta has many years priority, with a definite type locality, while petechizans was from "locus incertus." Esper's "sanguinolenta" (1794, plate 22) does not resemble any species known from the West Indian waters. Verrill (1869, p. 422) thought that the figure of petechizans (plate 13) represented Pallas' sanguinolenta, — it agrees in all respect with Pallas' short description, and that Esper's "sanguinolenta'^ was an entirely different species, wrongly labelled. See also Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 138. 6. Leptogorgia purpurea (Pallas) Plate 17, fig. 4; Plate 19, figs. 8-15 Gorgonia purpurea Pallas, 1766, p. 187. — Espeb, 1797, p. 159, pi. 43, figs. 1-2. — • Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 104, (complete list of references). Gorgonia pumicea Valenciennes, 1855, p. 12. Leptogorgia pumicea Verrill, 1869, p. 422; 1912, p. 399, pi. 33, figs. 9-10; pi. 35, figs. 11. L. rathbunii Verrill, 1912, p. 397, pi. 29, figs. 4-4a; pi. 33, fig. 11; pi. 35, figs. 9-9a. L. rubropurpurea Verrill, 1912, p. 398, pi. 29, figs. 5-5a; pi. 30, fig. 1; pi. 33, fig. 8; pi. 35, figs. 10-lOa. Non L. rubra Bielschowskt, 1929, p. 92. The numerous specimens in the collection differ greatly in outer shape and color. Most of the colonies are low and shrublike, with a short stem. The latter SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 183 divides into several main branches which spread out fan-like, sometimes in parallel planes. The branches give off pinnately several branchlets of varying length, which diverge at about 45 degrees and bend upward. Sometimes the branchlets divide again. The zooids are mostly crowded, low warts with slit-like opening. They are placed in four rows on the stem and branches, and mostly in single rows on the branchlets. A narrow or broad strip is left free on the back and front sides, and the general impression is that most of the branches are squarish in section. The color is a varying shade of red or reddish purple. The axis is brown and horny in the stem, yellow and flexible in the branchlets. This form resembles exactly Esper's figiire (1797, pi. 43) of a specimen from Pallas' collections. A few of the colonies are higher and more loosely branched, often all of the branches in one plane, and with more scattered zooids, so that the branches appear less squarish. This form resembles exactly the one which Wright & Studer figure from Brazil. The spicules are all red and are divided into an outer layer of warted belted spindles, and an inner layer of flat deposits with undvilated to dentate edge. The latter kind occurs also in the tentacles. The spicules measure 0.07 mm. to 0.10 mm. in length. Type: — Most likely not existing. Type locality: — "Mare .Americanum." Distribution: — Antilles, (Pallas, Studer), coast of South America (Esper, according to Klikenthal). Of doubtful occurrence off West Africa (Bielschowsky, 1929). Specimens examined: — Numerous specimens from Desterro, coast of Brazil (Thayer Exp.) ; M.C.Z. cat. no. 5098. Remarks: — This species is undoubtedly identical with the form wliich Esper 1797 figures on pi. 43. His figure gives all the essential features of this com- mon Brazilian form, and it seems also as if Studer (1878) must have had the same thing before him. Verrill's purpurea from Florida is, as Studer points out, not identical with Pallas' and Esper's species. Verrill's type is in the M.C.Z. , and the label was later changed to L. fioridana. It proves to be a much branched red specimen of L. virgulata. Verrill (1912) lists three species, two of which as new, from the coast of Brazil. His two new species are varieties of L. purpurea. The third is L. pumicea, which Wright & Studer correctly give as a synonym of purpurea. Bielschowsky (1929) does not agree with these two authors, but the specimens which she has 184 THE ALC YON ARIA renamed L. rubra, are from the west coast of Central America and undoubtedly different from the Brazilian form, which she has not examined. Bielschowsky lists Esper's L. purpurea from West Africa and doubts its occurrence in the Western Atlantic. It is impossible to ascertain whether she is dealing with the true pur-pxirea. In the M.C.Z., there are several specimens of a ^dolet Leptogorgia with squarish branches and branchlets which came from West Africa, and that may possibly be the species which she describes. She gives no figure of the colony. 7. Leptogorgia sp. Plate 17, fig. 5; Plate 19, figs. 41-43 The "Blake" collections contain a few hr^nches oi r species oi Leptogorgia, which is not definitely determinable. Some of the branches had been labelled L. poiirtalesii, but they are different from that species. (See page 188.) It is impossible to ascertain the size of the unbroken colony. One of the fragments consists of a piece of stem about 2 mm. in diameter with long, slender, diverging branches from which arise a number of branchlets in alternating order and in the same plane. The branchlets are 1-3 cm. in length, and 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. The zooids are arranged as a serrate row of verrucae along the edges of both stem and branchlets. The color of the colony when dry is a rusty red; when moist, more orange. The axis is rigid, and pale brown in color. The spicules in the coenenchyma consist of long slender spindles, often slightly curved and with numerous belts of warts, and also short blunt-ending rods with two belts of warts and terminal clusters. In the zooids there are numerous long, pointed, rods, with edges which are either entire or bluntly scalloped. The spicules in the coenenchyma are rusty red, often becoming more yellowish along the margin. The flat rods in the zooids are colorless. The long spindles may be as much as 0.15 mm. in length; the short spindles, 0.10 mm.; the flat rods, 0.15 mm. Locality: — Off St. Croix, in 38 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 127). Specimens examined: — A few branches, M.C.Z. cat. no. 5100. Remarks: — This species resembles most closely L. miniata, both in mode of branching and in the arrangement of the zooids. But the verrucae are much more numerous and smaller, the spicules in the coenenchyma differ distinctly SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 185 both in color and shape, and the smooth rods in the zooids are long, pointed, and colorless while in L. miniata they are short and broad and deep red in color. It is probable that the present species has already been described, although it has been impossible to identify it with any of the forms, valid or doubtful, which Bielschowsky listed in 1929. No name has therefore been given to it for the present. Genus 3. Swiftia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 Syn. Stenogorgia Verrill, 1888; see Kukenthal, 1924, p. 347. Callistephanus Wright & Studer, 1889. Thesea (partim) Verrill, 1869 d. Diagnosis: — Colonies loosely branching, mostly in one plane with branches and branchlets upward curved. Zooids large with conical anthostele which seldom is retracted and a tall anthocodia with numerous rows of spindles. The zooids are scattered or crowded but on the tip of the branchlets two zooids are always opposed. The coenenchyma are thin and contains shorter or longer rods with spines arranged in scattered groups ; long rods are also characteristic of the anthocodia. The axis is horny, flexible. The color of the colonies is red, pink or white. Type species: — S. exserta (Ellis & Solander). Remarks: — ■ As the genus is defined here it corresponds exactly with Steno- gorgia Verrill, as the latter genus is defined by Kukenthal. The reason why Kukenthal did not discover the close similarities between the two genera was because he overlooked Ellis & Solander's description and figure of the type species, and was misled by an unfortunate expression used by Duchassaing & Michelotti in their diagnosis of Swiftia. The type species was described and figured by Ellis & Solander in 1786. Their colony was about 2 feet high and came from the "superb cabinet of the Dutchess Dowager of Portland" and very Ukely it is still extant in some collec- tion in England. It was collected in the "West Indies." In 1860, Duchassaing & Michelotti mistook a colony collected off Guadeloupe, for Ellis & Solander's species and established a new genus Thesea for this supposed exserta. However, in 1864, they received a colony of the true exserta, from off St. Croix, and they gave, correctly, a new name to the false exserta from off Guadeloupe, Thesea guadeloupensis, and established a new genus Swiftia for EUis & Solander's exserta with the following diagnosis: "Polyparium cortice tenuiter squamuloso; spiculis in cortice nuUis; cellulis 186 THE ALCYONARIA prominulis, mammiformibus squamoso-striatus ; ore terminal! polypis persistent- ibus exsertis, extus spiculis magnis decussatim induratis." Furthermore they figured the two species, Thesea guadeloupensis and Swiftia exserta, side by side, on plate 2. Due to the unfortunate expression "spiculis in cortice nuUis" nobody under- stood what the two authors meant, and in Kiikenthal's paper 1924, Swiftia appears as a doubtful form, possibly a Muriceid, and no reference is given to Ellis & Solander, who are the authors of exserta. A species which I consider Swiftia exserta is well represented in the "Blake" collection and it is easy to understand what Duchassaing & Michelotti meant, when one sees the specimens, and also realizes that their descriptions were solely based on macroscopical features and to them spicules did not exist except when they were large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. In Swiftia exserta the coenenchyma is almost transparent, with the spicules in the outer layer forming a thin powdery crust (while in TJiesea for example the tissue is packed full of huge, oblong plates or spindles). As the material in the "Blake" collection includes several colonies of a species which clearly is the one which Ellis & Solander described as the "bare- headed gorgonian," Gorgonia exserta, and the one for which Duchassaing & Michelotti established their genus Swiftia, the latter has been re-established with S. exserta (Ellis & Solander) as the type species. Unfortunately that implies that the name Stenogorgia Verrill must become a synonym of Swiftia, since there seems to be no generic differences between Swiftia exserta and the various species hitherto referred to Stenogorgia. Key to the species of Swiftia known from the West Indies and off New England 1 . Verrucae closely crowded 2. 1. Verrucae distinctly separated, few, and prominent 3. 2. Spicules as slender rods or spindles, with relatively simple warts. Color white 1. S. casta (Verrill). 2. Spicules as thick rods or spindles with large complicated warts. Color red 2. S. pourtalesii nom. nov. 3. Color bright red; spicules as spinous spindles, clubs, and shorter bodies, with complicated warts 3. S. koreni (Wright & Studer) 3. Color white or pale pink 4. 4. Tentacles with large rods (0.9 mm.) in five-six rows; verrucae prominent and scattered. . 4. S. exserta (Ellis & Solander). 4. Tentacles with small rods (0.3 mm.) in ten to sixteen rows; verrucae low and fairly closely set 5. S. sp. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 187 1. SwiFTiA CASTA (Verrill) Plate 18, fig. 1 ; Plate 20, figs. 1-5 Stenogorgia casta Verrill, 1883, p. 30, pi. 2, figs. 1-lb. — Bielschowsky, 1929, p. 188. Gorgonia exserta Pourtalbs, 1867, p. 112; 1868, p. 131. — Kukenthal, 1924, p. 348. (Nee G. exserla Ellis & Solander.) Colony white, slender, irregularly and dichotomously branched, the branch- lets curving outward at wide angle and then becoming erect; the tips often somewhat enlarged. The type is 10 cm. high and 12 cm. wide. The verrucae are prominent, broadly conical, and form a compact row along the edges of the branches. But those in one row do not he precisely in one plane, for they alter- nately face a httle to the front and to the rear; those on opposite margins of the branches alternate, and as the swollen bases of the verrucae are in contact, the edges of the branches show a zigzag outline. The verrucae in preserved speci- mens are narrowed at the summit, and are closed by eight convergent denticles. In most cases they are surmounted by a small anthocodia formed by an ovate or roundish small cluster of incurved tentacles. The axis is horny; color of colony white. The spicules of the surface of the coenenchyma cannot be seen distinctly with a hand lens, but under the microscope they appear as closely packed, im- bedded, small, short, mostly irregular spindles, with a sUghtly rough, warted outer surface. For the most part the inner spindles are arranged obliquely and longitudi- nally; those that cover the verrucae are of nearly the same form, but distally near the margin they are arranged in chevrons, and form eight marginal denticles The tentacles are often retracted, but generally remain exsert. The collaret is small. The larger spicules of the coenenchyma and verrucae are rather small fusi- form, often bent, irregularly covered with more or less numerous, prominent warts; some of these spicules are elongated and acute at both ends; others are stouter and more obtuse; the longer spicules may be as large as 0.42 by 0.06 mm.; the stouter ones, 0.21 by 0.06 mm. In the tentacles there are numerous slender, mostly bent, and sparingly warted or micro-spinulated spicules, acute at one end or both ends, with some that are larger, blunt, and roughly warted at one end, and others roughly warted all over ; flattened oblong spicules, some of them with roughly warted border, also occur. The slender smooth spindles of the ten- tacles measure 0.23 by 0.02 mm.; the flattened oblong ones, 0.10 by 0.03 mm. 188 THE ALC YON ARIA Type: — M.C.Z. cat. no. 4985. Type locality: — Off Georgia, in 337 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 318). Specimens examined: — The type, and six specimens from 324 fms. off Florida (M.C.Z. cat. no. 4986). Remarks: — Possibly related to Swiftia rosea (Grieg) [Leptogorgia irramosa Molander, 1919]. It has the same crowded zooids and rod-like, warted spicules, but it seems to lack the short double stars (0.03-0.08 mm. long) and the color is also different. A large number of specimens may show that the two forms inter- grade. Pourtales' Gorgonia exserta, from off Havana, 270 fms. is lost, but his ma- terial from off Florida, 324 fms. is still in the M.C.Z. It represents four small colonies with zooids much smaller and less crowded than in the type. The spicules are, however, of the same type, although less spinous, and I have therefore no doubt that these colonies represent the young stages of inu, from Cali- fornia and coast of Brazil refers probably to these two species. The true S. dar- winii, from Patagonia, is characterized by having spicules in the autozooids. 3. Stylatula antillarum Kolliker Stylatula antillarum Kolliker, 1870, p. 588. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 71 (as a doubtful form). A tall form with crowded leaves with 7-8 strong spicules in a fan below the leaves; autozooids about 25 in number, very imperfectly separated and filled with numerous spicules in the upper part. Type: — Paris. 272 THE ALCYONARIA Type locality: — "Antilles." Distribution: — West Indies. Depth: — Probably shallow water. Recorded from 484 fms. (Bingham Ex.). Specimens examined: — One tall, broken colony from north of Glover Reef, Caribbean Sea; Bingham Oceanographic Expedition, Yale University. Remarks: — The specimen examined agrees in most respects with Kolliker's description. The large number of autozooids, the comparatively low number of supporting spicules and the large spicules in the anthocodia, separate this species from the other species known from the West Indies. The spicules in the autozooids are larger than in the type (0.25 mm.). S. antillarum is, according to Kolliker, closely related to S. darwinii from Patagonia, and possibly also to S. gracilis Verrill from off Panama. The differ- ences consist chiefly in a lower number of autozooids and a higher number of supporting spicules in the two last mentioned forms. The spicules in the auto- zooids range according to Kolliker, from 0.11-0.13 mm. in S. antillarum, 0.09- 0.11 mm. in S. darwinii and 0.15-0.38 mm. in S. gracilis. All these differences may prove to be of absolutely no value and in that case the name S. gracilis has priority. Stylatula spec. Stylatula spec. Verrill, 1885 b, p. 150. No description. The colony was collected off Chesapeake Bay in 444 fms. Verrill's specimen has not been found in U. S. N. M. but the chances are that it is a specimen of S. elegans (Danielssen) . Genus 2. Virgularia Lamarck 1816 For synonyms, etc., see Kukenthal, 1915, p. 71. — Hickson, 1916, p. 148. Diagnosis: — Slender seapens with comparatively short stalk and a large number of leaves, composed of autozooids of almost equal size. A large number of the leaves on the proximal part of the stem are undeveloped. Spicules usually completely lacking or very sparingly represented in the stalk. Type species: — V. mirabilis (Linnaeus). Remarks: — By mistake O. F. Miiller is usually quoted as the author of this species. The first reference is given by Linnaeus in 1754, p. 96, with a very good description and also a good figure. It was then called Polypus SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 273 mirabilis and the locality given as "Vesterhavet" (= the North Sea; the latin translation says simply, the Atlantic Sea). In his tenth edition, 1758, p. 819, the name is changed to Pennatula mirabilis, Habit in O. Norvegico. Unfor- tunately Pallas, 1766, p. 370, referred a West Indian form, probably from Porto Bello, to Linnaeus' species. His description suggests a Scirpearia, and most un- fortunately Linnaeus tried to combine the two descriptions, and his figure in 1776 is very poor. O. F. Miiller included Pennatula mirabilis in his Prodromus, 1776, p. 255, and in his large Latin edition of Zoologica Danica, 1888, p. 11, he gave a complete list of references, and, on pi. 11, an excellent figure of the whole colony. When Lamarck in 1816 established the genus Virgularia he selected P. mirabilis Miiller as the type species, without realizing that the species actually was described by Linnaeus. Pallas' Pennatulla mirabilis from the West Indies was in the museum in Paris and Lamarck placed it in the genus Funiculina; its name was changed to F. cylindrica. Wright & Studer, 1889, p. 154, mention that the colony in Paris is a Gorgonid; Toeplitz, 1929, p. 317, regards it as a doubtful Scirpearia. Key to the species of Virgularia known from the Atlantic Ocean 1. Autozooids numerous, about 24 on each leaf V. schultzei Kiikenthal. 1. Autozooids few, at utmost 16 on each leaf 2. 2. Autozooids 3-6 3. 2. Autozooids 6-16 4. 3. From 3-6 autozooids, well separated; anthostele with distinct tubercles. North Atlantic form V. tuberculata Marshall. 3. Five autozooids are reported; anthostele without distinct tubercles (?). Known from the coast of South America 2. V. kophameli May. 4. Autozooids up to 16, almost free 1. V. mirabilis (Linnaeus). 4. Autozooids 6-10 united in their greater length V. glacialis Kolliker. 1. Virgularia mirabilis (Linnaeus) Polypus mirabilis Linnaeus, 1754, p. 96, pi. 1, fig. 4. Pennatula mirabilis Linnaeus, 1758, p. 819. — O. F. Muller, 1776, p. 255; 1788, p. 11, pi. 11, Nee Pallas, 1766, p. 370. Virgularia Ijungmannii Whiteaves, 1901, p. 33. Virgularia mirabilis Kukenthal, 1915, p. 73 (complete list of references). This widespread species has only once been reported from American waters, namely by Whiteaves, 1901, p. 33, who reported 15 colonies from Gulf of St. Lawrence, north east of Cape des Rosiers, at 200 fms., (as V. Ijungmannii). 274 THE ALCYONARIA Type: — Probably lost. Type locality: — Off the coast of Norway. Distribution: — According to Jungersen, 1904, p. 33, it ranges from Lofoten, Norway to the Mediterranean Sea and Azores and has also been collected south of Iceland. Depth: — From 20 to 200 fms. (At Drobak, Norway said to have been taken at 5 meters). Remarks: — Jungersen has given a very complete account of the develop- ment of this species. Complete colonies seem to reach a height of more than 50 cm. but it is not known how quickly the full number of autozooids is reached and how great a variation the species exhibits in this respect. Jungersen men- tions 12 in each leaf; Kiikenthal, 1915, p. 74, says up to 16. It is possible that V. glacialis, which according to Grieg, 1891, p. 11, occurs from Bergen to Var- anger, Norway, represents specimens of ynirabilis with up to 10 autozooids in each leaf. 2. ViRGULARIA KOPHAMELI May Virgularia kophameli May, 1899, p. 10. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 75. The species is very imperfectly known. Kiikenthal & Broch have had occa- sion to examine the type which seems to be the only specimen existing in any collection. The leaves are described as having 5 autozooids, closely adpressed to the stem, and a single row of siphonozooids between the leaves. A small colony which now is lost was secured by the "Hassler" expedition from near the type locality. According to Verrill's notes it had 8 or more autozooids and the leaves were crowded and overlapped ventrally. Type: — Hamburg. Type locality: — East coast of South America, 100 m. Distribution: — Known only from the type locality and off Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 58 fms. Depth: — From about 50 fms. Specimens examined: — None. Remarks: — The species is so imperfectly known that very little can be said about its affinities to other forms. Virgularia spec. Fragments of a tall Virgularia are present in U. S. N. M., collected near Corpus Christi, Texas; depth unknown. It has large leaves with about 24 auto- SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 275 zooids; the upper part of these is completely withdrawn into the lower more rigid part which are united into a thick fleshy band. Siphonozooids were visible in scattered rows between the leaves. The high number of autozooids suggests V. schultzei from of? Cape of Good Hope, but the autozooids appear much more free in that species and the row of siphonozooids on the autozooids which also characterizes that form were not discovered. It may of course be that the frag- ments examined represent immature leaves, partly undeveloped and that the siphonozooids are not developed at this stage. ViRGULARiA TUBERCULATA Marshall Cladiscus gracilis Koren & Danielssen, 1877, p. 101, pi. 9, figs. 13-15. Nee Virgularia gracilis Gabb, 1863. Virgularia tuberculata Marshall, 1883, p. 129, pi. 21, figs. 1-3. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 73, text-figs. 74^75 (complete list of references). Virgularia cladiscus Jungersen, 1904, p. 33. The species seems usually to reach a length of 10 cm. Great stress has been laid on the presence of small marginal tubercles on the anthostele, but Jungersen, p. 34, says expressly that they "may be indistinct and seem to be wanting," and Hickson, 1930, p. 224 has made a similar observation in another species so very likely the presence or absence of these tubercles is of no importance. Type: — Possibly in Norway. Type locality: — Coast of Norway. Distribution: — According to Jungersen it has been reported as far south as southwest of Ireland, and as far north as around Spitzbergen and north of Asia. It is common along the coast of Norway and occurs also south of Iceland and seems to have its main distribution within the warm area of the Atlantic. Depth: — Reported from 40-555 fms. Specimens examined: — None. Remarks: — It is very likely that this species occurs in American waters but that it has been overlooked on account of its small size. Family 8. ANTHOPTILIDAE Kolliker 1880 See Kukenthal, 1915, p. 32. — Hickson, 1916, p. 137. Diagnosis, from Hickson, 1916, p. 138: — Large pennatulids with a long fleshy rachis with numerous large autozooids arranged singly, in oblique rows, in primitive and usually interrupted leaves or in clusters. Siphonozooids numer- 276 THE ALCYONARIA ous, situated between the leaves, extending on to the dorsal track and in some cases also between the autozooids of a row. Gonads formed in the fully developed autozooids. Radial canals on the dorsal side of the rachis. No spicules developed except occasionally a few in the stalk. Remarks: — The family consists of one genus with a number of representa- tives in the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic. Hickson gives good reasons for transfer- ing this family to near the Balticinidae. The presence of dorsal radial canals has only been ascertained in A. malayense Hickson. Genus 1. Anthoptilum KolUker 1880 Diagnosis: — As for the family. Type species: — A. grandiflorum (Verrill). Indo-Pacific and Atlantic. Three species are known from the Atlantic Ocean. Key to the species of Anthoptilum known from the western Atlantic 1. Autozooids tall (30-50 mm.), placed in transverse rows 3. ^4. sertum (Verrill). 1. Autozooids short (10-12 mm., or less), placed in oblique rows, or scattered 2. 2. Autozooids arranged in rows, in orderly fashion, the rows are well spaced. Stem thick .... 1. A. grandiflorum (Verrill). 2. Autozooids arranged in rows in disorderly fashion. Single zooids are often found between the regular rows. Stem slender 2. A. murrayi Kolliker. 1. Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrill) Virgularia grandiflora Verrill, 1879, p. 239. Anthoptilum thonisoni Kolliker, 1880, p. 13, pi. 5, figs. 16-18. Anthoptilum grandiflorum Jungbrsbn, 1917, p. 1193 (complete list of references). — Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 234, and Kukenthal, 1915, p. 32, pro parte; (according to Junqersen the material they examined was A. murrayi while their list of literature includes both A. grandiflorum and murrayi). — Kramp, 1932, p. 11. The species has been well described by Jungersen, 1904, 1917, who had occasion to study both A. grandifloru7n and A. murrayi. An excellent figure is given by KoUiker, 1880. Kiikenthal & Broch's material from the Indian Ocean is now referred to a new species, A. kiikenthali Hickson. Type: — Possibly in U. S. N. M. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 277 Type locality: — ■ Off Nova Scotia. Distribution: — ■ According to Jungersen, 1917, p. 1196, it ranges from Davis Strait to Nova Scotia, the West Indies and as far south as Buenos Aires, Tristan da Cunha and off Cape of Good Hope. It is not reported from any locaUty in the north eastern part of the Atlantic. There are a few records from the coast of California, Hawaii, Aleutian Islands which need re-investigation. (The material from the Indian Ocean is now referred to a new species A. kiikenthali Hickson, 1916, p. 142). Depth: — • According to Jungersen, from 8.5 to probably above 1500 fms. Specimens examined: — • Three specimens collected off Guadeloupe in 734 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 162 and 173), and off New England in 603 fms. ("Blake" Sta. 329); M.C.Z. cat. nos. 4339, 4340, 4347. Also several in U. S. N. M.; the type of A. thomsoni in Br. M. 2. Anthoptilum murrayi Kolliker Anthoptilum murrayi Kolliker, 1880, p. 14, pi. 6, figs. 19-31. — Verrill, 1884, p. 220; 1885, p. 311. — Jungersen, 1904, p. 67; 1917, p. 1193. — Hickson, 1916, p. 140. Anthoptilum grandiflorum Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 233 (pro parte). Jungersen insists upon the validity of this species which he has had occasion to examine alive (as well as A. grandiflorum) and he feels that even a superficial examination is sufficient to separate the two species. He mentions the almost invariable presence of a parasitic crustacean in A. grandiflorum while it never is found in A. murrayi and he had occasion to examine 43 colonies of the latter species. He has furthermore had occasion to examine both the type oi A murrayi and A. thomsoni (A. grandiflorum) in the British Museum. The colonies from the Indian Ocean which Kukenthal & Broch refer to grandiflorum, are now placed in a new species A. kiikenthali Hickson, 1916. The differences between the two species which Jungersen and Hickson independently have found are briefly set forth in the key above. Type: — Br. M. Type locality: — South of HaUfax, Nova Scotia, 1230 fms. Distribution: — Along the east coast of North America A. murrayi seems to occur in the same area as A. grandiflorum. It has not been taken in any locality in the Da\as Strait but is known from south of Iceland and the Bay of Biscay. It has not yet been reported from the West Indies. 278 THE ALCYONARIA Depth: — From about 600 to 1300 fms. Specimens examined: — The type in Br. M.; several colonies in U. S. N. M. Remarks: — Jungersen's last paper, 1917, is published in Danish and it is therefore discussed in such detail. Almost the same conclusions as his are reached by Hickson, 1916, who gives a very clear account of the characters which sepa- rate the various species in this difficult genus. 3. Anthoptilum sertum (Verrill) Benthoptilum sertum Verrill, 1883, p. 510, pi. 2, fig. 4; 1884, p. 219. — Stephens, 1910, p. 19, pi. 1. B. sp. Marion, 1906 (according to Stephens). A. sertum Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 240, in text {"distinct horn A. grandiflorum.?"). — KtJKENTHAL, 1915, p. 33. Colony short and broad, without the peculiar S-shaped curve which Jun- gersen noticed in even the youngest of A. grandiflorum. Zooids arranged in transverse rows to the tip. Zooids large (30 mm. in the type, 58 mm. in Stephens' colony, compared to 12 mm. in A. grandiflorum). Type: — U. S. N. M. Type locality: — Ofi Cape Hatteras in 843 fms. ("Albatross" Sta. 2115). Distribution: — Off the east coast of North America, off the coast of Ireland. Reported also off the coasts of Spain and Portugal (undescribed, but figured by Marion, 1906, according to Stephens). Specimens examined: — The type, in the U. S. N. M. Remarks: — Viviparous, according to I. A. Thomson, (see Stephens). Family 9. BALTICINIDAE Gray 1870 Diagnosis: — Tall, whip-like bilateral seapens, with the ventral side more or less swollen and the autozooids more or less distinctly united into leaves, and placed in shorter or longer oblique rows which converge distally. Anthostele with two marginal teeth, sometimes split into two. Siphonozooids scattered among the rows of autozooids and often also on the dorsal side except in the midline. Spicules as needles or short rods, present in the anthostele and usually in the stem of the tentacles, more sparingly in the stalk and stem, not present in the siphonozooids. Very old colonies may lack spicules almost completely and the marginal teeth on the anthostele may be soft and leathery. Remarks: — Only one genus is known. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 279 Balticina Gray 1870 Syn. OsleoceUa Gray, 1870; Pavonaria Kolliker, 1870, etc. ' See Kukenthal, 1915, p. 60 for other synonyms. Diagnosis: — As for the family. Type species: — Balticina finmarchica (Sars). Remarks: — Two, possibly three species are known from the Atlantic Ocean. One of these, the type species, is common in the western Atlantic, the other B. christii, is reported with some doubt. (The third species, B. africana Studer, collected off the west coast of Africa, may, according to Jungersen, 1904, event- ually prove to be identical with the type species) . Key to the species of Balticina known from the Atlajitic Ocean 1. Autozooids surrounded by a circular wall; about six autozooids in each row B. africana (Studer). 1. Autozooids not surrounded by a circular wall 2. 2. Autozooids in short steep rows not united by a distinct webbing. In young colonies (6 cm.) the autozooids form a crowded band on the ventral side of the stem, with the slightly flattened autozooids more or less upward curved B. christii (Koren & Danielssen). 2. Autozooids in long rows, not steep, and united by a basal webbing. In young colonies (6 cm.) the autozooids are few and widely spaced but not appressed or upward curved. . . 1. B. finmarchica (Sars). 1. Balticina finmarchica (M. Sars) B. finmarchica (M. Sars), see Jungersen, 1904, p. 39, pi. 1, figs. 28-29; pi. 2, figs. 33-36. — Kijkenthal & Broch, 1911, pp. 307, 455, 480, text-figs. 108-111. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 62. — Hickson, 1916, p. 135. ' A few words may be said about the correct name used for this genus. The name Pavonaria was first used by Schweigger in 1820 and is a synonym of Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas); Cuvier used the loose term Pavonaires in 1817. Balticina Gray 1870 with type species B. fi,nmarchica Sars is further- more older than Kolliker's Pavonaria 1870; (Kolliker had access to Gray's proofs so he was able to include Gray's results in his work); the name Pavonaria does, however, appear in print in 1869 but with- out any species attached to it. OsleoceUa 1870 Gray, 1870, with type species 0. cliftoni, probably from Australia, follows a few pages after Balticina; O. cliftoni, of which only the axis is known is somewhat doubtful but the other species referred to Osteocella, O. septentrionalis Gray 1872, is a typical Balticina. Although the name Pavonaria was obviously preoccupied, both Kukenthal & Broch, and Hickson have persisted in using it instead of Balticina. Kolliker states erroneously, in his diagnosis of Pavonaria that there are no radial canals in the stem, but in his description of P. finmarchica he mentions the close similarity to the stem in Halipteris christii, which has radial canals, and also how the swollen ventral (his dorsal) side is filled with reticulated canals and how several of these open into the longitudinal canals. Due to this error on Kolliker's part Hickson, 1911, pp. 1-15, has re-established Osteocella, without having examined any specimen of Balti- cina. Comparison of B. finmarchica with 0. septentrionalis has shown that they are not generically different. 280 THE ALCYONARIA The collection contains three specimens, two old and one young. The largest specimen is 27 cm. long; most of the upper part of the stem is denuded, but about one half of the colony is intact. The stalk is 6 cm. high and slightly bulbous. The fleshy stem carries first a few small autozooids, and then in close comb-shaped rows, obUquely placed, confluent autozooids, the youngest meeting at the midline. The calicles are filled with long spicules and have two long mar- ginal teeth. The large tentacles are not completely contracted. Small, wart-like siphonozooids are scattered as paler spots on the thickened ventral side only. The axis is round. The color in alcohol is white with bluish shade, and dark brown tentacles. The spicules agree with the figures given by Kiikenthal and Broch. The young specimen has about three widely distributed autozooids in steep rows but confluent at the base, and with long, deeply cleft calicles. It appears to be a somewhat later stage than the one figured by Jungersen (figs. 33-36). Type: — Apparently not in existence. Type locality: — Oxefiord, Norway. Distribution: — Northern Atlantic Ocean; depth of 60-980 fms. (according to Jungersen). Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. '•Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. (.fms.) Locality Specimens 4346 307 980 41°29'45"N. 65"'47'lO"W. 1 4342 309 304 40°ll'40"N. 68°22' W. 1 4343 310 260 39°59'16"N. 70°18'30"W. 1 Remarks: — Jungersen (1904, p. 43) discusses the possibility that Studer's B. africana (1878, p. 672) is identical with B.finmarchica. See Kiikenthal, 1915, p. 61. Balticina christii (Koren & Danielssen) Complete list of references in Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 454. — Complete description in Jungersen, 1904, p. 45, pi. 2, figs. 30-32 (as Halipteris). See also Kukenthal, 1915, p. 60. This species is reported from the east coast of North America by Verrill (1879, p. 199; and 1882, p. 309), but, as Jungersen states, "nothing has later been heard about it." It is not mentioned in Verrill's notes nor in the Canadian report (1922). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 281 Jungersen, who regarded the species as belonging to another genus, gives as the distinguishing character the fact that the autozooids are not fused together as in B. finmarchica. Young stages may, however, be easily confused. It is quite possible that Verrill's specimens were merely a young colony of B. finmarchica. — The distribution of B. christii in the eastern Atlantic corre- sponds with that of B. finmarchica. Family 10 PENNATULIDAE See HicKSON, 1916, p. 180. Also Kukenthal, 1915, p. 80, (partly under Virgulariidae). Diagnosis: — Bilaterally symmetrical seapens with well developed leaves. The leaves are usually thin and composed of a single row of autozooids, with short free calicles. The siphonozooids occur on the dorsal track and usually between the leaves as well, but never on the leaves. The leaves bear spicules. The gonads are developed in the fully formed leaves. No radial canals. A well developed axis is always present. Remarks: — Four genera are referred to the family by Hickson. Two of these, Leioptilum and Scytalium are Indo-Pacific, the two others are represented in the Atlantic Ocean. Key to the genera known from the Atlantic Ocean Long needles in the leaves 2. Pennatula Linnaeus. Short flat rods or grains in tlie leaves 1. Acanthoptilum Kolliker. Genus 1. Acanthoptilum Kolliker 1872 Diagnosis: — Long, slender seapens with triangular, fairly closely set leaves and thin sarcosoma. Leaves supported on the lower side by a fan of calcareous spicules as in Stylatula and carrying on the ventral side a single row of four to six long calicles, separated at the tip and supported by projecting spindles. No spicules in the anthocodia. Leaves smaller toward the stalk, and finally only siphonozooids are developed. Siphonozooids dorsally placed in one-two longi- tudinal rows close to the leaves in the interval between these. Stem with siph no- zooid-free band, dorsally and ventrally. No radial canals. A few spicules in the stem. Stalk with spicules, and ending in a bulbous part. Gonads situated in the fully developed leaves. Type: — Acanthoptilum pourtalesii Kolliker. 282 THE ALCYONARIA Two species, both described by Kolliker (1872, p. 571), are known from the east coast of the United States. Four other species are known from the coast of CaUfornia (Moroff, 1902; Nutting, 1919). See Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 455, and chart 13, p. 489. The genus was originally placed by Kukenthal in the Virgulariidae, but in 1924 he follows Hickson and places it, with Scytalium, in the Pennatulidae. Key to the species of Acanthoptilum known from the West Indies 1. Siphonozooids in two rows on each side. Autozooids, five-six on each leaf with triangular, well defined supporting fan, and calicles indistinctl.y separated. Spicules in stalk biscuit- shaped 1. Acantlwptilum pourialesii Kolliker. 1. Siphonozooids in one row on each side. Autozooids four-five on semi-circular leaves with indistinctly defined fan, and calicles well separated. Long cylindrical rods in the stalk . . 2. A. agassizii Kolliker. 1. Acanthoptilum pourtalesii Kolliker Acanthoptilum pourtalesii Kolliker, 1872, p. 57J, pi. 19, figs. 158-169. — KIjkenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 455. — KtiKENTHAL, 1915, p. 64. Type: — Does not seem to be in the M.C.Z. Type locality: — Off French Reef, in 44 fms. Another specimen from 12-15 fms. off the Marquesas (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor. in both cases) . Specimens examined: — None. 2. Acanthoptilum agassizii Kolliker Acanthoptilum agassizii Kolliker, 1872, p. 572, pi. 18, figs. 156-157. — Kijkenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 157. — KtJKENTHAL, 1915, p. 64. Type: — Does not seem to be in the M.C.Z. Type locality: — Off Carysfort Reef, Fla., in 35 fms. (Pourtales Gulf Stream Explor.), 2 specimens. Distribution: — Known from the type locality and off St. Lucia. Depth: — About 35-40 fms. Specimens examined: — A very poor fragment from St. Lucia, 40 fms. M.C.Z. cat. no. 3956. Genus 2. Pennatula Linnaeus 1758 Diagnosis, from Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 348: — Bilaterally developed seapens having a stem with well developed leaves with one or more rows of auto- SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 283 zooids along the ventral side. Autozooids with calicles. Siphonozooids of equal or unequal size, not on the leaves, but in varying arrangement on the stem. Spicules as rod-shaped bodies, absent or present in the tentacles. Cosmopolitan; deep sea and littoral. Type species: — Pennatula phosphor ea Linnaeus. Remarks: — Four species have been listed from the American side of the Atlantic Ocean, but actually there are only two. From the European side of the Atlantic two other species are listed, with numerous varieties. Another species is known from Davis Strait. Key to the species of Pennatula known from the American waters 1. Autozooids arranged at the base of the leaves and forming oblique rows on the stem; almost entirely absent from the dorsal side. No spicules in the tentacles 1. Pennatula gra7idu Ehrenberg (and P. bdlissima Fowler). 1. Autozooids thickly scattered on the dorsal side of the stem, leaving at the most a narrow strip free. Spicules present in the tentacles 2. P. aculeata Danielssen (and P. americana Moroff). 1. Pennatula grandis Ehrenberg Pennatula grandis, Ehrenberg, 1834, p. 66. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 82 (complete list of references). Pennatula bellissima Fowler, 1882, p. 135, pi. 6. — Stephens, 1910, p. 17. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 92. Fliella borealis Verrill, 1922, p. 9. Thoroughly described by Sars, Kolliker, Danielssen, Jungersen, Verrill, Fowler. Type: — Probably lost. Type of P. hellissima in Br. M. Type locality: — West coast of Norway. Distribution: — Common off Newfoundland, and as far south as Martha's Vineyard; also reported from off the Bahamas {P. hellissima Fowler). In the eastern part of the Atlantic known from the coasts of northern Europe. Depth: — According to Grieg, 1892, p. 10, the species occur in 50-400 fms. in the Norwegian fiords, while in American waters it ranges from 120-1255 fms. Specimens examined: — Several colonies in the U. S. N. M. ; the type of P. hellissima in Br. M. 2. Pennatula aculeata Danielssen Pennatula aculeata, see Kiikenthal & Broch, 1911, pp. 378, 458, text-figs. 177, 181; chart 15, p. 491. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 90. ~ Non P. aculeata Nutting, 1909, p. 688, (off coast of California). Pennatula americana Moroff, 1902, p. 381. — Kukenthal & Broch, 1911, p. 459. 284 THE ALCYONARIA Type: — Most likely not existing. Type of P. americana in Munich. Type locality: — Off coast of Norway. Distribution: — In the western part of the Atlantic from Chesapeake Bay to Davis Strait, in 160-1255 fms. In the eastern part, from north of the Azores to the Arctic Ocean. Specimens examined: — M.C.Z. "Blake" Depth Cat. No. Sta. ifms.) Locality Specimens 4334 305 810 41°33'l5"iM. 65°51'25"W. 12, large and small 4325 306 524 41°32'59"N. 65°55'00"W. 29 small 4333 310 260 39°59'16"N. 70°18'30"W. 5 young Also, numerous specimens from U. S. Fish Commission, collected off Nova Scotia, Martha's Vineyard, etc.; some of these are white or pink (Verrill, 1922. p. 45). Remarks: — The description of P. americana was based upon a small speci- men, collected by Packard in 1877, from off Massachusetts. As far as I can see it is merely a young P. aculeata, in which the large zooids on the stem are more regularly and sparingly arranged than in the older specimens. (Moroff does not seem to have had any specimens of P. aculeata before him). Jungersen expresses the same opinion (1904, p. 14) and in 1915, Kiikenthal includes it in P. aculeata. 2a. Pennatula aculeata Danielssen var. laxa Verrill Pennalula aculeata var. laxa Verrill, 1922, p. 45, pi. 18, figs. 1-2., "Pinnae longer, more slender, and more loosely arranged than usual. In other respects they agree with the ordinary kind." Deeper water, off Nova Scotia, etc. Remarks: — No specimens have been examined. It is doubtful whether this variety can be maintained. Note: — Other species from the Atlantic Ocean are P. phosphorea Linnaeus, with several varieties, see Kiikenthal, 1915, pp. 87- 89. It has only one kind of siphonozooids and up to twenty autozooids on the leaves. It has never been reported from the western Atlantic. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 285 P. rubra (Ellis), see Kukenthal, 1915, p. 91. It is known from the Mediter- ranean Sea. It differs from P. acnleata in having two teeth on the calicles of the large siphonozooids and these are placed singly at the dorsal edge of the leaves. P. prolifera Jungersen, 1904, p. 18, pi. 2, figs. 15-24, see Kukenthal 1915, p. 89, fig. 95 (complete list of references). A small species characterized by 2-3 autozooids on the leaves and a single row of dorsal siphono- zooids on each side of a naked longitudinal band; multiplies by trans- versal fission. It was taken in the Davis Strait, in deep water, and may possibly be found further south, in American waters. Family 11. PTEROEIDIDAE See HicKSON, 1916, p. 116; also Kukenthal, 1915, p. 98. Diagnosis: — Bilateral seapens with thick, fleshy rachis and stalk, and large and usually thick leaves composed of a large number of small autozooids. Spicules as rods or needles, smooth or three-flanged. Remarks: — Two of the three genera are found in the Atlantic Ocean. Key to the genera known from the Atlantic Ocean Spicules form rays in the leaves. Shallow water forms 1. Pteroeides Herklots. Spicules form not rays in the leaves. Deep water forms 2. Gyropkyllum Studer. Genus 1. Pteroeidks Herklots 1858 Diagnosis: — Pennatulids with numerous leaves supported by strong needles arranged in fans. No dorsal accessory leaves. Autozooids on ventral edge and surface of leaves. Siphonozooids placed on the lower side of the leaves, sometimes also on the dorsal, — and on the ventral part of the rachis. Spicules never three-winged. Littoral. Type species: — Pteroeides griseum (Bohadsch). Remarks: — Two Atlantic species, P. griseum (Bohadsch), see Kukenthal, 1915, p. 98, eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean; P. lusitanicum Broch, 1910, p. 61, see also Kukenthal, 1915, p. 99, Cezknbra, Portugal, no depth reported. 286 THE ALCYONARIA Genus 2. Gyrophyllum Studer 1891 See HiCKSON 1915, p. 252. Also Kukbnthal, 1915, p. 120. Diagnosis: — Pennatulids with long stalk and short rachis with few thick, fleshy leaves with autozooids in a zigzag row along the edge. Siphonozooids on both sides of the leaves and on the rachis. Spicules three-flanged, shorter or longer rods. Type species: — G. hirondellei Studer. Remarks: — One species is known from deep water in the eastern and now reported from the western part of the Atlantic; another from the Malayan Archipelago. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer G. hirondellei Studer, 1891, p. 94; 1901, p. 35, pi. 4, figs. 3-4. — Kukenthal, 1915, p. 120. — Hickson, 1916, p. 253. This striking species is described and figured by Studer in 1901. Type: — Monaco. Tijpe locality: — Off the Azores in 2200 m. Distribution: — Eastern and western Atlantic in deep water. Specimens examined: — Two from off Bahamas in the U. S. N. M. III. LIST OF DREDGING STATIONS WITH THE NAMES OF ALCYONARIA SECURED The dredgings in 1868-1869, on board U. S. Coast Steamer "Bibb" under L. F. de Pourtales, off Sombrero Island, Bahia Honda (Cuba), and Florida, con- tained several Alcyonarians. These dredgings had no number, and the following list has been compiled from the actual labels and the list of stations in the Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 1. Date Fms. Locality Spedes ■ 4, 1868 324 Bahia Honda, Cuba Trachymuricea hirta n. sp, Plumarella pourtalesii (Verrill) Calyptrophora trilepis (Pourtales). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 287 Bate Fms. Locality Species Jan. 16, 1869 42 W. of Tortugas Thesea citrina n. sp. Thesea plana n. sp. Trichogorgia viola n. sp. Jan. 1869 1 63 W. of Tortugas Nidalia occidentalis Gray. Feb. 17, 1869 125 S. W. of Sand Key Eunephthya nigra (Pourtalfes) Mar. 31, 1869 52 Carysport Reef Telesto sanguinea n. sp. May 11, 1869 39-40 Conch Reef Telesto sanguinea n. sp. May 13, 1869 98 Pacific Reef Eunephthya nigra (Pourtales) Uncertain date No depth Sand Key Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas) Probably May, 1868 54 Tortugas Telesto flavula n. sp. The "Hassler" expedition in 1870-1871, in charge of Louis Agassiz, made only a few dredgings in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. At two stations Alcyonarians were brought to the surface. Dec. 29, 1871 100 Off Barbados Jan. 18, 1871 200 North of Bahia, off the Abrolhos, Brazil Caliacis nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti. Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales. Riisea paniculata Duchassaing & Michelotti. Chrysogorgia desbonni Duch- assaing & Michellotti var. thyrsiformis. Thesea bicolor sp. nov. The dredgings made by the "Bache" in 1872 under W. Simpson, have never been published. Alcyonarians were secured at the following localities. known 270 Oft' Havana Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales. 125 " Cuba Thesea solitaria (Pourtales). 126 " Sombrero Island Thesea solitaria (Pourtales). 152 " Florida Thesea solitaria (Pourtales). 120 " Sand Key Thesea solitaria (Pourtales). 174 " Tennessee Reef Thesea solitaria (Pourtales). ' Exact day uncertain; no depth with that number of fathoms is found in the printed list. 288 THE ALCYONARIA Dredging stations of the U. S, charge of Alexander Agassiz; from individual dredgings). Sta. No. Fins. Temp. Locality 25 635 40°5 Off Bahia Honda 29 955 39°5 24°36'i\; 84°5'W. 33 1400-1568 40°5 North of Yucatan Bank 41 860 39°5 North west of Cuba 44 539 39.5 Northwest of Dry Tortugas 45 101 61°75 Off Dry Tortugas 56 101 124 127 175 Not given 175-250 69° 580 38 42°75 76°75 Coast Survey steamer "Blake" 1877-79, in December to March (no date is given for Species Lepidisis longiflora Verrill. Acanella cburnea (Pourtales). Umbellula lindahlii Kolliker. Stenella ivibricata (Johnson), Scirpearia fimiculit) a Duehassaing & Michelotti. Swiftia koreni (Wright & Stu- der) Chrvsogorgia elegans (Verrill), Acanella cburnea (Pourtales). Scleracis guadalupensis (Du- ehassaing & Michelotti). S. petrosa Verrill, Thesea solitaria (Pourtales), T. grandiflora Verrill, Villo- gorgia nigrescens (Duehas- saing & Michelotti), Placo- gorgia viirabilis Verrill, P. tenuis (Verrill), Echino- muricea atlantica (Johnson), Scirpearia funiculina (Du- ehassaing & Michelotti), Primnoisis humilis n. sp. Thouarella goesii Aurivillius Scleracis guadalupensis (Duehassaing & Michelotti) S. petrosa n. sp., Chrysogor- gia desbomii Duehassaing & Michelotti. Narella pauciflora n. sp., Met- allogorgia splendens (Verrill) Nidalia occidentalis Gray, Diodogorgia nodulifera (Hargitt & Rogers), Swiftia exserta (Ellis & Solander). 22°9'N, 82°21'W. Off Havana Off Morro Light Off St. Croix Off Santa Croix a. No. Fms. Tevip. Locality 128 180 60°25 Off St. Croix 131 580 42°75 H tt SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 289 Species Nicella ohesa n. sp. Paramuricea cchinata n. sp. Lepidisis longiflora Verrill, Stenella imbricata (Johnson), 132 117 65 " " Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), N. agassizi Verrill, Villogorgia nigrcscens (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Scirpearia at- lantica Toeplitz, Scirpearia barhadensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Nicella guada- lupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 134 248 54°5 " " Scleracis guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michel- lotti, S. petrosan. sp., Scir- pearia barbadensis (Duch- assaing & Michelotti). 135 450 42°5 " " Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas). 155 88 69° Off Montserrat Nidalia occidenialis Gray, Neospovgodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), A'^. agas- sizii n. sp., Diodogorgia no- dulifera (Hargitt & Rog- ers), Hypnogorgia pendula (Duchassaing & Michel- otti), Scleracis guadalupen- sis (Duchassaing & Michel- otti, Thesea grandifiora n. sp. T, grandifiora var. rugu- losa n. var., Bebryce grandis Verrill, Acanthacis scabra n. spec, Placogorgia tenuis (Verrill), Swiftia exserta (Ellis & Solander), Caligor- gia gracilis (M. -Edwards), Scirpearia elongata (Pallas), Riisea paniculata (Duchas- saing & Michelotti). 290 THE ALCYONARIA a. No. Fms. Temp. Locality Species 157 120 Not given Off Montserrat Kidalia rigida Verrill, Thesea hebes n. sp., Nicella guada- lupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti. 159 196 53°75 Off Guadeloupe Thesea nivea n. sp. 160 393 43°5 t( it Swiftia koreni (Wright & Stu- der). 162 734 40° a tt Umbellula iivdahlii KoUiker, Anthoptiluin grandiflorum (Verrill). 163 769-878 39°75 it t( Scleracis guadalupensis (Du- chassaing & Michelotti), Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas). 166 150 59°75 it tt Scleracis guadalupensis f Du- chassaing & Michelotti), Thesea hebes n. sp., Trachy- muricea hirta (Pourtales), Nicella obesan. sp. 171 183 55°5 a it Echinomuricea atlantica (Johnson). 173 734 40° a « Clmularia bathybius (Saville Kent), Anthoptilum grandi- florum (Verrill). 174 878 39°75 tt it ■S. petrosa n. sp. 176 391 43°5 Off Dominica Trachyvmricea hirta (Pour- tales), Acanella eburnea (Pourtales). 177 118 <35° it (t Thesea gracilis n. sp., T. par- viflora n. sp. 182 1131 39°5 11 it Umbellula lindahlii KoUiker. 190 542 42° a it Anthomastus agassizii Verrill, 195 200 502 472 41° 41°5 Off Martinique (( it Chry soger gia fewkesi Ver- rill, C. fewkesi vai. multi- flora a. var., C. elegans (Ver- rill), Iridogorgia pourtalesii Verrill, Lepidisis longiflora Verrill. Chrysogorgia fewkesi Verrill. Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 291 Sia. No. Fms. Temp. Locality Species 203 96 61° Off Martinique Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), A'. agassizii n. sp., Ilypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti, Scleracis guada- lupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). YiUogorgia ni- grcsccns (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Swiftia e.xserta (Ellis & Soiander), Scir- pearia atlantica Toeplitz, Nicella guadaliipensis (Du- chassaing & IMichelotti), Chrysogorgia desbonni Du- chassaing & Michelotti. 205 334 45°5 ti tt Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill), Ceratoisis simplex (Verrill). 206 170 49° Scleracis guadalapensis (Du- chassaing & Michelotti). 208 213 50° tt t( Caligorgia verticillata (Pallas). 210 191 Not given it ft Scleracis guadalupcnsis (Du- chassaing & Michelotti). 216 153-154 54°5 " St. Lucia Neospongodes agassizii n. sp. 220 116 58°5 tt tt Placogorgia tennis (Verrill), Caligorgia gracilis (M.- Edwards). 224 114 57° " St. Vincent Acanthogorgia aspera (Pour- tales), Caligorgia gracilis (M.-Ed\vartls), Chrysogor- gia desbonni Duchassaing & Michelotti. 226 424 42°5 " " Chrysogorgia fewkesi \"errill, Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill. 227 573 40°5 " " Stenella imbrkata (Johnson), S. pauciflora, ^'errill, Chrys- ogorgia feickesi Verrill. 230 464 41°5 " " Iridogorgia pourtalcsii Verrill. 292 THE ALCYONARIA Sta. No. Fms. 231 95 232 88 233 238 240 241 174 127 1G4 163 Temp. 61°5 Locality Off St. Vincent 62° 49°5 56° 52°75 53° (( It II a " Grenadines (( (( t( ti 242 842 39°5 It tt Species Nidalia occidcntalis Gray, Neo- spongodes agassizii n. sp., Keroides richardii (Lanjou- roux), Sclcracis guadalu- pensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Bebryce cinerea Verrill, Swiftia exseria (Ellis & Solander), Scirpearia at- laniica Toeplitz, Niciila obesa n. sp., N. guadalupen- sis (Duchassaing & Michel- otti). Thesea hebes sp. nov., Villo- gorgia nigrescens Duchas- saing & Michelotti, Echino- muricea atlanfica (Johnson), Narella regularis (Duchas- saing & Michelotti), Chry- sogorgia desbonni, Duchas- saing & Michelotti. Narella regularis (Duchas- saing & Michelotti). Chrysogorgia desbonni Duch- assaing & Michelotti. Acanthogorgia schrammi (Du- chassaing & Michelotti). Neospovgodes agassizii Verrill, Scleracis guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelot- ti), Thesea granulosa n. sp., T. rubra n. sp., T. rugosa n. sp., Acanihacis austera n. sp., Placogorgia tenuis (Ver- rill), Echinomuricea atlan- tica (Johnson), Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards), Chrysogorgia desbonni Du- chassaing & Michelotti. Ceratoisis ornata Verrill. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 293 Sta. Xo. Fms. Temp. Locality Species 243 171 51°5 Off Grenadines Xeospongodes porioricensis (Hargitt & Rogers). 246 154 56° " Grenada Scleracis guadalupensis (Du- chassaing & Michelotti). 247 170 53°5 (( tt Nidalia occidenfalis Gray, Neospongodes porioricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), A'. agassizii n. sp., Scleracis guadalupensis (Duchas- saing & INIichelotti), Xicella guadalupensis (Duchas- saing & Michelotti). 249 262 47° (1 tt Tkesea granulosa n. sp., T. rubra n. sp., Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti, Acanthacis aus- tera n. sp., Paramuricea multispinan. sp., Scirpearia barbadensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Riisea panicu- lata Duchassamg & Michel- otti. 253 92 58°5 11 tt Thesea rubra n. sp., T. grandi- flora, n. sp., Scirpearia bar- badensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). 254 164 57° tt tt Echinomuricea atlavtica (John- son). 256 370 44°5 tt tt Swiftia koreni (Wright & Stu- der). 259 159 53°5 tt tt Chrysogorgia deshonni Duch- assaing & ISIichelotti, Irido- gorgia pourtalesii Verrill. 262 92 62° tt tt Nidalia occidentalis Gray, Placogorgia tenuis (Verrill). 263 159 53°5 tt tt Thesea rubra n. sp. 265 576 39°75 tt it Anthomastus agassizii Verrill. 266 461 41°5 ft tt Swiftia koreni (Wright & Stu- der). 294 THE ALCYONARIA a. No. Fms. Temp. Localily 268 955 39°5 Off Grenada 269 124 57°5 it i( 271 272 458 41°5 64°75 Bequia " Barbados 273 103 59°5 t( tt Species Stenella imbricata (Johnson). Neospongodes portoricevsis (Hargitt & Rogers), N. agassizii n. sp., Echwomur- icea atlantica (Johnson), Caligorgia verticillata (Pal- las), Scirpcaria fuiricidina (Duchassaing & Michelot- ti), Riisea paiiiculata Duch- assaing & Michelotti, Chrysogorgia desbonni Du- chassaing & Michelotti. Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), Thesea rubra n. sp., Echinomuricea atlantica (Johnson). Nidalia occidentalis Gray, Neospongodes agassizii n. sp., Scleracis guadalupcnsis (Duchassaing & Michel- otti), S. pctrosa n. sp., Pla- cogorgia tenuis (Verrill,) Acanthogorgia schrammi (Duchassaing & Michelot- ti), Caligorgia gracilis (Mil- ne-Edwards), Scirpearia at- lanticaToepWtz, Riisea pan- iculata Duchassaing & Michelotti. Neospongodes agassizii n. sp., Scleracis guadalupcnsis (Duchassaing & Michel- otti), Bebryce cinerea n. sp., Villogorgia nigresccns Du- chassaing & Michelotti, Echinomuricea atla ntica (Johnson), Nicella guada- lupcnsis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), Chrysogorgia desbonni Duchassaing & Michelotti. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 295 Sta. No. Fms. Temp. Locality Species 276 94 61° Off Barbados Nidalia occidentalis Gray. Neospongodcs porioricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), Cali- acis nufans (Duchassaing & Miehelotti), Scleracis guad- alupeitsis (Duchassaing & iNIichelotti), Bebryce citi- erea n. sp., Flacogorgia ten- uis (Verrill), P. rudis n. sp., Acanthogorgia schrammi (Duchassaing & Miehelot- ti), Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards), Scir- pearia atlantica Toeplitz, S. fimiculiria (Duchassaing & ]\Iichelotti), S. elongata (Pallas), Riisea paniculata Duchassaing & Miehelotti. 277 106 58° it ft Ncospongodes agassizii n. sp., Bebryce cinrrea n. sp., Echi- nomuricca atlantica (John- son), Nicella guadaliipensis Duchassaing & Miehelotti), Riisea paniculata Duchas- saing & Miehelotti. 27S 69 68° (t tt Cyathopodium elcgans n. sp., Neospongodcs agassizi n. sp., Scirpearia atlantica Toe- plitz, S. elongata (Pallas). 281 288 46°5 (( ti Caligorgia vcrticillata (Pallas), Chrysogorgia desbonni Du- chassaing & Miehelotti. 282 154 56° (t It Bebryce grandis n. sp. 283 236 49° ti it Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill), C. squamata (Verrill). 285 13-40 Not given n tt Pterogorgia antillarum Biel- chowsky. 286 7-45 Not given It It Scirpearia elongata (Pallas). 288 399 44°5 tt it Acanthogorgia aspera Pour- tales, Ceratoisis simplex Verrill. 296 THE ALCYONARIA Sfa. No. 290 Fms. 73 Temp. 70°75 Locality Off Barbados 292 56 74°5 it il 293 82 64°5 ti ts 295 296 180 84 50°75 61°5 CI tl Species Alcyonium rubistella n. sp., Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), N. agassizii n. sp., Keroides richardii (Lamouroux), Hypnngorgia pcndula Duch- assaing & Michelotti, I 'illo- gorgia vigrescevs Duchas- saing & Michelotti, Aca-n- thogorgia aspera Pourtales, Caligorgia gracilis (Milne- Edwards). Alcyonium rubistella n. sp., N eospmigodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), Scler- acis guadaliipensis (Duch- assaing & Michelotti), T'?7- logorgia nigrescens Duchas- saing & Michelotti, Placo- gorgia tenuis (Verrill), Cali- gorgia gracilis (Milne-Ed- wards), Scirpearia atlantica Toeplitz. CyatJw podium clegans n. sp., Alcyonium rubistella n. sp., Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), Bebryce cinerea n. sp., Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards). Echinom iiricea atlantica (John- son). Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), N. agassizii n. sp., Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing & Michelotti, Para m uricea viultispina n. sp., Caligorgia gracilis (Milne-Edwards), Scirpearia elongata (Pallas), Chrysogorgia rfe«6onni Duch- assaing & Michelotti. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 297 Sta. Xo. Fms. Temp. Locality Species 297 123 56°5 Off Barbados Alcyonium rubistcllum n. sp., Neospongodcs porioriccvsis (Hargitt & Rogers), SmV- pcaria harhadensis (Duch- assaing & Michelotti), Riisea paniculata (Duch- assaing & Michelotti). 298 120 61° tt tt Neospongodcs portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers), Echi- nomuricea atlantica (John- sow); Riisea paniculata Du- chassaing & Michelotti. 299 123 56°5 it tt Echinotnuricca atlantica (John- son), Chrysogorgia deshonni Duchassaing & Michelotti. "Blake" 1880, February to May in the western Carribbean, between Cuba, Jamaica, and Honduras. V 288 55°25 Off Santiago de Cuba VII 610 41° S. of Jamaica VIII 322 52° S. of Jamaica XVII 41 79' Off Honduras XVIIl 600 40°5 S. of Chinchorro Bank XXII 250 79° E. of Cape Cruz, Cuba XXV 635 23°04'N., 83°12'W. "Blake ," 1880, summer. F. 39° 4 305 810 1°33'15" N., 65°51'25"W. 306 524 39°5 41°32'50"N., 65°55'00"W. 307 980 38° 41°29'45"N., 65°47'10"W. 308 1242 38° Off Georges Bank 309 304 40°5 Acanella eburnea (Pourtales). Acanclla eburnea (Pourtales). Acanella eburnea (Pourtales). Scirpearia atlantica Toeplitz, S. elongata (Pallas). Acanella eburnea (Pourtales). Acanella eburnea (Pourtales). Ceraioisis simplex Verrill. Pcunatula aculcata Danielssen. Acanella arbuscula (Johnson), Pennatula aculeata Daniels- sen. Acanella arbuscula (.Johnson). Chrysogorgia agassizii Verrill, A canclla arbuscula (John- son). Acavthogorgia armata Verrill, Acanclla arbuscula (John- son), Balticina finmarchica (M. Bars). 298 THE ALCYONARIA Sta. No. Fvis. Temp. Locality Species 310 260 42° 39°59'16"N., 70°18'30"W. Balticinafinmarchica{M..SaTs) Pennatxda aculeata Daniels- sen. 318 337 47° 31°48'50"N., 77°51'50"W. Eunicella modesta Verrill, OfiF Carolina Stviftia casta Verrill. 329 603 39°75 " Cape May Anthomastiis grandiflortis Ver- rill. 339 1186 30° " Delaware Anthomasius grandifioms Yer- rill, Eunephthya fructicosa (M. Sars). BIBLIOGRAPHY (The papers marked with an asterisk have not been available.) Agassiz, Alexander. 1888. Three cruises of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer "Blake" in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Houghton Mifflin & Co., New York. Also issued as Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 14-15, pp. XXII, 314 and 220. AURIVILLIUS, M. 1931. The Gorgonians from Dr. Sixten Bock's Expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands, 1914. Kungl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. (3) 9, No. 4, pp. 1-337, 6 pis., and 65 text-figs. BlELSCHOWSKY, EvA. 1918. Eine Revision der Familie Gorgoniidae (Dissertation). 65 pp., no figures. Breslau. 1929. Die Gorgonarien ^Yestindiens. Kap. 6, Die Familie Gorgoniidae zugleich eine Revision. Zool. Jahrb., Supplement 16, Heft 1, pp. 63-234, pis. 2-5, 40 text-figs. Broch, H. 1910. Diagnosen von neuen oder weniger bekannten Pennatulidae. Zool. Anz., 36, pp. 60-63. 1911 (1912). Alcyonarien d. Trondhjemfjordes. I, Alcyonacea. Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selskab, Trondlijem, no. 7, pp. 1-48, text-figs. 1-33. 1912a (1913). Alcyonarien d. Trondhjemfjordes. II, Gorgonacea. idem, no. 2, pp. 1-48, text-figs. 1-29. 1912b (1913). Alcyonarien d. Trondlijem fjordes. Ill, Pennatulacea ; IV, Biogeograph- ische Ubersicht. idem, no. 10, pp. 1-59, text-figs. 1-8, 1 chart. 1913. Pennatulacea, Report of the "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep Sea Expedition 1910, 3, Pt. 1, no. 6, pp. 1-9, pi. 1, text-figs. 1-4. Bergen. 1928. Alcyonarians, with a s\stematic-biogeographical discussion of the northern Eunephthya species. The Norwegian North-Polar Expedition with the "Maud," 1918-1925, scientific results, 5, no. 7, pp. 1-20, text-figs. 1-9. Bergen. Dana, J. D. 1846. Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842, pp. I-VII, 1-740, 61 pis. in folio atlas. Lee and Blanchard, Philadelphia. 1890. Corals and coral islands. 3d. ed., pp. 1-398, 8 pis., 8 maps, etc. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. Danielssen, D. C. 1859. Forhandl. Vidensk. Selsk. Christiania, p. 251. 1 The bibliography of the Alcyonarians has been so thoroughly compiled by KtJKENTHAL (1919 and 1924), that repetition of references here is unnecessary. Whenever possible throughout the present volume, citation has been made of these two papers, which contain complete lists of references for each species. The following list covers only the papers which it has been necessary to quote directly, and those dealing with West Indian corals published since 1924. Verrill's papers, however, have been quoted in all cases, as they have often been inadequately cited. 300 THE ALCYONARIA DUCHASSAING, DE FoNBRESSIN P. *1870. Revue des Zoophj^tes et des Spongiares des Antilles, pp. 1-52, pis. 1-2. Victor Masson et Fils, Paris. DuCHASSAING, DE FoNBRESSIN P. and MiCHELOTTI, H. 1846. Note sur deux Polypier de la Famille des Courau.x appartenant aux Genres Solandria et Pterogorgia. Extr. de la Rev. Zool. par la Soc. Cuvierienne, 9, pp. 218-220. (Reprint pp. 1-3.) 1860. Memoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles. Mem. Roy. Acad. Sci. Torino (2), 19, pp. 279-365, pis. 1-10. (Reprint pp. 1-88.) 1864. Supplement. Mem. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino (3), 23, pp. 97-206, pis. 1-11. (Reprint pp. 1-112.) Ehrenberg, C. G. 1834. Die Corallenthiere des Rothen Meeres physiologisch untersucht und systematisch verzeichnet. K. Akad. Wissensch. Abh., Berlin, 1833-1S34, pp. 1-152. Ellis, J. and Solander, D. 1786. The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes collected from various parts of the globe, pp. I-XH, 1-208, pis. 1-63. London. Esper, E. J. C. 1788-1794. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur nebst Beschreibungen, etc. 4 vols. Niirnberg. Part II, Gorgonians, pp. 1-164. Apparently published in 1794. Plates to Gorgonians, 1-62. Apparently published in 1788. 1797. Fortsetzung der Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur nebst Beschrei- bungen, etc. Suppl., 1, pp. 1-230, 2, pp. 1-48. Niirnberg. Fowler, H. 1888. On a new Pennatula from the Bahamas. Proc. Zool. Soc, London, pp. 135-140. Gordon, L 1925. Gorgonids from Curacao Island. Het Koninklijk. Zool. Genotschab Leyden, Bijddrag tot de Dierkunde, 24 Aflevering, pp. 15-24, pis. 3-4. 1926. Notes on a number of Muriceid genera (Alcyonaria, Gorgonacea), with special reference to spiculation. Proc. Zool. Soc, London, pp. 509-531, pi. 1, text-figs. 1-15. Gray, J. E. 1835. Characters of a new genus of Corals (Nidalia). Proc Zool. Soc, 3, pp. 59-60. 1857. Description of a new genus of Gorgoniidae. ibid, 25, p. 128. 1870a. Catalogue of Seapens or Pennatulariidae in the collection of the British Museum, pp. 1-40, with text-figs. London. 1870b. Catalogue of Lithophytes or stony corals in the collection of the British Museum, pp. 1-51, with text-figs. London. Hargitt, C. W. and Rogers, C. G. 1901. The Alcyonaria of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, 20, Pt. 2, pp. 265- 287, 4 pis. BIBLIOGRAPHY 301 Hassall, a. H. 1841. Supplement to a Catalogue of British Zoophytes. Ann. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 285. 1843. Remarks on Three Species of Marine Zoophytes. Ann. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 112. HiCKSON, S. J. 1894. A revision of the genera of the Alcyonaria stolonifera, with a description of one new genus and several new species. Tr. Zool. Soc. London, 13, pp. 325-347, 6 pis., 4 text-figs. 1895. The anatomy of Alcyonium digitatum. Quart. J. Sci., 37, pp. 343-388, 4 pis. 1894-1895. 1905. The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Pt. 2. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, pp. 211-239, 3 pis. 1916. The Pennatulacea of the Siboga Expedition, with a general survey of the order. Siboga Expedition, Livr. 77, Mon. 14, pp. 1-265, pis. 1-10. 1928. The Gorgonacea of Panama Bay together with a description of one species from the Galapagos Islands, and one from Trinidad. Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 85, pp. 325-420, 3 pis., 37 text-figs. Copenhagen. 1930. On the classification of the Alcjonaria, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1930, pp. 229- 252, text-figs. 1-2. 1931. The Alcyonarian Family Xeniidae with a Revision of the Genera and Species. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29, Scientific Reports, 4, no. 5, pp. 137-179, 2 pis., 5 text-figs. Johnson, J. Y. 1861. Description of a second species of Acanthogorgia (J. E. Gray) from Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 296-298, 2 text-figs. 1862a. Description of some new corals from Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 194- 197, text-figs. 1-11. lS62b. Description of two corals from Madeira, belonging to the genera Primnoa and Mopsea. Proc. Zool Soc. London, pp. 245-246. pi. 31. 1863. Description of a new species of a flexible coral belonging to the genus Juncella, obtained at Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 505. Also, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 14, p. 142. JUNGERSEN, H. F. E. 1887. Karahavets Alcyonider. Dijmphna Togtets zool.-bot. Udlytte, pp. 373-380, pis. 31-32. 1904. Pennatulida. The Danish "Ingolf" Expedition, 5, Pt. 1, pp. 1-95, pis. 1-3, text- figs. 1-3. 1916. Alcyonarian and Madreporarian Corals in the Museum of Bergen, etc. Bergen Museum Aarbok, 1915-1916, Naturvid. Raekke. No. 6, pp. 1-44. 1919. Alcyonaria, Antipatharia og Madreporaria. Medd. Gronland, 23, Pt. 4, no. 13, pp. 1156-1212. (Separate 1915). 1927. Anthomastus. The Danish "Ingolf" Expedition, 5, Pt. 2, pp. 1-14, pi. 1, text- figs. 1-4 (H. Broch ed.). Kent, Saville W. 1870. On two new genera of Alcyonoid corals taken in the recent expedition of the yacht "Norma" off the west coast of Spain and Portugal. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., 10, p. 397-399, pi. 21. 302 THE ALCYONARIA Koch, G. v. 1887. Die Gorgoniden des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. ErsterTheil einer Monographie der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, pp. 1-99, pis. 1-10, text-figs. 1-51. (Published by the Zoological Station at Naples.) Berlin. KOLLIKER, R. A. 1865. Icones histiologicae, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre, 2. Abt. der feinere Bau der hoheren Thiere, 1 Heft, die Bindesubstanz der Coelenteraten. Leipzig. pp. 87-181, pis. 10-19. 1872. Anatomiseh-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Erste Abt. Die Pennatuliden. I-H, Abhandl. d. Senckenberg. Naturforsch. Gesellseh., Frankfurt a. M., 1870-71, 7-8, pp. 1-45S, pis. 1-94. *1874. Die Pennatulide Umbellula und zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien. Festschr. etc. d. Phys. Med. Gesellseh. Wlirzburg, 24 pp. 2 pis. (No volume number.) 1880. Report on the Pennatulida, dredged by H.M.S. "Challenger" during the year 1873-1876. The Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger." Zoology, 1, Pt. 2, pp. 1-41, pis. 1-11. KUKENTHAL, W. 1902. Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien, I, Die Familie der Xeniiden. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., 15, pp. 635-662. 1903. Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien, H, Die Familie der Nephthyiden, I Theil, idem, 19, pp. 99-172, pis. 7-9. 1903a. Uber eine neue Nephthyidengattung aus dem siidatlantischen Ocean. Zool. Anz. 26, pp. 272-275. 1905. Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien, H, Die Familie der Nephthyiden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., 21, pp. 503-726, pis. 26-32, 62 text-figs. 1906. Alcyonacea. Wissenschaftl. Ergeb. der Deutsche Tiefsee Exped., 13, Lief. I, pp. 7-111, pis. 1-12. 1906a. Diagnosen neuer Japanischen Alcyonaceen. Zool. Anz., 30, pp. 280-289. *1906b. Japanische Alcyonaceen, in Doflein, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, pp. 9-86, pis. 1-5. Verlag K. Alvad. Wissensch. Miinchen. 1907. Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien. H, Die P'amilie der Nephthyiden, Theil 3, Die Gattung Eunephthja Verrill und Gerseniia Marenzelier. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., 24, pp. 319-390. 1908. Diagnosen neuer Gorgoniden. Zool. Anz., 33, pp. 9-20. 1910. Zur Kenntniss der Gattung Anthomastus Verrill, in Doflein Zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, 1, suppl. 9, pp. 1-16, 1 pi. (Abh. d. H Kl. d. K.Akad.d. Wissensch. Miinchen) 1913. Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographishen Beziehungen. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., 35, pp. 219-270, 2 pis. 36 text-figs. 1915. Anthozoa, Pennatularia, in "Das Tierreich" Lief. 43, pp. I-XV, 1-132, 126 text- figs. Berlin. 1916. Die Gorgonarien Westindiens. Kap. 1. Die Scleraxonien. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 11, heft 4, pp. 443-484, pi. 23 and 26 text-figs. Kap. 2. Uber den Venusfacher, idem pp. 486-490. Kap. 3. Die Gattung Xiphigorgia Milne-Edwards, idem pp. 493-502, pi. 23 and 10 text-figs. 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissensch. Ergeb. d. Deutchen Tiefsee-Exped., 13, pt. H, 1-2, pp. 1-948, pis. 30-89. 1924. Coelenterata, Gorgonaria, in Das Tierreich, Lief. 47, pp. I-XXVHI, 1^78 and text-figs. BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 1925. Handbuch der Zoologie, 1 Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Mesozoa. 1923-25, pp. I-XIV, 1-1060, 868 text-figs. (Octocorallia pp. 690-769, text-figs. 581-677.) Berlin & Leipzig. KiJKENTHAL, W. and Broch, H. 1911. Pennatulacea of the "Valdivia" Expedition. Wissensch. Ergeb. d. Deutchen Tiefsee-Exp. 13, pp. 1-578, pis. 13-29. KUNZE, G. 1916. Die Gorgonarien Westindiens. Kap. 425; die Gattung Eunicea; die Gattung Plexaurella. Zool. Jahrbucher. Suppl. 11, Pt. 4, pp. 505-586, pis. 24-28. Laackmann, H. 1908. Gattung Telesto; Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., Suppl. 11, pp. 41-104, pis. 2-8. Lacaze Duthier, H. de l.^ 1900. Coralliaires du Golfe du Lyon, Alcyonaires; Arch. Zool. Exper., (3), 8, pp. 353- 462, pis. 11-15. Lamarck, J. B. 1816. Histoire Naturelle d'Animaux sans Vertebras, vol. 2. Paris. Lamourqux, J. 1821. Exposition methodique des genres de I'Ordre des Polj'piers, pp. I-VIII, 1-115, pis. 184. LiNDSTROM, J. 1877. Contribution to the Actinology of the Atlantic Ocean. Kungl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad, Handl., 14, no. 6, pp. 1-26, pis. 1-3. Stockholm. Linnaeus, Carolus. 1754. Museum Adolphi Frederici Regus Svecorum, etc. ... In quo animalia imprimis et exotica . . . describuntur et determinantur (Latin & Swedish), pp. 1-96, pis. 1-33. (Holmiae) Stockholm. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. . . . Edition 10, reformata. (Holmiae) Stockliolm. 1776. Vollstandige Natursystem nach der zwolften lateinischen Ausgabe und nach Anleitung der hollandischen Houttunischen Werke. Vols. 1-6, Atlas. Niirnberg. LtJTTSCHWAGER, H. 1914. Revision der Familie Alcyoniidae. Archiv. Naturgesch., 80 Jahrg., Abt. A, Heft 10, pp. 3-42. 1926. Die Gattung Alcyonaria, Mitt. a.d. Zool. Mus., Berlin, 12, Heft 2, p. 279-289. Marion, A. F. 1906. Etude de Coelenteres Atlantique etc. Exp. Scient. du "Travailleur" et du "Talis- man," pp. 103-151, pis. 11-17. Paris. Marshall, A. M. and Fowler, H. 1888. Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. "Triton." Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin- burg, 32, p. 142, pi. 25. 304 THE ALCYONARIA May, W. 1900. Systematik und Chorologie der Alcyonaceen. Jen. Zeitschr. f. Xatur., 23, pp. 1-180, pis. 1-5. Milne-Edwards, H. and Haime, J. 1851. Recherches sur la .structure et la classification des polypiers recents et fossiles, 1-7, 2 vols. Paris. (Also in Ann. Sci. Naturelle, (3), 9-13, 15, 1848-1851.) MOLANDER, A. R. 1915. Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the Swedish State-Museum (Riks-Museum,) Alcyonacea. Kungl. Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, 51, no. 11, pp. 1-94, 3 pis., text-figs. 1-13. Stockholm. 1918a. Membranose Ausbildung der Kolonien bei Gorgonacea nebst einiger Bemerkun- gen liber Rhizoxenia alba Grieg. Archiv f. Zool. Stockholm, 11, no. 21, pp. 1-19, te.\t figs. 1918b. Der Kelch als systematischen Character bei den x\lcyonaceen. Arkiv f. Zool. Stockholm, 14, no. 2, pp. 1-12. 1919. Zoologische Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expedition nach Spitzbergen, unter Leitung von Prof. G. de Geer, Theil 2, no. 9, Die Alcyonaceen des Eisfjords; Kungl. Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Stockholm, 15, no. 9, pp. 1-19, 1 chart. *1929. Die Octactinarien. Further Zool. Res. Swed. Ant. Exped., 2, pt. 2, pp. 1-86, 5 pis., 27 text-figs. MOROFF, T. 1902. Studien uber Octocorallien. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., 17, pp. 363^10, pis. 14-18 MOSER, J. 1921. Ergebnisse einer Revision der Gattung der Plexaura Lamouroux. Zool. Anz., 53, pp. 110-118. MOTZ-KOSSOWSKA, S. ET Fage, L. 1907. Etudes des Fascicularides. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen., 7, pp. 423-443. Nutting, C. C. 1908. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the "Albatross" in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34, pp. 543-601, pis. 41-51. 1910. 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Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, pp. 7-14. Verrill, a. E. 1862. Notice of a Primnoa from Georges Bank. Proc. Essex Inst., Salem, Mass., 3, pp. 127-129. 1864. List of the Polyps and Corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other Institutions in Exchange, with Annotations. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, pp. 29-60. 1864a. Revision of the Pol.yps of the Eastern Coast of the United States. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866-1869, 1, pp. 1-45. (Published in 1864.) 1864b. A new Genus (Lissogorgia) of Gorgonians. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, (1864-1866), p. 22. 1866. Polyps and Echinoderms of New England with Descriptions of new Species. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, (1864-66), pp. 333-357. 1866a. Discussion of KoUiker's "leones Histiologie oder Atlas des vergleichende Gewe- belehre, etc. Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) 42, pp. 283. 1868. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. and Art, 1, pt. 2, pp. 247-396. (Reprinted in 1869, with some changes.) 1868a. Critical Remarks on the Halcyonoid Polyps in the Museum of Yale College with Descriptions of new Genera. Amer. Journ. Sci. (2), 45, pp. 411-415. 1869b. A second critical Notice of Alcyonarians in the Museum of Yale College, idem, (3) 46, p. 143. 1869c. Critical Remarks on Halcyonoid Polyps, no. 3. Amer. Journ. Sci., (2) 47, pp. 282-285. 1869d. Critical Remarks on the Halcyonoid Polyps, with Descriptions of new Species in the Museum of Yale College, no. 4. Amer. Journ. Sci., (2) 48, pp. 419-429. 1869e. Comparison of the Coral Fauna of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the Isthmus of Darien, as bearing on the supposed former Connection between the two Oceans. Amer. Nat., 3, pp. 499-500. BIBLIOGRAPm^ 307 1870. Descriptions of new corals. Amer. Journ. Sci., (2) 49, pp. 370-375, text-figs. 1-4. [Reprint pp. 1-6. | 1870. Review of the "Monografia della famiglia dei PennatuUirii," per Dott. Sebastiano Richardi. Amer. Journ. 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Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. (iSIeeting in Portland, Aug. 1873), XXII B, pp. 340-395, 6 pis. 1878. Brief Contributions to Zoology. No. 38 and 39, Notice of a recent Addition to the Marine Fauna of the eastern Coast of North America. Amer. Journ. Sci., (3), 16, pp. 207-215; 371-378. 1879a. Discussion of "Fauna Littonalis Norvegiae," ed. by J. Koren & D. C. Danielsen. Pt. 3. Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), 17, pp. 258-259. 1879b. Brief Contribution to Zoology. No. 40 Notice of recent Addition to the marine fauna of the eastern Coast of North America, No. 3, idem, pp. 239-242. 1879e. Preliminary check-list of the Marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic Coast, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. La\\Tence. New Haven, June, 1876, 32 pp. (Special author's edition only; first supplement, 1861, 2 pp.; sec. suppl. 1882, 2 pp.) 1879d. Notice of Recent Additions to the Marine Invertebrata of the northeastern Coast of America with Descriptions of New Genera and Species and Critical Remarks on others. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 2, pp. 165-226. 1882. Brief Contributions to Zoology, etc.. No. 49. Amer. Journ. Sci., (3) 23, pp. 135-142; No. 51 (5), idem, pp. 309-316. 1882a. Brief Contributions to Zoology, etc. No. 53, idem, 24, pp. 360-371. 1883. Reports on the results of Dredguig mider the Supervision of .\lexander Agassiz on the east Coast of the United States during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer "Blake," Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N. , commanding. Report on the Anthozoa and on some additional species dredged by the "Blake" in 1877-1879 and by U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Fish Hawk," in 1880-1882. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11 no. 1, pp. 1-72, 8 pis. 1884. Brief Contributions to Zoology, No. 55. Notice of the remarkable Marine Fauna occiu-ring oft" the outer Banks oft' the southern Coast of New England. .A.mer. Journ. Sci., (3), 28, pp. 213-220. 1884. Notice of the remarkable ^larine Fauna occupying the outer Banks of the south coast of New England, and some additions to the Fauna of Vineyard Sound. Ann. Rept. U. S. Comm. of Fish & Fisheries, 1882, 10, pp. 641-669. 308 THE ALCYONARIA lSS5a. Brief Contributions to Zoology. No. 57, Notice of the remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer Banks of the southern Coast of New England (11). Amer. Journ. Sci., (3), 29, pp. 149-157. 1885b. Results of the Explorations made by the Steamer ".\lbatross," off the northern Coast of the United States in 1883. Ann. Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fisheries, 11, pp. 503-699, 44 pis. 1900. Addition to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., New Haven, Conn., 10, pt. 2, pp. 551-572, 3 pis. 1901. Addition to tlie Fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., New Haven, Conn., 11, p. 47-54, pis. G-9. (The above mentioned two articles are included in "Zoology of the Bermudas," 1903.) 1907. The Bermuda Islands, Pt. 5. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., New Haven, 12, Art. 2, pp. 45-418, 41 pis. (Corals, pp. 296-319, pis. 33-33b, 35a, 36-36b, text-figs. 142-160.) 1912. The Gorgonians of the Brazilian Coast. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, (2), 15, pp. 373^04, pis. 29-35, text-fig. 1. 1922. Repf^rt of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 8, Pt. G, Alcyonaria, pp. 1-87, 18 pis., 13 text-figs. VERSLTTi'S, J. 1902. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition, 13. Die Chrysogorgiidae, pp. 1-120, 179 text-figs. Resultats des explor. etc., a bord de "Siboga," etc. Leiden. 1906. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition, 13a. Die Primnoidae, pp. 1-187, pis. 1-10, 178 text-figs. Resultats des e.xplor., etc., a bord de "Siboga," etc. Leiden. White.wes, J. F. 1901. Catalogue of the Marines Invertebrata of eastern Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, no. 722, pp. 1-271, 1 pi. Ottawa. Wilson, E. B. 1883. The Development of Renilla. Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc, London, 174, pp. 723-815, pis. 52-67. Also in Mem. J. Hopkins Univ. Biol. Lab., 1, No. 2, 1887. Wright, E. P. 1869. On a new Genus of Gorgoniidae from Portugal. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 3, pp. 23-26, text-figs. 1-3. 1885. Report on the Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" during the years 1873-1876, 1, pt. 2, Narrative, p. 691. (Note regarding Strophogorgia.) Wright, E. P. and Studfr, T. 1889. Report of the Alcyonaria collected by H.M.S. "Challenger" during the years 1873-1876, 31, no. 4, pp. I-LXXH, 1-314; pis. 1-45. INDEX Page aherrans, Profoptilum 264 Acanella 239, 240, 243 Acanthacis 99, 130 Acanthogorgia 148, 149 Acanthogorgiidae 148 Acanthoptilum 281 acaule, Alcyonium palmatum var. .47, 51 acerosa, Pterogorgia . . . 173, 193, 194, 198 acervata, Eumuricea 104 Acis 107 acropora, Eunicea 95 Actinoptilum 257 aculeata, Pennatiila 255, 283, 284 afRnis, Chrysogorgia 221,222 africana, Balticina 279 africana, Rcnilla 258 africana, Sienogorgia 148 africana, Telesto 40, 45 agaricus, Anthomastus 53 agassizii, Acanthoptilum 255, 282 agassizii, Anthomastus .... 47, 52, 54 agassizii, Chrysogorgia . . .221,222,233 agassizii, Dasygorgia 233 agassizii, Neospongodes 67, 69 alha, Rhizoxenia 78 Alcyonacea 31,46 Alcyoniidae 47 Alcyonium 31,47 almanni, Narella 154,171 ambigua, Umbelhila encrinus var. . . 269 americana, Nicella 216,220 americana, Pennatula 283,284 americana, Pterogorgia . . . 173, 194, 196 americana, Renilla reniformis, forma 254, 258, 259 amethystina, Renilla 256 Ammothea 77 anceps, Xiphigorgia 173, 201 annectens, Echinomuricea 147 antarctica, Primnoisis 250 antarctica, Thouarella 164 antarctica, Xenia 72 Page Antheha 32,33 Anthomastus 47, 52 Anthomuricea 147 Anthopodium 37 AnthoptiHdae 256, 275 Anthoptilum 276 Anthothela 75, 78 antillarum, Anthomuricea . . 98, 140, 147 antillarum, Junceella 204 antillarum, Pierogorgia 194,195 antillarum, Stylatula . .255,270,271,272 antillarum, Villogorgia 140 arborea, Paragorgia 75, 81 arhorcum, Alcyonium 81 arbuscula, Acanella . 238, 243, 244, 245, 246 arhuscula, Isidella 243 arbuscula, Mopsca 243 arbuscula, Pterogorgia acerosa, forma 194, 198 arctica, Clavularia 33 armata, Acanthogorgia 149,150 armata, Anthelia 33 armata, Clavularia 33 armata, Funiculina 261,262,263 Arthrogorgia 155 asbestinum, Briareum 74, 79, 81 aspera, Acanthogorgia 149, 150, 151,152,158 astraeoides, Erythropodium .... 75 atlantica, Acanthogorgia 145 atlantica, Echinomuricea 145 atlantica, Eumuricea 97, 104 atlantica, Neospongodes 66, 67 atlantica, Placogorgia 143, 147 atlantica, Scirpearia 203,206 Aulopora 38 aurantiaca, Chelidonisis . . . 233, 252, 253 aurea, Thouarella 153, 164, 165 austera, Acanthacis 97, 130, 132 australasia, Primnoella 162 bahiensis, Neospongodes 66, 67 bairdii, Umbellula 268 Synonyms are in italics; the main page reference in bold face. 310 THE ALCYONARIA Page ballini, Iciligorgia 82 Balticinidae 256,278 Balticina 279 barhadensis, JiincceUa 208 barbadensis, Scirpearia 206, 208 bathybius, Clavularia 33, 34, 35 bathybius, Gymnosarca 35 Bebryce 98,124 bebrycoides, Paracamptogorgia .... 140 beUisshna, NareUa 154 bellissima, Pennatula 283 belli ssima, Stackyodes 169 BeJonella 55 Benfhopfilum 278 bicolor, iluriccopsis 95 bicolor, Plexauropsis 95 bicolor, Thesea 97,111,114 bipinnata, Pterogorgia . .173, 194, 195, 197 Blcpharogorgia 151 bocagei, Alcyonium 47, 51 bocagei, Cereopsis 51 bocagei, Gersemia 51 borcalis, AnihcUa 33 borealis, Clavularia 33 borcalis, Echinomuricea 147 borealis, Paramuricea 97, 135 borealis, Pennatula 97 Brandella 128 brasiliensis, Gorgonia . . . .175,178,179 brasiliensis, Stylatula . . . .255,270,271 Briareidae 74 Briareum 79 Caliacis 98,106 Caligorgia 155, 158 Callistephamis 190 Callozostron 155 Callozostroninae 154 Calyptrophora 155, 171 Calyptrophorinae 154, 168 canadensis, Gersemia 64 canaricnsis, Anthomastus 55 cancellata, Gorgonia 128 cancellata, Paramuricea 129 capensis, Chelidonisis . . . 238, 252, 253 ca pen sis, Isidrlla 253 capensis, Spongioderma 75 capensis, Suberia 75 Page capensis, Tricogorgia 223 capitahim, Briareum 80 caribaea, Ncospongodes .... 67, 70, 71 caribaeorum, Erythropodium . . 74, 76, 77 caribacorum, Xenia 77 Carijoa 45 carolinensis, Leptogorgia .... 179, 180 carnea, Gersemia 63 carneum, Alcyonium 49 carpenteri, Protoptilum . . 254, 263, 264 caryophyllia, Lepidisis ...... 238, 241 casta, Gorgonia 187 casta, Stcnogorgia 187 casta, Swiftia 173, 186, 187, 191 catenatum, Sareodictyon .... 33, 36 Cavernularia 256 Ceratocaulon 46 Ceratoisidinae 239 Ceratoisis 246 ceratosa, Diodogorgia 86 eervicornis, Diodogorgia .... 74, 87, 88 challenger!, Radicipes 236 chamaeleon, Clematissa 139 Chelidonisis 252 chilensis, Renilla 258 christii, Balticina . . . 255,279,280,281 Chrysogorgia 227 Chrysogorgiidae 220 Chunellidae 256,266 chuni, Spongioderma 75 cinerea, Bebryce .... 97, 125, 126, 128 citrina, Thesea 97,112,116 citrina, Xiphigorgia .... 173, 200, 201 cladiscus, Virgularia 275 clavaria, Suberia 74, 85 clavata, Gersemia 63 clavata, Paraspongodes 59, 66 clavatum, Alcyonium 51 Clavularia 32, 37 Clavulariidae 32 Clematissa 98, 139 cliftoni, Osteocella 279 coarctata, Rhipidogorgia 193 coccinea, Echinomuricea 145 compressum, Alcyonium 50, 51 concreta, Clavularia 33, 34, 35 coniorta, Leptogorgia 178, 179 Coralliidae 90 INDEX 311 Page coraUina, Telesfo 40 Corallium 90 Cornulariella 32 Cornulariidae 32 crassiflora, Umbellula 269 cnistata, Solandria 87 crustata, Titanidcum 83 Ctenella 203 Cyathopodium 38,40 cyUndrica, FunictiUna 273 cylindrica, Scirpearia 212 Dasygorgia 226 danae, Renilla 258 darwinii, Stylatula 271, 272 delicatissinia, Primnoella .... 162, 163 denticulatuni, Protoptilum 264 desbonni, Chrysogorgia . 221 , 227, 228, 230 dcshaycsii, Renilla 258 dichotoma, Nicella 216 digitatum, Alcj'onium ... 46, 47, 48, 49 dilatata, Phyllogorgia 202 Diodogorgia 74, 76, 85 distans, Primnoella 153, 162 Distichoptilum 263, 265 Drifa 59 dubia, Eunicella 94 dubia, Leptogorgia 175 Duva 59 eburnea, Acanella . . . 238,243,245,246 eburnca, Mopsca 245 echinata, Muriceides . . . 134,139 echinata, Paraniuricea ... 98, 134, 135 echinatum, Schizophytum 46 Echinomuricea 98, 99, 145 Echinoptilidae . 255,256 edwardsi, Fascicularia 72 edwardsii, Renilla 259 Elasmogorgia 147 elastica, Pterogorgia acerosa, forma 194, 199 elegans, Chrysogorgia . 221, 222, 228, 231 elegans, Cyathopodium 38 elegans, Dasygorgia 231 elegans, Muricca 103 elegans, Paracyonium 72 elegans, Scleroptihim 266 elegans, Stylatula 254, 270 Page elegans, Virgularia 270 Ellisella 205 elUsiana, Pterogorgia . . . . 173,194,199 elongata, Clandaria 33, 35 elongafa, Ellisella 212 elongata, Gorgonia 212 elongata, Isidella 239,240 elongafa, Muricea 100, 101 elongata, Scirpearia .... 205, 206, 212 elongata, Stylatula 270 encrinus, Umbellula 267, 269 Erythropodium 75, 76 Erythropodiinae 75 Eubrandella 99, 128 Eugorgia 174 Eumuricea 98, 104 Eunephthya 5S, 59 Eunicea 91,95 Eunicella 91,92 Evacis 110 exserta, Gorgonia 186, 188, 190 exserta, Swiftia . . 173, 185, 186, 188, 190 exserta, Tliesea 119,190 e.vtans, Junceclla 215 fallax, Anthdia 33 fallax, Claviilaria 33 F'ascicularia 72 Fasciculariidae 46, 72 f estiva, Pterogorgia 181 fewkesi, Chrysogorgia . .221, 222, 228, 230 Filigella 147 finmarehica, Balticina . . . .255,279,281 flahellum, Antipaihes 128 flabellum, Caligorgia 154, 161 flahellum, Echinogorgia 129 flabellum Eubrandella 97, 129 flahellum, Lissogorgia 128,129 flabellum Rhipidogorgia . . . 173, 192, 193 flagellum, Junceella 215 flagellum, Scirpearia 215,216 flavida, Gorgonia 177,178 flavula, Telesto 40,42 flexibilis, Ceratoisis 238, 247 flexihilis, I sis 247 flexilis, Chrysogorgia 222 flexilis, Trichogorgia 223,224 florida, Eunephthya 62 312 THE ALCYONARIA Page florida, Gorgonia 62 floridana, Leptogorgia 177,183 fragilis, Muriceides 138 fructicosa, Eunephthya 62, 63 frudicosa, Gerscmia 64 fnicficosum, Alcyonium 64 fructiculosa, Telesto 40, 43, 45 Funiculina 261 ftinicidina, Junceella 210 funiculina, Scirpearia 206, 210 Funiculinidae 255,261 f areata, Muriceides 139 gemmata, Thesea 190, 191 Gersemia 31 glacialis, Virgularia 273, 274 glomerata, Drifa 61 glomerata, Eunephthya .... 59, 61, 62 glomeratum, Alcyonidhnn 50 glomeratum, Alcyonium 50,51 goesi, Acanthogorgia 151,152 goesi, PJiimarclla 164 goesi, Thouarella 153, 164 Gorgonacea 31,72 Gorgonella 224 GorgonelHdae 202 Gorgonia 174 Gorgoniidae 172, 174 gracile, Distichoptihim 254,265 gracile, Scleroptilum 266 gracilis, Caligorgia 153, 158 gracilis, Cladiscus 275 gracilis, Filigella 98, 148 gracilis, Gorgonia 175 gracilis, Picrogorgia 195 gracilis, Radicipes 221,236,237 gracilis, Stylatula 272 gracilis, Thesea 97,112,116 gracilis, Umbellula 268, 269 gracilis, Virgularia 275 grandiflora, Anthothela 78 grandiflora, Scirpearia 206,211 grandiflora, Thesea 97,112,120 grandiflora, Virgidaria 276 grandiflorum, Anthoptilum 255, 276, 277, 278 grandiflorum, Scleroptilum . . . .254,266 grandiflorus, Anthomastus 46, 52 grandis, Bebryce 97, 126 Page grandis, Ceratoisis 238,250 grandis, Lcpidomuridea 137 grandis, Paraniuricea 97, 137 grandis, Pennatula 255,283 grandis, Scirpearia 206,214 grandis, Vcrrucclla 214 granifera, Nicella 217,218 granulosa, Thesea 97,111,113 grayi, Ceratoisis . . . .238,246,249,250 grimaldii, Caligorgia 154, 161 griseum, Pteroeides 285 guadalupensis, Acis 108 guadalupensis, Nicella . . . .216,218,220 guadalupensis, Scleracis 108, 185 guadalupensis, Thesea 97,111,112,119,131,186 guadalupensis, Thesea 108, 190 guadalupensis, Verrucclla 218 guerneyi, Nicella 218 guntheri, Umbellula 254,267,268 Gymnosarca 32 Gyrophyllum 285,286 HaUpteris 280 hartii, Gorgonia 173, 175 hartmrycri. Titan ideum 84 hebes, Leptogorgia . . .173,176,179,180 hebes, Thesea 97,112,121 helminthophora, Stenella 167 Heterogorgia 128 heierospinosum, Kophohclemnon . . . 260 hilgendorfi, Thouarella 154, 166 hirondellei, Gyrophyllum . . . 255, 286 hirsuta, Acanthogorgia 153 hiria, Acanthogorgia 133 hirta, Paramuricea .... 133, 136, 150 hirta, Trachymuricea .... 97, 132, 133 Holaxonia 91 homomalla, Plexaura 96 horrida, Acanthogorgia 153 himiilis, Eunicea 95 humilis, Primnoisis 238, 251 hutnilis, Telesto 41 Hypnogorgia 98, 105 hystrix, Junceella 204 Iciligorgia 82 imbricata, Primnoa 167 INDEX 313 Page imbricata, Stenella . . 154, 166, 167, 168 inennis, Renilla 258 intermedia, Echinomuricea 147 Iridogorgia 222, 234 irramosa, Leptogorgia 188 Isidella 239 Isididae 237,239 Isidinae 252 Isis 252 japonica, Calyptrophora 171 johnsoni, Corallium 75 johnsoni, Stenella 168 josephinae, Calyptrophora . . . 154, 172 Junceella 204 juncea, Junceella 212 juncea, Ellisclla 205 kallos, Pfcrogorgia 194, 195 Keroeides 88 kophameli, Virgularia . . . 255, 273, 274 Kophobelemnon 260 Kophobelemnonidae 255, 260 koreni, Callistephanus 189 koreni, Keroeides 88, 90 koreni, Swiftia 173, 181, 189 kollikeri, Renilla, forma .... 258, 259 kiikenthali, Trachymuricea . 133, 134, 139 kiikenthali, Anthoptilum .... 276, 277 laevis, Toeplitzella 205 laxa, Muricea 97, 100, 101 laxa, Narella 154, 168, 170 laxa, Pennatula, var. aculeata 255, 284 Leioptilum 281 Lepidisis 239, 240 Lepidogorgia 236 Leptogorgia 174, 175, 181 lindahlii, Umbellula .... 254,267,268 Lissogorgia 128 Ijungmannii, Virgidaria 273 lofotensis, Isidella 238,240 longiflora, Eunephthya 66 longiflora, Gersemia 64, 65, 66 longiflora, Lepidisis .... 238,241,242 Lophogorgia 174 lusitanicum, Pteroeides 285 lutescens, Pterogorgia 197 Page liitkeni, Eunephthya 61, 66 Machaerigorgia 76 macrospiculata, Ceratoisis 238, 249, 250 macrospina, Scleronephthya ... 59, 69 maderense, Corallium 75 Malacogorgia 223 malayense, Anthoptilum .... 256, 276 marioni, Clavularia 33 inarquesarum, Erythropodium, .... 77 melanotrichos, Metallogorgia .... 226 Melithaea 90 Melitodidae 90 Metallogorgia 222,224,226,228 mexicana, Sclerogorgia 88 miniata, Gorgonia 180, 188 miniata, Leptogorgia. . . . 173,180,184 miniata, Stcnogorgia . . 180, 181, 188, 190 mirahilis, Gersemia 64 mirahilis, Pennatida 273 mirabilis, Placogorgia 98, 142 mirahilis. Polypus 273 mirabilis, Virgularia .... 255, 272, 273 modesta, Clavularia 33, 34 modesta, Cornulariella 34 modesta, Eunicella 92, 93, 94 mollis, Bebryce 125, 126, 127 mollis, Renilla 258 Mopseinae 239, 250 miilleri, Renilla 254,257,258 multiflora, Chrysogorgia, var. fewkesi 228,231 midtiflora, Duva 62 multiramosa, Nicella 203 multispina, Paramuricea 98, 137 muricata, Acanthogorgia 153 muricata, Muricea 97, 100 Muricea 98,99 Muriceidae 73, 96 Muriceides 98,99,138 Muricella 95 Muriceopsis 95 murrayi, Anthoptilum . . . .255,276,277 musica, Tubipora 37, 39 Narella 155,168 Neospongodes 58, 66 Nephthyidae 46,58 314 THE ALCYONARIA Page Nicella 204,216 Nidalia 47,55 nigra, Eunephthya 58, 59, 60 nigrescens, Villogorgia .... 97, 140, 141 nivea, Thesea 97,112,122,123 nodulifera, Diodogorgia .... 74, 86, 87 nodulifera, Solandria 87 noduUferum, Tifanldcum 83 normanni, Acanella 243, 244 nutans, Caliacis .... 97,106,107,111 nutans, Thesea Ill obesa, Nicella 216,217,218 obscurum, Titanideum 75, 84 occatoria, Rhipidogorgia 193 Occident alis, Chrysogorgia 228 occidentalis, Melithaea 252 occidentalis, Nidalia 47, 56, 57 Organiidae 46 orientalis, Chrysogorgia 222 ornata, Ceratoisis 238,249,250 ornata, Keratoisis 249 Osteocella 279 •pahnae, Ceratoisis 238,249 palma christi, Briareum 80 palmatum, Alcyonium 47,51 paniculata, Riisea 221,224,225 Paracamptogorgia 139 Paracis 108,130 Paragorgia 76, 81 Paragorgiinae 75 Paralcyoninm 72 Paranniricea 98,99,134 parasitica, Ammothea 77 parastellata, Bebryce . . 97, 125, 127, 128 Paratitanideum 76 parkeri, Funiculina 261 parviflora, Thesea 97,112,118 patida, Renilla 258 pauciflora, Narella 154, 168, 170 Pavonaires 279 Pavonaria 279 pectinata, EUisella 205 peltata, Renilla 258 pendiila, Hypnogorgia 97, 105 pendula, Muricea 97, 100, 103 penna, Plumarella 155 Page Pennatula 281,282 Pennatulacea 31, 253 Pennatulidae 256, 281 pentasticha, Chrysogorgia 222 petechizans, Leptogorgia 176 petechizans, Gorgonia 181 petrosa, Scleracis 97, 108, 110 phosphorea, Pennatula 283,284 Phyeogorgia 174 Phyllogorgia 174,201 Placogorgia 98,99,141 placomus, Paramuricea . 134, 135, 137, 138 plana, Thesea 97,112,123 pleurocristatus, Radicipes 236 Pleurogorgia 222 Plexaura 91,96 Plexaurella 91,94 Plexauridae 73, 91 Plexauropsis 91,95 Plumarella 154, 155 polita, Primnoella 153, 162 polyanthes, Ammothea 77 polyanthes, Erythropodium . . 74, 76, 77 polybrachis, Placogorgia 143 portoricensis, Neospongodes .... 66, 67 pourtalesii, Acanthoptilium . . . 255, 282 pourtalesii, Iridogorgia 221,235 pourtalesii, Leptogorgia 184 pourtalesii, Plumarella . . . 153, 156, 165 pourtalesii, Primnoa 156 pourtalesii, Swiftia 173, 188 Primnoa 155, 157 Primnoella 155, 162 Primnoidae 153, 154 Primnoides 154 Primnoidinae 155 Primnoinae 154, 155 Primnoisis 250 prolifera, Pennatula 285 Protoptilidae 256, 263 Protoptilum 263 pseudo-antipathes, Gorgonia .... 129 Pseudobebryce 125 Pseudoplumarella 154 Pseudopterogorgia 174 Pseudosuberia 76 Pterogorgia 174,193 Pteroeididae 256,285 INDEX 315 Page Pteroeides 285 pumicea, Gorgonia 182 pumicea, Leptogorgia 183 pumila, Sclcracis 108,111 purpurea, Gorgonia 182 purpurea, Leptogorgia . 173, 176, 182, 183 purpureus, Anthomastus . . 47, 53, 54, 55 quadrangularis, FunicuHna 254,261,262,263,279 quadrangularis, Pennahda 262 quadruplex, Chrysogorgia 222 quercifolia, Phyllogorgia 202 Radicipes 222,236 ramosa, Nicella 216, 220 ramosa, Primnoisis 238, 251 rathbunii, Leptogorgia 182 regularis, Narella 154, 168, 169 regidaris, Primnoa 169 regularis, Stachyodes 168, 169 resedaeformis, Primnoa 157 Rhipidogorgia 174, 175, 192 Rkizoxenia 78 ReniUa 257 ReniUidae 255,257 reniformis, Renilla .... 254,257,259 richardii, Gorgonia 89 richardii, Keroeides 74, 89, 90 rigida, Eumuricea 105 rigida, Nidalia 47, 56, 57 rigida, Primnoisis 238, 251 rigida, Pterogorgia acerosa forma 194, 196 rigida, Scirpearia 208 rigida, Telesto 40, 41 Riisea 222,224 riisei, Telesto 40, 44 robusta, Plumarella pourtalesii var. 153, 156 rosea, Rhizoxenia 33 rosea, Swiftia 188 rubens, Anthopodium 37 rubens, Sarcodictyon 33, 37 rubiformis, Eunephthya . . 49, 63, 64, 66 rubiformis, Gersemia 63 rubiformis, Lobularia 63 rubistella, Alcyonium 46, 49 rubra, Leptogorgia 182 rubra, Pennatula 285 Page rubra, Thcsea .... 97,112,114,115 ruhropurpurea, Leptogorgia 182 rubrum, Alcyonidium 50 rubrum, Corallium 75 rudis, Clavularia 33, 34, 36 rudis, Placogorgia 98, 142, 144 rugosa, Eumuricea 105 rugosa, Thesea 97,112,117 rugosum, Sarcodictyon 37 rugulosa, Thesea grandiflora var. . . 121 rupicola, Carijoa 45 rupicola, Telesto 40, 45 sanguinea, Telesto 40,41 sanguinolenta, Leptogorgia . .173,176,181 sanguinolenta, Gorgonia 181 Sarcodictyon 32, 36 scabra, Acanthacis 97, 130, 131 scabrum, Kophobclemnon 260,261 sceptrum, Clematissa 139 Schizophytum 46 schrammi, Acanthogorgia .... 149, 151 schrammi, Blepharogorgia 151 schrammi, Iciligorgia 74, 82, 83 schultzei, Virgularia 273, 275 Scirpearia 204,205,206,273 Scleracis 99, 107 Scleraxonia 73, 74 Sclerogorgia 88 Scleronephthya 59, 69 Scleroptilum 266 scolopendra, Echinomuricea .... 147 Scytalium 281 septentrionalis, Balticina 279 septentrionalis, Osieocella 279 sertum, Anthoptilum 278 sertvm, Benthoptilum 278 sefacea, Gorgonia 178 setacea, Leptogorgia 173, 175, 176, 178, 200 setacea, Xiphigorgia . . . .177,178,200 siderium, Alcyonium 48, 49 siemensii, Ceratoisis 238, 250 simplex, Ceratoisis 238,247,248 Siphonogorgiidae 46 smitti, Protoptilum 264 Solenocaulon 76 Solenopodium 75 solitaria, Acis 112 316 THE ALCYONARIA Page solitaria, Evacis 112 solitaria, Lepiogorgia 199, 200 solitaria, Thesea 97,111,112 sparsiramosa, Pterogorgia 173, 194, 195, 197 spec, Leptogorgia 173,176,184 spec, Stylatula 272 spec, Swiftia 186, 192 spec, Thesea 124 spec, Virgularia 274 spicifera, Muricea 97, 100, 102 spiciilosa, Acanella 242,245 spiculosa, Chrysogorgia . . .221,222,231 spiculosa, Dasygorgia 231 spinifera, Muricea 102 spinosa, Acis 130 splcndens, Chrysogorgia 226 splendms, Dasygorgia 266 splendens, Metallogorgia 221,226 Spongioderma 75, 76, 85 squamata, Chrysogorgia . . .221,228,232 squamata, Dasygorgia 232 Stackyodes 155,168 Stachyodinae 168 Staehyoptilidae , 256, 265 stellata, Bebryce 128 stelhferum, Kophobelemnon . . .254,260 stellijerum, Pcnnatula 260 Stenella 155,166 Stenogorgia 185, 186 Stolonifera 31 stormi, Clavularia 33 Strophogorgia 236 studeri, Gersemia 64 Stylatula 269 Suberia 85 Suberogorgia 88 Suberogorgiidae 88 suberosum, Titanideum 74, 83 Swiftia 148,174,185,186 Sympodium 31 Telestacea 31,39 Telestidae 40 Telesto 40 tenue, Cyathopodium 38 tenur, Kophobelemnon 260,261 tenue, Muriceides 139 tenuis, Eunicella 92 Page tenuis, Leptogorgia 177 tenuis, Muriceides 139 tenuis, Paramuricea 136, 143 tenuis, Placogorgia 98, 142, 143 tenuis, Scirpearia rigida var 208 teres, Leptogorgia 177 Thesea 99,110, 124 Thesea 106, 130 thomsoni, Anthopiilum 276,277 thomsonii, Protoptihim 264 thomsoni, Umbcllula 269 Thouarella 155, 164 thyrsiformis, Chrysogorgia desbonni var 221,228,230 thyrsoidea, Eunephthya 61 Titanideum 83 Toeplitzella 204,205 Trachymuricea 99, 132, 139 Trachythela 32 Trichogorgia 222,223 tricolor, Corallium 75 trilepis, Calyptrophora . . . 154, 168, 171 trilepis, Karelia 171 trilepis, Primnoa 171 trilepis, Stcu;hyodes 169 irinidadensis, Leptogorgia . . . .178,179 truncata, Acanthogorgia 153 tubaria, Clavularia 33, 34, 35 tuberculata, Eunicea 95 tuberculata, Virgularia 273, 275 Tubipora 31,37,38 Tubiporidae 32,37 turgida, Pterogorgia 196 typica, Pterogorgia acerosa forma . 194, 199 typica, Renilla reniformis forma 254, 258, 259 ulex, Acis 130 Umbellula 267 Umbellulidae 256, 267 variabile, Belonella 50,55 variabilis, Gersemia 50,51 variabilis, Thouarella 154, 166 ventalina, Gorgonia 174 Veretillidae 255,256 Veretillum 256 versluysi, Narella 171 INDEX 317 Page versluysi, Stachyodes 154 verrilU, Acanthogorgia 149, 150 Verrucella 218 verrucosa, Eunicella 92 verrucosa, Spongioderma 85 verticillata, Caligorgia . . 153, 154, 158, 159 Villogorgia 99, 128, 139 viola, Trichogorgia 221,223 molacea, Renilla 257,258 Virgularia 269,272 Page Virgulariidae 256, 269 virgulata, Leptogorgia . . 173, 176, 177, 183 viridis, Clavularia 31,32 vitrea, Lepidisis 241 wandeli, Ceratocaulon 46, 72 Xenia 72 Xeniidae 31,72 Xiphigorgia 174,200 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES PLATE 1 PLATE 1 STOLONIFERA, TELESTACEA, ALCYONACEA Fig. 1. Clavularia bathybius (Saville Kent). Fig. 2. Alcyonium rubistella sp. nov.; type. Fig. 3. Telesto scDiguinea sp. nov.; type. Fig. 4. Telesioflaiuila sp. now; type. Fig. 5. Nidalia occidentalis Gray. Fig. 6. Euncphtliya frucficosa {^1. Sa.Ts). Fig. 7. Eunephthya nigra (PouTtaMs); type. Fig. 8. Anthomastus gratidiflorusY erriW; young colony. Fig. 9. Anthomastus grandiflorusVeTTiW; o\d colony. Fig. 10. Neospongodes portoricensis (Hargitt & Rogers). Fig. 11. Neospongodes agassizii sp. nov. ; type. Fig. 12. Neospongodes agassizii sp. nov.; young colony. Fig. 13. Neospongodes caribaea sp. nov. ; type. Fig. 14. Neospongodes caribaea sp. nov.?, young, or A", agassizii. Scale represents 1 cm. MEM. MUS. COMP. 200L. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE t PLATE 2 PLATE 2 STOLONIFERA, TELESTACEA Cyathopodium elegans sp. nov. ; type. Fig. 1. Spicules from collaret and operculum. Fig. 2-3. Spicules from bodywall. Fig. 4. Perforated horny membrane from inner covering. Clamdaria bathybius (Saville Kent). Fig. 5-6. Spicules from bodywall. Fig. 7-8. Spicules from tentacles. Telesto sanguinea sp. nov.; type. Fig. 9-12. Spicules from bodywall. Telesto fiavula sp. nov. ; type. Fig. 13-14. Spicules from tentacles. Fig. 15-16. Spicules from bodywall. Telesto riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Fig. 17-18. Spicules from bodywall. Fig. 19. Spicules from tentacles. Telesto frudiculosa Dana. Fig. 20-22. Spicules from bodywall. Large magnification, except 5-8; scale represents 0.01 mm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 2 I — I I I I PLATE 3 PLATE 3 ALCYONACEA Alcyonium ruhisieUa sp. nov. ; type. Fig. 1-4. Spindles from bodywall. Fig. 5-7. Double rods or stars from the lower part of the bodywall. Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill. Fig. 8. Spicule from the tentacle. Fig. 9-12. Double maltesian crosses from disk and autozooids. Fig. 13. Rod from disk. Anfhomastus agassizii sp. nov.; type. Fig. 14-15. Rods from disk. Fig. 16-20. Double crosses from disk and autozooids. Anthomastus agassizii sp. nov. ; young colony. Fig. 21. Rod from tentacle. Fig. 22-23. Rods from disk or stem. Fig. 24-25. Double crosses. Large magnification; scale represents 0.01 mm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 3 .51 0 O n /3 ^' L_i I 1 I I PLATE 4 PLATE 4 ALCYONACEA Nidalia occidentalis Gray. Fig. 1. Spicules from operculum. Fig. 2. Flat scale from the introvert. Fig. 3. Small rod from bodywall. Nidalia rigida sp. nov. Fig. 4. Spindle from bodywall (low magnification). Eunepkthya nigra (Pourtales). Fig. 5-7. Foliated clubs from wall of zooids. Fig. 8. Simple warted rod from zooid. Fig. 9-10. Clubs from stem. Fig. 11-13. Flat rods from tentacles. Eunephthya frucficosa (M. Sars). Fig. 14-17. Spicules from bodywall. Fig. 18-20. Spicules from zooids. Eunephthya rubiformis (Ehrenberg). Fig. 21-23. Spicules from zooids. Fig. 24-25. Spicules from bodywall. Large magnification, except fig. 4; scale represents 0.01 mm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOU. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 4 PLATE 5 PLATE 5 GORGONACEA, BRIAREIDAE Briareum ashestinum (Pallas). Fig. 1. Part of large, irregular spicule from inner layer. Fig. 2. Part of simple spindle from outer layer. Iciligorgia schrammi Duchassaing. Fig. 3-4. Rods from outer layer. Fig. 5. Rod from inner layer. Titanideum suberosiim (Ellis & Solander). Fig. 6-10. Spicules from outer and inner laj'er. Diodogorgia noduUfera (Hargitt & Rogers). Fig. 11-18. Rods and stars from bodywall and zooids. Fig. 19. Rod from tentacle. Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus). Fig. 20-22. Short rods and double crosses. Erythropodiiim pohjanthcs (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Fig. 23. Part of a large rod from the outer layer. Large magnification; scale represents 0.01 mm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 5 PLATE 6 PLATE 6 MURICEIDAE Fig. 1. Muricea muricata (Pallas); branchlet. Fig. 2. Caliacis nutans (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Fig. 3. Hypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti. Fig. 4. Placogorgia mirabilis sp. nov. Fig. 5-7. Sclcracis guadalwpensis (Duchassaing & INIichelotti): pink, red and white varieties. Fig. 8. Scleracis petrosa sp. nov. Scale represents 1 cm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 6 PLATE 7 PLATE 7 MURICEIDAE Fig. 1. Thcsca riigosa sp. nov. Fig. 2. Thcsra paniflora sp. nov. Fig. 3. Thcsca guadaht pcnsis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Fig. 4. Thcsca rubra sp. nov. Fig. 5. Thcsca granulosa sp. nov. Fig. 6. Thcsca soUtaria (Pourtaies). Fig. 7. Thcsca nivea sp. nov. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 7 PLATE 8 PLATE 8 MURICEIDAE Fig. 1. Acanthdcis scabra sp. nov. Fig. 2. Acanthacis austcra sp. nov. Fig. 3. Behryce grandis sp. nov. Fig. 4. Behryce ■parasieUata sp. nov. Fig. 5. Behryce cinerea sp. nov. Scale represents 1 cm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEiCHMANN AND VERRILL. ALCYONARIA. PLATE 8 (^ a I. 'RmiS'ryjfik zv PLATE 9 PLATE 9 MURICEIDAE Muricea muricata (Pallas). Fig. 1. Large spindle from lower lip. Fig. 2-3. Slender spicule from inner laj-er of eoenenchyma. Muricea la.va Verrill. Fig. 4-6. Spicules from lower lip. Fig. 7-8. Short rods from inner layer of eoenenchyma. Muricea spicifera Lamouroux. Fig. 9-10. Spicules from lower lip. Fig. 1 1 . Spicule from inner layer. Muricea pendnla Verrill. Fig. 12. Spicule from lower lip. Fig. IS^C Spicules from inner layer of eoenenchyma. Large magnification; scale represents 0.01 mm. MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. DEICHMANN AND VERRILL. AUCYONARIA. PLATE 9 -o: c\ n^. .^t^£^ VeHRILL PHOTO 1. ACANTHOGORGIA SCHRAMMI (DUCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI) 2. ACANTHOGORGIA ASPERA POURTALES COCKAYNE. BOSTON PLATE 32 PLATE 32 GORGONIIDAE Suyiftia exserta (Ellis & Solander). Fig. 1 . Almost complete colony, less than natural size. Fig. la. Branches, enlarged. BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 32 A. H. VERRILL. PHOTO SWIFTIA EXSERTA (ELLIS AND SOLANDER) COCKAYNE. B3STON PLATE 33 PLATE 33 CHRYSOGORGIIDAE; MURICEIDAE Chrysogorgia elegans Verrill. Fig. 1. Complete colony, natural size. Hypnogorgia pendula Duchassaing & Michelotti. Fig. 2. Branches, enlarged. Thesea grandiflora spec. nov. Fig. 3. Branches, enlarged. "BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 33 A. H. VERRILL. PMOTO- 1. CHRYSOGORGIA ELEGANS (VERRILL) 2. HYPNOGORGIA PENDULA DUCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI 3. THESEA GRANDIFLORA SPEC. NOV. COCKAVNK. BOSTOM PLATE 34 PLATE 34 CHRYSOGORGIIDAE Chrysogorgia agassizii Verrill. Complete colonies, natural size. "BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 34 A. H. VERRILL. PHOTO 1-2. CHRYSOGORGIA AGASSIZII (VERRILL) COCKAYNE. BOSTON PLATE 35 PLATE 35 CHRYSOGORGIIDAE Chrysogorgia deshonni Duchassaing & Michelotti. Fig. 1. Almost complete colony, enlarged. Riisea paniculaia Duchassaing & Michelotti Fig. 2. Branches, enlarged. "BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 35 \j \ H l^f ■■ ■ ■ ?U44^irHi'^'ip^^'"C'■ A. H. VCRRILL. PHOTO. 1. CHRYSOGORGIA DESBONNl DUCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI 2. RIISEA PANICULATA DUCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI COCKAYNK. BOSTON PLATE 36 PLATE 36 GORGONELLIDAE Nicella guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Almost complete colony, less than natural size. "BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 36 A. H. VERHILL. PHOTO MICELLA GUADALUPENSIS (DUCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI) COCKAYNE, BOSTON PLATE 37 PLATE 37 GORGONELLIDAE Nicella obesa spec. nov. Fig. 1. Almost complete colony, natural size. Fig. la. Branches, enlarged. "BLAKE" EXP. ALCYONARIA: PLATE 37 A. H. VERRILL, PHOTO. 1. NICELLA OBESA SPEC. NOV. COCKAYNE. BOSTON PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. There have been pubHshed of the Bulletin Vols. I to LXV, Vols. LXVII-LXXVIIl; of the Memoirs, Vols. I to LIII. Vol. LXVI, of the Bulletin, is now in course of publication. A price list of the publications of the Museum will be sent on appli- cation to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Date Due KOV IB V SEP 3 0 1983 OCT 3 11984 A-^-JcTT^i' Harvard MCZ Llbr It ;; ;;i ; ;, \\ 3 2044 066 302 258 k m