Theological Seminary,

CasSy
Slielf,

PRINCETON, N.J.

Book,

MEMOIRS

^^' O F T H E

Royal Society ;

Being a New Abridgment of the

Philofophical Tranfaftions:

Giving an A^ccount of the Undertakings, Studies, and
Labours of the Learned and Ingenious in many
confiderable Parts of the W o r l d 5 from the firft Inftitution
of that Illustrious Society in the Year i5(^5, to
the Year of our Lord 1735 inclufive.

The whole carefully abridg'd from the OriginalS;^ and the
Order of Time regularly obferv'd, with a Tranflation of the
L A t I N T R A c T s, and the Theoretical Parts apply'd to
Praftical Ufes ; alio an Explanation of the Terms of A a t as
they occur in the Courfe of the Work j being a Work of
general Ufe to the Publick, and worthy the Perufal of all
Mathematicians, Artificers, Tradesmen, ^c.
for their Improvement, in various Branches of Budneis.

By Mr. B A D D A M.

Illuitrated with a great Variety of Copper Plates.
VOL. III.

Printed by G. Smith, in Stanhope-Jireety near Clare-marht, for the
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Exchange-, W. Shropshire, in Old Bond-ftreeti J. Millan,
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InJlrumentMaker to His Majesty, Fleet-Jlreet\ N. Adams,
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Bookfeller, RatcliJ- Highway ^T^n^ B. Cole, Mathematical Injlfument*
Maker, Poppings-Court, Fleet- fir eet..

M.DCC.XXXIX.

MEMOIRS

O F T H E

ROYAL SOCIETY;

Being a New Abridgment of^he

Philosophical Transactions*

Of the Gochineel-Fly. Philofophical Tranfaaions N° ip^

p. 502.

HE infe6t, of which the coehineel is formed, is
affirmed to be the very fame, with what we call
the lady-bird, or cow-lady 5 it appears at firft
like a fmall blifler, or little knob upon the leaves
of the flirub, on which they breed, which after-
ward.s, by the heat of the fun, becomes a live
infe£^, or fmall grub 5 thefe grubs, in procefs of
time, become flies, and when come to maturity ( which muft be
found out by experience, in colleding them at leveral feafons )
they kill them, by making a great fmother of iome combuftible
matter, to the windward of the fhrubs, on which the iniefis are
feeding (having firft fpread fome cloths under the plants} where-
by all the infers being fmothered, and killed, by ihaking the
plants, they will fall down upon the cloths, and thus they are
gathered m great quantities with little trouble j then they fpread
them on the fame cloths in fome bare fandy place, or (lone-
pavement, and expofe them ro the heat of the tun, till they arc

A % ^0'»

4 M EM O 1 R S of the

dry, and their bodies fhriveled up, which, rubbed gently betwixt
one's hands, will crumble into grains, and the wings will fall
from them, which mufl be garbled out : Others, it is laid, expole
them to the fun in broad and fhallow copper balbns, wherein the
reflection of the fun will dry them fooner : The tree, or fhrub,
on which they breed, called the prickly-pear, or Indian Ffg, is
cafily and quickly propagated, by putting a fingle leaf, aCovc
half its depth, into the ground, which feldom fails to take root,
and emit other new leaves at the top thereof^ others fay, they
may be raifed from the feed or fmall grains, which are to be
found in the proper feaibn in the fruit, which is fomething like a
fig, arifing outof certain yellow flowers, or blofl'oms, that grow
out at the tops of the uppermoft leaves 5 which fruit is full of a
red pulp, that, when fully ripe, llains the hands, like mulberries,
with a purple or blood colour j on which, or on the bloflbms,
feme fay the infedts feed j which pofTibly may be the caufe of
that rich tincture within their bowels.

^^e "Prejfure 0/ Water in great Depthi. Phil. Tranf N° 193.

p. 504.

OFF of Tmtdlara^ near Sicily^ a bottle was let down
leventy fathoms, flopped with a very good tender cork, well
fitted, and the cork came up in the bettle, which was f full of
falt-water^ the bottle was again fitted with an excellent good
cork, but of a woodineis or hardnefs fome corks are of, with
which being let down in the fame manner, the cork continued in
its place, but bruiled, as it were 3 and the bottle, as before, about
\ full of f^lt watery whereupon, a good ox-bladder was bound
four-fold over the mouth of the bottle, without any cork at all,
only a piece of leather was put to prevent the glals's cutting the
bladder 5 and thus it was let down as before, but taken up with-
out any water, or the leafl moifture therein 5 at the diftance of
ibme leagues from the coaft o{ South Spai)U off the great hills of
Granada^ a leather was tied on the mouth of a bottle, tying
over that a fingle part of the bladder, and the bottle was funk 75
fathoms, but it came up again entire 3 then a hole was made in
the leather, about the bignels of a large pea, and the bottle was
zww limk 7 5 fathoms, but it came up perforated in the vacant^
place, where the leather had the hole* in if, and almoft full of
watery then another part of the bladder was bound fingle over it,
and let down but 50 fathoms, but it came up whole and entire;
after which it was funk 50 fathoms, and it came up broken, and
the bortlc full of watery then the bottle was fitted again, with

the

Royal Society. 5

the faid perforated piece of leather, and a double bladder, and
let down 50 fathoms, but it came up again entire 5 but upon fink-
ing it 75 fathoms, it then came up broken, and the bottle full of
watery in 39 f degrees of latitude, and about 150 leagues weft-
ward of ^Portugali a Florence flails was well flopped with a blad-
der over its mouth, and let down 30 fathom, but it was taken up
broken.

The Lumbricus Hydropicus; hy 'Dr. Edw. Tyfon. Phil.
Tranf. N° 193. p. 505.

IN the diiGfedion of a gaze! la or antelope, Dr. I'yfon oblerved
leveral Hydatides^ or fihus, filled with limpid water, about
the bignefs of a pigeon's egg, and of an oval form, faftened to the
Omentum^ and lome in the ^'Pelvis^ between the bladder of urine
and the Re£ium ^ he had obferved the like watry bags or hyda-
tides in other animals, and he lurpe6led them to be a particular
fort of infed bred in animal bodies, or at leaf! the embrio's or
eggs of them. i. Becaufe he oblerved them included in an exter-
nal membrane, like a Matrh, fo loofely, that by opening it
with the finger, or a knife, the internal bladder, containing the
LympJ'Jci or Serum^ feemed no where to have any connection with
it, but would very readily drop out, ftill retaining its liquor,
without fpilling any of it. 2. He obferved, that this internal
bladder had a neck, or white body, more opake than the reft of
the bladder, and protuberant from it, with an orifice at- its extre-
mity 3 by this it might, as by a mouth, ezchauft the Serum frora
the external membrane, and fo fupply its bladder, or ftomach,
5. Upon bringing this neck near the candle, it was found really
to move, and then fhorten itlelf Fig. i . Plate 1. reprefents
one of thefe watry bladders incloied in its external membrane, or
Chorion 3 its ihape was alm.oft round, only flatted as a drop of
quickiilver will be, by lying on a plane 3 a iliews the neck, \s^xi
thro' tne membrane, which m Fig. 2. is more plainly repreiented
(the external membrane being taken off) but as appearing to the
nake'd eye ^ where we may obierve an open orifice at its extremity,
and that it confifts of circular rings, or incifures, which ii\
Fig. 3. being viewed by a microfcope, do more evidently
diicover themlelvesj this part is granulated with a number of fine
eminences all over 3 the orifice at the extremity feems to be form.-
ed by rctradling itlelf inwards 3 and upon trial it was found fo^ for
in Fig. 4. is reprcfented the neck of this worm, drawn out its whole
length, and magnified j where may be obferved the leHcTang of the

lings,

6 MEMOIRSe/'/yS^

rings, and its tending to a point at the end 5 and opening it, there
was found within two firings aa^ proceeding from the neck, and
floating in the liquor 3 whole ufe may be to convey into the fto-
mach or bladder the moifture or nourifhrrient, which the worm,
by protruding its neck attra6ts from the external membrane 5 and
that this bladder is the ftomach, will appear lefs uiirealbnable, if
we confider how prodigioufly large the ftomach is in fome infers
in proportion to the other parts of the body 5 in a leech you may
oblerve not a (ingle, but above 20 llomachs, which empty out of
one into another, and run the whole length of the body ^ and
what Malpighi obferves of the filk-worm, that it would devour
in one day as much as the weight of its whole body, holds more
truly of a leech, that will do as much at a meal: Some will
poffibly be more inclined to think, that the whole is but an egg,
or embrio of another infect, and that this bladder is the Amtjion^
and the external coat that includes it in the Chorion -^ but for-
tnerly, in difle^-ing a rotten fheep, wherein Dr. ^fon foijnd
many of theie Hydatides., and opening feveral of them, he ob-
lerved the fame ftrufture in all ; and doubtlefs had they been real
embrios, iome of them would have come nearer to a flate of per-
fedion than others 5 he therefore thinks thefe Hydatides to be a Ibrt
cf worms or iuk^s fui Generis , and becaufe they contain fo much
water, and are ufually to be met with in rotten ilieep which are
hydropical, Dr. 7yf on calls them Lumhrici Hydrapici : But he
does not think that all the bladders to be found in morbid bodies,
are cf this fort 3 for in Ibme he did not oblerve this neck and
firufture of parts, but only a tranfparent bladder, filled with a
Lyriipha: Thus, upon opening the right fide of a patient, a little
below her fhort ribs, there iffued out a great deal of limpid
water, and tooether with it a great many Hydatides to the number
of 5005 moft of which were entire ana filled with limpid water,
the films of others, that were too large for the orifice were bro-
ken, but in none of them could he obferve the neck 5 which made
him think them ditferent from the prefent fubje6^, as are likewiie
thole he frequently met with in the Ovaria or telticles of women,
who have died hydropical, which he only takes to be the eggs,
contained therein, fvvelled to that bigneis by a great flux of hu-
mpurs into them.

7>?

Royal Society. 7

fhe viable Con]un5lions of the inferior Planets ivitb the Sun ^ by
Mr. Halley, Phil. Tranf. N° 1^3, p. 511. Tranjlatedfrm
the Latin.

THAT Mercury and F<?;7«5 do enter the diflc of the fun and
appear thereon like fo many black Ipots, is evident, both
from the principles of Ibund aftronomy, and undoubted oblerva-
tionsj but by what laws, or conditions, or in what period of
years thefe phienomena of^r themfelves to our view, has not been
determined by any of our modern aftronomers ; on which account
Mr. Halley thought it would not be unacceptable, if he ferioufly
applied himfelf to this difquifition, and cleared up a fubjedt fo
perplexed and fo little underftood.

It is felf-evident that thefo phafes of thefe planets always hap-
pen in their conjun<^ions with the fun, when rerroorade- viz,
when the fun is^ fo near their nodes, that the latitude of the
planet, in its conjunction with the fun, does not exceed the femi-
diameter of the latter 5 that the limits and conditions of theie
conjunctions may be the more eafily inveiligated, and fince the
elements of the calculation are entirely different, each planet is to
be treated of apart: And therefore to begin with Mercury^ it is
certain that according to late and accurate obfervations, the af-
cending node of this planet, in this century, viz. March i6'9r,
is found near the 15° of 'Taurus , or rather ato S. 15^ 44' from
the firft ftar of Aries 5 and the oppofite defcending at (j S. 1 5"*
44' from the fame ftar 5 the inclination of the plane of Mercury^
orbit to the ecliptic according to Kepler is 5° 54' which is nearly
exaCt : Now it appears from the moft approved hypothefes, that
the diftance of Mercury from the fun, when in the alcendin<y
node, is 31355 parts, of which the mean diftance of the fuS
from the earrth is 1 00000 5 but when it is in the other node, tha^
diftance, meafured in the fame parts, is 45908 : The fun, *wheQ
oppofite to the afcending node, is diftant from the earth, in con«
junaion therewith, 5^8955 parts, but in the other node, the fame
diftance becomes 101007 5 and therefore Mercury, in conjunaion
with the fun at the afcending node, is diftant from the earth
<)7 591 parts, bux at the defcending node 55(^995 which widely
differing from each other, thefe conjunaions, that happen in
different nodes, are alfo to be confidered feparately.

Let Mercury, when retrograde, be in a central conjiinaion
with the fun in the afcending node, in the month of 06iokrt
and from the above hypothefes we ihall have as follows 5

The

8 M E M O I K S of fie

S "" ' ff
The longitude of the fun from the firll ftar of 7 ,

^nVi - ^ - - -^1 ^ ^5 44 00
The longitude of Mercury feen from the fun 015 44 00
The diftance of J^fr^^ry from the fun 313(^5

. _. from the earth (^7591

The angle of the inclination of ilfe;Yw;ys orbit o <J 54 c©
The motion of Mercury, feen from the fun, ? i -o 8

in 6 hours — — — — 5 ^ ^

. of the fun in the fame 6 hours o o 1 5 5

Hence the motion of Mercury from the fun in?

d hours — — — --.^5^5 15 53
And his motion from the fun feen from the 7

earth in 6" hours — — — ^009512
And the angle of the viiible way o£ Jlfercury? ^,

within the fun with the ecliptic ^ -^ J° 3 15 00
Hence the motion of Mercury in his vifible 7

orbit in (J hours — -^ - ^ o o 35 40

Then the motion of Mercury in a fidereal year?

four revolutions beiides is, — — ■ — 5
Therefore in 1 5 years — — — 11
There are therefore wanting to 54intire revo-?

lutions — — — — 5

Which Ipace Mercury runs over in — —

By which the fun's place is advanced, and Mercury,
pofited in the node, is as much diflant from the
conjunction of the earth — — —
But that arch feen from the earth becomes —
Whence from the given angle of the vifible way S°
15' arifes the bafe ordinance from the vifible
conjunflion — — — — —

Which arch is run over by Mercury in — . —
But 13 fidereal years exceed fo many Julian ones with
3 intercalations by — — — —

Thereibre Mercury returns to the fun after 1 5 Ju- 7
lian years, and befides •— — — 3

Or, with four intercalations, if theprecceding year?
be the third after Siffc-^tik — -r- S ^

d. h.

m.

17 34
Bui

Royal Society. 5

But from the arch 5^' 10'' and given angle, the per-p ^ \ //
pendicular or nearcft diflance of Mercury from the^ o 8 3
lun becomes — • — — — — J

Therefore Mercury feen within the fun after 1 3 years
advances more northerly by 8' 3''

go'//

By the like realbning in ^6 fidereal years? u o 25 8

Mercury moves — — • — S
There are therefore wanting to 191 intire? ^

revolutions — — • — — S

h. m.

That is in time — - — — — 812

By which the liin is advanced — — — .02041
This arch feen from the earth becomes — — o 9 0^
The bafe anfwering thereto — — — 093^

h. m.
The time, in which Mercury runs over the bale, is i 30

But 4^ iidereal years exceed as many Julian with 11^^
intercalations by — -— — — 3 ^

And Mercury returns to the fun after 45 Julianl
years and befides — ■ — — — 5

Or, with 1 2 intercalations, that it becomes, when -o

the preceeding year is either the fecond or third > o 4 51
after Sijjet^tile _ >_ _™, — ^

But the perpendicular, by which Mercury advances?
to the north, becomes — > — — S

I 22,

The moil accurate period of Mercury to the fun 7
is abfolved in 2(53 fidereal years and befides _f

And thefe Iidereal years exceed as m.any Jidianl
with 66 intercalations by — ■ — - \

b. m, £
I II 30

[Q 20 O

-1. h. m, f

Whence after 2*^3 Julian years Mercury re

volves to the fun, but later by — 5° ^^ 33 5^

But if the preceeding year be ^/^xY/75', add i 11 31 30
Ar length after this interval it advances more?

northerly by _--, _ _ ^^^^^^^

The other wider periods are eaiily dilcovered from what has
been juft new found, and they are either of 6 or 7 years 5 that of

Vol. III. B 7 years

years

lo ME M O IR S of the

7 years depreffes Mercury ii 47'' to the fouth^ and 7 whole
days, left by 9', Iboner, if there have been two intercalations 5
but with one intercalation, viz. when the former year is biflex-
tile, 6 days are to be fubdu»5ted, adding only 9' as before : It is
more rarely that after 6 years this planet is feen again in the fun*s
difk- after that period it palTes 50' 5c'/ more northerly 5 and
that later by 9 d. 17 h. 25 m. if the preceeding year be the fe-
cond or third after bifrextile3 otherwile 8 d. 17 h. 25 m. are to
be added.

Likewife if the conjun6iion happen at the defcending node in

^pril.

^ S ° If

The longitude of the fun from the firft ftar of 7 , , ^

^ries^ - - - - _|o 15 44 00
The longitude of Mercury feen from the fun 6 15 44 00
The diftanceof the planet from the fun - 45508
Its diilance from the earth — — 5 5/^99
The motion of Mercury feen from the fun in?

fixhouvs _ L _ _ I o o H ^9
The motion of the fun in the fame time — o o 45 21

. of il/^rr//r); from the fun — o o 28 52

Hence the angle of the vifible way of Mer-'^

cury within the difk of the fun with the^ o 10 i8 00

ecliptic is — — — — J
And the vifible motion from the earth in 6 hours o o 2 $ 52

Whence by following the method of the preceeding calculus, it
is evinced that Mercury, after 13 years and befides 5 d. 7 h. 57 m,
revolves to its conjunSiion with the fun; but if the preceeding
year be the third after biffextile, in that cale 2 d. 7 h. 37 m. are
only to be added 5 and then Mercury will be found to advance
16' 55'' more Ibutherly ; After ^6 years vA/ith 12 intercalations add
7 h. 14m. and Mercury will be in conjundlion with the fun 2' 23''
more foutherly 5 but if the former be biffextile, or the firfl after
ix, id, 7 h. 14 m. are to be added, in order to have the conjunc-
tion accurately: In like manner, after 2(^3 years, in which Aier-
ctiry declines o' 22'' to thefouth, either id. 11 h. 49 m. or ri h.
49 m. are to be added according to the rule prefcribed in the
farmer cale : But in d or 7 years, becaufe of the nearnefs of the
c?.rth and that planet, and therefore on account of the enlarged
arches at this node, it does not return to the fun, fo as to be leen
within its dift; After ^,3 years it pafles over the fun 14' 2.'! more
noitherlv, and the moment of the conjundion is had by lubflra£l-

Royal Society. ii

ing, from the time of the former, ^6,0 h. 23 m. if it be the
third year after biflextile^ otherwife fubftraft 2d. oh. 23m.
only: Having found thefe, it will be an eafy matter to continue
the calculus for all the conjunctions of Mercury with the fun, and
that with the greatclt certainty ; by addition only, the moments of
conjunctions and the diftances of the planet from the centre of
the Itin are obtained j whence likewile by the help of the table,
the durations of thefe ecliples, are difcovered, lb that nothing
feems to be wanting in this affair: As to the EpochdP-, thefe are
with more fafety had from the induftry of obfervers than by the
fubtileft calculations - therefore Mr. Halley chofe for the firil
cafe, that remarkable tranlit of Mercury which he himlelf had
fully obferved at St. Helena^ OBober 28, 1(^77 O. S. and whole
middle he determined there at o h. 4 m. p. m, but at London o h.
^%X£i.p.m. The way in which the planet leemed to advance
was 4' 40'' more northerly than the lian*s centre : In the other
cafe, viz. when Mercury was in conjunction with the fun
April 23, \66x O. S. he appeared at his lead diflance from the
fun's centre at 2)antzic <5 h. 8 m. p, m. and at London 4h. 52 m.
being then in the middle of his tranfit, and at the fame time was
diftant from the fame centre 4' 27'/ to the north 5 hence accord-
ing to the above rules, it was an eafy matter to exhibit in order
all the vilible conjunctions o^ Mercury with the fun.

A feries^ of the times wherein Mercury ^ being in conjunfiion
with the fun, is feen within his dillc, calculated for the prefent
and enfuing century, with the diftances of the planet from the
fun's centre.

In the month of A p r i l

Years

'i'lmes

ot LonjunCt.

Diit.tromthe 5un's C^entrel

d.

h. m.

' //

i5i5

22

21 38*

7 20

N.

161^

25

5 15*

9 35

S.

1661

-3

4 52 *

4 27

N.

1^74

16

12 29

12 28

S.

1707

24

12 6

I 34

N.

1720

26

19 43 *

15 21

S.

1740

21

II 43

15 35

N.

1753

24

19 20 *

I 19

S.

i']%6

22

18 57*

12 43

N.

^199

16

2 34*

4 12

S.

B

In

12

M E M O I R S of the

In the month of O c t o b e r.

Years

Times 0

r Conjunct.

Dilt. from the S

un' sCentre

d. h.

m.

/

//

i(5'05

22 8

29

12

48

S.

i6iS

25 2

4*

4

45

S.

16^1

27 19

37 *

3

18

N.

1^44

30 15

11

II

21

N.

16^1

23 13

20

II

16

S.

1664.

25 (J

54*

3

23

s.

1^77

28 0

28 * *

4

40

N.

i6(}0

30 18

2 *

12

43

N.

169-]

23 18

II *

10

4

S.

1710

16 II

45

2

I

s.

1723

29 5

19 *

(5

2

N.

1750

22 5

28

i(J

45

S.

i7B(J

30 22

53 * *

13

5

N.

1743

24 23

2 * *

8

42

S.

i75(T

z6 16

S6

0

39

S.

17^9

29 10

10

7

24

N.

177(5'

22 10
Nov,

19

15

23

S.

1782

I 3

44 *

15

27

N.

(9(^.

1789

^5 3

53*

7

20

S.

The tranfits marked with the fign * are partly vifible at Zon-
don^ but thofe with the lign * * are entirely to be leen there.

Note, that the fun's diameter at the afcending node of Mer-
cury in the month of OEfoher is 32' 34'^ 5 and therefore that the
greatefl duration of the central tranfit is 5 h. 29 m. but in April
the lim's diameter becomes 51' 54'^ whence on account of the
flower motion of the planet, the greateft duration is 8 h. i m.
But if Mercury fhould fall oblicjuely upon the difk, theie dura-
tions become fhorter in proportion to the diftance from the fun's
centre 5 and that the calculus might be the more perfefl, the fol-
lowing tables are fubjoincd, wherein are exhibited the half du-
rations of thefe eclipfes for each minute of diftance feen fram the
lun's centre, which added to, and fubftracled from, the moment of
conjunction found in the former table, exhibit the beginning and
end of the whole phaenoraenon.

O C TO-

Royal

October.

Society.

April.

13

Minut.

Semi-

Mmut.

Semi-

Dift.

dura t.

Dift.

durat.

'

h. m.

I

h. m.

0

2 44

0

4 oi

I

2 44

I

4 0

2

2 43

2

3 58i

3

2 41}

3

3 5^

4

^ 35>i

4

5 53

5

2 5^T

^ 5

; 48I

6

^,i.

d32

6

3 43

7

2 281

7

5 3^'

8

2 23

8

3 28

9

2 17

9

3 i8f

10

2 10

10

3 7

II

2 I

II

2 44

12

I 51

'-

2 58

13

I 39

13

2 19

14

I 24

H

I 55

15

I 4

15

I 21I

Mi

16

0 50
0 30

I5i 1

0 5'^

Thefe numbers do fitly reprefent all the obfervatlons hitherto
made, nor need we doubt of the future 5 feeing of all the planets
Mercury is the neareil to the fan, fo that it cannot in the leaft be
intercepted by the intervention of the centres of the other planets,
nor fenfibly difturbed by thole deviations, which a rile from their
fyflems, and to which the fuperior planets, particularly Saturn^
are obnoxious: Mr. Halley deiignedly omitted the parallaxes as
very inconliderable, and which being different, in different places,
could not be applied in a more general calculation, and becaufe
their quantity hath not hitherto been determinedi but from fuch
obfervations they may rather be more certainly derived ^ he had
alio as little a regard to Mercury ^ diameter, becauie, being ex-
tremely Imall, he leems to adhere for a very few minutes to the
limb ^ for by an accurate obfervation, OEiober 28, 1^77, he found,
that fcarcelytwo minutes were elapfed, when he entirely quitted
theflin^ whcnce-^e concluded its diameter to be o' u'^ and
according to the ratio of the diftances fl-om the earth at the other
node, o' 13'/ \ nearly; therefore 3 I minutes are fpent, while
the whole planet direflly pervades the fun's limb; but paffing ob-
liquely, he continues thereon a little longer, in the ratio of the

in-

14 M E M O I R S o;^ /;6<?

increafe of the fecants of the angles of incidence : There is alfa
as little occaiion to eftimate the equations of time, becaufe for
many days in each month they continue conllant, and, as it were,
invariable.

Of the vifible conjunction of Venus with the fun : This fight,
which is by far the nobleft that aflronomy affords, like the fecular
games, is denied mortals for a whole century by the flridt laws of
motion 3 it will be afterwards fhewn, that by this obfervation
alone, the diftance of the fun, from the earth, might be deter-
mined with the greatefc certainty', which, on account of the pa-
rallax orherwife entirely infenfible, hath not hitherto been pre-
cilely defined: As to the periods, they cannot be 16 accurately
determined as thofe o^ Mercury\ feeing Venus has only once, fince
the creation, been obferved withm the fun's difk, and that by our
countryman Horrox: After having corrected the motions, as
much as the ruder oblervations of the ancients would permit, the
lum of the calculation is as follows,

S o ' y
The longitude of the alcending node of Venus y"? .

from the firilftar of Jries -^ — — 5 ' ^5 i^ CO
Therefore the fun is in conjunction with her in )

the oppofite point, that is, in thefe centuries,^ 7 15 i(5 00

about the end of 'November — — — ^

The diftance oi Venus from the fun 71997 parts.

— ; — ; — ^ the earth 2^458.

The inclination of Venus^ orbit to the ecliptic o 513 o
The motion of Venus in eight fidereal years,? ^^01

over 15 revolutions — — . — — — 5 130202

The motion of Venus in 235 fidereal years,?

over 38 revolutions — ■ — — — • — 3 ^^^7 39

The motion of Venus in 243 fidereal years,? ^ ^

over 395 revolutions — — — — — 3 '^ ^^

From thele elements making a Calculus according to the
method explained in Mercury^ the intervals of the times and
diilances arife as follows : After 8 years Venus revolves to the
fun 5 viz. after fubftraCting from the moment of the former tranfit
2d. 10 h. 52 Y m. and the planet proceeds in a path 24' 41^'
more Ibuthcrly than the preceeding : After 235 years, having
added 2 d. 10 h. 9 m. Venus may again enter the fun, but 11'
33/{>more northerly ^ but if the preceeding year be biffextile,
3d. 10 h. 9 m. are to be added: After 243 years, Venus may
likewifc pais over the fun, fubftraCting only o h. 43 m. from the
time of the former 3 but it advances 13' 8'^ more foutherlv 5 but if

the

Royal Society.

^5

the preceeding year be biffextile, add 25 h. 17 m. And in all
thefe appulfes of Venus to the fun in the month of November^ the
angle of the vifible way of Vemis with the ecliptic is 9° 5', and
her horary motion within the fun 4' 7'' ; and fince the lemidia-
meter of the fun is 16' zi'^t the greateft duration of the tranfit of
the centre o^Penusis 7 h. 55 m. Again, let the fun and Fenus
be in conjunction at the defcending node in the month of May ,
and according to the fame numbers the fame intervals are com-
puted: After 8 years, 2d. ^h. 55 m. are to be fubftrafted,
and Ferns will pafs 19' 58'' more northerly : After 255 years add
2d. 8 h. 18 m. or if the former year have been biflcxtiJe 3 d.
8 h. 18 m. and you fliall have Fenus pals 9' nif more louther-
ly: Laltly, after 243 years add o d. i h. 23 m. or if the former
year have been biflextile, id. i h. 23 m. and Fefws is again
found in conjun61ion with the fun, but in a path 10' 57''' more
northerly : In all the tranfits at this node, the angle of the vifible
way oi Venus with the ecliptic is S'' 28'^ and her horary motion
4' go'/, and the femidiameter of the fun fubtending 15' 51//, the
greateft duration of the tranfit of the centre is 7 h. 5<J m. precifely
the fame as at the other node : As to the Epochde^ it is concluded
from the ingrefs of Venus into the fetting fun, and which was
only oblerved by Horror, that Venus was in conjunction with the
fun at London 1539, November^ 24 d. 6h. 37 m. but that fhe
advanced 8' $0'/ towards the fouih : But in the month of Jf^^^,
Venus has not hitherto been feen by any mortal within the fun •
but from Mr. Halky's calculations it appears, that P'enus for the
next time will enter the fun i7<>i, May, z^d. 17 h. 55 m.viz.
in the middle of an eclipfe, and then be diftant from his centre
towards the fouth 4' 15^' : Hence, and from the premifcd revolu-
tions, all the phenomena of this kind are eafily computed for a
thoufand years, as appears from the following table •

No VE MB E R.

iear

lime of Conjunct.

Dill, from the i)

un's Centre

d.

h. m.

' If

918

20

21 55

6 12

N.

1161

20

21 10

<^ 55

S.

1396

27

7 20

4 5^

N.

16^1

26

17 29

15^ 11

N.

1^39

24

6 37

8 30

S.

1874

16

16 4(J

3 5

N.

2109

29

2 5^

14 0^

N.

2117

26

16 ;

10 5

S.

iVl A Y-

i6

M E M O I R S g/- />6^

May.

Year

Time of Conjunct.

Dift. from

the Sun's Centre

d. h. m.

/

//

IC48

24 13 45

5

50 N.

1283

25 8 14

5

51 s

1291

25 15 9

14

27 N.

1518

25 i(^ 32

14

52 S.

1526

23 P 37

5

5 N.

1751

25 17 55

4

15 S.

1169

25 II 00

15

43 N.

1996

28 2 13

13

5^ x;

2004

25 19 18

^

22 N.

As to the duration of thefe eclipfes of Vemis^ they may, with
refpedt to the centre, be calculated in the lame manner as thole of
Mercury were 5 but leeing the diameter of Venus is pretty large,
and the parallaxes may caufe a confiderable difference as to the time,
there mufl neceffarily be a peculiar calculation for each place : The
diameter of Venus is fo great, that whilffc fhe adheres to the
limb of the fun, almoft 20 minutes of time are fpent, viz. when
fhe diredlly enters the fun 5 but falling obliquely into him, fhc
makes a longer ftay on his limb: Her diameter, according to the
obfervation o£ Horror ^ is i' I8'^ when fhe is in conjun61:ion with
the fun at the afcending node 5 and i' 12'' at the delcending node.

The principal ufe of thele conjun6tions is, accurately to deter-
mine the diftance of the fun from the earth or his parallax, which
aftronomers have by leveral methods attempted in vain, whilfl
the fmallnefs of the angles fought do ealily elude the nicefl inftru-
mentsj but in obferving the ingrels of Vefius into, and egrefs
from, the fun, the fpace of time between the moments of the
internal conta£is may be obtained to a fecond of time, that is, to
j^- of a fecond, or 4'" of the obferved arch, by means of an ordi-
nary tcleicope and clock that goes accurately for fix or eight
hours.

Ti^e "ProduEiion of Tadpoles 5 by Mr. Rich. \Yaner. Phil.
Tranl] >^° 195. p. 525.

MR. Walleriook fome frog-fpawn out of a ditch, v/hich, he
fuppoled, might have iDeen fpawned about 14 days, and
kept it in a galley-pot of water, which he ihifted every day or
two, and kept them in a Vv^indow where the fun fliined fome part
of the day 3 at firft they appeared as in Fig. 5. Plate I. being a

round

/^/.ur

TLATE. I

^ /o

^^.WJL

^

^^.xa.

I .:: (j ^ '

Ci—U ; ,

-^

y ^yp/z^-H^ ai^.

J^u/e^Ji^'

Royal Societv. 17

round black globule, encompaffed with a clear liquor, which was
included in a membrane, and that again was llirrqunded with a
larger fphere of a more mucous liquor^ the iecond and third days
they appeared as in Fig. 6. the fourth day as in Fig. 7. about ths
lixth day, feveral of them were loolened from their eggs, and on
the leventh and eight more of them 3 when they appeared of rhe
fhape of Fig. 8. which in Fig, 9. is reprefented larger than the
life y on the leventh and eighth days, upon pricking them with
the point of a needle, they would contrad themlelves^ Ibme of
them, would on the eighth day, of themfelves, bend their bodies,
but not move out of their place: When they firft got thro' their
egg, which probably they did by eating their way, they hung
fall upon its outfide, by that part which was afterwards found to
be their mouth, and when loofened from their hold, they would
iink to the bottom of the water, without being able to rile again 5
on the ninth, they were not fenfibly increafed in bulk, only they
moved more freely at the bottom of the veffel: In about- 14 days,
they appeared as in Fig. 10. at which time they fwam about m
the water by moving their tails as Fig. 1 1. and Ibme rudiments of
their fore-legs were vifible, which looked forked, and like the
fprig of a plants at the end of three weeks their mouths were ^to
be &n, which they opened and fhut, and emitted fceces from the
other end, in a month the eyes were to be difcerned, at which
time they would fwim near the top of the water, and opening
their mouths emit a fmail bubble of air, and pofTibly take in
freiliair: The liquor, contained in the innermoft membrane, was
more transparent than the other, which was a mucous liquor, and
like the white of an egg ; the whole was a httle heavier m fpecie
than water 5 for a fingle egg funk, when loofened from the redj
but when they were faftened together, they would float, every
three ei^gs leaving a little fpace, which, being filled uqtn air,
made them fpecifically lighter than common water.

^ ruminating Man 5 Ipy lZ)r. Fred. Slare. Phil. Tranfl

THIS ruminating man lived at Srlftoh, he vvould begin to
chew his meat over-again within a quarter ot an hour after
his meals, if he drank upon them 3 if not, it was Ibme time
longer 3 this chewing, after a full meal, lafled about an hour and
a half^ if he went to bed prefently after meals, he could not
fleep, till the uiual time of • chewing was over 3 the viauals,
upon their return, tafied fomewhat more plealant thanathritj^
bread, meat, cheeie, and drink feemed to return much ot
Vol. III. C the

i8 M E M O I R S ^Z' /i&^

the fame colour, they would be of, were they mixed together in
a mortar ; liquids, as broth and fpoon-meat, returned to his
mouth all one as dry and lolid food 5 the viftuals leemed to the
patient to he heavy in the lower part of his throat, until they had
undergone the fecond chewing 5 afterwards they would pafs clean
away ; and he always obferved, that if he eat variety of things,
what he fwallowed firft, would again come up firft to be chewed j
if this faculty intermitted at anytime, it portended ficknefs, and
he was never well, till it returned again 3 the patient was always
thus affected, fince he could remember 3 his father Ibmetimes
chewed his cud, but in fmall quantities, and nothing like
his fon.

^fhe \Yeil-India Way of drejjlng Buck and Doe-Skins , by Sir
Rob. Southwel. Phil.Tranf. N^ 194. p. 532.

AFTER the pelt is taken off, it is firil ftretched out by
lines on a Ibrt of rack for drying them, and the brains of the
deer are taken out, and laid on mols, or dried grals, and then
dried in the fun, or at afire, to preferve them: When the hunt-
ing time is over, the women drefs the fkins, firft, by putting
them in a pond, or hole of water, to Ibak them v^^ell ; then with
an old knife, fixed in a cleft ftick, they fcrape off the hair, whilll
they are wet 5 the fkins being thus prepared, they put them, and
a certain proportion of the dried brains into a kettle over a fire,
till they are more than blood-warm, which will make thern lather
and Icour perfedly clean 3 after which, they wring and twift each
fikin with fmall flicks, as long as they find any water drop from
them, and they continue in this twifted condition for fome hours j
and then they untwift each fkin, and put them into a fort of rack,
like a clothier's rack, confiftingoftwo poles let upright, and two
more fet athwart, and fixed with their own barks 5 then they
ftretch them out every way by lines 3 and as the lliin dries, with
a dull hatchet, or a ftick flatted and brought to around edge, or
a ftone, they rub them all over, to force out the water and greale
out of them, till they become perfe6tly dry 5 and this is the whole
procels- and one woman will drels eight or ten fldns in a day.

Of the 7'hickfiefs of Gold on Gilt-Wire, and of the exceeding
Minutenefs of its confiflent Particles 3 by Mr. i£dm. Halley.
Phil. Tranf N° n^^r* p- 540.

WHAT are the conftituent parts of matter, and how there
happens to be fb great a variety in the weight of bodies,
which, to all appearance, are equally foUd and denle, fuch as

gold

Royal Society. 19

goia ana elafs, whofe fpecific gravities are nearly as 7 to i, feems
a very hard queftion to thofe that rightly confider it 5 for from
undoubted experiment, gravity is in all bodies proporaonal to
the quantity ofmatter in each, and there is no Inch thing, as a
propenfion of Ibme more, others lefs, towards the centre ot the
earth, fince, the refillance of the air being removed , all bodies
defcend, be they never fo loofe or compad in texture, with equal
velocity 3 it follows therefore, that there is feven times as much
matter in gold, as in a piece of glafs of the fame magnitude^ and
confequently, that at lead, fix parts of feven in the bulk of glals
mud be pore or vacuity : This Ibme favourers of the atomical
philofophy have endeavoured to Iblve, by fuppofing the primary
or conftituent atoms of gold to be much larger than thole of other
bodies, and confequently the pores fewer 3 whereas m other bo-
dies, the great number of the interfperfed vacuities does dinninifli^
their weight : Mr. Halhy being defirous to examine this notion ot
the magnitude of the atoms of gold, he bethought himlelf of the
extreme duflility of that metal, which is feen in the beating ot it
to leaf 3 and above all, in the drawing fine gilt wn-ej by means -
whereof, he was of opinion, he might molt exa^ly obtain the
true thicknefs of the coat of gold, that appears even by the micro-
fcope, fo well to reprefent gold itfelf, that not the leall point ot
filver is feen thro' it: In order to this, he informed himtelf oi
the wire-drawers, what gold they ufed to their filver 5 and he
was told, that the very beft double-gilt wire was made out ot
cylindrical ingots, 4 inches in circumference, and 28 inches long,
which weigh 16 pounds Troy, on thefe they beftow 4 ounces ot
gold, that is, to every 48 ounces of filver, one of gold 5 ^nd that
two yards of the fuperfine wire weighs a grain: Hence, at firlt
fight it appeared, that the length of 98 yards is m we^ight 49
grains- and that a fingle grain of gold covers the faid 98 yartis^
and that the loooooth part of a grain of gold is vifible without
a microfcope: But Mr. Halky being defirous to compute tne^
thicknefs of the Ikin of gold, by means of the fpecific gravities ot
the metals, viz. filver 10 •§, and gold 18 I, he found the diame-
ter of fuch wire the 3^5 part of an inch, and its circumference the
ji^ part, but the gold in thicknels not to exceed the 151:, 00 part
of an inch 3 whence it may be concluded, that the cube of the
hundredth part of an inch would contain above 2439000000 (or
the cube of 1 54 5 ) of fuch atoms 5 and which is lurprifing, tho
gold be ftretched out to fo great a degree, yet it ihews itlelf of ^o^
even and uniform a texture, as not to fuffer the white colour 01
the filver to appear thro' it, which argues that even m this

Q 2, exceed-

20 MEMOlRSofthe

exceeding thiiinefs, many of thole atoms may Hill lie one over the

other.

Oft/^e feverql Species of infinite Quantities, and their Ratio's
to each other t, by ^Ifr. Edm. Halley. Phil. Tranf. N° 195.
p. 5 5(?.

THAT all magnitudes infinitely great, or fuch as exceed
any affignable quantity, are equal amongft themfelves. tho'
it be vulgarly received as a maxim, is not yet lb common, as it is
erroneous; and the reafon of the miftake Teems to be, that the
mind of man conning to contemplate the extenfions of what exceeds
the bounds of its capacity, and of which the very idea does
include a negation of limits, it comes to pals that we acquielce
generally, and it luffices to lay, fuch a quantity is infinite: But
if we examine this notion more narrowly, we fhall find, that there
are really befides infinite length, and infinite area, no lefs than
three feveral forts of infinite lolidity ; all which are quantities
fui generis, having no more relation to each other, than a line
hath to a plane, or a plane to a Iblid, or a finite to an infinite 5
but that amongft themlelves, each of thofe fpecies of infinites are
in given ratio's will plainly appear: And firft, infinite length, or
a line infinitely long, is to be confidered, either as beginning at a
point, and^ fo infinitely extended one way, or elle both ways
from the fame pointy in which cale, the one, which is a begin-
ning infinity, is the half of the whole, which is the aggregate of
the beginning and ceafing infinity ^ or, as we may lay, ^of infinity
a parte ante and a parte foft-^ which is analogous to eternity, in
which there is always as much to follow as is already paft, trom
^ny point or moment of duration^ nor doth the addition or fub-
itraftion of finite length, or fpace of time, alter the cafe either in
infinity or eternity, fince neither the one nor the other can be any
p rt of the whole: As to infinite furface or area, any righe line,
infinitely extended both ways on an infinite plane, does divide that
infinite pkne into equal parts, the one to the right, and the other
to the left of the laid line 5 but if from any point in luch a plane,
two right lines be infinitely extended, (o as to make an angle, the
infinite area, intercepted between thole infinite right lines,
is to the whole infinite plane, as the arch of a circle, on the
pointofconcourlc of thole lines, as a centre, intercepted between
the faid lines, is to the circumference of the circle 5 or as the
degrees of the angle to 560°, for inftance, two right lines,
meeting at a right angle, do include, on an infinite plane,
^ quarter of the whole infinite area of fuch a plane: But if

tWQ

Royal Society. 21

two parallel infinite lines be fuppoled drawn on fuch an infi-
nite plane, the area, intercepted between them, will be likewile
infinite, but at the fame time infinitely lefs than that fpacc
intercepted between two infinite lines, inclined at never ib Imall
an angle ^ becaufe in the one cafe, the given finite diftance of
the parallel lines diminilhes the infinity in one degree of dimen-
fion, whereas, in a fe^tor, there is infinity in both dimenfions5
and confequently, the quantities are the one infinitely greater
than the other, and there is ratio between them : From the fame
confideration arife the three leveral fpecies of infinite Ipace or ib-
lidity, as hath been faid^ for a parallelopiped, or a cylinder,
infinitely long, is greater than any finite magnitude, how great
foeverj and all fucb folids, fuppoled to be formed on given bafes,
are to each other as thofe bafes 5 but if two of thele three dimen-
fions be wanting, as in the fpace intercepted between two pa-
rallel planes infinitely extended, . and at a finite diftance 5 or with
infinite length and breadth, with a finite thicknefs 5 all fuch fo-
lids will be to each other as the given finite dimenfions 5 but thefe
quantities, tho' infinitely greater than the other, arc yet infinitely
lefs than any of thofe, wherein all the three dimenfions are infi-
nite j fuch are the Ipaces intercepted between two inclined planes
infinitely extended 5 the fpace intercepted by the furface of a cone,
or the fides of a pyramid, likewife infinitely continued, i^c. of
all which notwithftanding, the ratio's to each other, and to the
^o TcLv or vaft abyfs of infinite fpace (wherein is the Locus of all
things that are, or can bcj or to the folid of infinite length,
breadth and thicknefs taken all manner of ways) are eafily afiign-
ablej for the fpace between two planes is to the whole, as the
angle of thofe planes to the ^60 degrees of the circle: As for
cones and pyramids, they are as the fpherical furface, intercepted
by them, is to the furface of the fphere, and therefore cones are
as the verfed fines of half their, angles to the diameter of the
circle : Thefe three fpecies of infinite quantities are analogous to
a line, furface, and lolid, and after the fame manner cannot be
compared, nor have any ratio the one to the other : Befides
theie, there are feveral other Ipecies of infinite quantities, arifing
from the contemplation of curves and their afymptotes.

"ithe "Defers of the Trumpet and Trumpet-iMarine 5 hy
J/r. Fran. Roberts. Phil. Tranf N° 195. p. 559.

THE extent of the trumpet cannot be ftri6ily determined, \t
reaches as high a« the ftrength of the breath can force it y
tut by confidering its notes within the ordinary compals of the

fcale

22 MEMOIRS?/ the

fcale of mufick ffrom double C-fa-ut to C-fol-fa, in ak) the na-
ture of the higher notes will plainly appear, Fisj. 12. Plate I.
and thefe are all fet down in the table, only obterve, that the
pricked notes are imperfe£t, not e>:a6^1y in tune, but a little flat-
ter or iharper than the places where they Hand, according as/ or
yis let over them.

Here we may make two inquiries, i. "Whence it is, that the
trumpet will perform no other notes (in that compafs) but only
thofe in the table, which are ufually called by muficians trumpet-
notes, 2. What is the reafon that the 7th, nth, 19th 'and 14th
notes are out of tune, and the others exactly in tune.

In this matter we may receive fome light from the trumpet-
marine, an inftrument, tho* as unlike as poflible to the trumpet "
in its frame, one being a wind inftrument, the other a mono-
chord 5 yet it hath a wonderful agreement with it in its effe6l ;
the found is lb like, as not to be eafily diftinguirned by the niceffc
car, and, as it performs the very fame notes, io it hath the fame
defed:s as a trumpet 5 for if the ftrings be ftopped in any part but
liich as produces a trumpet-note, it yields a harfh and uncouth
(not a mufical ) found.

Let us therefore proceed to our firft enquiry, and examine
what is the realbn that the trumpet marine will perform no other
but the trumpet-notes : It is a known experiment of two unifbn
ftrings, that upon ftriking one of them, the other moves 5 which
probably proceeds from hence, that the impulfes of the air,
which are made by one ftring, do more eafily fet another in mo-
tion, which lies in a difpofition of having its vibrations fynchro-
nical to them, than a third, whole motion would be crols : We
may improve this a little farther, by obferving that a ftring will
move not only at the ftriking of an unifon, but an 8th or 12th,
tho' after a different manner : If an unifon be ftrnck, it makes
one entire vibration in the whole ftring, and the motion is moft
lenfibly in the middle m Fig. 13. for there the vibrations take
the greateft fcope^ if an 8th be ftruck, it makes two vibrations 5
and the point m Fig. 14. is in a manner quiefcent, and the moft
fcnlible motion is at;/, ;/ 5 if a 12th be ftruck, then it makes three
vibrations, and the greateft motion is at q^ m^ q Fig. 1 5. and hardly
to be perceived at /?, /> ; {q that, in fliort, this experiment holds,,
when any note 'vs. ftruck, which is an unilbn to half the ftring, and
a 1 2th to a third part thereof; In this cafe (the vibrations of the
equal parts of a ftring being fynchronical ) there is no contrariety
in -the motion to hinder each other 5 whereas it is otherwife, if a
note i^ unifon to 'S, Fig. i6'. that does not divide the ftring into

equal

Royal Society. 23

equal parts; for then the vibrations of the remainder r, not fuit-
ing with thofe of the other parts, immediately make a confufion
in the whole : Now in the trumpet-marine, you do not flop clofe
as in other inftruments, but touch the firing gently with your
thumb, whereby there is a mutual concurrence of the upper and
lower parts of the firing to produce the found 3 which is fuffi<
ciently evident from this, that if any thing touch the firing below
the flop, the found will be as effc6lually fpoiled, as if it were
laid upon that part, which is immediately flruck with the bow;
from hence therefore we may colle6l, that the trumpet-marine
yields no mufical found, but when the flop makes the upper part
of the firing an aliquot of the remainder, and confequently of
the whole; otherwile, as was jull now remarked, the vibra-
tions of the parts will flop each other, and make a found, fuitable
to their motion, altogether confuled: Now, that thcfe aliquot
parts are the very flops, which produce the trumpet-notes, will
be plainly fhewn in the treating of the 2d enquiry; viz, what is
the reafon that the 7th, iith, 13th, 14 notes are out of tune, and
the refl exactly in tune.

All writers on the arithmetical part of mufick agree,

f half *\ ^ an eighth

■Ti * u n. ♦ Na third part/ \ a fifth

That by (horten- J ^ ^^^^^^^ t The found is nifed< a fourth

V a fixth 3 C a flat third

From this foundation all the other notes are derived ; tli^ flat
and iharp fixth are to^be the flat and fharp third to the fourth,
and the 7th the like to the fifth; the fecond to be a fifth to the
fourth below, ^c. By this rule let us examine what notes a mono=
chord fretted in its aliquot parts will produce ; iuppofe the mo-
nochord F Fig. 1 7. to confifl of 720 parts, and its tone double C-fa-
ut, the firft note in the table ; then half of it will be 36^3, iind a
third part 240, ^c. Now 1 fay, fretting (or flopping with the
thumb) at 360 mufl produce C-fa-ut; becaufe 350 being half
720, the found will rile an eighth from double C-fa-ut; Again
3<So being C-fa-ut, 24c muft make G-ibl-re-ut the third note in
the table; becaufe 240 being jufl a third part ]q^s than 3^0, the
Ibund will rife a fifth from that note ; after the lame msnn.T pro-
ceeding flep by flep it will be evident that,

180

24

MEMOIRS^ /y&^

1 80
144

90
80 >

''240'^
180
144
180

"a fourthl
a fifth
a fixth f
half I S

I'^C-foI-fa-ut
E-la-mi
G-fol-re-ut
C-fol-fa

72
60
48

45

;< i20<"'^<a third >^< D-la.fol

.2^

J2

go

.-

<J

90

^

60

. 90J

'

E-la
G-fol-re ut
B-fa-b-mi
C-fol.fa

By the fame reafbn,

B-fa-b-mi-flat
F-fa-ut
A-la-mi-re
B-fa-b-mi-flat

And confequently,

I02f the 7th"
65 f I iithi

55^3 n^J;<
14th

5>^

Note in the^
■Table, is
Jittle

■flatter
ifhaiper
|flatter "
flatter

than

I B-fa-b mi-flat
F-fa-ut
*A-la mi-re
)B-fa-b-mi-flat

Which anfwers the fecond inquiry.

Now to apply this to the trumpet, where the notes are pro-
duced only by the different llrength of the breath, it is reafonable
to imagine that the ftrongefl: blafl railes the found by breaking
the air within the tube into the fhorteft vibrations, but that no
mufical note will arife, unlefs they are fuited to fome aliquot part,
and fo by reduplication exadly meafure out the whole length of
the inftrument as in Fig. 15. for otherwife a remainder will caufe
the fame inconvenience in this cale, as in Fig. I6'. to which if we
add, that in a pipe, which is fliortened according to the propor-
tions jufl now difcourfed of in a ilring, the found is raifed in the
lame ratio, it renders the cafe of the trumpet exa6tly the fame
with the monochord.

For a corollary to this difcourfe, we may obferve that Ae
diftances of the trumpet notes, afcending continually, decreafed
in the ratio of 7, j) §> i> h i^^ infinitum -^ for,

Cfecond "7note in therfirfl O

The «? third Stable differs^ fecond >by

Cfourth, ^(?.jfromthe c^^^^> ^fO

^Jf the
^ilring e'r,

"th

Royal Society. 25

l^he Caufe of the change of the Variation of the Magnetical
Needle, with an Hypothefis of the Stru6lure of the internal
part's of the Earth, hy Mr. Edm. Halley, Phil. Tranf.
K° 195. p. 553.

MR. Halley^ in his theory of the variation of the magnetical
needle, came at length to this general concluiionj "Jiz.
that the globe of the earth might be fuppofed to be one great
magnet, with four magnetical poles or points of artra61:ion, two
of them near each pole of the Equator j and that in thofe parts
of the world, which lie near any of thole magnetical poles, the.
needle is chiefly governed thereby, the neareft pole being always
predominant over the more remote 5 and he there endeavoured to
Hate and limit the prefent pofition of thole poles on the furface
of our globe- yet he found two difficulties not ealily to be fur-
mounted • the one was, that no magnet, he had ever feen or heard
of, had more than two oppofite poles, whereas the earth had vi-
fiblyfour, and perhaps more 5 and lecondly, it was plain, that
thele poles were not, at leaft all of them, fixed in the earth, but
fliifted from place to place, as appeared by the great changes in
the needle's direction within this lall century of years 5 not only
at London^ where this great difcovery was firft made, but almoft
all over the globe of the earth ; whereas it is not known, or ob-
served, that the poles of a load-ftone ever fliifted their place in
the Hone, nor, conliderin^ the compa£tneis of its lubftance, can it
eafily be fuppolcd : Thele difficulties made the author quite de-
fpair of ever being able to account for this phsenomenon, when in
an accidental converfation he lighted on the following hypothefis :
It is fufficiendy known and allowed, that the variation of the
needle changes, but that this change is gradual and univerlal will
appear by the following examples^ at London in 1580, the vari-
ation was obierved by Mr. 'Burro-'xs to be 11° 15' to the eaft j in
i(5'2 2, the lame was found by Mr. Gunter to be only 6° to the
eall^ in 1^34, Mr. G(?///^r^;;i obferved it 4° 5' to the eaft; in
1(557, Mr. 'Borid obierved that there was no variation 2t London^
in 1(572, Mr. Halley himfelf obferved it 2° 30' to the weft; fa
that in 112 years the dire6lion of the needle has changed no lels
than 1 7 degrees : At ^Paris^ Oronttus FiUieus^ about the year
1550, reckoned about 8 or 9° eaft variation; in ie>4P, it was
found 3° to the eaft; in \666^ there was no variation there, and
i6%i it was found to be 2° 30' to the weft : At Cape d' AgulhaSy
the moft Ibutherly promontory of Africa^ about the year id'cc,
the needle pointed due north and lb uth v;ithout variation, whcnc?
Vor. Ilf, D the

26 M E M O IR S of the

*he Tortiiguez-e gave it that name 5 in 1522 there were 2° weft
variation^ in 1^75 it was 8^ 00' to the weft; and in 16^1 it was
caricufly cblervcd to be no lefs than 1 1° to the weft : At St. He-
lena^ about the year i6oOy the needle declined 8° to the eaft; in
1^23, it was but 6'^ 00' to the eaft; in 1^77, when Mr. HaUey
was there, he accurately obferved it on fliore to be o" 40' eaft^
and in 1^92 it was found about 1° to the weftward of the north :
At Cape Comorin in 16 zo, there were 14° 20' wefterly variation ;
in 1^80, there were 8° 48', but in i588> it was no more tlian 7°
50' 5 io that here, the needle has returned to the eaft about 7° in
70 years: From thefe and many other obfervations it is evident,
that the direction of the needle is in no place fixed and conftant,
tho' in fome it changes fafter than in others 5 ?ind where for a long
time it has continued, as it were, unalterable, it is there to be
vinderftood, that the needle has its greateft deflexion, and is be-
come ftationary, in order to return, like the fun in the tropics y
this at prefent, viz. 1(^92, is in the Indian S§a^ about the ifland
Mauririus^ where is the higheft wefterly variation, and in a
tract tending fi'om thence to the N. N. W. towards the Red Sea
and E^^^yft 5 and in all places to the weftward of this tra6t, all
over Africa and the adjoining leas, the wefterly variation will be
found to have encreafed 3 and to have decreafed to the eaftward
thereof, as in the cxsim^h o^ Cape Comorin y all over the JEaJl-
Jfidies and the ilknds near it : In like manner, in that fpace of
call:crly variation, which, beginning near St. Helena, is found all
over fouth America, and which at prefent is higheft about the
mouth of Rio de la 'Plata, it hath been obferved, that in the
eaftem parts thereof, the variation of the needle gradually de-
creafcs , and by analogy we m.ay infer, tho* we have not expe-
rience enough to afcertain it, that both the eafterly and wefterly
variations in the 'Pacific Sea, do gradually encreafe and decreale
after the fame rule: Thefe pho^nomena, being well underftood,
2nd duly confidered, do fufficiently evince, that the whole mag-
netical iyftem hath one, or perhaps more motions; that the mov-
ing force is very great, as extending its effe£is from pole to
pvole; and that the motion thereof is not per fait iim but by a
gradual and regular motion: Now, confidering the ftrufture of
our terraqueous globe, it cannot be well fuppolcd that a very
great part thereof can move within it, without notably changing
iis centre of gravity and the equilibrium of its parts, which
would produce very wonderful eftefls in changing the axis of di-
urnal rotation, and occaiion ftrange alterations in the furface of
the lf"^s, by inundations and rccefles thereof, liich as hiftory never

yet

Royal Society. :^7

yet mentioaed; befides, the folid parts of the earth are not to be
luppoled permeable by any other than fluid fubibnces, of which
we know none that are any ways magnetical^ lb that the only
way to render this motion intelligible and poffible, is, to luppole
it to turn about the centre of the globe, having its centre of gra-
vity fixed and immoveable in the lame common centre of the
earth 5 and there is yet required, that this moving internal fub-
ftance be loofe and detached from the external parts of the earth,
whereon we live 5 for otherwile were it affixed thereto, the whole
mull neceffarily move together : So then the external parts of
the globe may well be reckoned as the fhell, and the internal as
a Nucleus y or inner globe included within ours, with a fluid me-
dium between, which, having the lame common centre and axis
of diurnal rotation, may turn about with our earth each 24,
hours 5 only this outer Iphcre, is to have its turbinating motion
either fomewhat fwifter or flower than the internal ball 5 and
even the difference of a minute in length of time, by many repe-
titions becoming lenfible, the internal parts will by degrees recede
from the external, and not keeping pace with each other, will
appear gradually to move either to the eafc or weft by the diffe-
rence of their motions : Now fuppofing fuch an internal fpherc
having fuch a motion, we may refolvc the two great difflculties
in the hypotheiis of the variation j for if this external fhell of
earth be a magnet, having its poles at a diftance from the poles
of diurnal rotation 3 and if the internal Nucleus be likewiie a
magnet, having its poles in two other places diftinfl: alio fromi
the axis • and thele latter by a gradual and flow motion change
their place in reipeit of the external, we may then give a realbn-
able account of the four magnetical poles, as likewife of the
changes of the variations of the needle: The period of this mo-
tion being wonderfully great, and there being hardly a century
fince thcie variations have been duly oblerved, it will be very-
hard to bring this hypotheiis to a Calculus, elpecially fince, tho*
the variations do encreale and decreale regularly m the lame
place, yet in different places, at no great diftance, there are
found inch cafual changes thereof, as can no ways be accounted
for by a regular hypotheiis, as depending upon the unequal and
irregular diftribution of the magnetical matter within the fub-
flance oF the external fhell or coat of the earth, which deflecls the
needle from the polition it would acquire from the effect of the
general raagnetilm of the whole ; of this the variations at London
and 'Paris afford a notable inftancc^ for the needle has been con-
ftantly about i ~ degree more calferly ;it "P^r/s thsn at Lcndoiiy

D % tho^

28 MEM O IR S of the

tho' it be certain, according to the general effedl, the difference
ought to be the contrary way j notwithftanding which, the vari-
ations in both places do change alike: Hence and from fome
other of the like nature, Mr. Halky concludes, that the two poles
of the external globe are fixed in the earth, and that if the needle
were wholly governed by them, the variations thereof would be
always the fame with fome little irregularities on the account juft
now mentioned 5 but the internal fphere, having luch a gradual
tranflation of its poles, does influence the needle, and direct it
varioufly, according to the refult of the attra61:ive or direftive
power of each pole 5 and confequently there muft be a period of
the revolution of this internal ball, after which the variation will
return again as before 5 but if it Ihall in future ages be obferved
otherwiie, we muft then conclude, that there are more of thele
internal Ipheres, and more magnetical poles than four, which at
prefent we have not a lufficient number of oblervations to deter-
mine, and particularly in that vaft Mare del Zu/% which occupievS
ib great a part of the whole furface of the earth : If then two of
the poles be fixed, and two moveable, it remains to afcertain,
which they are that keep their place, and Mr. Halky thinks we
may lafely determine that our European north pole, fuppofed to
be near the meridian of the Land's End^ and about 7*^ there-
from, is that of the two northern poles which is moveable, and
which hath chiefly influenced the variations in thefe parts of the
world 'y for in Hudfon'sHay, which is under the diredion of the
American pole, the change is not obferved to be near lb faft as in
theie parts of Europe^ tho' that pole be much farther removed
from the axis 5 from the like obfervation of the flow decreafe of
the variation on the coaft of Java and near the meridian of the
' AJian pole, this latter, of the two Ibuth poles, is fixed, and
conlecjuently, the American moveable : If this be allowed, it is
plain, that the fixt poks are the poles of this external fhell or
Cortex of the earth, and the other two the poles of a magnetical
ITuckiiS included and moveable wirhin the other 5 it likewile
follows, that this motion is to the weft, and confequently
that the aforefaid Nucleus has not precifely attained the
fame degree of velocity with the exterior parts in their di-
urnal revolution, but lo very nearly equals it, that in 5^5 re-
volutions the difference is fcarcely Icnfible j this is conceived to
ariie from the impullc, whereby this diurnal motion was imprefled
on the earth, bcmg given to the external parts, and from thence
in time communicated to the internal , but not fo, as perfectly to
equal the velocity of the firft motion imprefled on, and ftill con-

ferved

Royal Society. 29

lerved by tlie fuperficial parts of the globe : As to tbe quantity
of this motion, it is ahiaoft impoffible to define it, both from the
nature of this kind of obfervation, which cannot be very accu-
rately performed • as alfo, from the fmall time theie variations
have been obferved in, and their changes diicovered : The period
of this motion appears by all circumltances, to coniift of many
centuries of years, and confidering the change of the place, where
there was no variation, by realbn of the equilibrium of the two
fouthern magnetical poles, viz^ from cape d'Agidhns to the me-
ridian of St. Helena^ (which is about 23° in about 90 years) and
of the place where the wellerly variation is in its greateft deflec-
tion, being about half fo mucn 5 viz. from the ifland of 'Die^j
Roiz to the fouth-weft parts of Madagafiar^ we may with lbn>e
realbn conjedlure, that the American pole was moved weftwards
45° in that time, and that the whole period thereof is performed
in 700 years, or thereabouts ; fo that the nice determmarion of
this, and of feveral other particulars in the magnetic fyilem is
referved for later pofterity : By the way, it will not be amifs to
correct a received error in the praftice of oblerving the variation,
which is, to take it by the amplitude of the rifing and fettinglun,
when his centre appears in the vifible horizon, whereas he ought
to be obierved, when his under limb is ftill above the horizon
about -f of his diameter, or 20 minutes, on account of the refrac-
tion, and the height of the eye of the obierver above the furface
of the lea- or elie the amplitudes are to be wrought as the azi-
muths, reckoning the fun's diitance from the zenith 90° 56'^ this,
tho' of little confequence near the Equator, will make a great
error in high latitudes, where- the fun riies and fets obliquely :
But to return to our hypothefis, in order to explain the change
of the v>ariation>, we have adventured to make the earth hollow,
and t0 place another globe within it^ and no doubt it Vv'iil be
obje6^ed, that there is no iniiance in nature of the like thing ;
that ii there were fuch a middle globe, it would not keep its
place in the centre, but be apt to deviate therefrom, and might
poffibly fnock againft the concave fhell, to the ruin, or at leait
endamaging thereof 5 that the waters of the lea would perpetually
Ibak thro', unleis we fuppofe the cavity full of matter j that were
it pofiible, yet it does not appear of what ufe fuch an inward
jpliere can be of, being Aiut up in eternal darknefs, and therefore
unlit for the produ^lion of animals or plants : Briefly to anfwer
thele and all other objcdtions, and firlt, the ring invironing the
globe o^ Saturn is a notable inftance, as having the fame common
,;;ntre, and moving along with the planet, without leniibly

approach-

30 M E M O I R S g/" /^^r

approaching him on one fide more than the other; and if this
ring were turned round on one of its diameters, it would then
delcribe fuch a concave fphere, as the external one of the earth is
fuppolcd to be ^ and fince the ring, in any given pofition, would
in the fame manner retain the centre of Saturn in its own, it
follows, that fuch a concave fphere may move with another
included in it, having the lame common, centre j nor can it well
be fuppofed otherwife, confidering the nature of gravity 5 for
ihould thefe globes be adjufted once to the fame common centre,
the gravity of the parts of the concave would prefs equally to-
wards the centre of the internal ball, which equality mull ne-
ceffarily continue till Ibme external force difturbs it, which is not
eafy to imagine in our cafe j this perhaps might more intelligibly
be expreffed, by faying that the inner globe, being pofited in the
centre of the exterior, mufl neceflarily alcend, which way foever
it move 5 that is, it muft overcome the force of gravity prefling
towards the common centre, by an impulle it muft receive from
fome external agent; but all outward efforts being fufficiently
fenced againft by the furrounding fhell, it follows, that this
Nucleus, being once fixed in the common centre, muft always
remain there : As to the leaking of the water thro* this Ihell,
when there is once a pafTage for it to run thro\ is an objection
feemingly of weight 3 but when we confider, how tightly great
beds oi chalk or clay, and much more ftone, do hold water, and
even caves arched with fand, no man can doubt but the wifdom
of the creator hath provided for the macrocofm, by many other
ways than can be imagined or expreffed, efpecially fince we iee
the admu'able and innumerable contrivances, wherewith each
meaneft individual is furniflied, both for its own defence, and
the propagation of its fpecies ^ what curiofity in the ftru^ture,
what accuracy in the mixture and compofition of the parts ought
we not to expert in the fabric of this globe, defigned for the laft-
ing habitation of lo many various fpecies of animals, in each of
which there want not many inftances, that manifeft the boundleis
power and goodncfs of their divine author? And can we then
think it a hard luppofition, that the internal parts of this earth
fhould be replete with fuch faline and vitriolic particles as may
contribute to petrifaction, and difpofe the traniuding water to
ilioot and coagulate into ftone, lb as continually to fortify, and if
need Vv'ere, to confolidate any breach or flaw in the concave
furface of the fnell ? And this perhaps may, not without reafon,
be luppofed to be the final caufe of the admixture of the magneti-
cal matter in the mafs of the tcn-eftrial parts of our globe j viz. to

ftrengthen

Royal Society. 31

itrcngthen and maintain the concave arch of this fiicll ; for by
what the excerient Mr. Neivton hath ihewn in his 'I'rincipia
'Philofophlcej it will follow, that according to the general prin-
ciple of gravity, vifible throughout the whole univerle, all thofe
particles, that by length of time, or otherwife, fliall moulder away,
or become loole on the concave lurface of the external fphere,
would fall in, and with great force defcend on the internal, unlefs
thofe particles were of another fort of matter capable by their
ftronger tendency to each other, to fulpend the force of gravity 5
but we know no other fubftances capable of fupportino each other
by their mutual attraftion, but the magneticalj and thefe we
obferve miraculoufly to perform that office, even wherp the power
of gravity hath its full effeit, much more within the globe, where
it is weaker ; why then may we not fuppofe, the faid arches to be
lined throughout with a magnetical matter, or rather to be one
great concave magnet, whofe two poles, are thofe before obierved,
to be fixed in the furface of our globe: Another argument,
favouring this hypothefis, is drawn from a propofition of the afore-
faid Mr. Neivtofj, where he determines the force, wherewith the
moon moves the fea in producing the tides 5 where he fays, ths
denfity of the moon is to that of the earth as 680 to 587, or as
p to 5 nearly^ therefore, the body of the moon is denier than our
earth 5 now, if the moon be more folid than the earth, as 9 to 5,
why may we not realbnably fuppofe the moon being a finall body,
and a fecondary planet, to be Iblid earth, water and fione 5 and
this globe to conflft of the fame materials, only four ninths there-
of to be porous within, and between the internal fpheres? It muH:
be allowed indeed, that thefe included globes can be of very little
fervice to the inhabitants of this outward world, nor can the fun
be ferviceable to them either with his light or heat • but fince we
fee all the parts of the creation abound in animate things, why
iliould we think it flrange, that the prodigious mafs of matter, of
which this globe conlifls, fhould be capable of fome other
improvements, than barely to ferve to fupport its iurfice? Why
may we not rather fuppofe, that the exceeding fmall quantity of
folid matter, in refpe61: to the fluid JEther^ is fo diipoled by the
Almighty wifdom, as to yield as great a lurface for the ufe of
living creatures, as can confift with the conveniency and fecurity
of the whole? And tho' without light there can be no living, yet
there are many ways of producing light, which we are wholly
ignorant of 5 the medium itfelf may be always luminous, after the
manner of our Ignes fatui'^ the concave arches may in feveral places
iliine with fuch a fubflance as invefts the furface of the fun 5 nor

can

32 MEMOIRS of the

can we, without rafhnels, unbecoming philofophers, adventure to
?.{Iert the impoflibility of peculiar luminaries below, of which we
have no manner of idea.

For the firther explication of this fubject, the following fcheme
is fubjoincd, wherein, Fig. i. Plate II. the earth is reprelented
by the external circle, and the three internal circles arc made
nearly proportionable to the magnitudes of the planets Venus^
Mcirs^ and Mercury^ all which may be included within the globe
of the earth, and all the arches be more than fufficiently ftrong to
bear their weighty the concavity of each arch, which is /haded
differently from the reft, is fuppofed to be made up of magnetical
matter, and the whole to turn about the fame common ^xispp^
only with this difference, that the outer fphere ftill moves fome-
what failer than the inner 5 thus, the diameter of the earth being
about 8coo Englijh miles, Mr. Halley allows 500 miles for the
thickneis of its ihell, and another fpace of 500 miles for an inter-
veening medium, capable of an immenle atmofphere for the ule
of the globe of Venus '■, to Venus, again he allows a (hell of the
fame thickneis, and he leaves as great a fpace between her conca-
vity and Mars--:, ib likewife from Mars to Mercury^ which latter
ball he fuppoles folid, and about 2OCO miles in diameter: A
farther ule of this cavity of the earth, may be to diminifh the
fpecific gravity thereof in refped of the moon ^ for the oppofition
of the yEr/75;', to the motions of the planets, in a long time
becomes lenlible, and coniequently the greater body mufl: receive
a lefs oppolition than the Imaller, unlefs the fpecific gravity of the
leiler doth proportionably exceed that of the greater, in which cafe
only they can move together 5 fb that the cavity in the earth may
well ferve to adjuft its weight to that of the moon 5 for otherwile
the earth would leave the moon behind it, and Ihe become ano-
ther primary planet.

7*he Trocefsof making the Phofphorus; by Mr. Boyle. Phil.
Trani: N^ig^T. p. 583.

THERE was taken a confidcrable quantity of human urine,
becaufe it yields but a fmall proportion of the deiired
quinteffcnce, and a good part of it at Icaft, had been digefted for
a pretty while, before it was uled j then this liquor was diftillcd
witli a moderate heat, till the fpirituous and faline parts were
drawn off; after which, the fupcrfluous moifture was alio eva-
porated, till the remaining fubft.mcc was brought to the confiftence
c)f a Ibmewhat thick fyrnp, or a thin cxtr?6l; this done, it was
wt'll incorporated with thrice its weight of iine white fand^ and

the

/^/m.

PLATi: . 11.

^

.3%.

c

^ G

A

^.J>?t4M i/e/.

TuJe^iJ^^t^

Royal Society. 33

the mixture being put into a ftrong ftone-retort, to which a large
receiver, in a great meafure filled with water, was fo joined, that
the nole of the retort did ahnoll touch the water ^ then the two
velTels being carefully luted together, a naked fire was gradually
adminiftered for five or fix hours, that what was cither phlegmatic
or volatile might come over firftj when this was done, the fire
was encreafed, and at laft, for five or fix hours made as flrong
and intenle, as the furnace was capable of giving 3 which violence
of the fire, is a circumflance not to be omitted in this operation^
by this means there came over a great deal of white fum.es, almoft
like thole that appear in the diftillation of the oil of vitriol, and
when thefe fumes were over, and the receiver appeared clear,
they were, in a little time, fucceeded by another Ibrt, which
leemed in the receiver to yield a faint blueifli light, almofl; like
that of little burning matches dip'd in fulphur3 and lail of all, the
fire being very vehement, there came over another fubftance, that
was thought more ponderous than the former, becaule it fell thro'
the water to the bottom of the receiver j whence beinp taken out
(and partly even whilft it continued therein) it appeared by feveral
cffecls, and other phienomena tobefuch a iubftance as was defired
and expeded.

Obfervations on the DijJeEiion of a Rat ^ by Mr. Rich. Waller.
Phil. Tranf. N^ \<)6. p. 5^4-

TH E fore feet of a rat relemble thofeofthe caflor, or beaver 5
the hair, as in that animal, is allbfome of it fine, and fome
coarfej the tail Icaly, with hairs between every Icale, like the caf-
tor^ which fliew that thofe two animals have Ibme refemblance to
each other \ and indeed the water-rat comes very near the beaver,
and makes its holes in the banks and ponds, after the fame man-
ner : The '^Tenis in the rat hath a particular paffage near the na-
vel, as in fquirrels, and not at the Anm^ as in the caftor 5 the li-
ver is full of little fpecks, as big as pins heads, which are the
fmall glands; there was no gall-bladder, only a 'Du^us Felleus 5
polTibly^ the bladder was incloled in the 'Tarenchyma of the liver,
as it is in fome animals j the C<ecum was much larger than the ito-
mach, and in fliape like that of the caftor; the^'tefticles lay not
behind, but in the groins on the Os ^Tubii j thefe were like a bot-
tom, or fkean of thread rumpled up together, which was vifiblc
thro' the coats of the tefticle j this thread continued of near the
fame fize in the Epididymides^ only towards the Ueferemia it
grew larger 5 it was tender, and not eafily unravelled, fo that not
above -I of a vard could be drawn out, the 'Frojlatce lay under
Vol. ill. ' E the

34 MEM O 1 R S of the

the fpermatick arteries ; the kidneys were whitifli with their Suc^
Cfnturidtl ^ at the neck of the bladder were inlerted the Veficulte
S't7)inaleS-, which were tranlparent and filled with Semen ^ towards
the end of the \Pe)}is^ which had a bony grillle, were two large
glands emptying themfelves near the extremity of the ^enis^ and
containing a fubflance like cream, as in the dormoufe, obferved
by Sivammerdam.

A A, Fig. 2. Plate II. the kidneys3 a a the Renes Succentu-
riati'^ hh the Ureters -^ cc the crural veins and arteries j d
the Jlrteria Magna:, e the Vena Cava-^ /the bladder, gg the
fpermatick vefl^ls, both veins and arteries ^ h h the 7'eftcs^ with
tYvc branches of the veins and arteries 5 / / the Epididymides 5 k k
the T)eferentia 5 / / the Tenis j m rii Veficuldd Semlnales j n n two
glands from, whence a thick juice might be exprefled3 ^ ^^^ ^^'
ianus or glans.

j4n Eftirnats of the 'Degrees oflslonzWty ofMzrik'inddraivrifrom
'Tables of hivths and Burials in the City of Breflaw, ix'itb an
Attempt to afcertain the 'Price of Annuities on Lives 3 by Mr.
Edm. Halley. Phil. Trani: I>i° 196". p. 595.

TH E contemplation of the mortality of mankind, hath be-
iide.s a moral, its phyfical and political ules: The deduc-
tions made from the bills of mortality of Zo;^/(io« and 1)uhlin fecm-
cd to be def^.'i^ive3 firft in that the number of the people was not
known 3 fccondly, that the ages of thofe that died was not menti-
oned 3 and laftly that both Loudon 2nd Dublin^ by realbn of the
great and cafual accefllon of Grangers who die therein, as appea-
red by the great excefs of the funerals above the births, rendred
them unfit to be ftandards for this purpofe3 which require, if

Eoffible, that the people, we treat of, fliouldnotat all be changed,
ut die where they were born, without any adventitious encreafe
from abroad, or decay by migration elfewhere : This defeat
fecms in great meafure to be fupplied by the curious tables of the
bills of mortality in the city of ^S^rr/Z^-Te' 3 wherein both the ages
and iexcs of thofe that die, are monthly delivered, and compared
with the number of the births for five Years, viz. KjS), 88, 89,
90, 91 3 and it leems to be executed with all poffihle exaftnefs
and fidelity : Sre/Iaiv is the capital city of the province o^*Silefiay
or as the Germans pronounce it, Schlefie^ and it is fituated on the
wellcrnbank of the Oder^ anciently called Viadrus^ near the con-
fines cl- Germany and Poland^ and nearly in the fame latitude
with London-^ it is very far f-oin the lea, whence the confluence
of ftrangers is but foiali, and the manufadure of linnen employs

chiefly

RoYAi Society. 35

chiefly the poor people of the place, as well as of the country round
about, whence comes that fort of linnen, ufually called Sclejie
linnenj which is the chief, if not the only commodity of the
place; For thefe realbns, the people of this city leem moil proper
for a ftandard^ and the rather, becaufe the births do a Irnall mat-
ter exceed the funerals j the only thing wanting is the number of
the whole people, which Mr. Halky hath envlcavoured to lupply
by comparifon of the mortality of people of all ages 3 and it ap-
pears that in five years; viz. from 87 topi includve, there were
born 5193 perfons, and buried ')i6^-^ that is, hoxnper Amium
1 2 38, and buried 11 74 3 whence an cncreafe of (J4 'per Annum
may be argued, or of about a 20th part, which may perhaps be
balanced by the levies for the emperor's fervice; but this being
contingent, and the births certain, Mr. Halky luppofes the people
o^ Srejlaii) to be encreafed by 1238 births annually ; of thele it
appears by the fame tables, that 348 do yearly die m the firfl year
of their age, and that but 890 do arrive at a full year's age • and
like wile, that 198 die in the 5 years between i and 6 complete,
taken at a mean, fo that only 592 of the perfons born, do iuryive
6 whole years 3 from this age, the infants being arrived at ibme
degree of firmnels, grow lefs and lefs mortal 3 and it appears,
that of the whole people o'i Sre/laix)^ there die yearly, as in the
following table; wherein, the upper line fhews the age; and the
next under it, the number of perfons, of that age, dying yearly.

42,

7. 8. 9. . . 14. . .

18.

. . 21. . . 27. 28. . . 35. 36. . ,

11. II. 6. 5i. 2. 3f

' ■ 4v • 49- 54- 55-

5^.-

6. 4i:. 6i. 9. 8. 7. 7. 8. 9^
. . 63. . . 70. 71. 72. . . Tj. . .
10. 12. 9i. 14. 9. II. 91. 6. 7,

9. 7. 7. 10. II. 9.

9-

. . 84. . 90. 91. 98.

99.

100.

4. 2. I. I. I. 0.

f-

And where no figure is placed over, it is to be underilood of
thofe that die between the ages of the preceeding md iubfequent
column: From this table it 'is evident, that from the age of 9 to
about 25, not above 6 per Annum die of each age, which is much
about one /)er Cf/^r 3 and whereas m the 14, 15, i<^ and 17 years
much fewer appear to die, as 2 and 3 j 3 yet it feems rather to be
owing to chance, as are alfo the other irregularities in the leries
of ag^es, which would reaify themfflves, were the number of
years much more confiderable, as 20 inftead of 5 3 and in Clrri^-
Church-Eofpital there are faid to die of the young lads, much
about one per Cent, per Aumm, they being of the atoreiaid ages 3

E 2 iiom

36 MEM O I R S of the

from 25 to 50 there feem to die from 7 to 8 and 9 per Annum of
each age , and after that to 70, they growing more decrepit, tho'
the number be much diminilhed, yet the mortality encreafes, and
there are found to die 10 or 11 of each age per Annum -^ from
thence the number of the hving becoming very fm.all, they gra-
dually decline, 'till there be none left to die, as may be feen at
one view in the table.

From thefe conliderations, Mr. Halky formed the annexed
table, wliofe ufes are manifold, and which gives a jufter idea of
the ftate and condition of mankind, than any thing of the kind yet
extant 5 it exhibits the number of people in the city of Sre/la-w of
all ages, from the birth to extreme old age, and thereby fhews
the chances of mortality at all ages ^ and likewife, how to make
a' certain eftimate of the value of annuities for lives, which hi-
therto hath been only done by an imaginary valuation ^ alio the
chances that there are, that a perfon of any age propoled, does
live to any other age given ; The following table, ihews the num-
ber of perfons living in the age current annexed thereto.

Age.
Cur:

iCurl

43
44

46

47
I 4^
{ 49

Per-

fona

1 00c

855
798

760

73

710

69

Per-

fons

417

407

39;

3^;
377
367
357

Age
Curt

9
10
1 1
12
13
H

Age
Curt

50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Per
fons

680
670
661

^53
646
640

Age
Curt

Per
fons

346

335
324

313
302
292
282

16

17
18

^9
20
21

Age
Curt

57
58

II
61
62
63

Per

fons

628
622
616
610
604
598
592

Age
Curt

22
23
24

II

27
28

Per

fons

Per ;Age
fonsCurt

272 64

262' 65

252 66

242 67

232 68

222 69

212' 70

586

579
573
567
560

546

^ge
Curt

29
30

31

32
33
34
35

Per

fons

192
182
172
162
152
142

Per

fons

539
531
523
515
507
499

Age
Curt

36

37
38

Per

fons

472
463

39 1454

40 445

41 I436

490| 42 427

Age Per 'Age :Per

Curt i^ons, Curt 'fons

I I I

71 II3I! 78

5B

72 |I20| 79

49

73 109' 80

41

74 I 98J 8i

34

75

881 82

28

76

78

83

2^

77

68! 84 1

20

Age. Perfons

7

5547

H

4584

21

4270

28

3964

35

3604

42

3178

49

2709

5^

2194

63

1694

70

1204

77

692

84

253

100

107

34000

Sum Total.

Thus it appears, that the whole people of Sre/I.^-zv coniift of
54D00 fouls, being the lum total of the perlons of all ag^s in the
cable J v^hofe firll ufe is to fhew the proportion of men able to bear

arms,

Royal Society. 37

arms, vvliich are thofe between 1 8 and 5^, rather then 16 and do 5
the one being generally too weak to bear the fatigues of war, and
the weight of arms, and the others too decrepit and infirm by age,
notwithilanding particular inftances to the contrary ; By the table
there are found in this city 11997 perfons under 18, and 3950 a-
bove <^6y which together make 15947, fo that the remainder to
54000 being 18055 are perfons between thoie ages 3 at leafl: one
half are males, or 9027, fo that the whole numter, this city can
raile, o^ Fencible Men, as the Scofs call them, is about 9000, or
f4, or fomewhat more than a quarter of the number of Ibulsj
which may perhaps pals for a rule in all other places.

The fecond ule of this table is to /liew the different degrees
of mortality, or rather vitality in all ages j for if the number of
perlbns of any age, remaining after one year, be divided by the
difference between that and the number of the age propofed, it
fhews the odds there is, that a peribn of that age does not die in
a year 5 as for inftance a peribn of 2 5 years of age has the odds
of 5(5'o to 7, or 8a to i, that he does not dk in a year j becaule
that of 5<^7 living of 25 years of age, there die no more than 7
in a year, leaving 5^0 of 26 years old j ib likewile for the odds,
that any perfon does not die before he attain any propoled age,
take the number of the remaining perlbns of the age propoled,
and that fhews the odds there is between the chances of the par-
ty's living or dying 5 as for inftance, what is the odds that a
man of 40 lives 7 years 5 take the number of perlbns of 47 years,
v*^hich in the table is 577, and fubftrad it from the number of
perlbns of 40 years, which is 445, and the difference is 6*8 ;
which Ihews that the perlbns dying in that 7 years are 6Si and
that it is 577 to d8 or 5 i to i, that a man of 40 does live 7
years 5 ana the like for any other number of years.

The third ufe, if the queftion be, at what number of years it
is an even lay that a perfon of any age fhall die, this table rea-
dily performs it 5 for if the number of perlbns living of the age
propofed be halved, it will be found by the table at what year
the laid num.ber is reduced to half by mortality, and that is the
age, to which, it is an even wager, that a peribn of the age pro-
poled Ihall arrive before he die : As for inftance, a peribn of 5a
years of age is propofed, the number of that age is 531, the
half thereof is 26^, which numberis found to be between 57 and
58 years 5 lb that a man of 50 may reafonably exped to live be-
tween 27 and 28 years.

Ule fourth, by what has been faid, the price of infurance upon
lives ought to be regulated, and the difference between the price

of

38

MEMOIRSe/^/iJ^

of infuring the life of a man 6f 2a and 50 is difcovered 5 for in-
ftance, it is 100 to i, that a man of 20 dies not in a year,
and but 98 to i for a man of 50 years of age.

Ufe fifth, on this depends the valuation of annuities upon
lives y for it is plain that the piirchafer ought to pay for only iuch
a part of the value of the annuity, as he has chances that he is
living 'y and this ought to be computed yearly, and the fum of all
thofe yearly values, being added together, will amount to the
value of the annuity for the life of the perfon propoled 5 now
the preient value of money payable after a term of years, at any
given rate of intereft, may be had either from tables already
computed, or almoft as compendioufly, by the table of loga-
rithms 3 for the arithmetical Complement of the logarithm of
unity and its yearly intereft (that is, of i, 06, at 5 per Cent.
being 9. 97455^4) being multiplied by the number of years pro-
pofed, gives the prefent value of one pound payable at the end
of i^o many years 5 then by the foregoing propofition, it will be
as the number of peribns living after that term of years, to the
number dead, fo are the odds that any one perlbn is alive or
dead 5 and confequently,^ as the fum of both, or the number of
perfons living of the age firft propofed, to the number remaining
after fo many years (both given by the table ) fo the prefent value
of the yearly fum payable after the term propofed, to the fum
which ought to be paid for the chance the perlbn has to enjoy
fuch an annuity after fo many years 5 and this being repeated for
every year of the perfon's life, the fum of all the preient values
of thofe chances is the true value of the annuity 5 and the follow-
ing table Ihews the value of annuities for every fifth year of age
to the 70th.

Age

dear's Pur.

Age

Year's Pur.

Age

lear's Pur

I

10,28

25

12,27

50

9,21

5

19,40

30

11,72

55

8,51

10

I3'44

35

1I;I2

60

7,«5'o

15

13^33

40

10,57

65

<^.54

20

12,78

45

9^9^

10

5.32

Ufe fixth, two lives are likewife to be valued by the fame
rule 5 for the number of chances of each fingle life, found in the
table, being multiplied together, become the chances of the two
lives 5 and after any certain term of years, the produ£l of the two
remaining lums is the chances that both the pcrions are living 5
die produ61: of the two differences, being the numbers of the

dead

Royal Society. 39

dead of both ages, are the chances that both the perlons are dead 5
and the two products of the remaining fums of the one age mul-
tiplied by thofe dead of the other, (hew the chances there are
that each party ftirvives the other 3 whence is derived the rule to
eftimate the value of the remainder of one life after another : Now
as the produ6t of the two numbers in the table for the two ages
propofed, is to the difference between that produft, and the pro-
dua of the two numbers of perlons decealed in any fpace of
time, fo is the value of a fum of money to be paid after any time
propofed, to the value of the chances, that the one party has,
that he furvives the other, whole number of decealed you made
ufe of, in the fecond term of the proportion : Thi > perhaps may
be better underftood, by putting N for the number of the younger
age, and n for that of the elder 5 Y, jy the decealed of both ages
refpeclively, and R, r for the remainders, and R -j- Y in: N,
and r -^y =: n ; then N n will be the whole number of chances ;
N« — \y be the chances that one of the two perlons is living,
Yy the chances that they are both dead ^ R 3; the chances that
the elder is dead and the younger living 5 and r Y the chances
that the elder is living and the younger dead : Thus two perfons
of 18 and 95 are propoled, and after 8 years thele chances arc
required; the numbers for 18 and 35 are 610 and 490, and there
are 50 of the firft age dead in 8 years and 73 of the elder; there
are in all 6'ioX490 or 298900 chances, of thele there are 50X73,
or 3/5'5o that they "ire both dead ; and as 298900 is to 298900
— 3(^50, or 295255, {o is the prelent value of a fum of money
to be paid after 8 years, to the prelent value of a fum to be paid,
if either of the two live; and as 56*0 x 73, fo are the chances
that the elder is dead, leaving the younger; and as 4.17X5O, {o
are the chances that the younger is dead, leaving the elder;
wherefore as die x 490 is to 5^0 X 73, fo is the prefent value of
a fum to be paid at 8 years end, to the fum to oe paid for the ,
chance of the younger's furvivance; and as (^10X490 is to 417
X 50, ^o is the fame prelent value to the fum to be paid for the
chance of the elder's furvivance : This pofiibly may be ftill better
explained by expounding thele products by re61:angular parallelo-
grams as in Fig. 5. wherein A B or CD reprelcnts the number of
perlons of the younger age, and DE, BH thofe remaining alive
after a certain term of years ; whence CE will anfwcr the num-
ber of thofe dead in that time ; lb A C, B D may reprcfent the
number of the elder age, A F, B I the lurvivors after the fame
term ; and C F, D I thofe of that age that are dead at that time ;
then the whole parallelogram A B C D will be N ;/, or the pro-

dua

40 M E M O I R S of tfje

du6l of the two numbers of perfbns of the two given a^es 5 and by
"ivhat was faid before, after the term propoled, the rectangle H D
will be as the number of perfbns of the younger age that lurvive 5
and the rectangle A E as the number of thofc that die ; fb like-
wife the rectangles AI, FD will be as the numbers living and
dead of the other age 5 hence the rectangle HI will be as an
equal number of both ages furviving^ the re6langle FE being
the produfl: of the decealed, or Yjy, an equal number of both
dead 5 the rectangle GD or Ky, a number living of the younger
age, and dead of the elder 5 and the rectangle A G or r Y a num-
ber living of the elder, but dead of the younger : This being un-
derftood, it is obvious, that as the whole re61:anole A D or N ;; is
to the gnomon FABDEGorN;; Y}', (b is the whole number
of perfons or chances, to the number of chances that one of the two
pcrfons is living; and as AD, or N;/, is to FE, or Yy, fo
are all the chancevS, to the chances that both are dead ; whereby
may be* computed the value of the reverfion after both lives ; and
as A D to G D or R^, fo are the whole number of chances, to
the chances that the younger is living, and the other dead ;
whereby may be compared, what value ought to be paid for the
revcrfion of one life after another, as in the cafe of providing for
cleroymen's widows, and others by fuch reverfions j and as A D
3s to A G, or r Y, fo are all the chances, to thofe that the elder
furvives the younger'.

Ufe feventh, if three lives are propofed, to find the value of
an annuity, during the continuance of any of thole three lives ^
the rule is, as the produfi: of the continual multiplication of the
three numbers in the table, anfwering to the ages propofed, is to
the difference of that produ6t, and of the produft of the three
numbers of the decealed of thole ages, in any given term of
Tears • lb is the prefent value of a fum of money to be paid cer-
tainly after fo many years, to the prefent value of the fame lum
to be paid, provided one of thole three perfons be living at the
expiration of that term; which proportion being yearly repeated,
the fum of all thofe prefent values will be the value of an annuity,
j^ranted for three fuch lives ; but to explain this, together with all
the calcs of furvivance in three lives 3 let N be the number in the
table for the younger age, ;; for the fecond, and v for the elder ;
let Y be thole 'dead^of the younger -in the term propofed, y thofe
dead of the fecond age, and v thofe dead of the elder; and let
R be the remainder of the younger age, r that of the middle age,
and f the remainder o( the elder ; then will R -}- Y be z=: N,
r -]- r ^znandg-j- "J :^ v-, and the continual product of the

ifcrec

Royal Society. 41

three numbers l<inv will be equal to the continual produfl of
R -f- Y X r -f-jy ^ ? + ^> which, being the whole number of
chances for three lives, is compounded of the eight products fol-
lowing. I. R r f, which is the number of chances, that all the
three perfons are living. 2. rfY, which is the number of
chances, that the two elder are living, and the younger dead.
3. Rfj/, the number of chances that the middle agc'is dead,
and the younger and elder living. 4. R r i/, being the chances,
that the two younger are living, and the elder dead. 5. f Yy
the chances that the two younger are dead, and the elder living.
6. rYv, the chances that the younger and elder are dead, and
the rniddle age living. 7. ^yvy the chances that the younger
is living, and'the two other dead. 8. Yy v, the chances that all
three are dead • which latter fubitrailed from the whole number
of chances N n f , leaves "Nnv — Yyvy the fum of all the other
feven products 3 in all of which, one or more of the three per-
Ions are furviving.

To make this flill more evident, in Fig. 7. thefe eight feveral

f>rodu£l:s are exhibited at one view : Let the rectangular paralle-
opiped ABCDEFGH be conilituted of the fides A B,
G H, ^c. proportional to N the number of the younger age •
AC, BD, ^c. proportional to nj and A G, CE, ^c, propor-
tional to the number of the elder, or r 3 and the whole parallelo-
piped will be as the produ61: N /*i r, or the whole number of
chances : Let B P be as R, and A P as Y, let C L be as r, and
L ;? as y, and GN as f, and N A as 1*3 and let the plane VKea
be made parallel to the plane A CGE 3 the plane NU^Y pa-
rallel to A B C D 3 and the plane L X T Q^ parallel to the plane
A B G H 3 and the fird product Kr§ will be as the folid S T W
I F Z ^ ^ 3 the fecond, or r f Y will be as the folid E Y Z £> OS
MI3 the third, Kry^ as the folid RHOUWIST3^ the
fourth Rri/, as the folid Zal^DSNXlK, the fifth fYr, as
the folid GQ^RSIMN03 the fixth rYt/, as the lolidlKL
MGYZA3 the fevcnth Rjj,- y, as the folid IKP O BX UW 5
and the eighth Yyu^ the produ61: of the three numbers of per-
Ibns de:id, as the folid A 1 K L M N O P : Now to fhew in one
cafe, how all the reft may be performed, let it be demanded,
what is the value of the reverfion of the younger life, after the
two elder propofed ? The proportion is, as the whole number of
chances, or N « j/, to the product Kyv, lb is the certain prefent
value of the fum payable after any term propoled, to the value
due to fuch chances, as the younger has to furvive both the elder,
by the term propoled, which therefore he is to pay for; here it
Vol, lil. F is

42 ME M O IR S of the

is to be noted, that the firll term of all thefe proportions is the
lame throughout ^ viz. N n r, the lecond changing yearly accord-
ing to the decreafe of R, r, f, and encreafe of 1, y, vj and the
third are fucceffively the prefent value of money payable after
one, two, three, ^c. years, according to therateof intereft agreed
on 5 thele numbers, being in all cafes of neceflary ule, are put
into the following table, and they are the decimal values of one
pound payable after the number of years in the margin, at the
rate of 6 per Cent,

1 ears

Prelcnt va-

Years

Prefent va-

Years

Prelent va-

lue of I /.

lue of I /.

lue of I /.

I

0,9434

19

0,3305

37

0,1158

2

0,8900

20

0,3118 <

38

0,1092

0,8396

21

0,2941

39

0,1031

4

0,7921

22

0,2775

40

0,0972

5

0,7473

^3

0,26-18

45

0,072(7

6

0,705c

24

0,2470

50

0,0543

7

0,6650

25

0,2330

55

0,0406

8

0,6274

26

0,2198

60

0,0303

9

0,5919

27

0,2074

^5

0,0227

'lO

0,5584

28

0,1956

70

0,0169

II

0,5268

29

0,1845

75

o,oi2<:>

ii

c,4970

30

0,1741

80

0,0094

13

0,4688

31

0,1643

85

0,0071

14

0,4423

32.

0,1550

90

0,0053

15

0,4173

33

0, 146-2

95

0,0039

16

0,3936

34

0,1379

ICO

0j0C25>

17

o,37U

35

0,1501

18

0,^50?

36

0,1227

It were needlels to advertile that the great trouble of working
fo many proportions will be vefy much alleviated by ufing loga-
rithms 5 and thar inftead of employing 'Snv — Yji; for the le-
cond term of the proportion in finding the value of three lives, it
may fufficeto ufe only Yyv^ and then dedu6^ing the fourth term
io found out of the third, the remainder v;ill be the prefent value
ibught^ or all thele fourth terms being added together, and de-
du6tcd out of the value oFthe certain annuity for lo m.any years,
will leave the value of the contingent annuity upon the chance of
mortality of all thofe three lives 5 for example, let there be 3
lives of 10, 30, and 40 years of age propofed, and the proper-
fions will be thus :

As

Royal Society. 43

As ^<JiX53iX4^5, or 1^619099^^ ^^ N^i', to 8x8x9, or
57(J, or Yyvy for the firfl year3 lb 0,9434, to 0,00000548.
to 15X1(^X18, or 43 20, for the 2d year^ 100,8900, to 0,000024^2
to 21X24X28, or 141 1 2, for the 3d year -lb 0,8396', to 3,00008128
to 27X52X58, for the 4th year- lb 0,7921, to 0^000166^0

to 33X41X48, for the 5th year 5 100,7473, to 0,00031071

to 39X50X58, for the 6th year- fo 0,7050, to 0,0005 1051

And fo on to the 6oth year, when we Ibppole the elder life of
forty certainly to be expired j from whence till 70 we muft com-
pute for the firft and fecond only, and from thence to 90 for the
nngle youngeit life • then the lum total of all thefe fourth pro-
portionals being taken out of the value of a certain annuity for 90
years, being 16,58 year's purchafe, will leave the juft value to be
})aid for an annuity, during the whole term of the lives of 3 per-
sons of the ages propofed, and note, that it will not be neceffary
to compute for every year fingly, but that in moft cafes every 4th
or 5th year may fuffice, interpolating for the inteimediate years.

It may be objected, that the different falubrity of places does
hinder this propofal from being univerfal, which muft be al-
lowed 5 but by the number that die, being ii-jj^'per annum \u
34000, it appears that about a 30th part die yearly, as Sir Wil-
Uam 'Petty hath computed for London j and the number that die
in infancy is a good argument, that the air is but indifferently
wholelbme ; ^lO that as far as appears, there cannot be a better
place than ^reflaw propofed for a ftandard.

To examine tbefrefinefs of Water; by Mr. Boyle. Phil. TranC
2n1° 197. p. 627.

H E honourable Mr. Soyle having found by various trials,
that leveral metallic and other mineral Iblutions could be
readily precipitated, not only by the fpirit of fait, but by crude
fair, whether dry or diffjlved in water, it was no very difficult
matter for him to think, that, by a heedful application of the
precipitating quality of common lalt, one might difcover, whe-
ther any particles of it, at leaft in any confiderable number, lay
concealed in diftilled water, or any other propofed to be examin-
ed: He took fome common water diftilled in glafs-veffels, that it
might leave its fait, if it had any, behind it, and he put one
grain of common dry fait into a thoufand grains of it ; into a con-
venient quantity, as two or three fpoonfuls, of this impregnated
]iq[uor, he let fall a fit proportion, for inftance 4 or 5 dropa,
of a very ftrong and well filtrated folution of refined filver,
difiblved in clear ^qua-fortisj upon which there immediately

F z appeared

T

'44 MEM O IR S of the

appeared a whitifli cloud, which, tho' but flowly, defcended to
the bottom, and Ihtled there in a white precipitate : The ufe-
fulnels of this experiment is not to be eilimated only by the
JEsamen, it helps us to make of dulcified water, but much more
by the eftimate, that by its means may be made of natural frefh
waters, whether of Iprings, rivers, clouds, lakes, wells, ^r. for
it being generally granted, that thofe waters, c ceteris paribuSy
are the beft, as we;ll for their wholelomenels, as for feveral oeco-
nomical uies, as wafliing, brewing, ^c. that arc freeft of fait-
nefs, w^hich is an adventitious, and in moft cafes, a hurtful qua-
lity in waters; by this way of examining thcie liquors, an atten-
tive eye may foon difcover, whether there be any latent laltnels
in them, and one may be enabled, elpecially by a little praflice,
to give a near guels, how much one water is frefher than another 5
and after once oblerving, what change four or five drops of the
precipitant will make in two or three, or any other number of
Ipoonfuls of water, it will not be difficult to make a near efli-
mate, whether any natural water propofed to him, have a greater,
an equal, or a Icfler degree of frei'hnefs or faltnefs, than the water
chofen for the flandard 5 and how much the propoled liquor is
more or lefs free from faltnefs than the other , and that luch a
difference in water may have confiderable efTe^s upon human
bodies in regard of health, may be probably argued from the
different effects, that waters more or lels impregnated with fait,
have upon feveral other bodies 5 fince moft pump-water, for
inftance, will not boil peafe and beef, and Ibme other things,
near {o well as fpring or rain-water, which are ufually Ibfter,
and freer of faltnefs 5 it is commonly known, that the fame pump-
water will not fo well and uniformly diflblve wafli-balls and Ibap,
as rain-water, and Ibme running- waters ufually will; and fkilful
artifls obfervc, that fome tools, as gravers, ^c. would receive a
different temper, if they were quenched in pump-water, from
that, which the like extinftion in fprinq-water or river-water
would give them : But here it may be obje£ted, that the trial was
made upon water impregnated with grols or corporeal lea-falt,
which hinders not, but that it may be embued with the fpirits of
marine fait, which by rcafon of their activity, may be as un-
healthful to the drinker, as the gr^jffer fait itfelf; but tho', to this
furmife it muft be anfwered, that a very Irnall proportion of Ipint
of fait, might in many cafes make the water feafoned therewith,
•rather medicinal than unwholelome; yet as a more dire6t anlwer,
Mr. !Boyle took above a thoufand grains of diftilled water, and
infread of grols fait, he put to them one fingle drop of moderately

ftrong

Royal Society. 4^

ftrong fpirit of fait, and fhaking it in the water, he let fall,
into a portion of this unequally compoled mixture, fome drops of
his folution of filver, \^hich prefently began to precipitate in a
whitifli form, and this trial fucceeded better than if the water had
been impregnated with but a loooth part of grofs fait ; and to purfue
this trial farther, one drop of Ipirit of fait was diflfufed into 2000
grains of diftilled rain-water, and upon letting fall fome drops of
his precipitant into it, the fuccefs anfwered expe6iatioh 5 and as
a farther trial, one grain of fpirit of fait had a raanifefl operation,
tho' not quite fo confpicuous as the former, on above 5000 grains
of water, whofe immunity from common fait was tried a-partj
and that a drop of the faline fpirit, that was ufcd, did not equal
in weight a grain of dry fait, was thus found -^ upon letting fall
into a counterpoifed piece of glafs ten drops of that fpirit, they
wanted near half a grain of the weight of nine grains ^ the like
trial was made, by lubflituting above loco grains of rain-water
inltead of the like quantity of diftilled water.

Dr. Hook could difcover the linalleft quantity of fait contained
in water, by means of a large poile of glafs, fomewhat of the
fliape of a bolt- head, whole ball B, Fig. 8. Plate II. was about
three inches diameter, but the ftem, or neck thereof, C C was not
above f j. of an inch 5 this was fo poifed by red lead put into it
as to make it but a little heavier than fiir or frefh water ^ then
this poile was fufpended by the Imall ftem to the end of a (lender
beam A, which was very tender, and would turn with a fmall
part of a grainy this beam was hung on a fteady frame, and the
poife hanging at one end of the fame, covered with the water to a
certain mark, ©r division, made on the linall neck at D, it was io
counterpoifed by Ibme fmall weights put into the oppofite icale of
the balance F ; then the weight of the water contained in the
ciftern, or vcffel E E, into which the poile was immeried, beinw
firft: known, a 2000th part of its weight was taken of common
fait, weighed out, and put into the whole 2000 parts of water
which, by being ftirred, were diflblved^ and the poife being
fufpended as before, near half an inch of the neck did emerge out
of the water, more than did before the 2000th part of fait was
diflblved therein.

^hree ^ieries relating to Shells ; propofed by Mr. Sam. Dalf,
md arifivered by Tir, Lifter, Phil. Tranf N° 197. p. 6'4i.

I. TTTHAT are the Entalia of the /hops, by what authors
VV defcribed, under what name, and how they differ from
the Dentalia ?

1. Of

46 M E M O I R S ?/^ /i6^

2. Of what ihell is the "Blatta Syzantina the Operculum or
lid?

3. Of the feveral forts o^^ur puree amongft authors, which is
that of the fliops? Likewife which fort of 'Buccina and Umbilici
narini ought to be ufed in the /liops ?

1. As to the Entaliay Dr. Lifter does not rememhcr to have
leen any thing in the Ihops under that name : The defcriptions of
the fDentalia in Schroder are very faulty, and both theie and the
JEntalia fliould feem by him to be the two fpecies of ^Dsntalia,
which ai'e figured by Dr. Lifter-, the ^Dentalium being that,
which is commonly, and in great plenty, found about the ifland
of Guernfeyy and ellewhere on our coaft, and the fam.e with that
found in the Mediterranean : It is a long, (lender, round pipe, a
little bending and tapering, hollow and open at both ends, with-
out any crack or flaw, naturally white at one extremity, and ufu-
ally a little reddifh , it is very fmooth, and poliflied on the out-
fide, and from thence, and its figure, called a Tiog-like-tooth :
The EmaliuvJ^ or other fpecies of the 'Dentalia^^ is much longer
and thicker than the former, but much alike in other refpefb,
lave that this is flreaked with high ridges, and moftly of a green-
ifh colour : This fpecies, Dr. Lifter conjectures, came from the
Indies-^ Note, that anything, that is wrought into, or channeled,
is by the Italians called an Intaglia-^ whence, and from the
affiniry of the word Dentalia^ he fuppofes thoie diftindlions of
names had their rife.

2. To the fecond query; Dr. Lifter takes the "BhJta Syzan-
tina to have lucceeded the Unguis odoratus, and to have been
introduced into the fliops in its ilead; in !/Jiofeorides\ time, the
beffc was brought from the Red Sea, viz. the paleli; and fattefl;
the blacker and Imaller, from 'Babylon^ or the Te^Jlan gulf; but
it leems, later times took up with thofe found about ConCtantinople-,
whence the prefent fhop Blatta had its name; and it was
called Blatta^ probably from its dark hair colour; it is true,
tDiofcorides lays, that the Unguis was an Operculum, like that of
the purple fifli ; he means what was uled in his time, when it leems
the Unguis odoratus was loft, or was not brought to Europe ; but
it will appear from the lame jDioJcorideSy that the Unguis was no
Operculum -J and it will be worth the while to fliew this miftake,
and conlequently the errors ofthe Moderns in iubftitntingthe Oper-
culum of a marine L^urben^ for the true Unguis odoratus: The
Unguis odoratus^ according to Diofcorides^ is found in the lakes
ox India, where Nard doth grow; wherefore the Conchylia feed-
ing on Nard are aromatick 5 it is gathered after the lakes have

been

Royal Society. 47

been dried up with fummer-heats 5 and he concludes, that the
Conchylium it {^\{^ burned or calcined, is of thej lame efficacy
with the 'Purpura and "Buccinum burnt : In the chapter of Nard^
he farther lays, that the Indian Nard grew near the river Ganges^
that is, in certain lakes, cauled by overflowing of that river:
Hence, it appears firft, that the Ungnh odoratu's was part of a
freih water Conchylicum. 2. If it was generated in the nardife-
rous lakes upon the river Ganges^ how comes it that the fame was
brought from the Red-Sea and Babylon? i\nd why iliould the
fliell Jt lelf be brought lb far as from the river Ganges to Greece^
fince the Operculum was rarely a tenth part of the fliell it lelf?
Dr. Lifter does therefore conjecture, that the true Unguis odora^
Tus was fomething like the half of a Te£iunculus Fluviatilis, ib
common in the river T'hames^ of the largeneis and bignels of a
thumb-nail j and that for thefe reafons. i. That the Unguis
odoratus leems to have been a frefh water bivalve or mufcle, be-
caufe it uasnot gathered 'till the lakes on the river Ganges were
dried up 5 now bivalves are buried in the land and mud, and ne-
ver rife and Iwim about or float as the turbinate Ihails do, to
which latter only the 0/'^ra////;» belongs, and which therefore were
at all times and eafily to be caught. 2. iJiofcorides calls this
Ihail Conchyliur/jy and by that general name he diltinguilhevS it
from all the other forts, concerning which he treats in leveral
chapters 5 which tho' in general it takes in both kinds, as well tur-
binate as bivalve, yet it does more particularly denote a Concha ov
bivalve. 5. The Onyic is exprcsfly reckoned by Tliny amongft
the bivalves 5 for/. 32. r. 11. the following denominations are
iynonimous, viz. Solen, Aulos^ 2)ona^^ Ony^, five tDadylus •
and again more particularly, /. p, c, 61. he lays that the 'Dakyll
are of the bivalve kind, and io denominated from their relem-
blance to the nails of the fingers 5 lb that in all probability the
OnyiQ odoratus anciently brought out of, rhe freih-water lakes
about Ganges in Indla^ was not unlike the common Onyx of the
Mediterranean, which was of the Sokn kind : Whatever the Jg'/^r-
ta Syzantina of the fliops be, it hath certainly nothing of the
charaviilers of the ancient aromatick Unguis, which in all probabi-
lity was loft, on account of the difficult paflage from the Ganges
into lU'.rope-y Dr. Lifter is of opinion, that it was a good medi-
cine, from its ftrong aromaric imeil, which is much wanting in
our tcfbaceous powders.

To the third, the Purpura of rhe ancients is well made out and
^gured by Fabius Columbia 5 and it is one of the moft common
JlJurices of the Mediterranean j in this he could not be much mil-
taken.

4.8 M E M O IR S of tbe

taken, becaufehe fomewhere mentions heaps oFthofe fhells, where
the Officlnce 'Purpurce anciently were, and alio from the purple
Sanies the fifa yields of itleJf, he mentions one or two more
Ipecies of turbinate Ihails, to be found in the Mediterranean,
which yield a purple juice. Upon the whole, it is indifferent,
what Ibrt of Aiell we ule in the ftiops, if it be to be calcined,
providing it be a fea-fhell5 and neither does 2) iofcor ides or JEtius
diftinguilh betwixt the Ofirea ^Purpuray or Succimm calcined,
but they afcribe to them all the lame cauftic virtue; pofTibly
Ibme one fpecies may have it in a higher degree; as the various
forts of lime-ftone, if calcined, differ in ftrength. Tho' the Ipecies
of fhell or Purpura be fcarcely known to our iliops at this day,
vet the ufe of the purple juice hath been by tradition at leaft
handed down to our times, and kept as a lecret, till it W2S difco-
vered and publifhed by Mr. Cokj and from apaflage of Veda's
ccclefiaftical hiftory, /. i. c. i. it appears that the purple trade of
dying was ufed in England, and very much valued.

'The E%par,fion and Contra5iion of Fluids Ipy Heat and Cold, in
order to afcertain the Divifions of the Thermometer; by
Mr, Edm. Halley. Phil Tranf. ISI° 197. p. (J50.

(r\ Ualities, as heat and cold, moifture and drynels, ^c. are
Vz_ not otherwile to be eflimated, but by their effe^is, as by
encreafing or leffening the dimenfions of any body they aft on, or
elle by the motions they produce; both which fubjecl them to
menluration ; but it is Itill a queftion how to afcertain the propor-
tional heat or cold, ^c. that is between any twp climates or
feafons, fo as to conclude the one, for inftance, twice as hot, or
twice as cold as the other, tho' the inflruments now in ufe abun-
dantly fuffice to lliew, when the temper of the air is the fame,
and when it is warmer or colder ; the reafon is, that we know not
the caufes of the expanfion of fluids by heat, or of their contraftion
by cold, as arifmg from the nature of their conflituent parts,
which are fo far fl-om being objeftsof our ienfes, that they even
furpafsour moll refined reafoning; for the fame degree of heat
does not proportionally expand all fluids; fome Iwelling with a
gentle warmth, and others not till they are confidcrably hot ;
Ibme boiling with a mc ^derate heat, and others not at all; lome
capable of a great expanfion, others of very little; lo that it may
well be concluded, that not one of them cncreales or diminifl-ies
in the fame ratio with the hrat, and confequently, that the
thermometers graduated by equal parts of the expanfion of any
fluid, are not iufficient ftandards of heat or cold : This will be

more

RovAL Society 49

more evident from experiments made in the months of i February
and March, ( when the weather was realbnably cold, and not
freezing) with water, mercury, and ipu-it of winej wherein the
following particulars were very remarkable, i. Mi\ Halley took
a large bolt-head, holding about 3 f //^. of water, with a narrow
neck, to make the increafe thereof more fenfiblej and having
filled it with water, he noted exa6lly to what mark the water
role 5 then he immerled it into a ikillet of warm water, and let ic
Hand fo long, till he concluded the warm water had communicated
its temper to the water included in the bolt-head 5 and he found,
that tho' the water was warm, much beyond the degree of the
fummer's heat, and nctwithftanding it was winter, yet that gentle
heat had fcarcely any effe6t in dilating the water, ib that it
appeared to have alcended in the neck of the bolt-head ; then he
took the fkillet, and fet it over the fire ; when it was obiervable,
that the water, as it grew hot, did flowly afcend in the neck,
efpecially at firft^ but after it began to boil in the fl-illet, the
expanfio'n thereof became more vifiblc, and it alcended a-pace, till
fuch time as it flopped again, the utmoft effort of boiling water
being able to raife it no higher 5 then having made a mark at the
greateft height, he took it out, and he obferved, that tho' it was
not raifed fo high without a very ftrong boiling, yet it fubfided
very flowly, as retaining for fome time the fpace it had acquired
from the heat, even after that heat was over, and the glafs io cool,
as to be touched without burning the fingers 5 however, next
morning he found it reduced to the firfl mark, where it flood
when at firfl put in, having lofl nothing vifibly by evaporation,
during the experiment, which might be owing to the length of the
neck, wherein the vapours were condenfed into drop.^;, before they
reached the top 5 then he examined how much water would raife
that in the neck, to the mark to which it had been di^aSed by
boiling, and he found it was a 2 5th part of the bulk of the firfl
watery which, upon repeated experiments, he obferv'd to be true 5
but it was obvious, that water dilating fo very little, with ajl
the degrees of heat the air receives from the lun, was a very im-
proper fluid to make a thermometer withal^ and befides, any
freezing liquor is ufelefs for this purpole in thele northern cli-
mates. 2. He took a fmaller bolt-head, with a proportionable
tube or neck, and filled it after the fame manner with mercury,
and having boiled it as above, he obferved, that 125 ounces of
mercury had occupied as much fpace as 810 grains, or a 74th part
of its bulk when cold 5 but it was very remarkable, that whereas a
gentle heat had Icarce any effect on water, here on the contrary,
Vol. Ill G ths;

^o ME M O IR S of the

the mercury did fenfibly afccnd at firft, and had almoft attained
its greateft expanfion, before the water boiled in the fkillet ^ and
after it had boiled, tho' it flood long over the fire, he could not
dilcern that the moft vehement boiling had any effedl on it, above
what appeared, when it nrft began to boil ; the mercury being
taken out, fubfided as it cooled, and in a few hours returned to
the mark, at which it flood before it was put into the water 5 this
fluid, being fo fenfible of a gentle warmth, and withal not lubje£l
to evaporate without a great degree of fire, might mofl properly
be applied to the conftruflion of thermometers, were its expan-
fion more confiderable: However, fmall as it is, it is fufficient to
diflurb the precife nicety of the mercurial barometers, fliewing
the counterpoife of the prefTure of the atmofphere by a cylinder
of mercury 5 for if mercury be more expanded, and conlequently
lighter in warm weather than in cold, it will necelTarily follow, that
the lame weight of the atmofphere will require a taller cylinder
in fummer, and a fhorter in winter to counterpoife it^ and if the
extremity of weather doth but occafion 150th part difference, as is
probable it doth, the efFe£l thereof on a barometer will be the
loth of an inch, above and below the mean, or a 5th in the whole.
3. The finaller bolt- head was filled with fpirits of wine, and
having fet it in the fkillet of water over the fire, it was found to
afcend gradually as the heat encreafed, but flower at firfl, and
fafler after it was well warmed 5 at length, being arrived at a
certain degree of heat, it would then boil with great violence,
emitting bubbles, which, rifing in the neck of t^ie bolt-head,
would elevate all the incumbent fpirits, till they had made their
way thro' ; and thefe fucceeding each other very fafi:, would often
raife the fpirits to the top of the neck, and caule it to run over 5
lb that there was no farther proceeding with this fluid than to
that degree of heat, which caufed this boiling, and which was
very much fhort of that of boiling water, being almofl tolerable
to the touch : It was however very remarkable, how exactly this
degree of heat was determined by the expanfion of the fpirits 5 for
immediately, as it reached a certain mark on the neck, it began
to emit bubbles, and being taken out a little to cool, and fubfide,
it would certainly and conflantly fall a bubbling again, when
upon a fccond immerfion, it was arrived at the aforeiaid mark ;
during this experiment, it appeared both by the dew on the neck,
and by the icent in the room, that tho' the neck were about 50
inches long, yet the fpirits did evaporate very fafi, confidering the
fmallneis of the furface of the liquor : This degree of heat, which
Uiade fpirits of wine begin to boil, being determined fo nicely,

made

RoVAL Society. 51

made Mr. Halk^j^ concluJe, that this might very properly be
taken for the limits of the fcale of heat in a thermometer ^ and the
efifea thereof in the expanilon of any other fluid being accurately
noted, might be eafily transferred to any fort of thermometer
whatever 5 'only it muft be obferved, that the fpirits of wine, ufed
to this purpole, be highly re61:ified or dephlegmated, for other-
wife the different goodnefs of the fpirits will caule them to boil
fooner or later, anS thereby pervert the defigned exa^tnefs: And
by the bye it may be hinted, that the boiling of fpirits fooner or
later, may poffibly be as good a teft of their ftrength and per-
fection as their fpecific gravity, or any other method yet ufed : The
fpirits of wine, Mr. Halley made ufe of, were poffibly none of
the beft, but he obferved, that at the point of boiling, they had
encreafed a 12th part in bulk 5 which great dilatation makes it a
liquor fufficiently adapted to our purpofe, were it not for its eva»
poration j for the difference of the goodnefs of the fpirits, and
becaufe that by length of time they become effcete, and lofe gra-
dually a part of their expanfive power. 4. Several other liquors
-may be examined after this manner, but thefe alledged may fuffice
to (hew the different effeas of heat on different fluids 5 and that
this power of dilating and contracting with heat and cold, is as
fpeciiically in them as their gravity, rarefadion, ^c. but in none
fo confpicuous, as in that rare elallic fluid the air; tor by feveral
experiments, Mr. Halley found that the heat of fummer does
expand the ordinary air about a 30th part 5 and the honourable
Mr. ^oyle, in hishiftory of cold, Tit^ 18. §. 8. p. 47 5- ^He^s
experiments, which prove that the force of the ftrongeil cold in
England) does not contraCt the air above io part; fo that the
fame air, which, in extreme cold occupies 12 parts of fpace, in
very hot fummer weather, will require 13 fuch fpaces; which is
as great an expanfion as that of fpirits of wine, when they begin
to boil 5 for which reafon, and becauie it is lb fenfible of heat
and cold, and becaufe it continues to exert the fame elallic power,
after being ever fo long included, it is the properefl fluid for the
purpole of thermometers: Now the thermometers hitherto in ufe,
are of two forts 3 the one fliewing the different temper of heat and
cold by the expanfion of fpirits of wine, the other by the air 3 but
neither of them was ever lb well made or adjufted, as that it might
be concluded, what the degrees or divilions of the faid infl:ru-
ments did mean 5 neither were they ever otherwile graduated, but
by fl:andards kept by each particular workman, without an/
agreement with, or reference to each other 3 fo that whatever
obiervations any curious perfon may make by his thermometer,

G a ^^

52 MEMOIRS of the

to fignify the degree of heat in the air, cannot be underflood,
unlefs by thofe, who have thermometers of the fame make and
adjuftment^ much lefs has the way been fhewn how to make this
inftrumcnt without a ftandard, or to make two of them agree
artificially, without comparing them together : To this Mr. Halley
fabjoins, that whereas the ufual thermometers with fpiritsof wine,
do fome of them begin their degrees from a point, which is that
at which the fpirits ftand, when it is lb cold as to freeze oil of
anifeed ; and others again, from the point of beginning to freeze
water; Mr. Halley conceives thofe points not to be fo juftly
determinable, but with a confiderable latitude 5 and that the juft
beginning of the degrees of heat and cold fliould not be from liich
a point as freezes, bui: rather from temperature, fuch as is in places
of confiderable depth under ground ; where the heat of the fummer,
or cold of winter, have, by the experiment of M. Mariotte-, in the
grotto's under the obfervatory at ^aris, been found to have no
manner of effef^.

Some farther Conjidcrations on the Breflaw Bills of Mortality 5
by Mr. Edm. Halley. Phil. Tranf. N° 198. p. 554.

MR. Halley endeavoured to find out a theorem, that. might
be more concile than the rules laid down N° 1^6. p. 596'.
for computing the value of two, three, or more lives, but all in
vain; for all that can be done to expedite it, is by tables of loga-
rithms ready computed, to exhibit the ratio's of N to Y in each
iinglelife, for every third, fourth, or fifth year of age, as occafion
Ihall require 3 and thcfe logarithms being added to thofe of the
j)relent value of money payable after fo many years, will give a
ieries of numbers, the ibm of which will Ihew the value of the
annuity fought; however, for each number of this feries, two
logarithms for a fingle life, three for two lives, and four for three
lives muffc necefTarily be added together.

It may not perhaps be unacceptable to infer from the tables,
K° i()6. how unjuftly we repine at the ihortnefs of our lives,
and think ourfelves injured, if we attain not to old age 5
whereas hereby it appears, that the one half of thole that
are born, are dead in feventeen years time, 1238 being in
that time reduced to 616 -j 1^o that inftead of murmuring at
what we call an untimely death, we ought to account it, as a
bleffing that we have lurvived, perhaps" by many years, that
period of life, at which the one half of the whole race
of mankind doth not arrive: A lecond obfervation is, that
the growth and encrcafe of mankind is not fo much Hinted

by

Royal Society. 5^'

by any thing in the nature of the fpecies, as it is from the cau-
tious difficulty moll people make to adventure on the ftate of
marriage, from the profpe6l of the trouble and charge of provid-
ing for a family 5 nor are the poorer fort of people herein to be
blamed, fince their difficulty of fubfifting is occafioned by the
unequal diftribution of poflefilons, all being neceffarily fed from
the earth, of which yet 10 few are mailers • {o that befides them-
ielves and families, they are yet to work for thofe, who are
owners of the ground that feeds them , and of fuch, does by far
the greater part of mankind confill; otherwile it is plain, there
might well be four times as many births as we now find 5 for by
computation from the table, there are found 15 coo perfons above
J 6 and under 45, of which, at lead 7000 are women capable of
bearing children ; of thefe notwithflanding, there are but 1258
born yearly, which is but little more than a fixth part j {6 that
about one in fix of theie women do breed yearly 5 whereas were
they all married, it would not appear ilrange or unlikely, that
four of fix fhould bring forth a child every year 5 the political
confequences of this are evident ; the llrength and glory of a
king confifl in the multitude of his fubjeas, therefore above
all things celibacy ought to be difcouraged, as by extraordinary
taxing and military lervice^ and thofe who have numerous fami-
lies of children fhould be countenanced and encouraged by fuch
laws, as the ^us trium Liber or urn amongft the Romans 3 but ef-
pecially by an effe6lual care to provide for the lubfiftence of the
poor, by finding them employment, whereby they may earn their
bread, without being chargeable to the publick.

Pearl Filhing in Ireland; by Sir Rob. Redding, Phil. TranC
N° ip8. p. (555>.

IN the county of Tyrone there are four rivers, abounding in
that fort of mufcles, in which pearls are found, all emptying
themfelves into Lough Foyle^ on which the town of Tierry Hands,
and then into the lea 5 there are alfo other rivers in the county of
"Donnegal^ and a river near 1>undalk^ likewife the Shure running
by TVarerford, and the Lougb called Lough Lean in Kerry ^
which affords the like fifh : There is nothing extraordinary in the
manner of filhing there; in the warm months before harvcll,
whilfl the rivers are low and clear, the poor people go into the
water, and fome take them up with their toes, others with woo-
den tongs, and others again by putting a fliarpened flick into the
opening of the (hell 3 and altho' by common eflimatc, not above
one ihell in a hundred may have a pearl, and of thele pearls not

above

54 ME M O I R S of tk

above one in a hundred are tolerably clear, yet a vaft nunnbcr of
fair merchantable pearls are every year Ibid by thole people 5 and
Sir Robert himfelf faw a pearl that weighed 35 carats, and was
valued at 40 /. the young mulcles are never obferved to have any
pearl in them 5 the fhell is faftened with two tendons, one at each
end, whereas the oyfler and fcallop have only one in the middle 5
they lie in part open, putting forth their white fins, like a
tongue, by which the eye is directed to them, being otherwile as
black as the flones in the river 5 the backs of the ihells both in
young and old, juft about the hinges, on which the valves
open, are all broken and bruiled, and fhew the feveral crufts and
fcales that make up the fhell, which is probably cauled by the
rolling of large (tones over them in great floods 5 the infides of the
fhell are of an oriental and pearl-colour and fubflance, like a flat
pearl, efpecially when firft opened 5 and there is oblerved in fome
ihells under the firfl coat a liquor very orient and clear, that
moves upon prefTure by the finger, but fuch a mulcle never has a
pearl; and probably this liquor is the true mother of pearl: The
pearl lies in the fmaller extremity, at the end of the gut, and
out of the body of the fifh, between the two films or fkins that
line the Ihell 5 it is probable that the pearl anfwereth to the Hone
in other animals, and it is certain that in the lame manner it en-
creafes by feveral crufts growing over each other, which appears
by pinching the pearl in a vice 5 for the upper coat will crack and
fly away, and this ftone is caft out and voided by the mufcle; for
many ihells that have had pearls in them, are afterwards found
to have none 5 the fhells that have the beft pearls are wrinkled,
twifted or bunched, and not fmooth and equal as thofe that have
none 5 it is thought, that thefe pearls, if once dark, will never
become clear upon any alteration in the health or age of the
mulcle 5 and that if the leed be black, all the coats fuperinduced
will be ilill clouded.

^n Jlccomn of digging and preparing the Lapis Calaminaris ♦
by Mr, Giles Pooley. Phil. Tranl." N° 198. p. 611.

TH E Lapis CalaminariSy or Calamine, is dug and prepared
near Wrington in SomerfetjJnre j the groovers have no
certain rule to direct them in finding it out, either from the fur-
face of the earth, or the nature ot the ground 3 it being fom,e-
;imcs found in meadows, ibmetimcs in arable, and fometiraes
again in pafture grounds, and very commonly in barren and rocky
ground 5 nor is it difcoverable from the colour or tafte of the wa-
ter, as being much of the fame colour, tafte, clearnels and whol-

fomnels

Royal Society. rj

fomnefs with other water, nor from the withering of the grals on
the furface of the earth, or of the leaves on the trees, which arc
as fre/li where Calamlnehes, as in any. other place 5 but it is ob-
lervable that the groovers always dig for it upon, or near the hills j
for they expect none in thofe grounds, which have no communi^
cation with hills.

Their method for finding out a vein, is to dig a trench as deep
as the rocks, 'where they expe£l it to lie, acrofs the place where
they look for a courfe ^ which trench they generally dia from
north to fouth, or near upon that point, the courfes ufually lying
from eafl to weft, or at fix o'clock, as their term is, tho' this
does not always hold ; for fometimes the courfes, ieams or rakes
as they call them, lie at nine o'clock, and they are fometimes
perpendicular, which they call the high time of the day, or
twelve o'clock, and thele courfes they efteem the berc3 thelc
feams or courfes run between the rocks generally vt^ider than thofe
of lead ore, unlefs they are inclofed in very hard cliffi, and then
they are as narrow as the veins of lead 5 the colour of the earth,
where Calamine lies, is generally a yellow grit, but fometimes it
is black ^ for all countries, as they term their under-ground
works, are not alike: Calamine itlelf is of feveral colours 5 fome
white, fome reddifh, fome greyifh, and fome blacki/h, which is
counted the befi: 3 but when this latter is broken, it is alfo of fe-
veral colours : In working for it below in the countries, they uie
fhe fame method and inftruments, as they do in lead -mines- and
lbmetiu,v:s they light on a good quantity of lead, but they al-
ways find fome eyes of lead amongft the Calamine^ which, in or-
dering of it, they feparatej tho' in lead-mines they do not always
find Calamine: in landing of the Calamine^ fome pieces are big-
ger than others, and of different fizes as other ftones are, and
mixt with a gritty earth 5 but generally it rifes in fmall particles,
fome bigger, fome fmaller, and Ibme about the bignefs of a nut,
and this they call a fmall Calamine : In ancient works, which
are thole that have been forfaken and afterwards wrought again,
damps and flenches frequently arife, but never in new works • and
thele damps are owing to the workmen, who do not take care to
convey air along with them, which is done by air-fliafts, as in
lead-mines.

Vvhen they have landed a good quantity of this Calamine^
which IS done by winding it up in buckets from their works, they
carry it away to the places, where they wafh, clean or huddle ir^
as their term is, which they perform in this manoer^ they indole
a fmall piece of ground with boards or turf, thro' which a clear

itreaiii

56 MEMOIRSofthe

flream of water runs ; within this inclofure they fhovel their
Calamine with the rell: of the impure and earthy parts, and thefe
parts are carried away at the one end of the inclofure by the run-
ning water, wliich comes in at the other, and the lead, the Cala-
mine-i and the other heavier, ftony, and fparry parts are left be-
hind ; and in order the better to clcanfe and huddle the CalamhWy
whilft it is in this inclofure, they often turn it, that fo the water
paffing thro', may wafli it the better , when they have thus
waflied it as clean as they can, after raking up the bigger parts
both of the lead and Calamine ^ they afterwards put the fmaller
parts, that they may lofe none of their ore, into fieves made of
ftrong wire at the bottom 3 and thefe fieves, with the Calamne^
lea,d, and the remainder of the earthy, fparry and flony parts,
which the water could not wafh away, they often dip and ihake
up and down in a great tub of watery and by this fhaking, the
parts of the lead raixt with the Calamine fink or pitch down to
the bottom of the fieves, as being heavieft 5 the parts of the Cala-
mine remain in the middle, and the other fparry, flony and
traHiy parts rife up to the top 5 which as they rife, they fkin off,
and throw them amongft the reft of the rubbifti ^ and then they
take off the Calamine^ and after that the lead : When they have
thus cleanfed the Calamine^ as well as they can, in order to
cleanfe it ftill farther, they are forced to fpread it on a board,
and fo pick out the traih and ftones that remain 5 but all of
it does not require h much trouble ; for fome rifes big enough
out of the works to be cleanfed and picked fit for the calcin-
ino oven, without all this charge and pains 5 and there are
leveral loads of this great Calamine, which have no mixture of
earth or trafh.

After they have prepared th^'ir Calamine hy wafliing and pick-
ing it, they then ca'iTy it to the oven, which is larger than a ba-
ker's oven, but made much in the fame faftiion ; only the way
of hearting, burning, or baking the Cala^nine is different 5 for it is
not done in the fame manner as bread j but they caft in their
coals into a hearth made on one fide of the oven, which is divided
from the oven itfelf by a hem or partition, made open at the top,
whereby the flame of the fire pafies over, and fo heats and bakes
the Calamine-, they let it lie in the oven for the fpace of four or
five hours, the fire burning all the while, according to the
ftrength of the Calamine, fome being much ftronger than other
fome, and fo requiring a longer time 5 and whilft it continues in
the oven, they turn it feveral times with long iron coal-rakes 5
and when it is fufticiently burnt, baked and dried, they beat it to

a powder

Royal Society. ^7

a powder with long iron hammers, Jike mallets, on a thick
plank, picking out what ftones they find amongH: it , fo that at
lafl tie Calamine is reduced to dull, and then it is fit for the
merchant: The dufl oi Calamine conduces much to the curing of
fore eyes, and it is frequently ufed for taking films off the eyes
of horfes and other beads.

Tljefpecific Gravities of fever al Bodies. Phil. Tranf. N° ipp,

p. (^^4.

PUMP-water -, _^ _ j^^^

Cork — — — 2^-

Saflafras wood ■ — — — — ^g^,

Juniper wood (dry) — — — — -.^

Plum-tree (dry) -^ — . -- _ ^^

Maflic

Samalum Citrinum

— ; albura

Ebony

Lignum Rhodium
Afphaltum

Aloes

Succinum ^ellucidum

Turcois-ftone
Euglifp agat

849
8op
1041

ruhrum — — — - n^g

— — — 1177

— 1125

— — — 1179

— — — 1177

^. "^ — "^ ^0(^5

"Ptngue ^ ^ - ^ J 08 7

Jet "^ . — — — 12 38

The top part of a rhinoceros's horn — 124^

The top part of an ox's horn — »-^ j g . ^

The blade-bone of an ox — — , 16 s6

A human Calculus — . — — • 1240

Another human C^/r/J/^j — — i^^o^

Another Calculus • — . — . . — i66/l

Brim ftone, fuch as is commonly fold ^ — 15 n

Borax — ^ ^ i^^o

A fpotted faditious marble — -^ 1822

A galley-pot ~- _ • _, i^^ g

Oyfter-ihell -. ^ _ /^^^

Murex-fhell — — . — ^^p^

Zapis Manatl — i -^ — 2270

Sslenitis — — , — 2222

Wood petrified in Lough Neagh — - 2341

Onyx-ftone ^ _ _ . ^^j^

i:5c8
2512

Vol. III. " ' H Gram

58 M E M O I R S ^/ /i&^

Grnmmatias Lapis — — - •— ^ 5 ' 5

A Cornelian — — — 25^8

Coral lachates ■ — — — 2(^05

Talc -_ -. ^ — 2557

Coral -— — — • — 2d8p

Hyacinth (fpurious) — — — 2^51

Jafper (fpurious) — — — i666

A pellucid pebble — — — 2^41

Rock cryftal ■ — — — 2^59

Cryfialkm 2)isdiaclafticum or Iceland cry^Sil — 2704

A red palle — — — 2842

Zapis Nephriticus — — — 2894

■ Amianthus {rom Wales — — 2913

Lazuli — — — 3054

A hone — — — — 3288

Sardachates — - — — 3598

A granat — - — — 3978

A golden marcafite — — — 4589

A blue flate with iliining particles — — 3500
A mineral Hone, yielding i part in i^o of metal — 2^50

The metal thence extracted — — 8500

The (reputed) filver ore of /F^/f-i — . . — 74(^4

The metal thence extraded — — 1 1087

Bilimith — — — — 9859

Spelter — — — , — ■70^5

Spelter folder — — — 83^2

Iron of a key — — -^^^^

Steel — — _ _ 7852,

Call brafs — — — _^ gioo

Wrought brafs — > — . 8280

Hammered brafs — . _ 8349

A falle guinea — — f ^^-j^

A true guinea — _. _ 18888

Sterling filver 10 5. 5

A brals half crown . 94^8

Eledrum, a J5r/V//7:; coin 12071

A gold coin of J5^r^^rjV 17548

A gold medal from Morocco . 1842c

A Afentz gold ducat i%i6i

A go\di coin oi Alexander's, 18893

A gold medal ofQ. J^/^ry 191C0

Elizabeth . 19125

A medal efteemed to be nearly fine gold 1^6-^6

Royal Society. 59

Ihe Iron-Works in Lancafliire^ by J^/r. John Sturdy. Phil
Tranf. K° ipp. p. (^95.

AT Mikhorp'forge in Lancafiire, they have feveral forts of
iron-ftone of diflPerent natures j for Ibme make Coldpire
ir6by that is, fuch as is brittle, when cold; another ibrt makes
Redjhlre, that is, fuch as is apt to break, if it be hammered,
when of a dark red heat, and therefore is never melted down
but in mixture, and fo it yields an indifferent fort of iron 3 but it
was much improved, by melting the fow-metal over again, as
like wile by uiing turf and charcoal 5 whereas formerly their only
fuel was charcoal^ they once made trial of pit-coal, but with bai
fuccels^ the fmall dufty part of their charcoal is ufeful for burn-
ing the iron-ftone^ for every i-] bafkets of this burnt ftone, they
put one of lime-ftone unburnt, to make it melt freely, and call
the cinder, which they always take off from the melted iron with
a coal-rake at a hole in the furnace-mouth, before they let the
metal jun j nothing remains in the bottom of the hearth, all be-
coming either iron or cinder : The furnace is built on the fide of
a hill, the bottom is about two yards Iquare, and fo riles perpen-
dicular for a yard or more 5 it is alfo lined within Vv'ith a wall of
the beft fire-ftone to keep off the force of the fires from the walls
of the furnace 5 the bellows, which are very large, and played
with water, enter about the middle of the Focus ^ the reft of the
furnace is railed upon this, ^ or 7 yards Iquare wile, but taper-
ing, lb that the fides draw by degrees towards each other, and
the top-hole, at which they throw in balkets of flone and fuel, is
but about half a yard fquare ; into this place they put down a
pule, to know how far it hath fublided after a certain time, and
when they find it to have funk about a yard and a half; then they
put in more, till the furnace be full again.

The furnace is very much like a common blackfmith's forge,
about a yard and a half over, and of the fame height j the hearth
is of low-iron, much of the fhape of a broad-brimed hat. with
the crown downwards 5 this hollow place they fill and heap up
with charcoal, and lay the ore, firil broken into pieces as big as
a pigeon's egg, all round about the charcoal upon the flat
hearth, to bake or neal it, and they thruft it in by little and lit-
tle into the hollow, where it is melted by the blaft, which is
continued for about 12 hours, feeding it ftill with new charcoal
as it fettles^ then they pull out a ftopple at the bottom of the
wall, and all the glaffy cinder, which is very liquid, runs out,
and leaves the iron, which is never in perfect fufiou, in a lump at

H 2 the

«d MEM O IRS of the

the bottom; this they take out with great tongs, and put under
heavy hammers, played with water, which at the lame time beat
off, or rather fqueeze out the coarfer Scoritfy efpecially at firft
taking out of the furnace, and they form it after leveral heats into
bars; they ufe no limeftone, or any other thing to promote the
flux ; they get about a hundred weight of metal at one melting,
which is theprodu6t of about three times fb much ore.

The ore is got in Fourncfs ; a divifion of Lancapire^ at Icafl
35 miles from Milthorp-^ lome of it is hard, but feels foft and
fiTiOoth, like velvet on the outfide; fome of it again is as foft as
clay, but all of it is red, and lies in beds like coal; the feveral
forts of ores lie in one vein, which is lometimes an inch, Ibmetimcs
a foot, and lometimes again three or four yards broad, and many
fathoms deep, between grey limeftone rocks ; but the hard ores
lie ulually next the rocks on each lide, and the foft ore in the
middle ; they frequently ufe the foft ore, and with good luccels,
as a medicine for the murrain in cattle, and for all dileafes
in fwine; to which latter, they give a good handful or two in
milk.

^he Giant's Caufway in Ireland; by Sir Rob. Buckly. Phil.
Tranf. 1S° 15)9. p. 708.

THE Gianfs Caupivay is in the county of ^;7rrm, about
7 miles eaft o^ Cclraln^ and 5 1 to the eaft of the m.outh of
the river 'Derry ; the coaft there is very high above the fea, but
rifing gradually on the land fide to the edge of the precipice, it is
all covered with an excellent fweet grals; when you come to the
precipice, there is no going down, the defccnt is lb fteep ; but
with much labour, and Ibme hazard, it may be climbed up;
from the foot of this precipice, there runs out northward into the
ocean a railed caufway of aboiJt 80 foot bn^ad, and about 20 foot
high above the reft of the flrand ; its fides are perpendicular, it
is about 200 foot in view to the water-fide, but does not advance
much farther under the lurface of the water: This whole cauf-
way confills of pillars of perpendicular cylinders, hexagons and
pentagons, of about 18 and 20 inches in diameter, but lying fo
clofe together, that nothing thicker than a knife will enter
between the fides of the pilLirs; the pillars do not confift of
joints, but each cylinder is one folid piece, and breaks crofRvile,
or horizontally, and not Iengthv;iie; and the pieces fo broken off,
have their bottoms as often convex or concave, as flat and even ;
and many fuch pieces lie loole on the fand of the lliore ; when
one walks upon the land below, the fide of this caufway- hath its

face

Royal Society. 6i

face all m angles, the feveral cylinders, to ufe the exprefTion,
having lome two, ibme three of their fides open to view^ the high
precipice does alio confift of cylinders, tho' forae are (hotter and
Ibme longer, by which it may be climbed up as by fo many ftcps ;
all the ftones on that coaft, whether fingle or in cluflers, or that
rile up any where out of the land, are all cylinders, tho' of ever
io different angles ; and there are alio fome four-iquared on the
fame more.

Anatomical Ohfervations on the Heads of Fowl 5 hy 2)r. Allen
Moulen. Phil. Tranf. I>i° 199. p. 711.

T N the heads of all the fowl Dr. Moulen had the opportunity of
•*- examining, he conftantly found only one AqudeduSlus, or
pafTage from the ears to the palate, whereas in men, quadrupeds,
and lome amphibious fifh, there are always two, one on each fide
below the entrance of the noftrils into the palate, and opening
towards the noHrils, for the more convenient reception of air, as
is fuppofed^ this paffage in fowl is exactly in the middle of the
palate, below the infertion of the noltrils into it j it is a mem-
branous tube, capable of admitting a raven's, if not a goofe quill
in larger fovvl, luch as turkeys, geefe, ^c. and reaches backwards
as far as the communication from ear to ear, and hence it comes
to lerve both 5 whereas there is a necefiity of two in thole ani-
mals, whole ears have no communication ; He conftantly found
a hollow Ipace, between the two tables of the Os Cuneiforme,
reaching from ear to ear, and as far forwards as the aforelaid
common AquteduSius^ or rather, 'DuBus aereiiSy its mechanilrn
feeming more to favour this than the former ulej this cavity in
all fowl reaches above the labyrinth us on each fide, fb that what-
ever impulfe is made on the ^I'ympanum on the one fide, may not
only be very readily communicated by means of the internal air
to the LahyrmlJi'.s of the fame, but alfo to that of the oppofite
fide ; hence probably proceeds the quicknefs of hearing, and the
vigilancy of fowl, notwithftandingthey want a Cochlea^:, the defeiSl
of which leems to be by this ftruclure more than iupplied, no
other animal, as far as is known, having any thing like it 3 it is
not improbable, that the oppofite ear is altogether as much
affected by the Ibund, as that next it, if not more ^ there are
feveral Lamlnulce^ and pillars of hard bone, between the two
tables in fbeie cavities, defigned, as may be fuppoled, partly for
keeping them at a convenient diftance, and partly for breaking of
the air," fo as to hinder echoes and confuled reprefentations of
objeclj:, as it has been ingenioufly obierved by Sir. J, HoskinSy

that

62 M E M O I R S e^ /^^

that pillars in churches very much prevented echoes: In the
heads of woodcocks, belides the parages now defcribed, he
found one on each fide the bone, which makes the orbit of the
eye, proceeding from the ear, and reaching forwards towards the
fettin*^ on of the beak, near which they joined in one, and became
under the toll a fmall paffage, leading to the cavity, by which
the ears communicate, which is ,above dclcribed, and into which
it enters 5 thefe paflages are alfo in the heads of ihites, and
befides, there is one over the Sinus Lons;irudhmliSy and another
over the Sinus Lateralis of the brain. Note, that in the killing of
fnites, and fmaller birds, if care be not taken not to bruife the
head, thefe paffages cannot be difcovered, on account of extra-
vafated blood 5 obferve alfo, that the Lamijwlce (ind bony pillars
arc every where to be obferved, where there is a pafTage, except-
ing under the toll, in the paffage from the fetting on of the bill
to' the firft paflage delcribed: In the heads of parrots and paro-
quets, befides the firft delcribed palTage, between the two tables,
he obferved cells opening into other cells, and thefe again into
others, fo that there was fcarcely any part of the fkuU that they
did not take up; and this did not only appear, by pouring into
one ear, freed from its drum, the other being alfo removed, a
tin6^ure of cochineel, and then blowing it into all thefe cells, fo
that no part was free of the tincture ^ but it was alfo manifefl to
the naked eye, notwithftanding, that fometimes it was difficult
to trace their communications, by reafonof the number of the
jAimimdce, and the aforefaid pillars: In finging birds, the
ftrudture of thefe parages is like that of the parrot and paroquet,
only that the pillars and Laminulde are lels than they fhould leem
to be in proportion to the heads ^ from whence it is probable,
that thele birds are by this ftruciure enabled to diftinguifh founds
and notes, and alfo imitate them better, having a more mufical
ear: In the heads of pullets, geefe, ducks, he found only the firft
defcribed paflage diltin'£llY> but in pluvers, buftards, and fome
others, he found another pa&ge,. that went over the Sinus Late-
ralis of the brain, from ear to^ear; which feems to be defigned to
make them more watchful than domeftic fowl, or thofe that live
much on the water, becaufe they are liable to a great many acci-
dents that the others are exempt from : In the ears of all the fowl
he could examine, he never found any more than one bone and a
cartilage, which made a joint with it, that was eafily moveable •
the cartilage had generally an epiphyfe or two, one on each fide,
which were very flexible, as itlclf alio was ; the bone was fmall
and very hard, having at the end of it a broad plate of the fame

llib-

(

RoyalSogietv. 63

fubllance, which was very thin, and on which it relied as on its
bafis : Dr. Moulen obferved three pair of nerves in all the broad-
billed birds, and in all fuch as grope for their food out of fight,
as ihitts^ woodcocks, curlews, gecfe, ducks, teal, widgeon, ^c,
thefe nerves are very large, equalling almoft the optic nerve in
thicJcnefs 3 they begin a little more forwards than the auditory
nerve from a fmall protuberance, which feems to be made for
them 5 one of them goes over the optic nerve in the orbit of the
e ye, the other two go under the eye 5 two are diilributed near
the extremity of the upper bill, and are there very much expand-
ed, pairing thro' the bone into the membrane, which lines the
roof of the mouthy the third pair is diftributed near the end of
the lower bill, and is fubdivided like the former: Notey that
birds, that pick their food where they can fee it, have not thele
nerves, and that the pair of nerves, belonging to the upper bill, is
confiderably fmaller in proportion to the fowls than thole obferved
above 5 whence it is probable, that thefe nerves were defigned
for fome confiderable ule, both on account of their number, and
their bulk, which is to enable them to diftinguifh their food,
there being a neceflity of a more exquifite lenie in thefe fowl than
in any other : All the eyes of fowl and fifli that the doftor had
ever examined, were more or lefs cartilaginous ^ for the Sclerotis
i^ 3. csLrtihgcfuf generis i efpecially near the Cornea in all thefe
animals- and in the larger forts of both, he found the whole
Sclerotis cartilaginous : In the eyes of fifh he oblerved, that the
^roceffus Ciliaris is not faftened to the joining of the Cornea and
Sclerotis, as in all other animals he dilTe^Sed, fo as to hinder the
aqueous humour to go any farther backwards 3 for he conflantly
oblerved, that the aqueous humour may move a good way back-
wards in fome, and in others almolt as far as the optic nerve ; In
all the fifh he examined, he found a membrane which covered
the tunica Cornea, fo as to prevent any water coming to it 5 and
this anlwers the Membrana iiitlitans in fowl, and reaches on all
fides to the {kin of the fi/li, to which it is faftened 3 it is tranfpa-
rent and pretty thin, as is alfo the Cornea, if compared with that
of quadrupeds: He frequently oblerved in irnaller fowl, that the
membrane of the drum was double 3 for by gently pulling away
the membrane which lines the tube of the ear, he obferved at the
bo'itcm of it a tranfparent membrane, which at firll he took to
be the membrane of the drum, but upon exammation, he found
that the membrane of the drum was ftill entire, and in its proper
place 3 he Ibmetimes alfo obferved this in larger fowl, in a leal,
and in fome otljer animals.

Ti3e

64 MEM O IR S of tbe

i:he making of Brafs 3 hy Mr, Tho. Povey. Phil. Tranf. N. 200

P- 735-
/^Alamine is dug out of feveral mines in the weft of England^
^ as about Mendipy &c. about 20 foot deep; it is burnt or cal-
cined in a kiln or oven made red hot, then it is ground to pow-
der, and fifted to the hnenefs of flower, and mixt with ground
charcoal, becaufe the Calamine is apt to be clammy, to clod, and
not fo apt to incorporate; then they put feven pounds of Cala-
mine into a melting pot that holds about a gallon, and about five
pounds of copper, uppermoft; the Calamine mult be mixed vvith
as much coal as will fill the pot; this is let down with tongs into
a wind- furnace 8 foot deep, wherein it remains 1 1 hours 5 they
caft ofF not above twice in 24 hours ; one furnace holds eight
pots ; after melting it is caft into plates or lumps : Forty five
pounds of raw Calamine produce 50 pounds burnt or calcined:
Erals fhurff ferves inftead of fo much copper, but this cannot be
always procured in large quantities, becaule it is a collcdlion of
pieces of old brais, which is ufually got in fmall parcels: The
beft guns are not made of malleable metal, and cannot be made
of pure copper or brafs, but it is neceffary to put in coarfer me-
tals to make it run clofer and founder, as lead and pot-metal 3
bell-metal is copper and tin, and pot-metal is copper and lead 3
about 20 pounds of lead is ufually put to 100 pounds of pot-me-
tal 3 but about fix pounds are fufficient to be put to 100 pounds of
gun-metal: The Calamine ftone was heretofore brought from
*Polandy but fince from hence by the Q^utch : The manufacture
of brafs was for feveral hundred years kept private in Germany^
wherein many thoufands were employed, and Ibme raifed them-
felves to confiderable eftates.

^l?e Humming Bird; ly Mr, Hamerfly. Phil. Tranf. K° 2C0

-p. 7do.

TH E R E is in moft parts of America a bird called by the
Englijh the Hum-!Bird, by the Spaniards I'omineiiiSy of
an excellent fhining green colour and very reiJ3lendent, the colour
fomething refemblmg fome of our Englijh drake's heads ; it is
found in the colder parts of America^ as well as in the hotter ; it
is the fmalleft of all birds; both the leg and foot together arc
but half an inch, the other parts are anlwerable, and the whole
trunk of the body is not quite an inch : Upon weighing one as
foon as it was killed, it was found to be only the tenth part of an
ounce avoirdupois, which is much about the weight of a coined

Royal Society. 65

fix-pence^ and upon weighing a titmoufc, which is the fmalleft
bird here in England^ it weighed above two Shillings : The neft
of the humming-bird is made of cotton-wool, in form and bignels
like the thumb of a man's glove, with the taper end fet down-
wards 5 the eggs are oval, and of the bignefs of a pea : They feed
by thrufting their bill and tongue into the blofToms of trees, and \
io they fuck the fweet juice of honey from them,, which they do
without fitting, by a hovering motion of their wings; what is faid
of their being curious finging birds, is not true 3 they are wore as
pendants in the ears, by the Indian Soggamores-^ the name of this
bird is from a noile, like a fpinning- wheel, which he makes in
flying, but the author of this account never oblerved any fuch
thing, befides, that their body and wings are too fmall to flrike
air enough to m^ake any noife; it is a folitary bird, no more than
two being feen together at a time, viz. the male and female, and
they are ealily diftinguifhable, the former being fomewhat bigger
than the latter; If one fhould take the wing of a fmall bird, and
ftand four or five yards from a candle, and open the wing, and
look thro' it, he would lee very elegant colours of red and green,
which latter doth fomething refemble the colour of this bird.

An Account of Virginia; hy Mr. J. Clayton. Phil. Tranf.
N° 201. p. 781.

T'HE air and temperature of the feafbns in Virginia are
much influenced by the winds, both as to heat and cold,
drought and rnoifture; and their variations are very notable,
there being often great and fudden changes; the north and north-
weft are very nitrous and piercing, cold and clear, or e\^Q,
flormy; the Ibuth and fouth-eaft are hazy and fultry hot; their
winter is a fine clean and dry air, which renders it veryp]eafant5
their froHs are fhort, but fometimes very fharp, fb as to freeze
rivers three miles broad, and fometimes T^otomack^ in places
where it is nine miles over ; Mr. Clayton obferved, that it freezes
hardefl, when from a moift fouth-eaft, on a fudden the wind
pafling by the north, a nitrous Aiarp north- weft blows, not with
high gufts, but with a fharp brilk air ; and the vales, which
then feem to be Qieltered from the wind, where the air is mofif
flagnant and moifl, are frozen the hardefl, and there the fruits
are moft luhjedl: to blaft, than where the air hath a free motion ;
ihow falls there fometimes very plentifully, but it rarely continues
above a day or two; their fpring is about a month earlier than in
England'^ in AprilinQy have frequent rains, fometimsslcveral fhort
and fudden gufts of wind : in May and June the heat encreaics, and
Vol. III. i it

f^^ ^ ^^^.^ ,^^ J^^,^^

66 MEM O IRS of the

it is much like our fummer, being mitigated by gentle breezes,
that arile about 9 o'clock, and decreaie and decline as the fun rifes
and falls ; in ^uly and ^ugufi thefe breezes ceafe, and the air
becomes llagnant, fo that the heat is violent and troublclbrae 5 in
September the weather ufually breaks fuddenly, and there falls
generally very confiderable rains ; when the weather breaks, many
fall fick, this being ihe time of an endemical ficknefs, for fea-
ibnings, cachexies, fluxes, fcorbutic dropfies, gripes, and the like 5
which are owing to this, that the fciment of the blood being
railed too high by the extraordinary heat, and the tone of the
ftomach relaxed, when the weather breaks, the blood palls, and
like overfermented liquors is depauperated, or turns eager and
fharp, and there is a crude digeftion, whence the above difeales
may be fuppofed to arife : The influence of the air on human
bodies is very fur priling, not the leaft alteration or change therein
but feniibly affefls thole troubled with the gripes, and the fmall-
efl black fleeting cloud that ariles, as it comes nigher encreafes
the pain 5 thunder and lightning there are very dreadful, fome-
times burfting out of the cloud, and dividing it into two, which
feem to be fliot a mile afunder^ it is incredible how it will ftrikc
down large oaks, fhatter and fhiver them, and lometimes twift a
tree round 3 formerly, when the country was not ib open, the
thunder was fiercer, and the roads would feem to have entire calls
of brimflone, and the air have a perfect fulphureous liiiell^ little
forts of whirl-winds are frequent there, whole diameter lome-
times exceeds not two or three yards, fometimes 40, which
whirling round in a circle, pals along the earth, according to
tfcff motion of the cloud, from whence they iffuc, and as they pafs
along in their gyrous or circular motion, they carry aloft the dry
leaves into the air, which often fall again in j)kces very remote ;
Mr. Clayton had leen them delcend in a calm lun-fniny day, as if
they had come from the heavens in great fhowers3 and hence
many preternatural fliowers may be accounted for.

Between the two capes, the Ibutherly adled cape Henry and
the more northerly, cape Charles^ there runs up a great bay, called
the bay of Cbsefefeak^ in Ibme places nine leagues over, in moH
places feven, dividing Virginia into two unequal parts 3 on the
eaft lide of this bay, there lies a narrow neck of land, which
makes the counties of ]<Iorthampton and udccomack 3 on the well:
iide of the bay four great rivers arile from a ridge of mountains,
"viz. jfaraes river, Tork river, Rapabanack, and 'Totcmack-t and
thefe rivers plentifully water all the other parts of Virginia,
emptying ttcmielves into the great bay 5 Tutomack is a very

large

Royal Society. 67

large river, in many places nine miles over, it is navigable near
two hundred miles ^ the other rivers are each much about three
miles over 5 and ^ames river is navigable at leaft 80 miles 5 within
four or five miles of James town, James, river, and Tork river,
are not above four or five miles alunder; and (loops of confiderable
burthen may fail up the branches of the two rivers, till they come
within a mile of each others Tork river is diftant from' Rapa-
hamcky in fome places, not above 10 or 12 miles 5 Rapabanack
from 'Totomack not above fevcn miles in one place, tho' it may
be ^o in others 5 the heads of the branches of the rivers interfere,
and are locked the one within the other : The tides in thefe
rivers ebb and flow regularly about two foot perpendicular at
James town y and it flows there, tide and half tide: As far as
the fait waters reach, the country is reckoned hil healthy 5 in
the fre flies they are more rarely troubled with the feafonngs, and
thole other endemical diftempers about September ^nd OSloI^er:
It is remarkable in Virginia^ that generally twice a year, viz,
fpring and fall, at certain Ipring-tides, moft of the cattle will run
to the river, tho' 20 or 50 miles off, to drink the fait water, at
which time there is no flopping of them : In general, the waters
in their fprings are fomewhat more eager than thofe in England^
for they require a greater quantity of malt to make flcong beer
than our JEngllJIi waters, and they will not bear foap.

TrufiBes3 hy 2)r. Tancred Robinfon. Phil. Tranf. N° 202.

p. 824.

TH E ^libera T'erroe, obferved at Rupton in Northampton-
Jhire^ are the true French truffles, the Italian 'Tartt^ffi, or
T'artujfole, and the Spanijh Turmas de T'ierra-^ at Florence^
Rome^ and NapleSy_ they are thrice larger, where they eat them
as great dainties, either fried in flices with butter or oil, f.ilt and
pepper, or elfe out of pickle, and they are often boiled in their
Ibup: Theie oblerved in England^ are all included in a ftudded
bark or coat, the ^I'liber rules refembling the Capfides or feed-
veflels of fome mallows and AlCi^aSj the internal lubilance is of
the confidence of the flefhy part in a young chefnut, of a pale
colour, of a rank fcent and unfavoury, llreaked with many white
veins or threads ^ the whole is of a giobous figure, tho' unequal
and chinky : What thefe truffles are, neither ancients or moderns
have clearly informed us ; fome will have them to be callofities,
or warts bred in the earthy others call them fubterraneous
mufhrooms j they are mofb tender in ;he fpring, tho' after fhowers
and fultry weather, they may be plentifully found in autumn 5

I. z moifture

68 MEM O IR S of the

inoillure fwells tliem, and lightning may difpofe tliem to emit
their psirticular fcent, To alluring to Iwine, for lome of the ancients
called them Ceraunia.

Dr. Hatton oblerved fibres iiTuing out of feme of thefe \tuhera^
which lay fpit-deep under ground, io that they may be plants
fui generis^ and their furrowed 'Papillce analogous to, if not
iecd-vellels ; for feveral vegetables bear their leed near the root,
as the trifoUum fiibterraneum tricoccum reticulatwn^ flofculis
lon^is albis^ moft of the ^racbidnaSy and fome other pulfe,
which flower above, but feed under ground 5 as to the truffles
lying ^o deep, they have that in common with many roots that
ihoot up ftaiks above the earth ^ to inftance only in the Terrte
GlandeSy in Efiglip^ peafe-earth-nuts, which are dug up and
eaten by the poor people 5 the roots of our "Bulhocaftamim^ of the
umbelliferous kind, commonly called keppernuts, pignuts, and
gernuts in the north , lie very deep, and fatten hogs, ^which are
very greedy of them.

An Earthquake in Sicily; hy Mr. Martin Hartop. Phil. Tranf.

lv!° 202. p. 827.

IT fcems highly probable, that thefe tremblings of the earth
proceed from the fame inflammable matter, which, finding a
way at other times thro' Mongibello^ breaks out fo furioufly in
fire and imoke *. The eruptions of thele mountains are of two
forts 3 the one not fo violent, as very much to difturb the adja-
cent country ; and this happens once in two or three months, and
lafls three or four days ; the other is more furious, and of longer
continuance, and is obferved at Naples to happen to mount
VefuvitiS once in about 80 years 3 that in 1552 was fo very vio-
lent, that it threw rocks three miles into the air 3 now from the
burning or not burning of this hill, Naples concludes its lafety or
danger from earthquakes 3 for doubtleis the matter is continually
burning under the mountain 3 and thofe vaft clouds of fmoke,
which daily iffue out at the top, if the cavity happen by any
rock, or inward alteration to be flopped, muft deviate thro'
other paffages under gro-und, heaping up there continual magazines
for a future calamity: Now this ccmbuilible matter feems to be
nothing other but nitre, mixed with fome other minerals and liil-
phur3 for he that has fecn the metho^ of making of tartar by
deflagration, where an equal quantity of pulverized nitre is
mixed, has an exadl: type of thck- burning hills 3 for after each
ipnonful that is put into the burning crucible, there arifes firfl: a
black thick fmoke, after which the fired mineral boils up, as if it
would run over the top of the crucible. ' The

Royal Society. 69

The motion of the earth is not from the perpendicular, but
horizontal, as appears by the cracks in the earth, which are now
to be found all o\xi Sicily j it is a vibration fo quick, that it
cracks the glafs in the windows, and the reciprocations of a lute-
firing are not more frequent than it j now when the vibrations
are lo quick, and the body moved ^ large, the motion muft be
prodigiouily violent.

2o find the "Parallax of the fixed Stars 5 by T>r. Wallis. Phil.
Tranf. N° 201. p. 844.

GAlileo hath fuggefted feveral things confiderable, in order to
the obferving of the parallax of the fixt ftars 5 as that the
times of obfervations flioula be, when the fun or earth are in the
^ropics^ or as near to them as poflible^ becaule at thofe times,
if at any, will be the greatell difecnce of their meridional alti-
tude: That the flars to be obferved, fhould be fuch as are as
near as poffible to the pole of the ecliptic 5 for fuch as are in its
plane, or near it, tho' they may be lometimes nearer, and fome-
times farther from us, which might fomewhat alter their apparent
magnitude, if it were fo much as oblervable, yet it would alter
little or nothing the parallaftic angle : Galileo alfo oblerves, that
in a bufinefs ^o nice, the ordinary inftruments of obfer-vation, tho*
pretty large, would be infufficient for this purpofe • and he pro-
poles, that by the fide of fbme edifice or mountain, at the dif
tance of Ibme miles, the fetting of fome noted Star^-d^ that of
Lucida Lyra might be obferved at thofe different times of the
year, which might be equivalent to an indrument, whole radius
were fo large; which would be a good expedient if praflicable 5
but DrJVallis doubts the denfity of our atmofphere is fo great, as
that it would be hard to difcern a flar juft at the horizon, or even
within fome few degrees of it ; and that the refraction would
there be lo great, and lb uncertain, as not to anfwer lo curious an
obfervation: What occurred to the Doctor upon thele confidera-
tions, was to this purpofe; that fbme circumpolar ilars, nearer
to the pole of the Equator than is our Zenith, and not far from
the pole of the Zodiac, fhould be made choice of for this pur-
pofe; and in cafe the meridional akjtude be dilcernibly dififerent
at different times, fo will alfb be their utmofl eaft and weft azi-
muth, which may be better obferved than their rifing and let-
ting; and this will not be obnoxious to the refraction, as the me-
ridional altitude is; for tho' the refraction do affedt the altitude,
yet not the azimuth at all ; and we may here have choice of ftars
for the purpofe, which in obfervations from the bottom of a well,

we

JO MBM Q IK S of the

we cannot have, being there confined to thofe only which pafs
very near our Zenith tho' very fmall ftars : Dr. Wnllis takes it for
granted, as a thing at leaft very probable, that the fixt ftars are
not al], as was wont to be luppofed, at the fame diftance from
us; but the diftance of fome, is vaftly greater than that of others 5
and confequently, tho' as to the more remote, the parallax may
be undifcernibie, it may perhaps be difccrnible in thofe that are
nearer to us 3 and thole we may reafonably gueft, tho' we are not
liirc of h^ to be neareft to us, which appear largeft and brighteft,
as are thofe of the firft and fecond magnitudes 5 and there are at
leaft of the fecond magnitude pretty many not far from the pole
of the ecliptic, as that in particular in the flioulder of the lefler
bear ^ and in cale we fail in one, we may try again and again
Ibme other ftar, which may chance to be nearer us than what we
try at firft^ and ftars of this bignefs ma)^ be obferved by an or-
dinary telefcope, even in the day-time 5 elpecially when we know
juftly where to look for them: The manner of obfervation the
Doftor conceives maybe thus; having firft made choice of the
ftar we mean to obferve, and having then confidered, which is
not hard to do, where ftjch ftar is to be leen in its greateft eaft or
weft azimuth ; it may be then convenient to fix very firm and
fteadily on fome tower, fteeple, or other high edifice, in a con-
venient fituation, a good telelcopic obje6t-glafs in fuch a pofition,
as may be proper for viewing that itar ; and at a due diftance
from it near the ground, build Ibme little ftone wall, or fuch
like place, on which to fix the eye-glafs, lb as to anlvver that
obje6t-glais ; and having fo adjufted it, as thro' both to fee that
ftar in itsdefir6d ftation, which maybeft be done, whilft the ftar
is to be fcen by night in fuch fituation, near the time of one of
the folftices 3 hi it be there fixed fo firmly, as not to be difturbed,
and the place fo fecurcd, as that no body come to diforder it, and
care be taken fo to defend both the gjafe, as not to be en-
dangered by wind and weather; in which contrivance 'Di'.Wallis
o^ns himfjlf beholden to Mr. jf. Cafif^ell of Hart-kill Oxford,
for his advice and affiftance, and with whom he had for many
years communicated the whole matter : This glais being once fixed
and a micrometer fitted to it, fo as to have its threads perpendi-
cular to the horizon, to avoid any inconvenience, which might
arife from diverfity of refrattion, if there be any, the ftar may
then be viewed from time to time, for the following year or
longer, to fee if any change of azimuth can be oblerved. 7^he
realon why the Doclor recommends as a convenient ftar for this-
purpole, the fhouldcr of the lefler bear, is that there is adhering

to

Royal Society. 71

to it a very finall liar, which the Arabi call Akor, a.nd which
Hevelius in his obfervations finds to be diftant from it about 9'
and 5 or 10" ; fo that befides the advantage of dilcoverincr the
parallax of the greater ftar, if difcernible 5 the difference of pa-
rallax of that and of the leffer ftar, being both within the reach
of a micrometer, may do our buiinefs as well 5 for if that of the
greater ftar be difcernible, but that of the lefler, either not dil^
cernible or lefs difcernible, their different diftances from each
other at different times of the year, may, perhaps, without far-
ther apparatus-t be dilcerned by a good telefcope of a competent
length, furnilhed with a micrometer, if carefully preferved from
being difordered in the intervals of the obfervations 5 and diicover
at once, both that there is a parallax, and that the fixt ftars are
at different diftances from us 3 wherein his meaning is not that
the inftrument or micrometer fliould be removed for the obierving
of the leffer ftar, but that, when the azimuth of the greater ftar
is taken, by a micrometer coniifting of feveral fine threads paral-
lel and tranfverle, may at the lame time be oblerved the diftance
of the two ftars from each other, in that pofition, both being at
once within the reach of the micrometer 3 which diftance, the in-
ftrument remaining unmoved, if it be found, at difeent times
of the year, not to be the fame, this Vv^ill prove that there is a
different parallax of thefe two ftars : This latter part of the ob-
lervation, of their different diftances at different times, he fug-
gefts as more eafily pra6iicable, tho' not fo nice as the former 5 for
it may be done, he thinks, without any farther apparatus there
than a good telelcope of ordinary form, furnilhed with a micro-
meter, which is carefully kept unvaried during the interval of
thefe obfervations 5 and if this part only of the obfcrvation,
^Avithout the other, be purfued, it matters not tho' the two ob-
fervations near the two Iclftices be, one at the eaftern, the other
at the weftern azimuth, whereby both may be taken in the night
time 3 for the diftance muft at both azimuths be the Ume^ if, af-
ter obierving the azimuth of the greater ftar, it be r.vceilary to
move the micrometer for meafuring its diftance from Akor^ that
may be done another night, and it is not neceffiry to be done at
one obfervation, for that diftance cannot be diicernibiy varied in
a nighc or two.

Obferv.^tions on the Animalcula /';; Pepper-water, ^c. hy Sir
Edm. King. Phil. Tranf. ]S!° 203. p. Sdi.

HAving fteeped oats in rain-water for Ibme days, and viewing
it with the naked eye, a fubftance was oblerved, refem-
bling what is ufually called a mother on other liquors, and lay-

72 M E M O I R S e/^ ^^^

ing the quantity of a fmall pin's head on the obje6l-plate of a
microfcope, 7 or 8 forts of Animakula of different fizes and
ihapes were plainly to be difcerned fwimming in this fubftance,
fee Fig. i. Plate III. they were all very nimble in their motions,
and were by computation magnified feveral thoufand times: The
thin fcum on pepper-water, which refem.bled flakes of fait on
fome forts of human urine, applied in the fame manner to the ob-
je6t -plate of the microfcope, was only cluflers of y4nimakulay
that had liquid matter enough to fwim in, and their numbers,
motions, variety and minutenefs were furprifing : In a decoflion of
herbs that was llrained, were feen creatures like little eels, iharp
at both ends, and with a wriggling motion Fig. 1 : Thefe fmall
animals abovementioned referable the nature of fifh in feveral re-
fpefts j firft, they flock together, and lie cloie, as if they were in
fhoals, like carps in a pond, when deprived of their liquor, they
will feem to ftruggle for want of it, and then in a minute or left,
they will feem dead on the object-plate j but putting a little wa-
ter to them, in half a minute they will move themfelves again,
and by degrees begin to iwim faintly at firft, and then recovering
their llrength again, they will perform their brifk motions as vi-
gorous as ever : Thele ^nmalcula chuie for the moft part the
top of the liquor, poffibly for the fake of the air 5 now as a fur-
ther confirmation, that they are Animaktila^ which is doubted
of by Ibme, the following obfervations may ferve 5 if you take a
fine needle, and put the point into fpirit of vitriol.^ and prick a
fmall drop with it, thele minute animals will from moving brifkly
about, fpread themfelves and appear to tumble down dead Fig. ^ 5
diflblved fait produces the fame eflFeCt upon them, with this diffe-
rence, that inliead of becoming flat, as thole with fpirit of vi-
triol did, they will flirink into an oblong round form : Tincture.
of fait of tariar kills them more immediately ^ but yet they will
be \o fick, as appears by convulfive motions, that they will grow
faint and languid apace, and then fall down dead to the bottom,,
without any change in their fliape : Ink kills them as foon as fpi-
rit of vitriol, but makes them feem to flirink feveral ways : Frefli
blood kills them almoft as loon as fpirit of vitriol ; urine kills
them too in a little time, tho' not lb foon^ fugar diffolved, like
fait, kills them alfo, and with it ibme die flat, and fome round 3
fack will kill them, but not fo fuddenly as the other liquors.

JZt

RoVAL Society f^

7%e Manner of making and tempering Steel, mth a Conjc5fure
at the Method of the Ancients to Steel their Picks for
hewing ^Porphyry 3 by ^r. Lifter. Phil. Tranil N° 20 3.
p. 8(^5.

THE Egyptian obelifks, thole celebrated and ftupendoiis
monuments of antiquity, are all of porphyry, and moft of
them are curioufly carved with a vaft number of figures, which
was one of the ways of writing amongft the ancient Egyptians 5
thele figures demonftrate the facility that nation had of engraving
on porphyry, a ftone which no tool will now touch, nor any thing
lels than emery or diamond powder affefl : Mr. Ray aflures us,
that all the obelifks at Romey engraven with hieroglyphics, are
of one and the lame kind of ftone 5 viz. a marble of a mixt co-
lour, red and white, very hard, without luffering the leaft injury
by the weather for many ages. There is certainly foinething
loft in this age, as to the manner of fteeling of tools, and the
procefles, now uled by moft nations, are fraudulent, and a poi-
ibning of iron by certain mineral lalts, rather than a true mak-
ing of fteel : The moft ancient account is that given us by Art-
fiotle^ /. 4. c. 6. Meteorologicor. which yet is very obfcure and
imperfedl, the palTage is this ; wrought iron itfelf may be caft
iot as to be made liquid, and to harden again 5 and they are
wont to make fteel thus 5 for the Scoria of iron liibfides, and is
purged off by the bottom ; and when it hath been often defecated,
and made clean, this is fteel3 but this they do not often, becaule
of the great wafte, and that it loles much weight in refining 3 but
iron is lo much the more excellent, the lefs recrement it hath ;
thus far Arifotle. This account is a little confuled and not eafily
intelligible 3 it is true indeed, that iron is ftill better, the more
it is purged 3 fo in our Englijh furnaces, thofe bars, which are
wrought out of a loop, taken out of the finery-hearth, or fecond
forge, are much better iron than thoie made in the bloomery, or
firft hearth, becaufe more purged of the drofs, and accordingly
they give a double price 3 it is alfo as true, that even wrought
iron may be melted as often as you pleafe; again, iron, as often
as it is melted and purged, lofesmuch of its weight 3 but after
all, iron of itfelf, how oft Ibever it is purged and refined, will ne-
ver become fteel 3 but of it thus purged, the beft fteel doubt-
lefs may be 'made 3 and this is the moft favourable conftru6tion
that can be put on this paffage of Ariftotle.

The manner of making true fteel is thus faithfully defcribed
by Agricola^ /. p. ds re MetalUca-j and to confirm the antiquity

Vol. III. K thereof.

H M E M O I R S of the

thereof, this way of making fleel is by lurcher faid to be now
in ufe in the ifland of Iha^ a place famous from all ages, even
from the times of the Romans for that metal alone, down to our
days: Make choice of iron, v^hich is apt to melt, and yet hard,
and which may eafily be wrought with the hammer 5 for altho'
iron, which is made of vitriolic ore, may melt, yet it is foft, or
brittle, or eager: Heat a parcel of luch iron red hot, and cut it
into fmall pieces, and then mix it with a lort of ftone which cafily
melts ; then fet in the fmith's forge or hearth a crucible or difh
of crucible metal, a foot and a half broad, and a foot deep ; fill
the diOi with good charcoal, and fet loole ilone about it, to keep
in the mixture of ftone and pieces of iron 5 as foon as the coal is
thoroughly kindled, and the difli red hot, give the blafl, and
let the workman put on by little and little, all the mixture of
iron and ftone he defigns 5 when it is melted, let him thruft into
the middle of it three, four or more pieces of iron, and boil
them therein for five or fix hours, with a brifk fire j and putting
in his rod, let him often ftir the melted iron, that the pieces
may imbibe the Ihialler particles of the melted iron, which par-
ticles confome and thin the groffer ones of the iron pieces, and
are, as it were, a ferment to them, and make them tender : Let
the workman now take one of the pieces out of the fire, and put
it under the great hammer to be drawn out into bars, and
wrought 5 and "then hot as it is, plunge it forthwith into cold
water : Thus tempered let him work it again upon the anvil and
break it • and viewing the fragments, let him conlider whether it
look like iron in any part of it, or be wholly condenfed, and
turned into Heel : Then let the pieces be all wrought into bars ;
which done, give a frelh blaft to the mixture, adding a littk
frefh matter to it, in the room of that which had been drank up
by the pieces of iron, which will refrefl-i and ftrengthen the re-
mainder and make it purer ftill, then put the pieces of iron again
into thedifli^ each of which, as foon as it is red hot, let hin^
beat into a bar upon the anvil, and call it hot, as it is, into cold
water- and thus iron is made into fteel, which is much harder
and whiter than iron.

'J^li7iy, fpeaking of iron, fiiys, fornacum vjaxima differemU
ejl ^ in its equidem nucleus f err i excoquiturad indurandam aciemy
cUoque modo o.d denfandas incudes Malleorumije rojlra-, from
this pafTage it fhould leem, that the ancients had one way to
make flecl, and another way to harden or temper their tools,
particularly fuch as picks and anvils^ it is aifo plain, thar ?;;^-
ckusferri was melted down m both : /.gain, the diflerencc was

Royal Society. 75.

in the furnaces, that is, in the manner of ordering the iron to be
made into fteel, or for the extraordinary hardening of the heads
and bitts of tools, and not in the matter of which they were
made 5 for both was done 'by boiUng them in molten iron : It
cannot be doubted but by nucleus ferri mud be meant well purg-
ed iron, the fame which Ariflotle calls 'iipyA(r{j.zve<r ji<f'nf>oj j for
why elle Hiould he tell us that wrought iron itfelf may be made
liquid, fo as to harden again, that is caft again into fow -metal,
if it was not to explain to us the manner of making fteel, which
they did probably according to the direction above delivered 5
that is, not only boil the iron in its own low-metal, or liquid
iron, but hammer it aUb, and after that quench it in cold water 5
as to the fteeling of their tools, they boiled them in fow-metal,
to fuch a degree of hardnefs or temper, as was requiiite, and did
not afterwards hammer them 5 for which there might be leveral
reafons5 as nrfl, that it is eafier to work iron than fteel into any
figure, that being far fofter and more du6lile and loofe 5 again, it
is certain, that iron by ignition .is fpoiled or corrupted, fo that
the oftner it is purged, tho' it were fteel, it would the more re-
lent^ whence the ancients knowing, that in making their tools
of fteel, they muft confiderably loofen it and make it abate
of its temper, they therefore firft fhaped them, and then gave
them a ftrong body of fteel and temper together, and ib had no-
thing elfe to do but to finifh them on the grind-ftone and hone,
to fet the point or edge.

Jl 2)efcnpHon of certain Shells found in the Eaft-Indies 3 by
M. Witzen. Phil. Tranf. N° 205. p. 870.

THERE are found on the coafts of Malabar and Ceylon
certain cockles or fhells, containing a fiili that lives in the
bottom of the fea, fixt to the body of the fliell 3 and at a certain
feafon of the year, they caft their feed, which produces a fort of
matrix of the iize of this long body, Fig. 4. Plate III. which is
wrinkled like a faufage, abounds in a great number of round cells,
which are fo many matrices, each producing its little fhell filli;
which quit not their cells till they are grown to ilich a bignels and
maturity, as their weight breaks them off and loofens them from
their cells, and lb from their common matrix, which remains
faftened to the bottom of the fea, by the great end, the other
moving about freely in the water; this matrix hath a back of
a greyilh colour, and the belly is whiter, which is that part that
is full of cells 3 the fkin which covers it, is very like that of ftock-
fifti or other dried filh: Fig. 5. rcprelents a ihell found in tha

"K 2 river

76 ME U O IK S of the

river o[ Gon, which contains albrt of oifter; it is very rare, and
its ihell powdered is efteemed a good medicine.

Tbe proportional Heat of the Sun in all Latitudes, "joith the
Method of ColleBing the Same-y by Mr. Edm. Halley. Phil.
Tranf. N° 203. p. 878.

IF we confider the action of the fnn as the only caufe of the
heat of the weather, Mr. Halley thinks, that under the pole
the Iblftitial day may be as hot as it is under the equinoftial,
when the fun comes vertical, or over the Zenith j and that for
this realbn, that during the 24 hours of that day under the pole,
the fun's rays are inclined to the horizon in an angle of 2 3 1 de-
grees, and under the equino£lial, tho' he come vertical, yet he
mines no longer than 12 hours, and is again 12 hours abfent;
and that for 5 hours 8 minutes of thefe 12 hours he is not h much
elevated as under the pole; fo that he is not 9 of the U'hole 24
hours higher than he is there, and 1 5 hours lower : Now, the
fimple a£lion of the fun is, as all other impulfes or ftrokes, more
or leis forcible, according to the fine of the angle of incidence, or
to the perpendicular ht fall on the plane ; whence the vertical
ray, being that of the greatcft heat, being put radius, the force
of the fun on the horizontal furface of the earth will be to that,
as the fine of the fun's altitude at any other time : This being al-
lowed, it will then follow, that the time of the continuance of
the fun's fhining being taken for a bafis, and the fines of the fun's
altitudes ereficd thereon, as perpendiculars, and a curve being drawn
thro' the extremities of thole perpendiculars, the area compre-
hended will be proportional to the colledlion of the heat of all
the rays of the fun in that fpace of time ; hence it will follow,
that under the pole, the colleflion of all the heat of a tropical
day is proportional to a redangle of the fine of 23 j deg. into
24 hours, or the circumference of a circle j that is, the fine of
251 deg. being nearly 4 tenths of radius- as fo into I2 hours •
or the polar heat is equal to that of the lun continuing 12 hours
above the horizon, at the height of 5 3 deg. than which the fun
is not five hours more elevated, under the equincftial: But that
this may he better underftood in Fig. 4. Plate II. the area ZG
HH is equal to the area of all the fines of the fun's altitude
under the equinodlial, ere£ted on the refpe6tive hours from lun-
rifin^ to the Zenith j and the area vj H H v^" i^^^ in ^^^ ^'^^^^ Pro-
portion to the heat for the lame 6 hours under the pole on the
tropical day 5 and 0 H H Q^ is proportional to the collected heat
of 1 2 hours or half a day under the pole 5 which Ipace O H H Q^

IS

Royal Society. 77

is vifibly greater than the other area HZ G H, by as much as the
area H G Q^is greater than the area Z G O ; which,^ that it is fo,
is vifible to light, by a great excels • and i'o much in proportion
does the heat of twenty four hours fun~fhine under the Tole^ ex-
ceed that of the twelve hours under the EquinoSiial 3 whence CdPteris
'Paribus^ it is reafonable to conclude, that were the fun perpetu-
ally under the Tropic, at the Pole it would be at leaft as warm,
as it is now under the Line itfelf: But whereas the nature of
heat is to remain in the fubjeft, after the caule that heated it is
removed, and particularly in the air 5 under the EquinoElial, the
12 hours abfcence of the fun does very little abate the motion
imprefled by the pall aftion of his rays, wherein heat conlifts,
before he rife again 5 but under the (Pole-, the long ablence of
the fun for fix months, wherein the extremity of cold obtains,
does fo chill the air, that it is as it were frozen up, and cannot,
before the fun has got far towards it, be any way fenlible of his
prefence, his beams being obftrufted by thick clouds, and perpe-
tual fogs and mifts^ and by that atmofphere of cold, as the
honourable Mr. Soyle exprcfles it, proceeding from the ever-
lading ice, which in immenie quantities docs chill the neighbour-
ing air, and which the too fudden retreat of the fun leaves un-
thawed, to inercafe again, during the long winter that follows
this fhort interval of fummer : But the different degrees of heat
and cold, in different places, depend in a great roeafure on the
accidents of the neighbourhood of high mountains, whole height
exceedingly chills the air brought by the winds over them 5 and
of the nature of the foil, which vanoully retains the heat, parti-
cularly the fandy, which in Africa and Arabia, and generally
where iuch fandy defarts are found, do make the heat of the
fummer incredible to thole that have not felt it : In prolecution of
this nrft thought, Mr. i/^//rjV' has folved the problem generally;
viz. to give the proportional degree of heat, or thelum of all the
fines of the fun's altitude, whilit he is above the horizon in any
oblique fphere, by reducing it to the finding of the curve furface
of a cylindric Ungula or hoof, or of a given part thereof: Now
this problem is not of that difficulty, as appears at firffc fight 3 for
in Fig. 5. let the cylinder A BCD be cut obliquely by the
ellipfe BKDI, and by the centre thereof H, delcribe the circle
I K L M 3 I fay the curve furface 1 K L B is equal to the re6]:angle
of I K and B L, or of H K, and 2 B L or B C ; and if there De
fuppofed another circle, as NQJPO, cutting the fame ellipfe in
the points P, Q.; draw P S, CLR parallel to the axis of the
cylinder, till they meet the aforefaid circle IKL«/ in the points

78 ME M O I R S of the

R, S, and dmw the lines RTS, Q^VP biffeaed in T and V?
then is the curve furface R/;;SQJ)P equal to the rectangle of
BL or;;;DandRS, or of ^BLor AD and STor UP5 and
the curve furface QJN P D is equal to R S x mT) — the arch
R;;?S X S P, or the arch MS x 2 S P ; or it is equal to the
furface R;;?SQ^DP, fubftraaing the furface RwSQ^NP^ fa
3ikewife the curve furface QJ3 P O is equal to the fum of the
furface R^;?SQpP, or the arch LSx.SP: This is very
eafily demonilrated from the confideration, that the cylindrical
iurface IK LB is to the infcribed fpherical iurface IKLE,
cither in the whole, or in its analogous parts, as the tangent B L
is to the arch E L, and from the dcmonftrations of Archimedes^
ds Sphfjera ^ Cylindro I. i. \P)'op. 30, and 37, 39.

Now to reduce our cale of the fum of all the fines of the fun's
altitude in a given declination and latitude to the afbrefaid pro-
blem, let us confider Fig. 6. Plate II. which is the Aialemma
projeaed on the plane of the meridian ^ Z the Zenith 3 P the
'^Fok'^ HH the horizon 5 dS ee the Equator^ 05 ©, ^'y Yf the two
tropics y Sl the fine of the meridian altitude in S, and erea
S I equal thereto perpendicular to the Tropic ^ and draw ths
line T i interleaing the horizon in T, and the hour-circle of r) in
the point 4, and 54 will be equal to 5R, or to the fine of the
altitude at (^ ; and the lame holds for any other point in the
tropic, ereaing a perpendicular thereat, terminated by the line
T 1 5 thro' the point 4 draw the line 457, parallel to the T'ropic,
and reprcfenting a circle equal thereto; then the ^Tropic ^ ^ \x\
Fig. d>. will anfwer to the circle N O P Q^ in Fig. 5 • the circle
457 will anfwer the circle I KLM; T4 i will anfwer the elliptic
fegment Q^I BKPj (jRor64 will anfwer to S P, and 5 i B L,
and the arch vj" T to the arch L S, being the femidiurnal arch
in that latitude and declination 3 the fine whereof, tho' not ex-
preiled in Fig. 6. muft be conceived as analogous to the line T S
or V P Fig. 5.

The relation between thefe two figures being well underllood,
it will follow from what preceeds, that the fum of the fines of the
meridian altitudes of the fun in the two y5'-c;/)/Vi (and the like
for any two oppofite parallels) being multiplied by the fine of the
femidiurnal arch, will give an area analogous to the curve furface
R ;;; S QJD P 3 and thereto adding in fummer, or fullraaing in
winter, the produa of the length of the lemidiurnal arch, (taken
axording to Van Qv///:;z's numbers ) into the difference of the
aSovcfaid fines of meridian altitude 3 the fum in one cale, and
ditfirrcncc in the other, will be as the a^^rei^ate of all the fines of

the

Royal Society. 79

the fun's altitude, during his appearance above the horizon^ and
conlequently of all his heat or action on the plane of the horizon
in the propofed day : And this may allb be extended to the parts
of the lanne day 5 for if the aforefaid fum of the fines of the meri-
dian altitudes, be multiplied by half the fum of the fines of the
fun's horary dillance from noon, when the times are before and
sifter noon , or by half their difference, when both are on the lame
fide of the meridian ; and if the produdl of half the arch an-
fwerable to the piopoled interval of tim.e into the difference of the
fiines of meridian altitudes be added thereto in fummer, or fub-
llra61:ed therefrom in winter ; the lum in one caie, and difference
in the other, will be proportional to the whole a6lion of the fun
during that fpace of time: It may be objected, that the radius of
the circle, on which the perpendiculars are ereded, is taken
always the fame, whereas the parallels of declination are unequal;
but to this it is anf^vered, that the faid circular bales Ihould not
be analogous to the parallels, but to the times of revoliition, which
are equal in all of them : It may perhaps be ufeful to give an ex-
ample of the computation of this rule j let the folllirial heat in
vg" and -^ be required at London^ Lat. 51° 32'.

-8 28 Co-lat.

2; ^o Delin.ofthefun,

61 58 Sine =, 882^74
14. 5S Sinerrr, 258257

Sum 1,140931

DifF. o,6'2 44i7

Diff! afcenf 30 i r

Eltival femidiurn. arch 123 11

Hybernal femidiurn. arch ^6 49

(Sine c? 5 892 3

Meafure of the Eftival arch 2,140955
Hybern. arch 0,99158$

Thcni, 14093 1 in 0,83^923 ^-,c;244i7 in 2, 14995 5 = 2,297 34
And I 0,140931 in 0,83(^923 — , ^24417 in 0,991685 r=:o53;895
So that 2,29734 will be as the tropical lummer-day's heat,
and 0,338(^^5 as the a^ion of the fan in the day of the winter
iolftice: After this manner, the following table is computed for
^very roth degree of latitude, to the equinoctial and tropical fun,
by whicli aneftimate way be made of the intermediate degrees.

Lat.

8o

MEMOIRS?/" rA*

Lat.

Sun in

Sun in

Sun in

•y* ijv,

S

YP

o

20000

18341

18341

10

i9<^96

2025)015834

20

18794

ziy^ri^i66

30

17321

22d5l|lOl24

40
50

15321

23048 6^944

12855

22991

37P8

60

lOOOO

22773 1075I

70

(5'840j2 3543 000

80

3473 24(>73 000

90

0000-25055' 000

Several corollaries ariie from this rule; as, i. That the cqui-
noftial heat, when the fun becomes vertical, is as twice the Iquarc
of radius, which may be propoled as a ftandard to compare with,
in all other cales. 2. That under the equinoctial, the heat is as
the fine of the fun*s declination. 3. That in the frigid zones,
when the fun lets not, the heat is as the circumference of a circle
into the fine of the altitude at 6j and confequently, that in the
fame latitude, thele aggregates of heat, are as the fines of the
fun's dechnation 5 and in the fame declination, as the fines of the
latitudes, and generally they are as the fines of the latitudes into
the fines of dechnation. 4. That the heat of the equinodlial day
is every where as the co-fine of the latitude. 5. In all places,
where the fun lets, the difference between the fummer and winter
heats, when the declinations are contrary, is equal to a circle into
the fine of the altitude at 6 in the fummer parallel, and confe-
quently thefe differences are as the fines of latitude into the fines
of declination. 6. From the table it appears, that the tropical
fun, under the equino6tial, has of all others the leaft force; under
the 'Pole it is greater than the heat of any other day whatfoever,
being to that of the equino£lial, as 5 to 4. From the table and
thefe corollaries we may have a general idea of the fum of all the
a6iions of the fun for the whole year, and that part of heat that
arifcs fimply from the prefence of the lun may be brought to a geo-
metrical certainty; and if the like could be performed for cold,
which is fomething elfe than the bare ablence of the fun, as
appears by many inftances, we might hope to bring what relates
to this part of meteorology to a pcrfed theory.

.///■;

Royal Society. $1

Jin E^priment on the EffeBs of the Air on a tranfpamit
Liquor, applied to esplain Changes of Colour in the plocd
of refpiring Animals-^ hy Dr. Slare. Phil. Tranf. N° 204.
p. 898.

PU T a c^uantity of frefh filings of copper in a phial, whofe
bottom IS broad and even, and then pour on them an urinous
fpirit, either of fal-armoniac, or of urine itfelf, not made with
quick-lime, the glafs is not to be filled much above half, and
then it muft prefeVitly be foclofely Hopped, that no air be admit-
ted; for an error in one circumference, will marr the whole
experiment: In making the experiment, you will obferve, for
four, five, or fix days the tin61ure becoming deeper and deeper,
and then it will be at a ftand for two or three days, miOre or lefs»
and afterwards it will gradually decline, until it become quite
pale, and void of all colour 5 when it is in this ftate, the eafieil
way of performing the experim.ent, is to decant this clear fpirit
into a glafs, fo asm leave all the filings behind, which will fliew
that the filings did not give this tin6^ure a-ncw, but thatjt is Giv-
ing to the influence of tlie air 5 but in cale you are furniihed with
an air-pump, and can pour off this pale liquor in Vacuo, and
there ftop it up clofe, you may then preferve it as long as you
pleale, and exhibit it to advantage ; you may alio obferve, that
as fbon as you admit the air, the upper furface becomes imme-
diately firft tinged, and fo the tin^ure defcends deeper and
deeper, until it"^has penetrated the whole; and this it does the
fooner if the glafs be wide, and the liquor by conlequence have
a larger lurface^or if you pour it out of one glals into another, the
air makes a more fudden change of the whole: That liquors
fhould lole their tindures is not to be wondered at; for even ink
itfelf, by ilanding {till, will lofe much of its tindure, and lo do
the tin6tures of many minerals; tincture of iulphur, and ofialtof
tartar will lofe their colours, and many vegetables are not long to
be preferved, but grow turbid; fome becoming pale andcolourlels,
leave their Menfirua, and precipitate to the bottom, and are not
cafily, if ever recovered : In this experiment we have lome things
very uncommon ; viz, that a deeply tinged liquor fliould grow pale
and colourlefs in a few days, without any admillion of air, or any
other ingredients to difturb it,ortocaule any dilcernible precipita-
tion or feparation, and that upon the re-admiffion of th- air, the
liquor fiiould recover its former blue tmaure. This influence of
the air in this experiment, made Dr. Slare apply it 10 the great
change, that is made upon blood 5 for it is obvious to every body, that
VcL. III. L there

82 ME M O IR S of the

there is a great difference in colour between the venal and arterial
blood 5 the former, as loon as it is let out of the vein, is of a dark
colour, and muft be expofed to the air for Ibme time before it
obtains a florid red, and that only in the furface contiguous to the
air: The obfcrvation is certain and unerring, that the venal blood,
as it paflcs the right ventricle at its entrance into the lungs, is of a
very opake and blackiili complexion, and that in its paflage thro'
the lungs, before it reaches the left auricle, it is changed into a
very florid and bright red ; and it has been often obierved> that
peribns that have vomited blood, upon a rupture of fome capil-
lary veflels of the lungs, have difcharged a very frothy blood, and
at the fame time of a bright fcarlet red 5 its being frothy argued an
admixture of air, and its being red was owing to the tinging qua-
lity of the air; to expecl: that this change fliould be made in the
heart by any local ferment, or vital flame would be fruitlefs, be-
caule this change is wrought, before its arrival thither, and
becaufe the flruciure of the heart denotes it to be principally made
for projecting the blood in order to a circulation thro' thole various
arteries which are branched from the hearty if we confider the
flru(Pcure of the lungs, we fliall loon dilcover them to be a pneu-
matic engine principally defigned for taking in air, and that in
great quantities 3 it is true, we may call the lungs a contexture of
veins, arteries, nerves, lymph^du^ts, ^c. but we iliall find the
greater bulk of them to be velicular, which feems to be a conti-
nuation of the wind-pipe, divided and lubdivided into many
branches, and thefe ftiU ipun out into Imaller and fmaller pipes,
all of them hollow ; and the farther they run, the thinner their
fides do grow, which, upon inlpiration do fwell and grow round,
and upon expiration become flaccid, and abate Ibmething of that
figure; the languiferous veflels are divaricated thro' all the lobes
of the lungs, and very clofely accompany each Veficulay in order
to receive Ibme confiderable benefit from it, and this appears to
the eye ; for in an inflant, a dark and foul blood is changed into a
bright florid red colour: Thus the very fl:ru61:ure of the lungs,
the change of colour both in the blood and in our experiment,
the one from a dark opake colour to a noble icarlet, the other
fiom a pale or colourlels liquor to a rich ultramarine blue, do all
ihcw that this alteration is owing to the air; and Dr. Shre is oF
opinion, that hei/je arilc the great fermentations of the blood, the
caufe of the motions and actions of the mufcles^ and that the ani-
mal Ipirits themfelves, thole great fprings of motion, derive
their energy and power, if not nature, from hence.

Coi'ol-

Royal Society. 83

Corollary i..,The air abounds in volatile falts, but that they
muft be called nittous falts, has been fcarcely doubted of, tho'
this experiment and fome others do contradi6l it 5 for nitrous
falts feem not to have any property of volatile fait, nitre being of
fo fixed a nature, that it will continue melted in a very llrong
fire, with fcarce any evaporation 5 but if you put into it charcoal,
or brimflone, or give it an accenfion, you may obtain a great
quantity of fixed fait, fo that gold feems not to be of a more
fixed nature.

Cor. 1. A flandard of volatile falts fliould be fettled, and
Dr. Slare could think of none better than water; that fait, which
in diflilLition is more fixed than water, fliould not be reckoned
amongft volatile falts j this flandard will be juftified by good
meafures, grounded on experience 5 for all falts, that are truely
volatile, are really lighter than water, that is, in a chemical fenfe,
do with a lefs degreeof heat fublime in our glaffes, or come over
the helm, than water does; this is juftified in the volatile fait of
amber, erroneoufly fo called; for it does not come up to the
ftandard of volatility, and is really no volatile filt, as will be
made appear, if you take this fuppofed volatile fait, and diftil it
in a retort, or head and body, with common water, the water
will afcend in fuch a degree of fire, where the fait will not; for
you muft encreale your fire confiderably, to make it rife after the
water is evaporated, and left the dry fait at bottom ; this made
the Dodor enquire farther into the pro})erties of this ialr, which
did not at all correfpond with volatile lalts, (for all true volatile
falts are alcali's) but on the contrary, would ferment with them,
and quite deftroy the property of true volatile falts, by bringing
them to a dull infipid fair, which fome call Sal Neutnm-^ and
alio by fixing their volatile nature, quite deftroy their fpirituous
and ftimulating Imell, by virtue of which, they have been always
deiervedly efteemed fuch excellent cephalic medicines; therefore,
examining this fait yet a little farther, you will plainly prove it
to be an acid, that corrodes iron, turns fyrup of july-flowers
green, deftroys the tincture of Lignum Nephritlam, and does
not ferment with common acids; fb that it plainly belongs to the
tribe of acids, and fliould be flruck out of the catalogue of vola-
tile falts, and perhaps out of the number of fpecific cephalics,
and rather be degraded amongft the diuretics, and even in that
rank to have but "an inferior ftation; for it feems to be but a dull
medicine, and more valuable for its price than great virtue,
cfpecially, if quite diveiled of all its oil, in which the great
cephalic and cordial virtues muft needs be owned to confift.

L 2 Cor.

84 M E M O 1 R S of the

Cor. 5. Volatile falts are very powerful in exira<5^ing tin^lnres,
and particularly in heightening thofe colours, which are difpoled 1
to be red; for tho' fpirit of wine be a very catholic Merifiruumy
and draws a very deep tinifture of cochineel, yet it has been often 1|
oblerved, that if we put to this tin^iute, when higheft, a fmall I
proportion of volatile fait, it will be advanced to a great,
even to a double degree ^ and thus Dr. Slare oblerved it to
heighten the colour of arterial blood 5 and which is very curious,
if you diffolve it m your blood, whilfl: bleeding at a vein, that
blood will become very florid, and like the arterial ; therefore,
fince nitrous falts produce none of thele tinging eflcfls, this corol-
lary fcems much to favour the notion, that the efFc6ls of the air
on the blood, may be due to fuch falts as are of a volatile alcali-
fate nature.

Cor. 4. Contagious diieafes are communicated by the air in
infpiration, which feems more probable than b\ the air we take in
with our food, becaufe of the Imallnefsof the quantity, if compared
with what we take in by the lungs.

'Tbs ^rej]ure of Water hi fever al Depths 5 ani a Well
tloAt floii'i and, ebbsj by iZ^r. Oliver. Phil. TranL N° 204.
p. 908.

IN thrbay o^ jBifca}\ in a hundred fathoms of water, a quart
glafi-bottle, flopped with a large cork, and afterwards tied
down with aftrorg packthread, was faftcncd to a rope, and with
a lead at the end lunk to the bottom of the fea ; upon drawing
it up again, the cork was found quite prefled thro' the neck
of the bottle into its cavity, and the bottle full of Iklt fea- watery
the experiment was repeated with another bottle and cork in the
lame manner as before, but the cork not proving Ibund, the fea-
water foaked thro' it, ard the bottle was half full of water 5 fo
the cork remained in the mouth of the bottle, without being
preficd down at all; the experiment was repeated a third
time in ninety fathoms of water, with a very ibund cork, and
much larger than the mouth of the bottle, for it wavS forced ■
down with a hammer as far as it would go, leaving about an
inch of the cork above the mouth of the bottle, and tied down
as before, but it fuccecded not lb well as at firll, tho' the cork
was now prcffed down into the neck, and became level with the
mouth of the bottle.

Dr. Oliver went about a mile into the country to fee a well
^-nuch talked of in thele parts, called Lay-irell '^ it is about fix
f?)ct long, five broad and npar fix inches deep; it ebbs and flows -

ievcra}

/^v. m

PLATE. Iff

/^•JL/.

_ ^v.I.

4^ .^?m^A cic^ .

Royal Society. tg

leveral times in an hour, and that vifibly enough ; for from high
water to low water-mark he found it fbmewhat more than five
inches ; and tho' when once it began to flow, it performed its flux
and reflux in httle more than a minute's time, yet it was oblerved
to ftand at its loweft ebb fometimes two or three minutes 5 fo
that it ebbed and flowed by a watch about 16 times in an hour,
and fometimes, as he had been told, twenty • as loon as the wa-
ter in the well began to rife, he obferved a great many bubbles
afcend from the bottom, but when the wa^er began to fall, the
bubbling cealed immediately 5 this ebbing and flowing is oblerved
to be very ccnftant both in winter and fummer 5 and it does not
feem to receive any increafe by rain ^ it does not appear to have
any communication with the {eSy nor is its water brackifh 5 the
whole adjacent country is very hilly all along the coall, inlbmuch
that from Srham to the top of the hill is about a mile and a
haifj the well is about halfway up the hill, which hereabouts is
lomewhat uneven and rugged, it iffues out at a fmall defcent, yet
conliderably higher than the furface of the lea 3 the water does
not leem to be impregnated with any mineral 5 its tafte is very
fofc and pleafant, without any manner of roughnels 5 the country
people ule it in fevers, as their ordinary diet-drink, with good fuc-
cefs.

I'kie true Cortex Winteranus^ hy "Dr. Hans Sloane. Phil.
Tranf. N° 204. p. 922.

CA P T. Winter one of the commanders of a fhip which failed
round the world with Sir Francis 2)rake, brought into
England from the ftreights of Magellan an aromatic bark^ which
had been very beneficial to thole of his fliip, both ufed inftead
of other fpices with their meat, and as a very powerful medicine
againft the Icurvy; Clufius in his Exotics /. 4. ^. i. ^. 75. gives a
figure and delcription of it, as he had it from fome that came
over in that fhip, calling it Cortex IVimeramis, from the com-
mander of the fhip, and the tree itfelf; Magellanica Aromatica
arbor ib, p. 77. Dr. Sloane thinks he cannot reduce it to any of
our fpecies of plants, lb well as to the "Periclymenmi, and there-
fore he calls it, tho' it differ in many things from the honey-
fuckle, "Periclymenum re5ium, foliis lauriniSy cortice acri arc-
rnatico: This tree rifes to be taller and larger than an apple-tree,
Ipreading very much both in root and branches 3 the twigs have
on them leaves of a light-green colour on their upper fidef {land-
ing on fcot-ftalks half an inch long, the leaves themfelves are an
inch and a half in length, and an inch broad in the middle,

where

S6 M E M O I R S 0/ fl,e

where broadefl, whence they decreafe to both extremities, which
end bhint^ the flowers Hand on footftalks -I of an inch long, with
two, three or more of them together, fbmething like thofe of
the 'P eric lymef'um -J each of them are milk-white, pentapetalous,
and they fmell like jafmin, to which fucceeds an oval berry, con-
filling of two, three or more acini or linail berries, (landing to-
gether on the fame common footflalk, of a light-green colour,
with lome black fpots, and in thefe berries are contained leveral
Mack aromatic feeds, fomething like the ftones in grapes: It
grows very plentifully in the middle of the freights of Afagellaf? j
fig. I. Plate IV. reprelents the leaves and flowers on the twig,
Fig. 2. its feeds: Haifa dram of the bark boiled with other car-
minative feeds fweats and relieves Icorbutic patients; it has alio
proved an antidote againft a poifonous fort of feal, called a fea-
lion, frequent in thoie parts: The bark fold in the fliops under
the name of Cortex JViiiteranus, Dr. Sloane obferves is not the
true Cortci^ Winteranus -, they grow on different trees, indiffe-
rent countries, and their appearance is very different ; yet are they
fo like in tafte, that he thinks they may be ufed as Succedaneums
to each other.

A Continuation of Mr, J. Clayton's Account of Virginia. Phil.
Tranf. N° 205. p. ,941.

WHEN you make the Capes of Virginia^ you may obferve
it to be low land, fo that at lome dillance, the trees apr
pear, as if they grew in the water, and as you approach nearer,
they feem to emerge out of it ; for a hundred miles up the coun-
try^ there are few ftones to be found, only in ibme places, rocks
of iron-ore appear, and yet no waters are to be found that turn
purple with g^Hs; providence hath fupplicd the common ule of
Itones, by making the roads very good, lb that they ride their
hories without ihoeing them, and they are feldom beaten in their
feet; for the country and climate being dry, their hoofs are much
harder than thole of our horfes in England: In fome places for
fcveral miles together, the earth is intermixed with oilter-fhells,
and that to the depth of feveral yards 3 in feveral places thefe
fliells are much cloler, and being petrified feem to make a vein
of a rock; and fome of thefe veins are about 5 or 4. yards thick,
and as hard as free-lione; of thefe rocks of oifter- fliells, which
are not lb much petrified, they burn and make all their lime; in
the looier banks of ihells and earth, there are often found perfect
teeth petrified, lome of which were two or three inches long, and
above an inch broad; the part, that one might fuppofe to grow

out

Royal Society. 87

out of the jaw, was polifhed, and almoft as black as jet 5 the
back-bones and ribs of whales have been dug leveral miles up the
country : The foil in general is fandy, and di&rent Ibils are ap-
propriated to the leveral lorts of tobacco 3 for there is not only
the two diftmct forts of fweet fcented, and Aranoko tobacco, but
of each of thele there are feveral forts very different ^ the fame
fort of feed in dif&rent earths will produce tobacco very different
as to goodnefs j the richer the ground, the better it is for Ara-
7:oko tobacco, whole fcent is not much minded, their only aim
being to have it fpecious, large and to procure it a bright kite's
foot colour: Mr. Clayton thinks tobacco is a plant aboundina in
nitro-lulphureous particles ; for the planters try the goodne'is of
their \^c^d by calling a little thereof into the fire, u it be good, it
will fparkle like gun-powder, as will likewile the ftalks of to-
bacco leaves, and perhaps it has Ibmething analogous to the nar-
cotic fulphur of 7"(?;;//5, which the Chemifts ib indultrioufly labour
after- the oil of tobacco hath wonderful effects in curing of old
inveterate fores and fcrophulous fwelling^^ the goodneis of to-
bacco confifis in the volatility of its nitre 3 and hence the landy
grounds that are moft impregnated therewith, and whole nitrous
lak is raofl volatile, yield tobacco's of the richeft fjent^ whereas,
in tobacco of ftiff grounds, the falts feem more fixed and locked
npln the oil, ^o that whilft new, it is very heady and ilrong, and
requires fbme time for its falts to free thcmfelves and become vo-
latile, which it dilcovcrs by its urinous fmell^ the elder thif
compofiticn of the leaf, the better is the tobacco, and you may
guels at the goodnefs of tobacco, upon weighing the hogs-heads 5
for if an equal care be taken in the packing of them, the bell to-
bacco will weigh the heavieilj the^ fweet-icented tobacco, which
grows on fandy land, is befl for Imoaking, whilft it is new, or
only two or three years old 3 but if you keep the lliff land to-
bacco, which is generally a tobacco of great lubftance, five or fix
yearSj it will by much exceed the former : The planters difter
in their judgments about the time of planting, or piiching their
croups; lome are for pitching very early, others late, without any
diftindlion of the nature of the foils 3 in fandy grounds early
planting is not fo neceffary3 for the loolenefs of the earth, and
the kindlinels of the Ibil, and the fand retaining the heat, make
the plants grow filler 3 but in ftiff foils, if the crops be not early
pitched, fo as, during the feafcn of rains, it have get confider-
able roots, and. fliot them feme depth, if early droughts come on,
it fo binds the land, that the roots never fpread or ftioot deeper,
or farther th.m the hill they are 'planted in 3 for they plant them

as

88 MEM O IR S of the

as we do cabbages, raifing hills to fet every plant in, about the
bignels of an ordinary mole-hill : Tobacco is fubjeft to leveral
accidents and diftempers, as the worm, the fly, firing to turn, as
they call it, Frenchmen^ and the like 5 the ieed of tobacco is
very Imall, and confequently fo is the plant at firft, now if gleamy
weather happen at that time, it breeds a fmall fly, which con-
fumes the plume of the plant 5 what they call firing'i^^ when
plants are of fmall fubftance, as when, upon a very wet and cold
leafbn, very hot weather fuddenly enfues, the leaves turn brown
and dry to duftj they call thole plants Frenchmen^ whofe leaves
do not fpread and grow large, but rather fpire upwards and grow
tall ; looie and Tandy Ibils are more fubjefl to them than ft iff
land.

A farther Account of Virginia 5 by Mr. Clayton. Phil. Tranf.
N" 106. p. 978.

T^lrginia in general is a very fertile foil, far lurpafling Eng-
^ landj for ^Bnglip wheat (as they call it, to diftinguifli it
from maize, commonly called Virginia wheat) yields generally
between fifteen and thirty fold, with once only plowing 3 whereas
it is a good crop in England., that yields above eight fold, after
all their toil and labour 5 and they are the moil barren parts that
are cultivated, the richer vales being leftuntilled for want of drain-
ing them J fo that the richcfl; meadow lands, which is one third
of the country, is boggy, in which they lole a great many of their
cattle, efpecially in the beginning of the fpring, when the cattle
are weak, and venture too far after young grafs^ whereas they
might be greatly improved, for Virginia is generally fandy with
a Ihallow foil: To prevent the ranknefs of their tobacco, they
top it, that is, take away the little top-bud, when the plant has
put forth as many leaves as they think the richnefs of the foil will
bring to perfection, but generally when it has fhot forth four or
fix leaves 3 and when the top-bud is cut, it puts forth no more
leaves, but fide-branches, which they call luckers, and which
they are always careful to take away, that they may not empove-
rifli the leaves.

As to the birds of this country, there are three f jrts of eagles;
the largefl is what they call the grey eagle, being much of the
colour of our kite or glade 3 the fccond is the bald eagle, for the
body and part of the neck and head are covered with a white fort
of down, whereby it looks very bald, whence the name 3 the third
is the black eagle, refembling moil: of all the Englijlo eagle 5
they generally build their ncSs on the top of fome tall old tree,

flripped

Royal Society. 89

llripped of its boughs, ami near a river fide, and the people
ulually fell the tree, "when they take the young 5 when this eagle
oblerves, that the fifhing-hawk hath flruck a fifh, he takes wing
immediately, and it is foitietimes very pleafant to fee the flighty
for when the fi/]iing-hawk perceives himfelf purfued, he fcreams
and makes a terrible nolle, till at length he drops the fifli to make
his own elcape, which the eagle frequently catches before it reach
the earth or watery thefe eagles kill young lambs, pigs, ^c. The
filhing-hawk is entirely a Ipecies of a king's-fiflier, and much of
the fliape and colour of that bird, tho' not quite fo curioufly fea-
thered 5 but full as large, or larger than our jay 5 it has a large
crop- there is alio a imall king's- fi J her, much the fame in every
refpefi as ours 5 there are brown and white owls, about as large
as a goole, which often kill h^ns and poultry in the nighty the
white owl is a very delicate feathered bird, all the feathers on the
breall and back being fnow-white, and tipped with a jet-black 5
there is befides a barn owl much like ours, and a fmall Ibrt of
fcritch-owl : By diffeflion it appears that all flat-billed birds, that
grope for their food, have three p^ir of nerves, that reach down
to their bills, by which they are enabled to diilinguifli accurately
what is proper for food and what not 5 a duck hath thefe nerves
larger tihan geefe, or any other fowl, and therefore they quafer
and grope out their meat the moft 3 but Mr. Clayton had alio ob-
lerved in a rook two nerves coming down between the eyes into the
upper bill, but confiderably fmaller than any of the three pair of
nerves in the bills of ducks, and larger than the nerves in any
other round-billed birds 5 and it is remarkable, that thefe birds
feem to grope for their food in cow- dung, and the like, more
than any other round-billed birds ; he afterwards found the like
nerves coming down between the eyes, m leveral round-billed
birds, but \b very Imall, that had he not ieen them firil in a rook,
he ihould fcarcely had made the difcovery 5 in the lower bill
there are nerves, which have much the lame lituation with the
flat-billed birds, but very Imall, and Icarce difcernible, unlefs to
the cautious and curious: The night-raven, called by ibme the
Virginia bat, is about the bignefs of a cuckow, feathered like
them, but very fliort, and with fliort-leggs, which are not dif-
cernible when it flies, which is only in the evening, like our
night-raven: There is a large fort of ravenous bird, that feeds on
carrion, alpnoft as big as an eagle, called a turky-bufbard, its fea-
thers are of a duikifl-i black, it hath red gills, refembling thofe
of a turkey, whence its name ; it is rather of the kite-kind than
of the ipecies of Unglifi turkey-buflard, for it hovers on the
Vol. III. M wing>

90 MEMOIRSoffhe

wing, and is carnivorous like them 5 its fat,^ diflblvcd into an oilg
is recommended much in old aches and ifchiatic pains: The ^ica
Glandariay or jay, is much leis than our Englip jay, and of a
different colour ; for it is all blue, whereas ours is brown 5 its
wings are as curioufly marbled as thofe of ours are, it has both
the iame cry and Hidden jetting motion : There is great variety
and curiofity in the wood-peckers 5 they have one fpecies as big
as our magpy, with blackifh brown feathers, and a large icarlet
tuft on the top of the head 3 there are four or five forts of wood-
peckers more, variegated with green, yellow and red heads,
others are Ipotted red and white in a very beautiful manner :
Their wild turkies are extreme large, fome of which are faid to
weigh between 50 and do pound weight ; their legs are very
long, and they run prodigioufly faftj their feathers are of a
blackifh fliining colour, which, in the fun, fhine like a dove's
neck, and are very fpecious : Their hens and cocks are for the
molt part without tails and rumps 5 and our Ung^llJJj fowl, after
being Ibme time there, have their rumps rotten off*^ the rumps in
birds are furnifhed with a pair of glands, which contain a fort of
■juice fo4: varnifhing their feathers: Their partridges are Imaller
than ours, and keep in covies as ours do 5 their fle/h is very
white, and much exceeds oi>rs : Their turtle-doves are of a dufk-
i/li blue colour, Imaller than our common pigeon, with long
tails: Their mocking-birds may be compared to our finging-
thrufhes, being much of the fame bigneis3 there are two Ibrts of
them, the grey and the red 3 the former have feathers much of
the colour of our grey plovers, with white in the wings like a
magpy 3 thefe have the io^ier note by far, and will imitate, in
their finging, the notes of all other birds, and they are accounted
the fineft finging-birds in the world 3 it is a brillc and bold bird,
and yet feems to be of a very tender conftitution, neither finging
in winter, nor in the middle of fummer, and with much diffi-
culty are any of them brought to live in England: By difle6lion
it appears that the ears of birds differ much from thofe of men or
beafts 3 there is almoll a dire61: paflTage from one ear to the other
in birds 3 but what is more remarkable they have no Cochlea^ but
in lieu thereof a fmall winding paffage, which opens into a large
cavity, that runs between two iculls, and palles all round the
head, the upper fcuU is fupportcd by a great number of fmall
thread-like pillars or fibres 3 and this paflage between the fculls
is much larger in finging birds than in others 3 a mole has an
ear much like that of a bird: The red mocking-bird is of a dufk^
ifh red, or rather brown, it fings very well, but has not fo foft

a note

Royal Society. 91

a note as the grey mocking-bird : There are two forts of the Vir-
ginia nightingales, or red birds, the one has a tuft on the head,
the other is fmooth feathered ; the cocks of both fpccies are of a
pure fcarlet, the hens of a dufkiih red : There is a bird very in-
jurious to corn, called a black-bird, being as black as a crow, only
Ibme of them have fcarlet feathers in the pinions of their wings 5
it feems to be a fort of ilarling; for they cry like them, but do
not fing, and are much of the fame bigneis 5 their fle/h is blacki/h
and theyrefbrt in flocks together: They have larks differing in
nothing from our common larks, and another bird, which they call
a lark, that is much larger, and as big as a ftarling, it has a foft
note, and feeds on the ground : Their martins are like ours, only
larger, and they build after the fame manner j their fwallows
differ but little from ours : They have a bird, called a blue-bird,
of a curious azure colour, and about the bignefs of a chaffinch j
they have feveral forts of gold-finches variegated with red,
orange and yellow feathers, very Ipecious and beautiful 5 Their
fparrows differ not much from the Englip^ but build not in the
eaves of houfes : The fnow-bird, which feems to be much the
fame with our hedge-fparrow, is lb denominated, becaule it lei-
dom appears about houles, but againft fnow, and very cold wea-
ther: The humming-bird feeds on the honey of flowers, fome of
them have been kept alive and fed with water and Tugar 5 they
are by far the fmalleft of birds, have long bills, and curiouily co-
loured feathers, but differ much in colour : There are 5 or 4 fe-
veral forts of herons, and one larger than the Englifiy and fea-
thered much like a Spanijb goole^ there is another fpecies of
them whidh come only in fummer, they are milk-white with
very beautiful red legs : Their bitterns are fmaller than thofe in
JBngla?id'j their curlews are fomething lefs than the Englijh^
tho' larger than a wimbrel^ the fand-piper relembles much the
Englijh J they have two forts of fnipes, one refembling ours, the
Other Imaller 5 the tewits are fmaller than the Englijhy but with-
out thofe long tufts, exaftly refembling a young one, that begins
to fly^ they have great numbers of wild-fwan, wild-geefe, brent-
geeie, wild-duck, teal, widgeon, flieldrakes, ^c.

An Earthquake in Sicily 5 hy Vincentius Bonajutus. Phil.
Tranf N'^ 207. p. 2.

THE continual fiery eruptions of JEtna^ of which the firft
we have any account, happened 500 years before the
deltru6tion of 1roy\ according to 'Biodorui Siculus^ have been:
taken for the moft probable caufes of the horrible ihocks, that

M 2 f'oni

92 M E M O IR S of the

from time to time have laid wafte the ifland of Sicily: On the
icth of January^ 1(^93, there happened an earthquake, whole
motion was of that fort, which Arifiotk and '^Pliny call the firft
fpecies, and which they compare to the ihaking fit of an ague,
caufing fuch a motion as iliakes the earth from fide to fide 5 in
this iliock, almofi: all the edifices in the country were thrown
down, of which fome were very high and ftrong built towers 5 a
great part of the city of Catanea^ with many others, was demo-
lifhed, and a great many buildings in Valdi Noto-^ Syracufe^'2.%
alfb much (battered, but not ruined^ this earthquake was not
proceeded by any darknefs in the air, but by an agreeable, ferene
and warm feafon 3 which was the more obfervable, as being unu-
fual at that time of the year: The prcceeding evening there was
a great flame or light obferved at r^bout the diftance of an Italian
mile, and fb bright, that it was taken for a real fire made by
Ibme of the country people, and it feemed to the fpedlators flill
to keep at the lame diftance, tho' they went dire6lly towards it 5
whilft they were obferving this appearance, the earth-quake be-
gan, upon which the light quite vanilhed, and the waves of the
fea, which, before the (hock, beat gently on the fhore, began
now to make a dreadful noife ; the next day, the air was over-
fliadowed with darknefs, and tinf-ed with a deep yellow, and the
darkened Ian flruck the minds of the fpe61ators with the melan-
choly prefage of the approaching earthquake, which was the fe-
cund'and happened on the nth of January^ and lafted about
four minutes 3 it was much like the lecond iort, which Ariftotle
and 'J^liny call a pulic or ftroke, from its relemblance to the beat-
ing of an artery, and by ^ojfidoriius in Seneca is reprefented by
the name of vibrations, it being a perpendicular lifting up of the
earth : This fhock afFe61:ed Sicily all over, and its impulfe was
fb vehement and pov;crful that not only many cities and leveral
parts of the kingdom of Naples, but alio the ifland of Malta
fhared in its fury 3 it was impofhblc for one to keep on his legs,
and even thofe, who lay along on the ground, were tofled from
fide to fide, as if on a rolling billow : In open places the fea funk
down conliderably, and in the lame proportion in the ports and
incloled bays, and the water bubbled up all along the fliore ; the
earth opened in feveral places in verv long clefts, fome an hand's
breadth, others half a palm, and others like great gulfs 5 from
thofe openings in the vallies there ilTued out fuch a quantity of
water as overflowed a great ipace of ground, which to thofe that
were near it, had a jenfible llilphureous Imell : In the plain of
Catanea^ from one of thofe narrow but very long clefts, and

about

Royal Society^ 93

about four miles off the fea, the water was thrown out altogether
as fait as that of the fea 5 in the city of Noto a ftrcet, half a
mile in length, and built of ftone, was fettled into the ground,
and hung quite on one fide like an inclining wall ; and in another
ftreet before the Affent del tDurbo was an opening big enough to
fwallow a man and horfe 5 there were every where great rocks
loofened and thrown down from the mountains j and in the
country of Sortino^ a great number periflied in their houies, which
were beaten down by the rocks in their rolling down the hills :
At Syracufe and other places near the fea, the water in many
wells, which at firft were fait, became frefb and fit to drink 5 the
fountain AretJoufa was lb brackifh for fbme months, that its wa-
ter could not be ufed, but afterwards it became fweeter, and its
fpring was encreafed to near the double 5 in the city of lerminf
all the running waters were dried up, but the hot b^ths were aug-
mented by a third part of what they were before the earthquake:
In many plain and level places, very high walls leaped from their
foundations above two paces, leaving that whole Ipace perfe61:ly
clear and free from rubbifh, as if they had been taken up and
carried off: A fountain in the very moment of the earthquake
ejecied its waters tinged of a blood-red for three hours, and then
it dried up, leaving many holes in the mud at bottom, thro'
which real afhes were thrown out, and the next day the waters
returned of the former quality, without the leaft alteration: The
Ibuth winds blew very much, which ftill have been impetuous in
the moil fenfible earthquakes 5 and from the jith of January to
the 14th of September there were confiderable and llrong Ibuth
winds, which were preceeded by a noife like a cannon at a great
diftance, Ibmetimes of a longer, and fometimes of a fliorter con-
tinuance : it has been oblerved that in lefs folid ground, fuch as
chalk, fand, or loofe earth, the damage was incomparably
greater than in rocky places 5 its effects on human bodies have
been various, fuch as foolifhnels, but not to any great degree,
madneis, dullneis, Ibttifhnefs, hypochondriac, melancholic and
choleric dilbrders3 fevers were very common, with continual ter-
tian, and malignant ones, accompanied with jDeliria and lethar-
gies 3 the fmall-po!x: made great havock amongft children 3 and in
ihort no age or condition but had its fhare in ixy univerfal a
calamity.

An

94 ME M O I R S of the

An Egg found in the Tuba Fallopiana of a Woman 5 h^
Mr. Buffiere. Phil. Tranl^ N"* 207. p. ir. l^ranjlated from
the French.

A Young woman, between 25 and i6 years of age, conceived
a few days before her execution 3 upon opening her body,
M. Sufp.ere found, that the left Fallopian 'tube was dilated to-
wards Its extremity in an extraordinary manner 3 the greateft dila-
tation was more than an inch in diameter, and extended itlelf a
little more than an inch and a half, tapering towards the Matrix 4
this part, thus dilated, was bent, and embraced almoft the whole
ovary, to whofe membrane it adhered fo clofely, that it could
not De feparated therefrom but by force 3 after Reparation there
iffued out a limpid andunfluous liquor, which manifeftly feem'd
either to relax the membranes of the 'Tuba^ in order to promote
its dilatation for the eafier dilcharge of the Qgo^ into the Matrix y
or to anoint thispaffage, that the egg might have no difficulty in
its way, and poAibly this liquor might anfwer both purpoles :
M. 'Buffiere could obferve nothing in the body of the ^uba which
could produce this liquor, tho* it was thicker than ordinary, and
this thicknefs was owing to the fwelling of its fibres, which were
as flefhy as thofe of ordinary mufcles, in order doubtlefs to give
it a fufficient degree of force and motion for expelling the ^^^^
after it is detached from the ovary, and for conveying it into the
Uterus 3 M. "Buffiere therefore thinks, that this liquor, contained
in the 'iuba^ comes from the ovary, and that the fibres and fmall
lymphatic veflels and others, .which are torn for opening a paflage
for the impregnated ego, fuffer this liquor to run out, either for
the firft nourishment of the egg, or to promote its paflage into
the Uterui'^ what confirms this notion is, that in the females of
animals, from whofe ovary feveral eggs are detached at a time,
this liquor is found in conliderable quantities 3 and in a fow, the
'Tuh£y on each fide embracing the ovary, were found to contain
between three or four ounces of this liquor, each ; After the l^uha
was feparated from the ovary, and the liquor run out, the egg came
to view, it was of the bignefs of a fmall nut, and was furround-
ed with this liquor in the middle of the dilated cavity of the
I'uba-^ three fourths of this egg were already out of the ovary, by
the hole which it had made therein, fo that it leemed to have no
longer any connexion therewith 3 yet when he attempted to remove
it, it was ftill faflened by a pedicle fufficiently firm, thro' which
the Iknguineous veffels, which fpread themlelves within-fide, and
upon the egg, did pals 3 it is by thefc veffels that the F(£tus

receives

^ ii«

Royal Socie ty. 95

l^ceives the matter of its growth and nourifliment, not only in the
ovary, but alfoin the UteruSy this pedicle being that which is to
form the Placenta ( or is the ^lacefira itfelf already formed in
the ovary ) by faftenmg itfelf to the body of the Uterus ; it is alfo
by this we are to conceive, that the fcminal fpirit of the male is
conveyed into the body of the Foetus in the egg, in order to give
it motion and fecundity : There appeared yet no fenlible change
in the Uterus^ except the great quantity of mucous matter it
contained, which is very natural ^ the left iuha was in its natural
ftate, as well as the ovary, excepting the aperture by which the
egg of a former birth was difcharged.

"Fig. 3. Plate IV. reprefents the Uterus-^ a a is the body of
the Uterus 'y bb the dilated ^uba embracing the ovary d-j c the
impregnated egg contained in the "Tuba 3 E the left ovary 3 F the
aperture by which the egg of a former F(£tus was dilcharged 5
g the left Tubdj h the hypogaftric artery 5 I I the round liga-
ments 3 K the egg detached from the ovary 3 L the pedicle, by
which it was Hill connected to the ovary.

Fig. 4. reprefents the Uterus of a fow 3 a a the Vagina 3 h the
Vulva '^ c the bladder of urine 3 d d d d the CorneaUteri 5 E E
the ^uhce Fallopiarice j F F the extremities of the dilated Tuh<e
embracing the ovaries, and full of liquor 3 g the appendix of the
^Tlibie j H H the arteries of the Uterus , i i i i the eggs as they
come out of the ovary 5 K K one of the \tuba loolened from part

of the ovary.

Ohfervations on <^Maid, ijoho died of an Afcites, by Mr. Tur-
ner. Phil. Tranf. N° 207. p. 15.
TO prevent the too impetuous eruption of the contained
liquor, in cafe incidon had been prelently performed, a
perforation was made in the moft prominent part of the Abdomen^
by a paraccnteiis, whereby, thro' a fniall Cannula there was
cxtra6ted the quantity of three gallons^ afterwards an incifion
was made between the navel an'd Cartila^o EnJiformiSy which
was Hill enlarged in proportion ro the quantity emptied, till^there
was room for a quart pot to enter, Vv^ith which there was Hrawn
out 75 meafured quarts (including the three gallons extracted
before) of a fublaline and fomewhat auftere Serum^ which
amounted to the quantity of 19 gallons, befides what was imbibed
by the Ipunges, which might be about two quarts more : After
the drying up the refiduc of this liquor (which in colour and
confiftence did fc)mewhat referable water, wherein fle/li newly
killed had been wafhed, except that it was of a Ibmewhat deeper

red,

96 M E M O I R S 2/~ ^/^^

red, and had a more crais Hypoftafis) it was plainly leen, that
this whole bulk of water was luftained between the Cutis and
''Teritonceum, whereby there was made fo great a compreffion of
the inteftines, and other Vifcera to the Vertebrae of the loins
and Os Sacrum, that it is furprifing how there could be any pro-
trufion of the excrements, fince by the abovelaid compreffion the
periftaltic motion muft be very flow, if any at all ; and lecondly,
the Mufcidi RetU of the AbdoraeJU which are laid to be lubler-
vient to that neceffary excretion, were not only at a very confide-
rable diftance, but even quite obliterated, or at leaft not diflin-
guifliable from the ^anniculus CarnofuSy or common integument
of the body 5 when at the fame time the outward covering or
Ci'tis itfclf, notwithftanding lb extraordinary a dilatation, was
full as thick as in a found body, and in Ibme places much thicker 5
particularly in the hypogaflric region, where rhe Membrana
^dipofd was oblerved to be above two inches thick, and leemed
to be no other than a congeries of little bladders, each contained
in its proper Capfula^ and fluffed with a coagulated lymphatic
juice ; One would have thought that the blood in the abdominal
veflels had been ftagnated for ibme time before, or at leafl that
its circulation was vitiated 5 for one might oblerve in feveral places
it was extravafated, and that it adhered in great clots to the mem-
branes: The patient's thighs, legs, and feet were anafarccus, and
fo extremely bloated with a watry humour, that one could bury
three or four fingers in them ^ and yet her uppir pans, as the
neck, face, arms, and hands were lo much emaciated, that fhe
icemed like a fceleton : After dividing the ^PeritO}iieiim, the firfl
thing that fliould have offered itlelf, is the caul, yet in this fub-
je6} it was fo entirely wafted, that the leaft trace thereof did not
remain; the inteftines were not fenfibly altered in any other
refpe£l: than in their colour, which was fomewhat pale, as if they
had been leeihed 5 and indeed, the bowels for the moft part, as
the ftom.ach, Pancreas, liver, fplcen, kidneys, ^^c. had the
appearance of flcfli half boiled, and their blood abforbed; for tho'
none of them did iwim in, or communicate with the Scrum., yet
the nearnefs of the iuperincumbent liquids had polluted and tinged
the external coats of the Vifiera with their preternatural as well
as putrefactive heat: The inteftines were all of them diftendcd
with p/t'i/^^'s, particularly the Ccccumto a coniulerable degree;
in the CoIoj: and Return the excrements were formed into little
balls, and fo hard as to take any impreffion; the liver, which
isfaid to be principally affe^fted in this difteraper, was no more
faulty than the reft of the bowels 3 the whole body of the fpleen

avihercd

Royal Society. 97

adhered to the Teritonatm, but was eafily fcparable therefrom 5
the kidneys were free of any obftru6tions3 the bJadder was empty;
the ftomach had nothing but wind in it 3 the diaphragm was for-
cibly impelled upwards into the chefl, and its convex part bore
hard aoainll the lobes of the lungs, whofc fubfkance was much
decayed, and looked like par-boilcd flefh^ upon cutting open the
heart, it did not yield the leaft drop of water, or blood, no more
than the other bowels.

A Woman Hvdropical in the extenial Coat of the Uterus 5 hy
Mr. Turner. Phil. Tranf. K" 207. p- 20.

A Woman, aged 44 and upwards, Ibme time after ilie was
married, had conceived, as flie thought by fome fuppofcd
lymptoms of pregnancy, and at the expiration of the time of her
account, her fancied pains came on, and fhe thought herfelf very
near her labour 3 her belly was grown very big, and had gradu-
ally encreafed from the time of her im.agined conception ; at laft,
after more than three yt^ars from the time of her iuppofed preg-
nancy, file removed into the air, where fhe had not continued
long before fne languiflied and died: Upon making a crucial
incifion from the navel to the Ilia and Os Tuhis 3 one of the
difleders, cutting thro' the ^eritondum^ accidently thrufl his
knife too far, and immediately there iffued out, with impetuofity,
a flream of a- limpid ^^-n/;?; or Lympha, as clear as water, to the
quantity of more than two gallons, inclofed in a thin tranfparent
membrane, which was found to be the external coat of the
Uterus: One of the great indications of this woman's pregnancy,
was a flux of a whitilh humour to her breads, which flie could
fqueeze out at pleafure 3 flie had likewife laboured the greatell:
part of the time under a fuppreflion of the MenfeS'

A Child hit by a Mad-Dog; by Mr. J. Turner. Phil. TranC
N° 207. p. 24.

A Child, of about three years old, was bit on the Majfeter
mulcle by a mad dog 3 the wound was treated with digef-
tives for fome time, futures were forborn, tho' orherwile neceiljir)',
that the venom might be the more freely difcharged 3 in a little
time there was a diicharge of a very laudable ^us^ and the wound
incarnated very faft, without any inflammation 3 in about three
weeks after this, the child was leized with a fever, a dilorderly
pulfe, and palpitation of the heart 3 the enfuing night he grew
delirious, and the lucceeding day the malignity had made fb ,
virulent an impreffion on the ariimal fpirits, as excited very
Vol. III. N ilrong

9? M E M O IR S of the

flrong irritations in the members of the body 5 nor was the brain,
r.nd its parts, freed from the farne morbid taint, which /hewed
itfelf inthe unufual diftortion of the eyes, and an extraordinary
fierceneis in the whole vifage, continual watchings, and a conftant
trembling, with a repeated fnatching up of the lower jaw, making
figns as if he would have bit at any thing that was offered him^
his voice had acquired a canine hoarienels, and much refembled
the barking of a dog 5 he was befides infefted with the hickup,
and a foaming at the mouth, and thus he continued for the moft
part of the day ; upon prefenting a looking-glafs before him, he
was extremely difordered thereat, throwing nis head backwards
with great violence, barking, and ihapping at every thing near
him 5 in the evening, notwithftanding all the alexipharmics that
were exhibited, he funk under thole cruel fymptoms; he was
not fuffered to be opened 5 but the Jbdomen was obferved to be
exceflively inflated, his limbs convullcd, and the furface of the
body was of a livid colour 5 the mufcles of the face were con-
tra61ed into fuch a form, as -nearly reprefented a Spafmus
Cynicus.

B-^periments made ixith Mr. Colbatch's Styptic^ hy 'Mr. Will.
Cowper. Phil. Trani: N° 2c8. p. 42.

HAVING provided a large dog, an aperture was made thro'
the common integuments of hYs Abdomen^ from which the
fmall guts were extruded 5 after an inciiion made in one of them,
according to its length, they were again reduced ^ the wound in
the Ajdohien being i-litched up, a folution of Colbatch's powder
was applied 5 the dog continued without any ill fymptoms, and
became perfectly well in a few days after: The like experiment
Mr. Coivper made on another dog, that alfb recovered without
the application of any medicine.

The leg of a dog was amputated three inches above the ^^-
tella 5 the expence of blood from the arteries was great, which
partly proceeded from the unaptncfs of the applications 5 but after
two or three attempts, the flax of blood was flopped, and fuch a
bandage ufcd, as was necefiary only to keep on the drefllngsj the
dog continued without any confiderable flux of blood, and the
next day he was found on his three legs.

The difcaled arm of a man, in St. jSarthohme'w's Hofpitaly
was amputated above the elbow j but for above a quarter of an
hour's time, many fuccefslels applications of this llyptic were
made, and at length a fmall tent, dipped in the powder itfelf,
was inlerted into the extremity of the bleeding artery, before the

Royal Society. 99

flux of blood would admit the application of bandage; five hours
after, a frefli flux of blood appeared, and a ftri6t bandage was
applied : At the lame time, a boy, about 12 or 14 years of age.
had his leg alfo cut off below the knee, to whole Hump divers
fuccefslefs applications of this ftyptic were alio made, before it^
was bound up, and in lefs than an hour after, a frelh flux ot
blood happened, and liridl bandage was added: Some hours
after thele operations, both thele patients fuffercd intolerable
pain; in three days, the applications were taken off, and had
any peribn, a ftranger to what was done, leen the flumps, he
would have fuppoied nothing lefs than an actual cautery had been
applied, and have occafioned luch large efchars, and lo frightful
an appearance; which lufficiently demonftrated, that this vulnerary
powder was a violent cauftic.

Trials of llyptics have been commonly pradlifed on the bodies
of quadrupeds, to commend them to the publick; but it is not
without cauie, that pretenders to fuch remedies have made choice
of younger animals, as dogs and calves, ^c. for that purpofe ;
but fince the only ftandard of their ufe is their fuccds on human
bodies, we Ihould make our experim.ents on thole animals, whofe
bulk and age bear a proportion to them; for nothing is more
obvious in wounding the arteries of living animals, than that the
protrufion of their blood bears a proportion to their bulk; and in
diffedion, the arteries of a Fcetus are remarkably thinner than
thofe of an adult, and thofe of aged perfons grow ft ill thicker,
and frequently become cartilaginous, and at length entirely
bony.

Swarms of Locuils in Wales; by Mr. Edw. Lloyd. Phil.
Tranf. M° 208. p. 45-

GREAT fwarms of locufts were feen in Wales, they were
firft oblerved about the 20th of 05iober 1593, ^" "T-^embroke-
Jhire, about the fields in Marthery parifh : In Nortb- Wales, two
vaft iwarms of them had been oblerved in the air, not fir from
tDol-gelbsfty a market-town of Merionyclpjpire, and about the
fame time that thole others of Tembrokejblre, had been taken
notice of in the fields: They were of the lame fpecies with Ibme
African locults; and Mr. Lloyd calls this pilgrim-locull, Locujla
erratica, alls Ichthyocollie aclinjlar pellucidls, retkulatis vjaadis
confperfis'j it is in length, from the head to the tips of the wingf,
5 \ inches, and of a reddifh colour all over, except the wings;
the eyes were prominent, and very large, fomewhat of the form
and bignefs of gromwell-feeds^ of a reddifn colour, elegantly

N 2 itreaked;

loo M E M O I R S ^/ /y&^

ftrcakcd; the Antennas were about the bignefs of a hog's briftle,
and curicufly geniculated 5 the firft pair of legs were not quite an
inch long, the fccond were fomewhat longer, and the third two
inches and a quarter j thcfe hinder legs were very beautiful, for
the thighs were hexangular, and elegantly i'ealed on the outfide,
with a black lift extended lengtliwile thro' their middle; the
fhanks were of a lively red colour, adorned on the hinder part
with two orders of fmall fharp prickles, placed alternately ; the
wings were about three inches lonq, refembling very much thole
of the larger Libellde^ or dragon-flies, but all over adorned (efpe-
cially the outer wings) with reticul^ed black Ipots: Mr. LloyA
lees no reafonto doubt, but that thefe are the very fame fpeciesof
locufts, fo famous in hiftory for their wandring over, and depo-
pulating whole countries.

ifo me afar e the Quantity of falling Rain 5 by Jl/r. Townlcy.
Phil. Tranf. N^ 208. p. 51.

MR. To'vcnley^ fixed a round tunnel of 12 inches diameter to
a leaden pipe, which would admit of no water, but what
came thro' the tunnel, by reafon of a piece foldcred to the tunnel
itfelf, which went over the pipe, and ferved alio to fix it thereto,
as well as keep out any wet, that in ftormy weather might beat
againft the under part of the tunnel, which was lo placed, that
there was no building near it, that would give occafion to lufpcd:
that it did not receive its due proportion of rain that fell thro' the
pipe, about nine yards perpendicularly, and then it was bent into
a window near his chamber, under which convenient vefTcls'were
placed to receive what fell into the tunnel ; which he mealured by
a cylindrical glais, at a certain point, containing juft a pound, or
1 2 ounces Troy^ with divilions for imaller parts alio 3 by the help
cf this cylindrical glals, he kept an account of what rain fell, and
generally twice or thrice a day ; what rain he found in the recei-
vers, if not more than made what was left in thecyhndrical glals a
full pound, he again left therein 3 but if it exceeded that quantity,
he filled it juft to the pound-point, which he threw away, and
did the lame with the remaining water, as ofren as it would allow,
ilill keeping an account, elpecially of the pounds thrown away,
and letting down the parts of a pound remaining in the glals 3 by
the help of which latter, and the parts remaining at any time be-
fore, by numbering the pounds, and lubftrading the parts, at the
end of one month fuppolc, from the pounds thrown away, and
the parts remaining at the end of another, he found the quantity
of rain fallen between thelc two times, and that in liich a manner

as

Royal Society. loi

as to aflure him, that he erred no more in the quantity of rain of
another year, than by the miftake in the differences of the parts
of a pound in the firil and lafl obfervationvS 5 whereas fliould he
Hill write down the rain that falls between two obfervations, he
might be lubjeiSl: to make as great a miftake in every one of them,
and conlequently be much more uncertam of the quantity of rain
fallen in many of thofe added together 5 belides, this addition is
longer in performing and giving the quantity fought, than the
method he made ule of^ and he fubjoined the following parti>
culars to fhew how little trouble there is in this taik.

Obfervations of the rain falling

monthly for 1 5 years

11677

78 79 80

8ij 82

831 84

85 86

Sum

\Jan,

472

371

43, 512

53J 986

238

32

no 472

328Q

Feb,

27c

371

i6i 492

363

135

245

483

42; 20

2582

March

24*;

250, 202 413

235

237

305

«7

185! 572

2731

April

32';

170' 92 222

57

308

402

370

380,1 305

2631

May

3^3

581! 105 188

69

315

353

97

20lj 437

265c

'June

916

2571 298} 342

397

S^7

4b8

192

410; 473

38-c

July

3f;i

339, 350

302

292

482

412

3^3

4971 188

3526

Aug,

48^

1451 835

502

425

3^5

582

338

3981 870 496d

\Sep.

223

P7| 5S3

146

607

293

152

199

163! 572

3435

oa.

333

6441 616

57c

170

427

330

425

325, 293

4vr^

Nov.

432

555 127

479

235

S^

192

579

522! 709 4355

Dec.

400

57 439

269

423

456 37

299

548 132 305 J

Sum 436514.267,3821 '4428]

3326

5066 3716134141

3781 !^0434.I22'

1689

9c

91

92

93

Sum

Jan,

333

707

197

54

21^

1509

Feb.

39^

171

112

168

922

March

875

H^

4-f

347

29S

2136

April

468

7^

38t

498

539

1969

May

182

244

30c

330

93

1 149

June

302

179

412

416

181

1490

July

120

218

28^

448

112

1183

Aug,

222

402

19^-

198

668

1683

Sep.

442 403

21 r

605

641

2306

oa.

740

7^-

165

273

^514

2457

Nov,

415

717

2lC

148

r627

2137

Dec.

368

262

i6c

892

261

1952

Sum

48604291

314c '372(42301

20893

All we can learn from thefe obfervations, is, that here we have
almoft ji ft twice the quantity of rain that falls at Tarisj but as

102 MEMOIRS?/'//'^

Lancajhire and particularly about To-wnky where thefe obfcrva-
tions were made, is generally efleemed ro have much more rain
than other parts, it would be unjufl without farther obfervations of
the like nature in other places, that all England fliould be efii-
mated to abound as much in rain as thefe parts do : The pounds
and parts doubled give both the quantity of half pounds, and the
height in inches 5 with this difference, that for the half pounds,
only the laft figure is a decimal fraction, and the others the num-
ber of the half pounds 5 and that for the height, the two laft
figures denote the decimal fraftion of an inch, and the remainder
the height in inches, lb near the truth, that they only fall fhort
of it I inch in 200, which defeat is eafily fupplied ; to this needs
only be added, that the numbers, on the right hand are the fums
of all thole in the fame line, that is, in the firil part of feveral
numbers for ten years 5 fo that the laft of them (hews the fum both
of the half pounds that have fallen during thatfpace of time, and
the height the water would have been railed in that lame time ;
for example, the fum of all the rain m the ten firft years is
41227, and therefore according to what hath been faid, 412,27
is the number of half pounds that fell in the compals of the tun-
nel during thole ten years; and 412,27 the height it would have
railed the water during that time 3 but if you defire greater ac-
curancy, add 20(5", its two hundredth part, and you will have
414,95, for the true height, and 41,493 for the mean height, by
thefe 10 years obiervations, and 412,27 for the mean quantity of
half pounds 5 by the lame method you will have the means for
the other five; viz, of height 41, 78, and 417, 8 for the mean
number of half pounds, which means do I'urprilingly agree, and
both conlidered, do give for the mean in all the 15 years 41,515
inches in height, which is about 7 of an inch more than double
that at 'Tar is, which is ftated at 19 f French inches, which
make 2 1 Englifi : Mr. "/ownley's method of gauging by weight
is grounded on this, that 22,7958 cubical inches of rain-water,
are equal in weight to i pound, or 12 ounces 'Troy-y lb that di-
viding any luperfices in inches of a veffel, for receiving the rain-
water^ by the abovementioned number, it will give the pounds
and parts that will raife the water on that liirface, with upright
{ides, juft an inch; and this he found that 4,974 pounds would
fill a cylinder equal at the bottom to Mr. Townky's tunnel, and
an inch high, which is nearly 5 pounds, and which will only
raife the cylinder higher by 3^0 part.

T'/JO

/.m.

PLATE .V

/ci.

r^.^

rufM.

^.^/^ix^ aicl^-

J/iuW/^J<r^<^>

Royal Society. 103

The Cuntur 0/ Peru, and the Coffee-flirub 5 hy 2)r. Sloane
Phil. Trani: N° 208. p. (Ji.

TH E magnitude afcribed to the Cuntur or Condor of ^erut
as well as its great force and ftrcngth, have been the caufe,
that many have doubted of its reality : Cap. J. Strongs com-
mander of a fhip, which went into the South Seas thro' the
Str eight i of Magellan gives this account of it 3 ^^iz. that on the
coall of Chilh they had met with this bird in about 33° S. Lat.
not far from Mocha^ an ifland in the South Seas^ that his men
were much amazed at its bignefs, and that after they had killed
it, it meafured 16 foot from one wing to the other, that they
were told by the Spaniards that it was the Cuntur^ and that they
were afraid of this bird, leaffc it ilaould prey upon, or injure their
children 3 one of its feathers was two foot four inches long, the
quill-part 5 \ inches, and i \ inch about in the longeft part; it
weighed three dram 17 I grains, and was of a dark brown colour,
very hollow or concave on one fide, and convex on the other:
I'he feamen fliot it as it fat on a cli£f by the lea-fide, and eat it,
taking it for a fort of turkey.

Mr. J&'Ja'. Clyve^ the firit who brought a dried branch of the
coffcfe fhrub A A Fig. i. Plate V. from Mecca in Arabia Feli^^
gives this account thereof; this branch was taken off a tree 7 or
8 foot high, was about 5 foot long, and covered with a grey fmooth
bark ; the wood was white, and the pith not very large ; the
twigs were covered with a dark-coloured fmooth bark and role
oppoiite to each other in pairs, coming out of oppolite fides of
the branch, and cutting each other at right angles; in the fame
manner the leaves flood on the twigs, as the twigs did on the
branches, at the diflance of an inch and fometimcs two inches
from each other ; the leaves had f inch foot-ftalks, being about
4 inches long, and two broad in the middle where broadefl,
whence they decrealed to both extremities, ending in a point -
they were fmooth, entire, and without any incilures on their ed-
ges, fomewhat like the leaves on a bay; the fruit comes e^ alii
folionwiy hanging to the twig by ■§: inch long firings or fbotflalks-
with one, two or more in the lame place: Thefe flirubs arc
planted in great numbers in Arabia Felix^ called Jaman^ in a
rich mould, and are watred in times of drought, by artificial ca-
nals cut on purpole from rivers; and after 3, 4, or more years
bearing, they are forced to plant new fhrubs, becaufe the old
ones are not fo fruitful after that -time; they dry them in ;he fun,
and afterwards take off the outer huH: of the berries by means ot
N hand-

104 M E M O I R S of tbe

hand-mills; and the ^ral^s in lummer heats ule thefe huflcs,
roafted after the manner of coflfee -berries, efrceming the drink
more cooling, as being fourifh to the tafbe : A A reprefents the
flirub, wherein is obfervable the manner of its branching and of
the growing of the leaves and fruity aaaa the fruitgrowing
two, three, or more at a place on the twigs- B one of the leaves,
of its natural bignefs; G the fruit, of the true fize and figure j c
the fruit, with the hufk on; e the fruit, with the outer hulk ta-
ken oiF; / / the berry, with both hulks taken off.

^n Earthquake /;/ Jamaica. Phil. Tranf. N° 209. p. 89.

THE year 1592 began in Jamaica with very dry and hot
weather, which continued till May, when it became very
windy and rainy, till the end of the month ; from which time,
till the earthquake happened, it was exceflive hot, calm, and dry ;
and on Tiiefday the yth q^ June^ about 40 minutes paft 1 1 o'clock
in the forenoon, it being then a very hot, clear, fun-fliiny day,
fcarcely a cloud to be feen m the iky, or a breath of air to be felt,
that great fliock, lb fatal to this illand, happened ; it began with
a fmall trembling, which was fucceeded by a flronger Ihake,
together with a hollow rumbling noife, almofl like that of
thunder; immediately upon this, there enfued a third violent
fhock. which in lels than a minute's time /hook the very founda-
tions of Tort -royal, that three parts in four of the houles, and
the ground whereon they flood, and moil of thole who inhabited
them, funk at once quite under water, and the houies, on the
ground that was left, were fhattered in a violent manner, Icarcely
one houle in ten was left ftanding, and thofe lb Unattered, that
few of them were fit to live in ; all the ftreets next the wafer to-
wards the harbour fide, lay in (J or 8 fathom water, where for-
merly were excellent wharfs, dole to which (hips of 700 tun
might lie and unload, and where ftood the beft llore houles and
conveniencies for merchants, and the mofi: ftately buildings: The
fliock was lb violent that it threw people down on their knees,
and fometimes on their flices, as they ran about the ftreets to pro-
vide for their lafety, and it was a very difficult matter to keep on
one's legs, the ground heaving and fvvelling like a rolling fea, by
which means feveral houfes, that continued to iTand, were ihuf-
fled and moved Ibme yards from thrir places; in many places the
ground would crack, open and liiddenly Hiut again, m which
openings leverals were fwallowed up ; ibme were caught by the
middle and Iqueezed to death; the heads of others only appeared
above ground; fome were fwallowed quite down, and call up

again

RovAL Society. 105

again wirh great quantities of water 5 others went down without
being ever after feen 5 larger openings fwallowed up great houlcs,
and out of fome gapings whole rivers of water would iflue forth,
fpouted up to a great height into the air, which leemed to threaten
a deluge, and were accompanied with oHenfive fmells 5 and by
thefe openings, and the vapours emitted from the earth into the
air, the llcy, which before was clear and blue, was in a moment's
time become dull and reddifli, like a red hot oven 3 all thole
dreadful circumllances occurring at once, and accompanied all the
time with prodigious loud noiies from the mountains, caufed by
their falling, ^Jc. and alfo with a hollow noife under ground, and
people running from one place to another with ghaftly looks and
more refembling the dead than the living, made it a very melan-
choly Icene: Tho' ^ort Royal lliffered much by the earthquake,
jet It left more houfes flandipg there than in all the ifland be*
lldes^ it was fo violent in other places, that people could not
keep on their legs, but were forcibly thrown down on the ground 5
it Icarcely left a planter's houfe or lugar-work ftanding all over
the ifland 3 in leveral places in the country the earth gaped pro-
digioufly, and houfes, people and trees were fwallowed up, and
the place was afterwards become a great pool or lake of water; and
in lome places thele gapings or openings fpouted up with prodi-
gious force great quantities of water into the air 3 but the moun-
tains I'uflfered the greatefl Ihocks, emitting at the fam.e time loud
noiies and echoingS3 not far from Tellows^ part of a mountain,
after it made leveral leaps or removes, overwhelmed a whole fa-
mily, and a great part of a plantation, lying a mile oi:T3 and a large
high mountam near Tort Morarif, about a day's journey over,
was quite fwallowed up, and in the place where it Hood, there
lucceeded a great lake of 4 or 5 leagues over. The tops of great
mountains in their fall fweeped down with them trees and other
things in their way 3 and thele vaft pieces of m.ountains with all
the trees thereon, falling together in a huddled and confuted
manner, flopped up moftof the rivers for about 24 hours, which
afterwards having found out new channels, brought down into the
fea leveral hundred thouiand tons of timber, floating therein in
fuch prodigious quantities that they leemed like moving iflands :
Some were of opinion that ths mountains were iunk a little, and
others thought that the whole ifland iubfided a little, and 'Port
Royal was laid to be iunk a foot, and in many places in Ligm-
nidy their wells did not require fo long ropes to draw water out
of them, as before the earthquake, by two or three foot: In the
harbour of Port Royal at the time of the great fliock, tho' the
Vol. hi. O ^ feas

io6 MEMOIRS of the

feas were very calm, there was luddenly railed iucb a ftrange
emotion in the water, that immediately K Iwelled as in a Itorm 5
great larne waves appearing on a ludden, rolling with luch torce,
that they drove molt fliips in the harbour from their anchors,
breaking their cables in an inftant^ in Ziguam a the lea re-
tired from the land in fuch a manner that for two or three hun-
dred yards the bottom of the lea appeared dry, and the hlh were
left behind, and in a minute or two's time the lea returned again
and overflowed a great part of the A^ore^ at Tdlboufe the lea re-
tired above a mile^ 2000 perfons were iuppoied to have penined
ia this earthquake: It is obferved, that m windy weather there
never happens a fhock, but in very calm weather it is always ex-
pected: that after rain, the ihocks are generally fmarter than at
other times, which mav be caufed by the Hiutting up of the pores
of the earth, whereby 'the force is.more pent in, and hath iiotlo
free a paiTaae as to perfpire and Ipend itlelf, ^c, that fince the
earthquake, the land-breezes often fail, and inftead thereof the
iea-breezees blow all nighty a thing rarely known berore, but
fince common; m Tort Roy ah and in many places all over the
inand, much fulphureous combuftible matter hath been round,
which upon the kaft touch of fire would flame and burn like a
candle: St. Cbripphers, one of the Caribbee J/lands was for-
rr.erlv much infclled with earthquakes, but upon the eruption ot
a gr'eat mountain of combuftible matter, which ftiU ccntinucs,
they wholly ceaied, and have never fince been felt there 5 which
aave Ibme hopes that Ibme fuch eruption m iome of the moun-
tains of Jamaica would free that iiland from earthquakes.

T>oe Distance of the Fix'd Stars 5 ly Mr. Francis Roberts. Phil
Trani: N° 209. p. loi.

SINCE the "Pytbam-ean iyftem of the world has been revived
by Copernlciis, and now adopted by all mathematicians for
the true one, there Teemed ground to imagine, that the diameter
of the earth's annual orbit, which, according to our beft altrono-
mers, is at kail 40000 times bigger than the lemidiameter of
the earth, misht Give a lenfibk parallax to the fixed ftars, there-
by to determine their dillance^ but there are Ibme confiderations,
which make usfufpea that even this bafis is not large enough tor
that purpole : M. H//jW7i, who is very exaa m his altronomical
obiervations, tells us, he could never dilcover any viiihle magni-
tude in the fixed liars, tho' he ukd glafl^es which ^^f^^^^^.^ ^^^
apparent diameter above lOo times ^ now fince m all likelihood
the fixt ftars are fun?, perhaps of difil^rent magnitudes, we may,

Royal Society. 107

as a reafonablc medium, prefume that they arc generally about
the magnitude of our fun 5 let us then, for inftance, fuppofc the
dog-liar to be lb • the diftance from us to the fun being about 100
times the fun's diameter, it is evident, that the angle under
which the dog-ftar is leen in M. Hiiygen's telelcope irjufi: be
nearly the fame with the angle of its parallax to the fun's dif-
tance, or femidiameter of the earth's annual orbit 5 ib that the
parallax to the whole diameter can be but double fuch a quantity,
as even to M. Huygens's nice oblervation is altogether inlenfible^
the diftance therefore of rhe fixt ftars leems hardly within the
reach of any of our methods to determine; but from what has
been laid down, we may draw fbme conclufions, that will much
illuftrate the prodigious vaftnefs thereof, i. That the diameter
of the earth's annual orbit, which contains at lea ft 160 millions
of miles, is but a point in compariibn cf this diftance, at leafl it
muft be above 6000 times the diftance of the fun 3 for if a flar
ihould appear thro* the ar'brefaid telefcope half a minute broad,
which is a pretty fenfible magnitude, the true apparent diameter
would not exceed 18"', which is lefs than the 6'oooth part of the
apparent diameter of the fun ^ and confequently, the fun's diftance
is not the doooth part of the diftance of the ftar. 2. That could
we advance towards the ftars 99 parts of the whole diftance, and
have only the looth part remaining, the ftars would appear lit-
tle bigger to us than they do here 5 for they would ihew no
otherwife than they do thro' a telefcope, which magnifies an hun-
dred-fold. 5. That at leaft 9 parts in 10 of the fpace between
us and the fixt ftars can receive no greater light from the fun, or
any of the ftars, than what we have from the ftars in a clear night.
4. That light takes up more time in pafling from the ftars to us,
than we in making a Wefi India voyage, which is ordinarily
perfbrmed in fix weeks 3 that fbund would not reach us at that
iiiftance in 50000 years; nor a cannon-bullet in a much longer
time; this is eafily computed, by allowing, according to Mr. New-
toriy 10 minutes for the pafTage of light from the fun hither,
and that Ibund moves above 1 500 feet in a iecond of time.

Obfervations on epidemical Diftempers ; by iDr. Tho. Molyneux.
Phil. Tranf N° 209. p. 105.

AB O U T the beginning of November 1^95, after a conftant
courie of moderately warm weather for the fealbn, upon
the fall of Ibme fnow, of a fudden it grew extremely cold, and
loon after there fucceeded ^JomQ few days of a very hard froft ;
upon which rheums of all kinds, fuch as violent coughs, that

O 2 chiefly

loS M E M O I R S 0/ the

chiefly affeficd the patients in the night-time, great defluxions of
thin rheum at the nole and eyes, immoderate dilcharges of the
JSaUvcthy ipittmg, hoarfenels of voice, fore throats, with fome pain
in fwallowiiig, wheczmgs, obftrucl-ions, and forenels in the breaft,
a dull heavinels and ftoppage in the head, with fuch like, difor-
ders, the ufual effects of cold, aftecled great numbers of all forts
of people in 2)iMir! : Some were moVe violently affe6^ed, Ilo
as to be confined for Ibme time to their beds • and they com-
plained of feveriih fymptoms, as {]-iiverings and chilneis, which
ofien returned 5 of pains in feveral parts of their bodies;
jcvere head-aches, chiefly about the forehead, lb that the
leall noiic affected them; great weaknefs in their eyes, that
the leaft light was ofieniive; a perfe6t decay of all appetite 3
foul turbid urine, with a brick-coloured fediment at the bot-
tom 3 great uneafinefs and toffings in their beds all night- yet
thefe diforders would ufually, without any remedies, abate of
themfelves, and terminate in univcrlal fweats, that conftantly
relieved3 this more violent degree of the cold, was apter to afiPe^^
fuch as were given to excels either in eating or drinking, or fuch
as were inclinable to a Icrophulous difpofition of body, than on
thole that were more temperate, and kls fubjedl: to obftru6tions :
"When the cold was but moderate, it was ulually over in eight or
ten days 3 but with thofe, in whom it arrived to a greater height,
it continued a fortnight, three weeks, and fc)metim:es above a
month 3 fome way or other, it univerfally afie^led every body 5
thole in the country, as well as thole in the town 3 thole that
were much abroad in the open air, and thole that flaid much
within doors 3 the rc-buft and hardy, as well as the weakly and
tender 3 and if it was favourable to any, they were the aged, many
of whom elcaped it: As it fir ft appeared towards the beginning
o{ November y fo it fcemed to arrive to its^greateft degree of vio-
lence, and fpread molt univerfally about the middle of it, and by
the beginning of the enluing month it very fenfibly abated, fo that
very few did then complain of their colds 3 and in the Ipace of
four or five weeks it had its rile, growth, and decay 3 and tho*
this cold was {o univerial, none died thereof, except fuch whole
Itrcngth was before fpcnt by fome tedious fit of Hcknels, or laboured
under fome heavier difealc complicated therewith : This cold was
as univerial m Efiglandy and with the lame fymptoms as it afFe£t-
ed thofe in ^Dublin, but with this difference, that it appeared three
or four weeks fooner in Lomlon than in 'Dublin-^ it alfo reached
the continent, and infelled the northern parts of France '^ alio
f lander i^ Holland^ and the red of the United 'Fro'oinceSy with

more

Royal Society. 109

iTiore violence, and no lels frequency, than it did thele coun-
tries 5 ib that hardly was ever any epidemic diftemper obierved to
extend lb far: No inflance of any epidemic diftemper feems in all
refpecis to come nearer to this general cold, than the tranfienl
fever in id88 ^ this fever was fir ft obierved in liubUn^ about the
beginning o{ July^ and it lb univerially feized all degrees of men.
whatever, that not above one in fifteen efcaped ; it begun as gene-
rally fevers do, with a chilneis and Ihivering all over, like that of
an ague, but not lb violent, which loon broke out into a dry
burning heat, with great uneafinels, which commonly confined
the patients to their beds, where they paffed the cnfuing night in
a very reftlels manner^ they complained likewile of giddinels,
and a dull pain in the head, chiefiv about the eyes, with wander-
ing pains in the limbs, and about the fmall of the back, with
aches all over the body, a lols of appetite, a Naufcdi and an
unulual ill tafte in the mouth, yet little or no thirft; and tho'
thele lymptoms were very violent for a time, yet they did not
continue long 5 for about the fecond day of the diftemper, the
patient ufually of himfelf fell into a fweat, unlefs it was prevented
by letting blood, which, however beneficial in other fevers,
manifeftly retarded the progrefs of this 5 and if the fweat was
encouraged for five or fix hours, by laying on more cloaths, or
taking lorae fudorific, moft of the dilbrders above-mentioned
would entirely vanifli, or at leaft very much abate 5 giddincfs and
want of appetite would often continue fome days after, but by
ufing the frelh air, they would infallibly in four or five days at
fartheft recover, and be perfe6fly well j this tranfient difeafe was
fo favourcible, that not one in a thouland died of it, and by the
middle o^. Auguft it wholly dilappeared, fo that its whole period
was leven weeks 5 it alio Ipread itfelf all over England^ and
raged as generally in London as in jDublin^ and with the fame
fyraptomsj but it began to be obferved at London about the
middle of Mdy^ and continued there till the latter end o't June^ {o
that it did not fhew itfelf at Tsublin till it had wholly dilappear-
ed there j and it Vv/as very remarkable, that in Bngland^ as well
as at Dublin, a little time before this general fever, a flight
difeafe, but very univerfal, affe61:ed horles too, and ft^ewed itfelf
by a great defluxion of rheum from their nofes^ which proves the
caufe of Ipreading diftempers to be fo powerful, as to afTe61 not
only the finer and more delicate compofition of human bodies,
but even the ftronger and groffer frame of the moft robuft ani-
mals in nature : From thefe hiftories one may probable infer, that
Ipreadgig epidemic diftempers tike their progrels from eaft to

weft 5

no M E M O I R S ?/^ the

weft; but this {liould be farther confirmed by more frequent
obfervations, before one can lately determine any thing on this
headj however, it is certain, that the plague and pcltilential
fevers rage more frequently in the eafl, towards Conftantiuople
and the Levant^ than in thefe more wcflern parts of l^iirope.

Phyfiognomyj hy Dr. Gwither. Phil. Tranf. N° 210. p. 118.

SO F T wax is not more capable of receiving more numerous
and various impreffions, than are imprinted on man's face by
obje6}s that move his aflcclions 3 and not only the objects them-
felves have this power, but alfo the very images, or ideas, them-
lelves^ that is, any thing that puts the animal fpirits into the
lame motion that the (object, when prefent did, will have the
fame cffedl with the obje£l irfelf: To prove the firft, let one
obferve a man's face, that Inoks on a pitiful obje^l, then a ridi-
culous, and then on a frightful or dangerous objev^, ^c. For the
iecond, that ideas have the fame effe6l with the object, dreams
confirm this oftentimes.

The manner Dr. G-'ii'itbcr conceives to be thus 3 the animal
Ipirits, moved in the fenlbry by an obje£l, continue their motion
to the brain, whence it is propagated to this or that particular
part of the b(;dy, as is moft fuitable to the defign of its creation,
having firft made an alteration in the face by its nerves, efpecially
the pathetic and Oculorim motor ii^ a6luating its leveral muicles^
not that he thinks, the motion of the Ipirits in the lenlbrium to be
continued by the impreffion of the objeft all the way, as from the
finger to the foot ; but he conceives it done in the Aledulla of the
brain, where is the common flock of fpirits 3 as in an organ,
whole pipes being uncovered, the air rufhes into them, but upon
letting go the keys, they are flopped again 3 now, if by repeated
a(5^s, or by frequently entertaining the ideas of a favourite paffion,
or vice, which natural temperament, or cuftom, have hurried one
into, the f^ce is fo often put into that poflure, which accompa-
nies fuch a61s, that the animal fpirits find liich palTiiges into its
nerves, that it is (ometimes unalterably i^^t (as the Indian Reli-
gious diXQ by long continuing in flrange poftures in their pagods)
but moft commonly luch a habit is contracted, that the face falls
inlcnlibly into that poilurc, when Ibme prefent object does not
obliterate that more natural imprefTion by a new one, or difTimula-
tionhideit: Hence it is, that we fee great drinkers with eyes
gencnlly let towards the noic, the adducent mulcles being often
employed to Icr them fee their beloved liquor in the glafs in the
time of drinking, which were therefore called Sibito^y-y lalci-

vious

Royal Society. ui

vious perfous are remarkable for the Oculonm rnohils petulantiay
as 'PetromiiS calls it • from this alfo we may Iblve the ^mkers
expeftmg face, waiting the pretended Ipirit, and the melancholy
face of fectaries 3 the ftudious face of men of great application
of mind 3 and the revengeful face of bloody men, like executi-
oners m the ad: 5 and rho' filence in a lort may a while piafs for
wifdom, yet looner or later, Sir Jiiartin peeps thro' the diiguiie,
and marrs all j a changeable face is obierved to indicate a change-
able mind : But tht doftor would by no means have what has been
laid to be underltood, as without exception • for he doubts not
but fometim.es there are found men with great and virtuous Ibuls
under very unpromifing outfides.

A Continuation of the Account of Virginia, by Mr. Clayton.
Phil. Tranf.N° 210. p": 121.

THERE were neither horfes, bulls, cows, ilicep, or fwine
in all the country, before, the coming of the Eriglifij they
never ilxoe or liable their horfes, yet they ride pretty iliarply 5
a planter's pace is a proverb, which is a good hand-gallop: In
the uninhabited parts there are wild bulls and cows, and they are
hard to be fhot, having a great acutenefs of fmelling^ their fheep
are of a middling fize, tolerably fine fleeced in general, and moll
perlons of eftate keep flocks of them 5 the country abounds in good
red deer 5 the Indians are laid to make artificial heads of boughs
of trees, which they coniecrate to their gods, and thefe they put
on to deceive the deer, and mimicking their feeding, they by
degrees get within fiiot of them 5 fwine they have now in abun-
dance 5 ihoats or porkrels are their general food, and it is as good
as any JVeJfphalia^ at leafl far exceeding our Bnglijh : Rackoon
is a Ipecies of a monkey, Ibmething leis than a fox, grey-haired,
its feet formed like a hand, and the face too has the reiemblance
of a monkey's 3 befides, being kept tame, they are very apifhj
they prove very prejudicial to their poultry; An opoflljm is as
large, and Ibmethmg fhaped like our badgers, but of a lighter
dun colour, with a long tail fom.ewhat like a rat, but as thick as
a man's thumb j the lldn of its belly is very large and folded, {q
as to meet like a purie, wherein they lecure their young whilft
little and tender, and into which thele latter run as naturally, as
chickens to a hen, in thele falie bellies, they carry their young 5
they feed on, and devour corn: Many will have their hares to be
hedge-rabbets, but Mr. Clayton takes them to be a perfect fpecies
of hares, becauie he had leen leverets there, with the white
fpots in the head, vvhich the old ones have not j and the down is

per-

112 MEMOlRSofebe

perfeflly of the colour of our Englip hares 3 they fit as our hares
do, and make neither holes nor burrows in the earth , it is true
they are about as large as an Englifi rabbet, and they run no
fafter^ they generally betake themfelves into foiiie hollow tree,
and they are taken by gathering the withered leaves, and fetting
them on fire within the hollow of the tree3 fomctimcs they take
Jong briars, and twift them in the down and ikm, and 16 pull
them out : They have three forts of fquirrels , the firlt is the
oreat fox-lquirrel, much larger than the Englifiji and almoft as
grey as a common rabbet j thefe are very numerous, and they eat
as well as a rabbet 3 the fecond is the fiying-fquirrel, of a lighter
dun colour, and much lels than the Englip fquirrel^ the Ikin,
on either fide the belly, is very large between the fore and hinder
legs, which aflifts them very much in their fkipping from one
bough to anoiher, that they will leap farther than the fox-lquir-
rel, tho' fmaller j the third is the ground- fquirrel, they arc laid
to be a littte larger than a moufe, and finely Ipotted like a young
fawn, they are a fort of dormoule, only different in colour:
Mu(k-rats are cxa£lly fliaped like our water-rats, only Ibmething
larger 5 they build houfes, as beavers do, in marfhes by the wa-
ter-fide, with two or three ways to them, and they are finely
plaifler'd wifhin 5 they confift of three ftories, and they retire
from one into the other, as the water rifes : There are two forts
of bats 3 one of which is large with long ears and particularly long
ftraggling hairs, the other is much like the Englijh^ but Ibme-
thing larger: JBcavers build their houfes in like manner as the
muik-rats do, only they are larger 5 with pieces of timber they
make dams over rivers 3 either to preferve their furs dry m their
paffage over them, or to catch fiih 3 they are very fubtle crea-
tures: They have leveral forts of frogS3 one of a prodigious
largenels, eight or ten times as big as any in England^ and it
makes a noile like the lowing of a bull, or the hollowing lounding
noileof a bittc-rn^ there is another fmall lort of frog, which makes
a noife like pack-liorle bells during all the Ipringj a third iort,
which is alfo green, will leap prodigioully, and on that account
is called the flying-hog: I'here are in Virginia about 7 Ibrts of
fnakes3 as the rattle-lnake, which is fb called from certain rattles
at the end of the tail 3 thele rattles appear like {o many withered
joints with a dry hulk over them 3 and the common opinion is,
that there arc as many rattles or joints as the Inake is years old 3
the young ones of a year or two have no rattles, yet they are
eafily known, being checquered with black and grey on the
back 3 the old fnakes fliake and quiver thicle rattles with furj^ri-

fing

RoYAt Society. u^

fing agility, when they are any way difijrdered : their bite is very

noxious, but not always of the fame efficacy, but more or Jefs

niorta , as the Ituke is m force and vif-our; and therefore in %rw

/'y'' *, , "^ -' """"^ *°'''^' '"^ more ntal than in AUnb

TtT '/u' 7''^ ".^ ""'i'^'"" '°" «f" "'^at«^. a"J will

offn7v'" ,'^"j'"Z,*'''"S' ""l<^ft provoked; but if any thing

thH^ r 'l 1"^'^^^^"-J^'y '°"= An Mia,,, being bit by one oT

the e fnakes between the fingers, bound hi. arm as\ard as poffi-

blewith a ftring and clapped a hot burning coal on the place,

and leared ir, whereby he was cured, but ite looked pale for

th^lT ' f'^u''" ^l- ^^"y""' ''^^"''^ °"^ °f fh^ l^ft me-
f ppofes the efficacy of their poifon to Lm m thicfcmna the
bloodj viperj, and all the viperous kind, as rattle-fnakes," «£?f.
that are noxious, have their teeth fiftulous; and therefore they

teeth into the mafs of blood; now as the effect of this poifon is
to coagulate the blood, as feveral malignant fevers alfo do n a
fuch cales volatile falts feem to be tlie propereft phyfick as thev
Keep the blood fluid; and bleeding feems to be^vely preiudicia?
asitdiminilhesthefpirits, and congeals the blood^L Wr-
and by this method, Mr. C^YS^had'cnred feveraj patient.s : The
blowing. fnakeis an abiilute lpec.es of a viper, but laX than

and diftend its head, and IWell very much before it bites, whkh
IS v;ery morta ; it is very remarkable, that none of theie Zk,s
make that hiflmg „o,fe, as thofe in E^gla.d do, but only fl^oo
ibr Sfadr? r^ ""if^ r^ ^"i-'hem: There is Inothe
d/rV W ^ "'■'"• 'f'!-^ '^' Red/„akei they are of an ugly
tt T? '°'°"/' *?'''"'"2 '°''^i ^heir bellies^re of a mf e
thiSo is of th?* ' ^f^'/'Z^: °f vermillion-red on either fide"
Sv foke (^''P.l'if"'^ = The horn-fnake is another fpecies of
thhl nt' ''f'^ ^'°"' '^^ ^°"' " 1^^^ i" "' fronr, where-

fnake The' M v^rV "'"f P''°P"'y ^' ''^""'"^ '° «he dart-
Z,^\ I ^'^'^''-'n^'"^ 's the larged, its bite is not dcem-d
mortal, but the wound fwells and turns to a running fore; W
a others mft'lT'Y'"' ^r^'' ^"'^ ^°^''- ^he cortftak f o^f
are not lo regular neither has it any r.-tles they arc morf fre

noT^Uen-r'Tt ''"' ^^^ V^'^k the'nameVttrfe
Vol m ^''^*«"-*"^keisa Imall fnakc, theyaieof an

P v,gly

114 MEMOIRS of the

ugly aark blackiih colour, and they are reckoned the leaft venc-
mous of any.

The TUmion of a Paroquet 5 by Mr. Rich. Waller. Phil.
^ Trani:N°2ii. p. 159-

THERE is a great variety of fpecies in the parrot-kind,
whether we confider the country, fize or colour 5 Johtijon
favs, the curious have obferved above an hundred forts of them:
The fixth fpecies, by Margravm, comes very near our iubjeCt^
its fize IS between a iparrow and a black-bird with a ihort neck ,
black eves, a crooked fcarlet bill, greyifli kgs and feet, with
toes, two before and two behind, like the parrot 5 yet he never
flands on one f(;ot to cat with the other, as parrots do^ when he
Hands ftill on the perch, his bread and belly iliew of a curioys
linht green, his back, and the feathers of his wings, are W-
whatclarker^ on his pinions are fome fliort blue feathers, as alfo
leveral on his rump 3 his bill is encompafled up to the eyes with
a broad beautiful Icarlet circle, reaching alfo down to his throat;
this part in the hen is of a paler orange-colour, and tnis is the
only obfervable difference 5 the feathers of the tail, which in all
fmall paroquets is no longer than the wings are not to be leen but
vvhen he flutters or fpreadsit; they are about two inches Jong
nc?r the quill, of a lemor colour, inclining to a green, next a
icarlet for a pretty fpace, then a narrow ftreak of green on .omc
of them, after that a black, and lall of all ending in a light green :
Having opened the Thorax and Ahhmen, by blowina into the
Jhera Arteria, a large cavity or bladder was railed up al
along the Abdomen to the edges of the Os Ifchion and faftencd
to the gizzard, containing in it all the guts and gizzard, but
excluding the heart and liver; a conformation like this, is ob-
ferved in" all birds, and peculiar to them : The AJiJsra ArtcrtA
differs from that of mod other animals, having not onljr a Laryrm
at the top thereof, as is ufual, but another alio at its entrance
into the bread, where it is divided, and branches itlelf mco two ;
from this druaure, which is laid to be common to all parrots, it
may po^Tibly be, that they can lb readily imitate human voices;
but this animal never attempts an imitation of words, making
only a dirill chirping noife, doubling the tone, or making it
eight notes lower, as ^a dopped organ-pipe is an eighth to the
fame open: this lower Larynx may aflid the weak hbric ot io
imall a creature as a parrot, to counterfeit lo bals a voice as a
»an^s; it being obferved by fome ingenious perlons, that parrots

Royal Society. iiS

are Verimloquiy and that it may be queried, whether all ven-
triloquous cheats may not by nature be framed for luch an im^
pofture: The heart, in proportion to the animal, was large, and
the liver fmall : The tongue was broad and thick, at the extre-
mity Ibmewhat like a man's, whence a parrot hath its name
rt>Qp«y7r©Q/Afe)TT<^ 5 its extremity was armed with a horny cover :
It has, befides the gizzard, two craws, the uppermoft being only
a receptacle, or fack for the food, which is canary-leed, to be
again returned to the mouth, where it is re-chewed, having
before been only hufked, this animal ruminating as fome quadru-
peds do j and Mr. IValkr oMervcd this bird, when upon the perch,
not only bring up its food again into its mouth, and there chew it.
but when the cock and hen fit together on the perch, he would
put the food out of his own mouth into the hen's 5 their manner of
chewing is thus, the under bill, being much fliorter, fliuts within
the upper, or againfV theroof of the mouth, which is fitted with
leveral rows of very fmall crofsbars, as the mouths of horles,
dogs, and fome other animals are j thefe bars are not fofr, but
horny, as being part of the upper bill; fo that the bird, by car-
rying the edge of the under bill and end of the tongue, againfl
the ridges in the upper, breaks and reduces to a pap the feeds
that have been firft moiftened in the craw, to expedite which
a61ion, the upper bill is joined jufl below the eyes ; the food,
being thus macerated, is by the Gula again committed to the
lecond craw, but before its entrance into it, it paffes by a number
of fmall glands, placed in that part of the Gula ^ that the food
may iqueeze out of them in its paffage, a juice, of what necef^
fity in digeftion may be enquired 5 from hence the food paffes
into the gizzard, or proper ventricle, fmall in comparifon of the
Inglumes-, or crop; where, by feveral flones picked out of the
land given it, and by the motion of the gizzard, it is comminuted,
and thence tranfmitted to the inteftines, on the fides of which,
within a fmall diftance, is placed the Pancreas.

The explication of the figures 3 ^, Fig. 2. Plate V. the
Affera Arteria ; b that part which forms, as it were, another
Larym-j c part of the Gula-^ d the upper craw; ^ the hearty
/y^the Fence axiliares-, gg the jugulars; b a fmall gland on one
of them; il the two auricles of the heart; kk the liver; /the
gizzard.

a, Fig. ^. the T'racbea-j bbthc Larynx^ by which parrots are
rendred ventriloquous ; cc the two branches of the Trachea.

P 2 da^

'Ii6 M E U O IK S of the

ad^ Fig. 4. the Comua of the Os Hyoides-, bh tv;o mufcles
of the Larynx 5 <; the fififure or G/o///i , ^ the 'Trachea-^ e the
tongue ; / the horny end thereof.

a a Fig. 5. the Tejies-y bh the fDeferenna-, c c the kidneys;
dA the tf refers,

a Fig. 6' the upper part of the Guldj b the firfl or upper craw;
i that part of the Gida^ vvhofe infide is glandulous; d the lower
craw; e the gizzard or the ventricle; / the firft inteftine; gg
the 'Pancreas.

a Fi[];. 7. the upper bill; h the infide of it; Ad the upper
jaw ; c the place where the upper bill is moveable ; e a paUage
to the noflrils ; / the lower bill ; g the upper bill in another po-
iition, to fhew the Imall ridges therein.

An ohjlinate Jaundice, accompanied "jcith an odd Cafe in Vilion;
by Mr. Sam. Dale. Phil. Tranf. N*" 211. p. 158.

GRACE 7)cnny$ of "Bra^ted Magna in the county o^ Effex,
about Cbriftmafs 1(589, ^^f^t- great grief and trouble of
mind the preceeding autumn, began to be affefted with the jaun-
dice; for which, after having about 9 months uied many medi-
cines, which were told her by her friends and acquaintance, but
without fucccfs ; flic in September 16^0 applied herfelf to
Mr. 2)dle, who prefcribed feveral medicines, famous in the moft
celebrated authors for the cure of the jaundice, yet they were of
no benefit to her; after which fhe had the advice of leveral
learned phyfic-ans both in the country and at London^ but without
any effe61:; and her body which ufed to be plump and fieihy was
become lean and emiaciated, almoft like a fkeleton, and her ap-
petite was little and depraved: In May i6^\, after an extraor-
dinary menftrual flux for about three months, ftie began, as foon
as the fun was down, to be deprived of her fight by degrees till
it was quite dark, when, tho' there was never fo big a fire, or
never fo many candles in the room, yet fhe could not difcern any
(.bje(^, except a linall glimmering of light, and thus fhe continued
till morning, as one ftone bhnd, when by little and little, as the
light encreafed, her fight returned, till the fun role, and then
fhe recovered her perfedl fip'ht : In this cafe fhe continued till
Anguft 1^91, v.hcn returning from Epfom^ where fhe had been
drinking the waters for about a month, her figlit returned to her
again, fo that flie could fee perfewly in the night; thus Hie con-
tinued till January following, when an extraordinary menftrual
flux lei^ing her again, ihe alio loll her nocturnal fight, and be-
came

Royal Society. 117

came blind again as formerly : In July 1(^93, ilie was feized
with a fever, when her {ight again returned, and continued for
about a month, and then left her as formerly , fb that now in
October 1593 ^^'^ ^^^'^ ^^^ nofturnal blindnefs, and the jaundice
likewife continues.

Obfervations on feveral Poilbns^ by Sir Theodore Mayerne.
Phil. Tranf. N° 211. p. i6z.

TH E venom of a viper in itfelf is not mortal to a robuil and
found body, and tho' very unhappy and mifchievous acci-
dents attend it, as a great tumour, teniion, and weight of the
part, humidity and variety of colour, phrenfies, convullions and
vomitings, yet in 8 or 10 days at moft thele fymptoms are over 5
and altho' the patient may be very ill, yet he recovers again;
whilft the poifon having run thro' divers parts of the body, at lafl
throws itfelf into the Scrotum, caufcs a great heat and quantity of
urine, very hot and fliarp, by which the poifon is difcharged • this
evacuation being the ordinary and mod certain crifis of the dil-
eafe : It is obfervable, that perfpiration being obftrufied by
the poifon, a man bit by a viper, and fwelled up, in three or
four days will weigh almoft as much more than he did before ; a
fickly perfon, under an ill habit of body, or fearful, infallibly
dies by this venom, and that in a fliort time, if not fpeedily re~
lieved 5 in the extreme nervous parts near the pulie and tongue,
the bite is dangerous, and the fymptoms very painful 5 fre/li
vipers, that have not bit, but have the bladders of the gums full
of poifon, are the moft mifchievous- wherefore mountebanks, to
impofe on the people, either make their vipers bite before they
bring them out, or, with a needle fcratch the gums, and fqueeze
out the poifon. The remedy for thefe great and painful Iwel-
lings IS, to drink the deco6tion of Marrubium, or the powder
taken internally, and to make a fomentation with the deco(5tion •
applying a cataplalm, made with Marrublimy tapfus barbatus
and Acrimony, on the place 5 /Iriftolochia is alfo a ftrong and
powerful antidote againft the viper; fo that if one be bit on the
tongue, he need only take a (lice of this root, heat it, and apply
ir, and it makes a cure, ^ontddus, a chemical mountebank, from
whom Sir Theodore had the abovementioned obfervations, had
compofed his antidote, of extra6i of juniper-berries drawn with a
deco6Hunof vootsoi rouud Ariftolochiay o^ Succifa, Marrubium
album, flowers of brimftone and of white vitriol; for poifons
not corroiive, fuch as thole of animals and vegetables, and even

for

ii8 MEMOIRSo/fl)f

for the p],ig^ue itlelf, which he imagined he could cure by the
fame remedy, he made ule of no vitriol 5 but if the poifon was
fublimate, which of itfcif excites vomiting, he added vitriol ;
not in a proportion to vomit, as a drachm, but only a fcruple, or
half a drachm, the vomiting being affifted by the corrofive poi-
Ibn itfelf: To encreafe the value of this antidote with the people,
when the experiment was made on dogs, ^ontdeus gave that dog
which was to die of the bite of the viper together with the anti-
<!ote a quarter of a Nii^ vomica^ not powdered but only cut in
bits, and the next day the dog would die 5 if it were powdered
the dog would ^aq. in half an hour^ and he faid, Nux vomica ne-
ver vomits but ihuts up the ftomach, and contra6ts the nerves by
its poifon 5 to preferve the dogs alive, you mull: give them with
the antidote or any thing elfe, three or four grains of fublimate,
which immediately fets them a vomiting, and lo faves them alive 5
he much efteemcd ATorfus2)iaboli^ Siiccifa^ or devil's bit, againffc
all forts of poiibns, efpecially the plague 5 a toad, he faid, had
no poiibn, any more than a frog.

The manner of the a61:ion of the viper's poifon is thus ; in
^bout I of an hour, a lyncope or fwooning feizes the patient with
trembling, and convulnons, tingling of the ears, and frequently
deafhels for a moment; next, as it were, a whitifh mift aj^pears
before his eyes, which foon vanifhes 5 the part, that is bit, Iwells,
at firft as big as a pea, after that it grows as big as a bean or a nut,
and encreafing, it fpreads over the neighbouring parts to a very
conilderable tumour and teniion of the fiefh, which grows oede-
matous, and by little and little falls into the Scrotum., and leaves
the part black, blue and yellowy it makes as it were bags in the
fkin, which feel heavy when you walk, as if fluffed with quick-
iilver^ ule what means you will, the poiibn will have its courfe,
and it is ufually three days before it comes to its height, and it is as
iong abating 5 ^ontdsus. affirms, that the gall of the viper is not
poiibnous, and that all the poifon is in the liquor in the gums,
which i'? yellow like oil ^ the viper is the mofl venomous of fer-
pents, the afp is but a ipecics of the viper; Napellus is a very
dangerous pcilbn, a6ing by its acrimony, but you muft take a
^rcat quantity of it, it burns the throat like alum 3 opium is the
moH miichievous of all poiibns.

The

Royal Society. 119

"Ihe Giant's Caufway^ ly Tir. Sam. Foley. Phil. Tranf.
N° 212. p. 170.

TH E Giant\ Caufway is ^oove 8 Englip miles north-caft
from rhe town oi Colraht^ antt* about three from the SuJJj-
tnillSy almoll directly north ; it runs from the bottom of an high
hill into the lea, how far is not known, but at low water its length
is about 600 foot, and its breadth, in the broadeft place, 240
foot, in the narroweft part 120 5 it is alio very unequal in height,
being in fome places q<> foot above the level of the flrand, and
in other places about 15 foot; it confiits of many thoufand pil-
Jars, moft of which fland perpendicular to the plane of the hori-
zon, and dole to each other; but Dr. Foley could not dilcera
whether they run down under ground like a quarry or not; Ibme
of tiie pillars are very long and taller than the reit, others /hort
and broken ; fome again for a great way are of an equal height,
fo that their tops form a level plain furface; many of them arc
imperfect, crack'd and irregular; others entire, uniform and
handiome, and theie of different ihapes and fizes; thev are almod
all pentagonal or hexagonal, only a few have feven (ides, and the
pentagons are more numerous than the hexagons, but they are all
irregular; Ibme of the pillars are 15, fome 1% inches, Ibme again
two foot in diameter ; none of them is one entire ilone, but every
pillar confifts of feveral joints or pieces, of which fome are <;,
fome 12, fome 18 inches, fome 2 foot deep; theic pieces jic as
clofe as it is poffible for one ilone to lie upon another, not joint-
ing with flat furfaces, but one of them is always concave lu ihc
middle, the other convex; thele joints are not always placed
alike; for in fome pillars the convexity is always upwards, and
in others it {lands always downwards ; when you force them rian-
der, both the concave and convex iurfaces are very finooth, 35 are
alfo the iides of the pillars, which touch each other, being of a
whitifli free-ftone colour, but of a finer and elder grit; whereas
upon breaking fome pieces off them, the infide appears like
dark marble. The pillars ftand clofe to each other, and tho*
fome have five fides, and others of them fix, yet their contexture
is fo adapted, that there is no vacuity between them, the inequa-
lity of the numbers of the fides of the pillars, being often m a
very furprifing and wonderful manner, throughout the whole
caufway, compenfated by the inequality of the breadths ^tA an-
gles of thofe fides ; fo that the whole at a little diftancc looks
very regular, and every fingle pillar retains its own thickneis, its
angles and fides from top to bottom. Thole pillars, which

ieem

120 M E M O I R S of fbe

feem to be entire as they were originally, are at the top flat
and rough, without any ftriated lines; thofe that lie low
to the fea are wafhed fmooth ; and others, that feem to have
their natural tops blown or wafhed off, are fbme concave, and
others convex. The high bank hanging over the caufway
on that fide which lies next it, and towards the fea, leenns
to be for the moft part compofed of the common fort of craggy
rock, only there are a few irregular pillars on the eaft-fide, and
fome firther on the north, called the Looms^ or Organs, flanding
on the fide of a hill, the pillars in the middle being the longefl,
and thole on each fide of them becoming fhorter and fhorter ; but
juft over the caufway, the tops of fome pillars appear out of the
fides of the hill, neither ftanding or lying fiat, but floping. The
leveral fides of one and the fame pillar are, as in the planes of
cryftals, of very unequal breadths; and in fuch as are hexagonal,
a broader fide always lubtends, or is oppofite to, a narrower ;
which fort of geometry, nature alio obfcrves in the formation of
cryftals.

jt^e Evaporation of Water in a clofe Room-^ by Mr. Edm.
Halley. Phil. Tranf. N° 212. p. 183.

IN order to explain the circulation of vapours experimentally,
Mr. Halley caufed an experiment of the quantity of vapours
rifing fimply from the warmth of the water, without being ex-
pofed either to fun or wind, to be made in GrefJjam college; and
adding up into one fum the evaporations of the whole year, he
found, that from a furface, as near as could be meafured, of eight
fquare inches, there did evaporate i6z^i grains of water, which
is 54 cubic inches of water, and that divided by eight inches, the
area of the furface of the water, fhcws that the depth of water
evaporated in one year, amounts to eight inches. But this is by
much too little to anfwer the experiments of the French, who
found that it rained 19 inches of water in a year at'Payis; or thofe
of Mr. 'loivriky, who, by a long continued fcries of obiervations,
hath fafiiciently Proved, that in T.av.capire, at the foot of the
hills, there falls above 40 inches of water in a whole year; whence
it is very obvious, that the fun and wind are much more the
caufes of evaporation than any internal heat or agitation of the
water. The fame obfcrvations do alio ihew <^\^\ odd quality in
the vapours of water, which is thar of adhering to the furface
whence they exhaled, whj^h they cloath, as it were, with a
fleece of vaporous air, which once in^el.Jng it, the vapours rife
afterwards in much lels quantity; which appeared by the fmall

quantity

RoVAL Society. 121

quantity of water that was loft in the fpace of 14 hours, when
the air was very calm, in proportion to what evaporated when
there blew a ftrong gale, tho' the experiment was made in a place
as clofe from wind as could be well contrived 5 for which realbn,
Mr. Halley does not at all doubt, that had the experiment been
made, where the wind had come freely, it would have carried
away at leaft three times as much, without the afliftance of the
fun, which might perhaps have doubled it. By the fame expe-
riment it like wife appears, that the evaporations in May^ J^ti^'^t
jfuly^ and Augufty which are nearly equal, are about three times
as much as what evaporates in the four months of Novembery
jDecefyber^ January^ and Felrua^y, which are likewile nearly
equal 5 3farcb and April anlwering almofl to September and
OBcher. This fleece of vapurs in calm weather, hanging on
the iurface of the water, is the occafion of very flrange appearances,
by whole refraction, difttring from that of the common air, every
thing appears raifed, as houles like fteeples, /hips as if on land
above the water, and the land elevated, and, as it were, lifted
from the fea, and often feeming to overhang. And this may
give a tolerable account of feeing the cattle at high-water in the
Jfle ofUozi from Greerrjoicb, where none arc to be feen at low-
water; which lome have endeavoured to explain, by fuppofing
the I/Ie of Dogs to be railed by the tide running under it 3 but
the vaporous effluvia of water, having a greater degree of refrac-
tion than the common air, may fuffice to bring thole rays down
to the eye, which, when the water is retired, and the vapours
fubfide therewith, pals above 5 and confequently objeds feen at
one time, may be conceived to difappear at another time.

A Stove for prefervitig Plants ^ by Sir Dudley CuUum. Phil.
Tranf N° 2I2. p. 191.

SI R Dudley made a ftove in his green-houfe, according to
Mr. Evelyns invention, publiflied in the Calemlariiwt Hor-
tenfe-j he laid his pipes of crucible earth, not too near the fire-
grate, which was about 16 inches j he made a trench the
whole length of his houle under the paving, about 18 inches m
breadth, and as many in depth, covered with an arch of bricks ;
at the other end of the trench, having an iron plate about 18
inches fquare, to take off and put on, with a round hole at each
corner, of about three inches diameter, with a lid to Aide open
and fhut; fo that by opening any of thele holes, or all of them
mere or lefs, or tc^king off the whole plate, a certain quantity of
air might be admitted to blow the fire more or lefs; and for the
more equal diftributing the air at its admiffion thro' the houfe, he
infected his pipes into'a channel all along the wall, at the end of
V^L. III. Q^ the

122 M B M O I R S of the

the houfe, with thofe leveral overtures mentioned by Mr. Evelyn^
all which lurcecded admirably well.

A Catalogue of thofe Oils, that zv ill take Fire with a great Noife and
Explofton, when the Compound fpirit of Nitre is poured upon any of
them-, aid of thofe Oils that only make a great Noife with Expkfion,
but zv ill not take Fire ; and alfo of thofe, th,'2t neither caufe an Efferve-
fcence or Explofton. The fir Ji is marked with ttvo Stars **. The fecond
with one *• The laH has no jnark at all; by Dr. Slare. Phil. TranC
N'' 213. p. 200.

[EJJential

I ^Perfedl Stillatiom made byl

I X iht Analyfis o[\.\\e chytni

•I <^ cal Fires^ where the olea-

i) ginous Particles are truly
^ feparated from all other,

Seeds,

Berries.

r Light, or ^thereal,\\h.\ch.
fpecifjcally lighter

than Water and Brandy^.
and fome than Spirit of^
fVine. and are ufu.illy
drawn from the Seeds oi
Vegetables : Such as from

Carvi **
Cummin *
Fennel*
Dill *

Ir Juniper *
Bay *
Thyme * ^

Wormwood * 'i
yingelica * I
Hyfop* I

Lavender * I

Rofemary * ^ Tops oiPlants,
Penny ro^al *

Rue

Savin *

Lemons *

Oranges *

Nutmegs *

^ Cloves **

P';;;^^;-^^j or heavy, which Saffafras **

do commonly fmk in Wa\Guajacum *

ter^ being dillilied from )Box **

the heavy Parts either of \Catnphite *

the Wood or Cortex oi ^^ J amaita Pepper

Trees, Such as from (. Cinamon **

liot Effential C Almonds 9

CImperfea, made by Ex-^.Olives >

) prejfton, which are dc-<Walnuts ^

\ compounded of {tvtTz]J Line ?

(^ Parts of the Plants ; as of C R^^pe

Fruits.

Wood.

I

Cortex,

Fraits,

Seeds,

Animal of foUd Parts — —
Fluid — -^ ^ -^

Mineral o^ — , -« -^ —

Hdrtfhofn **
Man's Skull **
Hoofs **

Humane Blood *'*
Amber or Succiniitn,
Petroleum.
Barbado's Tar.
Bee's Wur.,

Take

Royal Society. 123

Take of any of the eflential oils, fet down in the catalogue, one
part, of the conapound fpirit of nitre two parts, ( and thele may
be drachms) and they will, with great celerity and noiie, pro-
duce a flame, which lafts a very little while, but leaves an infipid
Caput Atonuutn^ as light and taftlefs as a cobweb.

Note, I. This experiment fliould be made under a chimney,
or any convenient draught, that ib the ofFenfive fleams may eva-
porate. 2. A gally-pot, capacious enough to hold 4 or 5 ounces
of water, may be a convenient veffel for this experiment, if you
only ufe the abovementioned proportion 5 but if you ufe larger
quantities, then you mult enlarge the vefTel. 3. You mufl put
the oil into the galley-poc firft, becaufe the fpirit, being heavier,
does the better pafs thro' the oil, and make a more expeditious
mixture, and it mull: not be dropped in gradually, but all at
once. 4. Take care not to hold your head too near the galley-
pot, leaft the ludden explolion of the matter ihould throw up
Ibme of it into your face. 5. The compound fpirit will lole
much of its virtue, if kept too long.

To prepare the compound Ipirif of nitre, take of faltpetre and
oil of vitriol equal parts, and dillill thele out of a retort in a good
land-furnace, fo that the fand continue red-hot for fome hours,
for the fire cannot be too great , the fumes will arile of a very
deep red colour, and will lettle in the receiver in the form of a
liquor, which mull be carefully prelerved from the air, this being
the fpirit with which all the experiments were made, which are
referred to in the catalogue. To make the common fpirit of ni-
tre, you need only mix 5 or 5 times as much clay as you take of
nitre, and diftil them in a retort, and you may obtain a ftrong
fpirit of nitre this way, elpecially if you dephlegmate and rectify
it to the bell advantage 5 with this Dr. Slare made an experi-
ment of accenfion, that fucceeded fometimes , but with great un-
certainty, the firll, which is called the compound fpirit of nitre,
being only to be relied on 5 this compound fpirit leems to be the
a£live principle that ftirs up the oily, or morepaflive particles to
take fire 5 which will more ealily be allowed, if we conlider that
the compound fpirit of nitre does not only confifl of all thole ig-
neous particles to be found in common fpirit of nitre, but that it
has alio thole fiery particles, which oil of vitriol contains, croud-
ed into the fpirit of nitre. For farther illullration let us confider,
that oil of vitriol is a creature of the fire, that the fulphur.
which is plentiful in vitriol, or copperas, is accended, and after-
wards diftilled over in the form of a liquor, which is a liquid
fort of fire, as having many properties thereof^ if you put it to

Q_ 2 warerj

124 M E M O I R S 0/ tbe

water, it will make it boiling hot 5 it burns not only linnen and
woollen, but alio wood to a coal, and fcarcely Ipares any thing.
Nitre, the other ingredient of this fpirit, is very lulceptible of
flame, which does alfo incorporate many igneous and corrofive
partich's, after it has lb many hours lain ignited in the fire, and
comes over, by diftillation, very highly impregnated with the
fame fiery particles, as is obvious to any one that hath uled to
make experiments therewith 3 for nitre itlelf has no diflblvingor
heating quality, but is a great cooler and can hardly be reckoned
amongll acids 5 but after it comes out of the fire, in the form of a
Ipirit, it tears to pieces almoft all metals, and brings them to a
fort of fufion, as aflual fire does 3 it diffolves animals, vegeta-
bles, and minerals, and produces many of the effects of firej
therefore from an union of thefe very fiery fpirits there refults a
much greater quantity of igneous matter. That fire is very apt
to incorporate with fluids, and even fuch as have had but a Imall
communication therewith, appears probable from an experiment
exhibited before the Royal Society • there was taken of Ipirit
of wine highly re6iified, a wine glals half full, and a tender
thermometer was placed in the glafs, and then a Ipoonful of water
was put to it, this immediately warmed the liquor, and made the
weather-glafs alcend two inches j the liquor in the weather-glafs
fubfided as the other mixture grew cold. The lame thing was
made lenfible to the touch, by filling the palm of the hand with
fpirit of wine, and putting a fmall quantity of cold water into
the iame hand, and it fenfibly warmed the hand. Dr. Slare is of
opinion that there is fcarcely any thing, which lies long in the
fire, but is apt to retain fome igneous particles ; which appears to
be the cafe in all fixt falts, in quicklime, and more particularly
in iron 3 if you take a bar of iron, tho* a hundred years old, and
file off about a pound of it, and then mix and Ibak thele filings
in a due proportion of water, enough to make the whole jull
moill^ the fire, which all this while lay concealed in the iron,
being more dilpofed to enter into the fluid, does, by thefe me.^ns,
warm the whole mafs. The iron gained this heating quahty by
fufion m thole fierce fires, which firft leparated the metal from
the ore J for that it is not in the nature of the ore before fufion to
emit any heat, has been found by mixing water therewith. There
are a great many other inftances, which make it very plain, that
fire will add both to the bulk and weight of bodies.

Oils may be diftinguifhed into vegetable, animal, and mineral 5
vegetable oils are again fubdivided into thole made by exprefllon,
and thole by diftillation5 and of thole made by dilUllation, fuch

as

Royal Society, 125

as are made out of the leeds are diilinguiflied from thofe made out
of the trunks, bark, roots, or any other part of the vegetable j
there is farther a difference obfcrved between thofe feeds, that
have only a fragrant fmell, and a pungent talte only, and thofe
that have both odorous effluvia and a brilk tafte, and alfb thofe
that are infipid, and have no fmart tafte. In the firft place we
muft iet afide thofe oils made by expreffion, for having tried oil
of linfeed, of nuts, of olives, of almonds, ^r. they would nei-
ther make an explofion er ebullition, or lb much as any fermenta-
tion with the compound fpirit of nitre ^ nor could they be brought
to incorporate without much ftirring^ and when they did unite,
the heat was but juft: lenfible. To examine briefly the mineral
oils, there are fome, as oil of vitriol, oil of i\x]^hur per Campa-
tiam^ that have not any property of oils, but are rather acids and
corroding menftruums; there are others which have the true pro-
perty of effential oils, as oleum 'Petreoliy and Barbados tar
highly re6tified, which do not produce any remarkable heat,
much lefs an ebullition or exploiion, nor does that atiive oil of
amber do any thing mor^; the itillatitious oil of bees- wax had
much the fame effe6l, when incorporated with the compound
fiery fpirit 5 and this makes it probable that wax itlclf may be a
compound rather of a mineral than vegetable nature. Now of
thole eflential oils, which produce a great ebullition, explofion,
and flame with the compound fpirit there are two Ibrts, vegetable
and animal 5 the true vegetable effential oils do all of them make
a violent ebullition and explofion, and feveral of them actually
take fire and flame, as the catalogue of experiment fpecifies. If
it be inquired into, what (hare the oil has in producing this fire»
whether it be only a pabulum or fuel, for the fpirit to actuate, and
fo be merely paffive ? Or whether it contributes any particles that
help to excite this flame ? In order to the refolving this doubt, we
are to confider, that thefe effential oils are produced from ^t^ds^
that have very active or warm parts or fpirits, luch as will eafily
ferment and heat • and befides the potential heat of the vegetable,
eflential oils contain a volatile lalt, which gives much of that
pungency to the tafte 5 therefore thele oils are not a bare pabulum
ignis y or an una£live principle, but do on a double account, as
well on the fcore of the incalefcent oil as of the inherent faltj?,
coni'pire with the compound fpirit to make this great heat, explofion
and accenfion. In the catalogue of experiments, we may farther
oblerve, that of the light eflential oils drawn from feeds of vege-
tables, all of them do make a great ebullition with an explofion
but that few of them do n^^ually take fire- and that all thole,

ex-

126 xM E M O I R S ^Z' the

extra6led from trunks, or other parts of vegetables, do certainty
take fire, and flame ; wherefore obferving, that thofe that do not
take fire or flame, do yet make as great an explofion and ebulli-
tion, and probably as great a heat, as thole that did, one might
be apt to impute this to the lightnefs and too great fubtility and,
volatility of thoie eflential oils, whofe very attive particles too
loon exhale, or fly away j and this conjecture feems to be juftified
by the addition of a more rampus body, as balfam of fulphur
made with oil of turpentine, to the mod volatile and fubtile oils,
which then produce a flame, whofe particles being grofl^er, or
more ramous, will detain the more volatile oil from too fudden
an explofion, and give more time to the fiery fpirit -to penetrate,
and mix itfelf with thole combuftible materials 5 and this may be
one reafon, why the ponderous oils diftilled from the roots or
ligneous parts of a plant do all take fire ; viz. becaule the parts
of this fort of oil, lying cloler together, do not fo foon diffipate
after the fpirit is thrown upon it • and then, as to the fpecific
oravity, the difference is alio very confiderable, which any one
may find by this familiar way 3 if you fill a glafs with one ounce
of the effential oil of the leeds, you will require nine drachms of
the ponderous oil of the vegetable to fill up the fame fpace • this
is alfo obvious to any fpe6lator, that moft of thefe oils, thus
diftilled, are more ponderous than common water, by their fink-
ing to the bottom ^ whereas all eflential oils, extra6led from the
leedy parts, do fwim on water, and Ibme are lighter than the
beft re6lified fpirit of wine, but moft of them are lighter than
brandy, which has made the Chemifts call them etherial oils.
In the catalogue of experiments, you may find which are the
ponderous oils that do conftantly take fire: Moreover, the
ponderous oils have yet one advantage over the lighter vola-
tile oilsj for being expoled to a longer and greater degree of
fire than the othe'rs, they unite more igneous particles, which
being put into motion, may contribute Ibmething to caule this
accenfion.

The oils diftilled from animal bodies do all of them take fire
and flame, but with this difference, that they do not produce lb
great an explofion as the vegetable do, but do more certainly
take fire, and continue their flame longer, but not fo fierce as the
other. If we rightly examine the conllitution or texture of this
oil, we have ieveral properties adapred to the production of this
effect ; there is a much greater degree of fire required in the
diftillation of this oil than is necefliry for that of the vegetable 5
a greater quantity alio of volatile lalts do pafs over vvirh the oil ;

and

Royal Society. 127

and the oil is ponderous, and finks in water 5 all which circum-
ftances will contribute to a more conftant accenfion.

Oleum Succini is juftly put in the catalogue of minerals, and is
produced by a flrong degree of fire, yet it caules no motion, and
Icarcely any incalelcence, notwithllanding it abounds in volatile
falts^ the reafon is, becaufe thefe falts are not properly volatile,
as alcr.li's are, but do belong to the family of acids, and fb can
make no fermentation with this compound fpirit, which is itfelf
highly acid.

One furprifing effe£l of this fiery mixture was as follows 5 half
a drachm of the oil of carvi-leed was poured into a fmall gally-
pot, which was placed under a glafs that held three pints upon
M. 'Papin's exhaufting engine, and having cleared it of air, the
phial was turned up, in order to lee what effefl would enfue in
this fort of Vacuum upon this mixture ; but in a moment the re-
ceiver Wcis blown up, and the mixture in a flame 5 which was the
more furprifing, as the honourable Mr. Soyk found that in all his
experiments tlie removal of the air did almofl always extinguifli
both light, fire, and flame. The blowing up of the glafs does
alio make the experiment the more extraordinary, and puzzles
one how to account for fo great a quantity of air, as was produced
from thefe liquors, which amounted only to a drachm and a half •
for here was required not only air fufficient to fill up the capacity
of the veflel, but likewile h great a preflure within, as exceeded
that great incumbent weight ,of air that prefled on this capacious
glafs without, whole diameter was fix inches, and depth above
eight, for otherwife it would not, have thrown it up into the air.

This fiery mixture and gun-powder agree, in that both do heat,
burn, and flame, and alfo do confiderably refifl: and raife up
bodies that oppofe them; in both, the air is much agitated and
expanded ^ but they differ, in that gun-powder will not be made
to take fire, or make any explofion in Vacuo j that gun-powder is
a compofition of the drielt and mofl: combuftible materials-
whereas one of the two fluids is not eafily made to burn by itfelf^
and the other will extinguifli common fire^ that gun-powder
requires a£iual fire to bring it to an accenfion 3 whereas in this
you have only two liquors, both cold to the touch, that produce
fire and flame by the bare joining and mixing them together.

"the

128 MEMOIRSoftbe

Tlhe 2)iff'erence of Timber in different Countries, and felled at
different Seafons-^ by M. Leevvenhoeck. PhiJ. Tranl. N° 2 1 5.

P«» -< /I.

IT is the common opinion, that timber, which is ft-lled in
winter, is ftronger and more lading, as being cloler and firmer
than that which is felled in lummerj but M. L^eixenhoeck is of
opinion, that there is no difference, except in the bark, and out-
moll rinjT of the wood, which in the lummer is fofter, and {o
more eaiily pierced by the worm j wood confifting of hollow pipes,
which, both in fumraer and winter being full of moiflure, do not
fhrink in winter, and therefore the wocd cannot be cloler at one
time than another, for otherwife it would be full of cracks and
clefts. The fudden and unexpefled rotting of Ibme timber, he
conceives to proceed from lome inward decay in the tree, before
it was felled ; having oblerved all trees to begin to decay at firft
in the middle, or heart of the tree, tho' polTibly the tree may
ftand and grow for near a hundred years afterwards, and increafe
in bignefs kll along. He fays, he was once of opinion, that trees,
growing in good ground, but increaling flowly, were the beft and
ftrongeft timber ^' and that thole trees, which in few years grew
large, were the Ibfteft and britlccft^ the contr ,ry to which, upon
inquiry of experienced workmen, he found to be true, and he
inftances in an elm of 80 years growth, which was 1 1 foot in cir-
cumference, and proved excellent tough timber. The age of
trees is to be known by the number of rin^s to be feen, when the
tree is cut a-thwart, in each of which rings is one circle of large
open pipes j now the fewer there are of* thefe large pipes, the
flronger the timber isj wherefbre, by conlequence, thefe trees
that make the largeft growth in a year, muft be the cloieft and
flrongcH, and therefore thole trees, that grow in warm countries,
grow faH-cfl:, and are the beft and toughclt timber^ which he con-
firms by Riga and Dantzic oak, which is of a fiow growth, and
proves Ipongy and brittle timber 5 whereas the C( irrary is obler-
vable in En^lijh and French oak, which gruvvs falter, and is
excellent timber.

T'he "Polarity of Iron. Phil. Tranf. N° 214. p. 257 •

IT is kiv:>wn, that a rod of iron held perpendicular to the
horizon, Oi h-'clining, the lower end is its north pole, or arnacls
the louth end of a maguetic; needle 5 and that the lame end held
upwards, becomes a iouth pole, or attracts the north end of the

needle,

Royal Society^ 129

needle, and repels the fcjuth end. That is a mutuble pole, which
may be north or loath, as you hold it 5 and a fixed pole, that
which does not change, however you hold it. The ipecies of the
pole, whether north or Ibuth, may be found by paffing the iron
rod thro' cork or wood, and then leaving it to Iwim on water, it
will turn to its proper pole; but this way is (low, and not accurate 5
a better way to try, for inftance, a north pole, is to hold the iron
perpendicular to the horizon, and to try, whether being held under
the north end of the needle, it attra61:s it 3 but a yet better way is to
try whether the upper end of the rod attradt the'louth end needle;
for attraction is more fenfible than repulfion. A fixed north pole
may be made after all the ways, and with all the rods that you
can make a fixed fouth pole, but not en the contrary ; for there
are many cales, wherein you can make a fixed north pole, but not
a fixed fouth pole; and whatever way you obtain a fixed fouth
pole, it is weaker than a fixed north pole made the lame way ;
applying a needle to an eredt bar, beginning at the top, and i'o
d-own, the needle turns not at the middle, but nearer ; of Ibme
rods you cannot make a fixed fouth pole primarily, yet you may
conlequentially ; fo you may make one end a fixed north pole,
and then the other end of thofe rods may, without more a-do,
become a fixed north pole; but this doth not always hold, for
the one may be a fixed north pole, and the other may be a muta-
ble pole. Fire deflroys all fixed poles, whether made by the
magnet, or otherwife; but it increafes, or rather lels impedes that
magnetifm, which proceeds from the earth ; a wire or rod of iron
heated at one end, that end becomes a mutable pole, but more vi-
gorous whilft hot than cold; the vigour of mutable poles is more
in great than Irnall rods; but it is otherwirein fixed poles. Heat
the end of a rod of iron red hot, or heat all the rod, and cool
that ignited end northwards, it will be a fixed north pole; if
cooled Ibuth, it becomes a fixed Ibuth pole; this Gilbert 3lx\A
others aflert from experience, but this holds only in Ibme cales ;
*viz> if the rod is fliort, you cannot make a fixed pole that way.
Take a round wire, whole diameter is f inch, and length
10 inches, you cannot produce a fixed pole by ignition; but if
this wire was longer, as luppofe 50 inches, or never lb much
longer, it is capable of a fixed pole by ignition. Again, take a
round rod 30 inches long, and i inch in diameter, this rod is not
capable of a fixed pole at that length, tho' the lefler was capable
thereof at the fame length ; and experiments give reafon to think,
that there is not any rod or bar of iron ever lo thick, but which,
if it had lufficient length, would be capable of a fixed pole by
Vol, hi. " R. bate

130 M E M O I R S 19/ the

bare ignition 5 and there is no rod, ever fo fhort, but which, ff
you nnake it fufficiently thin, is capable of a fixed pole^ the
neceflary length, for every thickneis, increafes more than one
would think. Heat a rod, or its end, red hot, and thoroughly
cool this end downwards, or towards the Nddir, it will have
Ibmething nnore of magnetifm than if cooled horizontally towards
the north , but the better way is to cool it, a little inclining to-
wards the north ; repeated ignitions do not produce more magne-
tilm than one good ignition, but it mud be thoroughly heated 5
nor does quenching in water contribute to the producing or hin-
tlering maj;nctiliTJ5 but many ignitions m.ay accidentally promote
it, by puritying the iron. Dr. 'Poiver lays, that if a rod is held
northwards, and the north end is hammered in that pofition, it
will become a north pole, /'. e. a fixed north pole - contrarily, if
you hammer the fouth end ^ but this is true, as we faid before
of ignitions, only in rods of a certain length and thickneis.
What is faid of Hammering is to be underftood of filing, grind-
ing, drilling, fawing, even a foft rubbing, providing it be done for
ibme time, will produce fixed poles 5 the heavier the blows are,
c^eteris paril^uSy the magnetifm is the greater 5 I fay, ceteris
f^ribiiSy as when the blows are not fo heavy in either cafe as to
flat the iron, for flatting it produces more magnetifm, tho' other
things do not vary 5 a few hard blows will produce as much mag-
netilrn as many, yet a foft blow may caule but little magnetifm 5
the utmoft magnetifm produced this way, did not exceed what
an ordinary magnet would have communicated. Striking many
rods of proper lengths northwards, a fixed north pole never failed
to be produced; but hammering the fame, or like rods, Ibuth-
wards, no fixed Ibuth ,pole could be produced, only a mutable
pole; nay, hammering one full fouth, the author produced a
fixed north pole, which he thought might be owing to this, that
the hammered Ibuth end on the anvil was a little lower than the
end he held in his hand; then he held the end higher, and {o
hammering it f )uthwards, he never failed producing fixed ibuth
poles in proper rods. Old drills and punches are fixed north
poles^ becaule almoli conftantly ufed downwards. The flrongcr
the polarity is, the longer it will lait ; a weak fixed pole may
degenerate into a mutable pole in a day's time ; on the contrary,
needles, touched with good loadflones, hold that virtue a
great while, if kept from air, and in a meridian fite. The
ioaddone itfelf will not make a fixed pole of any iron; it
muO- have a proper length if it is thick; or if it is ihort,
;t mull: have a fufficienc thinnefs; fo ordinary or v;eak load-

ftoncs

Royal Society. 131

Hones cannot fix a pole in a thick fhort key, which yet they
,will do in a imall key^ fo in a fliort thick iron, tapering, a
loadltone may fix a pole in the fmall end, when it cannot
in the great end. \Yhen ignition, hammering, or a loadftone
cannot make fixed poles, it muft not be thought that it can do
ablolutely nothing on luch rods 5 for even then it may be
found, that there is an effect of maguetifm in them difcerniable
enough otherwiie, tho' not lufficient to make fixed poles. VV hen
you have the due length for making of a fixed pole, you will find
that the making one a fixed north, will confequently render the
other a fixed foath pole 5 but if keeping the fame diameter of
this rod, you encreaie its length luiSciently the making one end
a fixed north pole will not neceflarily make the other a fixed
iouth pole , but leave it a mutable pole ^ fo if you by a like pri-
mary operation make the fecond end a fixed pole, the firfl will
loole it's fixednefs and become mutable 5 1 lay, there is a certain
length fuited to every thicknefs of iron, to leave one end mutable,
whilfl the other is fixed, and the thicker the iron is, the greater
is the length ; if you firther encreaie the length of the fame rod,
you will attain fuch a length, that when you have fixed a pole on
one end, then go to fix the other end, the fixity uf the firft will
not be deftroyed, and that end become mutable as before, bu^ the
fixity of the firft end will remain 3 and io you may make both
ends two fixed north poles, or two fixed fouth poles ; I fay the
ihorteil length (there are no limits of the greateft length) for this
is more in thick, than in thin iron. The aforelaid lengths are
lefs, according to the ftrength of magnetifm ^ viz. ignition re-
quires a gteater length than when a rod is actuated by a load-
Itone, and a rod touched with a ftrong load ftone requires lefs
length than one touched with a weak one.

"Toftnd the Sun's Ingrefs into the Tropical Signs ^ by Mr. Edm.
Halley. Phil. Tranf. N" 2 13. p. 12.

MR. IMley does here give a method of finding the moments
of the lolftices, capable of all the exadtncfs the mod accu-
rate candefire, and that without any confideration of the parallax
of the fun, of the refra6tions of the air, of the grcateft obliquity
of the ecliptic, or latitude of the place j all which are required
to afcertain the times of the equinox from oblervations, and
which, being faultily affumed, have occafioned an error nearly of
three hours in the times of the equinoxes, deduced from the ta-
bles of the noble I'ycho "Brahe and Kepler ^ the vernal being fo
much liter, and the autumnal fo much earlier than by the cal-

R 2 cuius

132 M E M O I R S o//;&«

cuius of thefe famous authors , lo that it is an eafier matter to be
aflurcd of the moments of the lolilices or r>f the times of the fun's
entrance into Cancer and Capikorn^ than it is to obierve the true
times of the equinoxes, or his ingrefs into Aries and Libra,

"Mr. HciUev. before he proceeds, thinks it neceffary to premife
the following Lemmata^ which lerve to demonftrate this method,
ijiz. I. That the motion of the fun in the eel :ptic, ab«^ut the
time of the folftices, is {o nearly equable, that the difference
from equality is not ienfible, from 5 days before the Iblflice to 5
days after it, by reaion of the nearnels of the apogason of the fun
to the '^I'rofic of Cancer. 2. That f )r five degrees before and
after the folftices, the differences, whereby the fun falls fhort of
the 'Tropes^ arc as the verled fines of the fun's diilance in longi-
tude from the Tropics:, which veried fines in arches under 5 de-
grees, are beyond the utmoft nicety of lenle, as the fquares of
thofe arches^ from thele two there follows a third. 5. That
for 5 days before and after the folftices, the declination of the
fun falls fliort of the utmoft tropical declination, by ipnces which
are as the fquares of the times, the fun is fhort of, or paft, the
folfticicd moment. Hence it is evident, that if the ihadows of
the fun, either in the meridian or any other azimuth, be carefully
obferved about the time of the folftices, the fpaces, whereby the
tropical Ihadow falls ihort of, or exceeds, thole at other times,
are always proportional to the iquares of the intervals of time
between thofe oblervations, and the true time of the Iblftice ^ and
confequcntly, if the line, on which the limits of the fhadow are
taken, be m.ade the axis, and the correfpondent times fi-om the
Iblftice, expounded by lines, be erected on their relpe61:ive points
in the axis as ordinates, the extremities of thole lines will touch
the curve of a parabola: Thus, a^ by c, Fig. 8. Plate V. being
fuppofed to be the points obferved, the lines ^B, ^C, <: A, ^F,
are refoe^livcly proportional to the times of each oblervation be-
fore or after the Iblftitial moment in Cancer.

This being prcmiicd, we (hall be able to bring the problem of
finding the true time of the folfticc by 5 oblervations to this geo-
metrical one; having 5 points in a parabola, A, B, C, or A, F,
C, given, together with the die^tion of the axis, to find the dil-
tance of thole points from the axis. Of this there are two cales,
the one, when the time of the fecond obfervation B is precifely in
the middle between A and C; in this cale, putting t f^r the
whole time between A and C, we fliall have kc, the interval of
the remoteft obfervation A, from the "Tropic^^ by the following
analogy : As a ^ f — be is to zac — f be, lb is r iT or A £ to

A.-

Royal Society. 133

A c the time of the remoteft oulervation A from the 7'ropic. But
the other cafe, when the middle oblervation is not exactly in the
middle between the other two times, as at F, is lomething more
operoie, and the whole time trom A to C, being put = r, and
from A to F :zi; S, <; ?, zz; t, and ^ c m: Z? 3 the theorem will Hand

thus l.^' -'^J ^ -^z hcy the time fought.

1 T C zJS

To illuftrate this method of calculation, it may perhaps be re-
quifite to give an example or two for the lake of thole aftrono-
mers, that are lels inflrufted in the geometrical part of their art.

Anno 1 500 Bernard Walt her, in the month of jfune, at Nu-
remberg^ oblerved the chord of the diftance of the lun from the
zenith, by a large paralladic inflrument of *iPro/^»y\ as follows 5

June 2, 454<^7 7 ^June 8, 44975
jfune 9, 44934 > and «^y//w 12, 44883
jfune Id, 44990S Cjfune 15, 44990

In both thefe cales, the middle term is exactly in the middle
between the extremes, and therefore in the former three, ac
r= 593, be ^z /^-ji, and r, the time between being 14 days, by
the fir It rule, the time of the Iblftice will be found by this pro-
portion; as 589 to 827 T ; lb is Y r or 7 days, to 9 days, 20 h.
2' 5 whence the folftice An. 1500 is concluded to have fallen
^une II, 20 h. 2'. In the latter ihree, ac is equal to 107, and
^^ = 15, and the whole interval of time is 8 days = z^ j whence
as 199 is to 106 T -J lo is 4 d. to 4 d. 3 h. 97', which, taken
from the i6th day at noon,- leaves 11 d. 20 h. z^' for the time
of the folllice, agreeing with the former to the third part of an
hour.

Again, An. 1 6 '^6, Gaffendus obferved at Marfeilles the fum-
mer folftice by a gnomon of 55 foot high, in order to determine
the projDortion of the gnomon to the folftitial fhadow, and he
hath lefr us the following obfcrvations, which may lerve as an
example for the fecond rule.

June 20 C|i,adow) ^^ ' ^ ^' ^C P^'*^^' ^^''^'^/ '\

jfune zi C V5 17 5 iT gnomon was 89428

y//;7^22 J O^^iyj^

Thefe being divided into two fets of 3 oblervations each ; viz,
the i9tb, 20th and 22d3 and the loth, 21ft and 22d3 we fhall

have

134 M E M O I R S of the

have in the firft three, <: = 13 and ^ = 7, / =: 5 days i — /j
and in the iecond, ^ m 15, ^=: 7, ^ = 5, and/^m; 23 whence,
accordino to the rule, the 19th day at noon the lun was fhort of
the T'ropic a time proportional to one day, 2iS tt c z=l ssb to ztc
- — 2^Jj that is, as iootod4inthe firft let, or 105 to 5 2 in
the fecond fet^ that is, id. i7h. 15' in the firfl:, or id. 17 h.
25' in the fecond fetj that is, id. 17 h. 1 5 ' in the firft, or i d.
17 h. 25' in the Iecond fet; lb that we may conclude the Iblftitial
moment to have been ^une 10 d. i7h. 20' in the meridian of
Marfeilles. Now that thefe two folflitial times thus obtained,
will be found to confirm each others exadtnefs from their near
agreement, appears by the interval of time between them, viz,
id. 2 h. 50' lels than 10^6 Julian years, whereof id. i h. 8'
ariles from the defeat of the length of the tropical year from
the Julian^ and the reft from the progreflion of the fun's apo-
giEon in that time ; fo that no two obfervations made by the fame
oblerver in the fame place can better anfvvcr to each other, and
that without any the leaft artifice or force in the management of
them.

What were the methods of the ancients to conclude the mo-
ment of the folftice, 'Ptolemy has no where mentioned 5 but it
were to be wifiied, that they had been aware cf this, that io we
might have been more certain of the moments of the folftices we
have received from them 5 which would have been of fingular
v.le to determine the queftion, whether the fun's apogxon be fixed,
or, if it move, what its true motion is. It is certain that if we
take the account of 'Ptolemy^ the folftice faid to be oblerved by
JEu^emon and Meton, jfime 27th in the morning. An. 432 be-
fore Chrift, can no ways be reconciled, without fuppofing the
oblervation made the enfuing day, or jfiaie 28th in the morning j
and the folftice oblerved hy Ptolemy himfelf, in the third year
of j4/itoiiimis An. Chrifti 14.0, was certainly on the 23d, and
not on the 24th of jfune-y as will appear to thoie that will duly
confider and compare them with the length of the year deduced
from the diligent and concordant obfervations of thofe two great
aftronomical genii, Hlpparcbui and Albatani^ eftabli/hed and
confirmed by the concurrence of all the modern accuracy; for the
obfervations give the length of the tropical year, fuch as to anti-
cipate the Jidian account only one day in 300 years; but we are
now certain, that the faid period of the fun's revolution does an-
ticipate very nearly 3 days in 400 years; fo that the tables of
^Ptolemy , founded on that liippofition, do err about a whole day
in the lun's place for every 240 years 3 which principal error, in

lb

Royal Societv. ij^

To fundamental a point, does vitiate the whole fuperflru^lure of
the almageft, ?.nd leems to convi£l its author either of want of
diligence, or fidelity, or both.

But to return to our method; the great advantage we have
hereby, is, that any very high building lerves for an inftrumcnt,
or the top of any high tower, or lleeple, or even any high wall
whatever, that may be fufficient to intercept the fun, and cafl: a
true fhadow ; nor is the pofition of the plane, on which you take
the fliadow, or that of the line therein, on which you meafure
the recels of the lun from the Tropic^ very material 5 but in what
way fcever you difcover it, the faid recels will be always in the
fame proportion, by reafon of the fmallnels of the angle, which is
not fix minutes in the firft five days 3 nor need you enquire the
height or diftance of your building, provided it be very great, {b
as to make the fpaces, you meafure, fair and large. But it is con-
venient, that the plane, on which you take the fhadow, be not
far from perpendicular to the fun, at leaif, be not very oblique;
and that the wall, which cafis the iliadow, be ftreight and fmooth
at top, and its direction nearly eaft and weft; and it will be
requifite to take the extreme greateft or leaffc deviation of the
fhadow of the wall, becaufe the fhadow continues for a good time
at a ftand, without alteration, which will afford the oblervcr
leifure to be affured of what he does, and not be furpriled by the
quick tranfient motion of the fhadow of a fingle point at iiich a
diftance. The principal objeflion is, that the penumbra, or
partile /hadow of the fun, is in its extremes very difficult to dil-
tinguifh from the true fhadow, which will render this obfervation
hard to determine nicely ; but if the fan be tranfmitred thro* a
telefcope, in the ufual manner of taking his fpecies in a fblar
eclipfe, and the upper half of the objef^-glals be cut off by a
j)aper palted thereon, and the exa6t upper limb of the fun be
leen juft emerging out of, or rather touching the fpecies of the
wall ( the pofition of the teleicope being regulated by a fine hair
extended in the Focus of the eye-glais) the limits of the fliadow
may be obtained to the utmoft exadnels ; and by this ir.ethod the
winter folftice may be more certainly had than the fummer,
becaufe the lame gnomon at&rds a much larger radius for this
manner of obfervation.

7/:e

136 MEMOlRSoftbif

^he prohahle Caufes of the ^ain in Rheumatifms 5 and the
Suppre'ljion of Urine, cured hy jdcidsj by 1)r. Baynard.
Phil, trani: N° 215. p. rp.

DR. 'Baynard was always of opinion, that the pains in a
rheumatilm were not cauied by any laline or acid particles
in the blood, ^c. but rather from its clamminefs and denfity
diftending the veflels thro' which it pafles, which diftenfion
produces thole fharp .^nd pungent pains, which rheumatick pati-
ents lb generally complain of- for although the proper coats of the
veins and arteries feem to be inlenlible in themielves, yet thofe thin
membranes, which belet them, are of a mod exquifite lenfe, and
full of lymphiedu6ts, uhich being dilated and ftrctched, caule an
inflamatory iymptomatical fever, with continual Iweats, the blood
being glutinous and fizy, as in quinfies and pleuriiies, and all
other inflamatory diltempers 5 the fever is increaled by the great
quantity of alcalical corrofive falts, lodging in the blood, caufing
thirft, ^c. and not diluted and waThed off by urine, which is al-
ways thick, turbid and high coloured, and almoft, if not wholly,
devoid of any faline impregnations. To prove which, he fent fix
quarts of a ilrong man's urine, in the height of a rheumatifm, to
that ingenious artift Mr. George Aloult^ who chemically analifed
it, found not above the 50th part of thole falts, ufually found in
fuch a quantity of the urine of a Ibund perlon.

A patient had laboured for feven or eight days under a total
fuppreffion of urine 3 upon trying with the catheter, there was not
the leaft appearance of a flone, nor a drop of water in his bladder 5
whereupon, Dr. Saynard, iuppofing it might be the lame cale
of which the learned T)v.H'ilkiriS died, caufed the patient to take
a quantity of acids in a convenient vehicle • upon which, iecre-
tion being prelently made, there was a great dilcharge of urine,
and he was thereby reflored to his he,tlth3 and acids were found
to be of lervice to other patients that laboured under fuppreffions
of urine.

I'be Bones of a Skeleton united iiHthoiit Articulation or Car-
tilage-^ hy 'Dr. Bern. Connor. Phil. Tranl.' N° 215. p. 21.
DR. Oj> -10}' had leen in France part of a human ikeleton,
cnliiting of the Os Ilium, Os Sacrum^ the five Vertebrae
of the loins, 10 of the back, 5 entire ribs on the right fide, and
three ou thj left; the extremities of the other were clofely united
to tlie tranfverfe apophyles of their l^ertebrce, M\ thefe bones,

which

RoyAL SOCIETVJ 337

which are naturally diftinft from each other, were here fo ftraiaht-
ly and intimately conjoined, their ligaments fo perfe6tly bony,
and their articulations lb effaced, that they really made but one
uniform continuous bone ^ the roots of all the ribs made but one
equal fmooth and plain furface with the Vertehr<e and their apo~
phyfes ; the oblique apophyfes of all the VertehVdS, were fo con-
founded and loll, that it was not pofTtble to oblerve any marks (;f
them 5 the cartilaginous edge of the Vertehrae themielves was be-
come perfe£t bone. ^ Upon lawing two of the Vertebrae afunder at
the commiffure, this uniting of their parts did not enter above two
lines deep, and their middles were feparated, as they ufually are,
and touched each other only at the edges 5 on the left fide at half
a fingers breadth from the Vertehr<ie^ two ribs were joined toge-
ther for the fpace of an inch, and afterwards ran feparated and pa-
rallel, like the reft, to the Sternum. The figure of this trunk
was crooked, making partly a circle, the S^iride forming the con-
vex, and the inflde of the Vertehrce-, the concave part of this i^g-
menu 5 the direction of the ribs was unnatural 5 for inltead of ter-
minating at the Sternum in parallel fcmicircles, nearly horizontal,
their extremities, where they reached the Sternum inclined fo
much towards the Byfogajlrium^ as to touch the fides of the OJfci
ilium. This trunk fecmed to be of a grown perfon, the bones
being of a proportion and thicknefs equal to thole of old men ^
the Verteh'de of the loins were larger than thofe of the back, as
they naturally are, there was no unnatural bunching out 5 they
were conjoined together very regularly, no one Vertebra ftanding
out beyond the other, either before, behind, or on the fides 5 the
cavity for the fpinal marrow had no other fault than its crooked
figure 5 the bones of the Os \Pubis w^r^ feparated as ulaal3 the
locket or cavity of the laft fpurious rib on the right fide, being
Imooth and poli/lied, ieemed as if that rib had not been 16 firm-
ly united as the reft.

From this conflru6tion of the parts, it necefTarily follows, that
the body of this perlbn muft have been immoveable j that he could
neither bend, or ftretch himfelf our, neither rile up, or lie
down, nor turn upon his fide, having orjy the head feet and hands
moveable. If it be objected, thatrcfpiration could not be perfor-
med, when the ribs were thus immoveable, this difficulty may
be obviated by obferving how little morion of the breift is ne-
cefTary to continue the circulation of the blood thro' the lungs, as
is vifible in hyilerick fits, ^c. Again, the ribs of this ir.cieton,
tho' fixed at the centre, might yet be moved at the extremities,
and fo the thorax be enlarged by a much lefs force than that of
the mufcles ufed for that purpofe^ befides, the diaphragm, the
Vol. III. S chief

138 MEM O I VLS of the

chief organ of refpiration, was in this fubjedl free in its a6\ion"i
But it is likely this perfon breathed very ihort, the quicknels of
the returns fupplying the defedt of a large draught of air at once;
and po{Iibly the Foramen Ovale might continue open, and by it
and the Caiialis Arteriofus the blood might pafs from the Cava to
the Aorta, and but a part of it pafs thro* the lungs.

^ Water-fpout 5 hy Mr. Zach. Maine. Phil Tranf. N° 215.

p. 28.

THESE appearances are frequent abroad, tut very feldora
or never to be feen with us, tho' Ibme pretend to have leen
them in the tDow^JS ; the French call them Trombes, poflibly from
their figure, and the noife they make, that term fignifying a
kind oi Hummifig ^top , they are certain elevations of water, during
florms and terppefts, reaching from the furface of the fea to the
clouds^ they happen feveral ways 5 fometimcs the water is feen to
boil, and raile it felf for a conliderable fpace round, about a foot
from the furface; above which appears, as it were, a thick and
black fmoke, in whofe middle is oblerved a fort of flream or pipe,
refembling a tunnel, which rifes as high as the clouds, at other
times thefe pipes or tunnels are oblerved to come from the clouds,
and fuck up the water with great noife and violence ; they move
from the place where they were firft collected, according to the
motion of the wind, and difcharge themfelves fometimes into the
lea, to the unavoidable deftru*ilion of luch ihips, as are in their
way, if they be fmall veflels, and to the endamaging even of large
fhips ; fometimes they fall on the fhore, beating down all they
meet with, and railing the land and ftones to a prodigious height;
ufually guns are fired at them loaded with a bar of iron 5 and if
they are fo happy as to llrike them, they prelently difcharge their
water with a mighty noile, without any farther mifchief.

A Tropofition of general ufe in Gunnery ; hy Mr. Edm. Halley.
Phil. Tranf. N^2i(J. p. (?8.

IT was formerly the opinion ^of thole concerned in artillery
that there w^s a certain requifite of powder for each gun, and
that in mortars where their dillance was to be varied, it muft be
done by giving a greater or lefler elevation to the piece ; but now
our later experience has taught us, that the fame thing may be
more certainly done and readily performed, by increafing and di-
minifliina the quantity of powder, whether regard be had to the
execution to be done, or to the charge of doing of it ; for when
bombs arc dilbharged with great elevations of the mortar, they
&.I1 too perpendicular, and bury themfelves too deep in the

ground,

Royal Society; 139

ground, to do all that damage they might, if they came more
oblique, and broke upon, or near thefurface of the earth j which
is a thing acknowledged by the befieged in all towns, who unpave
their flreets, to let the bombs bury themfelves, and thereby they
ftifle the force of their iplinters. A fecond convenience is, that at the
extreme elevation, the gunner is not obliged to be fb curious in
the direftion of his piece, but it will fufiBce to be within a degree
or two of the truth 5 whereas, in the other method of fhooting, he
ought to be very cautious. But a third and no lefs confiderabic
advantage is, in the faving of the king's powder, which in fb great
and {b numerous difcharges, muft needs amount to a confiderable
value • and for lea mortars it is fcarcely practicable otherwile to
life them, where the agitation of the lea continually changes the
direflion of the mortar, and would render the fhot very uncertain,
were it not that they are placed about 45° elevation, where leve-
ral degrees above or under, make very little difference in the

When Mr. Halley gave the fblution of this problem 5 viz. to
hit an obje61:, above or below the horizontal line, with the grea-
teft certainty, and leaft force 5 he was not then aware, that the
elevation there fought did conftantly bife£l the angle between the
perpendicular and the obje6l, as is demonftrated from_ the diffe-
rence and fum of the tangent and fecant of any arch, being always
equal to the tangent and "co-tangent of the half complement there-
of, to a quadrant^ but having difcovered this, he thinks nothing
can be more compendious, or bid fairer to compleat the art of
gunnery 5 it being as ealy to fhoot with a mortar at any objefi:,
on demand, as if it were on the level; neither is there need of
any computation, but only fimply la^^ing the gun in the middle
line, between the zenith, and the objedt, and giving it its due
charge 5 nor is there any great need of inftruments for this pur-
pofe- for if the muzzle be turned truly fquare to the bore of the
piece, as it ufually is, or ought to be, a piece of looking-glafs
plate, applied parallel to the muzzle, will, by its reflection, give
the true pofition of the piece, the bombardeer having no more to
do, but to look perpendicularly down on the looking-glafs along
a fmall thread with a plummet, and to raile or deprefs the ele-
vation of the piece, till the objed appear reflected on the fame
point of the Speculum^ on which the olummet falls 5 for the angle
of incidence and reflection being equal, in this cafe a line at right
angles to the Speculumy as is the axis of the chale of the piece,
will biffect the angle between the perpendicular and the objeft,
according as the propofltion requires.

•14G M E U O IK S of the

Troh. I. A fliot being made on an inclinecl plane, having the
horizontal diftancc of the obje£t it ftrikes, with the elevation of
the piece, and the angle at the gun, between the obie£t and the
perpendicular 9 to find the greateft horizontal range of that piece,
loaded with the fame charge ; that is, half the Latus Rectum of
all the paraboliE made with the lame impetus.

Take half the diflance of the objedt from the Nadir ^ and take
the difference of the given elevation from that half; the veried
fine of twice that difference, lubftracl from the vcrfed fine of the
diflance of the objedt, from the zenith; then will the difference
of thole verfed lines, be to the fine of the diftance of the obje^l
from the zenith, as the horizontal diftance of the obje61 flruck to
the greateft horizontal range, at 45°.

'Proh. 2. Having the greateft horizontal range of a gun, the
horizontal diflance, and angle of inclination of an obje6l to the
perpendicular ; to find the two elevations neceflary to flrike that
objefl.

Halve the diflance of the obje£l from the Nadir -^ this half is
always equal to the half fum of the two elevations fought ; then
day, as the greateft horizontal range is to the horizontal diflance
of the objedl, fo is the fine of the angle of inclination, or dif-
tance of the obje6l from the perpendicular, to a fourth propor-
tional ; which fourth being fubftra6led from the veried fine of ^ the
diflance of the objefl from the zenith, leaves the verfed fine of
the difference of the elevations fought; which elevations are
therefore had, by adding or liabflradling that half difference to
and from the abovefaid half fum.

It only remains, by good and valid experiments, to be affured
of the force of gun-powder; how to make and conferve it equal;
and to know the efiFe(St thereof in each piece; that is how far dif-
ferent charges will cafl the lame fhot; which may mofl conve-
niently be ingraven on the outfide thereof, as a flanding direction
to all gunners, who fhall from thenceforward have occafion to
ufe that piece. And were this matter well afcertained, it might
be worth the while to make all mortars of the like diameter, as
near as poffible alike in length of chafe, weight, chamber, and
all other circumftances.

An Account o/Tadmor; by Mr. Will. Halifax. Phil. Tranf.

N° 217. p. 83.

FROM Aleppo to Tddmor are fix days eafy journey, over a
defart country; as you ride into the town, there is a callle
about half an hours diftance from ir, and ib fituated as to

command

Royal Societv. X4.X

command both the pafs into the hills by which the town is
entred, and the city too; but it was eafily fcen, that it was
no ancient building, retaining no footfteps of the exquifite
workmanihip and ingenuity of the ancients. Upon enquiry,
it was faid to be built by Alan- ogle, a prince of the 'Druces^
in the reign of Amnrath x^c third, A.i). 15855 but it does
not appear that either Man-ogle, or any 2)rucian prince, was
ever powerful in thefe parts, their ftrength lying on mount
Libatiiis, and along the coaft of Sldon, ^eryttts, )kc. It is a
work of more labour than art, and the very fituation alone is
fiifficient to render it almoft impregnable; it ftands on the
top of a very high hill, encloled with a deep ditch, cut out
of the very rock, over which there was only one paflage alone by
a draw-bridge, which is now broken down 5 fo that there is no
entry remaining, unlefs you will be at the pains to clamber up
the rock, which may be done in one place, but with fuch diffi-
culty and hazard, that the Jeaft flip endangers a man's life ; nor
is there any thing to be feen within it fufficient to recompense the
trouble of getting up to it, the building being confuled, and the
rooms very ill contrived ; upon the top of the hill there is a well
of a prodigious depth. This caftle ftands on the north fide of
the town, and from hence you have the befl profpe6i: of the
country all round ; you fee 7admor below you encloled on three
fides with long ridges of mountains, which open gradually to-
wards the eafl to the diftance of about an hour's riding; but to
the fouth there extends a vafl plain beyond the reach of the eye^
in which is a large valley of fait, at about an hour's diflance
from the city; and this is more probably the valley of fait, men-
tioned 2. Sam. r. 8. i;. 15, where 'David fmote the Syrians, and
flew 18000 men, than another, which lies about 4 hours from
Aleppo, and has fomctimes paflcd for it. The air is good, but
the foil exceeding barren, nothing green to be feen therein, fave a
few palm-trees in the gardens, and here and there about the
town ; and from them, it probably had its name, both Tadmor
and Palmira, and the whole country thence denominated Syria
^ahnirena, and fometimes SuUtudines Talmirence ; 16 that the
Latins did not change but only tranflate the old name, which
therefore ftill obtains in thefe eaftern parts, and the more modern
is wholly unknown; the city itfelf appears to have been of a
large extent, by the fpace now taken up by its ruins; but there
are no foot-Heps of any walls remaining, nor is it poflible to
judge of the ancient figure of the place. The prelent inhabitants
as they are poor, fb they have fl^ut themfelves up, to the number

of

't4i M E M O I R S of the

of about 30 or 40 families, in little huts made of dirt, within
the walls of a fpacious court, which enclofed a moft magnificent
heathen temple; the whole fpace is a Iquare of 220 yards each
fide, encompafTed with a high and ftately wall, built of large
fquare ftone, and adorned with pilafters, within and without, to
the number of 61 on a fide 5 and had not the barbarity of the
^urkSj who are enemies to every thing that is noble and fplendid,
out of a vain fuperftition, purpoiely beat down thofe beautiful
corniches, perhaps the world could not boaft of more curious and
exquifite carvings, as was abundantly plain from fome remaining
fragments 5 the weft fide, on which is the entry, is moft of it
broken down, and near the middle of the Iquare, another
higher wall is raifed out of the ruins, which appears to have
been a ftrong but rude caftle 5 within were to be feen the founda-
tions of another wall, which probably might anfwer the front 5 and
it is probable the MamalukeSy whole workmanfhip it appears to
have been, built the caftle here for the fecurity of the place. Be-
fore the whole length of this new front, except a narrow paflage,
which is left for an entry, there is cut a deep ditch, the alcent
whereof on the infide is faced with ft one to the very foot of the
wall, which muft have rendred it very difficult to be affaulted;
the paffage, and the door itfelf is very narrow, not wider than to
receive a loaded camel, or two men a breaft 5 and as foon as
you are within the firft door, you make a fliort turn to the right,
and pals on to another of the like bignels, which leads into the
court; this outward wall quite fhrouds that magnificent entry,
which belonged to the firft fabric; of the ftatelincfs of which we
may judge by the two ftones, which fupport the fides of the
great gate, each of which is 35 foot in length, and artificially
carved with vines and clufters of grapes, exceedingly bold and to
the life ; they are both ftanding, and in their places ; and the
diftance between them, which gives the widenefs of the gate, is
1 5 foot; but all this is now walled up to the narrow door above-
mentioned ; over the Irnall door is an infcription in Greeks and
alio another in a different language and charadlcr, which Mr. Ha-
lifax never faw till then, nor could he make any thing of it; from
that in Greeks it will be evident, that the ftone was brought from
another place, and calually put in there ; and it is as follows ;

TO MNHMEION TOT TA^EcyNO^ F.KTI(^FN EH IAI«yN
CEriTIMIO^ OAAINAG>oC O AANinPOTATof (^TNKAHT
flKoQ AIPANOTTOT ABAAAAOOTTOT NA(^<yPOT ATTc.
TE KAI TlOir ATFOT KAI TU^OlC EI^ TO HANTEAE^^
AlftjXION TEfMHN.

Under

Royal Society: 143

Under tliis was the unknown character, which being added al-
ttioft to every Greek inicription, makes it probable that it was
the native language and character of the place, and its lubje(3: the
fame with what we have in Greek 3 the letters betwe:^n thefe [ ]
marks were not legible, nor was the E in M N El ON upon
the ftone, being ioubtlefs omitted by miflake j ^"d the inicrip-
tion is nothing other than that of a fepulchre.

As loon as you are entred within the court, you fee the remains
ef two rows of very noble marble pillars, 5 7 foot high, with
their capitals of moft exquifite carved work 5 of thefe only 58
remain mtire, but there muft have been a great many more, for
they appear to have gone quite round the whole court, and to
have fupported a very fpacious double piazza or cloifter. The
walks on the weft fide of this piazza, which is oppofite to the
front of the temple, feem to have exceeded the other in beauty
and fpacioufnels 5 and at each end thereof are two niches for fta-
tues at their full length, with their pedeftals, borders, lupporters
and canopies, carved with the greateft art and curiolity. The
fpace within this once beautiful enclofure, which is now filled
with nothing but the dirty huts of the inhabitants, feems to have
been an open court, in the middle whereof ftands the temple, en-
■compafled with another row of pillars of a different order, and
much taller than the former, being about 50 foot high 3 of which
only 16 remain. The whole fpace, contained within thefe pillars,
was 59 yards in length and nearly 28 in breadth 5 in the middle
of which fpace is the temple, extending in length more than 3 5
yards, and in breadth 1 3 or 14. It points north and fouth, with
a moft magnificent entry on the weft, exadly in the middle of the
building, which, by the fmall remains thereof, feems to have been
one of the moft glorious ftrudtures in the world ; never were vines
and clufters of grapes cut in ftone in lo bold, lb lively and ib natu-
ral a manner j juft over the door, one may dilcern part of the wings
of a large fpread-eagle, extending its whole width ^ whofe largeneis
at firft made Mr. Halifax imagine it might have been rather a
cherub overfhadowing the entry, there being nothing of the body
remaining to guide one's judgment 3 and fome little angels or cu-
pids appear ftill in the corners of the fame ftone 3 but afterwards,
feeing other eagles on ftones that were fallen down, he concluded
this muft have been one likewile, only of a much larger fize.
Of this temple only the outward walls remain Handing, in which,
it is oblervable, that as the windows were not large, io they were
made narrower towards the top than they were below, but all
adorned with excellent carvings. Within the walb, the ^urks

J44 M E M O I R S ^ ^;5^

or more probably the Jilamalukes, have built a roof, fupported
by Ihnall pillars and arches 5 but a great deal lower, as well as in
other refpeiSts dilproportionate, and inferior to what the ancient
covering muft have been^ and they have converted the place into
a molque, adding to the Ibuth end thereof new ornaments after
their manner, with Arabic infcriptions and lentences out of the
^korafij written in flourifhes and wreaths, not without art ^ but at
the north end of the building, which makes no part of the mofcjue,
are reliques of much greater art and beauty j they are beautified
with the mod curious fretwork and carvings 5 in the middle of
this is a dome or cupola, about 6 foot diameter, and above, of
one piece, either hewn out of one entire rock, or made of fome
artificial cement or compofition, hardened by length of time into
a flony fubftance j in a word, it is a moll exquifite piece of work-
manship. Upon paffing by the ruins of a handibme mofque,
Mr. Halifax had the proipe6t of fuch magnificent ruins, that if
one may frame a conjecture of the original beauty of that place,
by what isftill remaming, it maybequeftioned, whether any city
in the world could have vied with it in magnificence. Advancing
towards the north, you have before you a very tall and flately
obeliilc, or pillar, confiding of 7 large ftones, bcfides its capital,
and the wreathed work about it 5 the carvings here, as in all
other places, are extraordinary fine 5 its height is above 50 foot,
and probably there ftood a ftatue upon it, which the TiirkSy zea-
lous enemies to all imagery, have thrown down and broken in
pieces^ it is in compafs, juft above the pedeftal, ii foot and a
half 5 on each hand of this, towards the eaii and weft, two other
large pillars are feen, each a quarter of a mile diftant, and a
piece of another towards the eaft, which would incline one to
think there was once a continued row of them j the height of that
to the eaft was above 42 foot, and the circumference proportion-
able 5 Upon its body is tlie following inlcription 5

H BOTAH KM O AHMO^ AAIAAMENA nANOT MOKIMOT
TOT AIPANOT TOT MA00A AiPANHN TON HATEPA
ATTOT F.tCEBF.I^ KAI 4>IAOnATPIAA^ K[AI] HANTI TPO-
n^[KT]rEIM«C APECANTA^TH HATPIAI KAI nATPIOI^;

oEoiC t'eimhJxApin etot^;; nta mhnoC sanaikot.

It leems evident from this and fome following infcriptions, that
they were a free ftate, governed by a lenate and people, tho' per-
haps under the protection of greater empires, as firft the Ta7'-
thians, and afterwards the Romans, who for a long time con-
tended fur the maftery here in the eaft 5 and this government

might

Royal Society. 145

might continue amongfl: them, till about the time of u4urelia}J^
who demolifhed the place, and led Zenobia, wife of Odenatus^
captive to Rome j who, tho' fhe be called cjueen, yet we do not
find that ever her husband had the title of king, but was only one
of the chief inhabitants, a leading man in the lenate, as it is pro-
bable thefe Alilamanes and Airanes were before him, who
whilft the Romans were bufied in Europe, made himlelf great
here, and by his own force repelled the ^Partblansj who, having
made themlelves mafters of whatever the Romans poffeflfed on
the other fide of EupbrateSi made an incurfion into Syria^ but
were driven back beyond the river by Odenatus. In the courfe of
thele wars Odenatus was llain, but his wife Zenobia, being a
woman of a mafculine Ipirit, not only maintained her ground
againfl: her enemies abroad, but prelerved her authority at home,
Iceeping the government in her own hands. Atierwards out of a
defire to caft'off the Roman yoke, flie caufed the whole garriion,
left there by Aurelian^ to be barbaroufly cut off, which bringing
Aurelian back with his army, he quickly took the city and de-
flroyed it, putting the inhabitants to the fword, and carrying
Zenobia captive to Rome-^ which was the fatal period of the
glory of that place. This method of running up their genealo-
gies or pedigrees to the 4th or 5th generations, ihews that they
borrowed Ibme of their culloms from their neighbours the [fo^i^s^
with whom it is not improbable they had formerly great com-
merce • and perhaps many of them were defcended from that
people, Zenobia herfelf being faid to have been a jfewefs 5 or
elfe this mull have been the manner of all the eaftern nations.-
Their yEr^, or account of time, they begin from the death of
Alexander the Great, as the Syrians generally do, and the very
Chriflians at this day follow the iame'ufage. Yet, tho' they de-
note the date of the year by Greek chara6^ers, they range them
a different way from the Greeks, letting the leffer number firll,
as if they were to be read backwards from the right hand to the
Mt, NT here denoting 450 ; the third letter A Mr. Halifay: takes
to ftand for the day of the irionth 5 viz. the laft of Xandicus^
which anfwers to our Aprih^ this and other names of months,
which are found in other inlcriptions, are borrowed from the
Macedonians^ with very little variation. That they were idola-
ters is plain by the mention made of their country gods, both
here and in other places^ fo that their commerce with, the Jeeves
did nor, it lecms, bring them to the knowledge of the true God ;
or elle, they mufl have degenerated therefrom, and relapll^d int.:)
idolatry.

Vol. III. T PiO-

146 MEMOIRSo/the

Proceeding forwards dire6tly from the obelifk, about 100 paceSj
you come to a magnificent entry., vaftly large and lofty, and for
the exquifitcneis of the workmanfhip not inferior to any thing be-
fore defcribed ; this entry leads into a noble piazza, above half a
mile in length, and 4c foot in breadth, enclofed with two rows
of ftatcly marble pillars, 16 foot high, and 8 or 9 foot in com-
pafs^ of thele there remain Handing and entire 129, but by a
moderate calculation, there could not have been lefs than 5^0.
The upper end of this Ipacious piazza was fhut in by a row of
pillars, ftanding Ibmewhat clofer than thofe on each fide; and
perhaps there might have been a kind of banqueting- houfe above j
but a little farther to the left hand, are the ruins of a very (lately
building, which one may be apt to believe rmight have been
allotted for fuch an ufe^ it is built of a better marble, and hath
an air of delicacy and exquifitenefs in the work beyond what is
difcernible in the piazza; the pillars, which fupported it, are of
one entire ftone ; and one of them that was fallen down, but {6
firm and ftrong as to receive no injury thereby, meafured 22 foot
in length, and 8 foot 9 inches in compafs. In the weft fide of
the great piazza, are ieveral apertures for gates, leading into the
court of the palace; two whereof, one would eafily believe,
when they were in their perfection, were the moil magnificent
and glorious in the world, b6th for the elegancy of the work in
general, and particularly for thole (lately porphyry pillars, with
which they were adorned ; each gate had four of them, not
ilanding in a line with the others of the wall, but placed by cou-
ples in the front of the gate, facing the palace, two on one hand,
and two on the other; of thefe only two remain entire, and but
one ftanding in its place; they are about 30 foot in length, and 9
in circumterence ; of a fubftance fo exceeding hard, that it was
with great difficulty a piece could be broken off; but now the art
of making them is quite loft. The palace itfelf is ib entirely
ruined, that no judgment can be made what it was in its ancient
iplendor, either for the figure or workmanfliip thereof

Hot fulphureous baths are things very frequent in this country 5
find hence it is, that it obtained the name of Syria Salurifera ,
the fcent of the waters here is much like thole of 'Bat/j in E^Jg-
hfidy but not lb ftrong, nor the tafte lb oftenfive; on the con-
trary, when they have run lb far from the fountain, as to become
cold, they are very potable, and are the only water the inhabi-
tants ule.

On the eaft fide of the long piazza ftands a vaft number of
marble pillars, Ibrae pcrfe6l, and others deprived of their beau-
tiful

Royal Society. I47

tiful capitals; but fo fcattered and confufed, that it is not poffi-
ble to reduce them to any order, fo as to enable one to conjeaure
what purpofe they anciently ferved 3 in one place are 1 1 ranged
together in a Iquare, paved at the bottom, with broad flat rtone,
but without any roof or covering 5 and at a little diftancc from
that (land the ruins of a fmall temple, which by its remains feems
to have been of curious workmanfliip ; but the roof is entirely
gone, and the walls are very much defaced and conlumed by
time 5 before the entry, which looks to the Ibuth, is a piazza
lupported by 6 pillars, two on one hand of the door, and two on
the other, and one at each end ; and the pedellals of thofe in
the front have been filled with infcriptions, both in Greek and
the other unknown language 5 but they are now fo obliterated
and worn out, as not to be intelligible.

The lepulchres there are very curious, being fquare towers 4
or 5 Itory high, and flanding on both fides of a hollow way, to-
wards the north part of the city ; they extend in length the fpace
of a mile, and perhaps anciently they might ftrctch out a great
way farther 5 they were all of the fame form, but of different
fplendor and greatnefs, according to the circumflances of their
founders. There were two fepulchres, which were more entire
than the refl, tho' not without marks of the T^urkifi fury ^ they
were two fquare towers, rather larger than ordinary fteeples, and
5 ftory high, the outfide being of common ftone, but the parti-
tions and floors within of gooi marble, and beautified with very
lively carvings, paintings, and figures both of men and women,
as far as the breads and fhoulders, but miferably defaced and .,
broken 5 under thele ftatues or by their fides, are, in the unknown
chara6ler, the names probably of the perfons there buried. One
of theie monuments had a door on the fouth fide, from which
was a walk crols the whole building juft in the middle 3 but the
floor was broken up, and lb afforded a view of the vault below,
divided after the lame manner ; the fpaces on each hand were
again fubdivided into 6 partitions by thick walls; each partition
being capable of receiving the largeft corps; and piling them one
above another, as their way appears to have been, each of thole
fpaces might contain at leaft 6 or -j bodies; in the loweft, fecond
and third ftories, thele partitions were uniform, and altogether
the fame, lave that from the fecond floor, which anlwered the
main entry, one partition was reierved for a ftair-calc; higher
than this, the building being fomething contrafted towards the
top, it would not aflFord fpace for the continuation of the fame

T a method ji

1^'d M E M O I R S 0/ the

method :, tKercfore the two uppcrmoft rooms were not fb divided,
nor perhaps had ever any bodies laid in them, unlels that of the
founder alone, whole ilatue, wrapped up in his fhroud, and in a
lying pofturc, was placed in a niche, or rather window, in the
front of the monument, fo as to be leen both within and without j
near to this ilatue was the following infcription,

TO mnhmeion ekti^an f.aabhaeC mannaioC Qo-

XAET^ MAAXOC OTABAAAAG>OT TOT MANNAIOT TOT
EAABHAOT ATT<y KAI TlOlQ ETOT^ AIT MHNO^^ HAN-
AIKOT.

It is a little doubtful, whether ATTw fhould not rather be
made ATTOI(^, or elle there mufl be a fault in the verb, and all
thole but the names of one perlon.

The other monument was very like this, only the front and
entry were towards the north, and it was not altogether fo exqui-
iite, nor fo well painted, but the carvings were as good, and it
ihcwcd altogether as ftately and magnificent as the former^ be-
sides, it had the advantage in age of a whole century of years,
as appears from the date of the following infcription 3 it is placed
above a niche in the front, adorned with handlbme borders and
corniches j doubtlefs the place of Ibnie ftatue, and probably that
of the founder.

MNTkMEION AI»NION PEPA^ ft^KOAOMH^EN FIXO^

MOKIMOT TOT KAIAKIAACI(^0T TOT MA... OT ElKTE

EATTON KAI TIOT^^; KAI EirONOTC ETOT^ AIT MHNEI
^ANAIK«y.

This i*; the moft ancient infcription Mr. Halifax met with in
^adfTiory the 5r4th year from the death o^ Alexander the Greats
prececding the birth of our Saviour about 10 years ; the other
infcription is alio 20 or 30 years before the reign of Hadriafiy
and conlcquently before the Romans got footing here 5 and from
thcfe fumptuous ftruclures, and theie coftly Alaufoka we may
reafonably conclude, they were a potent and opulent people be-
fore they became lubjeif to the Roman Sy and were not obliged to
fhcm for their greatnefs,

A Voyage

Royal Society. 149

^ Voyage of fome Englifh Merchants at Aleppo to Tadmor.

Phii. Tranf. N° 218. p. 129.
C^ULT i8th, 1578, at 5 o'clock in the morning, thefe mer-
^ chants fet out ixom Aleppo^ with 40 fervants and Mukttier^s
in all, and in four hours and a half, travehng fouth by eail, they
arrived at a village called Caffcral?ite, being at the edge of the
defart^ J/dy 19th, they rofe at one in the morning, and dire(5t-
ed their courfe S. S. £. over the defart, towards a fountain
called Churraicky but their guide lofing his way, and there
being no path, it was near noon before they found it 5 here
they pitched their tents, and refrefhed themfelves and horfes;
the water is of a purgative quality; in their way they found
two j4rabs with two afles, one whereof carried water and a
little bread, the other they rode on by turns; they had one
gun, with which they fhot gazels, the bullet being a hard
Hone, broken round, and cafed with lead ; they had on the
palms of their hands, elbows, knees and feet, fome gazel-fkin
tied, that they might creep the better on the ground to ilioot,
one of the afles walking by as a ftalking horle, and the Arab
imitating the cry of the gazcl till he gets within /hot of him;
thele Arabs are called Selebee. Whilll the merchants conti-
nued at the well, fome Arabs came to them, that were making
aflies of the ordinary fort of weeds called Chuddraife, Ruggot,
and Cuttaffj thefe they cut and dry, and putting them into a
pit, fet fire to them, and the afhes cake at the bottom ; thefe
they carry to Eglib and Ti-ipoli^ to make foap of; but the
beft fort of afhes are made of the weed Shinon^ which grows
about 'iadmor-i Soukriy^^ibe^ and T^arecca-^ it grows like broom
in E7tglat]d, and in fliape refembles coral, ^itly 20th, they
rofe at 4 o'clock in the morning, and traveling two hours E. S.
E. they arrived at Andrefie^ where they found the ruins of two
or three churches, and of a great town lying in a l^rge plain;
where having tarried about an hour and a half, they took
fome fragments o^ Greek inlcriprions, which afforded no certain
fenfe, but yet were evidently Chriftian-^ they marched again
S. by E. and in about four hours time came to a pleafant
aquedu(ft, called Scbeck-alal -, this aqueduct is cut thro' the
main rock, for a great way from the mountains ; and where
it ends, the Arabs have made a garden, which afforded me-
lons, cucumbers, purflain, ^c. In a grotto hard by, there dwelt
an Arab with his family; he had a dozen buffalo's, which
they ufed both for their milk and to plow their ground, fowing

both

i^o MEMOIRSoftie

both wheat and barley^ hitherto the ^ral^s refort, when they
have committed any robbery about Aleppo, or Hama^ and here
they divide the fpoil. July 21ft, the merchants rofe at 4 o'clock:
in the morning, and riding two hours fouthwards, they came
to a ruinous place, called Sriadsen-j from hence going S. E.
in four hours more they came to a well called Coftalj moft part
of their way, thro' the defart, they were troubled with great
numbers of rat-holes, like coney-boroughs, which, by the fink-
ing in of the earth, very much difcommoded their horfcs and
mules ^ thefe rats have at the ends of their tails a bufh of hair,
and the ^rabs eat them all, excepting one part; from this
well they arofe about four in the afternoon, and began to
afcend Imall hills, covered with trees, which, for the moft
part, were the fmall piilacho's, which the ^r^^i pickle with
falt,^ but eaten green are good to quench thirft^ they travelled
on tor three hours up the hills, where they pitched that night,
having no other water, but what they carried with them j and
at night they had a fmall Ihower of rain, a thing unufual in
that country at that time of the year, jfuly 2 2d, they rofe by
two in the morning, and travelling E. S. E. they came to a
well called G'hor. July 1'^^^ they rofe by one in the morning,
and travelling for the moft part to the eaft, they came to a
large plain ; and after proceeding in this plain for two or three
hours, they cfpied an Arab, driving towards them his camel
at full fpeed, fo they fufpedled he had been lent as a fpy-
being come up to them, he told them he was of Tadmor, and
that his prince, the Emir uMelkaniy had that day made friend-
fliip with Hatnet Shideed another prince, and that together
they had 400 men 3 fo he kept company with the merchants
for an hour or two, and enquired of their Muleteers, whether
they were not ''Turks in difguife 5 for they travelled with a ban-
diero, the imprefs being a Hanjarr, or 'Turkijh dagger, and a
half moon 5 and he could hardly believe the)[ were Franks^
wondering that they could thus travel in the delert out of mere
curiofity- being once near to Tadmor, he went a little before
them, and on a fuddcn run full fpeed towards the ruins ; upon
this the guide told the merchants, he was gone to acquaint the
ylr^rswho they were, and that they ought to fufped^ and pre-
pare for the worft5 fo they difmounted 20 of their fervants,
each having a long gun and piftol at his girdle, and placed
them a brcaft before them, the merchants themfclves on horfc-
back, followingat a fmall diftance behind, witii carabines and

piftols 5

Royal Society. ip

piftols ; in this order they proceeded, and came to a moft (lately
aquedudl:, which runs under ground for five miles in a d'ltcA
paiTage, and is covered with an arch of baftard marble all the
way, and there is a path on both (ides the channel for two perlbns
to walk a bread, the channel itfelf is about an Engllifo yard
in breadth, and | of a yard in depth 5 at 20 yards diftance there
are ventidu6ls all the way for air to pals, and the holes are
furrounded withlrnall mounts of earth, to keep the fand and
duft from falling down 3 they marched clofe by thefe mounts,
which might ferve them for a defence, expe6ling every mount
the ^rabs would come and attack them, as having the difad-
vantage of fun and windintheir faces 5 wherefore the merchants
travelled hard to gain an eminence, where they might poft
themfelves advantagioufly, and flop and repofe a little, %o con-
iider what was beft to be done 5 the Arabs finding that they
came on with this order and refolution, thought it no? fit to
attack them 5 and thus the merchants gained the hill, from
whence they could difcern thofe vafl and noble ruins, having
a plain like a fea for extent, to the fouthward thereof 5 here
baring refrefhed their men, and fetched afmall compais, they
defcended by the foot of a mountain, on which ilands a large
uninhabited caflle , in this place two Arabs came to them
with lances, one being Chiah to Melkam^ and the merchants
lent two to meet them 5 the Arabs told them, that the Emir
had underitood of their coming, and had fent them to acquaint
the merchants, that he was their friend, and that all tlie coun-
try was theirs ^ the merchants fent back with them their Jani-
zary, and a fervant to vifit the prince in his tents, which were
in a garden; and in the mean time difmounted at a watering
place amidfl the ruins, but did not unload till their Janizary
and iervant returned with the Emir's TeJ]arr^ afTuring them of
friendihip and protection, a writing which the Arabs were
never known to violate before ; with them there came alfo one
belonging to the Shcck of the town, for whom the merchants
had letters ixom Ufeffe Aga the Emeen of Aleppo-^ and he
advifed the merchants, for greater fecurity, to pitch their tents
under the town walls, in the ruins of a large palace, the wall
ftill {landing very high, the town within being but fmall, aiid
the houfes, excepting two or three, no better than hog-flies;
lo they pitched in a deep fandy ground, where they felt it
exceeding hot; here they waited till 5 o'clock without eating
any thing, expe6ling the Sheck would have made them pre-
fents, according to the ufual cuftom of the l^urks to their

friends,

152 M E M O I R S e/' M^

friends, and hare given fomc anfwer to the letters they brought
him; but on the contrary, they found by the gellures of the
people, that they had reafon to fuipedl them 5 upon this, two
of the merchant's company, beUeving that the want of aprefent
to the Ei'iiy was the caufe thereof, tefolved to venture on a
\ifit to him, and taking the Janizary and one fervant, they
carried him a prefent of two pieces of red cloath and four of
preen, and feveral other things 5 being come, he welcomed
them to his tent, and placed the one on his right hand, and the
other on his left J Mdkctrj was a young man, not above 25,
and of good features, and a moft excellent horfeman 3 Hamet
Shideedy the other prince, was more elderly, as about 40 years
of age, and was not in the tent, but fate under a palm-tree
near it j he treated them with coffee, camel's flefh and dates,
and enquired of their journey, and the caufe of their comings
they told him it was only curiofity to fee thofe ruins 5 he faid,
that formerly Solomon Ibn el 2>oud built a city in that place,
which, being deftroyed, was built again by a ftrange people,
and he believed that the merchants, undcrftanding the infcrip-
tions on the pillars, came in fearch of treafure, he having but
fix moons before found a pot of Corra Cruffes ^ after this he
went out of the tent, leaving them fmoaking tobacco, and
told the Janizary and fervant, that never till then had any
Franks been at that place, and that now they knew the way
thro' the defart, they might inform the 'Turks to their ruin and
deftruftion, fo that it would be convenient for them to deflroy
all the merchants; only that they coming as friends, he would
have 4GC0 dollars as a prefent, clfc he would hang them and
the two Franks up, and go nght the reft; this meffage being
brour»ht them, they wifhed they could have excufcd themfclves
from this embaffy, and anfwered they could fay nothing \o
that demand, not knowing the minds of the reft, but if he
would permit them to go and fpeak with them, they would
return an anfwer; upon this, he threatened prefent death, but
at length gave leave to the Janizary to carry a letter to their
companions, wherein they 1 hewed the danger they were iji,
and the price fet on them; viz. 4000 dollars, one half in
money, and the other half in goods, as fwords, cloths, tents, c^r.
which the F.viir promifed to value at their worth; upon this
they made up in ooods and money to the value of 15CO dollars
which was all they could, and about fun-fet the Emir returned
their two friends; and thus, on account of this ufage they
could not view thcfc ruins, As far as they could conclude

from

Royal Society. irj

from their journeys, and the pofition of the ways, taken by
two good compafles, the diltance of Tadmor from y^kppo is
about 150 Englifi miles, and the courfe S. S. E. or rather
foraewhat more Ibutherly, confidering the variation of the
compafs, which is above half a point to the weft in thefe
parts.

In a fecond voyage, they fet out from Aleppo for I'admor on
Mkhaelmafs day 1(^9 1, being in all 30 men well armed,
having obtained a promife of fecurity from AJJyne the king of
t\iz Arabs ^ and one of his own people for a guide^ this day
their road pointed S. by E. and in four hours they came to a
fountain called Cophir-Ahiad, leaving Old Alppo about an
hour diftant on the right hand 5 here they made but a fhort
ilay, and proceeded to a better fountain at the foot of a verv

called Emgbir^ famous for the befl wheat, that is brought to
Aleppo yth\s they made their firlt ftage; and mounting again
in the morning about 5 o'clock, in lels than an hour, they
pafTed by an uninhabited village, called Urghee, their road
poinung as before thro' the fruitful plain 5 bur when they came
to afcend the hills, where they entred the defart, and were to
take their leave of mankind, at leafl of an inhabited country
for feveral days, they had a troublefome paflage over looie
great Hones, without any appearance of a road. Their guide
had promifed to cofldufithcm thro' pjeafant groves and forefls,
but no fuch thing appeared, unlefs you bellow that name on
low withered /hrubs that grew on the way 5 all the country \s
ftored with gazcls, the only food of a barbarous fort of people
there, and who are no mean arcifts in their way 5 for they lie
down behind the ftones, and /hoot them as they pafs along;
and tho' their guns are very ordinary, exceeding heavy and
thick, with match-locks, yet they are fuch excellent markfmen,
that they kill many of them. After this, they 'oent their
courfe to the S. E. or fomerhing more eaflerly, and came to
the ilde of a bog, called Zerga^ where there was water enough,
but neither palatable or wholefome. OBober iH, they depart-
ed from Zerga^ about two hours before fun-rifing, and as foon
as it was light, they had the profpea of a very high hill,
which was to be the boundary of their journey that day, called
Efree, and where they had excellent watery here they could
difcern the foundations of a foacious city; and a piece of a
Vol. HI. \) ' thick

154 M E M O I R S of the

thick wall, built of a chalky flone, was ftill ftanding; this they
iudoed to be the remains of a caftle fituated on the fide of the hill,
lb as both to defend and command the city ; on the top of the
hill, above the caftle, Hand the ruins of a fabrick, in appearance
very ancient, built of a very hard ftone, yet exceedingly worn by
the weather j it is of an oblong figure, pointing nearly to the
K. E. and S. W. with only one door on the eaft end, which was
once adorned with extraordinary good carvings, of which there
are flill fome remains j but the greateft part is either wore away,
or purpofely defaced ; and thofe marks of ancient beauty that re-
main are obfcure and Icarcely difcernible ^ the outfide of the
walls is beautified with pilafters quite round, whole pedeft.^ls and
capitals are regular and handfome ^ but the roof is fallen down,
and within appears nothing either great or beautiful.

O^ober 2d, they departed from Efree^ about an hour and
a half after midnight, and in fix hours and a half they arrived at
two wells, 18 fathom and two foot deep, k:.nwn by the name of
Imp Male ha Giubj thro* the greateft part of this /fage, they
had a broad beaten way, and where that was not dilcernible,
they direded themlelves, by a ridge of chalky hills, under
which the wells lay^ the water was exceeding bad, and of 16
noifome a fcent, that they could not endure it, lo much as at their
nofes. In their way hither they were fliewu the true plant,
which they burn for ibap-aflies, which has no leaves, bur a foft
juicv ftalk, {hooting into feveral branches, and Ibmething relem-
bling famphire, only it is rounder than that • the a/hes in burn-
ing run into cakes, not much unlike the cinders of a forge, only
they are heavier, and not lo full of pores, nor lb hard as they
arc • in the afternoon they proceeded on their voyage two hours
and a half, to a place called Almyrrha^ palling rather between,
than over the hills 3 their journey hitherto had been altogether
Ibutherly, and but a little varying to the eaftward of due Ibuth.

OBober 5d, They fet out from Almyrrha between five and
fix in the morning, making to the point of a high ridge of moun-
tains, thro' an uneven delart way ; they came to the afcent in
about four hours, which they found not difficult, and when they
were on the top, they had an agreeable profpefl: of the country ;
this mountain was covered on both fides with great plenty of tur*
pi'ntinc trees, which was a very pleafing fight, having leen little
green in their whole journey ; this tree grows very thick and iliady,
and it yields a Ihnall round nut, of which oil is made 5 tho' Ibme
cat them, and account them as great a regalio as pillaches 3 their
outward huili is green, and more oily than that of piftaches, and

within

Royal Society. 15^

within a very thin fhell they have kernels, very much refembling
them, both in colour and relifli. From this hill they had a te-
dious defcent, and came at its foot into a narrow gut, windingf
this way and that, between the mountains • that paffage leemed
very long, hot and tirelbme^ their want of water however obli-
ged them to proceed, whereof they now began to be in great
neceflity, efpecially for their horles and mules ; about 2 o' clock
in the afternoon a fmall drizling rain, which they had for about
half an hour, increased to a very plentiful ihower, which put
them upon producing all the veflels they had to catch it, as it fell
from the heavens, or ran down the fkirts of their tents, their hor-
les at the fame time greedily drinking it from the ground ; but in
leis than half an hour their camp was in a manner aflo.it^ the
hollow guts they pafTed over, without the leafl appearance of
moifture, were, by cataracts, which delcended from the moun-
tains, become rivers, tho* next morning all this great cjuantity
of water was pafled away, fo that in about two hours riding they
could hardly perceive there had been any rain at all ; this memo-
rable place is known by the name o^ Al-ia^ifoal.

OEioher 4th, From ^l-wipal they proceeded for I'admor^
their way lay fouthwards, but the gut, in which they travelled,
would not permit them to keep a dire6t courfe^ however in about
an hours time, they paffed by Autor mountains, thro' a gut or
paflage, both whole fides fo diredly anfwered to each other, that
one would be apt to think, they had been feparated by art, for
an entrance into the country 5 but almoft as loon as they were
well got within the open fpace, they were obliged to alcend an-
other hill, and {o their road continued over hills and valleys in-
terchangeably all the way : They had hardly proceeded 4 hours,
when they came to the brow of a rocky mountain, feparated from
that whereon the caftle of 'Tadmor Hands, only by a narrow val-
ley 5 in this hill there appeared fome quarries of fine ftone, which
probably might afford materials for the curious buildings in the
city, where they foon after arrived.

After having tired themfelves in roving from one ruin to an-.
other, and fearching amongft old flones^ and more efpecially,
not thinking itfafe to linger too long in a place, where the moun-
tain Arabs might either fall upon them, or endeavour to inter-
cept their return 5 therefore on ^Ihurfday^ 081. 8th, about half an
hour after four in the morning, they departed from Tadmor^ being
very well latisfied with what they had feen, and glad to have ei-
caped fo dreaded a place ; but in other refpe^ls they regreted,
that they were obliged to leave unobierved a great many things,

U 2 which

J56 M E M O I R S of the

which clefervccl a iriDre particular and curious infpc£lion. Their
coad lay almoll due eait, or a httle inclining to the north 5 and
on the left hand a ridge of hills extended for a great ipace, ibme-
timcs about half an hour diftant from the road, and iometimes
opening wider 3 thele hills ^vcre faid to abound in rich veins of
levcral metals, and they llipplied all that vaft quantity of mar-
ble, therennains whereof they had feen at Tadmor j to the right
■hand there lay a very barren plain, perfedly bare, and icarcely
any thing green to be leen therein, fave a few gourds 3 in about
five hours and a half they came to a fountain near a village called
Tarrecca.

OBober 9, From Tarrecca they fet out early, and travelling
K. E. or near that point, in feven hours they arrived at Soukney ,
the road was much like that of the precceding day, lying over a
barren plain, only they had hills on both fides, and fometimes
at the diilance only of half an hour from each otheK-3 the village
has its name from the hot waters, which arc of the fame nature
with thofe at T'adrnor.

OBoher 10, Continuing their voyage dill to the N. E. or fome-
thing more eafterly, it was but an caly ftage to another village
callecl I'llhCy fo called from the goodneis of the waters, which not-
withllanding were not fo very extraordinary 3 they had the tafte,
and were doubtlefs tin£lured with the fame mineral with thofe of
Soukney and Tadmor, tho' not fo ftrongly 3 this village is pleafant-
]y fituated, and makes a good appearance as one approaches to it,
the profpe6t beiug improved by a well built fteeple, on which
the mofque adjoins, or rather the remains of a Chriftian church,
being built with Ibme more beauty and art than are ufually found
in Tlirkip fabricks. From hence they fet out in the afternoon,
iind proceeded about 2 \ hours farther, and they pitched at a
fountain, called Aliorne, but the water was not fit to be drank,
being of the ikme nature with that of SoukucXy and almolt as
warm.

OEiober 11, From Jllrome they fet out about an hour and a
half after midnight, directing their courfe more northerly 3 as loon
as it became light, they found thcmlelves in a wild open deiart,
the ground in ibme places being covered with a ibrt of ncath, and
in others quite bare 3 nor had they travelled long after the fun
was up, before they difcovcred ylrfoffdy by the help of a rifing
p.round3 but it was after 10 o'clock before they reached it 3 and
finding no water there, they were obliged to proceed forwards
to the river iLupbrates^ which is four hours diflant fi"om it,
Jt'foffa or as the Arabs call it Arfo-ffa Ew.ir, lecms to be the

remains

Royal Society. j^j

•remains of a monaftry, being one continued pile of building, of
an oblong foi;m, ftretching lengthwile ea.ft and well, and enclo-
fing a very fpacious area 5 at a diftance it makes ^ glittering fliew,
being built of Gyp fine Stone or Rock T/wg-Gi^^s, relembling
alabafter, but not fo hard 5 when the fun fliines upon it, it re-
fleds the beams fo llrongly, that they dazzle the eyes of the fpec^
tators 5 there was no art or accuracy in the workmanfliip, and
but very little carved work, and that mean enough, and the ce-
ment was little better than dirt 3 round about were the Imall
apartments or chambers of the monks, built arch-wile, only one
ftory above ground 3 but underneath were feveral cells or vaults,
larger than the chambers, which perhaps might ferve for their
fchools, or working houfes ; in the middle of the area Hand the
ruins of leveral buildings, fome of which feem to have been cil-
terns for water, and it may be the bathing places; but one heap
was moft remarkable, which probably was the abbot's or bifhop's
houfe^ and another, which was the ruins of their church- this
was formerly no inelegant Urutlure, being built in the form of
our churches, and diftinguiflied into three ifles, of which the
middle one is fupportd by 18 turned marble pillars, with capitals
upon them, not of marble, but of a fort of clay, and call into
that fhape, but of a colour exa£lly refembling the pillar it felf •
and what confirms their being caft, is a Greek infcription to be
feen on all of them ; the letters of which are not made by inci-
iion in the Hone, but feem to be flamped, {landing out higher
than the dillance between them ; and on one of them, by miltake,
they are fo placed, as to be read after the oriental manner, frotn
the right hand to the left 3 the words are thefe, with the cruci-
fex before them.

+ Eni QEm^ EniCK° t« rrm^N map«ni« t^

XeoVETHQK",

From hence their guide led them to the river, by the aflillancc
cf two fmall hills, called Jff-'Dien, their way lying north, and a
little bending to the eall. They pitched on the reach of the ri-
ver, where it was not very broad, not being above half a mufket
fhct over.

06iober 12, About fun-rifing they proceeded on their journey
keeping along the banks of the river, which for the moll part
led them well and northwell 3 and here their travelling proved
very agreeable, having the river on the right hand, and hills of
marble, or other fine Hone, on the left 3 and delightful groves

of

158 M E M O 1 R S of fbe

of tamarifk, mulberry, and other trees to pafs thro'; here every
thing looked frcfh and verdant ; they had alto a fine profpe6t of
the oppofite fliore, and they could lee a great way into AJefopo-
rami a.

Ouiober 13, they had the fame profpe<5t as they had the pre-
ceeding day, travelling as near the river as the road would per-
mit J and having made a ftage of about 6 hours, they relied un-
der the fhade of the- tamarillc-trees by the river fide. In their
way they law the ruins of a city, called Saidus, where the
ffurks had formerly a Sangiac ; but now there is neither inhabit
tant m the place, nor houfe Handing, but the ruins of houfes,
and ano6lagonal tower of a confiderable height; viz. loj Reps,
and beautified on the outfide with flourifhes, and an j4rabic in-
icription round about ; it is a handfome ftrudlure, and probably
the work of the Mamalukes, fince whofe time little has been
done to adorn, but a great deal to deflroy and waiie this
country. Afier dinner they let out fooner than ordinary, hop-
ing to reach the tents of Ajjyne., before it was late, but it was
fun-let befcrc they got to Fay\ a fountain by vvhich he lay;
they had travelled llill on the fame point; vi^. N. W. with
the' prripeil of the river for the greater part of the way. King
Jljjyrie^ rents covered a large plain, and took up lb vaft a fpace,
that from a rifing ground the utmoft. extent of them could not be
feen; the king's tent was nearly in the middle, the reft pitched
about It, n "t in a circular manner, but extending in length as the
plain opened; or, for the better conveniency of a currrent of
water, which from the fountain ran thro' the middle of the tents;
it was not at all diftinguifhable from the reft, but by its bignels,
being all made of hair-cloth. It cannot well be doubted, that
they are defcended from the old Arabes Scenit(f^ living juft in
the fame manner, and having no fettled abode, but removing
from fountain to fountain, as they find grafs and water for their
flif cp and camels ; they affeft to derive themielvcs from Jpmael^
the ion of Abraloam. As loon as the merchants alighted they
were attended by tlic ofificers of the Emir, and condutSled to a
very noble tent, built after the 'Turkijh mode, and pitched next
to his cwn ; before fupper the king himfelf made them a vifit m
pcrfon, bidding them welcome to Fay, and alking what they
had iccn in their travels; how they liked 'Tadmor, and whether
rhcy had found a treafure there? For theie people entertain a
notion, that xV.^ Franks ^o to fee old ruins, becauie they there
meet with infcriptions, which dire6t them to fomc hidden trea-
fure 3 and therefore it is no unufual thing with them, when they

find

Royal Society. j^g

find a ftone with an infcription on one fide, to turn that down to
the ground, that it may not be feen or read by any. When fupper
was brought in, tliere was a large difli of 'Pilai^ in the middle
and 12 or 13 difhes of leveral forts of meat about it, all dreficd
after their manner, but exceeding good. After the merchants
had eat and drank what they pleaicd, they were fucceeded by
their fervants, it being the cuftom of the ^^alps and T'urks too,
from the higheft to the loweft, to eat at the fame table, the beft
ibrt fitting down firfl, and lb in order, till all have done. Next
morning the king went to a great entertainment made him by one
of his grandees 3 two young camels were killed to furnifh out
this fumptuous feafl, which is the higheft piece of magnificence
and greatnefs, to which thele people, whole greateft riches con-
fift in camels, can arrive ; the tent was very large, and to make
it flill more capacious, it was left open towarcls the weft 3 the
king was leated at the north end, about the middle of the tent,
upon a place railed with cufhions and quilts and before him car-
pets ^ neither did he fit crofs-Iegged, as rhe reft of the company
was obliged to do, but in a leaning pofture^ they feemed to ob-
lerve an exa6t order in their places -, and when any perlbn of note
entred, fuch, as were near his place, rofe up, and ftood till he
had leated himfelf; but far the greateft part could not come
within the compafs of the ring^ the left hand is here efteemed
the more honourable place 5 dinner was ferved up in large wood-
en bowls carried by two men, of which there were about 50 or
60 in number, with feveral fmall ones • in the centre there ftood
a bowl of a larger fize, in which were the camel's bones, and a
thin broth in which they were boiled 5 the other great one.^
feemed to be filled with one and the fame ion of food, which
was a kind of plum-broth made of rice, and the flefliy part of
the camel, with currants and fpices 5 the fmallcr di/hes were,
for the moft part, charged with rice, drefled after leveral modes,
fome of them having Leben^ a thick four milk, poured upon
them, which is in great efteem in thefe hot countries, being very
ufeful in quenching thirft. Knives, forks, Ipoons, trenchers, ^c.
are filly impertinent things in the efteem of the Arahs^ inftead
of ufing thefe, they thruft their hands into the diih and eat by
handfuls^ when the table was thus plentifully furniflied, the
king rifing from his feat, went and fat down to that difh that was
direcily before him, as did alio the reft^ becaufe the di/hes in
the middle were too remote to be reached at, there was an officer
on pur pole, who, ftepping in amongft them, and ftanding in
places defigned for that end, with a long ladle in both his bands,

helped

i6o MEMOIRS of the

helped any one according to his defire. After the king had cat
what he thought tir, he rofe up and waihed, and retired back to
his former ieat.

OElober 1 5, in the morning the merchants proceeded on their
journey homewards, and in about 3 \ hours arrived at Seray^ and
from thence they came to Sherhy Fountain^ and from this place
they had not above 7 or 8 hours to Akppo*

'The ancient State of the City o/Palmyraj ^^ Mr. Edm.Halley.
Phil. Tranf. N° 2 18. p. 160,

THE city of 'Tadmor^ whofe remains in ruins do fo evi-
dently demonftrate the once happy condition thereof,
feems very plainly to be the fame city, which Solomon the
great king o{ Jfracl is faid to have founded under that name
in the defart, both in i Kin^s IX. t^ and 2 Chron. VIII. "i^^
in the tranflation of which, the vulgar T^atin verfion, faid to fee
that of St. Jerome^ has it, Condidit 'Palmy ram in Deferto-^
and Jofe-phus tells us, that he built a city in the defart, and
called It Thadamora, and the Syrians, at this day, fays he, call it
by the fame name, but the Greeks call it Palmyra ^ the name
is therefore Greek, and confequently has no relation to the
JLatin Palma, and feems rather derived from n«A//i/^, or
Tlct\ij.v^, which Hefychius interprets BttciXiv^ ttatdp, or perhaps
from TlA^fj.vTiH, which, according to the fame' author, was an
JEgyptian god 5 nor is the word IDTil butlOD which in He-
hreiv fignifies a palm-tree.

Hiftory is filent as to the fate and circumftances of this city,
during the great revolutions in the feveral empires of the eaft^
but it may well be fuppofed, that fo advanced a garrifon as this
was, being above 300 miles from Jerufakm, contmued nor long
in the poffeflion of the Je-i^s, who immediately after Solomon
fell into civil diflention, and divided their force; {0 that it is
rot to be doubted, but that it fubmitted to the 'Babylonian and
^erfiun monarchies, and afterwards to the Alacedonians under
Alexander and the Seleucidce. But when the Rorihws got foot-
ing in thofe parts, and the Parthiaiis feemed to put a flop to.
their farther conquers in the eaft, then was thij city of Pal-
myra, by reafon of its fituation, being a frontier town, and in
the middle of a vaftfandy defart, where armies could not well
fubfifr to reduce it by force, courted and carcfied by the con-
tending princes 5 and permitted to continue a free flatc, a mart,
or flaplc for trade, for the conveniency of both empires, as
plainly appears from ylppian and Pliny,

Jppian

Royal Society. i6i

j^pplande ^ell. Civil. /.V.. tells us, that M.Antony, after
his vidory at 'Philippic about 4.0 years before Chrifl, fent his
horfe to plunder the city o{ Palmyra, pretending only that they
were not fufficicntly in the Roman intereft j or/ ^'^coi^aiuv it) lict^-
Bvaue-jy oV7i<; l(pofot U iKoLiz^a^ iTTtS'i^ieo^ '^'X^v, and that being mer-
chants, they conveyed the Indian and Arabian commodities
by the way oi Perfia into the Roman territories, tho' the true
realon was their riches j but the '■Palmyreneiy being informed
of their defign, took care to prevent them, and fo efcaped
plunder 5 and this attempt of Antonfs occafioned a rupture
between the two empires. The words of Pliny y above ico
years after, do likewife teftify that this city then continued in
the fame enjoyment of its liberties. Palmyra Urbs nobilis
fitUy divitiis foli^ atque aquis am<enis^ vaflo undiqne amhitu
arenis includit agroSy ac velut terris e^cmpta a rerum natura^
privata forte inter duo imperia fumma Romanorum Parthorum-
que, ^ prima in difcordia femper iitrinque cura-j whereby it
appears, that it was a common wealth in the time oiVefpafiaUy
and its iituation is truly defcribed, as it were an ifland of fer-
tile land, furrounded with a fea of barren fands^ fuch fpcts,
according to Straboy were frequent in Libya^ and by the Egyp-
tians called Abafes, whence poffibly the name of the Abajjlne
nation is derived.

With thefe advantages of freedom, neutrality, and trade,
for near two centuries, it is not to be wondered at that it ac-
quired that ftate and wealth anfwerable to the magnificence
of thefe noble ftru(5tures; but when the Romam under Trajan
had taken Sabylon and Ctefipkion, the then feat of the Parthian
empire, thcPalmyrenes were at length determined to declare
for them 5 which they did by fubmitting themfelves to the
emperor Adrian^ about the year of Chrifl 190, when he made
his progrefs thro' Syria into Egypt 5 and that magnificent em-
peror, being highly delighted with the nature, ffrength, andfitu-
ation of the place, was pleated to adorn and build it- when
probably he bcftowed on it the privileges of a colony Juris
Italicij which it enjoyed, as Ulpian affures us, and the inhabi-
tants, in gratitude to the emperor, would have themfelves
called HirdrianopolitO', iTriKTia^ia^i th? 'jokiu^ Ctto n^ Avtok^.-
Tof®^, fays S.epbanuSj nor is it unlikely, that many of thole
marble pilkrs were the gift of that emperor, and particularly
ihofe of the long PortiruSj becaufe none of the infcriptions ar^
prior to that dare, and that it was ufual with the Ctefars to
prefcnt cities, that had obliged them, with marble pillars to

Vol. III. " X adcr.i

i62 MEMOIRS of the

adorn their publick buildings; thcfe in this place were not far
to fetch, the neighbouring mountains affording marble quar-
ries: But the magnitude of the porphyry columns is indeed
very remarkable, confidering how far thefe vaft ftones mud
have been brought by land-carriage to this place, it not being
known that any other quarries yield it, except thofe of Egypty
which lie about mid- way, between Cairo and Siena, between
the Nile and the Red Sea 5 the ftone is very valuable for its
colour and hardnefs, and becaufe it rifes in blocks of any
magfnitude required 5 therefore is a great miftake to fuppofe it
fa^litious.

From the time q{ Adrian to that of Amelian^ for about 140
years, this city continued to flourifh and encreafe in wealth and
power to that degree, that when the emperor Valerian was
taken prifoner by Sapores^ V\ngo{ ^erjia, Od<ena!hus,onQ of the
Lords of this town, was able, whillt Gallienus negle(5ted his
duty both to his father and his country, to bring a powerful
army into the field, and to recover Mefopotamia from the
^Perfians, and to penetrate as far as their capital city Ctefiphon 5
by this means, doing fo confiderable a fervice to the Roman
ftate, that Gallienus thought himfclf obliged to give him a
fliare in the empire; but, by a ftrange reverfe of fortune, this
honour and relpeft to Odeenatbus occafioned the fudden ruin
and fubverfion of the city; for he, and his Ton Herodes^ being
murdered by AUonius their kinfman, and dying with the title
oi AugiifluSy his wife Zenobiay in right of her fon JVaballathuSy
then a minor, pretended to take upon her the government of
the eafl:, which (he adminiftred to admiration; and loon after,
Gallienus being murdered, j'hc feized the government o^ Egypt,
and held it during the /liort reign of the emperor Claudius
Gothicus-^ but j4urelian, coming to the imperial dignity, would
not fufter the title oi jluguftus m this family, tho' he allowed
them that of Vice Cdefaris, as plainly appears by the Latin
coins o{ Aurelian, on the reverfe of which is Waballathus with
thefe letters U. C. R. I M. OR- which T. Ilardouin has very
judiciouily interpreted, Vice Cdfaris ReEior Imperii OricntiSy
bur without the title of C<fjar or AugufluSy and with a laurel
inftead of a diadem. But both Waballathus and Zenobia are
Itilcd (^EBA(^TOI in the Greek coins, probably made within
their own ju'ifdidtion.

But Zenobia not iarisfied with any thing lefs than a (hare in
the empire, and Aurelian^ perfifting not to have it difmenibrcd,
marched againit her, and having m two battles routed her

forces,

RovAL Society. 163

forces, he /hut her up, and bcfieged her in Talmyra-^ and the
bedeged, finding that the refiftance they made availed not
againll that refolute emperor, furrendred rhe town 5 and Zeno-
hiay flying with her fon, was purlued and taken 5 with which
Aurelian being farisfied, fpared the city, and leaving a I'mall
garrifon, he marched to Bjome with this captive lady j but the
inhabitants, believing that he would not return, fet up again
for themfclves, and, according to VopifcuSy they flew the gar-
rifon 5 which Aurelian underftanding, tho' by this time he had
got into Europe^ yet he fpeedily returned with his ufual fierce-
nefs, and collefling a fufficient army by the way, he again
took the city without any great oppofition, and put them to the
fword with an uncommon cruelty, and delivered them to the
pillage of his foldiers. And it is obfervable, that none of the
Greek infcriptions are pofterior to the date of this calamity,
which befel the city in, or about the year of Chrift 272, after
it had been 9 or 10 years, not without glory, the feat of the
empire of the eaft.

In this appears the great ufefulnefs of coins to illuflrate hifto-
rical fads 5 for by them alone it is made out, that there was
fuch a prince as WaballathuSy called Salbatus by Vopifcus j and
from the fame coins it appears, that Odcenatbus had the title
o^ Auguftus for four years, and Wahallathus for at leaft fix 5
and that the firft year of Aiirelian was the fourth o^ U'aballa-
thus 'j and by the teftimony oi'PolUo^ Odeenathus was declared
emperor of the eaft, Gallieno ^ Saturnino Cofs. which was
Anno Chrifti 16^^ and died before Gallienus, Anno 16'j, which,
by the coins, was the firll o{ Wahallathus -^ he therefore imme-
diately fucceeded Odcenatbus^ and was doubtlefs his eldeft fon
by Zenobia, and not his grandfon, the fon of Herodes^ as fome
learned men have fuppofed^ for \{ Zenobia could not bear that
HerodeSi Ion of Odcenatbus by a former wife, fliould fucceed
his father, in prejudice of her children, and for that reafon was
confcnting to his murder, as 'Tollio intimates in Herodes and
MceonluSy much lefs would (he fuffer the title of Auguftus in
the fon of Herodes^ and efpecially, when her own Ions were
elder than fuch grandfon 3 fo that it is moft probable, that
Herennianus and Timolaus^ whom Pollio reckons amongft the
thirty tyrants, might be the younger fons o( Zenobia, on whom
alfo, oat of motherly affedion, flic might beftow the fame
titles of honour.

But it muft be obferved, that in the Greek coins this prince's
name is ufually written ATT. EPMIA^ OTABAAAA0OC

X 2 A0HNOT,

i64 M E M O I K S of the

A0HNOT, as 'Tri[lan fays he found on feveral medals, but
^Patin hi^s the \xi\ word only A0H • Mr. Halley is of opinion,
that his true name was JEranes IVaballat^huSy tho' perhaps the
remoter cities of jifia and Ionia mi^ht, by miftake, write it
Hsrmias-j and it is probable, that A0HN might ftand for the
firfl letters of OAHNA0O(^, which in Syriac began with an
Aleph^ and the A they uled inftead of 0, as the month Xan-
thictts is in many of the infcriptions written ^clvJ'ik^^ which
doubtlefs was pronounced like D "Blccfum^ or the Sa^zon ^.

Tho' this city was then fo roughly handled by Aiirelian^ yet
it is certain, that he did not burn it, or deflroy the buildings
thereof^ and tho* Zofimus, on this occafion, ufes the words
-rm TTohiv KeLTaay^cL-i-ct.^, yet that feems only to relate to his de-
molifhing the walls and fortifications of the place 5 and that
emperor's own letter, extant in Vopifcus-) fufficiently fhews
that he fpared the city itfelf, and that he took care to re-inftate
the beautiful temple of the fun, which had been plundered by
his foldiers. However, the damage then fuftained was never
retrieved by the inhabitants, and this city made no figure in
hiftory ever after. About the year of Chrift 400, it was the
head quarters of the Legio prima Illyricormn, and tho' Scepha-
1IUS gives it no better title than that o{^^^exovy yet it appears to
have been an archbifliop's lee, under the metropolitan of Tia-
tiiafcus. To fay in what age, or from what hand it received its
final overthrow, which reduced it to the miferable condition it
now appears in, we have no light from hiftory • but it is pro-
bable, it perifhed long fince in the obfcure ages of the world,
during the wars of the Saracens, and being burnt and defolated,
it was never re-built, which is the reafon the ruins lie fo entire,
in a manner as they were left. As to the geographical fite of
Palmyra, ^Ptolemy places it in the latitude of \tripoly on the
coaft of Syria, and four degrees more eallerly, "y/^,. TIaX[j.v^..
BO. r. aJ^. and he makes it the capital of 16 cities in Syria 'Pal-
myrena, 'w\\q.^qo{ AlaVn, Tianaba, and Evaria were afterwards
bifhop's fees 5 Pliny places it c c iii miles from the neareft coaft
o^ Syria, andcccxxxvii from Selcucia on the 'Tigris near
'Bagdat ; Jofephus places it one day's journey from Euphrates^
and fix from 'Baby Ion, 'x\\\c\\ muft be underftood of ahorleman's
journey, of about 60 miles a-day, it being more than fo much
from the Euphrates : Ptolemy mentions alfo a river running by
Palmyra, which did not appear to our travellers, unlefs that
gut or channel, wherein they were overflowed by the rain-
waters, were the bed thereof^ which may poffibly run in a

conftant

Royal Society. 165

conftant flream in the winter, or in times of much rain^ but this,
as the rivers of 'Damaj'cus and Aleppo at this day, is ma<lc by
'■Ptolemy to have no ifluc but to go off in vapours, and to be im-
bibed by the thirfly earth of thele delarts.

The Mra, or account of years, obferved by the Pdlmyrenes
in their inlcriptions, is evidently that of Seleucus, called after-
wards iDhlkarnain or Jiicornis by the Arabs^ and uled by them
till above 900 years after Chrift, and not that of the death of
Alexander ; this may be demonftratcd from an infcription,
wherein Alexander Sever us is filled ©Eor, that is, after the
death and confecration of that emperor, or after the year of our
Lord 234; and from the name of jfullus^ who, when this in-
icriptinn was fet up, was Praefectus Praetorii^ and could be no
other than Juliiii 'Pbillppus u4rabs^ who might be efteemed by
the Palmyrenes as their countryman, it follows, that it was in the
jaffc year of Gordian, An- Chrift. 1^1 or 243 j and that empe-
ror being foon after murdered by the treachery of this Philipy
who fucceeded him, and his trealon coming afterwards to light,
it is not to be wondered at that his name was purpolely effaced in
this inlcriptionj the date thereof An. 554, fhews the beginning
of this account 311, or 512 years before Chrift co incident with
the ^ra of SeleucuSy which was alfo uled by feveral other cities
in the eafl.

I'he Cure of a Horfe Staked into his Stomach 5 hy jDr. Wallis.
Phil. Tranf. N° 219. p. 178.

A Horfe, leaping over a hedge, chanced to flake himfelf very
dangeroufly^ the farrier, upon learching the wound, anS
enlarging it in the outward ii.in and rim of the belly, found a
wound in the ventricle or maw, at leafl three inches in length 5
he then removed the maw outwardly and ordered a fervant to
cleanfe it from the chewed grafs, being lefs likely to mortify
when empty j the maw being thus cleanfed, the farrier lewed up
the wound therein, and then thruft it back into the body 5 and
afterwards iewed up the wound in the rim of the belly 5 the
wound in the outward lltin he did not few up, but only tacked it
loofely together about the middle, leaving room on both fides t»
put in tents and medicines for the healing of it 5 the horle after
this continued for fbme time much indilpofed, but in a month or
fix weeks time, with careful attendance, the wounds were clofed,
and perfe6lly cured ^ and the horle worked at the plough and did
other fervices as before.

I'he

i66 ME M O I R S of f/je

27^(? Soap-earth from Smyrna 5 [py 2)r. Edw. Smith. Phil.
Tranf: N° 220. p. 228.

VOap-enrth is found only in two places near Tiuracleci^ a large
^ open village about fix leagues to the eaitward of Smyrna^ and
in a very flat plain, about a league weftward of the river Hermus^
and levcral leagues from the fea'- it is a fine Soap^ and at the
firfl gathering, it is a whitifh earth, which boils or ihoots up out
of the earth j it is gathered always before fun-rifing, and in the
morning, when there falls no dew, fo that a flock muft be laid
up for the whole year in the fummer months • it comes up in
Ibme places an inch or two above the furface of the ground j but
the iiin ridng upon it, makes it fink down again j every morning
there is a new crop, tho' all be taken away which the preceeding
day afforded; the foil, that produces it, lies low in both places,
and is in the winter wafliy; it is covered, tho' but thinly, with
grafs. Three hundred drams of this earth put into a retort in
'Balneo ^rende^or 12 hours in a violent fire, gave between 5 and
6 ounces of an infipid phlegm. Finding therefore no volatile fait,
as what muft have come over by the foregoing experiment; 200
drachms calcined at a bagnio-fire, in a German crucible, were
diflolved in water; the compofition of earth and water, boiled
into a lixivium, made 500 drachms; it was boiled for three
hours, fliU icumming off the froth, ihen it was filtrated, after that
evaporated over a gentle fire ; it was kept to chryftallize, and it
appeared like a fixt fait. At the foap-houfes they mix f of earth
with \ of lime, and diffolve the compofition in boiling water;
where flirring it often with a ftick, there floats a-top a thick
browniili fubftance, which they preferve in balbns a-part, and this
Icum is much richer than the liquor underneath; yet both are
uied in mLiking the foap. Into a large copper caldron they put
50 kintals of oil, applying a very hot fire, which burns conti-
nually until the foap is made. When the oil has boiled, they
begin to throw in fome of the fcum, and fometimes of the liquor,
from which the Icum was taken. They often repeat this throw-
ing in of the Icum and liquor for i; or 14 days, in which time
the foap is ufually perfected; the brownifli Icum, and what is
ufeful of the liquor, incorporating with the oil, what is ufelefs
finks to the bottom of the caldron, where it is let out to make
rr)om for throwing in more. The water, thus let out, is again
thrown upon a new compofition of earth and lime; but when the
liquor becomes wholly infipid, it is then judged to be exhaulled.
After 13 or 14. Days, when the foap is finilhcd, it is laded outof

the

Royal Society. 167

the boiler, and laid upon a lime floor to dry. They proportion
two load of earth of five kintals each, to 50 kintals of oil 3 the
produce is between 70 and 80 kintals of foap. The earth is
bought at a dollar a load, and the Ibap, at (J^ a kintal. There
is employed in making foap yearly at Smyrna 1000 kintals of oil.
The carrying of foap-earth employs icco, or 1500 camels daily,
for eight months , the other four fummer months being too hot for
camels to travel in. An ordinary foap-houle produces 1000 dol-
lars a year clear profit, one year with another.

Chylificationj hy Mr, Will. Cooper. Phil. Tranf N° 220.

p. 231.

TH E Denies inciforii are employed to divide the food 5
when a proportionable piece is thus taken into the mouth,
the lower jaw is varioufly moved by its proper mufcles and maf-
tication is begun and carried on by the afliltance of the tongue,
cheeks and lips • the two firft fl:iil applying the lefs divided parts
of the aliment to the 2)entes molareSj till there is an equal com-
minution of all its parts. At the fame time feveral of the muf-
cles, employed in the motion of the lower jaw, are alio ierviceable,
in promoting the fpittle feparated fi'om the blood by the \Parotid
GlandSy the glands of the lower jaw, and thofe under the tongue
into the mouth j the falival glands of the cheeks and lips, alio
contributing their juices, do all together join with the maflicated
aliment, before or at the fame time it is made fit to be fwallowed -
which adion is called De^htitmu and is thus performed .- The
aliment, as well what is fluid, as what is mafticated, being lod-
ged on the tongue, which does form itfelf a little into a hollow,
by means of its own proper mulcular fibres, for the more commo-
dious holding the greater quantity, its tip and fides are applied
to the infides of all the teeth of the upper jaw, the tongue is fud-
.denly drawn up by the MiifcuU Styloghfil and Mylogloffus^
together with thole mufcles which pull the Os Hyoides upwards ;
at the fame time the Fauces are alfo drawn up, and their cavity
enlarged by the Mufculi Stylophaiyngeij and about two thirds
of the fuperior fuvface of the tongue is adequately applied to the
roof of the mouth 3. the EpiglottiSy from its pofition being confe-
quently deprelTed, does thereby cover the Glottis or Rimtda of
the Larynx^ and prevents any part of the aliment froin defcendin/r
into the wind-pipe. In this part of the action of deglutition, the
elands under the tongue, and the excretory du61s of thole of the
lower jaw, are comprefled, and their feparated liquors or ipittle
is difcharged by their TapilliC^ fituated at the lower part of the

i68 M E M O I R S ^/-//S^

Frcenum^ or ligament' of the tongue, and this is done by the
Mufulus Mylo-hyoidcus. When the aliment is thus forced into
the Fauces, or upper part of the gullet, at the lame time the
GarirareoUy toi^ether with the Uvuia^ are drawn upwards and
backwards by rlie Miifciili Spbtfnoftapbylini j by which means any
part of the aliment is hindred from alcending into the Foramifia
Narium ; and the Fauces by the Mufculns 'Pterygopharyngeus
zx\^ Oefopha^eus, are contracted ^ whereby the aliment is not
only comprcfled into the gullet, but the matter feparated from
the blood by the glands of the Fauces, efpecially of thofe large
ones called "/"o;{////^, is forced out of their cells or excretory
duils to join with it in its delcenr into the llomach, by the gullet,
thro' which latter it pafles, by the action of its mulcular fibres.

The aliment, thus impregnated with Saliva in maftication and
deglutition, being received into the flomach, it there meets with
a juice leparated from the blood by the glands of that part, whofe
excretory du61:s open into the cavity of the ftomach ; by the com-
mixture of thefe liquors, whether of the Saliva or juice of the
ftomach, a proper jVIetiflruum is compoied, by which the parts
of the aliment are Hill more and more divided by its infinuating
into their pores, by which the air, before imprifoned in their lels
divided parts, is not only more diientangled, but by the natural
heat, it muft neceffarily fuffer fuch a rarefa6tion, as that thereby
the whole ftomach becomes Itill more and more diftended. Hence
it is that we have leis appetite Ibme time after eating than we had
immediately upon it^ hence alio anie thole frequent eructations from
divers aliments, as oldpeale, cabbage, and divers other vegetables
we frequently eat, all which prove very prejudicial tc depraved ap-
petites and weak ftomachs^ at the lame time, when this intume-
Icence and agitation of the matter is made in the ftomach^ the
contents of the neighbouring excretory duels, viz, the bile in the
gall bladder, and du(5ts of the liver, and the pancreatic juice in the
^iDuEtus pavcreaticus are compreiTed into the Tiuodemimy thro' the
diltenlion of the ftomach itlelf^ the refluent blood of the ftomach,
at that inftant, being, in fome meai'ure, retarded, whereby the
mulcular fibres are "more liable to be contracted. Nor can we
conceive how the liquor of the ftomach, after uniting with the
ipittle and aliment, ftiould be ftill lb plentifully excreted from
the glands of that part, as to irritate its internal membrane, and
excite its mulcular fibres to contrail, fince the mufclcs of the
Jibdovien would, in like manner as in vomiting, be drawn into a
conlent of cooperating, and the aliment would be forcibly re-
je£led by the mouth 3" be fides, iliould the liquor of the ftomach

prove

Royal Societv^ 169

prove fo prejudicial in chylification, what would tKe cafe be,
immediately on the dilcharge of all its contents ? The irritation,
the llomach undergoes in hunger, leems only to arile from an
accumulation of the fpittle in "the ftomach, m conjunction with
the liquor of the glands of that part, hence it is we rather dil-
charge the Ipittle at that time by the mouth, than lufFer it to
delcend into the ftomach 9 hence alfo proceeds, what is called
the watering of the mouth j hence likewife, when the Saliva is
vitiated, the appetite is depraved. The ftomach, by means of
its mulcular fibres, contracting it ^^\^y does griiduuliy difcharge
its contents by the pylorus into the iJuodenum^ in which gut,
•after a Imall lemi-circular delcent, it meets with the pancreatic
juice and bile, both which joining with it, renders lome parts
of the aliment more fluid, by ftill difuniting the grofler parts
from the more pure ^ and here chylification is made perfeff.

The bile, which abounds in lixivial lalts, and is apt ro mix
with the groffer parts of the concafted aliment, ftimulates the
guts, and deterges, and cleanfes their cavities of the mucous mat-
ter, leparared from the blood by the glands of the guts, and
lodged in their cavities, which not only moiftens the infides of
the guts, but defends the mouths of the Jafleals from being in-
jured by foreign bodies, which often pals that way. The con-
tents of the inteftines do ftiU move on by means of the periftaltic
or worm-like motion of the guts, whilit thofe thinner parts fitted
for the pores of the lafleals, called chyle, is ablorbed by them 5
the thicker parts move ftill more (lowly on, and being often re-
tarded in their progrefs by the Vahulce conniventes, all the
chyle or thinner parts are at length entirely abforbed, and what
remains is merely excrementitious, and fit only to be excluded
by ftool.

The analagous white appearance of the chyle, whether in the
ftomach, or inteftines, and always in the la£leals, and thoracic
dua, may be leen in the comniixtures of divers liquors, which
apart, exhibit no fuch appearance; nor is this phenomenon any
other than a tranfpofition of particles ; whether by a Menft nam's
infinuating into them, and dividing them into grols globules, as
an acid into a lulphur, or vinegarlnto oil, ^c. or elle by preci-
pitation, as when a guramous or refinous body is diiTolved in a
fpirituous /Jenftnium, and mixed with a phlegm 5 lb tincture of
myrrh and benjamin, ^c. make a milky appearance in common
water.

The longitudinal and tranfverfe orders or"" fibres of the guts,

are the inftruments by which their periftaltic motion is performed.

Vol. 111. y wl^'-'^

170 M E M O I K S of the

U'hich motion is not only neceffary for propelling their contents;
but by the reciprocal contraction of thofe mul'cular fibres of
the guts, and oppolition of the Valvulde conniventes-, the mouths
of the la6ieals are difpoled to receive what is prepared for
them ; hence it is, that we can by no means make any fluid what-
ever pals from the cavity of the guts into thofe ladleals in a
dead animal. A farther ufe of this contraction of the mulcular
fibres of the inteftines, is to accelerate the chyle in its progrefs
in the laCleals, 'till the Lympha derived from the extremities
of the arteries of the guts mixes therewith 5 which conjunction is
made in the laCteals, before they leave the external furface of
the inteftines. By this means, the progreflion of the chyle is
made towards the " mefenteric glands, into whole cells it is re-
ceived, and where it again mixes with a juice conveyed by the
arteries of each gland j which juice or lymphatic liquor, not only
farther dilutes the chyle, like that from the arteries of the intef-
tines, but adds a freih Impetus thereto 5 by which its motion is
farther promoted thro' the La^ea fecundi Generis, arifing out of
each mefenteric gland, and difcharging their contents into the
Rereptaculum Cbyli. Here the chyle mixes with the Lympha^
which comes from the lymphseduCls of the inferior limbs and
neighbouring parts, whereby the chyle is not only farther elabo-
rated, but its afcent into the thoracic duCt is promoted, whofe
fcyeral divifions and inofculations, like the veins of the tefticles,
its number of valves, looking from below upwards, and its ad-
vantageous iituation between the great artery and Vertebrae of
the back, together with the lymphasduCts, difcharging their
Lymph a derived from the lungs and neighbouring parts of the
thorax, do demonflrate the utmoft art, in order to promote its
afcent towards the left fubclavian vein. Before the thoracic duCt,
thus charged with the chyle and Lympha, empties itlelf into the
fubclavian vein, it receives the Lympha brought from the fupe-
rior parts ^ all which, mixing together, are loon difcharged into
the left fubclavian vein, where meeting with the refluent blood of
the fuperior parts, paffes with it thro' the delcending trunk of the
Vena cava, and joins with the refluent blood of the inferior
parts, in the right auricle of the heart 5 whence it is expelled by
Its contraction into the right ventricle, when the heart is in ^Dia^
Jlolej but by the Syjiole, or contraction of the heart, it is thence
propelled into the Arteria pulmonalis, thro' whole extremities,
m conjunction with thole of the Vena pulmonalis, it paffes to the
jeft auricle and ventricle of the heart, from whence it is again
difcharged in the Sy/iole into the Aorta, by whole branches n is

cpn-

Royal Society. 171

conveyed all over the body 5 the three tricufpii Valves in the
right, and the two mitral Valves in the left ventricle of the
heart, oppofing its return into the veins, and the lemilunar valves
of the Arteria pulmonalis and Aorta, preventing its ingrefs into
the ventricles, are lufficient to demonftrate the ncceiTity of a cir-
culation of the blood.

Micro fcopcal ObfervationSj by Mr. J. Harris. Phil. Tranf.

N° 220. p. 254.

MR. Harris examined a fmall drop of rain-water, that had
flood in a galley-pot in a window for about two months ;
he took it with the head of a Imall pin from the dilcoloured fur-
face of the water, and in it heobferved 4 forts of animals j in the
clear part of the drop were two kinds, and both very fniall ;
fome were of the figure of ants-eggs, thefe were in a continual iwift
motion 5 and he found that this kind of oval figure is the moll
common to the AnimakulA found in liquors 5 the other fpecies,
that were in the clear part of the drop, were mors oblong,
about three times as long as broad ^ thelc were exceeding nume-
rous, but their motion w'^as flow in comparifon of the former. In
the thick part of the drop, for the water had contraded a thickidi
fcum, he alfo found two fpecies of animals, as a kind of eels,
like thofe in vinegar, but much fmaller, and with their extre-
mities fharperj thefe would wriggle out in the dear part, and
then fuddenly betake themfelves back again, and hide themtelves
in the thick and muddy part of the drop, much like common
eels in the watery he faw here alfo an animal like a large mag-
got, which would contract itfelf into a fpherical figure, and
then extend itfelf again 5 the end of its tail appeared with a fore-
ceps, like that of an ear-wig 5 and he could plainly fee it open
and fhut its mouth, from whence air-bubbles would frequently be
difchargcdj of thefe he could number about 4 or 5, and they
feemed'to be buly with their mouths, as if feeding. Thele four
kinds of living creatures he afterwards found in many other drops
of the fame corrupted water, in the film and fcum, which was
on the furface 5 for under that, in the lower parts of the water,
he could never find any animals at all, unlefs when the water was
difturbed, and the furface ihook down into, and mingled with
the lower parts.

With a much better microfcope he examined fome ram-water,
that flood uncovered a pretty while, but had not contra6led any
fuch thick and dilcoloured fcum, as that abovementioned had 5 in
this, when it was clear, he could not find any animals at all ^ but

Y ^ a little

172 MEMOIRS of the

a little thin white Icum, that like greafe began to appear on the
furface, he found to be a number of exceeding fmall Avimakul^
of different fhapes and iizes, much like thole produced by keep-
ing barley in water.

At the lame time he looked on a fmall drop of the green fur-
face of iiume puddle-watery this he found to be altogether com-
pofcd of animals of fevcral fhapes and magnitudes, but the moft
remarkable were thole, which he found gave the water that green
colour, and were oval creatures, whole middle part were of a
grafs-green, but each end was clear and tranlparentj they would
contract and dilate themfelves, tumble over and over ieveral
times, and then /hoot away likefilli- their head was at their
broadeft end, for they Ibll moved that way ; they were very nu-
merous, but yet fo large, that he could diftinguifh them very
plainly with a glafs that did not magnify very much • amongft
thele were interfperled many other fmaller and tranlparent ani-
mals, like thole mentioned juft now, as found in the whitifli Icum,*
that was in lome rain water, which had fiood a while uncovered.
He found another fort of creatures in the water, lome of which
he had kept in a window, in an open glafs ^ they were as large
as three of the other with the green border about their middles,
but thole were perfectly clear and colourlels. Then alio examin-
ing more accur itely the belts or girdles of green, that were about
the abovementioned animals, he found them to be compofed of
globules, lb like the rows or Ipawn of fifli, that he could not
but imagine, they fcrved for the lame ule in thele little animals j
for in two days, the number of the old ones, with the green gir-
dles, decreafed more and more, and at laft he could not lee one
of them lb encompaf[ed, but they were all clear and colourlefs
from end to end. In a very fmall drop of puddle-water, which
was blueifli, or rather of a changeable colour between blue and
led, he lound prodigious numbers of animals, and of various
magnitudes j but he found amongft them none with thole girdles
abovementioned, either of green or any other colour. He then
alio examined the furface of lome other puddle-water, that
looked a little greenilh , and this he found ftocked with infinite
numbers of animals 3 amongft thele, there were many of a
greenifli colour, but they all moved about with fuch iWiftnels,
and were lb near each other, that he could not diftinguifl-i, whe-
ther the green colour were all over their bodies, or whether it
were on':y round their middle in girdles, as before^ but from the
roundnels of their figure, and their fmallnels he judged that they
chiefly conliRed of the young animated fpawn of tde abovemen-
tioned

Royal Society. 173

tinned animals; he found that the point of a pin, dipped in fpit-
tle, would prefently kill them all. In fome mineral chalybeate
water, which had llood in a phial unftopt for about three weeks^
he obferved two fpecies of animals; one exceeding Imall, and the
other very large ; which latter Ibrt had on the tail Ibmething like
fins; there were but very few of the other fort. The com-
pounded fait, or vitriol, of the water was fhot into pretty figures,
but all irregular; they looked all like a fmall heap of little
Hicks, laid a-crofs each other at all angles and politions ; only
they were tranfparcnt, and a little greenilli, as cryftals of a chaly-
beate nature ufe to be. He infufed whole pepper-corns, bay-
berries, oats, barley and wheat in water, whole fcum, after two
or three days, afforded animals, as had been already found by
others, at leaft as to fbme of them ; but he found the greateft
numbers and variety in wheat and barley-water, and the feweft in
that wherein bay-berries had been fteeped.

How fuch vafl numbers of animals can be thus, as it were at
pleafure, produced, without having recourfe to equivocal gene-
ration, feems a very great difficulty to account for; but tho' the
folving of it that way makes fliort work of the matter (for it is
eafy enough to fay they are bred there by putrefa6tion ) yet the
afTerting equivocal generation, feems to Mr. Harris to imply
more abfurdities and difficulties than perhaps may appear at firA
fight ; he wifl:ied therefore, that this matter would imploy the
thoughts of fome ingenious and inquificfve men ; in the mean
time he conjedurcd, that thefe Animakiila may be produced by
one or both of the following ways.

1. Mr. Harris was of opinion, that the eggs of fome exceed-
ing fmall mlcdts, which are very numerous, may have been laid
or lodged in the ^liC(je or Rugae of the coats of the grain, by
Ibme Ipecics of infects that inhabit thofe feeds, as their proper
abodes ; for that infers of the larger kind do frequently thus
depofite their eggs on the flowers and leaves of plants, is often
experienced ; and it is very probable, that the fmaller, or micro-
fcopical infects do the fame ; now thefe being wafhed out of the
leeds by their immerfion in water, may rife to the furface, and
there be hatched into thoie animals, which we fee fo plentifully
to abound therein.

2. Or the furface of the water may detain the ftraggling eggs
of fome microfcopical infeds, that perhaps were floating in the air;
and being lirted and prepared for this purpole, by the infufion of
proper grain, or a proportionable degree of heat, may compofe
16 proper a J<iidus for them, that they may by the warmth of the

fun

,74 M E M O I R S e^ /-6<f

fun, be eafily hatched into living creatures 5 which, it is probable,
may afterwards turn into flies, or winged infects of the lame fpe-
cies with the animal-parent 5 and perhaps, fometimes both thefe
circumltances, and others of the like nature concur for their pro-
duction.

ne great Jge of Henry Jenkins ; by iZ)r. Tancred Robinfon.
Phil. Tranf. N°22i. p. 2(^7.

HENRT Jenkins died December %t\\y i6-jo, at Ellerton
on Swale in To r kfi I re , he was about 12 years old when the
battle Floivdef/field was fought, which happened September 9th,
1515^ io that he lived 1^9 years ^ viz. 16 years longer than old
iParr. In the laft century of his life he was a fifherman, his diet was
coarfe, but towards the latter end of his days he begged up and
down ^ he had fwore in chancery, and other courts, to above 140
year's memory, and was often at the affizes at Torky whether he
generally went on foot 5 and Dr. Robinfon was told by fome of
the country gentlemen, that jfenkins frequently fwam the rivers
after he was paft the age of 100 years.

Microfcopical Animals 5 by Mr. Steph. Gray. Phil. Trani^
N^ 221. p. 280.

MR. Gray obferved in hemifpherules of water duly applied
to the end of a wire, two forts of microfcopical inle6ls, glo-
bular and elliptical. Thole of a globular form are but a little
lefs tranfparcnt than the water they iwim in, they have fometimea
two dark fpots diametrically oppofite, but thele are rarely leen ;
there are fometimes two of thele globular infe6is ilicking together;
where they were joined, it was opaque ; they have a two-fold
motion, a I'wift progreflive irregular one, and at the lame time a
rotation on their axes at right angles to the diameter that has the
dark I'pot.s ; but this is leen only when they move flowly , they
are almoll of an incredible minutenels. Mr. Gray examined
many tranlparent fluids, as water, wine, brandy, vinegar, beer,
fpitt'lc, urine, ^c. and he does not remember to have found any
of them without more or lefs of the bodies of thele infects 5 but
he did not obferve any motion except in common water, that has
ftood for fometimes a longer, at other times a Ihorter time, as has
been oblervcd by M. LeeiJOenhoecK tho' Mr. Gray does not re-
member that he had oblerved that they exift in the water before
they revive 3 in the river, after the water has been thickned by
rain, there are infinite numbers of them, that the water feems in a
great mealute to owe its opacity and whitenels to thole globules 5

rain-

Royal Society. 175

rain-water, asfoon as it falls, has many, and fnow-water has more
ofthefe globules j the dew, that ftands on glais-windovvs, abounds
in them 3 and in regard rains and dews are continually afcending
or delcending, Mr. Gray is of opinion, that the air is full of
them; they ieem to be of the fame fpecific gravity with the water
they fwim in, the dead remaining in all parts of the water ; of
many thoufands Mr. Gray obferved, he could difcern no lenlible
difference in their diameters, they appearing of equal bignefs; in
water that has been boiled, they retain their ihapes, and will
fometimes revive. There is another fort of inters, but not fo
frequently to be found, at leaft in winter; they are much longer
than the former, can transform themfelves into many fliapes, are
for the mod part elliptical, but fometimes they contract themlelves
fo as to become almoft globular; and fometimes they extend
themfelves in fuch a manner, as to be twice or three times longer
than broad; thefe fometimes turn themlelves round on their axes
and diameters as they goj they confill of traniparent and opaque
parts.

^be Ufe of Opium atnoJigfl the Turks ; ly 2)r, Edw. Smith.
Phil. TranfN° 221. p. 288.

O'H'E. Muftapha Satoory an inhabitant of Sediquiy a village
fix miles from Smyrna, by ;trade a coffee-man, about 45
years of age, a mofl famous opium-eater, told Dr. Smithy that
his conftant dole was three drachms a- day of crude opium, one
half of which, he took in the morning, and the other half in the
afternoon; but that he could fafely take double that quantity.

Dr. Smith therefore, reiblving to be an eye-witnefs of what he
could do, provided the belt opium he could get, and weighed it
nicely into drachms ; of which the 'Turk took a drachm and a
half, made up into three pills, and chewed them with a little
water ; the vifible ef&fis the opium had on him were to make his
eyes fparkle, and give a new air of life and brightnels to his face;
at 3 o'clock in the afternoon he came to the dodor again, and
took the fame quantity as in the morning, and appeared after it
with the fame lymptoms, alledging that it had always the lame
effefts upon him, j^iving him vigour and ipirir, and that it was
become as neceffary to him as any other part of his luftenance, that
it made him fitter for procreation, that it never affecled him with
deep and drowhnels, but rather hindered his repole, when he
happened to take an over-dofe ; that he had uftd it for 2 5 yearvS,
beginning with the bignels of a grain, and gradually proceeding

176 M E M O I R S ^/^^y?^^

to larger quantities, and that the want of it, and the defire of
taking it orcvv daily upon him.

The tff^Sis it had on his health were, weaknefs, linall legs,
gums eaten away, fo that the teeth ftood bare to the roots, his
complexion was yellow, and he appeared older by 20 years than
he really was.

Opium is commonly taken by the mefTcngers in lurkv, who
are employed in makinp, quick difpatches^ it is generally part
of their provifion, they take it when they find themfelves
weary, and it gives them ftrength and fpirit to proceed.

The Turks ufe opium made up with fomething, that renders
it palatable, at their feaft called Sah'dmy to make them cheer-
ful 5 which may be one realon of its prevailing fo much j for
finding that it then inlpires them with agreeable fancies, they
are tempted to continue ir, and £b_it« ufe becomes neceflary,
and grows upon them.

T'he Effe5is of ftrong Imagination 5 by jDr. Cyprianus. phiL
Tranl. N"* 221. p. 291.

A Female child was born with a wound in her breafl, above
four fingers long, it penetrated to the Mufculi intercofta-
kSy and it was at leaft an inch broad, hollow under the flefh
round about the wound j bcfides that, there was a contufion
with a little fwclling at the lower part of the wound in the
infide ^ the child came into the world without any violence,
and confequently it did not receive this wound in its birth, but
it was caufed by ftrength of imagination ; for about two months
before, the mother had by chance heard a report that a man
had murdered his wife, and vyith a knife had given her a great
wound in herbreaft3 at which relation ihe changed, but not
exceffively.

Ir IS probable, that the child received the wound in its mo-
ther's body at that very moment that (lie was affrighted, be-
cauic the wound was very fordid, and the infide, as well as
the outfide, was befet with flime, proceeding from the water
wherein the child lies in its mother's womb, and it was alio
like an old wound.

Strange Beans frequently caft c.-fhore on the Orkneys j ly
'Br. Sloane. Phil. Tranf. N° 2:.2. p. 298.

THERE is an uncommon fort of beans thrown up in
great numbers by the fea on the illands on the north-well
parts 0^ Scotland, cfpecially thofe moftexpofed to the waves of

the

Royal Society. 177

the great ocean, and they are no otherwife regarded than as
they ferve to make fnuff boxes.

There are four forts of them ^ the fir ft is what is commonly
called at Jamaica^ Cocoons-^ by Dr. Slone^ 'Thafeolus ma^imus
pererwis, folio decompofito lobo maximo contorto 5 it grows in both
the Eaft- and IVeft-Indies \ it is alfo faid to be thrown up on the
coaft of Kerry in Ireland ; the lecond Ibrt is what, in yatnaka^
they commonly call ih^ Horfe-eye-bean^ from its refcmblance to
the eye of that animal, by means of a HiluSy or weir, which
almoft furrounds it ; this alfo is common in leveral parts of the
Eaft' and Weft-Indies -j the third kind is that, which in 7^-
maica is called Jft] -coloured Nickar^ from its being perfedly
round, and very like a Nickar^ fuch as boys ufe to play with-
al ; this is alfo common in the hot parts of the Eaft- and JVeft-
Indies j the fourth fort is the fru6lus e%ot. orbicularis fulc is
fiervifque diftinBus quatuor, feufruBiis alter fplendens^ ^fakis
diftin^us^ C. B. authors are iilent as to the place of its growth.

It is ealy to conceive, that the beans, growing in the woods
in Jamaica, iliould fall from the trees into the rivers, and be
thence conveyed into the fea5 it is alfo eafy to believe, that
being in the fea, and floating therein in the neighbourhood
of that ifland, they may be carried from thence by the wind
and currents, which is there conftantly eaft, and being ftopped
by the main continent o{ America, is forced, thro' the gulph of
Florida, or canal o^ "Bahama, into the northern American fea ;
for the Lenticula marina f err at is foliis, Lob, or SargaJJo, grows
on the rocks about Jamaica, and is carried by the winds and
currents, which for the moft part go impetuoufly the fame way,
towards the coaft of Florida, and thence into the northern
American ocean, where it lies very thick on the furface of the
feas^ but how thefe beans fhould come the reft of their way,
is not fo eafy to determine, unlefs we fuppofe that being car-
ried northwards by the current from the gulph o{ Florida, they
/liould fall in the way of thewtfterly wind, which generally
blows at leaft two parts of three of the whole year, and they
may be fuppofed by this means at leaft- to arrive in Scotland.
And it is reafonable to think that the winds and currents
brought from ^W(?r/V^ to the Azores and Tor to Santo tho^o
feveral things, which are recorded by Fernandez Colon, in the
life-of his father Cbriftopber, to be fome of the rcafons that
moved the faid Cior. Columbus to attempt the difcovery of the
Weft- Indies.

Vol. hi. Z A large

178 M EU O I R S of the

A large difeafed Kidney ;^ by Mr, NVill. Cowper. Phil. Tranf.

isi" 222. p. 301.

A Young woman, about eight years before her death, felt
fonie "fmall pain in the lumbal regions, and Ihe fometimes
made blackifh urine 5 if at any time (he uled any motion, the
pain would encreafe, commonly finding moll eafe when her
body was at reft; in this indifpofition, her phyficians in the
country prefcribed aftringent medicines ; about two years afrer,
the lumbal pain encreafed on the left fide, and a great weak-
nefs, lofs of appetite, and bad digcftion enfuedj of thele dil-
orders fhe recovered again, and was, in all appearance, health-
ful, and fo continued near two years and a half; about which
time they recurred again, together with black urine, and fre-
quent irritations to vomit ; but of thefe diforders {he had fome
intermiirions, and fo Ihe continued about two years. About
Chriftmas 1^95, /lie began to be affliftcd with violent pains,
and her urine appeared very black; of thele extraordinary
pains (lie was much eafed by the ule of common clyfters, but
notwithftanding fhe continued very much weakned 3 the be-
ginning cf May her pains encreafed about the regions of the
loins and "Tubes, and fhe was once or twice furprifed with the
falling down of a weight within her, as Ihe cxpreffed it; when
thus tormented ihe took large dofes of opium, which lome-
what clleviated her extraordinary pain ; the ordinary pofition
of the trunk of her body was more inclining to be ere(^ than
bending forwards, contrary to what we obferve in thofe trou-
bkd with the ilone in the kidneys or Ureters, except thofe in
whom the kidneys are tumified. She complained of a Stupor,
or numbneis in the left region of the loins, whilft very acute
pains afre6led the Vifcera of the lower belly, efpecially thofe
placed in the Hypochrondia-^ the pain in her '■'Puhes increafed
near the time cf her death, and a great Stupor affefted the left
thigh, which fl~ie was fcarcely able to draw after her, much
lefs to put forwards in walking.

Upon opening her body, which was very much emaciated,
a large tumour appeared in the left 7/7^, extending iticlf to
tbe left parr of the Epio^aflritwi^ even to the Hyf)ocbor,dyium of
that fide; the Omc?:tum appeared very thin and membranous,
cleaving to the left kidney, which was very much tumified,
and caiiied that appearance of a large tumour before dilTck^^ion;
this kidney had taken place of the fpleen, and touched the
bottom of the ftomach, and in fuch a manner prefied one part

of

Royal Society. 179

o^ the Colon, as very much to lefTcn the diameter of that gut j
the ftomich and Imall guts were fomewhat diftcnded with
wind :, the former appeared very loofe, as if its proper tone
was much relaxed ^ the 'Pancreas appeared a little hardened^
the left fpermatic vein was much diftended, between the kid-
ney and the Ovarium, the upper part of that vein being com-
prefled by the fuperincumbency of the lower part ot that
kidney; infomuch that the trunk of this fpermatic vein was
very much lefTened, immediately before it enters into the left
cmulgent vein; in difentangling this difeafed kidney from its
many adhcfions to the neighbouring parts, its external mem-
brane happened to burft in two or three places, whence iftued
a large quantity of grumous blood ; this kidney weighed five
pounds, and the other but five ounces, which was of a common
fize, andno waysdifordered; by the diftenfion of the mem-
branous parts of the kidney itfelf, its veins were in a great
meafure compreiTed 5 its Ureter was become large by the
intumefcence or thickening of its fides, whereby its cavity was
ftraitned; in a divifion made by cutting into the body of this
fwelled kidney, its infide appeared like that of a fcirrhous or
boiled liver. Mr. Coni'per found two or three large cells,
filled with grumous blood, which proceeded from a rupture of
fome blood-veffels before death, which Mr. Co-zvper was_apt to
think might alarm the patient with the appreheniions of fome
weight falling down, as (he expreffed it. In rhe Vagina Uteri,
near the Meatus urinarius, there was an ulcerous appearance,
attended with a mortification; the left Tfoas mufcle was very
much lefTened by the comprefTion of the lower part of that
kidney; and the nerves, diftributed to fome parts of the thigh,
which pafs thro' that mufcle, were expoied to view.

No diforder appeared on the "fhora^, but what is commonly
obferved after death in all chronical difeafes; viz. a 'Polypus in
each ventricle of the heart, and great blood- vefiels; and
Mr. Co'-Jiper commonly oblerved "Polypi m the right ventricle
and the vems, elpecially the Vena Cava and right auricle, the
latter of which he found completely diftended with ^Polypus,
or coagulation of Serum in the body of a boy, who died ot ^
Hydrops thoracis ; in which cafe, he found the fy mptoms of
fighing and difficulty of refpiration never to fail; and he thinks
the flow return of the blood by the veins, is the immediate
caufe of the coagulation of the lerous part of the blood, wnich
frames thefe bodies, which from the figure, they acquire from
the parts they are lodged m, are called Polypi; hence it is

i8o MEMOIRS of the

the Syjlole of the heart prevents their being framed fo large in
the left ventricle and arteries, as in the right ventricle and the
veins ^ the blood being carried thro' the former with much
greater force than the latter.

Blacki/h unne, Mr. Co-zi.'per thinks, is commonly obferved
in many feverilh indilpofitions, where the blood is either par-
tially obflru6led in its return by the veins of the kidneys, or
thro' Its great velocity in pafiing the kidneys, when fome part
of the globules of the blood alfo paffes out at the urinary pores
in the fides of the blood veffels ^ and thefe globules, being
broken, exhibit thole blackifh bodies, which appear in the
fediment of the urine^ in thele cafes, the Serum of the blood
paffes off wi^^h the urine; for by evaporating fuch urine by
heat, it will become thick, like the true Serum of the blood.

Obilru6tions commonly begin in the moft capillary veflels,
firfl, as Mr. Co'vcper frequently oblerved in viewing the tranf-
parent fins of divers living fifiies with a microfcope; and the'
it has been hitherto commonly luppofed, that veins and arteries
are all equally leflened at their extremities, yet Mr. Coivper is
of opinion, that the extremities of divers blood-ve{t*els are
much larger than their fellows ^ hence we may account for the
partial circulation of the blood, and yet mortifications not
iieccfTarily tnfue, as in the prefentcafe; for the kidney here
being vaftly dillended, occalioned by a retardation of the
refluent blood and Lympha, it is conceivable that the obftruc-
tions began in the membranes, which compole the ^arietes of
the trunks of the veins and lympha^du6ts, whence an intu-
melcencc necefTarily follows, and the cavities of thele veflels
are leflc-ned; cunfequently the refluent blood or Lympha not
being duly difcharged, thofe larger veflels arc neceflarily
diflended between their tumefied fides with comprefled
cavities, and their extremities at the arteries; thus we may
apprehend how a part remains tumefied under a partial cir-
culation, and may (when no bad juices taint the blood and
lympha} continue (o for fome months, nay years, as in
the prelent cafe, without any diforder to the patient, but
on luch motions of the body, as accelerate the motion of
the blood at the extremities of the veflels, when there is
a greater quantity of blood than can be difcharged bv the veins 5
whence a iudden intumefcence arilcs, and pain neceflarily enfues.
What aftringcnt medicines avail in luch like caies, is difficult to
conceive, but aperitives might be ferviceable. Lofs of appetite,
bad di^ellion, (s^c. accompany nephritic cales, on account of the

com-

Royal Socie ty. i 8 i

communication of the nerves of the kidneys with the (lomachs, ^c.
whence the tone of that part, as well as the inteftines, efpecially
the Colo^i becomes vitiated, and iubje6t to frequent dilbrders,
efpecially vomiting and cobic pains 5 by the tone of that part,
Mr. Coivper means, that proper diftribution of the nervous
ramifications within the part when diftended, as in this cale,
and inteftinal ruptures, and the like 5 or when the nervous rami-
fications are relaxed, as in paralytic cafes, l$c. the tone of the
part neceffarily becomes vitiated, in as much as its nervous diftri-
butions are dilordered. The contents of the ftomach and guts,
not being duly carried on, are apt to ferment; the contained air
being rarified by the natural heat, the inteftines become very
much diftended, whence cholic pains arife; fb by procuring the
evacuation of this contained wind, the patient is relieved, as by
adminiftring clyfters, ^r. In order ro difcover the operation of
opium, and how it procures eale in this and fuch like cafes,
Mr. Coivper examined afolution of opium with a microfcope, and
the particles of the diffolved opium appeared like fringed glo-
bules j and thefe particles, conveyed to the mals of blood, may
be ib entangled in its Serum, and thicken it in fuch a manner, as
to retard the progreflive motion at the extremities of the blood-
vef[els ; hence the blood, not pafling with its wonted velocity,
does not fo fuddenly diftend thole enlarged veffels, which have a
confiderable fhare in the intumelcence of the part- but by mak-
ing the globules of the blood pais more calmly, may prevent
their fudden effors or intrufions into thofe diftended veflels.

The tumefied kidney did not only comprefs the left fpermatic
vein, whereby the refluent blood of the Uterus, Vaginay and
parts adjacent, was in fome meafure retarded, but lome of the
nerves of the Vagina, and thofe of the Pudendum, were alio
compreffed thereby 3 hence there is a pain from inflammation,
thro' a retardation of the blood at the extremities of the vaft
number of blood-veflels about the Aieatus Urinarius at its egrefs
in the Vagina, Vv'hence an exukeration and a mortification en-
fued j the magnitude of this kidney prevented the bending for-
wards of the body, and lb flie was obliged to hold it ere£i:; the
lower part of the left kidney had fo comprefled the left ^Pfoas, as
fcarcely a third part of its proper bulk remained ; whence necef-
farily followed a great weaknels in drawing the thigh forwards ;
(he had a great Stupor in that thigh, by a compreffion of the
lumbd nerves, which lay expofed immediately under the tume-
fied kidney.

Mr. Cbx-

i82 M E M O I R S of tbe

Mr. Cowper was apt to think, that fuch like cafes arc often ta-
ken to proceed from (tones in the kidneys or Ureters 5 but he
thinks, that unufual pofture of keeping the body ereft, may dif-
tinquifh It, together with a weaknefs of drawing the thigh and
leg forwards j if i"hefe fymptoms do not conjointly occur, yet by
this we may underftand, that nephritic dilorders are not, as is
commonly thought, owing to ftones, either in the kidneys or
Ureters.

A Foetus lying 'without the Uterus in the Belly 5 by Jlf. Sa-
viard. Phil. Tranf. ]SI° 222. p. 314.

A Woman big with child came to V Hotel jDieu to lie in of
her third or fourth child, and after exceffive pains about
the navel and the lower part of the belly, by the different mo-
tions of the child, fhe died there ^ upon opening her, the child
was found dead, and not in the Alatrixy which was entire, but
near it ^ having examined the body with attention, all the parts
of the Uterus both internal and external, as alfo the Vagifja^
were very found ; the Uterus was as large as it ufes to be in wo-
men 10 or 12 days after they are brought to bed 3 the internal
orifice was of a livid colour ; there was no fign of a Cicatrix or
hole, but thofe of the procefles, called 'Jubee Fallopiande^ which
yet were hardly wide enough to admit of a hog's briftle. All
the fpe^lators agreed, that the child was never conceived in the
Uterus^ and that it never had ftaid there. The right telticle, or
ovary, was very found, but the \tuba and its fringe were rotten in
the place where it is faftened to the membranes of the 'Perito-
fKeum^ which formed the bag in which the child was wrapt 5 the
left teflicle was of the bignels of a hen's egg, full of a fetid
Serurrjy the ligaments were large, and the 7uba and its fringe
were rotten j the bag was placed betwixt the Alatri^ and the
ftraight gut, in the cavity formed by the bending of the Os Sa-
crum 5 the child was on its knees, lying towards the right fide,
and feemed to have been dead 7 or 8 days j the child had left the
^lacema^ tho* Aill faftened to it by the umbilical vefTels^ and
the 'Placenta, being out of the bag, was on the left fide, whence
was voided a great quantity of blood into the cavity ; its
edges, being brought near to each other, reprefented a bowl,
fuch as they play at nine pins with 5 all the membranes, that
formed this bag, and all ihole that encompafled \t were gangrened.

Obfcr-

Royal Society. ig^

Obfervation on a Woman ivho died of a Dropfv after thp P^ro
centefis^ by Dr. Ch. Prefton. Phil. Tranf. N°;,3. p. J?^^'

IN the difftaion of Madam Vaillant by M. du Linier the
liver was found very white externally, but iufficiently red
within^ the Epiploon was extremely dried ^ the llomach was
much bigger than ordinary ; the windings of the Colon, which
pals under the Itomach, were extremely drawn together • in the
umbilical region, the Jejuntim and Ileum were r^uch inflamed
and their tunics thicker than ordinary ^ in the hypogaftric reoion'
all the inferior part of the Ileum, on that fide near the bladder'
and all the bottom of the Matrix, as alfo the lower parr of the
Return, were much inflamed and ulcerated ^ in the bottom of
the Matrix there was an abfcels, and the internal orifice was ex-
tremely dilated, about the bignels of a crown 5 the extremirv of
the mfenor part of the Ureter was cartilaginous; the extremity
of the Tuh<£ Fallopiance went fo high as the lecond Vertebra of
the lumbar region; m the interior part it was dilated fix lines
and about two inches near the bottom of the Matrix, and it was
faltened to all the inferior part of the kidney; that of the left
fide was dilated about four lines in the upper part, and fix in the
inferior. The right tefticle, or Ovarium which does not ordina-
rily exceed the bignefs of a pigeon's ^go^ was here three inches
long, and two broad; and m the inferior part, there was found
an egg hanging by its ligament, out of the Tuba Fallopiana
about the bignels of the yolk of a common hen's eg^, which for
experiment, was boiled, and it hardened like an ordinary ega.
the right kidney reached up as high as the laft of the true
ribs, and delcended below the umbilical region ; the T>elvis was
dilated about three inches in breadth, and leven in length • the
greatell part of the water had run out in the operation of the
"Paracentefis. The lungs were of a livid colour, as in all chro-
nical diltempers, and on the right fide they adhered to the
Tleura, and on the left fide there was an adhefion of the inferio-
lobe to the diaphragm; there was little or no Serum in the
Fertcardtum, and what was found therein, was of a bloody
colour; in dilTeaing the heart, there was a £-reat "Polypus in the
right ventricle, which took up almoft all tlie cavity, about . or
6 lines in thicknefs, and half a foot in lengdi.

From what has been laid, it appears impoflible that thi<: pa-
tient could have recovered, tho' the operation* had been per-
tormed ; only tnis is to be remarked, that where the droplV is of
a long continuance, and the patient's much debilitated, and a-ed

'6*

m

i84 M E M O IR S of the

in that cafe the operation fliould not be performed ; for generally
the Fifrera are corrupted. When you find it advilable to per-
form this operation, cxtraft the water by degrees, and not all at
once, elfe you endanger the patient's life 5 for fcarcely does one
in a hundred efcape, that is otherwife managed.

The true caufe of the dropfy Dr. "Prefton takes to anfe from
the mechanical ftruaure of the parts, and the difpofition of the
bloody which are, firft, the relaxation of the fibres and pores of
the veffels, or the Vefiridte between the arteries and the veins 5
or, fecondly, a compreffion of the vefTels^ for the Lymphatics
take their rife from the membranes, which cover the muicles,
fifcera-dnd glands; therefore, yfjhen the Feftc idee are too much
ftraitned with ferofity, their fibres lofe their natural force, and
become uncapable of expelling the too great quantity of water;
but the VeficuU are daily more and more enlarged, till their
fibres fuffer fo great an extenfion as even to break; from hence
is the fource of thefe waters; it fometimes alio happens, that the
pores of the faid VeficuU are fo widened, that the Lympha
runs out into the cavity of the belly, or the interftices of the
mufcles. The caufe from the difpofition of the blood, is either
when it is too thin, or too vifcid ; too thin, that it paffes eafily
thro* the pores of the veficles ; too vifcid, that it cannot pals
thro' the capillary vefTels, and by confequence, it comprefles the
adjacent parts and fo caules obftru6lions.

^he Way of Cutting for the Stone in ^ the Kidneys ; by
Mr. Charles Bernard. Phil. Tranf N° 223. p. 533.

MR. Hohfon, who was Conful for the Englifo at Venice, hav-
ing been lona affliaed with the ftone in the kidney, was
at lenath attacked with a fit of that duration and violence, that
it reduced him almoft to delpair; and finding no relief from any
means that had been ufed, and being under the greateft extremity
of pain imaginable, he addreffcd himielf to Qjomintcus de Mar-
chettis, a famed and experienced phyfician at Padua, begging of
him, that he would be picaied to cut the ftone out of his kid-
ney, being pcrfuaded that there remamed no other method capa-
ble of relieving him; adding, that he was not inienfib e of the
danoer, but that death irfelf was infinitely more eligible than a
life m that milery; Marchetti leemed very deiirous to have de-
clined it, reprelenting not only the extreme hazard, bur, as he
feared, the impraaicablenels of the operation; that it was wh:jt
he had never attempted, and that to proceed to it, was in ehect
to dcflroy him 3 but JMarchctti was at length prevailed upon by

Royal Society. i^S

his importunity to undertake it ; and having prepared him as
he thought proper, he heoan with his knife, cutting gradually
upon the' region of the kidney affected, till the blood dirturbed
the operation, fo that he could not finifh it at that attempt^
wherefore drefTing up the wo and till the next day, he then re-
peated and accomplifhed it, by cutting into the body of the kid-
ney, and taking thence two or three linall ftones, he dreilcd it
up again 5 from this inftant he was freed from the feverity of the
pain, and in a reafonable time was able to walk about his cham-
ber, having been in no danger either from a flux of blood or fever 5
Marc bet ti continued to drefs the wound for a confiderable time,
but was not able to clofe it up, it foon becoming fiflulous from
the continual flux of the urine thro' the Sinus ^ but being in all
other refpefts reftored to his former health and vigour, and the
matter difcharged bemg little in quantity, he took leave of the
profeflbr, and returned to Venice under the care and m.anagement
of his wife, who, one morning, as ilie was drefling the lore,
imagined flie felt fomething hard and rugged, as ilie wiped it 5
upon which examining a little more carefully with her bodkin,
ihe found it to be a llone of the figure and magnitude of a date-
flonej whith being removed, he never after complained of the
leaft uneafinefs in that part. The matter difcharged was but
little in quantity, but always diluted with, and fmelling Itrong
of urine ^ the orifice would Ibmetimes clofe for 9 or 4 days toge-
ther, and then the matter would make its way thro' the common
paflages with the urine, yet Vv'ithout any difficulty or pain, he
applied nothing to the orifice but a clean linnen rag 5 he was able
to perform all the fundtions of life^ and to undergo any fatigue,
tho' upwards of 50 years of age.

Obfervations in Lincolnfliire; by Air, Chr. Merret. Phil.
Tranf. N° 223. p. 543.

THAT part of the country of Lincoln^ that lies towards
the Tea, is a level about 50 miles long , vi^. from Grimsby
to Crowland, and ro miles in breadth from the lea 10 the Woulds
or Hi'^b-lands. It may be divided,

I. Into marfhes, extending from Grimsby to about TFai/j/Ieet,
which abound in fcore of large iliecp, which yield a very lurty
wool, or of a large ftaple, as it is called, three or four fleeces ufu-
ally making a tod of 28 pounds 5 feveral hundred loads are
yearly carried out of it into Norfolk, Suffolk, the north and weil
countries in great packs, called pockets, of about 2500/. weigh?-,
and there manufadured.

Vol. III. A a 2. Fensj

i86 MEM OIK S of the

2. Fens, the call begins about Wdinfleet, and ends at Sibfye,
yielding a great plenty'and variety of fowl and fifh, particularly,
duck, mallard and teal, which are ufually taken in decoys, and
lent to London-^ about Midfuinmer^ at moulting time, feveral
peribns go in fmall boats amongft the reeds, and knock them
down with long poles 5 thro' thele fens run great cuts or drains,
which abound in fiih, eipecially pike, fome of which are very
larfe- there are alio vaft flocks of geele ^ but both fifh and
oeel'e tafte muddy and rank 5 but the geefe, when fed with corn,
eat as good as others^ they are pulled for their feathers about fix
times a year, and thrice for rheir quills. Between Spalding and
Croivland grow large crops of oats, as alio large quantities o£ Ra-
■pum Sylveftre called cole-feed, of which they make oil, by break-
ing it between two large black marble ftones of near a ton weight,
one Handing perpendicular on the other in mills, called oil-mills 5
fome go with fails, and ferve alio to drain the fens, and are cal-
led engines, and they difcharge great quantities of \yater ^ after
preffin^ out the oil from the cole-feed, what remains is called
cakes, ^hich is burnt for fuel, and they heat ovens therewith 5
they are alio exported to Holland, where they feed their kine
with them.

-. Pafture-grounds, which lie between the fea and the fens,
are very fertile, feeding a great number of fat oxen and fl;eep,
which are weekly fent in droves to London.

Kear the fens llands Sojfon, remarkable for its church, ileeple

and river 5 the church is very lofty, and cieled with Irifi oak,

nearly wrought, its body is 100 foot wide^ the fteeple is a tower

of 285 footliigh, octangular towards the top, of curious carved

ftone-work, ftanding not above 12 yards from the n\er Ifitham,

It is only 52 foot wide and 40 in length, at each angle is a large

buttrefs • records mention its foundation to be laid 9 foot below

the bottom of the river ^ the length of the church is equal to the

height of the fteeple j the pillars, which are very neat and fmall

tor their height, the windows and flans are equal in number to

the months, weeks and days in a year 3 from its top Lincoln and

Lyn may be leen, as alio Ihips on the fea at a great dillance 5 it

is a great land-mark, it being leen above 40 miles at lea 3 the

river is remarkable for good pike, according to the old rhyme 3

An Jlnkham eel, and a With am pike,
All England cannot fliew the like.

It

Royal Society. 187

it is alfo very rapid. They make Ibme years 40, 50 or 100 ton
of oil of a little fifh, taken in this river, and called in Latin
^ungitius, Stickleback, ^PrickUfig or Sancfiead, from the imall
prickles on its back 3 they are not above an inch and a haU long,
and about half as broad; about a bulhel arc taken at a draught,
and about 8 chalder will make a hoglhead. The country people
gather up the dung of oxen and cows, and temper it v.'ith water,
and fpread it on the ground about five inches thick, this they cut
out into oblong pieces of about a foot, and call them [Ditbesy
which they ufe for fuel; they alfo gather up hog's dung, and
lleep it in water, and having well ftirred it, they ftrain it, and lb
uie it to wafti cloaths; which, when bleached in the fummer,
will become white and fweet. Befides the fowl mentioned by
Mr. Cambden, of mudfuckers (which are efteemed the bell) they
have Ruff and Reve, the former being the cock, the latter the
hen, in Latin Aves pugnaces, becaufe they are continually fight-
ing; rarely two in a hundred are of a colour, they are ulually
mewed. As to fiHi, they have turbot in great plenty, called
Srets, and taken in nets trailed on the ground by two horles ;
they have large foals, taken in troul-nets, trailed by fmacks under
fail as alfo great plenty of fkate, which are taken with hooks
lying near tlie Ihores, as are in like manner cod and thornback.
As to inle^ls, gnats, here called midges, are in fome places very
troublefome, fome ufe filk-nets to fecure themfelves from being
bitten ; frogs are very numerous here, called Holland ^ Waites.
As to vegetables, great quantities of hemp are fown in le-.^eral
places, of which ropes are made, both for fea and land ; the fe-
male is called femble, as alio flax ; the feed is broken, and oil
made thereof, as of cole-leed; the lalt-marlhes yield a great deal
o^ Kali geniculattm, which, when pickled, is their lamphire;
Car urn grows plentifully in the paftures, the feed they call laxi-
frage, which they gather and fend to London. Theie parts
afford but little variety of metals, gums or ftones ; amber is lome-
times picked up on the fand m pretty large pieces; the Afiroites^^
found at Sehoir caftle, will not only move in vinegar, but alio
dulcify it, and this Lapis judaicus will alio do. Here coals are
charred, and then called Coak, with which they dry malt, giving
little colour or tafte to the drink made therewith; on the lands
the poor people fweep together a fmall black fubflance, of which
they make fires, by leaving open a hole in their chimnies for the
air to blow it; they have one on each fide to open and fnut as
the wind fits. Agues, called Holland 'Baylies, are here very
rife, few ftrangers efcaping them. There are in fcveral places a

A a 2 great

i88 UE M O I R S of the

great many hills thrown up, called Sin'rozvSy luppofed to be fe-
pukhral monumenrs.

j4 Water Microscope; by ^/r. Stephen Gray. Phil. Tranf.
N° .2 5- P- 5 5 5-

AB Fic^. I. Plate VI. is the frame of the microlcopc; it may
be about To of an inch in thickncfs j at A is a jiTiall hole,
near ;o of an inch diameter, which ferves for the aperture of the
water, in the centre of a larger fphcrical cavity, about -f of an
inch diameter, and in depth lomewhat more than half the thick-
ncis of the brais ; opposite to thi.s, at the other fide, is another
concave, only half the breadth of the former, which is io deep,
as to reduce the circumference of the Imall hole in the centre to
almofl a iliarp edg^ ; in thefe cavities the water is to be placed,
being taken up on a pin, or large needle, and conveyed into them
till there is formed a double convex lens of water, which, by the
concaves being of different diameters, will be equivalent to a dou-
ble convex of unequal convexities; by this means, the objc6t is
rendrcd more diftinfl than by a piano- convex of water, or by a
double one, formed on the plain furface of the metal; CDE is
the fupporter, whereon to place the objeft; if it be water, in the
hole G; if a folid objefl, on the point F; this is fixed to the
frame of the microlcope by the icrew E, where it is bent up-
wards, that its upper p^rt m^y ifand at a diftance from the
frame; it is moveable on the Iciew as a centre, to the end that
either the hole C, or the point F, may be expofcd to the micro-
fcope, and that the object may be brought to, and fixed in its
Focus, There is another Icrew, about half an inch in length,
which goes thro' the round plate into the frame of the microlcope
A £, the fcrew and pL.te taking hold of the fupporter about D,
where there is a flit, ibmewhat larger th.in the diameter of the
Icrew, which is requiiite for the admiflion of the hole C, or
point F, according to the nature of the object, into the For us of
the glals ; for by turning the fcrew G, the lijpporrer is carried to,
or from the famiC; which may be fooner done, if whilft one turns
the fcrew with one hand, the other hold the microlcope by the
end B, and one continue looking thro' the water till the objeft be
feen mod diflinclly. The lupporter mufl be made of a thin
piece of brafs well hammered, that, by its fpring, it may the
beticr fellow the motion of the fcrew ; Mr. Gray chole rather to
iix the Ir.pportcr by the ic.-cw K, than by a rivet; becaule it may
now, by means of a knife, be unlcrcwed, and by the other fcrew
G, be bro-jght clofe to the frame of the microlcope without

weak-

firi.W

PLATE .VI

/C iSS .

^c^.l

y^^.E.^.^^ ^^^

J^^rssr.

M

-^

20 J.

(/■ '-^rru/A £^.

JB^cUe/e ^nuc^o

Royal Society. 189

weakning its fpring, and Co become more conveniently porta-
ble ^ if the hole at G be filled with water, but not fo as to be
fpherical^ all objeas, that will bear it, are feen therem more
diftinaiy.

^/^e Nature and 2)ifference of the Juices of Plants 5 by "Dr.
Lifter. Phil. Tranf. N« 224. p. 3<J5-

WE obferve generally, that the juices of plants do coagu-
late, whether they be fuch, as are drawn from the
wounds of a plant, or fuch as do fpontaneoufly exfudate^ and
yet that exfudation feems to be often accidental, that is, either
by a cancer, or Ibme other fuch like accident.

The fmall green leaves, which next encompafs the yellow
flowers of Androfaenum Hypericoides, Ger. are befet with very
fmall round blebs or bags, full of a purple juice, and the very
points or tops of the yellowifh leaves themfelves are furniHied
with two or three of them; yet the ftalk, when cut, doth not
to the eye, difcover any fuch diftin^l veCfels carrying that
purple liquor 5 which made Dr. Lifler fufpeft that it was
leparated by coagulation from the reft of the juice, and referv-
ed in thofe fmall bags. The purple bags in the Hypericum^
Ger. are upon the edging, on the outfides of all the leaves 5
alfo the ftalk, tho* round, hath a double edge, on each fide one ;
and the bags, tho' but thinly, are yet obiervable on thefe rifing
edges of the ftalksj as for the yellow flowers themfelves, the
outmoft green leaves, which immediately encompafs them,
have but few purple ftripes, but the yellow leaves or flowers
are edged with fmall purple bags on the one fide, and ftriped
with purple veins on the other 5 laftly, on the very tops of each
thread in the flower, is one fingle purple bag ; In like manner
all the edges on the outfides of all the leaves, from one end of
the ftalk to the other of the Hypericum Afcyron dlBurn^ caule
quadrangulo,]. B. are very thick fet with purple bagsj alfo
in the flower, all the threads have one fingle bag on the top,
but the flowers are yellow leaves, and the green ones encom-
pafling them, have very few purple fpots or ftreaks vifible.
The yellow flowers of the Hypericum pule brum traji, J. B.
and the green leaves, which next encompafs them, are alone
thick edged with purple blebs. Divers parts of the fame plant
have divers faculties, U. C, P. A. And Dr. Zifler adds, that
divers parts of the fame plant yield from the fame veins diffe-
rent coloured juices, v.g. the milk in the root oC Spondylium^
Ger. is of a brimftone colour, but it is white in the ftalk.

Amongft

I90 M E M O I R S of the

Amongft thofe juices, that coagulate and are clammy, there are
fome which readily break wirh whey.

In the middle of ^v/), Dr. Lifter drew and gathered of the
milk of La6hica fylv. cofta Jphiofay C. B. which it freely and
plentifully aft'ords j it fprings out of the wound as thick as
cream, and is ropy and white j and yet the milk, which came
cut of the wounds, made towards the top of the plant, was
plainly Iheaked, or mixed with a purple juice, as tho' one had
dafhed or fprinkled cream, with a few drops of claret j and the
Ikin of the plant was thereabouts purplifh, poiTibly with veins:
A'rain, it turned ftill yellower and thicker in the fhell into
which it was drawn, and by and by it became curdled, that is,
the white and thick cheefy part was feparated from a thin
purple whey ^ in like manner, the blood of animals, whilft
warm, continues liquid and uniform, but asfoon as it becomes
cold, it cakes, and has a Serum or whey, feparated from it;
alfo the cheefy part of the milk of animals is glutinous and
Itringy; further, this Serum came freely from the other, by
fqueezing between the fingers, and the curds, walhcd in
fpring water, became tough, and continued ftill white and
dry ;'as for the purple whey, after ftanding a day in the fun^
it became ftiff and hard, and was eaiily formed into cakes,
which were very brittle, and would eafily crumble into pow-
der. About 'December following, Dr. Lijfer broke one of the
cakes made of the cheefy part of the milk of this plant; and it
then proved very brittle, and fhione, upon breaking, likerofin,
of a dark-brown colour ; befides, it burned with a lading flame,
and melted by heat; it would draw out into long tough firings,
like bird-lime; on the contrary, the purplilh powder, which
was the whey, if put into the flame of a candle, would fcarcely
burn at all, but foon become a coal; laftly, the purple powder
tailed very bitter, whereas the cheefy part was as infipid as
wax.

The milk, which the "frachelium kind plentifully yields, is
very thick and prefently curdles, the ferous part or whey,
being of a brown colour; thefe juices fmell four, fomewhat
like the flices of green apples, which have been long cur.
The thin milk o{ "ft thy mall us bcliofcopiuSy Ger. runs out freely
and plentifully; it is very clammy upon the fingers, and very
white in drawing; it turns upon a lancet of a dark blue, and
fl-;ews of the colour and confidence of blue fkimmed milk ;
made up with wheat flower into cakes, it appears grealy or
oily, and fcarcely ever becomes dry ; it breaks, or coagulates,

with

Royal Society. 191

with difficulty. Dr. Lifler kept fome of it pure and unmixed
in little eflence bottles, flopped lightly with cork only 5 in
thefe it broke in procefs of time, and the curds were eaiily to
be formed into cakes, which burned with a lading flame, and
being melted, drew out into firings like wax, the whey was
clear like fair watery this broken milk in all the bottles was
corrupted, and flunk 3 but the cakes made up of this juice, with
wheat flower and a little gum-arabic, was well dried and kept
fweet.

There are other clammy juices, which do not feparate a
whey, when they coagulate, but cake wholly : Dr. Lifter
made cakes of the unmixed juice of Soncbus Uvls ^ ^Jper,
without any addition, and it did not feparate any whey.

\Papaver Rbeas^ Ger. bleeds freely a white juice, and the heads
or feed-vefTeis, when the flower is gone, do flill continue to
bleed 5 Dr. Lifter obferved, that in gathering it into ihells, its
white colour prefently became yellow, inclining to an orange 5
atfiril fpringing it roped, or was but iirtle clammy, and feemed
to be very liquid and dilute, yet it did not feparate any whey,
but grew flifr'j it is very refinous and oily.

Notej the milks or juices of plants feem to be compounded,
and mixed of liquors of different, and perhaps contriiry qua-
lities j fo that it is probable, if the cheefy part be narcotic, for
inflance, the whey may not be fo^ or the one may be hurtful,
and the other a good and ufeful medicine.

Tragopogon flore luteOy J. B. yields a juice, which, upon the
firft fpringing from the wound, is white and thick, but imme-
diately turns yellow, and then redder and redder j it is of no
unpleafant tafte, is Ibmething glutinous and oily, and feparates
little, if any whey, and is therefore eafily formed into cakes
alone. Coirjolvulus major, J. B. bleeds freely a white juice,
not only from the flalk and leaves, but alfo from the white
flowers, as plentifully as from any other part 5 this milk is very
fharp.

There is alfo a juice of a faftron colour, ivhich Chelldonium
fijaius, Ger. wounded freely affords 3 this juice does not Icparatc
a whey, but is eaiily formed into cakes, and fliftens in the
fun 5 it IS thick, and of the confidence of cream, as it runs out
of the wound. There is another very clammy juice of a
golden or yellow colour, upon drawings and this liquor the
feed-vefTels of Centaurium Imeum ferfollatum, C. B. in Jnly^
and after, even where the iceds, therein contained, are turned
black and ripe, yield plentifully and freely enough. Thefe

juicesj

192 M E M O I R S of the

Juices, which the heads, or fecd-veffels of plants afiFord, may
be thought oF the fame nature with thofe, which the pulp of
fruit affords -, the pulps of fruits, and th^efe exterior veffels
being parrs equivalent 5 that is, apples, for inftance, are nothmg
elfc but the feed-veffels of their kernels. This juice of Cen^
tattry is liquid upon the firft drawing, and after a while it
thickens, feparating no whey, and is of the colour of amber 5 it
fticks to one's fingers, and draws out into threads, like bird-
lime 5 it would never become harder than very foft wax, and
that by being dried in the fliade only^ for if ever fo little
expolcd to the heat of the fun, or fire, it immediately becomes
exceeding foft • but the cakes made up of it and wheat flower,
were in winter become very hard and firm, and the unmixed
cakes continued ftill foft; they burn with an unpleafant fmell,
emit a lading flame, ftill retain their amber colour, and draw
out into threads in burning, like wax. To this we may add
the yellow juice, which the wounds of ^wge//<:^ fatiya^ Park,
yield; it will not harden by being expofed to the fun, or by
being long kept, yet it becomes ftiff, and draws out into
threads.

The next fort of coagulated, or clammy juices, are gums;
and fome of them feem to continue for a long time liquid, and
perhaps inflammable; others there are which grow hard, and
arc not to be kindled into flame; they are ealily diflblved in
fountain-water, and fparkle when put into a flame; which two
properties argue a ferous or watry part in them; again, put
into a flimc, they melt, and become, as it were, liquid and
du(5tile, which fliews their cheefy part, and becaufe they will
not flame, it is an argument of their leannefs and fcarcity of
oil; all thefe three things, put together, plainly evince gums
to be coagulated juices.

In Augufl, Dr. Liiter obferved both the green and ripe
clullersof ^Periclymemim, Gcr. very leaky ; which upon a nearer
infpeiSlion he found to be a thin clammy juice, or liquid gum,
which fell down upon the leaves, and retained its fluid form
there ; here the purple iuice fcems to be a whey leparated
from the liquid gum, but Dr. Liiier rather thmks, it is a
diftinfl liquor.

The red threads of Ror'ella end in little bags, which, bcmg
compiefled, yield a purple juice; and thcfe fruall buttons are
cncompaiTed with fmall tranlparent pearls, or drops ot a liquid
gum ; they continue in this form the hotteft d.iy in fummcr like
dew, whence alio the plant has its name, and upon the ieaft

touch

Royal Society. 193

touch they cleave to the fingers, and draw out into long threads
like bird-lime. In like manner a liquid gum is obiervable
on the ^JPinguicula ^ Nctey that the Imall drops and threads, or
hairs in either of thefe two plants, are to be feen upon the
uppermoft or inmoft fide of the leaf, and the outmoft and
undermofl fides are fmooth or void of them; which is con-
trary to what is obferved in other plants. About the middle
oi yiugufl^ the chats of the alder feemed to be gummy 5 per-
haps this gum did exfudate from the plant itfelf j as probably
the honey-tall, or gummy dew on the leaves of the oak, ^c.
are nothing other.

The Jlmerican or Indian rhubarb, fown in our gardens, is
the only plant Dr. Lifter ever obferved to yield a gum clear
and hard, which it exfudates from all parts of the Italk and
ribs on the under fide of the leaf itfelfj he gathered fome in
form of pretty large drops, others as tho' the ftalk had been
befmeared therewith, and others /hot into long and twifted
wires or icicles 5 befides, he obferved, that the cankered ori-
fices, or places, at which the gum had burft forth, could be
traced with a knife into the fialk 5 and that thro' the fkin, in
certain places, the juice within the plant was become gummy,
and looked like clear water. It is the experiment of Mr.
Fifier, that the clear and defecated juices of moft plants have
more or lefs rcdnefs in them 5 again, that the dried root of
^cetofa (a plant of the fame family with rhubarb, which
may probably be called the Irulian forrel, or four dockcn)
boiled, dies water of a fair red colour ^ and Dr. Lifter obferved,
that the hufKs of the unripe feeds of rhubarb yield a very fair
and deep purple 5 Note^ that rhubarb, forrel, ^^. do, when
they decay, turn red. The juice extracted from the roots of
our Englip rhubarb, by a tincture of fair water lleamed
away, is nothing elfc but a lean uninflammable gum^ and tho*
it differ in colour, as being of a deep liver colour, from the
exludating gum, yet in other properties, as this of being unin-
flammable, duftile in the flame of a candle, ^c. it agrees
therewith ; this gum is fweet, or rather inlipid. To this pur-
pofe. Dr. Lifer obferved, in fummer-time, even the juice of
apples fpontaneoufly gellied in La/igucdoc, and the apples
looked clear and hard like ice; whence they call that fort of
apple, 'Pome gelJe, or the frozen apple ; tho', in realit)^, it be
nothing elfe init the breaking or coagulating of the juice in
fome fpors of it; for it is rare to fee one of them all over fo.
We may here give a probable reafon, why a gentle infuficn or

Vol. 111. B b mace-

194 MEM OIKS of the

maceration of rhubarb is a very fure purge, but the fubftancc
or powcicr of rhubarb, or a decoaion thereof, will have a quite
contrary eftlcl. and bind 5 the fharp and tart juice m rhubarb,
wherein its purging quality lies, is by a gentle infufiop fo
cxtra6ied, that it turns not to gum in our Itomachs.

Green plumbs and floes do often exfudate a gum, which is
dear and tranfparent. Lauro-cerafus, a beautiful winter-
oreen, which we have adopted to adorn our court-walls with,
yields a clear gum very plentifully 3 it is very white, and very

clear«

Dr. Lifter wrenched and wounded the holly, the latter end
c{ March, and yet after fome days of warm and open weather,
he could not perceive the lead flirring of juice j the latter end
o{May\ the bark begins to be full of lime or Itringy juice,
which you may try by preffing a piece of it betwixt the fingers,
and when you would take them oft; the juice or lime draws out
into hairs; this lime is feparated from, or taken out of the
bark thus 3 peel off the bark in May, June, or July, for^hen
it comes ealilv away, and moil abounds in juice 5 boil the
bark in fair water, till it be fo tender, that the outmoft thin
jrrey bark or membrane, will peel off eafily 5 lay it fo peeled,
and cover it over with green netdes, fern, or luch like, m
layers, in a cellar for about ten days, where it will ferment or
rot, and become mouldy 5 take them out, and beat them well
in a mortar to a pafte, and roll them up into fmall hand-balls,
and in a running fpring wafh them clean from all the woody
parts, which is'done by pulling and teazing them. In cutting
fhe tender tops of elder, the latter end of May, there will run
out a ftringy juice, fomewhat like bird-lime, or the juice of
holly 5 it feems to be contained in certain veins, juft within the
circle of teeth or wood. .

The diffec^ed veins of many plants afford an oil, that is,
fuchajuice, which, being rubbed between the fingers, is not^
at all clammy, but makes them greafy 3 you may take of^
u'ith a clean knife the juice o^ Helen turn oxEnula campana, J.B.
and it looks like oil mixed with watery the fame experiment
may be made on Gcutaj the juice 01 Jl!ig;ellc<i Sativa, Park,
after a few years keeping was grown very limy. If m j^^f'^
you drip off the leaves of 'Tapfus barbatus, Ger. it feems to
yield an oily juice, but much diluted with water; it Iprings
freely and enough, is of a dark green colour. The fruits of many
plants afford oil, as olives, the^terries of laurel, ivy, juniper,
female cornel, or dog-tree, ^c. The pulp of moft Iceds feem

Royal Society. ig^

to abound in this oily juice ; and at fome times before maturity,
it is liquid and vifible in them in the form of a milk. The
latter end of May^ the feeds of the Hellehorus Niger Sylv.
^diilterinus etiam hyeme virens^ J. B. are very milky, and
by being expofed to the fun are eafily formed into cakes, which
are very oily, and being long kept, and expofed to the flame
of a candle, they burn freely, this milk or juice of the feeds is
of a very fiery and pungent nature.

There are very oily juices, which after coagulation harden,
and are called rofins; and fuch ivy yields plentifully; to this
alfo may be referred the juice of Juniperus vulgaris^ bacc'is
parvls purpure'iSy J. B. which is a hard fat juice, and not very
gummy. There was an exfudation of a thick, yellowifh, and
greafy matter, like barm, from the chops of ivy made in
March ; it melted like oil between the fingers, without the
leaft perceivable clamminefs ; in procefs of time it hardened
and crufted on the wounds, like coarfe brown fugar; it burns
with a lading flame, and fmells very ftrong : Alfo on the top-
moft leaves of La5iucafylv. coft^ fplriofa^ C. B. in julyy many
fmall drops, or pearls of an oily juice, like coagulated, or har-
dened rofin, are plainly to be difcerned, efpecially with a
fingle mi:rolcope ; they are of an amber colour, and tranfpa-
rent, eafily to be wiped off, as being an oily exfudated juice.
And Dr. IJfler is of opinion, that even the blue flower of ripe
plums, is nothing other but a fine refinous coagulation of the
tranfudated juice. On the under fide of the leaves, and all
over the ftalk o{ "Bonus He/iricuSy J. B. there flick infinite fmall
tranfparent pearls ; thefe clear drops are hard to the touch,
and teel like greafy fand, and ,not clammy 3 therefore it was
well called unctuous by Cafpar Sauhln-j and this fponta-
neoufly exfudated juice is reckoned amongft the refinous
coagulations.

The juices of plants are alfo varied and diftinguifhed by
fermentation; and not only the juices of fruits are to be
wrought, or fet a working; as of the apple, pear, briar, grape,
^c. as is well known ; but there is an artificial change, viz.
malting, to be made even on the feeds of plants, fo as to make
them fpend freely, or difcharge their juices, and communicate
them to common water, and receive a ferment; alfo the ju,ice
of liquorice will ferment, and that of cane, as fugar; again,
the tapped juices of vegetables are fufceptible of a fermen-
tation.

B b s M

196 MEMOIRS of the

Jn Hydrops Peaoris^ by Jifr. Sam. Doudy. Phil. Tranf.

N° 224. p. 3(;o.

AKoblc peer had for many years been troubled with an
extraordinary fliortnefs of breath; his lordfhip was
iilways better in bed, or lying, than fitting or flanding 3 quite
contrary to other afthma's, in which the patient is nor able to
lie down 5 the mufcles of the bread having a freer motion,
when in an ereft pofturc. Upon opening the body, both the
cavities of the breaft were found full of water, which, when
ifanding or fitting, preiTed in fuch a manner on the diaphragm,
that rejfpiration was performed with difficulry^ but in a lying
pofture, that floating load was io difpofed, that that funftion
was better performed 5 this feems to be fo natural a fymptom,
that it may be almoft an infallible diagnoftic, to diftinguifli an
Hydrops '^PeBoris from ether more frequent difeafes of the
breaft, that caufe a flicrtnefs of breathing. Perhaps it may
not be impraflicable to ufe the ^Pe.raceraefis in the like cafe,
when the difeafe is certainly known, and without it death is
moft likely to enfue.

j4 Scolopendra Marina; ly Dr, Tho. Molyneux. Phil.
Tranf.K*' 225. p. 405.

IN Tiecemher^ 1696, two remarkable fea- animals were found
in the ftomach of a comnion cod-fiih, fold in the fiih-market
in 2)ublln 5 one of them, by lying long in the ftomach, was
much mangled, and in part digefted ; but the other was com-
plete in ail its parts, and had undergone no manner of change,
fave that it was dead; it was bigger at one end, and went
tapering, or gradually lefTening towards the other 3 it was four
inches and fix tenths in length ; and where largeft, as it was
one inch and one tenth broad, fo it v- as about three inches and
u half in circumference ; at the fmaller end, not above four
tenths of an inch broad 3 it had neither /hell, cruft, fcales,
or bone, for its covering, but was foft, yet not flabby or flefliy,
as the (j.cihctKict, or JlloUid^ but rather membranous. The back,
or upper fide was of a roundifh fliape, efpecially towards the
fides, in the m.iddle it was fomewhat flattened, the belly
was perfectly plain 3 along the middle of the back there
ran a large ftripe from one extremity to the other, about
two tenths of an inch broad, towards the upper end, but
iliU narrower as it came towards the tali: this ftripe was

all

Royal Society. 197

all covered with a ihort foft lort of down, not unlike in texture,
colour and lubftance, to that which grov;s on the back of the
leaf o^Tu£Ila^o or colt's-foot j joming'to the edge of this Itripe
there ran a lift about two tenths of an inch broad, that covered
both fides of the animal, and part of his back, this lift or
verge was thickly /liagged with a fine foft hair, that was very
thick, and about a quarter of an inch long, of a moft dehcate
changeable red and green colour, and of fo fparkling and yivid
a luftre, that nothing of this kind could ihew more beautiful ,
amongfl this foft hair there was thickly interlperfed, without any
order, a number of black, fiiarp, hard prickles, about the length
of the hair, and the thicknefs of a hog's brittle, but much har-
der, and very fliarp at the points 5 the tail, or Imaiier end termi-
nated in the back, with two triangular pellucid foft Icales, that
covered the orifice of the ^nus. The larger end, tho' it had not
any horns, eyes, ears, nole or gills, yet becaule it was oppofite
to the tail, and here had its mouth, may properly enough be cal-
led the head ; the mouth was a very large aperture for the bulk
of the animal, not placed at the end, but fomewbat underneath,
as forming part of 'the belly, and could not be feen v.hen the
back was turned uppermoft^ the belly was flat, and no ways pro-
tuberant, covered with a fmooth naked fkin, of a much lighter
colour than the back, irregularly fpotted, with little dark
brownifh fpots, Ibme larger, fome li-naller^ it was broader to-
wards the head, and grew ftill narrower towards the tail, where
for above the ipace of an inch, it was curioufly pinched with lit-
tle indentures, refembling the fmall joints in the tail of fome in-
fe61:s5 theie divifions, or joints were Hill Hiorter and cloier to
each other, the nigher they were to the extremity of the tail ;
dole to each corner of the mouth, and fo along both fides of the
belly, there was a row of feet, in a dole continued feri^s down to
the outmofl tip of the tail 5 the largeft were placed towards the
mouth, and upper part of the body, where they were about ^ of
an inch long, but downwards they grew leis and iliorter, ftill
gradually diminiftiing, the nearer they approached the end of the
tail 5 where they were fo minute, that they were infenfibly loft,
and not eafily to be diftinguiflied by the eye 5 from within the
body, thro' the middle of each foot there pafled four, five or fix
of the fame fort of /harp hard prickles, interfperfed amongft the
loft hair^ thele were larger or imaller, more or fewer in number,
according to the fize of the foot, and give it ftrength and firm-
nefs inftead of bones, and likewiie their iffuing out beyond the
end of the foot, ferves in lieu of toes or claws; joining to this

row

198 M E M O I R S fl/- /.&(?

row of feet, towards the back, there was ranged along each fide
in a dircsi:^ line, a ieries of fmall, thin, ibft, flat fins, in llich
order, as that each foot exa6t]y anfwered its correfponding fin, lb
that their number was precifely the lame with that of the feet,
and they oblerved the lame proportion as to their fize, i\i]\ gra-
dually diminifliing the nearer they approached towards the tail ;
Dr. Molyjieu^ diftindtly counted 55 of thefe of a fide, as he had
done alio of the feet^ each fin was curioufly fringed at the edge,
with the lame beautifully coloured hair, that covered the fides,
•^nd part of the back 3 by means of thefe fins it performs its pro-
grefiivc motion in the water as a fifh, and by means of its feet it
can creep along the bottom of the lea, as a reptile. Upon open-
ing it, there appeared a thin membranous gullet, leadmg from
the mouth to the flomach, about an inch Tong j from tliis was
continued Uraight downwards the ftomach, of a whitifli colour,
and of a tough thick texture, confiding of an outward and inward
membrane, with a fort of interveening fleHiy fabllance, relem-
bling lomewhat in make, tho' not in figure, the gizzard in Ibme
fowl j it was as large as the upper joint of a man's little finger j to
this was annexed the inteftine, of a very different colour and fub-
Ihnce from the llomach^ for it was rcddifh, loft and tender, and
of a rnuch Imaller cavity ; it was contmued almoll diretlly, or
with little circumvolution to the Anus-^ the brams, heart, gills,
liver, and parts for generation, if they have any, were hardly, if
at all, to be diftinguiflied^ the muicular parts were very curious,
large and diftinct • one long continued ftripe of red flelhy fibres,
about the fixth part of an inch broad, ran dire(fi:ly along the
middle of the back, from the head down to the tail; this fle/hy
ftripe fent out from each fide, like fo many rays, thirty fix leve-
ral pair of fmaller lateral mufcles, which by the confiderable in-
terftice between them, could be eafily diftinguifhed from each
other 3 forming lb regular a figure all together, that they might
very aptly be relembled to the fpine, or back-bone of the ^PaJJer
mayinusy or common plaice-fim, when it is entire with all its
ribs, or tranfvcrfe procefles iffuing by pairs from both fides of
each Vertebra^ from the head down to the tail 3 in this manner
every particular foot and fin were lupplied with their correfpon-
dent muJcles, to give them motion, either together or a-part, as
the neccllity and defign of the animal required 3 and befides, con-
fidering this Ibrt of nnufcular mechanifm, with the tapering Ihapc
of the body, and likewile the pofition and ule of the many
prick ks interfptrled amongft the hairy fhag, that covered the
rides3 it ieems very evident, that befides its progrefTive motion, it

had

Royal Society.

199

had alfo tlie power, as moft of the many-footed land reptiles,
and Ibme water-infefls have, of contra£l:ing its body in luch a
manner, that bending its head inwards, it rolls the reit of irs body-
round it as a centre, making a figure like a rope coiled into a
ipire^ and in this pofture, befet almofl -quite round with iharp
prickles, liarting out dire611y forwards, it guards itfclf from vio-
Jences that may annoy it. This animal may on many accounts be
properly ranged with the Scoloperuhie Marinee deicribcd bv
Rondeletius -^ but it may be diftinguifhed from them, by calling
it Scolopendra Marina a capite latiori v erf us caudam fen Jim
gracilefcens, limbo ptkherrime hirfuto, fpiriulifque crebrii in-
terftinEio e Mart Hibernico,

aaaaa Fig. 2. Plate VI. the downy lift that runs along the
back 3 bb the two triangular fcales that cover the Anus ; cccccccc
the verge of fine changeable green and red hair that covered the
fides, and part of the back j ddddddd the hard fliarp prickles in-
terfperled amongft the hair 3 eeeee the ftin of the belly- ////
ieveral incisures refembling joints towards the tail 5 ggg^(^ dar-
ker fpots in the fkin of the belly 5 hhhhb the feet of each fide
the belly • JJJJJJ the fins with their hairy fringe behind the
feet 3 /: fc the large mouth opened wide.

"fbe long Worm /;/ the Flefli in the Eaft-Indies. Phil. Tranf.

N°22 5. p. 417.

THESE long worms are bred in the water, between Gom-
roon and Schiraz, in the Eaft-Indles, cfpecially that
about Laur-^ they come out in any part of the body, fometimes
to the length of <5 or 7 yards, and are very troublefome and dan-
gerous, fome lofing their legs and others their lives by them 5 at
firft, they are fmajl like a thread, afterwards they grow bigaer
and flronger by degrees. They roll them up on a little bit%f
flick, or cotton, and lay upon them onions and flower of rice
boiled in milk 5 the principal thing to be obferved is not to
break them, for then it is they do mifchief, caufing excefTive pain
and fwelling.

"jfhe Internal StruEiure of Fifli^ by 1)r, Charles Preflon
Phil. Tranf. N° 225. p. 415).

FISH are remarkably different from all other animals m
many particulars 3 the moil confiderable difference is their
want of lungs and rejpiration • and yet it is neceffary that fome-
thing ihould fupply this in fiflies, which may have the jame ef*
{Qdi upon their blood, as the air has upon ours, by entring into

our

200 M E M O I R S 5/^ /Z»^

our lun^s that is to fay, to divide and diflolve it, and render it
fit for circulation. Now we find no part in fifh more proper to
produce this effect than the 'Brouchice^ that lie like fo many
leaves upon each other under their gills; for they receive the wa-
ter in by the mouth, and return it by the gills, or receiving it in
by the gills, they throw it out by the mouthy hence it is agreed
upon by all, that the water contains ibmething that produces this
etec}, and this feems mofi: probably to be air. That there is air
in all water cannot be doubted after the experiment of M. Ala-
rolkj he fet a veflel of water over the fire, lb as to drive out the
air from it j this water he put into the air-pump to extract the air
from it, and after that, filled a phial with it, within two or
three fingers of the top, which fpace he left only full of air, and
itopped the phial well, and by (baking it, the water imbibed the
air, \b as to rife up and quite fill the phial.

But we need not wonder that fifh cannot alfo live in the open
air; their blood is naturally lefs hot than ours, lb that the natu-
ral heat of our blood would be a fever in them, and prove mor-
tal; for the nitre of the pure air is in too great a quantity, and
too fubtile, fo that it diffelves their blood too much, and makes
it too fluid, whereas the nitre in the water is more grols and in
lefler proportion; whence it gives their blood only a fluidity re-
quifite to keep it in its natural ftate. In order to prove that it is
in the Bronchia t\\^t this divifion is performed, we need but ob-
ferve their extraordinary rednels above any other parts of the
body, a proof that the blood is comminuted therein; fifli are
alfo found to die in water frozen over, which happens plainly
from their communication with the external air being hindred by
the ice. The heart of a filh is different from that of other ani-
mals, in its having but one ventricle ; for the only veflels that open
into it are the Vena Cdva, and the J^orM, being without lungs; fo
that by the jlorta the blood comes out of the heart, which is
branched into a thouf md capillaries over the 'Bronchi (e^ and is after
that reunited ; which re-union is made under the bafis of the Cra-
mum, and becaufe the blood, when once there, hc^s no need of be-
ing forced higher upwards, they have no occafion for a fecond
ventricle for tfiat purpole, as terreflrial animals have ; the re-union
of thele capillaries of the Broncbii^ being made, they form two
large trunks, of which one proceeds towards the head, and the
other towards the lower parts. Fiili have a diaphragm, but not
for the lame purpofe, as in other animals that breathe ; it is al-
ways llraight and renfe, and perpendicular to the Vertebrce,
Their llomach is membranous, fur filh iwallow down other

fmallcr

Royal Society^ 2oi

fmaller fi/li whole, and Ibmetimes earth 3 wherefore it is needful
that it have a power of contracting and ftraitning itfelf, forcibly
to break to pieces its contents. Their inteftines make feveral
great windings, a fign the fermentation is but flow therein, which
is compenfated by the length of the inteflines. The liver has
much the fame fituation as in other animals, as alio the fpleen ;
they are provided of a gall-bladder, a 2Juttus CholedochuSy and
^aricreas^ or rather two little bags faftened to the ventricle for
the fame ufe^ fi/h have ufually many l^avcreas's^ lb that in
fome there have been found forty four. They have kidneys,
bladder, ^c. They have the ovary near the Vertebral of the
loins • the eggs come out at a paffage below the A>ms^ and the
male has a like "DuBus, or hole ^ by which they eje^^t their feed
upon that of the female to impregnate the eggs, rifli are fur-
nifhed with a bladder on the loins, very large in proportion to
their bulk, which ferves, by compreffing or dilacing itieh, to ren-
der the fifh more or lefs heavy, as occaiion requires 3 the fins and
tail aifiil themlelves in their paffage thro' the water, but it is this
dilatation that makes them capable of fwimming therein, and if
this bladder be by any means burft, fo that it cannot be extended,
the fifh can no longer raife themfelves in the water, but keep con-
tinually at the bottom. Flat fifh, as foles, have no fuch bladdery
for they are able, by reafnn of their breadrh, to luflain them-
lelves in the watery cray-fifli and other ihell-fifli want it likewife
for the mod part, they creeping only at the bottom of the watery
and ieveral fifh have them double.

Mr. Newton'i theory of the Tides esflalfied by Air. Halley.
Phil. Tranf lSl° 22^. p. 445.

THE fole principle, upon which Mr. ^rc^'raw proceeds to
explain molt of the great and furprifing ap|^earances of
nature, is no other than that of gravity, whereby on the earth all
bodies have a tendency towards its centre 3 and there is the like
gravitation towards the centre of the fun, moon, and all the
planets 3 from this principle, as a neceffary conlequence, follows
the fpherical figure of the earth and lea, and of all the other ce-
leflial bodies 3 and tho' the tenacity and firmnefs of the folid
parts, fupport the inequalities of the land above the level 3 yet
the fluids, preffing equally, and eafily yielding to each other,
foon rt-ftore the JEquillbriuw, if dilfurbcd, and ^maintain the
exa(ft figure of the globe. Now this force of the delcent of bo-
dies towards the centre, is not in all places alike, but is ftill lefs
and lefs, as the diftance from the centre encreafts, and this force
Vol. III. C c de-

202 M E M O I R S of the

decreafes as t>\e fquare of the diftance encreales, that is, the
weight of bodies and the force of their M is lels, in parts more
removed from the centre, in proportion to the Iquares of the
diftances • lb as, for inftance, a ton weight on the lurface of the
earth, if it were railed to the height of 4000 miles, which
Mr. Halley fuppoles the femidiameter of the earth, would weigh
but - of a ton, or five hundred weighty if to 12000 miles or
three lemidiameters from the lurface, that is four from the centre,
it would weigh but i# part of the weight on the lurface, or a
hundred and a quarter^ fo that it would be as eaiy for the
ftren^th of a man at that he ight^to carry a ton weight, as here on
the lurface 100 i 5 and in the fame proportion the velocities of
the foil of bodies decreafe 5 for whereas on the furface of the
earth all bodies fall 16 foot in a iecond, at one femidiameter
above this lurface, this M is but four foot, and at three femi-
diameters, or at four from the centre, it is but |^ of the fall at
the furface, or but one foot in a fecond^ and at greater di (lances
both weight and fall become very fmall 5 yet at all given diftances,
it is dill Vomething, tho' the effeft become infenlible • at the dif-
tance of the moon, which we will luppole 60 lerai-diameters of
the earth, 5600 pounds weigh but one pound, and the fall of bo-
dies is but -V^oD of a foot in a fecond, or 16 foot in a minute 5
that is, a body lb f^ir off delcends in a minute no more than the
fame at the lurface of the earth would do in a fecond of time j as
was laid above, the fame force, decrcafing after the fame manner,
is evidently found in the fun, moon, and all the planets, but
more efpeqially in the fun, whole force is prodigious, becoming
fenfible even at the immenfe diftance of latum; this gives room
to fuipefl, that the force of gravity is in the celeftial bodies pro-
portional to the quantity of matter in each of them 5 and the fun
bein'7 at leaft ten thoufand times as big as the earth, its gravita-
tion,' or attra£live force, is found to be at leaft ten thoufand times
as much as that of the earth, a61:ing on bodies at the lame
diftance.

This law of the decreafe of gravity being now made out be-
yond contradiction, Mr. Ne-zi'tofi dues, with great^ lagacity, en-
quire into the necelfary conlequences of this fuppoiition^ where-
by he finds the genuine caule of the fevcral appearances in the
theory of the moon and planets, and difcovers the hitherto un^
known laws of the motion of comets, and of the ebbing and flow-
ing of the fea ^ and this latter Mr. Halley explains from Mr. 2Se\.v*
Ton's principles, in the following manner.

If

Royal Society. 203

If the earth were alone, that is to fay, not affe^^ed by the
a£lions of the fun and moon, it is not to be doubted, but the
ocean, being equally prefled by the force of gravity to^A/ards the
centre, would continue in a perfeft ftagnation, always at the lame
height, without either ebbing or flowing ; but it being here dc-
monftrated that the fun and moon have a'^like principle of gravi-
tation towards their centres, and that the earth is within the a61i-
vity of tlieir attra6tions, it will plainly follow, that the equality
of the preflure of gravity towards the centre will thereby be dii-
turbed • and tho' the fmallnefs of thcfe forces, in refpedl of the
gravitation towards the centre of the earth, renders them altoge-
ther imperceptible by any experiments we can devife, yet the
ocean being fluid and yielding to the leaft force, by its rifing
ihews where it is lefs prefled, and where it is more preflTed by
its finking. Now if we fuppofe the force of the moon's attrac-
tion to decreaie, as the fquare of the diftance from its centre en-
creafes, as in the earth and other celeftial bodies, we Ihall find,
that where the moon is perpendicular either above or below the
horizon, in the Zenith or ]<!adir, there the force of gravity is
moft of all dimin idled, and confequently the ocean muilt there
neceflarily fwell by the coming in of the water from thoie parts,
where the prefllire is greateft j viz. in thofe places, where the
moon is near the horizon. Thus, let M. Fig. 3. Plate VI. be
the moon, E the earth, C its centre, and Z the place where the
moon is in the Zenith, N where in the :Nadir : Now by the hy-
pothefis it is evident, that the water in Z, being nearer, is more
attra6i:ed by the moon than the centre of the earth C, an J that
again more than the water in N5 wherefore, the water in Z hath
a tendency towards the moon, contrary to that of gravity, being
equal to the excefs of the gravitation in Z, above that in C 5 and
in the other cafe, the wate'r in N, tending lels towards the moon
than the centre C, will be lefs prefled, by as much as is the diffe-
rence of the gravitations towards the moon in C and N. This
being rightly underliood, it plainly follows, that the^fea, which
otherwife would be fpherical, upon the prefllire of the moon,
muft form itlelf into a fpheroidal or oval figure, whofe longcll
diameter is where the moon is vertical, and ihorteit where flie is
in the horizon 5 and that the moon Ihifting her pofitjon as (lie
turns round the earth once a day, this oval of water fliifts with
her, occafioning thereby the two floods and ebbs obierva'^le in
each 25 hours. And this may fuffice as to the general caufe of
the tides : It remains now to ihew how naturally this motion ac-
counts for all the particulars that have been obferved about them. ;

C c 2 fo

204 M E M O I R S 0/ the

{o that there can be no room left to doubt, but that this is the
true caufc thereof. The Iprinp^-tides upon the new and full n^oons,
and neap-tides on the quarters, are occafioned by the attraftive
force of the fun in the new and the full confpiring with the at-
traaion of the moon, and producing a tide by their united torces 5
vvherc.:s in the quarters the fun raifes the water, where the moon
depreffcs it, and on the contrary; fo that the tides are made only
by the difference of their attraaions ; that the force of the lunis
no greater in this cafe, proceeds from the very Imall proportion
the femi-diameter of the earth bears to the vaft diftance of the
fun. It is alfo obferved, that, cceteris paribus, the equinodtial
fnrinptides in March and Sept. or near them, are the higheit,
and the neap-tides the lowefl; which proceeds from the greater
agitation of the waters, when the fluid fpheroid revolves about a
rreater circle of the earth, than when it turns about in a leiier cir-
cle: it being plain, that if the moon were conftituted m the pole,
and flood there, that the fpheroid would have a fixed pofition,
and that it would be always high-water under the poles, and
low-water every where under the equinoaial ; and therefore the
nearer the moon approaches the poles, the leis is the agitation ot
the ocean, which is of all the greateft, when the nioon is in the
equinoaial, or fartheft diftant from the poles 5 whence the lun
and moon, being either conjoined or oppofite in the equinoctial,
produce the greateft fpring tides, and the fublequent neap-tides,
beina produced by the tropical moon in the quarters, are always
the kaft tides ; whereas in June and Tiecember the Ipring-tides
are made by the tropical fun and moon, and therefore Ids vigo-
rous, and the neap-tides by the equinoaial moon, which there-
fore are the ftronger; hence it happens, that the difterence be-
tween the fpring and neap-tides in thele months is much Jels con-
iiderable than in March and September. And the reaion why
the very higheft fpring tides are found to be rather betorc the
vernal, and after the autumnal equinox, viz. in February and
OSiober^xh^n precilbly upon them, is, becaufe the lun is nearer
the earth in the winter months, and lb comes to have a greater
efiRfa in producing the tides.

Hirherto we have confidered fuch affeaions of the tides as
are univerfal, without relation to particular cafes; what
follows from the different latitudes of places will c>e ealiiy
under ftood by the figure. Let A/> EP, Fig. 4. Plate V 1. be
the eavth, covered over with very deep waters; C its centre;
Vp its 'Poles ; A E the EquimtVal; F/the parallel of latitude
of a place, Dd another parallel at equal diftance on the other

Royal Society. 205

fide of the EquhwEilal'^ Hb the two points, where the moo^
is vertical ; and let K ^ be the great circle, wherein the moon
appears horizontal ^ it is evident, that a fpheroid defcribed
upon Hy^and K^ will nearly reprefent the figure of the fea,
and C/, CD, C F, Ci, will be the heights of the fea in the
places/; D, F, J, in all which it is high- water 5 and feeing that
m 12 hours time, by the diurnal rotation of the earth, the
point F is transferred to /, and d to D, the height of the fea
C F will be that of the high-water, when the moon is prefent,
and C/thatof the other nigh-water, when the moon is under
the earthy which in the cafe of this figure is lefs than the for-
mer CF 3 and in the oppofite parallel D J, the contrary hap-
pens ; the rifing of the water being always alternately greater
and lefs in each place, when it is produced by the moon
declining fenfibly from the Equino6iiah fhat being the greateft
of the two high-waters in each diurnal revolution of the moon,
wherein Hie approaches neareft either to the Zenith or Nadir
of the place 5 whence it is, that the moon in the northern
figns, in this part of the world, makes the greateft tides when
above the earth, and in the fouthern -.figns, when under the
earth 5 the effedt being always the greateft where the moon is
fartheft from the horizon, either above or below it 5 and this
alternate increafe and decreafe of the tides has been obferved
to hold true on the coaft of England y at Srifrol by Capt.
Sturmy^ and at Plymouth by Mr. Coleprefs. But the motions
hitherto mentioned, are fomewhat altered by the libration of
the water, whereby, the' the a6lion of the luminaries Hiould
ceafe, the flux and reflux of the fea would for fome time
continue 5 this confervation of the impreflfed motion diminifhes
the differences that otherwife would be between the two fub-
fequent tides, and is the reafon why the higheft fp ring tides
are not precifely on the new and full-moons, nor the neaps on
the quarters, but generally they are the third tides after them,
and ibmetimes later.

All thefe things would regularly happen, if the whole earth
were covered with fea to a great depth 3 but by reafon of the
flioalnefs of fome places, and the narrownefs of the ftreights,
by which the tides are in many cafes propagated, there arifes a
great diverfity in the effe6i, and not to be accounted for,
without an exa6l knowledge of all the circumftances of the
places 3 as of the pofition of the land, and the breadth and
depth of the channels by which the tide flows; for a very flow
and imperceptible motion of the whole body of the water,

where

206 xM E M O I R S e/* the

where it is, for inftancc, two miles deep, will I'ufficd to raifc
its iurface lo or 12 foot in a tide's time j whereas, if the fame
quantity of water were to be conveyed upon a channel of 40
fathoms deep, it would require a very great ftream to efFe<^ it
in lo large inlets, as are the channels of England and the
German ocean 5 whence the tide is found to let ftrongeft in
thole places where the fea grows narroweft, the fame quantity
of water being to pafs thro* a fmaller paflage 5 this is moft
evident in the Streighti between 'Portland and Cape le Hogue
in Norn?andy, where the tide runs like a fluice, and would be
yet more ib between 'Dover atid Calais^ if the tide coming
about the ifl and from the north did not check it, and this
force, being once impreffed on the water, continues to carry it
above the level of the ordinary height in the ocean, particular-
ly where the water meets a diredl obftacle, as at St. Afalosj
and where it enters into a long channel, which running far
into the land, grows very ftraight at its extremity, as in the
Severn Sea^ at Cbepfio'X and 'Briftol. From this flioalnefs of the
fea, and the intercurrent continents, it is, that in the open
ocean the time of higk-water is not at the moon's appulfe to
the meridian, but always fome hours after it, as it is obfervcd
on all the well coaft of Europe ami -Africa, from Ireland 10
the cape of Good-Hope j in all which a S. W. moon makes
high-water, and the lame is reported to be on the weft fide of
j4rn-erka-^ but it would be endlels to recount all the particular
iolutions, which are eafy corollaries of this hyporhefisj as why
lakes, fuch as the Cafpian Sea ; and midland leas, fuch as
the Mediterranean^ the Slack Sea, and 'Baltic, have no fenfi-
ble tides- for lakes, having no communication with the ocean,
can neither increafe or diminifli their water, whereby to rife
and fall^ and feas that communicate by ii.ich narrow inlets, and
are of fo immenfe an extent, cannot in a few hours time receive
or empty water fufticient to raife or fink their furface fenfibly.
Laftly, to dcmonftrare the excellency of this do6trine, the
example of the tides in the port of ^lonquin in China, which
are lb extraordinary, and different from all others hitherto
heard of, may fuffice ^ in this port there is but one flood and
ebb in 24 hours, and twice in each month 3 viz. when the
moon is near the Equino^ial, there is no tide at all, but the
water isftapnant; but with the moon's declination there begins
a title, which is greatell, when ihe is in the tropical figns j only
with this diiterence, that when the moon is to the northward
ot the Eqi'.ator^ it flows when flie is above the earth, and ebbs

when

Royal Society. 207

when ihe is under it, fo as to make high-water at the moon's
letting, and low- water at the moon's riling j but on the con-
trary, the moon, being to the fouthward, makes high-water
at nfing, and low-water at fetting, it ebbing all the time /he
is above the horizon.

The caufc of this odd appearance is propofed by Mr. Neivton
to be from the concurrence of two tides, the one propagated
in fix hours out of the great Soutb Sea along the coaft o^^ China,
the other, out of the Indian Sea, from between the iilands in
12 hours, along the coaft of Malacca and Cambodia ^ one of
thefe tides, being produced in northdaritude, is, as has been
laid, greater, when the moon being to the north oF the Eqt4a'
tor IS above the earth, and lefs when fl-ie is under the earth;
the other of them, which is propagated from the Lidian Sea^
being raifed in fouth-latitude, is greater, when the moon
dechnmg ro the fouth, is above the'earth, and lefs when Hie
is under the earth ; fo that of thefe tides alternately greater and
lefTer, there comes always fucceffively two of the greater and
two of the leffer together every day 5 and the high^ water fulls
always between the times of "the arrival of the two greater
floods, and the low-water between the arrival of the two lelTer
floods 5 and the moon coming to the BquinoEilak and the
alternate floods becoming equal, the tide ceafes, and the water
Magnates 3 but when fhe has pafled to the other fide of the
Equator^ thofe floods, which in the former order were the
leall, now becoming the greatefl, that which before was the time
of high-water, now becomes that of low-water, and e contra ;
fo that the whole appearance of thefe ftrange tides is naturally
deduced from thefe principles, and is a great argument of tha
certainty of the whole theory.

A Child horn alive 'without a Brain; hy 'Dr. Ch. Picfloq,
Phil. Tranf N° %z6. p. 439.

AL L the external parts of this child were well proportion-^
ed, only that it wanted the Cranium, Cerehrunh and Cere-
helium-^ the vifage was a little deformed 5 it had eyes and ears
like a monkey, and it was all over the body more hairy than
ordinary^ in lieu of the bram, there was nothing but a fob-
ftance like congealed blood, covered with a membrane, and
inftead ot the optic nerves there v/ere only found fome fmall
ligaments.

M. du Verney^ profeiTor of anatomy in the royal garden at
Taris, traced in this fubjed the 8th and 9th pairs of nerves

and

2e8 MEM OIKS of the

and the intercoftal ; and having cut up the canal o( the Veyte-
hrce he difcovered the Medulla Spinalis all along the cavity,
and' traced all the vertebral nerves proceeding therefrom, as
allbthc Sciatic v^^rvc, which was confiderable enough ^ it is
true, the Medulla Spinalis was not hereof that confiftence as in
adult peribns, but one could with fome pains oblerve all the
four tunics, and the two fubftances, as in the brainy ;:;/^. the
cortical or gland ulcus fubftance, and the fibrous or white lub-
llance; but with this difference, that the brown fubftance is
exterior in the brain, but interior in the Medulla Spinalis -, tor
it is, as it were, a third brain contained m the canal ot the
Vertebra, which are defigned for its defence 5 it has Meninges,
Sinus\ and cavities, which may pafs for ventricles like the
brain; but it appears to be more ienfible and neceffary to lite
than the brain itlelf^ for if you take away the brain, or Cere-
bellum from ^n animal, yet the ^^''f^\'^'^}}\'l^^^^^^^
after, bur a wound or compreffion of the Medulla Spinalis will
caufe ludden death; this is confirmed by fevcral anatomical
experiments. i.M. du Vcrney took away the brain and C^;t-
lellum from a pigeon, and ftuffed the Cranium with flax, not-
withftanding which, it lived fome time, fearched for its
aliment, did the ordinary funaionsof life, and had the ute of is
fenfes 2. M. Chirac, profeffor of anatomy at Montpeher, took
away 'the brain from a dog, yet he lived for fome time after,
but when the Cerebellum was taken out, he died immediately j
but he obferved, that by blowing into the lungs, the animal
lived an hour, altho' without the Cerebellum. 3- ^^. ^^°^
away from another dog half the Cerebellum, but he died imme-
diately. 4. After he had taken away half the brain from a
third do-, he continued to have the motion of all the parts,
and couM walk about; and even after he had taken away all
the brain, he had ftiU fenfe and refpiration. 5- ^.^fY^Tn
the Medulla Oblongata of a fourth dog from the Medulla ^pi-
fialis, by mtroducmg a pair of fciflars between the fir t
Vertebra ^r^^ the Os Occipitis ; the dog had died immediatel>,
but by blowing into the lungs, the motion of the^^^^J^'^,^
continued, and the animal could move his body 6. He took
the Cerebellum from a fifth dog, but he lived 24 hours, and his
heart beat regularly. , i- r^

All thefe experiments fliew, that an animal may live tor
fome time, tho' imperfeftly, without the brain,, and even the
Cerebellum-, but there is no experiment, wher«; they ever lived
without them all 3 it is therefore probable, that the MeduUa

Royal Society. 209

spinalis was not wanting in this fubje^]:, but that it fupplied
the defefl both of the brain and Cerebellum^ and that the ani-
mal fpirits were feparated therein, and diftributed for conti-
nuing the circulation of the bloody for it is to be confidered,
that altho' the intercoftal nerve and eighth pair have their
origin in the Medulla oblofigatay yet after they enter into the
cavity of the breaft, they are united with branches from almofb
all the vertebral nerves, and together with them make up
feveral plexus's, and from thofe plexus's feveral branches are
emitted to the heart, and other parrs, fufficient for continuing
the circulation of the blood ; and this has occafioned Ibme to
fall into a miftake, thinking the circulation might be explained
fome other way, than by the influx of the animal fpirits into
the nerves, which they endeavour to prove by an experiment
on a dog, by tying up the intercoftal and eighth pair of nerves,
before they enter the cavity of the breaft, and yet the dog fhall
live for two or three days after 3 but except they can tie up all
the vertebral nerves, or at leaft tie up the nerves at their
entrance into the heart, the experiment is not fo convincing ;
and the fymptoms, which ordinarily happen, even upon tying
the intercoftal and eighth pair, is an evident proof of the
contrary, for the animal is immediately taken with convui-
fions.

Horns of American Deer found under Ground in Ireland, by
'Dr, Tho. Molyneux. Phil. Tranf. N^ 227. p. 489.

A Complete head of a deer, with both its horns entirely
perfect, was dug up in Ireland -j the dimenfions of this
head were as follows, from the extreme tip of the right horn
to that of the left AB, Fig. 5. Plate VI. was 10 foot 10 inches;
from the tip of the right horn to the root, where it was faftened
to the head CD, 5 foot 2 inches; from the tip of the higheft
branch (meafuring one of the horns tranfverfely, or directly
a-crofsthe palm) to the tip of the loweft branch GF, 3 foot
7 T inches ; the length of one of the palms, within the branches
GH, 2 foot 6 inches; the breadth of the lame palm, ftiU
within the branches IK, i foot 10 \ inches; the branches that
/hot forth round the edge of each palm, were one in number,
befides the brow-antlers, of which the right antler D L was
I foot 2 inches in length, the other was much ftiorter; the
beam of each horn M, at fome diftance from the head, was
about 8 inches in cifcumference ; at the root, where it was
faftened to the head^ about 11 inches in circumference; the
Vol. III. D d length

210 MEMOIRS of the

length of the head from the back of the Ic nil to the tip of the
nole, or rather the extremity of the upper jaw-bone N C), 2 foot^
the breadth of the ikull where largclt, PQj was a foot 5 there
were two holes, near the roots of the horns, that looked like
eyes, but were in reality larae open paiTages, near an inch in
diameter, in the bone ot the forehead, to give way fo great blood-
velTels, that here ilTue out of the head- and pals between the
furface of the horn, and the fmooth hairy ikin that covers them,
whilft they are growing, commonly called the velvet, to lupply
the horns with lufficient nouniliment, whilll they are Ibfr, and
till they arrive at their full magnitude, fo as to become ^x*rfe6tly
hard and folid; thefe veffels, by realbn of their largeneis and
turgency, whilft the horn is Iprouting and pliant, make deep and
conipicuous furrows all along the outfide of it, where they pals,
which may be plainly leen, after the horn is bare, and come to
ns full growth, at which time all theie veins and arteries, with
the external velvet fkin ihrivel up and leparate from the horn, and
the animal affe£ts to tear them off in great ftripcs againll the
boughs of trees.

It is not to be queflioned, but thefe large horns, like others
of the deer-kind, were naturally cad every year, and grew again
to their full fize in about the Ipace of four months j for all fpecies
of deer, yet known, do certainly drop their horns yearly, pro-
bably owing to the fame caule, that trees annually cait their ripe
fruit, or drop their withering leaves in autumn 5 that is, becaufe
the nourilhing juice is ftopped, and flows no longer, either on the
account, that it is now deficient, being all fpcnt, or that the hollow
pafTages, which convey it, dry up, lo as the part having no lon-
ger any communica^tion therewith, mud of neceiliiy, by degrees,
lever from the whole, but with this ditVcrcnce, that horns, by
realbn of their hard and llrong compofiticn, Itick fait to the head
by their root leven or eight months, after all their nourilhment is
perfectly Ipent^ whereas leaves and fruit, confiding of a much
more tender fubilance, and a finer texture of parts, drop Iboncr,
when once the lupply of ufual nouriihment is oblirucied- this
analogy, obferved by nature, in the cafting the horns of beads,
and the dropping the fruits of trees, will appear much more
evident to any one that will obferve the end of a dalk, from
which a ripe orange, or any large fruit, has been lately levered,
and the but-end of a cad horn, where it is fadened to the Os
Frontis-^ for by comparing them together, we Aiall find lb great
acongruity in the lliape ot both, that it will be apparent, nature
works according to the lame mcchanifm in one as in ihe other.

Several

Royal Society. 211

Several of thefe heads were found in leveral parts of Ireland, an
argunnent that this animal was formerly common in Ireland, and
an indigenous animal, not peculiar to any territory, or province,
but univerialJy met within all parts of the kingdom j we may
alfo reafonably gather, that they were a gregarious animal, or
luch as afFe6t keeping together in herds, feveral heads being found
within a fmall compals of each other.

That thele heads ihould be conftandy found buried in a fort of
marie, i'eems to intimate, as if marie was only a foil that had been
formerly the external furface of the earth, but in proccls of time,
being covered by degrees with many layers of adventitious earth,
has, by lying under ground, a certain number ofages, acquired a
peculiar texture, coniiftence, richnels or maturity, that denomi-
nates it marie 5 for we mull: neceflfarily allow the place, where
thele heads are now found, was certainly once the external furface
of the earth, otherwiie it is hardly poflible to fuppofe how they
ihould come there. And that they ihould be lo deep buried,
appears to have happened by their accidentally falling where it
was foft low ground 5 Co that the horns, by their own gravity,
might eafily inake a bed, where they fettled in the yielding
earth, and in a very long courfe of time, the higher lands being
by degrees diflolved by repeated rains, and wafhed and brought
down by floods, covered the lower grouxid wnh many layers of
earth 5 for all high grounds, and hills, unlefs they conhft of a
rock, by this means naturally lole a little every year o{ their
height, and fometimes become fenfibly lower even in one age.
How this Ipeciesof animals, formerly ib common and numerous
in this country, fliould now become utterly loft and extmd:,
delerves our confederation. Some have been apt to imagine, that
they were deftroyed by the general deluge in Noab's days; but it
is not probable, that fuch a flight and porous lubftance as thefe
horns, could be prelerved entire from the time of that flood ; and
therefore it is more likely, that this animal might be deftroyed
here by fome epidemic diiiemper, or peftilential murrain.

It remains that we enquire, what Ipecies of animals it was, to.
which thele ftately horns belonged j it is an opinion generally
received, that they belonged to the Akhe, Ekbe, or Elende, arid
therefore they are vulgarly called Elches, horns.; but they differ
extremely from them, both in figure and fize ; and the delcription
of that majeftic horned animal in the iVeft-Lidlcs, called a Aioofey
much better agrees therewith, than that^ of the Ekbe, as haying
the fame fort of palmed horns, cf the fame fize and largenels, as
well as figure, and the bulk of their bodies correlponding exadtly

D d 2 113

212 M E M O I R S of the

in proportion to the wide fpreading of their horns ; fo that we
may iafely conclude, that Moo/es were formerly as frequent in
Ireland^ as they are ftill in the nxDrihern parts of the JVeJt-LidieSy
Ne-iv-Efiglarid, Virginia, Maryland, and Canada.

There are leveral things in which Ireland and the Weft-
Indies do partake in common 5 for as on the coaft of New-
England, and the illand 'Bermudas confiderable quantities of
ambergreal'e are gathered, fo on the weftern coaft of Ireland,
along the counties of Sligo, A'layo, Kerry, and the ifles of
Arran, they frequently meet with large parcels of that precious
fubftance, io highly valued for its perfume 5 near Sligo there
was found one piece, that weighed 5 2 ounces ; on the outfide
it was of a clofe compact fubftance, blackifh and fhining,
like pitch ; but when it was cut, the infide was more porous,
and Ibmething of a yellowifh colour, not fo grey, cloie, and
fmooth as the cleaneft and beft fort of amber, but like it,
Ipeckled with whitiflT grains, and of a moft fragrant fcent.
Nor is that fpecies of whales, that are often taken in Ke'vc-
England,^ and which yield the true Sperma Ceti, a ftranger to
tl\at coaft of Ireland, that regards America, and which we
may call the Cetus dentatus, from its large, folid, white teeth,
fixed only in the lower jaw, to diftingui/h it from that fpecies,
which yields the whale-bone, juftly denominated Myfticetus
by Arijhtle, from its bearded, horny Laminae in the roof of
the mouth. What fort of fubftance Sperma Ceti is, and in
what part of the whale it is found, naturalifts and phyficians
are not agreed in- but Dr. Molyneux found it to be nothing
otlier than part of the oil, or liquid fat of this particular Ibrt
of whale; which oil, at firft, when confufed and mixed, fhews
like a whitifl:i liquor, of the coniiftence and colour of whey ;
but laid by in veiTels to fettle, its parts by degrees feparatc
that which is lighter, and fwiming a-top, becomes a clear oil,
} ellucid like water, anfwering all "the ufes of common trains
oil,vvhich is got out of the blubber of other whales; that
which fubfidcs, becaule it is heavier and of a cloier confiftence,
candies together at the bottom, and is what is Md for Sperma
Ceti,^ the blanching and refining of which is troublelbme, and
requires no Imall art, time, and charge; the fat of the whole
body affords it, but that of the head yields the gveateft quantity,
and pureft Sperma Ceti.

FofTiIe-

Royal Society. 213

Foffile-wood near York; l^y Dr. Richardfbn. Phil. Tranf.
N° 228. p. 516.

AT Toule about 12 miles below Tor/:, near the place, where
the 2)iin empties itlslf into the Humber^ there are ievcral
perlbns called Tryers, who, with a long piece of iron, learch in
the loft and boggy ground for fubterraneous trees ; and by this
way of trial, they can in a great mcalure dilcover the length and
thicknefs of thefe trees, and they get a livelihood by it. Some are
fo large that they are ufed for timber in building houles, which is
laid to be more durable than oak itlelf, others are fplit into laths,
others are cut into long chips, and tied up in bundles, and lent
to the market towns leveral miles off, to light tobacco. The
bate or texture of this wood is the iame with fir, Iplitting eafily;
if burnt it emits the lame relinous fmell, and it afibords the lame
coal ; the branches generally grow in circles, as appears by the
knots, which eafily leparate from the reft of the wood, as is
ufual in fir-wood; the Itraitneis and length of thefe trees are alio
a prefumption, that they muft be luch; there arc alfo oaks found
there, tho' not in lb great quantity. The vitriolic parts of the
earth, in which they have lain, hath given them a black tincture
quite thro', which, when wrought and poliihed fine, is not
much inferior to ebony; this d©es not emit the lame fmell wheij
burnt, with that called firewood.

j4n Infant "with the "Brain depreffed into the boUo'-Jii of the
fertehra of the Neck 5 by 'Br. Edw. Tyfon. Phil. Tranf.
N^ 228. p. 553.

THIS child was alive, but died in the birth, or a little be-
fore ; it was well grown, all the limbs and body were well
proportioned, and plump, the face, from the eye-brows only
was well featured ; the fkull was entirely deprelTed down to the
Os fpherwides, fo that it had no forehead at all. Dr. Tyfon
opened the Cranium in leveral places, before he could find any
brains at all ; but at length he obierved, near the pafiing out of
the Medulla oblongata to the Medulla fpinalis, a Imall quantity
of the brain, the -whole might be included in a walnut, it was
covered over with a bloody matter; but upon thrufting down his
little finoer thtx)' the Foramen where the Medulla fplnalis^^^.^^^,
he oblerved a very large cavity in the hollow of the VertebrdO of
the neck; this large cavity was filled with a fubllance like the
brain or Medulla fpitialis or both, but far larger than the jMe-
dulk fpinalis itlelf could be in fo fmall an infant. This made

him

214 M E M O I R S of the

him eafily conclude, that the brain muft be prefTed down thither,
which he was the more induced to believe, becaule the mother
told him, that when (lie was with child, fhe received a coniider-
able bruilc in the belly.

How far the Medulla fpinalis may anfwer the office of the
brain, elpccially in embryos, where there is no exercile of the
lenfes, nor of the imaginative faculty, will be no great difficulty
to apprehend j fince the fpirits generated even in the Akdidla
Jpinalis may fuffice for all the fundions of life in them 5 efpecially
in this inftance, where a great part of the brain is fuppofed to be
detruded into the cavity of the Vertebrce , and it may be que-
ried, whether in thofe inftances, that are given of births of in-
fants without brains, there might not be a like depreffion thereof
or of its principal parts into the VertehrdS^ which in embryos arc
parts capable of extenfion.

An Optic Leas of JVater, and a refieBlng Microfcope^ l^y
Mr. Stephen Gray. Phil. Tranf. N° 228. p. 539.

DROPS of fair water, being let fall on a piece of plain
glafs, form themfelves into plano-convexes, having a con-
vexity proportional to the heights from which they defcend 5 viz.
from a greater height a lefs, and from a lefs a greater degree of
convexity. Mr. Gray applied fome of thefe as reading-glafles
for fingle words of Imall letters, as on globes and maps,' and he
found no other inconvenicncy, than that the fluidity of the water
obliges one to keep the glais horizontal j to remedy which, he
took a fufficicnt quantity of ifing-glais, and diiTolved it in water
over the fire, and whillt it waS warm, he dipt a Itick into the
folution, and let fome drops of it fall on the glafs as before, and
in a quarter of an hour they acquired a confiftency, that fuftlred
them to be held in any pofition j and tho' they were not altoge-
ther lb tranfparent, yet this was little or no impediment to their
ufe. The drops ot this Iblution are more accurately defined than
thofe of common-water, having their edges exa6tly circular, and
they may be made of a much longer Focus.

A thin flat ring of brals, not exceeding to <>f an inch diameter
in its inrenor circle, being cemented to a plain piece of glals, and
filled with water, or the folution now mentioned, then prefling
with the finger into it, till what is fupcrfluous be taken oft^ there
will be formed a plano-concave, which may ferve as an eye -glafs
to a prolpcctive, or to any other optical ufe, concave glaffes are
applicable to.

Mr. Gr^iy

Royal Society. 215

Mn Gray tried wheat would be the fuccels of combinins^ por-
tions of water by rhe help of brafs rings, ?nd plain pieces of glafs,
to give them their true figure and rtquifire apertures, and he in-
ferted them at the ends of tubes of feveral lengths, and he found
that tho' theie natural lenfes may ferve as eyeglafles, yet when
uled as objed glaffes, either to telefcopes, or double microfcopes,
the efifedls will not compenfate the trouble there is in ufing them.

A Fig. 6. Plate VI. reprefents a imall flat ring of brals, whole
interior circle mufl not much exceed fo of an inch diameter, and
be about ~o of an inch thick ; this we may call the frame or cell
of the glals 5 it mult be prepared for ufe in the following manner.
Take a fmall globule of quickfilver, and diflolve it in a few
drops .of u^qimfortis, to which you may add 10 parts of com-
mon watery dip the end of a ftick in this liquor, and rub the in-
ward circle of the ring therewith, lo as to acquire a mercurial
tin^iure, and being wiped dry, be fit for ufe 5 then let it be laid
on the table, and pour a drop of quickfilver within it, which
prels gently with the ball of the finger, and it will adhere to
rhe ring, then cleanle it with a h.-ire's foot, and you will have a
convex Speculum j take up the ring and Speculum^ carrying it ho-
rizontally, and lay it on the brims of the hollow cylinder B 3 and
thus the mercury will become a concave reflecting Speculum^-
which, from the fmallnels of the fphere, of which it feems to be
a ie<5tion, may be ufed as a microfcope ; the cylindrical veflel B
has a icrew-hole at the bottom, by which it is fcrewed to the top
of the pedeftal CD5 CE FG is the fupporter of the object-
plate, which may be either railed higher, or let down lower, as
there is occafion, by the Icrew on the pedeflal j the object plate
mult be of glafs cemented to the ring G.

This inltrument, with a little variation, may he made a micro-
fcope of water, i^ inltead of the ring G, there be only a fmall
arm with a hole in it to receive a drop of water, and the cylin-
drical veflel B be either taken away, or Icrewed on with its bot-
tom upwards, fo as to make an object plate. This will be
more convenient for viewing the texture of opaque objects, than
that above delcribed, which is fitter for fluid and tranfparent

ones.

A red Colour produced by a fulphureous Spirit and a volatile
Alcali. Phil. Tranl. N° 228. p. 542.

THIS fulphureous fpirit is made by diltilling two or three
pounds of benzoin with a little fand in a retort, ad Sicci-
tatemy and putting the oil, fpirit and flowers all together into a

paper

2i6 MEMOIRS?/ the

paper filtre, the fpirit comes firfl thro\ You may put two parts
of this fpirit to one of fpirit of lal armoniac, or urine, ^c. and
fhaking the- glals or bottle, it will become red in a moment, tho'
both the luiuors were clear before, and the more the glafs is
ihaken, the deeper will the red be ^ it produces this effect with-
out any efferveicencc 5 this experiment may perhaps be ufeful m
explaining languification.

A SlackiJJj Stone /;/ Shropfhire yielding Pitch, Tar and Oil 5
by Mr, Martm Ele. Phil. Tranf. N° 228. p. 544..

IN 'Brofely^ Sentky, Titchford^ and other adjacent places in
Shropjhire-, there lies over moft of the coal-pits, or mines, a
Stratum or layer of a blackifli rock, or ftone, of fome thicknels,
which is porous, and contains in it great quantities of bituminous
matter. This ftone, being brought to the work-houfe, is ground
fmall by horlc-mills, fuch as are ufed for grinding flints to make
glais of; the powder is thrown into great coppers of water,
where, by boiling, the bituminous matter is fepararcd from the
ftony or gritty part, this Jaft finking to the bottom, the other
I'wimming at the top of the water. This bituminous fubftance
being gathered together, and evaporated, becomes of the con-
fiftencc of pitch, and this, by means of an oil, diftilled from the
fame ftone, and mixed therewith, becomes thinner, or like tar,
Thefe fubftances are found to exceed common pitch and tar, in
that they do not crack, but keep always black and fofr, by
which they may be lerviceable to prevent the worms from hurt-
ing fhips pitched therewith. The oil may be uled for oil of
petre or turpentine, and it has been tried in aches or pains.

1'be 'Uiffci'iion of a Scallop; by "Dr. Lifter. Phil. Tranf.
N° 222. p. 567. Tran/lated from the Latin.

IN the firft place Dr. Lifter obferved the Cardo, or hinge of
the concave fliell to be gently bent and laid on the other of
the plain fliell, both which were firmly conneficd together by a
cartilage ; alfo in the very middle of the hinge there was another
very black and ftrong cartilage ; hence arifes that wonderful con-
ftriciive force it is endued with, and perhaps the power of moving
the plain fliell, like an oar, to row by; which the ancients have
often mentioned as peculiar to this fliell-fifh. Upon opening the
ihells, he obferved the following particulars; to the right hand
and under the hinge a cowled mouth like an oyfter; this cowl is
made up by the concourfe of the external '^rancbice or gills,
which arc mufcular, and encompafs the animal entirely from the

head

Royal Societv.' 217

head to the extremity of the Anus^ viz. towards the left hand op-
pofite to the mouth, where they are acrain connef^ed together-
One of the exterior Sranchice^ which lies upon the plain fliell,
adheres bv its centre to the fuperior border of that large round
muicle, which at right angles is inlerted into the middle of the
fliells j the other exterior ^ranchice is in like manner conne61ed
with the other head of the fame central muicle 3 from the central
muicle thefe two exterior or fpurious Branchide confiil: of a very
thin and pellucid membrane, and expanded to the middle of the
fhells^ they {lightly adhere to them, fo as to become immove-
able, and defend the back of the animal from being injured by
the water taken into the fhellsj from this place of adhefion an
extraordinary and thick muicle, like a border ariles, which,
when the animal is alive is capable of great extenfion, even far
beyond the brims of the /hells 3 it is alfo furniflied with frinaes,
and from a reddifli colour it is variegated with very elegant
ftreaks^ the uie of this border leems to be this 5 viz. by its ion-
tradion inwards, like a net, when both thefe branchiated mufcles
are darted out of the fliell, whatever prey they lay hold on, upon
their clofing together, is for the food of the animal ; and the
lea-water feems to be feparated by the fringes, which are in-
dented in their extremities whilfl the food remains behind. This
border may alio ferve for killing any fmall prey by its llron'?
comprelTion ^ and by its undulatory motion, which is very re-
markable, it may both retain the food, and convey it from any
part of the circular net into the mouth, and in this manner perform
the office of a hand. To come now to the true Sranchice^ at
lead luch as are lb called 5 thefe are four in number, of a light
yellow, and llriated in an elegant manner, they encompafs the
large central mufcle, and contain between them or lie upon the
UteruSy and its ovary, at leait on the parts ddigned for genera-
tion. Near the mouth is a proceis wkh a double aperture, one
of which is the outlet of the Vnlva^ and the other, if they are
hermaphrodites, as is very probable, is defigned for the exer-
tion of the \Peris. To proceed to the head, its mouth is fur-
nifhed with reddijfh and very fhort lips, like the internal 'Bran-
chide •-, about the middle of the hinge are two large circles or ca-
vities, like the eyes of a turbot, placed obliquely. Next the
mouth and head to the left is a large blacki/h Meconium^ behind
that lies the heart, which may be lecn thro' its traniparent ^eri-
cardiumy it is between a flefh colour and a reddi/h- the Aorta
is dilinbuted into the BranchitS-^ from the Meconium arifes the
ReElum, and pafTmg over the Pericardium', it reaches to the
Vol. III. E e internal

2i8 MEM O IR S of the

internal Sranchiify and is faftened to the central mufcles. The
central mulclc is of an orbicular form, white and fmooth for a
great part of its furface, where it adheres to the fhell j on the
left fide it is furni/hed with another whiter and lacerated mufcle,
and more firmly faltened to the fhell.

asa Fig. I. Plate VII. the mouth and head 5 hi? the black Me-
conium 5 c the heart; dd either the Tericarditim^ or bladder of
urine j eeeee the Re5ium riding over the 'Pericardium j fffff
the great central mufcle , gg another lacerated mufcle adhering
ftrongly to the /hell ; hbbh the internal Srancbiie-j //the extre-
mity of the extended Uterus-, furnifhed with two apertures, as in
hermaphrodites; kk the luperior whitifh part of the Uterui-^ III
the infoior yellowifh part of the Uterus -^ mmmmm the variegated
border, or the Muf cuius retiarius fecundus.

A Storm of Hail in Hertford (hire; ly Mr. Rob. Taylor.
Phil. Tranf. N° 229. p. 577.

ON Tuefday May 4th, 1691 ^^ Hit chin in Ht;rtfordpirey
about 9 o'clock in the morning, it began to lighten and
thunder very much, with fbme great fhowers between; it conti-
nued till about two o'clock in the afternoon, when on a fudden,
a black cloud arofe fbuth-wefl, the wind being eafl and blowing
hard ; then there fell a fharp fliower with fbme hail-ftones, fome
of which meafured 7 and 8 inches about; but the extremity of
the ftorm fell about Offlcy^ where a young man was killed, one
of his eyes ftuck out of his head, and his body was all over black
with the bruifes; another man nearer to Offley efcaped with his
life, but was much bruifed. The hail fell in fuch vaft quantities,
and fo large, that it tore up the ground, fplit great oaks and
other trees; it cut down great fields of rye, as if it had been
done with a fcythe, and deflroyed feveral hundred acres of wheat,
barley, t£c. there fell Ibme hundred thoufand cart-loads ; they
mealured from one to 13 and 14 inches; their figures were va-
rious, fbme oval, others round, others tapering, fome flat.

^he Height of the Mercury at the top of Snowdon Hill 5 by
Mr, Edm. Halley. Phil. Tranf! N^ 229. p. 582.

A/fATz6y 1^97, between one and two in the afternoon, on
-^^^ the top of Snowdon-hill Mr. Halley repeated thrice the
*Torrir.ellian experiment, and as often found the height of the
mercury, 25, i inches; and being come down to LlanberriSy at
the foot of the hill, about 6 that evening, he found the mercury
by a triple experiment, to ftand at 29, 9 inches, very near the

lurfacc

Royal Society. 219

furface of the fea^'when at the fame time, at Llanerch, mJDen-
bypire, about 15 miles eaft of Smwdorjy and fix from the fea,
kveral foot above the furface thereof, by Mr. ^Davis's ftandmg
barometer, it was about 29, 7! inches j and the air continued,
both before and after, in the fame ftate. Hence Mr. Halky con-
cludes, that the difference of the prefllire of the air on the lea,
and on the top of Snowdon, is rather more than 3 inches 8 tenths.
Sno^wdon was meafured by Mr. Capiveh and he found its height
i240yards^ which, abating the height of the mercury, 3 mches
8 tenths, may lerve for a ftandard, till a better be obtained on a
higher place.

A Yoyage from England To Conftantinople 5 by Dr. The.
Smith. Phil. Tranf. N° 230. p. 597.
yf^G. 5d, i66Sy we went on board the Sezan^ Tacht Jot
•^^ the 'Do-wris, where we arrived the next day in the after-
noon, and went on board the Leopard Frigate, Capt. O "Bryan
commander, appointed to carry Sir Tianiel Harvey, HisMa-
jefty's ambaffador, to the port of the Ottoman emperor at Con-
ftantinople. Aug, 9th, we failed from the 'Do'wns, but were
forced to anchor S. W. off the fouth Foreland 3 we carried a flag
upon our main-top, after we come out of the Doims. Aug, 17th,
in the morning we got to the weft o{ Portland -, but about noon,
falling over part of the race of "Portland, where we met with a
tumbling fea, we anchored at the N. W. part of the bay, over-
againft the point that looks towards Weymouth-,, we went a-inore
on the ifland, which feems to be but one continued rock, the loil
inleveral places not being above 5 or 6 inches deep, yet the corn
flourifhing enough 3 the caftle confifts of a double fortification,
we did not ohlerve above 3 guns mounted 5 there is only one
church and 4 villages in the whole ifland. Aug. 29th,^we got
into 'Plymouth found; the citadel is built upon a rocK, with
large counterfcarps and ballions. Aug. 20th, we weigaed out ot
"Plymouth found, and made the Lizard, a promontory in Cor«-
<iml', the Manacles, feveral rocks fo called, were very diitintay
feen, it being then low-water, as alfo the Land^s Erid 3 the wind
blew frelh, and we obferved the waves in the night-tirae, -is it
they had been liquid fire, but palifli. Aug. 25th, we were tull
open with the bay of Sifcay 5 leveral fea-gulls were feen hovering
over the liarface of the water, to catch fiih which Iwam Dy m
vaft fhoals, at above 50 leagues diftance from any land 3 at other
times we faw feveral birds floating on the water, which, being
driven by Ibrae tempeft from the coafts of Spain and "^^^^^'^

£ e 2

220 M E M O I R S of the

had been tired in their flight, and lb drowned 3 this happens
frequently in the great ocean, where they meet with no land
for ieveral hundred leagues. ~/^u^,. ;o, in the afternoon, we
weathered the weftermoft ifle of the ^urlings^ on the grcateft
of which, the Tortugneze have built a fort, to hinder the
Sarbary pyrates from careening their fliips there, or taking
in fre/h water , for two nights together, the il<y being very hazy,
the lun let in with a colour as deep as blood, which was very
aftonifhing. Sept. i, in the morning, we made cape St. Pin cent ^
all along the coalls, at the diftance <)f about two or three leagues,
are ieveral watch-towers built, to give notice of pyrates. Sept. 5,
in the morning, we weathered the point of Cadiz, and came to an
anchor in the bay of Sidls^ about half a league from the great
(PorgoSy and in the afternoon we went aAiore, where we were
entertained ly the Efiglip conful, and carried by him to view
the fortifications, which are efteemed to be as regular as any in
Chrillendom, and built in the fame place where the town had
been attacked formerly by the BngUJlj^ under the condu61 of the
earl of ^^x, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Sep. 11, we
came to an anchor in Tangier bay. T'anper lies within the
entrance into the StreigJjts, in the Lat. of 55° 96'^ it is fituated
in the bottom of a bay, and built on the fide of a hill, over-
looking the fea, encompafied with high walls towards the land,
and commanded by a flrong caflle ; the heat would be very trou-
bleibme here, but for the fea-breezes, which cool and fan the air.
In the caflle, Dr. Smith met with a Roman monument, ere£led
to the honour of 'P. Sefius, a great officer and Ibldier m 7rajan*s
time, who, amongfl his other titles, is there ftiled, PRO.
FIG. MAURITANIAK TINGITANA, (which
iince has been taken away, and prefentcd to the univerfity of
Orford by Sir B/fgh CholmnJley.) 7 he Evglip have two
churches here, both of them very neat and convenient, tho' not
to be compared with the church of the ^Fortugueze-, retained ftill
(according to the articles of agreement, when the king of Por-
tugal made over the right, and gave tlie pofleflion of Tamper to
the crown of England) by canons regular^ this church is very
ftarely, adorned with rich images, and fiipported by marble
pilh.rs. Touards ore end of the E nglip church, jull: by the
veftiary, whicli had been formerly a Turkip mofque, and after-
wards the chapel (>f a convent of Dominicans is a monumental
llone-table, with v^r/z/'/V characters, containing an account of the
houfcs, lands, and other revenues belonging thereto, fet up in the
743d year of the Hcgira, that is of Chrili 1341. The mole is

in

Royal Society. 221

in good forwardnefs, having gained above 200 yards of the fea,
in order to the making a good and fafe harbour for fhips to
ride in. Old "Tangier lies ac fome fmall diflance, and there
they find very frequently in digging, feveral pieces of i^o;z7^«
coin. Sept. 13, we weighed out of Tangier, and turned into
the Streights ; the diflance between Gibraltar ( which gives
name to the Streights^ and which is joined to the continent of
Spain by a narrow ifthmus) and Ceutay a well built and ftrongly
fortified town, lying under the hill Alyhe^ fo called by the
Greeks, and by leamen commonly j4peS'hilh from the number
of apes that ufed formerly to haunt there, may be about fix
leagues, tho' both lands lying very high ( for we faw the clouds
niuch below them) it does not appear in the middle of the
current, from a tall ihip, fcarcely half fo broad; it is atthefe
places, Hercules is feigned to have fet up his pillars. Sept. 15,
there was a great mill; all over the fea, fo that we could Icarce-
ly fee three lengths of the fhip, but it began to vaniih in the
afternoon, and then we delcried the cape of Malaga, at about
four leagues dillance ; this city lies under a high hill, and is
the feat of a bifhop. Sept. i5, the next morning we weighed
from Malaga ro3i^, the weather very hot; in the evening the
fea being calm, we faw a great number of tortoifes fwimming
above water, feveral bottle-noies, a fifh of about three yards
in length, and very thick, and hawks flying over to the Sar-
Ipary co^Hj the hiWsof Granada were plainly feen, tho' at a
great diftance. Sept. 25, between 5 and 4 o'clock in the
morning, the tornado's began to blow, and the wind was violent
for the time, with fuch continued flafhes of lightning for feve-
ral hours, as that the whole fky feemed to be on fire, inter-
mixed with dreadful claps of thunder, after which there were
great ihowers of rain. Sept. 29, at noon we made the ifland
of Afajorca, fituated over-agamft the kingdom of Valentia^
we landed within the Mole-^ the walk upon it is about four
or five yards broad, at the extremity of which is a very large
and ftarely gate, which leads into the city; we went into the
great church, which is fomewhat wider than Weftviinfter Abheyy
but darkifh within; the portal is very magnificent, adorned
with feveral marble ftatues in niches, one over another; the
high altar was very plain, and unadorned; but there were
others extraordinary rich and glorious ; not far from the city
are feveral mills to grind their olives, oil being the great com-
modity of the ifland. 0(5?. 2, next morning we weighed
anchor, and failed all along in fight of the ifland, which pre-

fented

222 M E M O I R S ^/^ /y6(f

fenred us with a pleafant and delightful profpe^^l; the vallies,
lying under the hills, abounded in wine and cornj the whole
ifland is fuppofcd to be about 60 leagues in compafs, and in
length about 15. To the S. S. E. lie federal imall iflands,
called the Cabreras, between which and Majorca we fteered.
O^i. 4, we were athwart "Port-Mahon in Minorca, a fine level
country, having but one hill therein. O^. 9, we were over-
againft the weftermoft part of the Alpi, which we diftindly
faw at about io leagues diliance, and they appeared much
higher than the hills of Granada. 051. 12, we came in the
morning »o an anchor over-againft the Mole, and not far from
the Lantern in Genoa ; Genoa is femicircular, beginning from
the La-.nern weftwards, it lies under an high hill, upon the
rifmg of which, the feveral houfes, built of marble, afFord a
very fine profpeft, and add much to the beauty and glory of
the place 5 Strada Nuova is perhaps the moft liately ftreet in
the whole world; the new church of the Annunciata, built by
the LomeUini, for curious painting, rich altars, and exaftnefs
of architecture, is incomparable ^ the ileps, which lead up
thereto, are fo many, and of fo large a compals, being femi-
circular, that they may contain about 1000 perfons upon them
at once ^ the ^Diwme alfo, and the churches of the 'Tbeatins are
very ilately and curious. OEi. 14, in the evening, we let fail
from Genoa. OB. 18, in the afternoon, we made the ifland
Gorgonia, about nine leagues from Livorne, which is a fmall
round illand with a caftle on the top. ok, 19, in the morn-
ing, we came to anchor in Livorne road, about a mile from the
town 3 the road is large and fecure, efpecialiy to the north-
ward. Li-jorne is the great magazine of trade for the Levant^
being a free port 5 merchants of ail countries refide here, efpe-
cialiy Armenians and Jeivs, which latter enjoy great privileges j
they are allowed the public cxercifc of their religion 5 their
fynagogues are large and handfome. The port inwards, has a
Mole for the duke's gallies, and other fmall vefTcls to ride in^
the entrance of which is chained up every night; hard by is
the flatue of Duke Ferdinand in marble, raifed upon a high
pcdeltal, under which are four flaves in brafs, in different
polhires, very large, and above the ordinary proportion, but
done A'ith exquifite and admirable art; there are two caftles
towards the lea, well fortified ; the walls of the town are very
high, and the four gates are ftrongly guarded; below which is
a ditch of about 15 or 10 yards over, and very deep; no
ftranger is allowed to view the works, nor foldier permitted to

come

Royal Soci ety. 223

come out of the caftlesj about 4000 (laves are locked up in the
bagnio every night 5 the piazza, where the merchants meet, is
adorned with marble pillars, which fuftain the portico's, at the
eaft end of which is the great church, whole roof appears very
glorious, having feveral circles richly gilded, and painted with
curious figures; the broad ftreet is paved between two and three
yards on each fide with free-ftone. 0^, 30, we weighed out of
Livorne road. ]<<ov. 5, in the evening, we law the eruptions of
fire from Stromboliy which lies to the N, W. of Sicily^ fome-
times it flamed very bright, like a beacon ^ at other times,
there appeared only a glowing kind of light, like that of an
ordinary ftar, when the air is thick and hazy 5 it is faid to
flame moil in rainy weather. Nov. 6, in the morning, we were
up within a league of it, and we plainly perceived it to fmokej
it is of a round figure, and may be about three or four miles
in compafs 3 not far from it lie fcattered feveral other iflands,
called by the ancients JEolia and Vulcanice-^ amongft which are
Lipara, a long fiattifh ifland, and Vukanello^ which fmckes
moft. This afternoon, we came to an anchor in eight fathom,
water in the Pharos of MeJJlna^ in the mid-itream between
Scylh and Charibdis^ a violent current fetting againfl us, and
the wind not high enough, we were not able to ftem it ; the
breadth of the Streight ^tom MeJJlna to Rbegium may be about
2 league 5 the land is very high on the Cnlabrian fide, where
are very fteep rocks, and a great depth of water, above 150
fathom 3 but on the Sicilian fide, near Charibdis^ /hallow
water, and ufually an eddy- on the fandy banks ftands the
'PharoSy or watch-tower; the meeting of feveral currents, in
this narrow pafTage, caufes a great ripling ; and the danger is,
.left the ihip be driven to either fide. Nov. 7, we failed by
JEtna^ now called Mongibel^ where the fea widens 10 or 11
leagues over; the uppermoft part of the mountain was covered
with fnow, except fome ftreaks of a (lies, which lie as it
were, in gutters, here ami there. Nov, 13, we were up
with cape Modona^ the fouthermoft cape of the Morea^
and we failed by Corotij the land is very high, the hills
of Arcadia lying eaftwards from us; the weather was
cxceffive hot at this time, as it is at Jilidfummer in Erig-
larid. Nov. 14, in the evening, we failed between the
ifland oi.CerigOy and tho mainland of GreecCy it b^ing about
three leagues over to cape Jlngelo, Nov. 15, we entred
the ArcheSy and fleered thro* the north channel, leaving
Melo and Autimelo on the llarboard cjuartcr, at feme leagues

diitance.

224 MEMOIRSofthe

diftance. Nov. i^th, betimes in the morning we were
a-thwart Negropont, and lailed between it and AvdroSj the
Socca lies S. Vv'. and N. E. Nov. 17th, we lailed by Chios or
SciOy which is very mountainous towards the middle; it is about
4 leagues diftant from Cape Caraboroiou or the Cape of the
Slack Nofcy as the lurkip word fignifies, and by the leameo
called Cape yobber-no-id^ in their ufual way of corrupting names 5
it is the Corin(£iim of the ancients, a promontory of the famous
mountain Mimas, which runs along the fouthern fide of the bay
of Smyrna. Nov. i8th, we got into the bay of Smyrna, and
came to an anchor without the caftle, not far from St. jfacomos
'Pointy as the Teamen call it, or rather San^iac Toint ; in the
evening we heard a great howling of jackals upon the hills,
1)ec. 8th, we took our leave of Smyrna, and the 20th we failed
between Scio and Mitykne-., the aid, we pafifed by Lemnos,
and were up with the iiland Tenedos, a ine champaign country,
with only one hill towards the middle of it ; we faw tlie ruins of
^roas at a diftance. The nd, we entred the Hdlefp07ir, which
may be about 2 j leagues over ; the narroweft part of the Helle-
fpont is at thole two caftles, called by the Chriftians the 'Darda-
nelli, at which are fituated the towns Sejlos and Abydos, fo fa-
mous in Greek pOetry. The 2 5d, we paffed by St. Stephanos
^ointi where we had a full view of the S. E. angle of Conftan-
tinople, which, being fituated upon leyeral hills to a mighty ad-
vantage ; what with the cyprefs trees intermixed, and what with
the gilded ipires of the mofques, yielded us a very agreeable and
glorious prolpe^l ; pafling by the Seraglio Point, which we la-
luted by a difcharge of feveral guns, we came to anchor in the
mid-ftream between it and ^ophana. The zcTth, on St. Stephens
day the ambaffador landed at Galata, and was received there by
the Chiajis Bajloa, and the Vaivod of Galata, attended by the
Janizaries and Chiaufes, and by them was conducted to his pa-
lace^ and foon after, the Knimacam, or governour of Conftanti-
nople, fent an officer to compliment him upon his ariival, the
Grand Siguier being then at Larijfa in Thcjjaly.

Being 'upon the coafts of Greece, about Aug. or Sept. 166 <)
in the Jat. of 9 5° 3 ;', we found by our azimuth-compais, that we
had wefterly variation there 5 deg. 22 min.

The variety of colours of the iea-watcr at ditTerent times does^
chiefly depend upon the wind and weather, and the reflexion of
light ; its ufual and naoft natural colour is a deep green, but in
cloudy and rainy weather, the lurface of the lea appears blackifli;
Ibmetimes the water is of a perfect azure colour, as we obierved

for

/^m.

PLATE AH .

^ ^"■^-

•^fcSN ^^ I

Royal Society; 225

for feveral weeks in the Atedlterranean j when the fun fhinos
bright upon the water, fometimcs the upper part of the wave
appears purpJifh, fometimes reddifh, tho' in fliallows, but it
may receive this latter tin6ture from the fands which lie under
it. When the wind has frefhencd, and the fliip has been under
full fail, Dr. Smith obferved the waves at the head and fides
of the /liip, to appear of a pale kind of brightnefs.

Sailing towards the weft of Portland, we faw feveral por-
pus's playing, with their heads above water , we alfo obferved
a great part of the ^ropontis covered with them 5 and of thefe,
Julius Solims is to be underftood, and not of dolphins, the'
he ufes the word ^Delpbin-^ for no dolphins are caught in thofe
feas by the Greeks, whole poverty, added to their love for
fifii, and the advantage arifing therefrom, on the account of
their fulemn fails and abftinences from all fort of flefh, has
made them excellent fifhermen.

An Error of common Surveyors, /;/ comparing Surveys taken
at long Intervals of ^ime ivith the magnetic Needle, de-
monftratedj by Mr. Will. Molyneux. Phil. Tranf N"" 230.
p. (J25.

THE variation of the magnetic needle is fo commonly
known, that the explication thereof need not much be
infifted on j it is certain, that the true folar meridian, and the
meridian ihewn by a needle, agree but in very few places of
the world ; and that too, but for a little time, the difference
between the true and fnagnetic meridians perpetually varying,
and changing in all places, and at all times j Ibmetimes to the
caftward, and fometimes to the weft ward. On which account
it is impoflible to compare two furveys of the fame place, taken
at diftant times by magnetic inftruments, without due allow-
ance be made for this variation , but this is not to be under-
ftood, as if a map of the lame place, taken by magnetic inftru-
ments at never lb diftant times, Ihould not at one rime give
the fame figure and conients, as at another time 5 this
certainly it will do moft exactly, the variation of the needle
in no manner affecting either the ihape or contents of the
furvey j all that is influenced thereby is the bearings of the
lines run by the chain, and the boundaries between neighbours 5
and how this may caufe a confiderable error, unlefs due
allowance be made for it, is fully proved thus; let A, B,
Fig. 2. Plate Vll. reprefent the liirvey of two lands, one in the
pofJTeffion of A, and the other in the poireffion of B, taken, for
Vol. III. F f inlhnce,

226 ME M O IK S of the

inftance, J^JfW 1^)57, when there is fuppofed no vamtioii;
let the line K S, running thro' the point P, be the true meri-
dian, and conrcquently the magnetic meridian alfo at that
time^ and let this line NS, be alio the boundary between the
two lands A and B j in 1695, when the variation is fuppofed
to be 7 ° from the north wellwards, B having a map of the
former furvey, and fufpeding that his neighbour A had
encroached upon him, by a ditch PQ^, employs a furveyor to
enquire into the matter^ the furveyor finds, by his map, that
the boundary between B and A runs from the point P thro* a
meadow, diredly according to the magnetic meridian SPN;
but obferving the ditch PQ^thrown up much to the eaftward
of the prefent magnetic meridian, he concludes, that A has
encroached upon B, and that the ditch ought to have been caft
up along the line P^y, the angle QJ*^ being an angle of 7°,
that is, the variation of the needle, and the line Pq the mag-
netic meridian 5 for which variation, the furveyor, not making
any allowance, pofitively determines, that B has all the land
in the triangle Q_P<^, more than he ought to have, and that
his ditch fhould run along the line Vq. It is true indeed, if
the furveyor go the whole round of the land A and B, he will
find their figure and contents exactly agreeable to the map 5
but then the bearings of the lines are all 7° different from the
bearings in the map, and they will run in and out upon the
adjacent neighbouring lands, and caule endlefs difputes between
their poflefibrs; as is manifell from the figure, wherein the
pricked lines reprefent the difagreement in the bearings of the
fines, prorradcd from the point P- and we fee A encroaching
on his neighbours to the weft, as he himlclf encroaches upon
B5 whereas, by a due allowance for the variation of the
needle, all this confufion is avoided. \N hat is here fiid on
fuppofition, that the magnet had no variation at the time of
the firft furvey, and that it had 7° variation to the weft, at the
time of the fccond furvey, may eafily be accommodated to any
other variations; for knowing the variations, we know their
difference, and if we know their difference, this gives us the
angle (^P^, by which we reduce them to each other; the
beft way therefore to make maps invariable, were for the fur-
vcyors, who ufe magnetic inftruments, to make always allow-
ance for the magnetic variation, and to protra61 and plot by the
true meridian.

Perhaps it may be objected, that furveys may be taken
without magnetic inftruments, and that therefore this error.

arifing

Royal Society. 227

arlfingfrom the magnetic variation, and change of the bearing
of lines, may be avoided. Tho' a furvey may be taken truly
without magnetic initruments, fo as to ihew the exa6l angles,
and lines of the plat, and confequently the true contents 5 yet
this will not give the true bearings of the lines, or fhew, for
inftance, my pofition in refpe^t of my neighbours, or other
parrs of the country ^ this muft be fupplied by the magnet, or
Ibmething equivalent.thereto, as finding a true meridian line
on your land by celeftial obfervations ; and Mr. Molyneux
doubts not, but the ancient Egyptians^ before the difcovery of
the magnet, were forced to fome fuch expedient in their liir-
veys, and applorments of land, after the inundations of the
Nikj which, we are told, gave the firft rife to geometry and
furveying ; and this leads to another objedlion, which may be
made againft the inftance before laid down j it may be laid,
that the furveyor, which B employed, was very ignorant, who
would chufe to judge of the line PQ^ rather by its bearing,
than by determining the point Q^ by meafure from H to G.
To this it is anfwered, what if both the points H and G were
vanifhed fince the furvey was taken 5 what if the whole face of
the country were changed, fave only the point P, and the line
VQj, how fhall the furveyor then judge of the line PQ^, but
by its bearing? That this is no extravagant fuppofition, we
have an example in Bgypt^ where the iV//e lays all flat before
it, and fo uniformly covers all with mud, that there is no
diftinftion 5 in fuch a cafe, your bearing muft certainly help
you out, there is no other way. But, fecondly, to fay that the
furveyor might have determined the point Q_by admeafurement
from G to H, or any other adjoining noted points, as from
F, K, I, ^c. is very true, but then it is againft our fuppofition;
we are now fliewing an error, that arifes from judging of the
line PCi. by magnetic bearing, and to lay that this might be
avoided by another way, is to fay nothing; it has been /hewn
already, how it may be avoided, 'viz. by allowing for the
variation, but ftill it is an error till it is avoided. But, thirdly,
if B's furveyor do not allow for the variation of the needle,
he will never exasflly determine even the points G, F, H, K,
^)C. or any other points in the plat, but inftead thereof, he
will fall on the points ^, ^, /, k.

From what has been faid, we may fee the abfolute neceflity
of allowing for the variation of the magnet, in comparing old
furveys with new ones; for want of which, great difputes may
arife between neighbouring proprietors of lands 5 and it were

F f 2 #> te

228 M E M O I R S c/ the

to be win-ied, that our honourable and learned judges would
take this matter into their confidcration, whenever any bufincfs
of this nature comes before them.

^he Cavfe of Hail, Lightning, ^;;i Thundery hy Z>A Wallis-
Phil. Tran{:^N° 251. p. (J53.

THunder and lightning are fo very like tho Q?i^^^ of fired
gun-powder, that we may realbnably judge them to
proceed from like caufes. Now the principal ingredients in
gun-powder are nitre and fulphur, the admixture of charcoal
being chiefly defigned to keep the parts feparate, for the better
kindling of it ^ fo that if wc fuppofe in the air a convenient
mixture of nitrous and fulphureous vapours, and thofe by
accident to take fire, fuch explofion may well cnfue, as in
the firing of gun-powder^ and being once kiifdled, it will run
on from place to place, as the vapour leads it, as in a train of
gun-powder. This explofion if high in the air, and far from
us, will either do no mifchief, or none very confiderable, like
a parcel of gun-powder fired in the open air 5 but if it happen
to be near us, or amongfl us, it may kill men or cattle, tear
trees, fire gun-powder, break houfes, or the like, as gun-
powder would do in the like circumflances. Now this diftance
fnay be eftimatcd by the interval of time between feeing the
flafli ot lightning, and hearing the noife of the thundery for
tho', in their generation, they maybe fimultaneous, yet light
moving fafter than lound, they come to us fucceffively.
Dr. /r<^///i obfervcd that, commonly, the peal is about feven
or eight ieconds after the flafli, that is, about half a quarter of
a minute; but fometimcs, it is much fooner, as in a iecond or
two, or lefs than fo, and almoll immediately upon the flafhj
and at fuch times, the explofion mult needs be very near us,
or even amongft us; and in luch cafes, Dr.Wallls has more
than once prcfaged the mifchievous conlequences, which
accordingly happened. Now that there is in lightning a ful-
phureous vapour is manitcft from the fulphureous fmell which
accompanies it, efpccially when any mifchief is done by
It, and even when there is none, from the lightning itfelf,
which is more or Icfs dif erniblc ; and a lultry heat in the air is
commonly a forerunner of lightning, which is loon after to enluc 5
and that there is alfo a nitroijs vapour therein, we may
reafonably judge, becaufe wo know of no other body io capa-
ble of a violent and fudden explofion as nitre. Now as to the
kindling of thcfe materials, in order to fuch explofion, Chemifls
obkrve that a mixture of iulphur, filings of fleel, and a little

water.

Royal Society. 229

water, will not only caufe a areat effervefcence, but will of itfelf
break forth into an a6tual flame; io that there is only wanting
Ibme chalybeate or vitriolic vapour, or Ibmething equivalent
thereto, to produce the whole efteft, there being plenty of aque-
ous matter in the clouds ; and there is no doubt, but that amongft
the various effluvia from the earth, there may be copious fupplies
of materials for fuch admixtures ; and it is alfb known that hay,
if laid up too green, will not only heat, but take fire of itfelf

The fame account may alfo be given of j¥.tJia and other burn-
ing mountains, where the admixture of fteel and fulphur may
give a flame ; which is often attended with prodigious explofions,
and earthquakes, from the great quantities of nitre, as in fpring-
ing a mine.

This may alfb fiiggefl fbmething towards the accounting for
the generation of hail, which is very often an attendant on thun-
der and lightning. It is well known in our artificial congela-
tions, that a mixture of fnow and nitre, or even common fait,
will caufe a prefent and very fudden congelation of water; and
the fame in the clouds may caufe hailftones ; and the rather, be-
caufe not only in thofe prodigioufly large, but alfo in common
hailftones, there feems fomething like fnow rather than ice in the
middle of them. And as to thole in particular io very large, as
to weigh half a pound, or three quarters of a pound, iuppofing
them to fall from a great height ; it is very pofTible, that tho*
their firfl concretion, on their fudden congelation, might be but
moderately great, as in common hail, yet m their long defcent, if
the medium, thro' which they fall, were alike inclined to conge-
lation, they might receive a great acceflion to their bulk, and di-
vers of them incorporate into one; like to that itrange fhower of
hail in 2)ec. KJ72, wherein, a great deal hung on the trees in
form of icicles, a foot or more in length.

Obfervations at Cape Corfe ; by Mr. J. Hillier. Phil. Tranf.
N°232. p. ^87.

r\CT. 9d, idSy, ^ben Tenin y4prlvc, king of Fetu^ died
^ here at Cape Corfe^ where he had been long fick. The Fe-
tijhers had done all they could to fave his life, but all was to no
purpofe, their phyfic fcarcely extending to any thing but the flux,
and what we call the French dileale; his diforder was a con-
fumption, and an afthmaof a long continuance; io they had re-
courfe to their religion, and according to the rules of that, they
made feveral pellets of clay, which they ranged in order in his
chamber, all befprinkled with blood ; befides, they eat feveral

muttons

230 MEMOIRSofthe

muttons to his gpod health ; but all proved of little efficacy, and
fothe king died, having delivered his fword to the 2)eyy who, in
the iiiterregnumy was to be the principal man, for the kingdom
is ek6tivej he alio appointed one of his wives, whom he
thought worthy of that fatal honour, to accompany him to the
other world 3 the moft conliderable amongfl them Tent in thofc
they had a mind to kill in honour of the king. After the king's
funeral, the next thing was to chule afucceflbrj they pitched
upon the ^ey himfclf, tho' not of the blood royal, the realbn
was, as they laid, becaufe he had power enough to do what he
plealed, and they could do nothing againft him j but the tDey
r^fufed the honour, on account of the charges it would put him
to, and he propofcd the brother of the decealed king, lb the
bufinels ftuck for fome time, but at lad it was agreed, and king
j4prive\ brother was declared l:ing.

The manner of their ordinary executions is thus j the criminal
is made to drink a great deal of palm-wine, and to dance, vvhilft
in the mean time he is pufhed from one fide to the other j after
this, he is thrown down with his face into the fand ; then his
legs are cut off below the knees, and his arms below the elbows j
after that, his thighs, and his arms below the flioulders, and
Jaltly his head. When anv one has got new drums or trumpets,
they mull be conlccratcd with human blood.

I'he fliore lies almoft eaft and well, wholly expofed to the Tea
on the Ibuth; the country is hilly, the hills are not very high,
but lying thick and in cluflers, the vallies between are extremely
narrow 9 the whole is in a manner covered with certain low, but
very thick ihrubs^ not the tenth part of the ground is tilled,
and where they do till, within half a year the ground is over-
grown as before- for they do not root up the ilirubs, but only
cut, and lometimes burn them dole to the ground ^ ^o they
fpring up again in a little time 3 this however is lutficient for
planting their corn, which they do by making Imall holes in the
earth at a competent dillance, and putting feeds into them 5 the
people are entirely lazy, but llibtle, and apt to cheat the unwary.
The water, which they have in pits, and which is for the moll
part rain-water, has a mixt tafte of Iweet and lubacid j at Wid-
d^by one cf the moft unhealthy places in Guinea^ he, that opens
the ground, runs the hazard of his life, io noxious are the fleams
arifing from it. The age of the inhabitants is very uncertain :
Much of the mortality amongft Grangers, is owing to their irre-
gular diet, whilft they drink to excels of very hot and fpirituous
liquors 5 and fliould anv one chule cold liquors rather, his llo-

mach

RoyalSocietv. 23 1

mach is chilled, and he is in danger of a flux, and that imme-
diately : Again, men are not lo careful to guard themielves from
the air^ for the air here, tho' not fo cold, is much more fubrile
and piercing than in England, and it corrodes iron looner, but
not by moiiture, for the air is not fo moift5 in rainy weather
the mortality is obferved not to be fo great.

Tl:ie TiijfeBion of a Leech , by Mr. Poupart. Phil. Tranf.

N^ 299. p. 722.

THE upper lip of a Leech is firetched out into a point, and
falls upon the under lip, which is round like a creicenr,
andfhorter; its throat, on the indde, is covered with a great many
white mufcles, about 5 or 5 lines long, as large as a fmall thread,
and lying parallel to each other, along its body j when it applies
the mouth to the flejfli of any animal, all thele mufcles contra^'
ing themfelves, it fucks with fo great violence and greedinels,
that the part becomes of the form of a fiTiall nipple 5 {o that all
the effect of fuci:ion terminating in a very fmall Ipace, of neceffity
the fiefh muft break in that part. There is fecn at the extremity
of its tail, a little flat parr, exactly round, the border of which
is elevated far above the tail, and all round it; and this it ap-
plies fo uniformly to the bodies on which it faflens, that it
touches them in all their parts, and then drawing up a little the
middle ©f this flat part, without taking off the edges, flie makes
of it, as it were, a little balm, and leaves a cavity m the middle -
this excellent glue flicks fo llrongly to the tail of the leech, that
it IS a hard matter to pull it away without making fbme rent,
efpecially if you draw it perpendicularly from the furface on
which the animal is faflened; it has always recourfe to this little
inflrument, f jr faftening its body, to the end it may not be fuf-
pcnded in the air, whilft it draws nourifhment by fuction, or
cjfe that it may not be carried away with the current of water,
whilli it moves its head to and fro' in learch of food. Its gut
goes in a flreight line from the mouth to the ^;///5, it is as large
as a goofe quiil, and all along belet with a great number of lit-
tie valves- feme of which make a perFefl circle with a hole in
the middle, iind others a half-moon 3 ff^me are fhaped ipiral-wife,
and of thefe there is a large one near the tail, falhioned like the
heart, which leaves only a very little hole, near which is found a
great deal of yellow fat, which fills all the cavity of the intefline
to half an inch 5 there are two fmall inteftines or appendixes,
each half an inch in length, and as large as the feather of a limll
bird's wing, which open into the great gut, and are fluit at the

other

232 M E M O 1 R S of the

other end ; this whole flruflure affords a reafon, why the inte-
itine, wliich makes no convolutions, and yet referves ordinarily
but liquid alinnents, dops yet retain them to a perfect conco(5Hon.
There is a nerve, of the bignels of a horfe-hair, all black, hard
to break, with knots at proper intervals, which begins at the
mautli of the animal, and pafles over the parts, that jerve for ge-
neration in the male^ it is faftened m a ftreight line all along the
upper part of the gut, terminates at the little circle in the end
of the tail, and in its way lends out branches from each knot
both to the right and left j it is very probable, that by this canal,
the animal Ipirits run plentifully, which give fo great brifknefs
to this reptile, and cauie ittolwim {o fwiftly, and luck with fuch
greedinefs. The leech is hermaphrodite 5 the parts of the male
deftined for generation are placed where the neck fhould be 5 the
yard, which is above two inches long, is white, round, hollow
and griflly ; a part of the yard, which is always in the body, i»
a /heath, about 17 lines of an inch in length, and as big as a
Imall bird's quill, covered with a fine membrane, which fallens it
ftrongly to the belly, round about a fmall hole given the leech
for exerting its '■Penis at plealure, and not for breathing as the
ancients tliought^ the other part of the yard, which comes out
9 or 10 lines of an inch, is of the bignefs of a fewing thread, and
its extremity, for the length of two Imes, is bigger than the reft 5
all the yard is hollow, and hath in its cavity a white mufcle, as
big as a hair, faftened only to the root and head, all the reft be-
ing at liberty 3 it is by this mulcle that the animal retrafts the
^jPenis into its llieath, which any one may try, by cutting it at
the root, and drawing out this mufcle with his nails j on every fide
of the root of the yard there is a fmall white flat oval web, about
two or three lines in length, relembling linall guts, twifted iibout
with a cartilaginous bocly, as big as a double thread, and two
lines in length, faftened to the root of the yard, which probably
contains the prolific mattery a little above the root of the yard,
between thcle two webs, there is a fmall griftly globules, vvhi.h
M. Toupan takes to be a terticle, two inches long, and which
is white, hard, hollow, round, oval, fliarp, internally covered
with a membrane, wrinkled and full of a milky liquor j at the
head of this globule there is a fmall web, like to an EpididymiSy
whole little canal, of the fame piece therewith, creeps over the
globule, and is faftened at its pointy and above the Epididymis
there are two glands exa£}ly round, each as big as a millet iced 5
all along every fide of the iniellinc, there is a white canal, or
Ovariiwiy of the bignefs of a fmall twifted thread, and folded a

thou-

Royal Society. 233

thouiand ways, to which are faftened by a tail many fmall glo-
bules exactly round, as big as a Imall pea, full of a milky juice,
and Ibme fmall white eggs, griftly, perfectly round, as big as a
inillet leed, hard, and full of a white matter 5 in the inteftine to-
wards the extremity, there is a large valve fafliioned like a
heart, with two little bags, where begin a thoufand Ifnall chan-
nels, made of fine yellow fat, which fill the cavity of the intefline
for half an inch 3 it is probable that thefe pafTages of fat receive
the prolific liquor in order to condu^l it into the Ovarium*

Obfervations in the Weftern Ifks of Scotland 5 by Mr. Martin.

Phil. Tranf. I^*' 299. p. 727.

AL L the tribe of fowl are oblerved to have their ientinels,
elpecially in the night ^ the watchfulnels of the Icart is true
to a proverb : The want of rain at the ulual time of laying eggs
hinders the lea-fowl from laying for fome time : If the April
moon go far in ]May\ the lea-fowl lay 10 or 12 days later than or-
dinary : A poor man of Roivdil in the iile of Harries^ known
by the name of St. Clement's ^Und^ tho' his fight lerved him to
travel alone, yet he was always ftruck blind two days before the
new moon, which confined him to his bed, but at that inilant he
recovered his fight 5 in this he never failed once in his lifetime, for
which reafon he was called the infallible almanac: The children
in FcrrintoJJj in Rofs are taught from their infancy to drink
j4qim VitdB^ and are never oblerved to be troubled with the
worms: There are many in the Higb-hr.dSy who pretend not to
any ildll in lur^ery, and yet venture to cut off the Uvula, when
they are troubled therewith, and prelcribe with fuccefs for a re-
medy after it a piece of bread and cheefe : In many of the illes,
for head-aches the common people apply fpear-wort^ for being
bruifed ajid applied, it raifes a bliiler, from which a great deal
of matter runs 5 and this they find very effectual in pains in the
eyes, head, arms or legs : They alio drink with good fuccels its
expreffed juice for a purge j and to prevent the excoriation of the
throat, they drink a little melted frefli butter: jlnn George
was married in the 51ft year of her age, and was afterwards de-
livered of a child with two teeth : Another woman in Lewis
was feven years bringing forth a child by piece-meal, and all by
the fundament : A boy m the Jjk of Skye h?.d a faculty of ereft-
ing his ears at pleafurc : There are feveral towns in Skye, where
the fheep have no marrow, and thefe are rocky, high, and much
expoled to the wind: The inhabitants of St. Kikla are every
fummer inferted with a cough upon the chamberlain's landing.
Vol. III. G o whi.h

234 M E M O I R S ^Z' ^^^

which continues for lo or iz days 5 and the ufual remedy for if
is Gibben drank upon Srockari^ or water-gruel ; this Gibben is
the fat of fea-fowl prel'erved in the ftomach, and it is a fovereign
remedy for coughs, and green wounds.

Roman Antiquities about York and Leeds 5 by Mr. Thoresby
Phil. Tranf. lSi° 234. p. 737.

MR. thoresby found two entire urns, both of bluifh gray
clay, but of different forms, with fome of the burnt bones,
befides two other veffels of red clay ^ the lefTer of them was al-
moft in the form of the Roman Simpidum, or GuttuSy and by the
narrownefs of the neck it feemed rather to have been a kind of
Lachrimatory^ or veflel for fome fort of liquid matter, rather
than for afhes 5 the other was part of an aquedu<Sl, and turned in
the form of a Icrew on the infide, with a narrow neck at one end,
to put into the open of the next 5 and feveral of thefe, each a foot
long and four inches broad, were found thus placed in the Roman
burying-place at Tork, by the river fide, without SouthamSar^
which, according to the learned Dr. Gaky Signifies burning, in
the "Britijh language^ and it was doubtlefs the place the Romans
made ule of for that purpole, as appears by the great number of
urns, frequently found there, in digging clay for bricks 3 and that
it continued the place of their lepulture, after the cuftom of
burning, which was introduced m the tyrannical didatorihip of
Sylla^ was aboliflied, is evident by a remarkable Hypogdeim
without any urn therein difcovered in 1596^ it was large enough
to contain two or three corpfes, and paved with bricks, which
were nearly two inches thick, and eight in breadth and length •
on this there was a fecond pavement of the lame Roman bricks to
cover the feams of the lower, and prevent the working up of ver-
min 3 but thofe, that covered the vault, were the moft remark-
able, being about two foot fquare, and of a proportionable thick-
nefs3 Mr. 'I'boresby difcovered alio a third lort of Roman bricks
in the ruins of Kirkftal- Abbey ^ two miles from Leeds, which
come the nighefl thole mentioned by Vitruvius, being 8 inches
broad, and almoil double the length.

Szvarms of Beetles in Ireland 5 by 2)r. Tho. Molyncux. Phil.
Tranf. N** 234. p. 741.

THESE fvvarms of infe(51:s were firll: obferved in 1(588;
they appeared on the Ibuth-well coaft of the county of
Gahvay, being brought thitKer by a S. W. wind, one of the
common, or rather trade-winds of Ireland j from hence they

pene-

Royal Society. 235

penetrated into the more inland parts, towards Bedford, about
12 miles north of the town o^ Galway-y here and in the adjacent
country vail numbers of them appeared amongft the trees and
hedges in the day-time, hanging from the boughs in cluiters,
like bees when they fwarmj and in this clinging poflure they
continued, with little or no motion, during the heat of the fun j
but towards evening, or fun-let, they would all arife, difperie,
and fly about, with a llrange humming noife, much like the
beating of drums at fome diftance, and in fuch incredible num-
bers, that they darkned the air for the fpace of two or three
miles fquare : Such, as were travelling on the roads, or abroad in
the fields, found it very uneafy to make their way thro' them,
they would lb beat and knock themfelves againft their faces in
their flight, and with fuch a force, as to make t"he place fmart,
and leave a flight mark behind them: In a little time after their
coming, they had fo entirely eaten up and dellroyed all the leaves
of the trees for fome miles round about, that the whole country,
tho' it was m the middle of fummer, was left as bare and naked
as if it had been the depth of winter ; and their gnawing of the
leaves made a found very much refembling the fawing of timber:
They alfo came into the gardens, and deftroyed the buds, blof-
foms, and leaves of all the fruit trees, fo that they were left per-
fectly naked 5 nay, many of them, that were more delicate and
tender than the reft, loll their fap as well as leaves, and quite
withered away, fo as never to recover again: Their numbers
fpread fo exceedingly that they infefted houfes, and proved very
troublefome and offenfive : Their numerous creeping fpawn,
which they had lodged under ground, next the upper lod of the
earth, did ftill more harm, in that clofe retirement, than all the
flying fwarms of their parents had done abroad j for this young
deftrutlive brood, lying under ground, devoured the roots of the
corn and grals, and thus deftroyed both the fupport of man and
beaft: This fpawn, when firft it gave figns of life, appeared like
a large maggot, and by taking food, and cncreaflng every day,
became a bigger worm, till at length it grew as big as a large
white caterpillar j and from this, according to the ufual trani-
formation, natural to theie fmaller animals, there fprang this tiy-
ing infea : This plague was happily checked leveral ways^ high
winds, wet and miflingr weather deftroyed many millions of them
in a day 3 whence we may conclude, that tho' we have them m
thole northern moift climates, yet they are more natural and pe-
culiar to warm and dry countries : Whenever this bad conftitution
of the air prevailed, their bodies were fo enfeebled, that they

236 M E M O 1 R S of the

would let go their holds, and drop to the ground from the
branches onvvhich they ftuck, which fall was iufficient quite to
difable them, and fometimes entirely kill them ^ nay, it was ob-
lervable, thst even when they were moft vigorous, a flight blow
would for fome time dun them, if nor deprive them of life :
During thefe unfavourable fealons of weather, the fwine and
poultry would watch under the trees for their falling, and feed
and fatten upon them^ and even the poorer fort of the native
Jrifiy the country then labouring under a fcarcity of provifions,
had a method of dreffing them, and lived upon them as food ; It
was foon found that fmoke was very offenfive to thefe flies j and
by burning heath, fern, and fuch like weeds, they fecured their
gardens, and prevented their incurfions, or if they had already
entred, they drove them out again: Towards the latter end of
fummer, they conftantly retired of themfelves, and wholly dis-
appeared in fuch a manner, that in a few days you could not lee
one of them left; Ibme thought, that they took their flight, like
iwallows and other birds of paflage, to a more diftant country
and warmer climate 5 but the true rcalbn of their difappearing,
Dr. Molyncux takes to be, that after the time of their coition is
over, it being about that time that they are oblerved to couple,
by faftening to each other by their tails, they retire under ground,
in order to lay their fpawn there for a fucceeding generation, and
]ikewife to compofe themfelves to lleep for the reft of the enfuing
year, as feveral other animals are known to do • as fnails, amongft
jnlc^Sis, the hedge-hog amongft the beafts, and the Ortygometra^
or rail, amongft the birds 3 and what farther confirms this opinion
is. that in the fpring-time, on digging or ploughing up the
ground, great nefts of them were frequently diicovered and
broken up, where whole bufhels were found together in one heap,
but in fuch a quiet condition, that they ieemed to have but little
life and motion 3 theft large caverns, to which they retired, were
often met with under a firm, folid Inrface of earth, and no ma-
nifell pafTage could be difcovcred, by which they could get in.
In fummer 1(^95 or pij, all along the fbuth-welt coaft of the
county of Gal-ivaVy for ibmc miles together, there were found
dead on the fliore fuch infinite numbers of them, and in fuch vafl
heaps, that by a moderate computation there could be no lefs
than 40 or 50 horie-Ioads in all 3 thefe, according to Dr. Atoly-
rieuny were a new colony, or lupernumerary fwarm, from the
iamc place whence the firft ftock came in 1688, driven by the
wind to iea from their native land, which lie takes to be Nor-
mandy or Brittany in Trance^ it being a country much infefced

with

Royal Society. 237

with this infe6l, and from whence England heretofore has
been infefted in the fame manner j but thefe meeting with a
contrary wind, before they could reach land, their progrefs
was flopped, and tired with their voyage, they were all driven
into the fea, which, by the motion of its waves and tides, caft
their floating bodies in heaps upon the Ihore : It is obferved,
that they feldom keep above a year together in one place, and
their ufual ftages, or marches, are computed to be about fix
miles in a year 5 hitherto their progrels has been wefterly,
following the courfe of that wind, which blows moft commonly
in that country.

Thefe infers have been erroneoufly denominated locufts-
but the true locuft, much relembling in /liape a common
gra/liopper, tho' larger, is quite a different fpecies of infe6l
from this, which belongs to that tribe, called by naturalifts
KoAsoTTSf'^, Vaginipennis^ the Scarabdsus^ or beetle kind, that
has ftrong thick cafes to defend and iheath their tender thin
wings, that lie out of fight, and next the body 5 and this
fpecies is undoubtedly that particular beetle, called by Ariflotle^
in his hiftory of animals, /unAoActf^y?, from its devouring the
blofloms of apple-trees, and is the Scarab^eus arbor eus of
Moufet and Charleton^ called by the Englijh^ iDoors^ or
Hedge- chafers-^ they are much of the bignefs of the common
black beede, but of a browni/h colour, fomething like that of
cinnamon 5 they are thick fet with a fine, ihort, downy hair
that iliews as if they were powdered all over with a fine fort
of dufl; the cafes of their wings do not entirely cover all the
back, for their long picked tails, where lie the organs of ge-
neration, reach a good way beyond them 5 and the indentures
or joints, on each fide their belly, appear much whiter than
the refl 5 they are exadly figured by Dr. Lifter^ Scarab, iab,
Mut,

Dr. Molyneu^ declares himfelf fully perfuaded, that this
jnfedl is the very fame, which the Septuagim^ and the vulgar
Latin tranflation, retaining the Greek word, call ^f«;^@ii, or
"BruchuSy derived from ^f«;;^ft', Frendeo, or Strideo^ intimating
the remarkable noife it makes both in its eating and flying- it
is often mentioned in holy fcripture, Le'uit. 11. 22. yocl i. 4.
and 2. 25. Nahurn 9. 15, 17; but our Engllfi verfion almoft
conftantly tranflates this word, /3f8;^^, tho* he thinks impro-
perly, cancer-worm j fince this only denotes a reptile, whereas
that term does certainly denote a flying infefl; for the ^^^x^*
Nahura 3. id, 17. is exprefly ftid to flee, and have wings 3 and

it

238 MEMOIRS of the

it is truly ckfcribed in thelb words 5 it fpoiktpj, and flycth
aivayy they camp in hedges in the day, and ivhen the fun
arifeth they flee aivay^ and their place is not kno-'Ji'n ivhere
they are ; that is, they then retire again to the hedges and
trees, where they lie quiet, and concealed till the fun fets
again. Bpk^^ ^^ better trandated locufl or beetle, Zei;. 11.22.
where Alc/es permits the Jfraelites to eat the locuft after his
kind, and the baldlocuft after his kind, and the beetle after
his kind, and the grafhopper after his kind. Dr. Molyncux
owns, thiAt for a long time it Teemed unaccountable to him,
that beetles, and thofe other nafty, dry, and unpromifing
vermin, ihould be thought as clean and proper food for man 3
but as it is certain, that 'Pakftine, Arabia^ Egypt^ and the
other neighbouring countries were all extremely infefted with
thefe pernicious vermin, and therefore Mofes foreleeing the
great dearth and fcarcity that they might one day bring on his
people, gives them here a permiffive precept, or a hint what
they (liould do, when the corn, grafs, olive-trees, fruit trees,
vines, and other provifions were deftroyed by the locuft and
^fnyjiy or beetles (warming in the land^ that then for want of
other provifions, and rather than ftarve, they, might eat, and
live upon the filthy dcftroyers themfelves, and yet be clean:
And thus we fee the native Irifi were pradical commentators
on this part of the Levitical law, and bymatter of fa6l explain-
ed the true fenie and meaning of this, otherwife dark and
obtrufe text: It is alfo more than probable, that this fame
de{lru61ive beetle, was that very kind of Scarab^eus^ the idola-
trous Egyptians of old had infuch high veneration, as to pay
divine wur/hip to it and frequently engrave its image on their
ylguglios And ObelifcSy as we fee at this day^ for nothing can
be fuppoled more natural, than ta imagine that a nation
addicted to polytheifm, as the Egyptians were, in a country
frequently infelled with fwarms of devouring infefls, fliould
from a ftrong icnfe and fear of future evil, the common prin-
ciple of fuperftirion and idolatry, give divine honours to the
vifiblc authors of thefe their fuffcrings, in hopes to render
them more propitious for the future- thus it is allowed on all
bands, that the farne people adored, as gods, the ravenous
crocodiles of the Nik j and thus the Romans, tho* more polite,
and civilized in their idolatry, worfhiped fever, Febrem ad
f?iiiJi/i noccsidam veuerabantur, eamque ijariis templis esftruttis
cokbanty lays l^'akrius Aksimus, L. 2. c 5.

^tbe

Royal Society. 239

'J^he Death of a Dog, on firing fome Vollies of fmall Shot ;
by Mr. Rob. Clarke. Phil. Tranf. N^ 235. p. 775.

IN November^ '^691-> upon proclaiming the peace, tv;o troops
of horfe dilmounted, and were drawn up in a line in order
to fire^ the centre of their line faced a butcher's door, who
kept a very large maftiff-dog, a dog of great courage for fight-
ing- this dog lay a-fleep by the fire fide 5 but upon the firft
volley, he immediately llarted up, ran into a chamber, and
hid himfelf under the bed 5 upon a fecond volley, the dog
rofe, run feveral times about the room with violent tremblings,
and ftrange agonies; but upon the third volley, he run about
once or twice, and fell down dead immediately, bleeding at
mouth and nofe.

^ Negro Boy dappled "with tvhite Spots 5 by Mr. Will. Byrd.
Phil. Tranf. N° 295. P- 781.

THIS Negro boy was born about the upper parts of Rap-
pahanock river \x\ Virginia -j his father and mother were
both perfect Negroes^ and the boy himfelf, rill he cixnQ to be
three years old, was in all refpe£ls like other black children;
and then, without any diftemper, he began to have feveral
little white Ipecks on his neck and bread, which cncreafed with
his age, both in number and bignefs; fo that from the upper
part of his neck, where fome of his wool v.'as become white,
down to his knees, he was all over dappled with white fpots,
ibme of which were broader than the palm of a man's hand ;
they were exceeding white-, at leafl equal to the ilcin of the
faireft lady, but of a paler white 5 and the ^t{\\ and blood did
not flicw fo lively thro' them, as thro' the fliin of white
people 5 the reafon of which might be, that the fldn of a^
Negro is much thicker 3 his face, arms, and legs were perfeflly
black.

Concave Specula of a Parabolic Figure attempted', by Mr,
Sreph. Gray. Phil. Tranf. N° 235. p. 787.

ALinnen cloth, being firft wet in fair water, and then laid
on a concave cylinder, as the verge of a fieve, or the like,
its central parts will delcend, fo as to form a very regular con-
cave fuperficies; and a thread, being firft wet m common
water, and then fulpended with its two ends, or any two points
nearer than their utmoft extent, fo as to touch the cenrre of
the fufpended clotb, with its two oppofite points on the ring,

was

240 M E M O I R S of the

was found to have the fame curvature 5 in order to difcover the
figure of the thread, thus fufpended, Mr. Gray defcribcd
feveral fpccies of parabola's, whofe axes were perpendicular,
and perimeters horizontal 5 to which applying the line, fo as
to touch the vertex, it paffed very nearly thro' all the inter-
mediate points of the parabola, much nearer than the portion
of a circle, which pafled thro' tho extremity of the perimeter,
and Zatus Return would do.

From hence he concludes, that a ponderous and pliable
fubflance, being fufpended on a ring, or hollow cylinder, fo as
that its central parts may defcend, will form itfelf into a figure
that is more commodious for burning-glafles than the fpherical,
of which they are now made, coming much nearer their moft
abfolute figure, the parabola : !Now, if a way could be found
to give cloth, or leather, a metalline furface, or a varnifli that
might bear a good polifli 5 or if this be thought impra6^icable,
if plates of metal were beat out fo thin, as that being fufpend-
ed on a large ring, they would by their own gravity receive
their due figure, Specula might be made of any largenefs:
Upon this confideration, Mr. Gray devifed the following expe-
riment 5 he took a fufficient quantity of potter's clay, of which
he formed a plane circular plate, by means of an iron ring
about i; inches diameter; this was laid on a lefler ring, fup-
ported by four feet, and it immediately became a very regular
concave on its upper, and convex on its under furface ^ but
notwithftanding it was fet to dry in the fhade, yet before it
was dry enough, its central parts werefo extended as to become
almoft plane> not without fome defects; if it had continued in
its regularity, Mr. Gray defigned to have burned and glazed it
in a potter's furnace.

77:7^ Height of the Mercury at the ^op of the Monument ;
find a portable Barometer; hy Mr. Will. Dcrham. Phil.
Tranf N° 29^. p. 2.

IN September, 1696, Mr. ^erham obfcrved the variation of
the mercury on the Momwient, and found, by one of
Mr. §hmre's belt portable barometets, that it defcended |o of
an inch at the height of 80 foot, and -f^r at \6o foot; bur fince
that, finding his o'blervations a lirtle different from Mr. Ilalley's
on Sno^ivdofi Hilly he tried it again more nicely, in November^
1(^97, in this manner; he provided a pretty large glafs tube,
well cleaned, which he cafei^ in wire, and filled it with well
ftrain;.d mercury, which being cleared of air, he then plunged

the

Royal Society. 241

the bottom of the tube into a broad ciftern of mercury, and
then fixed both the tube and ciftern together in a wire-cafe, or
frame 5 on the top he left an eye in the wire, to fufpend the
whole barometer on a ih'ing, that it might hang pendulous,
which is abfolutely neceflTary j becaufe, if the ciftern be deeper
on one fide than another, or if the tube hang more towards one
fide than the other, it will caufe a great, and erroneous varia-
tion in the mercury above, according as the tube ftands per-
pendicular or not: His inftrument being thus very nicely
prepared, Mr. 'Derham marked exafily the height of the
quickfilver on two narrow labels of paper, pafted on each fide
the tube, both at the bottom, and in his afcent up the monu-
ment 5 he meafured the differences of the height of the mer-
cury, with a decimal inch fcale of thin brafs, and the quantity
of his afcent with a Gunter^ chain, becaufe a ftring would
ftretch 5 and by the niceft obfervation he could make, be found
that at the height of 82 foot, the mercury fell fo of an inch,
and about 154 foot fo ; and repeating the fame experiment,
his obfervations agreed exactly with the firft trial j from whence
he concludes, that at every 82 foot height, or thereabouts, the
mercury will defcend lo of an inch.

In order to make a portable barometer, provide a ftrong glafs
tube, let its head be pinched at about an inch from the top, lb
as to form a narrow neck, whofe orifice /liall be as big alnioft
as aftrawj this will check much the blow of the mercury
againft the top ; the bottom of the tube is to be ground a-ilanc
near half an inch, that the bottom of the tube touching the
bottom of the ciftern, its orifice may lie about the middle of
the mercury in the ciftern, which will prevent the air's getting
into the tube, becaufe the mercury is always about the mouth
of the tube j the ciftern muft be made void, either of glafs, or
clofe grained wood 5 round whofe brim externally, there muft
be a notch to tie on the leather, that is to cover it 5 when the
tube is filled, cleared of air, and plunged into the ciftern
almoft full of mercury, enclofe the mercury with gentle leather,
tied very faft round the tube near the bottom, which being
fp read over the ciftern, tie it round that alfo^ the tube and
ciftern, thus faftcned with leather, muft be lodged in a cafe,
made fit for receiving both, where they muft lie very firm 5 let
three or four holes be bored thro' the cafe, to let the air in
freely to the leather that covers the ciftern, which, lying clofe
againft the holes, will firmly enough keep the mercury from
running out at them.

Vol. III. H h To

242 MEMOlRSofthe

2I? prcferve the Specimens 0/ Plants 5 ^^ 6'/V Rob. Southwcl.
Phil. Tranf.N° 297. p. 42.

PRcpare two plates of iron, as large as the fpecimens you
dtfign to preferve^ thefe plates muft be thick, lb as not
to bend, be very fmooth on one fide, and have holes for fcrews
on each corner, to fcrew them clofe^ then take your flowers,
leaves, ^c. when perfedly ripe, and of their true colour,
fpread them on a brown paper, with the leaves as diftmft as
you can 5 and if the flowers be large, more paper muft be laid
under them j and if thick, you may pare away the one half
thereof, asalfoofthe ftalk, fo as to lie almoft flat^ then lay
over the whole more brown paper, and put thefe between the
iron plates, fcrew them dole, and put them into an oven for
two hours ; after which, take out the flowers 5 then take
Aquafortis-, and Jlqua Vitee^ or brandy, an equal quantity,
mixed together, and with a brufh pafs over the leaves of the
flowers j then lay them to dry on frefh brown paper, and prefs
them a little with a handkerchief, or with your fingers^ then
take the quantity of a walnut of gum dragon, which in lels than
24. hours will be diflblved in a pint of fair waterj and with a
fine brufli rub the back fides of your flowers and leaves, to
make them flick 5 then lay them in your paper book, and they
will always look frefli , and if you would give any fccnt to fuch
flowers as have none, touch them with any efTence you pleafe.

'^o make Fruit and Flowers grow in Winter -^ and to keep Fruit
and Flowers a ivhole Tear j by *S/> Rob. Southwel. Phil.
Tranf. N° 297. p. 44.

TAKE up tiecs by the roots in the fpring, juft as they
put forth their buds, prelerving feme of their own earth
about the roots- fet them ftanding upright in a cellar till
Michaelmas j then put them into veflcls, with an addition of
more earth, and bring them into a ftove, taking care to moiften
the earth every morning with rain-water, in a quart of which
the quantity ot a walnut o'i Sal armoniac is diffolved, and about
Lent the fruit will appear. As to flowers, take good earthen
pots» and therein fow your feed at Michaelmas, watering it in
the fame manner, with the like water, and by Chriftmas you
Will have flowers, as tulips, lilies, ^c. This and the other
may be done in a good warm kitchen , and fuch days as the fun
fliines, you may fet them out for fome hours.

In

Royal Society. 24.^

In order to preferve fruit and flowers, take faltpetre one
pound, bole-armoniac two pounds, common clean land three
pounds; mix all together, and obferve this proportion in other
cjuantities: Then in dry weather, take fruit of any fort, which
is not fully ripe, each with its (talk j put them one by one into
an open glafs, till it is full, and then cover it with an oiled
cloth, clofe tied down; then put each of thefe glafles four
fingers under ground in a dry cellar, and in fuch a manner,
that quite round each glafs, and both above and below, there
may remain two fingers thick of the faid mixture. Plowers
may alfo be managed in the fame manner.

^ Method of meafuring the Height of the Mercury in the
Barometer, hy a Circle on one of the Weather Elates %
ly Mr. Will. Derham. Phil. Tranf. N° 237. p. 45.

A A, Fig. 3. Plate VII. is a ruler with teeth on one of its
edges, made to flide up and down; h a fmall index, fixt
to the ruler, to be raifed or depreffed, till it point exactly to
the height of the mercury ; C C C C the index-wheel, with jull
as many teeth as there are teeth in an inch of the Aiding ruler 5
fo that moving up and down this toothed ruler, you may at
every inch turn the index once round; DDDD is a circle
divided into rco parts, anfwering to 100 parts of an inch on
the fliding ruler; ee the index, which, being faftened to the
arbor of the index-wheel, is driven round with ir, and fhewson
the circle the parts of an inch, which the mercury rifes or falls
in the tube.

^he Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog ; hy Mr. Geo. Dampier.
Phil. Tranf. N° 237. p. 49.

TH E herb is the Lichen cinereus terreftris, defcribed by
Mr. R^iy ; it grows commonly in barren places all over
£nglandy and very clofe to the ground ; to ufe it, you muft
dry it either in an oven, by the fire, or in the fun; then pow-
der it, and pafs it thro' a fearce, and this mixed with pepper,
finely ground, h the compofition; the dofe is nearly four
Icruples; when given to a dog, or any other animal, they muft
be firft blooded, and then wafhed well all over; then mix the
compofition well in a convenient quantity of warm milk, or
broth ; the dofe may be proportioned to the bulk or flrength
of the animal. To a man or woman it muft be given after
blood-letting, and wafhing well the face and hands, or the
place that is bitten, or all the cloaths the patient had on, in

H h 2 order

244 M E M O I R S of the

order to wafh away the drivel that comes from the moutTi
ofthe mad dog; and the patient may take it in warm milk,
beer, ale, broth, 6^6. for two or three feveral mornings; this
remedy, when given in time, prevents all figns of madnefs, and
IS a noble and infallible medicine.

y>bi? true Origin of Caterpillars; by Dr. Geo. Garden.
Phii. Trani: N° 257. p. 54.

TH E bearers of fruit-trees are full of afperitics, and not
fo fmooth in their bark, as the other parts of the tree
are; if after harveft, and anytime in winter, you view thefe
bearers thro' an ordinary microfcope, you will find the cavities
full ot eggs, of an oblong figure, and citron colour; efpecially
in fuch years and trees, wherein the caterpillars have been nu-
merous; cut of thefc they are hatched in the fpring : The
feafons which ufually deftroy them, are fuch as come in with
early heats, fufficicnt to hatch them, before the coming out of
the buds and bloffoms, and on which a nipping frofty air
cnfucs, which foon kills them.

The difcovery of this manner of their propagation feems to
give light to the following conjectures, i. That we ought not
to conclude, that any inle6ts are bred of corruption, and not ev:
ovo, becaufe we cannot difcern the particular manner of their
propagation. 1. That the female infefts of all kinds of flies
and butterflies do probably lodge their fpawn near thofe places,
where the Eruca\^ which are hatched of them, are to have
their food. 5. They feem to be fixed to the cavities of the
bearers by a glue, fo that rains cannot wafli them off. 4. The
greateft frofls, it feems, do no hurt to the linall eggs of infefls^
for Dr. Garden obferved caterpillars to hatch, after very cold
and frofty winters, of fuch eggs as were on the bearers all the
winter round.

The Divifion of the Monochord ; by Tir, Wallis. Phil. Tranf.
N°258. p. 81.

ANY ftring or chord of a mufical inftrumcut open, or at its
full length, will found, what we call, an o6tave, or Dia-
pafon, to that of the fame firing flopped in the middle, or at
half Its length ; hence it is, that we commonly aflign to an
oclavc, the duple ratio, or that of 2 to i, becaufe fuch is the
proportion of lengths, taken in the fame ftring, which gives
thole founds ; and upon a like account, we aflign to a fifth, or
UJiafcnte, the fefqui-altcr ratio, or that of 3 'to z 3 and to a

fourth,

Royal Society. 245

fourth, or ^Diateffarotu the felqui-tertian, or that of 4 to 3 • and
to a tone, which is the difference of a fourth and fifth, the lel-
qui-o6tave, or that of 9 to 8; becanlc lengths, taken in the fame
firing in thefe ratios, do give fuch Ibunds: And univerfally,
whatever ratio of lengths, taken in the fame firing equally
ftretched, gives iuch and fuch Ibunds, juft fuch ratio's of gravity
we affign to the founds fo given : But when an eight or oflave is
faid in common fpeech to confifl of 12 hemi-tones, or 6" tones,
this is not to be underllood according to the utmoft rigour of ma-
thematical exa6lnefs, of fuch 6 tones, as are called tfie 2Jiazeu-
tic tone, or that of la^ mi, which is the difference of a fourth
and fifth, but as fufliciently exa6l for common uie^ for 6 fuch
tones, that is, the ratio of 9 to 8 repeated fix times, are ibme-
what more than an oclave, or the ratio of 2 to 1 5 and confe-
quently fuch an hemi-tone is fomewhat more than the twelfth part
of an eight, or o6lave, or 2)lapafon'j but the ditterence is fo
fmall, that the ear can hardly diftinguifh it 5 and therefore in
common fpeech it is ufual ib to fpeak : And accordingly, when
we are dire^ed to take the lengths for what are called the 12
hemi-tones in geometrical proportion, it is to be underflood not
to be fb in the utmoft flridlnefs, but to be accurate enough for
common ufe, as for placing the frets on the neck of a viol, or
other mufical inftruraent, wherein a greater exaflnels is not
thought neceffary 5 and this is very convenient, becaule thus the
change of the key, upon altering the place of ?;;/, gives no new
trouble 3 for this does indifferently ferve any key, and the diflf^-
rence is io fmall, as not to offend the ear: But fuch as chufe to
treat of it with more exadnefs proceed thus- prefuppofing the
ratio of an o£lave or 2)iapafon to be that of 2 to i, they divide
this into two ratios, not juft equal, for that would fall on the
furd numbers, as V^ to i ; but nearly equal, fb as to becxprefled
in fmall numbers 5 in order to which, inftead of taking 2 to i,
they take the double of thefe numbers, vi-z,. 4 to 2, which is the
fame ratio as before, and interpofe the middle number 5 5 and of
thefe three numbers, 4, 5, 2, that of 4 to 5 is the ratio of a
fourth, or Uiatejjaron 3 and that of 5 to 2, the ratio of a fifth,
or Diapente •-, and thefe two, put together, make up that of an
oflave, or ijiapaforiy that of^ 4 to 2, or 2 to i • and the
difference of thefe two, that of a tone, or 9 to 8, as will
plainly appear by the ordinary method of multiplying and di-
viding fraaions, that is, f x'f = ^ r=: f 3 and f) i ( f = Thus
in the common fcale, or gamut, taking an odlave in thefe notes
la J fa^ foh hi ml) fa^fol) la, fuppofe from E to ^ (placing rait

246 MEMOIRSoffhe

S-fa-b-mi, which is called the natural Icale) the lengths for the
extremes la^ la, an octave, are as 2 to r, or 1 2 to 5 • thofe for
la, la, (in la,fa,fol, la) or mi, la (in mi, ja.fol, la) a fourth, as
4 to 5, or 12 to 9, or 8 to 5; thofe for la, mi (in la,fa,Jol, la^
mi) or la, la, (in la, m,fa,fol, la) a fifth, as 3 to 2, or 12 to 8,
or 9 to 5 ; thole for la, mi, the iHazeutic tone (or diffe-rence of
a fourth and fifth) as 9 to 8 j thus we have for thefe four notes,
la, la, mi, la, their proportional lengths in the numbers, 12, % 8,
6 : Then if we proceed in like manner to divide a fifth, or 'J)ia-
pente, la,fa,fol, la, mi, or la, mi, fa,fol, la, or the ratio of 5
to 2, into near equals, taking double numbers in the fame ratio,
6 to 4, and interpofing the middle number 5 5 of thefe three
numbers,^, 5, 4, that'of 6 to 5, is the ratio of a leffer third,
called a Tri-hemitGue, or tone and a half, as la, fa, (in la, mi,
fa-^) and that of 5 to 4 is the ratio of the greater third, com.

, fa, la, their propo
tional lengths in numbers, as 5, 5, 4: In like manner, if we di-
vide a 'Ditotie, or greater third, as fa la, (in fa, fol, la) whofe
ratio is as 5 to 4, or 10 to 8, into two near equals, by means of a
middle number 9, then we have in thefe three numbers, 10, 9, 8,
that of 10 to 9, for what is called the leflertone^ and that of p
to 8, for what is called the greater tone : But whether y^,/(?/,
fliall be made the leffer as 10 to 9 • and/(?/, la, the greater, as 9
to 8; or this the lefler, as 10 to 9, and that the greater, as 9 to
8 j or fometimes this, lometimes that, as there" is occafion, to
avoid what they call a Schifm, is Ibmewhat indifterentj for
either way the compound will be as 5 to 4, and the difference,
which is called a Comma, as 81 to 805 that is, f x ^-^ x | — -J^
:= J^ and Y)\ CB: Lalfly, if from that of the Jri-hemi-toKe,
or lefler third, la, mi, fa, whofe ratio is as <^ to 5, we take that
of the tone, la, mi, which is the difference of a fourth and fifth,
as 9 to 8, there remains for the Hemi-tone, mi, fa, or la, fa, that
of !<; to 15 . that is, f) f (if :=, 1-1: Qr, the ^Tri-hemi-tone, or
lefler third, whofe ratio is 6 to 5, may be divided into 9 near
equals, by taking triple numbers in the iame ratio 18, 15, and
intfrpofing the two intermediates 17, i6- which will therefore
be^as 18 to 17, and as 17 to 16, and as 16 to 15; that is, j4
? 1 6 ^ It- ■=. If izz f : Where alio the greater tone, whofe ratio
IS as 9 to 8, or 18 to 16, is divided into its two near equals,
commonly called Hemi-tones, that of 1 8 to j t, and that of 1 7 to

i6t

Royal S o c i e ty. 247

16., that is if X tJ = tS — |: And the lefTer tone, that of lo
to 5>, or 20 to 18, may be in hke manner divided into that of 20
to r (;, and that of 19 to 18 5 that is Tg X i^ =: f f zz: -*° ; Which
diviiions of the greater and lefler tones anfwer to what is wont to
be defigned by flats and /harps : So that by this compoiition of
thele eight notes, la^fa^fol, la^ mi^fa^ fol., la^ their ratios ftand
thus- that oflayfa^ or mi^fa^ is as k^ to 15 • that o^ fa^fol^ as
10 to 95 and that of /(?/, /^, as 9 to 85 {ot elle that ^^ fa^foly
as p to 8, and that ofyo/, /^, as 10 to 9) that of la^ mi, as 9 to
8 5 and if either of the tones, greater or leiTcr, chance to be di-
vided by flats or fliarps into what is called Hemi-tones, their ra-
tios are to be luch as is already mentioned : There may be a like
divilion of a fourth, or T)iateJJaron into two near equals- and
of fome others of thefe into three near equals j which might be
of ule for what they were wont to call the Chromatic, and Enar-
moriic raufick ; but theie Ipecies being long flnce laid afldc, there
is now no need of thefe divifions in our modern muHck.

Mifcellaneous Experiments; by Sir Rob. Southwel. Phil.
Tranf. I\° 298. p. 87.

FO R red, take TinBura rofarum fix fpoonfuls- for a
deeper red, fyrup of pomegranate flowers, one fpoonful3
either of thefe to be mJxed v/ith five fpoonfuls of ordinary wa-
ter : For violet, take one fpoonful of fyrup of violets to five of
water- then to change the rofe colour into a deep green, take
oil g( tartar per dellquium, and with it wafli the infide of the
glafs, leaving a few drops at bottom, and then pour in the faid
rofe tindure, and it will change : To make the high red black,
difloive half the quantity of a walnut of fal armoniac in a glals
of v;ater, pour all out to three or four drops at bottom, if the
faid red be put to it, it becomes as black as ink : To make the
violet red, wafli the glals with the fpirit of vitriol in the man-
ner aforefaid, and pour into it your violet water: To make
red wine as yellow as lack, lleep brafii wood for 24 hours in
white wine, or elfe in ordinary water, till it looks red, and
pour the fame into a glafs wafhed with vinegar, it turns pre-
fenriy yellow ; to make this yellow white, take Styrd% Cain-
mita, and benjamin half an ounce of each, pulverize and iteep
this in four ounces of jiqua Vitce, a {^^^ drops of this will
turn the liquor white; note, this makes the lac Vlr^inis for
the common wafh : To make the hands and face black by
waihing them in clear water, beat galls into a very fine pow-
der.

248 M E M O I R S 2/ /y6^

der, and jflrew it well, and roll it up and down into a towel,
then throw iome Roman vitriol into a bafon of water, which will
foon difTolvej and after the party has wafhed therein, as foon as
he wipes with the towel, all the fkin becomes black 5 and for
Ibme cia)s wafhing it with foap, it will come off; To renew the
luftre of cr\ftal, boil it in fair water for a quarter of an hour,
and to a proportion of fix quarts of water add one quart of
brandy-wine, llifFering the fame to boil half an hour more, then
take it out, and with the fame liquor rub it all over throughout
with a brufh, and then dry it with a clean warm napkin, rub-
bing it all over; and it will regain its former luftre: To make
the hair grow, take the roots of burdock of the largcfl fize in
^erembery boil them in French white-wine 8 fingers high, till
half IS confumed, wafh the head therewith warm at night, and
It makes the hair come out, in cafe the roots be good 3 another,
make a lee of the afhes of vines, and wafh the head there-
with warm : To prevent the ihedding of the hair, put vine-
afhes into red French wine, and then filtre it, and with that
liquor warm wafh the head 3 note, the powder of hermodadliles,
uled for the hair, as common powder, has the lame effect : To
make a fire blue, make matches of ropes not over twilled, melt
lulphur in a pot over a charcoal fire, fteep the matches into it
three or four times flt plealure, trace their figure on boards, then
nail them thereon according to the traces of the lines, and make
them a little rough by beating on them with a hammer, that the
following ingredients may the better Hick to them 5 after this,
take flrong ^qua Vitce^ and mix with it gunpowder pulverized,
to make it of a confidence, and with this rub the matches with a
pencil, and Iprinkle on them of the powder, then let the whole
dry, and it will be fit for ule.

'fhc Generation of Eels 5 by Mr, Dale. Phil. Tranf. N" 238.

p. 9Z'

TH A T the generation of any animal cannot be equivocal or
ipontaneous, but from parent animals, has been fo well
made out by many undeniable arguments, and confirmed by the
Icveral experiments of thole celebrated Virtuofi, Malpi^hU Redi^
Sivamvjerdaw, Lee'-Jccriboeck, Mr. Ray, zv\A others, that there
is no room to doubt but eels have the fame original • but it is
much difputcd amongft naturalills, whether eels have diftinft
fexes, or whether they are hermaphrodite : Mr., jilkn affirms
the parts diflmguiflaing the fex to be difcoverable, but Mr. Lee-

^venhoeck

Royal Society. 249

Weuhnerk could never find any fuch thing 3 for all thofe he ever
diffeaed were provided with an Utcn/S:, from hence he conjec-
tures, that thev are hermaphrodite, and befidcs the Urerus, that
thev are furni/hed with m.ale ieed : Another controverfy about
the' generation of eels is, whether they arc oviparous or vivipa-
rous'5 and tho' there are many, who firmly believe that the-y are
oviparous, yet their fentiments are contrary to the obfervations of
Mr. Cbet'Wynd, who in the month of May found them to be vi-
viparous, by cutting open the red fundaments of the females,
from whence th'e young Q^h would iflue forth alive 3 and altho'
Mr. Jllen affirms them to be certainly viviparous, yet his obfer-
vations concerning the place of their conception, viz. that they
were fattened each to very imciWTlacentce affixed to the intefline,
and that the eggs were on the outfide of the intefline, does not
leem to be confonant to that care and induftry of nature, in pro-
viding convenient receptacles for preierving the F(^tus--, neuher is
it agreeable to reafon to believe, that when n:iture hath provided
an Uterus in all animals, not onlv the viviparous, but in the
oviparous alfo, and infects, the eel and Xlpbia^ or fword-fifh,
ihould be the only animals without it 3 much lefs that the guts
appointed by nature for the fecretion of nourifhment, and the ex-
pulfion of the Fceces, and which are always in motion, fliould
be the place of generation in any animals 3 on the contrary that
the eel hath an Uterus, is afferted by Mr. Lee'ivenhoeck, who
never found them without one 3 v/nich perhaps is that part,
Mr. Allen names a ilender gland, lying traniveriely near the
bowel : Befides, nature having furnifhed all animals hitherto dil-
fefted not only with an Uterus, but alfo with Jiib<f, firft ob-
ferved by FallopluSy for conveying the Ovum from the Ovarimiy
to the Uterus, this is another great objeftion againft Mr. Allen's
obfervations, in which indeed he feems to contradict himieli'3 f)r
whereas he faith, that in one eel he found eggs, and thole on the
outfide of the inteiline, but in another fix young ones, each faf-
tened to a fmall 'Placenta, and thofe within the inte(tuie3 how
and by whatpaffages could thole eg!>;s come into the great intel-
tine, to be formed and invigorated? Unlefs we may luppofe,
that like the Embryos of iome iorts of infers, they eat their
way, for the conveniency of food, into* the heterogeneous or ai-
fumcd Matrices.

Vol. hi. . I i JlJe

250 M E M O I R S 0/ the

The njijJeLlion of an Opoffum 5 by 2)r. Tyfon. Phil. Tranf^
N"" 239. p. 105.

THIS animal, which was brought alive from Virginia^
has many names given it by different authors, and generally
by the Englip it is called Opofftm^ or 'Poffum 3 in Larin it is
named, Sem-vulfes^ and Vulpi-Jimia^ as if it were of a middle
nature, between a fox and an ape ; but Dr. Tyfon is of opinion,
that a denomination might be beft given it, from that particular,
wherein it is mod diilinguifhable from all other animals, which
is that remarkable Mar f upturn^ or pouch, it has in its bcHy,
into which, upon any occafion of danger, it can receive its
young; whence it may properly be denominated, Mar flip ale
Americanum ; and Dr. ^lyfon thinks it may be reduced to the
vermin-kind : It meafured from the extremity of the nole to the
tip of the tail, thirty one inches 5 the length of the head was fix-
inches, the tail was a foot in length, the compafs of the body
was fifteen inches and a half when dead 5 when alive and well
it feemed much thicker 3 the fore-legs were fix inches long, the
hinder-legs only four inches and a half; the compafs of tlie tail,
near the root, was three inches, near the tip, only one inch;
i^bout the cars the head was largeft, mealuring on the forehead
from one ear to the other, three inches ; thence gradually taper-
ing towards the nole, and more refembling that of a pig, than a
fox ; the apertures of the eye-lids were not horizontal, but lying
in a ftreight line from the eyes to the nofe, and but fmall ; the
ears were about an inch and a half long, not iharp, but of a
roundi/li figure ; the KiEiui of the mouth, from one corner to the
extremity of the nofe, meafured two inches and a half; the fore-
feet had five long claws or fingers, equally ranged with each
other, and a hooked nail at the end of each finger; the hinder
{^zt had four fingers armed with hooked nails, and a perfe(^t
thumb, fct oif at a diftance from the range of the other fingers,
and as in a human body, this thumb was Hiorter than the other
fingers, and had not a hooked prominent nail, but a tender flat
one ; this contrivance of the legs, feet, and nails feem very advan-
tageous to this animal in climbing up trees, which it does very
nimbly in quell of birds, a prey it is very fond of, tho' it alio
feeds on other things; thcle fingers, toes, and claws were nakedj
and without hair, the fkin here fliewing of a reddilh colour;
ihcy wtre about an inch long, and the thumbs were almoft of
the fame length ; the palms, efpccially if dilated, which it does
m climbing, wcie large, but lb contrived, as to be capable of

coiv-

Royal Society. 25'r

contradion, as it does in walking ; but that they might be better
defended from injury, at the fetting on of each toe, there is in
the palms a protuberant, flelhy, and almoll cartilaginous body • in
feeding it makes ufe of the fore-feet to bring the food to its
mouth, as the monkey and Iquirrel-kind do j the tail was without
hair, except for a little way near the fetting on, and tapering
from the root towards the tip, it was covered With a regular or-
der of fhiall whitifh fcales, which for the mod part were oblong
hexagons 5 between each there was obfervable a fmall fkin or
membrane, in which they are fixed 5 the colour of the fcales
makes the tail appear whitifli, tho* the fkin ieem of a darker co-
lour; the ears were alfo bare and withont hair; and tho* loft
and flender, and in colour and fubftance almoft refembling the
membrane of a bat's wing, yet they are ereil:, and of an oval
figure : Dr. 'J'yfon could not perceive that cartilaginous body,
which is ufually to be met with in the ftru61:ure of this part; lb
that if It had any, it was at leafl much finer than in moft other
animals ; the Concha^ or paffage to the ^orus aiiditonus^ was
very capacious ; but it was oblerved, that when our fubje6i: began
to grow ill, the verge or rim of the external ear feemed to be
crimpled ; and when dead, it was flirivelled up in fuch a man-
ner, as if burnt, not forming a fmooth but a jagged edge : The
upper jaw was Ibmewhat longer than the under; the noftrils were
large ; the eyes black, imall, vivid, and exerted when alive,
and very much funk, when dead: The neck was fliort, and the
breaft broad; it had muftacio's like a cat; the fur upon the fan
was fliorter and whiter than the reft of the body ; on the back
and fides it was of an afh -colour, or dappled with black hairs in
fpots, intermixed with white, efpecially on the back; on the
belly it was more of an amber colour, and of a darker colour on
the legs; the longeft hairs, which were ftronger and coarler than
the reft, mealured three inches, they were white towards the
ends; but perhaps the furr may vary in different fubjefls : At the
bottom of the belly, in the middle between the two hinder legs
is oblerved a flit or aperture, moderately extended, about 2 inches
long, but capable of a greater extenfion, by dilating it with the
fingers, even when alive ; the animal can fo exactly dole and
contrad it, that the eye does not readily difcovc: it 5 there is on
each fide of this aperture a reduplication of the ilin inwards,
which forms a hairy bag; but tlie hairs here are lb thinly let,
that almoft every where you may obferve the Ann: All authors
agree, that the ufe of this bag, pouch, or Mcirftipmn^ is to
prelervc its young, and fecure them againft any danger; and the

I i 2, con-

2^2 MEMOIRS?/' the

coitrivance of nature is admirable in forming and adapting this
part lb ibitably to that end 5 for there are two remarkable ilrong
bones, not to be met with in any other fl;e]eton, which from their
office \)rrfyfon calls OJJ'a Marfupialia^ or Janitor es Marfupii'^
thefe bones are fo fiiftencd to the upper and internal edge of the
OJJa fJiibis^ that at their bails here they touched each, jaft at the
coalition of the bones, that form the Offa 'Pubis ; the other extre-
mities of thefe bones were 16 diftant from one another, as to mea-
fure 2 T inches; tlic bails of thefe bones, where joined to the
OJJa 'Pubis, was half an inch broad, having two heads, the larger
lying near the coalition of the OjJaPubis^ and the leiTer towards
the Os CoscMciicis, having in the middle a Sinus-, into which was
received a protuberance of the OJfa Pubis:, by this contrivance it
appears, that there can be no motion of thele bones, nearer or
farther from each other, but that they mufi: Hand always at an
equal diftance, but they were obierved capable of a I'mall motion
inwards, towards the fpine, and outwards from it ; thele bones,
as they alcended from the Os 'Pubis grew more (lender, being
about the middle but a quarter of an inch l>road, and each two
inches long 5 thele bones were furniraed with four pair of muf-
cles, and another pair run over them, to which they performed
the office of a Trochlea, or pulley : The firft pair of mulcles,
that is, which came firft to be diilecSled, upon the pronation of
the animal, and which from their figure Dr. Tyfon calls trian-
gulariSy ariles flefny from the whole length of the internal fide
of thefe bones, and mlerted their oppofitc tendons on each fide of
the Ririia, or aperture of the Marfupium j under part of thefe
mulcles lay another, or a iecond pair, flat and thin, liaving their
origin from the upper part of the internal fide of the OJJa Mar-
fupialia., and inferting their oppofire tendons a little abo\e the ten-
dons of the former mulcles 5 the tendency or dire6lion of the mul-
cular fibres of this pair, in refpedl of the firft, made a decuflation •
the third pair of mulcles had their rile from the fore-part of the
bafis of thefe bones, where they were joined to the Os Pubis, and
were afterwards inlerted into the Linca ajpcra of the thigh-
bone ^ the iburth pair arofe from the external fide of thcfc
bones near the bafis, and were inferted into the fore part of the
thigh-bone near the middle 5 the laft pair of nuifcles arilc
more immediately from the Marfupiuvt, or poueh itfelf- for
fpreadmg their mufcular fibres all over this bag, as they ilTue
from It, by joining their fibres together, they more remarkably
form a folid mufcle, which paiTing on each fide over the
middle of thefe bones, that is in the prone pofture of difle^ling

the

Royal Society. 253

^hc animal, they at length were inf^rtcd into the fpine of the
Os Ilium -^ the two firll of thele niuicks mull ferve for the
dilatation or opening of this Marjupiiim or pouchy for thefe
bones are a fulciment or bafis, their articulation not admitting
of a cor.traflion inwards, or nearer to each other ^ wherefore,
when the firll and fecond pair of mufcles a6l, they mufl ne-
ceffarily open or dilate the mouth of the Marfupum or pouch 5
the third and fourth pair may ferve to extend thefe bones
outwards; ^q that when this animal hangs by its tail, as it fre-
quently does, the weight of the Foetus, in this pouch, by this
means will not prefs fo much upon the internal A^//i:er^; the
fifth and laft pair, as they may ferve to dilate the capacity of
the pouch itlelf, fo likewife the better to fufpend its weight,
when the animal is prom Capite^ and if it gravitates too much,
they may retradl it upwards, and this the eafier, as pafiing
over thefe bones like a pulley, their force is more augmented :
The antagonitl to thefe mufcles is the SphinBer Marfupii, an
oval feries of flrong flefhy fibres, which ferve to conftringe and
clofe the orifice of the pouch, which it does fo perfectly, that
one would think the fiun here was not flit : The Mdrfupium^ or
pouch itfelf, was a membranous body, not very thick, tho'
confifting of feveral coats j and it is reducible into the clais of
the veficular parts of the body 5 which, according to Dr. ^yfon^
are partly mufcles, partly glands, and perform both the office
of motion and fecretion; for the cavity of this pouch was fbme-
what hairy.; and in leveral places the hairs were obferved to
be matred together by a yellowHh fubftance, which oufed out
of the cutane'ous glands J this liquor, difcharged into the
pouch from the glandulous coat, was flrong-fcented, and had
more of the peculiar F(Xtor of this animal than any part befides^
but after the fkin, together with the pouch, had been kept for
fome days, and was grown dry, there was fo great an alteration
in the fmell, that what before was 10 dilagreeable, was now
become a perfecl perfume, and fmelled altogether like muik;
this Marfupium had likewife a mufcular coat, befides the
feveral other mufcles beflowed upon it to give it motion, as
was already obferved j it had alfo a vaicular coat, being plen-
tifully irrigated by blood-veffels, efpecially by two large
branches, that came from the upper part of the l^hora^^ and
which might be reckoned the Mammaria^ as they are ftiled in
other animals; this pouch was failened by feveral membranes
to the mufcles of the Abdomen and the fkin, but fo as to be
eafily feparated for the mod part with the fingers ; in this

pouch

254 M E M O I R S e/^ /;6^

pouch moft authors place the Mamm^^ or teats, but Dr. Tyfon
could find none in this place, nor even on the outward liin,
as is ufual in other multiparous animals ; pofltbly this fubjcft
never had a litter, fo for want of drawing, the teats might be
lefs. To as to efcape notice 5 the male alfo, if we may believe
IPz/J?, has fuch another purfe under his belly, and takes his
turn to carry the young, in order to eafe the female: This
contrivance of nature, for fecuring the young from any danger,
till they are able to (hift for themfelves, is not to be parallel'd
in any fpecics of animals, at leaft of the quadruped kind, be-
iides: In the ^Ihora^ of the 'PoJJim^ the lungs had three lobes
on one fide, and only one on the other, but this was as
large as the other three j they were foft and fpungy, eafily
dilated, and large in proportion to the animal : The heart was
included in a '^Pericardium^ as ufual, but larger, in refpefl of
the bulk of the animal, than is common; nor was its cone fo
/harp, but rather more obtufe^ it had two auricles and two
ventricles : About the throat there were large Glandulce Max-
illares'^ the tongue was little more than 5 inches long, and
above | of an inch broad, it was rough with protuberances,
whofe points looked inwards ; the voice, or noifc it made, was
a little growling: The Abdomen^ or belly, was divided from
the 'Thorax^ or brcaft, by a large, ftrong, fle/hy diaphragm;
for the compafs of the l^horax in this place was very great and
large, which might be rendred fo the more, bccaufe the
animal often hangs by its tail, whereby the Vifcera of the
Abdomen muft prcfs upon it: The ventricle, or ftomacb, re-
femblcd a little the figure of a half-moon 3 but the two orifices
of the Gula and Pylorus were placed fo near each other, that
they feemed to touch or meet; and when the ftomach was
opened, there was only a very (lender Iftbmus^ or wall, that
parted them ; thefe orifices were inferted almoft in the middle
of the upper part, but more inclining towards that which
refpe6ts the T>uode>ium ; the ftomach appeared but fmall, being
much conrrafled, for the animal had not eaten any thing for
fomc days; it meafured about three inches and a half in length,
and about two inches in depth: The Gula^ which conveys the
food into the ftomach, confifted of ftrong mufcular fibres, and
was about nine inches in length; the Pylorus feemed-to have
its pafTage free and open, without that annular conftriflion, or
valve, as in molt other animals, tho' there was here obferved a
larger body of mufcular fibres than in other inteftines: There
was nothing contained in the ftomach, but a body of clotted

hair.

Royal Society. ^5^

hair, formed into the /liape and figure of the ftomach, fome-
what like an half-moon, covered with a flmiy, iniipid fub-
Itance, which ferved the better to glue thele hairs together j
fuch hairy '^lophl are frequently to btr met with in the ftomachs
of oxen 5 and butchers obferve, that they chiefly meet with
them in the winter-feafon, after the hair begins to ihed, and
the cattle feed upcm hay, or dry meat^ but after the fpring,
and in fummer, they more rarely find them, as if the new
gra{s, which purges them, did contribute to difTolve thefe
^ophi likewife: But our animal is carnivorous, and moil rapa-
cious of the winged kind, and where it cannot find its prey on
the land, it will hunt for it in the trees, climbing up thenn
very nimbly 5 and if the tender bough cannot bear the weight
of its body, by twilling its tail about the twig, ir can hang
thereby, and flretch itfelf the farther, to obtain its dehred
food, or rob a nefi:5 nay, even by this means it can Hy, or pafd#
from one tree to another 5 for hanging thus by the tail, and
waving and fwinging its body like a ^enduhw}^ it can fling
itlelf into the boughs of a neighbouring tree, where its tail is
fure to take fail hold of the firfl bough it lights on, if othcrwifc
it miflfes its footing, and his hinder feet being made like hands,
and furnifhed with a thumb, it c^n the more readily raifc its
body up by them 3 but tho' thefe animals are carnivorous, yet
when need drives them, they can take up with other food 5 for
this fubje(5l wouid eat any thing brought him from the table r
The Mefentery is that membranous part, which binds the
inteftines together, and fixes their fituation, and gives them
the order of their figure 5 the inteftines are not juft faftened to
the periphery, or outward circumference of the jMefetitery, but
its external membrane on both fides is entirely projefled, and
continued over the whole canal, or du6l of the guts, and forms
their external or common membrane; fothat often, by feparat-
ing this external membrane from the mufcular one that lies
under it, the length of the guts may be extracted, leaving only
the common membrane, as it is continued from that of the
Mefentery-t which would be inflated, as if the guts remained
there entire ; now here is obfervable, that remarkable diffe-
rence from many other animals, that we cannot but make two
Mefemeries ; one peculiar to the fmall guts, the other to the
great ones; the former Dr. I'yfon cdWs^Mefenterium minorumy
and the latter, Mefenterium majorum Litefiinorum 5 for as the
2)uoclenum defcended from the flomach, it ran under the Colony
juft where it is joined to the Ci^cum, towards the middle of the

fpine5

256 M E xM O I R S ^Z' ^.6^

fpine; from this place he found a proje(5lion of the firft
Mcfeutery into x fpiral line, like a Cochlea^ or winding pair of
flairs; To that upon inflation, thefe inteftines made leveral
convolurions, tho' nor exadlly Ipiral^ the fecond Mefentery was
projcLtcd more into a plane, and made almoll: a circular figure
at its periphery; lo that the Caecum and Colon did almoll
entirely encirele the Imall guts; The reverfe of this ftruflure
of tht^ mteftines, Dr. 'jtyjon formerly found in the diflcdtion of
the ^ii]acu-^ for there the Colon made a fpiral figure, and the
Irnallguts a plane one 5 but this fpiral convolution of the in-
teftmes, is alio to be met with in feveral other animals, tho*
their Uruclure be different, as in the goat and deer-kind, and
very remarkably in a woodcock: I'he fmall guts mealured
about fix foot and a half in length j the Coeciim was about fix
inches, and the Colon and ReEium were about two foot long;
the compafs o{ the 2Jiwdcnnm, (which is to be underftood all
along here as inflated) was 5 inches; the Ilioi was 2 i inches;
the compafs of the Ccfcum in the largeft place was 6 inches ;
and the Colon, 4 inches; the Re^mn was 5 inches about
from the fnine to the umiofl: projedlion of the fmall guts (under
the fame circuniftance of inflation) meafurcd about 6 inches
the greatc(t diameter of thq Colon in this circular figure, was
iomewhat above 7 inches; in the whole duct of the inteilines
there were no valves obfervable, not even in the Cceciim itfelf ;
it is true, that the Foramen into the Ccecum v/as a great deal
lefs than the capacity of the gut itfelf; however, the paifage
into it was fo open and wide, as readily to receive or emit its
contents; but the length, and frequent gyrations and windings
of the inteftines iupply this want of valves; they prevent the
danger of a too halty defcent of the Foeces, and give a greater
opportunity for the leparation of the chyle into the Vafa cbyli-
fcra ; and the Cochlea^ or fpiral figure of the firil Alcfenrery
eafily prevents the regurgitation of the contents of the inteftines
ngiin into the llomach, upon a declining pollure of the body
of this animal, in which it frequently is, when it hangs by the
tail ; for tho', as was obferved, the paffigc from the ftomach
by the 'Pvhrns into the duodenum is large and open, yet in that
pollure of the body there cannot but be a reduplication, or
folding over of the jDnodenum-^ fince the great bulk of the
inreftincs mufl: incline towards the '■JJiaplvd^rm, by which redu-
plication, the paifagc at the ^Pylorua muif, in a great niea-
fure, be obllruftcd, and the alcent of the contetT's mull now be
as difficult and great, as when the animal Hands upon its fore-
feet:

ROVAJL SOCIETV. 2^y

feet: The Pancreas was large, with one part running towards
the fpleen, and the other down along the 'Duodenum: The
liver was very large, of a bright red colour, and confifting of
three lobes, two of which were much larger than the third>
which was not to be feen, but upon inverting the liver ; and
here were found, not only at the edges of one of the larger
lobes, deep incifures, which rendred it jagged • but alfoin the
middle of the concave part of the lame lobe, there were
feveral deep fifTurcs ; the reafon of this flrufture may pofnbly
be, that fo it may yield, and give way the better, when it is
inverted, as it always is, when this animal hangs by its tail:
The gall-bladder was very large ^ the kidneys on each fide
were a little more than an inch and a half in length, about | of
an inch broad, and of the figure almoft of a kidney-bean 5 the
emulgent veins and arteries were very plainly feen 5 on the
infide of the kidneys 5 towards the upper part, were placed the
Glanduldd renales^ which were very large, and of the fame
colour with the kidneys themfelves, which was a deep red:
The Ureters were about 5 I inches long, and were inferred
into the neck of the bladder of urine, firft running under, then
afcending up by the two extremities of each Uterus, as they
lie duplicated 5 the bladder of urine, when inflated, v/as about
the bigneis of a hen's egg, and of that figure 5 the neck of the
bladder or Urethra, which was about an inch long, lay over
the Vagina Uteri -^ and here the Urethra, and Vagina Uteris
emptied themfelves into one common canal, which meafured
about an inch and a half in length; in mod animals, about the
kidneys, there is ufually obferved a large body of far, which
covers them, and it is contained in the Membrana adipofa,
but in this fubjedl there were found four large protuberances
of fat, two on each fide ; two of them lay in the -Pelvis of the
Abdomen, near the bladder of urine and the uterine parts ; and
the two others lay between them and the kidneys; they ccn-
fifted of large regular Laminde, which were ealily feparable
from each other, in broad flakes in an uncommon manner:
Amongft the uterine parts, which were very furprifing, there
were found two Ovaria, two ^fiibce Fallopiante, two Cornua
Uteri, two Uteri, and two Vaginae Uteri -^ the Ovaria were
placed, one on each fide, near the extremities of the Cor/':ua
Uteri, being faftened to the AL^ Uteri, and were about ibe
bignefs of a vetch; the Pafa frdparantia were very plain,
tho' the p^reatell part of thefe veffels was bellowed on the
Cornua Uteri -y near the Ovaria was obferved the Fimbria
Vol. Hi. K k Foli^^

2s8 M E U O 1 R S of the

FoliaceHy and from thence a pafTage into the T'uba Falloplafm ,
the 'Tubce Fallopiauee were two fine (lender canals or dufts,
llipportcd by the Ald^ Uteriy and running waving, and leading
into the extremities of the Cortma Uteri -^ the Carrnm Uteri
being inflated, were about the bignefs of a goole-quill, near
an inch and a half long, and were faftened to the !Alce Uteris
towards both ends a little bent ^ but where they pafled into the
Uteris they were reflefted inwards, and at the other extremity
refleflcd outwards- their fubftance fecnied rather thicker than
the Uteri themfelves, and not fo tranfparent, by reafon of the
numerous blood-veffels, which irrigated them almoft all over 5
for on the infide, both above and under, there ran the whole
length of the Cornuti, large trunks of blood-vefiels, fending
from the fides all along numerous branches 5 which is very
requifite in animals ;hat are mulriparous, as in our fubjedt,
having five or fix young at a time, which lie and arc formed
in the Cornua Uteri j and here Dr. Tyfon obferved feme linall
eminences on the internal membrane of the Cornua^ whereby
they were fomewhat divided into cells, but very imperfeftly,
the two Cornua empty themfelves into the two Uteri, juft in
the middle, where they are conjoined together, and lb out-
wardly feem to form, as it were, one continued body : In
the females of lobfters and crabs there are two Uteri, as there
are two 'Fe^cs in the male; fo there are two Fenes, and each
of them forked, in the rattle-fnake 3 but this feem s to be the
only inflance of a Lind quadruped, that hath two Uteri -^ and
each of them double by the reflexion they make, and by an
imperfefl jDitiphragm, which divides the cavity of each Uterus
a confiderable way : Thefe Uteri are not faftened to the ^Icfy
as the Ovaria, ^uhce, and Cornua are- but where they are
conjoined, near the infertion of the Cornua, they adhere very
firmly to the neck of the bladder, and hardly feparable there-
from 5 and by a membrane, to the ReEitm, where they are
more eafily leparablc 3 fo that the neck of the bladder lies
over the iDiafhragrn, or membrane, which divides them, as
was faid, into two diftinft Uteri 5 here the body of the Uteri,
inflated, mcafured in compafs, about an inch and three quar-
ters 5 from hence they v.-ere proje6fen towards each flde, and
not according to the lenc^th of the fpinc, gradually enlarging
the internal cavity, ius it is extended 3 for here, about the
angle of rcflev^ion, it mcafured in compafs, two inches and a
half^ the C/rcr/, being thus extended towards each fide, about
the fpaceof an inch and three quarters, arc then refled:ed back

again

Royal Society. 259

again towards the neck of the bladder, and fo ipxCs into the
two Vagincey which lie under the Urethra ^ from this angle of
refleflion, the cavity of each Uterus gradually leffens, and is
much Imaller than the other parts of the Uterus^ the capacity
of each Uterus beingr the largeil at the external bending, where
it begins to be reflected j for here it was made, as it were, one
common cavity for almoft the length of an inch 5 but on the
infide, there was a membrane projeded from the mternal fide
of the Uteris juft from the corner, where the (ides of the
Uteri are doubled, whereby this cavity is in part divided 3 and
for this reafon, the membrane may be called the fecond, or
an im^cv^QSi i)iaghragm of the Uteri: In thefe Uteri, Dr.
^yfon obferved four large trunks of blood-veffcls, which ran
their whole length, fending from their fides numerous branches
and ramifications ail along 5 thefe trunks were propagated frorn
the hypogaftric and fpermatic verfels^ he alfo obferved here in
thefe Uteris extended by inflation and dried, feveral FafcicuU
of mufcular fibres, placed at a regular diftance from each other,
and which likewife ran the whole length of the Uteri, by whofe
contraction the Fmus may be more eaSly protruded : The two
Uteri empty themlelves iuto the two Vagitide 3 for at this ex-
tremity, the Uteriy making a turn at the neck of the bladder,
are continued thence into the two Vagin<e, which He jufl under
the Urethra, and are much of the fame length therewith, which,
was about an inch 5 their capacity was about the bignefs of a
wheat-ftraw 5 both thefe Vagin£ and the Urethra too, emptied
themfelves into a common paffage, which was as large as all
the other three, and about an inch and a half in length , it
Ihewed reddifh, by means of its numerous blood- vcfllls, and
at laft had its exit fo near the fundament, that, when alive,
no other Forariien was obferved externally, but that which led
into the ReBum 5 but upon diCfedtion, by elevating the Ikia
here, which feemed to cover it like a valve. Dr. Tyfon obferved
the Foramen, that led into this common paffage, and putting a
blow- pipe into it, he at the fame time inflated the bladder of
urine, and the uterine parts too; mzi. the Vagina, the Uteris
and the Cormia 3 fo that in the fkin here, there was only one
Foramen for the Fdsces, the urine, and the Fxtus.

The Skeleton of the head, from the end of the Occiput to
the extremity of the 'Nares, was four inches and three quarters
long, of which the Roftrum, or fnour, meafured three inches,
and juft where the fnout and Cranium met, the bones were lo
pinched in at the fides, that here it was very narrow 3 and it

K k i may

26o M E M O I R S ?/■ rf*

may be faid, that in proportion to the bulk of the animal, this
is the leaft Crdniiim lo be met with in any quadruped 3 on
the forehead, the fnout was an inch broad, having on each
fide a protuberance jutting out; there was a large future,
exa(5lly in the middle^ which divided the upper bones of the
Narcs length-wife, and tho' they run flender towards the ex-
tremity ()f the Nares, yet thelc bones, towards the forehead,
fpread into a triangular figure, and as they are jointed together,
form a rhomboid, or lozenge 3 there was a remarkable ridge,
like a crefl, that ran the length of the Cranitnriy from the fore-
head to the 06T//'///, exadly in the middle, where the Sutura
Sagit talis is in other Iculls ^ this riuge, for diftindion-fake.
Dr. Tyfon calls "Trotuherantia Ojjca Lofigitudirmlis, and he
obferved it to jut out from the Crctnium above a quarter of an
inch 5 juftatits upper edge, he could perceive a fcum like a
future; fo that, tho' thefe bones are fo well united, as to
appear but one entire body, yet in the Pectus, without doubt,
they are feparable, and are two; and this he thinks the rather,
as in the upper patt of the Cranium he could not find any
futures at all ; folikewile, thofe other ridges in the extremity
of the Occiput^ which he calls Trotnheraritice Offe^e LateraleSy
anfwer to the lumbdoidal futures; and theie protuberances
arifing on each fide from the Trocefjus Styloides afcend ob-
liquely up the hinder part of the Occiput^ and juft in the
middle at the top are joined with the longitudinal ridge 5
thefe ridges, tho' as deep as the firfl, yet they did not fland fo
upright, but projc6fed rather like a pent-houfe over this hin-
der part of the Cranium ; by both which ridges, the Cranium
is fo well guarded and defended, that it is almoll impoflible
that the fcull /hould be any ways cracked or broken; lome-
thing like thefe ridges, but nothing fo large, he obferved in
the Icull of a weafel: The eyes were alio well defended by
the Os Zygomaticum^ which is very broad and ftrong, being in
the broadcil place above ^ of an inch, and in the narroweft
half an inch, very thick on its under edge, but at its upper
growing thin and fharp; but for ftrcngthcning this bone,
which is formed by a procefs from the'C^i Tmporum, and
another from the Masillci inferior, where thcfc meet, they
lap over each other, and fo become the Ihonger; this Os
Zygomaticum was two inches and a half long, and projecting
from the Cranium an inch; in the orbit of the eye ; at the
internal Canthus, there was a large Foramen, which led into
tb? cavity of rhc nofe, and by a dufl placed here, the tears,

Royal Societv. 261

or moillure, from the eyes, are conveyed into the noftrils • there
was alio a large Foramen in the upper jaw-bone, for the paflage
of fome vcf[els from the internal orbit of the eye : The Craniumy
which encompafled the brain, was in the largefl place about an
inch over, and about an inch and a half in length, but its cavity
jutted out Ibmewhat farther towards the Nares, forming as it
were, a particular cell here, and pretty capacious, for receiving
the ^rocejfus Mammillarei^ and the fore-part of the brain ; the
Oi Cribnforme was very remarkably perforated with holes like
a fieve 5 and indeed, in forming this organ of fmellmg, nature
fecms very careful and iblicitous, the Roftrum making lb great
a part of the head, that the Cranium itfelf feemed very in-
condderable in refpedl thereof, its internal capacity containing
not above the quantity of a walnut 5 the Os Spon^iofum in
each noftril leemed very curioully contrived by it's number
of Laminde^ fo that the membrane, which covers them, is by
this means rendred more capacious, and capable of receiving
more plentifully the Effluvia of thofe animals, it would either
catch or avoid ; and it is known that brutes in this lenfe excel
even man himfelf, and that their organ is more adapted to it :
The under jaw conilfis of two itrong bones, joined together only
at the Akntnray or chin, each of them meafured four inches m
length ^ the head of this bone, which was half an inch broad,
was received into a Sinus of the Os T'emporum, md very firmly
articulated there j it had two ^roceffus-^ the aip.erior or fuperior
is large and thin, into which the temporal m-ide is inserted 5
the inferior procefs is Imalle;-, and runs to a /l^arp point 5 here at
this procefs, the edge of the mandible is fo dilated, that it mea-
fured above half an irjch 5 on the iniide of the jaw is a large Si-
nuSy v;hich leads to a Foramen^ that goes into the body of the
jaw-bone, and affords a paflage for the veflels thither 5 in the up*
per jaw there were anteriorly eight fmall 'Dentes LiciforeSy four
on each fide, then a void ipace of a quarter of an inch, and
then two large prominent Rentes Canini, one of each fide, which
jutted out of the jaw about half an inch j theie were fuccceded on
each fide with three 2)eJites InciforeSy which were much ftronger
and larger than the fore-teeth, and refembled the T>entes Mo-
lareSy they were flat and almoft of a triangular figure ^ there
were four 'Dentes Molar es on each fide, and in all 24 teeth in
the upper jaw j but the double fangs of the Molares and the
larger InciforeSy were luch as at firft fight appeared to be two di-
ftind teeth, each fang being inferted into a diftinfl: AlveoluSy or
iocket, and feparated for fome way above the jaw-bone, and only

joined

262 M E M O I R S ?/^ the

joined at the head; in the under jaw, there were likewife on each
fide, four imallcr Inci fores before, then a Imall void fpace, after
that the tDens CatniiuSy then three larger Incifores, and jafl of
all four 2)e}Ues Molares^ anfwerable to thole in the upper jaw,
bat lomewhat fmaller^ in all 48 teeth in both jaws: There were
leven Vertebrae of the neck, 13 of the back or Thorax^ 6 of the
loins, 5 of the Oi Sacrum, and zz of the tail, in all 51; the
firlt Vertebra of the neck, to which the head is fartened, and
therefore called the Atlas, had two broad tr-mfverfe proceffes,
but no fpine ; the fecond Vertebra of the neck had a very large
and thick fpine of a triangular figure 5 and in it was obferved a
larger I'emicircular Sinus, which was fo deep as to receive into
its cavity a great part of the firlV Vertebra, by which means the
articulation was very much flrengthened 5 this Vertebra is called
dent at a, from its tooth- like protuberance, received into the
hollow of the firfl: Vertebra, where the Medulla Spinalis paflesj
this Vertebra had backwards two ^Vrocejjus obliqid fuperiores,
and two Obliqui inferiores^ the third Vertebra o{ the neck had
the fame procefles both before and behind, but the fpine here
was about f of an inch in height, and about the third part of an
inch thick; and juft at the top feemed to be a little cleft j the
fourth and fifth VertebcehzA the lame procefies, as the third, and
the fpine here likcwile was very thick, and clefc to the top, but
gradually Icflening in height, as alfo thickening; the fixth Ver-
tebra, befiues the former procefles, had likewile- an acute tranf-
verle one on each fide, and its Ipme was much /liorter, and more
acuminated than the former; the leventh Vertebra oi the neck
had only oblique pvocefles before and none behind, and two
acute tranfverie procefles, and a very fliort and flmrp Ipine;
lo that upon holding up the head the fpine of the firft P'er-
tcbra of the Thorax would touch the top of the fifth Ver-
tebra of the neck ; thefe Vertebrae are {(^ llrongly and clofcly
locked into each other, that tho' each of them is large in itfelf,
yet thus articulated, they do not make full two inches in length ;
this thicknefs and llrength of the Vertebrae of the neck, and
likewile of leveral of the Vertebra of the '\tborax and loins,
and the prominent bony ridge in the Cranium, do lb well lecure
its neck, back, and head, that fliould it happen to fall to the
ground, there would be no danger of breaking any of them: The
firil Icvcn Vertebra of the '/horas have three oblique procefles
forwards, which run under the hinder oblique procefles of the
preceeding Vertebra, and have two oblique procefles backwards,
which nde over tho fe of the fucceedmg ^ >/7e/>/'/2 3 as likewile

two

Royal Society. 26^

two tranfverle procefles, which at their extremities have fmall
Acetabtila or Sinus's^ for the receiving the heads of the ribs,
which are tallened to them; the fpincs of thele Vertebra are
ilender thin, and iharp, about \ of an inch long 5 the fix follow-
ing Vertebra of the 'Tlma^ have iliort, thick, and flat fpines,
the oblique procefles, being continued on each fide of the Ipine,
ipake, as it were, a gutter 5 and the tranfverle procefles here are
Ibmewhat different from the former 5 the Ipines of the Vertebrae
of the back, or loms, as they approached the Os Sacrum^ {q they
gradually leflened in their thickneis on the edge 5 but here there
were double oblicjue procefles 3 viz. four at ea'ch end of the Ver-
rebra^ the undermoft lJ3reading themielves out in breadth 5 the
three Vertebra of the Os Sacrim are firmly faftened to the 0%
Mlum, but the laft not {o entirely as the two former, which at
each fide had a broad tranfverfe procels, and the ipines of the two
former were thin , the two firlt Vertebra of the tail had only
one fmall acute fpine, but in all the other Vertebra of the tail,
both at the head and tail of each Vertebra^ there were two
ipines, but thole at the head of the joint were the largeft • in the
fix firil Vertebra of the tail, there was on each vic^iz^ a broad
tranfverfe procefs, the length of the joint 5 in the other Vertebra^
only at the head and tail, a jutting out at the fides 5 the Verte-
bra about the middle of the tail were the longeft, beina there
about an inch in length, but at the root and end of the tail not
fo long: The fpines or hooks, placed in a line in the middle of
the under fide of the Vertebra of the tail, arc a wondcrtlii piece
of mechanifm ^ it is true, the firft three Vertebrae had none of
thele fpines, but in all the reft they were to be obferved 5 and as
they approached the extremity of the tail, they grew lefler and
fliorter^ thefe fpines, where longeil, were about a quarter of an
inch, or fomewhat m.ore ^ they were placed juft at the articula-
tion of each joint, and in the middle from the fides, and Icemed
to be articulated, both to the preceeding and following Vertebra^
not being an entire folid bone, but arifing from the Vertebr<e
with two Crura or legs, were become afterwards perfe6lly united
to the extremities i by this means the bones are rendred more
ftrong and firm, and this hollow lerves for the tranfmitting the
blood-veflels thro' them; and one may here oblcrve a Stria or
furrow, all the length of the P^ertebra^ for the receiving them,
whereby they are the better fecured fl'um comprefllon, wlien this
animal hangs by its tail; and for the performing ihis ofFxce, no-
thing could be more advantageoufly^ontyived; for when the tail
is twiited or wound about a ftick, this hook of the Ipine eafily

fuiiains

264 M E M O I R S ?/' /^^

lliltains the weight, and there is but little labour of the mufcles
required, only what is lufficient to bend the tail 3 for then, as by
a hook, the weight of the whole body is hereby ful'pcnded^ and
for the performing this, it wis obferved, that in each preceeding
Vertebra there arofc a naufcle, which, was inferted on each fide
of the fucceeding Vertebra -j which, upon its ading, muft ne-
ceffarily bend that joint 3 but for the llrengthening the whole,
there were obferved four mufcles to arife from the Os Sacrum^
which ran the whole length of the tail, two on the upper fide,
and two on the under, fending each a tendon to each internode,
or Vertebra-^ fo that when the fkin was ftripped off, the external
parts of thefe mufcles leemed to have tendinous expanfions over
them, the whole length of the tail, and to be almoft covered by
them, which muft needs very much contribute to add ftrengrh to
the tail, befides what may be the cffefl of their inierting of ten-
dons into each joint or Vertebra in bending the tail: The ribs
are faflened to the Vertebrae of the Thora^s^ and there are 1 3 on
each fide 3 the feven foremoft are more perfectly articulated with
the Sterrair/h ^^^^ ^^c fucceeding may, in forae meafure, be rec-
koned Co{f(e l<loth<e'^ for tho' they are long, and as they proceed
from t\\c VcrtebrcC^ inclined backwards towards the hinder legs,
yet after\i-ards they are reflefted forwards towards the Sternum,
or Cartilago Enjiformis j and tho' in other animak, that part of
the ribs, which is faftened to the Os 'Pectoris, or Sternum be
ufually cartilaginous, yet in this lubject it was obferved to be all
bony throughout 3 there was however this difference, that ths
ribs looked redder, by realbn of their blood-veffels, and this part
was whiter, as one might plainly fee where it was faftened to the
ribs 3 lb that it may well pals for a bony cartilage, as often car-
tila:;cs become bony. The firft rib was only an inch in length,
and^its bony cartilage a quarter of an inch 3 hence gradually\he
ribs encreale in length 3 for the feventh rib was three inches long,
and its cartilage an inch and a half 3 the four laft of the Cofta
Nothce do again gradually Icffen in length 3 for the laft rib of all
was only an inch and three quarters long, and its cartilage did
not reach the Sternum, tho' the firft, fccond, and third of the
Cojtie Noth^ did 3 the Sternum confifted of feven bones, accord-
ing to the number of the fore-ribs, that are faftened to them 3 at
the beginuing of the Sternum^ there jutted out a ftiarp bony car-
tihif^e, which, from its figure, Dr. "tyfon calls Cartih^o Enfi-
jh'viis'^ and here one extremity of the clavic'c was faftened 3 at
the end of the Sternum, towards the belly, there was a broad,
roundifh cartilage, which therefore he calls Cartilago Scutifor-

D

rnts

Royal Society. 265

ms : There were two Clavlcul^, or collar-bones, each sn inch
and a half long, with an extremity faflened to the firft bone of
the Sternum^ or the Cartilago Enfiformis^ and the other to the
fpine or Scapula, near its tonjund:ion to the Os Humeri -^ by
means of this bone, it can more advantageoufly bring its fore-feet
to its mouth, as it ufes to do when it feeds itfelf, like the monkey-
kind, being provided as men are with Claviculce : The Scapula^
or fhoulder-blade, was about two inches long, and about an inch
and a half broad ^ its Ipine, tho' thin, yet the nearer it ap-
proached the flioulder, it grew larger and flatter 3 into the Sinus
of the neck of the Scapula, the head of the Aioulder-bone was
received, or fore-thigh bone; and to that protuberance called the
Acromium, the end of the clavicle was faftened; this thigh-bone
of the fore-legs was about two inches three cjuarrers long, it was
thick and ftron:^, having a large rough fpine jutting forwards,
and running half its length; the lower extremity of this thigh-
bone, to which were faffened the '^Tibia and Fibula, grew very
broad, being almoft an inch in breadth ; above, where this bone
began to grow broad, there was on the outlide a large protube-
rance, and on the indde a large oblong Foramen, or hollow paf-
fage, formed by a fmall bone, arifing from the internal fore-part
of the thigh-bone, where it began to grow larger, and was after-
wards united to that part of the bafis of this bone, where the
Fibula, or Focile rainus is joined ; juft in the middle of the bafis
of this bone there was a large Sinus^ which backwards appeared
deeper, looking into another deep Sinus of the Tibia, by which
means thefe bones were fo firmly articulated together, as not to
be eafily put out of joint ; the I'ibia, or Focile Afajus was a
ftrong bone about two inches in length, which was extended up-
ward's above a quarter of an inch above its articulation with the
thigh-bone, and at the other end was faflened to the outward
bone of the larfus ; the Fibula or Focih Minus, was a fmaller
bone, placed more internally, and more forwards, and not ib long
as the ^I'ibia, being articulated above, but not fo firmly, with
the thigh-bone, and below with the internal bone of the 'larfus-^
for there were but two bones of the Tarfus, with each a Iraall
Sinus, for receiving the heads of the Fociks: The bones of the
Mctatarfus were four, or perhaps five, to which four fingers or
toes of the fore-feet were joined ; the innermoll toe had but two
articulations, or joints, but at the end was provided with a large
hooked ftrong nail ; tXit other four fingers had each three joints,
armed with hooked nails, as the firft : The hinder legs were
fattened to the trunk of the body by the Os innominatum, which
Vol. 111. LI in

266 MEMOIRSofthe

in a ftreight line was three inches long 5 in the head of the hinder
thigh-bone, and deeper in, there was a fpace for the fafteningthe
ligament, from which Ipace there was a Slfius which led out-
wards y 16 that the brims of the Acetabulum were not an entire
circle, but broken off here 5 here alfo are the OJJ{t Marfufialiay
or Janitor es Marfupil-^ the hinder thigh-bone was little more
than three inches long, it was a roundifh ftrong boncj but the
'Tibia^ or 'poiile Ma]us of the hinder leg, was lomewhat longer,
and a little curved ; the Fibula^ or Focile minus was about the
fame length, but freighter and more flender ^ this towards the
foot was articulated to the Os CakiSy as the 7*/ to was to the
^aluSy or Jffiregalus ; and thefe two bones, according to Dr. U^y-
foHy are the Tarfus 5 joining to them were the bows of the Me-
tatarfuSy and to thefe the ^Phalanges of the fingers and toes 5 in
the innermoft, or the thumb, there were only two joints, in the
other four toes or iJigiti^ in each were two joints 3 the end of the
thumb was more flatted than the ends of the other toes 5 the
thumb, as was obferved, had a flat nail like that of a man 5 in
the others the nails were long and curved: At the articulation of
each joint of the toes, on the under fide, were two fmall bones,
called Ojj'a Seffatnoidea^ and thele both in the fore and hinder
feet.

Fig. I. Plate VIII. reprelents the ^ojjum drawn from the life 5
Fig. 2. the flit or aperture in the belly, that goes to the Marfu-
film or pouch: Fig. ;. A the Marfwpium turned inlide out-
wards, where may be obferved the hair or furr that covers it,
which may help to keep its young warm ; B B the two hinder legs
cutoff3 C the/^br^w^'W of the ^;;//i3 which is alio the common
external vent, both of the ReEium^ bladder of urine, and the
Uteri alfo : D the beginning of the tail: Fig. 4. is the fkeleton 5
A A the Roftrum, or fnout^ bl? the Crafuum, or fliull 3 crc a
bony ridge, or the "Protuberamia Offea lojigitudirialis, which
ran the length of the Cranium^ and over a part of the Roftrum ;
d the lateral ridge, Protuberamia OJfect lateralis, which, like
a penthoufe, jutted over the hinder part of the Cranium -^ ef the
Os Zygomaticum 'j e its procefs from the Os "lemporum, and/
that from the Manilla fuperior ^ g a Foramen or hole in the in-
ternal Cant bus of the orbit of the eye, that leads into the nofl:rils,
and by a du6^ conveys the tears, or moifture of the eyes into
them J h a Foramen or hole in the upper jaw, fur a paffage to
the vefTeJs; / a protuberance of the Os Front is -^ K a future of
the Os Nariumi II the lower mandible, or jaw-bone 3 ;;; the fu-
perior procefs of the under jaw 3 ;; the inferior proceJs of the un-
der

/c^/M .

PLATi:.ATIl

ziTif:

^^.>J?rz^.i^ a^ •

^i^^.&^-^i^'

Royal Societv. 267

der jaw; 0 the Clavicida on one fide; p the Camlago Bn-
fiforynh of the firft bone of the Sternum ; q the ScapiU or
ihoulder-blade bone; r the fpine of the Scapula-^ SSSS the
thigh-bones ; TTTT the "ftbU^ or FoaV^ Majus of all the legs ;
^/^ part of the I'ibia in the fore-legs extended beyond articula-
tion; WW WW the Fibula or Focile Minus -^ sxxx the bones of
the Tarfus ; j^>;)>' the bones of the Metatarfus ; zzzz the toes ;
aa the thumbs of the hinder feet; i the firft Vertebra of the
neck, called Atlas -^ 2, 3, 4> 5> ^» 7 ^^^ *^» 3^> 4^^, 5th, dth,
7th Vertebra of the neck; 8 the firft Vertebra of the 'I'horax'-,
9 the firft Vertebra of the loins; lo the firft Vertebra of the O^
Sacrum-^ 11 the firft Vertebra of the (95 C^^^^TjVg/^, or tail; 12,
12, 12, 12, the fpines or hooks on the infide of the tail; 13, 14
the Os inmminatum, where 13 is the Os iliimy 14 the Os
if Mum, orCoxendiciS'^ 15, 15, are the OJfa Marfupialiay or
Janitores Marfupiih **** the ribs, thirteen m all ; e the Car-
tilago Sr.utiformis: Fig. 5. the fituation of the 0/7?? Marfupialia,
&c. aa the Offa "Pubis ; h the coalition, or joining of the Ojfa
"Pubis -^ <:cthe two OJfa Marfupialia, or Janitores Marfupii-^
de the bafis of the Offa Marfupialia, where joined to the 0^'
"Pubis, d the internal head of the bafis, e the external ; f the
Acetabulum, or locket, for receiving the head of the thigh-bone;
(Tcr the Os ilium '^ hh the Vertebra of the Os Sacrum-^ ii the Os
tfcbium, orCoxendicis: Fig. 6. the forefide of the thigh- hone,
of the fore leg ; a the head of the thigh-bone, where it is faft'ened
to the Scapula; b a large rough fpine, which runs above half the
length of this thigh-bone ; c a protuberance of this bone on the
outfide ; d a \2.r^ Foramen, or hollow paffage; e a Sinus for re-
ceiving the head'of theT'/to ; fg the bafis, or lower extremity of
the thigh-bone : Fi. 4. Pl.VII. the ftomach and guts ; A the Gula 5
BB the ftomach ; c a perforation of the ftomach caukd by an
ulcer there; dd the two pouchings out of the ftomach at the two
ends; ^ the Pylorus ', fth^ beginning of the ^uodemm -, ghl
KLMN 0/)^ the fmall guts, and their convolutions, lome of
which lie hid and out of fight; but the order m which they
Mow each other, is fignified by the order of the letters of the
alphabet; fo thatg follows/, and g is fucceeded by / and /by
K and fo on to q where the ilium dilcharges itlelf into the Coe-
cim, or, if that is full, into the Colon, at the firft^ letter S; RR
th^Coecum-, SSS the Colon-, T the Return -, U tne firft meien-
tery, or Mefenterium minorum intejlinorum -^ w the iecond me-
fernery, or Mefenterium majoruminteftinomm : Fi. 7.. Pl= VIII. the
^ L 1 2 urinary

268 M E M O I R S of the

urinary and uterine parts 5 A A the two kidneys 5 bl? the cmul-
gent veins 5 cc the emulgent arteries; dd the Glandule Re/jaks^
ee the t'Ao Ureters ; / the inferrion of the left Ureter into the
neck of the bladder 5 G the bladder of urine turned afide; h the
Urethra:, ii the two Vaginae Uteri ; K the common pafifage from
the Urethra, and the two Vagina -^ I the Aorta -^ m the Cava^
nnn the fpermatic arteries ; 0000 the fpermatic veins ; ppp the
hypogaflric arteries and veins; rrr the Al^ Uteris or rather the
Al^ Cornwmj SS the Ovaria^ tt the I'liha Fdlopance -^ nu
the Cornu Uteri of the left fide opened ; 'x the Cornu Uteri of
the right fide un-opened ; 5c\^ the two Uteri opened ; y the dia-
phragm that divides the two Uteri ; zz the imperfect diaphragm,
which partly divides each Uterus, and lies over the palTage of
that part of the Uterus, which is doubled and tends to the Va-
gifidS: Fig. 8. the uterine parts more particularly, A A the two
Ovaria-j IpIp the Fimbria Foliacea-^ cc the 'tuba Fallopian^ -^ dd
the two Cornua Uteri 'j EE the two Ureters reduplicated; /a
flit in the neck of the left Uterus to fhew its paffage into the Va-
gina on that fide; g the left Vagina opened; Jo the Oftium, or
mouth, of the right Vagina j i the common paffage from the
Urethra and Vagina ^ K the Urethra-^ // the bladder of urine
cut off: Fig. 9. the hairy tophus. Fig. 10. the liver, A the
Vena Cavaj BBB the three lobes of the liver ; C the bladder of
gall ; ddd the fifTures of the body of the liver; eee the incifures
at the edges of the liver: Fig. 11. A the fpine of the fecond
Vertebra of the neck ; b reprelents its thicknels ; c a large Sinus
for receiving the firffc Vertebra j d the ^ens, or tooth of this
Vertebra 'j e the ^rocejjus obliquus fuperior of one fide; / the
^rocejfus obliquus inferior of the fame fide: Fig. 12. A the
fpine of the 5d Vertebra of the neck, where is fliewn its natural
thicknefs; b the hole thro' which ihz Medulla fpinalis^^ffk^'^
cc two Itnall Foramina for the paffage of the veilels ; d reprelents
the cleft at the top of the fpine ; ee the two ^Proceffus obliqui
fuperioresheioxe '^ Jf the two 'Proceffus obliqui inferiorcs before :
Fig. i;. the firit Vertebra of the Thorax -^ A the Ipine, which
is long and acute ; bb the oblique procefles before ; cc the ob-
lique procefles behind; Ji the tranfverfe procefles ; ee the place
where the ribs are faitened ; /the hollow where the Medulla fpi-
fialis pafies: Fig. 14. the fourth Vertebra of the loins; aa the
two iipper oblique proceilcs behind; b the Ipine; cctht two un-
der oblique proceffes behind: Fig. 15. the fecond and third Ver-
tebra of the tail 3 aa two Vertebra of the tail 3 bbb the fpines,

or

Royal Society. 269

or hooka on the infide, by means of which it can better han^
by its tailj cc -x hollow, or Foramen in the middle of thefe
fpines, thro' which blood-veflels pafs.

Obfervations in New England; by Mr, Benj. BuUivant. Phil.
Tranf. N° 240. p. 1^5.

THE plague of the back is very different from an Era-
pyema-j it feems to be more of a cholic, yet it is doubt-
Icfs a nervous diforder 3 the country people have learned of the
Indians to fteep Caftorcum in rum, and lb cure it : The fire-
flies ieeni to be a kind of flying glow* worm 5 the luftre is
placed as in that animal 5 if you kill the fly, you will find
what fparkles to be a fmall gelly-like fubftance, which fepa-
rated into atoms, emits ftill in the dark a lullre proportiona-
ble to the magnitude of each atom : The eggs of butterflies are
teftaceous, and nearly as big as a wren's, beautifully ftudded
with gold and filver; Tortoifes are amphibious 3 their eggs
are found in great quantities by the fides of ponds 3 they are
without fhells, like thofe in a hen's belly : Grafhoppers, in
dry years, are very mifchievous to the husbandmen 3 they arc
very numerous, of a grey colour, and about 5 inches long 5 in
jfuly they become flying animals, and have a kind of regi-
mental difcipline, and officers, which fliew larger, and more
Iplendid wings than the commoners, and are the firft to take
wing: ]sh. Sullivant had /hot the humming-bird withfand^
he had one for lome weeks in his cuftody 3 he put a flraw for
a perch into a Venice glafs tumbler, tied over the mouth with
a paper, in which he cut holes for the bird's bill, which was
about as long and as flnall as a taylor's needle, and laying the
glafs on one fide, he fet a drachm of honey by it, which it foon
fcentcd, and with its long tongue fed daily; it muted the
honey pure : There is a fpecies of frogs pretty large, and its
cry perfedlly refembles that of a bull : The Clam is oblerved
to have a plain pipe or TrobofciSy from which he ejed:s water,
if comprefled.

*To enlarge the Divifions of the Barometer; by Mr. Steph.
Gray. Phil. Tranf. N° 240. p. 116.

A Fig. 5. Plate VII. is a long fquare table; towards one
5 end a fquare column BB is ere61:ed, on which a fquare
focket C Aides, from one fide of which proceeds a crooked arm
DE; at D is a fcrew-hole to receive the fcrew, and at E a
ring to fupport the tube of the microfcope F; from the other

fide

270 M E M O I R S s/^ /Z^^

fide of the focket comes a fliort arm G, with a fcrew-hole to
receive the long fere w II, whofe length may be about fix 6r
feven inches 5 its lower end, by a fmall hole in its centre, refls
on the end of a fmall fcrew, that comes thro' the fcrew-hole in
the arm H, which is fixed on the back-fide of the column 5 the
upper end of the fcrew is filed lefs than the body of the fcrew,
and goes thro' the centre of the round plate without fliaking 5
and to prevent its doing fo, either upwards or downwards, there
is added a fpringing plate ;/, which*^ keeps the fhoulder of the
fcrew clofe to the under fide of the plate K; over this plate
there goes an index (?, and over that an handle L, upon the
end of the fcrew, which comes thro' the centre of the plate,
which is rivetted to the top of the column B B 5 the teeth of
the fcrew mufl be of that lize, as to have juft 10 in an inch;
the fore-fide of the column muft be divided into inches and
tenths, beginning about the height of the focket H, where the
lower end of the fcrew refts, and fo continuing to the top of
the column 5 the limb of the round plate muft be divided into
100 parts- in the Focus of the eye-glafs of the microfcope is
fixed an hair, or very fine filver wire, in an horizontal pofi-
tion : When you ufe this inftrument, take hold of the handle,
and looking thro' the microfcope, turn the fcrew till you have
brought the hair to touch, as it were, the furface of the mer-
cury raj then obferve what divifions are cut on the column, by
the upper or under edge of the focket which are tenths of an
inch j obferve likewife to what parts the index pomts on the
limb of the round plate, which are hundreds of a tenth, or
thoufand parts of an inch 5 when you perceive the mercury
varied, raife ordeprefs the microfcope, till the hair be brought
to its furface, as before- then by fubftra61:ing the lefTer from
the greater of the two obferved numbers, you will have the
variation in inches and thoufand parts : This inftrument be-
comes a micrometer on the fame principles 5 the thermometer
is alfo capable of the like improvement.

^he chief Ufe of Refpiration; by 'Br, V/ill. Mufgrave. Phil.
. Tranf. N° 240. p. 178.

DR. Thurfton afTerts, that the chief ufe of refpiration confifts
in maintaining a due motion of the blood 5 but his argu-
ments fecming to be infufficient. Dr. Mufgrave pitched on the
followinrx experiment: He took a large, middle aged healthy
dog, and having freed the Trachea from the adjacent parts, he
cut it off juft beneath the "Tomura Adaraiy and turned the

loofe

Royal Society; 271

loofe end outwards, and Hopped up the Trachea with a cork 5
a few, but very violent ftruggles fucceeded, in whieh the
Sternum was railed, as in the deepefl: infpiration, and thus the
dog died : From the Hopping of his breath to the laft motion
difcernible in any part of the body, was by a watch, two
minutes j after this the Thorax was immediately thrown open,
where the blood was leen ftagnating in the lungs 5 the Arteria^
^ulmonalis^ the right ventricle of the heart, with its append-
ing auricle, and the two great trunks of ihe Cava were greatly
diftended with blood ^ the Vena ^ulmonaliSy left auricle, and
ventricle of the heart were in a manner empty : This expe-
riment proves, that refpiration promotes the paffage of the
blood thro' the lungs, and that this feems to be its principal
ule.

Black-Leadj by "Dr. Plot. Phil. Tranf. N° 240. p. 183.

TH E mineral fubftance called Slack-Lead, found only at
Kepwych in Cumberland^ and there called Wadt or
Kellow^ by Dr. Merret, tsigrica fahrilis, from its ufe in fcor-
ing, as the Rubrica fabrilis, or redoker, is To far from having
any thing of metal therein, that it is incapable of fufion, much
lefs of duflility • nor can it be reckoned amongft the fiones,
for want of hardnefs -j it remains therefore that it be clafTed
amongft the earths, tho* it diflfolve not in water, as moil earths
will, except ftiff clays and okersj amongfi: the latter of wiiich
Dr. ^Plot conjefiures it may be reckoned, it feeming to be a
fpecies of clofe earth, of very fine and loofe parts, fo burnt,
that it is become black and Ihining, difcolouring the hands, as
all okers do 5 whence the moll proper name that can be given
it, perhaps, is Ocbrea nigra, or Slack Oker, being a ftony
Ibrt, as there are ftony forts of the red and yellow ckers, as
well as clay.

^he Kubricks for the Seat of Eafler, according to the Ju-
lian Account, explained y by 'Dr. Wallis. Phil. Tranf.

N'^ 240. p. 185.

TH E fundamental rule of the Nicene council, which we
pretend to follow for the keeping of Eafter, is to this
purpofej EafterdTiyis to be that Sunday, which falls upon,
or next after, the firfl full moon, which happens next after
the vernal Equinox 5 this vernal Equinox was then obferved to
fall on the 21ft of March, tho' it now falls on the nth of
Marchi or fometimes on the loth of March':, and therefore,

inftead

272 M E M O I R S ?/* /y&^

inftead of next after the vernal Equinox, we fay, next after
the 2 ill of March: But then it is faid (by miftake, as Dr.
Willis luppofes) after the firft full moon, inftead of upon, or
next after the firft full-moon (for fb it is to be underftood) and
then it is added, and if the full-moon happen on a Stwday,
£after day is the Sunday after; which niuft needs be a
miftake 5 for in fuch cafe, it is to be that Sunday, and not the
Sunday after j and fo the tables agree contrary to this note,
both that for 40 years, and that to find Ecificr for ever ; and
fo it was obferved in the years 1^68, 1^78, and 1582 j and
whenever it happens that the ecclefiaftical fliU-moon falls on a
Sunday: The only doubt remains, on what day we muft
reckon the ecclefiaftical full-moon to fall on ; for we are not to
judge either the Equinox, or the full-moon, according as they
happen in the he.ivens, or in our almanacs, but according to
the Pafchal tables, fitted to the time of the Nicene council ^ and
accordingly we are to account the Equinox to be now, as then
it was, on March 2 1 : The golden number, adapted to the
cycle of 19 years, after the end of which it begins again at i, 2,
2, ^c. is placed in the firft column of our calendar, to inform
us on what day, of fuch a year, the nev; moon is fuppofed to
happen in each month; and the 1 5th day of that moon is repu-
ted the full; thus the golden number for the year 1^98 is 8,
that is, this is the 8th year of fuch decennoval cycle, or circle
of 19 years, commonly called Cyclus Panaris, or the cycle of
the moon ; as the other circle of 18 years is called Cyclus So-
laris, the circle of the fun, or rather of the Sunday letter; and
this number 8 ftands in the calendar at Mar.6i\ which we muft
therefore fuppofe to be new moon, tho' the new moon were
indeed Ji^r. 2d ; now ]\[ar.6t\i being the new moon, or firft
(Jay of the reputed lunar month for iiich year, March 20th will
be the 15th day, or the reputed full moon for the month of
March this year, which.happens to be Sunday, the Dominical
letter for this year being B; but this happening before March
2ift, the fuppofed 5j7.w;cx:, cannot be the Pafchal full moon,
but we muft wait for another; and we fhall then find the
golden number 8 ftanding at April 5th, for the new moon of
l4pril the fame year; and therefore the full moon, or 15th day
of that reputed lunar month is April rpth; which being 'I'upf-
day, the Sunday next following is April 24th, where ftands B,
the Sunday letter for this year, which is therefore to be Eafter
day, according to the intent of thele tables, and it was obferved
accordingly : But it were to be wifhed, there had been fonie-

where

Royal Society. 273

where a rubrick to direct how to find this reputed full moon,
and what is the ufe of the golden number. The difference of
the ecclefiaftical account in the Paichal tables, from that of the
heavens, both as to the Eqninon: and full moons arifes hence.
I. The common Julian year, by which we reckon, of 5^5 days
and 6 hours, is lomewhat too long 5 being about 11 minutes of
an hour longer than the true folar year j by reafon whereof, the
Eqimwx; and other annual feafons, go forwards about 11 mi-
nutes every year 5 which from the time of the Ato;/^ council
till now, amounts to about 11 days 5 fo that the Equinox^
which then happened March 11^^ is now come back to our
3{arcb loth ^ which upon Pope Gregory's reforming the Roman
calendar, above 100 years fince, caules the difference of 10
days between what we call the new ftyle and the old. 2. It
was then fuppofed, that in 19 years, which is the compafs of
the golden number, the lunations of new -moon and full-moon
did return to the fame day and hour, as they were 19 years
before 5 but tho' this be pretty near the truth, yet it comes
fliort by about an hour and a half, which hour and a half m
every 19 years, doth, fince that time, amount to four or five
days 5 whence it happens, that the reputed full moon is later
by four or five days, than that of th? heavens 5 but our Eafter
is reckoned according to the reputed full -moons, derived from
the golden number, and not according to thofe of the heavens.

jin extraordinary Rainbow at Chefler 5 by Mr, Edm. Halley
Phil. Tranf. N° 240. p. 193.

AUGU ST 6^^ 1(^98, between 6 and 7 o'clock in the even-
•" ing, Mr. Ralky obferved an /m, exceedingly vivid as to
its colours, atfirft on the fouth fide only, but in a little time
with one entire arch 5 and foon after, the beams of the fun
being very ilrong, there appeared a fecondary /m, whofe
colours were more than ordinary bright, but inverted as ufu-
allyj that is, the red was inwards, which in the primary Iris
is outwards, and e contra for the blues ; but what appeared molt
obfervable was, that with thefe two concentric arches, there
appeared a third arch, nearly as bright as the fecondary /m,
but coloured in the order of the primary, which took its rife
from the interfc£lion of the horizon and prirnary /m, and
went a crofs the fpace between the two, and interfe61:ed the
fecondary, as in Fig. i. Plate IX. AFCG interfeas the
fecondary Iris EFGD, dividing the arch ED nearly into
three equal parts 5 but at firfl the arch A F did not appear,

Vor.. HI. M m which

274 M E M O I R S of the

which afterwards became as bright as the former ^ he obferved
the points F and G to arife, and the arch F G gradually to
contra(fl:, till at length the two arches FHG, and FG became
coincident 3 when, for a great Ipace, the fecondary Iris loft
its colours, and appeared like a white arch at the top, he alfb
obferved, that at the points F and G, the interfeftion of the
interior red of the fecondary /m, and the exterior red of the
arch was much more intenfely red than the outward limb of
the primary 7m; and that during the whole appearance, the
upper part of the third Iris was not at all vifible beyond the
interfe£lions FG: This uncommon fight continued for about
2 0 minutes. Mr. Halky was at firft amazed therewith, but
afterwards recollecting that the fun fhone along the river 2)66,
which from thence empties itfelf W. N. W. where the fun
then was, he concluded that this fecondary arch AFHGC
was produced by the beams of the fun refle6led from the
water, which at that time was very calm, and it had been
much more bright, had it been then high, as it was low-water,
when all the lands were bare.

^ Roman Shield 5 by Mr. Thoresby. Phil. Tranf. K" 241

p. 205.

THE ancient Romans had three words, viz. Scutum^
__ ^arma^ and Clypeus^ to exprefs that defenfive weapon
we generally call in Englijb a fhield, which, notwithftanding
their different forms or matter, their authors, efpecially in the
declenfion of the empire, frequently confound, as probably we
now do fhield, buckler, and target: Of thele fhields or buck-
lers, Mr. Thoresby had one, fee Fig. 2. Plate IX. of the
\Parma kind, rightly fo called, quod e medio in cmnes partes
fa par J whereas the Scutum vj^s moflly oval, tho' Ibmetimes
imbricated, with corners equally broad 3 it is 1 5 inches dia-
meter, whereof a little more than a third part was pofTefled by
the UrnbOy or protuberant bofs, which is made of an even con-
vex plate, wrought hollow on the infide to receive the gladia-
tor's handj on the centre of this is a fmaller bofs, wherein
there feems to have been fixed iome kind of CufpiSy or iharp
offenfive weapon; from the faid Umbo^ the fhield is four
inches and a half broad on each (ide, in which are eleven cir-
cular cquidiftant rows of brafs fluds of that fize, that 222 are
fet in the outmoft circle, which is four foot, wanting three
inches, the circumference of the buckler; the inmoft circle is
placed upon the Umbo itfelf, the next 8 upon as many circular

plate«

Royal Society. 275

plates of iron, each a third, of an inch broadj the two outer-
niofl on one thicker plate, an inch broad ^ in the little
intervals, between thefc circular plates, are plainly dilcovercd
certain crofs Laminae^ that pafs on the back of the other,
from the JJmho to the exterior circle j and thefe iron plates are
alfo about the third part of an inch at the broader end towards
the circumference, but gradually contracted into a narrower
breadth, that they may be brought into the compafs of the
Umbo at the centre^ the inner coat, next to thole iron plates,
is made of very thick, hard, ftrong leather, which cu.s bright,
fomewhat like parchment; upon this is a fecond covjr of the
fame, and on the outlide of this are plaited the iron pins,
that run thro' the brafs ftuds; for the abovementioned brais
fluds are cafh purely for ornament upon the heads of the fald
iron pms, the lixth part of an inch long, that none of the iron
appears. The next cover to the plaiting of the faid nails
( which pafs thro' the circular and crofs iron plates, and both
the leather covers) is a pure linen cloth, but difcoloured, tho'
perhaps not with age only, but four wine and fair, or fome
other liquid wherein it feems to have been fteeped. And
laftly, upon the faid linen is the outmoft cover, which is of
fofter leather: All which coats, that compofe the fhield, are
bound together by two circular plates of iron, a thin and
narrow one towards the centre and a thicker and larger one,
an inch broad at the circumference, which is curioufly nailed
with two rows of very fmall tackets, above 400 in number^
the vacant holes, whence fbms of the nails are dropped out,
are little bigger than to admit the point of a pair of iraall com-
paffes5 both which rims do likewile faften the handle (the
only part of wood ) which has alfo fix other iron plates, about
three or four inches long to fecure it.

Mr. 7horesLy procured another fhield, which differed from
this not fo much in f^ze (tho' it was completely a foot larger
in the circumference J as in the form : For, whereas, this
already defcribed is almoft flat, except the fwellmg Umbo, this
is ablolutely concave, and from the ikirts of the protuberant
bofs in the middle, it rifes gradually to the circumference,
which is nigh three inches perpendicular froni the centre.
This has 14 rows of the like brafs lluds, but the circular plates
of iron they arc fixed in, do not lie upon other crofs plates,
as the former doth, but each from the centre upon the outer
edge of the other, which occaiions its rifing in that concave
manner.

M m 2 That

z-jb M E M O I R S £/• f,?.^

That thefe were part of the accoutrement of the Roman
Equites^ rather than of either the Velites or Hafiat'h Mr. ^/ho-
resby concludes, becaufe that tho' all in general had./liiclds,
yet thofc of the Velites, who were as the forlorn hope, fecm
more flight, and are exprefly faid to be e ligno corio fuper-
hidiitlo'^ thole of the Haft at i are not only laid, e plurlkiS
lignis ^ ajferculis conftit. &c. but were alfo four foot long
to cover the whole body, when liooping; of which kind were
likewife thofe of the 'Principes dnd ^'jtriarii. "Whereas the
defcription that the anonymous author of Roma ilkiflrata
with Fabrkhs's notes, gives in his Armatura Equltum, comes
the nigheft this, Scut tm five 'Tarmam habehant ex bovillo Corio,
arte leviter^ durata ^ but then he adds, eoque mero nulla
materia fub]eBa, omitting not only the ornamental ftuds, but
the ^ iron work which Camillus firfl contrived as a defence
againft the immenfe fwords of the Gatds.

The ImperfeElion of an Organ ; by !Z)r. J. Wallis. Phil.
Tranf. K° 242. p. 249.

DR. Wallis thinks it is evident, that the pipe in the organ is
intended to exprefs a diflin6i found at fuch a pitch, that is,
in fuch a determinate degree of gravity or acutenels^ or (as it
is now called) flatnefsor fliarpnefs^ and the relative or com-
parative confideration of two (or more) fuch founds or degrees
of flatnefs or fliarpnefs, is the ground of (what we call) con-
cord and difcord 5 that is, a foft or har(h coincidence.

Now, concerning this, there were amongft the ancient
Greeks, two (the moll confiderable) feds of muficiansj the
. Jirlftoxeniaus and ^Pythagoreans,

They both agreed thus far, that Tila-teffaron and T>ia~
pente, do together make up djia-pafon-^ that is, (as wc now
Ipeak ) a fourth and fifth do together make up an eighth or
o6i:avej and the difference of thcfe two, viz. of a fourth and
fifrh, they agreed to call a tone, which is now called a whole
note.

Such is that in our prefent mufick of la, mi, (or as it was
won't to be called re, mi ) for la, fa, fol, la, or mi, fa, fol, la^
isaperfeafourth: And la, fa, fol, la, mi, ov la, ml, fa, f oh
la, is a perfeft fifth 5 the difference of which is la, ml, which
is what the Greeks call the tDla-zeutlc tone; which disjoins
two lourths on each fide of it, and being added to either of
them, doth make a fifth; which was in their mufick, from
Mefc to 'Paramefe-j that is in our mufick, from A to B; fup-

pofing

Royal Societv. 2'jj

poHng mi to fland in 'B-fa-h-mit which is accounted its natural
pofition.

Now, in order to this, Ariftoxenus and his followers took
that of a fourth, as a known interval, by the judgment of the
ear 5 and that of a fifth likewife : And confequently that of an
o6lave, as the aggregate of both 5 and that of a tone as the
difference of thofe two.

And this of a tone, as a known interval, they took as a
common meafure, by which they eltimated other intervals:
Accordingly they accounted a fourth to contain two tones and
a half; a fifth to contain three tones and a half, and confe-
quently an eighth to contain fix tones, or five tones and two
halftones: And at this rate our practical muficians talk of
notes and half notes at this day; fuppofing an oi5tave to confift
of twelve hemi-tones or half-tones 5 but Tythagoras^ and
thofe who follow him, not taking the ear alone to be a compe-
tent judge in a cafe fo nice, chole to diftinguifh thefe, not by
equal intervals, but by due ratio's : And thus it was followed
by Zarliney Kepler^ Cartes^ and others, who treat of fpecfulative
mufick in this and the laft age; accordingly they accounted
that of an o6lave to be, when the degree of gravity, or acute-
ncfs of the one found to that of the other is double, or as
2 to I : That of a fifth, Sefqui-alter^ or as 9 to 2. : That of
a fourth, Sefqui-tertian, or as 4 to 9 ; accounting that to be
the fweeteft ratio, which is expreffed in the fmalfefl numbers,
and therefore next to the Untfon^ that of an OBave^ 2 to i 5
then that of a fifth, 9 to 2; and then that of a fourth, 4. to 9 5
and thus that of a fourth and fifth do together make an eighth,
for f X I = 1^ r= f = 2, or the ratio of 4 to 9, compounded
with that of 9 to 2, is the fame with that of 4 to 2, or 1 to i.
And confequently, the difference of thofe two, which is that
of a tone, or full note, is that of 9 to 8. For f ) f (|; or if
out of the ratio of 9 to 2 you take that of 4 to 9, the refult is
that of 9 to 8.

Now according to this computation, it is manifell: that an Oc-
tave is Ibmewhat lefs than fix full notes ; for, as was firft demon-
flrated by Euclid^ the ratio of 9 to 8, being fix times com-
pounded, is fomewhat more than that of 2 to i. For | x J x J
X f X -J X f = iji^i^^ is more than fMf !| =: f . This being the
cafe; they allowed indifputably to that uf the 'Dia-zeutic tone,
/^, vil^ the full ratio of 9 to 8, as a thing not to be altered, be-
ing the difference of the ^Dla-pente and Dia-tejfaron, or the
fifth and fourth : All the difficulty was, how the remaining fourth

27S ME M O IR 5 of the

^h fay /oh /^> ^lould be divided into three parts, fo as to anfwer
pretty near the y4riftoxenlans two tones and a half 5 and might al-
together make up the ratio of 4 to 3, which is that of a fourth
or 2)ia-teJJaro?i: Many attempts were made to this purpoie ^ and
according to thofe, they gave names to the different Genera or
kinds of mufick, the 1)iatonky Chromatic and Enarmonic
kinds, with the feveral fpecies, or lefTer diftinflions under thole
generals : The firft was that of Euclid^ which mofl generally
obtained for many ages, and allows to fa^fol, and to/ol, lay the
full ratio of 9 to 8 , and therefore to fa, fol^ la^ which we call
the greater third, that of 8 r to ^4^ for | x J = f^:, and confe-
quently to that of mi, fa, which is the remainder to a fourth, that
of 2 5 (J to 245 5 for f J) f (fif, that is, if out of the rario of 4 to
3 we take that of 81 to 6^, the refult is that of Z)6 to 249 5 to
this they gave the name of Limma^ that is the remainder, to wit
over and above two tones 5 but in common difcourle, when we
do not pretend to fpeak nicely, nor intend to be ib underflood, it
is ulual to call it an Hemi-tone, or half-note, as being very near
it, andihe other, two whole notes ^ and this is what 'Ptolemy
calls 2Jiafonum iDitonum, of the i)iatonic kind with two full
tones: Againil this it is ob]e£led, as not being the moll conve-
nient divilion, that the numbers of 81 to 6^ are too great for that
of a 2)itoney or grearer third, which is not harlli to the ear, but
is rather fweeter than that of a fingle tone, whole ratio is 9 to 8 j
and in that of 25^ to 243, the numbers are yet much greater 5
whereas there are many ratio's, as |, f, -g, f , in fmaller numbers
than that of 9 to 8, of which in this divilion, there is no notice
taken: To rectify this, there is another divilion thought more
convenient, which is ^tolemy\ 2}iatonum intenfumy of the '^lHa-
tonic kind, more intenle or acute than that other, which, inllead
of two full tones for/^,yo/, la, afligns what we now call a greater
and a lefc tone; which by the more nice mulicians of this and
the laft age feems to be more embraced 3 affigning to fa, fol, the
ratio of 9 to 8, which they call the greater tone, and to fol, la^
that of 10 to 9, which they call the leffer tone 3 and therefore to
/^, la, the Ditone or greater third, that of 5 to 4- for \~ x f
=^ ■*■§:= 5:, and conlequently to mi, fa, which is the remainder
of the fourth, that of i5 to 1 5 5 for i) f ( Jf> that is, if out of
the ratio of 4 to 9 we take that of 5 to 4, there remains that of
IC) to 15 : Many other ways there are of dividing the fourth or
"Dia-teffaron, or the ratio of 4 to 3 into three parts, anfwering
to what in a looler way of expreflion, we call an half-note, and
two whole notes, but this of 7^ >< t ^ y- — 7, is that which is

now

Royal b o c i e ty. ^^(^

now received as the mofl proper; where tJ is what we call the
Heml-mie or half-tone in rnhfa-y f that of the greater tone iny}<r,
fol, and J- the leiTer tone in foh l^ h only with this addition,
that each of thefe tones is upon occafion divided by flats and
fliarps, into two Hemi-tones or half-notes, which anfwers to
what was called by the Greeks Mutatio quoad Modos, i. e. the
chanf'e of mood, and what is now done by removing mi to ano-
ther key, namely | = f f := If X f^ and ^^ =z n - ^ x H:
Thus by the help of flats and fliarps, dividing each whole note,
be it the greater or lefTer, in two half-notes, or what we call fo,
the whole 06iave is divided into twelve parts or intervals, con-
tained between thirteen pipes, which are commonly called Hemi-
foz/g-i or half-notes ; not that each is precifely half a note, bat
fomewhat near it, and is fo called , for inftance a flat m D or a
fliarp in C, do either of them denote a middling found, tho' not
precifely in the middle between C and D, yet iharper than G and
flatter than D ; accordingly, fuppofing ;;;/ to iland m 'B-fa-b-mi^
which is accounted its natural fear, the founds of each pipe are to
bear thefe ratio's to each other, viz.

B. C. i. D. $. E. F. t' G- t. ^' t- ^.

mi. fa. *. fol k la- fi- f • M t- ^^' i- f^i-

»6 18 17 20 19 ±6 iS i-2 2^ J.9 JL3 J. J.

XT T7 T7^ 79 li ': *' ^f '^ '^ '' ''?

l^^y'Nj L^vxJ : O^vNj u^vNj" L/^ysj

: 9 1 Q '2. i-o. 2.

3" , ^

•■\y

"V-

J.

And fo in each 05fave fucceffively following; and if the pipes
in each OElave be fiited to founds in theie proportions of gravity
and acutenefs, it Vv^ill be fuppofed, according to this hypotheiis
to be perfectly proportioned: But inftead of thefe fucceffive
ratio's of each Hemi-tone, it is found neceffary, fo to order the
1 5 pipes, containing 1 2 intervals, called Hemi-tones, as that their
Ibunds, as to gravity and acutenefs, may be in continual propor-
tion, each to its next following, in one and the fame ratio, which
all together lliall complete tliat of an 05fave or 2)ia-pafon^ as
2 to I ; whereby it comes to pafs that each pipe doth not exprefs
its proper found, but very near it, yet fome fmall matter varying
from it, which they call jBearing-^ and is fomewhat of imper-

few^iofi

28o M E M O I R S 5/^ ^>5^

fedtion in tliis noble inftrument, the chief of all. It nnay be
ailed, why may not the pipes be 16 ordered, as to have their
founds in jult proportion, as well as this Searing?' In anfwer, it
might very well be fo, if all nnufick were compoled to the lame
key, or, as the Greeks call it the lame mode, as for inftance, ii\
in all compolitions, r/U were always placed in S-fa-b-mi^ then
the pipes might be ordered in fuch ratio's as had been now
defined : But mufical compoGtions are made in a great variety
of modes, or with great diverfity in the pitch 5 ;;;/ is not always
placed in S-fa-b-miy but lometimes in E-la-mi^ Ibmetimes in
^-h-mi-re^Scc. and in ium there is none of thofe 12 or 13 pipes,
but may be made the feat of mi ^ and if they were exadly fitted
to any one of thefe cafes, they would be quite out of order for all
the rell^ as for inftance, if ^7/ be removed from 'B-fa-b-tniy by a
flat in B, to E-la-raiy inftead of the ratio's, bijt jult now
defined, they muft be thus ordered,

B. i. C. t. D. $. E. F. i G. ^ a. b

fa, $. fol. $. la. ^ mi. fa. ^. fol. t- la. fa.

18 ^ 17 20 19 18 17 \6 18 17 20 19 16
ij T6 Tg i^ 17 16 ij 17 16 r? 18 15

where it is manifeft, that the removal of mi doth quite diforder
the whole leries of ratio's : And the fame would again
happen, if mi be removed from E to A, by another flat in E 5
and again removed from A to D ^ and lb perpetually : But the
Hcmi-iofies being made all equal, they do indifferently anfwer all
the pofitions of mi^ tho' not exa6lly to any, yet nearer to Ibme
than to others^ whence, it is, that the fame tune founds better at
one key than at another.

It is afked, vi^hether this may .not be remedied by interpofing
more pipes, and thereby dividing a note, not only as now into
half-notes, but into quarter-notes, or half quarter notes, ^c. In
anfwer, it may be thus remedied in part • that is, the imper-
fcdion might thus be fomewhat lefs, and the Ibunds fomewhat
nearer to the juft ratio's 3 but it can never be exactly true,
fo long as their founds, be they never lb many, are in continual
proportion; that is, each to the next fubfequent in the fame
ratio: For it hath been long fmcc demonftrated, that there is
no fuch thing as a juft Hsmi-torie pra6licabie in mufick, and the
like may be' laid, tor the divifion of a tone into any number of
equal parts, three, four or more 3 for, fuppofing the ratio of a
tone or full note to be f or as p to 8, the ratio of the half-note

muft

I

Royal Society; 281

muft be as V (; to ^8, that is, as 3 to \/8, or 3 to 2^/2, which
are incommenlurable quantities 3 and the proportion of a quarter-

note as V 9 to V 8, which is yet more incon^menfurate; and the
like for any other number of equal parts, which therefore will
never fall in with the ratio's of number to number 5 fo that
this can never be perfe^ly adjufted for all keys, without fome-
what of !B earing, by multiplying pipes 5 unlels we would for
every key, or every different leat of mi, have a different let of
pipes, of which this, or that is to be ufed according as, in the
compofition, mi is fuppofed to {land in this or that leat 5 which
vaft number of pipes, for every OEiave, would vaftly increale
the charge, and when all is done, make the whole imprafticable.

A "Periodical Palfeyj hy Dr. Will. Mufgrave. Phil. Tranf.

N°242. P. 257.

TH E patient was a young woman of about 21 years of age,
of a fanguine complexion 3 flie had been for feveral days
lefs faaive than ulual, and after that, loft her fpeech and the
ufe of her legs 3 fhe had little or no fenfe of feeling in them, and
the left leg was drawn up as in a violent cramp 3 her ruddy fan-
guine look direfted bleeding, but that did not relieve her 5 the
Dr. therefore gave her fpirit of Sal Armon.fuccinat. fteel with
gentian, amber, caftor, and other warm cephalics , a blifter was
laid on her neck 5 a bath of wormwood and other hot herbs was
prepared for her legs, and Ung. Martiatum ufed to anoint them
after bathing : By thefe means flie was, in the fpace of three
days, able to fpeak again, and in a little time by the help of
crutches to walk 3 but then omitting the medicines, tho' but for
one day, Ihe loft her fpeech again, and returning to the ule of
them, elpecially the fpirits, Ihe recovered it as loonj when Ihe
loft the ufe of her fpeech, there was a manifeft alteration m her
face, the ftrength, tone and vigour thereof was abated, her
eyes grew dull, and her lips pale. The Dr. gave ber in thele
circumftances 30 drops of the fpirit, and in the fpace of two
hours the change was lurprifing, for her eyes were quickened,
and both her colour and fpeech returned. After the ph>fick the
Dr. had prelcribed her was all ufed, llie loft her fpeech, and the
ufe of her legs on a Tuefday about noon, and recovered them again
the following Saturday about the fame hour 5 and for 10 months
her ule of ipcech and ftrength of legs oblerved the lame period,
wuh only two exceptions, viz. that once they returned on a tn-
day, and another time not before Sufiday : Her 3f^«/e5 were re-
gular as to period, but unequal as to quantity, and when they
were large her condition was worft j before her fpeech ufed to go
Vol. Ilh N n ^^

282 ME M O IR S of the

off, fhe conftantly loft, for the fpace of an hour, the ufe of her
left arm 5 when her fpeech was leaving her, ihe would ftammer
out fome few words, and after this on a fudden become mute 5
and when fhe was not able to fpeak, fhe often moaned, and made
a melancholy complaining noile, and her fpeech was wont to re-
turn, as it went off, all on a fudden and at once : She always
had, as her fpeech ceafed, and two hours after it was gone, a
pain in her left fide, including the arm and leg, her left foot
was then drawn up, as abovementioned 5 her face was high-co-
loured when llie loft her fpeech, and pale when it returned 5 no
part of her body withered, but the whole was generally cold :
Some time before fhe was firft ftruck fpeechlefs, her hands ufed
to tremble, but became afterwards more fteady 5 nor was fhe ib
dull and heavy as formerly 5 but generally more brifk and chear-
fall than in her ftate of health : When flie enjoyed the ufe of hef
ipeech, flie walked beft, but was obliged to ufe a ftick, being
never able to go fteadily; (lie fpoke at intervals as dirtin6^1y as
ever, and as loud; could fing, when capable of fpeaking, but at
no other time. The Dr. furnilhed her with a new fupply of me-
dicines, and by the ufe of them in a little time fhe was grown
ftrong, and to all appearance as well as ever ; for two months fhe
walked and fpoke every day, but not at all times of the week ^
for her fpeech left her, as formerly, on TuefdaySy but now re-
turned the next day afternoon.

^ nmarkahk hiftance of an ahfokite Command, of the Joints
and Mufcles. Phil. Tranli N° 242. p. 2(^2.

IN Tall-mall at London lived one Clarke called the pofture-
mafter, that had fuch an abfolute command of all his mufcles
and joints, that he could disjoint almoft his whole body; fo that
he impofed upon our famous MullenSy who looked on him to be
in fb miferable a condition, that he would not undertake his
cure 5 tho' he was a well-grown fellow, yet he would appear in
all the deformities that can be imagined, hunch-back'd, pot-bel-
lyed, fharp-breafted ; he disjointed his arms, flioulders, legs
and thighs, that he appeared as great an objedl: of pity as any 5
and he has often impofed on the fame company where he had
been juft before, to give him money as a cripple, he looking fo
much unlike himlelf that they could not know him. He has
been feen making his hips ftand out a confiderable way from his
loins, and lb high that they lecmed to invade the place of his
back, in which pofture he had an extraordinary large belly : He
could turn his face into all fhapes, fo rhat he alone a^ed all the
uncouth, demure, and odd faces of aquaker's-meeting ; ho began
young to bring his body to it, and there are levcral inftances of

pcrion

Royal Socisty: 283

p^rfons that can move ieveral of their bones out of joint, by ufing
themlelves to it from children.

Obfervations in the Eaft-Indies. Phil. Tranf. N° 243. p. 275.

IT does not appear that the Maldivia iflands were ever joined
to the main land, there being no Soundings^ as they call it,
between the iflands and the main, and the earth, fand and (hells
of the one, differing much from thoic of the other 5 the fmall
fhells called CowrieSy which pafs for money in 'Bengal and other
places, are found chiefly there : The north and fouth ^ole are
not vifible under the Line 5 for in the cleared: night the honzon
is overcall with fo thick darknefs, that no flar can be feen : Gum-
lack is the houle of a large fort of ants, which they make on
the boughs of trees, that defend them from the weather, It is
certain that cloves will attra6l water at fome diftance, which is
daily experienced amongll the ^utch in this country, who make
confiderable advantage thereby 5 for a bag of cloves being laid
over water one or two foot dillant from it, will in a night's time
imbibe a confiderable quantity thereof and grow fo moift that
the water may be preffed from them : There are oyfter lliells in
bantam of about 18 inches long and 5 or <5 broad, and the fi/li
within proportionable to the fhell : At "Batavia a whole duck
was taken out of the belly of a fnake, and in Achia they killed
a fnake that had a whole deer in its belly, and being taken out
was fo frefli and good as to drels and eat part of it 9 they draw
their wire in moulds of feveral fizes, gradually, as is done m
England: The Chinefe gild paper with gold and filver leaf,
laid on with a very good fort of varnifh, the fame they varnifli
their lacquered wares with, all which, when thoroughly dry, they
put in a fcrew-prefs, and with an inflrument like our plane,
fhave it as fine as they pleale ; and fo they cut their tobacco,
which is as fmall as a hair: Ambergreafe is found in mofc parts
more or lets 3 great quantities of it are found in Japan, the Jilal-
divia 'iQ.md.Sy and to the eaftward of Java-^ which, they fay,
they find generally faftened to the roots of trees that grow in the
iea near the fliore, and that while it is kept under water, it is fofc
and pliable like wax, and fometimes like a jelly ; there is a piece
fhown in Indiay that weighs above 2000 ounces : The people of
Java marry and have children at 9 or 10 years of age, the
women generally leave off child-bearing at ct^efore :oj at 7^;/-
quin there are women common to any that will hire them, at 8
or 9 years of age. The Japan and China varnifh is made of
turpentine and a curious ibrt of oil they have, which they mix
and boil to a proper cdnfiftence, that never cauies any fweliing in
the hands ot^hz^^C, of fuch as make or work it^ the fweliing

N n 2 ' that

284 MEMOIRS^/ the

that often happens to thofe that work the lacquered wiare, and
Ibmetimes to thofe that only pafs by their ihops and look on them
at work, proceeds from the lac and not the varnifh, which lac
is the lap or juice of a tree that runs fiowly from it when cut,
and is carched by pots faftened to the tree for that purpole j it is
of the colour and confiilence of cream, the top that is expoled to
the air, immediately turns black, and the way they make it all
black and fit for ufc, is thus- they put a quantity into a bowl
snd ftir it contmually with a piece of Imooth iron for 24. or 30
hours, which will both thicken and make it black ; to this they
put a quantity of very fine powder of any fort of burnt boughs,
mix it very well together, and then with a brudi lay it fmooth on
any thing they dcfign t'o kcquer ^ they let it dry very well in the
fun, then it will be harder than the board it is laid upon ; after
it is throughly dried, they rub it v.ith a fmooth ilone and water
till it is as fmooth as glafs, then they lay on the varniili made of
turpentine and oil, boiled to a proper confidence for black lac 5
when they intend to have red or any other coloured lac, they
mix the colour in fine powder with the varniili and take care to
lay the varnifli on as fmooth as pofiibly they can, for therein lies
the art of lacquering weij 3 when they have a mind to paint in
gold or filver, ^c, they draw with a fine pencil dipped in the faid
varniili what flowers, birds or other figures they pleafe, and let it
lie till it begins to be dry, then they lay on the gold or filver-
leaf or pin d uii , c^/;.

It is well known that there is amongfi: the 'Bramines a language
called the Sanfcreet^ writ in a different character from what is
now in ufe, in this language arc written the ^orane or facred
hiftory 5 the SPjafiram being to them what the Bible is to Ghrif-
tians, as alio the four Beads-, whereof one is loft, containing their
divinity, law, phyfic, ^r. and ibme other books 5 this language is
not underftood by all BramineSy but only by the ftudious and
learned amongft them : One of the moft eminent in this place be-
Jng afked, how long it was fince the laid language was loft, an-
fwered that it was fpoken in the age of the Gods, or when they
lived upon earth, which by their calculation continued many
fhoufand years and ended ^q many years paft, as we reckon from the
ilood, or thereabouts 5 but they have little knowledge in chrono-
logy; It is evident, that feveral of the languages now fpoken in
India^ are derived(|^ra the Sanfcreet^ ?.nd one of the Uraminez
writ a book to ihew, that the prefent Illndofian^ or language ipo-
ken by the Moors in particular, is derived from thence 3 the Bra-
mines obfcrve our Sunday every week as a holy day , or day of reft j
befides this, they have their monthly holydays, for the 8th day
?.f:!^r the changt:* 0-' the niocn ii alw^^ys a d^y ot devotion, as alio
^ . " the

Royal Society; 285

the i4tli; and the nth day from the change is a ftri£l faft,
called Jaka 'Dafee, or Taka 2)(^fee -^ fo likewile the 8th day
from the t'uU-moon and the 14th are days of devotion, and the
nth a Taka 'Defee-^ befides thefe, they have throughout the
year feveral feftival days. Upon the death of any perlon, the
next of kin, efpecially a husband for a wife, a father for a
child and vice vcrfay as alfo a brother for a brother or fifler
deceafed, do mourn 1 5 days, during which time they eat nothing
but rice and water, and eat neither ^Betle^ nor mark their fore-
heads 5 but ufe feveral wafliings and variety of other ceremonies,
as carrying vid:uals to garden?, groves, and tanques, to diftribute
to the poor, and make feveral prayers that God would grant ^e
deceafed a good place in the other world, forgive him his fins,
be favourable to him, ^c. and upon the i(Jth day they make a
feaft, according as they are able, for all their friends and rela-
tions, and thole of the fame coaft, likewife yearly, upon the day
of his death, they give alms, i. e. vi(5luals, as they are able, to
more or lefs poor, with whom they make prayers for the deceafed.

^^e Motion of the Stomach and Guts 5 by 2)r. Chr. Pitt.
Phil. Tranf. N° 245. p. 278.

IN the diffe^lion of a dog, the doclor obferved that the periftal-
tic motion of the guts was continued throughout the llomach 5
the pylorus, that ufually appears after opening the dog, as nigh
as the diaphragm, being in every waving motion, brought below
the very bottom of the ftomach ; the do(^or could manifeftly ob-
ierve a conftriclion in the middle of the ftomach, at every motion
downwards, pafling thro' it in luch a manner as to be able to com-
prels what was contained in its cavity 5 and thefe motions were as
regular and orderly as ever he law them in the guts : He obferved
the fame motion in two or three others, whence one may lafely
conclude that it holds true in all: The motion of the ftomach
being performed in this manner, may give us a clear account of the
quicknefs of the diftribution of the nourifhment, the meat being
no iboner opened by the fpittle and liquor that we take in, than
it has a free motion by the 'Pylorus into the inteftines, which
is alraoft in a full ftream, from this compreffion in the middle of
the ftomach.

Vegetable Salts e^tra^ied-, by S. Fr. Redi.jtfhiL Tranf N° 243.

p. 281. ^^

BURN any Ibrt of herb, flower, fruit, wood, or whatever it
be, and make afhes thereof^ with the afhes and with pure
water in its natural temper, make the lee, which afterwards

ftraii.

286 M E xM O I R S oj the

ftrain thro' moift paper or a filter, fo as that it may become a?
clear aspoflible; then put the lee into a glafs veffel, and let it
remain in "Bcdneo Mar ice untill fuch timf as a great part of it
evaporates, according to the proportion obferved by luch as are
uled to thefe operations, and as the congelation of the fait is
defired to be more or lels expedited or retarded. 2. If you keep
the lee to evaporate by the fire, in glazed vefiels of earth, you
will lofe a great quantity of the falts, for as the lee grows thick,
the fait penetrates the bottom and fides of the vef{els of earth,
jind is lofl. 3. The quantity of water to make the lee off is not
determined, for the moll: part five pounds of water will extraft
all the fait from two pounds of afhes. 4. The afhes, whereof
you have already made the lee, and out of which you have ex-
tracted the fak, may, if you burn the fame in a brick furnace;
make another new lee, which ufually yields fome fmall portion
of fait. 5. The falts, extracted in the manner aforeiaid, when
the air is moid, are wont to melt j to obviate this inconveniency,
when you burn the materials in order to reduce them to afhes, it
is requifite to ule with them a proper quantity of fjlphur3 and if
it happens that the afhes are made to your hand, you rnay mix
them with fulphur, and keep the fame at the fire, till fuch tim^
as it be burnt- by this means, the fait will never come to run,
but become more white and cry ftal line. 6. There is no general
rule for the quantity of fulphur to be put into the materials you
thus burn 3 you may nevertheleis at a guefs lay, to 100 pounds
of materials 4 or 5 ounces of fulphur are ufjally fufficient. 7. AH
falts have a peculiar and determined figure, which they always
keep, altho' they are often relolved into water, and afterwards
congealed. 8. If in one only liquid, you diflolve together two or
three forts of falts of different figures, when they congeal, they
all affume their ancient and proper figure, and this happens not
only in fadlitious, but alio in mineral falts. If in a veflel fiill of
water, you diffolve equal or unequal quantities of vitriol of
Cyprus, rock allum, and of purified nitre, this water will be all
of an azure colour ; but when the water is evaporated, you will
obferve in the veffel, that th'e vitriol, the allum, and the nitre,
have re-affumed diftinftly their firfl figure, and that the vitriol
hath recovered its moft complete azure colour, leaving the nitre
and the allum with their ufual tranfparent whitenefs. 9. Aliho'
it belaid above ^ fiftat all falts have a proper and particular
figure, yet notwithftanding all this, fome forts of falts are ob-
ferved to have 2, 3, and 4 forts of figures 3 two forts have been
fcen in Icttice, in the Scorzoneroh^ m the mulk-melon, the
Sco^a, in the roots of Efula, in the black hellebore, in endive,

in

Royal Society. 287

in eye-bright, in wormwood, in forrel, and in ilioots of vines 5
3 ibrts in black pepper, and in incarnate rofes; 4 ibrts in the
white hellebore. 10. Befides the abovenrientioned divcriity of
figures which are found in falts, it is obfervable, that amongil: all
falts, of what figure foever, there are found ibme cubical, which,
the* they be never fo often diflblred and congealed, appear ftill
of a cubical figure, or inclining to it. ir. S. Redl knows not
that it is a general rule, that the different parts of herbs, fruits,
^c. make a diverfity in the figure of their falts ; but he fays,
particularly, that the falts of the leaves of laurel differ from that
of the wood, and that the figure of the ialt of the pulp of a
gourd differs from that of the rind. 12. Many falts of different
matter have the fame, or at leall: very like figures j the fait of
cucumbers hath a figure like the fait o^ Eye -bright ^ Mechoacan^
Scopa^ and Lettice-^ alfo all the fait of orange-flowers, rofes,
ginger, endive, ^Colloqulntiddy Scorzofiera root, white hellebore
roots and liquorilh are all like one another 5 coleworts and
rofemary-flowers yield a fait of one and the fame figure, as like-
wile do among themleives vine-branches, Ibrrel, black pepper,
the rind of pomegranates, and the roots of black hellebore,
15. To make the bodies of the falts, when they congeal, remain
diftin»Sl from each other, lb as that their figures may be obierved,
and not be entangled and heaped together 5 it is necelTary, that
very great diligence be ufed in evaporating the lee ; for if that be
wholly evaporated, or too great a part thereof, the llilrs make a
confufed cruft at the bottom of the vefTel- if the lees are left too
weak, the lalts require a very long time to congeal, and therefore
it is requifite to ule fuch diligence as is not to be gained without
long pradlice: The inilruments for determining the weights of
liquids may give a rule, which if not general, will at lealt come
very near the matter : The lees being reduced to a proper thick-
nefs, are put into little fmall glafles clofed with a flopple, and ^
kept in a very dry place, and you may expert that in time the
falts will congeal into cryftalline flioots, either in the bottom, or
on the fides of the veflel. 14. All forts of herbs, flowers, fruitwS,
or woods, when they are burnt, do not yield equally the lame
quantity of fair, but according to the diverfity of their fpecies, the
quantity of fait drawn from their afhes, is found difR^rent; the
ieaibns wherein the plants are gathered, occafion a great diver-
fity as alfo does the country, whether mount^Blious or champaign,
fea-coaft, marfhy or moift. 15. All bodies burnt, yield not the
fame quantity of afhes^ but there is a great diverfity, which you
may lee by the followipg proofs ;

Vegc-

288

MEMOlRSoffbe

Vegetables.

Aflies.

5alt3.

Allies from
ioo/i5. of
Vegetables.

Salts frbm
iZ^. of
Afhes.

Dried flowers of oranges^ ^
Gourds now gathered, which 7
dried in the oven were 36 /^. 3
Red onions being 720 roaftO
ed, the coals burnt to 16 /k(
to the coals were added 4^
ounces of fulphur J

Eye- bright frefh, and after-?
wards llilled and burnt S

Diftilled rofes
Maidenhair

Roots of black hellebore,?
which dried came to 50/^. 5
Roots of white hellebore frefli ?
which dried came to 50/^. 3
Roots dried and burnt of ?
frefli Efula 3

Roots of liquoiifii
Pellitory
Green endive
Green bindweed
Leaves of laurel
Leaves of laurel
Water-melons full ripe the^
feeds being taken 5

Cucumbers
Wood of ivy
Scorzonera dried
Pine-apples, the nuts taken?
out 3

Mugwort dried
Leaves of Cyprus
Peel of pomegranates dried
SalTafras

Lignum fan£lum
Yellow fanders
Black pepper
Ginger
Turbith
Wood of iirr
Scopae
Scopce
Wheat flower

/&. 1?^.' ou. ^Qu, "^Ib. ou.^ 0 gr,<9««5 9 gr-

100 4 6 oj o 5
800 4 o 010 o

400

150

120
100

150
ISO

96

30

20

100

90

2000
500

1000

2400
300

I 6 o

500

4 o I
900

600
200

o o

2 o

1 o

2 o
I o

33 o
6 o

25 o

18 o

9 o
5c 8 o

o 4

0 o

1 o

2 O

I

oj o

o' 2
ol 2

4, O

0,10

46000010 8

06000

0440

34000

34000
90000

40000

000

300

150

130

10

2

I

4

4

30

3 o

8 o

6 o

I 8

1 o

2 6
I I
I 2

1 7
I o

3 o
16 o
16 o

9 o

o o

o o

o o

o o

240

o 7 1

I I 1

300 o
001

004

I o o

1400

000
000
000
220
000
4210

000

9000
0000
0000

I o o o o

4 o

7 3

8 o

1 4

lO o

o 4

2 4

3 2

4 o

o o

5 o

o

o

o

o

o

2

o

1 o

o o

0 o

1 o

Uhe

Royal Society. 289

The heads of old garlick to 52 pounds were dried in a furnace
and burnt, from the afhes there was harcily any lalt t?o be gather-
ed : Thirty pounds of wheat flower burnt in a furnace with a little
fulphur, and burnt a-new in a potter's oven, gave 8 ounces of very
black afhes, which being baked again for 8 days, continually in
a brick furnace after the lee was made, there could not be a
grain of fait drawn from it 5 the like happened in 10 ounces of
aflies made from a Stare and a half of bran, burnt firll: in the
furnace with fulphur, and afterwards baked in a potter's oven,
and in one of bricks. 16. All falts whatever, drawn from the
afhes of vegetables, taken by the mouth, have a purging faculty,
and in a great mealiire more than what is by Ibme believed to be
in common lalt, which taken by the - mouth has little or none at
all, or if it have any, the proportion betwixt that of common lalt
and vegetables, is but as 2 to 8. 17. This folutive faculty is of
equal energy in all the lalts, in fuch a manner that the lalt of
Sumachy peel of pomegranates, myrtle-berries or maftick, purges
as much as the lalt of Rhubarb, Sena^ T'urbith^ Mechoacan^ and
all other fach like purgative drugs. 18. The dole to be uled is
the fame in all the falts, vizi. from two drachms and a half to half
an ounce, didblved in fix ounces of common water and broth:
S. Redi had obferved by an infinite number of experiments, that
half an ounce is wont to purge three pounds and a half, or four
pounds, or thereabouts, of matter, more or lels, according to the
complexions, and according to the fullnefs of the bodies it ope-
rates upon. 19. In purging, he found no difference betwixt thefe
falts that have fharp points, and thole that are obtufe and blunt,
or cubical ^ he had made frequent trials on divers perfons, cau-
fing the like cubical llones of cucumbers, ginger, colewort, and
liquorifh to be picked out, and he has leen, that they wrquoht
with the fame energy as the mpft acute hexagonal flones of the
fait of pepper, carnation-roiesj mechoacan, coleworts, cucum-
bers, ^c. 20. From the above oblervations, tho' you cannot
eftablifh a certain rule, you may neverthelels conje6^ure, not
without Ibme reafon, firft, that the falts drawn from the afhes of
herbs, flowers, fruits, '^c. do not retain that virtue and faculty
which phyficians believe the herbs, flowers, fruits, ^c. to be
endowed with 5 fecondly, you may very nearly be certain of the
proportion of afhes arifing from each fpecies of vegetables, and
of the quantity of fait which is afterwards to be drawn from
them. 21. You may alio obferve, that fome vegetables which
are inlipid and cold, as endive, pompion, and roles, have
yielded much more fait than others of a ftronger favour, more
Vol. III. O o aps-

290 M E M O I R S o/ the

aperitive and incifive, as onions, hellebore, laurel, maiden-
hair, and garlic, which, tho' fo rtrong, give none at all j but
perhaps it may be faid for this, that in theie there is a greater
quantity of volatile fait.

"ifhe Way of making Pitch, Tar, Rofin, and Turpentine 3 by
Mr, Tho. Bent. Phil. Tranf. N° 243. p. 291.

FIVE leagues from Marjeilles are very high mountains,
for the molt part covered with foreils of pine-trees, which
grow wild 3 half a league out of the road, you fee the rnaking
of pitch, tar, rolin, and turpentine, which is thus 3 in the
fpring time, when the fap is moil plentiful, they pare oft" the
bark of the pine to make it run down into a hole, cut on pur-
pofe at the bottom to receive it 3 as it runs, it leaves a cream
or cruft behind it, which they take and temper in water, and
fell to people for white bees-wax, that they make flambeaus
of, and is a great deal dearer 3 then they take up the juice in
fpoons from the bottom, and when they have thus got a good
quantity, they flrain it thro' a grocer's ballcet, fuch as they put
their Malaga raifins in, and that which runs eafiiy through is
the common turpentine 3 then they take what remains in the
bafket, and adding a fufficient quantity of water, they diftii it
in an alembic, the liquor fo diffilled is oil of turpentine, and
the calx that remains is common rofin 3 afterwards they cut
the ftock of the tree into large chips, and pile them hollow in
a cave, covering it atop with riles, fo as that lome air -may
come m to feed the fire 3 then burning them, there runs down
a thick juice to the bottom, where they make a fmall hole for
it to come out at, for too large a hole would let it all in a
flame, and the liquor that runs out is tar, then they take that
ofF, and boiling it gently over again, to conlume more of the
moifture, they fet it to cool, which when cold is pitch.

C>/Rufma and Alcanna 3 by Mr. Smith. Phil. Tranf N° 243.

p. 295.

TH I S black earth, which is called Rufma, and looks as
if it were burnt, mud be pounded in an iron or marble
mortar to a fine powder, and carefully fifred3 when you ufe
it, take one part of the faid powder and two parts of unflacked
lime, which when mixed together, put into a linen rag, and
infufe it in warm water for the fpace of a quarter of an hour,
or till it becomes of a black colour, then apply it to the place
from whence you would take the hair, and as foon as the hair

begins

I

Royal Society. 291

begins to be loofe, the part mull be wafhed with warm water
and foap. •

Alcanna is the leaf of a plant, dried and powdered, which
when Itceped a night in wine will dye the nails red.

To give Iron a Copper Colour; by Sir Robert Southwell:
Phil. Tranf. N° 249. p. 295. '

TA K E of fmall thin copper pieces, cleaned in the fire,
one ounce, of Apta-fonls three ounces, which being put
together in a glafs, the copper will be diflblved in three or four
hours; when u is cold, you may ufe it, by waihing it with a
feather upon the iron, made clean and imooth, which will pre-
fently take the colour of copper ; when it comes off by rubbing,
renew it again; but if you do it twice together, the iron will
look black.

7*0 gild Gold upon Silver; Ipy the Same, Phil. Tranf. N" 249.

p. 29<J.

BE A T a ducat thin, and diffolve it in two ounces of Aqua,
Reg-la, then dip a clean rag in it, and let the fame dry,
and do It over and over untill all the liquor is foaked up, thea
burn the rag, and with the tinder of it rub the fiiver over,
ufing a little fpmle with it, and if it happens that tae iilver
will not take, hold it to the f.re, to dry^off the greale, and
then it will have the defir'd eftea

7h- firanre EffeBs reported of the nncient Mufick e^amined-^

^j; f£lr. Wallis. Phil. Tranf. 1M° 243. P- ^-91-
I. TPHE Do6lor takes it for granted, that much of the
1 reports concerning the great eff.as of mufick m former
times, beyond what is to be found in latter ages, is highly
hyperbolical, and next door to fabulous, wherefore, he thmks
great abatements mud be allowed to its elogies. 2. We muit
confider, that mufick to any tolerable degree was then, if no.
a new' at leaft a rare thing,' which the rude people on whom
It is eported to have had fuch extraordinary e^cas, had
never he^'d before, and upon fuch a litrle muhck will do great
?eats • as we find at this day a fiddle or a bag-pipe at a country
morr ce dance. 3. We are to confider, that their mufick, even
Xer It came to W degree of perfeaion, was much more
plain and ilmple than oar's now a-days ; they had not conforts
^ two, thr.e^ four, or more parts or voices^ Dut one fingle
inftrument, or fingle voice at a time, which to a rude e^r is

O 0

292 M E M O I R S of the

much more taking than more compounded mufick 5 for that Is
at a pitch not above their capacity, whereas this other con-
founds them, as it v;ere, with a great noife, in which they can .
djftmguifh nothing of harmony. 4. ^Ye are to coniider, that
mufick with the ancients was of a larger extent than what we
call mufic now-a-days^ for poetry, and dancing, or a becoming
motion, were then accounted parts of mufick, when mufick
arrived to feme perfeflion^ now we know that verie of itfelf,
if in good meafure, or cadence, and affedionate language, and
fet to a mufical tune, and fung by a good voice, and accom-
panied but with foft inftrumental mufick, fo as not to drown
or obfcure the emphatic expreflions, like what we call recita-
tive mufick, will work llrangely upon the ear, and move all
the affections fuitable to the tune and ditty, whether brilk and
p'ealant, or foft and pitiful, fierce and angry, or moderate and
fedate, efpecially if it be attended with a becoming gefture and
a£lion3 for it is well known, that fuitable adion on a ftage
gives a great deal of life to the words fpoken : Now all thele
together, which were ingredients in what they called mufick,
mud needs operate flrongly on the fancies and affections of
ordinary people, unacquainted with fuch kind of entertain-
ments j for if the deliberate reading of a romance, when well
penned, will produce mirth, tears, joy, grief, pity, wrath or
mdignation, luitable.to the feveral intents thereof, much more
would it produce thele effe(5ts, if accompanied with all thofe
circumftances. 5. It will perhaps be afked, why may not all
this be now done, as well as then? In anfwer to this, no doubt
it may, and with a like effeft, if an addrefs be made to the
paiTions in proper words, with moving accents m juft meafures,
either poetical or rhetorical, with the emphatic words fet in
fignal places, pronounced with a good voice and a true accent,
and attended with a becoming gefture : All thele fuitably
adjufted to the pailion, affection, or temper of mind, particu-
larly defigned to be produced, be it joy, love, grief, pity, cou-
rage, or indignation, will certainly now, as well as then,
produce great effects upon the mind, efpecially upon a fur-
prize, and where perfons are not otherwife pre-engaged 5 and
if lb managed, as that you be, or feem to be in earneft, and if
you do not over-a6t by an apparent affectation. 6. We are to
confider, that the ufual defign of what we now call mufick, is
very different from that of the ancients 5 for what we now call
Mujicky is but what they called Harmonic^ which was but one
part of their mufick, confifting of words, verfe, voice, tune, in-
Itrument and a^ion, and thus we are not to expect the fame

cffecl

Royal Society. 293

efte6l of one piece, as of the whole. 7. "When mufic was ar-
rived to a great perfection, it was applied to particular defigns
of exciting this or that particular affe6i:ion, paffion or temper
of mind, its tunes and meafures being fuitably adapted to
fuch defignsj but luch defigns feem almoft quite neglefted in
our prefent mufic, for the chief Icope now in our moli accom-
pli (hed muiic is to pleale the ear, when by a Iweet mixture at
different parts and voices, with cadence and concord intermixed,
a grateful found is produced, which the judicious mufician alone
can difcern and diftingui/h. 8. It is true, that even this com-
pound mufic admits of different characters ^ Ibme are more brific
and airy, others more ledate and grave, others more languid,
as the different lubjedts require : But that which is moil proper
to excite particular paflions or difpofitions, is luch as is mofi:
fimple and uncompounded 5 fuch as a nurle's languid tune, lul-
ling her babe to lleep, or a continual reading in an even tone, or
even the fort murmur of a little rivulet, running upon gravel or
pebbles, incline to a quiet repole of the fpirits j and contrariwile
the brifltnefs of ajiggon a kit or violin, excites to dance, and
thefe are more operative towards fuch particular ends than Siji
elaborate compofition of full mufic. 9. To conclude, if we aim
only at pleafing the ear by a Iweet concert, no doubt but our mo-
dern compofitions may equal, if not exceed, thole of the ancients;
amongft which there is not found any footfteeps of what we call
ieverai parts or voices, as i;a/e, treble^ mecin^ Sec, lung in concert,
anfwering each other, to complete the mufic : But if we would
have our mufic fo adjufted, as to excite particular paflions, af-
fections or tempers of mind, as that of the ancients is fuppoled
to have done, we rauft apply more iimple ingredients, fitted to
the temper we would produce^ and this no doubt but a judicious
compoler may fo effed, that without the help of luch hyperboles,
as the ancient mufic is wont to be let ofF with, ours may be made
to perform as great feats as any of theirs.

u4 Roman Coffin afid other Roman Antiquities and Coins 5 hy
Mr. Ralph Thoresby. Phil. Trarii. K° 244- P- 3 10.

MR. Thoresby procured part of the bottom (which confifled
of leveral pieces for the conveniency of baking) of an old
Roman coffin, that was dug up ia their burying ground out of
Soutbam bar at Tork-^ it is of the red clay, but not lb fine as
the urns, having a greater quantity of the coarfe land wrought in
with the clay j as to the form, which is entire as it was at firll
moulded, it is 14 inches and a half long and about 11 broad at

the

294 M E M O I R S ^//6^

the narroweft end, and nigh ii and an half at the broadeft^ this
was the loweil; part for the feet, and the reft was proportionably
broader till it came to the flioulders 5 it is an inch thick befides
the ledges, which are one inch broad and two thick, and extend
from the bottom of either fide to within three inches of the top,
where it is altogether flat and fomewhat thinner for the next to
lie upon it • the feveral parts whereof were thus joined together
by pins, as may be preilimed ; tor at the end of each tile is a
hole, that would receive a common flate pin 5 thele edges are
wrought a little hollow, probably, to receive the fides, and at
the feet are two contrary notches to faften the end piece : This
bottom might be concluded to have confided ftridlly of eight
liich parts, from the character eight ftamped upon the clay by the
Sandapilariuis (i. e. lexton's) finger before its baking, but that
it is fomewhat doubtful whether numeral chara6iers be of that
antiquity in thefe European parts. Mr. l^horesby had fome
fcrapes of broken urns, of a very fine clay, with which was found
a Roman fhuttle, about three inches and a half long, bat not one
inch broad in the very middle; the h How for the Lkium or
thread being but one fourth of an inch in the broadeft place,
fhews that it was either for filk or very fine linnen, perhaps for
their Asbeftimim or incombuftible cloth. He alfo procured a Ro-
man pottle from ^Iborougby which is of the red clay, but much I,
coarfer than the Tork urn?, which he took to be flriaiy the half L
of their Congius, and comes the nigheft to Mr. Greaves com.pu- m
tation, containing three pints and an \\d\^ IVinchefier meaiure.
He received 22 old Roman coins f'om Mr. To\Vnley o^ 'I*o--W!ile}\
which were found in the parifli di 'Burnley in Lancapire-j many
of them were confuiar, or family coins, one of them, viz,
^CaJJiHS was 1^2 years before Chrift, according to Gokzius's
method, being ftriaiy the fame he makes ^. U, C. 589. That
they were the ancient Roman iJenarii^' and coined before the
emperor's times, notwithftanding the contrary lentiments of fome
learned men, is evident, becaufe there is moitly inftead of the
emperor's head, the antique form of the city's head, without an
infcription^ befides Tacitus calls thefe bigati and quadrigati, ■
pecuniam veterem ac dlu notam, i. e. coins having the image of
a chariot drawn by two and by four horles, as ancient and long
known. Again, others have upon them Roma, which is not
uled by any of the emperors, except thofe iiTiall pieces that were
coined upon the tranflarion of the empire to Conftantinople -^
again, the letters in thefe are often interwoven, as particularly
V— L m one Mr. Thoresby had of Z. l^akrius Fkccus A U. C.

CDXCIL

Royal Socie ty. 295

CDXCII. wliich according to Gokzius is the 7th year after the
Romans firft began to ftamp (ilver money • and to mention no
more, many are filed in fmall notches round the edge, of which
fort Mr, ^horeshy had Ibme of Scifi'o j4fiaticus^ &c. and other
confular pieces, but he never faw any of a Liter date.

7^5 Symptoms attending the Site of a Serpent 5 by Mr. Aar.
Goodyear. Phil. Tranf. N° 245. p. 351.

MR. Robert 'Burdett an Englljh merchant at Aleppo was
bit by a ferpent on the left wrift, near the pulle towards
his hand ^ it feemed at firft like two pricks of a pin, he imme-
diately vomited, and his wrift and hand began to fwel], he had
fome few days before a loofenefs, which perhaps this incieaied 3-
he rode eafily after he was bit about two miles from home, he
laid he fe r no pain, but had a great defire to lleep, his arm con-
tinued fwelling upwards and grew black; fome few remedies
were applied, and his arm was cupped and Icarined, he conti-
nued rfill without pain, but was very drowfy ; at laft the fwelling
came up to his (houlder, and then he cc;mplained much, and
within a quarter of an hour he died: He was bit about 10 in the
forenoon and died about 3 in the afternoon ; his body 1 welled
much after he was dead, and purged : The fnake was like a com-
mon fnake for length, of a dark fandy colour with black fpots^
his two teeth, or fangs were like thole of a rattle-lhake on the
upper jaw j the poilon lies in the gums, and wherever they fetch
blood of any creature they certainly kill, tho' in Ibme parts
fboner than m others: The people c)f the country lay, that if, as
foon as one is bit by a ferpent, he immediately fucks the wound,
he may be faved 5 but he muil firft rub his gums and teeth with
oil, that none of the poifon may touch any place where the Ikin
is broken, and immediately fpit out what he has lucked, every
time wafhing his mouth, and taking more oil. This lerpent
killed a dog in about 8 minutes time, biting him at the end of
his ear; and two young turkeys afterwards in 9 or 4 minutes
each, biting them at the end of a claw; then poiioning the
fnake with the oil of tobacco out of a reed-pipe, that had been
much ufed and not cleanled for a week or two, it died in about
two or three minutes, trembling as foon as the oil was thrown
into its mouth.

J Me-

296 MEMOIRS^ the

A Method ofinftru5ilng ^erfons De3i£ and Dumb to /peak, and
tinder jl and a Language 5 hy 2)r. Wallis. Phil. Tranf. N° 245.
P-355-

IN order to teach a deaf perfon a language, it b, neceflary in
the firft place that he be taught to write, that fo there may
b- fomewhat to exprels to the eye what the Ibund of the letters
reprelents to the ear: It will next be very convenient, becaule
pen and ink are not always at hand, that he be taught how to
riCiign each letter by forae certain place, pofition or motion of a
finger, hand or other part of the body, which may_{erve inftead
of writing 5 as for inftance the five vowels a^ e^ /, 0, u^ by point-
ing to the top of the five fingers 5 and the other letters h^ r, 5, &c.
by fuch other place or pojfture of a finger as ihall be agreed upon.
After this a language is to be taught the deaf perfon, by fuch
like metiTods as children are at firft taught, tho' the thing per-
haps is not much heeded, only with this difterence, children
learn founds by the ear, but the deaf perfon is to learn the marks
of thoie founds by the eye 5 but both the one and the other do
equally fignify the fame thing, or notion, and are equally of
mere arbitrary fignification. It is then moft natural, as children
learn the names of things, to furnifh them by degrees with a l^o-
fnenclator^ contaming a competent number of names of things
common and obvious to the eye, that you m.ay fhew the thing
anlwering to luch a name 5 and thefe are to be digelled under
proper titles, and placed under them in fuch order, in fe^^eral co-
lumns or other regular fituation in the paper, as by their pofition
may belt exprefs to the eye their relation or refpe6l to each
other ; as contraries or correlatives, one over againft the other,
iubordinates or appurtenances under their principals, which may
ierve as a kind of local memory 5 thus in one paper under the
title Mankind may be regularly placed, man^ i^oman^ child, &c.
and if you pleafe the names of fbme known perfons, with fpaces
left to be fapplied with other like names or words, as afterwards
there may be occafion for; then in another paper under the title
body may be written, in the like proper order, the parts of the
body, as head, hair, fKin, ear, face, neck, breaft, belly, ^c. with
like vacant fpace^as before, for more to be added as there is oc-
cafion : And when he hath learned the import of words in each
paper, let him write them in like manner in diftin61: leaves or
pages of a book, prepared for that purpofe, in order to confirm
his memory, and to have recourfe to it upon any occafion. In a
third paper you may inftruct him in the inward parts, as the

fkull,

Royal Society. 297

fcull, throat, ftomach, heart, lunns, ^c In another paper, under
the title Seaft may be placed^the feveral kinds of beafcs, as
horlc, cow, n-ieep, hog, dog, hare, ^c. under the title Sir dor
Fo-wl the leveral kinds of birds, as hen, duck, goolc, kite,
lark, ^c. under the title Ffjb, put pike, eel, plaice, lalmon, lob^
fler, ^c. You may then put plants or vegetables under feveral
heads or fubdivifions of the lame head, as trees, fruits, flowers,
herbs, corn, ^c. And the like of inanimates, as heaven, iun,
moon, liars, elements, earth, metals, minerals, waters, air, me-
teors, fire, ^c. Under the title Charts put the feveral lorts,
both woollen, linen, ^c. and under the title Houfe, Room, &c.
the parts, furniture and utenfils thereunto belonging, with divi-
fions and fubdivifions as there is occafion ; ?nd in like manner
may be added from time to time more colkaions or clafies of
names or words, properly digefted under diftinft heads and iuit-
able diflributions, to be written in dillina leaves or pages of his
book, in fuch order as may feem moH convenient. When he is
furnifhed with a competent number of names, it will then be
time to teach him under the titles fwgular and plural, the for-
mation of plurals from fingulars, by adding s or eSy hand,
hands, face, faces, fi/li, fifhes, ^c. with fome few irregulars,
as man, men, woman, women, foot, feet, moulc, mice, ox,
oxen, ^c. which, will ferve for poffeffives, to be afterwards
taught him, that are formed from their primitives, by the hke
addition of s or es, except fome few irregulars ^ as my, mine,
thy, thine, our, ours, ^c. and in all thofe and other the like ca-
fes it Will be proper firft to fliew him the particulars, and then
the general title: Then teach him in another page or paper the
Particles, as a, the, thefe, ^c. and the "Pronouns, as I, thou, he,
they, who, ^c. then under Jd]-Iiive, Suhjiantive, teach him to
connea thefe, as my hand, your head, their fhoes, ^c. To
furnifh him with more adjedives, under the title Colours, you
may place black, white, grey, ^c. and having towed the parti-
culars, let him know thele are called colours 5 the liKe tor taite,
fmell, hearing, and touch or feelings from whence you may fur-
nifh him with examples of adjeaives with fubdantives, as white
bread, foft chede, my black hat, ^c. And then invemng the
order, fubftantive and adjeaive with the verb copulative between,
as filver is white, gold is yellow, lead is heavy, I am not
well, ^c, which will give him fome notion of lyntax: In hke
manner, when fubftantive and fubftantive are cormeaed, as gold
is a metal ^ a rofe is a flowery larks are birds, ^^6". then as thole
before relate to qualitv, you may give him iome other words re-
VoL. III. * Pp ^^^^"S

298 ME M O I R S of the

lating to quantity 5 as long, fliort, broad, many, full, ^c. Then
words of figure^ /as ilraigbt, round, concave, convex, ^c. Of
gelture, as ftand, fit, ^c. of nriotion, as move, run, fly, creep, ^c^
then words relating to time, place, number, weight, meafure,
money, ^c. are in proper time to be ihewed him diflinclly ; as
likevvife the names and fituations of places and countries, which
are convenient for him to know, which m.ay be written regularly
in his book, and fliewcd him in maps, ^c. After the concord
of fubftantive and adjective, he is to be fhewed by proper ex-
amples that of the nominative and verb, as for infcance, 1 go, he .
fits, the fire burns; with the titles on the top, Nominative, Verb^
after this under the titles nominative, verb, accufative, give him
examples of verbs tranfitive; as, you fee me, the fire burns the
wood; or even with a double accufative, as, you teach me writ-
ing, or to write. After this you may teach him the flexion or
conjugation of a verb, or what is equivalent thereunto; for in the
Erigiip tongue each verb hath but two tenfes, the prefent and the
preterperfeci, and two participles the a6iive and the paffive, all the
reft is formed by auxiliaries, which have no more tenfes than the
other verbs; thofe auxiliaries are, do, did, will, would, fliall,
jfhould, may, might, can, could, muft, ought to, have, had,
am, be, was; and if by examples you can infinuate the fignifica-
tion of thefe few words, you will then have taught him the whole
flexion of the verb ; and here it will be proper once for all to
write him out a full Ipccimen of fome verb, fuppoie toy6'6', thro'
all thofe auxiliaries ; the verb itfeif hatK but thefe four words to
be learned, fee, faw, feeing, feen, except that, after thou in the
fecond perfon fingular in both tenfes, Vv^e add efi^ and in the
third perfon fingular of the prefent tenle eth or es, or inftead
thereof/, thy 5, and fo in all verbs; then to the auxiliaries, do,
did, will, would, fhall, fliould, may, might, can, could, muff,
ought to, we adjoin the indefinite y^^; and after have, had, am,
be, was, the paffive participle feen, and fo for all other' verbs.
But the auxiliary am or he is fomewhat irregular, ami, art, is, in
the fingular and are in the plural ; waft, was, in the fingular,
and were in the plural; be, bcefl, in the fingular, be in the plu-
ral; were, wert fingular, and were plural : Be, am, was, being,
been ; which attended with the other auxiliaries, make up the
whole paflive voice. All verbs without exception in the parti-
ciple a6^ive, are formed by adding ing^ as, fee, feeing, teach,
teaching, ^c. the prefer tenle and the participle paffive are
formed regularly by adding cdy but are often fubjecl; to contrac-
tions and other irregiilflruies of that kind, fometimes the fame in

bothj

RoVAL Society. 299

both, fometimes different 5 and therefore it is proper hereto give
a table of verbs, efpecially the mofl uiual, forthole three cales,
which may at once teach their fignification and their formation,
as boil, boiled, boiled, bake, baked, baked, ^c. teach, taught,
taught, buy, bought, bought, ^c. give, gave, given 5 write,
wrote, written, ^c. ^

Having thus difpatched the verbs, he is then to learn the pre-
pofitions, wherein lies the whole regimen of the noun; for, dA-
veriity of cafes we have none, the force of which is to be infi-
nuated by proper examples, luired to their diiferent bonifications,
as for inflance^ of, a piece of bread 5 a cup of water ; a pint of
wine, £5?/:. and in like manner, ofF, on, to, from, at, h\ by, ^c.
and by this time he v^ill be pretty well enabled to undcrftand a '
fingle fentence. In the lad place, he is in like manner to be
taught conjunctions, that ferve to conne£l not only words but fen-
tences ; as, and, if, but, becaufe, therefore, ^c. and thefe to be il-
luftrated to him by examples 5 as, becaufe I am cold, therefore I
go to the fire, that I may be warm 3 for it is cold weather. By
this tim.e his book, if well furnifhed with plenty of words and
thole well digefted under feveral heads and m proper order, and
well recruited from time to time, as new words occur, will ferve
him in the nature both of a dictionary and grammar : And in
cafe the deaf perfon be otherwife of a good natural capacity and
the teacher of good fagacity, by this method proceeding gradually
itep by ftep, you may with diligence and a due application of
teacher and learner, in a year's' time or thereabouts perceive a
greater progrefs than you could expea, and thereby a good foun-
dation laid for further inftru£iion in matters of religion and
other knowledge, which may be taught by books. It will be
convenient all^along to have pen, ink and paper at hand, to
write down in words what you lignify to him by figns, and caule
him to write, or fhew him how to write whatever hem.eans by
figns 5 which way of fignifying their minds by figns, deaf perlons
are often very good at 3 and' we mult endeavour to learn tneir
lanc^uage, if I may fo call it, in order to teach them ours, by
lliewing what words anfwer to their figns : It will alio be proper,
as vou go on, after lome convenient progrels made, to exprexs
in as plain language as may be, the import of fomeof tne tables 5
as for mftance; the head is the higheft part or the body 5 the feet
the loweft part, the forehead is over the eyes, ^C. and luch plain
diicourfe, put into writing and particularly explained, will teach
him by degrees to underfiand plain fcntences :- And liich hke^ad-
vantages a fa^acious teacher may take, as occaiion otters, 'xhis
^ ^ P p 2 Hiethod

joo MEM O IR S of the

method Dr. JVallis ufed wkh gooa lucceis in teaching Mr. Alex-
ander 'Popkam, who was born deaf, to Ipeak dillinaiy and to
underftand a language, fo as to exprefs his mind tolerably well
in writinf', and underftand what was written to him by others, as
he had before taught Mr. Daniel JVbaky.

Ohfervatiofis in ISlew Holland 5 by M. Witfen. Phil. Tranf.
N° 24.5. p. 5^1-

IN a voyage to the South land, called HollarMa Nova, it has
been dilcovered that the Ibil oF the country is very barren and
]ikeadelart3 no fre(h-water rivers have been found, but fome
falt-water ones ^ as alio no four-footed beafts , except one as great
as a dog, with long ears, that lives in the water as well as on the
land : J3lack-fwans, parrots and many lea-cows were found there,
as alfo a lake, whofe water feemed to be red, becaule of the red-
nefs of Its bottom, and along the ihore there was iome lalt 5 our
people fiw but 12 of the natives, all as black as pitch and ftark
naked, who were fo nnuch affrighted at feeing of them that they
could not be brought to a converfation or a meeting • they lodge
themfelves, as the Hottentots do, in pavillions made of fmall
branches of trees : By night the people faw fires all over the coun-
try, but when they drew near, the natives were fled 5 the coaft is
very low, but the country diftant from the fea is high : Upon
the ifland near the coaft were feen rats as large as cats in great num-
bers, all which had a kind of a bag or purfe hanging from the
throat upon the breaft downwards^ there were found many fweet
fcented trees, out of the wood of which may be drawn oil fmel-
lina like a rofe, but for the reft they were li-nall mean trees, there
were alio found fome birds nefts of a prodigious bignels, {o that fix
men could not, by ftretching out their arms fathom one of them,
but the fowls were not to be found ^ there was great ftore of oyfters,
lobfters and crabs 5 as alfo of ftrange Ibrts of fi/h; there were
alio infinite numbers of flies which are very troublelbme3 they
faw a great many footfteps of men and children, but all of an
ordinary bignels 3 the coaft is dangerous and full of rocks.

t/o make the Glole Looking-Glafsj l?y Sir Rob. Southwell.
Phil. Tranf. N° 245. p. 3(^3.

TAKE quickfilver, marcafite of filver, of each three
ounces, nn and lead, of e-ich half an ounce, thele two
throw firll upftn the marcafite and laft of all the quickfilver 3
ftir them well together ;, but they muft be taken from the fire,
;ind towards cooling, before the quickfilver be added, let your

glals

Royal Society. 301

glals be well warmed, then pour in the mixture, and roll it from
fide to fide.

Note^ this will alfo do when cold, but it is befl when the glafs
is heated and very dry.

Note_ alfo, that if your ball be of yellow glals, then all will
fhine like gold.

I0 faint G4als ivith Marble Colours j hy Sir Robert Southwell;

Phil. Tranf. N« 245. p. 9^4.
I. /^ RIND well upon a flone fome Minium for red. 2. Ra-
VJT dix CurcuntcCi or rather Ceruffa Citrlna for yellow.
3. Smalt for blue. 4. Verdegreafe for green. 5. Ceruffa^ or
chalk, for white 5 which being all feparately wrought in oil, take
a brudi of hog's hair dipped in any of the faid colours, and it
will, being rolled in your hand, fcatter the fame upon the glafs;
then with your pencil work them together as you think fit 5 and
laftly, fling a little mead amongft them, which covers all.

Ihe Magic-lantern improved j hy the Same, Phil. TranH
N° 245. p. 354.

THERE are made every where of thefe lanterns to repre-
fent and magnify figures upon a wall, but then it is on'y in
the darkj wherefore, to give variety of colours, take oil oflpike,
and therein mix the leveral colours, wherewith you would have
your glafs to be ftained 5 paint them finely on, they prefently dry,
and penetrate any glafs.

^he Phofphorus metallorum 5 hy the Same. Phil. Tranf. 3S]° 245.

p. 5(^5.

TAKE JLapis Smaragdi mineralis, fuch as is found in the
mines of Saxony^ and beat it into a very fine powder 5 if
you ftrew this very thin on any metal, and in any figure, and fet
the plate on hot coals, in a little time you will perceive a light
to fhine in the dark, which will lafl: as long as you continue the
hot coals j and ii you put out the fire, it may do again for once
or twice 3 but then the virtue will fade.

Mineral Waters at Eglingham in Northumberland^ hy 2)r>
Cay. Phil. Tranf. N"^ 245. p. 3^5.

THE Do<^or had a mineral water lent him from Egling-
ham^ which he found turned almoft quite as black as if
galls were put into it, tho' it had been brought at leait 50 miles
by land-carriage 5 after he had llovvly evaporated in a glafs

more

302 M E M O 1 R S ?/ /y&^

more than one half of this water, it ftill retained the fame
black quality, and ilruck as deep with galls as ever, and at
lafl: it yielded him a real and genuine vitriol. The oker which
this water let fall in very great plenty, he did not much mind,
being a thing common to all ink-like waters. The Dofl:or was
furprifed at this pha^nomenon, and could not bring himfelf to
think it poffible, rhat the pyrites lying conftantly under water,
/liculd ever yield vitriol, and he knew of nothing elfe, at leaft
in England^ that it could be obtained from. But having an
opportunity to vifit this notable well, he found cut that this
vitriol water, was what run thro* a drift made for the draining
of a row of old wrought coal-pits a little above, and was
informed by fome old men, that formerly wrought in thefe
pits, that there was plenty of the pyrites there, by them called
brafs-lumps; and that this drift was fbmetimes dry, and fome-
times run with a plentiful ftream; which is as probable an
account how this water comes to have vitriol in it, as any one
may expc(fi.

The Gall-Bee 5 hy Mr. Benj. Allen. Phil. Tranf. N° 245.

P- 375-

IN fome Aleppo galls, which the infers had not eat their
way thro', Mr. Allen found a fort of bee, refemblmg our
fmall lort of wild bees, they have long wings, a deep belly,
and on the back, near the commiffure, to the body, it is of a
j[^reenifh black, the reft reddiOi, near a cinnamon colour:
Thefe galls are very gummy, and fome of them had a ftem,
and the cavity round them was fo extremely gummy, that not
the leafl: entrance to it appeared, tho' the bee was beginning to
make its way out 5 and from this it may appear, that the armo-
fpherical air is not neceffiry to the effence of life, before the
organs of the body are employed ; but that it is maintained by
a fubtilcr air, that pervades the more minute pores, as it is
conveyed to fidi thro' the water: Mr. Allen alfo found in the
greyer fort of galls, that are not fo rich in gum, a fmall
ichneumon of a bright green.

Ibe Death-watch 5 by Mr. Benj. Allen. Phil. Tranf. N^ 245.

p. 375.

MR. Allen traced a death-watch by the noife, and found
it in a copper-body, that relembled dried dirt in colour:
He found another on a rotten poft y this fmall bettle had ano-
ther that anfvvered it in the fame room, and after a minute*s

diftina

y^

h

A.

■»

^&^-

'^mw'

B

c

^'. J?n^/i. de^

JS'u/^^Sc,

Royal Society. 303

<liftin6l beating, would forbear for the other to anfwerj the
part it beats with is the extreme edge of the face, which may
be called the upper lip, the mouth being protra61ed by this
bony part, and lying underneath out of view 5 it was .^ of an
inch long, the colour a dark brown, with fpots fomewhat
lighter, irregularly placed^ which would not readily rub ofFj
they feemed to lie rather athwart the. back, and directly on
the head, as in Fig. 3. Plate IX. which is much of the fame
fize with it, where the Macule are defigned for the greyifh
Ipotsj under the Vaginae are pellucid wings, and the body
is of a dark colour; the head appeared large, by reaibn of a
large cap or helmet, which covered it round, only turned up
a little at the ear, from under this appeared the head, which
was flat and thin, the eyes forwards, the lip hard and ihining,
the bars of the helmet greyifh 3 two Antennae proceeded fromi
under the eyes, which by their meeting on the breaft,
Mr. Allen conjeflured was to affift .their feeding, and were
rather 'ProbofceSj and that the helmet was turned up for the
fake of hearing, and the belly plicated like other beetles : The
other beetle, that anfwered it, was iefs, and the marks on the
back not {o diftinct: By the microfcope, he difcovered th^
marks to be fpots of hair thick fet, of a caftor colour ^ the
head all hairy, and the face thick of curled hair; on the belly
was a little hair, but thin fet; the eyes appeared large as in
Fig. 4. the fuperficies confifting of many fmall fquares fur-
rowed deep between, and thefe lay in lines defcending tranf-
verfly towards the nofe; thefe eyes were not moveable, but
contiguous to the face, without any cavity to receive them, and
they were very opaque; the Antennae proceeded from under
the eyes, the firft large joint having a cavity, out of which it
proceeds at the fides of the lip; between the eyes, the face
rifes in a little ridge, which is the nofe, and is fignified by the
light part of the face ; and juil below it, the noitrils are co-
vered by ftraight pendulous hair, proceeding from the lower
ridge of the nofe; under this hair the cavity is dark, below
the nofe, the lip-fhades fliew the more depreft places; under
this lip are four vilible ForcipcSi two of each fide to lay hold
on its food.

An

304 ME M O I R S of the

An Eruption of Fire near Fierenzolaj hy Dr. Rob. ^t. Claif.
Phil. Tranf. N° 245. p. 578.

DR. St. Clair received an account from his brother, that on
the fide of one of the Appenine mountains, half way
betwixt Bologna and 'Florence^ near a place called ^etra mala^
about five miles from Fierenzola, there is a fpot of ground
about three or four miles diameter, which inceffantly fends up
a flame rifing very high, without noife, fmoak, or fmell, yet it
gives a very great heat, and it has been oblerved to be thus at all
times, except when great rains fell, which put it out for a time 5
but when it is over, it burns with greater vigour and heat than
before^ the fand about it, when turned up, fends forth a flame;
but within three or four yards of it, there grows corn all round
about, for it continues always in the fame fpot : The flame
fecms to proceed from a vein of Situmen or Naphtha^ that
crops, as the miners call it, only here 5 which, when by plow-
ing, or fome other accident, the upper cruft has been turned
up, was kindled into a flame, by the heat and agiiation of the
air, as other falino-fulphureous bodies are, of which Mr. Boyle's
phofphorus is a particular inftance, the like fpontaneous accen-
Son is feen in many mineral fabftances, bur none that I know
of, fo quick in its produ6lion, or fo lafl:mg, as this is ; the
whole woods and fields around having been dcftroyed by it 5 the
neighbours there have been fo little curious to obferve it, that
they believed there was a great hole in the place the flame
proceeded from 5 but the Doctor's brother found it to be firm
ground; neither does any tkere remember, when, and upon
what occafion it firfl: began: The flaming well near Wigan
feems to proceed from a caule much like this, in which you
may boil an egg, and upon the approach of a lighted candle, it
takes fire; both feem to proceed from a 'Naphtha, or fubtilc
tBitwnsn^ only that is in a hotter country, and in a dryer foil,
is more fubtile and inflammable 5 jufl: as the ^Petroleum (rock
oil) which is found in Italy ^ is a white like fpirit of turpen-
tine, and is more penetrating than the ^Petroleum which is found
in more northern countries; an inftance of which we have in a
well two miles diftant from Edinburgh called the jBaulme "Jcelh
of a blackifh-red colour, and very thick ; but being difl:illed,
does in colour, tafte, and fmell, refemble that of Italy: The
fpontaneous accenfion of the Naphtha feems to be made out by
the Imcll our Bitumen near Edinburg yields, being almoft like

coal-

L

Royal Society. 305

coal-fmoak ^ there are three fuch fires on the fame hills that are
extinguifhed in the fummer, bur burn in the winter 5 the rea-
Ion of which the Dodor judged to be thus, that the bowels of
the earth being cooler in the fummer than in the winter, do
not fend forth that quantity of thofe fubtilc exhalations, as may
be fufficient to maintain a flame in fummer ^ but in winter the
bowels of the earth being hotter, which is evident by the
fmoaking of fprings in winter and not in fun\mer, and from the
experience of miners, when greater plenty of ileams are fent
forth, which are agitated in the air into a flame, the brifk motion
of the parts, one againft another, being promoted by the fubtility
and briflc agitation of the aerial particles, that mutually affift
each other.

A neia Lamp 5 hy 2)r. Rob. St. Clair. Phil. Tranf. N° 245.

p. 380.

ET a lamp, made two or three inches deep, with a pipe
coming from the bottom, almoft as high as the top of the
veflel, be filled firft with water, fo high as to cover the hole of
the pipe at the bottom, to the end the oil may not get in at
the pipe, and fo be loft 5 then let the oil be poured in, fo as to
fill the veffel almoft brim-full, which muft have a cover
pierced with fo many holes as there are defigned to be wicks 5
when the veffel is thus filled, and the -wicks are lighted, if
water fall in by drops at the pipe, it will keep the oil always at
the fame height, or very near it, the weight of water to that of
oil being, according to Klrcher's table, as 20 if is to 19, which
in two or three inches will make no confiderable difference; if
the water runs fafter than the oil waftes, it will only run over at
the top of the pipe 3 what does tiot run over, will come under
the oil, and keep it to the fame height.

Experiments about Freezings hy M. Des Mafters. Phil,
Tranf. N° 245. p. 584.

A Tube off of an inch diameter, being filled with water to
the height of 2 inches, and fet to freeze in a mixture of
fnow and fair, the water when perfedly frozen, appeared i|: of
an inch above the ma.rk it ftood at before freezing : Another
tube of almoft an inch diameter, being ^Jled with water
to the height- of 6 inches, and fet to freeze as before, rofe
I of an inch above the mark ; the water made ufe of, was a
ibrt of rough pump water, which, according to what trials
had been made with it, did, upon the efFufion of oil of tartar
Vol. III. Q.q ^''

3o6 M E M O I R S of the

p?r T^eliquiut}}, immediately turn milky and muddy 5 and the
ice of this water was a fort of very rarified white ice : The
tube of almoft an inch diameter being filled to the height
of 6 inches as before, with river water, which would readily
mix with oil of tartar, without the leaft precipitation, and fet
to freeze in a mixture of fnow and fait, it gained but | of an
inch after it was frozen, whereas the pump-water got f of an
inch ^ it was obfervable, that when the water in all thefe ex-
periments began to freeze, a great many fmall bubbles conti-
nually rofefrom the bottom: A tube being filled with boiled
pump-water to the height of fix inches, and fet to freeze as
before, it rofe hardly to 7 of an inch above the mark, when
the fame water unboiled rofe to f.

^rognoftics of Hurricanes 5 hy Capt. Langford. Phil. Tranf.
N° 245. p. 407.

IT hath been the cuftom of the ErigUJh and French inhabi"
tantsof the Caribhee iflands to fend in, about the month o^
June^ to the native Caribbees oi2Jominico^nd St. Vincent^ to know
whether there would be any hurricanes that year 5 and about 10
or 1 2 days before the hurricane came, the natives conftantly
fent them word, and it very feldom or ever failed^ from one of
thefe hidians^ Capt. Langford had the folio irg prognoflics 5
I. All hurricanes come either on the day of the full, change,
or quarter of the moon. 2. If it will come on the full-moon,
you being in the change, then oblerve thefe figns; that day
you will fee the fkies very tucbulent, the fun more red than
at other times, a great calm, and the hills clear of clouds, or
fogs over them, which in the highlands are feldom io-^ likewife
in hollows, or concaves of the earth, or wells there will be a
great noile, as if you were in a great ftorm, and at night the
ftars looking very big with burrs about them, and the ncrtti-
weft fky very black and foul, the fea fwelling ftronger than at
other times, as ufually it doth in great ftorms, and fometimes
for an hour or two that day, the wind blows very hard wefterly,
out of its ufual courier On the full of the moon you have the
fame figns, with a great burr about the moon, and many times
about the fun^ the like figns muft be taken notice of on the
«luarterdaysof the moon, in the months of July, y^uguft, and
September^ for the hurricanes come in thofe months 5 the fooneft
the Captain heard of, was the 25th o^ July, and the lateit was
the 8ih of September -J but the ufual month they come in is
j4ugu(i.

The

Royal Society. 307

The benefit the Captain had of foretelling thefe hurricanes,
was, that whereas heretofore they were lo dreadful that all fhips
were afraid to go to fea, and rather chufe to liay in the roads
at anchor, than to run the hazard of the mercilefs fea, altho*
never a ilup elcaped at anchor, but was caft a (hore many
times by the violence of the ftorm, fome veffels having been
cad fo far on the fliore, that when the florm was over, fhey
have been from 20 to 50 yards, dry from the waHi of thefliore,
and the veflcls fct whole, by which means the lives of thofe
that were in them were faved 5 but the Captain finding,
that if a man keeps hislhip failable, with good ftore of ballafl,
his ports well barred and cauked, his top-mafts down, and his
tops too, if he have time, his yards laced a-port, keeping
the doors and windows of his fhip fafi:, fhe will lie as
well as in other flormsj and they may, having their fhips in
readinefs, flay in the road till the ftorm begins, which is
always firft at north, fo to the north-weft, till it conies round to
the loLith-eaft, and then its fury is over 5 fo that with the north
wind they may run away to the Ibuth, to g-t themfdves lea-
room for the drift of the fouth-weft wind, where it blows very
fiercely 5 by rhefe means the Captain, with God's blefling, pre-
ferved himfelf in two hurricanes at fea, and in three on (hore 5
in thofe at fea he did not lofe a fail, yard, or maft, tho* they
were great hurricanes.

The reafons and caufes of thefe violent ftorms, according to
the Captain's judgment may be thefe 5 i. It is known to
all men of experience, that to the fouthward of the T'ropic there
is conftantly a trade-wind, or eafterly wind, which goes about
from the north to the fouth-eaft all the year ocer, except
where there are reverfions of breezes, and inlets near the land 5
fo that when this hurricane, or rather whirl-wind, comes in
oppofition to the conftant trade-wind, then it pours down with
that force and violence, that it exceeds all ftorms of wind in
the world ^ for it takes trees away by the roots, and thofe that
are extraordinary ftrong rooted, it twifts off in the middle; In
a hurricane at Nevis^ the Captain law a hign mountain that
was all green with trees, left in moft places bare, and the
wood lying in fuch a condition, with half trees, or ftumps, or
quarters, that one would think it almoft incredible. 2. It is
remarked by all men, ^hat have been in tho^e*parts where the
lun comes to the Zenith, that at his approach towards it, there
is always fair weather j but at his return to the iouthwards, it
generally occafions ofF the north parts of the Equino6iial

Q^q 2 much

3o8 M E M O 1 Ti S of the

much rain and ftorms, as tornado's and the like, which makes
the wind in the tornado's come on ieveral points j but before it
comes, it cahns the conftant eafterly winds, and when they are
part, the eaiterly wind gathers force again, and then the weather
clears up fair. 5. The wind being generally betwixt the tropics
eaflerlv, unlels at luch times as before declared, meeting with
the oppolition of thefe hurricanes, which come in a contrary
courfe to that trade-wind, caules this violent whirlwind, upon
the fun's leaving the Ze):itb of 'Barbadoes and the adjacent
iflands; by which the eafterly wind doth lofe m.uch of itsftrength,
and then the weft wind, which is kept back by the power of the
ibn, pours down with the greater violence and force upon thole
parts where it gets vent 3 and it is ufual in failing from Sarba-
doeSi or the iflands thereabouts, to the north for a wefterly wind,
when they begin to loie the eafterly wind, to have it calm, as
is ufual before hurricanes; and then the wind fpringing up,
till it comes to be well fettled, caules the weather to be various 5
but after the fettled wefterly wind comes frefh, they have been
conftantly without thole fhuftlings from point to point.

Here it is to be oblerved, that all hurricanes begiiT from the
north to the weftward, and on thofe points that the eafterly wind
blows moft violently, the hurricane blows moft fiercely againft it,
for from the N. N. £. to the E. S. E. the eafterly wind blows
frelheft j fo doth the \Y. N. W . to the S. S. W. in the hurricane
blow moft violent^ and when it comes back to the S. E. which
is the common courle of the trade-wind, then its violence ceales,
and ib breaks up. And thus the Captain took the caule of
hurricanes to be the fun's leaving the Zenith of thofe parts
towards the ibuth, and lecondly, the reverie or rebounding back
of the wind, which is occafioned by the calming of the trade-
wind, to proceed from the fame caufe. But it will be objedted,
why fliould not this ftorm be all over thole parts of the Weft-
Indies, as well as Udrbadccs and the Zecjcard iflands? To
which the Captain anlwers, that it had in about 2 5 years of
his experience, taken its courfe from Bermudas, or the Summer
iflands to the Caribbee iflands, but leldom or never doth it
reach lb far, as from the latitude of 16 to 32 degrees, which
arc the latitudes of the one and the other place 5 but it has been
obferved, that when hurricanes have been in Martinlco, which
,is within two degrees of latitude and two degrees of longitude,
according to the miles of that circle, yet no hurricane hath
been m Barbadoes. Again, it has been obferved, that hurri-
e:anps have done the like to the northwards 3 for when the

hurri-

Royal Society. 309

hurricane hath been in Antcgoa and St. Cbrifiopher's^ thofe
/hips that were in the latitude of 20 degrees, had no hurricane,
but conftant wefterly winds reafonably fair, and then there were
no hurricanes in T^ermuddSy and when the hurricanes were at
'Bermudas^ the Leeimrd or Caribbee Ifiatids had none^ nor
had thofe iflands the hurricane when Barbadoes had \x. Ic
may be further objected, why the hurricane was never known to
go farther to the wefcward than 'Porto RlcOy which lies in or
near the latitude of thole iflands of St. Cbriflopherh ^ To this
he anfwers, that from Torto Rico downwards, both that as well
as Hifpaniola and other adjacent iflands are of vaft preatnefs
and have very high lands, that of themlelves mofl commonly give
reverial or wefterly winds at night thro' the year 5 for there, for
the reafons aforefaid, the eafterly wind towards night doth calm,
and thole lands afford a land-wind, which the other illands can-
not do, by realbn of the fmallnefs of thole Caribbee I/lands^ but
very near the fliore, the trade-wind has its full force till this ge-
neral ,whirl-wind comes for the reafons aforefaid. He imagines
likcwile to the Ibuthwards of SarbadoeSy, where the Tornado's
come frequently, there are no hurricanes 5 nor was there any at
Barbadoes when thele Tornado's commonly came there, which
made Ibme fmali reverfal, tho' it was but for two or three hours •
yet the eafterly wind, giving fome way by the fun's declining
from that Zenith, prevents this furious reverie, where it hath no
vent, till it is forced by the violence of the two winds.

Of the \Polarity of Drills 5 by Mr. Ballard. Phil. Tranf.
N° 24^. p. 417.

I. Ti J" R. Ballard caufed fix or feven drills to be made, an-d
jLVJL the bit or point of every one became a North Pole by
hardening only, before they ever came to be worked either in iron
or any other matter, fo that he could not fuppole that thole
found in the fliop had got their polarity fo much from their after
ufe, as from their firft make. 2. That pieces of plain iron, in
Ihape like drills, that is Ibmething long and imall, do always
change their Pole as they are inverted, the end downwards being
ever the N. Poky he found not always true 3 for tho' it hold gene-
rally in fuch fmall pieces, and always as far as he could yet find
in pieces of any bulk, as large hammers, anvils, and iron bars of
windows, yet he found that leveral fmall pieces ot fteel, fuch as
the drills are made of, had fixed Poles^ one end north, the other
fouth, in whatever poftures he held them 3 Ibme of thele were

very

3IO M E M O I R S of tl)e

very vigorous in this their polarity, others fhewed plainly a ten-
dency to one 'Poky rather than the other, yet lb faintly, that they
applied contrary to their inclination, that is at the upper end, if
they affe£ted to draw the fouth, or at the lower end, if the north,.
by caufing the needle to iland in JEqullibrio, eafl and weft, the
particular inclination of one end feemed in fome pieces quite to
conquer, in others quite to hinder that more general polarity,
they both acquire by being either upwards or downwards, yet this
feems to be found only in fmall ftems of iron 5 they being up-
wards or downwards always prevailing in pieces of great bulk.
3. He took hi? knife which had been touched a quarter of a year
or more and profc. ing ir t^ xh'^. needle, it drew the north jPo/^,
which happened ; ight for his purpole j he whetted it brilkly on
a di-y diity thLeHiold, and bt mg thin, i became very hot to-
wards the point, the edge being whetted away to a wire, as they
term it, he flriick the very top and back toward^ the top againft
the ground, as he hid done the fides, to deftroy and rub oflE if
he cojild, all the fi^iiier pc.'arity, wiiich was Ibutbward; then
offering it again to the needle, it drew the fouth end and was
quite changed 5 to confirm fhe thinj:^, he touched the lame knife
again with rhe North 'Pole oi his ir^aHone and it drew vigo-
roufly the north end of the needle j iie whetted it again ilrongly in
the lame manner, and it changed again; this he repeated five or
fix times, and it ftill changed by whetting, efpecially on the fides
towards the top of the knife, the very top and back, which could
not be whet to fo great a heat, retaining ftiU lome affedion for that
'Pok the loid-ftone had inclined them ro ; this he tried with a
knife of a thicker blade, bat could not whet it with his hand to
that heat, lb as to have the fame eflfecl:, as upon his own knife,
tho' he ufed fuch force as At laft to break it in two. 4. He fup-
poles that bare drilling might be able to give a polarity to a drill,
if it could be made indifferent, as well as filing does, and if the
drill be uled fo brifldy as to be made as hot as the file makes the
iron, and tho' a South 'Pole given by the magnet cannot be taken
off by the heat of a brifk motion, as that of drilling, which yet
by the experiment of his knife feems to be contifadidted ; yet
perhaps the heat may be great enough to produce a polarity in an
indifferent piece of iron, as may be done in little indifferent
drill-like pieces of Iteel, by filing.

J Mi-

Royal Society. jh

A Mineral Spring near Tournay; by Mr, Geoffi-y. Phil.
Tranf. 19° 347. p. 490.

THERE has been found a mineral water, called St. A-
mand\ water, which has been very much uied in all forts
of (icknels, rather tor its novelty, than for its great and extraor-
dinary properties. The fountain is lituated in a fhallow and
marfhy ground, the bafon of the Ipring is 450 feet fquare, there
is in the bottom of that balbn mud of 20 feet deep, beyond that
they find fand which is fometimcs very moveable and at lome other
times is very firm 5 very often this fountain cafts up a great quan-
tity of fand, and once in a little time it caft up more than \6
cart-loads, by which all the balbn was bordered ^ there is to be
found in it three Ibrts of earth, the firil; and fuperficial is black
and burns like turf, with the fame fmell, the fecond is white, and
the third is of the fame colour with the flate^ thefe two laft Ibrts
of earth give by Lixivium a fait like Sal Gemmce : This
water in its Ipring is clear and lukewarm, and appears much hot-
ter at night and in the morning, than the reft of the day ; its
fmell and tafte is like that.of ftanding water, i^ it is expoled to
the air it Ibon lofes its fmell and tafte 3 by the facility of lofing
its tafte and fmell, one may judge that it has a fulphur very vo-
latile; and by reafon of that grejt volatility and fnbtility it is
almoft impoflible to make any experiment upon it : This mineral
water has the lame weight as the Seine river-water 5 it did not
change the colour of lyrup of violets, the tincl:are of ''iturnfoly
lime water, nor the oil of tartar ^ the volatile Ipirit of Sal Ar-
moniac and hart's-horn have whited the water, and made in it a
light Coa^ulum 5 this water mixed with the diilblution of Sal Ar-
mouiac has not given it any fmell 3 nor has it altered the infuiion
of galls, the Iblution of vitriol being mingled with ii has trou-
bled it a little and given it a greenifn colour, and at length a yel-
low powder was precipftared j acid fpirits have not fermented at
firft- with that water, but afterwards it has made Ibme Imall
bubbles which ftuck to the fides of the glafles where the liquor
was contained : Mr. Geoff^ry diftilled five pints of that water,
which when diftilled had no tafte nor fmell, nor did it change
the tincture of T'urnfol nor lime-water, from thele five pints,
being \6o ounces, there remained 70 grains of refidue, which by
Lixivium gave 55 grains of grey earth, and 15 grains of white
lalt, almoft like Sal Gemmae'^ the refidue of the evaporated water
put upon burning coals has net caft any fmoak, nor made any
detonation 3 the Ipirit of nitre poured upon it has very much fer-
mented 5

312 M E M O I R S ?/*//&(?

mentedit ; the fpirit of wine did not extract any tin£lurefrom that
refidue : One may conclude by all thefe experiments that this wa-
ter has not any acidity, that it does not participate of vitriol nor of
allum, and there is in it but a little quantity of the white earth,
and leVs of fait which is very like fea-falt^ the parts that fhew
themlelves in the mixture of the lime-water, ^c. are the earth
and fait of fixed or volatile Akalis 5 thefe are the fame parts
which begin that flight fermentation by the mixture of acid
fpirits^ but that fermentation is imperfect becaule of the little
quantity of earth, that is drowned in ib great a quantity of li-
quor; indeed when the water is evaporated,, the acid fpirits fer-
ment very much with the refidue : It appears by the Imell of that
water that it contains a fulphur very fubtile, which diffipates it-
felf very eafily and is not ienfible in the experiments ^ the effects
which areafcribed to that mineral water, as of relieving the pal-
fy, ^c. is neverthelefs owing to this fulphur 5 as alfo its being
ufed with fuccefs in other ibrts of nervous diftempers, in fliortnefs
of breath and all diforders in the lungs, and in remedying many
other infirmities that are caufed by fharp ferments, which this
water fweetens; and as to its other properties, as purging, tem-
pering the hot intrails, ^c. it may have the fame effeds with
common water when drunk plentifully : One may drink many
glafles of this water, beginning with 4, 5 or 8 every morning,
and augmenting to 12, 18., 20 or more, according as the ftomach
is well able to bear it 5 this water pafTes readily by urine, and
many perfons are purged by it ^ fometimes one may mix with it
fome diuretic fait to make it pafs the more freely and remove the
more obltra^lions • 'it other times one may put Manna or fuch
like for making it the more puroative^ and one may wafli alfo in
the mud of that fountain according as he has occafion.

Some E:<perimcnts and Ohfervations concerning Sounds 3 by
Mr. Walker. Phil. Tranf. N° 247. p. 493.

MR. Walker provided a pendulum of fma]l virginal wire
with a piftol-bullet to the end of it being 9 fo inches long
to the middle of the bullet, which had two vibrations in a fecond
of time, he took his pendulum and (landing over againft a high
wall he ciapt two pieces of fmall boards together and obferved
how long it was ere the eccho returned, and he removed his fta-
tion 'till he found the place to which the eccho returned in about
half a fecond; but that he might diflinguifh the time more
nicely, he ciapt at every fecond of time, 10 or 1 5 times toge-
ther; fo that by this means he could the better dilcover whether

the

Royal Society. 313

the diftances between the claps and the ecchoes and the following
claps were equal 5 and tho' it be very difficult to be exact herein,
yet he could come within lome few yards of the place he louG^t for,
thus 5 he oblerved two places in which he could but juft dilcover
where he was too near, and where he was too far off, and from the
midway betwixt them he mealured to the wall, which meafure
doubled was the ipace that the found moved in half a fecond.

Here follow the number of Engljp feef which a found moved
in one fecond of time at feveral trials.

Triciis

• en 1

IViiJs

j-eet
1292

1 Trials

Feer
1278

1

11)6

5

9

z

17071

6

1378

10

129c

3

152^;

7

1292

11

1200

4

1150;

^

ri85

Merfenmis mentions an experiment wherein he found the mo-
tion of a found to be 14.74 feet in a fecond of tm^.e 3 the aca-
demy del Cimento caufed fix harquebuffes and fix chambers to be
fired one after another at the diibnce of 5759 EfigUJh feet and
from the flafh to the arrival of each report was 5 fcconds, and re-
Deatin? the experiment at the midway, the motion wasexaaiy in
half the time ; and Mr. ^oyle obfervedthat the motion of lound
paffes above 400 yards in a fecond; when the firft trial was made
there was fome wind ftirnng, tho' not much; the 2d, 3d and 6":h
were made in a calm morning ; in the 8th the eccho was returned
from a wall at 395 yards diilance m two feconds; and in the 9th
and I oth at 213 and 215 yatds diftance in one iecond ; tne 4rh
was made at one end of St. yohris. cloifter m O^ord which is
104 feet 7 inches Ion?, where the found was reflected i r times
in two feconds, and' the 5th on the north fide of ]<le-w College
cloiiter, which is i6q feet 8 inches long, where there were 7 1 ec-
choes in two feconds; by fome of the experiments he made, he
was inclmed to think th;it the found moved quicker w-jicn it was
calm, than in a wind, even when the lound moved half way with
the wind, and that it moves fwifter at fii/l than afrei-wards;
there is leldom any eccho where there is not fome vvall, wood,
bank or fuch like directly oppofite, that may reflecl the louml to
the perlon that makes it; but in St. yobns grove if you Itand
near the gate le.idmgfrom ibe College to the grove and clap, tne
eccho will return to you from the ball-court, tho a line drawn
from YOU to the ball-court be not perpendicular to the wall tiicre,

YoL. Hi. R ^ ^'''

314 MB M O IR S of the

but as oblique as the line Fig. 5. Plate IX. A B is to the
line B C, where A reprefents the gare, B C the Sail-court wall,
and B D another wall ^ or if you ftand at E the corner of the
grove next to ^I'rinity\ and clap, the eccho will return to you from
the 'BallCourtj in the fame grove he flood about 20 yards from
the fame crate, and the gate being fliut he clapt and at other times
ftamped, and the eccho returned from the gate as loud, if not
louder than the clap or flamp ; an eccho refleded from a gate or
door has ufually a bafer and duller found than that which is re-
turned from a wall, this being much brifker : As he has been
walking towards a wall he clapped his hands together feveral
times, and could diftinguiflithe eccho from the clap, till he came
within 7 or 8 yards of the wall ^ in the cloiflers where the eccho
was repeated feveral times, the iirft repetition feemed to be flower
than the fecond or third, but of all the repetitions befides the
firft, the fubfequent feemed flower than the precedent 5 he ob-
Icrved the toffing of a found forward and back again in very
many places where there are parallel walls 5 and where the dil-
france of the wall is lels, there the ecchoes follow one another
quicker 5 wherelbever a found was thus toffed betwixt two walls,
if he rtood about the middle, he could hear the found twice as
quick, that is twice as often repeated in one fecond, as if he
ftood near one wall, the found being refle^ied to him from both
ends, when he ftood in the middle : In Trinity Sail-court^ when
he flood and clapt Fig. 6. at B, three or four yards from the end
<:f the wall C, or at A which is oppofite to B, the found was tof
fed betwixt the oppofite walls, but not half fo long as when he
ftcod exaftly betwixt the walls ^ in places where there are pa-
rallel walls not above 6 or 8 yards alijnder, as in Trinity Sail-
court and at the entrance into St. Johnh Grove^ Sic. he heard the
ecchoes of a clap following one another diftinflly enough ^ but
there the ecchoes of a mufical note which was longer than a clap,
were lo confufed that they leemed one continued long found,
which made him think that the eccho in fome vaults is nothing
ehe, but the found tofled betwixt the fide walls and betwixt the
top and bottom^ this alio made him conjc<^ure that the reafon
why ftringed inftruments give a grcatet and longer Ibund to the
ftrings, than if the Itrings were fixt to a fingle board, may be
this I becaufe the found is tofled from fide to fide in the belly of
the inftrument.

^^l

Royal Society. 315

Jin Accmnt of a Stone bred at the Root of the Tongue 5 by
Mr. Bonavert, Phil. Tranf. N° 247. p. 440-

7'Homas Wood of Wrotham was fb troubled with a quinfey that
he could hardly fwallow any liquid ^ Mr. 'Bonavert found
the tumour tend to fuppuration inwardly about the root of his
tongue on the right fide, but without any fign of fuppuration
outwardly, tho' it appeared there almoft as big as an egg j he or-
dered the patient maturating gargles, and the next day he broke
it with his finger and brought out of his mouth near f of a pint
of matter, and with it at Tail a ftone Fig. 7 j he had like wile a
Ranula, and before he had broke the tumour and fpit out the cor-
ruption he could hardly fpeak ^ Mr. Sonavert believed that this
flone was of the fame nature as thofe generated in the kidneys
and bladder : The weight of this ftone in air was 7 grains, in
water 3-1, and therefore its Ipecific weight compared with water
is as 1931 to 100.0.

A Tiece of Saxon Antiquity found in Somerfetfliire 5 by
Tir. W. Mufgrave. Phil.'Tranf. N° 247. p. 441-

THERE, Fig. 8. Plate IX. was a curious piece of antiquity
lately found at Aikelney in Somerfeipire where king Al-
fred built, according to Milton^ a fortrefs, but according to Wil-
liam of Malmsburyy a monaftery, in memory, as Ibme thmk of
his deliverance, obfcure retreat and concealment in that place
from the IJanes 5 the work is lo very fine that fome have quelli-
oned its true age, but in all probability it did belong to that great
king 5 the edge is thin as tar as the letters, which are upon a
plane rifing obliquely 5 all within the inner pyramidal line is on
a plane equidiftant from the reverfe 5 the repreientation in that
upper plane feems to be of fome perlbn in a chair j it is in enamel
covered over with a chryftal, which is fecured m its place by
the little leaves coming over its edges ^ in the reverfe are flowers
engraved^ the whole piece may weigh three guineas 5 except the
chryftal and enamel it is all of pure gold 5 which perhaps was
an amulet of king Alfred''^.

An Account of the Catalogue of Manufcripts, printed at Ox-
ford. Phil. Tranf. N° 247- P- 442-
THIS catalogue valued at i /. %s. confifts of two tomes,
the firft takes in the manufcripts in the 'Bodleian, Sruilian
and Apmokan libraries, which belong to the univerfity in gene-
ral, in part ift, and the manufcripts in moft of our collegc-

R r 2 libraries

Si6 MEMOIRS of the

libraries in part 2d, with thofe of the libraries of the Univerfuy
cf Cambridge in part gd : The lecond tome gives in part ift, ca-
talogues of the manufcripts in the hbraries of many of the carhe-
dral churches and of leveral of the nobility and gentry; and m
part 2d are ibme catalo|[Jues of the manufcripts in fome libraries
in Ireland, with a peculiar index to each of thele parts; at the
beginning of the book is prefixed an epillle concerning the nature
and ule of it, which is followed by a preface that endeavours to
excufe Icme faults which nice people £nd in Ibme of the cata-
logues, and acquaints with the method taken in compofing the
indexes, with a lilt of all the catalogues comprehended in the
whole ; then comes the life of Sir 'Thomas Sodky the founder of
the publick library at Oxford^ with the hiflory of it and an ac-
count of its chief bencfa6iors; tlie firfl: catalogue is that of thole
Greek manulcripts which once belonged to Signior Francefco
^Barcccio a Venetian gentleman, that were highly valued in Italy
?.nd brought over into EngkiKd, which by the perfuafions of
archbiJiiop Zand the eld earl of 'Pevibroke bought and prelented
to the Uiive^'fity^ thefe booli* have been oftentimes celebrated
by many authors of note, to whom they have been highly fer-
viceablc, containing a great number ot excellent trafis of the
Greek tathers never yet publiPntd, beiides divere ancient hifto-
rians and geographers ; and particularly a gopd deal of Chryfo-
jlom, and indeed they have been condantly efteemcd as the moll
noble parcel of Greek books, that were ever yet repoled in any
Engliflj library: The manulcripts of Sir "Jbomas Roe, which he
brought over with him from the eaff, and thole given by Oliver
Cromwell have as good a chara6fer, confidering their numbers,
this lail, being accounted as the remaining part of fhe 'Baroc-
cian library, the earl thought fit to detain and were afterwards
given by Crom-well ; after thele is a catalogue of the manulcripts
of archbifl:iop Laud 1500 in number, which he gave the 67//-
'verfity at leveral times, be(ides what he gave to St. Jobn^s col-
lege m OsoHi, the manulcripts are written in thefe languages, ^72;.
Hebrc-iv, Syriac, Chaldee, JEtbiopc, Armenian^ Arabic^ as
welt African as Afiatic, 'PerfiaJU "Turhfi, Cbinefe^ Japonefe,
JikhgaUy Jllalaba'ric, Ruffian, Greek, .'^s weil the vulgar, as
Scbolajlic, Latin, Italian, German, 'Bohemian, Irip, Anglo-
Sa%on, Englipy and one book of the hieroglyphics o{ Afexico, as
there are feveral others in other parts of the library; what noble
copies do we find here of the lacred books, fathers, hiftorians,
poets, orators, philolbphers, phyiicians, mathematicians, ^c,
^elides the manufvripts in the languages abovementioned, given

by

Royal Society. 317

by arclibirtiop Latkl^ there are books in the library written in the

Samaritan^ AIend<fnfu Coptic or Egyptian^ Siamefe^ ^eguan. In-
doftan^ Sarifcreet^ Tylingan^ Ceylonian, T'artariafi, Spanipy Tor-
tugue-ze^ Sritip, Francic^Frtfian^ Gothic, and IJlandic ; after thele
follow the manufcripts o^ Sir Kenelm 2>/^/{)', chiefly mathematical,
tho' there be many other valuable books among them on other Tub-
jects; then comes a great number of other manufcripts, given by
many particular perfons, and now inlcribed to Sir no. Scdleyj as
alfo the manufcripts of Mr. ^ohn Selden in the Greek and oriental
languagevS, with fome others of his ancient books ; next to thele
come in order the books which are fa id to be in Hyperoo 'Bodkin-
?;o, the chief parcels whereof are, i. Thofe given by Dr. Hunting-
ton. 2. Thofe bought by the univerfity of Mr. Greaves. 5. The
colleflions of Dr. Rich. James., bought by the univerlity, which
are more particularly accounted for afterwards. 4. Thofe given
by the Lord Fairfax., amongft which are the collections of
Mr. X'odpworth. 5. Thofe bought by the univerfity out of the
Lord Hattons library, amongft all which are many books of
very great yalue^ Mr. _£>oS/i£;orr//s colleiflions make 160
volumes, written with his own hand, and they contain a vail:
treafure of antiquities of all forts relating to our Englip hiftory^
next to thefe, in the catalogue, follows an exa^t account of the
collections of Mr. John Leland, written all with his own hand,
in which his defign was to let forth England in its true light -
the next parcel of books are thofe of the late learned Mr. Francis
Junius^ which he bequeathed to the univerfity, all of them re-
lating to the northern languages; fome of thefe are the old
manufcripts themielves, others are copies of the moft conliderable
Sa^on manulcripts in the Cotton library, ^c. accuratelv tranfcribed
by himlelf, or elle his own w^orks, almoft ready for the prels;
or laftly, fome curious printed books with his written notes and
amendments ^ then follow the papers of Ifaac Cafaubon, and the
Adverfaria of Dr. Langhain^ both in their own hands, and
afterwards a catalogue of part of the manulcripts bequeathed to
the univerlity by Dr. Marefchalj next comes the titles of the
oriental manufcripts of the learned Dr. Tocock^ which the uni-
verfity bought of his widow j and a catalogue of the manulcripts
o£T)y. Huntington^ the univerfity bought of him fince his return
from the eaft^ as alfo thofe books bought by Dr. Hydcy which
three parcels containing in them many books of an extraordinary
price and value, joined to what was in the library before, and
has come in fince, furnifh any Icholar with iufficient helps to
purfue his ftudies in moil of the languages; After thefe there is

an

3i8 ME M O IR S of the

.an account of the manufcripts Dr. Sarlow bequeathed to the
library, which is followed by the particulars of the manufcripts
left by Sir /F/'//. 2)ugdak to the Afimokan Mufdeum, moftly
written with his own hand 5 rhefe are followed with a catalogue
of the manufcripts given by Sir Henry Savily an account of Ibme
mathematical indruments belonging to the geometry fchool, and
a catalogue of the printed books there, being all mathematical 5
then comes a catalogue of the manufcripts in the Afimoldsan
library, ranged under the following heads, as Grammatici^
Rhetorki, Mufici^ Geometrde^ Aftrologici^ Toemata, de re ami-
quariay de re heraklka^ Hiftorki^ Vittf, tiiftorlte naturaks^
Ch'miciy Medkiy Anatomkiy Chirurgk'h Juridk't^ ToUtkiy
OratmeSi Geograpbkiy Theokgkl^ Magki^ 'Propbetki, Fati^
dkiy Mifcelianciy Mechanki i3 Eptftolte-^ with an appendix,
and an account of the manulcripts left to the univerfity by the
famous antiquary Mr. Anthony ct Woody which are alfo laid up
in the Apmoidsan Mufaeim j laftly comes the titles of chofe
manufcripts bought of Mr. a Woody and of thofe left to the
publick library by Dr. Fell^ and fome others : Thefe manufcripts
being between 8 and 9000 in number, make up the firft part of
the firft tome, which is fhut up with every author's name or
tra61:, ^r. in rhe foregoing catalogues 5 fince this catalogue was
printed, the univerfity bought all the papers, manufcripts, and
books collated with manufcripts, ^c^ which were in the library
of the learned Dr. Edw. Sernardy and fome other manulcripts
have come in by the generofity of late benefactors j the fecond
part of the firft tome confifts of the manufcripts in moft of the
libraries of the Oxford colleges in this order:

1 Unlverjiry-Collegc, in which are Manufcripts 1^5

2 Saliol-CoWegc 519
5 AlertO/i-CoWegQ 348

4 Exeter -CoWegc 5^

5 Or/>/- College 72

6 ^^^d'^'s- College 40

7 ^fi«J-College 525

8 IJncoln-CoWegc 115

9 All' ^So^/i- College ^o

10 Srafen-Nofe-CoWegc 16

11 Corpus C/o rift l-ColicgQ i-ji

12 St. yp^;/s- College 199

13 T'riniry-CoWegQ 82

14 y?/^5- College 105

Royal Society, 319

15 Ma^dalen-CoWege 299
Omitted in Merton-CoWcge i
Omitted in Corpus Chrifti-CoWcge 7
Given to ^/^5;/'s- College by JBilhop Sarlaiv io(^

16 Magdakn-HjiW iz
If TVad/Mtn-ColUgQ 14

Omitted in Univerjiiy -CoWegQ 14

Omitted in Jill Souls-Colkgc 16

25(^4

Given lately to Zff^coln-CoWcge, by Sir
G. Wheeler

6

In all 2(^40

And thefe, except the appendix, have their own index, like the
firft part.

In the third part of the firft tome, there is an account of the
Cambridge manufcripts, as

I Emanuel-CoWcgc, in Number 157

z "Trinity -CoWegt ^6^

5 Sidney SuJj'ex-CoW^g^ Id

4 Gonvile and Caius-CoWtgt 580

5 Sennetsyov Corpus C/mJfi-Coll^^g^^ 395
r> ^erer-Houfe-Colkg^ 2<^8

7 "Pembroke-HaW 2.^1,

8 Jefus-CoW^gc 7

9 King'^-OAVgQ 7

10 Trinity -Yi'diW 7.

11 The Publick Library 32?^

In all 2295

Thefe catalogues, with their index, make up the third and
laft part of the jft tome: The fecond tome comprehends the
libraries of many of our cathedral churches, noblemen, gentlemen,
^,c. the cathedral churches are thofe of Tork, ^Durham, CarliJIey
Worceffer, Salisbury, Winchejier, Litchfield, Hereford, Exeter^
Wells, and Canterburv, other libraries belonging to publick
places here defcribed," are thofe of Jfeftmirfter-College, Win-
che ft er 'College, Covprffs^-School, Srijtol, Grays Lm, Eaton*
Coii^z^, Grefiam- College, Shre-ivshrv, Lincoln s- Inn, Sion-
■^ College^

320 M E M O I R S of tbe

College, Mancheftey library, with dirc6tions to tbe manufciipts
in the Herald" s- Office, and to the records in the Tower: The
manuicripts oF the nobility are thofe of the Earl of CarUjle, the
Earl of 'Denbigh, the Lord Vifcount Louguevile^ the Earl of
^eterhoroiig^h, the Earl Q>{T)erhy, the Lord Bifliop oi Norivicb^
and the Earl of Kent -^ the largcft catalogues of the gentry are
thoie of Sir WiUicim Glynne, Dr. ^lot. Sir Thomas iVagjfdffey
Mr. Leneve, Dr. Francis Sernardy Mr. Evelyn^ Mr. Seller^
Sir y^/:?;/ Uohy>, Dr. Jobnfton, Mr. Sroniky, Mr. 0;//^y, Mr.
Cberivv'dy Dr. 7>yc)/7, Dr. Sromie^ Sir //^/^rj <S>. G^^?;;^^,
Dr. Gci;/?, Mr. jheyer, Mr. ^^^j, Mr. Worjley^ Sir ^^i-ie'.
]<[orii'icby Sir i/5;?rjv Langley^ Mr. yb^^^^? I^**- ^^'^^'^j Di'- £^'^'.
Sernardy which laft are all in the Sodleian library, Mr. /i^f?-
r^^Z?jF,. Mr. T^urfcougby Mr. Srotbertony Dr. Shane, Mr. Co///?;/,
Sir Geo. Wheeler which he gave Lincoln-College^ Mr. Farmer^
and Sir Siraonds d'E-wes-^ befides which, and others of lels note,
here is exhibited a catalo,gue of the manufcriprs in his majeily's
library at St. James ^^ and one foreign catalogue, which is that of
Ifaac VofJiuSy whofe manuicripts are at Ley den in Holland'^ this
part like wile has its index : The iecond part of the fecond tome
gives the catalogues of Irekindy viz. of the Earl of Clarendon^
the books being Irip, and bought from Ireland -^ the next is that
of the college of i)uhliny then that of the Lord Archbifliop of
^liblhiy with the titles of thofe oriental manufcripts which he
bought out of the library of Jacobus Golius, and laftly of
Dr. Madden-^ which lafi p^.rt has its particular index 5 as manu-
fcripts are ufually valued either for their antiquity, the language
they are written in, their beauty, and for their variety, fo on all
theie accounts our JS/Zg;////:; l''braries, and confequently thefe cata-
logues are of very confiderable value.

Tbe Tartarian Lamb 5 by 5Dr. Hans Sloane. Phil. TranH
N° 247. p. 461.

FIG. 9. Plate IX. repreients what is commonly, but falfely
called in India the !Zl;rr^ww lamb 5 this was more than a
foot long, as big as one's wnft, having federal protuberances, and
towards the end had Ibme foot fta Iks about three or four inches
long, exactly like the foot-llalks of fern both without and within 5
the mo^l: part of the outfide was covered with a down of a dark
yellowifh Innff colour, fhining like fiik, fome of it a quarter of
an inch lone, which is commonly uied in ipitting of blood, about
fix grains of it being taken to a dolr, and three doles luppoled to
cure luch a flux of blood 3 in Jamaica are many Icandent ferns,

which

Royal Society. 321

Xvhich grow to the bignefs of trees, with fuch a kind of down
upon them, and ibme of our capillaries have ibmething like it •
it leems to be ihaped by nature to imitate a lamb, the roots or
climbing part being made to relemble the body, and the extant
foot-ftaiks the legs: Dr. Merret takes notice of this down by the
name of 'Toco femple, a golden mofs, and he calls it a cordial ;
Dr. Shane was affured by Dr. Broiym^ who had made very good
obfervations in the Eafi-hidics, that this down, or hair, is\ifed
by them for the flopping of blood in frefh wounds, as cobwebs
are with us, and that they have it in lb great eiieem that few
houfes are without it^ Dr. Sloane has known it much uled in
Ipitting of blood, it being pretended that fbme of the linall
down may, by being fwallowed, eafily Hip into the wind-pipe^
and fo flop the bleeding 5 but on trials he had leen made of it,
the' he believes it innocent, yet he was fure it was not infallible.

A 'Defcription of Snake-root ^ by Mr. John Bannifter. Phil.
Tranf. N° 297. p. 4(^7.

THE ^iftolochia, Serpentaria Virginia, or fnake-root, hath
a bufliy root, confilting of a number of fmall firings of a
yellowiih colour, and of a hot aromatic fcent and tafle 5 thence
grow one or two fmooth, at leafl: very fmall hairy ftalks, round
and mofl commonly upright, not fquare nor trailing; the leaves
grow alternately on this fide and that, one at a joint or knee,
they are thin, long and pointed, coming in like a heart at the
foot-ilalk, a little hairy above, and rough with many protuberant
veins underneath, and in handling they flick a little to the
fingers- near the ground grow one or two hollow flowers, each
upon its proper tbot-flalk, diflferent in form from the 'Tiftolocbia
•Cretica, or any other yet known, all whofe flowers (if author's
figures, or the plants themfelves dried, rightly informed him)
refemble a cow's horn, the top growing to the rudiments of the
feed-vefifel, and the open end cut flanting like a drenching horn,
whereas this terminates with a heel, which fupports a broad,
round, galericulated lip, the centre of which opens into the
hollow of the flower 5 the lip is of a light rufTet colour j the
fced-vefl[el is hexagonal, fhaped like a pear, when full grown
near half an inch in diameter, it is not an ever-green, but after the
feeds are ripe, the leaves and ftalks begin to wither and decays
it flowers in May, and its feeds are ripe in Augitjl,

Vol. III. ^ S f Jn

322 M E M O IK S of the

Jn Jcmmt of Amber; hy M. PhiL Jac. Hartman. Phil

Tranf. N° 248. p. 5. Tran/latedfrom the Latin.

TH E known virtues of amber in ancient times have made
the Greek writers celebrate it many ages before Chrift; as
^lato and Jriftotle amongft the philolbphers, Herodotus and
Ctefias amongft the hiftorians, and Mfchylus amongft the poets:
After it came to be admired by the Romans^ they rendered it a
famous gem, efpecially when the luxury of Nero's reign had
taught them to abufe it ^ a long time after that, prcfents oF amber
were demanded in Italy by 1'heodoricuSy king of the Goths : In
how great foever an efteem amber was of old, yet the countries
that produced it, were unknown 5 from whence arifes fo great a
diverfity cf fentiments about the place where this treafure was to
be found, fome making ^fric m native foil, others >^^, and
others again Europe j in ^fric, the gardens of the HefperideSy
Egypt ^ Alt hiopia-, and Numidia 5 in ^Jia^ India, and Arabia
were efpecially reckoned amber countries 3 in Europe^ the moft
famous country for it was Italy y and in it the Eridanus and the
Adriatic fea; but more authentic hiftory, after the Romans
had fpread their viflorious arms all over Germany^ makes its
native foil 10 be chiefly the iflands of the German ocean and
Baltic fea, not altogether excluding Britain and Spain from a
fhare in its production: Both the common report and written
accounts of amber being the produce of the eaftern countries, are
either altogether uncertain or falfe : Nor is it produced in all the
abovementioned provinces of Europe, yet it appears that amber
has been dug up in Toland, Silefia, and "Bohemia, altho' the
annals of thofo countries rarely mention it 5 there is more fre-
quent and clear an account given of the German amber 5. for
the moft approved authors affirm, that it has been gathered on
the fhore of the pelgic iflands, in Holfatia, Jutland, and on the
banks of the rivers, as alfo that it has been dug out of the
bowels of the earth in Saaony, Mifnia, Suahia,^c, but there is a
greater quantity of it in thofe places that border on the Baltic -^
It is often gathered in Swedland, being either thrown out upon
the banks of the lake Meier, or dug up there 5 amber is dug up
in confiderable quanlities near Copenhagen, and out of the mid-
land hills of Zeland'j and in digging a fmall hill, there were
found to the quantity of 50 pound weight 5 according to Borri-
chiiis, in the iflands bordering upon Jutland and Holfatia a
great deal of it is found upon the fliore ; but in much greater
plenty upon the coaib of Samogitia, Courlaml, and Livonia, io

that

Royal Society. 323

that the country people find it commonly amongft the fea-weeds
and fand, the Duke of Courland fifhes for it with nets; and
when they plow the fields by the fea fide, it comes eafily up :
But no other maritime province gathers from the 'Bdltic iea, or
digs out of the bowels of the earth fuch quantities of amber as
^rujjla does, fo that no where elle with more juflice can you
place thofe iflands called EkBrides by the ancients 3 whence the
ambaffadors of the JEftri^ who inhabited that country in the
time of "fheodoricus king of Italy, valued themfelves highly
upon their country's yielding amber, and afterwards ^rufjia had
that title given it by a great many authors, which was formerly
mifapplied to Italy^ viz. Sola Genetri^ Succinoricn, the mother of
amber 3 and that it rtiould be famous for it, is owing not only to
the great quantities taken out of the fea, but alfo to what is dug
out of the mountains near the fliore, and in places diftant from
the fea, which the country people unexpectedly find, when they
either till, level hills, or make ditches.

Next to TruJJia^ isomer ania is noted for amber, efpecially that
traft of the coaft that extends from Oliva and Dantzic to l^^eria 5
there is great plenty of it in the ifland Rugen in the "Baltic, and
it is gathered and dug up near Heddenjee-j the inland parts
of ^omerania do alfo abound in amber, for the country people
do readily find it there alfo 5 and in this refpefl has the advantage
by much both of Courland and Samogitia j but ^rufjia is moil
noted for amber, efpecially that part called Sambia from Neve
^liff to Vrant'Z Vrug-, which is ten miles 3 this country was for-
merly diftingui filed by feven bays, or angles, called Krecke^
Nodumsy Laffnicken, Kuckfe or Kuyck, Talmenkk, Nempe, and
^hierskeim ^ the whole coaft is defended with high mountains,
the lea is full of Ihelves, at firft entring it is three or four, and
prefently after, thirty or forty fathoms deep j when you have gone
on, it is Ihallower, and when you go farther ftill, it is again
deeper 5 fo that you may fuppoie the coaft to abound in quick-
fands, noted for fhipwrecks 3 the cliffs of the bays or angles are
fteep and rugged, Ibme of them are of an eafier afcent. and
towards ^illamo they terminate in a plain; the foil is not very
firm, and in fome places dangerous, on account of fubterraneons
ftrearas of water, wherein both horles and men have been fwal-
lowcd up, as in a whirlpool ; the greateft part is covered with
fand, fome few fpots are cloathed with herbs, as eringo, burr, ^c,
with few copies, or bufhes, here and there, which become
hicker towards Brufter -j and thefe ibmetimes fink with a parir
of a mountain 3 there are no rocks, except at the foot of the hills,

S f 2 the

324 MEMOIRS of the

the waters run down every way fronn the cliffs, and being colle61ed[
below in channels, refemble rivulets^ this is the external appear-
ance of the Sambioin coaft, whilft its infide abounds in minerals,
and therein is found more than one ipecies of vitriol- in lome
places it has white ftreaks, with layers of black earthy in other
places it looks like melted glals, with fibres of wood Alining here
and there 3 in others again it is Iprinkled, as it were, with a
fparkhng powder ^ befides vitriol, there is a barky kind of earth,
of which there are whole hills, and a kind of wood that runs for
a great way thro' the mountains on the fhore ; then there is a
y-ellowilh earth, that refemhles oker, a bluifhiclay extended
along the coafl at certain intervals ;; the moll remarkable ftones
are the UaByli Idiet, Icattercd amongft the rocks and fand, and
they are alio dug out of the mountains; the rocks, next the fea,
are very hard in one part, and in others friable ; there is like wife
found petrified wood, and ftones covered over with fea-weed, of
a irnall and veficular leafj befides common ftone, this coaffe
lometimes yields diamonds and jalper ftones • the neighbouring
fields are very barren , the woods are thin, and without any pine-
trees; there are great numbers of whales feen bafking and playing
on /helves in the fea : On this coafl amber is found amidft heapvS
of flones and fand, but it is not generated in them, much lefs in the
fea- weeds, tho' it is thrown out upon the fliore, and wrap'd up there-
in 3 and notwithftanding it is every where found within the bowels
of the mountains by the lea-fide, in layers of vitriol, yellow earth,
fand, and blui/h clay, yet its firft original is not owing to any
ol thcfe5 and amber is leldom in the parts of vitriol, yellow earth,
and land, and what is found therein is very fmall in quantity,
and of little value 5 as to the veins of bluifli clay, the cale is not
fo certain, becaufe they are unaccefTible, tho' the country people
affirm that they contain excellent amber, and in great quantities 5
and M. Hartman having broken a piece of the clay, found real
amber therein, which was covered over with a thin rind, and of
a deep yellow colour: The experience of many years confirms,
that the wood which runs thro' th^ mountains yields amber plen-
tifully 3 and the diggers obferve and follow its courfe, and
always with fuccefs, as far as the tottering foil will fuffer them to
go J the barky earth contains little amber, and that his firm, and
of a dilagreeable ailoux-^ this wood can by no means be clafled
arnong the wood of trees; for never were feen fuch large trunks
Ol trees, wmch lying along, extend their fibres fcveral fathoms in
length and breadth 3 nor "is it like the wood of trees, having
neither pith ncr bark, nor th.U divarication, or knottinefs ot

branches,

Royal Society. 325

branches, nor budding of leaves as is the caic in trees ; neither
does it alter its fibres, but has them alike in every part j and
the' relcmbling wood yet it does not grow round but flatter:
Upon the Samblan coaft are hillocks on all hands, efpecially at
Krayitepelkn^ which appear at a diilance like hillocks of earth,
but upon a nearer approach like heaps of bark 5 the upper part,
as being dried by the fun, was a greyifh cruft, and upon remov-
ing this, the next was a large, fmooth and /hining crufb, as black
as pitch, which, if cut with a knife, prefents to the view a con-
texture of a great number of very fofc barks j at the root of
thefe hillocks the earth is moift, cohering together by a glutinous
liquor, exactly taking the prints of the fingers when you touch
it, but fo as to make them black: M. Hartman is of opinion
that the barky fit earth of thefe hillocks gives origination to
the '^ruffian foffile wood 5 nor does this wood differ from the
bark, except in its drinefs and in fome degree of Iblidity, by which
being more compact it coheres the clofer by the great extenfion of
its fibres j the barky hillocks have their origin from this moift
tenacious earth, which, when macerated by the fait water of the
lea, together with the other fubterraneous falts and the fuperfluous
moilture evaporated, is either dried up by the air or heat of the
fun; and when this fatty moifture is exhaled, or retired inwards,
the parts are feparated from each other 5 other parts that abound
in this glewy iublhnce, do mutually cohere, tho' in crufts, and
have the appearance of wood : That the bark and wood are of
a bituminous nature appears both by the fatnefs of the earth and
by the fire 5 for they readily take fire, and finell of fulphur;
when diftilled they yield fome oily particles, that fmell like oe-
troleum, only that the liquor has Ibmething of a fat amber fcent •
next to 'Bitumen^ the fubterraneous lalts forward the produ6lion
of the bark and wood, for their drinefs and cruftinefs are owing
to thefe, and they clofely adhere to themj vitriol, as is above
mentioned, furrounds the bark and grows together with it 5 the
efFe6is of other falts upon it are not 16 evident, yet M. Hartman
found in the interftices of that barky fubllance in very dry wood,
little fparkling cryftals and bright flreaks of fait, which had
little or no relcmblance to vitriol, being either altogether infipid
or of a fA'eetifh tafte, and of fome degree of aftringencyj
pouring water upon them, the lee tafted of allum or rather of iron,
but fo as ftili to retain fome vitriolic tafte, which became more
lenfible as the lee was thick, with the Iweetilh relifb of allum or
iron, he alio extracted nitre from this wood, after feparating, by
leaking a ftrong lee, the particles of vitriol 5 poffibly the fmall

cryftals

326 MEM O IR S of tbe

cryftals and ftrcaks of fait, that penetrate into the innermoft
fibres of the wood, are of a nitrous nature. In order to account
for the generation of amber, we are to luppofe that the foil in
^rujjia'is of a bituminous nature^ for the country people often
find great lumps of condenled bitumen, that lay concealed in the
earth or clay ; and M. Hartman himfelf faw a piece taken out
of the clay not far from Koningsherg weighing feveral pounds,
and he was credibly informed that little brooks of oil fprang out
of the earth, and there are bituminous turf dug up in feveral
places j h that the lubterraneous heat collects into drops, elpe-
cially from the barley or woody matrix, the exhalations of bitu-
men difperfed thro' the bowels of the earth 5 and at the fame
time pervades the neighbouring falts, and, carrying their efflu-
via along with it, mixes them with the bituminous drops j the
laline Splcula^ wedged into the matrix, fix the bitumen and
bring it to a confidence, and if there are no new lupplies of bitu-
minous drops, the glebe or lump takes its form according to the
iize of its matrix within the wood; and thefe parts, thus aflb-
ciated, produce amber 5 which is clearer, more tranfparent, bet-
ter fcented and firmer, according to the purity and proportion of
the bituminous and faline exhalations 5 and this is the true pro-
dudion of amber.

Some doubt whether the produ6^ion of that amber thrown up
by the fea is to be accounted for in the fame manner 5 but feeing
it is commonly known that the rocks in the lea have been rent
and torn to pieces by the violence of ftorms, and by that means
have yielded amber in greater and lefler quantities, according to
the more flight or more violent breaking afunder of thefe rocks ;
the fame manner of generation may be alfo affigned for this fpe-
cies of amber. M. Hartman knew amber taken out of the fto-
mach of animals, which made fome by miftake fay it was gene-
rated there, and he was informed by the people that live on the
Sambian coaft, that animals of all kinds, both terreftrial and
aquatic, greedily fwallow down the amber glebes, which are
often found in their bowels : Ravens and crows come down in fuch
numbers, that in the evening they are obliged to drive them away
and feveral fmall pieces are found in their excrements under the
trees where they perch ; he had feen feveral pieces that had been
fwallowed by afles, the largeft of which was three fingers long
and two broad , there was a curious amber ball taken out of the
ventricle of a ibeep, which by lying there contra6led a whiti/li
crufl, and after an amber-polifher had fliaved it off, it appeared
to confilt of feveral glebes, which were reduced into this form

by

Royal Society. 327

by the heat of the animals body : The country people in ^ruHia
do, with nets faftened to a long pole, either turn up the bottom
of the fea, or oppofe them to the current, and this is called
fi/hed or draught amber, and what is taken up out of the
weeds, wood and fand, and thrown in upon the fhore is called
picked amber j and what is dug out of the earth is called foffile
amber 5 and in this they ufe a fickle fixed to the end of a long
pole 5 the digging for it is fuperficial, not reaching deep in the
earth, and was firft attempted in the time of Frederic William
the Great.

Amber, when taken out of the matrix, as M. Hartman ob-
ferved at the pits, is, tough and hard to the touch 5 and it fome-
times happens to break m digging, but that is owing to the
glebe, for fome amber is harder than other Ibme ^ and tho* au-
thors affirm that they have leen the fame piece of amber, partly
foft and partly hard 5 yet M. Hartman could not difcover either
by its fragrant tafle, or by the fire that it was amber, and all fuch
as are converfant in thofe affairs affirm that they never knew any
that was foft, whether draughty fofflle or picked amber -^ and
M. Hartman himfelf, having carefully examined heaps of rude
amber, found none that was foft, which he would have difcovered,
were there any fuch, by the frequent experiments he made of its
virtues ; it is the common opinion that the chief difference be-
twixt the /oj////^ and draught amber confifts in its hardnefs, purity
and cruft, but they are miftaken who think lb; for it happens,
that fuch pieces as are found without their matrix contrail: Ibrae
defe6l in their firmnefs or heat, and are covered with a pretty
thick cruft; but thefc accidents do not infer any difference in the
native amber ; for he was well affured that a good and indifferent
fort was equally generated amidft the rocks in the fea and thele
on the fhore, according to the different quantities and virtues of
the generating bitumen and falts.

Nature is very curious in the formation of amber glebes, {Jo as
varioufly to reprelent pears, almonds, onions, peafe, ^c. the
amber-polifhers call them drops, when they are nearly globular 5
the leveral figures and reprefentations on other pieces of amber are
no lefs furprifing; M. Hartman faw leveral whereon nature had
formed different letters; in one there was a white line which by
it's bending neatly formed the letter S, lome had rude draughts
of Arabian and Hebreiv charafters; befides that, a nice eye
might diftinguifh on the variegated amber the outlines of /lirubs,
leaves, clouds, ^r, he had one piece of apber whereon was
reprelented the picture of an old man, with a child in his arms.

'rliny

328 M E M O I R S of the

'Plifiy and Martial mention feveral animals found buried in
amber ^ M. llartynan reckoned above 50 fpecies of iniecls in
pieces he had by him, as flies, fpidcrs, gnats, ants, butterflies,
bees, r/ulkpedes^ moths, mites, cankerworms, beetles, ^c. ibme
authors mention more perfe6l animals incloied in amber, as frogs,
lizards and fmall fifhes, but the truth of this may be fuipected,
fince it is found that fmall fifhes may by art be included in am-
ber : To diftinguifh that amber, in which nature has incloied
thefe animals from that in which art has included them 5 we
may obferve that in the former the inledt is not far from the fur-
face, but in the other it is in the centre, for the amber-polifhers
could not lb well conceal their art if they had put their animals
in the fuperflcial parts, for the tranfparent plates of amber would
dilcover the cheat 5 if the amber wherein the animals are incloied
beiblid, clear, free of cracks and without a contexture of different
crufts, it is a lure lign that it is artificial 5 for generally the parts
of amber glebes wherein animals are repofited, as M. Hartman
obferved a thoufand times, either cohere like bark, or are inter-
fed^ed every way with fiffures, in which fome parts of the animal
appear externally 5 the condition of the animals within the amber
is different, Ibme are covered with dirt, fome are clear and fome
glittering with an amber brightnefs 5 you may alfo oblerve Ibme
to be lively, and others languilhing, and fome as if they were
attempting to extricate themfelves from their prifon ; in fome
amber whole Iwarms of infeds both of the fame, and different
kinds are obferved.

Hence arifes a queilion much agitated amongft the curious,
how amber comes thus to have animals inclofed in it ? A great
many, puzzled with the difficulty, contend that amber is the
juice of a tree, as if animals could be more eafily entangled in
the refinous and gummy juices of trees 5 but experience does not
fupport this; for it has not hitherto been dilcovered that infedls
are incloied in great numbers, if in any at all, cither in refinous
or gummy juices, for they are leen flicking externally thereto and
not included in lb liquid a fubftance; others again have denied
them to be real animals, and pretend that it is a mere delufion 5
but any one may be fatisfied to the contrary, by viewing a piece
of broken or cut amber, for there ftill remain evident traces of
the infe£ts.

The better to underfland how infe61s are fatally buried in am-
ber, wc need only reflefl that it is ulual for them upon a violent
ftorm or rigorous fealons to leek for flielter in caverns, and
there lie buried in fleep; and when the bituminous exhalations,

eol-

RovAL Society. 329

coIIe(5led by the fubterraneous heat, diftil into the matrix of
amber, which afforded both a dormitory and place of retreat to
thefe infe6ts, they are covered thereby, and when that bitumen
becomes amber, they are plainly feen within it ^ what confirn^s
this conjeflure is, that moll of thele infefls, that are buried in
annber, are of that kind, which chule caverns for their dor-
mitories; the greateft part appear languid, or (limy; fuch as
are lively make an effort to fpread their wings, and difentangle
themfelves, but thele are rarely to be found.

The mofl beautiful pieces of amber are luch as have buds of
plants within them : M. Hartman had one piece in which the ex-
panded leaves of the veficular fea-weed reprefented the extended
wings of an eagle, with its body and feet ; another piece contained
a feed of the tile tree and a part of the trunk ; another had an
open pod with four leeds, out of which arole an j4pex in the
middle, the Imall ftalk being prominent and extending to the fu-
perficies of the amber; another prefented to view mofs, that was
arched like a balcony ; another appeared like a little flower that
was faded ; in another there was a branch of wild rofemary with 3
leaves upon it; and thro' another rough piece was feen a large
branch of the abovementioned veficular fea-weed : M. Hartman
reckoned the amber in which herbs were included to be more
beautiful than that in which animals are inclofed.

Minerals are likewife inclofed in amber ; vitriol is foon dilco-
vered by its tafte ; lometimes Tyrites^ and oftentimes iron is
found therein; alfo gold and filver in the impure amber; drops
of water are likewife oblerved in feveral parts thereof; which is
either fait, brackilh, or fometimes infipid : M. Hartman lup-
poled that thefe plants or minerals had alio dropped into the ma-
trix, and were there furrounded with the bituminous liquor; and
there is a particular method of accounting, how drops of water
come to be in amber; and it is this, a warm bitunninous exhala-
tion encompafles the moift matrix, the water driven inwards,
cannot be evaporated by the fubterraneous heat and by realbn of
the circumambient bituminous liquor can find no pafTage out, but
is detained there.

Amber is not to be reduced to the clals of metals, as being
neither f ufible nor dudile ; and when brought into fufion, it loles
much of its firmnefs, which is never the cafe as to metals; fomc
have pretended to the art of melting amber, and of re-uniting its
fmall broken pieces without impairing its hardnefs ; but M. Hart^
man found by leveral experiments that no fuch thing was pradi-
cable, becaufe the falts, wherein the greateft firmnefs of amber
Vol. Ill, T t con-

330 M E M O I R S of the

confiib, evaporate in the Iblution, nor can they be retained with-
out fome additament, and even that impairs its folidity, but he
thinks, that Ibch a fkill is not to be dilpaired of, could a like
gentle heat be applied as nature makes ule of in animals ; for a
ball of amber found in the ventricle of a fheep, confifted of feyeral
li-n^ll birs, which every where fhewed the traces of their junc-
tures, and this fhews that nature does not apply a fire fit to melt,
but fuch a gentle heat as is proper to glue things together; much
lefs is amber to be reduced to the clafs of earths, or falts, as being
more compa<fl than earth, fatter than fait, and moifter than either 5
it comes nearer the nature of bitumens and fulphurs, yet differs
from thefe in hardncfs, there being no pure bitumen or fulphur
fo firm as that is.

Amber for its hardnefs may be clafled amongft flones, and for
its brightnels amongft gems, tho' fome forts of it are brittle; yet
amber polifhers find the white fort lo hard as to blunt their edge-
tools; pop-guns and mortars made of it receive no damage
from the explofion; amber is chiefly valued for its hardnefs and
Iblidity; the chief virtue the ancients found in amber, and which
diftinguiflied it from other gems was its attra6tive force, fo that
they called all thofe bodies electrical that had the faculty of at-
tra(fting ; which power of attra6"tion the moderns who have been
more exact in their experiments have difcovered in feveral other
gems, ftones, glals, refinous and bituminous bodies, fulphur, al-
phaltus and lac 5 yet amber attracts more ftrongly than other
gems.

Amber has a peculiar fragrancy, which no other gem yields, no
nor any of the aromatics; as thyme, myrrh, camphire or maftic 5
there is fomcthing of a refemblance of Imell in the refinous glebes
fonnd in ant-hills, but when you rub or burn them the difference
isdire61:Iy perceived; the fmell of the yellow or fiery fort differs
from that of the white ; the effluvia of the former are fat, and
therefore fofter, but thofe of the latter are fait and more acrid,
and they differently afil^61: the nofe ; amber has alio a peculiar
tafte, which yet varies according to the proportion of the oily and
falinc particles ; the white fort is pungent upon the fibres of the '
tongue, but the yellow not ih-^ amber differs from moft other
gems in the variety of its colours, and is never black, the opaque
Ibrt is rarely found, the pellucid is the pureft; and in fine you
can Icarcely name a gem that equals it in Jightnefs.

Its chief virtue, and to which no other gem comes up, is in cur-
ing the diftcmpcrs of animals; crude amber is oflcrvice, applied
cither inwardly or outwardly; the Indians and Cbinefe are fo

\ery

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Royal Society. 331

very fond of fuffumigations thereof, as to run into excefs j the
common people imagine it of lervice in catarrhs 5 and the amber
poUihers of Konigsberg gave out that it was owing to the alcxi-
pharmic exhalations thereof that they elcaped the plague , how-
ever there is no luffumigation which prelcrves from contagion
more efKf(5lually than that made of amber, nor have grols or pe-
Itilential vapours ever been oblerved to arile out of the pits on the
Sambian coail ; white amber well poliflicd is good in catarrhs, the
yellow Ibrt rubbed on the eyes does them great lervice • and little
balls of it are alio ufed in iffues^ daily experience confirms that
its powder is very lerviceable in provoking urine, expelling the
ftone, and promoting the MsnfeSj and in thefe caies the white
ibrt is the beft becaule there is moft fait therein.

It would be tedious to relate the feveral pharmaceutical reme-
dies prepared from amber, the refinous magiliery thereof in pills
is uled with fuccefs, and not inferior to the ballam of Capivtt
either in provoking urine, digefting phlegm or moderating a go-
norrhcea, it is alfo proper m cephalic plaifters ; the colophony
thereof is good in diaphoretic and ftomachic plaiftcrsj and ufed
with great fuccels, and at a fmall expence when applied to
Itrengthcn the parts in a palfey, apoplexy, epilepfy or gangrecn 5
it cherilhes joints weaken'd by the gout 5 the oil of amber is a
roble medicine both in Europe and ^^a^ tho' by the unlkilful-
nels of quacks it has loft its reputation, being fatal to patients
affii(5ted with the ftone, gonnorrhrea and a luppreflion of the
MenfeSj a drop or two of it imparts a virtue to feveral drachms of
lugar, a fingle drop rubbed on the vertex or futures of the head
cures a cold phlegmatic brain 5 cotton dipped in it, and put into
the ears cures their tingling 5 it reftores parts mortified with cold 5
it is uleful in hard labours, and is well known even to the horle-
doftors in 'Fru(]la^ tho' they ufe the powder moft 3 the beft oil is
what is volatile, without any empyreumatic twang, and what is
white, is very lubtile and fragrant j the volatile fait of amber is
not only very much cried up in epilepfies, and other cephalic dif-
orders arifing from phlegm, but is alio an excellent diuretic, the
eflence of amber is the more fubtile part of the oil, which you
may ufc with the lame fuccefs 5 but as it is diluted with a mixture
of fpirit of wine a large quantity may be taken j it is alfo good
in driving a gangreen outwards 3 fome reckon its phlegm medi-
cinal 3 but whatever virtues it has is owing to the remainders of
oil and fait therein, without which it is infipid, and frothy 3 the
grols oil that diftills laft is ufed by. the common people in the
cure of chilled joints: but when it has got a twan^ frona the fire,

T t i it

332 ME M O 1 R S of the

it fmells ftrong, fo that it is better to forbear it and preferve the
colophony in its full virtue ; preparations of amber may be made
to give relief almoft in all diftempers. M. Hartman in a regular
analyfis, where he followed nature, by ieparating with a gentle
fire the pure from the impure parts, did fo unite all the virtues of
amber, that preferving its native fragrancy, together with the ef-
ficacy of its tat and faline particles, it became a medicine proper
both in internal and external cales^ he calls that the ballam of
amber, where the (trong Icented parts of earth are feparated, and
the more volatile and delicate ones cohere fo clofely together that
they admit of no foreign particles 5 whatever effects can be ex-
pelled from crude amber, or any artificial preparation thereof,
the fame may be performed fooner, more fafely, and more agree-
ably by this balfam 5 the beft way of taking it inwardly is in pills
or bolus's^ it is applied externally like the apople(5tic ballam,
which it reiembles m colour; it is uled with luccefs in fainting,
hyfteric, epileptic, and paralytic dilbrders, by rubbing the pa-
tients gums, tongue and palate with it ; for prevention it may be
fafely taken twice or thrice a week to the quantity of five, feven,
ten, and even fifteen grains ; and in like manner it may be taken
in Ibme dilbrders of the kidneys, bladder, ^c. if you mix ano-
dynes with it 'j for a tingling in the ears it is a more infallible
remedy than the oil, whofe difagrceable Imell, the hazard in
ufing it, as being of a fiery nature, and its being deflitute of vola-
tile lalt put M. Hartman on inventing this balfam; and it is not
without reaibn that Hoffman and EtmuUer mix the agreeable
fcent of the Peruvian balfam with the oil of amber ; but it proves
more fuccefsful to mix the Peruvian balfam with that of amber
by M. Hartman^ efpecially in a Gonorrhoea and Fhwr ^Ibus*

A retort is the fitteft vefTel for diftilling amber; when you
would extra61 the fait, white amber is beft, and the yellow fort
when you would have the oil : M. Hartman had an ounce and a
half of volatile fait out of a pound of the white, and fcarce a
drachm out of a pound of yellow : Your diftillation will fuccced
more lucccflively, if you ule clean and polifhed fragments, and
of a thin and tranlparent rind, than if you take fuch as are either
impure, of a coarfe crufl, or the common fhavings; you muft mix
nothing with the amber, tho* formerly it was ulnal to put flints
and fand with it ; you mufl not give it a ftrong fire, the heat is
gradually increafed by the fand ; by due management there pre-
fently ariftfs with the phlegm the ethereal portion of the oil ;
when a yellowifli oil comes over with the volatile fait, proceed
no farther in the diftillation : The amber may be ftill urged till it

yields

Royal Societv.' j3j

yields a grols black liquor, and what remains will be a little black
Caput Mortutm^ like a fhining colophony, but deftitute either
of oil or ialt^ out of a pound and a half of white amber, there
was left an ounce of this Caput Mortuum-^ the volatile fait that
afcends to the top of the veflel, or flicks to its fides is to be
wafhed off with warm water, and in order to feparate it from the
oily particles mixed therewith, flrain the Iblution thro' a wet
paper, and the fait pafTes thro' whilil the oil remains behind,
then evaporate the fuperfluous moifture from this filtred folution|
until there remains about the third part, which being expofed to
the cold air, it fhoots into cryflals of fait, in the form of millct-
ieeds.

There is another method of depurating the fait, which is by
putting the lees into a long necked glafs, laid in a heat of afhes
or land, the white flakes, or little fhoots, fly to the top, whilft
the grofTer part remains at bottom 5 but this operation is attended
with the lols both of the glafs and lalt together 5 fome endeavour
to feparate the phlegm 5 but it is better put into the water that
imbibes the volatile fait, that it may likewife be divcfled of its
fait 5 nor does repeated diflillation give it any virtue, unlels it
receives it from the volatile lalt - nor is the fmell of the phlegm fb
agreeable as to preferve it. M. Hartman extracted from a pound
and a half, an ounce and a half of white phlegm, of the tafle of
fait of amber, but upon repeated diflillations it favoured only of
Imoke, and was befides of a difagreeable tafte 5 there is Ibme fait
in the colophony, if it is not quite burnt, which you may extract
by macerating it with warm water for fome time 5 fome reckon
this a fixed fait of amber 5 but what fort foever of fait this is, it
adds to the virtue of the colophony 5 there is no occafion to de-
purate the oil by another operation, for providing the recipient is
changed in due time, and the diftillation properly fet about, you
have the pureft directly; the qualities of the oil of amber are to
be derived from bitumen, or the oil of the earth, wherein
M. Hartman agrees with 'Borrichius^ but differs with him in that
he would have all the virtues of the oil of amber to be common to
Petroleum ; there is no amber of whatever colour, without its
volatile fait, from which ariles irs peculiar fr«igrancy, and the
more lalt it abounds in, the more fragrant you find it upon rub-
bing; tho' ^V Hartman maintains, that the fair of amber is
moftly compounded of vitriol of iron, which is plainly perceived
both by the fmell and tafle in the white Ibrt that abounds very
much in volatile fait, yet he does not alcribe lalt of amber to
common vitriol.

That

334 MEMOlRSofthe

That this volatile ialt arifes from an acid, its acid vinous tafte,
which is not dila^ereeable, plainly fliews 5 and this pleafant tart-
nefs of the volatile fait of amber comes the nearell to the philo-
ibphic fpirit of vitriol ; it is pungent, but not corroding ^ it neither
ferments nor bubbles upon pouring fpirit of vitriol upon it, nor does
it wade, when mixed with Sp. Sal. Artnon. it railes little bubbles
with a hiifing noife, and is ablbrbed by it j M. Hart man afcribes
the very fubtile and agreeable volatile acor in fait of amber
to bituminous exhalations, as fpirits of wine mixed with fpirits
of nitre or Ialt temper them fo, as to be denominated fweetj for
whilft the fubterraneous heat unites the difperfed particles of
bitumen, it happens that thefe in their paflage thro' the beds of
vitriol, by means of the fame heat fublimate and carry along with
them the moft fubtile effluvia of vitriol, and that in a greater or
lels quantity, fo that, by their coalition in the woody matrix,
amber is produced.

The procefs of reducing amber to a fine powder is eafy , for it
matters not, whether you grind or beat it fmall, both ways it is
of fervice, as appears from the inftance of beafts before -mentioned,
that greedily Iwallow down little bits of amber, and by being
made fmall, it is difpofed to mix the more readily with the
native juices of the animal, on which account this operation may
be of great lervice in phyfick: When amber is boiled in wine, it
imparts its virtue to it, which it likewife does when infufed and
digefted therein; fpirits of wine poured upon amber produce the
eflence or tindlure thereof, which is not tinged yellow, from the
pure white fort; whether it is better to ule the fpirits of wine
reflified or diluted is a queftion, the oily parts require the for-
mer, and the laline the latter, yet amber yields to both, and
becaufe whatever time the digeftion takes, the fpirits muft be
diluted at lall, therefore uie 'the highly re6tified ; the tinflure
is extrafted the more readily, if you put filings to the fpirits j
others add the oil of tartar fer deliquium^ or of fixed nitre, to
fliarpen the fpirits, that the greater virtue may the more quickly
be communicated to them, which might do very well, if no
foreign particles were thereby added to the tinfture ; the amber
diflbives the more readily if put to digefl: in a glals with a long
neck, and it foon imparts its virtue to the fpirits, which are
entirely faturated therewith, and this is obtained only by digeft-
Jng It for fome time.

M. Hartman having pounded fome pieces of the foffile wood,
and macerating it in hot water, the lee tafted fvveetifh like allum
or iron, but very little of vitriol; but thickening it m order to

collca

Royal Society. 335

colle£l tlic faline cryftals, it favoured more and more of vitriol,
and even the cryftals thcmi'elves did lb, only that the fweetnefs
of iron was the firft tafte that was felt on the tongue, and this
was confirmed by repeating the Iblution, and collefling a fecond
time the little cryftals j he put the wood, diverted of its falf,
into a retort, which he laid in lb ftrong a fand-heat, that the matter
within the glafs was red hot, and thus he extrafled all its moi-
fture 5 the milky liquor, that diftilled from it, was like an emul-
fion of almonds^ it had afterwards a little pellicle on the top, and
the calciform particles fubfided to the bottom 5 there was a very
ftrong Imell of lulphur felt all over the ftove, but upon bringing
the liquor nearer the nole, he perceived it Imell a little of amber;
not like the fragrant glebe, or oil, but like the fmell of the
phlegm that remained in the retort after diftillation^ it tafted alio
of linoke like the phlegm, withlbmewhat of a lalti/h acor 5 the
milky colour afterwards dilappeared, leaving behind it a fat
fcum J he expoled a fecond time part of it to the fire, to lee
if by repeated diftillation he could obtain any volatile fait, or any
of the purer drops of oil, but no fait afcended, and the more fub-
tile oily particles floated upon it, cohering no longer in the form
of a fcum, whilft Ibme of them funk to the bottom in the form
of tranfparent globules, of a fiery amber-colour 5 a few drops of
oil were extracted from a pound of liquor, which very much
refembled, both in tafte and fmell, oil of petre; the globules,
tho' they appeared refinous at bottom, were mixed with the
liquor by a gentle fhaking of the veflel, and the calx, which was
the finer earthy particles, was fublimed by the force of the fire;
the wood, when taken out of the retort, was of the colour of rufty
iron, it fmelled ftrong of lulphur, and put into the fire it burnt
like fuel^ its furface was fpnnkled with a red kind of powder.

He put it into a crucible for thre^ hours in the fire, and when
it cooled, it was covered over with a powder like cinnabar; it
did not take fire readily, nor retain it long, nor fpread itfelf like
fuel 5 it fmelled like lulphur, and had its tafte ; when let on fire
it fmelt lefs of lulphur than what was left behind in the retort, it
was alio of a brighter colour j again, he kept it above nine hours
in the crucible, but it would not take fire any more, and after
being calcined, it appeared white like Amianthus, without any
Imell of lulphur 5 by ftanding lb long in the crucible, its colour
was partly a greyi/h black, and partly Ihining; fome parts
appeared by the microfcope like drofs, others like borax, and
iamc like a calx.

Native

336 M E M O I R S of the

Native vitriol, rubbed with fteel, fhewed that it came nearer
the nature of iron than copper, having nothing of the rednefs of
copper in it 5 which the native vitriol, like Amianthus, diffolved
and fliot into cryftals does alio confirm j for it has at firft a
fwectifh iron-tafte like that of the fait or folution of iron ^ the
cryltals do not (hoot like thofe of Go/ler j having firft depurated
the Iblution by pouring urine into it, and removing the Faeces,
there came a foliaceous fort of earth, and the remaining liquor
prefented to the view cryftals almoft of the colour of laphire,
and of unequal angles j after the folution grew thicker, was filter-
ed and evaporated, it yielded a white oil, which being put into a
retort, and gently calcined in an oven, it produced in 24 hours
very good fpirits of vitriol, fuch as are prepared in the /hops of
the oil of AUrs 5 by a microfcope, M. Hartman difcovered a
good deal of fait ftill remaining m the Caput Mortuum of the
oil, whence may be underftood in what manner the oil contained
in the Caput Mortuum^ when expoled to the air, may be reduced
again: Several trials made by fire confirm, that the barky earth
is of the lame nature with the foffile wood j it muft be roafted
gently before any metal can be extra61ed out of it, the' what is
fouml therein is but very little 5 he alio diftilled from the blue
clay a volatile Ipirit of a fulphureous and bituminous fmell, and
which floated a-top^ he found that the yellow earth inclined
fomewhat to the nature of iron, and both its tafte and fmell
fhewed that it had borrowed fome tindure from vitriol.

T^he Generation of Fleas; hv S. Diacin£lo Ceftone. Phil.
Tranf. N® 249. p. 42.

FLEAS bring forth eggs, or a fort of nitts, from which are
hatched worms, that make bags for themfelves, like thofe of
filk-worms, out of which bags come fleas; they depofire their
eggs on dogs, cats, men, and other animals that are infefted with
them, or in places where they fleep, which being round and
fmooth flip commonly down to the ground, or fix themfelves in
the folds and other inequalities of the coverlets and cloaths ; from
thefc are brought forth white worms of a fhining pearl-colour, that
feed on the bran-like fubftance which fticks in the combs, with
which puppies are combed to takeout the fleas, or on a certain
downy fubftance found in the folds of linen-drawers, or in other
fuch like things; in a fortnight's time they come to the
bignefs of Fig. i. Plate X. and are very lively and aflive; if
they are under any fear, or if they are touched, they roll them-
lelves up of a fudden, and make as it were a ball 3 a little after

they

Royal Society. 337

they come to creep, as filk- worms do that have no legs, with a
very brifk and fwift motion • when they come to their ul'ual big-
nefs, they hide themlelves as much as they can, and with the filk
they ipew out of their mouths, they make a Imall bag round
themfelvcs, which is on the infide as white as paper, but on the
outfide is always dirty, and fouled with duft 5 the bags appear to
the naked eye of the bignels of Fig. 2. In two weeks more in the
fummer-lealbn the flea is perfectly formed, then it ibon leaves its
JBauvice in its bag, as (ilk-worms and all catterpillars do^ the
flea, all the time it is inclofed in the bag, is milk-white, and has
legs 5 but two days before it comes out, it becomes another colour,
grows hard, gathers flrength, {o that upon coming out it leaps
Itreight away.

Fig. 5. reprefents the eggs; Fig. 4. the worm j Fig. 5. the
bag 5 Fig. 6. the flea 3 but all magnified by the microfcope.

Two clear inflammable Liquors, -whlcb upon Mixture give a
Carnation Colour ^ by Mr. GeofFery. Phil. Tranli N° 249.
p. 43.

TO make the firfl of thefe liquors, put a fmall handful of
dried red roles into a glals-bottle, pour on them reflified
fpirits of wine to the height of an inch ; let them infufe for four
or five hours in the cold, then pour off the fpirits, which will
be clear and colourlels.

The fecond liquor is made by putting fbme drops of good
fpirits of vitriol, or oil of fulphur, into good fpirits of wine,
fo that the acid tafte can fcarce be felt by the tongue 5 if you put
a little of this laft liquor into the firfl, it will give a fine reddi/h
colour, without any effervefcence or other fenfible alteration j if
inflead of this wine mixed with acids, you put to the firll fome
drops of any volatile alkalies, as of fpirits of Sal-armoniac^ or
any fuch, it will give a green colour to the infufion.

Seeds to clarify Water -^ by Hans Sloane, M, 1>, Phil. Tranf
N° 245?. p. 44-

THESE feeds come from the coaft of Cor Oman del ^ or
Malabar^ they are about the bignefs of a fmall pea, only
broader and flatter, having Strias^ or creafcs, running from their
centre after the manner of the common l>^u% Vomica-^ in the
Eaft -Indies they rub or grate them on the bottom of a fmall
earthen balbn, wherein is contained fbme watery this water and
powder are put into a large quantity of muddy or foul water,
and it is clarified thereby.

Vol. III. ' U u ^ Comet,

338 M E M O I R S of the

A Comet, Anno i^pj, at Paris- by M, Caflini, Phil. Tranf.

]\° 250. p. 79. ^ranflated from the Latin.

UPON the night following the 19th of February , in the
year 1(^99, at the royal obfervatory at 'Paris^ there
began to appear between the opening of the clouds, that for
feme days pad had overcafl the heavens, a fniall comet like a
nebulous flar of the third magnitude, like that which was
obferved in the month of September 1^98^ it was fituated
among the Stell^e iiiformes of the fixth magnitude near the
arctic circle, above the head of Auriga^ almoft in the middle
between the occidental cubit of 'Terfeus and the head of Urfa
major ^ which ^ycbo reckons in the number of the Stellce informed
about Urfa minor -^ by repeated obfervations from that night to
the next following, the motion of the clouds laying open that
region of the heavens, it appeared to have a proper motion,
and to dire£l its courle towards Capelhy with little or no devia-
tion from the circle of its declination ; and had not the fky been
overcafl the preceeding days, it might have been feen near the
north Tole^ its velocity was fuch, that in a day's time it had
accomplifhed about feven degrees of a great circle, by which
motion it might in lefs than four days almoft reach the Poky
and be aflbciated with the polar ftar^ he compared this comet
with a ftar of the fixth magnitude which Tycho calls the fecond
of thofe that are in a right line with the Pole^ and found that
in pafling thro' the horary circle it had got the ftart of this ftar
by 15' 55", to w^hich is owing the difference of its right afcen-
fion being 4° 43' , for it was more northerly than that ftar by
8' ^ from w^hence the longitude, from the latitude affigned this
ftar by Tycho, being computed at this time, the comet may be
referred to 15^ 51' of Gemini^ with 57" 25' north latitude : It
moved in the region of the heavens oppoiite to that wherein the
comet of the preceeding year had done, when almoft at the
fame diftance from the \Pole as this appeared in at firft, and
pre'tty near the fame place.

The comet in September went in the fame tra^T: that that
obferved by Caffini at !Bologfiad.\A in the year 1552 5 this latter
in the month of ^December came from the fourhern regions,
thro' the conftellations Lepus^ Orion, and T^?^r/^J, where itinter-
feiEled the ecliptic in an angle of 76° of inclination, and thro'
'P erf PUS and Cafjiopeia^ where it difappeared in January 1553,
whilft the prefent comet firft appeared in the beginning of
Stptemhery in the fame part- of Caffiopeia^ wherein the other

difap-

Royal Society. 339

difappeared, and from thence prcceeding tliro' the Moulders
and arms o{ Cepbeiis, where it had irs greateft latitude from the
cchptic, viz. 76°, It pafled between the 'Dragon and S-wan,
over the ftmof the Lion in Hercules, and over Ophiucus, till it
came to the conitellation Scorpius, where, according to the
obfervations made, it continued from the 24th to the iSth
oi September -^ by the fame obfervations, he found that it had
come to its "Perig^im the ix\\ o{ September m the evening,
having a very great apparent velocity oUlmoft 10° in a day.

Virtues of the Oflracites 5 by Dr. Cay. Phil. Tranf. N" 250.

p. 81.

DR Home pave him an account, that he never ufed the
OftraciteTin '^ny cafe where he knew the patient was
troubled with a confirmed ftone (being perfuaded that no me-
dicine can break a large ftone) but only to iuch as were a^^iift-
ed with gravel or fmali ftones^ that fome of his patients were
cured without evacuating any gravel or ftones at a.i 5 that
others evacuated both; that it never does its vvork of a luaden
Cnot being remarkably diuretic) but diffolves rather than
expels the little ftones^ that none he ever gave this medi-
cine to, however grievoufly and frequently affiiaed before,
had ever been troubled with nephritic pains fince; that his
manner of giving it was in fine pow-der mixed with about a
third part of the flowers of cammomil ; and the dofe he gave,
was from half a dram to a dram put in white wine; that the
greateft dofe is often apt to offend and nauleate the ftomach ;
That he gave it once alone, and a weak infufion of cammomil
flowers in white wine after it, but this did not fo well This
fhell, which Dv.Cay takes to be the fame with Dr. Zrfiers
Oflracites ma^imus rugofus ^> afper, burns to a lime as other
ihells do, and as the Selenites (tho' weakly) does; it yielded no
volatile fair, tho' he tried it m a naked fire; nor do common
ovfter-fhells, when frefh taken and uied, afford out of tour
ounces, above half a fcruple of liquor, fome what urinous, atid
poffibi;, if long dried and expofed to the weather, they would
lofe even that,^nd yield no more volatile lalt than the 0/ ^-
Cites: Some fay that the othet fhells that '^^^^°^^«?;°"^V f "^^
petrified, yield a volatile fait; and the Doaor himfelf had
Lm the mells of cruftaceous fiflies, particularly lobfters, a
volatile fait and fetid oil in great quantity, even in a land fur-
nace; but thefe fort of Ihells difter from other ^fi^^ ^
Dr. Lifter has well obferved in this too, that m thefe the

340 M E M O IK 5 of the

knob bends a little towards the hinge or end, whilft it is other-
wife in oyfter-fhellsj they differ too in their Ipecific gravity,
thefe beinc more ponderous than the other, and fomewhat
near thefpecific gravity of the SeletJttes j he obferved likewife
Ibme fuch difference among the Cornua Ammofiis, having had
one or two fmall ones from the coal-pits, that had a confidera-
ble mixture of the 'Pyrites 5 whereas thefe that are found about
IVhitby approach more, he thinks, to the nature of allum-
ftone.

"/he Virtues o/Faba St. Ignatii; hy 'Dr. Sloane. Phil. Tranf.

M° 250. p. 87. 1r an flat ed from the Latin.
JsJUX 'Teplta or Faha S. Ignatii is about the bignefs of a
-^ ^ nutmeg and triangular ^ this fruit is very much efteemcd
in the Philippine JJlands where it grows, i. It has the fame
virtues as the metal we call Timhaga^ and that compound de-
nominated Ilingo:, it prefcrves from poifonous fleams, from
fpafms, efpecially a particular fort of cramp called Sotan,
z. It helps to vomit up any poifon, if its filings are drank in
cold water, and it likewife does fervice in the bites of venemous
creatures, by applying fome of the filings to the place afFefted.
5. As alfo the filings applied in like manner, relieve any mem-
ber of the body afHi6led with the cramp. 4. And the faid
filings flop the bleeding of any wound, and being given to
drink to a woman that had long been under a flux of blood
Jhe was prefently cured. 5. It cures fevers, as was con-
firmed in the cafe of an infant labouring under a violent
fever, which was removed as foon as it had fome of it in its
drink. 6. It afTifls women in child bearing. 7. In fine, daily
experience proves its wonderful virtue in difpelling repletions
and crudities in the flomach, and befides in moderating a fre-
quent defire of going to iloel. As to the manner of ufing this
medicine :

Divide each nut into three parts, and when there is occafion
for it, let the patient put it into his mouth for a quarter or
half an hour, let him fwallow the fpittle, and afterwards drink
about two or three ounces of cold water, and he will find the
good efFeds of it^ or thus,

Take a very hard piece of fhell, in the hollow part of
which put a little water, and therein rub hard the fruit, and
pour that water with the filings into fmall vefTels, repeating
the preparation three or four times, until you have two
ounces of the confeftion and lotion made of the piece of ihell

and

Royal Society. 341

and nut, which you muft fhake before you give it the patient
to drink.

Or thus, divide a nut into fmall pieces, fry it in oil,
efpecially oil of olives, and let the patient drink it, or let it
be applied to the place afteded, or rubbed over the parts fcized
with the cramp, and it has the fame effe^ as above.

ihe fame hy P. Geo. Camelli. Phil. TranC N^ 250. p. 88.

^ranjlated from the Latin.
/^Atahngay^ by others called Cantara^ is a plant that bears
^ the true Nux Vomica of Serapiofi^ and which winds round
the higheft trees j the trunk is woody, light, porous, and fome-
times as large as one*s arm 5 the bark is rough, thick, and of
the colour of afhes^ its leaves are broad, full of fibres, and
bitter, very near like that in Fig. 7. Plate X. the fruit is lar-
ger than a melon, and the flower like that of a pomegranate, be-
ing covered with a very fine rind, that is tranfparent, fmooth,
and of a pale or alabafter colour, under which is another rind of
a fubftance as hard as flonej under this and within a bitter, yel-
low and foft pulp, like that of the fruit Manga, the true Nuces
VomkiC, which when frelh fhine white like filver, by reafon
of a down they are covered withal, and not quite fo large as a
walnut, and of various fhapes, to the number of 24 grow in a
clufter ^ the Indians call it Igafiir and Mananaog ; the Spaniards^
^Pepitas de "Byfagas or Cathahgan, and others Faba S. Ignatii 3
when dried it is as large as a filbert with its fhell on, or
fomewhat larger, being knotty, very hard, tranfparent and as it
were of a horny fubftance 5 it has a much more bitter tafte
than the feed of citron, and according to Serapon is between
a white and iky-colour.

M. Camelli made a patient of a melancholic conftitution take
one fcruple of the powder q>{ Igafur for a vomit; being troubled
with a flux, weak digeftion and frequent vomiting, with four
belchings, as alfo with a great deal of wind, which he nofooner
took than he was feized with a trembling all over his body that
continued three hours together with an itching, and terrible con-
vulfive twitchings, fo as not to be able to ftand upon his legs,
the convulfion was moft violent and troubieiome in his jaws,
io that fornerimes he was forced to laugh, v/ithout any remark-
able alteration in his puli'e, vomiting or any other fymptoms
attending it- at length he found h'mfclf fomewhat better:
Another patient had the like trembling and convullions, toge-
ther with a very great oppreflion in hisbreaft, afwiming in the

head,

342 M E M O I R S of tie

head, fainting, and cold fweats^ and being hypocondriacal,
in order to cure himfelf, he fwallowed a whole fiefh nut^
but M. Camelli relieved him with warm oxymel and oil, by
which he threw up a great deal of vifcous phlegm with the
particles of the nut : Another had taken the third part of a
nut and was for three hours in the like, cafe with the two for-
mer, only that befides involuntary convuliions, he felt a ting-
ling pain and the like, efpecially in his head. There's no
doubt but that fometimes from fuch a violent commotion in
the animal fpirits and alteration of the humours occalioned by
this nut, may be thrown off all heterogeneous particles with
thofe of this dangerous medicine, whereby the humours are
reftored to a better temperament, and dcfired health enfues.
The common way of ufing the nut Igafur is by infufing it
whole in hot water till it becomes bitter^ and then pouring the
liquor off; fome prefcnbe a fmall quantity of it in powder,
others oive one or two fmall pieces to fwallow down, fome the
whole nut, and others wear it about their neck by way of amu-
let: It often caufes vomiting and fometimes gives a flool; the
Spaniards are almoft generally thrown into convulfions by it,
but the Indians never ; it is to be taken in cafe of poifon, and
immoderate commotions of the fpirits without regarding the
time 3 in other accidents and diforders it is to be given the pa-
tient m the morning falling ; but when it is defigned for a vo-
mit it is more proper to take a dofe of a fcruple and a half an
hour or two after meals, together with other gentle vomitives.
A little bit of the nut, or Ibme of the filings is good againft
the bite of the viper "Baful a kind of worm that, upon touch-
ing a perfon, caufes a violent itching, and of other poifonous
animals , F. de la Zarza told M. Camelli that when applied to
the wound made by a dart or any infected weapons, it ex-
tra6led the poifon like the lapis Cukbrinus ; others recommend
its powder for Hopping the blood in hiemorrhagies, and in apo-
plexies, palfies, lethargies, epilepfies, in afthma's, catarrhs
and other defluxions ; a little bit of it put under the tongue
provokes ipittle, and frees the head of a vifcous phlegm j its
powder, and an infufion of it, or the oil defcribed below, ad-
miniftred in a tertian or quartan fever is much commended;
it is found of fcrvice in provoking urine, as alfo on a luppref-
{lon of the JJenfcSy hard labour, and expelling the fecundines,
a dead Fcetus and the worms ; befides it is given in cholics, in-
digeilion, bad concoflion and crudities in the ftomach, in a
diarrhoea, tenefmus, an obilrudion in the liver and fpleen^ an

oil

Royal Society. 34^

oil prepared from the (imple infufion of the nut is a very ftrong
emetic, and ferves for the fame purpofes as the nut itfelf-
moreover it affifts conco(5tion and recovers loft appetite.

The deco6lion of Mamirigal relieves in all cafes of poifbn,
and the biting of poifonous animals ; it is a febrifuge and an
anti-afthmatic; it removes inveterate obftrudtions, and reftores
loft appetite 5 befides that, being taken in the morning for eight
days together it cures the yellow jaundice, it expels worms
and gives relief in thecholic^ two drachms of the decoftion
give almoft five ftools : The dofe of the powder of the vomit-
ing bark Mananangtan is from one fcruple to four 3 it eva-
cuates ftrongly, both by vomit and ftool, phlegmatic, tough and
choleric humours^ from whence it is given with iliccefs in
fevers, repletion of the ftoniach, an exceis of vilcous hu-
,mours, a cachexy, anddr(»piy; ihis, with the deco6tion Ma-
nungak i^ v\.i-y good in all cafes of poifon, and in expelling
worms 5 Fig. 8. Plate X. reprefents the leaves, Fig. 9. the
flowers, and Fig. 10. the fruit of this plant.

Stones found in the Stomach, Kidney and Gall-bladder 1 hy
M. Will. Clark. Phil. Tranf. N^ 250. p 55.

/t^- 1^90. a lady, who, by the advice of her phyficians,
•^^ had been drinking the waters at Moffet Wells in An-
'nandale in Scotland for a continual vomiting, and nephritic
complaints, died there in a fit of vomiting • upon diflefting the
ftomach Mr. Clarke found a ftone of the form and bignefs as
in Fig. II. Plafe X. the corner a was almoft fixed in the ^y~
loruSi Co that the paflage from the ftoniach to the inteftines was
almoft quite fnuc up 5 the fubftance of this ftone was a little
fpongy weighing about 8t drachms 5 in the left kidney he
found alfo a ftone of the lame fubftance weighing about five
drachms, and in the gall-bladder he found fcveral ftones
weighing two drachms.

Th.u ftones are daily generated in the Fe/ica Urinaria, reins
and Veficula Fellis, is a thing very common, but not fo in the
ftomach of a human body 5 however, it feems they have been
produced by the fame common caufe and from the fame petri-
fying matter : Mr. Clarke thinks that fome extraneous body-
gives origin to that in the ftomach, as it frequently happens
even in thofe extra6ted from the Vejica Urinaria -^ thus an iron
tag, a leaden bullet, ^c. have been found to be the kernels of
leveral ftones 5 and that feveral extraneous bodies are often-
times found in the ftomach, which have been fwallowed down

either

344 M E M O I R S e/' /i6^

either willfully or by accident, we have the authority of Sen-
mrtus and others ; one Mr. Cameron an epifcopal Divine in
Scotland in a frolick fwallowed half a crown and found no in-
convenience thereby 5 and amongft the rarities in the anatomy
hall aiLcyden there is preferved a knife ten inches long, which
was cut out of a peaiant's flomach, and he lived eight years
after it. Stones generated in the ftomach excite horrid pains 5
but there are fcarce any clear figns by which they can be
diftinc^uiihed from others, except the continuance of the pain j
fonietimes they are ejected by vomit, and fometimes they
adhere to the bottom of the ftomach j that ftones are alfo form-
ed in all other parts of the body, we are aflfured by manifold
obfervations and experience, as in the brain, kidneys, ureters,
gall-bladder, at the root of the tongue, knee, even in the
heart itielf, and in the nerves : But ftones are more commonly
formed in the kidneys and bladder, becaufe thefe veffels are
more properly defigned to feparate and contain the Serum of
the bloody and for that reafon ftones in the reins and Vcfir.a
urinaria are more troublefome to perfons atflidled therewith,
than in any other part of the body, i . Becaufe the parts are
more fenfible. 2 Becaufe they ftop the paifage for evacuat-
ing the Serum that is continually feparating from the blood, and
by confequence diftend the veffels, which occafions horrid
pains.

Stones are not only found in human bodies, but alfo in feve-
ral parts of other animals, as bezoar-ftone in the ftomach of a
fort of goal in both the Indies^ as alfo in the ftomach of mon-
keys, which is efteemed the beft^ there is alfo a kind of bezoar,
called cow-bezoar, found in the ftomach of a cow 5 HippoUthus
found them in the ftomach of horfes3 j^gagropila in the Ca-
pra Alpina^ &c.

Anenx> Way of cutting for the Stone 5 hy a Hermit in France,
Initio Obfervations by M, Buftiere. Phil. Tranf. N" 250.
p. 100.

BRother JameSy a Hermit in France^ in extraiSling the
ftone out of the bladder, ufes a fteel ftaft'much bigger
and (horter than thofe which are commonly made ufe of, it is
fhorter from the top to the bending of it, and it bends more
than ours 3 his Conductor h flenderer, and longer than ours, the
point that goes into the bladder being of the figure of a lo-
zenge, is wide and open in its extremity 5 his Forceps has
longer branches than ours, but the holds of them are ihorter

and

Royal Society. 345

and wider, having many large teeth within 5 tht Urethra^
with which he draws the land, or grave], that remains lonie-
times in the bladder after the ftone is out, is ihorter than
ours 5 his knife is much longer and flendei-er than ours.

Hecaufes the patient to lie flat upon his back, either upon
his bed or upon a table, whereon is a foft quih in luch a man-
ner that the fundament is three or four fingers over the table,
while fonie fervants fupport his thighs and legs ; he ufes no
ligature, but only caules his legs to be bent againft his thighs,
but not the thighs againft his belly, except the left, which in
the operation h^ ufes more or lefs, as he thinks proper 3 then he
introduces the catheter, or ftaff, into the bladder, which tho'
bigger and fhorter than ours, yet feems to run in eafier j very
often he holds it himfelf in his left hand, pre{ring it clofe
towards the fundament, in order to dilate and extend the
membranes of the bladder ; then he feels with the fingers of
his right hand to find out the ftaff thro' the fkin, and having
felt it, he runs hisincifion-knife at the bending of the lefr thigh
upon the fat protuberance below the Ifcbiim, dirc6^1y up-
wards by the ReBum to the bladder, which he pierces at the
neck, and fcmetimes a little above it ; when he performs, the
catting parts of his knife are turned upwards and downwards 5
having thus pierced the bladder, which he knows by the urine
running out, he turns bis knife, and thrulls a little further, in
order to open the bladder wide enough, that his finger may go
in eafily, then withdrawing his knife, he enlarges the wound
in the outward parts two or three inches long, after which he
thrufts his finger into the bladder, in order to know more pre-
cilely the bignefs and fituation of the ftone, and make it loofe,
but chiefly to dilate the aperture of the bladder by tearing its
membranes, then he introduces his ConduBor into the bladder
along his finger, which is within it 5 when the ConduEior is m the
bladder, he takes the ftaff out, and introduces the Forceps by
the Condutlor into it, with which he gets hold ot the ftone, and
draws it out 3 if he finds any difficulty either in getting hold of
the ftone, or in drawing it out, he takes all the uiual methods,
as raifing the left thigh more or lefs, putting his finger into the
fundament, and fometimes into the bladder to loofen it, m
cafe there be any adhefion with the membranes 5 having found
out, and removed the caufe of the difficuhy, he thrufts the
Forceps again into the bladder, gets hold of the ftone, and
cxtra6ls it.

Vol, IIL X x I«

346 MEM O IR S of the

It is to be obfcrved, that he ufes no CondiSor the fecond
time, nor at any other, the Forceps running in very eafily j he
never thrufts either his finger or any inftrument into the blad-
der, without Iteepina them in oil of rofes 3 he never ufes any
^ilatorium or Cannula, or tents in the wound, except fome-
times fmall doffils in the lips of the outward wound, to keep
them open for a little while 3 he only applies a pledget, fteeped
in oil of rofes, upon the wound ^ he operates this way as dex-
teroufly as any of our bell operators 5 he very often cuts the
patient upon the gripe, almoft in the fame manner as was ufed
formerly, except that he makes the incifion in the fame place
as is done for the former 5 this way he likes better than the
other, and indeed it is furer, tho' his preffing upon the belly is
a very bad method ; he cuts women alfo upon the llaff, and in
the fame place as men, only that he cuts the internal neck of the
Uterus-^ but in M. S/(/7/ere's opinion, that way either in men
or in women is not fo fure as the ancient method, by reafon
that the point of the knife, not being dire6led by the ftaff, he is
always in danger of piercing all the membranes of the bladder
thro' and thro' ^ and befides, the place whereupon he makes the
incifion being full of confiderable veflels, one can hardly avoid
the cutting fome of them^ he obferved in almoft all that died
in the Hermit's hands, that there was a great deal of blood in
the bladder, and fome in the cavity of the Abdomen-^ he
lucceeds better when the ftone is big and large, than when it
is fmall, by reafon that a big Hone not only extends the bladder,
but it flops the point of the knife 5 and when there is but a
fmall ftone, the bladder being empty, he muft neceffirily cut
it throughout, and confequently fome of its veffels, which
caufes the hemorrhage, that is better avoided when the ftone is
very large.

M. SuJJiere's obfervations upon this way of operation are
thefe; he took a body, in the bladder of which he put a ftone 5
the ftaff being in the bladder, he prelfed it downwards, hard
enough to be felt thro' the teguments, and made the incifion
upon it in the bent of the thigh, in order to know whether it
would not be a furer way, by fecuring the point of the knife;
by that means he got his Condu5ior and Forceps into the blad-
der, and extrafted the ftone very eafily ; but afterwards, by the
diffeftionofthe body, he found that the artery of the 'Penis
and the Vcficul^ feminaks were cut thro' and thro', which
cannot be avoided, becaufe the artery and Veficidc^ lie imme-
diately

RovAL Society. 347

diately under that part of the bladder which the flafF preflcs
upon.

He took another body, and having put in the bladder a
fmall ftone, he made the incifion much lower, piercing the
bladder under the ftaff, by which he extraiSed the ftone ^ then
difleding the body, he found that the bladder was cut thro'
together with its arteries, which can hardly be avoided, by
reafon the bladder is fo much contra6ted there, that both fides
of It are cut before the operator either feels the ftone, or fees
any urine running out.

He took a thud body, in the bladder of which he put a
very large ftone ; the ftaff being in it, he made the incifion
upon the fat protuberancy under the Ifchium, and pierc-
ing the bladder below the ftaff, he immediately found the
itone with the point of the knife, with which he cut the blad-
der the length of an inch, thro' which having introduced the
CoriduEior and then the ForcepSy he got hold of the ftone, and
drew It out very eafily 5 afterwards diffe6ling the body, he
found that neither the Vefictdce feminaks, nor any artery, had
been cut, by reafon that the weight of the ftone prefTed the
bottom of the bladder lower than the VcficulcC and arreries.

M. "Bufjiere thinks, that this way might be made ufe of when
the ftone IS very large, and he prefers it to the old way 5 becaufe
by this means is avoided that extraordinary and violent dilata-
tion of the neck of the bladder, which the ftone caufes when
it is very large, and is the caufe of the inflaramition and morti-
fication of the bladder that kills the patient 3 but when the
ftone is fmall, or but of an indifferent bignefs, the old way is
eafier and furer 5 but he does not approve at all of the Hermit's
new method on women, fince one cannot avoid cutting the
neck of the Uterus, which might prove to be of fome ill con-
fequence, m cafe the woman fhould come to be with child ;
and therefore, when the ftone is but indifferent large, the old
way is preferable here to any other 5 but if it was large,
then he had rather thruft his fingers into the Vagina, and
bring the ftone as near the neck of the bladder as can be, and
cut the membranes of the Vagina and bladder upon the ftone j
by this way is prevented the incontinency of urine, which
always follows the extraction of great ftones in women 5 he cut a
woman by that way, from whom he extra6ted a ftone weighing
five ounces and a half, who recovered very well ^ neither does
he approve cutting upon the gripe, as it is pradlifed by fome
mountebanks; becaufe in that way the 'Projlatcs are cur,

X X 2 which

348 M E M O 1 R S of the

which deftroys the parts of generation, and this he obferved in
all thofe that have been cut by that method.

Parhelia in SuflFolkj by M. Petto. Phil. TranC N° 250. p. 107.

ON Jngufl 28th, 1^98, about 8 o'clock in the morning,
there was Teen the appearance of three funs, which were
brighteft then, or a little after 3 about half an hour after eight,
M. *Pfr/^ohiml"elf faw it, when there was in the eaft a dark
watry cloud, and below it towards the middle was the true
fun, fliining with fuch ftrong rays, that a perfon could not
look upon him 3 on each iide were the refleflions, with the
true fun in the middle 5 in other parts, much of the firmament
was of an azure, light blue colour 5 the circles M. 'Pf/z'o ob-
ferved, were not of rain-bow colours, but white j there was
alfo at the fame time, but higher in the firmament towards the
fouth, and at a confiderable diltance from the other, the form
of a half moon, but more than twice as big, with the horns
turned upwards 5 within it was of a fiery red, and more like a
rainbow colour; thefe all faded gradually, after having conti-
nued, from their firft appearance, about two hours.

Sable Mice 5 hy Sir P. Rycaut. Phil. Tranf. N° 2 5 r . p. 1 10.

THE fable mice, which were firft obferved about 'Ihonie
in Laplandy are near as large as a fmall fquirrel, their
ftin is flrcaked and fpotted with black and light-brown ; they
have two upper teeth, and as many under, which are very
fharp and pointed 5 they have feet like thofe of fquirrels, and
are fo fierce, that if a ftick be held out ^t them, they will
bite it, and hold it fo fall, that they may be fwung about in
the air^ they are fat and thick, and without any tail j in their
marches they keep in a correal line, generally from north-eaft
to fouth-weft, and each troop confius of a great many thou-
fands, and its figure is for the moft part a fquare j they march
by night, and in the twilight, and lie ftill by day 5 the length
of the lines in which they march is fome ells, and parallel to
each other ; if they meet any thing that might flop their courfe,
they do not go out of their lines, tho' it were a fire, a deep
well, a torrent, lake, or raorafs, but without any hefitation they
venture thro', and by that means many thoufands of them are
deftroyed- if they are met fwimming over lakes, and forced out
of their courfe, they prefently return into it again 5 when they
are met in woods or fields and ftopf, they fet themfelves upon
their hinder feet like a dog, and make a kind of barking or

fqueak-

Royal Society. 349

fqueaking noife, leaping up as high as a man's knee, defending
their line as long as they can ; and if at laft they are forced out
of u, they fet up a cry refembling 'Biahb^ Siabh'^ they never
come into any houfe, nor meddle with any thing that is food
for man j if a hoale happen to be in their way, there they
ftop till they die, but thro' a (lack of corn they will eat their
way j when they march thro* a meadow, they endamage it
much by eating the roots of the grafs, but if they encamp there
by day, they quite fpoil it, and make it look as if it were
burnt, or ftrewed with afhesj the roots of the grafs, with
rotten wood, and the inle(5ts in it, are their chief, if not only
food^ thefe creatures are very fruitful, yet their breeding does
not hinder their march, for fome of them have been obferved
to carry a young one in their mouth, and another on their
back.

It is reported that fome poor Laplanders have eat feveral of
them, and have found their fleih tart: like fquirrels^ dogs and
cats eat only the heads, and birds of prey eat only the heart ;
during the winter they lie under the fnow, where they have
breathing-holes a-top, as hares and other animals 5 the country
people are very fond of thefe guefls, as they foretel that there
will follow a great plenty of game 5 as of fowls, fquirrcls, lo-
cats, foxes, ^c. thele mice are the fame with thofe called
Mures, Norvegici^ Nor'way mice, defer ibed by Olaus Wormius
in his Mufddum.

Plants in Jamaica, hy 1)r. Hans Sloane. Phil. Tranf.
N° 251. p. 113.

IN Jarnaic£i^ the neighbouring iflands, and on the continent
of America^ there grow feveral forts of mifeltoe, by fome
they are called parafitical plants and by others EpidendrUy as
growing on the trunks or arms of trees, after the manner of
mifTeltoe and like it fend roots, leaves, ftalks, flowers and
feedj from this refemblance the Doctor gives the name of
Vifcum to the feveral families of them.

There is one family he calls Vifcum Cariophyloides^ from
having irs feed veflel fomewhat like that of clove -jelly flower,
and a particular one of that family he calls Vifcum Cariophy-
hides maximum with a flower which has three leaves of a pale-
clay colour and a feed full of fibres, that is commonly called
in that ifl.ind wild pine, the deicription of which is as follows 5
a great many brown Flbrillde cncompafs the arms, or take a
firm hold qf the bark in the trunk of the trees whereon they

grow 5

350 MEMOIRS of the

grow 5 not like miffeltoe, which penetrates into the bark or
wood to fuck its nourifhment, but only interwoven and matted
together, to afford the plant a firm fupport 5 hence ariie fe-
veral leaves on every fide as Plate X. Fig. 12. aaaa after the
manner of leeks, or Ananas-, and hence it has the name of
wild-pine or aloes, being folded or inclofcd one within the
others each of them is two feet and a half long, three inches
broad at bottom, and ending in a point; having very hollow
or concave fides within, it forms a very large refervatory, ci-
ftern or bafon ^, fit to contain a pretty deal of water 5 which in
the rainy feafons falls upon the uppermoft parts of the fpread-
ing leaves that have channels in them to convey it down to the
cidern, where it is kept, as in a bottle 5 the leaves, after they
are fwelled out like a bulbous root to form the bottle, bend
inwards or come again clofe to the flalk, whereby they hinder
the evaporation of the water by the heat of the fun j they are
of a light green colour below, and like leeks above, from the
middle of thefe arifes a round, fmooth, ftraight, frefh green-
coloured ftalk, three or four feet long <;, that has feveral
branches 5 when wounded, it yields a clear mucilaginous gum 5
the flowers come out here and there on the branches; they
confifl: of three long, yellowifli, white or herbaceous leaves,
and fome purple ended Stamina^ that ftand in a long Caly^ or
^fiibulus made up of three green vifcid leaves with purple
edges, to which is a long triangular Capfida d o^ a greenilh-
brown colour, being fomewhat like thofe of the CariophylU^
and having under it three fhort capfular leaves and within fe-
veral long pappous feeds 5 the feed itfelf being oblong, pyra-
midal and very fmall, having very foft hairs, down, or Tomen-
tumy much longer in proportion to the feed, than any the Dr.
ever faw, being as long as the pod or Capfida : It grows on the
arms of trees every wjiere in the woods, as alfo on the bark of
their trunks, efpecially when they begin to decay, the bark
/• then receiving the feed, and yielding more eafily to the fibrils
of the roots of this plant, which in fome time diffolves it and
ruins the whole trunk.

The contrivance of nature in this vegetable is very furpri-
fing; the feed having feveral long threads of l^omentum^ not
only that it may be carried every where by the wind, as the
pappous nnd tomentuous feeds of Hieraciwn, Lyfimacbia^ 8<c.
are, bat alfo that when it is driven thro' the boughs it may be
held fall by thofe threads, and lb flick to the arms and extended
part of the bark of trees 3 as foon as it fprouts or germinates,

tho'

Royal Society. 351

tho' it be on the under parts of a bough or trunk of a tree, itS
leaves ana ftalk nfe perpendicularly or ftraight up; bccaufe
if it had any other pofition, the ciftcrn before mentioned made
of the hollow leaves, by which it is chiefly nourillicd not hav-
ing any communication with the tree could hold no water,
which is necefiary for the nourifhmeni: and life of the plant:
In the mountainous as well as dry low lands, this refervatory
is not only neceffary and fufficient for the plant itlcU, but is
likewife very ufeful to men, birds and all forts of infefls, to
which they come in great numbers when water is fcarce, and
leldom go away without refrefhment.

There are fome contrivances in plants growing in Europe,
which in fome particulars come near thofe of this kind of ve-
getables; the Virga paftoris or wild tcafel, and moil perfo-
liated plants has its leaves inclofing its ftalk and fo fet by pairs
oppofite to each other, and joined by their bafes, form a cavity
fit to contain fome water, which tho' open, yet undoubtedly
contributes to the perfeaingthe plant; feveraliv/a" have been
difcovered to have feeds, which when ripe break out of their
places, and by means of a glewy juice faften themfelves to
ftones or other fubftances at the bottom of the fea, where they
are to grow ; the common Vi/am has fuch a glewy fubftance,
probably for faflening its feeds to the bark of trees; fmall
mofles, 'heretofore thought to have no feed, are now known to
have great plenty of it, and that fo fmall, that the Doaor faw
itrife'' up from the ripe head in form of fmoak ; which without
queftion is defigned that the feed may be carried by the wind
to walls, trees, or other fit matrixes for its vegetation; there is
a Fi^wus called by Clufws, Fungus minimus anonymus, and by
Dr. Merret Campaniformis niger, f/juka femina plana in fe
continens, that when ripe opens in the rain, and filling a cup,
wherein lies its feeds, they are wafhed out on every way, in
order no doubt to propagate its kind.

There are many families of plants with pappous or tomentous
feeds, as 'Dandelion's, Erigerums, Lyfimachia's, Clematis's,
^mnone's, &c. which when ripe, their leeds arc by means of
their feathers or wings fcattered by the wind to the adjacent
parts; this is fo effcaual a way that the Jj?er Cariadenjis an-
mais non defcriptus, 'Brunyer or Conyza, annua alba acris Mo-
ris, which came at firft from Cane da, is now become a wild
plant in many places of Europe, where it never was oblerred to
grow, and far from the gardens where it was firlt planted, the
ieul havina been carried" thither by its \\ings, and the Dcaor
^ had

352 M E M O I R S of the

had ff en it in fome parts of France, a great many leagues from
fuch placevS : There are likewile many plants with feed-veflels fo
contrived, that when ripe, with a fpring and Ibmerimes a brifk
nolle, they throw oiT their feeds feveral ways to a confiderable
diftancej moft plants that have pods, as furze, ^c. thole called
JSIoli me tangere, Cucummis AfininuSy cranes-bill and feveral others
have this mechanifm in order to fow themfelves ; amongft thofe
that have this property, none is more furprifing than one in Ja-
maica called fpirit-weed ^ that the veflel containing its leed, when
ripe, upon the lead touch of whatever is wet, does open itfelf in-
ftantly, and with a noife throws its feed feveral ways to a con-
fiderable diftance ; the defign of nature being, it is likely, to
keep the feed in its feed-veffel, the beft prefer ver of it from in-
juries, till the rainy feafon comes on which is proper for fowing;
ZychntSy poppies, Antirhinnum's, and feveral others have their
leeds in heads, which when ripe are open a-top^ and by the
winds, and with the help of their partitions are fcattered and di-
reeled to all quarters^ thefe and a great many more inftances,
very obvious and wonderful, tho' not taken notice of, fhew the
great endeavours of nature to perfe6l the individuum and propa-
gate the kind 5 which for that reafon, Dr. Sloa7ie was apt to
think, are all without the lofs of one fpecies, preferved to us
from the creation to this day.

A Fcetus khm wit bout the Uterus in the Selly 5 Ipy Dr, Fern.
Phil.Tranf. N° 251. p. 121.

AGoldfmith*s wife, near nine months gone with her 5th
child, was received into the Hotel UJieu, being then about
54 years of age, and of a tender conftitution^ the midwife, who
examined her body, found a confiderable tumor on the right fide
near the navel, which very much refembled a child's head, her
belly below that place bearing no proportion to that above, or to
the time of her pregnancy 3 on the left fide there was nothing fin-
gular; the patient told her midwife, that for the firfl fix vveeks
after her being with child, /he had great and continual pains,
which (hot towards the navel and terminated there 5 and thefe
lafted 'till the third month ^ that from thence to the fixth /lie had
frequent convulfions, apoplectic fits and terrible Syncope'^, fo
that thole about her deipaired cf her life 3 that from the fixth to
the eighth month fhe had enjoved a much better flate of health,
which in fome meafure had ftrengthned both her and her in-
fant, that the pains ihe had endured fincc that time icemed
to be fo many alternate throws, probably proceeding from the

repeated

»

Royal Society. 2SZ

repeated ftrokes of the child's head in that place where the in-
teguments were fo thin, by reafbn of their great extenliDn, that
the hardnefs of the Crauium could plainly be felt thro' them : In
this condition the patient was, when received into the hofpitalj
till her affliction encreaiing, ihe could not lie upon her fide or
back, being forced to fit in a chair, or kneel in bed, with her
head rcfting on her brcaft 5 from thefe llrange and unaccountable
lymptoms, the phyfician and mafter chirurgeon of the houfe,
thought it was beft to leave the work to nature, and prepare the
woman for her labour by opening a vein in her foot 5 the evacua-
tion was ordered to be Imall, in which, regard was had to the
weaknels of the patient, and the delicacy of her conftitution 5
however, after this time the child made no efforts, the tumour
fiibfided, and there remained only an hydropic indifpofition,
which might be perceived by the flu(ftuation and a great quan-
tity of water came away, for feveral days, from the orifice of the
vein 5 infbmuch, that (lie, who leemed to have her lower belly
and thighs extremely diftended, was very much wafted before
her death.

After her deceale, her body was opened by M. Joiiey\ and upon
the firll incifion thro' the integuments, there came away two or
three pints (^'Taris mealurej of water and blood, and there
appeared the head of a child naked 5 and when the parts were all
laid open, there was found an entire female Fc^tuSy contained in
a fort of cover or bag, which at once ferved it both for a womb
and membranes 5 M. jfouey took the child with the umbilical
firing out of the mother's belly, tracing the firing to the Tla-
cenUly into which it was inferted ^ this laft appeared like a great
round lump of Hefh, and adhered fo firmly to the Mefentery and
Colon on the left fide, that it could not be feparatcd from them
without fome difficulty 5 on one fide of this lump was a lefler,
about the fize of a kidney, which principally adhered to the
Mefentery y and received leveral branches of the firing into it ;
the larger lump was round, and the greateft part of it adhered
to the bag, or cafe, which contains the child ^ this cafe, or bag,
was corrupted and mortified in part, which probably might pro-
ceed from the frequent flrokes of the infant's head j it fprung
from the edges of the 'iiib\ or Flmhi'ia of the right ovary, which
was more entire than the left, and proceeded obliquely to the left
fide, terminating at the bottom of the 'Pelvis-^ m its defcent it
lent out a fmall" portion between the womb and ReEium-^ this
bag, by compreffing the parts, had gained a confiderable fpace in
the above-mentioned cavity, in fuch manner that a great parr of

Vol. III. Y y . the

354 M E M O I R S of the

the child's body was lodged at the bottom of it in a bended
poiture, with the head proje6^ed forwards, which formed the
prominence near the navel 5 this bag Teemed to be nothing elie
but an elongation and diftenfion of the T^ulpa, and an expanfion or
production "of the broad ligam.ent on the right fide, which was
evident from its continuity to thole parts, and the diflribution of
the jpermatic veflels, which were larger than ulbal, and pafTed
from the extremity of the Tuba to the larger lump : The womb
was entire, and in its natural Hate, except that it was Ibmething
larger than ordinary, being about the fize of that of a woman 10
or r 2 days after her delivery, and there were no figns that the
child had been lodged therein.

M. youey having oblerved this, called for feveral eminent
phyficians and chirurgeons, and the womb being carefully
difleded, it was unanimoufly agreed, that the Fostus had never
been therein 5 it being in the fame ftate, as in women that are
not with Ciiild, except the fmall dilatation of its bulk, which
might arife from a compreflion of the veffels, and interception
of the refiuent blood, by the unnatural pofition of the Fcetus : In
thrufting a long and {lender probe thro' the right horn of the
Uterus, it eafily pafled into the I'uba of the fame fide for three
fingers breadth, in length two, but could not be thruft farther,
by reafon of the conflridtion of the Tul^a in that part; the
capacity of the Tul^a could not be diftingui/hed ^ its 'ParieteSy
by their coalition with the Chorion and Amnion of the child,
forrning the bag, in which the child was included, which ex-
tended from the tube on the right fide to that on the left, was
agglutinated to the Vifcera in the lower belly, to the ReBumy
and back part of the womb, as appeared by fome fragments
remaining on thofe parts after the feparation.

Parhelia obferved at Canterbury 5 by Mr. Steph. Gray. Phil.
TranT N° 251. p. 128.

J^Ebruary itfth, 169^, about half an hour after three in the
•^ afternoon, from a window that faced Ibuth-eaft, Mr. Gray
law, not far from the ib uth to the weflward, an appearance of
Ibmewhat not unlike the fun, when leen thro' a cloud, vtz. with
its periphery not exactly defined 3 from which it likewile differed,
in that one half of it was coloured of a deep red and yellow, the
other white ; Mr. Gray going immediately into the garden, law
an appearance exactly like the former, but on the oppofite fide
of the fun j the diftance of this was 25° from the fun to ihe weft^
ward 5 but before he could take the diftance of the eaftern one it

vani/li-

ed 1

;ili

Royal Society. ^55

vanifhecf, but foon after re-appearing, he manifeftly perceived
that they were both fituated in the extremities of a lemi-drcle,
whofe centre wavS the fun, paffing betwixt it and the Zenith -^
this appearance continued about half an hour.

A Child born without a Brain; by M. Buffiere. Phil. Tranf
N° 251. p. 141.

A French woman, living at 'Dung-hill^ of a good complexion,
and in perfefl health during all the time of her being with
child, was brought to bed of aboyj he was tall, well /haped,
and very found 5 and tho' it be uncertain whether he was born
alive, yet the mother aflured M. 'Buffiere, that /lie felt him
flirring an hour before, and indeed the good condition of his
body fufficiently proved that he was alive; the fcull was unequal,
and the fkin thereof, tho' full of hair, was a little redder than the
reft of the body ; the coronal bone being laid upon the fphenoid,
made the eyes look, as if they had been placed in the top of the
forehead; the fquamous part of the temporal bones was want-
ing, and the Os 'Petrofum the only bone that was in its natural
place, and m which were the organs of hearing in very good
order; there was no parietal bones, nor any thing equivalent
thereto; of the occipital bone there was only the bafis that joins
to the fphenoid, in the middle whereof was the great hole, thro'
which the Medulla oblongata commonly pafTes; all the upper part
of this bone being wanting, without any mark of having been
either corroded or corrupted, and its edges were very fmooth 5
all the upper part of the Bones of the Icull being wanting, the
fkin had no other fupport than its bafis, which was the realon
why the top of the head was very unequal and rough ; there was
no brain to be found, nor any mark in the whole extent of the
Icull that there had been any, there being no fpace left between
the bafis of the fcull and the {kin to contain it ; there was no
dura Mater neither, the bones being covered only with a very
thin membrane; neither did the carotid or vertebral arteries
penetrate the fcull, but by fmall twigs fpread themfelves in that
thin membrane ; the beginning of the fpinal marrow was under
the fourth Vertebra^ like a fmall ftump wrapped up in the
dura Mater -^ the marrow was very found, and of the ufual big-
nefs, and all the nerves, which ilTued from it, were in their na-
tural order; the eyes were well /haped, and all the parts
belonging to them in their natural fituation; but all the nerves
terminated in thofe holes of the fcull, thro* which they commonly
pafs; they reached no further, nor had any comnaunication wi h

y y 2 any

356 MEMOIRS of the

any other 5 the tongue was very frefh, and doubtlefs had per-
formed the deglutition to nnake the child fwallow the Colliqua-
mentum^ of which there was a good quantity in the ftomach ^
the J.aryn:^^ and all the parts of the throat were, as the reft of
the body, in a good condition.

ui Dropfy in one of the Ovaries of a Woman 5 hy 2)r. Hans
Sloane. Phil. Tranf. N° 252. p. 150.

MR S. Sro'X'/?, aged about 29, of -a fangr.ine complexion,
had been married about four years, in which time fhe had
had one child 5 after that, her belly Iwelling, fhe thought fhe was
with child again 5 flie had often violent hyftericfits, ibmething like
thofe of an cpilepfy, during uhich, ihe lay fometimes without
fenfe or motion, at other times with fcreaming, and idle talk j
thefe by proper remedies, were removed at feveral times with
difficulty 5 when /he was fix months, as fhe thought, gone with
child, /he began to have fomc doubt whether it were lb or not,
becaule /he had her Menfei very regularly ; Dr. Sloane was of
opinion ilie was not with child, and would have treated her with
fteel and chalybeates of water, as bodies hydropically difpoled re-
quire ; but her fancying /he felt the child ftir, put a ftop to that
courfe^ /he delayed the propoied method for th/ee or four months
beyond the ninth, thinking fhe had reckoned wrong ; but at laft
fhe was perfuaded to take medicines, and ihe underwent a flridl
courfe as is ufual in hydropical cales ; her legs did not Iwell nor
jjit, her belly was unequal and the ivvc-lling more on the right fide,
lb that the navel was thruft over to the left (ide ^ /he had alio dif-
cutient pUifters applied to her belly, but all in vain excepting
that with much anxiety, gripes and trouble, /b much water was
evacuated, as to bring down her belly three or four inches j at lall
flie fubmitted to a tapping, which was performed at feveral
times, and diicharged great quantities, firft of a limpid thick
Serwn^ like whites of eggs, in/ipid and coagulable by heat into
the like fubilance^ and what came afterwards was of the colour
and con/iftence of thin honey, and coiaulated upon evaporation 5
in Ibme time after ilie fell into a fever, v.dth a great thru/h,
hickups, and in about nine days time /lie died.

Out of her body, when diffedcd, there was difcharged fome
buckets of the fame watry lub/lance with what came by tapping;
part of it was floating in the abdomen, but far the greater part
was voided out of large and thick bags, fome of which were as
large as the ftomach,' others were fmaller, many of them were
rotted to pieces, and all of them in the right ovary or teflicle ;

the

Royal Society. 3^7

the Uterus, fubaFallopiana and every thing el{e was found, ex-
cept tht Omentunj^ which was quite confunned; what was very
ftrange was, that Several bags of the larger fize in this ovary con-
tained others Imaller within them, and the larger were filled with
a liquor like honey, and the fmaller with a fubftance like whites
of eggfs ; here and there were impofthumes, which were but fmall
and filled with yellow matter 5 the gall-bladder was full of feveral
triangular yellow ftones 5 fhe was very lean all over her body,
her legs never fwelled nor pitted, and there was no noife of water
on her ftirring in bed, till Ibme little time before tapoing, when
fhe fell into lb great an OrthopnOday that fhe could not breathe
unlefs in an erc6t pofture.

The great Tendon above the Heel, after an entire 2)ivtJion
of it ft ire bed and cured -^ by Mr, Will. Cowper. Phil.
Tranf. N"" 252- p. 159.

MR. Coii'per being called to Tho. Wheatky a carpenter, aged
50 years, who had totally divided the great tendon of the
Mufculi Gafterocne7nli of the left hg^ about t&ee fingers breadth
above theOi cakis-^ he found the upper part of the tendon with-
drawn from the lower 5 two inches at learf.

The applications being prepared and two or three large needles
with Itrong filk in them well waxed, he was obliged to divide
the external teguments a,b Fig. 15. Plate X. to come at the ends
of the divided tendon A, B5 this done, he paffed the firft needle
C thro' the body of the tendon A, about half an inch above its
divided extremity 5 the fecond needle D was thruft thro' this
upper part of the tendon, a little under the former, left the two
threads, /liould meet each other at their crcffing in the middle of
the tendon; afterwards both thefe needles were paffed thro' the
lower part of the divided tendon B 5 the foot beincr held ex-
tended, the two ends of the tendon were applied to each other bv
the affiftance of the ligatures C, D, which were fo tied as to keep
the divided ^rts dole together, whilft the foot remained in this
poiturej after the four ends of thele ligatures were cut off,
Mr. Cowper found it was neceflary to bring the fides of the di-
vided ikin near each other, with one fingle ftitch, a little above
the future of the tendon ^ this done, a pledget of lint dipt m bal-
fam of turpentine was laid on the wounds, and another large
pledget of flax, armed with Limmeraum e gummi elemi over it 5
after the applicationof common bandages, bolfters, ^c. he found
it necefTary to place a thick piece of paftboard of a convenient
arched figure on the foreparts of the foot and leg, to keep the

part

358 MEM O IR S of the

part infle(5led, and to prevent any motion of it, which ntiight
break out the Hitches in the tendon; the patient complained very
much in pafTing the needles thro' the upper part of the divided
tendon, tho* its middle and internal part at the divilion was
Icarcely fenfible; he had no pain in paffing the needle thro' the
lower part of the tendon; afterwards 14 ounces of blood was
taken from his arm, and in fix hours Mr. Cowper found his pulfe
fomewhat quicker than before ; then he took an ounce of lyrup
e Ateconh, and next morning he was in no bad condition, having
had fome fleep the night before, but was often waked with
twitchings in the calf of the wounded kg ; the third day after
the operation, Mr. Coivper dreffed the wound with the fame ap-
plications as before, only ufing a fomentation made of a decoction
of wormwood, fage, rofemary, bay-leaves, ^c. on the fourth
day after the operation he found the applications on the wound
very wet with a ferous humour, commonly called a gleet; on
the fixth day the matter became fomewhat thicker, and the fkin
being a little diftended about the wound, he was obliged to divide
the laft mentioned Hitch in order to admit a free dilcharge of the
^us, which on the two fucceeding days became much thicker
than before, and the gleet was conlequently lefifened.

About this lime the two ends of the tendon were not a little
dilated, and a white flough appeared towards the upper part
of the wound, on which, inftead of the balfam of turpentine, he
applied tindure of myrrh ; in Ibme days after, this (lough came
otf, and the two ends of the tendon were covered over with a fun-
gous fle/h, by which Mr. Cowper was affured tliat its blood-veffels
and nutritive tubes, were not comptefled by the two firffc liga-
tures ; afterwards he made u{e of drier applications than before,
fbmetimes ufing lint only, and at other times the powder of tur-
pentine; about 10 days after the operation, Mr. Cowper found
one of the two ligatures in the tendon hanging loole, which he
divided and drew out; and two or three days after, the other liga-
ture alio was loofe, which he in like manner remoyed; the part
being all this while kept inflefled by the paft- board abovemen-
tioned: Mr. Co-iy/^^r was often obliged to apply efcarotics to leflf^n
the Fuv^tis on the tendon ; in leis than 90 days after the operation
the patient went abroad very lamely, and not many days after he
walked round St. jfames's park; within 8 weeks after the opera-
tion he walked from Witcb-ftreet without "Temple Sar^ to Green-
ivicb, and returned in a few hours; he entirely recovered all the
motions of his f)ot and fliewcd very little lamenels in walking,
not beina in the leaft incommoded at his trade.

It

Royal Society. 359

It is a common opinion that ftitching divided tendons is hazardous,
if not impracticable J but an inftance in the tendon of a horie's
leg convinced Mr. Coivper that tendons as well as bones and other
parts would unite, tho' they were quite divided, in cale the
neighbouring parts remained entire, and that their two extre-
mities could be artificially applied to each other, without com-
prefling all or the greateft part of their blood-veflels : This di-
Kribution of the blood- veffels is expreffed in the annexed Fig. 14,
Plate X. where one trunk A A, with its branches ^^ to the
fibril of the tendon BB is reprclented, whether it was a vein or
an artery he could not dilcover in that fubject 5 but m all proba-
bility, both thole veflels have the like dilpofition in fuch large
tendons. Mr. Coivper is inclmed to think that the like diftribu-
tion of blood-veflels is not to be found in the tendon which was
divided in this prefent inftance 3 but that its blood-vefTels pals
into it and return again at its internal fide, next the mufcles of
the toes and Tarfus, which ought to be taken notice of by the
operator in the like cafe 5 as alio that he ihould not free it of its
fat and membranes contiguous to thofe mufcles, left its commu-
nication with the blood-veflels be deftroyed.

7'he Operation of a Blifter, in the Cure of a Fever 3 hy
'Dr. William Cockburn. Phil. Tranf. N° 252. p. i5i.

IN order to give a reaibnable account how a bliftering plaifter,
the great ingredient whereof is Cantharides may cure a fever
and its moft terrible fymptom a iDelirium^ and that in a few
hours 5 the Doftor firft employed microlcopes to view the fly, and
its powder, if he could dilcover any fharp inftrument in thefe
animals but could meet with no luch thing in the fly, and the
powder appeared to view like a dark cloud 3 he then put half a
pound of Cantharides into a retort, and with a fmall land-heat
and in a very fjiort time, there came over vaft quantities of bodies
fo very fmall, that he was not able to diicern their Ihape; and
tho' he proceeded in the ufual way on fuch like occafions, the
whole operation was performed very loon 3 that very little fait
ftuck to the neck of the reti^rt, and the volatile fait ihot into
beautiful crvftals in the receiver 3 and oF eight ounces o{ Cant ha-
ridtS, theie were only two ounces and five drachms left as a Caput
Mortmim in :he retort- when the liquor came to be purified, the
Irna.'left heat brought over fuddenjy oil, lalt, and Ipirit, which
couid not be Separated, bat by repeated operations with brick-
duft, he mixed the Ipirit with lalt of wormwood, Ipirit oF harts-
horn and Sal ArmoniaCy but it did not ferment 5 then he wrought

360 M E M O I R S e/^ /y&^

it over upon fpirit of vitriol, where it fermented very ftrongly y
and yet the fever is laid to intermit; theie difeafes are perfed:Iy
well dilcovered by the quicknels of the pulle, which quicknefs is
owins to the faultinefs of the blood, either in quantity, quality
or its motion ; neither can it offend either in quantity or quality,
bat it affects its motion 5 hence he fuppofes that a fever is an uni-
verfal heightened circulation of the blood, and that a ^elinum^
that is, that inconne^led, incoherent and ridiculous imagination,
and method of exprefling ourfelves in a fever, is entirely the
effe£l: of this greater motion, which is difcovered by a quick
pulfe.

Thefe things being fuppofed, the queflion may be ftated thus 5
how wounding by Cantharides makes our pulfe not fo quick, and
conlequently our blood to havie a more flow and natural motion ?
That this great eflfe^l docs not proceed from the pain of a blifler,
is evident, becaufe pain very often brings on a fever 5 nor from a
peculiar lort of fermentation of the particles of Cantharides with
the blood, becaule there is no fuch thing as a chemical fermen-
tation in our blood ; and the quantity of Lympha^ that is thereby
feparated from the blood, is acknowledged by mod phyficians to
be too weak a caufe for fo great an effefl:; the Doctor therefore
proceeds to enquire after a better Iblution of this aftonifliing
phiEnomenon, thus; the pulle is no other than the fide of an
artery diftended by a determinate quantity of blood, derived thro*
its cavity by a certain motion, every time the heart is contra^ed,
and that touches and beats up the finger ; a pulle is more fre-
quent, not fo much that it beats oftener than any other perlon's,
but that it beats quicker in the fame perlbn when he is laid to
have a fever, than bc^fore, when he was reputed to be in perfect
health, and there is no pulle, but when the heart is contra6icd 5
and the heart being a mulcle, and contra6led at every pulle, is
not only either the chief or lole caule that determines and
ftretches the fides of the arteries, and makes a pulle, or a very
extraordinary meafure of fuch diftenlions; but it has the greateft
fhare m propelling the blood round the whole body, in refpedl
of the help of the arteries, which they are fuppofed to give by
their reftitution after their extraordinary diftenfion ; be it how it
will, both their actions are by contradion, which was never fup-
poied to be performed, but by an influx of fpirits into the fibres
of the mufcles lb contraded; fo that now the queftion changes
thus; how wounding by Cantharides makes the contradion of
the heart weaker ? The contradiion of mufcles and conlequently of
the heart, being by the Ipirits that flow into them, therefore

what-

Royal Society. 361

fbever weakens the contra(^ion of any mufcle, fuppofe the
heart, muft either be fuch as can hinder the feparation ofthefe
fpirits, or intercept them in their channel of conveyance to that
niulcle, after they arc feparated, the fpirits, by anatomical
experiments, are known to be feparated from the blood in the
brain • now whatfoever hinders the feparation of the fpirits from
the blood, muft ei:her hinder that rarefaflion of theblood, which
is caufed by its being broken into fuch fmall parts, as conlti-
tute them fpirits in their proper place, or the blood to be ot'that
finenefs that is neceffary for it to be perf})ired 5 that is, a body,
that afFefls theblood, fo as not to leparate fpirits, muil be of fuch
a nature, as to make its parts more compact in their conta61:, to
have their contaCl with a greater ]<Ilfits, and confequently to have
its parts lels feparable 5 tlie next way is by affecting its motion,
which is by diicharging great quantities out of the blood 5 by
thefe means the quantity of blood being leiTened, it yields fewer
fpirits when it is divided, and is not fo capable of being comminu-
ted, becaufe the parrs of the blood do not prefs fo much one upon
the other, in the whole courfe and time of circulation ; or thirdly,
by fome means that affed the parts that tranfmit thefe fpirits,
fo that now either no fpirits can be feparated, or in a iinaller
quantity 3 if we apply the wounding hy Caraharides, or its
effe61 to all thefe ways, viz. by feparating_ the Lympba, by-
evacuation orleifeningthe rarcfa<5lion of the blood, they will be
found uncapable of folving all the 'Vhdenomena, and therefore
the only way left us wherein a biiiler can produce its effedi, i^^
by wounding that channel that carries thofe fpirits which con-
traa the heart, give a quick pulfe and a fever, with all its
attendants, as deliriums, ^c. If thisfuppofition be allowed of, no
doubt but that any, the leaft quantity of animal fpirits, let out
by fuch wounds will in a very little time proportionably weaken
the heart's contraftion, and give a flower pulfe, which is all that
is wanted 5 and what is more, this llower contradion, which is
known by the flower pulie, determines the whole circulating
blood with lefs force, fo that the parts of blood do not comminute
themfelves fo much, as when the motion was more rapid, and
by confequence there is not fuch a difpofition for feparatmg the
fmall particles in the brain, that they may afterwards be deri-
ved thro' the nerves into the heart 5 but moreover, the lefler
motion continuing for fome little time, in a velocity fomething
like our natural motion, all the fecretions performed in fachde-
greesof velocity willagain begin to be pcrForm'd as before : But
how to apply a blifterthat may wound the conveying nerves, is
Vol. III. ^^ ^^^^^

362 M EM O IK S of the

the only queftion that remains; to dor this we muft remember,
that the 8th pair of nerves which ferves for the heart's contrac-
tion has its rife from the fides of the Medulla oblongata behind
the ''Proceffus annularis, by feveral threads which join together,
and go out by the fame hole, that the Sinus laterales difcharge
themfelves into the jugulars ; and fince the union by the Atlas
is not lo firm and compact as in the other Vertebr<e, it is evident
that there is no extraordinary hindrance, why fome of thele
wounding particles may not come at that nerve, fince either it,
or confiderable branches thereof run fupcrficially enough upon
iheneck.

From all this may be deduced thefe following corollaries :
I. That the operation of a blifter is great and fudden. 2. That
the wounding of this nerve or a branch of it, is fo ablblutely
neceffary for curing a delirium and a fever, that whatfoevcr
milchief the applying of vaft numbers of bliftcrs over all the
body may do, yet the main end is neglefted, if you forget a
large one on the upper part of the nape of the neck. 5. That if
there is no vefication after the laying on a ftrong plaiftcr, it ne-
ceflarily caufes a new and prodigious hardnefs in the fkin and
veffelsjand a thickening ofthe blood for a further total ftoppage.

^e Nature and Qualities of Silk 5 by Mr. Will.Aglionby.
PhTl.Tranf. N°252. p. 183.

SILK, which is the fpittle of a worm, hath either its good
or bad qualities from the nouriihment the worm receives
from a good or bad leaf 5 when the fpring proves agreeable, the
worm feeding on a good and tender leaf, free from the injuries
of an unkind feafon, which fometimes fpoils the leaf by giving
it a rough, grofs and heavy nature, then may be expected a pro-
fitable harveft, sihout Midfimmer or St. yobn'S'tide, they begin
in \Piedmont to draw the filk, to fee what it yields, and judge of
its increale and fcarcity, as well as of its goodnefs and perfec-
tions, which are, that it proves clean, light and ftrong. The
goodnefs of filk is diflingui(hed by its lightnefs as the moft
effential quality ; it is to be noted that the Organcine is fuper-
fine, it being the beft fort 3 that the two threads are equal in fine-
neis, that is to fay, both alike in fmoothnefs, thicknefs and
length, for the thread of the firft twift 5 for the fecond it matters
not whether the fingle thread be ftrong before the two are join'd,
unlefs to fee whether the firft twift prove well ; it is neceffary
the filk be clean 5 the ftraw-colour is commonly the lighteft, and
the white the heavicft of all 3 it is likewife convenient that the

ikegns

Royal Society. 363

I fteans be even and all equal, which fhews they were wrought
f together 5 otherwife they cannot be equally drawn out andfpunj
t it is requifite to take a lltean out of the parcels to make an
1] cflay.

f/ To eftimate the filk by ciTay, fix the eflay upon the eighth
of a ^ortee-hando^ filk of no ells of Lyons in length, and fee
what it makes of ells by the eighth part 5 the lltean of 80 threads
muft be multiplied by no, the length of the ells, from which
produ6l muft be deduced one eighth, which is the eighth part
of 2. Nortec j this Tortee muft be equally divided on two
bobbins, then fixing the two bobbins on the beam, and from
thence pafling it thro' the hourdiffoir, cut off the filk and
weigh it, and multiplying the weight by 8, it will weigh juft
as much as a Tortee of no ells of Lyons, which is the general
rule of calculating, when they draw the filk out ; the ^Porree
of lighteft filk in ^Tiedmont weighs near 24 pennyweight to 25
and 2(J, others 27 and 28, which weight may be diipenfcd with,
provided the other qualities be as good, viz. well- wrought,
even, fine and clean.

ji Difeafe caufed by fwallowing Stones 5 by Sir Charles Holt j
ivith Remarks thereon by 'Dr. Sloanc. Phil. Tranf. N ° 2 5 3.
p. ipo.

O^^^/homasGohfill, a lean man aged about 25 or 27 year?,
being for 3 years extremely tortured with wind, was ad-
vifed to fwallow round, white pebbles, which he did as often as
the fit returned, and the ftones paffin.g eafily through him, he
thereby found great relief; but fomernonths after being liezed
with a violent fit, he fwallowed as ufually about 9 ftones, which
notpafiing, he repeated the dofe, till he had taken above 200 5
thefe ftones were lodged in his body above two years .md a half,
when he firft came to Sir Charles, and then he complained that
his appetite was gone, that he could digeft nothing, but threw
up every thing he eat; upon examining his belly. Sir Charles
found the ftones lay alnioft aslow as the Os pubis, and thrufting
his fingers juft above that bone, fo that the lower part of the
j4bdomenmi^M lie on hishand, he could with the motion there-
of /liake and make them rattle, as if they had been in a bag ;
hereupon he caufed a ladder to be fct againft a wall and hung
him up by the hams, with his head downwards; when he was
in this pofture he lold Sir Charles the ftones were got up to his
ftomach5 but being fet down upon his feet, in a very little

364 M E M O I R S of the

time, the floncs were plainly heard to drop down one after

another.

When his body was bound, he vomited all he eat and drank,
to prevent which, he commonly kept it open with whey ^ as he
lav a-ht-d, the ilones would Ibmetimes get up, as the patient
expreiTed it, ahnofl: to his heart, and give him great uneafinels ;
.nnd at luch times he was obliged to get up upon his knees, or
ftand upright, and then he could hear them drop, and he always
reckoned above 1005 he was fo dilabled by thele ftones, that he
could not work but with pain, and then he felt the fame at night,
and next day a great forenefs in the bottom of his belly, and
voided large quantities of blood by ftool^ he had been under the
hands of leveral Qiiacks, fbme had vomited him with Stibiumy
and purged him ^ others purged and glyflered him, but all the
medicines they made uTe of, could never bring one Hone fron>
him.

Dr. Shane obferves, that fome people, who fee birds languifh,
unlefs they fwallow gravel or fmall ftones, take up an opmion,
that the fwallowing of Hones helps the ftomach to digeft their
food; but the Do61cr always oppoled this practice, becaufe, tho'
the ftomachs or gizzards of birds ( having no teeth to grind their
food ) are made very ftrong, mufcular, and defended in the infide
with a coat, by the help of which, and thefe ftones, their food
16 ground; yet the ftomachs of men being very different, it is not
reaibnable to think thefe ftiould be of any ufe to them : The
Doflor knew one Mr. Klngsmill, who for leveral years ufed to
fwallow nine ftones at a time, and that once every day, without
any injury; they were near as large as walnuts, roundifh and
linooth, and he found they always pafred5 but at laft he died
luddenly.

Some 1'boughts and 'Experiments concerning Vegetation 3 hy
1)r. J. Woodward. Phil.Tranf. ]N^° 253. p. 195.

TH E ancients generally have afcribed to earth the produ>51ion
of animals, vegetables, and all other bodies; but leveral of
the moderns, and fome of very great note too, have given their
fuffrage in behalf of water; my Lord )Sacon being of opinion,
that/br nourijloment of vegetables the 'mater is alviofi all in alh
atid that the earth doth but keep the plant upright, andfave it
from over heat and over cold ; others are more exprcfs, and aflert
that water is the only principle, or ingredient in all natural
things 3 they fuppole, that by a procefs of nature, which cannot

be

Royal Society; 365

be accounted for, water is tranfmuted into ftoncs, ^c, Helmont
particularly, and his followers, are very pofitive in this, and
offer fome experiments to render it credible ^ and Mr. Soyle dil-
covers a great propenfity to the fame opinion ; the experiments
they infift upon are chiefly two; the firft is, that mint and leveral
other plants thrive very much m water 5 the other is this, take a
certain quantity of earth, and bake it in an oven, then weigh it,
and put it into an earthen pot, and having water'd it well, chule
fome proper plant, which, after being firil carefully weighed, fet
therein, and let it grow, continuing to water it for Ibme time,
till it is much advanced in bulk 5 then take it up, and tho* fhe
fize and weight of the plant be much greater than whc^n firft fet,
yet upon baking the earth, and weighing it as at fir/l, you will
find it little or not at all diminifh'd in weight, and hence they
conclude that it is not the earth, but the water that nourifhes,
and is turned into the fubflance of the plant.

Dr. Wood-ward could not fee how this lafl experiment could
ever be made in all its circumftances with that nicety and juflnefs
that is requiiite; however, nothing, like what they would infer
can poffibly be concluded from it 5 unlefs they lb ppofe water,
which they ib plentifully beftow upon the plant in this expe-
riment, to be pure, hpncwgeneous, and not charged with any ter-
reflrial mixture, for if it were, the plant after all might owe its
growth and increale intirely there^^o : Some waters are fo vfry
clear and tranfparent, that one would not eaflly fufpecl there was
any terreflrial particles latent therein, yet that is far fhort of a
proof that in reality there is none; for water may be highly fatu-
rated with fuch particles, tho' the naked eye cannot prelently
difcern them : Silver, tho' an opake and very denle LK)dy, yet if
pure and ablblutely refined, diiTblved in Ipirics of nitre, or Aqua-
foniSy that is rectified and perfeilly fine, it does not render the
Metiftruum lefs pellucid than before : But after all, the Doctor
could never meet with any water, nowever fielh, and newly taken
out of the fpring, that did not exhibit even to the naked eye,
great numbers of exceeding fmall terreflrial particles, difleminated
thro' all its parts; thicker and crafT^ water exhibits them Hill in
greater plenty: Thefe particles are of two general kinds; the one
a vegetable terreflrial matter, confifling of very different cor-
pulcles, fome of which are proper for the formation and increment
of one fort of plants, and Ibme for others; again, fome for the
nourifliment of one part of the fame plant, and Ibme for another
part: The other kind of particles, fuflained in water, are of a
mineral nature ; in fome fprings we find common fait, in others

vitriol,

366 MEMOIRS?//*^

vitriol, allnm, nitre, fpar, oker, ^c. nay, frequently feveral of
thele or other minerals, are all in the fame fpring : For further
fatisfa6tion herrin, put water into a clear glafs phial, flopping it
clofe to keep duft and other extraneous matter out, and let it ftand
without ftirrms for fome days, you will then find a confiderable
quantity of terreftrial particles in the water, however pure and free
it mi^ht appear when firft put into the phial ; and in a very fhort
time you may oblervethe corpulcles, that were, whilft the water
was agitated, feparate and hardly vifible, by degrees, as it is more
at reft, aflemble and combine together, by that means forming
fomcwhat larger and more confpicuous Mohculcej afterwards,
thefe again uniting, and faftening to each other, form large thin
mafifes, appearing like NubeculdP^ or clouds in the water, which
grow more thick and opake by the continual appulfe of frefh
matter 5 and if the faid matter be chiefly of the vegetable kind, it
will be fuftained in the water, and difcover at length a green
colour, becoming ftill more green, as the matter thickens and
increalesj but if there be any confiderable quantity of mere mine-
ral matter in the water, this being of a greater fpecific gravity
than the vegetable, as its particles unite to form Molecul<ey their
impetus of gravity muft furpafs that of the refiftance of the water,
and a great deal thereof fubfide to the bottom, and being fre-
quently intangled in the vegetable Nuhecul<e, muft force them
down therewith: Now the queftion is, to which of thefe,
whether the water, or the earthy matter fuftained therein, vege-
tables owe their growth and increafe ? For deciding of which the
following experiments may afford Ibme light, having been made
with due care and exaftnels.

The Doctor chofe ieveral glafs-phials, that were all, as near
as poflible, of the fame ihape and bignefs^ after putting what
water he thought fit into every one of them, and taking an account
of the weight thereof, he tied dole over the orifice of each phial
a piece of parchment, with a hole in the middle, large enough to
admit the ftem of the plant he defigned to let therein, without
ftraitening it ib as to impede its growth j the Do£lor's intention in
this, was to prevent the incloled water from evaporating, or
alcending by any other way than thro' the plant that is to be let
therein; then he made choice of feveral fprigsof mint, and other
plants that were, as near as he could pcfTibly judge, equally
frefh, found, and lively, and having taken the weight of each,
he placed it in a phial, ordered as above 5 and as the plant im-
bibed, and drew off the water, the Doctor took care to add more
of the lame from time to time, keeping an account of the weight

of

Royal SociETy.

367

of all he added 5 each of the glafles, for better diftin£lion, had a
difterent mark or letter, as A, B, C, ^c, and all let in a row in
the lame window, lb that all might partake alike of air, light
and fun j thus they continued from jfuly the 20th to 05lober the
5th, ju(t 77 days j then he took them out, weighed the water
in each phial, and the plant likewile, adding to its weight that
of all the leaves that had fallen off, during the time it flood thus •
and laftly, he computed how much each plant had gained,
and how much water was fpent upon it, the particulars are as
follow :

Diftinc
tion of

the
Glaffes.

The fever a I Sorts of
Plants and Water.

Weight

when

put

m.

ofPlant

when

taken

out.

Weight

gained

xn-j-j

Dayr.

Expence

of
Water.

I The Proportion

of the Encreafc
of the Plant to
the Expence of

Water, ^

A.

Common Spear-
Mint fc: in Spring-

i^'

gr.

gr.

g^'

tvater.

27

42

15

2558

i,/^i70if

B.

Common Bpear-
Mint, in Rain-

ZL'ater.

28i

isi

I7i

3004

i,/(;i7iji.

C.

Common Spear-
Mint, in Thames-

zvater.

28

54

26

2493

^''^ 95fJ

D.

Common Solatium,
or Night- Shade, in
Spring-water.

49

106

57

3708

x,to 6s|7

E.

Lathyris, feu Cata-
putia Gerb. in
Spring-ivater.

98

lOI^

Zh

2501

lyio^xifi

The common Solatium in the phial D had levcral buds upon it
when firft fet in the water, theie in a few days became fair
flowers, which were at length luccecded by berries- the two
phials F and G were filled, the former with rain, the other with
Iprina-water at the lanne time as thole abovemention'd were, and
ftood as long j but neither of tliem had any plant; his defion in
thefe was only to inform himielf, whether any water exhaled out
of the glaffes, otherwife than thorough the bodies of the plants;
the orifices of theie two were covered with parchment, perforated

with

368 M E M O I R S ?/ //6f

with a hole of the lame bignels as the other phials; in this hole

lie lufpended a bit of ftick about the thicknefs of the Item of one

of the aforefaid plants, but not reaching down to the furface of

the included water, he put them in thus, that the water in thole

mipht not have more icope to evaporate than that in the other

phials; thus they flood in the fame window with the reft for 77

days, when upon examination he found none of the water in thefe

either wafted or evaporated, tho* he obferved both in them and

in the reft, elpecially after hot weather, fmall drops of u'ater,

not unlike dew, adhering to the infide of the phials, viz. that

part of them that was above the furface of the encloled watery

at the end of the experiment, the water in thefe two glalTes that

had no plants in them, exhibited a larger cjuantity of terreftrial

matter, than any of thofe that had plants in them, the lediment

at the bottom of the phials being greater and the Nubecula? , dif-

fufed thro' the body of the water, being thicker ; and lome of

that which was in the others proceeded from certain fmall leaves

that had fallen from that part of the ftems of the plants that was

within the water, where they rotted and diffolved ; the terreftrial

matter in the rain-water was finer than that in the fpri^g- water.

The Doctor repeated the experiment, where the plants were all

Ipear-mint, the moft kindly, frefh and fprightly /hoots he could

choofe ; the water and the plants were weighed as above, and the

phials were fet in a line in a window facing the Ibuth, where

they ftood from Jfune 2d, to ^uly 28th, which was juft ^6 days.

Di/iinc-

Wt. of Ptanis\Weight

Ex-

Proportion of the

tion of

T^he f&veral Sorts

zuhen

zvhen \iained

pence

Growth of the

the

of Waters

put

taken

!/; 56

ofWa

Plant to the Ex-

Phiah.

in.

out

Days.

ter.

pence of WiHer

g^'

gr-

gr-

gr-

H.

Hyde-park Conduit Water. 127

225

128

14190

I, to no H^

I.

Hyde-park Conauit Water] no

249

139

13140

I. to 94 ,f^

K.

Hyde -park Conduit Watery\
in which was diffoWd an

Ounce and a half of com-

mon Garden Earth.

76

244

168

10731

I, to 63 ^^

L.

Hyde- park Water . with the
fame ^antity of Garden

I. to 52ffa

Mould as in the former.

92

3/6

284

14950

M.

Hyde -park Water dijlilled

off with a gentle Still.

114

i5s

4»

8803

1, to 214 l^

N.

Refdue of the Water lohich
remained in the Still after

that in M.zoas dijlillcdoff.

. 81

175

94

J3j44

i,/^46}5

The

Royal Society, 36^

The plant which was fet in H was all along a very kindly one,
having run up to above two fout in height • it had /hof but one
confiderable collateral branch, but had ient forth leveral Jong
roots, from which fprung very numerous ItriHr fibres, tho' Icnall
and fliort ; theie leflcr roots came out of the larger ones, on two
oppofite fides for the molt parr; fo that of each root th^ Ft brillee
appeared not unlike a fmall feather ; to thele Flbrill^ adhered
pretty much terreftrial matter 5 in the water, which was at laft
thick and turbid, there was a green fubitance, rclembling a fine
thin conlerve 5 I, was as kindly as the former, but had Ihot no
collateral branches 5 and was much like the former in its roots,
the water, and green fubftance : The plant in K, tho' it was an-
noyed with many fmall infe^fs that happened to fix upon it, yet
had Ihot very confiderable collateral branches, and at leafl as
many roots, as either that in H or I, having a much greater
quantity of terreftrial matter adhering to their extremities; there
was the fame green fubftance here as in the two preceeding: The
plant in L, was much more flourifhing than any of the former,
having ieveral very confiderable collateral branches and very nu-
merous roots, to which the terreftrial matter adhered very copi-
oufly ; the earth in both the glafles K, and I, was very lenfibly and
confiderably wafted from what it was when firft put in ; there
was the fame Ibrt of green fubftance here, as in thole above: The
plant in M, was pretty kindly and had two fmall collateral
branches and feveral roots, tho' not lb many as that in H or I,
yet as much terreftrial matter adhering to them as thofe had; the
water was pretty thick, having a great many fmall terreftrial par-
ticles fwimming in it, and fome fediment at the bottom of the
glafs, but without any of the green matter abovementioned : The
water in N was very turbid, and was as reddifli as ordinary
beer; the plant in it was very lively, and had fent forth fix colla-
teral branches, and feveral roots: O was Hyde-park conduit wa-
ter, in which was diflolved a drachm of nitre, and when the
mint was fet therein, it luddenly began to wither, and decay, and
it died in a few days; as likewife did two more fprigs, fee in it
iuccefllvely: In another glafs the Doflor difTolved an ounce of
good garden-mould and a drachm of nitre ; in a third, half an
ounce of wood-afhes and a drachm of nitre ; but the plants in
thefe throve no better than in the former : P was Hyde-park <:oj\-
duit-water; in this the Do6ior fixed a glals tube about 10 inched
long, the bore about f of an inch in diameter, filled with very
fine and white land, which was kept from falling down out of the
tube into the phial, by tying a thin piece of filk, over the lower

Vol. III. A a a end;

370 M E M O 1 R S of the

end; upon the immeHion of which into the water, this by little
and little alcended quite to the upper orifice of the tube 5 and
\et in all the 56 days it thus flood, a very inconfiderable quantity
of water had gone off, fcarcely 20 grains, tho' the fand continued
moift up to the top to the very laft day 5 the water had imparted
a green tinfiure to the fand, quite to the very top of the tube,
and in the phial it had precipitated a grcenifh fediment mixed
with black; pretty much of the green iubftance delcribed above
adhered to the bottom and fides of the tube, as far as it was im-
merfed in the water : (T R. S, ^c. are feveral plants fet in phials,
ordered in like manner as thofe above in OBober, and the follow-
ing colder months 5 thefe did not thrive near fo much, nor did
the water afcend in near the quantity it did in the hotter leafbns,
when the above trials were made.

Upon thefe experiments the Do£lor makes the following re-
flexions. I. In plants of the fame kind, the lefs they are in
bulk, the fmallcr quantity of the fluid mals m which they are
let, is drawn off; the expence, or wafting of it, where the
mafs is of equal thicknefs, being pretty nearly proportioned to
the bulk of the plant; thus that in the glals marked A, which
weigh'd only 27 grains, drew off but 2558 grains of the fluid^
and that in B, which weighed only 28^, took up but 3004
grains, whereas that in H which weighed 127 grains, Ipent
14190 grains of the liquid mais: The water leems to afcend up
in the veffels of plants in much the iame manner as up a filtre,
fo that as a large filtre draws off more water than a lefTer, juft fo
a plant, that has more and larger vellels, takes up a greater ihare
of the fluid in which it is fet, than one that has fewer and fmal-
ler ones can do.

2. The much greateft part of the fluid mafs, that is thus drawn
off, and conveyed into plants, does not fettle nor abide there, but
paf[es thro' their pores, and is exhaled up into the atmolphere:
The leaft proportion of water expended was to the encreafe of
the plant, as 45 or 50 to i ; and in lome the weight of the water
drawn off was ico, 200, nay, in one above 7C0 times as much, as
the plant had been augmented in its growth : This lb continual an
emilfion and detachment of water in ib great plenty from the parts
of plants, affords us a manifefl reafon, why countries that abound
in trees, and eipecially the larger vegetables, fhould be very ob-
noxious to damps, great humidity in the air, and more frequent
rains, than others that are more open and free ; nor does this
moifture go off pure and alone, but ufually carries away with it
Icveral parts of the lame nature, with thole whereof the plant

thro'

Royal Society. 371

thro' which it paffes, confifts 5 the grofler particles indeed aro
not fo eafily borne up into the atmolphere, but arc ufually de-
pofited on the furface of the flowers, leaves, and other parts of
the plants^ hence arife our manna, honey, and other gummous
exfudations of vegetables 3 but the finer and lighter parts arc
with greater eafeVent up into the atmofphcre j and thence they
are convey'd to our organs of fmell by the air we draw in by
refpiration, and are pleafant oroffenfive, beneficial, or noxious,
according to the nature of the plants from whence they arife 5
and fince thefe owe their origin to the water, that afcends out
of the earth thro' the bodies of plants, we cannot be far to feek
for the caufe, why they are more numerous in the air, and
why we find a greater quantity of odours exhaling from vege-
tables in warm, humid feafons, than in any others whatever.

9. A great part of the terreftrial matter, that is mixed with
the water, afcends up into the plants, as well as the water it-
felf 5 for there was much more terreflrial matter at the end of
the experiment in the water of the glafles F and G that h^d no
plants in them, than in thofe that had j the gardcMi mtuLl
diffolved in the glafifes K and L was confiderably dimini hed,
and carried offj nay the terreftrial and vegetable matter ^.li*
borne up in the tubes filled with fand, cotton, ^c. in lach a
quantity as to be evident even to fenfe. Our (hores and parts
within the verge of the fea will prefent us with a large Icene
of plants, that along with the vegetables, take up mere mine-
ral matter alfo, in great abundance 5 fuch are the fea-purilains,
the feveral forts of Algas, of famphires. and other marine
plants, which contain common fea-falt which is all the fa.ne
with the fofli]e,in fuch plenty, as not only to be pLiinly dilhn-
guidied on the palate, but extrafled from them inconfiderable
quantities. How apt this vegetable matter, being la very fine,
and ligl'.r, is to attend water in all its motions and follow it Jnto
each of its recefles, is manifefl from the infl.inces above alled-
ged and many others that might be given. The Doclor filtred
water thro' feveral fneets of thick paper, and after that, thro'
very clofe fine cloth, iz times doubled, nay, he had done this
over and over, and yet after all a confiderable quantity of that
vegetable matter difcovered itfelf in the water 5 it is true filtering
of water intercepts Ibme of the earthy matter it was before
impregnated withal; but then that which continues in the
water after this, is fine and light, and fuch confequently as is
in a peculiar manner fit for the growth and nouriHiment of
vegetablesj and this is the cafe of rain-water, where the ^uan-

A a a a tity

yjz M E M O I R S ^ ^/?^

tity of tcrreArial matter it carries up into the atmofphere is not
great 5 but what it does, is chiefly of that light kind of vegeta-
ble matter, and that too perfectly diflblved and reduced to
fingle corpufcJes, all fit to enter the tubules and veflels of
plants; on which account it is that this water is fo very fertile
and prolific; but a great deal of the mineral matter is not
only grofs and ponderous, but fcabrous, and inflexible, and fo
not difpofed to enter the pores of the root; fome of the fimple
vegetable particles unite by degrees and form fmall clods or
Mokculoe, fuch as thofe mentioned in H, K, and L, flicking to
the extremities of the roots of thofe plants; others of them are
entangled in a loofer manner, and form i\\t Nubecula, and green
bodies lb commonly oblervcd in ftagnant waters; which, when
thus conjoined, are too large to enter the pores, or afcend up
into the veflels of plants, which fingly they might have done;
of this fuch as arc converfant in agriculture are well aware of,
for let your earth be never lo rich, good, and fit for the produc-
tion of corn, or other vegetables, little will come of it, unlcfs
the parts be feparated and loofe, and 'tis on this account they
bellow the pains they do in the culture of it, in digging, plow-
ing, harrowing and breaking the clodded lumps of earth; 'tis
the Himc way, that fea-falt, nitre and other falts promote vege-
tation, they loofen the earth and feparate its concreted parts,
and by that means fit and difpofe them to be afTumed by the
water, and carried up into the feed and plant for its formation
and mcreafe; there is no man but muft obferve, how apt all
forts of falts are to be wrought upon by moifture, how eafily
they liquify and tun with it; and whenthefe are drawn ofFand
have delerted the lumps wherewith they are incorporated,
thofe mull moulder immediately, and fall afunder of courfe ;
the hardellflone we meet with, if it happen, as frequently it
does, to have any fort of fait intermixed with the land of which
It confifts, upon being expofed to a moift air, in a Ihort time
dilTolves and crumbles all to pieces, and much more will
cloded earth or clay, which is not of near focompad and folida
contexture as ftone is : The fame way likewile is lime Service-
able in this affair, it being well known how apt it is to be put
into fermentation and commotion by water, nor can fuch com-
motion ever happen, when lime ismixed with earth, however
hard and cloded that may be, without opening and loofeningof
It. 4. i he plant is more or Jefs nourilhed and augmented,' in
proportion as the water, in which itllandb, contains a fmaller
pr greater quantity of proper terreftrial matter in it; the truth of

which

Royal Society. 373

which propofition is eminently difcernable thro' the whole
procefs of thefe trials ^ the mint in the glafs C was much of the
fame bulk and weight with thofc in A and B 5 but the water
in which C was, being river-water, which was apparently llored
more copioufly with terrellrial particles than the fpring or rain-
water, wherein A and B flood, it had thriven to almoft double
the bulk that either of them had, and with a lels expence of
water too 5 lb likewife the mint in L, in whofe water was di{^
folved a fmall quantity of good garden-mould, tho' it had the
difadvantage when firft fet, to be lefs than either of the mints in
H or I, whofe water was the very fame with this in L, but
without any of that earth mixed with it, yet ina fliort time the
plant L not only overtook, but much outllripped thofe, and at
the end of the experiment was confiderably larger and heavier
than either of them , in like manner the mint in N, tho* lefs at
the beginning than that in M, being iht in the thick, turbid,
feculent water that remained behind, after that, wherein M
was placed, was diftilled off, had more than double its origi-
nal weight and bulk, and received above twice the additional
increafe of the plant in M, which flood in the thinner diflilled
watery and what is no lels confiderable, had not drawn ofFhalf
the quantity of water that that had^ the reafon why the Do6lor
limits the proportion of the augment of the plant to the quan-
tity of proper terreflrial matter in the water, is, because all,
even the vegetable matter, to fay nothing of the mineral fort,
is not proper for thenourifhment of every plant; there may be,
and doubtlefs there are fome parts in different fpecies of plants
that may be much alike, and fo owe their fupply to the fame
common matter, but it is plain, all cannot- and there are other
parts lb differing, that it is no ways credible they /liould be
formed all out of the fame fort of corpufcles; fo far from ir,
that there are not wanting good indications, as fliall be feen by
and by, that every kind of vegetable requires a peculiar and
fpecific matter for its formation and nourilhment; yea, each
part of the fame vegetable does fo, and there are feveral diffe-
rent ingredients that go into the compofition of the fame indi-
vidual plant: If therefore the foil, wherein any vegetable or
feed is planted, contains all or moft of thefe ingredients, and
thole in a proper quantity, it will grow and thrive there,
otherwife it v^ ill not; if there be not fo many forts of corpuf-
cles, as are requifite for the conflitution of the main and more
effential parts of the plant, it will not thrive at all; if there be
thefe, and they not in fuiiicient plenty, it will ftarve, and never

arrive

374 M E M O I R S of fie

arrive to its natural ilaturej or if there be any the lefs ncceflary
and eflential corpufcles wanting, there will be Ibme failure in
the plant, either in tafle, fmell, colour, or feme other way:
Tho' a trafl of land may happen not to contain matter proper
for the coniluution of feme one peculiar kind of plant, yet it
may for feveral others, and thofe differing much among them-
felvcs3 the vegetative particles are blended together in the
earth, with ali the diverfity and variety, as well as with all
the uncerrainty conceivable ^ fo that it is not poffible to imagine,
how one, uniform, homogeneous matter, having its principles
or original parts all of the fame fubftance, conftitution, magni-
tude, figure, and gravity, fliould ever conftitute bodies fo
cgregioufly unlike in all thofe refpeds, as vegetables of diffe-
rent kinds are, nay, even as the different parts of the fame
vegetable ; that one (hould carry a refinous, another a milky, a
third a yellow, a fourth a red juice in its veins ^ one affords a
fragrant, another an offenfive fmell -, one may be fwect to the tafte,
another bitter, acrid, acerb, auftere, ^c, that one fhall be nou-
rishing, another poisonous, one purging, another ailringent^ in
fhort, that there fhould be that vafl*" difference in them, as to
their feveral conftitutions, make properties and effe6^s, and yet all
arife from the very fame fort of matter, feems to be very flranoe.

The Cataputia in the glafs E received but very little increafe,
only 3 y grains all the while it flood there, tho' 2501 grains of
water were fpent upon it 5 the realon of this, may be that the
water was not a proper medium for it to grow in ^ and it is
known, that feveral plants will not thrive in it 5 too much of that
liquor in ibme plants may probably hurry the terreflrial matter
thro* their veffels too fafl for them to attract, and lay hold of it;
be that as it will, it is mod certain that there are peculiar foils that
fuit peculiar plants j in England, cherries are oblerved to thrive
befl in Kent, apples in Herefordpire, faffron in Cambridgefiire^
wood in two or three of our midland counties, and teafles in
Somerfetpire '^ this is an obfervation that hath held in all parts of
the world : Yet that foil that is once proper for the production
of feme one fort of vegetable, does not flill continue to be fb j for,
m procels of time itloles that property, but fboner in fome lands,
and later in others 3 if wheat, for example, be fown upon a piece
of land, that is proper for that grain, the firfl crop will thrive
very well, and perhaps the fecond and the third, as long as the
ground is in heart, as the farmers call it 5 but in a few years it
Will produce no more, if fow'd with that grain j it is true, it
may fome other, as barley 5 and after this has been fown io often,

that

Royal Society. 37^

tliat the land can bring forth no more of that kind, it may after-
wards yield CTood oats, and perhaps peafe after all thefe- at
length it will become barren, the vegetative matter, that itatfirfl
abounded in, being extrailed from it by thole fucceffive crops,
and mofl of it borne off 5 for each fort of grain extracts from it
that peculiar matter that is proper for its own nourifhment: After
all this, that very tradl of land may be brought to produce another
lerics of the fame vegetables 5 but never till it is lupplied with a
new fund of matter, of like Ibrt with that it at firll contained -
which fupply is made feveral ways, either by the ground's lying
fallow fome time, till the rain has poured down a frefh ftock
upon it, or by the farmer's care in manuring it : And for fur-
ther evidence that this fupply is in reality of a like fort, we
need only refled^ a while upon thofe manures that are found
by conftant experience, belt to promote vegetation and the fruit-
fulnels of the earthy and thefe are chiefly parts of vegetables
or animals, which indeed derive their own nourifliment imme-
diately either from vegetable bodies, or from other animals that
do io 5 in particular the blood, urine and excrements of animals,
ihavings of horns and of hoofs, hair, wool, feathers, calcined
Ihell"^, lees of v/ine and beer, afnes of all forts of vegetable
bodies, leaves, ftraw, roots and ftuhble turn'd into the earth by-
plowing or otherwile, to rot and diifolve there, all theie prove
the beft manures, and being vegetable lubftances, when refunded
back again into the earth, ferve for the formation of other like
bodies : We meet with fliil further confirmations of the fame
thing in our gardens, the trees, fhrubs, and herbs cultivated
there, after they have continued in one Ifation, till they have de-
rived thence the greater part of the matter proper for their in-
creafe, will decay and degenerate, unlefs either fre-h earth, or
fbme proper manure be applied to them: it is true they may
maintain themielves there for fome time, by fending foith roots
further and further to a great extent all around, ro ictcn in more
remote provifion 5 but at lafl all will fail, and they muft either
have a frelh lupply brought to them, or they themfelves be
tranfplanted to lome places better furnilaed with matter for their
fubfiiience ^ and accordingly gardeners obferve, that plants that
have ftood a gre^t while m a place, have longer roots than uluaJ,
part of which they cut off, when they tranlplant them to a freih
Ibil, as now not of any further uie to them , io that ail theie in-
ftances, and .a great many others that might be alledged, point
forth a particular terreftrial matter, and not water only, for the
fubjed to which plants owe their increaie 5 for were it water only,

there

376 M E M O I R S e/'/A^

there would be no need of manures, nor of tranfpknting them from
place to place, fince the rain falls in this field and in that
indififercntly, in one fide of an orchard or garden, as well as in
another 5 nor could there be any reafon, why a tra6l of land fhould
yield wheat one year and not the next, fince the rain fliowers
down alike in each. 5. Vegetables are not formed of water, but
of a certain peculiar tcrreftrial matter: The plant in E attraded
2501 grains of the fluid mafs, and yet had received but 3 grains
and an half of increafe from all that quantity 5 the mint in
L, tho' it had at firft the difadvantage to be much lefs than that
in I, yet being (tt in water wherewith earth was plentifully
mixed, and that in I only in water without any fuch additional
earth, the former had vaftly outgrown the latter, weighing at
lead 145 grains more than it, and fo had gained above twice as
muchj in like manner that in K, tho' it was a great deal lefs
when put in the water, than that in I, and was alio injured and
impaired by infe61:s 5 yet by being planted in water wherein earth
was diflblved, whereas the water wherein I flood had none, it
not only overtook, but confiderably lurpaffed the other, weighing
at laft 29 grains more than that in I, and had not expended lb
much water as that, by above 2400 grains^ the plant in N, tho*
at firft a great deal Ids than that in M, yet being let in the foul
crafs water, that was left in the ftill, after that, in which M was
{ct^ was drawn off, it at laft gained in weight above double what
that in the thinner and finer water had done, the proportion of
the augment of that plant that throve moft, was to the fluid mafs
as I to 455 nay, in the Cataputia it was but as i to 714: The
mint in B took up 39 grains of water a-day, one day with ano-
ther, which was much more than the whole weight of the plant
originally, and yet with all this it gained not in weight one
fourth of a grain a day 5 that in H took up 255 grains of the
fluid a day, which was near twice as much as its original weight,
it weighing when firft let in the water but 127 grains, and after
all, tlie daily increale of the plant was no more than 2 to grains,
6. Spring and rain-water contain pretty near an equal charge of
vegetable matter, and river-water more than either of them, the
plants in the glafles A, B, C, were at firft of much the fame fize
and weight ^ at the end of the experiment the mint in A had
gain'd 15 grains out of 2558 grains of fpring-water 3 that in B
17 J grains out of 5004 grains of rain watery but that in C had
got z6 grains only, out of 2493 grains of river-water; fo that
thefe proportions will hold in the main 5 nctwithftanding this,
the Doiflor does not doubt, but the water that falls in rain at

fome-

Royal Society. 377

at fbme times contains a greater /hare of terreflrial matter, tlian
that which falls at others 3 a more powerful and intenie heat mull:
needs carry up a laraer quantity of that matter with the humid
vapours that form rain, than one more feeble and remils ever pol-
fibly can 5 the water in one fpring may flow out with an higher
charge of this matter, than that of another, thus depending
partly upon the quantity of the ebullition ot the water, and
partly upon the quickneis of the ebullition of the water, and
partly upon the quantity of that matter, latent in the Strata, thro'
which the fluid paffes, and the greater or Icls laxity of thofe
Strata-^ for the lame realbn, the water of one river may abound
with it more than that of another j nay, rhe lame river, when
much agitated, muft bear up more of it, than when it moves
with leis rapidity and violence : That there is a great quantity of
this matter in rivers, and that it contributes vaftly to the fertility
of the earth, we have an illuilrious inilance in the Nile, the
Ganges, and other rivers, that yearly overflow the neighbouring
plains, which thereby fliew the faireil and largeft crops of any in
the whole world. 7. Water ferves only for a vehicle to the ter-
reflrial matter, which forms vegetables, and dees not itfelf, make
any addition to them 5 where the proper terreflrial matter is
wanting, the plant is not augmented, tho' never fo much water
afcends into it ; the Cataputia in E took up more water than the
mint in C, and yet bad grown but very little, having received
only 5 I grains of additional weighty whereas that in C had
received no lefs than 16 grains 5 the mint m I was planted in the
fame fort of waier, as that in K was, only that the letter had
earth diffolved in the water, and yet the former drew oft 15 140
grains of the water, gaining itlelf no more than 139 grains m
weight; whereas, that in K attraded but- 10751 grains of water,
and was augmented 16% grains in weight, conlequcnt y the for-
mer Ipent 2400 grains more of the water, than this in K did, and
vet was not {o much increaled m weight as this by 29 grains 5
the mint in M flood in the very lanne kind ot water, as that in
N did : but the water in M having much lels terreilnal matter m
it, than that in N had, the plant bore up 880; grains, itlelf
gaining the while only 41 grains; whereas that in N attracled no
more than 4344 ^^rains, and yet was augmented 9^J.\^:f^'^ 1^
that it fpent 4459 grains of water more than that m N ^iid 5 and
yet was notitielf fo much incred^d in weight as that in N by
5. grains; this is both a very far and a very conclufive jnftance
that water IS not the matter that compofes vegetable bodies, but
is the agent that convevs that matter to them, that introduces and
VoLTill. Bbb diltri.

378 UE U O I K S of the

diltributes it to the feveral parts for their nourifliment- that
therefore there is that plentiful provifion and vaft abuudance
of it fuppiiec^ to all the parts of the earth, is a mark of a natu-
ral providence, fuperintending over the globe we inhabit.

This fluid is fitted for the office here afligned it feveral
ways* firfl by the figure of its parts, which as appears from
feveral experiments, is exadly and mathematically fpherical,
the furfaces being perfectly fmooth, and without any the leafl
inequality ^ fo that it is evident, corpufcles of fuch a figure are
eafily fufceptible of motion, yea, far above any others whatever,
and confequently the mofl capable of moving and conveying
other matter that is not fo a£tive and moveable than the inter-
Jticcs between bodies of that figure are with refpefl to their
bulk, of all others the greateft, and fo moll adapted for recei-
ving of foreign matter 5 befides, as far as trials hitherto made,
inform us, the conflituent corpulcles of water are each, fingly
coniider'd, abfolutely folid, and do not yield to the greateft
external force, which fecures their figure againft any al-
teration 5 and confequently, the interftices between the cor-
pufcles muit be always alike 5 by the latter it will ever be
difpofed to receive matter, and by the former, when receiv'd,
to convey it along with itfelf: Water is farther fitted to
be a vehicle to this matter, by the tenuity, and finenefs
of the corpufcles of which it confifls^ we hardly know any
fluid in nature, except fire, whofe conftituent parts are fo ex-
ceeding fubtile and {mall as thofeof water arej they pafs thro'
pores and interllices, that neither air nor any other fluid can 5
this enables them to enter the finefl tubes and vefTels of plants,
and introduce the terreflrial matter, conveying it to all their
parts ^ whillt each, by means of organs it is endowed with for
that purpofe, intercepts and affumes to itfelf fuch particles as
are fuirable to its nature 5 letting the reft pafs on thro' the com-
mon du6ls ; nay we have almolt every where mechanical inftan-
ces of much the fame nature : It is obvious to every one how
eafily and fuddenly humidity or the corpufcles of water fuC-
tained in the air, pervade and infinuate themfelves into cords,
however tightly twifted, into leather, parchment, vegetable
bodies, wood and the like 5 and this it is that fits them for
hygrometers, to meafure and determine the different quanti-
ties of moifture in the air, in different places and Icafons.
8. Water is not capable of performing this office to plants, un-
Icfs it be affifted by a due quantity of heat, which muft needs
concur, elfe vegetation will not fucceed; The plants that were

fet

Royal Society. 379

fet in the glafles Q^, R, S, ^6'. in OEiober and the following
colder months, had not near the quantity of water conveyed
into them, nor fo great an additional increafe by much, as thofe
that were fet in jfune^ J'^i^^ ^"d the hotter months ; 'tis plain
that water has no power of moving itfelf, or of rifing to that
vaft height it does in the more tall and lofty plants 5 fo far
from it, that it does not appear from any dilcovery yet made
that its fluidity conlifts intheinteftine motion of its parts, there
being no need of any thing more, to folve all the phenomena
of fluidity, than fuch a figure and difpofition of parts as water
has ; for corpufcles of fuch a make, and that are all abfolutely
fpherical, mull have fo little contafl with each other, as to
be always fufceptible of every the lightell impreflion imagi-
nable to put them into motion'3 it is true, the parts of fire are
not capable of moving themfelves any more than thofe ot water 5
but being more fubtile, light, and a<^ive than thefe are, they
are more eaiily put into motion: In fine, it is evident, and
matter of fa(5l, that heat operates upon and moves the water,
in order to its carrying on the work of vegetation.

That the concourfe of heat is really neceffary in this work,
appears not only from the experiments before us, but likewife
from all nature, in fields, forefts, gardens and orchards 5 for
we lee in autumn, as the power of the fun grows gradually
lefs and lefs, fo its eflfe6ls on plants do remit, and their vege-
tation flackens by little and little ^ its failure is firfl difcernible
in trees, which being raifed higheft above the earth, require
a more intenfe heat to elevate' the water, charged with their
nourifhment to the extreme parts 5 fo that for want of frefla
nutriment they fhed their leaves, unlefs they are fecured by a
very firm and hardy conftitution as our ever greens are ^ next
the fhrubs Ihed their leaves, and then the herbs and lower
tribes 5 the heat at length not being fufficient to fupply even
thefe, tho' fo near the earth, with an adequate fund of nou-
rilhment^ as the heat returns the fucceeding fpring, they all
' recruit again, being furniflied with freih liipplies and verdure 5
and firft of all thofe which are loweft and nearell the earth, as
herbs and fuch plants as require a leffer degree of heat toraife
up the water with its earthy particles into them 5 then the flirubs
and higher vegetables in their turns, and laftly the trees : But
as the heat increafes, it grows too powerful, and hurries the
earthy matter with too great rapidity thro' the more deli-
cate plants, which therefore go off and decay 5 whilft others
that are more hardy, and vigorous, and require a greater fhare

B b b 2 o£

380 MEMOIRS of the

ot" heat, thrive 5 by which mechanifm provident nature fur-
niHics us with a very various and different entertainment, and
what is bell luited to each leafon, all the year round.

As the heat of the feveral fealons affords us a different face
of thinqs, io the feveral dillant climates fliew different fcenes
of nature, and produi^lions of the earth : The hottcfl countries
ordinarily yield the largeft and tallefl trees, and thofe too, in
much greater variety than the colder ever do 5 even thofe
plants, which are common to both, attain to a much greater
bulk in the Southern than in the northern climates 3 nay there
are feme regions fo bleak and chill, that they raife no vegeta-
bles at all to any confiderable fize ; this we learn from Green-
hud^ Iceland and other places of fuch like cold fituation,
where no trees ever appear., and the very flirubs they afford
are few, Irnall, and low. Again in warmer climates, and fuch
as yield trees and the larger vegetables, if there happen a re-
niiffion or diminution of the ufual heat, their produ;!T:ions will
be impeded, and diminiflied in proportion 3 which is alio
plainly evinced by a cold fummer 3 for tho' the heat may be
fufficient to raife the vegetative matter into the lower plants,
into cords, as wheat, barley, peafe and the like; and tho' we
may have plenty of llrawberries, rasberries, currans, goosberries,
and the fruits of fuch other vegetables, as are low and near the
earth 3 yea, and a moderate flore of cherries, mulberries, plums,
filberts, and Ibme others, that grow Ibmewhat higher, yet apples,
pears, walnuts, and the productions of the taller trees are fewer,
and thofe not {q kindly, fo thoroughly ripened, and brought to
that perfection that they are at, in a more benign and warmer
leaion. Nay, in fuch a cold fummer, even the lower fruits and
grains have Ibme fliare in the common calamity; and fall /hort
both in number and goodnels of what the hotter and kindlier
fealons are wont to flievv us: As to our grapes, apricocs, peaches,
neCiarins, and figs, being tranfplanted hither out of hotter cli-
mates, it is the lels wonder if in fuch a cafe there be a general
failure of them.

Nor is the fun, nor the ordinary emiflion of the fubterraneous
heat only, that promotes vegetation, but any other heat indiffe-
rently, according to its power and intenfenefs, as we fee b^ our lloves,
hot-beds, and the like : All heat is of a like kind; and wherever
the lame caufe is, there will conftantly be the fame effect; there
is a pioccdure in every part of nature, that is-perfeffly regular
anc, geometrical, if we can but find it out; and the further our
fearchcs carry us, the more fliall we have occafion to admire, and
the better it will compcnfate our labour. An

/'S^/.m.

PLATE. XI.

/'■JSJ^

^.^y/i,^/, y^

■^i^^/i^ J}-^

Royal Society. 381

An Engine for raifing Water hy the Help of Fire-, by
Mr. Tho. Savery. Phil. Tranf. Isl^ 253. p. 228.

IN Plate XI. Fig. i. A reprelents the furnace; B the boiler^
C, C, two cocks, which convey the fleam by turns to the
veflels D, D j D, D, the velTels which receive the water from the
bottom, in order to difcharge it again at the top 5 E E E E are
the valves 3 F, F, the cocks which keep up the water, while the
valves are on occafion, a cleanfing^ G the force-pipe5 -^ ^^^
lbcking-pipe5 1 the water.

An Account o/Loch Nefsj^i?^. /;j; il/r. James Fraler, o/Kirkhill.
Phil. Tranf. N® 254. p. 230.

LOch NcfSy according to the tradition of the highland bards,
took its name from one Nyfus an Irip hero, who, together
with jDornadilla his wife, iettled a colony in Straih-harig-^ the
promontory, upon which he had his refidence, is to this day
called '■Jjomi iJearniUy from the name of his wife 3 and becaule
he was the fiift that ever attempted to fit out boat, or barge,
upon this lake, it is after him called I.och Nefs:, it is 24 miles in
length, and in moft places two in breadth 3 one Geo. Scot found-
ed" it with 5C0 fathoms, and Capt. Orton with a whole barrel of
plumb-lmes, but they could find no bottom 3 the banks of this lake
are high, rocky, and mountainous, and covered with woods3 the
lake nt ver ntrezes, which is mijjuted to a great number of large
fprings in it ■. the only fifi therein is falmon ; this lake difcharges
itielf into a river of the fame name, fix miles in length, which
never freezes, but always fmoaks in frofty weather, from which
fmoak is fpread a fog all over the adjacent country 3 upon the
north fide of Loch Nefs, flands on a rock the famous caftle of
Urquhart^ the great ditch round it was for the moft part cut out
of the rock, and received water from the lake 3 this ca file con-
filled of feven great towers, and it is faid to be built by the
Cumin^Sy but was demolifhed by King Edzvard I. of England^
leaving only one tower to the ead, which remains to this day:
About four miles to the weflward of this caftle, upon the fide of
Loch IS'efSy flands that great mountain called Meal-fuor-votaiy^ of
a round, neat, high fhape, being two miles of perpendicular
height from the Loch:, upon the very top of this hill is a lake of
cold frelh water, about 50 fathoms long and fix broad, no courfe
or flream of water vifibly runs either to or from it 3 Mr. Frafer

Elumb'd it with 100 fathoms of fmall line, but could find no
oitomj it is always equally full, and never freezes: There is

due

382 MEMOIRSoftl)e

due wefl: from the mouth of the river Ne/s an arm of the fea,
C3.\hd 2je-zvley-fin/jy fix miles long, and half a mile broad 5 this
channel, Mr. Frafer thinks, was formerly firm land j for near
the middle of it were found large oak trees with their roots entire,
fome above 60 foot long, lying covered in the fand, and he doubts
not but they grew there 3 and for further confirmation hereof,
there are three great heaps of flone in the Firth y at a confiderable
diftance from each other, thefe are called Cainn in Irifo 5 one of
them of a huge largenefs, in the middle of the Firths is acceflible
at low-water • and it appears to have been a burial place, by the
urns which are fometimes found there; as the fea encroaches
upon, and wears the banks upwards, there are found oaken beams
of 20 or 30 foot long, fome of them 8, others 12 or 14 foot under
ground 5 Mr. Frafer faw one of them 14 foot long, that had the
marks of the ax upon it, with feveral wimble-bores therein 5 the
river di "Bei^ley^ that falls into this arm of the iea, near Lovaty
hath funk fo low in its channel, that oaken trees of incredible
length, and 16 foot under ground, have been found in the banks,
with layers of fand, gravel, clay, and earth over them, and at
another time he law fome oaks with coals, and pieces of burnt
timber as low as 1 5 foot, or thereabouts: About 17 miles due
weft from Se-wky, there is a foreft called Affaruck^ in which
there is a mountain called Glennin-teci 5 and on the north-fide,
under the fliade of a great floping rock, ftands a lake of frefh
water, called Lochan PFyfi, or green lake, 18 foot in diameter,
and about a fathom deep, which is always covered with ice both
fummer and winter; the next mountain, to the north of that, is
called Scure-in-lappich^ on the top of which is a vaft heap of
white Itones, like cryftal, each of them larger than a man can
throw, they ftrike fire like flint, and have the fmell of fea-weed 5
there is alio found upon this mountain great plenty of oyfter,
Icallop, and limpeir-fhells, tho' 20 miles from any fea; round this
hill grows the fea-pink, in Irijh, T'eartag^ having the colour and
tafte of that which grows on the fea-fliore: The 'Pagan temples,
or places of idolatry, are very numerous here 5 for upon the fide
of the river Narden^ Mr. Frafer reckoned 1 5 in the fpace of
2 miles, they are of a round figure, and at the weft end have two
higji ftones like pyramids; there is an outer and inner circle of
lefTer ftones, and a round moat in the centre for the facrifices ;
another fort of thefe places of worlliip is only of earth, with a
trench round about them, and a moat in the middle ; in leveral
of thefe Mr. Frafer found a round heap of ftones with urns in
them; it leems a different religion did afterwards turn thefe
places of worfliip into burial-grounds. 'j'ts

Royal Society. 383

ne Manner of Concoction 5 l?y 2)r. Clopton Havers. Phil.
Tranl^ N° ^54. p. 233.

THE fentiments of phyficians, about the manner how the
digeftion of the alinnent is performed, have been various,
and the hypothefes, by which they have endeavoured to explain
it, very different 5 fome have been of opinion, that it is a Jcind of
elixation, and that the grofler and more Iblid parts being, as it
were, boiled in the fluid by the heat of the flomach, and the
parts adjacent thereto, as the liver, fpleen, and Omentum^ are by
a long and continued elixation firft rendred more tender, and
then colliquated and diflolved into minuter particles, i'o as to mix
more equally with the fluid, and therewith to make one pulp
or chylous mafs3 and tho' Hi-ppocrates does not plainly call it
an elixation, yet he leems to attribute the concodion of the
food to the heat of the flomach, as its great caufe: Others
have luppofed it to be performed by attrition 5 as if the flo-
mach, by thofc repeated motions, which are the necefTary
effecls of refpiration, when it is diftended by the aliment, did
both rub or grind off fbme minuter particles from the grofler
parts, and by continually agitating the mafs of food, make thofe
parts of it, which are not contiguous to the flomach, ftrike one
againfl another, and break one or the other into pieces, till they
are all attenuated 5 as for bread and fuch things as are made of
flour, that may be foftened and diflblved v^ith any common li-
quid, tho' that agitation of the flomach, which moves them in
refpiration, might feem fufficient to break and diffolve them 3 yet
this cannot be thought fufficient to break and digefl fleih-mear,
fruits, or any other thing that will not be fbftned and difiblved in
water, or fome fuch liquid; but altho' this motion of the ali-
ment, caufed by refpiration, does not actually digeft it, yet it has
a great and necefTary ufe in conco6lion, and makes all the grofler
parts as they are attenuated, mix equally with the fluid parts :
Others think that the bilious juice, others again, that the ipirits
are chiefly concerned in this affair ; Galen makes it the eftecl: not
of one, but of leveral cauics^ as the pituitous juice in the flo-
mach, the bile, ^c. Some there are that will have the food dif^
folved by amenftruum, Ibpplied from the glands of the flomach,
or fome other way ; but thele differ in their notions of the nature
of the menftruum; for there are fome that fuppofe it to be an
acid, which corrodes the grofler parts of the food, and diffolves
them in the fame manner; as vinegar, fpirit of vitriol, ^c. which
£ven diffolve fuch a fblid body as iron 3 and tho' it cannot be de-
nied

384 MEMOIR S of the

nicd but that oil of vitriol will difTolve fle/h and reduce it
to a pulp; yet it is not to be fuppoled, that the fibres of the fto-
mach can bear any fuch ftrong and corroding acid, without being
iniured in its tone, and without being effe6ted with great and ex-
traordinary pains j neither does fuch a menftruum, tho' it will di-
geft fome bodies, feem capable of diffolving fo great a variety of
things as we eat, efpecially when a great many of them are of a
contrary nature to each other : Some will have the menftruum to
be a nitro-aereous fpirit, fubtile, and yery penetrating, and in-
cluded in its proper vehicle, which, being in its own nature apt
to penetrate the mafs of the aliment, difFufes itfelf thro' tlie
whole, and breaking the cohefion of the moft folid parts, dif.
folves their compages : By others, it is thought to be fome laline
juice in the ftomach, by which the parts of the aliment are di-
vided and diffolved, and thofe fit for nourifhment volatilized :
Laftly, there are fome, who fuppofe, that digeftion is performed
by means of a ferment, which, when mixed with the aliment,
excites in the mafs an intefiine motion 5 and the different and
contrary motions or tendencies of the parts, by making fome kind
of coUifion, gradually break off particles from the groffer and
more folid parts, till they are fo attenuated, as to be apt to mix
more equally with the fluid parts, and with them ccnftitute one
foft or chylous fubftance; but thefe alio differ, either as to
the nature of this ferment, or the manner wherein it is fup-
plied ^ for fc)me take it to be the remains of the food that was
laft di^efted, which having lain fome time in the ftomach, after
the reft is carried down into the inteftines, contrail: an«acid or
fome fuch quality, and become fo altered as to partake of the na-
ture of a leaven 5 and this leaven being a part of the food, which
has been already digefted, is fo foft and liquid, as to be capable
of mixing with the alim.ent, which is next taken into the fto-
mach, and being agitated therewith by the repeated preffures of
the diaphragm, liver and abdominal mufcles upon the ftomach in
refpirat'ion, diffufes itfelf thro' the whole mafs, and being mixed
with it like leaven, or yeaft added to new wort, ^c puts it into
a ftate of fermentation; and by this fermentation, or by theex-
panfion of the ferment, and the more fubtile parts, which are
firft put into motion thereby, thofe parts, which are more Iblid,
and with which they are intermixed, are rent and divided and
attenuated in iuch a manner, as to become a foft and pulpous
matter; and altho' the greateft part of the food, that is thus
broken and concocted, is "by the contraflion of the fibres of the
ftomach pieffed into the tDiwdemm^ yet they do iiot contra^

them-

Royal Society. 385

themfelves in fuch a manner, as to force out all the aliment, but
there is left between the Rug^e or folds on the infide of the fto-
mach, a fufficicnt quantity to be a leaven to the next meal, and
fo on from time to time: Some entertain a notion, that this fer-
ment, or principle of fermentation, is in the aliment itfelf, which
being a congeries of matter coniifting of various parts of a diffe-
rent nature, is no Iboner incloi'ed in the flomach, and digefled in
the heat of that, and the adjacent parts, but the more ipirituous
and fubtile particles are put into motion, and enter upon a fermen-
tation, both from that warmth and from the difference of their
natures; and lb by their intefline commotion and the violence
they offer to thofe parts which oppole the tendency of any of
them, they break and diflblve the more fblid parts : Again, Ibme
are of opinion, that this ferment is lupplied from the glands of
theftomach; and laftly, others, and perhaps with much better
reafon, contend for the Saliva or fpittle, and make that the fer-
ment, which principally ferves for the digeftion of the food j for
the Saliva being mixed with our food in maftication, is with it
carried downwards into the flomach, where its parts being put into
motion by a kindly and agreeable heat, they ferment with, and
agitate firft thole parts of the food, which are moil apt to fer-
ment therewith ^ and then both conlpire together to break and
diffolve the grolfer, and more flubborn parts : Galen plainly al-
lows that the Saliva is concerned in the bufinefs of conco6l:ion,
tho' he fuppoles the alteration produced by this juice to be made
in the mouth.

But according to Dr. Havers's hypothefis, conco6lion is per-
formed after this manner 5 for the more ealy and effe6lual di-
geftion of the food, nature has appointed Ibme parts for the
breaking of our aliment, and reducing whatever is grofs into
Imaller parts, before it is put upon digeilion j and others to Ibp-
ply the ferment, by v/hich it is to be diffolvcd and concocled,
and which, before it is included in the flomach, lervcs to moiflen
and make it more Ibfr, that it may be more eafily penetrated and
broken by thole parts, which lerve to divide every morlel into
fmaller pieces : For the breaking of that part of our food, which
is not liquid, nature has furnilhed us v/ith teeth, and thofe of
two Ibrts; ibme are appointed to divide and break off Imaller
morlels from a larger mals; others are made for the grinding
thofe morlels into much Ihrialler parts 3 the teeth which ferye to
break off pieces of a convenient magnitude from a larger mals are
i of two forts, accommodated to the nature of the lubibance which
i we eat, and thele are the Licifores and the 'Dented Canini-^ if
Vol. hi. C c c the

386 M E M O IK S of the

the fubflance we eat is not hard, but is eafily penetrated and
divided, then the Incifores are capable of making an impreflion
upon it, and for that purpofe they are firmly fixed in the jaw
to break oft' the part they lay hold on , but if it be more fo-
lid, and not eafily penetrated, and that a piece cannot be fepa-
rated without difficulty from that body, whereof it is a part,
then wts apply the iDentes Canini or eye-teeth to it, which are
not fo broad, nor have fuch an edge as the Incifores^ but are
/harp and pointed like an awl, and fo do more readily penetrate
a hard lubftance ^ and as the parts of a more folid body are
commonly feparated with more difficulty, and as there muil be
a greater ftrefs put upon thofe teeth which break it into pieces,
fo thefe teeth, tho' they have but one fingle root, are much
more firmly fixed in the jaws than the Incijores: Befides, the
pofition of all thefe teeth is accommodated to their ufc, as be-
ing placed oppofire to the aperture of the mouth, fo that they
may be conveniently applied to the fubftance we are to eat,
before it is broken, and when it is too large to be admitted
within the mouth ; the teeth which by comprefTion and attri-
tion reduce the little morfels to fmaller parts, are from the
manner in which they break the aliment, called 2)entes Mo-
lares^ becaufe they grind, like fo many little mill-ftones, the
food between them ^ and that they might be rendred fit for
this purpofe, they are made broad at that extremity, which
ftands out of the gums, by which means they retain fome
quantity of the food between them, every time the lower jaw
is pulled up and forced againft the Maxilla fuperior-y and as
they are broad, fo they arc formed with inequalities and protu-
berances, and by the motion of the lower jaw from one fide
towards the other, they grind what lies between them into
pieces; the pofition of thefe teeth is like wife as convenient as
that of the Incifores and the 2)entes Canini -^ for being defigned
to break the pieces of folid food, which are taken into the
mouth, and theie pieces, when comprefTed and moved by the
Rentes Molares^ being apt to fly out of the mouth, if there
was no contrivance to prevent it, the Molares are placed be-
vond the aperture of the mouth and oppofite to the cheeks,
keep the food witliin that cavity 5 and not only fo, but preis it
in between the 2)entes Molares on one fide, as the tongue docs
on the other, until they have fufficiently comminuted and
divided It: At the iame time, whilfl t\\Q T^entes Molares ^xq
breaking the food, there flows into the mouth a falival juice,
which niixes with it, and not only ferves to moiften and render

it

Royal Society. 387

it more apt and eafy to be divided but feems to be the
ferment, by which the food is diflolved and digefted, and
therefore it is intmiately mixed therewith by the teeth's agitat-
ing them together m maftication ^ this liquor, which we com-
monly call the Saliva or fpittle, feems to be a compoiition of
two feveral juices, very different in their natures ; and there-
fore the feveral parts of it are feparated by their proper glands j
nature having planted no fewer than four pair about the mouth,
which fupply the juices that conftitute the Saliva-^ viz. the
Parotides and the GlanduliC Nuckimide^ the Ghvidulce Afaxil-
lares imernae and the Sith-linguales j of thefe two juices,
Dr. Havers takes one of them to be an acid, the other an
oleaginous liquor, iomething like oil of turpentine: For
amongft feveral experiments, the following gave the Dr.
moft (atisfa£tion : He took a piece of raw fldfh, and having cut
it into pieces, but much larger, than what our more lolid food
is reduced to by a due mallication, he mixed therewith fome
crumbs of bread, then he poured upon them oil of turpentine
and upon that oil of vitriol, and ihaking them together, he
digefted them for four hours in Salneo Mari^^ and then 'hak-
ing them again in the glafs, he found the meat dilfolved, and
all become a thickifh pulp 5 the Dr. could not but take no-
tice, that oil of camphire, tho' it does not orherwife feem much
different from oil of turpentine, and oil of vitriol, being
mixed together produce an effervelcence, as well as oil of tur-
pentine and oil of vitriol, yet did not touch the meat upon
which he poured them, fo as in the lead to diffolve them ; the
Dr. found,"^ that an acid and a folution of fait of tartar dif-
folved fome part of the fleHh meat, when mixed with it, but
yet neither fo foon nor fo perfectly, as the two beforementioned
oils did y and the Dr. the rather conje6lures that one of thofe
juices, which conftitute the Saliva^ is more of the nature of
oil of turpentine than of a fixed fait, becaufe it will correal
and temper even oil of vitriol, fo as to render it more toler-
able to the fibres of the fl:omach: The Dr. fuppofes, that
four of the eight falival glands, fupply one of thefe juices,
and the other four the other^ and this feems to be a very good
reafon why they are fo difpofed and the orifices of their dudls
fo ordered, that the juice fupplied by one gland, is difcharged
into the mouth very near the orifice, by which the juice of a
different nature is tranimitted from another, fo that they mull:
neceffarily meet and mix together 5 thus the Glandulie N/fcki-
^//.-f and the Tamides throw in two different juices by orifices,

C c c z which

388 M E M O I R S 0/ ^fc^

which open into the mouth very near to one another, and the
Gkndidce Alctsillares internee Bind Sub-Unguales ^o below lupply
the fame kind of juices by orifices, that open fo near to each
other, as to iecare the mixture of the two different juices:
The Dr. afferts, that thefe different forts of liquors, fepa«
rated by thele glands, are of fuch a nature as to be apt to fer-
ment upon their firll mixture, but perhaps more confiderably,
when they come to be digefted by the heat of the itomach^ to
that the collu6tation or fermentation, which attenuates and
conccfls the food in the ftomach, does not ordinarily arife be-
tween the aliment, and Saliva^ but between the feveral parts
of the Saliva itfclf 5 and indeed if the Saliva did not confift
of two juices, whofe nature is in fuch a manner different, as
to render them apt to ferment upon their mixture, it would be
very hard to conceive, how it ihould lerve fo readily and indif-
ferently for the digeftion of all eatables, not only of a different,
but of a contrary nature 5 how it fliould ferment with acids as
well as Akalles , digeft things that are cold as well as hot or
temperate, ^c. the concofiion of all which is rationally ac-
counted for, by fuppofing that the fermentation, which ferves
for the digeflion of the food, arifes from a peculiar difference
in the nature of two juices, which conilitute th^ Saliva: And
this feems to be as effeffual, and a more certain way to atte-
nuate and diffolve the groffer parts of our food, than if the
fermentation was made only between the Saliva and the ali-
ment 5 befides, the Saliva^ upon the mixture of its condituent
juices, feems to dilcover a fermentation, even at thofe times,
when we do not a6:ually eat 5 for it is always attended with
bubbles and a froth, when it has not been at all agitated in the
mouth, and many of thofe bubbles will remain for fome con-
(iderable time after we have fpit it out.

Nature therefore, having appointed the Saliva for the digef-
tion of the food, has taken care that it fhall be thrown in upon
the aliment on every fide 3 thus, the Glandulee Nuckiantfy and
the ^arotideSy fupply with their juices that part of the food
which lies on the outfide of the gums, between the cheeks and
the teeth, and the Glandiil^e 3Iaslllares internee ^^ fub-linguales
beflow their liquor upon the meat which is within the teeth
and gums : Nature has alfo had a regard to the mixture of the
two different juices of the Saliva^ which is neceffary to its
fermentation as is abovementioned, by placing the orifices of
the falival glands near each other: The Saliva^ being thus
mixed, does, partly as it is agitated with the food by the teeth,

and

Royal Society. 389

and fome other parts of the mouth, partly by its own fluidity,
infinuate itlelf into, and mix with the food, and noc only
moiften and loften it, but excite the fermentation, which is to
diflblve it 5 and when the aliment is thus mixed with the
Saliva^ which ferves to ferment the whole mafs, it is then
conveyed into the ftomach, that great digeflive veffel of the
body, where it is kept in a digeftive heat, and the fermenta-
tion not only continued but improved • this fermentation in the
itomach firll agitates the finer and more fubtile parts of the
food, and puts them into motion, and fo with the fermentation
of its own, and thofe alimentary parts, which it firll commu-
nicates a motion to, improved by the heat of the ftomach, the
Saliva muit necefllirily acl upon the groflcr parts 5 for the
inteftine motion, which is excited in the mafs, does not give
the particles, which are fermented, the fame tendency, but
what is lo various and confufed, that they mufl inevitably
ftrike not only one againft the other, but againft thofe, which
are more grofs, fo as to attenuate them ^ fometimes by a colli-
fion, which llrikes oflf fmaller particles from the larger parts;
Sometimes by a compreffion, when the pardcles, wnich are in
motion, happen to ilrike direflly againft any grolTer part on
every fide of it 5 and fometimes by a kind of explofion : For
without doubt, the Saliva^ which is fluid, mfinuates itfelf
into the interftices of the more grofs parts of the aliment; and
whatever is agitated and expanded in thofe interftices, requir-
ing a larger ipace for the freedom of its motion, and offering a
violence to every thing that oppofes its tendency, will, like
gun-powder included in a fhell, force its way out, and tear to
pieces that matter which endeavours to confine it ; thus the
grofler parts are divided, untill at laft they are fo far atte-
nuated, as to mix more equally with the fluid, and with them
conftitute one pulp, or chylous mafs: And altho' the Dr.
does not apprehend, how the ftomach fliould, by its reciprocal
motions in infpiration and exfpiration, be able to break and
attenuate any matter that will not be foftcned and diflblved by
agitation in a liquid; yet it is certain, that thefe motions
caufed by the diaphragm and abdominal mufcles inrefpiration,
make thofe parts which are broken off, as they are diflolved,
mix more intimately with the liquid; as the meat, he digefted
with oil of turpentine and oil of vitriol did by agitation, mix
more equally with them, and became a pulp; It is further
probable, that from the mixture of the two juices of the Saliva
and their fermentation, there refults fuch a tertium quid, as is

apt

390 M E M O I R S of fbe

apt to ferment with the bile 5 and therefore, when the aliment
has been a fufficient time under the fermentation, excitexl by
the Saliva, it is then thrown into the 2)uodenum, where it
meets with the bilious juice, which flows into that mtcftine
from the liver, from which a new fermentation feems to arife^
and the commotion of the parts of the aliment being Hill con-
tinued, carries on the bufinefs of digeftion, untill the food is
perfe<^ly conceded 5 tho' it is probable, thit this new fermen-
tation ferves not only for the more perfe(51: digeftion of the food,
but likewife for the feparation of the chyle from the feculent
parts; and the Dr. was confirmed in this opinion, that from
the mixture and fermentation of the two juices, which confti-
tute the Saliva^ there refults a matter which is apt to ferment
with the bile, by the following experiment; the bile being
generally allowed to have much of a faponaceous nature, he
made a Iblution of foap in fair water, which he mixed with the
oils of turpentine and vitriol firft put together, and from their
mixture he obferved a very eafy and gentle fermentation,
which continued for a confiderable time.

Obfervations in Weft-Barbary, from Cape Spartel to Gape de
Geer; by Mr. Jezreel Jones. Phil. Tranf. N° 254. p. 248.

TH E Maitritaniany or Sarbarian Moor, when he rifes in
the morning, waH^es himfelf all over, and drefles; then
he goes to their Jiama, or church, fays his prayers and returns
home, where his wife, concubine, or (lave, have; his breakfaft
provided for him, which is fometimes made of barley, or
wheat-gruel; it is made fomething thicker than ours, till it be
ropy; they pv.t origanum, and other herbs powdered into it,
which foriuch ufes they keep dried all the year round; ibme
put a little pepper, and other fpices to it : Mr. Jonei had often
been treated in a morning with warm bread, frefh butter, and
fometimes butter and honey; fome again, give Cufciifoo with
milk, others with flefh, and others again with roots ; when any
of them has a gueft come to his houfe, the neighbours bring
their dilli to welcome him, on account of the refpedl and love
they bear their neighbour, as well as to fliew their readinefs to
entertain the ftranger; this pra61:ice is found conftantly ufed
amongft the ^^/oor/throughout the whole country, reciprocally
one towards the other; and Mr. Jones as often found the like
civility, as he had occafion to take up his lodgings at any
place, where he wj^s acquainted with any of the inhabitants :
The Jei.vi likewife fliew great civility to any Chnrdan, and

treat

Royal Society. 391

treat him with what they have, as ftewed or baked hens,
capons, hard eggs boiled or roafted, which they prefs flat with
pepper and lair, wine, brandy, ^c. They have generally the
bell bread, and every thing elle of the kind they can get 5 they
put anife, and two or three other forts of leeds Jnto their
bread 5 one fort of which is black, and angular, and taltes
almoft like carrot-leeds, and which Mr. ^ones had fcen fome-
times ufed in bread in Spain : They eiteem honey a whole-
lome breakfall, and reckon that the moll delicious, which is in
the comb with the young bees therein, before they come out
of their cafes, and whilll they look milk-white; oi" thefe
Mr. ^ofies had often eat, but they feemed infipid to the palate,
and fomerimes he found they gave him the heart-burn: In
Siife^ he had a prefent made him, by a friend, of a bag of
honey, as what is greatly elleemed, and what they prefent to
the men of greatell note amongfl them 3 and he told Mr. Jones
that he mull eat a little of this every morning to the quantity
of a walnut; it was thick like Venice treacle, and full of fmall
feeds; it always made him fleepy, but he found himfelf well,
and in very good plight of body, after taking it; the {^t^^
were about the bignefs of mu Hard- feed ; and according to the
defcription he had of them, and the effefls he found by eating
them m the honey, they mull be a large fort of poppy-feed;
the honey, wherewith the feeds were mixed, was of that fort,
which in Safe they call Izucanee, or Origanum^ on which the
bees feed. Cufctis or Cuskfoo is the principal difh amongil
them, as the Olla is in Spain ; it is made of the flour of
wheat, and in defe£l of that, of barley, millet, Indian corn, ^c.
They Ihake fome flour into an unglazed earthen pan, made
on purpole, after firll fprinkiing a little water on the bottom
of the pan, then they work it with both their hands, turn-
ing them backwards and forwards in order to grain ir, till
it refemble Eafi-Indian SagOj they Hew their fle/h in earthen
pots clofe covered, and put the Cuskfoo into a earthen cullender,
which they call Caskaf^ and this into the mouth of the por, fb
that all the lleam arifing from the meat, is imbibed by the
Cuskfoo, whereby it fwells and becomes fit to be eaten ; whea
it is enough, they put the Cuskfoo out into a difh, and heap-
ing it up, thev make a place for the meat to lie in, then they
p,ut a good deal of fpices, as gmger, pepper, faffron, c5^r.
upon it; this difli is fer on a mat upon the ground, about
which four men may eaflly hf, tho' Mr. Jones has feen fix or
more about one dilh; they lit with their buttocks upon the

calves

392 M E M O I R S e/^//6.?

calves of their legs, and with the foles of their feet upon the*
ground- but the number of difhes, is in proportion to the
guefts 5 they fometimes ufe this difli at breakfafl, as well as at
dinner and (upper, but commonly at the two laft meals ^ they
cover it with fomcthing made on purpofe in ihape of an E,
and It will keep hot for two hours: At a grand entertainment,
they roaft a whole fheep, fometimes a half, or a quarter,
upon a wooden fpit, or Ibme fuch contrivances ; they do not
keep continually turning it, as we do, but fuiTer one fide to
roait flowly before they turn the other 5 the fire is commonly
of wood burnt to a clear coal, and made in fuch a manner that
the heat afcends to the meat 5 they bafte it with oil, incorpo-
rated with a little fait and watery they let it thoroughly roaft,
and then they fay "Bifmiillah^ in the name of Godj and after
they have walhed the right hand, they pull the meat to pieces,
and fall to- eating 5 it is to be obferved, that in eating they only
ufe the right hand, and one holds the meat whilft the other
pulls it afunder, diftributing the pieces to the reft, as they are
feparated ; they feldom ufe a knife, and a fork is a rare thing
amongft them 5 they are dexterous at this way of carving, and
never flinch at the warmth of the meat, for that would look
mean, and might occafion another more bold to take the office
upon him j when they have done, they lick their fingers, and
as often as they have a hot difh, they wafh their hands afrefh 5
then they have Alfdoujb or Vermizzelli with fome meat upon
it, ftewed meat well fpiced, and favory broth ^ and after they
have eat the meat, they dip their bread in the fauce or broth,
and eat it^ they are cleanly in their cookery, and if they find
a hair, it is a capital crime, but not fo, as to a fly, becaufe it
has wings, and may get in after the meat paffes from the
cook's management: If the meat is well and high feafoned,
they do not reckon that a great fault : Cubbob is fmall pieces of
mutton, wrapped in the cavvl of a fiieep ; fome make good
Cubbob of the liver, lights and heart, they pepper and fait
them, and put Iweet herbs and fafFron to them, then they
roaft them, and when they difh them up, they fqueeze an
orange or two on them: Thus they commonly ufe in their
ftewed meats lemon and orange for fifh or roaft-meat: Elmo-
rofia is pieces of beef, cow or camel, ftewed with butter, ho-
ney and watery fome mix Rob of wine therein, they add faf-
fron, garlic or onions with a little filt to it, and when it is
enough, they ferve it up- they efteem this a delicious difh,
which they moftly ufe in winter, and fay that it is good againft

colds,

Royal Society. 393

eolds, tho* they reckon beef cooler than mutton; they will
likewile treat you with ftewed hare, Hewed and roaftcd pullets
and partridges, thefe they disjoint, and if they are not fat
enough of thcmfelvcs, they let them Itew in water and oil or
butter; when they are almoft enough, they beat a couple of
eggs, which they mix with the liquor, together with juice of
lemon or vinegar, which they ulually have very good, and
then Icrve them up; then you have more baked and roafted
meat and another dilh of Itewed meat, which is extremely
good; they take a leg of mutton, cut off the flefliy parr, leav-
ing out the fkin and finews ; this flefh they mince very fine, as
allblomefuet, parfly, thyme, mint, ^c. with a knife in each
hand, which they hold acrofs, andmanage with great dexterity;
then they take pepper, fait, and f.iffron beaten together and
fome nutmeg, thele they add to the reft, with about half a
handful of rice ; they cut an onion of the beft fort half through,
taking off the firft coat, as not lb fit for ufe, unlefs it be thick ;
this coat they fill with forced meat, then the next, and lo on,
which makes them look like fo many onions, fome they put up
in the beft vine-leaves; whilft this is doing, the bones, and
what remains of the legs of mutton, being in moderate pieces,
are ftewmg with as much water, as will juft cover them, then
they put their forced meat balls atop of the meat, and over
them a green bunch of grapes, and then cover it, and let it
boil till it is thoroughly enough; this Ur. ^o^ies reckons one
of their beft difhes, and which they often ule in Fez and other
cities: ^illo^xe or Tilh is a dilh very well known, being
made with boiled rice, a good pullet, mutton and fpice ; the
fleih and fowl is laid upon the rice in a di^'h, as Cuskfoo, and
fo ferved up. Mr. Jones eat once of a buftard, which they
roaft and ftew (befides they make an excellent di(h of its guts)
which feemM to him very pleafant and favoury and very grate-
ful to the ftomach ; this bird, as likewile the hedge-hog, is fit
for their king's table ; then they have ragouts, made with fpar-
rows, pigeons, ^c. Their drink is plain water or milk, and
fometimes Rob of wine mixed with water; this liquor is very
grateful and pleafant; it is efteemed a remedy againft cold,
and they pretend to take it medicinally; for Rob ot grapes
is allowed by their law; under this pretence many Feffee
merchants prefs all the grapes in their vineyards to make Rob
or vinegar, which they put up in great jars under ground, and
keep it long till it prove excellent wine: When a number of
them, wirh every one his miftrefs, appoint to be merry, they
Vol. Ill, D d d retire

394 UE M Ol'e.S of the

retire to their vineyard, or garden, where they have mufic,
and all or moft of the above diihes, and there fit and caroufe
over a great earthen bowl of wine, of about four or five gallons,
drinkins round out of a cup that will hold near a pint, and
they rarely part till they have made an end of the whole jar,
which is feldom lefs than a week's tinrie^ fuch as are known
to drink wine, or pifs (landing, their teftimony is invalid
in law : In a morning, during this time of merriment, they arc
for fome favoury bit, as pickled fifh, or Efcaveche^ or Ekhole ;
they are great lovers of fifli, which they have in great variety,
and very good 5 they fry them in origan oil, and they alio ftew,
roaft, and bake them with a great deal of fpice, onions, garlick,
cummin, parfley, and coriander : The Efcaveche, or fried fifh,
is cut into thin flices, and put into vinegar, with the above fpices,
adding laffron and pepper, ^c, it will keep above a month, and
it is very common amongft them, as alio pickled limes, olives,
capers, ^c They eat parched Caravan fas^ parched almonds,
and beans, which they parch in a pan with water and fait 5 thele,
and other things, they have to relifh a glals of wine, and whet
them for a frefh caroufal: The hedge-hog is a princely difh
amongft them 5 before they kill it, they rub his back againft the
ground, by holding his feet betwixt two, as men do a faw, till
it has done fqueaking, then they cut its throat, and with a knife
cut off all itsbriftles, and finge it; they take out the guts, fluff
the body with lome rice, Iweet herbs, Garavangas^ fpice, and
onions • they put fbmc butter and Garavan^as into the water,
where they let it ftew in a little pot clofe flopped, till it is
enough, and it proves an excellent difh ; The Moors do not care
to kiil lamb, veal, or kid, faying it is a pity to part the fuckling
from its dam 5 with their boiled meat they often eat carrots, tur-
nips of two or three forts, cabbage, beans, and peafe, ^c. of
which they have plenty, and thole very good, Mr. jfones eat
porcupine ftewed, which relembled camel's flefh in tafte, and
that is the neareft to beef of any thing he knew : Jlkholka is
made of beef, mutton, or camel's flefh, but^ chiefly of beef,
which they cut into long flices, fait it well in jars, and let it lie
24 hours in the pickle 3 then they remove it out of thole tubs, or
jars, into ethers with water, and when it has lain there a night,
they take it out, and put it on ropes to dry in the fun and air 5
when it is thoroughly dried and hard, they cut it into pieces two
or three inches long, and throw it into a pan or cauldron fuffi-
cient to hold it, with boiling oil and fuet, where it boils till it
is very clear, and red when cut, then they take it our, and fet it to

drain j

Royal Society. 395

drain ; when all this is done, it ftands till it cools, and jars
being prepared to put it up in, they pour upon it the liquor in
which it was fried, and when it is thoroughly cold, they flop it
up clofe^ it will keep for two years, will alfo become hard,
and the hardeft they look on as the beft done 5 this they difh up
cold, fbmetimes fried with eggs and garlick, fometimes fie wed,
with lemon fqueezed on it 5 it Is very good either hot or cold.

Their travelling provifions are bread, almonds, raifins, figs,
hard eggs, cold fowl, ^c. but what is mofl ufed by travellers is
Zumecty J'umeety or flour of parched barley for Limereece,
which, not being Arabian, but Shilha names, made H^.^oties
take it to be of a longer flanding than the Mahometans in that
part of Africa ; they are all three made of parched barley flour,
which they carry in a leathern fatchel^ Zumeet is the flour
mixed with honey, butter, and fpice j T'umeet is the fame flour
done up with origan oil ; and Limereece is the flour only mixed
with water, and fo drank ^ this quenches thirfl much better than
water alone, fatisfies a hungry appetite, and cools and refreshes
the traveller, getting the better of thofe ill effeils a hot fun and a
fatiguing journey might occafion; the mountaineers of *S>//^ ufe
this for their diet, at home as well as on a journey : It is lawful
for them to eat all they take in hawking, hunting, and fowling,
if they take it before it be dead, fo as to have time to cirt its
throat, and fay Sifmiillah^ or if a man is known to be expert at
the game, and fays thofe words, before he lets the hawk take its
flight, lets go the grey-hound, or fires his gun, it is lawful 5 ex*
cept fwine's flefli, and what dies of itfelf, they are at liberty to
eat or fell whatever they catch 5 they pretend that there is but one
part about the hog that is unlawful, and which they do not
know, and for that reafon are obliged to abflain from the whole 5
they eat fnails boiled with fait, and cry up their wholefomenels ;
it is lawful for them to eat fiih of all forts ^ moft of their food in
TajSilet and 2)arha is dates, of which there are ten or a dozen
forts 5 they have good capons all over the country ; they have no
turkeys, ducks, nor geefe, but what are wild, and thofe of two
forts J duck, teal, and mallard are good eating, as alfo curlews,
plovers, fnipes, oxbirds, pipers, and a fort of black crow with a
bald pate, and long crooked bill; Mtilopes, killed in hunting,
prove very good food 5 they are as large as a goat, of a chefnut-
colour, and white under the belly 5 their horns are altrioft quite
ftreight from the head upwards, and gradually tapering, with
rings at a diftance from each other, till within an inch and a
half of the tip ; tbey have fine large black eyes, a long and

Dddi toder

396 M E M O I R S of the

flender neck, feet, legs, and body fhaped Ibmewhat like a decr^
they have two cavities between their legs, the male he Ibppoles,
as well as the female 5 they are gregarious, or form themlelvcs
into herds, and they have fcouts to give them notice of any
approaching foe* when two of them lie down together, they lay
thcmielves back to back, and the head of one towards the tail of
the other, that they may lee every way; their dung is fweet and
pleafant enough ^ they are taken fometimes by the hawk, and
lometimes are ll^ot ; they are too fwift for a greyhound : Par-
tridges in Sufe commonly rooft on trees, foxes being ib numerous
that they would otherwile deftroy them 5 the Moors eat foxes if
they are fat, either ftewed or roafted, but they do not care for
them lean ; which has occafioned a proverb amongft them, to
wit, belle I deeby harom deeb^ a fox is lawful, and a fox is
iinla'-jcful, i. e. when fat it is lawful, but when lean, it h
unlawful: They have fruits and fweetmeats of feveral kmds^ as
three or four Ibrts of pumpkins, macaroons, almonds, prepared
leveral ways, raifins, dates, figs, both dry and green, two or
three forts of excellent melons, water-melons, pomegranates of
leveral kinds, apples, pears, apricocs, peaches, white and black
mulberries, plumbs, damalcens and cherries, grapes of feveral
kinds, and very good : Mr. jfones had icen grapes in Meffa^
Lat. 30°, or thereabouts, as big as a pigeon's egg, but they do
not make wine: If the Moors would but affift nature, they
might have every thing in perfe;51:ion ; for falads, they have
lettice, endive, carduus, parfley, apium, and other fweet herbs,
onions, cucumbers of feveral kinds, ibme about a yard long, and
two or three inches thick, and hairy, which is reckoned the
vvholefomefl fort ; radifhes, fumatas, or apples of love, all which
they cut, ufing oil, vinegar, and fait, with fome red pepper to
them; they eat this fallad with bread; they have a fruit called
'Baraneen^^ in Spain Saragenas^ which they (lew with their
yiftuals ; fometimes they cut them into thin flices, and fry them j
it makes a pretty difh; when the Moors have fe*ifted, every one
wafhes his hands, and mouth, gives thanks to God, and blefles
the hoft who gave the entertainment; after this they char a little,
or tell fome ftory, and then lie down to reft.

^Ibe Antiquity of the Numeral Chara<Slers; hy Mr> Tho.
LufFkin. Phil. Tranf. N° 255. p. 287.

DR. Wallis not being able to trace the ufe of the numeral
charafters here in England, higher up than the year 1 155,
Mr. Luff kin does here produce an inltance of their being older

than

Royal Societv* 397

than that date by 45 years, for over-againft the market-place
in Cokhefter Hands a houie, whole back part is an ancient Ro-
man building, but the front is of a later date, and built of tim-
ber ; upon the bottom ill! ( which is almofl in the form of a tri-
angular priim ) of one of the windows of the front, between two
carved lions, Itands an elcutcheon, containing only thofe figure*
1090.

That Herbs of the fame Make and Clafs have generally the like
Virtues 5 by Mr. Ja. Petiver. Phil. Tranl". N"* 255. p. 289.

THAT plants of the fame figure or likenefs have generally
much the lame virtues and ufe, will nor be thought an im-
probable conjefture, efpecially when we confider, that the organs
and ftru£ture of all plants of the fame family, or clafs, muft have
much the fame veffds and du6is to compleat their regular forma-
tion, and conlequently the juices circulated, and ftrained thro*
them, cannot be very heterogeneous j and as for the mofl part
their f:ent and tafte have a great affinity, ib of courfe their vir-
tues likewife cannot be very different, i. And to inftance in the
tribe of umbelliferous herbs ; it is the property of thofe to have
the pofition of their flower-branches in fucn a manner as to pro-
ceed from one bdfis or center, from which they expand them-
lelves into an Umbella or tuft, whofe flowers confifl of five irre-
gular. Of rather unequal ( that is differing in fhape and bigneis )
pentapetalous leaves, whence their leed is produced, which arc
naked and double, or by their iplirting feem to be fo 5 this kind
Mr. ^etivpr oblerved to be endowed with a carminative tafle and
Imell^ they are powerful expellersof \vind, and therefore are good
in ali flatulant diforders, and of great ule in the cholick, ^c,
as aniie, caraway, cummin, angelica, fmallage, parfly, lovage,
^c. rhe greateit virtues of theie plants lies in the feed, next in
the roots, and in the leaves of ibme few of them. 2. The
Q:^laKtkte Galeatde and VertiUat<e are a fpecies of plants that bear
their flowers in rundks or whorles, at greater or lefs diftances
round the Italk, whofc monopetalous flowers (if we may fo call
them, being fuch at the bortomj being tubulous, and different
from the la It mentioned, are generally divided into five un-
equal fegments, as the umbelliferous ; but with this diftinc-
tion> that the two greater \Petala or flower-leaves in this tribe
are ibmctimes above, and at other times below ; whereas the
others are conflantly the fame, that is always lie m the fame
place, being expanded on a flat or plane furface ; the flowers
of verticillared plants, are from the different pofition of their
Tetaky diftinguiflied into Flores Gakatiae zndi Labiatice j the

Calyx

39? ME M O I R S of tb(f

Calyx or cafe to the lower or tubulous part of each flower
fervcs alfo for its feed-veflfel j in the bottom of which is con-
tained, in all Mr. \Petiver oblcrved, four feeds fet clofe toge-
ther upon a plane, which drop out, when ripe, the hulk being
always open, and commonly divided into five points, which
anfwer the fegments of each flower : The virtue of thefe laft
chiefly confifts in the leaves and hufks, rather than in the
flowers; Mr. 'Petiver's reafons for giving the preference, con-
trary to all authors, to the hufks of this tribe, before the
flowers, are, becaufe he commonly obferved that the Calyces
are the chiefeft, if not the only part of the plant, on which he
found its vifcous or fulphureous particles adhere 5 and this may
be very eafily perceived, not only by its much ftronger and
more penetrating fmell, but by its clamminefs far beyond the
other parts, as is very apparent, particularly in the hulls of
lage and clary ; and if you diflil thefe with fpirits of wine,
you will find it much ftronger, than what is diftiUed from a
greater quantity of flowers only 5 for thefe, confifting of finer
and more volatile particles, are capable of retaining only what
the vicinity of the ftronger and thicker contexture of the C^-
lyceSf can eafily communicate to them ; Mr. (Petlver fuppofes
that the greateft part of this tribe is a degree warmer than the
laft 5 and confequently that their heat approaches nearer to the
nature of A'l'omatics than Carminatives ^ and that their eflfc^s
are more peculiarly adapted to fuch nervous difeafes, as arc
more intenfe, and to which the UmheUif€r<e cannot fo quickly
reach, viz,, in apoplexies, epilepfies, palfies, ^c. in which
cafes lavender, rofemary, ftoechas and fome others, are fimples
which all our ancient phyficians have very much commended in
thefe ftubborn difeafes 5 as alfo mint, baulm, penny-royal, fa-
vory, thyme, hyiTop, marjoram, bafil, origan, dittany of Crete^
Marum or common maftic-thyme, with Marum fyriacum and
fome others; three herbs which have a tetra-petalous regular
flower, f. e. four equal Petala in each flower, are, in relation
to their feed-veflels, fubdivided under two heads, viz. Sili-
(juofdd and CapfulatdP^ being fuch as have their feeds contained
in long or fhort receptacles, as pods or Capfules : The known
herbs of this genus, that are moft commonly ufed in phyfic,
are, muftard, rape, rocket, jack of the hedge, Paronychia or
whitbw-grafs, flix-weed, hedge-muftard, nofe-fmart, fcurvy-
grafs of both forts, with fome others : The moft effential vir-
tues and ufes of the herbs of this clafs Mr. "Petiver obferved
was more particularly in the leaves and feed, and next to thefe

in

Royal Society. 39^

in the roots, and if any parts are difregarded, thefe are the
flowers and pods: The leaves are more particularly ufed in
the water and garden- creiTes, fea and garden Icurvy-grafs,
hedge-muftard, iberis or fciatica-crefles, lepidium, pepper-
wort, cardamum, fhepherd's purfe, ^c. to which may be ad-
ded our cabbage, cole-worts, favoys, fprouts, which are alfo of
this tribe 5 and tho' they are of no great reputation in phyfic,
yet for fome ages paft they are grsatly efteemed in the kitchin :
Others of this family that arc more peculiarly eminent for the
virtues contained in their feed are the common muftard and
rape, the Thlapfi !Diofcorides or treacle-muftard, the eruca or
rocket, and Sophia Chirurgorum or flix weed; the feed of
which laft, Mr. 'Petiver was informed had fome years paft
been ufed with very good fuccefs by feveral people in the north
of England for the Itone and gravel. The roots which have
gained conflderable reputation not only in diet but alfo in phy-
iic are both garden and Spanifo radiihes (which is the large
black rooted Ibrt) as alfo the wild or horfe radijfh, to which
muft be added the round and long-rooted turnep : Molt of thi$
tribe Mr. Tetiver found tho' they are very hot like the two
lafl, viz, the UmbeUifer<e and VenicillatdSy yet they exert
their virtues in a much different manner; to wit, by a diuretic
volatile fait, and are found moft effeiflual in chronic difeafes,
as the fcurvy, dropfy, gout, jaundice and other ill habits of the
body, where the blood is vitiated, rather in its particles than in
its motion; carrying off its impurity by a diuretic Difcrafis.^
or difcharge of the noxious heterogeneous falts contained there-
in ; and confcquently by purification difpofing it to a better
and more fanative temperament ; feveral of thefe herbs as
water-creffes, garden and fea-fcurvy-grafs with muflard-feed
and garden and horfe-radifh, which are all of this tribe, are
by moil if not all phyficians, as well ancient as moderr, al-
lowed to be extraordinary diuretic and anti-fcorbutics.

Medical Ohfervations in the Northern Countries ; by Dr. Phi-
lip Lloyd. Phil. Tranf. ]Si° 2 5(J. p. 310. TranJIated from
the Latin.

HO T baths are ufed no where fo much as in Lithuania^
where, when the patient has fweated plentifully, they
ij' ' cither cup him, or whip his back with rods, till it becomes
pretty red : In the fame manner, when any among the Cojjocks
is very bad, he goes to a bath, where his body is covered with
fome particular herbs, and m order to raife a blifter they apply

a hoi-"

400 M E M O J R S of the

a hollow Wn to the part affeaed upon the breaking of which 3
there runs out a thin watry humour, very often of different co-
lours, as yellow, green and black, upon which the patient re-
covers ; that variety of colours may be owing to the herbs
wherewith the patient is covered, or to the horn itfeif, which is
tinged with fome colour 5 to provoke fweat the CoJ/acks chiefly
ufe j^ifua Vitee or fome acid broths with oil and pepper, and
in their diet they do not forbear eating flefh with vinegar and
boiled onions, which they call Sigofl ; as on the one hand thefe
people do not much regard pharmaceutical remedies, fo on the
other, they go to excefs in ufing fome chirurgical operations, as
bleeding by lancets and leeches, which latter they alfo apply
internally on the palate and gums ^ they alfo ufe iffues, and .
the trepan, which laft operation is very frequent in Sweedland,
and executed with fuccefsj the MufcGvites that border upon
China ufe tea not only in deco£lions, but alfo in fubftance,
and powdered in j4qua Vit(e to the quantity of a drachm and a
half: They have a fort of odoriferous paftils of a yellow co-
lour, of which they fnufF up four grains with their mouths
open 5 and for two hours they evacuate more vifcid Mucus than
they could with any cathartic, and by thefe they cure all dif-
orders of the head proceeding from cold: Some of them
fwallow down the fmoak of tobacco out. of a very large pipe;
upon which they drop down, as in aft apopledlic fir, out of
which they are loon rouzed by vomiting and purging, and tho'
no fuch effcds enfue, yet when they awake they find their
heads relieved, and themfelvesin a good plight: The Tartars
are for the moll part from their childhood accuftomed to live
on milk and horle flefh, and their phyfic is continual riding 5
befides fome external empyrical medicines, they have a few
internal ones among them ; as for inftance, when any one is
very much indilpofed, and when they fufpedl a malignant
fever, they take a young hare and opening the carotid artery,
the patient fucks the blood as long as he can 5 afterwards they
flea the fldn, and wrap it warm about his head, and fo com- .
pofes himfelf for lleep and fweat: When any of their flaves or
captives is taken ill of a fever, they drag him for fome time by
the hair, and afterwards throw him into a running llream, and
thus by altering the humours and fpirits, the patient gets clear
of the fever: The Dr. had thefe accounts from a friend, who
had lived for a long time in thefe northern partsj if any among
the "-Tartars Ihould meet with a difafter either by falling from
his horfe, or otherwife, they firft of all caufe him to make

water,

Royal Society. 401

water, and after opening a vein, they give him in his drink the
burnt bones of a horfe, or a certain kind of Solus, in which that
country; abounds: Sour mares milk among them, is an univerfal
cooler in all hot diftempers, nay it is a ftomachic balfam in the
fmallpox: The M//fiov it es ule cupping with Icarrifications on
the buttocks inftead of bleeding, and fometimes they apply
leeches 5 they make emulfions of turnep-feed, wherein they put
Album Gr cecum. The Toks have a certain kind of nourifhing
medicine much ufed among them, called Sarft, which being a
gentle acid, reftores the ferment of the ftomach, and is very bene-
ficial in furfeitsj this kind of medicine they make up of ^Branca
Urjina or of fine wheat bread fermented, in form of a decoflion
of herbs. Moreover when any one begins to ail, and complains
of a great pain in the head, of the gripes, or wandering gout, ^c,
they prefently apprehend a ^lica or Koltum^ and to cure it they
ufe a lotion made of ^Branca Urfina and other herbs, or at lead
a mixture of wine and oil, in which they frequently bathe the
head J and the ^lica being thus cured in the head, the diftem-
per feems to abate, and the morbific matter being thus critically
removed, the whole cure is left to nature^ which plainly /hews
that this diftemper proceeds from a caufe quite diflferent from
that of negleding to comb the hair; If any one attempts to tear
the hair by combing it, or to cut it, he brings upon hitnfelf an-
other diftemper, and very often upon cutting the hair the blood
runs out as from the fmall branches of a vein, which is not to be
wondered at, fince the hair is formed of the ramifications of ar-
teries, veins, and nerves, that are included and afterwards exten-
ded in a Capfula or cale; as appears by Autopfy\ and by a
microlcope in the hairs of the beard of a cat and other animals.

What authors have faid concerning the caufe of the ^lica^ \%
either foo^general, or imperfe£l and unfatisfa6tory ; the internal
caufe may be owing to the fubcutaneous glands j lb that where
their leveral du6ls and pores meet, there the hairs that grow
pretty thick and in a narrow compafs, are, from a too vifcid juice
proceeding from thele glands, matted together 5 but feeing fuch
a caule may be found elfewhere, it cannot alone account for
an epidemical diftemper: Wherefore the adequate caule is to be
fought for, partly from a contagion, and partly from the impro-
per ufe of the non>naturals : There is no doubt to be made of a
contagion in the cafe, fince it is ufual for travellers to carry their
beds about with them 5 the exceeding chill of that country
air abounds in a coagulating acid, whence the perfpiration of that
glutinous matter wh'ich fticks about the roots of the hair is eafily
Vol. III. E e e impeded

402 M E M O I R S ?;^ ^^^

impeded, but efpecially whilft the "Poles ge bare-headed, as they
frequtntly do; the patients in this diftemper have a fancy to Ibme
particular thino; iome defire water only, others burnt fpirits,
with an averfion to all other forts of drink, by the like medi-
cines they are relieved in the fcurvy. Befides the malignant fe-
ver called the Hungarian fever, there are other epidemical diflem-
pers of lefs note, 2s Czemer, 'porcellus CaJJovierifis^ ^ Strumce-y
Czemer is a certain kind of fwelling on the fide of the wrift upon
the arteries, reiembling a luft knot, which upon touching, cau-
ies a pain 5 it is cuttd ly emetics and fudorifics 5 the "Porcellui
Cajjovierifii is a hard tumour, in the fhape of a pig, on the re-
gion of the fpleen, and very frequent amongft the citizens of
Caffovia^ being a Ichirrous difpofitionof the fpleen with Flatus's
inWiQ Colon -J this diitemper is cured by aperitives: Struma ov
Icrophulous tumours are only to be found in thofe towns of Hun-
gary that border on mountains, where there are gold mines, and
they are caufed by mercurial waters, and other mineral effluvia;
at the decreafe of the iiioon, and in the beginning of this dif-
temper, the patient receives into his mouth the fmoak of a burnt
fponge, and ulually Iwallows down the remainder of the aflies
mixed with honey j but there is no curing of inveterate Strurace.

An Account of Coffee, hy Mr. James Houghton. Phil. Tranf.
N° 25^. p. 311.

MR. Houghton could not learn the ufe of any part of the
coffee-ihrub, except the berries, which being boiled in
water are drank much amongll the Arabians and "Turks^ and is
alfo ufed now amongft moft Europeans : It is not eafy to account
how the Arabians firll came to ufe coffee, perhaps it was their
Succeclaneum to wine, which Mabowet prohibited by his law;
nor how they came to roaft it before it is infaled, which pro-
bably was owing to chance, or perhaps to a debauched palate:
However it got head, for by its actual heat it is found to refreila
the weary, and have leveral other good effects, like wine that
a6ts by a potential heat. It had not been in ufe ( according to
Mr. favernier ) much above 20 years 5 however it quickly be-
came general, which occalioned its becoming a trade in great
towns, where public coffee-houfes were let up, into which Gran-
gers coming, they learned the cuftom there, and carried it into
iheir own countries : One Mr. Rajfal an Englip merchant,
whom Mr. Houghton knew, founded a coiree-houfe at Leghorn
m 16^1 j the next year Mr. "iJaniel Ed-zvards a merchant from
Smyrna whQrc coffee had been ufed time out of mind, brought

oveir

Royal Society. 403

over with him into England a Greek fervant called ^afqua, to
make his cofFee, lo that it is likely this merchant was the firft
that uied it here, (altho' Mr. RoughWi was informed that the
famous Dr. Harvey frequently uled it) as his fervant Tafquay
whom he let up, having got a Ihed in the church-yard of
St. Michael^ Comhilh was the firft coffee-man.

The bell coffee-berries are thofe that are large and plump,
with a greenifh call, and traniparent on the thin parts 5 the other
fort has a yellowifli caft, and is more opaque, but when they are
roafted, it is hard to diftinguifh them : Mr. Houghton put ibme
berries into a glafs of water to lee if they would fhoot, but
there was no appearance in a week's time, altho' they were tole-
rably fwelled and looked white and bright 5 he made alio a dc-
codtion of them, which made them ihoot: The common way of
preparing the berries for coffee, is roafting them in a tin cylin-
drical box full of holes, thro' the middle of which runs a fpit,
under this is a femi-circular hearth, wherein is made a large
charcoal fire 3 by the help of a jack, the fpit turns quick and 1:0
it roafts, being now and then taken up and (haked 5 when the
oil rifes and the berries are grown of a dark brown colour, they
are emptied into two receivers, made with large hoops, whole
bottoms are iron plates, that Aiut into them, where the coffee is
well fliaked and left till it is almoft cold 5 and if it looks bright,
oily and finning, it is a fign it is well done 5 if an ounce of this,
when frefh, is ground and boiled in Ibmething more than a quart
of water, till it be fully impregnated with the fine particles of
the coffee, and the reit grown lb ponderous as to fubiide and
leave the liquor clear and of a reddifh colour, it will make about
a quart of very good co&e : The bell way ot keeping the ber-
ries when roafted is in fome warm place, where it may not im-
bibe any moillure, which palls it and takes off the brU^nefs of
its talle^ it is bell to grind it, as it is to be uled, except it be
rammed into a tin-pot, well covered and kept dry, and then
Mr. Howrhton fuppofes it will keep good a month ^ there Iwims
upon the coffee an oil, which the great coffee-drinkers among die
"Turki take m great plenty if they can get it^ when the coftee
has Hood fome time to cool, the grols parts lubiide, the brilk-
nefs is aone, it grows flat and almoil clear again : Mr. Houghton
lent to" the chymills one pound of clean coffee, one pound of
hulked beans and one pound of picked wheat, and he received
•back,

E e e a Cq^^

404 MEM OIK S of the

Coffee

Horfe -beans

Wheat

oz, dr. ,=)
Neat Spirit VI VI O
Oil II IV II
Cap. Mort. V III O

oz, dr, ,h) gr,

VI I O XII

I III O X

V III o o

oz, dr, a gr.

VIII II I o

I O O VI

IV VI o o

«

By this account it appears, that coffee yields by diftillation in a
retort almoft double as much oil as beans, and almofl: treble as
much as wheat : The oils are very thick, but both they and the
Ipirits have a bad favour, as is ufual in burnt materials j by fpirit
is meant the phlegm ^ the Capita Mortua have no fmell 5 they
were calcined over and over with ail the chymift's art 5 but he
could not reduce them to a Calx or aflies, and therefore concluded
there was no lalt to be extra6ted from them : From what has
been mentioned above, Mr. Houghton obferves, that little good
can be expefted from any part of the common drink called coffee,
but from its oil, becaufe its other fubtile parts are evaporated and
its grofs parts fubfide ; but he fuppofes the oil is nutritive, con-
lidercd as an oil, and warm, confidered as a chemical oil • for
here all the warm parts are collected as in a point, whereby it
may enliven and invigorate fome heavy parts in the fermentative
juices and nouridi weak internal parts, as other chemical oils do
when rubbed on the external parts 3 but being dilated, as it ufu-
ally is, he queftions whether it does any more good than hot tea,
broth, or any thing elfe that is actually hot 5 for he fuppofes, that
a6lual and potential heat are much of the fame operation : Coffee
has generally been reckoned to be an Anti-hypnotic ^ or hinderer
of fleep, according to the opinion of Dr. WalUs and others j but
now it is come into fuch frequent ufe, the contrary is often ob-
lerved, altho' perhaps cuftom, as it does with opium, alters its na-
tural qualities : As to the political ufes of coffee, our three king-
doms fpend about 100 tun a year, whereof i>/^toi fpends 70 ;
which at 14 pounds a tun (a middling price now a-days) will
amount to 20 5 85/. ilerling; and if it were to be all fold in cof-
fee-houles it would amount to treble that fum or to di 740 pounds,
which at 10 pounds a-head, will find employment for 9174 per-
Ibns, altho' he fuppofes that all the people of England one with
another, do not ipend five pounds each: Coffee when roafted,
lofes about a fourth part, and then there is fpent about 5 2 tun
and a half of roafted coffee, which makes 11 7^00 pound, or
15252800 drachms, which, if there are eight millions of people,
is not two drachms, or half a pint of coftee to each in a year, be-
fides what we uie, there is a great deal fent abroad, the gain of

which

Royal Society. 405

which will in a fliort time pay the firft coft of what is fpent at
home, which is one of the beft ways to make an advantage of any
foreign trade : Bcfides, coffee greatly increafes the trade of tobacco,
pipes, earthen diflies, tin-wares, news-papers, coals, candles,
ibgar, tea, chocolate, ^c. Coffee-houfes makes all forts of peo-
ple Ibciable, they improve arts and merchandize and all other
knowledge very much.

^n Hydrocephalus 5 by Mr. John Friend. Phil TranC
N° 25(^. p. 318.

TH E externa] dimenfions of this head, before it was opened,
were as follow 5 viz. from the eye-brows over the crown
to the nape 23 inches^ the circumference from the nape round the
OJJa Sregmatis 26 , but round the Os Fromis 245 from ear to
ear over the crown 19 5 from the eye-brows to the chin 45 from
one extremity of the eye-brows to the other 47 • from the chin to
the coronal future 775 the circumference from the chin round the
crown 30 j from one extremity of the ear backwards to the other
round the nofe 12, and round the nape 6\j from temple to tem-
ple over the forehead 11; the circumference of the head round
the Os Fromis and Occipitis 295 the circumference of the neck
5) f ^ the length of the neck 2, the length of the body 535 the
circumference of the T'horaiz 185 the length of the foot 41-5
from the end of the middle finger to the Acromion 1 2 1 j the
circumference of the arm 5 5 of the calf 51-3 and of the thigh
eight inches.

After the integuments were removed, the top of the Cranium
appeared loft and membranous 5 the extent of the membrane
from one temple to the other was 8 inches 5 between the parietal
bones 5!; from the Os Front is to the Os Occipitis iz^ in the
middle, jufl: upon the crown, lay a bone (in Ibme places a little
cartilaginous) 5 inches long and i broad, joined to the membranes
on every fide of the fame thickncls with the reft of the upper
part of the Crarrium, that was bony, which was extremely thin
every where, and the Lamin<e lay fo clofe, that in many places
no tbiploe could be dilcerned^ the membrane was as thin as the
Pericranium^ which yet was eafily divided from it 5 none of the
futures were entirely clofed^ thofe of the upper jaw were very
loole ; in the temporal and lambdoidal futures there was a vaft
number of the ^riqiietra IVormiana^ all which had fo many di-
ftiii£i: futures : Upon piercing the 'Dura Afater, a great quan-
tity of water gulhed out, which lay in the ventricles of the
brain, as well as between the 'Dura Mater and the ^Pia ; the

liquor

4o6 M E M O I R S cf the

liquor was thin pale and infipid, of which there was taken out 5
quarts 5 the T)ura Mater was firm and entire, of its ufual thick-
nefs, and it ftuck very dole to the bony as well as membranous
parts of the Crarif urn y all its procefles and finus's were fingular^
the fourth finus fomewhat larger than ordinary 5 a very large
vein of the ^J)ura Mater entered the longitudinal Slfins^ dire£tly
forwards towards the Crifta Gallic contrary to the courle of the
blood 5 the ^ia Mater was very much diftended, and feemed to
be flretched as much as it could bear; it lay fmooth and equal
upon the furface of the brain, there being neither any circumvolu-
tions in the brain for it to go between, nor any partition to the
Corpus callofur/jy tho' there was a large Fah in the 2)ura
Mater ; the lateral venticles were very thin, their upper
part towards the Cerebellum was quite wafted, io that
nothing was left to cover the cavity in that place but the
l^ia Mater 'j this was lb thin, that in bending down the head to
empty the water, it broke and hindered the knowing exa611y,
how much water the lateral venticles contained ; but by their ca-
vity which was very large, one might guels they held at leaft a
pint each ; the third and fourth venticles had a little water in
them, but were fcarcely larger than uliial, as Stem obferved in his
hydrocephalous calf; the brain had, all its parts plain and entire,
tho' its llibitance in moll places was but very thin andloofe;
about the Corpora fir iett a thalaml nervorum opkorwn it was
tolerably thick and firm enough, tho' nothing to what it is in a
natural ftate ; the Cerebrum and Cerebellum^ when laid out in
their proper pofition, were 11 inches long; the Cerebrum Qva{s
the lateral ventricles, was nine inches broad ; after all the water
was taken out, both of them weighed i y lb. The Corpora ftri-
eta ^ thalami nervorum opticorurn. were very fmall in all their
dimenfions ; on the infide tov^ards the ventricles they were
wrinkled, and lay in folds, like thole in the inner coat of the
llomach ; in the Corpora firiata there were no Stride dilcernible;
the Tlexus Choroides was very fmall, the Glandula ^inealis
was lomewhat larger, but lefs compact than ordinary ; the Nates
were very red and large ; two inches long, one broad, and one
thick ; the defies were not diftinguifhed from them by any pro-
tuberance ; they leemed rather to be a produ£^ion, into which the
Nates leflened by degrees, like a lugar-loaf ; the Cerebellum was
very firm every where, and did not much exceed its natural
bulk; the medullary trunk which fends out thole little branches
like trees, was thicker and harder than ufual ; the branches
were not fo much difpofed like thofe of a tree, but went ra-
ther

Royal Society. ^07

ther in fingle oblique lines, like fo many rays from a point •
the nerves were all regular and plain, only the olfadory were
very Tniall^ the optic nerves did not join before they entred the
orbits 5 the RetemlraOlk was very large, and fo was Dr. Ridley's
circular Sl/ius 3 on the right fide were two carotid arteries, the
inrercoftal nerve lying between them, and they entered the
IcuU at the fame hole ^ the trunk of the vertebral, where thole
arteries unite, was extremely large, and full of blood- the
veins were neither larger nor more in number than ufual • Mr.
Friend could eafily difcern three or four lymphatics upon the
brain, over the lateral ventricles, but they were too fmall too
be traced : Whether this great effufion of water was caufed by
an obil:ru6lion in the capillary arteries (which might make the
finer part of the Serum ouze thro' their coats ) or by a rupture
in the lymphatics, Mr. Friend could not determine'.
' The mother of the child brought it to Osford, for a fliew •
the account flie gave of it was, that fiie had been three weeks
in travail, and that at lafl Hie v.'as obliged to have the Va^ine^
ript for its pafTage ; the child was two years and fix weeks old»
it could fpeak a little, it could neither walk, nor hold up its
head, it was always merry, never fubjeft ro drowfinefs, pain
in the head, want of appetite, or mdisreftion; its fight was
fomewhat dim, and its fmelling but indifferent 5 it never had any
illnels, only two or three days before it died, it was very much
troubled with the gripes, and upon opening the Abdomen^
the guts were found extremely fwelled with wind 3 everything
elfe in both the lower cavities was in its natural ftate. By
comparing thole two Hydrocephalic which Pulpitis gives an
account of, with this, we may fee how different each of them
is from it; hisfirft was a boy five years old, the Icull no larger
than a man's, and contained only five pints of water j the brain
had lofl all its fiiape, and moft of its fubftance, the relicks
of which ftuck to the fcull 3 and all he fays of the fecond is,
that it had a quart of water in one of the lateral ventricles.

Cures performed by Mr. Greatrix the Streaker. Phil. Tranf.
K°. 25<7. p. 332.
Lad of about 14. years of age, was fiezed with a violent
pain in his head and back 3 Mr. Greatrix ordered him to
ftrip to his Ihirt, and he prefentiy removed the pain in his head,
by only ftroakmg it with his hands 5 he fell to rub his back,
which he mod complained of, but the pain immediately fled
from his hand to his right thigh 5 then he purfued it with his

band

A

408 MEM O IR S of tl^e t

hand to his knee, from thence to his leg, ancle and foot, and «
at lad to his great toe^ it made him roar out 5 but upon rubbing
it there, it was quite gone, and it never troubled him after-
wards, but in about three weeks time he got the fmall-pox.

Mrs. 2)- when a girl was fiezed with a great pain and

weaknefs in her knees, which occafiond a white fwelling 5 fhe
was troubled with it for fix or feven years, and having m that
time ufed divers means to no purpole, Mr. Greatrix flroaked
both her knees and gave her prefent eafe, the pain flying down-
wards from his hand, 'till he drove it out of her toes, and the
fwelling was gone in a fhort time, and never troubled her af-
terwards : A gentlewoman being, after a fever, much troubled
with a pain in her ears, and being very deaf, Mr. Greatrix put
ibme of his fpittle into into her ears, and turning his finger in I
them, he rubbed and chaffed them well, which cured her 1

both of the pain and deafnefs: Mr. Charles L ; ;/ was

cured of the fame malady, having very much loft his hearing 5

till Mr. Greatrh by ftroaking reftored it : Mrs. S n

being extremely troubled, when a child, with the king's-evil,
was fent to London to be ftroaked in King Charles the 11. time,
but was nothing the better, yet Mr. Greatrh perfectly cured
her : One ^ierfon a fmith had two daughters extremely trou-
bled with the king's-evil, the one in the thigh, and the other in
the arm, Mr. Greatrix cured them both 5 one of them was heal-
thy ever after, was the mother of feveral children, and never
had any fymptoms of it afterwards.

Where Mr. GreatrLs: ftroaked for pains, he ufed nothing
but his dry hand^ in ulcers and running fores he ufed fpittle
on his hand and finger 5 and for the evil, if they came to him
before it was broke, he ftroaked it, and ordered to apply a
poultefs of boiled turneps every day, till it grew ripe for
launcing; then he launced it, and with his fingers fqueezed out the
cores and corruption, and in a few days it would be well with
only ftroaking it every morning; but if the evil was broke be-
fore the patient came to him, he only fqueezed out the cores
and healed it by ftroaking : Such as were troubled with firs of
the mother, he would prefently take off the fit, by only laying
his glove on their head, but never cured the diftcmper tho-
roughly, for the fits would return 5 he cured many of the fal-
ling ficknefs, provided he could fee them in 3 or 4 fits, elfe
he could not cure them.

Jin

Royal Society. 409

All Eapermcnt of the Rarefaction of the Air 5 by Mr. Low-
thorp. Phil. Tranf. ]SJ° 257. P- 3 39.
PLATE XI. Fig. 2. y\.r. Lcwth or p took a cylinder of
caft-brafs ABCD, and cut one end CD perpendicular to
the axis aa^y the other end AB inclined to it at an angle of
about 27 dcg. 30 min. and therefore the perpendicular to this
inclining plane />c, and the axis ac:^ comprehended an angle
pea of about 6z deg. 50 min. both thefe ends were ground very
true upon a glafs grinder's brafs-tool, and each of them was
compared about with a narrow ferrel of thin brafs bbbb-j into
the upper fide of the cylinder at E was foldered the brafs-
pipe EF, and into the under fide at G, the other brafs-pipe
GH, the former of thefe pipes being about three inches long
and the latter fix inches; upon the plate ddd were fixed two
other plates LL perpendicular to it, and parallel to each other 5
each of thefe two plates had an arch of a circle, vyhofe dia-
meter was equal to that of the cylinder, cut out of its proper
edge; fo that when the pipe GH was let thro' a hole near the
middle of the plate ddd, the cylinder fell into the arches, and
being faftened there with folder, the axis acx lay parallel to the
plate ddd, and about an inch and an half above it ; the perpen-
dicular end of the cylinder DC was covered widi an objea-
glafs of 7|- foot telefcope 00^ and the inclining end AB with a
well- polif lied flat glafs jf, which was carefully chofen to tranf-
mit the obje6l diftinft enough, notwithftanding its obliquity to
the vifual rays ; the ferrels were filled with cement round about
the edges of the glafles, which lay flat, and every where
touched the fmooth ends of the cylinder, that they might
firmly fupport the weight and preffure of the excluded air :
Inftead of a ciftern, as in the Torricellian experiment, there
was ufed the inverted fiphon of brafs MNO Fig. 5. foldered to
the plate ggg ; one of the fides MN flood perpendicular to the
plate ,^g^, and the other NO ir-lined to it, and was fup-
ported near the upper end O with a fmall prop of brafs kk :
The cylinder was then placed upon a table Fig. 4. which was
well faftened to a firm floor; the pipe GH was let thro' a hole
in the top of the table; and the plate ddd was nailed down to
it ; the tube of the telefcope sss with the eyc-glafs in it, was
applied to the objedl- glafs, and a hair fixed at jc, the common
Focus of both gla{res,^in the axis of the cylinder contmued
upon the floor ; under the cylinder was nailed the plate
gg-^ with the inverted fiphon upon it, and M was joined to H
Vol. IIL Fff by

410 ME M O I R S of the

by the infertion of the glafs tube T 5 the joints were very care^
fully clofed up with cement, and then covered over with pieces
of a bladder tied hard with ftrong thread 5 there was alfo a
bladder tied below each joint at ra, and when it was filled with
water, it was tied about at n, fo that no air could come to the ce-
ment, or infinuate itlelf thro' its pores or fiffures, if any happened
to be unftopped 5 with all this precaution, the experiment luc-
ceeded at lall, after this manner 5 the object a, which was a
black thread faftened in a little frame over a piece of white pa-
per, was placed in the axis of the cylinder aca^ the pipes and
cylinder were filled with mercury, and having flopped the upper
end of the pipe at F with the Imall iron flopple K, and clofed it
at the upper part of the tube and other joints, the mercury was
let run gently at O into the bladder «, till it remained fufpended
at the ufual height, as in the barometer, leaving the upper part of
the tube and the cavity of the cylinder between the glafTes 00 and
// void of air 5 then the objea, which before appeared in the
axis at x, was raifed conliderably above it, and it appeared again
at X by removing it from ^ to a 5 the axis therefore of the vifual
ray, which was alfo the axis of the cylinder xca, falling perpen-
dicularly upon the void fpace, pafled thro' it without any refrac-
tion ^ but emerging obliquely into the air, it was refracted to-
wards the perpendicular pCy and received a new direftion to a •
and therefore the diflance a a fubtended the angle oT refradion
a cay all which was mcafured, and was as follows 5

The height of the objed above the axis, or the uno "*" ' ^'''^^^'

refradted vifual ray <^ a — r o^o 425

The diltance of the object from the refracting plane?

a f about 5 1 feet or — £ ^^^ 000

d m -T

Therefore the angle of refraction ^<:a was ^ 00 oi 23
The angle of emerfion pea (by the conllruaion of?

the cylinder) was — > ^2 30 00

Therefore the angle of incidence pc2i =: pca7

+ ^<:awas — , ^ r ^^ ^7 57

fraaroV^^'''^'''^ univerfally, according to the known laws of re-

The fines of the angles of incidence being - loocoo
The fines of the angles oi emerfion are -^ ^ iooo'>(^
And the rcfraftive power of the denle air -^ ^ l^

By

Royal Society.

411

By the refraaive power of a pellucid body, Mr. Loivtborp
means that property in it, whereby the oblique rays of light are
diverted from their direft courfe, and which is meafured by the
proportional differences, always oblerved, between the fines of
the angles of incidence and emcrfion : This property is not always
proportional to the denfity, at leaft not to the gravity, of the re-
frading medium 5 for the refraftive power of glals to that of wa>
ter is as 55 to 54, whereas its gravity is as 87 to 34 j that is, the
fquares of their refradive powers are very nearly as their ref-
peclive gravities 5 and there are fome fluids, which, tho' lighter
than water, yet have a greater power of refraction 5 thus the re-
fradive power of fpirit of wine, according to Dr. Hook'^ expe-
riment, is to that of water as 35 to 235 and its gravity recipro-
cally as 23 to 36, or 3 5tj but the refra^ive powers ot air and
water feem to obferve the fimple proportion of their gravities
direaiy, as they are compared in the following table j the num-
bers there expreffing the refraction of water are taken from the
mean of nine experiments made at fo many leveral angles of inci-
dence, Jan, 25th, 1647, by the ingenious Mr. Gafcoigne;, (the
firft inventor of the micrometer, and the ways of meaiuring an-
gles by telefcopes ) and thofe of air are produced by the preceed-
ing experiment :

Water Air
The (affumed) fines of the angles of inci-?

dence on the void, from — — ■ — ^
The fines of the correlpondent angles of^

emerfion out of — — — — — i
The refractive power of — — - — —
The fpecific gravity (if as 900 to i at the? ^^^^^

time of the experiment) of — — • — ^ ^
Or (if as 850 to i) of -^ — — . —

lOOOOO

134400

34400

34400

1 00000

10003^
3(J

40

From hence it feems very probable, that their refpe^ive den-
fitics and refraCtive powers are in a jull fimple proportion 3 ^^d it
this fhould be confirmed by fucceedmg experiments, made at dif-
ferent angles of incidence, and with cylinders continuing ex-
haufted thro' leveral changes of the air, it would be more than
probable that the refraftive powers of the atmofphere are every
where, and at all heights above the earth, proportional to its den-
fity and expanfionj and then it would be no difficult matter to
trace the light thro' it, {o as to terminate the fhadow of the
€arth, and toosther with proper expedients for meafuring the

JF f f a quantity

412 MEM O IR S of the

quantity of light illuminating an opaque body, to examine at
what diftanccs the moon muft be from the earth to lufFer eclipfes
of the obferved duration.

ST^e 7ulian Account not to he changed for the Gregorian 5
by Dr. J. Wallis. Phil. Trani: N° 257. p. 343.

THE Dr. does not deny but that there is fomewhat of difbr-
der in our eccleiiaftical computation of the palchal tables 5
but at the fame time he is very doubtful, that if we go to alter
that, it will be attended with greater mifchief than the prefent
inconveniency : In the bufinefs of geography, by removing upon
Ibme plaufible pretence, the firft meridian from where Ptolemy
had placed it, tho' a thing at firft purely arbitrary, it is now come
to pals that we have, in a manner, no firft meridian at all 5 every
new map-maker placing his firfl meridian where he pleafes,
which has brought great confufion into geography: As to the
dilorder in the palchal tables it was a thing oblerved and com-
plained offer 3 or 400 years, before pope Gregory unhappily at-
tempted the corredion of the calendar 5 but it was all that time
thought adviieable to lufftr that inconveniency, rather than by
correding it to run the hazard of a greater mifchief^ and it had
been much better i{ it had lb continued to this day, rather than
that pope Gregory fhould, upon his own fingle authority, im-
pofe a law on all Chriftendom to alter their eccclefiaitical and
civil year for a worfe form, than what they had before : Or,
if merely upon account of the pafchal tables, which was his
only pretence, it were thought neceflary to make a change, he
might have corrected them, or given us new pafchal tables
inftead of thofe of jDionyfms^ without altering the civil year,
which has introduced the confufion of the old and new ftiles 5
and which now can never be remedied, unlefs all nations fhould
at once agree upon one, which is not to be fuppofed 5 for if lome
iliould alter their flile fooner and Ibme later, the confufion. in
hiftory would be Hill greater than now it is. The Dr. takes
the civil Julian year to be preferable to the Gregorian j the
preceffion of the equinox for 10 or 12 minutes each year, is a
very inconfiderable matter, and in celeftial computations is
eafily rectified, as are many other unequalities of much greater
concernment: And it was never pretended that the civil year
muft needs agree exaaiy to a minute with the celeftial, which
IS impoffible u for the folar and fidereal years differ more from
j^S^ ^^'J.^*"' ^h^» the Julian, which is a mean between them,
diflrers from eitherj and the feat of Bafier, which only con-
cerns

Royal Society. ^ij

cerns the ecclefiaftical, not the civil year, may eafily be rec-
tified, if need be, without affefling the civil year at all • or
if not re£tified, the celebration of Eafter a week, or a month
fooner or later, doth not influence at all our folemn commemo-
ration of Chrift^s refurre^tion : And it is agreed by moil, if
not all chronologers, that as to the year of our Lord, the vul-
gar year is not the true year, tho' it be not agreed how much
it differs therefrom ; but it would caufe a great confufion in
hiftory, if we fhould now go about to alter the vulgar account:
All the pretence, made for altering our Hile, is only that in fo
doing we ihould agree with fome of our neighbours with whom
we now differ; but it would then be as true, that we fhould
differ from others, with whom we now agree ; but if it be
faid, that they in time, might come to imitate our example -
this would be only making the confufion ftill the greater- for
then we mull be obliged, not only to know what countries ufe
the new ftile, but from what period they began fo to do, if we
would underiland their dates: And if we ihould by a new
law alter the ilile in England^ this would not comprife Scot-
land, which according to the conilitution of that church is not
pliable enough to comply with the modes o^ Rome, as fome in
England are ; and the bufincfs o{ Eafter would lignify nothing
to them, who obferve no Eafter at all, but rather declare
againft it ^ befides, this alteration cannot be made without alter-
ing the common prayer-book, for at leail all the calendar mufl
be new framed : And when all is done, there will ilill be a
neceility of keeping up the diftindlion of old and new ilile,
which 'Pope Gregory's pretended corre6lion hath made necef-
fary 5 and with that diilin6lion, things may be now as well ad-
juited, as if we ihould change our Hile : How much better a
conilitution the J'tdian year is, and more advifeuble than the
new Gregorian, is a thing fo notorious, that no ailronomer, who
underfcands the methods of aitronomical calculations, tho* a
'JPapifty can be ignorant of, however they may pleale to dif-
femble it; infomuch that, in their ailronomical calculations
they are fain; firil to adjuil them to the jfulian year, and
thence transfer them to their new Gregorian ; and confe*
quently how unreafonable is it for us to exchange our better
jfulian year, for one that is fo much worfe ; It would be much
more reafonable that the ^Papifts ihould quit their new Gre-
gorian, and return to their ov.-n jfulian year, which they might
be induced to d.o by a bull from the pope. As to what
Mr. Lock advifes, viz, that for 1 1 leap-years, we fliould omit

the

414 M E M O I R S ^/'/^i?

the intercalation of P^/'TZ/^ry 29, and thenceforth go on witk
the Gregorian account, the laft of which leap-years would be
1744.J bur if we begin, as is fuggefted, at the year 1700, the
laft of thefe eleven years muft be 1740, not 17445 this is the
fame expedient that was, during the civil wars, iuggefted at
Oxford in thd year 1545 5 viz. that from thence forward, we
fhould omit 10 fuch intercalations 5 againft which there feems
to the Dr. to be this great objet^ion 5 viz. in the time of yulius
and yduguftiiS Ccejcir, there was a year, which was called ^nnus
Confufionis^ and which happened upon the fettling, unfcttling
and refettling the Julian year; and the like happened in the
year 1582, when pope Gregory did at once ftrike out 10 days
of that year ; but would this advice take place, we would
now inflead of one Annus Confufionis^ have a confufion for 44
years together, wherein we fliouid neither agree with the old
nor with the new account 5 but be fometimes 10 days, fome-
times nine, fometimes eight, ^c. later than the one, and fooner
than the other account ^ and a foreigner would not be able to
judge of an Engiip date, without knowing in which of thefe
years we vary ic, nine, or eight, ^c. days from either of thefe ac-
counts, and this for 44 years ; which feems to the Dr. a much
greater confufion, than if, as in 1582, we (hould once for all
call out II days, but he does not think it advifeable to do
either.

If it be thought neceflary to re6lify the feat of Bafier^
that may eafily be done, without altering the civil year 5 for
if in the rule for £^y?er, inftead of faying next after the one and
twentieth of Marcb^ you fay next after the vernal equinox, the
work is done, and we might be excufed the trouble of pafchal
tables, and the intricate perplexities of the Gregorian epafls 5
for then every almanac would inform, when it is the equinox,
and when full moon for the prefent year, without dilturbing
the civil account 5 and this pope Gregory might have done as
well, without diflurbing the accounts o{ Chriftendom-., but if he
muft needs dillurb the civil year, he fhould have re£lified it,
not to the time of the Nicene council, but to that of the birth
of Chrift : And it is mofl certain, that at our Saviour's birth;
the vernal equinox was not on the 21ft 6f March, as the new
account fuppofes, but nearer to the 25th.

ARe^

Royal Society. '415

A Report of the Confultation upon Mr. Dee*s ^ropofal for
reforming the Calender A. D. 1582, /^y r/i?^ Lord Treafurer
Burleigh, iiHth Reflexions ; by Mr. John Greaves. Phil.
Trani: N°. 257. p. 355.

IT was agreed on by Mr. 'Digges, Mr. Savile and Mr.
Chambers^ who feverally perufed the book written by
Mr. 'Dee ^ viz. A 2)ifcotnfe upon the Reformation of the
vulgar Calendar for the Civil Tear^ to allow of his opi-
nion 5 viz. That whereas in the Roman calendar reformed,
there are 10 days cut off, to reduce the civil year to the
ftate it was in at the council of Nice^ it had been better to
have cut off 1 1 days, and to have reduced the civil year to
the ftate it had been in at the birth of Chrift^ and therefore the
better to agree with all the neighbouring countries, that have
received the reformation of fubftrading 10 days only, they
think it may be allowed of without any manifeft error 5 at the
fame rime remembring to obferve certain rules for the future
for omitting fome leap-years in fome hundred years : And for
the fubftrafting of 10 days, Mr. ^ee had compiled a form of a
calendar beginning with May^ and ending with Augufi wherein
every one of thefe four months, May, June^ J^^h'-^ Augufty
fhall have fome days dedu6led, without changing of any feafl
or holy-day, moveable or fixed j or without altering thecour-
fes of Trinity-term-^ that is to lay. May to confift of 28 days,
taking three days from it 5 June to have 29 days, taking from
it but one day , July toconfilt of 28 days, deducting three days
therefrom, and Auguft to confift of 28 days, taking likewife
three days from it 5 all which together make 10 days: And
becaufe the Roman calendar has a great many rules added
to it, which ikiUful computifts or aftronomers alone are capa-
ble of underftanding 5 it is thought proper to make a ihort
table like an Ephemerides^ to continue the certainty of all the
moveable feafts, depending only upon Eafler, and agreeing
with the Roman calender, which may ferve for one or two hun-
dred years, and fo be eafily renewed when there ihall be occa-
fion for it.

As Mr. Greaves c2r\Y\ot wholly approve of the reformation of
the Roman calendar propofed by IVlr. 2)^f, fo he cannot alto-
gether difapprove of it^ for he likes the fubftraflion of 10 days,
as the church of Rome has done, beginning the computation
from the council of iV/Vf 5 tho' it cannot be denied, but that

the

4i6 M E M O 1 R S of the

the reformation from the time of our Saviour had been much
better j but lince the fathers of the council of Nice thought it
better to look forwards than to look backwards 5 and to have a
greater care of avoiding diftra^lions in the church, about the
celebration of Eafter for the future, than to remedy paft
errors 5 Mr. Greaves is of opinion we fhould do well, with the
«hurch of Rome, to follow their example : And whereas fome
have thought of a more exacl calculation than this emendation,
introduced by pope Gregory the XIII. which they ground
upon the late aftronomical obfervations of the learned 'Tycho
^rahe-^ yet fince che difference is not fo great, as to make any
fenfible error in many ages, and fince that error may be eafily
correded by the omiflion of an intercalary day, he does not
think it proper, for fo fmall a nicety, to make a new diifention
in the church 5 much lefs is he of their opinion, who think that
this correction of the year is therefore to be rejedled, becaule
it comes recommended by the church of Roviie 5 which is all
one as refufing to take fome wholefome potion, becaufc it is
prelcribed by a phyfician, whofe manners we do not approve
of 5 and thus far Mr. Greaves, agrees with Mr. IJee : But he
cannot fubfcribe to his opinion, that this reformation ihould be
made by ^he fubflra6tion of 10 days out of one year alone, for
tho' he grants, that this were a quick cure of a lingering difeafe,
yet it is againft all rules of art in curing one malady to make
ten ; for t1ie defalcation of ten days in one year muft create
endlefs difturbance in the commonwealth in all contradls,
where neceflarily a-ccrtain time is defined : And therefore
when Julius Ctefar the di<5lator corrected the Roman year by
the help of the mathematician Sofigines, after this manner, that
i% by fubftrafting offo many days 5 that year, in which that
deduction was made was called by the OLnnents Annus Coiifufion is ^
by reafon of the great confufion and inconveniencies, which
thereby happened; and Mr. Greaves doubts nor, but that the year
1582, in which the defalcation often days was made by the bull
orediftof pope Gregory, might alfo be juftly (tiled Annus Con-
fufioiiis 3 fo that fuch examples as thefe are not to be imitated ;
and therefore Mr. Greaves recommends that method which
waslongfince propofcd by feveral able mathematicians to pope
Gregory^ upon the firft notice of his purpofe of corredling the
calendar ♦ viz. that for 40 years time there fliould be no bif-
fexrile or intercalary, or as we call them, leap-years, inferred
in the calendar; by which means it is moft evident, that 10

days

Royal Society. 417

<?ays will be fubftradled in 40 years, and thefe 40 years will
each of them be Anni equabiles^ confifting of 355 days 5 as our
common and ordinary years do, without any alteration in the
whole year.

The Credibility of Human Teftimony. Phil. Tranf. N". 1^6*

P- 3 59-

MORAL certitude abfolute, is that, in which the mind of
man entirely acquicfces, requiring no further affurance :
As if one, in whom a man abfolutely confides, ihould brinpj
him word of 1200 /. accruing to him by gift, or by the arrival
of a fhip, and for which he therefore would not give the leafb
valuable confideration to be infured : Moral certitude incom-
plete has its feveral degrees, to be eftimated by the proportion
it bears to the abiolute 3 as if one, in whom a perfon has that
degree of confidence, as that he would not give above one in
fix to be enfured of the truth of what he fays, fhall inform him,
as above, concerning 1200 /. he may then reckon thit he has
as good as the abfolute certainty of icuo /. or Hve fixths of ab-
folute certainty for the whole iiim : The credibility of any re-
porter is to be rated, i. By his integrity or fidelity 5 and
2. By his ability • and a double ability is to be conlidered 5
both that of apprehending v^hat is delivered, and alfo of retain-
ing it afterwards, till it be tranimitted.

What follows concerning the degrees of credibility is divided
into four propofitions 5 the two hrft refpec^t the reporters of the
narrative, as they either traniinit fucceirively, or atteft concur-
rently 5 the third the fubjed of it, as it may confift of levcral
articles ; and the fourth joins thofe three confiderations together,
exemplifying them in oral and written tradition.

\Prop. I. Concerning the credibility of a report, made by fingle
fucceffive reporters, who are equally credible : Let their re-
ports have each of them' five fixth's of certainty 5 and let the
firft reporter give me a certainty of icoo /. in 1 200 /. it is plain
that the fecond reporter, who delivers that report, will give me
the certainty but of J of that 1000/. or the f- off- of the full cer-
tainty for the whole 1200/5 and lo a third reporter, who has it
from the fecond, would have delivered me bur the f of I- of !•
of the full certainty, ^c. That is if ^ be put for the fl-iare of
alTurance a fingle reporter gives me, and c for that which is
wanting to make that affuiance complete 3 and I therefore be

fuppofed to have — - — of certainty from the firft reporter.

Vol. III. ^ G g g I fliall

4i8 MEMOIKSofthe

I Ihall have from the fecond -,_ , , from the third ■ y^c.

And accordingly if ^ be r= lOO and c ^= 6 (the number of pounds
that ICO /. put out to intereft brings at the years end) and confe-
quently my ihare of certainty from one reporter be := y§|
(which is the prelent value of any fum to be paid one year hence,
viz. 1699) the proportion of certainty coming to me from a fecond
will be Tuf multiplied by r^f (which is the prefent value of mo-
ney to be paid after two years) and that from a third reporter
r= f §1 thrice multiplied into itfelf, (the value of money payable
at the end of three years,) ^c.

Corollary. And therefore, as at the rate 0^6 per Cf;/f.interefl,
the prefent value of any fum payable after I2 years, is but half
the fum 5 fo if the probability or proportion of certitude tranf-
mitted by each reporter be iff, the proportion of certainty after
12 fuch tranfmiflions, will be but as a half 5 and it will be by
that time an equal lay, whether the report be true or not : In the
fame manner, if the proportion of certainty be fet at i§f, it will
come to a half ftom the 70th hand 5 and if at f J^f from the
595th hand.

'Prop. II. concerning concurrent teftimonies, if two concurrent
reporters have each of them as § of certainty, they will both give
me an affur^nce of f^- or of 55 to one 5 if three an affurance of
It J, or of 21 5 to one : For if one of them gives a certainty for
f 200/. as of I', there remains but an affurance of f or of 200/.
wanting to me, for the whole 5 and towards that, the fecond attef-
tor contributes, according to his proportion of credibility , that is,
to ^ of certainty before had, he adds ^ of the # which was want-
ing 5 fo that there is now wanting but f of f , that is f 6" 5 and
confequently I have from them both j J of certainty 3 lb from
three Hh ^C

That is if the firft witncls gives me — ■ — of certainty, and

there is wanting of it — — , the fecond atteftor will add — j —
of that — ■ — ; and confequently leave nothing wanting but

— - — of that — —— ■ ^ — ; and in like manner the third

a-r c a-\- c a -f- c^ ^

atteftor adds his ^ of that =i^ and leaves wanting only
T^' ^^' Cord'

Royal Societv. 419

Corollary. Hence it follows, that if a fingle witnefs /hould be
only fo far credible, as to give me the half of a full certainty; a
fecond of the fame credibility would, joined with the firft, give
me I J a third j, ^c. fo that the co-atteflation of a tenth, would
give me i^H of certainty 5 and the co-attcftation of a twentieth
t^fyl^a or above two millions to one, ^c

'Prop. III. concerning the credit of a reporter for a particular
article of that narrative, for the whole of which he is credible in
a certain degree.

Let there be fix particulars of a narrative equally remarkable ;
if he to whom the report is given has ^ of certainty for the
whole, or fum of them, he has ? 5 to one, againfl the failure in
any one certain particular : For if he has 5 to i there will be no
failure at all, and if there be, he has yet another 5 to i, that it
does not fall upon that fingle particular of the fix ; that is, he
has § of certainty for the whole, and of the # wanting, he has
likewile # or f 5 of the whole, more 5 and therefore that there
will be no failure in that fingle particular, he has f and |^^ of

certainty, or |J of it : In general, if — f— he the proportion

of certainty for the whole, and ~ — be the chance of the rell

•' m -\- n

of the particular articles m, againft fome one, or more of them
n-j there will be nothing wanting to an abfolute certainty, againfl

the not failing in the article or articles n but only — -. .

'Prop. IV. concerning the truth of either oral, or written tra-
dition, in whole or in part, fucceffively tranfmitted, and alfo co-
attefted by feveral fucceffions of tranfmittcnts.

I. Suppofing the tranfmiffion of an oral narrative to be fo per- ,
formed by a fucceffion of fingle men, or joined in companies, as
that each tranfmiffion, after the narrative has been kept for 20
years, impairs the credit of it a 12th part 5 and that confe-
quently at the 12th hand, or at the end of 240 years, its cer-
tainty is reduced to a half; and there grows then an even lay
(by the corollary of the 2d propofition) againft the truth of the
relation ; yet if we further fuppofe, that the fame relation is co-
attefted by 9 other feveral fucceffions, tranfmitting alike each of
them, the credibility of it, when they are all found to agree, will
(by the corollary of the firfl: prop.) be as Tofi of certainty, or
above a thoufand to one ; and if we fuppofe a co-atteftation of
I5>, the credibility of it will be above two millions to one.

G g g 2 i. la

420 M E M O I K S of fhe

2, In oral tradition, as a (ingle man is fubjefl to much ca-
fualtv, Co a company of men cannot be fo eafily fuppofed to join j
and therefore the credibility of Irf or about H may poflibly be
judged too high a degree for an oral conveyance, to the diftancc
of 20 years: But in written tradition, the chances againft the
truth, or confervation, of a fingle writing are far Jefsf and leveral
copies may alfo be ealily fuppofed to concur, and thofe fince the
invention of printing exadly the lame^ as alio feveral diftindl
fucceffions of luch copies may be as well fuppofed, taken by dif-
ferent hands, and prelerved in different places or languages ; And
therefore if oral tradition by any one man or company of men,
might be fuppofed to be credible after 20 years, at i' of cer-
tainty, or but f o Of t, a written tradition may be well imagined
to continue, by the joint copies that may be taken of it for one
place (like the leveral copies of the fame impreffion) during the
fpace of icc> if not 200 years ^ and to be then credible at f §f of
certainty, or at the proportion of 100 to one: And then feeing
that the fucceffive tranltniffions of this tut of certainty, will not
diminifli it to a half, untill it palTes the <Je;th hand (for it will be
near 70 years before the rebate of money, at that intereft will fink
it to half 3 it is plain that written tradition, if prelerved but by
a (ingle fuccefiion of copies, will not lofe half of its full certainty,
until 70 times 100, if not 70 times 200 years are paft^ that is
7,oco, if not i4,GC0 years: And further, that if it be likewife
prcferved by concurrent fuccelTions of fuch copies, its credibility
at that dillance may be even increafed, and grow far more cer-
tain from the leveral agreeing delivericvS at the end of 70 fuccef-
fions, than it would be at the very iirft from either of the (ingle
Lands.

3. Laflly, in fcating the proportions of credibility for any part
cr parts of a copy, it may be obferved, that in an original, not
very long, good odds may be laid, that a copy by a careful hand
fhall not have fo much as a literal faulty but in one of greater
length, that there may be greater odds againft any material error,
and fuch as fhall alter the Icnlc • greater yet, that the fenfe fhall
not be altered in any conliderable pointy and ftill greater, if
there be many of thole points, that the error hits not upon fuch
a (ingle article, as in the third proportion.

7-d'O

7^111

PLATE. SL.

/^^^/'

^.Jt-tz^^^^ </c^.

^u/e^^ycMy(^

Royal Society. 421

^Jwo fie*w Glands near the Proflata:, ixlth their excretory
2)u^s difcoveredy by J/r. William Cowper. Phil. Tranf.
N° 24.8. p. 3H.

AB O U T a quarter of an inch below the ^roftat^e or prof.
tate glands, f^ig. i. Plate XII. Mr. Comper found two other
fmall glands GG, placed on each fide the Urethra F, a
jitde above the bulb of its cavernous body 1 5 thefe glands
are of a depreft oval figure, about the fize of a fmall French
bean : After that thele parts of the Alufculus accelerator
L L are removed, which pafs over thele glands, you may
feel them placed like two hard bodies on each fide the
Urethra J they incline to a yellowifh colour, like that of the
^Projiat^ ; their excretory du^s appear on their internal furface
Fig. 2. A /?, next the inner membrane of the Urethra C,
whence they defcend about half an inch in lengdi, before
they grow lefs, and pierce that membrane obliquely at their
opening into the Urethra D, in which they diicharge their
fepararcd liquor: After opening the upper part of the
Urethra towards the 'Dorfum 'FeuiSy and expanding its inner
membrane, if you comprefs thefe glands, you may fee a liquor
iflue from two diftindl orifices, which is very tranfparent and
tenacious 3 thefe two orifices open into the Urethra^ jult below
its bending under the OJfa Fubis in the Ferinaian: The me-
chanifm of nature is very extraordinary in thus placing thefe
glands and their excretory dufls, fince upon the erection of
the 'PeniSy and the diftenfion of the bulb of the cavernous body
of the Unt bra, they %YQ thereby neceflarily comprels'd, and
the liquor contained in their excretory dufls, forced thro' their
two orifices, into the cavity of the Urethra -^ bcfides this, that
part of the Ahf cuius accelerator mentioned above, which paf-
fesover thefe glands, contributes to this compreffion : It feems
requifite fuch agents ihould confpire in comprcfTing thefe or-
gans, firce the liquor they feparate is {^o very'tenacious, which
confidence is ablolutely necefiary for theule.s it is employed in:
The main defign of nature in framing thefe glands, feems to
refpecl the grand work of generation, which will be more evi-
dent, if we examine the analogous organs in other animals 5
in rats thefe glands are remarkably large, and are fo fituated
that, upon the ere£lion of the Penis, they are comprefTed by
its turgency and the appofirion of the OffaPubis-^ the like may
be obferved in other animals, particularly in hedge-hogs; boars
have thefe glands very large, and the matter they feparate is

more

422 ME M O IR S of thff

more tenacious, and not fo tranfparcnt as what Mr. Cowper
found in ail tiie other animals he examined ^ there is fome-
thing particular in their contrivance in this animal, each gland
being covered with a peculiar mufcle not unlike the gizzards
of ibme fowl 5 which mechanifm feems contrived for more for-
cibly comprefling them, to difcharge their very tenacious con-
tents into the Urethra, and that not only in the time of coition,
but at any other time ; which feems to be more particularly
required in thofe animals, becaufe the paffage of their urine
is very long, and therefore flands in need of more of this gluti-
nous matter to befmear it, whereby it is defended from the in-
juries that may arife from thefalts of the urine : As the urine
of different animals is more or lefs impregnated with pungent
falts, fo the proportion of thofe glands differ as well as on ac-
count of the various lengths of their Urethra's: It is remar-
kable we do not find thefe glands in females, like thofe in
males, tho' they have fomething analogous to them, which are
delcnbed by de Graeffy and called Troftat^ Alnlierum ^ but
the orifices of their excretory dudls, opening at the extremity
of the Urethra, they ferve not only to defend the Nymphs and
Labia ^tideridl, from the urinous falts ; but alfo to dilcharge
their liquor in coitu -^ the whole Urethra in them being fo
ihort, that the contradion of the fphinfler mufcle of the blad-
der IS fufHcient to expel any remains of urine from that paf-
fage : The ufe of thefe glands is two-fold; firfl, on the erefiion
of the 'Pg';//;, there is fo much of their liquor difcharged into
the Urethra, as fuffices to drive out any remains of the urine,
and prevent its mixing with the Semen -^ and at other times the
continual dilcharge of fome part of their liquor into the
Urethra,^ defends that pafTage from the falts in the urine 5 the
like continual exfudation cannot happen either from the excre-
tory dufts of the 'Proftatie, or thofe of the Veficulde feminales^
becaufe the nearnefs of the SphinEter mufcle fo corrugates the
inner membrane of the Urethra, as to prevent an eafy paflfage
of the liquor by the Oftiola of the former 5 nor can the Semen
run out of the latter, lince the Carunctda or Caput Gallinagi-
nis, is contrived on purpofe to prevent it ; wherefore the dia-
phragm, abdominal mufcles, and Levatores Ani are employed
in comprefTing thofe parts to difcharge their contents : It is not
improbable that the matter, which flows at the latter end of
the cure of the veneral difeafe, and is called a gleet, proceeds
from thefe glands, and not from the "ProfiatfC or Feficulce Semi-
naks-i as is confjmonly fuppofed3 vvhtch may afford no inconfi-

derablc

Royal Society. 423

Oerable argument for the ule of injeftions in fuch cafes; infteaci of
which forae pra6litioners give their patients violent purges, and
large quantities ofaftringent medicines: We may ealily conceive
that fuch gleets become Ibmetimes very obftinate, if not incurable
if we fuppolc that the ulcer in that contafi happens to be upon
the Oftiola of thefe excretory duds. Plate XII. Fig. -'. A is a
portion of the bladder 5 B B are parts of the Ureters- G C
parts of the Va/a 'Defer entia -^ DD the Veficul^e Semi n ales
ibmewhat diftended with wind, by blowing into the Vafu
'Deferemiaj a a the blood vefTels of the Veflculae Seminales-
E the Glamlulde ^roftatie-^ F the Urethra expanded, after open-
ing its fuperior and fore-part, to fhew the Oftiola of the excre-
tory dufts of the following glands; G G are the two glands
above deicribed, which, from the liquor they feparate, may be
called Glandiilce Mucofee-^ Jo the excretory du61: of the laft men-
tioned glands, before it pafles under the bulb of the cavernous
body of the Urethra-^ I, the bulb of the cavernous body of the
Urethra^ partly diftended with wind, and divefted of the
accelerator muicle, to ihew its external membrane, which is
very thin, whereby the laft mentioned mufcle does more ade-
quately comprels that bulb, and derive its contained blood to-
wards the glands, when the '■'Penis is eredtedj K the third pair
of mufcles of the '■Penis ; L L the accelerator mufcle, divided in
the middle learn on the bulb, and afterwards freed from it and ex^
panded 5 / / the upper part of this mufcle, which pafles imme-
diately over the mucous glands 5 M M the Mt^fctili jDireBores
"Penis '^ N N the cavernous bodies of the TeniSj O the cavernous
body of the Urethra-^ P the ligature made to prevent the wind
from pafiing out of the cavernous body of the Urethra^ and itvS
bulb :, Q the aperture by which the inflation was made 5 Fig. 4.
is one of the mucous glands after being macerated in water, and
its excretory du61: filled with quickfilver^ A the mucous oland
fomewhat diftended 5 B its excretory duf^^ C a. portion of the
internal membrane of the Urethra expanded 5 D the Oftiola of
the laft mentioned excretvory du6t.

I'he Organs of Hearing-^ hy 'Dr. Raymund Vieuflens. Phil.
Tranf. N° 258. p. 370. I'rarijldtedfrom the Latin.

AL T H O' the celebrated Du Ferney-y a Man much con-
verfant not only in anatomical, but likewile in phyncal
and m.edical matters, hath written well on the organ of hearing,
and accurately dclcribcd it ; yet Dr. Raymufid Vieiiffens has dilco-
vered Ibmc new things m its internal ftructure, v\ hich will appear

ncccf-

424 M E M O I R S ?/ //6^

necefTary both for the more eafy explication of the fenfe of hear-
ing It {di\ and to account for the diieafes incident to that organ:
In the firft pLce he difcovered a membrane of a very fine and cu-
rious texture within the cavity of the lympanum or drum of the
ear, which with regard to the place it poflefles, he calls the
interior membrane of the "Tym'panum-, to diftinguilh it from
that which clofes up the extremity of the Meatus auditor ius, and
which he calls the exterior membrane of the T^ymfanum-. This
membrane in each ear, if narrowly viewed, appears to be fur-
nifiied with a vaft number of capillary veflels, proceeding from
the carotid artery and jugular vein on each fide ; hence it
happens, that thele fmall veflels being greatly diftended with
blood, the membrane appears almoft entirely red, when viewed
in the fun, but eipecially in a raicrofcopej thefe fmall veflels
prevent the fuperior and lateral parts of the membrane, which
lupport them from collapfing and being folded up, as undoubt-
edly they would be, unlels they were thus fufpended ^ for thefe
parts do not immediately adhere to the interior I'uperficies of the
cavity wherein they are contained : This membrane, which is a
production of that thin one that covers the interior parts of the
aquredud, fliuts up the paflage that ieads to the Cellulce of the
Apopbyfu Nafioides-^ and therefore prevents the free communi-
cation betwixt the air included therein, and that which enters
the tympanum J befides that, one of its fine produflions ilops up
the aperture of the Stapes^ and the other the Foramen commonly
called Roruridumy and extending further, is fpread over all the
interior luperficies of that linall hollow fpace, which reaches
from the Foramen Rotundum to the extremity of the femioval
du6l of the Cochlea^ and to the Rimula or little chink in the
bafis of the Concha -^ fo that the interior membrane of the Tym-
panum^ by this its produ(fl:ion, communicates with that part
of the nervous membrane, which is fpread over the interior
'Parietes of the Concha^ and alio with the extremity of the
nervous Ipiral Lamina or plate, which lies within the Icmi-oval
fpiral duct of the Cochlea^ befides, this membrane, beneath
that part of it, which regards the external membrane of the
Tympamm^ leaves a large void fpace which receives the ex-
ternal air conveyed to it by the aquitdu61:, and is fo \o\^^^ up,
and complicated as to form three cavities j the firft of which
poflefles that fpace that lies between the external Apophyfis of the
Incus, and the paflage which leads to the CelluU of the Apophy-
fis Mafloides, as wa"s obferved above ^ the lecond, which is be-
tween the firil and third cavities, and lefs than either, lies exadlly

under

Royal Society. 425

under the bafis of the Concha^ and inclofes the head of the
Malleus^ and almoft the whole Incus ; the third cavity, which
is the largellof all, regards the internal orifice of the aquieduct,
and contains in it a portion of the belly of the firft muicle of the
internal ear, and of the Incus-t together with both its Apophyfes^
and alfo indoles the Stapes^ Os letnkulare^ the tendon of the
fecond mofcle of the internal ear, together w'th tiie neck, and
handle of the Malleus : In fine this membrane, is formed in fome
ftibjef^s in fuch a manner, as that a fmall portion of it becomes a
very (lender little membrane like a partition wall, which equally
divides the fpace comprehended by the third and greatefl cavity 5
this little membrane has not been defcribed by any anatomift, io
far as Vieujjens could learn, as rarely occuring, and where it is
found, it adheres to the fuperior part of the bafis of the Concha^
and by its inferior to the external membrane of the T'ympanum^
which clofes up the extremity of the Meatus Auditorius^ and
feems to imerle^t it tranfverfely into almofl two equal parts, as
far as the extremity of the handle of the Malleus^ to which it
adheres^ nay and a little farther 5 fo that this little membrane,
together with the extremity of the handle of the Malleus^ draws
the middle part ofthe external membrane of the Tj'w/^^w/^ towards
the internal parts of its cavity, and gives it fuch an inclination as to
be a little concave towards the Meatus Auditorius^ and a little con-
vex towards the cavity of the Tympanum 5 this little membrane,
in lubjedls where it is found, is apt to hinder the exterior mem-
brane of the Tympanum from being ftretched too much by the
violent contra6lions of the monogaflric mufcle of the internal ear,
or from being torn by the extremity of the handle of the Malleus ^
when the above mentioned muicle is aflTe^ted with any convul five
motions; lb that the little membrane leems in fom,e meafure to
iupply the office of an antagonifl to the monogaflric mufcle, if it
be confidered as a6iing by its flender and longer tendon, as will
afterwards appear; if any one would fatisfy his curiofity in this
relpeft, let him feparate the Os Tetrofum from the reft of the
fcullof a perfon that has been ftrangled ; or of one that has died
of a phrenfy or apoplexy, after which it muft be laid up m a dry
place for two days, that the membrane juft now mentioned may
become fomewhat dry, and contracted, in order the better to le-
parate it from the internal fuperficies of the cavity wherein h is
contained, and to prevent its being torn; afterwards that very thin
bone, which conilitutes the fuperior part of the Tympanum.^
muft be fkilfully cut away with a knife into fmall pieces ; which
is no iboner done, than this membrane that before lay concealed
Vol. III. H h h withia

426 M E M O I R S 0/ the

within its cavity, prelents itfelf to view, being furnifhed wfth fo
many capillary veflel?, that when each of them is diflended with
blood, it appears Ibmewhat like the Rete mirabile : This mem-
brane is de-figned for admirable ufes, as fliall be prefently /laewn :
I. By its very fine produ8ion clofing up the entrance to the laby-
rinth, it hinders the pure and fubtile air that is lodged within its
various cavities and meanders, from having at lead: a free commu-
nication with that grofs air that is received thro' the aqueduct
into the cavity of the Tympanum, i. This membrane gently
warms the bony bafis of the labyrinth with the heat of the blood
contained in the veffels, with which it is furniflied 5 and at the
fame time cheriflies and preferves the motion of the air included
in both the VeftibuU, and in all their winding canals, as alfo of
that defecated Lympba impregnated with animal fpirits, where-
with each fhoot of the ^ortio Mollis p^ th^^ ear is moiftcned.
'". This membrane does alfo contain within its cavities air very
much rarefied by the gentle heat of the blood in irs veflels, which
being exceeding fine and plentifully impregnated with the ethereal
matter, it is greatly fitted eafily to receive all the impreflions of
fonorous objeds, and convey them quickly to the air, and to each
branch of the Tortio Mollis, wherewith the infide of the labyrinth
is furnifhed, as alfo to the Centrum Ovale of the brain 5 from
what has been jull mentioned, it plainly follows that this mem-
brane admirably contributes to the fenle of hearing 5 for being of
a fine and curious texture, it gives both a free ingrefs and egrels
to all the impreffions of lonorous bodies, which arc tranfmitted
to it, as foon as they are communicated to the circumambient air,
by the motion of that aethereal matter wherewith the air is im-
pregnated, which pervades the innumerable fmall Foramina oi the
external membrane of x}[\tTympamm^2iX\d, likewile by theinterpo-
fition of the aqu^dudt 5 and according to Vieujjens every impret
fion of found, by means of the air contained within the cavities
of this membrane, as alfo of the circumambient external air, impreg-
nated with asthereal matter, is in a moment conveyed into the
labyrinth thro' its \Porta and Feneftray and from thence tranfimt-
ted to the Centrum Ovale of the brain by means of the animal ipirits,
where divers ideas of different fpecies and different denomina-
tions are excited in the mind according to the diverfity of the
impreffions of fonorous bodies 3 the truth of which is confirmed
by experience^ for when the purulent matter of an impofthume
within the Jpcphyfis Majloides, or within the Tympanum itlelf,
has quite corroded this membrane, the fenfe of hearing is either
much impaired or entirely loft : From what has been laid, it

plainly

Royal Society, 427

plainly appears, that a tumultuary fort of motion, producing a
preternatural found is neceflarily excited within the -lympanum^ as
often as there is tranirnitted into the veffels of this membrane too
great a quantity of much rarilicd and vaporous blood, arifing from
lurfeits, ob(tru6tiorts in the lower belly, long and painful flu-
<3y, ^c. which blood, from its too great quantity and rarefaction
gives too high a pulie and dilates too much the fmall arreries in
which it is conveyed 3 by which and a plentiful emiflion of va-
pours, it llrikes lo upon this membrane, as to occaliDn a certain
confufed tumultuary noile within the 'tympanum ^ eipecially, if by
realbn of an obltru&on in the aquasduil, or the too clofe texture
of the exterior membrane of the "jtympanum^ thcle vapours can-
not eafily perfpire: The impreffion of this noile tranirnitted to
the Centrum Ovale of the brain, excites m the mind an idea,
which IS commonly called a noife in the ear 3 of which there are
three ibrts ; viz, "Bomhus a humming, Sibilus a hiding, and 'Tin-
nitus a tingling noife : When the vapours that occafion a mur-
muring nolle in the ears, being too plentiful, and agitated too
much, are io moift, as to approach pretty near to the nature of
water, they relax the interior membrane of the ^Cympanum^ and
being eafily moveable, they bend and turn it every way 5 hence it
happens, that this membrane being ibmewhat relaxed and bent by
the various and undulatory motion communicated thereto, agitates
in fuch a manner not only the circumambient air, but likewilc
that contained within its cavities, as to have proper vibrations in
a flow luccefTive manner communicated thereto : Thefe vibrations
by means of the animal Ipirits, contained in the 'Port to Mollis
of the ear, are conveyed to the Centrum Ovale of the brain, and
excite in the mind that idea, which repi^ients that confufed noile,
commonly called Bombus-. YVhen the vapour that excites a noife
in the ears is lb dcftitute of watry particks, as to be of the na-
ture of a dry exhalation, rather than a mere vapour, and lo be-
comes flatulent 3 this linking againft the interior membrane of the
Tympanum in fome mealure dries and expands it 3 hence it is
that this membrane exates ftrong vibrations, which are indeed
fuccefTive, but very quick, and move in Ifreight lines or nearly lb 5
and that fuch vibrations are alrnoll like thole produced by a mere
Flatus y thcle likewife, tranlmitted to the Centrum Ovale of the
brain, in the manner above explained, excite in the mind an idea
that reprelents a tumultuary fharp lound, commonly called *S/-
hilus : When the interior membrane of the 'lympanumy or any
part thereof, has frequent and ftrong pulles, which quickly
liicceed each other, from the fmall arteries with which it is fur-

H h h i niflu'd,

4^8 ME M O I R S of the

nifhed, on account of the flux of the blood fomewhat impeded?
if at that time it happen to be dilated with a very hot and dry
vapour, fo as ftrongly to refle£l the pulfations; in that cale it agi-
tates both the ambient air, and that included in its cavities in
fuch a manner, as to yield the very lame, or nearly the fame vi-
brations with thofe produced by the fmall and quick reiterated
ftrokes of a filver hammer, upon an anvil of filver, or fome luch
fonorous metal, and which for that reafon is apt to caufe a ftrong
re-percuflion ; hence it is no wonder, that fuch vibrations, when
they reach the Centrum Ovale of the brain, excite in the mind
an idea, which reprefents a preternatural noiie commonly called
Tinnitus: VieuffenSy on frequent examination, never obferved
more than cwo mufcles of the internal ear, which receive almoft
imperceptible nerves from the fifth pair, and are furniflied with
very fmall blood- vefTels, which are ramifications of the carotid
artery and jugular vein 5 the firfl of thefe mulcles is thicker and
longer than the other, having two heads and two tendons or tails,
but one belly, which therefore he calls the monogaftric muiclej
the firfl head is covered with a membranous coat, and arifes from
a little bony Sinus above the fuperior part of the aquxduft^ the
fecond head, which appears altogether fleihy, takes its rile not
far from the external fide of the above bony Sinus y the fle/liy
fibres that compofe thefe two heads are very clofely united a little
before they enter the cavity of the Tympanum^ and then they ter-
minate in one belly, enveloped with a ftrong membranous coat ^
after which, thefe flefhy fibres, extending themfelves towards the
cavity of the Tympanum^ a little after they have entered it, are
again leparated, and become two tendons enveloped in a ftrong
membranous coat: The firft of thefe is longer and more flender
than the fecond, and after raifing itfelf a little upwards, by means
of a fmall membranous pulley, it is conne6led to that part of the
Os ^etrcfumy where the aquaedufl of Fallopius begins, or that
bony canal, which receives the ^ortio Dura of the ear; {q that
by the help of this membranous pulley, it performs all its mo-
tions freely j this tendon bending downwards, defcends perpendi-
cularly upon the flender Apphyfis of the Malleus^ and by ex-
panding itlelf a little, is conneiSted therewith, hence it happens
that its connection extends as far as the neck of the Malleus : The
fecond tendon of this mufcle is fhorter, and thicker than the firft,
and covered with a pretty thick membranous coat, extends almoft
in a ftreight line to the cavity of the Tympanum^ and is fafteiied
to the middle part of the head of the Malleus^ and is {o expanded,
as to reach the body of the Incus^ and thus it ferves for connect-
ing

Royal Societv. 429

ing both thefe bones together; this tendon by means of its mem-
branous coat is conneded with the bone on which it is Iprcad :
The fecond mulcle of the internal ear arifes from a bony tube in
the lower part of that bone, which lies between the 'Por^a and
Fenefira of the labyrinth 5 and is much leis and fliorter than the
monogaltric mulde above delcribed 5 from hence Vieufferis calls it
the leffer mufcle of the internal ear j it has a thick flefliy belly,
and is inferted by a very llendcr tendon into the head of the
Stapes.

■ Whilfl: the monogaftric mufcle of the car contrafls itfelf, its
longer tendon raifcs the head of the Malleus and body of the
IncuSt a little upwards, and but a little 5 bccaufe that the jfhorter
tendon of that mufcle, as being conne61:ed by its extremity to the
head of the Malleus as the longer tendon is to its {lender Apo-
phyjis and neck, is an antagonift to the longer 5 and becaule it is
connected by its coat to the bone upon which it lies: When the
head of the Malleus is railed upwards, the extremity of its handle
is neceflarily deprefled^ and by this means the middle part, to
which the handle adheres, of the external membrane of the 'lym"
panum is drawn outwards, and thus its fuperiicies is made plane
or nearly fo: 'Whilll the tendon of the monogaftric mufcle of the
ear, and the Malleus perform thefe feveral offices, they extend
the linall membrane above deicribed, that in fubjed^s, where it is
found, cuts the exterior membrane of the Tympanum tra.niverie\y ^
and it feems in fome meafure to fupply the place of an antago-
nift to the monogaftric mufcle of the ear, becaufe by its elafticity
it recovers its natural ftate of tenfion, and with the lame Nifus
afltfts the exterior membrane of the Tympanumto recover its ten-
iion and figure, when it is no longer prefled by the extremity of
the handle of the Malleus: As by railing the head of the Mal-
leus upwards, the extremity of the handle is inclined a little
downwards 5 lb alio by railing the Incus upv>/^rds, the extremity
of its internal ^pophyfis is depreffed a little, and but a little 5
becaufe the Jncus is io fituated in the cavity of the bone, that
forms the external rim of the balls of the Tympanum^ that its
body cannot be railed upwards, but at the lame time its external
Apophyfii preftes by its extremity upon the bone that is under ir,
and to which it is very near; hence it is that the monogaftric
mulcle of the ear cannot by its longer tendon raile the lucus
much : When the body of the Incus is a little elevated, and its
internal Jlpopbyp depreiled a little, at the lame time it draws
with it, andconlequently depreffes a little the head of the Stapes^
to which it is conneded by means of the Os knticulare ; and

whilft

430 M E M O I R S ?^/y6^

whilft the head of the Stapes is deprefled a little, the fuperioi'
part of its bafis neceflarily recedes lomewhat from the fuperior
part of the Feueflra Labyrinthiy on which it lies, and fo opens it
a little, and as it were, ftrikes upon it : From what has been faid,
it eafily appears that the longer tendon of the monogaftric mulclc
of the ear contributes two ways to render hearing more eafy and
perfed j firft as it ftretches, by the extremity of the handle of the
JlfdlleuSt the exterior membrane of the ^ympanimy and renders
its furface plane, or lomewhat near it, as was explained above 5
again, as it enlarges a little its pores, fo that when the iethereal
matter charged with the imprefTions of fonprous bodies, arrives at
this membrane, it finds them lb dilated, that entering the cavity
of the 'Tympanum^ it pafles eafily thro* them : As loon as it enters
the cavity of the 7yn}panumy it gently diffufes itfelf into that
xrthereal matter, which fills up the pores of the included air, and
conveys the impreflions into the labyrinth by its ^orta and
Fenefira 5 as foon as the impreffions of Ibnorous obje6ts reach the
internal parts of the labyrinth, they there ftrike on the animal fpi-
rits impregnated with athereal matter, and lodged within the
various branches of the ^ortio Mollis of the ear, and thefe latter
tranfmit their mere charader to the Centrum Ovale of the brain,
where they excite fach ideas in the mind, as by divine appoint-
ment they are adapted to do 5 again, the longer tendon of the
monogaftric mufcle of the ear ferves to facilitate and perfc6t the
fenfe of hearing, as it opens a little the fuperior part of the Fe-
iteftra Labyr'irnhi, in the manner above explained 5 for, in the
mean time, whilft one portion of the aethereal matter conveys the
impreffions imparted to it by fonorous objects, and enters more
eafily the lecond Veftibtthm of the labyrinth, another part enters
the firft : Upon the contra6tion of the monogaftric mulcle of the
ear, it draws a little towards itfelf, by itsfliort tendon, the head of
the Malleus together with the Incus 5 fo that the extremity of
the handle of the Malleus^ and the point of the internal Jlpo-
fhyfis of the Incus are neceflarily drawn from the internal, to-
wards the external parts of the Tympanum ; and whilft the ex-
tremity of the handle of the Malleus is drawn from the cavity of
the Tympanum towards the Meatus AuditoriuSy it neceflarily
deprefles the convex part of the exterior membrane of the lym-
fanum, to which it is connected, and thus it contributes very
much to the increale of its natural tenfion, and to render both its
fuperficies plane: When the acute part of the internal ^pcfhyjis
©f the Incus is inclined from the internal towards the external
parts of the 'Tympanum^ it neceflarily draws the head of the

StapeS'^

Royal Society* 431

Stapes^ to which it is conne£led, by means of the Os lenticularet
and fo removes a httle the internal and lateral part of the bafis
of this Imall bone from the internal and lateral part of the Fe-
neftra Labyrinthi j between both which there is formed a fmall
Rimula , which affords a paflage into the Concha for the aethereal
naatter that comes loaded, as it were, with the impreflions re-
ceived from fonorous bodies, and that is about to enter into the la-
byrinth : From what has been faid, it plainly appears that both
the tendons of the monogaftric mufcle of the ear are defigned
for the fame ules^ altho* their motions, as being in different di-
redions, are differently performed, fb as to refill each other, as
may be leen from what is faid above 5 and indeed each of them
in a peculiar manner ftretches the exterior membrane of the
tympanum, and endeavours to make it plane 5 by which means it
gives a more ready accefs to the aethereal matter into the cavity
of the Tympanum^ that carries along with it the impreflions of
fonorous bodies j whilft the longer tendon opens a little the fupe-
rior part of the Fenefira Lahyrinthi^ the fhorter one does a
little open the lateral and internal part of the fame Feneftra^ fb
that the chink made by this means admits fbme portion of the
xthereal matter into the Concha : The lefler mufcle of the inter-
nal ear, if confidered with regard to its rife and infertion, cannot
contra(S itfelf, but at the fame time it mufl draw the head of the
StapeSy in which it is inferted, from the external towards the in-
ternal parts of the Tympanum, and fo open a little the lateral and
external part of the Fenefira of the labyrinth, to give admifTion
to the setnereal matter into the Concha : From this it very plainly
appears, that this lefler mufcle of the ear, whilfl it contracts
itlelf, and the monogaflric mufcle, confidered as a6iing by its
fhorter tendon, open the Fenefira Labyrinthi in a quite
different manner; and hence^-doubtlefs it is, that by reafon
of thefe natural oppofite motions of both thefe mufcles, the
Fenefira Labyrinthi never opens but a little, and that only
on its external fide by the aaion of the lefier mulcle: On the
contrary this Fenefira is open in its fuperior parts, and at
the lame time on its internal fide, where the monogaflric mufcle
contra(!:ls itielf, as has been fully and plainly ihewn above:
That the parts already defcribed, with which the cavity of the
Tympanum is furniflied, naturally ferve for the ufes afligned them,
i!''^/>^^6";; J thinks cannot be called in queftion ; fince the fcnle of
hearing is impaired as often as their natural ftate is changed ; yet
he would not have any one think, that thele parts are ablolutely iie-
cefTary to that lenfe ; becaufe he has oblerved more than once, ia

dif.

432 MEMOIRS of the

diflecling human lubje£ls, that both the external and internal
membranes of the Tympanum^ nay, and fon^times the greater
portion of its mufcle was wanting, thefe parts having been cor-
rupted, nay entirely wafted by the fharp purulent matter of an
impofthume, either in the Cellula of the ^pophyfis Maftoides
or in the cavity of the tympanum itfelf ; and yet in all the lub-
jefts, wherein one or both ears had an impofthume, the fenfe of
hearing was not entirely loft in the ear affedted, as he learned
from the perlbns themfelves while alive .

VieuJJefis upon weighing attentively, whether both mufcles of
the internal ear moved voluntarily or not, was of opinion, that
they are put into motion, partly by the will, partly by imprel-
fions received from Ibnorouv"? bodies, without the knowledge, and
ibmetimes againft the will of the foul j {o that they move partly
voluntarily and partly involuntarily ; and m reality it is very proba-
ble that, by the fame aft of the will, by which we are determined
to hear any thing eafily and diftindtly, the animal fpirits are alio
determined to flow towards thefe mufcles, in order to promote
their motion, by which means the perception of a found is
rendered more expeditious and diftinft ^ yet ftill the motion of
the mufcles of the internal ear cannot be faid to be merely volun-
tary, fince every one by his own experience may be convinced,
they often move contrary to his inclination : And the cafe being
fo, there is no other extrinfic caufe to determine the mufcles of
the internal ear to motion, than the asthereal matter, charged
with the impreflions of for^orous bodies 5 and that fuch a caufe
excites them to motion in the following manner, Vieuffens thinks
is very probable ; when the ^ethereal matter arrives at the exter-
nal membrane of the ^lympcinum^ in repeated vibrations, which
are ibmetimes quicker and ibmetimes ilower, it is almoft entirely
conveyed into its cavity, and both then, and when it pervades its
pores, it ftrikes that membrane, and protrudes it towards the in-
ternal parts of the head ; upon which it drives the extremity of
the handle of the Malleus^ conne6kd to it, from the Meatus
^mlitorius towards the cavity of the 'Tympanum^ and elevates it,
and at the fame time deprefle«s its head, together with the IncuSy
faftened thereto ; whilft the head of the Malleus and the Incus
are thus deprcfled, they draw towards them the two tendons of
the monogaftric mufcle of the internal ear, extend the whole mufl
c\^y and difpofe it in iuch a manner as to acquire an elafticity
fitted to promote its contraction ; but fmce the vibrations of the
air impregnated with the jethereal matter, tho' they follow quick
upon eacii other, are always diftinguiihable by certain fmall in-
tervals

Royal Society. 433

ervals of time, yet VieuJJeris luppofes it certain, both from the
period of time, for inftance, between the firft and lecond vibra-
tion, and from its gentle extenfions, that the faid mufcle is deter-
mined to a contraction, with that elafticity it acquired whillt
extended 5 and that it is a6lually contracted, by means of the ani-
mal fpirits, which hadjuft entered the pores of its fibres: The
contraction of the monogaftric mufcle draws the Stapes from the
internal towards the external parts of the ^ympanumy and thus
extending the lefTer mulcle of the internal ear, dilpoles it in fuch
a manner, as that it acquires an elafticity, by which it is firted and
determined to contract itlelf ; and as loon as the monogaftric muf-
cle is again extended, in the manner juft now explained, it is
actually contracted by means of the animal fpirits.

Vieujjens comes next to confide r the internal and external parts
of the labyrinth- and he gives an account of the bone, which con-
ititutes the internal \Parietes of each of its cavities, and which
he fays is white, very hard, and compaCt 3 it feems to be formed
thus by nature, that when the ethereal matter, charged with the
impreilions of fonorous bodies, ftrikes upon the faid \ParieteSy
it may lofe little or nothing of its motion, but communicate it,
the fame or nearly lb, to the animal fpirits contained within the
ramifications of the 'Portio Mollis of the ear, which are vari-
oufly Ipread on the internal parts of the labyrinth, as will after-
wards be fhewn : In the external parts of the labyrinth, there
are only three things obfervablej viz. a bony partition which
poflefles its luperior part, and by which its three femi-circular
duCtvS are leparatcd from each other, together with two apertures
tiot far from one another, by which the aethereal matter is con-
veyed from the cavity of the Tympanum into the labyrinth 5 this
portion of the Os Petrofim,^ has this in peculiar, that its inter-
nal texture is cellular, in which a great number of capillary blood-
veflels are diffemmated, and the gentle heat of the blood con-
veyed in thefe vefTels, cheriflies and prcferves the natural motion
of the animal fpirits, lodged in the pores of the fmall nervous
membranes within the lemi-circular duCts of the labyrinth, and
fo prevents their being too much condenfed, and becoming unfit
for the purpofes of hearing: The two apertures above-mentioned
are in that part of the Os Petrofum^ which conftitutes the bafis
of the labyrinth j the firft is of an oval figure, and fituated a
little higher than the fecond, VieuJJens thinks this fhould be
called the Fenejlra of the labyrinth, becaule it opens into the
ConcJoa, and confequently into the more internal parts of the la-
byrinth 3 the bafis of the Stapes is applied to this Fsnefira and
Vol. III. I i i ihuts

434 M E M O IR S of the

fi-iuts it, as long as the mufcles of the internal ear are at reft 5
but on the contrary, when either of its mufcles is contrafled, it
opens italirtle: The fecond aperture, which is almoft round,
VieuJJens calls the jfanua Labyrinthi^ becaufe it gives admiffion
into the Imall and nearly round cavity, which leads to the laby-
rinth i for this cavity communicates not only with the extremity
of the lemi-oval fpiral du6t of the Cochlea^ but likewife with
the Concha^ by a linall chink in its bads, and conlequently with
the femi-circular du(^ls hereafter to be defcribed; x\\t J^nna is
covered and clofed up with a very thin fmall membrane, which,
by its curious texture, gives an eafy admiflion into the labyrinth
to the ethereal matrer, charged with the impreffions of fonorous
bodies : Behind the Janua LahyrintJoi is a fmall cavity, by Vi-
euffens called the Veftibulum primum, and becaufe it leads to the
Cochlea and Concha^ by '2)u Verney^ the Veftibulum Labyrinthi j
io that the three lemicircular du6is of the labyrinth, together
with the Cochlea are, as it were, its two apartments ieparated
from each other by the Concha^ and yet at the fame time commu-
nicating together by means thereof^ and therefore Vieuffens calls
it the Veftibulum Secundum of the labyrinth : That very fine
membrane, which doles up the jfanua Labyrinthi, expands it-
felf into its Veftibulum ^rimum^ covers all its internal fuperficies,
and confequently clofes externally the fmall chink in the balls of
the Concha^ together with the extremity of the Cochlea j lb that
it adheres to theie very fine nervous membranes which cover the
internal parts of the Cochlea-, and Concha^ and by their means
communicates with the 'Portio Mollis of the ear.

The Veftibulum Secundum^ which is the fame with the Concha
of ancient anatomifts, is much larger than the Veftibulum Tri-
f?jum^ its cavity, which is nearly round, is about two lines in di-
ameter 5 ib that in adults it may contain about two grains of wheat,
when divided into three or four parts, as Vieujffens tried feveral
times; in it are obferved nine apertures, viz. two fmall, and
almoft imperceptible Foramina^ which receive two fmall branches
of the Portio Jllcllis of the ear j again, there is a pretty long
chink in its bafis, and Ibmewhat winding ^ and an oval aperture
in that fide, which regards the cavity of the Tympanum, called
by ancient anatomifts Feneftra Ovalis 5 and laftly, the mouths of
the three femi-circular duds, which are only five in number 5 for
the fuperior lemi-circular du(^, in that place where it regards the
poftenor parts of the head, is lb united with the inferior lemi-
circular du(51-, as that both open by one common aperture into the
interior parts of the Concha-^ for which reafon Vieujjhis calls it,

as

Royal Society. 435

as modern anat-omifts do, the 'Porta Communis : All the aper-
tures or mouths of the three femi-circular du«5ts are of fuch a
fhape as to refemble in ibme mealure the extremity of a trumpet;
and upon carefjlly tracing the cavity of thefe femi-circular du6ls,
it plainly appears to the naked eye, that from the middle it grows
infenfibl'y larger towards both its extremities j theie mouths are fo
difpofed, as \hat two of them poflcfs the upper, and two the
lower part of the Coricba ; and the fifth is fituatcd pretty near
the Wall chink in the bafe of the Conch^a: On that fide of the
Secundum Veftibulum Lahyrinthi, which regards the external
parts of the head, there are three fmall round canals, which, as
they are infle^ed into a femi-circle, VieuJJens with modern ana-
tomies calls femi-circular; and the better to difringuifli theie ca-
nals, he gives them different names according to their different
lituations'j the firft he calls the fuperior, becaufe it furrounds the
arched reof of the Concha j the fecond, the inft-rior, becaufe it
encompafTes its lower parts; and the third, as being fituated be-
tween both he calls the middle canal : The fuperior femi-circular
duc^, as foon as it comes out of the Vefllbulum, tends upwards,
and in its way is gradually inflefted into irfelf; and^after it has
defcribed lomething better than a lemi-circle, and ftili bending a
little, has reached the pofterior part of the Os^ 'Petro[um, it
joins the inferior canal ; the inferior femi-circular Ci^j^zS. ariles from
the lower part of the Concl^a, and having defcribed fomething
better than a femi-circle, it joins the fuperior femi circular du£^/
as was juft now faid ; fo that both thefe dutSs plainly become one,
which extending itfelf oblic^uely, terminates in xhz Porta Com-
tnunis : The middle femi-circular du^ has two diftina orifices,
and forms no more than a femi-circle: Thefe du6ts have a very
fmooth internal luperficies and are for the moft part round inter-
nally, and fometimes oval : In that fide of the Veftibulum Secun-
dum LabyrintU, which is oppofite to the three femi-circular
du6ts, and regards the internal parts of the ^c^oW, nature has
placed the other apartment of the labyrinth, called Cochlea-^ and
this Vieujfens divides into two parts 3 the firft retains the name of
Cochlea and has a cavity, which can eafily admit of a large len-
til; the other part is cdled the femi-oval fpiral duvt: Upon re-
moving that branch of the Portio Mollis of the ear, which is
fpread over the Cochlea, there is a bony fubftance, growing to
the middle of its bafis, about a line in length, difpoled ipirally,
and which in fome mealure is pyramidal, and therefore called the
Nucleus Pyramidalls Cochlea ^ this Nucleus about the middle
of its lateral part, which regards the internal parts of the fcull,

I i i a teib

4.36 M E M O I R S 0/ the

relb upon R thin» pellucid, and bony Lamina or plate, which
partly conllitutcs the brim of the orifice of the "DuEiusfemi-ovaUs
fpiralis ^ and partly the internal fide of the fecond winding of the
Lamina fpiralis, which furrounds the Ni^ckus ^ fo that that
fecond winding of the Lamiv a fpiralis, is partly bony and partly
nervous : In the middle of the Nucleus pyramidalis is a very thin
bony prominence, found in adults, of an orbicular form, and about
i of a line in breadth, which adheres to the internal fuperficies of
the cavity of the Cochlea, and therefore Vieujfens calls it the orbi-
cular Apophyfis of the Cochlea-^ there is but one Cellula in the
middle of the bone, which forms the extremity of the Cochlea 5
befides, the whole interior fuperficies of the Cochlea is very
Imooth, and when viewed by a microfcope, it appears perforated
with feveral very fmall Foramina, efpecially in that part, which
borders on the bafis of the Nucleus pyramidalis : The fecond
part of the Cochlea is the femi-oval fpiral duft, which extends
from its bafis, where this duct takes its rife, to the fuperior part
of the Veftibulum Trimum of the labyrinth, and reaches to the
fmall chink in the bafis of the Veflibulum Secundum j its cavity
is formed in fuch a manner, as to become a femi-oval fpiral, and
be fomewhat broader at its termination, than its beginnings ."P^."
removing that branch of the Tortio Mollis of the ear, which is
fpread thereon, there is obferved in it a very (lender bony procefs,
which extends from the internal fide of the bafis of the Nucleus
pyramidalis of the Cochlea to its extremity; this Vieujfens calls
from its fmallnefs, the bony line of the femi-oval fpiral du£l of
the Cochlea. The "Portio Mollis, or foft branch of the fe-
venth pair of nerves is thicker than the Portia 'Dura, or hard
branch, tho' it receives much fewer medullary fibres fi-om the
*iPrQceJfus annularis, as it enters the internal duiSl of the ear, it is
divided into three fmall ramifications ^ viz. the fuperior, infe-
rior, and the middle ; the fuperior enters the cavity of the Con-
cha thro* a peculiar Foramen cut out in its upper part, where it
fpreads itfelf into an exquifite fine foft membrane, which lines
its whole fuperficies, excepting one fibril which ftill retains the
form of a fmall nerve, and which lies upon, and adheres to, the
fmall and fomewhat acute bony Apophyfis, in the internal edge
of the above Foramen 5 this fmall, foft, and fine nerve, isclofely
accompanied with its little artery and vein 5 when it leaves the
bony apophyfis, it runs along the middle of the cavity of the
Concha like a flretched firing, and extends to the fide of the
^orta communis of the fuperior and inferior femi-circular du6ls,
to which it adheres, and into which it afterwards enters, and

then

Royal Society. 407

then expands itfelf into two fmall membranes 5 one of which
lines the internal fuperficies of the cavity of the fuperior femi-
circalar du6t, and the other the internal fuperficics of the cavity
of the inferior fcmicircular du6l : The inferior, and fmalleft
ramification oUhe'PomoAfollis of the feventh pair, upon fending
forth one or two, almoll imperceptible fibrils, which are fpread
on that internal part of the Os ^etrofim, wherein the lemi-
circular du6ls of the labyrinth are excavated, enters a very fmall
Foramen, by means of which it infinuates it{e\{ into the lowed
part of the Concha, and fpreading itfelf therein, it is fpent in
forming that thin membrane, which as has been /l:iewn above
lines the interior fuperficies of the Concha, excepting a fmall
portion thereof, which enters the middle of the lemi-circular
dufl, thro' a Foramen fituated a little below the Torta Commu-
nis, and there it is expanded into a very thin fmall membrane*
which lines the internal fuperficies of that dufl: The fine and
fmall nervous membranes in the internal parts of the femi-cir-
cular dufts of the labyrinth are furnifhed with exceeding fmall
blood- veflels, for the mod part imperceptible 3 efpecially, when
they contam little or no blood 5 the membranes themfelves as
being furnifhed with a very limpid and fubtile fpirituous
liquor, particularly in new-born children, are fo fofr, as hardly
to bear touching 5 befides, whenexpofed to the fun, they quickly
dry up, and become £0 friable, that if moved out of their
place, they crumble away, and are reduced into an impalpable
powdery in like manner, that limpid fpirituous liquor with
which thefe membranes are always furni/hed, and which
feems to be no other than the animal fpirits fomewhat conden
i^^, by reafonofthe native coldnefs of the place, is diffipated
m a moment, as foon as the femi-circular dufts of the labyrinth
are laid open, which in new-born children Vieulfens always
obfervedto be repleni/hed with this liquor 3 but the cafe would
neceflarily be otherwife, were not the five orifices of the femi-
circular dufts of the labyrinth, which open into the internal
parts of the Concha, naturally clofed up by the nervous mem
brane above defcribed; yet Vieujfens does not at all doubf
but that this liquor gradually and mfenfibly infinuates itfelf
into the pores of the nervous membrane of the Concha, and pre-
vents Its being too much dried up 3 and hence it is, thatit pre-
ferves its native temperament, by which it contributes to the
fenfe of hearing.

The middle ramification of the Tortio Mollis of the feventh
pair of nerves fends forth, near that part of the Os "Petroftm,

which

43B ME M O IR S of the

which is the bafis of the Nucleus Tyramiddls of the Cochlea,
feveral fibrils, which as foon as they enter the Cochlea^ accom-
panied with their Imall arteries and veins, do there change
their form, and are difpofed and diftributed in the following
manner 5 and firft, that thin membrane, which they receive
from the Tia Mdter, fpreads itfelf in fuch a manner, as to
terminate in a very fine fmall membrane furnin^icd with innu-
merable blood-ve&ls, which at firft lines the fuperficies of the
bafe of the Nucleus ^yramidalisG^ the Cochlea, and all it con-
tains, as far as the fecond winding of the fpiral Lamina of the
faid Nucleus-, afterwards it extends into the femi-oval fpiral
du6^ of the Cochlea, and is fo expanded, as to iliut up its extre-
mity, and line all its fuperficies 9 as alfo, both fides of the femi-
oval fpiral Lamina which lies therein 5 and this membrane as
being of a very fine and curious texture, does not hinder the
continual and quick paffage of the ethereal matter out of the
tympanum into the labyrinth and all its receffes 3 hence it is,
that it wasfaid above to enter into the labyrinth itfelf, thro' a
cavity fituated behind its Janua: As to the medullary fubftance
of the nervous fibrils, one portion thereof is fpent in forming
the fecond winding of the fpiral Lamina, which furrounds the
Nucleus 'Pyramidalis of the Cochlea, the internal (ide of which
winding is entirely bony, as was abovementioned j the other
portion does at firil form the beginning of the fame Lamina^
which only confifls of half a winding, and is entirely nervous,
and then extending to the femi-oval fpiral du6l o£thcCcchka,
it terminates in a nervous femi-oval fpiral Lamina, which is
fituated there, and which by its thick part adheres to the bony
line of this dufl, fo that the beginning of the fpiral L.amina of
the Nucleus Tyramidalis of the Cochlea is alfo that of the femi-
oval fpiral Lamina, juft now defcribed 5 which laft, extending
to the extremity of the femi-oval fpiral duct wherein it lies,
adheres by its fharp extremity to the middle of the fmall
chink in the bafe of the Concha, and fo divides that dudl into
two parts, between which there is no vifible communication ;
and thele two parts are difpofed in fuch a manner, that the
firll, which regards the interior parts of the head, communi-
cates with the Vefiihulum primum £i? fecundwn of the laby-
rinth 5 but the fecond, which regards the Tympanum, and con-
feqnently, the external parts of the head has a communication
with the Concha only : The middle ramification of the ^ortio
Mollis, or foft branch of the feventh pair of nerves, after it
fends out the fmall fibrils already defcribed, enters a fmall

Foramen

Royal Society. 43p

Foramen within the middle of the Nucleus 'Pyramidal/ s of the
Cochlea accompanied with a fmall artery and vein 5 and as foon
as It comes out of that Forame/i^ its fine membrane is expanded
in fuch a manner, as to line what is convained between the fe-
cond winding oF the fpirai Lamina^ of the Nucleus '\PyramldaUs
of the Cochlea^ which is partly bony, and partly nervous, to
the extremity of the Cochlea itfelf; its medullary fubilance ter-
minates m the third winding of the Lamina Spiralis^ which is
entirely nervous, and the circumference of this winding refts
upon, and adheres to, the orbicular Apophyfis of the Cochlea ;
and at lafl, its extremity is expanded into a fmall membrane,
which being rolled up a little, is applied and adheres to the
edge of the Cellula^ excavated in the middle of the extremity
of the Cochlea^ and fo forms a fmall cavity, refembling a little
clofe cup.

From what has been faid it appears that the fpirai Lamina
within the Cochlea^ confifts only of two windings and a half^
which are diftmguilhed from one another by fmall cavities re-
pienifhed with mnate air, and between which there is no vifi-
ble communication : Here it is to be- obferved that the fpirai
Lamina furrounding the pyramidal Nucleus of the Cochlea^ as
alfo the femi-oval fpirai Lamina^ within the femi oval fpirai
duct of the Cochlea.^ together with the fmall nervous mem-
branes that line the internal fuperficies of the three femi-circu-
lar duds, are furniflaed with a very limpid fpirituous liquor,
particularly in new-born children, which upon laying open the
Cochlea becomes vifible to the naked eye, and foon evaporates;
the interior or medullary, and truly nervous fubllance of the
faid Lamiride is foon dried up, and becomes very friable when
cxpoled for any time to the air, as was above obferved :
From what has been faid of the Tortio Mollis^ or foft branch
of the fcventh pair of nerves, Vieujfens thinks it plain, that
the above defcribed two nervous fpirai I^amifice, together with
thofe of the Concha, within the three femi- circular dufts, con-
ftitute the immediate and complete organs of hearing • fo that
according to the different motions excited by the objefls of that
ienfe in the animal fpirits, lodged in their pores, and com-
municated to the common Senforium, different ideas cf found
are produced in the mind.

A-i

440 M E M O IK S of tbe

An Argiment for the Ufe of Laryngotomy, by 2>r. William
Mufgrave. Phil.Tranf. IS1°. 258. p. 398.

LAryngotomy is highly to be valued, becaufe that in the
greateil extremity, where a perlbn is in mcft imminent
danger of futFocation, and to ait appearance within a very few
minutes of his lad, by opening a new paiTage for the breath,
it gives fpeedy and certain relief, and that, when all other me-
thods fail, and without any confiderable injury from the inftru-
ment. That laryngotomy may be put in praflice in dangers of
IhfFocation, and that the wound is curable will appear by the
following cafe, communicated to Dr. Mufgrave by Mr. Keen,

Mc tolas Hobb of St. Enodor in Cornwal, aged 53, or there-
abouts, was fet upon by ruffians, who firft by a blow on the
Occiput^ knocked him down to the ground, then cut the trachea
or wind-pipe through, fomewhat beneath the '^omum Adamiy
together with fcvcral of the adjacent mufcles, and fome large
blood-veffels, from which he loft a vaft quantity of blood 5
and {^o the ruffians left him ; after fome time, the wounded
man recovered fo much fenfe and ftrengtb, as to thruft his
neck-cloth into the large gaping wound, and by degrees crawl
home ; lipothymies or fainting fits came frequently upon him,
efpecially upon every the leait motion of his body 5 thefe were
after Ibme time fucceeded by convulfions : Mr. Keen the fur-
geon having examined the wound, found that the parts of the
trachea were at a great diftance from each other, the lower
part being on every turn of infpiration funk deep into the neck
as low as the Clavicul<£^ and juft appeared upon every exfpira-
tion : The furgeon direded a lufty ftrong fellow to hold the
legs of the patient over his (boulders, and by this means raife
them together with the Abdomen^ above the ^Ihoraxy Collumy
^c. in which pofture the divided parts came fo near to each
other, that with ftrong waxed thread he fewed together feveral
of them 5 but as to the divifions of the Trachea ^ he joined
them, by paffing large needles deep into the flefh on each
fide, and twifting ftrong waxed thread about them, as in Zabio
Fiffo ^ over all, for the greater fecurity he applied a reftri6tive>
e^ 'Ptih. reflritJg.Clo'wss ^ covering the greateft part of the neck
with a dcfenfative ex Solo cum albumine ovor. advifing the
patient to lie as quiet as he could 3 the patient now began to
fpeak foftly and with a low voice, as the cough, difficulty of
breathing and his weaknefs would allow: Tiien an arteriac

was

Royal Society. 441

was made up for him, to fmooth the Trachea and promote ex-
peroration, viz. e Troch. Tecloral. "Batean, in Aq. Staphan.
Sfs Solut. 5iij. Syr. 'I'ufilag. 5 i/i. 'Balfamk, ?i. 'Pulv, Anis.
Glycyr. ana -^ 'hi, Salfam. Sulphur. Terebinth. 'Sfs. 'Teruv^
Gut, vj. cum mellis opt. defpumat. q,f. fiat LinEius per liacil-
lum Glycyr. fepius. adhibend : From the ule of this the pa-
tient's cough abated, and he expc6lorated much grumous blood
and other matter 5 as to the convulfions and lipothymies the
furgeon applied to his noftrils Spir. C. C. Succin. Sic. and em-
brocated the back part of his neck with a liniment ex ol. Lil.
M. 5i. Tereb. Succin. ana 51. iST. M. 5/i. Ung. Nervin.
5vj, mif.

The next day the convulfions left the patient, nor had he
from that time any return of them or of the Syncope-^ but on
the fourth day the flitches were broke open when the wound
appeared large enough to admit a middle fized hand, a great
part of the Oefophagus appeared to view, being much infla-
med and fcratched by the rutfians inilrument- the Epiglottic
did not as ufual, cover the Kima of the Larnyx^ fo that the
furgeon could eafily fee up into the patients mouth; part of
the annular cartilage was cut obliquely, and hung only by a
fmall fibre to the upper part of the Larynx ; there were fre-
quent ruptures, the waxed thread and needles often fretting
thro' the flefh they held 5 but the furgeon as often repeated
the flitches in the fame manner as before : About the loth day,
the largeft blood-veffels appeared conglutinated and covered
with new flcfh, the Gula hada good afpecl, and the inflaraa-
tion of that and al! the neighbouring parts was gone of?! The
furgeon dreffed now with Liniment. Arceiy on the nth day
the fymptomatic fever was in a manner gone, and the wound
under the circumllances of a good digeftion; in the mean time,
his diet when he could fwallow, was mutton-broth,medicated ale,
and poached eggs 5 the cough continuing a long time very fevere,
was at length overcome by duly adhering to the ufe of the
LinElus aforefaid, with repeated boles of Balfam. LucateL
Conf. Rofar. Rub. hora Jomniy with a draught of a perioral
deception, which was alfo ufed inftead of common drink, to
mitigate the violence of the cough and procure him fleep, the
following draught was frequently ufed, and never failed. R.
01. Amy^dal. dul. rec exprep. 5/f« ^^' ^^ Mecou. 5 v j Laud.
Lond. Aq. Steph. .^ ij Solut.gr. ij. fiat hauftus hora fomniju-
rnevdus. About the nth and 12th days, there were plainly
difcovered little portions of new flefh arifing, not only from
Vol. hi. K k k thp

442 M E M O I R S of the

the carncous membrane incumbent on the gullet, but alfo out
of the fubftance of the cartilages themfelves, both on the up-
per and lower parts of the divided 'Trachea -^ the external, con-
taining parrs of the neck, began now to unite, new fiefh ari-
iing, and apparently lelTening the dimenfions of the wound,
every time there was a laceration of the Hitches, infomuch
that two needles were now fufficient, whereas at firft there
were ufcd no lefs than fix 5 thefe carneous portions, both of
the Trachea and exterior parts, gradually joining and inter-
mixing, became one folid Cicatrix from each end of the wound,
almoft to the middle of the wind-pipe, where the air conti-
nued Itill in lome degree to have an exit^ about the 15th day
the furgeon removed feveral pieces of bone, which had con-
tra(5ted a Caries in the cartilage, which in this old man, as in
ieveral others, was grown bony, and were expelled by the
new flefh : At this time he fwallowed with little trouble, eat
fufficiently, and was nouriflied in proportion 5 the aperture
was almoft clofed up about the z6th day, and in four or five
days more, the (ides of the wound were perfe(^ly joined and
cicatrifcd, the Trachea performing its part in refpiration as at
other times, without any confiderable irconveniency 5 he after-
wards fpoke indifferently well, but was forced to take care
when he fwallowed, the Rimula not being fliut exaftly, as it
was before this wound, which makes fluids of any fort more
apt to fall into the canal, and fo caufe a cough, hoarfnels, ^c.
He did not fwallow dry meats as eafily as he did before but
was in all other refpefts as well as ever.

The Pneumatical-Engine applied to Cupping-Glaffes hy Mr.
Tho. Luffkin. Phil. Tranf. N° 255^. p. 40S. Tranflatei
from the Latin.

LET A B Plate XIII. Fig. i. be a concave cylinder of
brafs, of a proper thicknefs, an inch in diameter, and ten
or twelve inches long, to be fo exquifitely polifhed on the
infide, as not to have the leaf! flaw or inequality 5 let there
be a fmall bore near the bottom as O, and a cover or lid as
EF Fig. 2. to be fixed on the cylinder by two fcrews^ a bot-
tom as GH Fig. 3 to be foldered to the' cylinder ; let that
end of the fyringe i 2, be perforated in the middle, to the
outfide of the bottom j let the iron rod N N, Fig. 4 of a pro-
per thicknels, be fitted to the length of the cylinder ^ at its
extremity let there be a plate of brafs L M, and about two
inches from the t(>p another plate IK5 the intermediate fpace
is to be filled up with threads moiftened in oil, fo as to Jhut

cxavtiy

rLATL.Alll

JTu/t^ .AM/-

Royal Society.' 443

exactly the cavity of the cylinder; then let there be a handle
as N : This engine compounded of all thefe parts, is not un-
like a lurgeon's fyringe; let there alfo be made another cylin-
der of brafs O P QK Fig. 5 of the magnitude of the figure,
with two Alee or wings OS PS, and of liich a bore, as that
its infide being made mto a female fcrew, it may be exafllf
fitted to receive the male fcrew ; let the bore be enlar-
ged from Rand Q^toTT; and let there be a /houlder
V V : and make a plate W, perforated in the middle to fit the
fhoulder, and be fixed thereto; make a right cone bored thro*
its axis I z 5, Fig. 5; enlarge the bore from i 2, to 4 4; let
there be a Ihoulder 5 5 to fit exaflly the cavity of the cylinder
T T, and be firmly fixed therein ; let there be made a fpring
Fig. 7, of brafs wire in a fpiral form round the cylinder, of
a proper elafticity, and nearly equalling the diameter of the
box 4 4 V V; but a little higher than the box, when left to
itfelf, let it have at its lower extremity the plate 7 7 of the
fame magnitude, whofe inferior part is to be armed with a
fort leather moiftened in oil, to fhut the orifice of the fyringe ;
then at the top of the cupping-glafs Fig. 8 , let there be a
round bore, by which the cone is let down as far as the AldP
SSj let the chinks or fiflures be filled with cement made of
rofin, turpentine and lime, then let the lid 6 7 <J 7 Fig. 9, be wrap-
ped up in leather ftecped in oil as high as the fhoulderby which
the air, when exhaurted out of the glafs ( ftiould there hap-
pen to be any fiflures in the little valve) may be excluded:
When the thumb is applied clofe to the bore, the plate 9 9
Fig. 10, is raifed by the handle to 10. 10; but becaufe at
firfl the air only filled the fpace 909, it is now fo rarified,
and expanded, as to take up the fpace 9 9. 10. 10. which is
300 times greater than the former; wherefore the elafticity of
the air included in the glafs, exceeding both the elafticities of
the fpring, and of the air contained in the cylinder, the plate or
valve will be thruft upwards, which will continue open, till
fuch a quantity of air gets into the cylinder out of the glafs, as
that the elafticity of the complement of air contained in the
glafs fhall be equal to both the clafticities of the fpring
and of the air now contained in the cylinder ; and
upon opening the bore O, the valve J is ftrongly fhut by the
preflure of the external air ; CdPteris paribus^ upon three or
four fuflions, more or lefs, i ilH parts of air (according to the
power of the fpring, and the ratio between the capacity of the
cylinder and that of the cupping-glafs) will beexhaufled; and
K k k 2 if

444 MEM O IR S of the

if the elafticity of the air in the fame fpace be as its quantity, the
refidance or preflure under the glafs will be to the preflure upon
the circumjacent parts, as one to a thoufand 5 bccaufe, before the
air was cxhauflcd out of the glals, the reiiftance or prefTure under
the glais was the fame with that upon the parts without the glafs :
Mr. Zuffkin takes it to be worth obferving, that by how much
greater the cylinder is, than the fpring, fo much greater will the
quantity of air be, that is exhaufted out of the glafs 5 becaufe the
air p, o, 9 is expanded into a greater Ipace, and confequently has
a lefs elallicity ^ wherefore the elafticity of the air in the glafs
has a greater ratio to the elafticity of the air contained in the
cylinder and fpring, and for that reafon a greater quantity of air
will be exhaufted out of the glafs.

^ivo monflrous Pigs and a monftrous double Turkey 5 by Sir
John Floyer. Phil. Tranf Isl° 259. p. 431.

TH A T the diflortion of the parts of a Foetus may occafion
its reprefenting the figure of different animals, without
any real coition betwixt the two fpecies, appears by the defcrip-
tion of the following monfters : There was fliewed Sir jfohn a
pig at Weedford in Staffordpire^ with a face fomewhat refem-
bling that of a man 3 the chin was very like that of a human Jte-
tm 5 the roundnels of the head, and flatnefs of the ears was fur-
prifing 5 but upon carefully viewing the head, Sir John obferved
there was a depreffion of the bones of the nofe; in that place
which was betwixt the eyes, in which the pig's face feemed to be
broken, and the nofe drawn up, to appear like human 5 the
under-jaw was inverted, growing up to meet the upper; the
tongue and mouth were more like the human, being altered by
fome external prefTure upon the pigs mouth, which broke the
bones of the noie, and caufed their depreffion towards the palate,
and the inverfion of the under-jaw 5 this prefTure upon the mouth
forced the bones npwards, fb as to cover the orbits of the eye and
the pig appeared blind : The depreffed bone fhut iticlf with
a fpring when forcibly opened, fo that it had been clofed up,
ever finceit was cartilaginous- by this breach or depreffion of the
pigs face. Sir John was firft convinced that this monfler was not
produced by the copulation of two fpecies, but only occafioned by
lorne coroprcffion or other; and that the pig's head was ftraitened
in its growth, appeared by the fiatnefs of the ears; and that this
depreffion happened, whilfl the bones were cartilaginous, ap-
peared by the depreifed bones remaining cartilaginous, and at the
l*me time the under-jaw was inverted and the head became more

round ,

RoVAL Society. 445

round : He farther obferved, that all the head was covered with
hair, as the other pigs were 5 that it had pigs teeth 5 the hair of
the pigs head was yellow, as that of the fow was j the monftrous
pig was as big and as well grown, as the reft of the pigs 5 it had
a pig's Ihout, and there was no upper lip, as in the ihunian kind,
in all the other parts, it appeared to be a perfect pig, no parts
being wanting but thole of tne face which were diflortcd by fome
external accident 5 17 weeks after the fow took boar, which is
the ulual time, flie pigged eight pigs, the firll five were perfeil,
the lixth was the monlter, and after that two more perfect pigs 5
this monfler was pigged alive, but died becaufe it could not
fuck, the nole being ftopped 5 and for this reafon, and becaule
of the alteration of the figure of its mouth this pig's cry was not
like the others j all which further convinced Sir John that there
really was no mixture of two fpecies in this monfler: This
kind of monflrous pigs, produced by the unnatural iituation of
the parts by Ibme external compreflion, S'ltjohn thinks, are very
frequent, having had another of the fame kind fent him out of
2)erhyjhirey which had the refemblance of a human face, the
chin, the depreflion betwixt the eyes, the roundnefs of the head
and flatnels of the ears, as above defcribed, and all its other
parts like a pig, only that it was without any hair, as untimely
pigs commonly are, and no fex could be diftinguiflied therein.

At Thorpe m Staffordjhiret two turkeys were taken out of an
egg (of the ordinary fize) when the refl of the eggs were well
hatched; they grew together by the fleih of the breafl-bone, but
were diflindl in all other parts; they leemed lefs than ordinary
turkeys; for there wanted both nutriment, and room for their
growth, which was the occafion of their cohefion and fmallnelsj
they had diftinfl: cavities in their bodies, and two hearts; fothat
they had two diftinfl Cicatriculce ox treddles, and confequently
the egg from whence they were produced had two yolks in it,
which accident is very common: But Sir jfohn had a dried mon-
flrous chicken, which had but one head, four wings, four legs,
one cavity in the body and confequently but one heart; in this
cafe this monflrous chicken was produced from one Cicatricula -y
fo ^ar£us mentions a double infant with one heart ; in thele ca-
jcs the original of the infant was one and the veflels regular; but
in the extreme parts the arteries and nerves were divided into
more branches than ordinary, and produced double parts; and
thus it is like the double flowers of plants, which are produced
by the richnefs of the foil ; as the two yolks in an egg are joined
in the Ovarium and covered with one ikin, fo it is in the eggs

of

446 MEM O IR S of the

of quadrupeds, they are alio joined in the Ovarium, and as they
grow, their bodies cohere externally 5 fo that Sir ^obn obferves,
that there are thele two reafons for the multitude of parts in an
Emhrio, viz. the joining of two perfeft animals, or elle the
extraordinary divifion of the original veflels, the arteries and
nerves.

An Account of Maryland ^ hy Mr, Hugh Jones. Phil. Tranf.
1S!° 259. p. 43d.

/^Hefepeak-bayy which runs N. and by W. about 200 miles or
^ more, divides Maryland as well as Virginia into two parts,
which are called the eaftern and weftern fhores ; the whole pro-
vince contains 11 counties, 6 on the Maryland fide, which is
the weftem, and 5 on the eaftern fhorej the land is generally
low on both fides ; there is no hill, that Mr. Jones could learn,
50 yards perpendicular height 5 but about 100 miles weft to-
wards the heads of the rivers, the ground rifes, and appears in
very high mountains, and rocky precipices, running north and
ibuth 5 f om the top of which there is a clear profpeft of Vir-
ginia and Maryland j all the low land is very woody, like one
continued foreft, no part cleared but what the Englip have done
in that refpe£t j and tho' the inhabitants are feated pretty clofe,
yet they cannot fee their next neighbour's houfe for trees 5 in time
it may be otherwife ; but as the tobacco trade employs a great
deal of timber, both for making of hogsheads, and building
tobacco-houfes, and that the ground is cleared yearly for plant-
ing, the number of woods may in time be leflened: The foil is
generally fandy, and free of ftone, which makes it very conve-
nient for travelling: As to the natural fituation of the country;
the number of navigable rivers, creeks, and inlets, render it very
convenient both for exportation and importation ; the rich and
plentiful gifts of nature likewile add to the happinefs of the
place 'y the three elements affording plenty of food for the ufe of
man j and for the prelervation of health many excellent herbs and
roots, the difcovery of whofe virtues are chiefly owing to the In-
dians-^ as for timber, there are feveral forts of oak, viz. the
red, white, black, chefnut, water, Spanijhy and line oaks, which
laft bears a leaf like a willow; there is alfo a white and red
cedar ; the red lerves only for pofts and groundfils; the white is
for making plank, that being the freeft from knots ; there is a
tree called cyprefs, which is extraordinary large in bulk, and
bears a leaf like the lenfitivc plant; it is foft and fpongy, will
not fplit, and is fit for no uie; here they have black-walnut,

which

Royal Socie ty. 4^7

which is greatly cileemed by the joiners for its grain and colour;
here is a lort of poplar that makes good white plank ; it is a
large tree, and bears a flower like a tulip 3 here is alfo plenty of
pine and dog- wood, which bears a fine flower j faflafras and
locufl, is a tree of very quick growth, and very durable in build-
ings of hickory, there are two forts, red and white 5 this chiefly
ierves for faggots, being the beft for that ule^ here are alfo
plenty of cheinuts and cninquapine which is a fpecies of it, and
a fort of elm like a ^utch elm, called the fugar tree, from the
fweetneis of its juice, with which fome have made good lugar;
here is alfo a fort of elder, whole bark is clofely defended with
prickles like thole of a briar 5 alfo laurel-bearing tulips and myrtle
of feveral forts, one where^ bears a berry, with which on the
caflcrn Ihore they make green wax, very proper for making can-
dles, when mixed with tallow: Of birds, which are very nume-
rous here, the molt curious are the humming-birds 5 they con-
tinue all lummer, feeding only on flowers like bees 5 and the
mocking-bird, which exceeds all others in the world for the va-
riety of its notes ^ of reptiles, the rattle Ihake is the moft noted ;
and what is commonly reported of its charming birds, and fquir-
rels, lie. is not groundlefs, it being confirmed to Mr. Jones by
feveral eye witnefles: The air is become more wholefome here
than formerly it was, which no doubt proceeds from the open-
ing of the country, which gives the air a freer motion 5 the
fummers here are not extreme hot, as they were at firll, but the
winters are generally fevere, compared with what they are in
England 3 the north-weft wind is very fharp in winter, and even
in the heat of fummer it very much cools the airs and often at
that time a fudden north- weft wind ftrikes the labourers into a
fever, if they are not careful to provide againft it, and put on
^ their garments v^hile they are at work : There are little or no
* woollen or linen manufactures here, excepting what is made in
Somerjet county over the bay 3 becaufe they are yearly fupplied
from England'^ tobacco is their grand cortimodity, being the
flandard for trade, not only with the merchants, but likewife
among the inhabitants themfelvesj the common drink is cyder,
which is very good, and when it is duly ordered, not inferior to
the beft white wine^ they have wine brought from Madera and
Fayal ^ rum from Sarbadoes j beer, malt and wines from EhT-
landj here is plenty of grapes, growing wild in the woodsy but
there is no improvement made of them.

In Maryland they are governed by the fame laws as in En^-
land, only that there are ads of afTembly relating to Ibme parti-
cular

448 MEMOIRS?/' the

cukr cafes, not under the verge of the Bnglip laws, or where the
]aws of England do not fo aptly provide for fome circumftances^
the church of England is pretty firmly eflabliflied amongft
them ; churches are built, and an annual ftipend allowed every
minifter by a perpetual law, which is more or lels, according to
the number of taxable perfons in each parifh 3 every Chriftian
male of \6 years old, and negroes male and female above that
age, pay 40 pounds of tobacco to the minifter, which is levied
by the iheritF amongft other public taxes, and makes the revenues
of the minifters one with another, about 20000 pounds of tobacco,
or 100 I. i\cr\in3,pe?' ammm.

Upon the firftlettling in 7I/^r)toJ there were feveral Nations of
Indians in the country, governed by feveral petty kings 5 but their
numbers were afterwards muchdiminifh'd which was owing to their
civil wars: They take delight in nothing elfe but huntmg j and it
is rare that any of them embrace either the worihipor way of liv-
ing of the EngliJJj : There is one thing oblervable of them, that
tho' they are a people very timorous and cowardly in fight, yet
when taken prifoners and condemned, they die like heroes, brav-
ing the moft exquifite tortures, and finging all the time they are
upon the rack.

^he Circulation and Stagnation of the Shod in Tadpoles 5 Ipy
M. Leewenhoek. Phil. Tranl. N° 160. p. 447.

MLeeivenhoek had tadpoles of feveral fizesj the biggcft
• were arrived to fuch a magnitude, that their hinder legs
ftuck out from their bodies j and 50 of the fmalleft were together
only equal to one great tadpole; hence he concludes, that frogs
lay their eggs but very flowly , for it was already about a month's
time fince he had made his oblervations, when he judged that
fome of them were half grown : The firft obfervation he made
of the motion of the blood was in a fmall vefTel, which was fome-
what wider than to admit a red globule of blood, as A and B^,
Plate XIII. Fig. 1 1. this vefTel, which is called an artery, and thro'
which the blood coming from the heart from A to B is impelled with
great fwiftnefs, divides itielf at B into two branches, as BC,. and
B E • thefe two branches united again at D, where they continued
united but a little way, as is lliewnby DF, and from this they
divided again into two branches FG and FI5 thefe two branches
rjn crooked, and were united at H, where they made a Ibmewhat
larger vefTel, as H K ; where at K, it became a bigger veflel ; for
whKh rcafon, we muft call the blood-veflels A B C D F G, and
A B EF 1 arteries, becaufe they convey the blood from the hearty

and

Royal Society. 449

and tirc^Jood-vefifels GH K and IH K veins, becaufe tbey return
the blood to the heart again j in another place M. Lee-wenhoek
law theblcod moving in an artery, which was fo large, as to admit
about 20 of thelcred globules at once , this was a great artery in
comparilon of thele abovementioned, and in this the blood mov'd
very flowly, afmall portion whereof is delineated as LM, Fig. 12.
out of this blood- veiTel proceeded a lefler, as MO 3 the blood in
the veflel from L to M had not fo quick a motion, as it had m
others, becauie the blood in the veffel at R did in a manner
ftagnate, infomuch that no feparated parts could be di{cerned in
the blood, for it appeared there of one uniform red colour, yet
m the blood-veflel M O the circulation was as fwift, as in any
other veflel j that the blue fpots occafioned by a fall or bruife is
not ftagnated blood, which before it begins to corrupt, perfpires
thro' the fkin together with the fweat, M. Lee-wenboek was
convinced by the following obfervation j the blood at K being thus
without the leaft motion, it was by every pulfation of the heart
impelled upwards, from N to P, and the next moment it recoiled
back again, and thus backwards and foi-ward;s with an undulatory
motion J as is known, if we ufe never fo much violence in preiiing
water, yet we cannot prefs it clofer than it was before- io the
blood being now impelled forwards through the heart, cannot be
comprefled into a lefs lpace3 this being fo, we muii: conclude,
that the tunic of the blood-veflels between N and P, and alfo
fom^ewhat below N, is dilfended by every pulfation of the heart 5
and as foon as this uncommon diftenfion is performed, fo foon
alio does the tunic of the vef[el contract itfelf again, whereby the
blood that was thus puflied forwards, is forced to run back again:
M. Leewenhoeky after fome time, obferved the blood begin to move
from P to R after fuch a manner, as to be puflied back again,
and he alfo judged that the blood-veflel marked MO was during
his obfervation a little more extended, and by coniequence more
blood ran thro' it, than when he firft began to look upon it 3 the
blood in the vcffel N S, wherein there was little or no motion
before, did now run as fwift, as it did in any other veflel 3 the
blood-veffel PQ^, which wasfo llnall, that but one fingle parti-
cle of the blood could pafs through it at once, and wherein at his
firft viewing it there was not the leaft motion to be difcerned,
now alfo began to flow 3 yet the particles of the blood, that at
firft paffed through it, were but few in number, and conlequently
farafunder3 further all the blood from P to R was put into
motion, as well by being pufl^.ed forwards, as by recoiling back
again, and that at every pulfation of the heart ; In thefc obier-
VoL. III. L 1 1 vations

450 MEMOIRS^/ the

vations M. Lee-ivenhoek fpent about two minutes ; fo that now
it plainly appears to the naked eye, that the ftagnated blood can-
not only be made to move again by the motion of the heart,
which we call the beating of the pulfe, but alfo that the coagu-
lated red globules are again diflblved, and aflume their firft
figure; and therefore there is reafon to conclude that the coagu-
lated blood in any animal, occafioned by a blow or bruife, can in
a few days be made to move again, it being taken for granted,
that the heart of a man pufhes out the blood 7 5 times in one mi-
nute, which is 4500 times in one hour, and loSoco times in the
fpace of a day and night: Now finding that in 14 days time the
coagulated blood feemcd to vanifh, and alfo confidering that in
this time the heart performs its puliation loScooo times, and that
in each motion into leveralvefTels together, there has been loolen'd
and let a-going the quantityof a grainof fand, how much more may
be fet a-going in the time beforementioned iM. Lee'voenhoek could
lee in the blood-veflel abovementioned at each impulfe, the blood
received from the heart 5 now if we fuppofe that the quantity of
a cubic inch of coagulated blood occafioned by a blow, is too
much, and that feldom ib much is coagulated at once, then we
may eafily underftand that fuch coagulated blood, by means of fo
many motions as are abovementioned, may be loofened, and its
motion reftored again, if not in all, yet in mod of the veflels.

At another time M. Leemcenhoek laid one of thefe tadpoles on
a piece of clean paper, for a little while before he came to look
\ipon it, a fmall part of the tail came to be wounded, the fkin
being dry ftuck to the paper, fo that out of an artery, in the
excoriated part, which M. Lee'wenhoek judged to be fo large
that four red globules of the blood could pals through it at once,
there flowed Ibme blood, which remained without motion about
the wounded part ; yet that whereon his eye was fixed, not being
half a hair's breadth from the excoriated artery, there proceeded
a fmall branch of a vein, wherein the circulation of the blood did
flill remain, as if the artery had not been broken. Fig. 19.

T V reprefents the artery wounded a little above V5 V X lliews
the extravafated blood ^ V W the fmall artery, wherein the blood
retained its full courfe, altho' it was fo near the vein T V, out
of which the blood flowed and was extravafated ^ this at firft
feem'd ftrange to M. Lee'uoenhoek'^ but upon obferving that the
blood-veflel V W was united at W to a large blood-veffel that
conveyed the blood to the heart, then this blood out of V W was
carried on with fb great fwiftnels, as if impelled from T to V;
nay, in fuch a manner, that M. Lee'vcenJjoek imagined, that if

the

Royal Society. 451

the vein at V had not been united with T, but had only lain with
its aperture at V in the extravaiated blood, fo that the extrava-
lated blood was only for a little fuckt up and conveyed thro' it ;
Then M. Leeix)enboek faw a vein, wherein the motion of the
blood feemed very uncommon, as for example, let Fig. i/^.abht ^n
artery, wherein the blood is impelled with great velocity from a
to by then b Cy whereby the blood is conveyed towards the heart,
muft be called a vein ; and clofe by it lies another artery dccy
thro* which the blood was conveyed from the heart from d to c^
now if the vein bCy be united with the artery de^ as isleen at c,
and thus the blood be conveyed from c to Cy be Ihould be called a
vein, and the blood coming to f, and being there transfufed into
cey is the arterial blood, becauie it is conveyed thither from the
heart, it being certain that ^ ^ ^ is an artery.

Amongft the reft M. Lee^jcerihoek had a tadpole before him,
wherein he could perceive no motion at all of the blood, how
attentively foe ver he viewed it, whereof at firft there appeared
no realbn, 'till upon contemplating this animal with the naked
eye, he obferved that the fore-part of its body was contra6ted, by
which he imagined that the heart was opprefled, fothat it could not
force out the blood, and receive it back again ; whilfl he was con-
fidering this, the little animal made a very ftrong niotion, beat-
ing its tail about, and bending its body, by which it got clear of
the oppreffion it was under 5 and upon viewing it again, he im-
mediately perceived that the blood began to have a flow motion
and impulfe in feveral veflels, which increafed fo, as at length to
come to its proper motion, yet not with fuch velocity, as it would
have had, if either the heart or body had not been opprefTed :
The motion of the blood in thefe tadpoles exceeds what M.
Leeiioenhoek ever faw in any fmall animal.^ Fig. 1 5. reprefents a
tadpole arrived to fuch a bignefs, as that it could ufe its hinder
legs 5 and the fore-legs were alfo difcernible, but yet covered
with the fkin; at laft M. Lee'iJOenhoek efpied an artery, thattho*
it was fo fmall, as that he judged that one little globule of blood
could pafs through it, yet out of fuch a branch there ftill pro-
ceeded two other branches, in each of which the blood flowed,
yet farther afunder and flower, than it had done before it came
into the feparated veffels 5 after this he fixt his eye upon the great
artery and vein, which were fo clofe to each other, that there
was not above the diftance of the fourth part of the breadth of a
hair between them j and it happening that the animal, whilft he
viewed it, moved its head upwards, and tail downwards, the
blood run upwards in the artery and downwards in the vein, and

L I 1 2 that

452 M E M O I R S 0/ ^^^

thiit with an equal velocity : yet, what was moft remarkable
was to fee the manifold finall arteries, which proceeded from
the "reat one, fpread into feveral branches, and returning,
unite ai>ain in one, which at laft poured the blood into the
great vein: Thefe particles of the blood, are, according to
?J. ZecivenlooeclCs portion, lo exceeding fmall, that ten hun-
dred thoufand of them cannot make up a body as big as a
lar^e jirain of land ; and from thence may beconjedlured, that
fuch fmall veffels have branches and channels ^ with which if
they were not provided, the blood-veflels in the thinnefl
part of the tail, where they meet, would not lie crofs one an-
other, but muft unite, which he never obferved.

ji Bodkin cut out of a Woman'j Bladder j by il/r. Proby.
Phil. Tranf. M° z6o. p. 455.

T\ORC j4S Slake of 2)ublln, a lufly young woman, of a
•^-^ fanguine complexion, and about 20 years old, being
much troubled with a hoarlnefs, was very defirous to take a
vomit for itj to which her friends not confenting, flie endea-
voured to provoke vomiting by thrufting her finger into her
throat, but that neither anfwering her defire, ihe drew an
ivory bodkin four inches long, out of her hair, and thruft the
fmall end forwards into her throat 5 upon which /he heaved lo
often, as to be out of breath, and was obliged to Hand upright
to draw Ibmeair^ which fhe did without taking the bodkin
out of her throat, and at that inftant it flipped out of her fin-
gers into her ftomach 5 flie found no immediate inconveniency,
but next day about noon, ihe felt a fharp pricking pain in the
right fide of her belly, lower than the navel ; towards evening
fhe felt a pain nearer her right groin than before, which obli-
ged her to go to bed, where Ihe lay refllefs all that night, by
reafon of the excefiive pain: A midwife fearched her, and faid,
fhe felt the end of the bodkin, but thought it was in a gut 5
at night Mr. ^rohy was fent for, and in learching her by the
A't'US^ he could not find it 5 but putting his finger /;/ Vagina
Uteris he felt the bodkin 5 and becaule ihe complained of a
difficulty in voiding urine, he ufed his catheter, and he felt it
as he thought, in the bladder 5 but immediately trying a
fecondtime, he could not find itj within a fortnight after, it
was very plainly to be felt 5 and in about ten days more, after
duly preparing her body for the operation, he attempted to
extra(51; it, after the fame manner as the (tone from women 5
but having introduced his Forcef^s into the neck of the bladder,

and

Royal Societv; 453

and very readily taking hold of the bodkin, yet he could not
move it 5 he then preffed his finger thro' the dilatation into the
bladder, and tried to bring the whole bodkin into the bladder,
but all m vain 5 nor could he turn it one way or other, but
round like a fpindle, the fmaller end, refting as he thought,
upon the Ifchlumj all his attempts this way proving fruitlefs,
and her pain increafing, he attempted to extraH it in the man-
ner of the higher operation for the ftone^ which was as fol-
lows, in the prefence of Drs. Maddiny MolyneatiXy and
Smith.

Having placed her in a convenient pofturc, he put his finger
into the Vagina Uteris and felt the bodkin lying clofe to it on
the ourfide , whilft he held his finger there, he prefTed with
his lefr hand above the 0$ ^uhis^ where he felt the head or
thickeft end of the bodkin 5 and Dr. Smith putting his finger
into the Vagina^ prefTed hard againft the bodkin, and held it
very firm and fteady, whilft Mr. 'Prohy made an incifion about
an inch and a half in length, on the outfide of the right
Mufcidus ReBiiS^ till he came to the bladder 5 he then paf-
fed his fore-finger and thumb into the wound, and got hold of
the head of the bodkin ( the fubftance of the bladder only inter-
pofing) upon which he cut the bladder with a fmall crooked
biftory, and gently prefiing with his finger and thumb, the
bodkm flipt out of the bladder berwten them, by which he
extra6ieci it very eafily : he dreiTed the wound, and in lefs than
a month, ihe was perfectly cured : The bodkin was cue out of
her bladder that day nine weeks fhe fwailowed it 5 there had
been but half the bodkin in her bladder, which was incrufta-
ted with a gravelly calculous matter j the other half was with-
out the bladder in the CPelviSy its point refting upon the
J/chium.

'A double Pear by Mr. Edmund Pitt. Phil. Tranf. N**. z6o.

p. 470.

MR. ^itt had a double pear, one part growing over, and
fixed in the other, not unlike an acorn in its cup 5 from
the edges of the lower pear there gtew up five leaves of va-
rious magnitude, at almoft equal diftances from each other;
the largeft was an inch long, half an inch broad, as large again
as the fmalleft leaf; thefe leaves grew out of the fkin of the
lower pear, and had no fibres rifing from itscarnous part; the
largeft of the leaves had a fibre of the bignefs of a fmall hair,
continued from the place, where the leaf rifes, juft within the

ikin

454 M E M O I R S ?/^ the

fkin and loofe from it, to the "Pedtwcuks ^ the outer coat of the
"Pedunculus was continued to the flcin of the lower pear, and
this fkin to that of the upper pear, the inner fibres of the ^Pe-
dunculus went thro' the lower into the upper pear, and difper-
fed themfelves in it 3 the upper part was twice as big as the
lower, and had leveral kernels in it, but the lower had none at
all.

J[n Account of Rheumatic Convulfive Pains, about the Loins
ty Tir. Chriftophcr Pitt. Phil. Tranf. N° 2^0. p. 471.
I'ran/ldted from the Latin.

APerfon about 9 5 years of age, robuft, and of a bilious
conftitution, had his pores clofed up perhaps by a fudden
cold he took after hard working ; as foon as he was taken ill, he
became feverifli, having firftafhiveringcoldfit, and nexta hot
fit, with erratic pains at one time in the ftomach andinteftines,
and at another time inthebreaft; but thele fymptoms were
foon changed into others; the morbific matter was lodged all
in the patients back, having fuch violent pains from the loins
down to the Co%cndk, that great drops of fweat run down his
hair and face ; fo that he could not lie a-bed, fir, or iland ; only
that comprefling his belly againft the bedftead, feemed to
give him fome relief from the pains in his loins, tho' he could
not continue eafy for any time in that pofture 3 for being feifed
with convulfions, he would raife himfelf up with a diftorted
mouth, and a frightful countenance, and then fall back upon
the ground ( unlefs fome perfon was at hand to prevent it )
where he lay for dead, not being able to move himfelf, and
having no more ftrength to get up than a child; at which
time his arms and legs became fo ftiff, that they could neither
be drawn up, nor ftretch'd out ; his mouth was convulfed in
fuch a manner that a fpoon could hardly enter it ; the convul-
fions in his back and limbs returned by fits, which were not
periodical, but at one time fooner, at another time later, ac-
cording to the greater or lefs violence of his pain ; This poor
patient lay againft the bedftead, a pofture he was fond to be
in, as above mewn 5 about three weeks, never lying down on
the bed, commonly without any deep, and in the moft exqui-
fite agonies, with frequent convulfions ; thefe were the fymp-
toms the Dr. obfervcd, the patient being otherwife in a good
flate of health ; he had no inclination to vomit; his pulfe was
ftiong and equal, his tongue was moift. covered with a whi-
tifh pellicle 3 the blood taken from hiiii, looked like that

in

Royal Society, 41^-^

in pleuretic cales 5 his urine like that of perfbns in health :
The Dr. did not know what was done to the patient the firft
week, only that he was once blooded, had a glifier and a purge
adminiftred to him, together with a large quantity o{ Laudanum^
but all to no purpole 5 at length the Dr. being lent for, as foon
as he law the patient in the mifery abovementioned, he ordered
to repeat bleeding to a pretty large quantity • next day the Dr.
preibribed a gentle purge, and after giving the patient three
or four ftools he coula walk upright, without any pain or
convulfions 5 but the operation was no fooner over, than both
thefe immediately returned and the patient alfb to his wont-
ed pofture againft the bedflead ; yet the Dr. had fome hopes
that repeating the purge might effect the cure, feeing the
firil doie had given Ibme refpite^ the following day the
Dr. gave him relin of jalap and Mercurius dukls, having fre-
quently ufed this medicine with luccefs in the pain of the loins 5
but it did not anfwer here, for the patient had not one flool, tho'
the Dr. had added § ij Syr. e Spin, cervin. on which account he
increafed the dole by adding every day alternately J iij and 5 iiij
Syr. e Spin, cervin . at length by this means his belly was kept
lax, the pain abated, and the convulfions did not return fo fre-
quently as before ; the Dr. permitted him to drink as much whey
as he plealed 5 and flnce the purge had wrought on the patient
the Dr. could the more freely and the more fafely preicribe Lau-
danum^ to procure reft to the fpirits agitated both by the difbrder
and the phylic; thus at length, by repeating the purge eight or ten
times, the pain was quite gone, the convulfions ceafed, and the
patient was pretty well recovered : In the mean time, to prevent a
rclaple, the Dr. applied medicines proper in nervous dilorders to
invigorate the blood and fpirits 5 afterwards the Dr. faw this pa-
tient frefla, lively, and able to work 5 the patient's legs fwelled as
he recovered, but the tumour was loon difcufled by the applica-
tion of the laft mentioned medicine.

57;e T'ranfmutation of Copper into Brafs- hy Thomas Povcy,
Efq-, Phil. Tranf N" 2.60. p. 474-

CAlamine is dug out of certain mines, (of which there are fe-
veral in the weft of England^ as about Mendip^ &C.3 which
lie about 20 foot deep, as coals do ^ it is burnt or calcined in a
kiln or oven made red hot, then ground to powder, and fifted to
the finenefs of flour, then nuxt with ground charcoal, becaule the
calamine is apt to be clammy and clod, and not fo apt to incor-
porate 5 then they put about feven pounds of calamine into a

melting'

456 MEM O IR S of the

roeltina-pot of about a gallon content, and about five pounds of
copper'^ uppermoft j the calamine muft be mixt with as many
caals as will fill up the pot 5 this is let down with tongs into a
wind-furnace eight foot deep and remains eleven hours therein 5
they call oft not above twice in 24 hours 5 one furnace holds eight
pots- after melting it is caft into plates or lumps 5 45 pounds of
raw 'calamine produce 50 pounds of burnt, or calcined: Brafs
fiiruff ierves inftead of lb much copper, but a lufficient quantity
of this cannot always be procured, being a collection of pieces
of old brafs, which is ufually got in fmall parcels: The bell
guns are not made of malleable metal, and cannot be made of
pure copper or brafs 5 for it is necefTary to put coarfer metal to
It, to make it run the ciofer and the founder^ as lead and pot-
metal ^ bell-metal being copper and tin, and pot-metal copper
and lead J about 20 pounds of lead are ufually put to 100
pounds of pot -metal 3 but about 6 pounds is lufficient to put to
100 pounds of gun-metal 5 the calamine-flones wet-e formerly
fetched from "Poland, but fince they are fetched from thence by
the 1)utcb.

Seds of Oyfter-fbells found near Reading in Berkfhirej ^^y
'Dr. James Brewer. Phil. Tranf. N" i6i. p. 484.

THESE Ihells have the entire figure and matter of oyfter-
fliells 5 the circumference of the ground where they are
dug up contains, as is judged, between 5 and 6 acres; the foun-
dation of thefe fhells is a hard rocky chalk, above which they lie
in a bed of green fand, upon a level, as near as can be judged 5
this Stratum ov layer of green fand and oyfter-fliells is near two
foot deep 5 immediately above this layer of green land and fhells,
is a bed of a bluifli fort of clay, very hard, brittle and rugged,
which is called a pinny clay, and is of no ufe 5 the Dr. found it
about a yard deep, and immediately above this, is a Stratum o£
fullerVearth, which is near two foot and a half deep, often ufed
by the clothiers ^ and above this earth again is a layer of a fine,
clear, white fand, without any mixture of earth, clay, pC,
which is near feven foot deep; and immediately above this is a
ftiflfred clay, which is the uppermoft Stratum whereof tiles are
made; the depth of this cannot be conveniently taken, it being
fo high a hill, on the top of which there is dug a little common
eartK about two foot deep, and immediately under appears the red
earth ; the Dr. dug with a mattock feveral whole oyllers with
both their valves or fliells lying together; in the cavity of fome
of them there is the abovemcntione^ green land; thefe fhells are

fo

Royal Societv. 457

fo very brittle, that in digging, one of the valves vvill frequently
ieparate from the other, it being plain they were united together,
from the valves correfponding exadly ; the Dr. dug up ieveral
that were entire, nay lome double oyfters, with all their valves
united 5 it is obfervable that there is no lea near the place where
tbefe fhells are found.

^n Account of Giants 5 ly 2)r. Tho. Molyneux. Phil. Tranf.
N° 2^0. p. 487-

T KE Os Frontis in the anatomical fchool at Leyden^ tho'
fo prodigioufly large, cannot in the leaft be fufpe^led to
apertain to any other animal than a man, by its being complete
every way, and anfwering in all particulars to the common fore-
head bone of a man, excepting its magnitude; and efpecially
when we confider that the Os Frontis of a man is of fo peculiar
a make, from the globofe fhape of the head, that there is not to
be found a bone among all the animals of the creation, that bears
2 refemblance to its figure, excepting that of a monkey 5 but all
this Genus being of a much fmaller fize than a man, gives us no
umbrage or fcruple : In order rightly to underliand and to form
a clear conception, both of rhe agreement in fliape and the re-
markable difference in fize between this large Os Frontis, and
the fame bone in a man of ordinary ftature j and the better to
apprehend what deductions may be made from hence, to deter-
mine the true height of the perfon, to whom it formerly be-
longed 5 Plate XIII. Fig. 16. Ihews the common fliape and fize
of the forehead bone of a man of an ordinary ftature, with its
convex or outfide forwards 5 abode i\\^ line the coronal future
makes with its indentures, and which furrounds the upper edge of
the bone, and by which it is joined to both the Ojfa Sregmatis
or VerticiS'^ 6" the place where the coronal and fagittal futures
meet ; /, the part to which the bones of the nole are faftened 5
gg the upper part of the orbits of the eyes 5 h h the Foramina
m the bone over the eyes, that give a paffage to the two large
branches of nerves that fupply the frontal mufcle, and thofe of the
eye-brows 5 /'/ the two proceffes, or protuberances, that join with
the firft bone of the upper jaw, which by fome accident were
broken off the large bone, and therefore are not exprefled in
Fig. 175 the meafure round the ambit of the coronal future from
^ to^ was 10 To inches 5 in this bone, from <:, where the coronal
and fagittal futures meet to/, where the bones of the nofe are fat-
tened 4i- inches 3 from ^ drawing a tranfverle line crofs the fore-
head tod 6 inches 5 the thicknefs of the bone was about \ of an inch.
Vol. III. M ra m Fig.

458 M E M O I R S e/^ the

Fi^. 18. reprefents the gigantic fore-bead bone, exprefled in
the fame pofture with the former, and drawn exaftly to the fame
proportion 3 abode \s the coronal future, in fome places a little
worn and defaced j c the place where the coronal and fagittal
fjtures meet; /the part where the bones of the nofe v/ere fiften-
ed • gg the upper part of the orbits or the eyes ; ^ ^ the two
Foramina for the nerves that pafs into the mufcles of the eye-
brows and frontal mufcle^ the meafure round the ambit of the
coronal future from ^ to <? was about 21 inches j from <;, where
the lagittal and coronal futures meet, to/, where the bones of the
Tiofe are fallened, 9 fo inches j from ^, by drawing a tranfverle
line a-crols the fore-head to ^ 12 fo inches 5 the thickneis of the
bone, from one table to the other, about \ an inch.

Fig. 19. fhews the iniide of the fame gigantic bone, drawn
likewife in the fame proportion ; k k the thicknefs of the bone 5
/ the fliarp and high procefs of the Os Cribrofumy called 'Crifta
Gain,

By comparing thefe figures it is evident what an exad conformity
there is in every particular between this large bone, and the like
bone in a man of an ordinary height, and that they differ no ways
but in magnitude 3 and as to the difference o.^ fize, the dimenfions
of the larger were more than double thofe of the fmaller ; whence
it follows, that this large Os Frontis was above twice as big every
way as a common bone of that fort in a full grown man 5 ;^nd ar-
guing from the proportion that the fame bone in other men bears
to their height, it muft follow, that the man to whom thiv Os
Frontis belonged was more than twice the height that men ufu-
ally are of, according to the common courie of nature ; and let-
ting down, as the mod moderate computation, but 5 \ feet for
the height of a man, he to whom this bone belonged, mull have
been more than 1 1 or 1 2 foot high : It cannot reasonably be lup-
[)ofcd, that a man of an ordinary lize and Itature could have had
ilich an exceedrng large head; for the Dr. conceives he could not
poflibly fubfifl, whilft fo ponderous and excefTive a mafs of bone
as this (cull, with all that quantity of brain requifire to fill its
fpacious cavity, was growing 5 much lefs continue lo long alive,
cs to come to maturity of years, to which it is certain this perfon
tnuft have arrived, by the great thicknefs and loiidity of this
bone, as well as its large fize ; and tho' it is true, that lometimes
from obftru61:ions, or other morbific caufes, our glands and fofter
Vifcera are fo unequally nourifhed, as to grow to an immenfe
fize ; yet iuch a preternatural excels of growth in a hard and
bony part, the Dr. does not think, has ever yet been obferved ;

and

Royal Society. /^.^g

and if it Hiould be all edged that infants far gone in the rickets
are frequently oblerved to have great heads in proportion to their
emaciated Imall bodies 5 and that young children are alio liable
to another malady called Hydrocephalus or dropiy in the head,
which Ibmetinncs fo dilates it, as to fwell the IcuU to a yet more
immenle fize • but neither of theie diforders, orherwile affe(5l
the head, than by a preternatural collection of ierous humours
inclofed in the brain, which extend the yielding fides of the
weak and tender Icull, but do not in the IcaU: increaie its bony
lubftance j nay, on the contrary, rather diminifh it^ being as is
always oblerved, reduced to a more than ufual thinnels, being
Ibmetimes, no thicker than an egg-fliell, or piece of parchment^
nor can luch diftempers poflibly affedl: adults, fo as to enlarge
their icuUs 5 becaule, all the bones are by that time become folid,
and firmly knit together, lb as to be no way capable of further
growth or extenlion j and hence it is, that thele maladies are in-
cident to children, whilft their fculls are foff, pliable, and truly
membranous, rather than bony j and daily experience aiTures us,
that unlels fuch dileales be timely removed by the phyfician or
furgeon's art, or overcome fo early by the ftrength of nature, as
that the children have time enough to outgrow this difproportion
in their heads, by the bulk of their body coming up to it, before
it ariles to too exorbitant a degree of magnitude, they all die in
their infancy, and thele fculls are eafily diftingailhed fron all
others, by the large Fontanel or opening in the mole of the
head, that remains membranous, and never becomes like the refl
of the fcull, a bony fubftance; and that they cannot pofTjbly ar-
rive at manhood is plain 5 for this monftrous and unequal fweiling
of their heads, meeting with no reftrainr, but Itill incrsafing,
when it comes to fuch a certain degree, that its extravagant
dimenfions become inconfiftent with the natural functions of the
body, the animal oeconomy muft fink under the preiTure ot luch
a load, and the whole machine tend to its diffolution; as not
being able to bear any longer with fo highly morbid a dif-
pofition, in fo principal, and fo extremely necelTary a part to
life as the brain, the fountain of all fpirit, lenfe and morion:
The Dr. does not deny, but that by one accident or other, fome
difproportion Ibmetimes happens, between the head and the reft
of the body, in luch as are grown up to the compleat ftature of
man 5 yet a dilproportion of this kind, however confpicuous to
the eye, and unleemly, is never lb extraordinary as to be confide-
rable in itlelfj for the circumference of a m.an's head of th^ com-
mon fize, is ulually about 22 inches, and jf we chance to fee one^

M m m 2 o^*

46o M E M O I R S ^/ /;5^

of 25 or 25, and fhould there be found a head ftill larger, 28 or
29 inches in ambit (which for the reafons abovementioned, has
fcarce or ever happened, unlefs where the proportion of the other
parts of the body were luch as neceflarily required it) fuch a one
would be really wonderful, and counted monftrous^ yet the cir-
cunnference of the head, of which this large forehead tone was a
part, ib far exceeded the largeft of thefe meafures, that, as the
Dr. computed its dimenfions, when it was entire and covered with
the hairy Icalp, it was about 44 inches round j and therefore mufl:
have had a body belonging to it, that bore a proper proportion to
this Ipacious circumference : Nor does the Dr. apprehend fo great
aftature as this in a human body, tho' indeed it be extraordinary,
any way ablurd or repugnant to the courfe of nature; but rather,
if duly weighed, very conformable to a certain anamolous method
fhe apparently efieds Ibmetimes in her productions; Thus
we cannot but obferve in the vegetable kingdom, that Ibme are
of the dwarf-kind, whilft others arife to fo ftupendious a growth,
that they more than double the bulk even of fuch as are erteemed
large in the fame tribe ; and amongft animals, if we compare
that fmall low breed of race-horfes from the Jj/e of Man^ ufually
called Mank's horfes, to that large breed they have in Northamp-
tonpire in England^ or in the bifhoprick of Liege in Flanders ,
we may properly enough efteem thefe a Ibrt of gigantic horfes 5
and the lame thing may be faid of the Inp wolf dog, of the
grey-hound kind, which is of a beautiful and large make, far
furpafling the common grey-hounds.

That nature takes the fame uncertain meafures in the generation
of mankind, the Dr. thinks, is not lels apparent 5 thus the Zap-
landers are remarkable for their low ilature j and it is certain,
there are, and have been dwarfs in all ages and countries, and
fome of them of a very extraordinary fmall fize of body, not
above 50 inches in height, and fome not fo high ^ now (jnce na-
tural caufes operate fo as to produce human creatures, partaking
of all properties common to the fpecies, and of Co fmall a model,
as to fall Short even of half the common ftandard, the Dr. cannot
think it unreafbnable to imagine that the fame natural caules may
fometimes a6t in the other extreme likewife.

There is a manifeft alliance and congruity obfervable in nature,
between the flature of man's body, and his age during the rime
of his growth 5 and as 57 feet may well be eiteemcd the moft
fettled and ordinary degree of height in a man f fo about 70
years may juftly be allowed the moft common period of his age 5
yet daily experience and obfervation acquaint us with thofe that

vafilv

Royal Society. 461

vaftly exceed thefe limits, in both thcfe refpciSls, as m the in-
llances of 7ho. ^Parr and Henry Jenkins both of England^ and
the Countefs of 'JJeJmnd and Mrs. Ecclefton both of Ireland
who fully compleated double the ufual term of life • fo we have
no reafon to queilion the accounts given of others, that have been
found in Itature double the common ftandard of man 3 nay, both
thefe properties, longevity, and high ftature, do io naturally re-
fult each from their proper caufes, that they are often obferved to
become hereditary, and run in whole families 3 whence the
Greeks had their Macrobii, and the Romans their Celfi-^ and in
^alefiine of old they had their Anakims, or Ions of the giants •
lb that human gigantic bodies are no way inconfiftent with the
courfe of nature • and indeed, we have fome clear tellimonies
given us by authors of unquellionable credit and veracity, that
there a(^uall)^ have been men in the world, and it is likely *there
Hill are, of lb large a bulk, and lb high a flature of body, as
properly to deferve the name of giants : Edmund Mallone, when
he itood with his ihoes ofF, meafured full 7 foot 7 inches in
height ^ Walter \Parfons, porter to King James I. was much of
the fame ftature : Isbrand jDiemerbroeck tells us, he faw at
Utrecht a man 8 f foot high, born at Schoonhoven in Holland
of parents of an ordinary itature- Jo.GoropiusSecanus faw a
youth almoft 9 foot high, a man near 10 foot, and a woman that
was quite 10 foot in height^ "Pliny the naturalilt fpeaks of
feverai men m his age much of the fame height, or fomethins
caller 3 and it is not improbable, that where both the foil and
climate concur, and are naturally difpofed to produce plants
fruits and leveral kinds of animals, of a much larger bulk than
any our country affcjjrds^ liich as the oilriches and cunters amonj*
birds 5 the J a rgeft crocodiles, the moule deer, the elephant, the
rhinoceros., the hippopotamus, ^c. among quadrupeds 5 in 'thofe
parts of the world, where fuch vaft animals are met with, it
is not unlikely that men may fometimes be found of a much
greater iize than any here among us : Andreas Tbevet, in his
delcription of America, tells us, he was ihewn by a Spanip
merchant, the Ikull and bones of an American g\d.Y\t, 11 foot
and 5 inches high j the bones of the legs meafured full 3 foot 4
inches in length, and the ikull was 5 foot i inch about- which
circumference the Dr. obierves, is exadly proportionable' to the
length of the legs, and if we make an allowance for the hair and
fkin that covered the iWl when he was alive, it falls very little
ihort of the dimenlions gf the giant's head before let down.

From

462 ME M O I R S of fbe

From thefe warrantable hiftories, and this particular bone be-
fore us, we may clearly deduce, that there have been in nature
human bodies 11 or 12 foot high, which lurpaffes the flature of
the talleft giants mentioned in holy writ j for the height o^Goliah
of G/atJOf is exprefly faid I. Sam. xvii. 4. to be but 6 cubits and
afpan^ and taking a cubit in the moft ufual acceptation, for a
foot and a half, his ftature will not amount to above 9 foot 9 in-
ches: Indeed we may reafonably conclude, that O.^ the king of
^afian muft have confiderably exceeded Goliah in height, if we
make an eftimate of his ftature by the dimenflons of his bed-
ftead, which is faid to have been kept as a memorial of him at
Rabbatb of the children of Avimon^ and to have been 9 cubits
in length, ^eut. iii. 2 : But then we cannot imagine, but that his
bed muft of necefhty have been much longer than his body 5 and
the leaft allowance we can make for the overplus, is thefpace of
9 inches above his head, and as much below his feet, by which
diftin6^ion, it will follow he was not above 12 foot high 5 much
of the fame ftandard with this giant before us.

JForms in Sheep's Liver s^ Gnats and Animakula in the Ex-
crements of Frogs y by M. Anthony van Leewenhoek. Phil.
Tranf. N°2(Ji. p. 509.

WH E N fheep have drank water, wherein thefe animalcules
were, they are carried with their food out of the ftomach
into the beginning of the guts, where the gall-bladder empties
itfelf, and being pleafed with the tafte of gall, they fwim againft
it into the bladder itfelf, and from thence go into the veflels,
(like veins and arteries) of the gall; for M. LeeiJOenhoek having
fearched the liver of a fheep, in the veffels whereof were feveral
animalcules andopen'd a nodous part, he took out one of them,
which was twice as long in the vein and indifferently irnall 5 to
difcover, if poffible, the faid Animakula in the water, M. Lee-
ivenhoek went in the latter end of Aiigtifi into feveral pafture
grounds, where fheep fed that were troubled with thefe dileafes,
and there out of the low ditches he took up fome water in a clear
glafs, which he examined with a more than ordinary magnifying
glafs, and obferved feveral forts of animalcules iwimmingtherein^
the grcateft fort were thofe that produce gnats, which have flings,
wherewith they annoy both man and beail5 one fort of the ani-
malcules generally funk to the bottom, as foon as they cealed to
move thcii- bodies, and when in moving they came to touch the
lurface of the water with any prominent part, then their heads
hung down and they remained thus upon the lurface 3 the lecond

fort

Royal Socie^tv; 463

fort of thefe animalcules could not remain at the bottom, but were
generally carried towards the furface of the water, and there they
continued hanging by two horns that came out of the upper part
of their bodies • and when they would fink, they had a ftrong
and vehement motion, by means of a tranfparent inftrument fixed
on the end of the tail ^ the two Ibrts of gnats proceeding from
time to time from thele animals had flings- they placed them-
ielves upon the glals, and fometimes alfo fat down upon the
water, Ipreading out their long legs thereon ^ M. Lesivenhoek
obfervcd feveral round particles of the bignefs of a large grain of
land drive and move in the watery and when he brought thefe
particles before the magnifying-glafs, they not only appeared
round, but had the outward fkm let over with feveral protube-
..rant parts, which feemed to him to be triangular and' pointed
' towards the extremity ^ {b that on the great circle of one of thefe
round bodies ftood fuch convex or protuberant particles, orderly
and equally let from each other to the number of 2000^ which
never ia^ fall, and their motion proceeded from their turnin<»
round, die fmr^iUer the particles were, the greener was their co-
lour, and e conrrd in the particles as big as a grain of fand, there
was no green colour at all difcernible on the outfide j each of
thele particles included 5, (J, 7, nay fome 12 fmall globules, of
the lame jhape with the body wherein they were included:
Among the reil M. Lee'wenhoek perceived that the outward part
of on.- oi the largeft particles began to open, out of which, one
of i^L.: included globules of a delicate green colour, flipped out,
and ' -gan to move in the water, as that part had done, out of
which it proceeded^ after this, the firft round particle remained
without any motion at all 5 and foon after, the fecond and third
particles flipt out one after another, 'till they all by degrees came
out 5 after the fpace of fome days the firlf round particle united
again with the water, for M. Lee'wenhoek perceived no fignsof
it 5 and in all the motions of the firfl round particle, he could not
obferve that the included particles changed their place, nor touch'd
one another, but remained equally diftant : As there was a great
many of the faid round particles in one glafs, wherein were alfo
feveral living creatures, he obierved that m three days time they
all difappeared, io that he could not difcern any of the faid par-
ticles in the glafs: M. Lee'vcenhoek had a glafs-tube of about 8
inches long, as Plate XIII. Fig. 2c. of the thicknels of a goole-quill,
wherein he put lome drops of water, as CD 5 he left one end at A
open, and the other endB he flopped with a piece ofcork,^ that
between D and B was nothing but air, which being ihut up in the

tube

464 M E M O IK S of the

tube cannot remain of the lame magnitude or expan/ion but
changes every moment, for you cannot fo much as touch the tube
with your hand, breath, or any part of the body that is a little
warmer than the air, wherein the tube is, but the air in the tube
h alfo expanded, fo as to put the water into motion, which is
forced from D to A, altho'we perceive no motion with the naked
eye 5 now, as theleaffc warmth expands the air included in the lel-
lertubc, lb the warmth is alfolbon over, and the water receives
another motion from C to B 5 in this water there were two of the
faid fmall globules, of the largeft fort, in each of which were
included five fmaller globules, pretty well grown in bignefsj
and in a third large particle lay leven lefler round ones which
were incomparably fmall 5 four days after, the faid particles had
been put into the tube M. Leei^^^efihoek law that the outer pellicle
of two of them, which was exceeding thin and trani'parent, was
broke in pieces j and that the ten particles included in the two
great ones were, by the motion of the water, moved from one
ifide to the other 5 he further obferved, that, after the expiration
of five days, the fmall particles included in the third great par-
ticle, were not only increafed in bignels, but he could alfb dif-
cern that from the infide of the fmall particles proceeded other
round ones 5 after the expiration of five days more, the
third round particle was alio a little broke open, and the parti-
cles that lay therein were alio got out ; and altho' it was open on
one fide, yet it turned round in the water, as nimbly as ever it
had done before ^ fome days after, M. LeeiJOenhoek could not dil-
cern any but fmall particles, whereof the great one confifted,
which alio vanifhed in a little time 5 he never mifled a day, but
he looked upon the fmall particles that came out of the greater
one, and obferved that they not only increafed in bignels, but
that the inclofed particles alio grew bigger: In the latter end of
Sept ember y M. LeeiJcenhoek perceived that the included particles
were not lb exactly round, as the great ones that incloled them;
and alio that fome of them were protuberant, and that the laft
particles that came out of the great ones, not being round, lay
againft the fide of the glafs without any motion 5 now the lalt
greater particles, when they were difcharged of their inclofed
ones, or broken in pieces, were about four times lels than thofe
that came out of them ; wherefore he concluded that either they
had not their full growth, or not their full food ^ he alio obferved,
that the faid round prirticles were of an equal weight with the
water, lb that by the leaf! motion the water received from the air,
they were alio put into motion: hi Fig. 21. E F reprefents one

Royal Society. 465

of the larger particles, with its inclofed particles, (that were
increafed lo much in bignels, that they were ready to be emitted)
which lay more regularly here, than in any of the reft, where
there was not the ordinary motion, which made M. Leeivehhoek
believe that this was occafioned by the inclofed particles not lying
all equally diftant from their center, and that thofe that lay far-
theft from the center made one fide of the incloiing round par-
ticle heavier, which hindered the motion.

When M. LeeiJOenboek perceived that the great number of
round particles in the great glafs mixed with a great number of
Animalcules, were gone in three days time, he considered whe-
ther thefe particles were not created as food for the Animalcules z.
Now when we lee, that the abovementioned globules did not pro-
ceed from themfelves, but by procreation, as we know that all
plants and feeds are procreated," each feed, tho' ne^-er lb fmall,
having its plant inclofed within it; we are now more than ever
afTuredof the procreation of all things; M. Lee^ivenhcek lays it
down as a certain truth, that the fmall round particles found in
the great ones are leeds, and that without them the round parti-
cles could not be produced.

M. Lee'^enhoek caught a little frog, which he judged had
been an egg the preceeding fpring, and putting it into a glals-
tube an inch wide and ten inches long, he flopped both the ends
up with cork, yet after fuch a manner, as that the air had free
admifTion at one end; he viewed the toes of the fore-legs with a
magnifying- glafs to obferve the circulation of the blood, which
he could difcern with great difficulty 3 but when he came to
look upon the hindmoft legs, he fl\w feveral days fucceffively
iipon the Ikins between the toes, made on purpofe to Iwim
withal, as in all water-fowls, the blood circulate in leveral
very fmall veffels ; he alio obferved, that when the frog ftretched
out its leg, the circulation was thereby ftopt for a little time, but
when it had ftood ftill, the blood began to circulate agam; the
reafon of which he imagined was, that when the animal thruft
its legs againft the glafs to climb up, that then the blood-veffels
were thereby compreffed, and the circulation hindered; after the
frog had been 24 hours in this tube, M. Lee-wenboek oblerved its
excrements as it were in a heap ; after it had been 48 hours there,
it fouled again, and looking thro' a magnifying-glals he oblerved
in the firii excrement, that it had fed upon an animal, whole
body was befet with hairs of various thickneis, very /harp
pointed, which he judged to be Ibme flying infcfl; when he
viewed the fecond exciement, he oblerved no hairs at firft; but

Vol. III. N n n upo«

466 M EM OIR S of the

upon laying it afuncler he law not only fome hair, but alfb a
piece of the foot, part of the eye and of the wing, befides fe-
vcral pieces of the fkin of an animal, which he judged to be
a fmall infci^t, whofe wings are covered with a (heath, very
like thofc called beetles j thefe excrements lay in a clear moi-
fture round them, wherein fwam or creeped fome eels, or
about 50 Imall worms ^ the fore and hinder-parts of whofe bo-
dies were very clear -^ thefe eels in the frog's excrements arc
very like thofe found in vinegar, if not altogether the fame ;
only with this difference, that^he eels in vinegar, as they are
taken cut of the mother's Uterus, are fomewhat thinner and
harder 5 in the firft excrement M. Leeivenhoek difcovered only-
two of thefe eels^ when he looked next day, and faw that the
moifture wherein the eels fwam, was partly evaporated, and
that the eels moved but very little, he put fome rain water
about the excrements where all the worms and eels were, and
that water he put into ^ fmall glafs-tube, wherein were fix
eels, thinking to keep them alive, and obferve whether they
would breed any young ones 5 yet he found the contrary, for
they moved Icls, and within a few hours after, fome were
quite motionlefs 5 and next day he faw, after ftricl examina-
tion, only a part of an eel 5 from which he concluded that the
eels were diflblved in the water : The frog had, by its motions
in the glafs-tube, fo feparated the firft excrement, that M. Lee-
"wenhoek faw almoft the whole wing of a flying infcfl, about
the bignefs of a gnat, and this was almoft quite entire, fo that
he could fee perfe611y the great number ot fmall hairs, which
grew all over the outfide, and alfo upon the edge of the wing 5
underneath this wing he faw three of the faid eels, and ano-
ther in another place, that had ftill a ftrong motion ; on the
fourth day after the excrements were made, he faw fome eels
which were alive, both above and under the wing • and be-
caufe the moifture wherein they lay was but very fmall, £0
their motion was but little, and afterwards he could perceive
no motion at all : From thefe obfcrvations M. Leeis)enboek con-
cludes that water was not proper for thele eels, and that they
either came out of the ground, or that the animals the frog fed
upon, were loaded with them; on the fifth day the frog had
fouled again, and it lay oblong againft the glafs, without any
moifture at all ; he took it out of the glafs and fpreading it
abroad, becaufe it appeared blacker to the eye than the
former, and therein he alio faw parrs of flying infefisj
and in this there alfo lay feveral of the abovementioned eels,

but

Royal Society. 467

but they were all dead, and fomewhat lefs than the former*
further he put the frog into a glafs with water, out of which it
made its elcape and got away.

7i;e Way of making feveyal Chin^L-vzrmihesy by 2)r, Wil-
liam Sherard. Phil. Tranf. M° 252, p. 525.
TAKE of crude varnifh do ounces, ordinary water do
ounces, mix them well together, till the water difap-
pears; afterwards put this matter into a wooden veflel, 5 01 <J
palms long, and 2 or 5 broad 3 mix them with a wooden Spa-
tula for a whole day in a fummer's fun, and for two in the
winter 5 it is afterwards put up in earthen veffels with a blad-
der over it , and this is the varnifh prepared in the fun.

The way of boiling the oil of wood, called by the "Portu-
gueze Azeite de "Pao : Take 20 ounces of oil of wood, 20
drachms of that of the fruit ^ give them 5 or 6 boils, till they
become a little yellow; let them cool, and put thereto 5
drachms of powdered quick lime.

To give the firit grounds called Camtfcia : Take fwines-blood
and quicklime powdered, mix them well j lay this mixture on
the wood, and when it is dry, fmooth it with a pumice -ftone.

To make the black varnifh : Take of the varnifh prepared
in the fun do ounces, (lone black allum (fuppofed to be a fort
of copperas) diflblved in a little water 5 drachms, 70 drachms
of lamp-Gil, called by the Portugueze Azeite de Candeaj, it is
prepared in a wooden veflcl, as the varnifh prepared in the
fun, obferving to put in the lamp-oil at two leveral times.

To mike the varnifh of the colour of pitch : Take of the
oil of wood crude, called dePao, 40 drachms ; of the lamp-oil,
called de Candea, crude, 40 drachms ; it is prepared in the fun
in a wooden veffel, as prepared varnifh.

To make red varnifh: Take 10 drachms of cinnabar, 20
drachms of varnifh prepared, a little of the oil de Candea^ or
lamp oil, mix them well together.

To make yellow varnifh : Take of the yellow colour 10
drachms, 50 drachms of prepared Varnifh, with fome lamp-,
oil.

To make varnifh of a mu{k-colour: Take of the^ed var-
nifh 10 drachms, of the black varnifh 4 drachms 5 mik them
well.

N n n £ 7«

468 M E M O I R S ?/^ /;5(?

I'd fird the exaul ^lantity of Volatile Acid Salts contained
in Acid Spirits by Mr» Homberg. Phil. Tranf. N°. zG%
p. 530.

MHomherg, chemiH: to the Royal, Academy in a difcourfe
• of his obferved, that tho' we have a very fure way ot mea-
furing the quantity of Iblids by balances and ordinary weights,
yet we cannot come to the fame precifion in liquors ^ and much
!efs can we know the precife quantity of the dififerent ingre-
dients in thofe liquors, as what is the quantity of acid volatile
fait contained in acid fpirits 5 and for that purpofe he contrived
a new aricometer, or a meafure of liquors, of which the de-
fcription follows,

A Fig. 22. Plate XIII. is a glafs-bottle like a fmall matrafs,
whofe neck B C is lo fmall, that a drop of water therein takes
up the fpace of five or fix lines; near that neck is a fmall ca-
pillary tube D about fix lines long, and parallel to the neck
BC3 in the opening, B is a little dilated in fafhion of a fun-
nel, for pouring the liquors the more eafily into the bottle,
and the fmall tube D is in order to give egrefs to the air con-
tained in that veffel when the liquor is poured in at B5
the point C is a little mark at the fame height with the
extremity of the fmall tube Dj when the veflel is filled with
fome liquor for the experiments, it is poured in by'theopening
B, untill it comes out by the fmall tube D, and if the height
of the liquor is even with the mark G, it is well 5 if lower,
you muft fill more to that point 5 and if the liquor is higher,
you muft flrike foftly upon the opening B, till the overplus be
even with the point C in the neck of the bottle; by that means
we have always exacl:ly the fame volume of liquor, and we
may know how much the fame volume of the feveral liquors
precifely weighs, the one more than the other; but as the vo-
lume of liquors is not always the fame, and changes according
to the alteration of the weather, we mull confider this varia-
tion in the experiments made at feveral times, when we com-
pare the weight of a liquor weighed in the fummer time,
with the weight of another weighed in winter; for the lame
liquor being more rarefied in a hot, and more condenfed in a
cold fcafon, the fame volume of it will be more weighty in
cold than in warm weather ; for this purpofe M. Homberg has
given a table of the various weights of the moA ufual liquors
in the coldcft and hottell fcafon, as follows.

The

Royal

SOCIETV;

^69

S 3^^.

5 5gr.

The areometer full of mercury 7 ^ ^' ^ -^ ^^^^^^,5
in the fummer rime S ^

II 0 32

Full of oil of tartar — —

I 3 8 ^ --

I 3 31

Spirit of urine — — —

I o 32 — '

I 0 45

Oil of vitriol — — - —

I 3 58

^ 6 5

Spirit of nitre — — —

I I 40 — -^

1 I 70

Aquafortis — — — —

I I 58 — —

I I 55

Vinegar — — — —

0 7 55 *-- —

0 -] 60

Spirit of wine — — —

0 <J 47 — —

0 6 61.

River-water — i — — —

0 7 55 — —

0 7 57

Diftilled water — — —

0 7 50 — —

0 7 54

This empty araeometer, weighs one drachm, and twenty
eight grains.

'By this table it appears that all liquors, and even mer-
cury itfelf, are condenfed and rarified in cold and hot wea-
ther.

M. Homherg fays, that acid fpirits are no other than a fait
diffolved by a little water, its tafte as well as its effefls /hew-
ing It to be an acid; he calls it volatile, becaufe it is raifed by
the fire with the phlegm, and can hardly be feparated from it
and reduced into a dry form 5 he has /hevyn the way to know
the quantity of fait contained in a determined quantity of acid
fpirit^ viz. by comparing the weight of its volume, with the
weight of another fpirir, of which the quantity of fait contain-
ed therein was known 5 firft, he poured upon an ounce of fait
of tartar well dried, as much acid fpirit (the volatile fait
therein contained being known ) as the fait of tartar could take
up, then he evaporated all the infipid phlegm out of this, and
he weighed the matter 9 the quantity of irs weight, above
that of the fait of tartar before faturation, is the quantity
of volatile acid fait, which has been taken up by the ounce
of the fak of tartar ; here is the table of the quantity of acid
neceffary to the perfefl impregnation of the fait of tartar; and
by the fame means the table of the quantity of acid volatile
fait, contained in an ounce of feveral acid fpirits ; for the per-
fect impregnation of one ounce of fait of tartar, there was
poured upon it one ounce, two drachms, ^6 grains of the
Ipirit of nitre ; the weight of that fait after the evaporation of
the infipid phlegm was encreafed to 3 drachrns 10 grains above
an ounce; that mcreafe from the acid remaining in the laltof
tartar, lliews that an ounce of fpirit of nitre contains two

drachms

470 M E M O I R S of fh^

drachms i8 grains of acid fait 5 fo for the impregnation of an
ounce of fair of tartar, there was poured upon it two ounces
five drachms cf fpirit of fait 5 and the increafe after the eva-
poration has been found three drachms 14 grains 5 and there-
fore an ounce of fpirit of fait contains one drachm 1 5 grains of
acid fait : Upon an ounce of fait of tartar was poured five
drachms of the oil of vitriol ; the increafe was found three
drachms five grains j therefore an ounce of oil of vitriol contains
three drachms 6^ grains of acid lalt; Upon an ounce of fait
of tartar was poured of Aquafortis an ounce two drachms 30
grains; the increafe was found three drachms fix grains^ there-
fore an ounce of Aqua fort is contains two drachms z6 grains
of acid fait: Upon an ounce of fait of tartar was -poured dif-
tilled vinegar 14 drachms, the increafe was found three drachms,
5(J grains, therefore an ounce of diftilled vinegar contains 18
grains of acid fait : It appears by this table, that the quantity
of acid fait for faturating the fait of tartar is nearly the fame,
tho' the quantity of acid liquors Hiould be very different 5 it
is only the acid of vinegar, whereof the fait of tartar retains
more than it does of the others,^ which M. Romberg attributes
to the fubtilty of the particles of the vegetable acid, that
have been very much divided by the alterations in the fermen-
tation of the liquors of the plants, ^c, of the wine, and alfo
in the diftillation, which alterations the mineral acid has not
received j that the vegetable acid by its fubtilty of particles can
impregnate a greater quantity of liquor, than the fame quan-
tity of mineral acid, and fo is more eafily fublimed by the fire
than the others.

By thefe obfervations M. Homberg makes the reafon of fomc
cafes evident, which would otherwife be difficult to be ex-
plained without them; as it is well known that one ounce of
^qna Regia compounded with the fpirit of nitre and ar-
moniac-lalt diffolves twice more gold, than an ounce of the
fpirit of fait can do ; chemifts afcribe that effedl: to the foftnefs
of the points of one acid, and to the hardnefs of thofe of the
other; when thele obfervations (hew evidently that the fpirit of
riitre contains twice more acid fait, than the little volume of
fpirit of fait, and point out at the fame time the true caufe of
this effeifl : M. Homberg alfo (hew'd how that by comparing thefe
two tables we may know the quantity of acid fait contained in
any acid fpirir, in the following manner ; he took an acid fpirit,
as fpirit of nitre, which he weighed by his arccometer, and at
the fame time he weighed alfo diftilled water (for the weight

of

A

Royal Society. 47,

of the phlegm contained in the acid fpirit, is as the weight of the
diftilled water ) then he confultcd the tables, where he fayv
that the bulk of fpirit of nitre compared with the like bulk of
diftilled water, has given a certain quantity of acid fak for
each ounces and from thence he concludes, that the bulk of
other fpirit of nitre whofe weight is known, compared with the
like bulk of water, will give a determined quantity of acid
fait, which will be obtained by the computation of the ratio of
the weight of thofe fpirits with the weight of the like bulk of
diftilled water, by concluding from them and from the known
produ6l of acid lalt for the unknown product of the fame.

An unufal Parhelion ani Halo hy Mr. Gray. Phil. TranC
K° 2(52. p. 535.

PRIL 7. 1(^99. between 4 and 5 o'clock Mr. Gray oh*
fervedoneach fide the fun A Plate XIII. Fig. 23. a 'Parhe*
lion B C connected by an Halo BDG of the ufual diameter -
they had each of them a tail of a whitilli colour, extendeiJ
oppofite to the fun, of about 15 or 20 degrees in length j the
upper part of the Halo was touched at J) by the arch of a cir-
cle, whofe ends were turned towards the Zenith Z ^ it had
the colours of the iris but faintly ; betwixt this and the Ze^
nith was another portion of a circle E, which had the colours
of the iris more lively than the former.

A Journal kept from Scotland to Darien /;/ New Caledonia,
'with an Account of that Country 5 by 2)r. ^Yallace. PhiL
Tranf. N''. 2(J2. p. 53<5.

C* E\P7*.z. 1^99, we weighed at Madera and v/ere under the
*^ "Tropic o^ Cancer by the loth, when the ufual ceremony of
ducking from the yard's arm was performed on fuch as could
not pay their "Tropic botile 3 all this time we had a brifk and
conftant trade-wind, which lafted three days more 3 but after-
terwards we had it more variable than is ufuil in that part of
the fea : The 28th we made T>efeada, a fmall high ifland,
about a league in length, and as much in breadth 5 it is full of
trees, but whether it affords water or not we know not- it is
uninhabited; next morning we were betwixt the iflands of
Antegoa and Montferat belonging to the Englifjj, both pretty-
large and mountainous; Antegoa is peopled with Englifl) for
the moil parr, and Montferat with a mixture of Englifi and
Irijh-^ their producl is fugar and tobacco; we were in the af-
ternoon clofe hyRedonda, a fmall rock about a mile long, inha-
bited

472 MEMOIRS?/ the

bited only by noddies and boobies; when we were fome leagues
from Redofida, we law at the lame time Antegoa, Momjerat^
Redonda, NeviSy St. Crifiophefs and Statia ; we failed clofe
by NevlSj it bearing north of us^ it is a fmall well-peopled
iflandj its proclu61: is fugar- St. Cbriftopber\ is a large
ifland, thinly peopled, half of it belonging to the Englijhy
and half to the French-^ night parted us from thele iflands,
and next day, which was the 90th, we came within fight of
Santa Cruz^ belonging to the Spaniards j when we were within
four leagues of it^ there was held a council 5 upon which the
Unicorn and SnoiJi\ were fent to St. ^homas^ a fmall ifland
belonging to the 'Danes 5 it is a free port, and they fay it is well
fortified 3 we went on to the fouthward of that ifland j and next
day being the ill oF O^ober^ we pad the S. W. corner about
1 2 o*clock j it is very level towards the fouth 3 that night and
next day we ^x^ Crab Ifland, OBober 2. we came to it, and fent
fome of our people afliore, and took poffeffion of it in the Com-
pany's name 3 O^iober 4.. we flood to the leeward, hearing there
was a harbour there 3 when we came we law the iDanifi colours
on the Ihore, for the governor of St, 'Thomas had fent 14 men and
a captain to take pofleflion of it in the king of IJenmark's name 3
but we found that we had taken pofleflion of the place before
they came from St. Thomas 3 they entered their proteft 5 yet
feemed to be glad enough of our neighbourhood 3 we notwirh-
llanding had our flag upon the fhore all the time we flayed with
ICO menand cnptain A'lac lean gov cvnor ^ on the 8th we left this
place, and on the 17 th we made Noftra Signiora delta ^opa^ we
lay afide there along the coaft, untfl the 9d of November^ gene-
rally lofing by night, what we had gained by day 3 Crab Jjknd
is about 6 leagues long, and in Ibme places 5 broad, the loil is
very good 3 it abounds in woods 3 the fouth fide is full of bays,
very fit for anchoring in, but the beft of all is that to the leeward,
where the Danes hoifted their colours 3 it would have been worth
our while to poflels it 3 but it has this inconveniency, that nothing
but ftrength of men or peace with our neighbours, could render
it fecure 3 it is called Crab Ifland^ from the number of land-
crabs therein: November 5d, we anchored before Golden Jfland
atid lent in our pinnace to the bay 3 the natives had hoift:ed a white
flag as a token of peace, and 'told us a great deal of captain
Swan^ captain Davis and others, taking us for Englipy by rea-
Ibn of our red flag 3 at laft they ailed us ourbufinels, and we told
them we defigned to iettle amongft them, and be their friends;
they told us we were very welcome 3 when we had converfed

for

Royal Society. 47^

for fome time with them, and viewed the harbour we came a-
board : The 4th we came into the great harbour of Caledonia^
which is a very good one, being about a league in length from
N. W. to S. E. about half a mile broad at the mouth 5 and fur-
ther on, a mile or more in ibme places j it is large enough to con-
tain 500 fail of /liips^ the greateft part of it is land locked, ib
that it is fafe from any wind that blows 5 the harbour and the fea
make the land lying between them a ^Peninfula , there is a point
of the Penlnfula at the mouth of the harbour, that might be
fortified againft a whole fleets it fecures the harbour, io that no
/hip can enter but what will be within reach of its guns ; it alfo
defends half the 'Peninfula ; no guns from the other fide of the
harbour can hurt it, nor dare any fhip carrying guns enter for the
breaft-work at the point j the other fide o^ the Peninfula is either
a precipice, or defended againft fliips by fhoals and breaches, ib
that there is only the narrow neck which is not fortified by na-
ture 5 yet it maybe fortified by art, and made impregnable- and
there is land enough within it, if it were all cultivated, that
might yield 1000 hogflieads of fugar every year^ the foil is rich,
the air good and temperate, the water Iweet, and every thinw
contributes to make it both healthful and convenient 5 in thehar^
hour and creeks hereabouts, are turtles, manatees, and a vaft va-
riety of very good imall fifh, from the bignefs of a falmon to that
of a perch ; the land affords monkeys of different forts, as alio
wild deer, Indian rabbits, wild hogs, parrots of feveral kinds,
paroqueets, macaws, pelicans and a hundred more we have no
name for; befides, there are land-crabs, fouldiers, land-turtles,
lizzards, guanha's, cock-lizzards, and fcorpions, partridges, phea-
fants and a fort of turkey; all the birds in this country are beau-
tiful, but none that we could obferve had any notes; we have a
monkey on board that chirps like a lark, but will never be big-
ger than a rat ; this place affords vaft numbers of monftrous
plants, fome of their leaves exceeding three ells irt length, and at
the fame time very broad; befides thele, which are reducible to
no tribe, there are a great many of the European fpecies (but
ftill have fomething odd about them) as Lingua rem;?^ of diffe-
rent forts, Filix or fern of different kinds, ^olypodium, leveral
of the Tlantee papilionace<e, mufci, fungi^ convohuli, and a
great many more.

The people are generally very civil and fagacious, have all of

them good features, are of a low ftature, but very well built;

they are of a copper-colour and have black hair; they ufed to go

naked, but are now as well cloathed as we are, they wear a plate of

Vol. III. Ooo gold

474 MEUOlRSofthe

gold in their nofe, and ievcral rows of beads about their necks
and wrifts ; rhey cover their ^uderJa with a piece of bark or
fometimes filver, they feem to be very ill provided, not having a
\Perils half an inch long, yet no doubt it is longer, for perhaps
they may fheath it up as dog's and horles do : The women are
generally the moft pitiful creatures a man ever law ^ their habit
differs from the men's ^ they ordinarily wear a ring in their nofe 5
they have petticoats, and wear a veil over their face: This people
is under no formal government; every captain commands his own
river, bay, or ifland where he lives; the mioft confiderable of
which is one Captain Ambrofio^ he commands the country parti-
cularly about the Samhalloh 'Pointy and when he pleafes, he can
levy all the men about 20 leagues, betwixt that and the gulf;
there is another Captain Pedro, that lives in the fame houfe with
^mbrofiOy and is his nephew and 16n-in-law ; one Captain jin-
eJr^^5 commands the river iDas Armas j another Captain li randy
commands about the Golden Ifland -^ a 5 th Captain Andreas
commands the country adjoining to our fettlement, and a 6th Cap-
tain Pedro is his collegue; one Captain y^i:/^^? commands at C^r-
ret "Bay^ and Captain ijiego commands the gulph : Diego lecms
to be the next confiderable to Amhrofio^ who are both old men 5
they are all very much our friends, and fond of us 5 Ibmeofthefe
captains wear the Scott ijjo flag in their canoes ; there is no fuch
thing as a king or emperor of 'Darien^ nor {o far as we can ga-
ther irom the chief men hereabout, has there been any thefe 40
or 50 years; the old men remember fuch a man, who, they fay,
was a tyrant, would take as many wives as he pleafed, and allow
them but one, and therefore they cut him off; this derogates much
from the reputation of the hillory of the buccaneers ; if there
■was fuch an emperor among them, he was an Indianm^de fo by
$hemlelves.

This country certainly affords gold enough; for befides that
the natives conftantly affure us, that they know feveral gold-
mines 'pn this fide; the plates they wear in their noles and the
quantity of other gold they have among them, is enough to con^
vince any man of the truth thereof; there were aboard here one
night fome Indians that had an ico ounces of gold about them;
our circumftances are very good in fome refpeSs; for we have
advice by the way of Portobello^ that there is a great rebellion in
jlfexico, and Captain jDkgo and all the Indians about him are at
w^ir with the Spaniards j Captain Ambrofio is going to his affif-
tince, v.'hich will divert them on that fide, but what is beft of
^'.1, we arc now in a pofture of defence againft all the ^S^^;;//:?^

forces

Royal Society. 47^

forces in Ammcn : We have already leen Dutch, French, and
JBngUfiy all at the fanrie time in our harbour, who all wondered
what the reft of the world have been doing, to fuffer us to come
to the beft harbour in America ^ captain Long came in 8 days
after, to whom we believe we were a great eye-fore, tho' he faid
nothing; he commanded the Rupert 'Prize, a fmall Englijh
man of war fitted out by the king, but upon what defign weknow
not 5 only that he pretends it was to fearch for a filver- wreck 5
he was a month on this coaft before he founded it ; he converied
with the natives and put men afliore in fome places to take pof-
leffion for the king of Great 'Britain, but none within 15 leagues
of us ; having learned from the natives that we were here, he
came in his long-boat, as he laid, to lee us, but we believe it was
only to know the certainty of what he feared was too true : He
had told all the Indian captains, that he came only to try their
inclinations, and that there was a large fleet coming with a great
many people to fettle amongft them and defend them againft
their enemies, he meant Englip that were to come by his direc-
tion, but our fleet coming withm a month after, they all looked
upon us to be the people the captain fpoke of3 lb that whatever
prel'ents he made them before that time, were as much for our
advantage as if we ourfelves had given them.

A Polypus of the Lungs 5 by M. Buffiere. Phil. Tranf.
N°2(J9. p. 545.

A Boy 5 years of age, died at Kenfijgtoi-: of a confumption 5
a year before he died he was troubled with a dry cough,
which continued ever after, fpitting now and then a little blood j
10 or I z days before he died, his nurie took notice of Ibme thick,
skin, as (lie laid, he fpit out; his phyfician having examined one
of them, found it had the confidence and fliape of a velTel, which
made him think it might perhaps be Ibme vefTel of the lungs-
the child being dead, he opened his body, and found the Omentum
quite deftitute of fat, as were allb all the other parts, and the
glands of the mefentery were hardened and blackifh; in the left
fide of the lungs he found a little purulent Sanies j the infide of
xkitT'racheaox wind-pipe was incruftated with a flimy mem-
brane, inlbmuch that that pellicle made a perfect vefTel from the
larynx to the very extremity of the Bronchicf, from which it
eafily came off without breaking either the trunk or branches :
The Dr. obferved that it adhered to the inner coat of the 7r/?r/&6'<^,
only by Ibme fmall filaments, which were lb tender as to be eafily
broken off, which made the Dr. think that the production oi

O o o a that

476 MEM O I R S of the

that extraordinary veffel, was nothing but the mucilaginous hu-
mour, which is continually dilcharged by the glands of the
Trachea ^ and being grown more clammy by the diftemper, was
reduced to a kind of "jelly by the drynels of the air, whereby not
being able to Ipit it out, it incruftated the infide of the Trachea
and "BronchitG^ and growing thicker, was at laft fhaken off by
the violent fit of coughing the child was fometimes taken with,
and then it was again renewed by the fucceeding Mucus ; this new
veflel would not diflblve in hot watery the veflels of the lungs,
that h^ the Trachea and Sronchia^i the pulmonary arteries and
veins were all found and entire.

"The Circulation and Globules of Sloodin Butts 5 by M. Lee-
wenhoeck. Phil. Tranl! N^ 2^3. p. 552.

MZee-it'enhoeck having feveral times examined butts, fome of
which, bating the tail, was but an inch long with a mag*
nifying-glafii, in order to fee the circulation of the blood, and the
variety of its motion f he again confidered thole little particles
which conAitute the blood of a red colour, which he formerly
aflerted to be flat and oval ^ the greateft motion of the blood
oblervable thro' the fins, was on each fide of the various little
fingle bones placed therein, where the blood-veflels werefo large,
that 2 5 of the abovementioned particles could pais a-breaft, but
difappeared as they drew nearer to the extremity of the fins, fmall
veflels being all along detached from the arteries 5 on one fide
of a little bone runs an artery, and on the other a vein,
correfponding thereto ; and befides, he obferved a vein and
an artery lying fo dole together, as if their coats had been
united 5 from the abovementioned artery there arofc fmaller
veflels a-crois the membrane between the little bones, and
after they had run out the breadth of three or four hairs,
they united again into one vein 5 thefe fmall veflels re-
ceive about two or three particles of the blood at once, efpe-
cially if the fi/h lies ftill 5 and confequently its little bones clofe
to each other, when it exercifes its fins in fwimming, the dif-
tance between the little bones is enlarged, the interjacent
membranes llretched out, and the blood-vcflels that run a-crofs
them, efpecially thofe in the tall-fin, are drawn out fo, as to
be twice as long as before 5 M. Zeeivenhocck finding it eafy to
extend the tail-fin, he accordingly flretched it to a breadth
equal to what the filh gives it in Iwimming, in order to obfervd
the motion of the blood in the thus extended veflels 5 he
found, that whereas, when the fifh did not move, the fmall

veflels

Royal Society. 477

velTels received two or three particles inabreaft; the fame
vcflels now ftrerched out with the tail-fin which they run
a-crofs, did not only admit no more than one particle, but like-
wife thefe particles did not move fo fall as in the veflels when
not extended 5 and in fbme places thefe particles were at fuch
a diftance, that one or two more might lie in the intervals j in
this obfervation he could not find that the particles were per-
fe6lly oval, but met with them fometimes round, and fome-
times of a fhapelefs figure 5 the cccafion of which, M. Lee-
'wenhoeck takes to be this $ the little veflels being ftrerched to
an unufual length, become narrower and conlequently the par-
ticles contained therein being very pliant, are prefTed and
fqueezed out of their circular form 5 for further fatisfadlion,
he cut off a piece of the tail from leveral little butts, in order
to view the blood out of the veiTels, not being fatisfied that
the particles in the blood of fifhes were naturally oval, but
that in their perfeiSl ftate they came nearer to a round than an
oval form 5 proceeding upon this pofition, that the particles o£
the blood of fifhes confift of fix fmall globular bodies as well
as thofe of men and other animals 5 having obferved feveral
particles broken into four, five and fome into fix pieces; and
what was very remarkable was, that particles, which were
oval, and of other figures became roundifh, and at lall per-
fectly round ; to trace the matter further, he took the blood
running from a lire falmon, when cut in pieces, and put it
into a glafs-tube no larger than a fmall quill; in a fhorc time
the blood in the tube congealed, but when it become partly-
fluid again, he put it into a fmaller glafs-tube, and having
placed it before his eye, the particles being in motion, fome
of them appeared of a flat oval figure, and others, which
prefented themfelves to the eye fide-ways, feemed a little
thick, and thofe whofe fide did not direflly face the eye.,
feemed a little broader, without the lead appearance of any
globular form; the blood of a falmon appears blackifh, by
realbn of a greater number than ordinary of red particles ^
M. Lee-wenhoeck put fome of the fame blood upon a very clean
glafs, and where the particles lay thin, he perceived them
oval, nay in feveral ovals he defcricd globules, and in fome ^e^-^
fix globules ; where thefe little globular bodies were crowded
upon one another, the particles of the blood were congealed
together, lo that no ovals could be difcerned; nay, the par-
ticles feemed to be huddled up together, fo as that fix of fhcni
had made a compound body: M. Lecivenhoeck^'cnxms, that he

has

478 M E M O I R S e/^ the

has ieen the blood circulate in veflels fo fmall, that if a par-
ticle of land was divided in looocoo parts, one of thefe parts
could not pals thro' the blood-veflcl, tho* fuppofed as pliable
as a particle of blood : He tried all poflible means to difcover
the oval particles of blood, when it circulates freely in the
veins ; and for that end he pitched upon the fmallefl: blood-
vefTels, but notwithftanding the niceft enquiry he could make,
he could not be fatisfied upon that point 5 for Ibmetimes he
met with an obfcure dark particle, and fometimes with a much
clearer one 5 and when he call his eye upon the fmallefl vefifels
in which the blood did not move, and feveral vefTels that he
difcovercd upon the extremity of the fin, the particles were
quite deilroyed, fo that he faw nothing but a fimple llagnating
liquor, a little tinflured with a bilious colour.

Plate XIII. Fig. 24. A B CD reprefents the oval particles of
a falmon, that weighed above 90 pounds 5 A B reprefents the
particles that appeared flat and broad, but did not face the eye
direflly; thofe about C came ftreight upon the eye, and for
the moll part had a little clear fort of a light in the middle,
larger infome than in others; thefe panicles are heavier than
the ierous liquor, in which they fwim, and which together
with the particles conftitutes the blood.

M. Lee-wenhoeck likewife put upon a magnify ing-glafs the
blood of a very Imall buttj which was not mixed with any
liquor 3 only the particles lay in their Serum^ which are repre*
fented Fig. 25. between £ and F.

Thefe particles, which are diflinguifhed by little fliining
fpots in the middle, are delineated Plate XIIL Fig. %6 between
G and H: Moreover M. Lee-i^^enboeck put the blood palled
upon a glafs to a greater magnifying-glals, the thinner moiflure
arifing from the ferous matter, and the oval-like blood being
exhaled 3 lb thatfome fmall oval particles were to be feen, that
were fo far from running into each other, that they did not
touch, and plainly fhcwed that they confilled of C\x little glo-
bular particles reprefented in Fig. 27 between I and K.

In pariuance of this new obfervation, M. Lee-wenhoeck
viewed the circulation of the blood with glalTes that magni-
fied Hill more than any he had hitherto ufcd, and fo he plainly
made out the oval particles, now the greater jhe magnifying
glals is, the fwifter does the circulation of the blood appear in
the veflcls ; and having retarded this motion, he employed
two or three feconds of time in obferving the little veins ; and
he found that in feveral fmall vcffels the oval particles were

broke

Royal Societv. 47p

broke fo, that he could neither fee them nor thofe, of which
fix conftitured a particle of blood, but only a fimple fluid of a
faint colour running along the veflels^ but in a large artery at
the tail, the blood moved fo llowly, that he could eafily dif-
cern the particles were oval ; nay not only lo, but he likewife
perceived more clearly than before, the globules that confti-
tute the oval particles, if not always, yet at leaft for the moft
part: For it is eafy to conceive how fix little globules, which
are pliant, always in motion, and driven one upon the other
fhould unite in the fafliion of a bowl ^ thus Plate Xllf Fig. 28,
reprefents the firft coalition of the fix little globules into one :
M. Leeyoenhoeck made upfuch a globe as the hift figure repre-
fents of fix wax balls put together, to fhew the' form and
compofition of the little globular particles of the blood ; and
befides, he is perfuaded that each of thefe little globules of
blood is at leaft compounded of fix and thirty others ; thefe
little balls being moved, and Iqueezed together, and being
at the fame time pliant, and compacted into one compleat
round form, are reprefented Fig. 29.

From fuch a fcheme we may conceive how the globular
parts of men's blood, and other animals acquire a roundnefs •
but how the oval particles are compounded of fix globules is
not fo eafy to apprehend 5 and fhould we divide one of thefe
globules by our imagination into fmaller and fmaller parts,
the little particles that enter into the compofition will flill be
inconceivably fmaller , yet fuppofing we could dilcover the
figure and ihape of parts lefs than a globule of blood by a
1000,000,000, M. Leeiscenhoeck thinks v^e would ft'lll be far
from reaching the firft conftituent parts : As he afferted above,
that the particles of blood are by a prefTure disjoined and uni-
ted with the fluid matter in which they move, fo that the
whole appears as a fimple fluid liquor 5 in like manner we may
eafily imagine, that when a horfe ftrains, and compreffes his
breaft in drawing a heavy load, the globules of blood are dif-
folved in the midft of the velTels, where the greateft prefTure
is, and are as it were confounded and united with the Serum:
M. Leewenhoeck thinks, that perhaps the diffolved particles,
when freed from the abovementioned prefTure, may return to
their former figure 5 juft as when a piece of fat is laid in fuch
a heat, that its particles, which nearly refemble the globules
of the blood, are difTobed by the fire, and turn into a clear
cryftalline hquor, vifible by a magnifying-glafs ; and as foon
as the melting heat is gone from the fat, it prefently returns to

its

480 M E M O I R S of tbe

its former globular parts; and this will happen whenever it is
cold again, tho' melted ten times or oftner.

That venous blood may become arterious without being firft
in the heart, appears by the following experiment ^ fuppofe
A B in Fig. 30. to be a vein, in which the blood looked
upon thro' a magnifying-glafs, pafles with great celerity from
h to A; from this vein run two fmall branches G and D,
which unite between E and Fj now luppofing HI to be an
artery, in which the blood moves upwards with equal fwift-
ncfs from H to 1 5 out of HI arifes a venous Ipring deli-
neated in K F L 5 the blood moving from K to F joins the other
in F j and by this means part of the blood coming from the
artery is thrown into the vein, as paffing from F to G j and
to the bell of M. Zeewefiboeck's obfervation, a quantity of
blood jult equal to that carried from K F to G, moves from
C £ to F, and directs its courfe upwards from F to L 5 fo that
whatever arterious blood pafles thro' F K and F G, an equal
quantity of venous blood returns thro' C£ and FL: I'ho*
the agreeable variety of the blood's motion was formerly
apparent 5 yet this experiment afforded M. Lee'iJCenhoeck a very
clear perception of the above-mentioned variety 5 and befides,
this union of the blood-veffels was not formerly difcovered.

M. Leeivenhoeck viewed the feed of two cocks that were not
yet arrived to their full growth, in order to trace, as much as
poffible, the length and lingular narrownefs of the tails of the
little animals in the male feed^ but he could not compafs his
end, tho' he tried them fometimes living and fometimes dead 5
however he is certain, that the lead of the tails of thofe ani-
mals is more than loooo times lels than a hair upon his hand 5
tho' he cannot fay that he faw it diltindly.

Roman Antiquities in Lincoln/hire; hy 3/r. Abraham de la
Pryme. Phil. Tranf. N° 2^3. p. 561.

MK.de la 'Pryme obferved feveral Roman ways in Lincoln-
fiirey but none more remarkable than that commonly
called High-Street, which he thinks runs almoft directly in a
ftraight line from Lincoln to Humber-fide-^ this ftreet is caft up
on both fides with incredible labour to a great height, and dil-
continued in many places, and then begun again, and fo on to
the Humbei"^ he obferved, where it runs over bare mould and
plain heath, that there itconfifls of nothing but earth thrown up,
but where it comes to run thro' woods, there it is not only raifed
with earth, but aUb paved with great flones fet edge-wife, fo

very

Royal Society; 481

very clofe to each other, that the roots of the trees, that had
been cut down to make way for the fame, might not fpring up
again and blind the road 5 this paved caufeway is Itill very
ftrong, firm, and vifible in many places ot this ftreet, where
woods are ftill ftanding on both fides, as undoubtedly they
were in the time of the Romans, clfe it had not been paved j
and in other places it is paved, where nothing of any wood is
now to be feen, tho' undoubtedly there was, when it was
made 5 in one place he nieafured the breadth of the faid paved
ftreet, and he found it juft feven yards broad, Englifij mea-
fure : This ftreet or caufeway in its courfe full north as afore-
faid, runs by the fields of Hubberftone , which perhaps fignifies
the place, where the 'Danijh General Hubbn was buried} in
which fields, not far from this ftreet, is the foundation of many
Roman buildings to be feen, as is manifeft from the tiles found
there, and according to tradition, there has been a city and
caftle in that place ^ and there are two fprings, the one called
Julian's ftony well, and the other Caftkton well 5 and feveral
old Roman coins are now and then found there 5 this might
poffibly be fome little old Roman town by the high-way
fide, and was perhaps in after times, before it was ruined,
called Capetown or Cafierton, from its being built upon or
hard by fome of their camps, that might then be in thofe
fields 5 about a mile further to the northward on the weft fide
of the faid ftreet, upon a great plain or fheep-walk, the foun-
dations of another old town are very vifible 5 tho' now there
are neither houfe, ftone, rubbifh, tree, hedge, fence or clofe
to be feen belonging thereto : M. de la "Pryme counted the
Veftigia of the buildings, and found them to amount to about
100 that are ftill vifible; and the number of the ftreets or
lanes are 4 or 5 5 and not far from it northward is a place cal«
led the Kirk-garth, where the church is fuppofed to have
ftood, that belonged to this town; tradition calls this place
Gainfirop, and Vol. 11. Monaft, AngL fhows that there were
lands and tenements herein, given to Newfted "Priory, "ot faf
off from this place, in an illand in the river Jnk, falfely called
Ankham: About a mile or two hence, the ftreet runs thro
Scawby Wood, where it is all paved, and from thence clofe by
Sroughton, by a hill which M. de la Pryme would take to be
a barrow, from which the town had its name , quafi Sarrow-
town^ however he found fragments of Roman tile and bricks
there, befides many petrified ftiell-fifh, feveral of which he
broke, to view their texture, and fee whether he could find
Vol. ill P P P ^°^

482 MEM O IK S of the

one within another ; the caufeway all along paved from thence is
continued about a mile further to the entrance upon I'hornholm^
where there is a place hard by the ftreet called ^ration Graves^
and a little to the eaft near 'Broughton wood-fide, is a Ipring that
turns mols into ilone 5 and a little farther ftand the rums of the
ftately priory of "tjoornhohn^ built by king Stephen 5 oppofite to
this priory, about a quarter of a mile on the weft fide of the
itreet, is a place called Saynon^ from the flying landvS there,
which have over-run above 100 acres of landj amongft thelc
fands there Was in ancient times a great Roman pottery, as
Dr. Lifter has fliewn from the reliques of ruinous furnaces, and
from leveral fragments of Roman urns, and pots ftill to be met
with 3 M. de la 'Pryme alfo found there feveral Roman coins, and
a large piece of brafs was found in the bottom of one of the fur-
naces like a crols, which perhaps was part of a grate, to fet fbme
pots on, while they were baking or drying; returning back to
the ftreet, there are feveral fand -hills fomcwhat like barrows, on
the top of one of which was erected a large flat ftone, now fo far
funk in the ground, that there is not above a foot of it to be
ieen 5 but he could obferve no infcription thereon, tho' undoubt-
edly it was not fet there to no purpole ^ then entering into Apple-
Vy-laney the ftreet leads thro' the weft-end of the town, where
two old Roman games are ftill pra6tiled, tho* very imperfeftly,
the one called jfulianh bower, and the other Trqy's walls 5 from
hence the ftreet runs ftraight on, leaving Ro%hy^ (a little town,
half a mile to the weft) and Wintertony a pretty neat town ; and
then about 5 or 4 miles further, leaving Wintringham about half
a mile to the weft, the faid ftreet falls into the Uumher^ and
there ends, where there has been a town called old Wintringham^
and a fort of a beach for fhips : All this part of the country on
the weft fide of this ftreet, has been formerly poflefled by the
Romans^ as may be gathered from the medals, coins, and feveral
Roman tiles and bricks that are commonly found here, efpecially
at a cliff called Winterton-cliffl where Ibme Roman buildings
have ftood ; and further about two miles more to the weft is
AlkburrO'ii\ which feems to have been a Roman town, not only
from its name, but alfb from a fmall fquare camp or entrenchment
there, on the weft fide of which is a barrow called to this day
Coimtefs-barrow or Count efs-fit^ hollowed in the middle.

In the town of Roizby is a clofe, or garth, where a Roma^i
pavement was difcovered, on the fouth-weft of the church ; the
occafion of its difcovery was this; one Thomas Smith digging to
repair a fence between this dole and another, as loon as he had

dif-

Royal Society. 483

difcovered it, he bared a little thereof, and it lay about a foot
and a half in the ground 5 and upon digging in feveral places,
he found it about d or 7 yards broad, and as many long, if nc^t
more 5 M. dela ^rymey having got a fpade, fhovel, and broom,
fell to work, and with a great deal of trouble (the ground being
very hard) he bared about a yard and a half Iquare, by which
means he caft up feveral pieces of Rjotnan tile, the bone of the
hinder leg of an ox or cow broken in two, and feveral pieces of
plaifter painted red and yellow, which feemed to have been the
cornifh at the foot of fome altar, or elle perhaps of Ibme part of
the buildings and he obferved that feveral large ftones in their
fall (when the building over this pavement was dellroyed) had
broken and lodged themielves in the pavement; then having
fwept the thus cleared fpace very clean, the pavement looked ex-
ceeding beautiful and pretty 5 and one could not imagine, that
fuch mean ftones could make fuch beautiful work ; being nothing
but fmall fquare bits of brick, (late and cauk, fet in curious fi-
gures and good order, and only of three colours, red, blue and
white; feveral whole rows of red, blue and white on the outfide
of the fiTialler work, confifted of pieces twice as long as any of
the reft; the materials that thefe Imall ftones are fet in, is a floor
of lime and fand, and not plaifter, which floor is fo rotten and
decayed with time, that the little ftones, ^c. are eafily dug up.
The whole pavement confifts of circles, quadrangles and feveral
irregular figures, with rows of the aforefaid ftones, red, blue
and white, in fome of thefe circles there were urns; in others
flowers ; and in others again interchangeable knots, according to
the fancy of the workman.

Ohfervations in Italy ; by Dr. Peter Sylvefter. Phil. TranH

N° 2(^4. p. 527.

DR. SyheJJer took notice in the univerfity of Somnta of the
following infcription made in commendation of the famous

D. O. M.

VIRTUTl & famae in asvum manfuras inclyti viri
M. Malpighii, medicinze profeflbris celeberrimi, utraque
artiftarum univerfitas P. anno falutis, 1583.

And a little lower.

Miraris breve lemma ? Nomen ingens ornari negat ; eft fatis
referri; juflumcaetcra tacere marmor j omnis Malpighium loque-
tur *etas.

P p P 2 The

484 MEM O I R S of the

The Dr. made the following obfervations on the 'BronchocekSt
a diftemper very frequent all over Lombardy and Savoy 5 by the
difpofition of this tumor, he is latisfied it has principally its feat
in the GlanduU I'hyroidede^ andfometimestoo, but very leldom,
in the Parotides Conglohatae, which laft he could plainly fee
were noways concerned in the prefent cafe, as he oblerved in fe-
veral Sronchoceks o^ 2i very great bignefs^ he thinks that thefe
tumors (generally attributed to the water the people drink being
melted liiow) proceed from the vifcidity of the Lympha.'^hich
by degrees extends the membranous coats of the glands, and be-
ing there congealed, hardens them to that degree, that an inve-
terate Srow^(7<:^/^ is almofllike a ftone^ but it is difficult to give
a good realbn why thefe fwellings are to be feen no where elfe,
but in thefe glands of the neck ; it is probable that the natural
conformation of the GlanduU Tbyroideae (which being of a har-
der and more folid fubftance than other glands, fooner flop the
vifcid Lympha) is the occaiion of this tumor's always beginning
and fettling there. The Sal Montis Vefuvii is found in pretty
large lumps, after that mount Vefuvius has thrown out vafl
'quantities of afhes 5 the great rains that fall upon thefe afhes
make a fort of lee, which, being lodged in hollow places, arc
evaporated by the heat of the fun, and there remains behind this
urinous fait, whofe tafle is fbmething like fal-armoniac.

At the Sulfatara, between Naples and 'Puzzolo they make
allum in the following manner 5 in the fummer-tirae they gather
as much earth, as they have occafion for, which is in the middle
of a large area, and they keep it in a dry place 5 afterwards
they put it into lead-kettles of a pretty good thicknefs, and pour
rain-water thereon, which is alfo impregnated with the lame
mineral 5 for which purpofe, they take care to dig fome large pits,
to preferve the rain-water, which they convey into a large ciflern
hard by the kettles 3 they take away the earth when the Z/x/-
vium is made, and as it grows llrong by evaporation, they put it
from one kettle into another, till it is fufficiently evaporated j
then they take it out, and convey it into a wooden tub, where
after it has cooled, you lee the allum flick to the fides of
the veffel, in the form of cryflals; but the mofl remarkable
thing is, that thefe kettles are let upon fome of the large Spira-
cula 5 where, without any expence of fuel, only by the violent
heat of thefe Effluvia, the evaporation is conflantly made luffi-
cient for the cryftalization ; all this laboratory, where the ket-
tle, ciflern, and tubs are, is only tied overj the governors of the
great hofpital of the Annunciata^ who have been at the charge of

this

Royal Society. 485

this ingemous contrivance, do make now about 5 or 400 pounds
a year by it^ All iummer long Ibme labourcrrs dig up and down
in feveral places of the lame area, as in a kitclien garden j by
which means they give way to the copious fulphureous fleams
that are within the bowels of this mountain 5 and out of the fu-
perficies of this earth, by means of earthen pots, they fublime
the brimftone ; At the mouth of the largeft Spiracuky where
there is an exceiTive heat, together with a conftant noife and
fmoke, is found a fort of native lal-armoniac 5 itfeemsthe fteams
arife in a liquid form; for if you put in a key, Iword, or any
thing Iblid, thelc Effluvia will flick immediately to it and drf)p
off like water: All this mountain mufl be very full of mineral
fubflances^ for when the Effluvia are lublimed to the top of the
Spiracula^ they are fecn flicking there to tiles or Hones, where
they form this lalt, of which they gather yearly about 200 pound
weighty it has much of the talte of the faflitious fal-armoniac;
and, as an ingenious phyfician told Dr. Sylvefler^ beina diftiljed
inafand furnace, it yields a volatile urinous fpirit, altogether like
fal-armoniac, both as to its lenfible qualities and all other efJefls-
the Dr. only oblerved that the Ipirit had Ibmething alluminoas
in it, to correa which, they add a greater quantity ofquick-lime
or fait of tartar, than in the diflillation of the common Ipirit.

The Catacombs at Rome ; by Mr. James Monro. Phil. Tranf^
N*' 2(^4- p. (^43.

TH E catacombs at Rome are a narrow gallery dua and car-
ried a great way under ground, with a vafl many others
going off from it on all hands, and alfo a vafl many little rooms
going off from the principal and the fecund^ry ones too ^ thofe
of San Sebafliano^ San Lorenzo and Sant Agnefe^ and thole in
the fields a little off from Sant Agnefe are commonly fhevvn
flrangers; they take their names from the churches in their neiah-
bourhood, and feem to divide the circumference of the city with-
out the walls between them, extending their galleries every where
under it, and a vaft way from it, ^o that all the ground under it
and for leveral miles about it, is laid to be hollow : Mr. Monro
faw the catacombs at Naples^ and they fay there are catacombs in
the neighbourhood of all the great towns of that part of Italy •
fome authors will have them made by the primitive Ghriftians *
adding, that in the times of perfecution they lived, held their
affemblies, and laid up the bodies of their martyrs and confef-
fors therein 5 this is the account that prevails at Rorae^ and in
confequence of it men are kept conftantly at work therein 5 as

fbon

486 M E M O I R S 0/ the

fbon as thefe labourers difcover a repofitory, with any of the
marks of a faint about it, intimation is given to the cardinal trea-
furer, who in:imediately lends men of probity and reputation to
the place ; where they find a palm painted or engraved, or the
cypher X p (which is commonly read pro Chrtfto) or a fmall
round projection in the fide of the gallery, a little below the re-
pofitory, what is found within it is carried to the palace j Mr.
Monro law feveral of thefe proje£lions open, with pieces of vials
therein; the glals indeed was tinflured, and it is pretended, that in
thefe vials was preferved the blood of the martyrs, which was
thus laid up near their bodies towards the head, to diftinguifh
them from thofe of others, who were not called to the honour of
laying down their lives for the faith of the gofpel ; after the la-
bourers have furveyed a gallery, they clofe up the entry that leads
thereto 5 {o that moft of them are fhut ; and there are not more
left open, than what is necc{fary to keep up the trade of fhewing
them to ftrangers; but to this opinion it may be juftly excepted,
that allowing the catacombs to be proper for the end for which
they areprefumed to be made, and that the Chriftians of that
age were in a capacity of making that conveniency for themlelves
to live, and affemble in under ground, at a time when it was fo
very unfafe to appear above it 5 yet to fuppofe that a work of
that vaflnefs and importance could be carried on without the
knowledge of the government, is fuppofing the government afleep,
and that that was actually done under its nofe, which mud ne-
ceflarily have alarmed it, had it been attempted even on the fron-
tiers of the empire : Other authors reprefent them as a work of
that vaftnefs, that the Chriftians in the times of perfecution had
not numbers enough to carry it on; but they moft unadvifedly
confound them with the TutkuU in Feftus ^orapeiui ; where, at
the fame time the ancient Romans ufed to^tmr4i their dead bodies,
the cuftom was, to avoid expence, to throw thofe of the flaves to
rot; the Roman chriftians, fay they, obferving at length the great
veneration, that certain places gained by the prefence of reliques,
rcfolved to provide a ftock for themfelves ; therefore entering the
catacombs, they made in fome of them what cyphers, inicriptions,
and painting tHey thought fit, and then fliut them up ; intending
to open them again upon a dream, or fome other important inci-
dent ; the few that were in the fecret of this artifice either dying,
or as the monks, who were the only men, that feem to have
heads adapted to a thought of this nature, were liibjeft to feveral
removes, being tranfported to other places, the contrivance came
to be forgotten 5 and thofe galleries continued ihut, till chance

the

Royal Society. 487

iKe parent often of great dilcovcries, opened them at laftj thus
they conclude, that the remains of the vileft part of mankind arc
trump'd upon the church, for the bodies of the moft eminent
confeflbrs and martyrs : But furely, either the catacombs are not
that great work they are reprefented to be, nor to be found every
where about the city, or it was very improper in Fcflus Tom-
petiis to call them by the diminitive name of 'Puticuli^ and
confine them only to one place, which is now unknown, with-
out the Efquiline-Gate: TuticuU are holes or pits dug per-
pendicular m the ground, therein to throw bodies indifferently,
and without any decency 5 and this was the conduct of the
ancient Romans^ with refpe£l to their flaves, as implying (im-
plicity, and a care to avoid greater expence ; after the fame
manner when the perfecutors fpilt the blood of fo many mar-
tyrs, they ufed to dig holes perpendicularly in the ground,
and therein throw the bodies promifcuoufly 5 and of this the
memory is ftill prefcrved, churches having been built in the
places where the pits were made, and little monuments creeled
over the pits themfelves, to which the name of Tutei is conti-
nued to this day 5 but what is all this to the catacombs, where
repofitories are cut, in the fides of a long gallery, one over
another, fometimes to the number of feven, in which bodies
were fingly laid and handfomely clofed up again, fo that
nothing could be obferved by thofe who went in, efpecially the
little rooms, in the fafhion of chappels, that have all the ap-
pearance of being the fepulchres of perfons of diftinflion, and
if they were kept in better repair, would be, without dif-
pute, the nobleft burying-places this day in the world.

Mr. Monro thinks they were made for this end by the anci-
ent Roman Sy in confequence of thofe two opinions 3 ojiz. that
the fhades hate the light, and love to hover about the place
where the bodies are laid 3 they appear fo eafy and decent a
refting-place for the one, without the leaft fear of being ever
difturbed, and at the fame time there is provided a noble and
vaft conveniency, full of variety for the others, to fblace them-
felves freely and with pleafure therein 5 and he thinks it will
not be denied, that laying up dead bodies in caves was the ori-
ginal way of difpofing of them; this was the manner of the
Phoenicians ^ and as they with their colonies peopled the wef-
tern parts of the world, it is more than probable, they carried
it along with them, whitherloever they came; afterwards, as
men grew great and powerful, they erefted noble and magni-
ficent monuments for themfelves above ground; at length

others

488 M E M O I R S ?/^ //&(?

others of inferior rank imitated them, leaving room enough
and excluding the light- but then interring, as now pra».^ifed
in the open air and in temples, was never the manner 'till
chriftianity introduced it^ of the whole we have many inftan-
ces, and 7/ Signor Abbate 'Bencini^ Sibliotbecary of the 'JPro-
pagmulay afTured Mr. Monro in the converiation he had with
him on this argument, that on the great roads in mofi: parts of
Italy little catacombs have been, and are ftill found under
ground; and that it was. the culfom to build little houfes over
them 5 and as to the marks of a martyr, he added that they do
not conclude much, and that the fo much famed cypher XP
was in ufe amongft the ancients long before Chrilf ianity, and that
it was the two Greek letters XP, under which fomethmg myf-
tical was comprehended; but that he met with no author that
gave any account what the myflery was : This thought feems
to be very natural, as arifing from the iole theory of the place,
and falls in fo appofirely with the religion and pradice of the
ancients, among whom the iJii Manes were the tutelary gods of
the country ; and D. M. at the head of an infcription argues that
the moles, the fepulchre, the monument, ^c. was in the pri-
mary intention made for and dedicated to the foul ; upon the
fame maxims, when a hero died or was killed in foreign expe-
ditions, as the body was liable to a quick corruption, and for
that reafon unfit to be tranfported entire, they fell on the ex-
pedient of burning, in order to bring home the afhes, to
oblige the Manes to follow, that fo the country might not be
deprived of the benefit of its tutelage ; this Mr. Monro thinks
was the original of burning, which by degrees became more
and more univerfal, till at laft the pomp and magnificence of
it reconciled it to all that were able to go the length of the
expence : As for the prejudice of the filence of ancient authors
in this matter, it is eafily removed, and to be regretted at the
fame rime that the authors of all ages too much negle6t the
cuftoms of their own times; by thefe means the ancient cuf-
toms, with the time and realons of their difufc are entirely
loft.

Upon the whole, Mr. Afonro thinks, that the catacombs were
the b^arying-places of the ancient Romans ^ at length the man-
ner of burning, which they received from the Grecians, com'w.g
by degrees to' prevail univerfally, they fell under a total neg-
lect; this is the flare in which the primitive Chridians muft be
fuppofed to have found them; and therefore they laid up the
bodies of their dead here; and perhaps when the perfecution

was

Royal Society. 489

was hot, concealed themfelves, and kept little feparate aflem-
blies in thefe chambers 5 atlaft, the empire becoming chriftian,
they fell again into the old (late of negle6t, in which they con-
tinued, until they came to be looked and fearched into.

"The Libella, hy M. Poupart. Phil. Tranf. N'' 16 y p. (J) 5.

TH E Libella is a flying infedl called in France Demoi-
felle, from the variety of its colours, tranfparency of
its wings, and its ftately nighty they alfo call it "Pearls
from the figure of its head, or rather from the roundnefs
and colour of its eyes ; it is divided from fpace to fpace
into rings, by means of which it compofes angles with
its body whofe lines it can make longer or Ihorter, as it finds
occafion : Thefe different fcdions ferve to the motion of
this infeft, as we know the tail doth in birds 5 and as they
are lengthened or contracted, they convey themfelves at plea-
fure, the point or centre being fix'd between their wings:
All modern naturalifts know, that the greater fort of Libell<e
are generated under water, being wrapt up in a membrane
which at length diflblves : When the young Libella is ready
to quit its cafe, it dilates its belly, that the water may enter
at the ^;;//5 into the inteftines; then it comprefTes itlelf, in
order to make this water circulate, which it expels and fhoots
out a great way ; it receives more water into its inteftines,
and ejeds it in the fame manner j and it continues this aflion
with great force forfome time, and makes the water circulate:
In order to fatisfy himfelf that it took in the water at the
j4nus, and not at the mouth, M. Poupart put a Libella upon
his finger, which he held faft by the legs 5 he plunged it under
water with his head downwards, the y4nus being in a level
with the water, fo that it might get into the inteftines, and
this water it ejected a great wayj he drew his finger a little
further out, fo that the water could not enter at the ^nus^ and
the fly continued its motion, but ejedled no water : M. Pou-
part thinks, that the animal does this, in order to cleanfe its
body from all excrements in that element where it leaves its
old robes, to appear in a more glorious, and new form in the
open air: There are a great number of fmall veffels, which
clofely unite the body of the Libella in its cafe 5 it is necef-
fary that thefe be dry, that they may the fooner break, when
it makes its efforts to get out of its cafe, which cannot
happen, as long as there is any aliment in the inteftine to
afford nourifhment to the cafe, and its ftrings 5 and perhaps
Vol. III. CLq q ^^^

490 M E M O I R S (?/^ the

^his is the reaf()n, why no infefls will take any food, when they
are going to change their forms ; and if they do not cleanfe
thcmfelves as the Libella do, yet they flay a great while longer,
before they change, without any aliment: The Zihella is not
lonj^er than half a day in quitting its cale, and taking its flight.
To know the caufe of its exceeding fwift and whirling motion,
you muftcut the fkin of the Libe.lla^ which is very fine, all along
the back, and be fure to carry the point of the Icizzars upwards,
Icil you cut the interior parts 5 you muft alfo draw the llin to the
right and left hand, and fix it with pins upon a table, in order to
difcover the 16 mufcles, which lie between the legs and wings
(eight on each fide) of the thicknefs, length, colour, and almoft
the fhape of a orain of barley, contiguous to each other, and
without any adhefion; you may oblerve, that each mufcle is
compoled of many flefhy fibres, which do not ieem to be joined
together, but terminate round at the ends of the mufcle, where
they compole a common tendon; fo that one might difcern any
of thefe fibres to be a fmall mufcle, of which the chief mufcle is
compoled ^ the ufe of thefe mulcks feemed to M. ^oupart very
particular; for the fame mufcles which ferve to flutter the wings,
lerve alfo to move the legs; the upper tendons of the mulcles en-
ter into the wings, the fame, he thinks, as compofe the fibres,
and the lower enter a good way into the legs ; yet the contrary
motions of thefe organs are not at all hindered; for as long as
the wings play, the feet lie ftill, and lerve for a prop to the muf-
cles, which move the wings ; and when the feet are in motion,
the wings lie flill, and in their turn lerve to fupport the tendons,
which direfl the feet : The eyes are like two oblong thick pearls,
which begin at the fore-part of the head, and end iq the hinder-
part; their outward membrane is dry, thin, and tranfpai'ent, and
enclofes a fmall foft ball, filled with a very black liquor ; two
Imall canals filled with air, enter into each of thefe eyes, and
run along to the great channel, which is alio furni/hed with air,
and accompanies the inteftine from the head to the tail ; this
flru^ture made M. -Poupart \k\\ViV^ that the Libella could derive
the air, contained in thefe canals into the eyes, to give them a
greater convexity to view objects that are very near ; and on the
contrary, the air is forced out of the eyes again, to flatten them,
v^hen they look at remote objects; and this conjeflure is not alto-
gether groundleis; for M, yfj/zp^r/ having blown into the thick
canals, which are about the middle of the hody, the eyes became
confiderably tumified, and by letting the air return, they became
Hat again 3 if a Libella is left dead for feme days, the inward

parts

Royal Society. 491

parts will putrify and come to nothings but thefe canals will
remain entire, and as firm, and folid, as they were before.

FoiTile-ihells and Fillies /// Lincolnfhire 5 by Mr. Abraham
de la Pryme. Phil. Tranf. N^ z66, p. ^78.

IN a quarry at the eaft-end of Sroughton in Zincolnfotre, is
found a clayey lubftance, or earth, that lies under the flone,
in which are innumerable fragments of (liells of fiih of .various
Ibrts- viz. TeBlnites, Ecbini, Conchltes, and others, with
fome pieces of cornel ; and there are lometimes found entire fhell-
fiih with their natural (hells on, in their native colours, yet
cracked, bruifed and broken, and fome totally fqueezed flat by
the weight of the earth 3 that according to M. de la ^Pryim, llill
lies, and was call upon them at the deluge : There is another
quarry in the field on the Ibuth-fide of the town, of a hard blue
iione, which was certainly a pure fine blue clay, in fome antede-
luvian lake 5 amongft the ilones of many of which are innumer-
able petrified fliell-fi{h of various forts, but lb united to the
ftone, that it is very difficult to take them out whole, and he al-
ways found that they lay in the luperficies of the quarry, within
a foot of the top, and few or none deeper 5 in leveral places of
the furface of the quarry (which looks rugged and drifted, as
inow does after a ftorm) there are feveral Ihell-fiili, half in and
half out of the ftone^ that part, which is within the quarry, is
entire and whole, but a hard ftone , and that part which is with-
out, which the petrifying effluvia did not touch, is confumed and
gone, all but a little of the edges, which are plain flielJ, and
have all the Radii and Strice, that the fliells of thofe lorts of
fi/hes commonly have : All thefe fifli have their fliells on j fome
of which are exceeding thin, to what others are ; fometimes the
fhells are in their petrifaction fo thoroughly united and incorpo-
rated with the ftone, that they are Icarce vifible 5 others in the
fame quarry have a thick white ihell petrified, but not incorpo-
rated and turned into the fubflance of the bed, in which they
lie 5 in getting out the fifh, all the fhell fticks fo faft to the rock,
that moft commonly it is left behind j but fometimes the fliell
cleaves in two, one half of the fliell on both fides of the fifh
fl-ick thereto, and the other half to both fides of the bed 5 but
others are brought out by lying in the air in frofty nights, with
the whole natural fhell on, and the Radii or Strias very exad 5
there are other fi flies here, that have a fmooth black Jhell on,
with leveral Strice^ but no Radii^ very like, if not the fame
with the Concha Nigra RomkL

Q^q q z U^ de

492 M E M O I R S o/^ /iStf

M. de la ^ryme has alfb feen in this quarry fbme fhell-fifh
half open, and filled with the matter of the bed, wherein they he
and petrified therewith ^ others being in heaps together, he found
Ibme of them broken, others bruifed, and th* edges of one fiih
thruft into the fides of another 5 Ibme with one Ihell thrult half
way over the other, ^c» and thus petrified in the bed together 5
others have been fodole together in the fame bed, that the mat-
ter of the bed could not infinuate itfelf into them 5 fome of thele
that are thus found are wholly empty, others are filled with cry-
flalline fluors, tho* fuch are not very common^ Ibme M.Je la
Tryme faw half full of the faid bluifh clay of the bed, and half
full of the faid cryftallizations, which proceeded from fubterra-
neous heat and cfttuvia 5 amongft the filh in this quarry, he had
feen leveral large horle-mufcles, fuch as breed in freih-water
rivers and ponds, which are exactly like the Concha Longa Ron-
del, but are thicker and fuller than they commonly are 5 this
iargenefs proceeds from the fertility and fatnels of the bed, where
they breed 5 and in an old pond near S rough t on- balh he found
fome of the largeft of this fort of ihell-fiih he ever faw ; as if
this foil was the propereft for breeding them of any elle 3 juft as
the Cornu Ammonis^ Nautili and others breed beft upon allum
foil 5 which is the reafon they are found fo much at Whitby y
Rochely Lunenburg^ Rome^ and other places, where there are
allum -mines 5 and to find any of thefe Ibrts of filh (which fome
learned men have thought to be totally loft) they might probably
find them upon allum-loils in the lea.

Others have an ouzey foil, a fort of mixture of ieveral foils,
as part of the country about Frodinghamy 'Brambery AJhbee^
'Botfixorthy Sic. feems to be 5 in the fields and ftones of which
towns is one particular fort of fifh, which he does not know
what Ge^us or fpecies to compare it to, bending Ibmewhat like a
ram's horn, and exactly crealed on the outfide like one, with an
Operculum or lid thereon, which the fifh opened and ihut, as it
had occafion^ the bed wherein this fifh bred, in the antedeluvian
fea (as he fuppoles) is not above a foot thick, in which, but efpe-
cially in the luperficies, are millions of the faid fifh flicking half
in and half out of the ftone^ whofe fhell being moll durable,
that part which flicks out, is not confumed, as that at Sroughton^
but remains whole and entire 3 and M. de la ^ryme had leen
whole heaps of them, that by Ibme great weight falling upon
them at the deluge have been fhattered to pieces, and lb petrified
in the bed where they lay : In the parifh of Srougbton afbre-
faid, he found, in the loofe earth of the blue quarry, and elle-

where

Royal Society^ 493

where, in a whitiAi Hone, the Echini Galeati 'punEliculatl IJuydii^
the ^urbinites major Lluydii^ the Cochlites l^evis vulgatior-j
and in a blue ftone the Concha altera longa Rondeletii, exactly
correlponding to the bignels and draught thereof in Gefner de
'Pifcibis j he aifo found feveral Sekmnites great and fmall, per-
forated and flat at the root, by which they grew in the antedelu-
vian fea, to fome of which were found flicking little fhell-fifh.

There have been many difputes amongft the learned concerning
thefe appearances^ M/delaPryme thinks, that the antedeluvian
world had an external lea, as well as land, mountains, hills, ri-
vers, and fruitful fields, and plants 3 that it was about the bignels
of our prefent earthy and that when God had a mind, by realbn
of the wickednels of the inhabitants, to deftroy it by water, he
broke the foundations and fubterraneous caverns thereof with
dreadful earthquakes, by which it was for the moil part, if not
wholly ablbrbed, and covered by the feas we now have ; and that
this our earth role then out of the bottom of the antedeluvian lea
in its flead ; juft as feveral iflands are fwallowed up, and others
come up in their room.

From this lyftem of the deluge, which is the moft conlbnant
with the Icriptures of all others, all thole things are eafily
Iblved, which were hard and difficult before 3 it is no longer a
wonder that ihells, and ihell-fifh, the bones of other fi/h and of
quadrupeds, and truits, ^c. are commonly found in beds and
quarries, in hills and mountains, and m the bowels of the
earth 3 as alio, in the foil that was carried with great violence,
and confufion, from one place to another, occafioned by the work-
ing of the waters, and the ferment and hurry they were put intoj
and as all countries were thus raifed out of the bottom of the
antedeluvian lea and lakes, {o that part of the country, about
S^roughtonf appears manifeftly, to have been (in the antedeluvian
world) the bottom of Ibme frcfli-water lake, becaufe thefe are
fre/h-water fhell-fiih, which are found therein, and the bed upon
which ihey bred, was a fine blue clay, which is the colour of the
ftone to this very day 5 which bed being elevated, and mix'd with
other earth in the commotions of the waters, and the hurry, and
confufion that then happened, the laid bed, by the power of the
fubterraneous heat and Effluviay was turned by degrees into
ftone, with all the filh therein : It may be thought ftrange, feeing
the Ihells are dole, how the matter of the bed could infinuate
itlelf into them 3 but this is common in like cales^ for M. de la
^ryme has frequently feen, in the bottoms of ponds and rivers,
where fucb ihell-fiihare in plenty, that when the filh isconfum'd,

and

494 MEM OIR S of tbe

and the edges of the fhell in the mud, are as clofe, as if the fi/li
were alive; yet neverthelefs the mud or clay will by degrees infi-
nuate itfelf and fill the fame 5 and now, if the bottom of any one
of the faid rivers or ponds was raifed by an earthquake, and by
petrefying Efiuvia turn'd into ftone, they would be found ex-
a6lly correfponding with thefe : That leveral iliell-fifh fuffered
luch violence and force in the faid great flood, infomuch as to be
cru/hed, bruifed, and fqueezed flat, as Ibme of thofe maniTeftly
are, is by no means to be wondered at, when we confider the
great pieces of rifing rocks, hills and mountains, that muft needs
roll down, and fall, in fuch a general confufion, as muft needs
have been in the quarry, at the eaft-end of the town of B rough-
ton -^ where fragments of innumerable fliells are found, as alio
fome fhell-fifli Iqueezedfiat, which are all natural, and not petri-
fied 5 there was by the deluge flung thereon a huge bed of a
mixed fubftance, now turned into a whitifh loft cankered ftone,
upon which were thrown vafb quantities of earth, all which
prefled the tender (hells fo much, that fbme were Iqueezed flat,
others broken to pieces, as they are found to this day.

M. de la \Pryme had a hard ftone, of the afore faid blue quar-
ry, with little bits of wood coals therein, and whole leaves of
Vaccinia or whortle-berries, fuch as grow upon heaths ^ befides,
Mr. IJuyd has given feveral large accounts of whole leaves, and
plants found in ftones and rocks, and deep in the bowels of the
earth; fome folded, others plain, and Ibme imperfe£t ; all which
is eafily Iblvable, by their being, in that general hurry and con-
fufion, leizcd upon, and embodied in lumps of clay, and other
mattery whilft others were caught and intercepted in rolling beds
of earth, as they tumbled down from rifing hills and mountains,
and fo were lodged deep in chafms of the ground and petrified,
and thus preferved to this day.

A Cataraft /;; Gottenburg River, and the Oblervatory of
Tycho Brahej by Mr. Gordon. Phil. Tranf. N°2d5. p. on.

AT ibme leagues diftance from Gottenburg in Sweden, a river
of the fame name falls down from a prodigious high pre-
cipice into a deep pit, with a terrible noife, and fuch a mighty
force, that the mafts, which are floated down the river to Got-
tenburg^ ufually turn topfy-turvy in their fall, and often fly to
pieces, when dadied againft thefurface of the water in the pir-
this happens, if the mafts fall fide-ways on the water ; but if
they fall end wile, they dive fo far under water, that, as Mr.
Gordon was informed, they are a quarter of an hour before they

rile

Royal Society. 495

rife again ^ fome half an hour, others three quarters of an hourj
and ^ome a whole hour and upwards 5 the pit into which they
fall has been often founded with a line of Ibme hundred fathoms
length, but they could never find any bottom.

The ifland iVeen, commonly called the Scarlet Ifland^ famous
for the obiervations of Tycho ^rahe^ that renowned -Danifij af-
tronomer, was not fo proper for ibme agronomical obiervations,
fuch as taking the exa£t time of the true rifing and letting of the
celeftial bodies, together with their refpecfcive amplitudes 5 bc-
caufe thefenfible land-horizon of the JVeen is extremely uneven
and rugged, the northern and eaftern parts thereof being fomc
rifing hills in the province of Schonefiy and the weftern part is
moftly overfp^ead with trees on the ifland o{ Zealand j fi-om the
remotell of which coafts, the Ween is not diftant above three
leagues.

j^i Aneurifina of the Arteria Aorta 5 by M.Lafage. Pkil.
Tranf. N° 257. V'696.

IN the year 1585, a lervant to the lord Culpepper had a fall,
which cauied a heavy fort of pain in the brealt for a while 5
about a month after this accident, a mufquet burft in his hands
which gave lb violent a recoil againft his right fide, that he im-
mediately fpit blood, which continued for 6 months j a year
after he began to feel a puliation on that fide, and then he fpit
blood again, which continued only in the fpring and fall, till he
died 5 he bled likewile at the nole twice a year, for a month each
time; in T<^95 or 1696, a tumor began to appear under the right
nipple, which growing by little and litrle, at laft came to an ex-
traordinary bignelsj after ufing fome emollient ointm* nts upon it,
of its own accord it broke fuddenly, and he loon after diedj
M. Lafa^e opened the body and found that two of the cartilages
of the ribs, as alfo part of the Sternum^ were worn off, by the
continual puliation of the tumor 3 the dilatation of the artery
began precifely on its trunk next the heart, before it divided it»
ielf into the afcending and deicending trunks; and tho' there is
but a little fpace, yet it dilated itfelf lb exceffively, that the bag
filled up the whole cavity of the \thorax on the right fide, and
compreffed the lungs in fuch a manner, that they were thereby
much contracted 5 the bag adhered by its outfide to the Mediaf-
tinum, the 'Diaphragm^ 'Pleura ^ndSterfwmy in which it had pit-
ted two great holes, luch wasthe force of the puUation 3 the infide
of that bag was lined, almolt all over, wirh bony Lamintfy fomc
larger, fome fmaller, likefo many /hells 5 the heart was mightily

re-

496 M E M O I R S ?;^ /i?^

relaxec], infomuch that it was twice as large, as itouglit to bo;
and there were Ibme ftones amongft its fibres, relembling thofc
which are fometimcs found in the lungs of fcrophulous
bodies.

Plate XIV. Fig. i. A reprefents the heart; B the Aorta,
next to the heart, where the Aneurifma began ; C C the fame
dilated, making the bag of the Aneurifma 5 D the delcending
Aorta 'j ^^ the two axillary arteries; FF the two carotid
arteries.

Fig. 2. A the heart; b b h th^ ValvuldP Semi-kmres in the
bag ; C the Aorta defcendens D the orifice of the Aorta into
the bag; E E the axillary arteries; F that part of the bag,
where It broke; i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, p, 10, the bony Lamina
in the infide of the bag.

^ Fig. 3. aaaa the Sternum-^ B its fuperior part; C its infe-
rior part ; DD its right fide ; E E its left fide, in which the
cartilages of the ribs G G were wanting ; H H the place of
the fame bone worn off by the Aneurifma.

^he Way of Colouring Marble. Phil.Tranf. ]S'° 258. p. 735.
Tranjlated from the Latin.

I. ' I ''HE marble fliould be fmooth, without any ftrain;
JL the harder the better to bear the heat of the fire ;
and therefore alabafter is not fit for this purpofe.

2. You mufl ufe fire to open its pores, yet in fuch a degree,
as that it may not be ignited ; for then the colours are burnt; nor
in too little a degree; for tho' it receives the colours, yet they
are lefs fixt; and even cold marble will imbibe fome colours;
as faffron ftone blue for a fky-colour ; but thefe are foon diffi-
pated by the leaft degree of heat; therefore, let the degree of
heat be fuch as fuffices gently to boil the liquor poured upon
the marble.

3. The Menfirua are various, according to the diverfity
of the ingredients to be diffolved ; as a Z/ xmV;;? made of horfes
urine, tho' dog's urine be better, and pot-afhes four parrs, toge-
ther with one part of quick-lime; alfo Ipirits ot wine, the
common Lixivium^ wine, and fome oleaginous fubrtances.

4. The colours, that are laid on with vehicles, are the fol-
lowing. I. Stone-blue diffolved either in fpirits of wine, or
a Lixivium of unflack'd lime. 2. Laque in the common Z/x-
ivium. 5. Saffron or fap-green diffolved with a Lixivium of
urine and unflacked lime, or in fpirits of wine. 4. Vermillion
or cochineel diffolved as above. 5. Sanguis 2)raconis diffol-
ved

r^M

PLATE.HV:

/^.^o6^.

J^io^i^Tjc^eZi?

Royal Society; 497

ved in fpirits of wine 5 S. A. 6. Brafil wood diffolved in
fpirits of wine. 7. An extrafl of Alcanna root, with oil of
turpentine 5 for it cannot be difTolv'd in any other Menftruum',
neither in Ipirits of wine, or a Liyiivium of unflacked lime as
above 5 there is another kind of iS'^;/^///5 2)r^^o;/7i, called Z^-
chryma, which mixt with urine ftrikes a pretty agreeable
colour, but with difiicultyj colours mixt with urine anfwer
bell.

5. Colours laid on without any vehicle, are, i. Sanguis Dra-
conis well cleaned for a red colour. 2. Gum-gutta Tor a yel-
low. 5. Green wax for a green. 4. Sulphur, pitch and tur-
pentine, for a brown colour j and you need only give the mar-
ble a proper heat, and then rub on your colours, which expe-
rience will further teach you : Thefe colours are difcharged
with more or lefs difficulty 5 as a red colour in ^4 hours with
oil of tartar ^tt Deliquium^ without fpoiling the polifhing; a
brown colour in a quarter of an hour with Aquafortis^ but
the poliJhing is fpoiled 5 for a golden colour, take flowers of
fal-armoniac, white vitriol and verdigreafe, and grind them
very fine.

An Account of the Bramines in the Indies 5 by Mr. John
Marlhal. Phil. Trapf. N"" 16^. p. 729.

UPON what grounds fome travellers have ftiled thefe
people polytheifls or atheifls, Mr. Marflml does not
know 5 or whether there be any fuch people in the v/orld, ex-
cept fome of the baler Ibrt in all nations, he much queftions s
It is very obfervable here, that when their prieils or Bramines^
and holy men, whom they call Jogees^ have occafion to write
any thing, they always put the figure of one in the firfl place,
to fhew, as they fay, that they' acknowledge but one God,
who, they fay, is Burme^ that is, immaterial; when they
preach to the people, and inftrucl them, which is commonly
every feafl-day," full moon, or the time of an eclipfe of either
luminary, they talk much to them of God, heaven , and hell,
but very imperfectly, obfcurely and myftically; they lay,
that when God thought of making the world, he made it in a
minute : They account this world the body of God ; and that
the higheft heavens are his head, the fire his mouth, the air
his breath and breaft, the water his feed, and the earth and
foundations thereof, his legs and feet; yet for all that they
hold that God is immaterial ; and aflert in general, that he is
the life of every thins, which yet is neither greater nor lelTer
Vol. IIl7 ^' Rrr for

498 MEMOIRS of the

for him J they hold that God dwelt in a vacuity, before he
had created the world 5 and that as he dwelt in that vacuity,
he created fevcral beings out of himfelf ^ the firft were angels,
the fecond fouls, the third fpirits, all differing in degrees of
purity j the firft being more pure than the fecond, and the
fecond than the third , the angels they fay neither aft good
nor evil 5 the fouls either good or evilj but the fpirits or
iDemotas^ as they call them, aft fcarcely any thing but evil 5
they have a good opinion of the angels, and reckon their ilate
mighty happy, hoping that when they die, they fhall be made
partakers of the fame blils and pleafure : They believe that
every thing that hath life, has a foul, but efpecially man ; and
they accordingly affirm, that as thefe fouls behaved themfelves
in their pre-exiflent flate, fo are their aftions in this world
cither good or bad, by a fort of fatal necefiity, which is very
hard to conquer, or overcome 5 hence it is, fay they, that
there are fo many different humours and difpofitions of men 5
for their fouls, before their entrance into their bodies, being
tainted with different affeftions, caufes the like differences in
the parries, whofe bodies are their vehicles 5 fo that if a man
happen to have a fudden or unfortunate death, they imme-
diately afcribe the fame to the perfbns own wickednefs, or the
bad life that his foul led before it enter'd into his body 5 for,
fay they, the afore-afted evil that his foul did in its other life,
brought thefe aftions upon him, which, by being too powerful
and ftrong, get the upper-hand of him^ and they believe,
that fuch as die thus, have their fouls turn'd immediately into
devils^ they maintain 'Pythagoras^ tranfmigration, or Metera-
pfycJoofiSy but in a groffer fenfe than he did 5 for they believe
that men's fouls, that have not lived fo well as they ought, are
tranfmigrated as foon as the body dies, not oaly into birds and
beafts, but even into thebafeft reptiles, infefts and plants, where
they fuffer a ftrong fort of purgation, to expiate their former
crimes 5 but as for the fouls of the Jogees or Fncheh., that is, of
religious men and faints, they fancy that they go and dwell with
the good iDewtas or angels amongft the ftars: As for the
fpirits or inferior angels, they believe that they are very bad,
and that they have a hand in all wickednefs, murders, wars,
llorms, and rempefts^ fo that when they folemnize the fune-
rals of the dead, they always prefent difhes of meat, as offer-
ings to thofe fpirits, and fometimes they facrifice to them, that
they may not hurt the fouls of the dead : As they acknowledge
the being of the mighty God, fo they hold, that he created

the

Royal Society; 499

the world and every thing therein ; they believe, that there is
almoft an infinite number of worlcJs, and that God has often-
times annihilated and re-created the fame^ but how he came
firft to create this world and mankind, they relate to have been
thus 5 once on a time, lay they, as he was fet in eternity, it
came into his mind to make fomething j afid no fooner had he
thought the fame, but immediately was prefented before him
a very beautiful woman, which he called ^4dea J//^r^^, that is
the firft woman- then this figure brought into his mind that
of a man, which he no fooner conceived than he alfo ilarted
up, and prefented himfelf before him; this he called Mam-
fuife, that is, the firft man; then upon a refle^lion of thefe
things, he refolved further to create leveral places for them to
abide in, and accordingly affuming a lubtile body, he in a
minute breathed the whole univ.erfe, and every thing therein,
from the leaft to the greateft: They conftantly believe that
the univerfe cannot poffibly laft longer than 71 yoogs, which
is a meafure of time with them, and is ... . years; which
when it is come, God does not only annihilate the whole uni-
verfe, but every thing elfe, as well angels, fouls, and fpirirs,
as inferior creatures; and then he remains in the fame ftate he
was in, before the creation; but they fay, that when he has
thus refpited a while, he breathes again, and every thing is
created afrefh, as well angels, and fouls, as other things;
but as for the fpirits, they are no more thought of; yet for all
this, after 71 foogs more, all is annihilated again : How many
Joogs are paft, (ince the world was laft created, they cannot
certainly tell ; only it is obfervable, that in an almanac of
theirs, written in the Sanfcret language in KJyo, they make
the world then to have been 3892771 years old from its laft
creation.

The Sr amines of ^erfia tell certain long ftories of a great
giant, that was led into a moft delicate garden, which upon
certain conditions, fhould be his own for ever ; but one even-
ing, in a cool (hade, one of the wicked 'De'Wta's, or fpirits
came to him, and tempted him with vaft fums of gold, and all
the moft precious jewels that can be imagined ; but he bravely
withftood that temptation, as not knowing what value or ufe
they could be of to him; but at length this wicked CDewta
brought to him a fair woman, who fo charmed him, that for her
fake he very willingly broke all his conditions, and thereupon he
was turned out: They tell a great many abfurd and ridiculous
ftories of the firft ages of this prefent world ; Mr. Marfial gives

R r r 2 out

500 M E M O 1 K S of the

out of one of tKeir own books, what they tell us, of a great flood
that formerly happened; viz. that about 21000 years ago, the
fea overwhelmed and drowned the whole earth, excepting one
£;reat hill far to the northwards, called Sindd^ and that there fled
thither only one woman and fevcn men, whofe names were,
tDe/jook^, Surwuky Siwnaud^ T'rilkeky Sannotah, Cuppylojha'vCy
Siirafchah^ and "Burroo-purig ; thefe, underftanding by their books
that fuch a flood would come, and was then actually at hand,
prepared againfl: the fame, and repaired thither 5 to which place
alio went two of all forts of creatures, herbs, trees, grafs, and of
every thing that had life, in all to the number of 1,800,000 living
fouls- this flood, they fay, lafted 120 years, 5 months, and 5
days; after which time all thofe creatures, that were thus pre-
i>rved, came down again, and repleniflied the earth; but as for
the feven men, only one of them came down with the woman^
and dwelt at the foot of the mountain ; the other fix turned Fucees,
or holy men, and there they fpent the remainder of their days.

They hold in general the Ptolemaic fyftem of the univerfe,
and fay that there are 8 or 9 heavens, reckoning the air and
earth ; every one exceeding the other in beauty and glory.

Their religion confifts of nothing, as far as Mr. Marjbal could
ever fee or learn, but leading of a pure life, the walhing their
flns away in the river G^^/^^5, their muttering over divers prayers,
and their doing llrange and incredible penances : They fay, that
God is fuch a one, that whofoever leeks him, let it be after what
manner he pleafes, whether by thinking that he is the fun, the
moon, or the like, if they do it but fincerely and honeftly, with
a well difpofed heart, they will be accepted of him; they report,
that, on a certain time, a Mujjidman feeing a Hindoo or pagan
prieft in heaven, he asked God, how that infidel, whom Maho-
met fb often calls by the name q{ bitter RootSt came to have admit-
tance thither ; to whom God anfwered, that if a bitter root bring
forth fweeter fruit than any of you, why fliould not I receive it?
upon which the Mujfulman had no more to fay ; they hold, that
fuch, as do not lufler their minds to wander after the luits of the
world, dx^'^tx^^di Jogeh or laints, and that God is always prefent
with them in all their actions : It is to be found in feveral of their
books, that there was a time, a good while ago, in which God
took upon him the fliape of a man, and Ipent many years in
refornnino the world, and giving better rules to walk by, than
there had been before ; but he having at length left them, they
foon forgot him, and his rules, and returned ^^ their former courfesj

upon

Royal Societv. 501

upon which he told them, that he would leave them to their
ways, and never undertake any fuch thing again.

The religious, at Ibme certain leafons of the year come to the
river Ganges (which they call the holy river) in vaft multitudes,
even from many parts of Tartary^ to ivafh away their fins, ami
make expiation for their faults 5 this GatJges i? a delicate fine
river, chiefly on account of its very fweet, pure, and clear water,
which has got it the greatefl efteem of any river m theeaft^
Mr. Alarfral failed feveral times up this river, and found it in
Ibme places not above a mile broad, in others not half ib much,
and in one or two places not above an eighth of a mile • in Aprils
when the water is at the lowell, it is almoft dry in feveral
places 5 but when it is at the highefl:, which is commonly about
the middle of September^ it is very deep, and feveral .miles
broad : When the people are gathered together here, they have a
great many ftrange cull oms, and ceremonies, and pay a kind of
divine honour and worHiip to the river, too long to mention 5 the
Hindoos and Sramines preach then every day to the people,
teaching them their duty, and ordering them to lay luch and fuch
prayers 5 but above all things to be charitable to the poor and
needy.

It IS reported, that on the hills of Cafmere there are men that
live ibme hundred of years, and can hold their breath, and lie in
trances for feveral years together, if they be but kept warm; and
that every year fpme of them come down to the people at the
Ganges^ and perform feveral cures ; for whom they have fuch a
veneration, that they frequently drink the water they wafh their
fweaty feet in: The penances and aufterities that rhey undergo
are almoft incredible; moft of them, thro' rheir continual fall-
ings, and lying upon the parching hot land in the heat of the
fun, are fo lean, dried and withered, that they look like flcele-
tons or.fliadows, and one can fcarce perceive them breathe, or
feel their pulle beat ; when any great man dies am.ongft them,
but efpeci Jly any of their jfogees^ or faints, they make great
preparations for his funeral ; the corpie is laid on its belly,' and
fait and rice fet round about it, at every corner on the ground •
then the neareft relations to the party deceafed carry a pot of
water on their fhoulders feveral times about the funeral-pile; then
breaking the pot in pieces, they fpiU the watery which ceremo-
ny being ended, they fet fire to the pile, and then all the relations
begin to howl, and embrace one another; then wa filing them-
felves in fbme neighbouring river, they depart every one to his
home 3 and as to the remaining afhes, if he is rich, they gather

them

502 M E M O IR S of the

them up, and caft them into the Ganges, or the fea : Sometime*
it happens that the wife of the deceafed party, if /he has no
children, and is old, and poor, will burn herfelf with the dead
body ; but this happens very feldom : It is faid that in fuch cafes,
the iramines give the woman a ftupifying liquor, which, by
the time that they are in the fire, makes them mfenfible of any
pain: To know into what body, the foul of the deceaied is tranf-
migrated, they do thus ^ they ftrew the afhes of the dead upon
the place, where he was firft laid after his death, and handfuls of
odoriferous flowers abeut the fame ; and returning again in 44.
hours, they judge by fome pretended imprefTion or other in the
afhes, into what body it is gone ^ if the foot of an horfe, dog, or
ox, or fuch like appears, then they give out, that it is certainly
gone into fuch creatures 5 but if nothing appear, then they think
it is certainly gone to the ftarry regions: As for their learning
and knowledge, it is but little 5 they have indeed ieveral books
written in divers languages^ but they contain nothing, but a great
deal of Huff and cant about their worfhip, rites and ceremonies :
They are ignorant of all parts of the world but their own^ they
wonder much at us, that take fb much care, and pains, and run
thro' fo many dangers both by fea and land, only, as they fay,
to fupport and nourifti gride, and luxury 5 for, they fay, every
country in the world is iufficiently endowed by nature with every
thing that is neceffary for the life of man, and that therefore it is
madnefs to feek for, or defire that which is needlefs and un-
•neceffary.

The la(! time Mr. Mar pal was at Modufferpore in Indoftatu
he had a great deal of talk with a ^r amine, fome what more
learned than any of the reft, his name was Ramnattfit 5 he told
Mr. Marfial feveral fecrets in phyfic, as alfo feveral traditions
and ftories; he faid, that if you bury a piece of money for fome
confiderable time in the mouth of a live frog, and then dig it up
again at midnight, that this piece of money, to whomfoever you
give or pay it, will always return to you again ^ he further faid,
that if the little worm in the wood Lukerakera be cut in two,
and that the one part ftirrs, and the other not, if the ftirring part
be bruifed, and given with half a beetle to a man, the other half
to a woman, this charm will keep them from ever lying abfent
one from the other : They have books full of the like abfurdities,
together with cabaliftic complications of figures 5 as for example,
if you write thefe following numbers, 28, 35^2* 7 — ^j 3> S^j
51 -— 54, 2 9> 8, I — 4, 5, 30, 33 — in the fquares of a fquare
figure, and your enemy's name under it, and we.4r it always about

you,

Royal Society. 503

you, he fiiall never be able to hurt you ; fo if you write the fol-
lowing figures in like manner upon the left-hand, 2, 9, 2, 7. — ($•,

3, (J, 5. — 8, 3, 8, I. — 4, 5, 4, 7 — with turmeric, and wafh it
off with fair water of the Ganges, and drink it, this will cure
all venomous bitings • they have many fuch ridiculous fancies,
all which they feem to have borrowed from the Cabala of the
SaracenSi which is full of fuch like fooleries: Mr. Marjhal
heard a 'Br amine fay, that if fome of the pieces or knots of the
cloth (in which a woman has been burnt with her husband) be
faved and made up in the form of a wick, and fitted for a lamp,
and lighted, and let in a dead woman's fcull, that it would make
the dead party appear 1 this the 'Br amine faid he had done;
when they have any mad perfons amongft them, they take them,
and put them into a clofe room, juft big enough to hold them,
and fmoke them almoft to death, with muik: and other cold
fmells, which loon reilores them to their right mind, and fo
recovers them, ^c.

There happened two things in our voyage, which was very
obfervable ; the firft was, that all the tornadoes brought a deal
of rain with a ftenchj and if the feam.en did but lay their
cloaths by for 24 hours, they became all full of little maggots 5
the fecond was, when we came out of Europey we took in Ibme
water at St. jfago's ; and when we were almoft at our journey's
end, our cooper going with a candle to open one of the calks, he
had no fooner done it, than the water immediately took fire, and
burnt his face, hands and fingers 5 but turning fuddenly about,
he quenched it, by fetting his breech thereon 5 the water alio
ftunk pretty much at the fame time, but afterwards it came to its
native fweetnels, ^c,

A triple Bladderj by M. Buffiere. Phil. Tranf. N° 2<j8.

P- 752-

IF the bodies of fuch as die of extraordinary diftempers were
often opened, perhaps it would be found, that thofe cffe^ls,
which had been attributed to the alteration of the blood, or hu-
mours, do merely depend on an extraordinary conformation of the
parts of the body j an inftance of which, there was a triple
bladder found in the body of one Mr. Booth -^ we have been told
of a double bladder found in the bodies of fome men (as there
was in the body of the famous Cafaubon) but M. Buffiere never
met with any author, that mentions three urinary bladders
Found in one perfon.

This

504 M E M O I R S e/" ^fo

This gentleman in his beft health could not make urine in ^
full and continued flream, it running out by little and little, and
with great efforts of ini'piration 5 efpecially when there was but
a fmall quantity in the bladder, which fatigued him very much,
rho' the pafling of the urine thro' the neck of the bladder was
not painful 5 excepting the two or three laft years of his life, by
reafon of a thick Mucus, which was then difcharged with the
urine, that Mucus growing in greater quantity, made him ap-
j)rchenfive it had been caufed by a ftone in his bladder 5 upon
which he applied himfelf to one, in order to be fearched, who
accordingly introducing his catheter, and meeting with fome re-
fiftance in the Urethra, he forced his catheter thro' the mem-
branes, wherein he made fuch a dilaceration, that the patient
immediately loft a great quantity of blood 5 which bleeding con-
tinuing, for ten days, without his feeking any help, brought him
under very great torments, by reafon the blood was become gru-
mous in the Urethra-t and could not be forced out, but by \ ery
violent efl-brts, and acute pain, which cauied a mortification in
the parr, whereof he died.

The next day after his death M. SuJJiere opened the body, in
prelence of Drs. ^awes, Charaberlain, IVoodward, Mr. Sernard
the furgeon, and leveral others, in which the natural urinary
bladder was found lying on the left fide of the 'Pehis upon the
Ilium 5 then learching what fhould be the caufe of this unnatural
(ituation, he found one large round bag, lying under the 'Pubis
upon the ReBura, taking up all the cavity of the Hypogafirium-y
in order to examine the matter more exaftly, he difle£led the
\Pems and the Re5iujv, and taking them out of the body, he put
them upon a table, laying open the Urethra^ to examine whe-
ther there was any carnofity, as the furgeon, who firft introduced
the catheter, had fufpe£led, but there was none ; and that 2)u^us
was as plain, and found as could be, except the dilaceration the
catheter had made therein 5 then introducing a condu6tor into
the bladder, he divided it quite • and firft it was oblerved, that
the round bag, which confifted of two bladders, or rather two
CifteSy were divided from each other only by a membrane 3 that
which was next the true bladder was Ibmething bigger than it,
the other which lay on the right fide was much fmaller • each of
thele Clftes had its orifice opening in the neck of the natural
bladder Vv'hich was longer than it ufuaily is 5 neither of the Ure-
ters were inferted into "any of thcfe Ciftes, but into the neck of
the true bladder, by the orifices of the two Cijies, inlomuch that
the urine could be equally received by them and the bladder • le-

condly>

Royal Society* 505

«onc!ly, it was obierved, that the glands of the true bladder
were exceeding big and red, that colour being very likely, the
effeiS of the inflammation, cauied by the dilaceration of the
Urethra: M.SufJiere oftentimes obferved, that a thick Mucus^
which runs out of the bladder, and which feme take to be the
matter of an impofthume, or ulcer in the kidneys, is only pro-
duced by thofc glands of the bladder becoming Icrophulousj and
that when that Mucus grows thick and clammy, it caufes the
lame pain on the neck of the bladder, as if it were a (lone 5 the
glands of the hrge Ciftts were very apparent, but very fmallj but
were not at all fenfible in the fmaller Ciftis^

Now it is eafy, by the defcription of thefe bladders, to account
for the lymptoms 5 for by the fituation of the large Cifiis, it is
plain, that the urine could not be dilcharged, but by the force of
mfpiration; its own mufcles not being able to force it out, and
coniequently it could not be voided but by little and little 3 and
thefe efforts of infpiration were to be the greater, when there was
but a little quantity of urine, becaule it required a greater force
to make it afcend from the bottom of the CiftiSy which could not
be done without great labour and fatigue.

Plate XIV. Fig. 4. A A reprefents the body of the true bladder ;
I, 2> 5, 4, 5) (}, 7. 8, its glands 5 BB the larger Ciftis j CC the
fmaller Ciftts-^ i, 2, 9, its Rug^e or wringles- D part of the true
bladder turned over^ E the neck of the bladder 5 FFF F, the
two Urcthrae-^ G the infertion of the fpermatic veflels into the
Urethra '^ HH the ^rojtattS'^ II the Peficulce Serninales-^ K K
the Vafa defer entia-j L the Urethra-^ MM the Mufculi Erec-
tores -^ N, the "Penis.

The^o<^\h of Recuh^i' Cliffs ', hy il/r. S. Gray 5 with a Re^
mark hy 1)r. Sloane^ Phil. Tranf. N° 268, p. 76-2.

ABOUT half a mile from Reculver towards Herm, there
appear in the cliff. Strata of fhells of the whn^Conchites
fort, Iving in a greenifh fand j they leem to be firm, and fome of
them are'entire, but when you go to take them out of their beds
they crumble to powder between your fingers 3 but what is moft
remarkable is, that in the lower part of the Strata, where the
fhells lie thickeft, there are Icattered up and down, portions of
trunks, roots, and branches of trees^ the wood was become as black
as coals, and lb rotten, that large pieces of it might be broken with
one's fingers ; Mr. Gray did not know at what depth thefe might
lie, the iurface of the Strata appearing not above two foot from
the beach ; but he Judged it, from the fuperficies of the top of the
Vol. m. S f f clifF>

5o8 M E M O I R S ^ f^^

of the fun and l^ar 5 then by bringing the two oppofite points in
the fixed circle to the perpendicular, which is done at the time of
6xing the initrument, move the circle till the day of the month
come to any of theie, and the ring is re^^tified for that day • and
if the air be clear, you will lee the fbar ftand at the true time of
the day or night.

It may be obje6?:ed, that in a few years, by the annual increafe
of its declination, the pole-flar will, by moving in a leffer circle,
be brought too far from the edge of the ring, that the exa6l
hour and minute cannot well be diftinguifhed ; but this inconve-
niency, when it is one, may be eafily remedied feveral ways; either
by making a lefier ring, or by extending a fine thread of filk
crofs the ring, till it cuts the flar, and at the fame time it gives
the hour, or, which will yet make this inflrument commodious
for other purpofes, there may be made an index to move on the
center of the hour wheel, which being brought to cut the ftar
■with the edge that proceeds from the center, it will at the fame
time cut the hour 5 and now we need not be follicitous abqutthe
exa61 diameter of the ring, provided it do but a little exceed the
diflance of the pole-flar from the pole, the focal length of the
glafs being made the radius.

Mr. rlaniftead has dilcovered, that there is a parallax of the
earth's annual orbit at the pole liar; of about 40 or 45 leconds^
whereby the diameter of the ftar's parallel is greater va June than
an Tiecemher^ by about i min. 2 ieconds; which he has evinced
from ieven years lucceffive obiervations, whereby the earth's mo-
tion is undoubtedly demonflrated: Now if upon the edge of this
index there be drawn a icale of degrees, minutes, and leconds, to the
radius of the glals, we fhall have not only a very accurate inftru-
ment for the hour, but be furniflied with one, whereby we may fee
the truth of the earth's motion confirmed, by the accefsand recefsof
our ftar towards and from the pole, according to the earth's place
in the ecliptic, as Mr. Flamftead has difcovered ; and that not
only when the ftar tranfits the meredian, but in a clear air at any
time of the day; one fhall likewife obferve that annual increale
of the declination of the pole-liar, caufed by the preccfTion of
the Eqidnos*

Mr. Gray's obiervations alllircd him, that the pole-ftar may
be I'een in the day time with a telefcope of 1 5 foot; for with one
of that length he law it on the 2dth of y^pril 1701 from
4 o'clock in the morning 'till 7, and could have leen it longer,
had not clouds interpoled; and again the ill of May, tho' he
did not look for the ftar, untill the fun had been up more than

half

Royal Society. 509

half an hour, viz. at 5 in the mornings yet he fbon found it,
and faw it afterwards, as often as he pleafed, untill half an hour
after 9 the fame morning 5 fo that he doubts not, but that this
ftar may be leen in a clear day throughout the whole year ; The
declination of the polar ftar for the year 1700 is 87°. 42'. 51",
as he finds it by Rlcciolus^s catalogue of fixed ftars, in the appen-
dix to Sir Ed-ward Sberbournh iphere of Manilius^ ^c. hence
its dillance from the pole at this time may be afTumed 2°. if y
the focal length of his objedt-glafs was 1 5 foot 6 inches 5 fo that
the diameter of the ring will be 14 inches and 84 hundredth
parts of an inch, which is the natural tangent of the former arch
2°. 17' doubled 5 a circle large enough to be divided into minutes
and halves, which will be lo magnified by the eye-glafs, that it
will be eafy to diftinguifli the time to a few feconds^ it is true,
there is fome difficulty in fixing up this inftrument 5 and when it
is fo, to keep it from varying from its due pofltion^ but yet it is
not infuperable^ but for Imall inftruments, of about two or
three foot long, there cannot be a more accurate, eafy and expe-
ditious way, than this for drawing a meridian line.

An Argument het'ineen 'Dr. WalHs and Dr. Tyfon, concerning
Men'i feeding on Flefh. Phil Tranf N"* 2^9. p. 759.

GASSE NDUS in one of hisepiilles efpoufes it as his
opinion, that it is not originally natural for man to feed up-
on flefh 5 tho' by long ufage, at leafl ever fince the flood, wc
have been accuftomed to it, and it is now become familiar to us 5
but rather, on plants, roots, fruits, grain, ^c. and Dr. Willis takes
it to be the opinion of feveral Divines, that before the flood, men
did not uie to i^Q^ on flefli, becaufe of what God fays to 2<loah
Gen. ix. 3. after the flood, Every moving thing that liveth
floall he meat for yotiy even as the green herb have 1 given
you all things 5 compared \*ith Gen. i. 2p. where God fays to
Adamy I have given you every herb bearing feed, and every
tree, in -which is the fruit of a tree yielding feed, to you it
fhall he for meat 5 but without any intimation of his feeding on
the flefh of animals j yet the Dr. had fome doubt remaining 5
feeing we find very early, that Abel was a keeper of fheep, as
well as Cain a tiller of the ground , both imployments feeming to be
equally in order to their food and fuftenance; and their firflcloath-
ings were the fkins of animals : It may perhaps be thought, thelc
animals were flain for facrifice, and the fheep fed only for that
purpofe • but even their facrifices leem to have been offered only
as a portion, pr firft fruits, of things appointed for food 5 and that

as

Sio ME M O 1 R S of tbe

SIS Cain was not to facrifice the whole fruits of his tiilaoe, io^
ncithtjr was Jbeh the whole produfl of his (lieep, but the bell,
that is the firftlings of his flocks, and the fat thereof, referving
the reft for his own ufe ; and it is not probable, that God
would grant Noah after the flood, a greater dominion over
other animals, than had been given to Adam^ in paradife be-
fore the fall 5 and the Dr. then takes this permiffion to Noah y
not as contra-diftinfl from that to Adam^ but rather as intro-
duftive of the prohibition, which prefently follows, to wit,
tho' he might eat fledi, even as the green herb (fo far as it
might be wholefome food) yet, not with the blood thereof 5 that
is not raw flefii , the Dr. adds al fo, that the fame rule is given
to other animals Gen. i. 30. as is to man at ver. 29. / have
given them every green herb for meat-^ yet there are, we know,
fcveral carnivorous animals, without any further permiffion
that we know of: But without difputing it as a point in
divinity, the Dr. confiders it with Gajjendus^ as a queftion
in natural philofoph^', whether it be proper food for men :
The conlideration infifted upon by Gajjendus, is from the ftruc-
ture of the teeth, being moftly either InciforeSy or liiolares^
not fuch as, in carnivorous animals, are proper to tear fleOi,
excepting only four, which are called Caniniy as if nature had
rather furniflied our teeth for cutting herbs, roots, ^c, and
for bruifing grain, nuts, and other hard fruits, than for tear-
ing flelh, as carnivorous animals do, with their claws, and
fharp teeth ; and even, when we feed on flefli, it is not
without a preparative concoction, by boiling, roafting, baking,
^c, and even io, we forbid it to perfons in a fever, or other
like diftempers, as of too hard digeftion; and children, before
their palates are vitiated by cuftom, are more fond of fruits,
than of flefh-meat; and their breeding worms is wont to be
imputed to their too early feeding on flefli : This ingenious
(tonjeflurc of Gajfendus, did prefently fuggcft to the Dr.
another fpeculation, which feems no lefs confiderable ; viz.
there is in fwine, fheep, oxen, and he thinks, in moft qua-
drupeds, that feed on herbs or plants, a long Colon with a
Ccecnm at the upper end of it, or fomewhat equivalent, which
conveys the food by along and large progrefsfrom the ftomach
downward.^, in order to a flower paflage, and longer fl:ay in
theinteftinesj but in dogs of feveral kinds, and hefuppofes, in
foxes, wolves;, and divers other animals, which are carnivo-
rous, fuch Colov is wanting; and inftead thereof, is a more
/horc and flender gut, and a quicker pafTage thro the intef-

tines ;

Royal Society. ^rt

tines; what the Dr. would propofe hereupon, is, wiietherit
generally holds, or how far^ that animals, which arc not car-
nivorous, have luch a Colon^ or fomewhat equivalent; and that
thole which are carnivorous have it not ^ for if {o^ ic feems to
be a great indicatioi^ that nature, which may be reafonably
prefumed to adapt the inteftines to the difFerent forts of ali-
ments that are to pafs thro' them, accordingly informs us, to
what animals flefh is proper aliment, and to what it is not 5
and that from thence we may judge more foiidly, than from
the flru£lure of the teeth only, whether or nor flcfh was
defign*d as proper food for man ? Now it is well known that
in man, and poffibly, in the ape, monkey, baboon, ^c*
fuch Colon IS very remarkable ; it is true, that the Ccecum in
man is very fmall, and feems to be of little or no ufe ; but in
a FcetuSy it is in proportion much larger than in adults, and it
is poilible ; that our cuftomary change of diet, as we grow
up, from what originally would be more natural, may occa-
fion its ihrinking into this contracted pofture; but the Dr.
adds alfo, that man's being endow'd Vv'ith reafon, fupplies the
want of feveral things, which to other animals may' be need-
ful; man is not covered with fuch quantity of hair or feathers
all over his body, which toother animals ferve for cloathin^; but
he can, by the ufe of his reafon, fupply himfelf with cloaths
fuitable to every climate, and to the different feafons • he
is not furniihed with claw?, hoofs, horn5, ^c. which ferve fot
arms to other animals, but he can by the ufe of his reafon
fupply himlelf with weapons, and other inftruments for dif-
ferent occaiions, to much better advantage; and in the prcfent
cafe, tho' raw flefh be not proper, as it is to fome other ani-
mals, he can by preparative coitions, and other expedients
render it more agreeable; nor is he wholly dellitute o{ 2)entes
Caninl'^ but is indeed furnifhed with all Ibrts of teeth, for all
forts of v/holefoms food : The Dr. takes the iheep, the
goat, the fwme, the ox, the horfe, the afs, the camel, the ele-
phant, the hart, the hare, the rabbit, the moufe, ^c. not to
be carnivorous; but the dog, the wolf, the fox, the cat, the
lion, the leopard, the tygcr, ^c, to be naturally carnivorous-
which of all thefe have, or have not the Colou or what other
dillinguifhing mark may be obfcrved between thefe different
tribe of animals, the Dr. thinks may deferve a fefious con«
fideration.

The argument Dr. Wallis propofes from the conformation of
the inteftines, why man (hould not be carniyorous, feems far

more

512 M E M O I R S 2/^ /^^

more rational to Dr. Tyfoti^ than that which Gaffendus urges^
from the flrudure of the teeth 5 tho' it muft be owned, he
hath omitted nothing, that could have been faid to favour it :
But before Dr. "ityfon v/ouid more particularly confider Dr.
JFallis's HypothefiSy he remarks that had man been defigned by
nature not to have been a carnivorous animal, no doubt there
would have been obferved, in fome part of the world, men
which did not at all feed upon fle/h 5 but fince iio hiftory (as
Dr. lyfon knows } furnilhes us with fuch an inftance, he can-
not but think, that what hath been done univerfally by the
whole fpecies, muft be natural to them.- What the 'Tythago-
reans did, in abftaining from flefli, was upon the notion of a
Metempfychofis^ or tranfmigration of fouls, a miftake in their
philofophy, and not a law of nature 5 and tho' in fome coun-
tries men feed more freely on flefli, in others more fparingly,
this is owing to their own choice, from the advantage they find
thereby 5 nature having given mankind reafon, they can, or
ought to chufe what food they find mofl: agreeable in the cli-
mate wherein they live 5 and are not determined to any one
fort, but have liberty to ufe allj and it is as probable, the ante-
deluvian world had fo Iikewife 5 wherefore Dr. T'yfon^ wholly
acquiefces with Dr. Wallis's determination of this point.

To confider it as a queftion in natural philofophy 5 whether
from the obfervation of the ftru£ture of the parts in man, we
can find reafon to think nature did, or did not defign him to
be carnivorous 5 Dr. ^-/yjo/i is of Gajjendus's opinion, viz. that
from the conformation of the parts of the human body, we
may form conjectures concerning their mere natural functions $
for all the knowledge we have of the ufesof the parts in animal
bodies, is by obferving nature's wonderful contrivance in their
formation, which moll wifely adapts them to the ufes they are
defign'd for^ not becaufe they are cafually fo and fo formed,
they are neceflarily put to fuch and fuch ufesj but therefore
they are fo contrived, that they may perform fuch offices in
the animal oeconomy as nature intends them for 5 and Dr. Ty^fori
gives feveral remarkable inflances, in his treatife of liomo
SylveftriSy that fufficiently confute fuch unphilofophical atheifts.

Dr. Tyfon takes Dr. IVallis's, obfervation, from the different
formation of the intefl:ines in carnivorous animals, from thofe
that arc to be found in fuch as do not feed upon flefli, to be of
far greater weight, and to carry more ftrength in it, than any
thing he ever met with before 5 he therefore, firfl: of all ob-
fervcs, that the 2)u5lus alhnentalis, for fo he calls the Gula^

flomach

Royal Society; 5^3

ilomach, and inteftines, being all but one continued canal)
this DuBus, he fays, is properly the chara6teriftic of an ani-
mal, or^roprlum quarto modo-y there being no animal with-
out fuch a dudl: Plants receive their nourilhment by nume-
rous fibres from their roots, but have no common receptacle for
digefling the food received, or vent for carrying off the recre-
ments^ but in all, even the loweft degree of animal life, we
may obferve a ftomach and inteftmes, where we cannot
perceive the lead formation of any organ of the fenfes, unlefs
that common one of touch, as in an oifter j where alfo we may
obferve a fenfible mufcular motion, or contraction 5 tho' it
would be difficult to affign what part fhould be reckon'd the
brain, or fpinal marrow, from whence the nerves arile that
give it fo ilrong a motion: Now this du6l being fo principal a
part in an animal, and its ufe being to receive and digeft the
food, and diftribute the chyle, 'tis reafonable to fuppofe, that
according to the difference of the food, the flrufture of the
prgan fhould alfo be different, or where the organ was the
fame, there the ufe was alfo the fame : Man therefore having
thefe parrs formed, not like carnivorous animals, but more
refembling thofe that live on herbs, roots, fruits, ^c. it may
feem reafonable to conclude, that nature never defign'd him to
live upon flefhj but that the wantonnefs of his appetite, and
a depraved cuftom, had inured him to ir, as GaJJendus remarks
in one of his epiftles 5 viz>. that cuftom may make that {^ctm
natural to us, which nature never intended, as he instances in
a lamb bred on fliip-board, which refufed the green pafture
of the fields, for the diet it was formerly ufed to 5 and the Dr.
has often feen in London a horfe, that with a great deal of
pleafure, would eat oyfters, Icranching them fhell and all be-
tween his teeth and fwallowing them down 5 and this the Dr.
takes to be by accident, being left at a tavern-door, where
flood a tub of oifters, and after that the horfe did the fame fre-
quently, whenever they were offered him; now Gajfendus
obferves, that children (from whom he thinks we may better
take the inftin£ls of nature, than from our appetites when
depraved by cuftom) are much fonder of fruit, than of any
flefh that is offered them; and therefore he fuppofes it more
natural to them.

The inftance Dr. IFalll s givcs^ wherein the ftrufiure of the
inteftines of carnivorous anmials is different from that in men,
is ; that the former want a Colon ; whereas in men there is a
very large one, which is not to be obferved, but in fuch arii-

VoL.ill. Ttt raals

514 MEM OIKS of the

mals as live upon fruits, roots, herbs, ^c. the queflion is,
whether it does generally hold, or how far, that animals that
arc not carnivorous have fuch a Colon, or fomewhat equivalent,
and thofe that are carnivorous have it not ?

To begin with thofe animals that are carnivorous, and have
no Cohn or large Ceecutn, tho' thefc may have the ^ppendkuU
Vermi-formiSy yet if that is not extended, or filled with the
F<eces, which the other guts contain, Dr. l^yfon does riot think
it fhould properly be efteemed, as a diftin6l gut, or be reckon'd
in that number, fince here it does not perform the office of one,
in containing the food, or excrement 5 fo in a man 5 in dogs,
and other animals, when it is thus contrafled. Dr. ^yfon excludes
it out of the number of the inteftines, tho* by ufe and cuftom,
(for which he {tt^ no reafon) it is commonly reckon'd one of the
Inteftina crajfa-. Amongft animals therefore that have noColOfij
or large C<ecum, tho' lome of them have this ^ppendicula Vermi-
formiSy and are carnivorous, he reckons, i. The dog- kind;
under which, befides their own fpecies, may be included the fox,
the wolf, the Coati mundi^ the badger, the otter, ^c, 2. The
vermin-kind, as the weefel, the fitchet, the pole-cat, the martin,
^c. both thefe kinds have a bone in the \PeniSy and no Colojt or
Caecum 5 fome have the Appendicula Vermi-formis, and all are
carnivorous. 3. The cat-kind, befides their own Ipecies inclu-
ding, the lyon, the tyger, ^c. it is true the French Memoirs
tell us, that a Ijon had a Colon 18 inches long, and an A^pendi-
cula Vermi-fcrtnis three inches j yet Dr. T^fon queftions whe-
ther this may be properly called a Colon -, for tho' the gut about
this place may be more extended than in other?, yet it has not
thofe ligaments, whereby the gut is corrugated into cells,
as in a human body^ h likewife, as to the Colon in a cat.
4. A boar hath no Colon or decum. 5. Nor has a mole any.
In the next place Dr. lyfon comes to confider thofe animals that
are not carnivorous, which have a Colon or Cascum, or both ; for
as to Dr. WalUs\ query, he thinks it much the fame, whether
they have either one of thefe only, or both ; provided, that the
capacit)/ of the gut there be large and contain Faces -^ as r. The
horfe-kinds. 2. The elephant. 5. The dromedary and camel.
4. The leveral fpecies of the fwine-kind. 5. The Guiney pig.
6, The Beaver. 7. The hare-kind. 8. The ape and monkey-
kinds. Now there are feveral animals not carnivorrms that have
a large C<ecum and no Colon 5 as, i. The neat-kinds. 2 The
iheep-kinds. 5. The flag-kinds. 4. The goat-kind. 5. The
antelope. C. The fquirrel-kind. 7. The rat-kind. Eut not^

with-

Royal Society; 515

withflanding all this, Dr.Tyfon thinks we may as well argue, that
becaufe the neat-kind, the ftag-kind, ^c. that live on herbage,
have four llomachs, therefore thofe that have not four, were not
defigned by nature to be graminivorous; now the horfe-kind, ^c,
has but one flomach, and yet their food is gralsj and the cafe is
here the more remarkable, becaule the ftomach is a part more
principally concerned in digefting the food 5 yet we oblerve, even
in animals, that live upon the fame Ibrt of food, that their flo-
machs arc very different; one would therefore be more apt to
think, that for digefting the variety of food, the organ, which is
to perform it, fhould be different too; yet we find the llomachs
of animals, that live upon different food are very much alike; if
therefore, we cannot draw a conclufion froni the ftruflure of the-
ilomach, what food is moft natural to an animal, much lels, -can
we from the CohfTy or the Ceecum, being parts of the alimentary
du6t, that are remote from the ftomach ; which feem to be only
a common ftiore, for the reception of the F^ces : Nature ob-
ferves great variety, in the formation of the ftru6ture of this ali-
mentary du6l in different animals ; and even where we may ob-
ferve much the fame fort of food, yet we do not always find the
fame ftru^lure, tho' her intendment be the fame in all, viz. to
digeft the food, diftribute the chyle, and ejeft the F^ces : Since
man therefore hath all manner of teeth, fit for the preparation of
all forts of food, before it be conveyed to the ftomach, and this
laft organ is alfo adapted to digeft all forts of food; Dr. Tyfon
rather thinks, that nature intended he fhould live upon all ; or
at leaft not deny him any, or ftint him to one fort only ; as in the
text already quoted. Gen. ix. v. 3. To give fome inftances in
brutes, where it does not hold, that all carnivorous animals have
no Colon or C^cumy the Opoffum has a long Colon, tho* not cellu-
lated, and a large Cacumy that receives all the fasces, as they pafs
downwards; yet this animal feeds upon poultry, birds and other
flefli ; on the other hand the hedge-hog, that hath no Colon or C<£cum,
and therefore by Dr. Wallis's rule, Ihould be carnivorous, feeds
only on roots; hogs likewife, that have both a Colon &v\d Caecum,
will feed greedily upon fleih, tho' their ordinary food be of ano-
ther kind ; as alfo a rat and moufe, that have a large Ccecumy
but no Colony ked upon bacon, as well as bread and cheele ; there-
fore Dr. Wallis's obfervation as to brutes, tho' it n\ay hold for
the moft part true, yet it is not univerfal. .

Dr. JVallis agrees in thefe fentiments, and is inclined to think,

that all nations, both before and after the flood, have ufed to feed

on flefh duly prepared; tho' on the other hand he thinks, that raw

T t t 2 fi«fli

5i6 M E M O I R S of the

flefh (as it is the common food of carnivorous animals, is not a
natural food for us , and he does not know that any nation has of
choice uled to feed on raw flefh, unlefs in cafes of extremity,
^r. If there be any fuch, he looks upon it as an anamolous
cafe, as alio the rat's eating bacon ( which yet is not quite void
of coftion) for want of other food , and as to iwines fometimes
eating poultry, Dr. Wallis does not take it to be purely na-
tural, but rather the effect of an appetite depraved by cuftom ^
becaufe much of .the hog-wafh, which is given fwine, comes
from the coflion of flefh for our own ufe 3 and this inures them
to the tafte of it.

Dr. Wallis leaves it to be eonfidered from what reafon, for
what ufe, and in what degree the paffage of fle/h thro' the ali-
mentary du6t, ihould ordmarily be more quick, and that of
herbs more flow, and in what degree it is lb 5 and again, whereas
nature feems to have originally defigned a large Cdecum in man,
as in fome other animals ; how it comes to pafs, that in adults it
is of little or no ufe, but fhrinks up into an Appendicula Ver-
mi-formis , whether or not this may not partly proceed from our
feeding fo much upon flefh.

"ihe END of the Third Volume.

THE

THE

INDEX.

A I R, itsEfeSls on a tr an/parent
Liquor Page 8 1

Air, Experiment on its Rare-
. fafiion 409>/^f»

Alcanna 291

Amber, Account of 322, feq.

Aneurifma of the Arteria Aorta 495
Animalcula in Pepper-zvater 71
Animals Microfcopical 174, feq.
Annuities on Lives ^ the Value of'^S
Afcites, Gbfervations on 95,/^^.

B

BArometer to enlarge its Divi-
Jions 269, feq.

Beans, caf nfjore on the Orkneys

I7^»A-
Beetles, Swarms of 234, jeq.

Bite of a mad Dog, the Cure of 2^7,

Bite of a Serpent, Symptoms attend-
ing 295

Black-lead 271

Bladder/ a triple one 503

Blatta Byzjntina zuhat 46, feq.

BWHqt, its Operation 359» /?f.

Blood, the Changes of its Colour
accounted for 8 1 , feq.

Bodkin cut out of a Woman's Blad^
der 452, feq.

Bones united without Articulation
or Cartilage 1 3 6, feq.

Brain, a Child born alive without
207, feq.

Bramines, in the Indies, an Account

of 497, h'

Brafs, making of 64

Buck-skins, the dr effing of 18

Butts, the Circulation of the Blood

in ^ 476, feq.

CAlamine, an Account of '^^feq-
Cape Corfe, Qbfervations at
zz^yfeq.

Carnation Colour produced by two
clear inflammable Liquors 337
Catacombs at Rome j^Z'^, feq.
Cataraft in Gottenburg River 494
Caterpillars, their Origin 244
Child bit by a mad Dog 97

Child born alive without a Brain
207,/?^. 3 j'^,/?^.
China-varnifhes, Wayof making \(i'j
Chylification iGjffeq.

Circulation of the Blood in Tadpoles
448, feq.
Cochineel-fly, Account of 2, feq,
Coffee-lhrub J03,/^f.

Coffee, an Account of 402, feq.
Colouring A/^r^/^ 496, feq.

Comet 338, feq,

Conco6iion, the Manner of ^S^, feq.
Conjundion of the inferior Planets
with the Sun 7, feq.

Copper, Tranf mutation ofintoBrafs

Cortex Winteranus 85, feq.

Credibility of Human Tejiimony

\\-],feq.

Cryftal, to renew its Luflre 248

Cuntur 103

Cuttiog/i;r the Stone in theKidneys^

Method of 184, /ef.

D

DEAF P erf ons taught to f peak
296, //?f.
Death-watch 302, feq.

DeeV Propofal for reforming the
Calendar \\^i feq,

Dentalia, what 4.6

D'lRsince of the flxi Stars 106, feq.
Doe- skins, the Drefflng of 18

Dog» the Death of on firing fome
Follies of f mall Shot 239

Drills, their Polarity 309, /?f.
E

EARTH, the StruBure of it:
internal Parts 32, fei.

Earth.

The INDEX.

Eirthqualce 63. ///. 9 1 » /^f •

Eaftcr, the Rubricksfor its Seat 27 1
EalMndics Obfervations in 283, /^f.
Eels, their Generation 248, y>^.
Egg fouJid in the Tuba Pallopiana

94' H

Enginc/^r f4//^«^ Water 381

Entalia, k'^?-^/ 46

Epidemical Dljiempers Obfervations

on 107, feq.

Eviponilon 0/ Water ■ izo, Jeq,

F
Tj^ABA 5/. Ignatii, Virtues of

. 340*

Eifli, their internal Stru^ure 199
Fire, an Eruption of 304, feq»
Fixed Stars, to find their Para f/ax,
69, /^^.
'■ their'Difiame \o6feq.
Fleas, Generation of 336, y^^.
Fkfh^ Men's feeding on 509, y>^.
Flowers, /i? z;7<ji^ //?»^;;? ^r<?w; /;!?

Winter 242

-— /^ preferve 243

Fluids, //&^z> Expanfion and Con-

tr anion by Heat and Cold 48
Fcetus, /y/»^ without the Uterus in

the Belly 182, 352, y^^.

FofTilse/'RecuIverC//^/ 505

Foffile-Wood 213

Foflile-fliells and Fijhes 49 1, feq.
Freezing, Experiments on 305, /^f.
Frefhnefs of Water examined 43
Fruit, to make it grow in Winter
242, to preferve 243
G
/^ALL-BEE 302

^^ Gnx\Vs CaufzvaySOffeq.iiC)
Giants, an Account of 475, feq.
Glands near the Projlatar 421, feq,
Glaf?, /(? paint with Marble Colours
_, 301

Globe looking 'glafs "ioo, feq.
Gnats /z? /^^ Excrement of Frogs

462, y^^.

Gold, itsThicknefs on gilt Wire 18

■ /<> ^/7i on Silver 29 1

the excfeding minutenefs of

Its Partiihs ibid,

G^is, Motion (f 285

H

HAIL, /J 5f(7r/;7 (?/ 218
Caufe of 22$

Hair, to make it grow 248

to prevent its fhedding 248

Hands', to make black 247, feq.
Heads of Fowls ^ Obfervations on 61
Hearing, Organs of j^^z, feq.
Heat, the Degrees thereof in all

Latitudes 76, feq*

Herbs, their Virtues 397, feq.
Horns of American Veer fou?id

under Ground 209, feq.

Work flaked into the Stomach 165
Human Teflimony itsCredibility^iy
Humming-bird 64, feq.

Hurricanes, Prognofics of -^06^ feq,
Hydatides 5, feq.

Hydrocephalus 40$

Hydrops pcftoris 196

I

JAundice (?^z//^/^ 116

Jenkins Henry his great Age 1 74
Imagination, iti Effe^s 1 76

Infinite families Species of 20 feq,

t^eir Ratio's tbid.

Joints, an abfolute Command of 2%2
Iron- works in Lancalhire 59, feq.
Iron, its Polarity 12'i, feq.

Iron, to give it a Copper Colour 291
Juices of Plants^ their "Nature and

Difference 189, feq.

Italy, Obfervations in .483, feq.
Julian Account preferable to the

Gregorian 412, feq.

K

K

Idncy, a difeafed 178, feq,

L

LAM?, a new one 305

Lapis Calaminaris, an Ac-
count of 54, feq.
Laryngotomy 440, feq.
Leech , the DiffeStion of 231, feq.
Lens of Water 214, feq,
Libella, 489, feq.
Lightning, Caufe of 228
Lincolnfhire, Obfervations in 185,
Loch-Nefs, an Account of 387, A7.
Locufts, Swarms of 99* fq-
Long-

The I N

Long-worm 199

Lumbricus hydropicus 5, feq,

M

MAD Dog, a Child bit by ^^
M^giQlanthorn 301

Marble, Colouring of 496, feq.
Maryland, nn Auount of 446, jeq.
Medical Ohjervatiom 399, feq.
Mercury in ConjunSlion with the
Sun 7, feq.

Mercury, its Height at the Top of
Snowdon Hill 218, feq.

■ Height at the Top of the

Monument 240, feq.

to meafure its Height in

the Barometer 243

Alcridian Line, a Way of drawing

506
Microfcope reflefling 2 1 5

Microfcopical Obfervationi I ye^^feq*

Animals 1 74, feq.

Mineral Spring 3 1 1

Mineral Waters 30 1, feq.

Monochord, theDivifion of 20^^^ feq.
Mortality, an Eflimate of the De-
grees of 34, feq. 52, feq,
VLvi^clQSyan ahfolute Command of 2^2
Mufick, ancient examined 291,/^^.
N

NEGRO Boy dappled with
white Spots 2-^g

NewEn gland, Obfervations in 269
New Holland, Obfervations in 300
New Caledonia, an Account of 471
Numeral Chara^ers, their Anti-

^^ify 396, feq.

O

/^Bfervations microfcopical 171
v^ Obfervatory ^/"Tyc.B rah 6494
O'lh producing an Explofcn 1 22y>^.
Opium, itsUfe among theTwrks 175
OpoiTum, /// Diffe£lion 250, feq.
Organ, its Imperfeaion 276, feq,
OihsiQites, Firtaes of 3'i9* feq'.
Ovary Hydropical 356, feq

Oyfter-lheJIs, Beds of 456, feq.

P
P A L S Y Periodical 281, feq,
^ Parallax of the fxt Stars , to
fi^'i 69, fe^.

D EX.

Paracenicfis, an Hydropical Woman
dying after it 183,/^.

Parhelia 348, 354, 471

"PsiroqMQt, its Dije^ion 11^, feq.
Pear double 453, feq,

Pearl-fifhing ')Zy feq.

Pepper- water, Animalcula in-jijeq.
Phofphorus, theProcefs ofmaking^z

metallorum 301

Phyfiognomy 1 10, feq.

Pig, monjirous ^^^/feq.

Pitch, the making of 290

Planets, inferior Conjunflions of,
with the Sun 7^ feq.

Plants, a Stove for preferving them
121, feq.

' prefermng Specimens of z^z

the Nature and Difference

of their Juices 1 89, feq^

in Jamaica 349, y>^,

Pneumatical Engine applied to Cup~
ping-glaffes^ 442, feq.

PoifoDs, Obfervations on 117, feq.
Polarity of Iron \ 28, feq.

Polypus of the Lungs 475, feq.
PolTum, its DiffeSlion 250, fee,
Pofture-marter Clarke 2S2^ feq,
Preflure of Water at fever al Depths
4, feq. 84
Purple-fiili 47, feq^

R
"D A I N, to meafure its ^an-

if.^\nbovj extraordinary ^'J^ffeq,

Rarcfadion of the Air, Experiment

°^ 400, fea

Rat. Diffeaion of ^33, jfq^

R^d-cohw produced by afulphureous
Spirit and a volatile A /call 215
~ — ;— to make 247

Red-wine, to make yellouf 247
Refleaing Microfcope 215

Rcfpiration, Ufe of 270, feq,

Rhcumatilms, the Caufe of the
Pain in j-^

Rheumatic convuiflve Pains 4-54
Kom^n Antiquities 234, 293, /?.;.

480

— — ^;./W^ 274, >f.

— : <^off,n 203, fiq,

^Q^m, the making of 290

Rami-

The INDEX.

Ruminating Man
Rufma

290; feq.

Salts, Vegetable 285, /^f.
Scallop, its Difeaion 216^ feq.
Scolopendra Marina 196, feq,

Stt^s to clnrify IV^ifer 337

Shells in the Eail Indies 75, feq.
Silk, its Nature and ^alitles 362
Snake-root, Defcriptionof 321
Soap-earth ' 1 65, /^^.

Sound, Experiments on ^iz^ feq.
Specific Gravities offeveral Bodies

Sly M'
Specula Concave 239

Steel, the tempering of 73, feq.
Stomach, Motion of 285

Stone, Method of Cutting for in
the Kidnep 184,

yielding Pitchy 7ar and Oil

z\6
i bred at the Root of the Tongue

^ionzs found in the Sto?nach, &c.

343
Stone, a new Way of Cutting for

344> j^q-
Stove for preferring Plants 121
Stroaking, Cures by 407, feq.

Styptic 98, feq.

Sun, Proportional Heat of in all

Latitudes 76^ feq.

Sun, to find his Ingrefs into the

Tropical Signs 131, feq .

Surveying, an Error in 225, feq,

T

TAdmor, an Account of\\o,feq.
Tadpole, Produilisn of \6

- — ' the Circulation of the

Blood in 448, [eq.
Tar, the making of 290

Tartarian Lamb 320, feq,

Tendo Achillis cured after an en-
tire Divifion 357 feq.

Thermometer, the afcertaining of
its Divifions 48, feq.

Thunder, Caufe of 228

Tides, Thesry of ^01 ^ feq.

Timber, its Difference in different
Countries 128

Tropical Signs, the Sun's Ingrefs
into 131, /^f.

Truffles 67, feq.

Trumpet, its Defers 21, feq.

Trumpet-Marine its Defers 2iyfeq»

Turkey double 445, feq.

Turpentine, the making of 290
V

VArlation the Caufe of its Changes
25
Vegetation Experiments on Oj6\,feq.
Venus in Conjun^ion with the Sun,

I4>>^

Violet Colour y to make 247

Virginia, an Account of 65, feq^,

%6y feq. Illy feq.

Vifible ConjunB'ions of the inferior

Planets with the Sun 7, feq.

Vifion, an odd Cafe in 116, feq^

Volatile acid Salts the Way of find ^

ing their ^antity in acid Spirits

468, feq,

V^oyage from England to Conftan-

tinople 219,/?^.

Urine, Suppreffton of 136

Uterus, its externel Coat hydropic al

97
W

WATER, the Preffure of at
great Depths 4, feq. 84
Water, its Frefhnefs examined 43

> its Evaporation 1 20, feq.

Water-fpout 138

Water Microfcope 1 88, feq.

Well, that flows and ebbs 84, feq,
Weft-India Way of drefftng Buck

and Doe- skins \%

Weftern Ifles of Scotland, Obferva-

tions in 233

Weft Barbary, Obfervations in 390
Worms in Sbeefs Livers ^6zJ'eq.

CORRIGENDA,
kCV. 174. / 10. )-. Battle of Flowden-field. P. 284. laft line favc four
for Ilindoftan r. Indoftan. P. 323 Line penult, for hiclicr r. thicker,
laft Line fave 8 for iucceffivejy r. luccelsfuUy.

?or use in Library otjjy

i#:

\.

'^