SASI 6 0>44 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology A REVIEW OF THE TRIVIIDAE (Mollusca: Gastropoda) CRAWFORD NEILL GATE SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIR 10 1979 MUS. COMP». 200l_. L_lf3RARY II : K! o ■"•"~ifi H ^K R \/ A R O A REVIEW OF THE TRIVIIDAE (AAollusca: Gastropoda) CRAWFORD NEILL GATE SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIR 10 20 June 1979 CONTENTS Introduction Systematics 6 Type Localities 6 Magnification 6 Credits 6 Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Conventions Systematics (List) Systematic Account 1 3 Literature Cited 118 Biosystematic Index 121 A Review of the Triviidae (MoUusca: Gastropoda) Crawford Neill Catei Introduction This work on the Triviidae brings to a conclusion the planned trilogy of monographic treatments of cypraeacean forms: Ovulidae, Eratoidae and Trivi- idae. Its purpose is to bring together under one cover the pertinent text relating to the combined Holocene species, and to illustrate them, wherever possible, with photographs of the type specimens or their nearest equivalents. It is hoped that this will assist future students of the group in identifyng their specimens; at the very least it should provide a base from which further research may proceed. None of the early workers in malacology seem to have treated the Triviidae in separate monographic form; usually a relatively few species were tacked on at the end of a comprehensive review of the Cypraea. Kiener illustrated only 25 triviid species; Reeve, 32; Sowerbyll (1832), 25; Sowerby II (1870), 48; Rob- erts in Tryon, 43; Weinkauff figured 40, and Joyce Allan only 20. In modern times, the Schilders pub- lished a helpful list of triviid species-names they had encountered during the course of studying the Cy- praeacea in various museums; they listed =212 Holo- cene triviid names, but did little or no revisionary work in this group beyond some rather complicated tables which were intended as a guide to the morpho- logical characters of certain species. This present work, then, is a more comprehensive review of the Triviidae. Listed herein are 6 valid genera (2 of them new taxa), 7 subgenera, and 138 valid species, of which 41 are new to science. Synon- ymy accounts for approximately another 115 species- names. Fossil species have been omitted except where photographs of certain fossil type specimens came to hand by chance, along with other photographs from museums assisting in my studies. Due to a neady total lack of live material, it will be necessary at least for now to ignore the anatomy of the Triviidae until further collections of living animals may be made available to workers. For the present it can only be assumed that the Triviidae relate more closely to the Cypraeidae than to the other members of Museum Associate, San Diego Natural History Museum. the Cypraeacea (Keen, 1971: 482 & 485). This assumption is based on the structural outline of the shells, on the form of the terminal processes, in the placement and appearance of the aperture, and in the similar appearance of their front and rear canals. They are separated from other cypraeaceans on the basis of the strong transverse ribs present in nearly every tri- viid species. Except for limited dorsal spotting in a very few species, shell pigmentation in triviids neariy always consists of a single solid color, without design or pat- tern. The adult shell is nearly always more or less cov- ered with transverse, upraised ribs; Trivia europaea (Montagu, 1808) under certain conditions, and mem- bers of the Triviella, may be the only exceptions. The longitudinal dorsal medial furrow, although present in most Triviidae, is never seen in Cypraeacea. In the Triviidae there are roughly 3 different color-groups, which seem to cluster together in cer- tain areas of distribution. What I call the "brown" shells seem to range from the British Isles to Spain and Portugal, into the Mediterranean Sea to Malta and North Africa, then south from Gibraltar to Maure- tania. A second, completely separate range for the brown group is the Panamic area, from the southern coast of California, the Gulf of California and south to Peru and the Galapagos Islands. What may be termed the "white" shells (including the grayish ones) are found south of Mauretania to the Cape of Good Hope, in relatively cold seas. For the most part, however, the white species inhabit the Pacific waters from Hawaii to Japan, throughout Asian habitats including the Philippines, east India, the entire circumference of Australia, Indian Ocean generally, the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the east Afri- can coast south to roughly the coasts of Natal and South Africa. The final color-group of triviid species, the pink and reddish shells, seem to be confined to the south- east coast of Africa, roughly from Durban to False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. TTiere are exceptions to the above generalities, as would be expected. However, generally speaking, the color-groups fall into the above pattern with surprising regularity. Systematics Schilder and Schilder (1971) established a work- able arrangement of the Triviidae which I have found convenient to adopt here, with a few changes. As closely as it is possible to ascertain, it follows the chronological evolutionary shell development. References to the fossil species may be found in Schilder (1932) and Schilder and Schilder (1971). However, as mentioned above, a few random illustra- tions of fossil triviid types appear here simply because their photographs were readily available. Type Localities Due in large part to the fact that a very great num- ber of triviid species were described from the collec- tion of Hugh Cuming, many of their collecting locali- ties have been lost and type localities never heretofore designated. Cuming was well known by his contem- poraries for his dislike of "disfiguring" labels; he felt that the addition of a label made the collection unat- tractive, and in his mind, because he knew where the shells came from, it seemed quite acceptable to him either to hide or to destroy the labels. Subsequent misuse of the collection by others has only worsened the situation. Hence, the provenance of several spe- cies has never been known; a few have had new type localities designated herein, where there seemed to be no question of range through recent collections of the species. Further study will be needed to locate the range of certain others. Another case in point is the Agnes Kenyon Col- lection, housed in the South Australian Museum at Adelaide. Here, too, there were many trays of shells without locality data, or even several different species lumped together into a single lot. These have now been sorted out, identified and returned to the mu- seum. In view of the many years these specimens have been in storage, once again I should like to point out that the present study must be considered as only a beginning for future work in the Triviidae. Magnification It will be noted that the illustrations in this paper have been greatly enlarged to facilitate study of the tiny specimens. It should be pointed out that this amount of magnification sometimes has a tendency to distort the appearance of the shells; fine rib-striae may be transformed to seem large and coarse, whereas in reality they should be considered slender or fine. Therefore it will be necessary for the student to use the illustrations with caution, and to try to obtain an approximately equal amount of magnification, through use of a microscope, in any shells being studied and compared with the illustrations. Credits Over the years this author has had occasion to work with the late Drs. Schilder on various studies; they very graciously granted their permission for me to use certain of their line drawings to emphasize points under discussion, or to illustrate species im- possible to photograph for one reason or another. At this time 1 wish to credit the publications from which the Schilder drawings used in my present work were derived: the Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France (Tome LVII, 1932: 399) [Figure 1 1 2a herein], and the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London (Vol. 19, 1931 (6): 274; figs, a-e) [Figure 87a herein]. Other sources are listed in the appendix. Acknowledgments During the course of this research into the Triviidae, the author has had the generous assistance of many people in the United Slates as well as elsewhere throughout the world. Their interest in this work has been most gratifying. I e.xpress my special gratitude to Kathie Way, BM(NH) for an extended effort in my behalf, for the tireless hours she put into a great part of this work and others, without which my own work would have been much more arduous. Due to the broad scope of this paper, it has been neces- sary to ask for a great deal of assistance from many people. They gave generously of their time and their knowledge and provided important photographic material or loaned speci- mens for study. More than this, they provided encourage- ment. There were others, not specifically named here, whose assistance in very many ways will not be forgotten. To the following, in alphabetical order, I extend my appreciation and thanks for their part in this monograph: W. Adam, IRSN: Margaret Amtmann, Rancho Santa Fe; Ake Andersson. NRS: P. L. G. Benoit, MRAC; Eugene Ernest Binder. MHNG; Lilia Capocaccia, MCSN; Jean Gate, Rancho Santa Fe; June Chatfield, NMW; Henry E. Coomans, ZMA; Fran^oise Danrigal. MNHN: Bertram Dra- per. LACM; Helen DuShane, LACM; J. van Goethem, IRSN; Tadashige Habe. NMST; David Heppell. RSME; Robert Jullien, MHNM; A. Myra Keen, Stanford Univer- sity; Brian F. Kensley, SAMC; Richard Neil Kilburn. NM; J. Knudsen, UZM; Rudolf Kilias, ZMB; R. V. Melville. ICZN-BM(NH); Wilhelm Odelberg, RSAS: Winston Pon- der, AM; George Radwin. SDNHM; Emily Reid. Berkeley; Peter U. Rodda, CAS; Barry Roth, CAS; Joseph Rosewater, USNM; the late Franz Alfred and Maria Schilder. Halle- Saale, DDR; Alan Solem, FMNH; Gale Sphon, LACM; Tina Sponsler, ANSP; Rudolf Stohler, Berkeley; Anne-Marie Testud, MNHN; G. A. Tunnicliffe, CM; and Wolfgang Seid- ler. SAM. My sincere thanks also go to Barbara Good, San Diego, for her help in typing the final manuscript, and to George Hanselman, San Diego, for translation of several important German language papers. It goes without saying that this paper's value would have been considerably diminished without the excellent photographs taken by Bert Draper. Finally, to my wife Jean Gate, a very special thanks for all that she has contributed to this work, as well as my other papers over the years. Abbreviations and Conventions AM - The Australian Museum. Sydney, New South NSMT Wales, Australia NMW ANSP - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia. Pennsylvania, USA NRS BM(NH) - British Museum (Natural History), London, England PMSL BSF - Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France. CAS - California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate RAMM Park, San Francisco, California, USA CM - Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zea- RSAS land DHS - Indicates holotype is described by Franz Al- RSF fred Schilder DP - Photographs by Bertram Draper, Los Angeles, RSME California, USA SAM FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA SAMC ICZN - International Commission on Zoological No- menclature SDNHM IRSN - Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Bel- gique, Bruxelles, Belgium UMZC LACM - Los Angeles County Museum of Natural His- tory, Los Angeles, California, USA USNMNH MCSN - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy UZM MHNM - Musee D'Histoire Naturelle, Marseille, France MHNG - Museum D'Histoire Naturelle Ville de Ge- ZMA neve, Geneva, Switzerland MNHN - Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. ZMB France MRAC - Musee Royal de I'Afrique Central, Tervuren, [CD] Belgium [SD] NM - Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Af- [T] rica (COOOO) National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Wales (llnitcd Kingdom) Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Swe- den Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, England Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, England The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden The Village of Rancho Santa Fe, California, USA Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Scotland South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia South African Museum, Capetown, South Africa San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, USA University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C, USA Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copen- hagen, Denmark Zoologisch Museum, University of Amster- dam, The Netherlands Zoologisches Museum fijr Naturkunde, Hum- boldt University, Berlin, Germany by original designation by subsequent designation by absolute tautonymy shell specimen in collection of C. N. Cate Systematics TRIVIACEA Troschel, 1863 TRIVIIDAE Troschel, 1863 TRIVIINAE Troschel, 1863 TRIVIELLINI Schilder, 1939 Fossatrivia Iredale, 1931 Fossatrivia caelatiira (Hedley, 1918) 1927 Trivirostra caelatura Schilder 1956 Semitrivia (Fossatrivia) caelatura Allan Fossatrivia paucicostata (Schepman, 1909) 1956 Semitrivia (Fossatrivia) paucicostata Allan Triviella Jousseaume, 1884 Triviella amaryllis Schilder, 1927 Triviella rubra (Shaw, 1909) 1956 1963 Triviella 1811 Triviella 1828 Triviella 1828 1828 1856 1870 1963 Triviella 1811 Triviella ovulata rubra Allan Trivia (Triviella) ovulata rubra Shikama and Horikoshi porcellio Cate, nom. nov. Cypraea oniscus (non Roding, 1798) La- marck carnea (Gray, 1828) Cypraea carnea var. oblonga Gray aperta aperta (Swainson, 1822) Cypraea rosea Wood Cypraea aperta. Gray Cypraea aperta. Hanley Cypraea oniscus. Sowerby II (1870) Trivia (Triviella) aperta. Shikama and Horikoshi aperta neglecta Schilder, 1930 Cypraea oniscus Lamarck Triviella pseudovulata Schilder and Schilder, 1929 Triviella vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836) 1885 Trivia vesicularis. Tryon 1927 Triviella vesicularis. Schilder Triviella austrafricana Cate, sp. nov. Triviella phalacra Schilder, 1930 1929 Triviella vesicularis (Gaskoin) of Schilder and Schilder Triviella costata (Gmelin, 1791) Triviini Troschel, 1863 Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin) 1: 214. [Trivia Gray, 1832] (Descr. Cat. Shells [unpublished proofs only]; name not established in valid way). Trivia Broderip, 1837 in: Knight, Penny Cyclopaedia 8: 256. Type species [SD: Gray, 1847]: Cypraea europaea Montagu, 1808 (see Schilder, 1939: 174 [34]). Trivea Swainson, 1840 Treatise on Malacology: 325. Type species [OD]: Cypraea coccinella Lamarck, 1811. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 104. Coccinella Herrmannsen, 1847 (non Lin- naeus, 1758) Index Genr. Malacoz. 1 : 254. Type species [OD]: Cypraea arctica Pul- teney, 1799; Cat. Birds, Shells. Plants, Dorsetshire: 39. Galeatrivia Cate, gen. nov. Galeatrivia ovulata (Lamarck, 1811) 1811 Cypraea ovulata Lamarck 1822 Cypraea ovula Lamarck 1852 Trivia ovulata var. alba Morch 1873 Trivia (Trivia) ovularia Paetel 1879 Trivia ovulum Schmeltz Galeatrivia millardi Cate, sp. nov. (Trivia) Broderip, 1837 Trivia (Trivia) monacha tripunctata (Bucquoy, Daut- zenberg and Dollfus, 1883) 1 848 Cypraea europaea var. tripunctata Requien [nom. nud.] 1 872 Trivia europaea var. maculata Monterosato 1878 Cypraea europaea var. trimaculata Monte- rosato 1883 Cypraea europaea var. major Bucq., Dautz. and Dollfus 1971 Trivia (Trivia) monacha tripunctata. Schil- der and Schilder Trivia (Trivia) monacha monacha (da Costa, 1778) 1767 Cypraea pediculus forma europaea Lin- naeus 1845 Cypraea pediculus syn. vulgaris Chenu 1845 Cypraea uropaea MacGillivray Trivia (Trivia) europaea (Montagu, 1808) 1811 Cypraea coccinella Lamarck 1836 Trivia jousseaumei Locard Trivia (Trivia) arctica (Pulteney, 1799) 1767 Cypraea pediculus forma anglica Linnaeus 1777 Cypraea pedicidus (non Linnaeus) Pennant 1797 Cypraea arctica Humphrey 1803 Cypraea bullata Montagu 1827 Cypraea europaea var. immaculata Gray 1835 Cypraea norvegica Sars 1881 Cypraea europaea syn. pullus Weinkauff 1893 Cypraea europaea var. minor Marshall 1933 Trivia arctica minuta Schilder 1950 Trivia candidula. (Gaskoin) Nickles Trivia (Trivia) napolina (Kiener, 1843) 1845 Cypraea napolini (Duclos, err.) 1971 Trivia (Trivia) napolina. Schilder and Schilder Trivia (Trivia) dakarensis Schilder, 1967 Trivia (Trivia) hispania Cate, sp. nov. 1900 Trivia pullicina var. globosa Locard and Caziot 1941 Trivia (Trivia) arctica. Schilder Trivia (Trivia) grateloupi Schilder Trivia (Trivia) tortuga Cate, sp. nov. Trivia (Trivia) procella Cate, sp. nov. Trivia (Trivia) islahispaniolae petrela (Olsson and Harbison, 1953) Trivia (Trivia) mollerati Locard 1878 Cypraea europaea var. minor Monterosato 1878 Cypraea europaea var. solida Monterosato 1894 Trivia mollerati Locard 1897 Trivia mollerati. Locard Trivia (Trivia) midtilirata (Sowerby II, 1870) 1826 Cypraea europaea Risso 1829 Cypraea umbilicalis da Costa 1848 Cypraea europaea var. cornea Requien 1870 Cypraea jormosa syn. crebricostata Sow- erby II 1878 Cypraea europaea var. major-globosa Mon- terosato 1883 Cypraea europaea var. globosa Bucq., Dautz. and Dollfus 1887 Trivia (Trivia) sphaerica Paetel 1900 Trivia globulosa Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia europaea var. ventricosa Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia europaea var. albida Locard and Caziot 1924 Trivia mediterranea var. albida Sullioti 1933 Trivia mediterranea var. pellusccns Coen 1937 Trivia dalinatica Coen (Sulcotrivia) Schilder, 1933 Trivia (Sulcotrivia) africana (Schilder, 1931) 1899 Trivia pide.x var. minor Dautzenberg Trivia (Sulcotrivia) lathyrus (Blainville, 1826) 1811 Ovula triticea Lamarck 1817 Cypraea sulcata syn. pulex Dillwyn 1826 Cypraea mediterranea Risso 1827 Cypraea pulex Gray 1828 Cypraea lacrymalis Menke (nom. nud.) 1830 Cypraea lacrymalis Menke 1843 Cypraea lathyrus (Dufresne). Kiener 1848 Cypraea pidex var. fusca Requien (nom. nud.) 1878 Cypraea pidex var. minor Monterosato 1883 Cypraea pulex var. rosea Bucq., Dautz. and Dollfus 1890 Trivia pidlicina Mollerat 1900 Trivia pidlicina var. pullucida Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia pidlicina var. violacea Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia pidlicina var. brunnea Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia pullicina var. albida Locard and Caziot 1900 Trivia pidlicina var. grisea Locard and Caziot Pusulini Schilder, 1936 Pseudotrivia Schilder, 1936 Pseudotrivia schepmani Schilder, 1941 1909 Trivia sibogae forma minor Schepman Pseudotrivia suavis (Schilder, 1931) 1836 Cypraea formosa Gaskoin Pseudotrivia sibogae (Schepman, 1909) Pseudotrivia abyssicola (Schepman, 1909) Pseudotrivia sagamiensis Kuroda and Habe, 1971 Pseudotrivia problematica (Schilder, 1931) Pseudotrivia samarensis Cate, sp. nov. Pseudotrivia dumaliensis Cate, sp. nov. Robertotrivia Cate, gen. nov. Robertotrivia eos (Roberts, 1913) 1932 Pusula (Ellatrivia) eos Schilder 1941 Pseudotrivia eos Schilder 1963 Trivia (Pseudotrivia) eos. Shikama and Horikoshi Robertotrivia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. Robertotrivia speciosa Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. 1963 Trivia (Pseudotrivia) sp. Shikama and Horikoshi Robertotrivia opalina Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. Niveria Jousseaume, 1884 Niveria (Niveria) quadripunctata (Gray, 1827) 1826 Cypraea rosea Blainville 1827 Cypraea 4-punctata Gray 1827 Cypraea quadripunctata var. immaculata Gray 1843 Cypraea rotunda Kiener 1928 Trivia quadripunctata. Faustino Niveria (Niveria) hybrida (Schilder, 1931) Niveria (Niveria) nix (Schilder, 1922) 1832 Tri. Nivea Gray 1832 Cypraea nivea Sowerby II 1838 ? Cypraea grando Potiez and Michaud 1922 Trivia nix Schilder Niveria (Niveria) pacifica (Sowerby II, 1832) 1971 Trivia (Niveria) pacifica (Sov/erhy, 1832). Keen Niveria (Niveria) suffusa (Gray, 1827) 1827 Cypraea pediculus var. suffusa Gray 1838 Cypraea armandina Potiez and Michaud 1843 Cypraea armandiana "Duclos". Kiener 1870 Cypraea suffusa var. pullata Sowerby II 1870 Cypraea suffusa. Abbott Niveria (Niveria) maugeriae (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 Trivia maugeri [sic] Gray; (nom. nud.) 1833 Cypraea maugeri Gray 1971 Trivia (Niveria) maugeriae. Keen Niveria (Niveria) pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1767 Cypraea pediculus forma indica Linnaeus 1778 Cypraea pisum Meuschen (non-binomial) 1781 Cypraea pisum Meuschen (non-binomial) 1798 Cypraea oniscus Roding 1798 Cypraea pulex Roding 1 807 Cypraea pulex. Link 1817 Cypraea sulcata Dillwyn 1838 Cypraea pediculus var. minor Schliiter 1877 Trivia pediculus var. picturata Morch 1922 Cypraea restituta Sullioti 1927 Triviella gamma Mestayer 1953 Trivia (Trivia) pediculus. Olsson and Har- bison 10 (Ellalrivia) Iredale, 1931 Niveria {Ellairivia) merces (Iredale, 1924) 1822 Cypraea australis Lamarck 1838 Cypraea rosea Potiez and Michaud 1963 Trivia (EUatrivia) merces merces. Shikama and Horikoshi Niveria (EUatrivia) memorata (Finlay, 1927) 1927 Triviella memorata Finlay 1927 Triviella maoriensis Mestayer 1931 EUatrivia {merces) addenda Iredale 1956 EUatrivia merces. Allan 1971 Niveria (EUatrivia) merces addenda Sdvi- der and Schilder (Cleotrivia) Iredale, 1930 Niveria (Cleotrivia) vitrea (Gaskoin, 1849) 1928 Trivia vitrea. Faustino Niveria (Cleotrivia) candidida (Gaskoin, 1836) 1757 Cypraea bitoii Adanson 1836 Cypraea approximans Gaskoin 1836 Cypraea olorina Gaskoin 1885 Trivia subrostrata var. alba "Krebs" of Roberts 1903 Trivia candidida. Dall 1912 Cypraea arctica var. alba Dautzenberg and Fischer 1920 Trivia bitou Pallary Niveria (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera (Schilder, 1931) 1931 Pitsula (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera Schilder Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 Trivia globosa Gray 1832 Cypraea globosa Sowerby II 1870 Cypraea brevissima Sowerby II 1900 Trivia acuti-sulcata Kenyon 1906 Cypraea fibula Standen and Leicester 1921 Trivia cosmoi Dautzenberg Niveria (Cleotrivia) meridionalis Gate Niveria (Cleotrivia) dorsennus Gate, sp. nov. Niveria (Cleotrivia) coraUina Gate, sp. nov. Niveria (Cleotrivia) pisum (Gaskoin, 1836) 1846 Cypraea pisum Gaskoin 1885 Trivia pisum. Tryon 1932 Pusula (Cleotrivia) globosa pisulum Schil- der Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula (Kiener, 1843) 1843 Cypraea pilula Kiener 1845 Cypraea sphaerida Mighels 1935 Cleotrivia pilula. Iredale Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula euclaensis Gate, ssp. nov 1918 Trivia globosa. Verco 1935 Cleotrivia bathypilula Iredale 1971 Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula bathypilula Schilder Niveria (Cleotrivia) atomaria atomaria (Dall, 1902) 1902 Trivia atomaria Dall 1907 Cypraea atomaria. Hidalgo 1971 Trivia (Pusula) atomaria. Keen Niveria (Cleotrivia) atomaria pygmaea (Schilder, 1931) 1931 Pusula (Cleotrivia) pygmaea Schilder Niveria (Cleotrivia) occidentalis (Schilder, 1922) 1827 Cypraea sub-rostrata Gray 1846 Cypraea pulla Gaskoin 1922 Trivia occidentalis Schilder, nom. nov. pro C. subrostrata 1922 Trivia antillarum Schilder Niveria (Cleotrivia) aquatanica Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra Jousseaume, 1884 Trivirostra corinneae (Shaw, 1909) 1867 Trivia ajfinis Marrat 1909 Trivia corinneae Shaw 1920 Trivia hidalgoi Vredenburg 1932 Trivirostra corinneae. Schilder 1932 Trivirostra corinneae syn. puellula Schilder Trivirostra thaayiiimi Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra hordacea (Kiener, 1843) 1843 Cypraea hordacea Kiener 1845 Cypraea insecta Mighels 1928 Trivia insecta. Faustino 1934 Trivia koroensis Ladd Trivirostra bosivellae Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra oshiniaensis Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra desirabilis (Iredale, 1912) Trivirostra clariceae Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra sphaeroides Schilder, 1933 Trivirostra insularum Schilder, 1944 1944 Trivirostra edgari insidarum Schilder Trivirostra edgari edgari (Shaw, 1909) 1827 Cypraea scabriuscida var. minor Gray 1849 Cypraea grando Gaskoin 1870 Cypraea grando (Gaskoin). Sowerby II 1909 Trivia oryza forma minor Schepman 1909 Trivia edgari Shaw, nom. nov. pro Cypraea grando Gaskoin Trivirostra edgari tomlini Schilder, 1944 Trivirostra oryzoidea Iredale, 1935 1917 Trivia oryza Odhner Trivirostra vitrina Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra shawi Schilder, 1933 Trivirostra bocki Schilder, 1944 1944 Trivirostra shawi bocki Schilder Trivirostra spioinsula Gate, sp. nov. 1 1 Triviroslra pcllucidida (Gaskoin, 1846) 1846 Cypraea pellncidula Gaskoin 1881 Cypraea pellicula Weinkauff 1928 Trivia pellncidula. Faustino 1930 Trivia pellucida Iredale 1968 Trivirostra (Dolichupis) pellucidula. Cer- nohorsky Triviroslra corrugata cornigata (Pease, 1868) 1868 Trivia corrugata Pease 1914 Trivia exigiia var. alba Sowerby III Trivirostra corrugata hyalina Schilder, 1933 1933 Trivirostra exigua hyalina Schilder Trivirostra exigua ( Gray, 1831) 1831 Cypraea exigua Gray 1833 Cypraea treineza Duclos 1845 Cypraea gemmula Gould 1963 Trivia {Trivirostra) exigua. Shikama and Horikoshi 1968 Trivia tremeza syn. gemmata Schmeltz Trivirostra polynestae Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra keehiensis Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra natalensis Schilder, 1932 1923 Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin). Vayssiere 1932 Trivirostra pellucidula natalensis Schilder Trivirostra vayssierei Gate, nom. nov. 1923 "Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin, 1846)." of Vayssiere Trivirostra turneri Schilder, 1932 1861 Cypraea oryza (Lamarck) var. Dunker 1896 Cypraea turneri (Jouss.) Shopland (nom. nud.) 1932 Trivirostra oryza turneri Schilder Trivirostra triticum Schilder, 1932 1870 Cypraea oryza sandwichensis Sowerby II 1932 Trivirostra oryza triticum Schilder 1933 Trivirostra triticum subinflata Schilder Trivirostra obscura (Gaskoin, 1849) 1849 Cypraea obscura Gaskoin Trivirostra bipunctata (Odhner, 1917) 1917 Trivia bipunctata Odhner 1956 Trivia (Dolichupis) obscura (Gaskoin). Allan Trivirostra exmouthensis Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra pargrando Iredale, 1935 1917 Trivia grando ( Gaskoin ) . of Odhner Trivirostra oryza oryza (Lamarck, 1811) 1705 Porcellana pedicidus Rumphius 1811 Cypraea oryza Lamarck 1817 Cypraea sulcata var. oryza syn. nivea Diil- wyn 1843 Cypraea intermedia Kiener 1870 Trivia pediculus Roberts 1909 Trivia oryza Lam. forma minor Schepman 1928 Trivia oryza. Favi^Uno 1963 Trivia {Trivirostra) oryza. Shikama and Horikoshi Trivirostra zzyzyxia Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra scabriuscula (Gray, 1827) 1827 Cypraea scabriuscula Gray 1831 Cypraea rugosa Gray 1849 Cypraea sulcata Gaskoin 1870 Trivia gaskoini Roberts 1928 Trivia scabriuscida. Faustino Trivirostra aussioritm Gate, sp. nov. Trivirostra cydaruiu Gate, sp. nov. Decorintrivia Gate, gen. nov. Decoriatrivia paucilirata (Sowerby II, 1870) 1870 Cypraea paucilirata Sowerby II 1900 Cypraea buttoni Melvill 1931 "Dolichupis acutidentata (Gaskoin).'" of Schilder and Tomlin 1963 Trivia {Dolichupis) paucilirata Solem 1971 Trivia {Dolichupis) acutidentata (Gas- koin). Keen Decoriatrivia artema Gate, sp. nov. Decoriatrivia kalians Gate, sp. nov. Decoriatrivia biirius Gate, sp. nov. Decoriatrivia acutidentata (Gaskoin, 1836) 1836 Cypraea acutidentata Gaskoin Decoriatrivia pulloidea (Dal! and Ochsner, 1928) 1928 Trivia pulloidea Dall and Ochsner 1971 Pusula {Pusula) acutidentata pulloidea Schilder and Schilder Decoriatrivia citeria Gate, sp. nov. Decoriatrivia ritteri (Raymond, 1903) 1903 Trivia ritteri Raymond Decoriatrivia wayiana Gate, nom. nov. 1832 Trivia rufescens Gray 1832 Cypraea rufescens Sowerby II 1870 Cypraea rubescens Sowerby II Pusida Jousseaume, 1 88-1 : Pustula Roberts, 1885 : Vusula Cossmann, 1896 Pusula {Pusula) panamensis (Dall, 1902) 1902 Trivia panamensis Dall Pusula {Pusula) rubescens (Gray, 1833) 1833 Cypraea rubescens Gray 1971 Trivia {Cleotrivia) rubescens {Gray, 1833). Keen Pusula {Pusida) fusca (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 [Cypraea jusca Gray] 12 1971 Trivia (Pusula) fiisca (Sowerby II, 1832, ex Gray MS). Keen Pusula (Pusula) galapagensis (Melvill, 1900) 1900 Cypraea (Trivia) galapagensis Melvill 1963 Trivia (Pusula) rufescens (Gray, 1832) Solem 1971 Pusula (Pusula) fusca galapagensis (Sow- erby II, 1832) Schilder Pusula (Pusula) carabiis Gate, sp. nov. Pusula (Pusula) cherobia Gate, sp. nov. Pusula (Pusula) campus Gate, sp. nov. Pusula (Pusula) sanguinea (Sowerby II, 1832) 1 832 Cypraea sanguinea Sowerby II 1971 Trivia (Pusula) sanguinea (Sowerby. 1832, ex Gray MS). Keen Pusula (Pusula) maltbiana (Schwengel and McGinty, 1942) 1942 Trivia maltbiana Schwengel and McGinty Pusula (Pusula) calijorniuna (Gray, 1827) 1827 Cypraea calijorniuna Gray 1971 Trivia (Pusula) calif orniana. (Gray, 1827). Keen Pusula (Pusula) californica (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 [Trivia californica Gray, MS] (June) 1832 Cypraea californica Sowerby II (Novem- ber) 1843 Cypraea depauperata. Kiener 1963 Pusula (text figure) Keen 1971 Trivia (Pusula) calif orniana. (Gray, 1827). Keen 1974 Trivia californiana (Gray, 1827). Abbott Pusula (Pusula) californica loochooensis Gate, ssp. nov. Pusula (Pusula) elsiae (Howard and Sphon, 1960) 1960 Trivia (Pusula) elsiae Howard and Sphon 1971 ? Trivia (Pusula) californiana (Gray). Keen Pusula (Pusula) solandri (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 Cypraea solandri Sowerby II 1927 Pusula (Pusula) solanderi [emend.] (Sow- erby, 1832) Schilder 1971 Trivia (Pusula) solandri (Sowerby, 1832, ex Gray, MS). Keen = Pusula (Pusula) padreserrai Gate, sp. nov. 1971 Trivia (Pusula) solandri. Keen Pusula (Pusula) radians (Lamarck, 1811) 1811 Cypraea radians Lamarck 1817 Cypraea oniscus Dillwyn 1971 Trivia (Pusula) radians (Lamarck, 1811). Keen 1971 Cypraea rota (Weinkauff, 1881). Keen Pusula (Pusula) costispunctata (Sowerby II, 1870) 1870 Cypraea costispunctata Sowerby II 1971 Niveria (Niveria) costispunctata. Schilder (Dolichupis) Iredale, 1930 : Trivellona Iredale, 1931 Pusula (Dolichupis) producta producta (Gaskoin, 1836) 1836 Cypraea producta Gaskoin 1941 Trivia (Trivia) latensis Schilder 1967 Pusula producta. Gernohorsky Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion Gate, sp. nov. Pusula (Dolichupis) excelsa (Iredale, 1931) 1931 Trivellona e.xcelsa Iredale Pusula (Dolichupis) rubinicolor (Gaskoin, 1836) 1836 Cypraea rubinicolor Gaskoin 1885 Trivia rubinicolor. Tryon Pusula (Dolichupis) fitltoni Gate, sp. nov. 1927 "Trivia acutidenlata" of Fulton Pusula (Dolichupis) cicatrosa (Sowerby II, 1870) 1870 Cypraea cicatrosa Sowerby II 1885 Trivia cicatrosa. Tryon Circumscapida Gate, gen. nov. Circumscapula niyrae (Campbell, 1961) 1961 Trivia (Pusula) niyrae Gampbell Circumscapula iota Gate, sp. nov. Discotrivia Gate, gen. nov. Discotrivia circumdata (Schilder, 1931) 1931 Trivia (Pusula) sanguinea circumdata Schil- der Discotrivia dartevellei (Knudsen, 1955) 1955 Trivia dartevellei Knudsen Discotrivia splendidissima (Tomlin and Schilder, 1934) 1934 Triviella splendidissima Tomlin and Schil- der Discotrivia depauperata (Sowerby II, 1832) 1832 Cypraea depauperata Sowerby II Discotrivia labiosa (Gaskoin, 1836) 1836 Cypraea pediculus var. labiosa Gaskoin Discotrivia rota (Weinkauff, 1881) 1881 Cypraea rota Weinkauff 13 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Triviacea Troschel, 1863 Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin) 1: 201. Triviidae Troschel, 1863 Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin) 1 ; 201. Triviinae Troschel, 1863 Das Gebiss der Schnecken ( Berlin) 1 : 201 Triviellini Schilder, 1939 Arch. Moll. 71: 165. Fossatrivia Iredale, 1931 Austral. Moll. Notes 18/4: 222. (Ref. Schilder, 1939: 173 [29]) [SD; Schilder, 1971]. Type species: Trivia caelatura Hedley, 1918 Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 51 Suppl.: M 71. Fossatrivia caelatura (Hedley, 1918) (Fig. 1 : holotype ) 1956 Semilrivia (Fossatrivia) paucicostatu. Cowry Shells of World Seas: 152. Allan, 1918 Roy. Soc. New 1927 Trivia caelatura Hedley, Proc. South Wales 51. Suppl.: M 71. Trivirostra caelatura. Schilder. Revision der Cy- praeacea: 63. 1956 Semilrivia (Fossatrivia) caelatura. Allan, Cowry Shells of World Seas: 152: pit. 15. figs. 15-16. Original description. — "Trivia caelatura nom. nov. for avel- lanoidcs Hedley [Hedley, 1907: 293] not McCoy [1867: 436]." Hedley 1907: 'Trivia avelhmoides. M'Coy, sp. . . . Two specimens, one perfect, the other broken, are the first of this species reported as recent. The perfect specimen, of which I offer a figure, is 4.5 mm. in length, has thirty-seven thread-like riblets which are interrupted by a smooth, not excavate, dorsal space. Its color is white, the smooth dorsal area more opaque than the rest." (Hedley, 1907: 293). Measurements, holotype. — L - 4.5 mm (Ponder, in litt.). Type locality. — 80 fathoms (146 metres), off Tasmania (neither Bass Strait nor the Tasman Sea has been indicated). Holotype.— hU No. C. 25769. Discussion. — Hedley: "All authors who have dealt with the species comment on its extreme variability. The recent example, though not typical, certainly intergrades with a small delicately sculptured form of the fossil." Hedley apparently is referring to Trivia avellanoides McCoy, 1 867, a fossil species. Because many of the triviid species from the old Tertiary beds of Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania were lumped together under the McCoy ( 1867) name, it is difficult to be sure which form of the morphological variations of T. avellanoides he was using as a comparison. According to Schilder (1935: 330), the species was extremely variable, with the possibility of taxonomic distinction existing among the many forms. Etymology. — The name caelatura appears to have been taken from the Latin word caelatus, meaning an engraving. 2. Fossatrivia paucicostata (Schepman, 1909) (Fig. 2: lectotype herein) 1909 Trivia paucicostata Schepman, Proso. Siboga Exped. II, Trivia: 139; pit. 11, fig. 2. Original description. — "Trivia paucicostata . . . Shell shortly ovate, swollen, greyish-white (perhaps flesh-coloured in life), with few strong ribs and rather wide, smooth inter- stices, considerably broader than the ribs: no dorsal impres- sion, the majority of the ribs run from one side to the other, with a few intermediate ones which don't reach the center. Aperture rather wide, running on the right side of the ventral face, slightly wider at the anterior end. Right margin rela- tively thin, with a thickened rib exteriorly and only 13 teeth, columellar margin with about 14 teeth, slightly excavated interiorly [fossula], front sinus large, posterior one narrower, with a small callosity on the left side, anterior end slightly rostrate or produced; interstices of the ribs on the apertural margins granose" (Schepman, 1909: 139). Measurements, holotype. — "long. 8Vj, lat. 6%, alt. 5% Mill." Type locality.— Slat 95. 5° 43.5' N., 119° 40' E. Sulu Sea. 522 M. stony bottom. 3 spec." Distribution. — NE Borneo: Sulu Sea: S Philippines. Lectotype. — ZMA No. 2734 d. Discussion. — Schepman remarked: "This and the next species [Trivia sibogae sp. nov. (elsewhere herein)] resemble some of the South-African species by their aperture, which lies on the right side of the base, and is larger than usually in Trivia. In sculp- ture, but not in shape, it resembles T. Buttoni Melv. [1900] (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, Vol. 6, 1900, p. 209) [Fig. 3: holotype] this species is however more regularly ovate in outline, the dorsal view of the new species being subtrigonal, in consequence of the blunt posterior part, in [T.] Buttoni the aperture is much narrower and is situated more centrally." Etymology. — The name of this species would seem to be a combination of the 2 Latin words paucitas and costatus, meaning of few ribs. Galeatrivia Cate, gen. nov. Type species : Cypraea ovulata Lamarck, 1811 Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 99; (see species No. 3 herein). 14 |C. N. CateI Plate 1 Fig. 1: Fossatrivia caelatura: DP photo, 1 1 1, holotype: L — 4.5 mm Fig. 3: Cypraea (Trivia) buttoni: FMNH ptioto, |2. 101 1, holotype: L— 6.0 mm. Fig. 2 Fossatrivia paucicostata ZMA photo. |2|, lectotype: L — 8.5 mm. Fig. 4: Cypraea ovulata DP photo, |3|. holotype: L— 19.0 mm. Fig. 4a: Gateatrivia ovulata: DP photo, |3|, hypotype: L— 19.8 mm. Fig. 4b Galeatrivia ovulata: DP photo. |3|. hypotype L— 16.6 mm. 15 It will be noted that the author has herein re- moved the Lamarck species, C ovulata, from the triviid genus, Triviella Jousseaume, 1884 (Type species: Cypraea oniscus Lamarck, 1811) be- cause it does not conform morphologically with other members of Triviella Jousseaume. How- ever, with the recently discovered South Africa cold water species, Galeatrivia millardi Cate (sp. nov., herein), which shares a similar cold water habitat as well as similar morphological characters, the 2 species are now grouped into a new genus, Galeatrivia. here proposed for them. The shells of Galeatrivia differ from those in the genus Triviella Jousseaume, 1884 by generally having a slightly smaller shell-form; by having a low, narrowly elongate lateral profile (rather than having a more roundly inflated subglobular shell): the dorsum lacks transverse incised stria- tion, instead having a tendency toward longitu- dinal growth lines; the apex protrudes, not being buried or overlaid with nacre; and the shell color is more grey to greyish pale pink (not a more or less constant shade of pink to red, as is nearly always observed in the shells of Triviella). Etymology. — The name for this new genus is taken from the Latin feminine noun, i;alea. mean- ing a helmet, a head-dress. 3. Galeatrivia ovulata (Lamarck, 1811) (Fig. 4: holotype) 1811 Cvpraea ovulata Lamarck. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 99. 1822 Cypraea ovula Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. 7: 398 [err., interpretation of taxon in doubt]. 1852 Trivia ovulata var. allia Morch. Cat. Conch. Yoldi: 118. 1873 Trivia (Trivia) ovularia Paetel, Conch. Samml.: 54. 1879 Trivia ovuluin Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy 7: 88. ()rii,'iiial tiescription. — "Cypraea oviilala . . . C. Ovato-ventri- cosa. alba; uno latere marginato; apertuni laxissinia; dentibus minimis" (Lamarck. 1811. 16: 99). "Cette porcelaine, constituee peut-etre par des individus imparfaits. est toute blanche, ovale, bombee. presque globu- leuse, lisse. mince comme une bulle, et a bord droit muni d'un bourrelet en dehors. Sa spire est petite et un peu sail- lante. Son ouverture est tres-lache. et dentee des deux cotes." "This cowry, perhaps established by imperfect individu- als, is entirely white, ovate, convex, almost globose, smooth, thin as a bulla [bubble] and on the right side furnished with a callus [thickened outer lip] on the [right] margin. Its spire is small and a little produced. Its aperture is very open, and toothed on both sides" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — "La longueur de cette coquille est de 19 millimetres" [L - 18.0 mm; Binder, in lilt.]. Measurements, hypotype. — L - 19.8; W - 16.7; H - 12.5 mm (C4263: Fig. 4«: hypotype 1). Measurements, hvpotvpe 2. — L - 16.6; W - 12.5; H - 9.5 mm (C2455; Fig. 4/>: hypotype 2). T\pe locality. — "Habite . . . ?" Designated herein: Cape of Good Hope": Port Beaufort (31° 35' S; 24° 00' E). Distribution. — False Bay, Cape of Good Hope; Mossel Bay; Cape Agulhas: Port Beaufort. South Africa. Holotype.— MHhlG. No. 1104 37, 1. Galeatrivia ovulata (Lamarck, 1811) may best be identified by the lack of the dorsal ribbing typical of the genus (cf. the shell ribbing in the genus Triviella Jousseaume, 1884); the species almost invariably has a prominently protruding apex, and the body whorl of the shell, grey to pale pink in color, often has a lighter, almost white clouding in the basic body whorl color. Etymology. — The adjective name ovulata is derived from ovulum. diminutive of the Latin ovum, egg, shaped like a little egg. 4. Galeatrivia millardi Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 173) Description. — Shell large, solidly constructed, somewhat rect- angularly elongate, helmet-shaped: broader centrally to the rear. Terminals both broad, not protruding. Apex boldly produced, uncovered. Dorsum semismooth, subglossy. often with longitudinal incremental growth lines visible. Base convex, rectangularly, evenly elongate. Aperture very wide, almost straight, flaring somewhat openly abapically. Columella convex, not depressed, deepening as a fairly deep 2-walled fossula in front; large, coarse, transverse [dental-] striae (15), terminating as distinct knobby teeth on inner margin of columellar base, otherwise denticular striae tra- verse columella adaxially, except that striae do not cross lower fossula. Funiculum barely upraised, forming the base of last two columellar teeth. Apertural canals open, expan- sive, very broadly, thickly formed. Outer lip ventrally broad, convex: strongly, coarsely dentate (15), terminating at side- margin; margin sharply defined, somewhat upswept, though not deeply shouldered above. Shell color: apex dark grey: dorsum light grey: both side margins, outer lip, teeth, colu- mella-fossula and funiculum off-white. Measurements, holotype. — L - 18.2; W - 14.1; H - 10.6 mm. Txpe locality. — (found on beach) off Sea Point, South Africa (34° 38' S; 19° 17' 36" E), leg. Victor Millard, Sea Point, 2 August 1977, at low tide, after a violent storm. Holotype. — Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History No. 1843. Discussion. — This new triviid species may best be compared with another cold water species (as differ- entiated from the warmer water East African Triviel- las), Galeatrivia ovulata (Lamarck, 1811). Galea- trivia millardi differs from it by having a more 16 rectangular, nonpyriform [shell] peripheral outline; by having a less prominent, though distinctly elevated, spire; by having a straighter, broader aperture with more numerous, differently structured apertural den- tition; by its more squarely angular posterior outer lip. The base is rectangularly elongate, rather than pointedly ovate; the front terminal ridge is more developed, and overall shell colors are different. Etymology. — The new name honors Victor Millard, Sea Point, South Africa, who found the holotype, making it available to science for the first time. 7"r/v7V//a Jousseaume, 1884 Naturaliste 1884: 415 (nom. nud.). rnvze/Za Jousseaume, 1884 Bull. Soc. Zool. France 9: 99 (cf. Schilder, 1939: 172 [25]). Type species [SD: Schilder, 1971]: Cypraea onisciis Lamarck, 1811 [name preoccu- pied] = (Triviella porcellio Cate, nom. nov., herein). "Genre Triviella . . . Coquille ovoide ou globu- leuse un peu deprimee en dessous, lisse ou cerclee de petites cotes regulieres quelquefois interrompues a la face dorsale. Spire en forme de nucleus; ouverture large, courbee, a bord externe etroit; columellaire sans sillon longitudinal; fossette anterieure dont le bord interieur forme un cuilleron assez saillant" (Jousseaume, 1884: 19). "Shell ovate or globose, a little depressed under- neath, smooth or encircled by small, even ribs, some- times interrupted on the dorsum. Spire in the shape of a nucleus; aperture wide, curved, straight on the outer lip; columella without longitudinal furrow; small anterior fossula forms a projecting terminal ridge" (translation by Jean Cate). 5. Triviella amaryllis Schilder, 1927 (Fig. 5: holotype ) 1927 Triviella amarvllis Schilder, Arch. Naturgesch. 91/ A 10: 164.' Original description. — "Triviella amaryllis . . . Schale massig dick, rein weiss, bis auf undeutliche Anwachslinien des R. glatt, Sp. deutlich spitz vorgezogen, aber von Callus bedeckt. AR. und VE. etwas wulstig gerandet, M. sehr weit, kaum gebogen, K. (bes. VK.) weit. AL. beiderends gleichmassig gebogen, in der Mitte verbreitert und etwas nach aussen abge- flacht, hinten kaum vorragend, mit Ausnahme der E. von 13 distanten, scharfen AZ-Rippen fast bis zum AR. gequert, IL. konvex, an der gleichmassig schwach gebogenen beiderends etwas dorsal aufgebogenen, ziemlich scharfen Kante liings der M. mit 16 scharfen IZ.-Knotchen besetzt, die vorne unmerklich grober und weniger dicht werden (das vorderste ist aber wieder obsolet), auswarts jah endigen und einwiirts (nur in der Mitte und hinten) iiber den ausseren Teil der Col. fein fortgesetzt sind: die Col. geht ohne auffiillige Abschnijrung in die mit ihr gleichbreite, seichte, glatte, mit dem R. vorn ohne Einschniirung verwachsene Foss. iiber" (Schilder, 1927: 164). "Triviella amaryllis ... 18 X 15 X 11 mm., shell mod- erately thick, pure white, smooth except for indistinct growth lines of the dorsum, spire distinctly drawn out in a point, but covered with a callus, exterior edge and front terminal some- what swelled marginally, aperture very wide, hardly bent, canal (especially the anterior canal) wide, outer lip uni- formly curved at both ends, widened in the middle and somewhat flattened to the outside, posteriorly scarcely pro- jecting forward, except for the terminal of 13 distant, sharp outer teeth — l.ips cut across almost to the outer edge, inner lip convex, on both the uniformly weakly curved ends some- what upcurved, quite sharp edge along the aperture with 16 sharp tubercles, the anterior imperceptibly coarser and less dense (the most anterior is again obsolete), outwards sud- denly terminated and inwards (only in the middle and rear) fine and continuous over the other part of the columella; the columella extends without noticeable constriction into the equally broad, shallow, smooth, anteriorly unconstricted fos- sula" (translation by George Hanselman). Measurements, holotype. — "18 X 15 X H mm" (L - 18.1 mm, Kilias, in litt.). Type locality . — Southeast Africa. Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Algoa; Port Alfred; East London; Pondoland [one of the Transkeian Territories = E Cape Province, S Union of South Africa; the coast of the Indian Ocean between Umtata river and Natal border]; Natal, Richards Bay. Holotype.— ZUQ, Schilder coll. No. 104 (Kilias, in litt.). Etymology. — The name, amaryllis, was the name of a country-girl shepherdess in the writings of Theocritus. 6. Triviella rubra (Shaw, 1909) (Fig. 6: holotype) 1909 Trivia oviilata. Lam., var. rubra Shaw, Proc. Malac. Soc. London: 312. 1956 Triviella ovulata rubra. Allan, Cowry Shells of World Seas: 148. 1963 Trivia (Triviella) ovulata rubra. Shikama and Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World: 43. Original description — ". . . Shell differing from the typical while form [of ovulata] in having the interior and the whole of the dorsal surface of a deep rose colour. The outer lip and base are white. This is a common variety of the above spe- cies [ovulata], and the specimens are frequently only slightly tinged with rose colour" (Shaw, 1909: 312). Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded (L - 22.1 mm. Way, in litt. ) . Measurements, hypotype. — L - 21.0; W - 17.3; H - 13.3 mm (C2580; Fig. 6a)'. Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 24.3; W - 20.5; H - 15.9 mm (C4258). Type locality.— "Hah. . . . Jeffrey's Bay [SE Africa]." Distribution. — Algoa Bay; Port Alfred; East London; Union of South Africa. Holotype.— BM{NH) Register No. 197629 (Way, in litt.). Discussion. — On this species, Shaw commented: "T. |C N. CateI Plate 2 17 Fig, 6 Trivia ovulata Lam, var, rubra: BM(NH) photo, |6|, holotype: L— 22,1 mm. Fig, 5 Triviella amaryllis: ZMB photo, |5|, holotype: L— 18,1 mm. Fig, 6a Triviella rubra: DP photo, 16], hypotype L— 21,0 mm ■W % ' ^m Fig, 7a Cypraea oniscus: MRAC photo. |7| Triviella porcellio: L— 20,0 mm. ^' Fig. 7: Cypraea oniscus: DP photo. |7|. (Sowerby II. fig. 416): L— not recorded. Fig. 8 Cypraea carnea: DP, |8|, (Sowerby II, figs. 414-415): L— not recorded. Fig, 8a Triviella carnea: DP, |8|, hypotype: L— 21,5 mm. 18 ovulata was originally described by Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. as C. 'ovulata.' In Anim. sans Vert., 2 ed., vol. X, p. 533, probably from a typographical error, it appears as 'ovm/a.' Reeve (Conch. Icon., sp. 112) gives the following note: "Cypraea 'ovulata' was the first name given to the shell by Lamarck, but finding probably that it had been already used by Gmelin in reference to the C. cervus [= Cypraea cervus Lin- naeus, 1771; Mantissa Plantarum: 548] he dropped the last syllable for the sake of distinction, though both terms are sufficiently corrupt. [It should be noted] if Reeve had referred to Gmelin's species, he would have found that it was oculata and not ovulata. It is therefore obvious that the species in question must be known by its original appellation, ovulata, and not ovula, as favored by some writers and monograph- ers." Triviella rubra (Shaw, 1909) may best be identi- fied by the usually large size of the shell, which is almost subspherical; by the nearly total lack of any shell ribbing either dorsally or ventrally (sometimes, under magnification, there may be a hint of rudimen- tary ribbing on the shouldered [upper] edge of the outer lip) ; and the deep, rich rosy-red color is signifi- cant. Etymology. — The name is undoubtedly derived from the Latin word, rubor, meaning red, redness. 7. Triviella porcelUo Cate, nom. nov. (Fig. 7: possible type of onisciis) 1811 Cypraea oniscus Lamarck (non Roding. 1798), Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 103 (name preoccupied). Original description. — "Cypraea oniscus . . . C. ovato-glo- bosa, inflata, subvesiculosa. albidocarnea, immaculata; sulco dorsali; striis transversis subramosis; ventre convexo striate; apertura latissima" (Lamarck, 1811: 103). "Quoique cette porcelaine ait de grands rapports avec la suivante, elle est beaucoup plus grosse, plus vesiculeuse; ses stries dorsales sont lisses et jamais granuleuses; son ouverture large et tres-dilatee la caracterise particulierement." "Although this cowry has a great deal of similarity with the following [Cypraea pediciilus Linnaeus, 1758], it is much larger, more inflated, its dorsal striae are smooth and never granulose, its broad and very expanded aperture is particu- larly characteristic" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — ". . . 21 millimetres." Measurements, poss. type. — L - 20; W - 18; H - 13 mm (Benoit, in titt.). Type locality.- — "Habite I'Ocean de I'Amerique." Subse- quently determined to be "Jeffrey's Bay, S Africa" (Benoit, in litt.). Possible type.—MKAC, No. 793.192 (Benoit, in litt.). Discussion. — It was suggested that the type of Cypraea oniscus Lamarck, 1811, had been lost. However, P. L. G. Benoit, MRAC, found a specimen of this species in the museum's collection (Fig. 7a). In an extensive correspondence with several European mu- seums, I failed to locate any other specimens. The shell figured herein, bearing the Lamarckian name, appears to answer adequately to the species' original description. It would also seem that the discrepancy of 1 millimetre between the shell length given by Lamarck and that of Benoit might well fall within a reasonable amount of variation. Because the Lamarck name is a primary homo- nym of Cypraea oniscus Roding, 1798, the new name porcellio is proposed here for the species. Etymology. — The Latin noun, porcellio, has exactly the same meaning as the Greek word, oniscus: both meaning sowbug. 8. Triviella carnea (Gray, 1828) (Fig. 8: Sowerbyll, 1870: figs. 414-415 ) 1828 Cypraea carnea Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 569. 1828 Cvpraea carnea var. oblonga Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 569. Original description.— "Cypraea carnea . . . Testa ovato-glo- bosa. inflata. rosea, immaculata; striis longitudinalibus laevi- bus; linea dorsali nulla; apertura albida, amplissimii, abbrevi- ata; dentibus inaequalibus." "Shell ovate-globose, inflated, thin, semitransparent. rose- coloured, spotless; spire rather produced, white; the longi- tudinal thread-like smooth striae are continued over the centre of the back without interruption; base rather convex; aperture white, very much dilated, shorter than the body of the shell; outer lip rather thickened above, rounded, slightly incurved; the teeth of the inner lip are small, close together; those of the outer lip larger, rather distant, there being often an intermediate thread-like stria between each of those that form the teeth" (Gray, 1828: 569). Measurements, holotype. — "Length -Hn, breadth Yw of an inch [10.7; 10.1 mm]. Measurements, hypotype. — L - 21.5; W - 17.1; H - 13.5 mm (C2576; Fig. 8a). Type locality. — Not recorded. Sowerby II, 1870: Cape of Good Hope. Distribution. — Unknown. Holotype. — Appears to have been lost. Discussion. — Gray (1828): "The shell varies from ovate globose to ovate oblong." Later, Gray (1832), sp. 109: 13: "Shell oblong, thin, pellucid, pure rose- coloured, with very thin distant continued ribs; lips whitish. Varies, with an indistinct dorsal groove." I am inclined to suspect this species may be synony- mous with Triviella oniscus (Lamarck, 1811) = T. porcellio Caie (cf. Fig. 7). Etymology. — The name, carnea, from the Latin ad- jective, carneus, meaning of flesh, flesh colored. IC. N CateI Plate 3 19 Fig. 9 Cypraea aperta: DP, 191, Hanley fig, 10: ■ 3V2. Fig 9b Tnviella aperta DP, |9|, hypotype: L— 23.4 mm. Fig. 9a Tnviella aperta: DP, |9|, hypotype: L— 18.9 mm. Fig, 11 Tnviella aperta neglecta: ZMB photo, |10|. holotype: L— 18,0 mm. \rirn W fSf . ^\ Fig. 12 Tnviella pseudovulata: ZMB photo, |11|. holotype: L— 16.4 mm. Fig, 12a: Tnviella pseudovulata: DP, 111), hypotype: L— 20.0 mm. 20 9. Triviella aperta aperta (Swainson, 1822) (Fig. 9; Hanley fig.: pit. 3, fig. 10) 1822 Cypraea aperta Swainson. Cat. Shells Coll. Bligh; Exotic Conch. Shells (London), Append.: 39. 1828 Cypnieci rosea Wood. Index Testaceologicus (ed. 2), Suppl.: 9; pit. 3. fig. 15. (Fig. 10). 1828 Cypraea aperta. Gray. Zool. Joum. (3): 571. 1856 Cypraea aperta. Hanley, Index. Test., Suppl.: pit. 3, fig. 10. (Fig. 9). 1870 Cypraea oniscus. Sowerby II. Thes. Conchyl.. Cypraea: 51: Figs. 416-417. (Fig. 7). 1963 Trivia (Triviella) aperta. Shikama and Hori- koshi. Selected Shells of the World: 43. Original description. — "Cypraea aperta . . . Testa rosea, labiis albis striis levatis vix ad testae dorsam extensis. insignibus; apertura valde effusa" (Swainson, 1822; Append.: 39). "Shell rose colored, lips white, with elevated striae ex- tending near to the back of shell; mouth very wide" (Au- thor's translation ). Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded. Measurements, hvpotype 1. — L - 23.4; W - 19.6; H - 15.2 mm (C2575); Fig. 9b). Measurements, hypolype 2. — L - 18.9; W - 16.1; H - 12.4 mm (C2582A); (Fig. 9a). Type locality.— "Cape of Good Hope" [Hanley, 1856: 208]. Correction: here designated as Jeffrey's Bay. S E Africa (34° or S; 24° 55' E) = hypotypes 1 and 2. The ocean waters in the areas of Cape of Good Hope are considered to be too cold for this species. The warmer Indian Ocean currents seem to disappear at about Simonstown, False Bay; the cold waters from the south Atlantic Ocean penetrate into Table Bay, Cape Town, thus precluding an acceptable habitat for the Swainson species (Clarice Connolly. /;/ liti.). Distribution. — East London; Port Elizabeth; Jeffrey's Bay (C2582A), South East Africa. Holotype. — Location unknown. Discussion. — This species differs from Triviella rubra (Shaw, 1909), by having strong dorsal and ventral upraised transverse ribbing; it also has a deep, strong distinctive longitudinal medial dorsal furrow, which T. rubra Shaw does not have. It is not precisely known what shell Sowerby II (1870) (figs. 416-417) [cf. Fig. 7], used to illus- trate this species. Because Sowerby II referred to his 'oniscus' figures as being the same as Cypraea aperta of Swainson (1882), it may be reasonable to assume that he did, in fact, misrepresent the Swainson species as Cypraea oniscus Lamarck, 1811. Etymology. — oniscus, from the Greek, oniskos, means sowbug. 10. Triviella aperta neglecta Schilder, 1930 (Fig. 11; holotype) 1811 Cypraea oniscus Lamarck, of Kiener, 1843, Spec. Gen. Coq. "Viv., Porcelaine: 134; pi. 51, fig. 2a; (a misidentification). 1930 Triviella neglecta Schilder, Zool. Anz. 92: 72-73. Table 1. Translation of Schilder (1930: 73) table (by George Hanselman). Triviella neglecta. German English Application L. normal 18 Length (norm.) in mm 18 Length extrem Length extreme [not given] BL. meist 80 Base to length, most 80 HL. meist 64 Height to length, most 64 Gestalt k Shape nearly globular Schale c Shell calloused, thick Riicken r Dorsum ribbed R.-Furche v Dorsal sulcus obsoletely impressed AR, r Outer margin sharply transversely ribbed M. w Aperture wide IZ. vom z, f Inner teeth (ant. 2-3) receding, wrinkled IL. vorn 4k7 Inner lip (anteri- not impressed, project- orly) ing 47 angularly IZ. hinten vv Inner teeth?/ribs? sharply tuberculately (Post.) reinforced IL. hinten kk Inner lip (posteri- orly) sharply tuberculate IL. Flache lr4 Inner lip surface transversely ribbed 14 IRZ. V Teeth, inner edge of fossula usually present Rippen g Ribs smooth AZ. f Outer teeth F. IZ. e Inner teeth E. RS. h Dorsal side H. RR. 7E* Dorsal margin E. 7*. R.-Farbe rf Dorsal color rose-yellow. Original description. — "Cypraea oniscus Lamarck . . . C. testa ovato-globosa, inflata, sub-vesiculosa, albido-carnea; immaculata; striis transversis subgranosis; linea dorsali im- pressa; ventre convexo, striate; apertura lalissima. (Kiener, 1843: 134; pi. 51, fig. 2a.) The Schilder redescription of Triviella neglecta, as translated from the German by George Hanselman (Schil- der. 1930: 73), may be found on Table 1. Schilder also used this Table ( 1 ) to describe the following additional species: T. ovulala. T. rubra, T. pseudoviilata, T. vesicularis, T. phal- acra, T. aperta. T. neglecta. T. costata. A footnote 12 (Schilder, 1930: 72) "Typus ohne Fundortangabe in coll. aut. 275 (von GERETS Witwe ge- kauft; es konnte sich leicht um das von KIENER abgebildete Stuck handelin )." "12. The type, without locality data, is No. 275 in the author's collection (bought from Gerets' widow, it could easily be the specimen pictured in Kiener!)." Triviella neglecta: Normal length 18 mm. base-to-length ratio mostly 80, height-to-length ratio mostly 64, shape nearly globular, shell calloused, thick, dorsum ribbed, dorsal sulcus obsoletely impressed, outer margin sharply trans- versely ribbed, aperture wide, anterior 2 or 3 inner teeth receding, wrinkled, inner lip anteriorly not impressed, pro- jecting angularly, posterior inner teeth sharply tuberculately reinforced, posterior inner lip sharply tuberculate, surface of inner lip transversely ribbed, teeth usually present on inner edge of fossula, ribs smooth, dorsal color rose-yellow. 21 11. rm7V//ap.yeM^ov«/a?aSchilderandSchilder, 1929 ( Fig. 12: holol\pe) 1929 TrivicUa vcsiciilaiis pscinUiviiUiUi Schilder and Schilder, Ann. Nat. Hist. Mils. Wein 43: 233. Ori!>inal description. — "TrivieUa vcsicukiris pseudovulata . . . diinnschalig, oft sogar diirchscheinend. hiassrosa bis weiss. Rippen auf der Aussenlippe kaum ijber den Rand empor- reichend und auch hier obsolet, Riicken ganz glatt. bisweilen wie gehammert. [IZ = inner teeth] (mit Ausnahme der vor- dersten und hintersten) auf den Miindungsrand beschrankt. Miindung sehr weif (Schilder. 1929: 233). "Shell thin, often translucent, pale rose to white, ribs on the outer lip barely protruding above the margin, and here also obsolete. Dorsum entirely smooth, occasionally as if hammered [cf. hammered effect: Fig. 12fl]. Inner teeth (with the exception of the anteriormost and hindmost ones) restricted to the apertural margin. Aperture very wide. In the shell length there is no difference (between vesicularis and subspecies]" (translation by Dr. R. Stohler). Measurements, holotype. — L - 16.4 (Kilias, in lill.). Measurements. hvpotype.—L - 20.0: W - 16.7; H - 13.2 mm (C4299: Fig. 12a). Type locality. — Port Elizabeth, SE Africa. Distribiition.—East London. SE Africa (C4299). Holotype.— ZMB. Schilder coll.. No. 109 (Kilias, in litt.). Discussion. — This species is listed only on a pro- visional basis, as it could possibly belong in the synonymy of TrivieUa rubra (Shaw, 1909), because the shell's general morphology seems to exhibit many aspects often observed in the Shaw species (cf. Fig. 6a: C2580). There is, however, one outstanding dif- ference which may set it apart from the other species in the genus: there are broad, flattened, transverse bands the full length of the dorsum, giving the appear- ance of having been hammered (Fig. 12a). Other- wise, the shell is totally without surface ribbing. Etymology. — The prefix, pseudo, is derived from the Greek noun, pseudos, meaning false, fallacy; com- bined with the Latin adjective ovulala it may be trans- lated "little egg-shaped." 12. TrivieUa vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836) (Fig. 13: lectotype herein) 1836 Cvpraea vesicularis Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 203. 1885 Trivia ve.'.icularis. Tryon, Man. Conch.. Trivia 7: 199; pit. 21, figs. 73-74. 1927 TrivieUa vesicularis. Schilder, Archiv. fUr Natur- geschichte 91 A 10: 61. Original description. — "Cypraca vesicularis . . . Cypr. testa inflata. subglobulosa, subtrigona, rubella; costis transversis, approximatis, laevibus. concoloribus supra columellam con- tinuis: apertura ampla; labro intus albido. dentato." "Shell ovato-subglobose, inflated; semipellucid. of a faint rose, or flesh colour. Aperture very broad, a little longer than the spire. Posterior ffossularl part of the colu- mella rather ventricose: the anterior forming a broadish groove, the inner border of which is most prominent at its middle, and the ribs passing through it terminate, at its posterior part, in a serrated edge, the anterior part being even and forming a smooth notch. Lip a lighter colour than the rest of the shell, straight at its base, longer than the body of the shell, forming a very slight notch as it joins the colu- mellar side of the posterior extremity, and anteriorly a broader and deeper one between the beaks. Beaks very slightly produced, and the anterior ones a little divergent. Teeth numerous and even, about twenty on the lip, and about twenty-three on the columella. Ribs even, close, numerous, not prominent, extending transversely across the shell in parallel lines, and passing entirely around the columella to its inner margin; about eight of the ribs terminate on the lip, and consequently form no denticulations and almost alter- nately between the teeth from the anterior extremity, some few terminate on the outer part of the columella. Ribs very faintly marked on the back. No dorsal line. Margin a little thickened. Spire visible, depressed" (Gaskoin, 1836: 203). Measurements, holotype. — "Length of columella .475 of an inch" (12.2 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L- 11.8 mm (Way, in litt.). Measurements. Iivpotvpe I. — L - 16.1; W - 13.0; H - 10.5 mm (C4307; Fig! 13a). Measurements, hvpotype 2. — L - 16.4; W - 13.9; H - 11.2 mm (C4260; Fig'. 136). Type locality. — "Cape of Good Hope." Distribution.— Jefirey'-i Bay (C4260); East London (C4252), SE Africa. (The author has worked with many specimens of TrivieUa vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836), and the only localities recorded for this species have been from East London and Jeffrey's Bay, SE Africa. Because of this there is some rea- son to doubt the Gaskoin locality.) "Lectotype (here designated): BM(NH) Register No. 197631 (Way, in litt.)." One of 3 syntypes. Discussion. — Gaskoin (1836): "From Cypr. aperta it differs by the anterior columellar beak being diver- gent; posterior end of the shell blunter and broader; ribs infinitely more numerous [and finer] and even, and extending entirely over the columella to its inner edge within the aperture." Of 34 specimens in the author's collection, none have the dorsal ribbing as seen in the lectotype (Fig. 13), nor have I seen a similar specimen in many mu- seum collections studied. One would think the inci- dence of dorsal ribbing to be of rather rare occur- rence. The shells of this species are somewhat thin in form; of a very pale, peculiar pink color; and, in com- parison with TrivieUa aperta (Swainson, 1822), they average much smaller in shell size (from 9.6 to 18.9 mm); however, T. aperta averages from 19.5 (C4250) to 24.9 mm (C2578). Etymology. — The shell's name appears to have been derived from the Latin noun, vesicula, diminutive of bladder, vesica, meaning bladder or purse. 22 |C, N. CateI Plate 4 Fig. 13: Cypraea vesiculans BM(NH) photo. |12|, lectotype: L— 11.8 mm. Fig. 13b: Triviella vesicularis: DP, |12|. hypotype L— 16.4 mm Fig. 14 Triviella austrafricana: DP. 1131, holotype: L— 14.9 mm. Fig. 13a: Triviella vesiculans: DP, |12|, hypotype: L— 16.1 mm. Fig. 15: Triviella phalacra: ZMB photo. |14|. holotype: L — 16.5 mm. Fig. 15a: Triviella phalacra: DP. 114], hypotype: L— 18.7 mm. Fig. 15/3: Triviella phalacra: DP. |14|, hypotype: L — 15.6 mm. 23 13. Triviella austrafricana Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 14; holotype) Description. — Shell rather small for the genus, elongate, sub- rectangular, and having a long, low, lateral profile. Termi- nals slightly produced, with a flattened, flange-like shoulder- ing margin above, which continues very weakly along the right side-margin; the left margin rounded, a continuous un- thickened curve from dorsum to base. Base elongate, conve.x, bluntly rounded adapically, narrowing more pointedly in front; with a distinct low, lengthened funicular protuberance that outlines a large, smooth area adjacent left margin of posterior canal. Aperture longer than body whorl of shell; moderately wide, with a slight curving its entire length. Columella without unusual character, conve.x, a part of the normal curvature of the base. Fossula large, voluminous, with a highly elevated, arched, adaxial wall within. Outer lip narrow, convex, with a rolled ventral surface and a nar- row shouldering above. Shell ribbing restricted, being con- fined to the shell sides, terminal flanges, base, columella, very weakly on the fossula, and on the outer lip; dorsum without ribbing, smoothly polished. Shell color a very pale pink, the same color so characteristic of Triviella vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836). Measurements, holotype. — L - 14.9; W mm. 10.4; H 8.3 Type locality. — St. Francis Bay. South Africa (34° 02' S: 24° 58' E); leg. Helen Boswell, December 1951. Holotype.— 'LACU, No. 1827. Discussion. — This new species was 1 of 6 specimens sent from St. Francis Bay bearing the name Trivia vesicularis (collected by Helen Boswell, Valhalla, South Africa). However, this unique specimen is sufficiently distinct, in my estimation, to be consid- ered worthy of a name. It differs from T. vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836) by having a longer, lower profile and narrower shell; the shell ribbing is less numerous, coarser, less distinct; the fossula and fossular adaxial inner wall are differently constituted; the posterior terminal process is more narrowly produced and more flaring; and the funicular callus, with its unusual smooth platform-like area, is entirely different. Etymology. — The new name is derived from the com- bination of the Latin words, auster, a noun meaning south and africanus, an adjective, the combination meaning South Africa. 14. Triviella phalacra Schilder, 1930 (Fig. 15: holotype) 1929 Triviella vesicularis (Gaskoin) of Schilder and Schilder, Ann. Nat. Mus. Wein; 233. 1930 Triviella phalacra Schilder, Zool. Anz. 92; 72-73. Original description. — Shell form nearly globular; shell thin to very thin; dorsal costation on sides only; dorsal furrow lacking; sulcus above right marginal edge sharply, trans- versely ribbed; aperture very wide, open; anterior 2 to 3 lip teeth fold-shaped (plait-like); rear inner lip teeth sharply notched, strong; inner lip surface on central base trans- versely ribbed; teeth on inner margin of fossula mostly present; ribs sharp and distant; (lib density is charted on an original reference [Schilder] table); shell color variable: rose, light rose; rose lilac (translation of tabular material by Dr. R. Stohler). Measurements, holotype. — L - 16.5 mm (Kilias, in litl.). Measurements, hypotypc I. — L - 18.7; W - 15.5; H - 12.0 mm (C4254a; Fig. I5u). Measurements, hvpotvpe 2. — L - 15.6; W - 12.6; H - 9.9 mm (C4254b; Fig. 156). Type locality. — Algoa Bay, SE Africa. Distribution.— Easl London (C4254a-b); leg. C. M. Con- nolly. Schilder, 1941: South Africa-Natal: Algoa, Port Al- fred, East London, Holotype. — ZMB, Schilder collection No. 472 (Kilias, in lilt.). Discussion. — For a detailed study of this species it will be necessary to refer to the original Schilder text. However, for purposes of identification, it may be said: the shells are comparatively smaller than most congeners; the dorsum is without shell ribbing; and perhaps most important of all is the peculiar, rather outstanding, shell color of a very dark rose-lilac. The shells, like those of Triviella pseudovulata Schilder and Schilder, 1929, also, more often than not, have a broad, transverse (hammered-like) dorsal surface banding, and may in reality be related to the above- mentioned Schilder and Schilder species. Etymology. — The name phalacra taken from the Greek adjective, phalacros, meaning bald, smooth. 15. Triviella costata (Gmelin, 1791) (Fig. 16: hypotype) 1791 Cvpraea costata Gmelin, Systema Naturae (ed. 13) 1 6: 3418. Original description. — "Cypraea costata . . . C. testa dilute carnea; dorso striis elevatis subtilissimis transversis aspero" (Gmelin, 1791: [94]: 3418). Measurements, holotype. — "C. pedicuto affinis, et testa ma- gis elongata, V2 pollicem superante." Measurements, hvpotype. — L - 12.8; W - 10.3; H - 8.3 mm (C4252). Tvpe locality. — Not recorded. Designated herein: Table Bay, Cape Town, South Africa (35° 55' S; 18° 22' E). Holotype. — Unknown. Hypotype. — Cate collection (C4252). (Fig. 16: hypotype): ex Clarice Connolly. Kenwyn, S Africa. Distribution.- — Known only from Table Bay, S Africa, living in colder water, where it is occasionally washed up on the beaches; leg. C. M. Connolly. Discussion. — Gmelin does not illustrate this species, but instead refers to Knorr's reference and illustration: 1772, Vergnug. d. Augen u. d. Gemuths (NUrnberg) 6: p. div.; pit. 15, figure 7, as typical of his species. 24 |C. N. CateI Plate 5 Fig. 16: Tnviella costata: DP, |15|, hypotype: L— 12.8 mm. Fig, 18a Trivia (Trivia) monacha monacha: DP, |17|, hypotype: L— 12.4 mm. Fig. 17: Tnvia (Trivia) monacha tripunctata: DP, |16|, hypotype: L— 10.6 mm. Fig. 18 Cypraea monacha: DP. |17|. (Sowerby II. fig. 503): ■ 4. Fig 19 Cypraea europaea: BM(NH) photo. |18|, lectotype, L— 9.8 mm. Fig. 19a: Trivia (Trivia) europaea: DP. 1 181, hypotype: L— 9.5 mm. 25 Etymology. — The name of this species is derived from the Latin noun costatiis. meaning ribbed. Triviini Troschel, 1863 Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin) 1 : 214. Trivia Gray, 1832 Descr. Cat. Shells (unpublished; proofs only); 13 (names not established in a valid way). Trivia Broderip, 1837 in; Knight, Penny Cyclopaedia 8; 256. Type species [S.D.; Gray, 1847]; Cypraea eiiropaea Montagu, 1808 (See Schilder, 1939: [34] 174). Trivea Swainson, 1840 Treatise on Malacology; 325. Type species [OD]; Cypraea coccinella La- marck, 1811 Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 104. Coccinella Herrmannsen, 1847 (non Linnaeus, 1758) Index Genr. Malacoz. 1 : 254. Type species [OD]: Cypraea arctica Pulteney, 1799 Cat. Birds, Shells, Plants, Dorsetshire; 39. "Genre Trivia . . . Coquille ovoidc deprimee, en dessous, subglobuleuse en dessus, armee de stries cir- culaires quelquefois interrompues a la face dorsale; ouverture etroite, courbe, a bords larges; le columel- laire calleux aux deux extremites est deprime par un sillon longitudinal" (Jousseaume, 1884: 19-20). "Shell depressed ovoid underneath, subglobose on top, furnished with circular ribs sometimes interrupted on the dorsum; aperture straight, curved, with broad outlets; the columellar callus at both extremities is depressed by a longitudinal furrow" (translation by Jean Cate). (Trivia) Broderip, 1837 16. Trivia (Trivia) iiionacha tri punctata ( Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus), 1883 (Fig. 17: hypotype) 1848 Cypraea eiiropaea var. tripiinctala Requien [nom. nud.]. Cat. Coq. Corse: 86. 1872 Trivia curopaea var. maculata Monterosato. Nuova Revista Conch. Mediterranean 1 : 49 [nom. nud.]. 1878 Cypraea eiiropaea var. Irimaculala Monterosato. Enum. Sinon. Conch. Mediterranean 1 : 49 [nom. nud.]. 1883 Cypraea eiiropaea var. Iripiinclata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, Moll. Mar. Roussil- lon: 129; pit. 16. figs. 20, 24. 1883 Cypraea eiiropaea var. major Bucquoy. Dautzen- berg, and Dollfus, Moll. Mar. Roussillon: 129; pit. 16, figs. 18-19. 1971 Trivia {Trivia) moiniclia iripiinclata. Schilder and Schilder, Cat. Liv. and Foss, Cowries, Mem. Institiit Roy. des Sciences Nat. Belgique (ser. 2) 85: 16. Orii;inal description. — "C. eiiropaea var. tripiinctala . . . Co- quille— ovule, globuleuse. aplalie du cote de I'ouverture. tres convexe du cote oppose: spire completement enveloppee par le dernier tour. Toute la surface est couverte de cordons transversaux lisses et saillants, qui semblent partir de I'inte- rieur de I'ouverture et se rejoindre au milieu du dos de la coquille. Ouverture tres etroite a bords paralleles; canal ouvert, peu distinct. Bord columellaire presentant dans I'inte- rieur une depression qui est moins accentuee vers son milieu qu'a ses extremites. Labre faiblenient borde a I'exterieur. inflechi dans I'ouverture. Coloration: fond d'un gris rose sur lequel les cordons se detachent en clair. Peristome et bord exterieure du labre blancs" ( B, D, and D, 1883: 129). "Shell ovate, globose, flattened on the edge of the aper- ture, very convex on the opposite lip: spire completely en- veloped by the last whorl. The entire surface is covered with smooth and projecting transverse ribs which seem to pro- ceed from the interior to the aperture and to join themselves at the middle of the dorsum of the shell. Aperture is very straight along the edges: canal open, rather indistinct. Colu- mellar lip furnished with an anterior depression [fossula] which is less accentuated in the center than at the extremi- ties. Lip weakly flanged on the outside, inflected in the aperture. Coloration: background rosy gray, on which the ribs stand out brightly. Peristome and outer border of the lip are white" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — "Coquille, haut. 9 millim.. larg. 7 millim." Measurements, hypolvpe. — L - 10.6; W - 7.8; H - 6.2 mm (C2539). Type locality. — "Du Roussillon" [i.e., the Mediterranean coast of France: however, Roussillon, in the strict sense, is a region of south central France, bounded historically on the north by Languedoc. on the S by the Pyrenees, on the W by Andorra, and on the NW by the County of Foix] (Web. Geogr. Diet., 1960: 961). Distribution.— We d"yeu. France (C2539). Schilder, 1941: N Africa: Bone, Oran. Algeria: Ceuta, Morocco: Catalonia, Spain; Gulf of Spezia, NW Italy; Sicily: Malta. Holotvpe. — Location unknown. Hypotype, Cate collection. No. C2539. Discussion. — The authors of this species made the following observation; "M. Hidalgo prend pour type du C. europaea la variete a trois taches (var. tripunc- tata Req. ) et il regarde comme variete la coquille sans tache, que nous considerons comme le vrai type." The authors (B, D, and D) ; "M. Hildalgo desig- nated as type of C. eiiropaea the variety with 3 spots and regarded as a variety the shell without the spots [— Trivia (Trivia) arctica (Pulteney, 1799)], which we consider the true type" ( translation by Jean Cate ) . The complex aspect of the British Isles triviid ani- mals and their shells has prompted various authors over the years to use many names to identify them. However, after studying numerous specimens from almost as many widespread localities, from the British 26 Isles, the coast of western Europe, and the western Mediterranean Sea, I beheve that in most cases the unspotted shells are distinctly separable from their congeners. Schilder ( 1971 : 16), recognizes these ecologically separated animals as a subspecies of Trivia (Trivia) monacha monacha (da Costa, 1778); this decision is provisionally retained here. 17. Trivia (Trivia) monacha monacha (da Costa, 1778) (Fig. 18: Sowerby II, 1870: figs. 503-504) 1767 Cypraea pcdiculus forma europaea Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (ed. 12): 1180 (name not established in a valid way). 1778 Cypraea peiiiculus seu monaclui da Costa, Brit- ish Conchology: 33; pit. 2, fig. 6. 1845 Cypraea peiiiculus syn. vulgaris Chenu. in: Don- ovan. Hist. Nat. Coq. Angleterre: 39 (name not established in a valid way). 1845 Cypraea uropaea. MacGillivray, in; Bronn, Conch. Text Book (ed. 6); 50 (spelling error). Original description. — "The sea louse of Nun — Pediculus, seu Monacha — Cypraea e.xigua transversim striata, macu- lae fuscae dorso inspersa. Pediculus seu Monacha." "The shell is thick and strong, very convex, about the size of a horse bean [a coarse variety of the common bean, used as horse food], striated circularly or across the back; the striae fine, and like prominent threads, and run quite to the lips of the aperture on the under part: some of them are often furcated, or inosculate into one another. The aperture linear, both the lips dentated, and on the outer one rises in a thick high border on the back. In color it varies much; a washy red or pale flesh, without any spots; but more gen- erally they are of pale red, with a tint of ashen, and have three spots in a row on the top or summit [dorsum] of the back. These spots are of a dark or deep ash color, irregularly roundish, and the middle one is the largest" (da Costa, 1778; 33-34). Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded. Measurements, hvpotvpe 1. — L - 12.4; W - 10.0; H - 7.5 mm (C2445;Fig.'l8a). Measurements. Inpotype 2. — L - 10.5; W - 8.1; H - 6.2 mm (C4133). Type locality. — Not recorded. Distribution. — England: Northumberland, Cheshire, Corn- wall, Devonshire, Yorkshire, Sussex. Holotype. — Location unknown. Discussion. — da Costa: "Linne errs in saying the English shells are only white, and without spots. It is a common shell on most of our shores . . . ." Etymology. — The name appears to have been derived from the Greek adjective, monachos, meaning single, solitary. A preface to Cypraea europaea Montagu, 1808: often among the Mollusca generally there are small groups of species that pose various problems in iden- tification and species separation. In the Triviidae such a condition exists which has not been fully resolved at this writing. Three small triviid species, whose pres- ently known living ranges appear to be confined mostly to the intertidal waters of the British Isles, pre- sent a case in point, because of overlapping living ranges. Chronologically, these species are: Trivia mon- acha (da Costa, 1778), Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799), and Trivia europaea (Montagu, 1808). It is generally agreed among students of the Trivi- idae that 2 of the species, T. monacha (da Costa, 1778) and T. arctica (Pulteney, 1799), appear to be readily separable, valid species, as significant shell morphology and the color patterns of their animals seem to distinguish them adequately. The problems begin to present themselves, however, when the shell-form called T. europaea (Montagu, 1 808) enters the picture. According to Melville, ICZN (in litl.), in refer- ence to existing extensive literature on the subject: "Current practice, which has been basically uniform for long enough, is to recognize two species, T. mon- acha (da Costa) and T. arctica (Pulteney). E. M. da Costa's collection was dispersed at auction and his types might be anywhere, so if they cannot be traced there might be a case for designating a neotype. [We have found Montagu's syntypes of T. europaea at RAMM, Exeter: Boot, in Utt.]. T. europaea (Mon- tagu) is considered a synonym of it [T. monacha], and since large numbers of specimens have been seen by numerous specialists, this view is well founded." Therefore, with syntypes of Trivia europaea (Montagu, 1808) now at hand (Boot, RAMM; and Way BM[NH], this species is being separately listed herein, on a provisional basis only, in order that perti- nent detail concerning the Montagu species be made available for reference work. This author's opinion of the species will be found in the species text. 18. Trivia (Trivia) europaea (Montagu, 1808) (Fig. 19: lectotype herein) 1808 Cvpraea europaea Montagu, Test. Britann., Suppl.: 88. 1811 Cvpraea coccinella Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16; 104; (Fig. 20; holotype). 1836 Trivia jousseaumei Locard, Cat. Gen. Moll. Viv., France: 525; (Fig. 21; holotype). Original description. — "Cypraea europaea . . . differs from Cypraea pediculus [Linnaeus, 1758] ... so essentially in several particulars, especially in a character that should seem to mark so strongly a specific distinction; that of being |C. N, CateI Plate 6 27 Fig 20 Cypraea coccmella. MHNG photo, |18|, holotype L— 14.0 mm. Fig, 22 Trivia (Trivia) dakarensis ZMB ptioto. 121 1, holotype: L— 5.2 mm. Fig 21 Trivia /ousseaumei MNHN photo, |18|. holotype. L— 10.3 mm. Fig, 23: Porcelaine napolina: DP. |20|. Type fig.: L— 8.0 mm. Fig, 23a: Trivia (Trivia) napolina DP. |20|. hypotype: L— 7,2 mm. Fig, 24: Cypraea ped/cu/us Pennant Fig, 24a Trivia (Trivia) arctica: BM(NH) photo, |19|. lectotype: L— 12.0 mm. =Cypraea arctica Pulteney. BM(NH) photo, |19i, hypotype: L— 11.1 mm. 28 destitute of the dorsal sulcus. . . . [and having] three dorsal spots. [It should be added that some specimens are even destitute of any dorsal spotting (cf. Fig. 19a)]" (Montagu, 1808: 88-89). Description, lectotypc. — Shell rather small, short, subglobu- lar to subpyriform. somewhat bulbously ovate, often smooth (beach worn?), subglossy. Terminals not promi- nent, though distinct, usually having a flaring to one side of the posterior beak. Base short, broad, spindly-ovate, smooth, subglossy, with a faint hint of surface ribbing. Aperture fairly wide, almost straight, with a slight recurving to the left adapically. Columella wide, rather deeply con- cave; broadening and becoming deeper in front to form a fossula. Outer lip convex, half the width of the base, both apertural lips denticulate; columella transversely weakly ribbed. There is no longitudinal medial dorsal furrow; trans- verse ribbing on the dorsum and base is very weakly ele- vated (magnification is nearly always needed to observe it); dorsum polished, subglossy. Shell color; ribbing, seemingly subsurfaced, is pale beige; dorsal shell color is a deeper, rich cafe-au-lait. which sets off the lighter colored weak ribbing; there may or may not be present 3 large diffused equidistant dark brown color spots positioned longitudinally on the central dorsum. Measurements, iiolotype. — Not recorded. Measurements, leclotype. — L - 9.8; W - 7.5 mm (Way, in lilt.). Measurements, paralectotvpe. — L - 9.5; W - 7.3 mm [RAMM, No. 63/1976.1 (d)]. Type locality. — "the Frith [sic] of Forth, nearly opposite Edinburgh [east coast of Scotland]." Distribution. — Because of widespread misidentification among several British species (cf. T. arctica. T. europaea. T. latliyrus. and T. momuiia), and unsubstantiated overlap- ping collecting localities, early authors appear to have been unable to separate clearly these triviid species; at least the identifying labels in collections give this impression. Lectolype.— RAMM. No. 63/1976.1 (c); 1 of 6 syntypes (Boot (RAMM) and Way (BM[NH]). in litt.). Discussion. — In spite of his long discussion of this species, Montagu seemed assured of a difference be- tween these shells and the other British triviid species. His description was not precise; however, his inten- tion to establish a new species was clear. Because of this I have redescribed it according to more modern standards. 19. Trivia (Trivia) arctica (Pulteney, 1799) (Fig. 24; lectotype herein) 1767 Cypraea pediculus forma anglica Linnaeus. Sys- tema Naturae (ed. 12); 1180 (name not estab- lished in valid way). 1777 Cypraea pediculus ( non Linnaeus) Pennant [= Cypraea arctica Pulteney. 1799]. British Zoology (ed. 2); 70, 80 (Fig. 24); (interpretation of taxon in error). 1797 Cypraea arctica Humphrey. Mus. Calonnianum: 7 (name not established in a valid way). 1799 Cypraea arctica Pulteney, Cat. Birds. Shells. Plants, Dorsetshire: 39. )803 Cypraea bullata Montagu, Test. Britann. 1: 202; pit. 6, fig. 1 (name preoccupied by primary homonym). 1827 Cypraea europaea var. immaculata Gray, Zool. Journ. 3; 367. 1835 Cypraea norvegica Sars, Besk. Moll. Bergenske Kyst: 71; pit. 12, fig. 35. 1881 Cypraea europaea syn. pullus Weinkauff: in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. (ed. 2) 5'3, Cypraea: 144 (name not established in a valid way). 1893 Cypraea europaea var. minor Marshall, Journ. Conch., 7; 263 (name preoccupied by primary homonym). 1933 Trivia arctica minuta Schilder, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. 9 9: 13, 14. 1950 Trivia candidula (Gaskoin) Nickles, Moll. Test. Mar. Cote Occident. d'Afrique, Paris; 82. Original description. — Note; as a prelude to designating this new species, Pulteney referred to a preceding species in his text, Cypraea pediculus Linnaeus, 1758, from the West In- dies (cf. Fig. 55). "Shell differs from the foregoing in being smaller; in wanting the longitudinal furrow on the back; and in lieing without spots." However, it would seem more ap- propriate to have compared his new species with that of Trivia (Trivia) monacha monacha (da Costa, 1778), since Pulteney continues by saying: "I have found it [Cypraea pediculus] at Poole, and at Waymouth [sic] of southern England" (Pulteney, 1799: 39). Description, lectotype. — Shell large, ovate, solidly formed; terminals not protruding; flaring peripherally posteriorly, somewhat squared in front. Dorsum roundly elevated, taper- ing evenly to either end; right side margin angularly, later- ally ridged, shouldered above. Base narrowly ovate, convex. Aperture long, narrow, with a moderate curving adapically. Columella-fossula somewhat narrow, shallowly concave, transversely ribbed. Outer lip fairly wide, becoming nar- rower toward either end, convex. Shell ribbing numerous, very fine, sharply defined overall; dorsal ribs continuous, uninterrupted to either side-margin; with no medial dorsal longitudinal furrow; base and outer lip ribs continuous from dorsum, terminating at apertural edge of outer lip as strong, protruding, sharp denticles, while at columellar-base inner margin, they continue over columellar-fossula as narrow, ueaker transverse ridges to their inner, adaxial edge. Overall dorsal shell color a rich pale orange-beige; the base white, with no dorsal color spotting. Measurements. Iiolotype. — "half an inch long, and three- eighths of an inch wide [= approx. L - 12.5; W - 9.5 mm] Note: "Pulteney's Cypraea arctica was based on reference to 'Solander. Mus. Portland; List. Angl. t.3.17.; Ejusd. Conch. 707.57; Gualt. t. 14; [W] Borlase. t.28.13.; Pen.: 70.80. and a description. Of these at least the Pennant specimens might be in existence here (BMINHl) . . ." (Melville, ICZN- BM[NH], in litt.). The Pennant figured specimen (Fig. 24) is designated herein the lectotype of the Pulteney ( 1799) species. Measurements, leclotype. — BM(NH) Register No. 1912.12. 30.19; one of several Pennant syntypes. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 12.0; W - S.8 mm (measure- ments taken from millimetre scale accompanying type photo- graph [photo. Way, in lilt.]). Measurements, hvpotvpe. — L - 11.1; W - 8.3 mm; RAMM, No. 63 1976 (b)'; (Boot, in litt.) (Fig. 24a). Type locality. — "Poole" [and Dorsetshire, England]; 40 miles [=«72 km] W of Portsmouth. 29 Distribution. — Croyde Bay; Weymouth, southern, eastern coasts of England; Wales; Shetland Islands: N Scotland. Discussion. — Trivia (Trivio) arctica (Pulteney, 1799), in addition to having a different appearing animal within the shell, differs from T. (T.) monacha (da Costa, 1778), by having finer rib striae; the shell is less acutely pyriform; the terminal processes are evenly rounded adapically, with the shell's ribs more evenly continuous; there is no dorsal furrow; and the adapical canal is more closed, less sharply reflected; there are no dorsal color spots. Etymology. — From the Greek adjective, arktikos, northern, great bear. Note: Melville {in litt.) contributes the follow- ing: "A difficulty with Pulteney is that it is not cer- tain whether his Dorset Catalogue [1799] is duly pub- lished under the Code (see Heppell, 1968, J. Conch, vol. 26: 321-328). If the Pulteney name, T. arctica became invalid, depending upon the synonymy, either Cypraea eiiropaea (Montagu), or, C. inunacii- lata of Gray, 1827, would seemingly become avail- able." 20. Trivia (Trivia) napolina (Kiener, 1843) (Fig. 23: Kiener, fig. 3) 1843 Porcelaine napolina Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv., Cypraea: 144: pit. 53, fig. 3. 1845 Cypraea napolini (Duclos). err. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Cypraea: sp. 149; pit. XXVI (spelling error). 1971 Trivia (Trivia) napolina. Schilder and Schilder. Cat. Liv. and Foss. Cowries: 16. Original description. — "Porcelaine napolinc . . . C. testa ovato-oblonga; subglobosa, fulva, nigro-maculata; extremita- tibus depressis. superiori subrostrata; striis tenuibus, flexu- osis, non interruptis; columella callosa: ventre et marginibus, caeruleis" (Kiener, 1843: 144). "Coquille ovale, oblongue, subglobuleuse, convexe au milieu, attenuee vers ses extremites; la superieure est al- longee et subrostree. L'ouverture est tres-etroite, legerement sinueuse; les echancrures qui la terminent sent peu pro- fondes. Le bord droit est epais, large et convexe, pourvu a I'exterieur d'un bourrelet peu saillant et a peine sensible. La columelle est epaisse, calleuse, creusee d'un large sillon longitudinal, munie comme le bord droit d'une serie de den- ticulations assez fines et regulieres qui se continuent sur la face dorsale, en forme de cotes un peu aplaties et flexueuses, plus ou moins anastomosees entre elles et qui se joignent sur le milieu de la coquille, sans aucune interruption. La coquille est fauve avec deux petites taches noiratres sur la ligne medi- ane; la face inferieure et les bourrelets sont blancs." "Shell oblong ovate: subglobose. convex at the center, attenuated at its extremities: the upper is elongate and sub- rostrate. The aperture is very straight, slightly sinuous; the grooves [fossula] which end it are rather shallow. The right edge [outer lip] is thick, broad and convex, provided on the outside with a faintly projecting and hardly noticeable rim [outer lip side-margin]. The columella is thick, calloused, creased by a wide longitudinal groove, provided on the right side with a series of rather fine and regular denticles, which continue on the dorsum in the lorm of ribs, a little flattened and sinuous, more or less interconnected and joining them- selves without interruption in the middle of the shell. The shell is rust color (fawn) with 2 small blackish spots on the median line; the base and the ribs are white" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 8 millim." Measurements. Iiypotvpe. — L - 7.2; W - 5.2; H - 4.5 mm (C4306; Fig. 23a). Tvpe loculitv. — Not recorded. Herein designated Agadir, Morocco, NW Africa (30° 30' N; 09° 33' W). Distribution. — NW Africa, West Africa: Senegal (Dakar); Gambia; Conakry (Guinea, formerly French Guiana); Aga- dir (C4306). Holotype. — Locality unknown; was in the "Madame Du- pont" collection; now apparently scattered (Danrigal, in litt.). Discussion. — This species appears to represent the southernmost living range for Trivia (Trivia) monacha (da Costa, 1778). Of this species, Kiener made the following com- ment: "Small species extremely close to C. cocci- nella, but it differs from that species by its slightly longer form, especially by its extremities which are slightly rostrate; the transverse ribs are also a little weaker and a little less sinuous" (translation by Jean Cate). Etymology. — Apparently from the French word, napoline, a French napoleon, a gold coin worth about $3.85 (1960). 21. Trivia (Trivia) dakarensis Schilder, 1967 (Fig. 22: holotype) 1967 Trivia (Trivia) dakarensis Schilder, Arch. Mol- lusk. 96: 196: fig. 1. Original description. — "Very small (usually 4.3-5.5 mm. long), broad (71-77% of the length), solid, margined on the right; aperture straight, almost central, usually with 18-20 labial and a total of 14-16 columellar teeth; ribs about as thick as their interstices, all around usually 45-48, of which 16-22 extend to the dorsal furrow; this furrow is fairly short but broad, spindleshaped, shallow and transversely ribbed in spite of the usually distinct formation of knobs on its mar- gins; interstices of the ribs smooth; inner lip posteriorly acute; fossula broad and deep, columellar furrow somewhat narrower but concave toward the posterior and transversely ribbed. Shell white, ends and sides, especially the outer lip, bright pink, also an irregular maculation of the dorsum which is reminiscent of Trivirostra exigua Gray [(Gray, 1831) (Fig. 135)] to which are usually added two light brown spots at the ends of the dorsal line (similar to those of Trivia napolina Kiener) [(1843: 144; pit. 55, fig. 5) (Fig. 23)]; base white only along the aperture" (Schilder, 1967: 196). Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.2 mm; Schilder formula: 5.2/77, 19:15, 50:22 = [L - 5.2; W - 4.0 mm]. Type locality .—"Region de Dakar" [W Africa]. Distribution. — Goree. Dakar Bay; Cape Verde Islands. 30 Holotype.—ZMB, Cat. No. 21777 (Kilias. in lin.). Discussion. — Twelve specimens were in the type lot at the "Inst. Fond. d'Afri.," which donated a speci- men of this species to Schilder. The mean "Schilder Formula" of all 12 specimens is: 46/75, 19:15, 47:20. It is said the dorsal furrow is always clearly impressed, with only 1 specimen narrower and deeper. Bleached shells show the pink dorsal pattern disap- pearing more quickly than the pair of brownish spots, with the pink extremities more visible than the overall color. Schilder compares Trivia dakarensis with T. napo- lina (Kiener, 1843), saying: ". . . the sympatric dakarensis is smaller, broader, rounder, and different principally through the distinctly impressed broad dorsal color pattern. Trivia dakarensis is easily dis- tinguished from the sympatric T. candidiila (Gaskoin, 1836), which is always pure white and shows no trace of dorsal furrow." 22. Trivia (Trivia) hispania Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 25: holotype) 1900 Trivia pullicina var. f;lohosa Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 32 (name not estab- lished in a valid way; preoccupied by primary homonym); (Fig. 64; holotype). 1941 Trivia (Trivia) arctica Schilder, Arch. Moll.. 73 (2/3): 73, 63 (Ab.) Description. — Shell fairly large, ovate, highly humped, sol- idly formed. Terminals faintly produced, roundly so in back, more squarely in front. Base somewhat pointedly ovate, convex. Aperture fairly narrow, straight, with an acute re- flection to the left adapically. Columella concavely de- pressed, curving front to back. Fossula a broadening and deepening of anterior columella. Outer lip half the width of the base, convex. Shell ribbing comparatively fine, numer- ous overall, with no longitudinal medial dorsal sulcus; dorsal ribs continuous to and over either side margin; ribs on the left side crossing base and columella to inner adaxial carinal ridge, terminating as strong denticles: ribs on the right traversing the ventral outer lip surface, becoming bold, sharp denticles on the apertural edge. There is no dorsal spotting: the color is a distinctive pinkish-beige; the termi- nals, base, and most of side margins are white. Measurements, holotype. — L - 12.4; W - 9.3; H - 7.8 mm. Measurements, paratype /.— L - 11.9; W - 9.0: H - 7.2 mm (C2443; Fig. 25«). Measurements, paratype 2. — L - 10.0; W - 7.4; H - 6.3 mm (C2442). Type locality. — At the mouth of the Rio Mino (Mimho), S of Pontevedra, Galicia, NW Spain (42° 27' N; 08° 39' W). Distribution. — NW Spain; coast of France north to Guern- sey Islands, English Channel (C2442); Lavodores, Galicia, Spain (C2443). Holotype.— h ACM No. 1824. Discussion. — This new species seems to have been erroneously listed by some authors as Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799). There are, however, major differ- ences between the 2 species which seem to set them apart. Trivia (T.) hispania is much larger; it has a broader, more highly elevated shell, and lacks the pro- jection of the dorsal ribs at the peripheral outline; further, it has a more smoothly rounded posterior ter- minal beak; the columella-fossula is more heavily, transversely ribbed; and the shell colors are different. Etymology. — Hispania was the ancient name for Spain. 23. Trivia (Trivia) grateloiipi Schilder, 1941 (Fig. 26: holotype) 1941 Trivia (Trivia) grateloupi Schilder, Arch. Mol- lusk. 73: 73, 114. Discussion. — This is a fossil species from the Helve- tian Miocene, according to Schilder ( 1941 : 61 ), with a distribution in the Netherlands and NW France. With photographs of the holotype at hand, it seemed pertinent to illustrate it here. Its length is 6.0 mm; the holotype is at ZMB, in the Schilder collection. No. 3630 (Kilias,//! litt.). 24. Trivia (Trivia) tortuga Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 27: holotype) Description. — Shell fairly large, ovate, solidly formed. Ter- minals restrictedly produced, somewhat squarely in front, more or less pointedly so in back. Dorsum roundly humped, tapering abruptly to the apex, more gently so to the front. Spire tending to elevate, with rear apex enveloped in ribs (cf. Rohertia kilensis. Figs. 44, 44u). Base broadly ovate, con- vex, with the continuation of outer lip onto rear base effect- ing a pseudo-thickening of the funicular callus. Aperture broad, almost straight, except for restricted curving of the canal adapically. Columella broad, deepening at the front as a fossula. Outer lip broad, convex, evenly curving through- out. Ribbing numerous, covering entire shell. There is no medial dorsal line, except that in paratype 3 one may ob- serve, under magnification, an unmistakable hint of a medial dorsal line: transverse dorsal rib-striae are continuous over dorsum and either side-margin: on the left they continue over base and columellar sulcus, terminating as strong dental projections on inner, adaxial carinal ridge: to the right the same ribs traverse the outer lip where they end at the aper- tural edge as strong, heavy denticles. Shell color is coffee- bean brown overall. Measurements, holotype.— L - 10.8: W - 8.6; H - 6.7 mm. Measurements, paratype /.— L - 1 1.7; W - 8.7; H - 7.4 mm (C2471). Measurements, paratype 2. — L - 10.7; W - 8.4; H - 6.6 mm (C2471). Measurements, paratype 3. — L - 10.8: W - 8.0; H - 7.0 mm (C2471). Type locality. — Vera Cruz Beach, Panama Bay, Pacific Pan- ama (08° 56'N:79° 15' W). Holotype.— LACM No. 1817; leg. B. D. Harris, ex Lloyd E. Berry collection, Los Angeles, California. |C. N. CateI Plate 7 31 Fig, 25: Trivia (Trivia) hispania: DP. |22|. holotype: L— 12.4 mm Fig. 25a: Trivia (Trivia) hispania: DP, 1221, paratype: L— 11.9 mm. Fig. 27: Tnvia (Trivia) tortuga: DP. |24|, holotype: L— 10.8 mm. Fig. 28 Trivia {Trivia) procella: DP. 1251, holotype: L— 11.2 mm. Fig. 29: Trivia mollerati MNHN photo. |27|. holotype: L— 5.0 mm. 32 Discussion. — In comparing the figured illustrations, herein, of this new species and that of Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799) (Fig. 24), one needs to look closely to separate them. However, when their shells are placed side by side, one can observe a number of distinct morphological differences. In T. tortuga, the shells are smaller in form; the coloring is differ- ent; shells are somewhat more narrowly elongate; the terminal processes and canal curve much less acutely in back, with less apertural constriction in front; the columella and fossula are far more simply formed. Living ranges are well separated. Etymology. — The new name is a Spanish word, meaning turde back: turUe, tortoise. 25. Trivia (Trivia) procella Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 28: holotype) Description. — Shell fairly large, somewhat narrowly ovate. Terminals only barely produced, more so in front. Dorsum dull, centrally humped, tapering rather quickly to either end. Base convex, narrowly ovate. Aperture gently curving, fairly broad, more so anteriorly due to constriction of outer lip in front. Columella of medium breadth, only slightly concave; columella broadening slightly in front, forming a fossula. Outer lip somewhat narrow, convex, becoming inwardly flattened adapically. Shell ribbing close over entire shell: with a weakly formed, shallow longitudinal medial dorsal furrow partially interrupting the transverse rib-striae: ribs somewhat coarsely, heavily formed, with broad interstices. From the left dorsum the ribs are continuous as they cross the side-margin, base, and columella, ending as weak denti- cles on inner edge of adaxial columellar ridge: on the right, the ribs cross side-margin of outer lip, where they terminate at the aperlural edge as short, well defined denticles. Shell color light beige overall. Mcasiircmenls, hololypc. — L - 11.2: W - 8.3: H - 6.9 mm. Type localitw — Barbados. British West Indies (Windward Islands); 13° 15' N; 59° 30' W). //o/o/>'pc.— LACM No. 1815. Discussion. — This new triviid species perhaps most closely resembles Trivia (Trivia) arctica (Pulteney, 1799) (cf. Fig. 24). Trivia (T.) procella Cate dif- fers from that species by having a slightly smaller shell, with a greater constriction of the front outer lip; the shell is narrower, less globular in outline; there is less flaring of the rear terminal beak; the columella and the fossula and its inner wall are differently formed; and the presence of the dorsal furrow is dis- tinctive. Etymology. — The name for this species is the Latin noun, procella, meaning violent wind, hurricane. 26. Trivia (Trivia) islahispaniolae petrela (Olsson and Harbison, 1953) (Fig. 165: holotype) 1953 Trivia islahispaniolae petrela Olsson and Harbi- son, Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 264: pit. 60. fig. 3. Wo/o/ypc— ANSP No. 18264. Length 9.8 mm. Type locality. — St. Petersburg, Florida. Discussion. — With the type photographs of this fossil species at hand, it seems pertinent to list and illustrate it. The species in the strict sense. Trivia ( Trivia ) islahispaniolae islahispaniolae Maury, 1917, is re- corded in: Bull. Am. Paleo. 5/29: 117; pit. 19, fig. 14. 27. Trivia (Trivia) mollerati Locard, 1894 (Fig. 29: holotype) 1878 Cypraea europaea var. minor Monterosato, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Econ. 13: 49 [sep.] (name not estab- lished in a valid way: name preoccupied and its interpretation is questionable). 1878 Cypraea europaea var. solicla Monterosato, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Econ. 13: 49 [sep.] (identifica- tion of this species is in doubt). 1894 Trivia mollerati Locard. L'Echange 10 (119): 131. 1897 Trivia mollerati. Locard, Exped. 'Travailleur et Talisman,' Moll. 1: 104; pit. 3, figs. 16-18. Original description. — "Trivia mollerati . . . Coquille de tres petite taille, enroulee, a spire cachee, d'un galbe general sub- spherique, tres court, tres renfle, a peine attenue en haut et en bas, legerement deprime dans son ensemble sur la face aper- turale. . . . Ouverture aussi haute que la coquille, tres etroite, a bords presque paralleles et legerement ondules, canaliculee aux deux extremites. . . . Bord columellaire bombe en avant, attenue en haut et en bas: bord externe muni d'un bourrelet saillant et continu tout le long de la region dorsal. . . . Test solide, epais, brillant, d'un roux-clair rose dans la region dor- sale, blanchatre sur la face aperturale, orne sur tout sa sur- face de costulations ou cordons minces, saillants, continus, tres reguliers et tres regulierement espaces, s'enfongant jusque tlans I'ouverture, un ou deux accidentellement bifides vers la face aperturale" (Locard, 1894: 131 ). "Shell of very small size, coiled, spire hidden, of a gen- erally subspherical outline, very short, very inflated, scarcely tapering above and below [at either end], lightly depressed on the entire base. Aperture as long as the shell, very straight, both sides almost parallel and slightly wavy; chan- neled at both ends. Columellar lip swollen in front, tapering at top and bottom: outer lip furnished with a striking ridge [thickening] which continues the entire length of the dorsal region. Shell solid, thick, glossy, of a clear rosy-reddish on the dorsum, whitish on the base, ornamented on the entire surface by slender, projecting, continuous ribs or cords, very regular and very regularly spaced, reaching almost into the aperture, 1 or 2 accidentally bifid on the base" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — "Hauteur totale, AV^ a 6 milli- metres: largeur maximum 4 a 5 mill.; epaisseur, 3% a 4% mill." Type locality. — "Drague entre 40 et 70 metres de profondeur dans la bale de St-Raphael (var.)" (St Raphael, SE France [Riviera] 18 mi [=30 km] SE of Cannes). Distribution. — (Schilder [1941]: Catalonia, NE Spain: Spezia, Gulf of Genoa. NW Italy; W Italy, Sardinia and Corsica: Malaga-Valencia, E coast of Spain: Bone, NE Algeria: Oran, NW Algeria: Ceuta, NW Spanish Morocco; Western Mediter- ranean Sea). 33 Holotypc. — MNHN without Cat. No. (Daniigal, in lill.). Discussion. — Locard recorded: 'T. mollerati cannot be compared, except with Tr. pullicina Soland. [err. = Trivia pullicina Mollerat, 1890 [nud.] = Trivia (Sulcotrivia) latliyrus (Bkiinville, 1826)], and Tr. europaea Montagu, but it is easily distinguished from these forms. Trivia mollerati Locard may be sepa- rated from T. pullicina Mollerat, 1890 (Bull. Soc. Mai. France 7: 103), by its much smaller size; by its being shorter, thicker, more globose, and its 'non- ovate' outline; by its much stronger ribs, which are more sharply defined and are never attenuated on any part of the shell." Locard mentions its lighter color as well. 28. Trivia (Trivia) nudtilirata (Sowerby H, 1870) (Fig. 30: Sowerby, 1870, figs. 521-522) 1826 Cypraea europaea Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid., 4: 239 (name preoccupied). 1829 Cypraea umbilicalis da Costa, Cat. Sist. Test, du Sicilie: 69, 71 (interpretation of this species is in doubt). 1848 Cypraea europaea var. carnea Requien, Cat. Coq. Corse: 86 (name not established in valid way: preoccupied by a primary homonym: the inter- pretation of this species is in doubt). 1870 Cypraea mullilirala Sowerby II, Thes. Conchyl., 4, Cypraea: 50 (178); figs. 427-428 (Fig. 30«); figs. 521-522 (Fig. 30). 1870 Cypraea forinosa syn. crcbricostala Sowerby II, Thes. Conchyl., 4, Cypraea: 51 (name never validly established). 1878 Cypraea europaea var. inajor-globosa Monte- rosato, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Econ., 13: 49 (sep.) (name not validly established). 1883 Cypraea europaea var. i^lobosa Bucquoy, Daut- zenberg, and Dollfus, Moll. Mar. Roussillon 1: 129: pit. 16, fig. 21 (name preoccupied). 1887 Trivia (Trivia) sphaerica Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. (last ed. ) 1: 323 (name not validly established: interpretation of species is in doubt). 1900 Trivia f;lobulosa Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 32. 1900 Trivia europaea var. venlricosa Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 31 (name in- validly established; interpretation of species in doubt). 1900 Trivia europaea var. atbida Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 31 (name invalidly es- tablished; interpretation of species is in doubt). 1924 Trivia mediterranea var. albula Sullioti. Contr. stud. Cypraeidae 6: 11. 1933 Trivia mediterranea var. pellucens Coen, Coniit. Talassogr. Ital., M. 192: 46. 1937 Trivia dalmalica Coen, Comit. Talassogr. Ital. M. 240: 150. Original deseriprion. — "Cypraea mullilirala . . . C. testa rosea, immaculata, quam C. Europaea magis globosa: costel- lis numerosis, acutis, haud tantum radiantibus; columellae varice postico parvo, acuto, conspicuo" (Sowerby II, 1870: 50). Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded. Type locality. — Adriatic Sea. Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Hari Province; Venedig; Dal- matia, Austrian Adriatic; Viona, SW Albania; Sicily; Malta. Holotype. — Missing; possibly lost. Discussion. — The triviid species of the central Medi- terranean Sea seem not to be well understood at the present time. It is hoped that further fieldwork and research will put this species into better perspective. (Sulcotrivia) Schilder, 1933 Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Belg. 9(9): 18. [See Schilder, 1939: 174 (35)] Type species [SD: Schilder, 1971: 90]: Cy- praea dimidiata Bronn, Italiens Tertiarge- bilde: 16. 29. Trivia (Sulcotrivia) africana (Schilder, 1931) (Fig. 33: holotype ) 1899 Trivia pulex var. minor Dautzenberg, Result. Camp. Monaco 1: 40 (secondary homonym) (Fig. 156: holotype). 1931 Trivia pulex africana Schilder, Zool. Anz. 96: 69. Orii;iiial description. — "T. pulex scheint im westlichen Mit- telmeere ausschliesslich an den europiiischen Kusten (einschl. Adria) und den Inseln vorzukommen, africana dagegen nur an der Nordkiiste Afrikas (Oran bis Tripolis): im Mus. Ge- neva (coll. Sullioti) befinden sich eine Zwergform aus Algier (4-5 mm., AZ. besonders grob, nur 12-15) und eine relativ dunnschaligere Form von Sfax (7-8 mm., Rippen feiner, dorsal meist etwa 35, R.-Furche sehr scharf eingeschnitten)" (Schilder, 1931: 69). "T. pulex appears in the western Mediterranean, e.xcept the European coasts (including the Adriatic) and the islands, africana on the other hand appears only on the north coast of Africa (Oran to Tripoli): in the Genoa Museum (Sullioti Collection) is a dwarf form from Algiers (4-5 mm., outer lip teeth especially coarse, only 12-15) and a relatively thin- shelled form from Sfax (7-8 mm., ribs finer, dorsally mostly about 25, dorsal sulcus very sharply incised" (translation by George Hanselman). Measurements, holotype. — L - 6.6 mm (Kilias, in lilt.). i.5; W - 5.9; H - 5.2 mm Measurements, hvpotvpe. — L (C2461). Measurements, hvpotvpe. — L (C2463: Fig. 33«). 7.3; W - 6.1; H - 4.9 mm Type locality. — "von Oran [Algeria lary." NW Africa]; leg. Pal- Distrihution. — Balearic Islands; Palermo, Sicily; Malta; Bar- celona, Malaga. Spain. Schilder, 1941: Gulf of Salum, NW Egypt [west of Alexandria]: coast of Tripoli, N Africa; Fez- zan, SW Libya; Oran, Bone, NE Algeria; Ccuta. NW Span- ish Morocco; Crete Island. E Mediterranean Sea; Isle of Rhodes. SE Aegean Sea; Antalya, SW Turkey: Cyprus Island, E Mediterranean Sea. Holotype.- lilt. ) . -ZMB, Schilder collection No. 624 (Kilias, Discussion. — The holotypc of Trivia pule.x (Solander) var. minor Dautzenberg, 1 899, is at IRSN, Catalogue 34 |C, N. CateI Plate 8 [n ^^^^^" Fig, 30: Cypraea multilirata: DP, 1281, (Sowerby II, figs. 521-522). Fig. 30a: Cypraea multilirata. DP, |28|. (Sowerby II, figs. 427-428). Fig. 33 Trivia pulex atricana ZMB photo. |29|. holotype: L— 6.6 mm Fig. 33a: Trivia (Sulcotrivia) atricana: DP, (291, hypotype: L— 7.3 mm. Figures 31 and 32 are vacant Fig. 34: Trivia (Sulcotrivia) lathyrus: DP. 130), hypotype: L— 6.4 mm. Fig. 34a: Trivia (Sulcotrivia) lathyrus: DP, (301, hypotype: L— 6.4 mm. 35 No. 10.591. Length of shell: 4.7 mm (Goethem, in litt.). According to Dautzenberg, the shell is from the Edoiiard Augusta Marie (1835-1888) collection, with a locality of San Miguel de la Palma. Canary Islands (WNW of Teneriffe Island [province of Spain]). 30. Trivia {Sulcotrivia) lathyms (Blainville, 1826) (Fig. 34: hypotype) 1811 Oviila trilicca Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16: 111 (species identification in ques- tion). 1817 Cypnwci sulcata syn. pulex Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells 1: 467 (name not established in a valid way; name preoccupied). 1826 Cypraea lathy rus Blainville, Faune Fran?aise Malacologie: 248; pit. 9A, fig. 3, 3a. 1826 Cypraea mediterranea Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., 4: 239. 1827 Cypraea ptilex Gray. Zool. Journ. 3: 368 (name preoccupied). 1828 Cypraea lacryinalis Menke, Synops. Meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano (ed. 1 ) : 49 (nom. nud.). 1830 Cypraea lacrymalis Menke, Synops. Meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano (ed. 2): 83. 1843 Cypraea lathy rus "Dufresne". Kiener, spec. Gen. Coq. Viv., Cypraea: 146; pit. 22, fig. 4. 1848 Cypraea pulex var. fusca Requien, Cat. Coq. Corse; 86 (nom. nud.). 1878 Cypraea pulex var. minor Monterosato, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Econ. 13: 49 (sep. ) (nom. nud.). 1883 Cypraea pulex var. rosea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg. and Dollfus, Moll. Mar. Roussillon 1: 131: (name preoccupied). 1890 Trivia pullicina Mollerat, Bull. Soc. Mai. France 7: 107. 1900 Trivia pullicina var. pullucida Locard and Caziot. Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse; 32. 1900 Trivia pullicina var. violacea Locard and Caziot, Coq, Mar. Cotes Corse; 32; (name not val- idly established). 1900 Trivia pullicina var. brunnca Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 32; (name not val- idly established). 1900 Trivia pullicina var. albida Locard and Caziot. Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse; 32; (name not validly established; name preoccupied). 1900 Trivia pullicina var. grisea Locard and Caziot, Coq. Mar. Cotes Corse: 32: (name not estab- lished in a valid way). Original description. — "Cypraea lathyrus . . . Coquille ovale, peu ventrue, lisse, luisante, finement cotelee; ouverture etroite, peu sinueuse, bordee a droite et a gauche de seize dents aigues se prolongeant en costules transverses, fines, serrees, jusqu'au milieu du dos et se continuant avec celles du cote oppose sans sillon medio-dorsal: couleur blanche en dessous et d'un gris plus ou moins violace, sans taches plus-foncees en dessus" (Blainville. 1826: 248). "Shell oval, slightly swollen, smooth, polished, finely ribbed; aperture straight, slightly sinuous, bordered, on right and left by 16 sharp teeth which lengthen into transverse fine, serrated ribs as far as the middle of the dorsum and continuing with those of the opposite side without a mid- dorsal furrow, color white underneath, and a more or less violet-gray, without deeper spots on top" (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 4'- lig., sur 2',V| de larg." [Eigne = '/•; of an inch: —2.3 mm|. Measurements, hypotype I. — I. - 6.4; W - 5.0; H - 4.4 mm (Fig. 34). Measurements, hvpotxpe 2. — L - 6.4: W - 5.1; H - 4.3 mm (Fig. 34a). Type locality. — "De la Medilerranee sur les cotes de Pro- vence [SE Francel et sur celles de la Corse, oil elle parait etre assez commune." Distribution. — Palermo, Sicily; Valencia. Spain. Schilder (1941); Catalonien, S Frankr.-Spezia; W Italy, Corsica, Sardinia: Neapel, Sicily, Malta, Tarent; Malaga-Valencia; Balearic Islands. Holotype. — Locality unknown: it may have been in collec- tion "Prince Massena" or, the "Madame Dupont" collection, types from which have never been found, tracing continues" (Danrigal, in litt.). Discussion. — Blainville: "La coquille de cette espece a evidemmcnt beaucoup de rapports avec celle de la precedente, mais elle en differe sensiblement, d'abord par moins de grosseur, et ensuite parce que ses cos- tules sont beaucoup moins prononcees; d'oii il resulte qu'elle est lisse et luisante, surtout sur le dos, qui n'offre pas de sillon dorsal, pas plus que dans la P. [Porcelaine] Coccinella. Sa couleur est d'ailleurs constamment plus foncee sans aucune tache; ce qui est beaucoup plus rare dans la Porcelaine Coccinelle." Blainville: "The shell of this species is evidently very similar to that of the preceding [Cypraea euro- paea Montagu, 1 808], but it differs noticeably from it, first by its smaller size, and also because the riblets are much less pronounced; it is smooth and shining, espe- cially on the dorsum; there is no dorsal furrow any more than in P. Coccinella. Moreover, its color is constantly darker, without spots; it is more rare than Porcelaine Coccinella' (translation by Jean Cate). This triviid species is small-shelled, nearly spheri- cal, and appears not to have any dorsal spotting (in 33 specimens examined). Etymology. — The Latin noun, lathyrus. means bean. Pusulini Schilder, 1936 Proc. Malac. Soc. London 22: 80. Pseiidotrivia Schilder, 1 936 Ingen. Ned. Indie (ser. 4), Mijnbouw 3: 208. [see Schilder, 1939: 175 (337)] Type species [OD]: Trivia sihogae Schep- man, 1909 Siboga Exped. 49/2/2: 139; pit. 11, fig. 3. 31. Pseudotrivia schepmani ScWM^r, 1941 (Fig. 35; holotype) 1909 Trivia sibogae forma minor Schepman, Siboga Exped. 49 2/2: 140; pit. 11, fig. 4 (name pre- occupied); (Fig. 35a). 36 |C, N. CateI Plate 9 Fig. 35a Trivia sibogae forma minor \=Pseudotrivia schepmani] DP, 131 1, type fig.: ■ 7. Fig. 35: Pseudotrivia schepmani: Zt^A pfioto, 131 1, fioiotype: L— 7,6 mm. Fig. 36: Cypraea formosa: MRAC photo. |32|, possible type: L— 10.1 mm. Fig. 36a Pseudotrivia suavis: DP, |32|, fiypotype: L— 11.4 mm. Fig, 36t>: Cypraea formosa: DP, (321, (Sowerby II, fig. 518): ■ 4V2. Fig. 37: Trivia sibogae: ZMA photo, |33|. lectotype: L— 12.0 mm. Fig. 37a: Trivia sibogae: DP, |33|. type fig.: ^41/2. 37 1941 Pseudotrivhi scliepinani Schilder. Arch. Molliisk. 73: 74. Urii;inal description. — "Pseudotrivia schepmani (= Trivia iilwinic forma minor) . . . Shell shortly ovate, globose, thin, light flesh-coloured, with numerous rather strong ribs and smooth interstices, which are but a little broader than the ribs, no dorsal impression: several of the ribs don't reach the centre, while others run from one side to the other. Aper- ture rather wide, slightly enlarged towards the front, placed at the right side of the ventral face. Right margin slightly involved, strongly thickened exteriorly, its inner margin with 19 or 20 teeth; columellar margin with about 21 teeth and a crenulated callosity at its upper part, bordering the posterior, rather v\ide sinus; anterior sinus slightly larger and produced, columellar margin excavated interiorly, towards the anterior sinus; margins of the aperture granulose in the interstices" (Schepman, 1909: 139-140). Measurements, liolotype. — "6 mill, in length." [L - 7.6: W - 6.0: H - 5.0 mm: Coomans, in lilt.]. Type locality. — East of Sailus-Besar, Paternoster Islands [Netherlands East Indies]: in up to 36 metres of water: coral and Lithothamnion bottom (1 specimen). Distribution. — Schilder ( 1941 ) : NE Borneo: Sulu Sea; Zam- boanga, Mindanao, Philippines; W Celebes, Tiger Island. //o/ofypc— ZMA No. 2734. Discussion. — Schepman commented: "Two speci- mens from Sta. 95 are still smaller, being only 7'^ Mill, in length, but agree in most respects, in sculpture with the type, however the ribs are slightly coarser, the teeth of the right margin less numerous ( 1 5 and 17), the other specimens and that from Sta. 315 are a little doubtful, as they are still considerably smaller, length only 6 Mill., the aperture is not so large and the right margin thicker; as they are dead shells, I prefer to keep them under one name with the variety, instead of describing a new species on a few gradual differences. This species [sibogae] with its variety [minor = schepmani Schilder], differs from the former one, by its more numerous ribs with numerous inter- mediate ones, the larger number of teeth and inflated shape." Comment. — It should be noted that Schilder estab- lished this new species using a brief reference, ''schep- mani nov. {sihoga var. minor Schepman, 1909)" list- ing, which occurs under the Schepman (1909: 140) designation of Trivia sibogae Schepman. See species No. 32, herein, for the basic detail concerning the "sibogae-schepmani" species separa- tion. Schilder (1941: 74) neither described nor dif- ferentiated this new species from its immediate con- gener, seeming to rely wholly on his cross-reference designation. Because of seemingly scant morpho- logical variation and lack of formal designation, this species, Pseudotrivia schepmani, is listed herein on a provisional basis only. 32. Pseudotrivia siiavis (Schilder, 1931) (Fig. 36; possible type) 1836 Cvpraea formosa Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc, London 3: 198-199 (Fig. 36/> = Sowerby II, 1870; figs. 518-519); (name preoccupied). 1931 Trivia siiavis Schilder, Zool. Anz. 96: 69. Original description. — "Cypraea formosa Gaskoin = (Trivia suavis Schilder) . . . Cypr. testa ovato-globulosa, tenui, seri- ceo-subnitente, pallide rosea, subnebulosa. antice saturatiore, basi albida; costis numerosis, confertis, continuis, ad basin non interruplis; margine subincrassata: apertura latiuscula: linea dorsali nulla" (Gaskoin, 1836: 198-199). "Shell ovato-globose, posterior end rather obtuse and broad, of a delicate rose (almost white) colour, somewhat clouded with very light reddish brown, which is deeper over the anterior extremity. Base white, somewhat even. Aper- ture rather wide; teeth of the lip about twenty-one, almost every alternate rib (about fifteen in number) terminating between the denticulations just before arriving at the edge of the lip: teeth of the columella about twenty-five, and about seven terminate exterior to the aperture; columellar front grooved along its entire length, inner edge of the groove slightly serrated, forming a circular projection towards the anterior extremity, where it is deepest and widest. Ribs slightly prominent, numerous, close, extremely even and regular, extending continuously from the lip to the inner border of the columellar groove, very few terminating on the sides of the shell; false ribs few, and extending but little towards the back. Anterior beaks rather wide apart, slightly produced: beaks of the lip longer than those of the columella. Spire only traceable in the adult, and the younger state forming a fine small point or apex. Margin only on the lip side, and slightly thickened. No dorsal line" (Gaskoin, 1836: 199). Measurements, liolotype. — "Length .425 of an inch: breadth .350: height .325" [= 10.1; 9.0: 8.0 mm]. Measurements. h\pot\pe. — L - 11.4; W - 9.2; H - 7,4 mm (C3778; Fig. 36a). Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 10.3; W - 9.0; H - 7.3 mm (C3775). Type locality. — Cape of Good Hope. Distribution. — East London, SE Africa (Schilder, 1941: Jeffrey's Bay: East London: Simonstown; Algoa: Port Al- fred, SE Africa). Possible type.—MRKC No. 793150 (Benoit, in lilt.). Discussion. — "From Cypr. Europaea it is distin- guished by the following characters: greater convex- ity of the curvature of the inner edge of the columel- lar groove; ribs and teeth much more numerous and even, and on the lip almost every alternate rib termi- nates before arriving at its edge; shape more gibbous and obtuse posteriorly; mouth wider; spire scarcely visible in the adult, and forming a beautifully minute point in the younger individuals; texture and colour of the shell infinitelv more delicate" (Gaskoin). 38 Etymology. — The Latin adjective, suavis, means sweet. 33. Pseiidotrivia sibogae (Schepman, 1909) (Fig. 37: lectotype herein) 1909 Trivia sibogae Schepman, Siboga Exped. 49/2/2: 139; pit. 11, fig. 3 (Fig. 37«). Original description. — "Trivia sibogae . . . Shell shortly- ovate, globose, thin, light flesh-coloured, with numerous rather strong ribs and smooth interstices, which are but a little broader than the ribs, no dorsal impression; several of the ribs don't reach the centre, while others run from one side to the other. Aperture rather wide, slightly enlarged toward the front part, placed at the right side of the ventral face. Right margin slightly involved, strongly thickened ex- teriorly, its inner [apertural] margin with 19 or 20 teeth; coliimellar margin with about 21 teeth and a crenulated cal- losity [funiculum] at its upper part, bordering the posterior, rather wide sinus; anterior sinus [fossula] slightly larger and produced, columellar margin excavated interiorly, towards the anterior [fossular] sinus, margins of the aperture granu- lose in the interstices'" (Schepman. 1909: 139-140). Measurements, hoiotypc. — "Long. 12, lat. 9. alt. Slii Mill." Measurements, lectotype. — L - 12.0; W - 9.0; H - 8.2 mm (Coomans, in lilt.). Type locality.— ■'Slai. 95, E Sulu Sea, 05° 43' 05" N: 119° 40' E; 522 M., Stony bottom. 4 spec." Distribution. — Schilder. 1941: NE Borneo; Sulu Sea; Zam- boanga, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype. — ZMA No. 2734a ( 1 of 4 syntypes) (Coomans, in tilt. ) . Discussion. — It sliould be noted that this description of the holotype was used in the preceding description of a so-called variant, Pseudotrivia schepmani Schil- der, 1941. This seemed necessary, because Schilder used it in a cross-reference to describe P. schepmani. 34. Pseudotrivia abyssicola (Schepman, 1909) (Fig. 38: lectotype herein) 1909 Trivia abvssicola Schepman. Siboga Exped. 49/2/2: 138; pit. 11. fig. 1 = (Fig. 38a). Original description. — "Trivia abyssicola . . . Shell ovate, moderately inflated, white, pellucid, right margin thickened, extremities slightly produced, especially the anterior one, with rather numerous ribs, of which the majority runs from one side to the other and a few intermediate ones, no dorsal sulcus. Aperture rather wide, especially towards the front, slightly arcuate, its right margin but little inflected, thickened exteriorly, strongly crenulated by the ribs, which form from 18 to 21 teeth; anterior sinus wide, posterior one narrower by a crenulated callus, columellar margin not thickened, with about 20 teeth, the interstices of the ribs of both the right and columellar margin granulous, the interstices on the back smooth" (Schepman, 1909: 139). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 7, lat. 5. alt. 4 Mill." Measurements, lectotype. — L - 7.0: W - 5.0; H - 4.0 mm (Coomans. in litl.). Type locality. — Stat. 59, western entrance to Samau Strait; in 390 metres, coarse coral sand and small stones: ( 1 specimen). Distribution. — Schepman: Stat. 98 (06° 09' N; 120° 21' E); Sulu Sea, mud and sand (1 specimen); Stat. 105 (06° 08' N; 121° 19' E). Sulu Sea, mud and coral sand bottom (3 speci- mens). Lectotvpe. — ZMA No. 2734; 1 of 5 syntypes (Coomans, in litl.). Discussion. — Schepman: "The species resembles amongst the white ones without dorsal impression, in some respects 7". pelliicidida Gaskoin [1846], which has however much more and finer ribs. One of the specimens from Stat. 105 contains the soft parts and may serve as a proof that the species lives at the re- corded great depth." Etymology. — The name is derived from the combi- nation of Latin nouns, abyssus, deep sea, and cola, meaning dweller in. 35. Pseudotrivia sagamiensis Kuroda and Habe, 1971 ( Fig. 39: paratype ) 1971 Pseudotrivia sagamiensis Kuroda and Habe, Sea Shells of Sagami Bay: 94; pit. 108, figs. 18-19. Original description. — "Pseudotrivia sagamiensis . . . Shell rather small, translucent white, ovoid in shape, slightly nar- rowing to the anterior restration [sic], and well rounded on the dorsal hump and rather flattened on the ventral side. Surface sculptured with 17-18 transverse ribs on the dorsal hump and about 26 on ventral side. They are not interrupted by the dorsal groove. Aperture narrow and long. Outer [lip] margin winged and thickened at the shoulder" (Kuroda and Habe, 1971: 94). Measurements, paratype I. — L - 8.3; W - 4.3; H - 5.1 mm (Habe. in litl.): (Fig. 39). Measurements, paratvpe 2. — L - 6.2; W - 4.3; H - 3.6 mm (Habe, in lilt.): (Fig. 39o). Type locality. — Sagami Bay [SB Honshu, Japan]. Distribution. — Jogashima WSW 4 km (100 metres). W 5 km (100-110 metres). SW 4 km (83-97 metres). SSW 1 km (35 metres). SSW 2.5 km (80-90 metres). SSW 1.2 km (85-87 metres), WSW 2 km (97 metres-alive); Ama- daiba-Kannontsukadashi (75-81 metres); Kamikisho WSW 2 km (55-80 metres); Sagami Bay generally, on sandy bot- tom, from 30 to 300 metres of water. Holotype. — NSMT, collection His Majesty the Emperor of Japan (Habe, in litt.). Discussion. — The authors make the following distinc- tion: "This new species differs from P. sibogae Schepman by the ovate shell with coarser transverse ribs." 36. Pseudotrivia problematica (Schilder, 1931) (Fig. 40: holotype) 1931 Pusula (Niveria) problematica Schilder. Zool. Anz. 96: 70; fig. 2. Original description. — "Pusula {Niveria) problematica . . . Kugelig. E. vorgezogen, AR. schmal und scharf gerandet, Spira erkennbar, aber bedeckt, Rippen ziemlich kriiftig. IC. N. CateI Plate 10 39 Fig, 38 Trivia abyssicola: ZMA photo, |34|, lectotype: L— 7 0 Fig, 39: Pseudotrivia sagamiensis: DP, 1351, paratype; L— 8.3 mm. Fig, 40: Pseudotrivia problematica: ZMB photo, 1361. holotype: L— 8,3 mm Fig, 38a Trivia abyssicola: DP, |34|. type fig.: ■ 7. Fig. 39a Pseudotrivia sagamiensis: DP, |35|, paratype: L— 6.2 mm. Fig. 41: Pseudotrivia samarensis: DP, |37|. holotype: L— 11.8 mm. Fig 42 Pseudotrivia dumaliensis: DP. 1381. holotype: L— 10.2 mm. 40 ebenso breit wie die dicht iind fein gekornten Zwischen- raume, R.-Furche iang, schmal, glatt, Rippen hier unter- brochen, zu winzigen Knopfchen verstaikt, M. weit, seitlich. AL. hinten sehr vorgezogen, IL. vorn scarf ziigespitzt. in der Mitte in die M. hineingerundet, hinten spitz, linksgebogen, etwas kragenformig mit der IL. verbunden, Foss. breit und tief. Col.-Furche elwas schmaler, undeiitlich. . . . R. briiun- lich-rosa, an S. mehr gelblichrosa. E. und AR.-Furche grell- rosa. B. (mit Ausnahme des Randes) gelblichweiss (Abb. 2)" (Schilder, 1931: 70). "Pusiila {Niveria) problcmatica . . . Shell globose, ter- minal produced, exterior margin small and sharp-edged, spire discernible but obscured, ribs rather strong, as broad as the densely and finely granulated interstices, dorsal sulcus long, small, smooth, ribs here interrupted, strengthened into small tubercles, aperture wide, laterally, outer lip drawn out posteriorly, inner lip anteriorly sharply tapered, in the mid- dle rounded into the aperture, pointed posteriorly, curved leftward, somewhat collared where connected with the inner lip, fossula broad and deep, columellar sulcus somewhat indistinct. . . . Dorsum brownish-rose, on the side more yel- lowish-rose, terminal and exterior margin strongly rose-col- ored, base (with the exception of the edges) yellowish- white (illustration 2)" (translation by George Hanselman). Measurements. hololypc.^"S,2: 75 65— 18:16— 53:32" (L - 8.3 mm. Kilius. in lilt.). Type locality. — "Sudkuste Vorderindiens" [south coast of India]. Distribution. — Schilder. 1941: Malabar: Mangalore-Tuti- corin. Hotoiype.—ZMB. Schilder collection No. 3362. Etymology. — Probably from the Greek word, prob- lematikos, a problem. 37. Pseudotrivia samarensis Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 41 : holotype ) Description. — Shell large, subovate. inflated, subglobular. strong, though not heavily constructed. Terminals short, barely protruding. Base roundly, inflatedly ovate, convex, left side margin lacking. Columella broad, shallow, barely depressed, depression deepening to the front to form a shal- low fossula. Aperture narrow, curving at either end. Outer lip ventrally convex, following the apertural curvature. Right side margin laterally molded, somewhat flattened, shouldered above, though not callously thickened. No longi- tudinal dorsal groove present, dorsal ribbing uninterrupted to either side margin: ribbing continuing over base and de- pressed columella, terminating as short denticles on inner adaxial ridge; ribbing continuing over shouldered right mar- gin, terminating as sharp denticles on inner edge of lip; lip teeth absent on front third of outer lip edge, ribbing termi- nating just short of edge. Shell color: ribbing and thicken- ing of terminal canal outlets very pale light brown, with the interstices of an even paler color; (C4I46). Measurements, holotype. — L - 11.8; W - 8.5; H - 7.8 mm. Type locality. — Borongan. E Samar Island, Philippines (11° 36' N; 125° 27' E). //o/o/ype.— LACM No. 1795; ex F. G. Dayrit, Diliman, Rizal, Philippines (2 Nov 1966). Discuss'on. — The illustration (Fig. 41) would seem to contravene the separation of this species from Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799 ). However, the photo- graphs are misleading: Pseudotrivia samarensis Cate is a much larger triviid species, more globular, a less pyriform shell; it has fewer teeth on the outer lip, with those on the abapical lip not developed, protrud- ing; the lip angles at either end of this species are more lengthened, thus creating a shorter length of lip cen- trally; and the shell colors of the Pulteney species are of a deeper and slightly different hue. Etymology. — The new name of this species is derived from the type locality, Samar Island. 38. Pseudotrivia dumaliensis Cate, sp. nov. ( Fig. 42: holotype) Description. — Shell fairly large, swollen, almost globular, strong, though not heavily formed. Terminals not peripher- ally rounded, though not protruding, with canals opening similarly at either end. Base elongately oval, a convex con- tinuation of the dorsal shell curvature. Aperture long, gently curving, evenly narrow throughout. Columella fairly broad, flatly depressed, elevating as a longitudinal ridge within. Outer lip convexly rounded with a longitudinal dorsal fur- row, numerous upraised ribs radiating continuously away over left dorsum, base, and depressed columella to inner adaxial ridge. From the dorsal furrow the ribs are continu- ous over right dorsum to very weakly formed side margin, where ribbing almost disappears on smooth, convex lip sur- face (as compared with the normal ribbing) to emerge again on inward sloping plane of lip, terminating on the inner lip edge as numerous (24) strong, protruding, pointed teeth. Shell color is dull off-white overall (C4145). Measurements, holotype. — L - 10.2; W - 8.7; H - 7.5 mm. Type locality. — Collected by Moro divers off Dumali Point, EMindoro Island. Central Philippines (13° 07' N; 121° 33' E); ex Fernando G. Dayrit, Diliman, Rizal, Philippines. //o/o(ypf.— LACM No. 1796. Discussion. — The author and his wife, Jean, spent a day visiting with the Dayrits (2 Nov 1966) at their home. The new species, unrecognized until the pres- ent work was under way, was acquired at this time, along with other shells. Without the use of magnification, Pseudotrivia dumaliensis may appear to resemble P. suavis (Schil- der, 1931), from SE Africa, both having shells of similar size and rotundity. However, this new species can easily be separated from the Schilder shell thus: the circumferential outline is more circular, less pyri- form; the rear outer lip does not flare out, nor project beyond the elevation of the spire; the presence of the dorsal furrow is much more distinct; the color is white, and the ribbing is more bold, less numerous. Etymology. — The new name is derived from the area where the specimen was collected. IC. N. CateI Plate 11 41 Fig. 43: Trivia eos Roberts: DP. |39|. type fig.: ■ 2V2 (holotype: L— 25.7 mm.) Fig 43a Robertotrivia eos: DP. |39|. hypotype L— 24.0 mm. Fumio Ishida ^^L^ ,^^^^B^^^^_Z ^^^H^^^^^^^****^^^^^ holotype: L— 19.2 mm. ^^^>— — ^^^^■^^^^■^■^^^^ Fiq 44a Robertotrivia kiiensis DP, |40|. tiolotype: L— 192 mm CO Fig 45 Robertotrivia speciosa: Fumio Istilda photo. |41|, holotype: L — 20.1 mm. Fig 45a: Robertotrivia speciosa DP, 1411. holotype: L— 20.1 mm Fig 45b Robertotrivia speciosa: DP. |41|, paratype: L— 20.7 mm. Fig 46 Robertotrivia opalina: Fumio Ishida photo, |42| holotype, L — 20.0 mm. Fig 46a Robertotrivia opalina: DP. |42|. holotype: L— 20 0 mm. 42 Robertotrivia Cate, gen. nov. Type species: Trivia eos Roberts, 1913. The shells of this new triviid genus are unusually large, seemingly unlike any other members of the Triv- iinae Troschel, 1863, with a well-developed funicu- lar projection on the posterior base. Etymology. — This new generic name honors Sher- wood Raymond Roberts (deceased, formerly of ANSP), who not only described the type species, but made many other important contributions to mala- cology. 39. Robertotrivia eos eos (Roberts, 1913) (Fig. 43: holotype, from type fig.) 1913 Trivia cos Roberts, Nautilus 26: 99; pit. 7, figs. 10-11. 1932 Pusula (Ellalrivia) eos. Schilder, Cypr. Fossil. Cat. 1 Animalia (pars 55) Berlin: 94. 1941 Pseudolrivia eos. Schilder, Arch, fiir Moll. Bd. 73: 74. 1963 Trivia (Pseudolrivia) eos. Shikama and Hori- koshi. Select Shtells of the World: 43. Orifiinal description. — "Trivia eos . . . Shell globosely ovate with rounded base, white, rather finely ribbed. Dorsal line indicated by a narrow smooth area from which ribs diverge in every direction, a few being interposed on both sides; pos- teriorly they pass directly over the spire, which projects well, showing five whorls. On the ventral side spiral ribs have an oblique trend and extend well into the aperture, where they decrease in number and become coarser. The aperture is rather narrow, but slightly wider anteriorly, outer lip thick- ened outside, strongly ribbed transversely, with about 29 ridges forming teeth on the inner margin; retracted anteri- orly. The inner lip bears a very small callous [funiculum] projection above, and near the base there is a rounded ridged lobe projecting inward" (Roberts, 1913: 99). Measurements. Iiololype. — "Length 25.7, diam. 20. alt. 17 mm." Measurements. Iiypotype. — L - 26.7; W - 20.9; H - 17.5 mm (Sagami Bay). Measurements, Iiypotype. — L - 24.0; W - 16.5; H - 15.5 mm (Tosa Sea) (Fig. 43a): this hypotype shell is in the Kawa- mura coll., (Habe, in lilt.). Type locality. — "Habitat Boshu, Japan (Hirase)." Distribution. — Awa [Boso Penin.], Chiba pref., Honshu, Japan [hypotype 1]; (Habe, in lilt.). Japan, generally; Kasima, S coast of Honshu; Hachijo Islands; the species seems to range from the Boso Penin. waters in the north, to Shikoku in the south; living on a sandy bottom. Holotype. — Formerly in the Hirase collection; however: "Hirase's collection was destroyed by the fire in World War II, therefore, no type specimens were retained . . ." (Habe, in lilt. ) . Discussion. — Roberts wrote: "This magnificent Trivia is named for the 'Sunrise Kingdom' [Japan]. In size it is approached only by T. onisciis Lam. of South Af- rica, which however differs by its pink color, larger smooth dorsal area, fewer ribs, shorter spire, and especially by its much wider aperture, as in other members of the South African group of Trivias, to which T. eos has but little affinity. It should be noted that the irregularity on the left side of fig. 10 [Fig. 43] is wholly an effect of light in the photograph, as that slope of the shell is perfect and evenly curved." Although the holotype of this species has been destroyed by fire, as previously mentioned, it seems unnecessary at this time to designate a neotype. There are 2 fossil subspecies: Dolichupis (Triv- ellona) eos sliimajiriensis MacNeill, 1960; and Pseu- dolrivia eos pleres Hatai and Nisiyama, 1948. Etymology. — The Greek noun, eos, means dawn, morning, early or east. 40. Robertotrivia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. (Figs. 44, 44u: holotype) Description. — Shell large, broadly ovate, light weight in con- struction though strong, bulbously inflated. Terminals: pro- trude in front, flaringly so adapically. Apex prominent. Dorsum shiny, semicircular from one side-margin to the other, continuing over left side to columella without devia- tion: dorsum tapering rather abruptly to the apex, more gently so to the front. Base subovate. convex, a rounded continuation of the upper shell. Funiculum a small quarter circle, semi-cuplike protuberance, with a body-whorl base smooth and glossy. Aperture long, fairly evenly narrow, curving gently at either end. Columella only barely concave, nairow, well defined along columellar margin of base, be- coming more pronouncedly elevated on front base toward, and terminating as the front terminal ridge. Fossula, an extension of the columella, broad, very deep, and only par- tially ribbed. Outer lip narrowly corded, roundly thickened, weakly shouldered above. Shell ribbing rather fine (for size of shell), numerous overall. There is no longitudinal dorsal line, except for a very minute indication of a line on the rear third of the dorsum (cf. Fig. 44(j|; body whorl ribbing is continuous from one side of aperture, over dorsum, to other side of aperture, including, on the left, the columella and the upper half of the fossula; longitudinal ribbing is on front terminal collar, but differs on the back enveloping the apex as well. Shell color is a pale ivory-white overall. Measurements. Iiolotype. — L - 19.2; W - 14.8; H - 12.6 mm ( Fig. 44a). Type locality. — Kii Channel, S Japan, in deep water (34° 00' N; 134° 48' E). Holotype. — NSMT, presently without number, but bearing the author's working number (C4273). Discussion. — This new triviid species may be com- pared with Robertotrivia eos (Roberts, 1913), from which it differs in a number of ways. Robertotrivia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate is a more narrowly ovate shell; the rear reflection of the outer lip is more longi- tudinally pronounced; the total area of the fossula is different, deeper, with sharper definition; the width of the outer lip cording is more evenly narrow, and there is no dorsal line. This and the following new species (species 39 to 43 41 ) were sent to the author by Dr. Kuroda, for evalu- ation and description. The new names were suggested by him. 41. Robertotrivm speciosa Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. (Figs. 45. 45«: holotype) 1963 Trivia (Pseudotrivia) sp, Shikama and Hoii- koshi, Select. Shells of the World: 43: fig. 66. Description. — Shell large, roundly ovate, bulboiisly inflated, light-ueight in form, though strong. Terminals produced, narrow 1\' and acutely in front, with an unusual narrow, longitudinal flaring of the adapical outer lip. Apex promi- nently e!e\ated. Dorsum evenly elevated, roundly inflated, uith no indication of a medial dorsal line (as observed in Rohcrtotrii'ia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate); dorsum tapering abruptly toward the apex, more gradually so to the front. Base somewhat narrowly ovate, convex, becomirrg gradually narrow abapically. Funiculum. on the rear base, promi- nently elevated, ribbed, providing the left adapical wall for canal outlet. Aperture somewhat broad for the genus, curv- ing evenly throughout, with a flanged, r'ibbed terminal ridge anteriorly. Columella fairly froad.rconcave. evenly so from front to back longitudinally. Widening festrictedly in front to form an unusual laterally situated pocket'like fossula. Outer lip comparati\ely broad, convex, exceedingly heavily, trans- versely ribbed. Shell ribbing numerous overall, coarse; rib- bing transversely continuous from one side of the aperture, around the shell to the other, terminating as strong, sharp teeth at apertural edge of outer lip. crossing base and colu- mella ribs terminating equally strongly and sharper on inner adaxial columellar ridge: ribs appearing laterally on front and rear terminal approaches. Shell color is pale ivory over- all. Measurements, hololype. — L - 20.1: W - 15.3; H - 12.9 mm. Measurements, paratypc. — L - 20.7; W - 14.8; H - 12.8 mm (Fig. 45b). Tvpe localilv.—Ku Channel. S Japan (34° 00' N; 134° 48' E). Holotype. — NSMT. without catalog number, but bearing the author's number (C4276); the paratype is No. C4275. Discu.s.'iioii. — This new triviid species differs from Robertotrivia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate (herein), by having a sUghtly larger shell form; by having a more lengthened flaring of the posterior outer lip; by having a less curving, differently structured outer lip; the funiculum on the rear base is more massive, more elevated; it has a more deeply concave, differently formed columella, with an unusual lateral pocket-like fossula, and the shell ribbing is more coarse, especially noticeable on the outer lip. Etymology. — The Latin adjective, speciosm. means beautiful, splendid, showy. 42. Robertotrivia opalina Kuroda and Cate, sp. nov. (Figs. 46. 46a: holotype ) Description. — Shell large. shin\, ioundl>' inflated, semi- pyriform. Terminals protruding, slightly arched, ventrally reflected anteriorly; narrowly, mostly unflaring, ventrally reflexed posteriorly. Base broad, convexly ovate, roundly inflated. Apex only barely protruding. Funiculum well de- veloped, seemingly a continuation of adapical outer lip as il circles onto rear base; funiculum externally ribbed, sharply dentate on its edge, inner surface smooth, polished; funicu- lum also serving as rear wall of posterior canal. Aperture long, narrow, widening somewhat toward the front, curving at the back. Cohmiella imdulating front to back, concave. Fossula a continuation of the columella, which becomes broader, deeper, with an elevated, arched interior carinal wall. Outer lip curving, narrow, cordlike, broadest cen- trally, shouldered above. Shell numerously ribbed overall, without a longitudinal dorsal medial line; external edges of inner and outer fossular walls, front and rear terminal edges, adaxial columella ridge, and apertural edge of outer lip. conspicuously sharply dentate; otherwise columella, side- margins, dorsum, base and ventral surface of outer lip very finely, numerously striated with fine ribbing. Shell color is pale ivory overall. Measurements, holotype. — L- 20.0; W - 15.0; H - 13.0 mm. Type localitx. — Tosa Sea. in 185 metres of water, S Japan (33° 20' N; 133° 45' E). Holotype. — NSMT, without catalog number; however, the type bears the author's number C4274. Discussion. — This new triviid species may be com- pared with Robertotrivia kiiensis Kuroda and Cate (herein), from which it differs in having a slightly larger, more pyriform shell form; by having a more restricted, less flaring adapical outer lip process; by having a less elevated spire, and a longer protruding adapical terminal beak; in having a straighter, nar- rower aperture with a more mature, ribbed, dentate funicular process, and having a more numerous dis- play of finer ribs and teeth on the outer lip. Etymology. — The new name is an adjective derived from the Latin noun, opaliis, precious. Niveria Jousseaume, 1884 Naturaliste 1884: 415 Type species [OD]: Cypraea nivea Gray, 1824, Zool. J., 1824, 1: 420. Niveria Jousseaume, 1884 Bull. Soc. Zool. France 9: 100. Type species [OD]: Cypraea nivea Gray, 1824 (preoccupied). Trivia ni.x Schilder, 1922 (nom. nov.). "Genre Niveria . . . Coquille globuleuse cerclee de stries irregulieres, tres peu deprimee [sic] en dessous; ouverture subcentrale, courbee, etroite; bord colu- mellaire large et deprime par un sillon longitudinal concave, plisse pres du canal, ou il forme comme dans la C. childreni, une petite lamelle assez saillante" (Jousseaume, 1884: 20). "Genus Niveria . . . Shell globose, circled with 44 43. Niveria lata ( irregular striae, very lightly depressed underneath; aperture subcentral, curved, straight; columella lip broad and depressed by a concave longitudinal fur- row, folded near the canal, where it forms, as in Cypraea childreni, a small rather projecting lamella" (translation by Jean Gate). (See Schilder, 1939: 173 [27].) ( Niveria ) quadripunctata quadripunc- ;Gray, 1827) (Fig. 47: lectotype herein) 1826 Cypraea rosea Blainville. Diet. Sci. Hist. Nat. 43: 33 (name preoccupied by a primary homonym). 1827 Cypraea 4-piinctala Gray, Zool. Joum. 3: 368. 1827 Cypraea quadripunctala var. immacidala Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 368 (preoccupied). 1843 Cvpraea roliimla Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq., Cy- praea: 141 (128); pit. 53, fig. 2 (Fig. 48: type fig.). 1928 Trivia quadripunclala. Faustino, Phil. Mar. Moll.: 220 (cited with a •■?"). Original description. — "Cypraea 4-punctata . . . Testa ovata, ventricosa, rosea, punctis quatuor fuscis notata; striis longi- tudinalibus confertis. laevibus: linea dorsali angusta, im- pressa; basi convexa; apertura lineari arcuata; dentibus aequalibus." "Shell ovate, ventricose, rose-coloured, with 4 small brown dots, one of which is at each end of the dorsal line, and one on each side, the front one being on the right side, and the hinder on that next to the spire, or the left; the longitudinal striae are narrow, smooth, and very close to- gether; the dorsal line is deep and narrow; the base is con- vex; the mouth is linear, curved at both ends, as long as the shell and the covered rather convex spire; the outer lip is thickened on the outside, and margined; the teeth are very small, and close together" (Gray, 1827: 368-369). Measurements, hololype. — "Length breadth tIo of an inch" [8.0, 5,0 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 8.1 mm (Way, in litl.). Measurements, hy polype I. — L - 6.8; W - 5.2; H - 4.4 mm (C3763; Fig. 47a). Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 7.4; W - 5.3; H - 4.4 mm (C3659). Type locality. — Not recorded; designated herein as Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida Keys (approx. 24° 40' N; 81° 10' W); leg. Humbert Porreca, 24 March 1969 (C3659). Distribution. — Cardenas. Cuba; Matecumbe Bay, Florida; Yucatan, Central America (Schilder. 1941); Gulf of Mex- ico; Galveston, Texas; Tampico; Florida east coast; Ber- muda; West Indies, Lectotype herein. — BM(NH) Register No. 197630; it is one of 15 possible syntypes (Way, in litl.): designated herein to stabilize this species. Discussion. — Gray commented: "This shell is very rarely destitute of the four small dorsal spots. When young it is of a most beautiful purphsh rose colour. quite smooth, and polished, with a very few obscure concentric wrinkles." There is also a fossil species: Trivia stiff usa var. sancti-dominici Maury, 1917. 44. Niveria (Niveria) hybrida (Schilder, 1931) (Fig. 49: holotype) 1931 Trivia {Niveria) hvhrida Schilder, Arch. Mol- lusk, 63: 42; pit. 3, fig. 2, Original description. — "Trivia (Niveria) hybrida . . . Schale oblong. E. wenig vorgezogen. wie AR. gerandet, B. konvex, Rippen distant, scharf, etwas uneben, an der langen. massig tiefen R.-Furche zwar ein wenig verdickt. aber meist nicht unterbrochen, Zwischenraume Uberall fein gekornt; M, ziem- lich weit, beiderends erweitert, VE. der AL. decliv-ausge- bogen, AZ, dicht, IZ. distant, in M. hineingerundet, Foss. und Col.-Furche beim Typus abgebrochen, aber zweifellos breit gewesen. R. etwas durchscheinend, weisslich. mit 3 kleinen hellroten Flecken an der R.-Furche (rechts vor der Mitte, links knapp hinter der Mitte und am Hinterende der Furche), S. und B. blass lilarosa angehoucht" (Schilder, 1931: 43). Description. — Shell of medium size, evenly oblong-ovate (type specimen appears to be slightly worn dorsally). lightly formed. Terminals large, inconspicuous, dorsally ribbed, not protruding beyond peripheral outline of shell. Dorsum subglossy. with a shallow, longitudinally impressed median dorsal furrow; dorsum is numerously (17) rather smoothly ribbed; ribs do not cross dorsal furrow but traverse both sides of dorsum to either side-margin, where ribs, in an unbroken continuation, cross both base and outer lip, terminating on the inner of both as distinct teeth; short ribs extend out over both terminal areas. Base convex, narrowly ovate, sub- glossy, with very large, heavy, widely spaced ribs (10). Aperture very broad, almost straight; canals are open an- teriorly, semiclosed in back. Columella wide, barely deep- ened, mostly without ribs. Outer lip is fairly wide, convex, strongly formed, with numerous (20) ribbed teeth. Shell color: base and sides rosy-lilac; there only three pale dorsal spots, one on either side of dorsal furrow, the other on the posterior end of furrow; otherwise, off-white dorsally. Measurements. /lo/oA'pc— "8.2— 66 '60— 19.12 — 43:27" (this Schilder dimensional formula is explained in 'Senckenbergi- ana,' Band 10: 265 [1928]). Measurements, hololype. — L - 8.3 mm (Kilias, in lilt.). Type locality. — "Unikum ( Vaterland?)." Distribution. — According to Schilder (1941: 75): West In- dies and the shores of Yucatan [SE Mexico; British Hon- duras; and N coast of Guatemala]. Holoivpe.- litt.). -ZMB, Schilder collection. No. 158 (Kilias, in Discussion. — Schilder: "Verbindet T. (N.) pedicidus (Linn.), mit quadripunctata (Gray): mit ersterer hat hybrida die distanten [inner (columella) teeth], [dorsal side] und [dorsal edge] gemein, mit letzterer die dichten [exterior (outer lip) teeth], die [dorsal sulcus] Zeichnung." Etymology. — Latin noun, hybrida, means mongrel. IC, N. CateI Plate 12 45 Fig. 47 Cypraea 4-punctata: BM(NH) photo. |43|. lectotype L— 8 0 mm Fig. 47 (enlarged ■ 8) 143], DP. Fig. 47a Niveria (Niveria) quadripunctata quadripunctata. DP, |43|. hypotype: L— 6.8 mm. Fig. 48: Cypraea rotunda: DP, |43|. type fig.: -4. Fig. 49: Tnvia (Niveria) hybrida: ZMB photo, |44|, holotype: L— 8.3 mm. Fig. 50: Cypraea nivea: BM(NH) photo. |45], holotype: L— 10.1 mm. Fig. 50a: Niveria (Niveria) nix: BM(NH) photo, |45|, holotype: L— 10.1 mm. 46 45. Niveria (Niveria) nix nix (Schilder, 1922) (Figs. 50, 50a: lectotype herein) 1832 Tri. Nivca Gray, Descr. Cat. Shells, Trivia: 15 (invalid: proofs only, not published) [June, 1832], 1832 Cypraea nivea Sowerby II. Conch. lUustr.. Cy- praeidae: 13 (122): fig. 38* (Fig. 50: possible syntype ) [Probably it means he had 2 species numbered 38, so he used an asterisk for 1: Keen] (name preoccupied). 1838 ? Cvpiaca grando Potiez and Michaud, Galer. Moll. Mus. Douai 1: 481 (interpretation of this species is in doubt). 1922 Trivia nix Schilder (nom. nov.), Proc. Malac. Soc. London 15: 103. 111. Original description. — ''Tri. Nivea . . . Shell sub-globose, thin, pellucid white, with high sharp ribs: interspaces rugu- lose; dorsal groove narrow; extremities rounded" (Gray. 1832: 15). Description. — Shell fairly large, thickly formed, somewhat roundly ovate. Terminals only just projecting, mostly so posteriorly, off-center to the left. Dorsum is conve.xly ele- vated. Base long, though fairly broad centrally, convex, ovate. Aperture straight, narrow, with an abrupt curving left adapically. Columella straight, deeply concave, becom- ing even deeper and broader as a fossula in front. Outer lip fairly wide, convex. Shell ribbing comparatively coarse, numerous overall, with a weak dorsal longitudinal median furrow; dorsal ribbing, from either side-margin, terminating at medial furrow as thickened, flattened pustules; ribs con- tinuing from either side: to the left over base, crossing colu- mella as weak to nearly obsolete lines to inner adaxial edge; to the right over ventral surface of lip. terminating as bold, sharp denticles at apertural edge. Shell color a pellucid off- white. Measurements, possible Cnivea) syntype. — L - 10.1 mm (Way, in litt.). Type locality. — "India." Distribution.— iSchWder, 1941: Cuba; Grand Cayman; Ja- maica; Barbados, Trinidad (Gulf of Paria); Cura?ao (Mar- garita Island, Venezuela); Bahama Islands; Florida (east coast, Tampa). Lectotype.— (nivea Sowerby II): BM(NH), Register No. 1975636; 1 of 4 possible syntypes (Way, in litt.). Discussion. — According to Schilder, 1922: 110: "The name of this species, described as a Cypraea, is preoccupied by Cypraea nivea Bolten (1798, =?), nivea, Dill. (1817, = Trivia oryza. Lam., var.), nivea. Gray (1824, = Cypraea eburnea, Barn., or turdus. Lam., var.), nivea. Sow. (1825, = Trivia oryza. Lam.), and nivea. Wood (1828, = C. liitea, Gron., var.). Therefore it must be changed; the spe- cies having only one synonym, scabriusciila, Kien. (1845) nee Gray (1827), I propose Trivia nix, m. nov. nom." Etymology. — Nivea, from the Latin adjective, niveus. meaning of snow; nix is the Latin noun, meaning snow. There is a fossil subspecies: Niveria (Niveria) nix apenninica Schilder, 1941. 46. Niveria (Niveria) pacifica (Sowerby H, 1832) ( Fig. 5 1 : Sowerby type fig. ) 1832 Cvpraea pacifica Sowerby II, Conch. Illustr.. Cypraeidae: 13 (125): 13; fig. 39. 1971 Trivia (Niveria) pacifica (Sowerby. 1832, ex Gray MS) Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America: 486; fig. 903. Original description. — "Shell ovato-oblong, brown, with mi- nute dots and four squarish darker brown alternating spots on the sides of the narrow dorsal grove [sic.]; ribs narrow, rather close set; sides rather thickened, rose coloured, base and teeth white" (Sowerby II, 1832: 13). Measurements, holotype. — -"Length 0.4, breadth 0.25." Measurements, livpotvpe. — L - 8.0; W - 5.0; H - 4.1 mm (C2454); (Fig. 51a)'. 7".vpe locality. — Not recorded (Sowerby II, 1870; pit. 34, figs. 441-443, records the Galapagos Islands). Distribution. — San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua (C2454): 35-45 feet [11-14 metres] N Seymour Island, Galapagos Islands; 21 March 1971, Ameripagos Exped. (The Festivus [Nov. 1976], Vol. 7: 61; fig., Pseiidocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby II. 1832) [identification error|, should have been: Niveria (Niveria) pacifica (Sowerby II, 1832)). Schilder, 1941: Payta [Peru); Sechura Bay, Ecuador; Panama Bay [Pacific Panama]; Esmeraldes, NW Ecuador; Buenaventura, W Co- lombia; Galapagos Islands; Magdalena Bay, W Baja, and Cape San Lucas, La Paz, SE Baja California Sur. Holotype. — Location unknown. Discussion. — Kiener (1843: 148), in reference to this species commented: "Jolie espece qui a quelque ressemblance avec la Cypraea aiistralis et la Cypraea armandina; cependant elle en est distincte, principale- ment par la forme de son echancrure superieure qui est subitement relevee vers la spire." "Pretty species which has some resemblance to Cypraea australis and Cypraea armandina; however, it is distinct from those, principally by the upper fur- row which is suddenly turned up against the spire" (translation by Jean Gate). Sowerby II, 1870; Cypraea: 45, compares Cy- praea pacifica Sowerby II, 1832, with C. suffusa Gray, 1827. Although this triviid species is some- what uncommonly found in the field, it really poses little difficulty in its identification (cf. Fig. 51a). 47. Niveria (Niveria) suffusa suffusa (Gray, 1827) (Fig. 52: lectotype herein) 1827 Cypraea pediculus var. suffusa Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 370. 1838 Cypraea armandina Potiez and Michaud ex Du- clos MS, Galer. Moll. Mus. Douai I: 475, 502. 1843 Cypraea armandiana "Duclos". Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv. Cypraea: 140 (127); pit. 46, figs. 2-2a; (Fig. 157). IC. N. CateI Plate 13 47 Fig. 51 ; Cypraea pacifies: DP, |46|, type fig.; ■ 5V2. Fig 52: Cypraea pediculus var suffusa: BM(NH) photo, |47|, lectotype: L— 11.1 mm. Fig. 52a; Niveria (Niveria) suffusa DP. [47], hypotype; L— 7.5 mm. Fig 51a; Nivena (Nivena) pacifica: DP, |46|, hypotype; L— 8,0 mm Fig. 53; Trivia floridana: DP. |47|. holotype: L— 11.1 mm. Fig. 54; Cypraea maugeriae: BM(NH) photo, (481, lectotype; L— 12.7 mm. 48 1870 Cypraca suffiisa var. pitUaUi Soweiby II, Thes. Conchyl. 4, Cypraea: 45: figs. AA6-AA1 . 1974 Trivia suffiisa. Abbott, Am. Sea Shells (ed. 2): 148; fig. 1625 [= Cypraea pediciihis Linnaeus, 1758]. ^ Orii;iiiat dcscriplion. — "Cypraea pedicuhis var. suffiisa . . ■ Testa ovata, ventricosa. albido-rubella, punctis sex fuscis maculata; striis longitudinalibus, confertis, subgranosis; linea doisali angusia, impressa; basi carnescente, planiuscula; aper- tura lineari, postice subproducta; dentibus aequalibus. Var. Maculis dorsalibus suffusis, confluentibus" (Gray, 1827: 370). Description, liypotype. — Shell somewhat elongate, varying in size from small to medium large, and evenly, regularly ovate. Terminals only barely produced: broad, shovel-like adapically. somewhat squared in front. Base narrowly ovate, convex. Columella comparatively wide, shallow, becoming broader, deeper in front to form a substantial fossula: fossu- lar adaxial wall noticeably elevated, arched. Aperture fairly wide, especially in front; longer and broader centrally. Shell ribbing numerous overall, rather coarse, with a longitudinal dorsal median furrow; interrupted dorsal ribs granulose, almost pustulate, and numerous over side-margins on the left, over base, columella to inner adaxial ridge; on the right traversing outer lip to apertural edge, and terminating as sharp, projecting teeth. Shell color varies: basic shell color is a rich rosy-beige; on either side of the dorsal furrow there are 2 very large, uneven pale brown blotches of color: addi- tionally the dorsum is numerously dotted with variously sized smaller brown spots; the dorsal pseudopustules are white, the base is off-white (C3762; Fig. 52fl). Measurements, liolotvpe. — "Length V^,, diameter Vw of an inch"; [= L - 12.5; W - 10.1 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 11.1 mm; 1 of 10 syntypes (Way, in lilt.). Measurements, liypotype I. — L - 7.5; W - 4.9; H - 4.3 mm (C3762). Measurements, liypotype 2. — L - 9.1; W - 6.3; H - 5.2 mm (C3762 1ot). Type locality. — "Inhabits West Indian Ocean. Jamaica, Bar- bados ,..."■ Distribution. — Barbados, West Indies (C3762). Schilder, 1941: All Saints Bay, Bahia, and Aracaju, E Brazil; Abrol- hos Islands, off Caraveles, S Bahia, Brazil: and on both coasts of Florida; Tampico, E. Mexico; Galveston, Texas. Lectotype.— BM{'NH) Register No. 1975638; 1 of 10 syn- types (Way, in litt.). Holotype. floridana.—A'HS? No. 18611 (L - 11.1 mm): loc, St. Petersburg, Florida. Discussion. — Gray referred to Cypraea suffusa simply as a variety of C. pediciiliis Linnaeus, 1758, saying: "The variety is smaller and less ventricose; the ribs are rugose and in a slight bend near the dorsal line, which is narrow and deep. The back of the shell is mottled with reddish-brown dots, which in some specimens are more crowded, where the spots are placed in the other variety [pediculus]. It may prob- ably prove a species." Etymology. — The verb suffuse means over-spread [in this case, with pale, uneven brown blotches]. There are 2 fossil species: Pusula (Niveria) ja- maicensis Schilder, 1932; Trivia floridana Olsson and Harbison, 1953 (Fig. 53: holotype). 48. Niveria (Niveria) maugeriae (Sowerby II, 1832) (Fig. 54: lectotype herein) 1832 Trivia mauneri Gray, Descr. Cat. Shells: 13: (nom. nud.: proof sheets only). 1832 Cypraea maui;criac Sowerby II, Conch. Illustr., Cypraeidae: 12 (111); fig. 30 [an emendation], 1833 Cypraea nuiugeri. Gray, Proc. Zool. See. Lon- don 2 (1832): 185. 1971 Trivia (Niveria) maui>eriae (Sowerby, 1832, ex Gray MS). Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America: 486; fig. 902. Original description. — "Tri. Maugeri . . . Shell oblong, thin, pellucid, rosy, with three darker bands: ribs thin, continued, rather distant; lips white. Varies: dorsal groove distinct" (Gray, 1832: 13 [not published]). "Cypraea maugeriae . . . Shell oval, thin, pellucid, rose coloured, with darker ends and a central dorsal blotch; ribs thin, numerous, rather close; under side white, outer lip rather narrow; lips whitish, teeth sharp" (Sowerby II, 1832: 12). "Cypraea maugeriae . . . C. testa subpyriformi, ovata, fulvo-rosacea: dorso rotundo, maculis grandibus tribus medi- anis obscure tincto; costellis tenuibus, subflexuosis, ad sul- cum nodosis; sulco angusto; margine dextro reflexo, roseo; basi convexa: columella antice et postice varicosa; sulco colu- mellari lato, dentato antice expanso; apertura lata" (Sowerby II, 1870: 43-44). Measurements, holotype. — "Length 0.5, breadth 0.35 [prob- ably of an inch = 12.7: 9.0 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 16.6 mm (Way, in litt.). Type locality. — Not recorded by Sowerby II, 1832; however, Sowerby II, 1870 records: Galapagos [Is.]; and figures the species, figs. 450-451. Distribution. — Schilder, 1941, records Galapagos Islands (possibly from the Sowerby II, 1870 record). The author has not seen this species: there may be some question as to the true locality. Lectotype.— BM(.NH) Register No. 1875641; the figured specimen is 1 of 4 syntypes (Way, in litt.). Discussion. — In 1870: 43-44, Sowerby II com- mented: "The specimen here figured [figs. 450-451] from the collection of Miss Saul [Miss Jane Saul (1807-1895), Limehouse, collection now in Univer- sity Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England] is the finest known. It is described by Mr. Gray as inter- mediate between australis and rosea." 49. Niveria (Niveria) pediculus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 55: lectotype herein) 1758 Cypraea pediculus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (ed. 10): 724. |C. N. CateI Plate 14 49 Fig. 55 Cypraea pediculus Heppell photo, |49|. lectotype: L — 12.1 mm. Fig. 56 Triviella merces: AM photo, |50i, holotype; L — 14,0 mm. Fig, 55a Nivena (Nivena) pediculus: DP, |49|, hypofype: L— 13,1 mm. Fig, 57 Cypraea auslralis: MHNG photo, |50|, holotype: L— 14,0 mm Fig, 58 Nivena (Ellatrivia) memorata: DP, 151 1, hypotype: L— 12,5 mm (SE Australian form). Fig, 58a: Nivena ^Ellatrivia) memorata: DP, 151 1, hypotype: L— 10,8 mm (W Australian form). 50 1767 Cypraea pcdkulus forma indica Linnaeus, Sys- tenia Naturae (ed. 12): 1180; (name not estab- lished in a valid way). 1778 Cypraea pisum Meuschen, Index Mus. Gronovi- ani: 108; (nonbinomial). 1781 Cypraea pisum. Meuschen, in Gronow, Zoophyl. Gronov. 3, Index: 13; (nonbinomial). 1798 Cypraea onisciis Roding, in: Bolten, Mus. Bol- tenianum: 24. 1798 Cypraea piilex Roding. in: Bolten, Mus. Bolteni- anum: 24; (nom. nud.) (Fig. 166). 1807 Cypraea pulex. Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Ros- tock 2: 92. 1817 Cvpraea sulcata Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Shells I: 466. 1838 Cypraea pediculus var. minor Schluter, Kurzgef. Syst. Verz. Conch. Samml.: 25; (invalid, homo- nym, fide Schilder, 1971). 1877 Trivia pediculus var. picturata Morch, Malak. Blatt 24: 49; (name invalid, fide Schilder, 1971 ), 1922 Cypraea restitula SuUioti, Commun. Malac. 5: 14. 1927 Triviella gamma Mestayer, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 17: 188; fig. 5 (Fig. 172: holotype); (interpretation of name in doubt). 1953 Trivia (Trivia) pediculus (Linne). Olsson and Harbison, Plioc. Moll. S. Florida, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Monogr. 8: 365; pit. 60, figs. 1, la; (Fig. 169). Original description. — "Cypraea pediculus . . . C. testa trans- versim sulcata" (Linnaeus, 1758: 724). Gray, 1832: 15: "Trivia pediculus . . . Shell ovate, pale reddish, with six square black dorsal spots; ribs rather thick, sub-rugose, crowded; dorsal line narrow; base reddish. , . . West Indies." Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded. -L - 12.1; W - 8.7 mm (Heppell, Measurements, leclor\'pe.- in lilt.). Measurements, hypotype.- (C3672; Fig. 55a). 13.1; W - 9.9; H - 7.8 mm Type locality. — "Habitat in lamaica, Europa." Subsequent research has shown this species restricted to the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and both coasts of Florida. Distribution. — West Indies to Yucatan; SE Mexico; E and W Florida; Bermuda; Puerto Rico (C3672). Lectotype. — LSL, syntype No. 14 Linnaeus collection (Hep- pell, in litt.)\ Fig. 91: type 'Lot.' Discussion. — The characteristic dorsal color blotches, while seemingly constant in position longitudinally often vary laterally, and are of various shapes and sizes (cf. Abbott, 1974; figs. 1623, 1625). Etymology. — Name is derived from the Latin noun, pediculus, diminutive of pedis, meaning louse. There is a fossil species : Trivia pediculus var. per- magna Johnson, 1910. (Ellatrivia) Iredale, 1931 Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney 18/4: 221. [see Schilder, 1939: 173 (26)] Type species [OD]: Triviella merces Ire- dale, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. New So. Wales, 49: 257; ph. 35, figs. 16-17. "As no generic name exists for the merces series I propose Ellatrivia [nom. nov.], and name [in addition] the deep-water form Ellatrivia (merces) addenda nov, [nud.] = [Niveria (Ellatrivia) memorata (Finlay, 1927)]." 50. Niveria (Ellatrivia) merces (Iredale, 1924) (Fig. 56: holotype) 1822 Cypraea australis Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 10: .545 (Figs. 57, 158: holotype); (preoccupied, not Schrbter, 1804). 1838 Cypraea rosea Potiez and Michaud, Galer. Moll. Mus. Douai 1: 477 (invalid and preoccupied, fide Schilder, 1971 ). 1924 Triviella merces Iredale, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 49: 257; pit. 35, figs. 16-17. 1963 Trivia (Ellatrivia) merces merces. Shikama and Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World: 43. Original description. — "Triviella merces . . . Well known under the name Trivia australis (Lamarck). Shell of medium size for the genus, mouth fairly wide, aperture longer than the spire and body whorl; spire noticeable as an obsolete bump overlaid by the spiral body sculpture which consists of narrow ridges about one-third the width of the interspaces, which are smooth and only slightly transversely scratched; a smooth patch exists on the back until senile. Twenty four ribs denticulate the outer lip and about sixteen the inner lip" (Iredale. 1924: 257). Measurements, holotype.- mm.; height 8 mm." "Length 14 mm.; breadth 9.5 Type locality. — "Common on the littoral of New South Wales." Locality restricted herein to Port Jackson, New South Wales (33° 49' S; 151° 14' E). Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Victoria: Portland-Mon- tague Island: Tasmania, Flinders, King Island; Geographe Bay, Fremantle; Port Macquarie, Sydney, Ulladulla, Aus- tralia. [Actually, it would seem many of the Schilder locali- ties for this species may be in question, due to the confusion existing in its misidentification with Niveria (Ellatrivia) memorata (Finlay, 1927).] Holotype. — AM No. C.73521 (Ponder, in litt.). (Cypraea australis Lamarck, 1811) (type lot); (Fig. 158): (Danrigal, in litt.). Discussion. — The holotype of Cypraea rosea Potiez and Michaud, 1838, appears originally to have been placed in the "Galerie Douai," Northern France. The Museum was damaged during World War I, and was subsequently completely destroyed in World War II; therefore, the type of Cypraea rosea is presumed to be lost (Danrigal, in litt.). Etymology. — The Latin noun, merces, means pay, wages, salary [one has to wonder at the Iredale choice of this name]. |C. N CateI Plate 15 51 Fig 60; Cypraea vitrea: DP, |52|. (Sowerby 1870, figs, 456-457): x7. Fig, 59 Ellatrivia merces addenda AM photo, 151 1, holotype: L — 10 2 mm Fig, 61 Cypraea candidula: BM(NH) photo, |53|. lecto- type; L — 8.3 mm. Fig. 62: Pusula (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera: ZMB photo. |541 holotype: L — 5.5 mm. Fig. 61a Niveria (Cleotrivia) candidula BM(NH):DP. |53|, lectotype: L— 8,3 mm Fig, 62a Niveria (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera ZMB:DP photo. |54|. holotype: L— 5.5 mm Fig. 63: Cypraea globosa BM(NH) photo, 1551. lectotype: L— 5.6 mm. Fig. 63a Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa. BM(NH):DP photo. |55|. lectotype: L— 5.6 mm. 52 51. Niveria (Ellatrivia) memoraia (Finlay, 1927) ( Fig. 58: hypotype 1 ) 1927 Triviella memorata Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst., 37; 395; pit. 21, fig. 73 (March 1927). 1927 Triviella maoriensis Mestayer, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 17: 186; figs. 3-4 (December 1927); (Fig. 171: type fig.). 1931 Ellatrivia {nwrces) addenda Iredale, Rec. Aus- tral. Mus., Sydney 18 (4): 221 (Fig. 59: holo- type); (nom. nud.). 1956 Ellatrivia merces Allan, Cowry Shells of World Seas: 153; pit. 15; figs. 17-18. 1971 Niveria (Ellatrivia) merces addenda. Schilder and Schilder, Institut, Roy. Soc. Nat. Belgium: 19. Original description. — "Triviella memoraia . . . Shell glo- bose and inflated, high but not elongate. Milk white, with two central large red-brown patches meeting across dorsal groove, a small anterior and one or two posterior patches, ends of outer lip same color. Whole surface with weak transverse ribs, meeting at more or less dorsal groove, con- tinued everywhere into interior except for a small smooth space at anterior canal. Sides curved, not even approximately parallel. Outer lip not much projecting beyond spire. Other details as in T. merces Iredale" (Finlay, 1927: 396). Measurements, tiolotypc. mm.; width 9.5 mm." 'Length 13.5 mm.; height 8.5 Measurements, hypotype I. — L - 12.5; W - 8.4; H - 7.9 mm (C3766; Fig. 58). Measurements, hvpotype 2. — L - 10.9; W - 7.5; H - 5.8 mm (C3640). Type locality. — "Ahipara Bay" [near Auckland, New Zea- land]. Distribution. — This species has a wide living range that includes New Zealand and the SE coast, S coast, and west coast of Australia north to Roebuck Bay (Broome): W Australia, Rottnest Island (C4130); Roebuck Bay (C4126); Pelsart Island, Abrolhos Islands (C3634; Fig. 5Sa): Yal- lingup, SW Australia (C3624); Albany, S Australia (C3670); Port Jackson, E Australia (C3766; Fig. 58); Burrell, Tas- mania (C3761). Schilder, 1941: Victoria, Portland-Mon- tague Island; Tasmania. Flinders [Island, NE Tasmania], King Island; Geographe Bay, Fremantle, Swan [River]; Port Macquarie, Sydney, Ulladulla. Holotype. — Locality unknown; however, the hypotypes fig- ured herein will rather reliably illustrate this species. Discussion. — Finlay: "Upon examination it is found that Neozelanic specimens differ, so also require de- scription as a distinct form. Close to T. merces, but shoiler, higher, and more globose, with larger colour patches, and less produced outer lip. Not very close to any of the three Tertiary Neozelanic species, ze- lanica Kirk (Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 14, p. 409, 1882), pinguior Marwick (I.e. vol. 56, p. 314, 1920), or '"avellanoides Tate" (vide Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 49, p. 461, 1917); the latter is of the same generic style, but the two former would be better referred at present to Trivia.'" Ellatrivia memorata (Finlay, 1927), has often been mistakenly accepted as being E. merces Iredale, 1924; Iredale, himself, referred to these shells as be- ing only "the deep water form" of his Port Jackson triviid species. (Cleotrivia) Iredale, 1930 Mem. Queensland Mus., Sydney 10 ( 1 ) : 83. [see Schilder, 1939: 173 (30)] Type species [OD] : Cypraea pilula Kiener, 1843 Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv., Cypraea: 151; ph. 54, fig. 2. 52. Niveria (Cleotrivia) vitrea vitrea (Gaskoin, 1849) (Fig. 60: Sowerby II, 1870; figs. 456-457) 1849 Cypraea vitrea Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1848: 95. 1928 Trivia vitrea Faustino, Philipp. Mar. Moll.: 221. Original description. — "7. Cypraea vitrea (Glass-like cowry) . . . Cyp. testa ovato-globosa, alba, nitida, semivitrea; basi rotundata, apertura angustiori paululum incurva, margini- bus crassis; dentibus aequalibus, numerosis, prominentibus, labii externi circa triginta, columellaris viginti supra sulcum columellarem continuis; suico columellari lato, longitudinem aperturae aequante, margine interno subrecto, serrato; costis magnis, aequalibus, prominentibus, cum dentibus continuis ad dorsum terminantibus; lined dorsali impressa; extremitati- bus obtusis, crassis brevibus; margine externo crasso; spira inconspicua" (Gaskoin, [1849] 1848: 95). "Shell ovato-globose, almost round, of an uniform, semi- vitreous, shining, white appearance; base convex, aperture rather narrow, slightly curved inwards its whole length, edges thick; teeth even, rather thick, prominent, about thirty on the lip and twenty on the columellar side, where they traverse the columellar groove and serrate its nearly straight inner edge; the groove is broad and very shallow, and nearly equal in width and depth the whole length of the aperture; the teeth continue to form the ribs, which are large, even and prominent, and terminate at the dorsal impression, with the exception of two or three on each side; the false ribs all form denticulations; dorsal line impressed, extending from the apices formed by the joining of the false ribs; extremi- ties obtuse, thick and short; margin very thick, none on the inner side; spire not perceptible in the adult shell, being thickly covered by the false ribs." Measurements, holotype. — "Length, --Hooths of an inch; width, si/joiiths" [about 6.5; 5.2 mm]. Type locality. — "Hab. Philippines." Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Central Philippines; Luzon S to Mindanao. Holotype.— 'Sol in BM(NH); (Way, in lilt.). Discussion. — "Differs from Cypraea globosa Gray in the anterior extremities being of an equal length, aper- ture much narrower and less curved, base rounder, its semivitreous shining appearance, etc." Etymology. — The name of this species appears to have been derived from the Latin adjective, vitreus, meaning glassy. 53 There is a fossil subspecies: Niveria (Cleutiivia) berauensis Schilder, 1941. 53. Niveria (Cleoirivia) candidida (Gaskoin, 1836) (Figs. 61, 61«: lectotype herein) 1757 1836 1836 1836 1885 1903 1912 1920 Cypraea biloii Adanson, Hist. Nat. Senegal Coq. (Paris): 73; pit. 5, G. .\i, Fig. 3 (nom. dub.: pre-Linnean). Cypraea candidida Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1835 3: 201. Cypraea approximans Gaskoin ex Beck MS. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 201: (invalid, pub- lished only in synonymy). Cypraea olorina Gaskoin ex Duclos MS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 201 (invalid, published in synonymy [only]). Trivia subrostrala var. alba "Krebs" of Roberts, in: Tryon. Man. Conch. 7: 201 (homonym: nom. nud. ). Trivia candidula. Dall, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 37: 136. Cypraea arclica var. alba Dautzenberg and Fischer. Result. Camp. Monaco 37: 167; (pre- occupied: nom. dub.). Trivia bitoit. Pallary ex Adanson, Emp. Cherif., Arch. Sci. Protect., France, Rabat 1920: 44: (Fig. 159: holotype: nom. dub.; Danrigal, in lit!.). Original description. — "Cypraea candidula . . . Cypr. testa ovato-globulosa, latere columellari subventricoso, nivea; ex- tremitatibus columellaribus subcompressis; margine subin- crassata: apertura subangustata, postice recurva: labri denti- bus numerosis confertis; costis ex apertura divergentibus; linea dorsali nulla" (Gaskoin, 1836: 200-201). "Shell ovato-globose, the columellar side rather ventri- cose, entirely of a snow-white colour. Base somewhat flat. Aperture rather narrow, curved posteriorly. Columellar groove extending from one end of the shell to the other, rather broad, most so at the anterior extremity, not deep. Teeth even, somewhat numerous, small on the edge of the lip, on which there are about twenty-two; on the columella about thirteen, which converge towards the center. Ribs rather prominent; some few terminate on each side of the shell, the rest pass continuously across it from the edge of the lip, and terminate in minute denticulations at the inner edge of the frontal groove: false ribs a few. Anterior and posterior beaks of the columella divergent, and slightly pro- jecting: extremities produced, and obtuse: marked denticu- lations between the anterior beaks. Spire scarcely visible, or forming a small blunt protuberance. No impressed dorsal line. Margin on the lip only and rather thick." Measurements, holotype. — "Length .312 of an inch: breadth .250: height .212" [= 8.0; 6.4; 5.4 mm]. Type locality. — "Mexico." Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Veracruz to Guatemala: Cuba; Grand Cayman Islands; Jamaica: British Guiana to the Amazon River: Cape Hatteras, N Carolina: Georgia coast: E Florida to Tampa, W Florida. Lectotype. herein.— BM(NH) Register No. 1874.12.11.55 ( 1 of 2 syntypes; Way. in litt. ). Discussion. — "Distinguishable from Cypraea scabri- iiscida [Gray, 1827] by the shell being much wider and shorter; aperture more curved; teeth and ribs much fewer; the extremities more obtusely produced, thicker and wider; columellar beaks more divergent and prominent; body of the shell more ventricose; an- terior part of the columellar groove not so broad; no impression of a dorsal line." The pre-Linnaean, nonbinomial, Cypraea le Bitoii of Adanson, fLoc. Senegal, W Africa] 1757, appears to have first been cited binomially by Pallary (P.), 1900. Fischer-Piette (1942: 174) recorded the details of Adanson's species of Mollusca, which are located at MNHN (Danrigal, //; litt.). (See Pallary, 1920: 44, Trivia bitoii Pallary, 1900 = T. candidula auctt., non Gaskoin). (Cf. T. candidula Nickles, 1950 = species 18 herein). Etymology. — The Latin adjective, Candidas, diminu- tive, candidula, means shining white or bright. 54. Niveria (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera (Schilder, 1931) ( Figs. 62, 62a: holotype) 1931 Pusula (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera Schilder, Zool Anz. 96: 71; fig. 4. 1971. Niveria (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera. Schilder, Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., pt. 2, fasc. 85: 19. Orifiinal description.— "Pusula (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera nov. nom. pro globosa aut. pars (Dall, Maury usw. I nee Sow.; syn.: .subrostrala var. alba (Krebs) Roberts. . . . Die oft ver- wechselten hellfarbigen C/eo//-(v/o-Formen sind folgender- massen zu gruppieren: a) Die R.-Furche reicht bis fast an die E. heran (Abb. 3), die Foss. ist sehr tief und sehr breit. Hierher gehort die grosse, fleischfarbene oder gelbliche pi.siim Gask. (Vorder- indien, Ceylon) und die Kleinere globosa Sow. mit ihren 3 Unterarten: globosa Sow. s.str. (= brevissima Sow. = acuiisulcata Ken.: vorwiegend im Indik) und cosmoi Dautz. (Indik) sind noch relativ grosser, erstere am R. oft blassgelb Oder -rosa, letzteie hat die S. rosa umringt und anscheinend zahlreichere Ruckenrippen; pilula Kien. (= sphaerula Migh.: vorwiegend im Pazifik) ist winzig und stets weiss, auch ist sie etwas breiter als die anderen beiden Rassen (BL. = etwa 90 statt etwa 80) und hat — besonders vorn — engere M. b) Die R.-Furche ist kiirzer, reicht weniger nahe an die E. heran (Abb. 4). die Fossula ist seicht, steil und kaum breiter als die Col.-Furche. Hierher gehort vitrea Gask. (Indopazifik) und leucosphaera (Florida bis Barbados), beide weiss, oft durchscheinend, letztere durchschnitllich etwas kleiner und mit weniger dichten, weniger dicken Rip- pen." "Pusula (Cleotrivia) leucosphaera nov. nom. pro globosa (Dall, Maury, etc.) pars, not Sowerby; synonym subroslrata var. alba (Krebs) Roberts. . . . The oft-confused light-col- ored Cleotrivia-ioTUK group as follows: a) The dorsal sulcus reaches almost to the terminal, the fossula is very deep and very broad. To this [group] belongs the large flesh-colored or yellouish pi.sum Gask. (vorder- indien, Ceylon ) and the smaller globo.m Sow. with its three subspecies: globosa Sow. s.str. (= brevissima Sow. = acuiisulcata Ken.: principally in India) and cosmoi Dautz. (Indik) are relatively still larger, the former frequently pale yellow or rose on the ribs, the latter has the sides ringed with rose and seemingly numerous dorsal ribs; pilula Kien. ( = sphaerula Migh.: principally in the Pacific) is tiny and al- 54 Table 2. The following represent the normal number and parabola-designation of AZ. inner teeth; RS. = dorsal side; RR. = dorsal margin: outer teeth; IZ. Most common length (mm) Most common number and parabola-designation of: Species AZ.* IZ. RS. RR. Outer teeth Inner teeth Dorsal side Dorsal margin A', pisum 9-11 21 L 21 L ? 45 Q N. globosa 6-7 20-21 N 19-21 N 56-61 M 38^1 Q N. cosmoi 6-7 21-22 P 20-21 O 57-61 N 40^3 8 N. piliila 3-4 21-22 U 18-19 Q 49-53 Q 31-34 R N. vitrea 5V2-6Y2 24-26 S 19-21 N 52-56 L 28-30 K N. teucosphaeia 5-6 21-23 Q 18-20 M 49-51 K 24-26 H See species no. 10 for explanation of the Schilder abbreviations. ways white, also it is somewhat broader than both the other races (base length = about 90 versus about 80) and has — especially anteriorly — a narrower aperture. b) The dorsal sulcus is shorter, extends less closely to the terminal (illustration 4). the fossula is shallower, steep and hardly broader than the columella sulcus. Here belong vitrea Gask. (Indo-Pacific) and leucosphaera (Florida to Barbados), both white, frequently translucent, the latter on average somewhat smaller and with less dense, less thick ribs." See Table 2 for a distinction between species based on various characteristics. Measurements, liolotype. — L - 5.5 mm (Andersson. in lilt.). Measurements. In-potvpc. — L - 5.5; W - 4.3; H - 3.7 mm (C4131; Fig. 62a). Type locality. — "West Indies": herein restricted to the Gulf of Mexico side of Sanibel Island. Florida (26° 27' N; 85° 05' W). Distribution. — Beach, Sanibel Island (C4131). Schilder, 1941 : West coast of Florida, N to Tampa; Veracruz, Mexico. //o/o/vpc— NRS, No. 3031 (Andersson, in litl.). Discussion. — This species is probably only an ecologi- cal variant of Niveria (Cleoirivia) candidula (Gas- koin, 1836). However, the presence of the dorsal line seems quite effectively to separate the 2 species. Etymology. — The name of this species appears to have been derived from the Greek adjective, leucos, white, and the Latin noun, sphaera, ball. 55. Niveria (Cleothvia) globosa (Sowerby II, 1832) (Figs. 63. 63a: lectotype ) 1832 Trivia globosa Gray, Descriptive Cat. of Shells. (Part 1. — June 1832); (invalid, never published, proof only). 1832 Cypraea globo.ia Sowerby II, Conch. Illustr., Cypraeidae: 12 (117); fig. 34. 1870 Cypraea brevissima Sowerby II, Thes. Conch., 4 Cypraea: 47; figs. 523-524 (Fig. 65: type illustr.). 1900 Trivia acuti-sulcata Kenyon, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 4: 69; fig. 2 (Fig. 66: type fig.). 1906 Cypraea fibula Standen and Leicester, Gov. Cey- lon Pearl Fish. Manaar 5 Suppl. Rep. 31: 276; (spelling error). 1921 Trivia cosmoi Dautzenberg, J. de Conchyl., 65: 330; pit. 6; figs. 3-5 (Fig. 67: holotype). 1928 Trivia globosa "Gray". Faustino, Philippine Mar. Moll.: 220. Original description. — "Cypraea globosa . . . Shell globular, reddish, closely and acutely ribbed; dorsal line narrow, dis- tinct, running from the posterior to the anterior extremity; margin thickened; underside rounded, white: teeth small, sharp" (Sowerby II, 1832: 12). Measurements, holotype. — "length 0.3, breadth 0.25." Measurements, lectotype. — L - 5.6 mm (Way, in litt.). Type locality, holotype. — Not recorded. Type locality, lectotype. — Not recorded (possibly Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands). 56. Niveria {Cleotrivia) meridionalis Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 68) Description. — Shell small, subglobose. humped, with an almost circular periphery. Terminals only barely protruding, broadly rounded. Dorsum highly, somewhat flatly elevated, shiny, steeply tapering to sides and terminal beaks. Base and outer lip shiny, of almost equal breadth, convex, both taper- ing inwardly to aperture. Aperture narrow, nearly straight posteriorly; broadening openly to the front due to the un- usual constriction of base (it usually is the outer lip that constricts to open up the front aperture); the apertural edge of the outer lip straight throughout. Columella fairly wide, concave. Fossula, a continuation of columella, large, deep, conspicuous. Shell ribbing covering entire shell and termi- nal beaks, comparatively strong, bold, numerous. There is a slightly impressed longitudinal medial dorsal line. The ribs over the dorsum from either side margin are interrupted, terminating in such a way (because of ending in a diagonally sloped manner) that they give the visual impression of a median groove; the dorsal ribbing is continuous over the left side-margin, base and columella-fossula, ending therein as distinct denticles; the ribs extend over the right side-margin and convex base to inner edge of apertural lip, where they terminate as sharp teeth. Shell color is glossy white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.7; W - 4.8; H - 3.7 mm. |C. N. CateI Plate 16 55 Fig. 65: Cypraea brevisstma: DP, |55|. (Sowerby II. 1870 figs. 523-524): x7. Fig. 64: Trivia pullicina var. globosa. MNHN photo, 122], holotype: L — 11.0 mm =Trivia (Trivia) hispania Gate. Fig. 66: Trivia acuti-sulcata: DP. |55|. type fig.: ^6. Fig. 67 Trivia cosmoi: MNHN photo, |55|. holotype: L— 7.6 mm. Fig. 68: Niveria (Cleotrivia) meridionalis: DP, |56|. holotype: L— 5.7 mm Fig. 69 Niveria (Cleotrivia) dorsennus: DP, 1571, holotype: L— 6 3 mm 56 Type locality. — Not known, but thought to be from the south Australian coast. Holotype. — SAM, Agnes Kenyon collection. No. 4095-A (Zeidler, in litt.). Discussion. — Many of the Kenyon shells, unfortu- nately, from various local areas around Adelaide, are without locality. Subsequent fieldvvork will be needed to establish living areas for many South Australian molluscan species. This new triviid species seems most closely to re- semble Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa (Sowerby II, 1832). It differs from the Sowerby species by being larger; by having a straighter aperture, with a curious constriction of the front base; by having little or no leftward reflection of the adapical and terminal beaks; and by not having the openly arched terminal beak endings. Etymology. — The Latin means southern. adjective, meridionalis. 57. Niveria (Cleotrivia) dorsennus Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 69) Description. — Shell of medium size, shiny, sub-globose. Terminals only barely produced, roundly so adapically, less so abapically. Base broadly convex, shiny, somewhat point- edly ovate. Aperture narrow, evenly curving throughout. Columella narrow, fairly concave. Fossula a continuation of columella, only slightly depressed. Outer lip fairly broad, convex, shiny, wide centrally, becoming narrower at either end. Both lip and base curving downward, inward to aper- ture. Shell ribbing entire shell, including terminal collars: with a deep longitudinal medial groove on the central dor- sum, transverse ribbing only barely interrupted; ribs becom- ing longitudinal on terminal beaks; from medial line on the left the ribs crossing side-margin and base to columella, where they become weak and terminate on inner carinal edge of columella; on the right, dorsal ribs continuing over side-margin and outer lip to apertural edge, where they ter- minate as sharp denticles. Shell color is shiny white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 6.3: W - 5.3; H - 5.2 mm. Type locality. — Unknown; thought to be South Australia. Holotype. — SAM. Agnes Kenyon collection. No. D4095-B; (Zeidler, in lilt.). Discussion.- — Many of the Kenyon shells, including those from South Australia, are without locality la- bels. This new species, from the Kenyon collection, may be compared with Niveria (Cleotrivia) meridi- onalis Cate (herein); it differs by having a larger shell and a narrow, evenly curving aperture; by lacking a constricted base; by possessing a more moderate columella and fossula; and in having a more distinct and deeper dorsal medial groove. Etymology. — The new name is a Latin noun, dorsen- nus, meaning humpback. 58. Niveria (Cleotrivia) corallina Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 70) Description. — Shell somewhat small, subglobose, roundly ovate. Terminals only barely produced, with a slight flaring to the left adapically: somewhat straight and square in front. Dorsum humped, roundly elevated, tapering steeply to either side and terminals. Base broadly convex, narrowing to front and rear. Aperture almost straight, gently curving left at either end. Columella narrow, concave, with the inner front wall elevating in an arch-like manner, forming a fairly deep fossula. Outer lip centrally broad, becoming narrower at either end. Shell with numerous transverse ribs that are longitudinally directed on terminal collars, with a long, shallow, longitudinal median dorsal line interrupting rib- striae at either side-margin: ribs on the left continuous over side-margin, base, and columella, terminating as sharp denti- cles on inner edge of adaxial carinal ridge; on the right side ribs traversing side-margin and outer lip, becoming strong, sharp teeth at the aperture. Shell color white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.5; W - 4.3; H - 3.8 mm. Type locality. — Unknown: thought to be from South Aus- tralia. Holotype. — SAM, Agnes Kenyon collection. No. D4095-C; (Zeidler. in litt.). Discussion. — This new triviid species may be com- pared with Niveria (Cleotrivia) dorsennus Cate (herein), from which it differs in being a somewhat larger-shelled species with a rounder basal periphery, weaker, more numerous shell ribbing; by having a narrower outer lip; by having a longer, more shallow median dorsal line; and the fossular area is of a differ- ent dimension and design. Etymology. — The new name is an adjective derived from the Latin word, corallium, meaning coralloid, coralline. 59. Niveria (Cleotrivia) pisum (Gaskoin, 1846) (Figs. 71, 71a: holotype) 1846 Cypraea pisum Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don 1846: 24. 1885 Trivia pisum. Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 203; pit. 22, figs. 29-30. 1932 Pusula [Cleotrivia) globosa pisulum Schilder, in: Quenst., Fossil. Cat. 1/55: 96. Original description. — "Cypraea pisum . . . Cyp. testa spher- oidali, pallescente; costellis prominentibus, ex apertura ad lineam dorsalem decurrentibus, et in lineam attenuatam ter- minantibus: dentibus prominentibus: suico columellari lato; apertura latiuscula postice flexuosa; basi rotundata; margine externo incrassato, supra extremitates extenso: extremitates crassis: linea dorsali profunda, ex extremitatibus posticis ad anticum testae partem continuii" (Gaskoin, 1846: 24). "Pea Cowry . . . Shell spheroidal, of a very light fawn colour; ribs large and prominent; nearly every rib extends from the aperture and terminates generally, tapering to a point, at the dorsal depression [sulcus]; mostly the termina- tions on one side pass between those of the other, especially on the anterior half of the shell; each third or fourth rib, amounting to about seven, ends on the lip at the base of the shell; all the other ribs on both sides form, by continuance. |C. N. CateI Plate 17 57 Fig 71 Cypraea pisum BM(NH) photo. |59|. tiolotype L— 9 8 mm Fig, 70 Niveria (Cleotrivia) corallina: DP, 1581, holotype; L— 5,5 mm. Fig 71a: Nivena (Cleotrivia) pisum: BM(NH):DP, |59|, holotype: L— 9,8 mm. Fig. 72: Cypraea pilula: DP, [60|. type fig.: x4. Fig 72a Nivena (Cleotrivia) pilula: DP. |60|, hypotype: L— 4.0 mm. Fig. 73: Cleotrivia bathypilula: DP. 161 1, paratype: L — 3,3 mm =Nivena (Cleotrivia) pilula euclaensis Gate, Fig. 73a: Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula euclaensis: DP, (61 1, hypotype: L— 3.1 mm (NW Australian form). 58 |C. N. Gate] Plate 18 Fig 74 Tnvia atomana DP. |62|, holotype: L— 3.2 mm. Fig 75 Pusula (Cleotrivia) pygmaea: NRS photo. |63|, holotype L— 8.2 mm. Fig. 77 Cypraea sub-rostrata: BM(NH) photo. |64|. lectotype: L— 5.0 mm. Fig. 77a Nivena (Cleotrivia) occidentalis: BM(NH):DP. |64|. lectotype: L— 5.0 mm. Fig. 74a Nivena (Cleotrivia) atomana atomana DP. |62|, hypotype: L— 2.9 mm. Fig. 76: Cypraea pulla: DP. |64|, (Sowerby II. 1870, figs. 490-491) - Tnvia occidentalis Schilder. 1922. Fig. 78 Nivena (Cleotrivia) aquatanica: DP. 1651, holotype: L— 11.2 mm Fig. 79: Cypraea producta: BM(NH) photo. |127|, holotype: L— 12.2 mm. Fig. 79a. Pusula (Dolichupis) producta: BM(NH):DP. |127|. holotype: L— 12.2 mm. 59 the leelh, which are strong and prominent; about twenty- three on the coliiniellar side of the aperture, which extend across the coliiniellar groove and serrate its inner edge; those on the outer side or lip about twenty-one in number; columel- lar groove broad and deep; aperture rather wide, curved, particularly at the posterior portion; base round; margin on the outer side very thick, extending over the beaks; none on the columellar side: extremities or beaks obtuse, thick, and slighth produced; dorsal depression deep, extending from between the posterior extremities to the anterior end of the shell, being more deeply impressed beside the apex" (Gas- koin, 1846: 24). Measurcinciils, holotype. — "45 lOOths of an inch" (L - 9.8 mm [Way, in Hit.]). Type locality. — 'Hab. East Indies.' Pistiihiition, — Ceylon. Palk Strait, between Ceylon and In- dia; south India S of Narbada River. //o/o07«'.— BM(NH), Reg. No. 1875.2.26.185 (Way, //; till.). Discussion. — Gaskoin mentions that the type speci- men is unique, and in his Cabinet. Additionally, he says: "The characters of this shell are so distinctive that it bears no resemblance to any yet described Cypraea; it is nearest in form to Cypraea formosa of Gaskoin." Etymology. — The Latin noun, pisum, means pea. 60. Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula pilula (Kiener, 1843) (Fig. 72: type fig.) 1843 Cypraea pilula Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv., Cypraea: 151 (137): pit. 54, figs. 2-2a. 1845 Cypraea spliaerula Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc, 2: 24. 1935 Cleoirivia pilula. Iredale. Austral. Zoologist 8: 100. Original description. — "'Cypraea pilula . . . C. testa globu- loso-rotunda, lactea: dorse dilatato, convexo: apertura per- angustii; labro extus prominulo, tenuissime denticulato; cos- tis subrugosis: linea dorsali impressa." "Coquille globuleuse. arrondie: Textremite des echan- crures, quoique profonde. ne forme qu'une saillie tres-legere sur le contour; la face dorsale est large, regulierement con- vexe, I'ouverture tres-etroite et sinueuse, le bord droit epais, arrondi. un peu saillant a sa partie externe, muni d'une serie de denticulations extremement fines; la columelle est flexu- euse, profondement marquee d'un sillon longitudinal; elle est egalement pourvue d'une serie de petites denticulations qui, comme celles du bord droit, se continuent en forme de cotes tres-fines et un peu rugueuses; elles couvrent toute la face dorsale en se reunissant dans le sillon longitudinal qui est assez profond, etendu d'une echancrure a I'autre de nianiere a partager la face superieure en deux parties assez egales. La coquille est entierement d'un blanc de lait" (Kiener. 1843: 151). "Shell globose, rounded: the extremities of the slopes, while deep, form only a very slight projection on the surface: the dorsum is broad, regularly convex, the aperture very straight and sinuous, the right edge is thick, rounded, project- ing a little on the outer part, furnished with a series of ex- tremely fine teeth; the columella is flexuous, deeply marked with a longitudinal furrow; it is also provided with a series of small teeth which, like those of the outer lip, continue in the form of very fine and slightly rough ribs; these cover all the dorsum and reunite in the longitudinal furrow which is quite deep, extending from one exlremUy lo the other in such a way as to separate the upper side into two equal parts. The shell is entirely milk white" (.translation by Jean Cate). Mi'asuremcnt.s. holotype. — "Long. 4 millim." Measurements, hypotype I. — L - 4.0: W - 3.5; H - 3.1 mm (C3776: Fig. 72a). Measurements, h\pot\pe 2. — L - 3.1; W - 2.8; H - (LACM: 75-61)1 ■2 .5 mm Type locality. — Not recorded: designated herein as Puna- luu, Oahu, Hawaii (19° 38' N; 155° 59' W). Distribution. — Waikiki, (73 metres of water ) leg. C. Weaver; Punaluu, (beach) leg. R. Gage; Keehi Lagoon, leg. T. Bratcher (45 to 213 metres of water); all Oahu, Hawaii. (Schilder, 1941: Melanesia: New Guinea; E Australia; S Philippines: to Japan?), Holotype. — MNHN; type has been lost (Danrigal, in litt.). Discussion. — This species may be distinguished from Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa (Sowerby II, 1832): it differs in having a much smaller shell-form; in having only a very weakly impressed or obsolete longitudinal dorsal furrow; by being white in color rather than red- dish; by having noticeably less projecting terminal beaks; and by having a narrower, more evenly curv- ing aperture. Etymology. — The Latin noun, pilula, is a diminutive of pila, meaning a little ball, 61. Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula euclaensis Cate, subsp. nov. (Fig. 73: holotype) 1918 Trivia globosa (Sowerby II) of Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia Vol. xlii, p. 150. 1935 Cleotrivia balliy pilula Iredale, Australian Zoolo- gist 8: 100 (Fig, 73.) (Name not established in valid way), 1971 iWiveria (.Cleotrivia) pilula baihy pilula. (Iredale) Schilder, Cat, of Living and Fossil Cowries. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Belg. (21 85: 19 (233). Description. — Shell small, peripherally circular, globose. Terminals generally not extending beyond the peripheral outline of shell; terminal canals fairly wide, open at either end, rather acutely recurved adapically. Dorsum globosely. convexly elevated, with shiny interstices. Base convex, very wide, subovately short. Aperture wide, very gently curving. Columella broad, shallow, widening to the front as a shallow fossula, both columella and fossula only faintly transversely ribbed. Outer lip almost half as wide as the base, and con- vex. Shell ribs are fairly heavy in form, though somewhat indistinctly developed, numerous overall; there is a poorly defined longitudinal medial dorsal furrow which interrupts upper ribbing, the rib-ends at furrow seeming staggered: otherwise, ribs continue over side margins, base, outer lip, terminating as strong sharp teeth at the apertural edge: at the columella-base margin the ribs weaken, becoming very fine to almost obsolete as they cross the columella-fossula. Shell color is white overall. 60 |C. N. CateI Plate 19 Fig. 80 Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion: DP, |128|, holotype: L— 12,1 mm. Fig, 81 Trivellona excelsa: AM photo, |129|, holotype: L— 18,0 mm. Fig, 83 Trivia acutidentata: BM(NH) photo, 1131 1. holotype: L— 7.0 mm. Fig. 80a Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion: DP, |128|, paratype: L— 11.6 mm. Fig, 82, Cypraea ruoinicolor: DP. 11301, (Sowerby II. 1870; tigs. 500-501) • 5, Fig, 84a: Pusula (Dolichupis) cicatrosa: BM(NH):DP. [1321, holotype: L— 6,9 mm. Fig. 84 Cypraea cicatrosa: BM(NH) photo. |132|, holotype: L— 6.9 mm. |C. N, Gate] Plate 20 61 Fig, 87: Dolichupis acutidentata (Schllder; NMW photo. 1101 1, holotype: L— 6.5 mm = Decoriatrivia paucilirata (Sowerby II. 1870) Fig. 87a: Deconatrivia (Dolichupis) acutidentata (Schilder): PMSL:DP, 11011. L— 6.5 mm Type fig., xi =Decoriatrivia paucilirata (Sowerby II. 1870). Fig. 88: Deconatrivia artema: DP. |102|. holotype L— 4.8 mm. Fig. 89 Decoriatrivia halians: DP. |103|. holotype: L— 7.3 mm. 62 Measurements, holotype. — "L - 4.0; W - 3.0; H - 2.5 mm" (SAM D-y09); L - 3.1; W - 2.9; H - 2.4 mm; (Zeidler, in lin. ) . Meusuremenls. paiiiivpe. — L - 3.3; W - 2.9; H - 2.4 mm (SAMD-910). Meusuremenls. Iivpotvpe. — L - 3.3; W - 2.8; H - 2.5 mm (C3698; Fig. 73«). Type locality. — 80 miles [=- 140 km] W of Eucla, South Aus- tralia (Great Australian Bight), in 81 fathoms [150 metres] of water (31° 40' S; 128° 40' E). Distribution. — 40 miles [=70 km] W of Eucla, South Aus- tralia, in 72 fathoms [132 metres] of water. Type and para- type, leg. Verco, from the Federal trawler Endeavour; King George Sound (35° GO'S; 118° 00' W) in 12 to 14 fathoms [22 to 26 metres] "three were dead, hut in perfect condition." Holotype.SAM No. D-909. Paratype D-910. Discussion. — This new subspecies differs quite dis- tinctly from the species Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa (Sowerby II, 1832) in its overall morphological aspects (cf. Fig. 63). However, A'. (C. ) euclaensis seems somewhat more closely related to the A'. (C. ) pilitla (Kiener, 1843) (Fig. 12a) from which it dif- fers in several ways. The peripheral outline of the South Australian shell is more circular generally, with an absence of terminal projection, both in front and in back; the dorsal furrow is much more weakly im- pressed; the aperture is almost straight, less curving; the shell ribbing is fairly heavy, but not so well de- fined, and the shell is a bit narrower, with somewhat less dorsal elevation. Etymology. — The new name reflects the geographical area of its presently known living range. 62. Niveria (Cleotrivia) atomaria atomaria (Dall, 1902) (Fig. 74: hololype) 1902 Trivia atomaria Dall. Nautilus 16: 43. 1907 Cypraca atomaria (Dall) Hidalgo. Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc., Madrid: 274. 1908 Trivia atomaria. Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. 43 (6): 323; pit. 12, figs. 8. 10. 11. 1971 Trivia (Pusula) atomaria (Dall, 1908). Keen. Sea Shells Tropical West America: 486; fig. 904. Original description. — "Trivia atomaria . . . Shell minute, of a livid pink, with a substratum of olivaceous cast, the whole giving a pinkish brown effect; form subglobular. with a feeble dorsal sulcus, across which the ribs usually pass with- out interruption; in all there are about 18 ribs, with about equal interspaces, which are slightly sagrinate or minutely irregularly rugose, though the ribs are smooth; these ribs form an equal number of fine denticulations on the inside of the outer lip and over the pillar-lip and internal lobe; the extremities are very slightly or not at all produced; the spire is completely obscured" (Dall, 1902: 43). Measurements, holotype. — "Length 3.2. breadth 2.6, height 2.2 mm." Measurements, hvpotype. — L - 2.9 mm (LACM 72-64) (Fig. 74«). Type locality. — Panama Bay, in 18 fathoms [33 metres] of water; dredged by U.S. Steamer Albatross (Stn. 27-98). Distribution. — Panama Bay; Galapagos Islands. Holotype.— VShIM No. 109206. Discussion. — Dall: "Half a dozen specimens of uni- form size were dredged in 18 fathoms, Panama Bay .... This is the smallest species I have ever seen; even the dwarfs of the allied T. subrostrata Gray of the West Indian fauna are larger." Etymology. — The name atomaria is derived from the Latin noun, atotnus, meaning a small particle. There are 2 fossil subspecies: Trivia vaughani Gardner, 1947; Piisiila (Cleotrivia) maiirvae Schil- der, 1932. 63. Niveria (Cleotrivia) atomaria pygmaea (Schil- der, 1931) (Fig. 75: holotype) 1931 Pusula {Cleotrivia) pvginaea Schilder, Zool. Anz. 96: 71: fig. 5. Original description. — "Pusula (Cleotrivia) pygmaea . . . Kugelig, Rippen scharf, Zwischenriiume breit, mit feinen, in Liingsreihen angeordneten Kornchen. R.-Furche kurz, breit, sehr seicht. quergerippt (seltener Rippen alternierend endi- gend). E. kaum vorgezogen, nicht abgesetzt, AR. schwach gerandet, M. ziemlich zentral, eng. leicht gebogen, Z. dicht, IL. hinlen zugespitzt, Foss. breit und tief, Col.-Furche breit. . . . Rosabraun. Rippen nicht heller, Columella innen blass (Abb. 5)" (Schilder. 1931: 71-72). "Pusula ( Cleotrivia ) pygnniea . . . Globose, ribs sharp, interstices broad, with fine longitudinally arranged tubercles, dorsal sulcus short, broad, shallow, transversely ribbed (in- frequently the ribs terminate alternately), ends scarcely pro- duced, not set off. exterior margin weakly edged, aperture quite central, narrow, slightly curved, teeth close, inner lip tapered posteriorly, fossula broad and deep, columellar sulcus broad. . . . Rose-brown, ribs not lighter, columella light inwardly (illustration 5)" (translation by George Han- selman). Holotype.— "Jypt: 3, 9: 81 71 17-49 from Anguilla [St. Kitts-Nevis. Leeward Islands], 30-100 fathoms [55 to 182 metres] (shell somewhat calcified). Measurements, holotype. — L - 8.2 mm (Kilias, in litt.). Distribution. — "paratype: 4, 2, 82 69-15: 16-44: 20 from the Virgin Islands, 200-300 fathoms [364 to 546 metres] (dead, in coral debris): both [type] leg. Goes, Stockholm Museum." Type locality. — Anguilla Cay. N of Cuba, belonging to the Bahamas. Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Antilles: St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: Granada. Brit. West Indies; Barbados; Trinidad; Gulf of Paria [water between W coast of Trinidad Island and Vene- zuelan mainland]: Cuba: Grand Cayman Island; Jamaica; both coasts of Florida. Holotype. — NRS, No. 3030 (Andersson, in litt.). |C^ N. CateI Plate 21 63 Fig. 91 Cypraea pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 Heppell photo, |49|, type lot; L— 12.1 mm. Fig. 92 Trivia pulloidea: DP. 11061. holotype L— 8.1 mm Fig 93 Decoriatrivia citeria: DP, |107|, holotype L— 2 9 mm Fig, 94; Trivia ritteri: DP, |108|, lectotype L— 11,2 mm, Fig 94a Decoriatrivia ritteri DP, |108|, hypotype. L— 104 mm. 64 IC. N. Gate] Plate 22 Fig. 96: Cypraea rubescens: BM(NH) photo, 11111, lectotype: L— 8,6 mm. Fig, 95: Cypraea rufescens: DP. |109|, type fig. (Sowerby II, 1870; fig. 520): ■ 7. =Decoriatrivia (Trivirostra) wayiana Gate. Fig. 96a Pusula (Pusula) rubescens: DP. [Ill I. ■ 6V2. Fig. 96b Cypraea rubescens: DP. |111|. (Sowerby II. 1870; figs. 507-508): x6. Fig. 98: Cypraea (Trivia) galapagensis: FMNH:DP, [113], paratype: L— 8.0 mm. Fig. 97: Cypraea fusca: BM(NH)photo. 11121, lectotype: L— 9,3 mm. Fig, 97a: Pusula (Pusula) tusca: BM(NH):DP. |112|, lectotype; L— 9.3 mm. Fig. 99: Pusula (Pusula) carabus: DP. |114|. holotype: L— 8.3 mm. IC. N. CateI Plate 23 65 JP^ B^^^^^ ^"^^^^nSI ^^^^j^^t^s^H BB Fig 100 Pusula fPusula) cherobia: DP [1151 holotype L— 6 3 mm Fig. 103 Trivo maltbiana DP. |118|. lectotype; L— 12.6 mm Pusula (Pusula) maltbiana paralectotype; L — 11.4 mm. 66 |C. N. CateI Plate 24 Fig. 105 Cypraea californiana BM(NH) photo, 11191. lectotype: L— 11 0 mm. 106a Pusula (Pusula) calilornica californica: DP, 1120). hypotype: L— 10.6 mm. Fig 105a Pusula (Pusula) californiana: DP, |119|, hypotype; L— 11.9 mm. Fig. 106. Cypraea californica: DP. |120|. type fig.: L— 10.6 mm. ISowerby II. 1832: fig. 42; 1870: figs. 425- ■261 Fig. 106t): Pusula (Pusula) californica californica: DP. 1120], hypotype; L— 6.3 mm. Fig. 106c: Pusula (Pusula) californica loochooensis: DP, (1211. holotype: L— 10.8 mm. 67 Etymology. — The name, pygmaea, is derived from the Latin noun, pygmaeiis, meaning dwarf. 64. Niveria (Cleolrivia) occidentalis (Schilder, 1922) (Fig. 76: Sowerby II, 1870 illustr., figs. 490-4'; 1 ) 1827 Cypraea sub-rostrata Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 363: (Figs. 77, 77a: lectotype herein): (name pre- occupied) (not Gray 1824, a fossil species.). 1846 Cypraea piilla Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1846: 24 (Sowerby II, 1870: figs. 490-491) (name preoccupied). 1922 Trivia occidentalis Schilder, nom. nov.. pro. C. subroslrata Proc. Malac. Soc. London 15: 103, 111. 1922 Trivia antillarum Schilder, nom. nov., pro C. subroslrata Gray, 1827, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don 15: 103, 111. Oriffiini! description. — "Cypraea pulla Gaskoin. 1846 [ = Trivia occidentalis Schilder] . . . Cypr. testa ovata, nitida, fusco-rubescente. costellis dentibusque concoloribus: costellis usque ad lineam dorsalcm ut plurimum continuis. et ad mar- gines apcrturae terminantibus; suico columellari albido. niar- gine intcrno dentibus serrato; apertura angusla: labio externo e.xtiis incrassato: extremitatibus paululum productis." "Reddish-brown cowry . . . Shell ovate, shining, of a dark reddish-brown colour: ribs the colour of the shell, mostly terminate at the dorsal depression: a very few on the sides of the shell, thence extending to form teeth on both sides of the aperture: on the outer side or lip about eighteen, and about sixteen on the columellar side; columellar groove whitish, the teeth traverse it and serrate its entire inner edge: aperture narrow, very slightly spiral; base round; margin thick, none on the cohmiellar side; extremities slightly produced" (Gas- koin, 1846: 24). Measurements, holoiypc. — "--^iooths of an inch" [6.5 mm]. Type locality. — Not recorded. Distribution. — Sowerby II, 1870: Galapagos Islands. Schil- der. 1941: Galapagos Islands; Ecuador: Payta, Sechura Ba\; Panama Pacific; Buenaventura, W Colombia: Esmeral- das. NW Ecuador; Gulf of California. Holotype. pulla. — Location unknown. Lectotype (herein), subroslrata. — BM(NH) Register No. 1975642 (1 of 3 syntypes). Discussion. — Gaskoin: "Differs from jusca of Gray [err.: Sowerby II, 1832: 13; fig. 37], in the ribs and base, and the teeth not being white, but of the same color as the shell; in the ribs being much finer, in having a dorsal line or impression, and in being a deeper and redder color." Schilder's new name ( 1922: 111): "This species, which has no synonyms or named varieties, is de- scribed by Gaskoin as Cypraea. Therefore its name is preoccupied by Gmelin (1790 [err., Gmelin, 1791: 3412] = onyx, Linn, van) and must be changed. I propose Trivia occidentalis, m. nov. nom." Schilder ( 1922: 111), on the same page renamed Gray's homonymous Cypraea subrostrata. Gray used this name for the first time (1824: 369) for a fossil; he used it for the second time (1 827: 363) for a recent form (Fig. 77). Schilder (1971: 20), acting as first revisor, subsequently placed his Trivia antillarum into the synonymy of T. occidentalis (which position this author has retained herein). Etymology. — This name derives from the Latin adjec- tive, occidentalis, meaning of the west. 65. Niveria (Cleolrivia) aquatanica Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 78) Description. — Shell fairly large, subglobose, slightly elon- gate. Terminals just barely produced, peripherally rounded. Dorsum subglossy, with a short, shallow, longitudinal dorsal furrow. Dorsal triviid ribbing numerous overall, transversely continuous from side margins without interruption at dorsal furrow: ribbing becoming lateral over the terminal areas. Base at least twice as wide as ventral outer lip, convexly rounded, with side margins barely defined; ventral base rib- bing continuous from dorsum, extending over inner apertural margin and slightly concave columella to the adaxial longi- tudinal carinal ridge, where ribbing terminates as sharp teeth. Aperture noticeably narrow, centrally straight, curv- ing at either end. Fossula broader than columella, with inner fossular ridge larger, semicircular, dentate. Outer lip narrow, convex, with numerous ribs in continuation of dorsal sculpture, terminating on inner lip edge as sharp dis- tinct denticles. Shell color off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 1 1.2; W - 8.6: H - 7.6 mm. Tvpe localitv. — Bulalacao, Mindoro, Philippines, taken by Moro divers'(12° 31' N lat.; 121° 26' E. long.). Distribution. — Unknown. Holotype.—LACM No. 1797. Discussion. — This new species seems most closely to resemble Cleolrivia leiicosphaera (Schilder, 1931); however, C aquatanica is twice as large and is more globose. It also differs in having a broader outer lip; by having the aperture broadened anteriorly through base and lip constriction; by having a peculiar flaring of the interior fossular carinal ridge, and the terminal processes are more broadly rounded. Etymology. — The new name is derived from the Latin adjective, aquatilis, living in the water. Trivirostra Jousseaume, 1 884 Naturaliste 1884: 415 (name not established in valid way). Trivirostra Jousseaume, 1 884 Bull. Soc. Zool. France 9: 20 (see Schilder, 1939; 173 [28]). Type species [SD, Roberts, 1885: 7: 161]: (Trivia) scahriu.scida Gray = T. oryza Lam.: [SD: Schilder, 1971: 90]: Cy- praea oryza Lamarck, 1811. 68 |C. N CateI Plate 25 Fig. 107a BM(NH):DP, Pusula (Pusula) solandn: 11231, lectotype: L— 15.3 mm Fig. 107b Pusula (Pusula) solandn: DP, |123|, hypotype; L— 16.3 mm. Fig. 107c: Pusula (Pusula) solandrl: DP, |123|. hypotype: L— 12.2 mm. |C. N. CateI Plate 26 69 Fig. 108 Tnvia iPusula) elsiae Keen photo, |122|, holotype: L— 7.0 mm. Fig. 108a Pusula (Pusula) elsiae DP. 11221, hypotype L— 5.5 mm Fig. 109: Pusula (Pusula) padreserrai: DP, 11241, holotype: L— 21,0 mm. Fig. 109a Pusula (Pusula) padreserrai: DP. |124|. paratype: L— 19.1 mm. Fig 110: Cypraea radians: MHNG photo. 11251, holotype: L— 20,2 mm. Fig, 110a Pusula (Pusula) radians: DP, 11251, hypotype L— 23,4 mm. 70 Original description. — "Genre Trivirosira . . . Ce genre se distingue du G. [genus] Trivia par la presence d'un sillon dorsal, la spire cachee, son ouverture plus etroite, a bords plus anguleux et la saillie prononcee de ses extremites" (Jousseaume, 1884: 20). "This genus is distinguished from the genus Trivia by the presence of a dorsal furrow, the hidden spire, its straighter aperture, more angular at the edge [mar- gin], and the pronounced protrusion of its extremi- ties" (translation by Jean Gate). 66. Trivirostra corinneae (Shaw, 1909) (Fig. 112: Sowerbyll, 1870: figs. 464-465) 1867 Trivia af finis Marrat, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 215 (primary homonym). 1909 Trivia corinneae Shaw (nom. nov. pro affinis). Proc. Malac. Soc. London 8: 308. 1920 Trivia liiJals^oi Vreiienburg, Rec. Geol. Survey Ind. 51/2: 134. [= liidalgi Vredenhurg. 1920 em.] 1932 Trivirosira corinneae (Shaw). Schilder, Bull. Soc. France 57: 399; figs. 1-4 (Fig. 112n: Schil- der drawing). 1932 Trivirostra corinneae puclhda Schilder, Bull. Soc. Zoo!. France 57: 399 (in synonymy only; invalid). Original description. — Trivia corinneae = "Trivia affinis Marrat . . . Trivia affinis . . . Shell oblong-ovate, trans- versely coarsely ribbed; beaks projecting, broad; teeth acute, dorsal groove obsolete; very pale, but indications of color in one of the specimens" (Marrat, 1867: 215). Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.1; W - 3.4; H - 2.8 mm. Type locality. — Not established. "Obtained from a dealer's stock among West-Indian species." Distribution. — (Schilder. 1941: W Tuamotu Islands; Mar- shall Islands?). Holotype. — Location unknown. "I am sorry I could not find the specimen type of Trivia corinneae (Shaw. 1909) described and depicted by Schilder (1932) as the neotype of Shaw's species. This species could he in the Bavay col- lection, which, as you know, was bought by J. R. le B. Tom- lin. However, since T. corinneae was only a new name for T. affinis Marrat the type of affinis must be considered the type of corinneae. The Marrat collection is kept in the Liv- erpool Museum and the type of corinneae should be there" (Bouchet, in lilt.). Discussion. — Marrat observed: "Resembles a large T. insecta Mighels, but may at once be known by its coarse ribs and obsolete dorsal groove." In changing the name of this species, Shaw stated: "This name [Cypraea affinis Marrat, 1867], being preoccupied for a fossil by Dujardin (Mem. Soc. Geo). France, 1837 [Cypraea affinis]. Vol. ii, p. 304, pi. xix, fig. 12), I propose to substitute that of Trivia corinneae. This species appears to be closely related to T. pa- cifica. Gray [= Sowerby II, 1832], but it is slighdy more elongate and has no dorsal sulcus" (Shaw, 1909: 308). Additional information concerning the con- fusion of this original Marrat species may be found in Schilder (1922: 109) 67. Trivirostra thaaniimi Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 113) Description. — Shell small, elongately ovate, convex, ele- vatedly humped, tapering abruptly to the rear, less so to the front. Terminals barely produced, evenly arched abapically, pseudo spatulately to the left adapically. Base long, convex, narrowly ovate. Aperture long, narrow, almost straight; acutely, abruptly reflexed to the left in the back; broadened somewhat openly in front due to a mild constriction of the outer lip. Columella wide, fairly deeply concave, with less hold transverse ribs crossing it; fossula, a continuation of the columella, wider, though hardly deeper, with a very highly arched adaxial wall within. Outer lip long, comparatively broad centrally, narrowing to the front and back, convex. Shell ribbing numerous overall, with a shallow, weakly im- pressed longitudinal median dorsal furrow: ribs continuous from the outer lip edge of the aperture to the columellar- base side, barely interrupted at the dorsal furrow. Shell is off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 4.5; W - 3.0; H - 2.5 mm: 11 paratypes (02640). Type locality. — Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii (21° 59' N; 159° 24' W) (leg. Ditlev Thaanum, Honolulu, 1921). Holotype.— L\CM No. 1826. Discussion. — This new species, long in the author's collection, has heretofore been regarded as Trivirostra hordacea (Kiener, 1843). However, on close inspec- tion it can rather easily be separated from the Kiener species by having a somewhat broader shell; in hav- ing a different shape to the adapical terminal process, and an acutely reflexed posterior canal. There is also a resemblance between this new species and that of T. corinneae (Shaw, 1909): T. thaanumi Gate dif- fers from the Shaw species by having a median dorsal furrow, and by lacking the dorsal color spotting men- tioned by Shaw and Schilder, 1932: 399. This new triviid species is named for the late Dit- lev Thaanum, Honolulu, Hawaii, in recognition of his many contributions to our understanding of the cy- praeid fauna of Hawaii. 68. Trivirostra hordacea (Kiener, 1843) (Fig. 114: Kiener, type illustration) 1843 Cypraea hordacea Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv. Cypraea: 149: pit. 54, fig. 5. 1845 Cypraea insecta Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. 2: 24 (Fig. 115: Sowerby, 1870: figs. 477^79). 1928 Trivia insecta. Faustino, Phil. Mar. Moll.: 220. 1934 Trivia koroensis Ladd, B. P. Bishop Mus., Ha- waii 119: 220; pit. 39 (name given to a fossil species). Original description. — ''Cypraea hordacea . . . C. testa ovato- elongata, alba; apertura angustissima; labro convexo, tenui, confertissime denticulato: costulis eminentioribus, rugosis: linea dorsali indistincta" (Kiener, 1843: 149). |C. N. CateI Plate 27 71 Fig. Ill: Cypraea costis-punctata: DP, 11261, (Sowerby II, 1870, figs 452-453 (type fig.)): Fig, lllti: Pusula (Pusula) costispunctata: DP. 11261, fiypotype: L— 190 mm (elongate form) Fig 111a: Pusula (Pusula) costispunctata: DP. |126|. fiypotype: L— 21.0 mm (typical form) Fig. 1 12 Trivia aflinis: DP, |66|, (Sowerby II, 1870, figs, 464-465 type): x7. Tnwa corinneae Sfiaw, 1909, Fig, 112a Tnvirostra corinneae: BSF DP, 1661. figure: ^2. 72 |C. N. Gate I Plate 28 Fig. 113 Tnvirostra thaanumi, DP, |67i, holotype L— 4.5 mm Fig. 114 Cypraea hordacea DP, |68|, type fig.: x4V2. Fig. 116: Trivirostra boswellae: DP, 1691, holotype: L— 8.8 mm. Fig. 117 Trivirostra oshimaensis: DP, |70|. holotype: L— 5.0 mm. 73 "Shell oval, elongate, convex on top, slightly flattened underneath. The aperture is very straight, a little dilated at the lowei' pait; the right margin is convex, rounded, not thickened exteriorly in a rim; it is provided with numerous fine teeth which continue to form ribs over the entire dorsal surface; the columella is similar. These rather striking ribs, finely rugose, sharp-edged, return on the median line in a very superficial and rather flattened furrovw The shell is all white" (translation by Jean Cate). Mt'cisurcmous, holoiypc. — "Long. 6 millini." Measitruinciils, l\\poi\pc I. (C3759). 4.8; W - 3.1; H - 2.6 mm Mcasurcnuitts. hypoiypc 2. — L - 4.7 mm (LACM 75-61) (Fig. 1I4«). Type locality. — "Hab. la mer de Tlnde. les cotes de I'ile Bourbon, [error]. [= Reunion, an island in the Mascarene Island Group, Indian Ocean]. New type localilv lierein. — Kaneohe Bay. Oahu, Hawaii (21" 27' N;' 157° 47' W). Distribution. — Kaneohe Bay, Railua. Kaawa. Punaluu (Beach, leg. R. Gage), Keehi Lagoon (45 to 213 metres, leg. T. Bratcher). Waikiki. Oahu. Hawaii (kg. C. S. Weaver), Kauai, Hawaii (leg. C. S. Weaver). Nine Island. S Pacific (Connolly). (Schilder. 1941: Tahiti; Tonga-Gilbert Islands; Hawaii; New Guinea; possibly Timor-Philippines). Holotype. — MNHN, appears to be lost (Danrigal. in lilt.). Discussion. — Kiener: "This species has often been confused with Cypraea oryza; we believe it is distinct. It possesses constant differences in its form which is straighter and more elongate, and in the margins of its aperture." Although the Kiener type appears to be lost, his published illustration is excellent, and seem- ingly accurate enough for species identification. The hypotypes (C3759, LACM 75-61) (Figs. 114 and 1 14a) seem adequately to illustrate this species. Etymology. — The species name seems to have been taken from the Latin noun, hordewn, meaning of barley. 69. Triviroslra bosivellae Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 116) Description. — Shell small, ovate, elongate, somewhat nar- row, evenly though somewhat flatly humped. Terminals broad, evenly extended. Dorsum broad, somewhat flatly ele- vated, tapering quickly to either side and terminal. Base convex, narrowly ovate, elongate. Columella relatively nar- row, undulating, concave, with an upraised interior longi- tudinal adaxial ridge along its inner edge. Fossula very large, broad, deeply concave, occupying half the length of front columella, and having a noticeable elevated adaxial wall in continuation of inner columellar ridge. Aperture centrally straight, narrow, curving semiacutely left pos- teriorly, very broad in front due to constriction of inner edge of front outer lip. Outer lip fairly broad, convex, with a slightly undulating apertural edge. Shell ribs, with deeply incised interstices, numerous overall; with a scarcely de- pressed longitudinal dorsal median line (ribs from either side, and terminals, meet just short of each other medially, thus forming the central line); ribs continuous over either side-margin: to the left over base and columella to its inner edge; to the right over outer lip to its apertural edge, where they terminate as sharp, bold teeth. Shell color white over- all. Measurements, holotype. — L - 8.8; W - 5.9; H - 5.0 mm. Measurements, paratype. — L - 7.8; W - 5.6; H - 5.0 mm (C4278B). Type localiiw — Port Shepstone, Natal, SE Africa; leg. Helen Boswell; (30° 46' S; 30° 25' E). Distribution. — Natal coast: Port Shepstone to Durban, SE Africa. Holotype.— LACM No. 1805; (C4278A). Discussion. — This new triviid species seems most closely to resemble Triviroslra hordacea (Kiener, 1843). It differs, however, by having a slightly smaller shell and by the differences of great geo- graphical separation. It also differs by having more rounded, less narrowly projecting terminal beaks and by having a more acutely leftward curving adapical canal. The aperture is undulating, less straight; the fossula is shorter and broader. The Kiener shell is also narrower, with a narrower, straighter aperture, without the constriction of the front inner lip edge, as seen in T. bosivellae Cate. Etymology. — This new name is proposed in honor of Helen Boswell, Valhalla, Transvaal, South Africa, well known for her knowledge of the southwestern Indian Ocean moUuscan fauna. 70. Triviroslra oshimaensis Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 1 17: holotype) Description. — Shell small, narrowly ovate, dorsally ele- vated, somewhat flatly humped centrally. Terminals project- ing, somewhat squarely in back, more so anteriorly. Dorsum dull, with shiny interstices. Base unevenly broad, narrowly ovate, convex, with an indistinct longitudinal ridge separat- ing the columellar lip from the base, more apparent at left front and back canal walls. Aperture fairly wide, sinuous, with rather steep apertural sides. Columella broadly undu- lating, only faintly transversely ribbed. Fossula wide, deeply excavated, with only a faint continuation of the columella ribbing; shell closely ribbed, the striae continuous from outer lip side of aperture, over shell surface, to base side of aperture; the longitudinal medial dorsal furrow very weakly depressed, shallow, failing to alter continuity of transverse dorsal ribs; both terminal beaks ribbed, terminating as sharp denticles at the edges. Shell color snowy-white overall. Measurements, holorype. — L - 5.0; W - 3.5; H - 3.0 mm. Type locality. — Oshima Island, Amami Gunto Group. Ryu- k\u Islands (28° 15' N; 129° 15' E). Holotype.— LACM No. 1819; from Tadashige Habe, NSMT. Discussion. — This new species may be compared with the SE African species Triviroslra bosuellae Cate, herein. It differs from that species, however, in sev- eral distinct morphological respects. Triviroslra oshi- 74 viaensis Cate has a slightly more roundly formed shell; the rear terminal beak and canal are more intri- cately formed and reflected (due to the adapical termination of columella lip-ridge); the aperture is less straight, fossula is narrower, and it does not have the highly elevated, arched adaxial wall within. Etymology. — The new name is that of the Ryukyuan Island, Oshiina, its type locality, with the geographic ending -cnsis. 7 1 . Trivirostra desirabilis ( Iredale, 1912) (Fig. 118: holotype) 1912 Trivia desirabilis Iredale. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don 10: 226; pit. 9, figs. 8-9. Original description. — "Trivia desirabilis . . . Shell small, sub-oval, extremities slightly produced; white, strongly sculptured. Sculpture consisting of about thirty major ridges, a few intercalatory ribs sometimes present; all are continu- ous, a very slight depression only being noticeable in the middle of the back. The interstices appear smooth. Aper- ture narrow; the teething agreeing with the ribbing present" (Iredale, 1912: 226-227). Measurements, holoiypc. — "Length 7. breadth 5, height 4 mm." Type locality. — Sunday Island. Kermadec Group [1100 km NNW of New Zealand]. Holotype. — CM, Christchurch, New Zealand (Tunnicliffe. in I ill. ) . 72. Trivirostra clariceae Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 119: holotype) Description. — Shell of medium size, ovate, solidly formed. Terminals restrictedly. roundly produced. Dorsum elevated, bulbously humped, shiny. Side margins rounded, without shouldering above. Base rOLmdIy convex, somewhat nar- rowly ovate. Aperture fairly wide, almost straight, with a reflection to the left adapicalh'. Columella somewhat nar- row, concave, heavily ribbed transversely. Fossula broad though shallow and heavily ribbed. Outer lip somewhat narrow, roundly convex. Shell ribs numerous overall, with no longitudinal medial dorsal line; ribbing continuous over dorsum to either side, over side margins, base and outer lip. to columellar and apertural edge respectively. Shell color is a deep, rich coffee-brown. Measurements, holotype. — L - 6.8; W - 5.0; H - 4.0 mm. Tvpe locality.— Jeffrey's Bay. SE Africa (34° Of S; 24° 55' E). Holotype.— LACM No. 1820. Discussion. — The triviid species whose shell coloring ranges from dark brown to many lighter shades of brown have usually been found to live only in the Eastern Pacific and the Eastern Atlantic coastal regions. It is an interesting variation from this rule to find a shell of this color in the SE African habitat. This new species may perhaps best be compared with the Trivirostra desirabilis (Iredale, 1912). Trivi- rostra clariceae Cate is a somewhat smaller-shelled species; is more solidly, heavily formed, and the shell is more ovate in outline; the shell ribbing is heavier, more coarsely formed; the aperture is more curving, with the posterior canal terminating in a more closed fashion. The fossula construction is also different, and the shell color is brown. Etymology. — Clarice Elizabeth Mary Connolly, Ken- wyn, S Africa, has not only contributed many shells to the Natal Museum, but has also sent the author much material for this study; she also collected the shell of this new species, which I take pleasure in dedicating to her. 73. Trivirostra sphaeroides SchMer, 1933 (Fig. 120: holotype) 1933 Trivirostra sphaeroides Schilder, Zool. Anz. 102: 290, 297; figs. 2, 8. Description, holotype. — Trivirostra sphaeroides . . . "klein. Z. feiner, aber RR. weniger zahlreich als sonst; RF. meist schwach eingedriicht oder Rippen in schmaler Mittellinie verloschend" (Schilder. 1931: 297). Rcdescription. — Shell of medium size, subglobularly ovate, well formed. Front terminal broadly open, somewhat squared, and only barely protruding; rear terminal beak moderately produced, roundly refle.xed to the left. Dorsum shiny, with a well defined longitudinal dorsal furrow; nu- merous (18) ribs (counting from one end of the furrow to the other) traversing right and left dorsum: the left ribs across margin, base, concave columella, terminating dis- tinctly, sharply at adaxial carinal ridge; ribs crossing right dorsum, side margin, and convex outer lip, terminating as sharp denticles on inner edge of outer lip; ribs not traversing median dorsal furrow. Base fairly broad, shiny, with 21 ribs. Aperture curving gently, at its narrowest centrally, becom- ing moderately wider at either end. Columella broad, later- ally ribbed, widening to the front in fossular area. Outer lip fairly wide, ribbed (23), convex, widest centrally, narrowing adapically. Shell color off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 6.1 mm (Kilias, in litt.). Measurements, hypotypc I. — L - 5.3; W - 4.0; H - 3.5 mm (C4269) (Fig. 120a)'. Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 5.5: W - 4.0; H - 3.4 mm (C4246) (Fig. 1206). Type locality. — "New Caledonia." Distribution. — Oshima Island, Amami Gunto, Ryukyu Islands (C4269); South Australia (C4246) (Schilder, 1941: Purdy Island, Bismarck Archipelago). Holotype.— ZU^ No. 78590 (Kilias, in litt.). Discussion. — One should refer to the original Schil- der proposal, with the accompanying Key and detailed statistics, but Schilder did comment briefly: "6 {sphaeroides) : small, teeth finer, but dorsal ribbing less numerous than usual; dorsal sulcus mostly weakly |C. N. CateI Plate 29 75 Fig. 118: Trivirostra desirabilis CM photo, |71|, holotype: L— 7,0 mm Fig, 119 Trivirostra clariceae: DP. |72|, holotype: L— 6,8 mm Fig, 120: Trivirostra sphaeroides ZMB photo, 1731, holotype: L— 6,1 mm. Fig, 120a Trivirostra sphaeroides: DP. |73|. hypotype: L— 5,3 mm. Fig, 120t) Trivirostra sphaeroides DP. |73|, hypotype: L— 5,5 mm. Fig, 121 Trivirostra edgari insularum: ZMB photo. |74|. holotype: L— 8,9 mm. 76 impressed or the ribs limited to a narrower central line " Etymology. — The suffix, aides (likeness), is added to the Latin noun, sphaera, meaning like a ball. 74. Trivirostra insularum Schilder, 1944 (Fig. 121 : holotype) 1944 Trivirostra edgari insularum Schilder, Arkiv for Zoologi, Band 36A (2): 5, 14. Description. — Shell small, ovate, shiny, roundly humped dor- sally. Terminals broadly produced, reflected left adapically, straight, open at the front. Base convex, elongately ovate, narrowing almost pointedly at either end. Aperture nearly central, fairly narrow, almost straight, curving gently in back, broadening in front. Columella concave, becoming deeper anteriorly as a fossula; ada.xial columellar ridge broadening and elevating at fossular area. Outer lip nearly as broad as base, convex, not shouldered at side margin. Shell ribbing numerous overall, interrupted at dorsal fur- row by alternating, terminating ribs from either side mar- gin; ribbing on left continuous from dorsal medial line, over side margin, base, and columella, terminating as dull teeth on adaxial carinal edge within. Ribs on right dorsum continu- ous over side margin and outer lip. ending as sharp teeth on inner (apertural) edge of lip: the longitudinal ribs on the terminal beaks protruding beyond arched edge of canal openings as pointed teeth. Shell color is off-white overall; CC4241). Measurements, holotype. — L - 8.9 mm (Kilias. in litt.). Measurements, b\potype.—L - 7.0; W - 4.8; H - 4.0 mm (C4241) (Fig. 121a). Type locality. — "Gilbert and Fiji Islands." Distribution. — Central Pacific to Hawaii (Waikiki. Oahu. Hawaii; leg. C. S. Weaver. Lanikai. Oahu); Jogashima, Japan (Fig. 121a). Holotype. — ZMB, Schilder collection No. 7681. Discussion. — Schilder's original description for this species is tabular in form, with added formulae and comparative references to other species (T. shawi, T. edgari, T. oryzoidea, etc.) in sentence form. For an in-depth study of the details of this species one should consult the original Schilder reference, which is in German and too complicated to reproduce here. Etymology. — The suffix, -arum (belonging to), is added to the Latin noun, insula, belonging to the islands. 75. Trivirostra edgari edgari (Shaw, 1909) (Fig. 122: Sowerbyll, 1870: figs. 470-471) 1827 Cypraea scabriuscula var. minor Gray, Zool. Joum. 3: 364 (name preoccupied). 1849 Cypraea grando Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don for 1848: 96 (name preoccupied). 1870 Cypraea tirando (Gaskoin. 1849). Sowerby II. Cypraea.' A: 46; pit. 35, figs. 470^71 (Fig. 122). 1909 Trivia oryza forma minor Schepman, Siboga Exped. 49/2/2; 137 (name preoccupied). 1909 Trivia edgari Shaw, nom. nov. pro Cypraea grando Gaskoin. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 8: 310. Original description. — Cypraea grando Gaskoin . . . Cyp. testa ovato-globosa nitida. nivea; basi rotundata, sine varice; apertura latiuscula antice latiori. subspirali: sulco columel- lari longitudinem columellae aequante. lato et profundo: dentibus minimis: aequalibus, labii circa quadraginta-octo, columellae circa trigintaquatuor; costellis tenuibus et aequali- bus. e dentibus continuis; interstitiis longitudinaliter tenui- terque crenulatis; linea dorsali impressa; extremitate postica valde producta: spira prominente et flavescente." ■"Shell ovato-globose. shining, of a clear snow-white col- our; base round, being a continued convexity with the body of the shell, there being no margin on either side; aperture widest at its anterior half, rather wide generally: the columel- lar side spiral, edge of the lip but very slightly so: the columel- lar groove extends the entire length of the columella, and is continuous at both ends with the channels; it is broad and deep, particularly at the anterior half: its outer and inner edges spiral, the outer edge angular and somewhat projecting; teeth very minute, numerous and even, about forty-eight on the lip. and about thirty-four on the columellar side, which traverse the columellar groove to notch its inner edge: the ribs delicate and even, and are continuations from the teeth; many terminate on the sides of the shell (the teeth being so numerous, the outer portion could not contain their pro- longation), the rest end mostly in fine points at the dorsal impression, alternately from either side; a few are united with those of the opposite side: interstices between the ribs finely crenulated longitudinally: dorsal line impressed: ex- tremities, the anterior very slightly, the posterior much pro- duced; spire prominent and tinged with a light yellow colour; margins none" (Gaskoin, 1849: 96). Measurements, holotvpe. — "Length. -"Months of an inch; width. 2ai„„ths; height, i%ooths [= L - 6.6; W - 5.0; H - 4.8 mm). Measurements. bypotype.^L - 6.0; W - 4.4; H - 3.9 mm (C4266; Fig. 122a). Type locality. — "Manila" [Philippine Islands]. Distribution. — Oshima Island, Aniami Gunto. N Ryukyu Islands; ex Habe. NSMT. Type. — Disposition unknown; Sowerby, 1870 figs. (470- 471 ) are used as a guideline to the species. Discussion. — Gaskoin gives the impression, by men- tioning the very fine teeth and the prominent apex, that he may have had a subadult shell to work with. He made the following comment: "This shell differs from the Cypraea vitrea [Gaskoin, 1849], just de- scribed, in the minuteness and number of the teeth and delicacy of the ribs; in the unequal width of the aperture, and the spiral form of its inner side [of the aperture]; in the broad, deep and unequally wide col- umellar groove, prominent apex, absence of margin, etc." Shaw, 1909: "Trivia edgari, n. n. for T. grando, Gaskoin. Potiez first employed the specific name grando to designate a fossil species (Cypraea grando Potiez & Michaud, 1838, Galer. Moll. Mus. Douai 1: |C. N. CateI Plate 30 77 Fig 121a Trivirostra insularuin DP |74|, hypotype L— 7 0 mm Fig. 122: Cypraea grando: DP, 1751, (Sowerby II: figs, 470-471): • 7, Tnvia edgari Shaw, 1909. Fig, 124a Trivirostra edgari tomlini DP, |76|, hypotype: L— 6,0 mm. Fig, 125: 7nwa oryza (Odhner) Trivirostra oryzoidea Iredale: NRS photo, |77|. lectotype: L— 9.5 mm. Fig, 125a: Trivirostra oryzoidea: DP, |77|, hypotype: L— 10 6 mm. Fig, 125b Trivia oryza (Odhner) -T. oryzoidea Iredale: NRS:DP, |77|. radula: <^V2. Figure 123 is vacant. 78 481). His description, however, is so short and in- adequate that it is useless for the purpose of identifi- cation, and this being so, one cannot unite with it the T. grando of Gaskoin as some writers have suggested. Gaskoin's species therefore must be re-designated, and in proposing the name of Trivia Edgari I have much pleasure in associating with it Mr. E. A. Smith's christian name, the term smithi having already been used for a fossil form" [Dolichupis Smithi (Martin, 1887) Schilder, nom. nov., 1971: 21]. 76. Trivirostra edgari tomlini Schilder, 1944 (Fig. 124: paratype) 1944 Trivirostra edgari tomlini Schilder, Arkiv. Zool. 36A (2): 14. Original description. — "Bei meiner ersten Bearbeitung [Schil- der, 1933: 288] dieses schwierigen Genus Habe ich im For- menkreise von edgari (= grando Gaskoin) nur 2 Formen unterschieden: shawi ist durch die mehr zylindrische statt bauchige Gestalt, die viel weniger vorgezogenen ( terminal 1 und durch die groberen [teeth] relativ leicht von edgari zu trennen, aiich ist bei stiawi die [dorsal sulcus] im allgemeinen tiefer und die [rib] sind dort eher unterbrochen und am Furchenrande eher etwas verdickt; heute betrachte ich beide Formen in Parallele zu insecla Mighels und hordacea Kiener als getrennte Arten. Spater habe ich [Schilder. 1941: 76| dann die Abtrennbarkeit der pazifischen "cf. edgari" und der nordaustralischen oryzoidea Iredale (= oiyza Odhner nee Lamarck) vom malayischostasiatischen Typus von edgari angedeutet. Das Material der Expedition Sixten Bock sowie weitere mir inzwischen vorgelegene Ex. erlauben eine weitere Unterteilung; die rezent edgari zerfiiUt in mindestens 3 und shawi in 2 Unterarten (geographische Rassen). Zuniichst seien die Mittelwerte der individuell allerdings z. T. [termi- nal teeth?] betrachtlich schwankenden Zahn- und [dorsal] Rippenzahlen mitgeteilt". Schilder next gives a table which compares the species T. edgari and T. shawi. listing their races t edgari. oryzoidea. insularum. tomlini. shawi. and bocki): their living ranges; their shell formulae; their dorsal ribs (Rucken-Rippen); and their relative number of teeth. Then he continues: "Unter den edgari- [form] sind die nialayischen und die ostasiatischen Ex. wohl identisch, auch die zwerghafte Form des Bisniarck-Archipels (Karlei) durfte noch ninzuzurechnen sein; die nordaustralische oryzoidea moge einstweilen als gestreckte Rasse mit besonders feinen [inside teeth] abge- trennt bleiben. weitere Funde konnten aber ihre Zugehorig- keit zur malayischen edgari erweisen. Dagegen sind die pazifische insidariun nov. [=edgari edgari (Shaw, 1909)], die mir ausser von den Gilbert-Inseln und von Fiji auch von den Carolinen (Mortlock) vorliegt, durch die groben [inside teeth], aber Zahlreicheren [dorsal ribs] sowie die ostafrikan- ische tomlini nov. von Mombasa (coll. Tomlin) und SUd- afrika mit besonders groben [teeth] und Rippen zweifellos als geographische Rassen abzutrennen. zumal die Verbrei- tungsgebiete der Art diskontinuierlich zu sein scheinen ( Feh- len von edgari in Neu-Caledonien und im zentralen Indik). Die von Sixten Bock auf den Gilbert-Inseln gefundene .s/iaivi-Rasse, die ich dem Entdecker zu Ehren bocki nennen mochte, ist grosser als die ost-polynesische shawi s.str. und hat vor allem viel grobere Zahne auf beiden Lippen, trotzdem aber die gleiche [marginal thickness]. Als Holotypen seien bezeichtnet: insularum = 6,8(69)27: 18(36 [dorsal ribs]) von Fundort Gil. Mb, bocki = 6,9(67)22: 20(29 [dorsal ribs]) von Fundort Gil. L, tomlini = 5,5 (75)22: 19 (26 [dorsal ribs]) von Mombasa (coll. Tomlin)." There is more to the Schilder text: however, it seems to deal only with the species T. edgari and T. .■shawi. Measurements, paratype. — L - 6.3 mm ( Kilias, in litt.). Measurements, hypotype. — L - 6.0; W - 4.3; H - 3.6 mm (C3671; Fig. 124a). Discussion. — For an in-depth analysis of these spe- cies it will be necessary for the student to consult the complicated original Schilder formulae and tables. 77. Trivirostra oryzoidea Iredale, 1935 (Fig. 125: lectotype) 1917 Trivia oryza (Lamarck) of Odhner, Kungl. Sv. Akad. Handl. Bd. 52, No. 16; 53 pit. 2, figs. 52-53, text fig. 12 (not Cypraea oryza La- marck. 1811). Loc. NW Australia, 11 fms [20 metres] (Fig. 125: type). 1935 Trivirostra oryzoidea Iredale, Australian Zoolo- gist 8: 99. Original description. — "Trivirostra oryzoidea (= Trivia oryza (Lamarck) of Odhner, 1917) ... The difference be- tween this species and the preceding one [Trivia grando of Odhner, 1917 (Fig. 145) = Trivirostra pargrando Iredale, 1935] is shown clearly from the figures given here [figures 145-1461 compared with those of the former. The dorsal furrow in the present specimen is rather short (< half the shell). The distance of the under margin from the basal (anterior) end of the furrow is equal to the corresponding apical ( posterior ) distance and equal to about '/2-7-f, of the length of the furrow; the whole surface up to the furrow is rugous in the interstices of the ribs and the colour is pure while" (Odhner, 1917: 43). "Not Cypraea oryza Lamarck above" (Iredale, 1935: 99). Measurements, lectotype. — L- 9.5 mm (Andersson. in lilt.) = oryza of Odhner, 1917. Mea.uirements, hypotype I. — L - 10.6; W - 7.1; H - 6.0 mm (C2468) (Fig. 125a). Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 10.5; W - 7.1; H - 6.1 mm (C2594). Tvpe locality.— The Pearl Banks, 44 miles [71 km] WSW of Cape Jaubert [N end of 80 Mile Beach, just south of Roe- buck Bay). West Australia; in II fathoms [20 metres] 19° 47' S; 120° 33' E. Distribution.— Quohba Point: Willie Creek; 28 km N of Broome (C2468); Lighthouse Point, Broome (Roebuck Bay); West Australia (leg. C. N. Gate Oct.) 1966 (C2468). Type.—'NRS (Andersson, in litt.) 1 of 3 syntypes. Discussion.— ReaVmng that Odhner's shell was not Trivirostra oryza of Lamarck, 1811, Iredale gave it a new name. The pronounced recurving of the poste- rior canal seems to be the most outstanding character of this small white shell species. The author collected several of these shells during a trip to Western Aus- tralia in 1966. A supplementary description of the species is 79 offered here, including additional detail: Shell of medium size, regularly ovate, solidly formed. Termi- nals produced, broadly squared, subspatulate at ends. Dorsum elevated, tapering evenly to terminal beaks and sides. Dorsal ribs numerous, dull, with subglossy interstices; ribbing crossing the dorsum, from inner edge of outer lip to inner edge of columella, generally continuous except for a long, narrow, moderately impressed longitudinal medial furrow interrupting dorsally. Base and ventral surface of outer lip of approximately equal width, separated by a narrow, almost straight aperture. Columella broad, distinctly concave, heavily ribbed. Columella broadening and deepening to the front as a fossula. Shell color is off- white overall. Radula of 'T. oryza (Lamarck) of Odhner" [= Trivirostra oryzoidea Iredale, 1935]; (Fig. 125^). Etymology. — ^The suffix -oidea (like), is added to the Latin noun, oryza, like rice. 78. Trivirostra i^itrina Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 126) Description. — Shell small, inflatedly humped, rounded. Ter- minals squarely produced, being of equal extension at either end. Dorsum shiny, glossy, elevated, humped, tapering evenly to sides and terminal beaks. Base broad for its length, curving, convex; both front and back terminal processes curiously extended and thickened into a semi- ridge, apex almost hidden by the shell ribbing; this terminal thickening seems to define the spherical aspect of the shell's ventral side. Aperture narro\\', curved, somewhat sinuous. Columella curving longitudinally, narrov\', concave, deepen- ing to the front and becoming a wide, deep fossula. Outer lip broad, convex, narrowing front and back. Shell ribs nu- merous, rather fine. Deeply depressed longitudinal dorsal groove not interrupting the transverse ribs at base of groove; thus it can be said that the transverse dorsal ribbing is con- tinuous from inner adaxial columellar ridge to the apertural edge of the outer lip. Ribs become longitudinal over the ter- minal beaks, where they protrude beyond the peripheral edge of the canals. Shell color a light grey overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 7.0; W - 5.3; H - 4.5 mm. Type locality. — Malampaya Sound, NW Palawan Island (io° 57' N;'ll9° 15' E); leg. Moro collectors, ex F. G. Dayrit, Diliman, Rizal, Philippines (1969). Holotype.— LACU No. 1809. Discussion. — This new species from the south China Sea has an unusual peripheral outline. It may be com- pared with the SE African Trivirostra tomlini Schil- der, 1944. It differs from that species in that it is smaller; it has a narrower aperture, without base and lip constriction abapically; the rear terminal beak and canal are more greatly reflected, with a different rela- tionship to the rear base, and the shell is more glo- bose, with less distinctively margined sides. Etymology. — The new name is the Latin adjective, vitreus, meaning glassy. 79. Trivirostra shawi Schilder, 1933 (Fig. 127: holotype) 1933 Trivirostra edi-ari shawi Schilder, Zool. Anz. 102: 290. Description. — Shell of medium size, solid, elongately ovate. Terminals squarely, moderately produced. Dorsum sub- glossy (because of shiny interstices), with a well defined median dorsal furrow; numerous ribs (18), excluding two or three on each terminal beak, traversing dorsum to either side margin, although not crossing dorsal line. Base broad, shiny, ribbed (22), interstices wide. Aperture somewhat wide, narrowest centrally, straight. Columella fairly wide, shallowly concave, broadening in front to form a fossula. Outer lip broad, convex, shiny, ribbed (22). Shell color off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 6,0 mm (Kilias, in lilt.). Measurements, hypotype 1. — L - 5.3; W - 3.7; H - 3.2 mm (C3667;Fig. 127a). Measurements, hvpotvpe 2. — L - 6.7; W - 4.5; H - 3.9 mm (C4237). Type locality. — Hawaii (designated herein: Maalaea Bay, Maui; leg. Reggie P. Gage, Wailuku, Maui; December 1967 (C4237) (20° 55' N; 156° 31' W). Distribution. — Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii; leg, Ted Dranga, Apra Harbor, Guam (C3667) (Fig. 127a: hypotype). Holotype. — ZMB, Schilder collection, No. 186 (Kilias, in litt. ) . Discussion. — For pertinent details concerning this species, and other Schilder species of this date, refer to the previous species, Trivirostra tomlini Schilder, 1944. Because the use of intricate tables and critical alphabetical "capital" letter reference, it will be im- portant for the student to make direct reference to both the Schilder (1933: 290) and (1944: 15) works. To the latter date, add the Schilder comment: "Tier von beiden Arten hell, nur der mit distanten Warzen besetzte faltige Mantel zeigt besonders rings um den Sipho zerstreute kleine schwarze Flecke." 80. Trivirostra bocki Schilder, 1944 (Fig. 128: paratype) 1944 Trivirostra .shawi hocki Schilder, Arkiv for Zo- ologi, K. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. 36 A (2); 5, 15. Original description. — (See the Schilder reference given above for that author's description, which consists of a com- plex assortment of Tables, etc. This author's redescription follows below.) Description. — Shell of medium size for the genus, somewhat narrowed, elongate. Terminals slightly produced. Base con- vex, elongately ovate. Aperture almost straight, except for gentle recurving adapically, with a broadening in front due to some constricting of both base and outer lip. Columella wide, shallow. Fossula. a continuation of columella in 80 |C, N. CateI Plate 31 Fig. 129: Trivirostra spioinsula: DP, [81J. holotype: L— 9.0 mm. Fig. 129a: Trivirostra spioinsula: DP. (811, hypotype: L— 11.9 mm. 81 front, is hroad. deep, with a highl> arched inner wall. Outer lip convex, almost evenly wide its length, except for some narrowing to the front. Shell ribbing strong, distinct, sharply dentate at the ends; interstices wide and shiny, with a longi- tudinal dorsal furrow on the central dorsum not effectively interrupting the upper transver.se ribbing; ribs continuous over base and outer lip to their respective apertural edges, terminating as strong, sharp teeth on the outer lip and colu- mellar adaxial edge. Shell lustrous glassy-white overall. Measidrcmcnls. paratype. — L - 7.3 mm (Kilias, in till.). Measurements, hypotype. — L - 6.8; W - 4.7; H - 3.9 mm (C4250); ex C. Connolly. Type locality. — Gilbert Islands. W Pacific Ocean. Distribution. — Niue Island, S central Pacific Ocean: (C4250); ex C. Connolly. Paratvpe. — ZMB. Schilder collection. No. 7680 (Kilias. in litt.). Discussion. — Schilder originally described this spe- cies as a subspecies of Trivirostra shawi Schilder, 1933. However, because of rather distinct morpho- logical differences and a lack of understanding of their somewhat adjacent living ranges, I am separat- ing them here. Trivirostra bocki Schilder appears to differ significantly from the early species by having a larger shell; by having a totally different adapical ter- minal process rather acutely recurved posteriorly; in having stronger, seemingly more pronounced, sharp ribbing and by having a greater constricting of the front base and outer lip. Schilder named this shell in honor of Dr. Sixten Bock. 81. Trivirostra spioinsula Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 129: holotype) Description. — Shell large, ovale, somewhat narrow. Termi- nals produced, well developed. Dorsum bulbously elevated, sides rounded and tapering sharply to the back, less so to the front. Base convex, rounded, sloping to side margin and aperture. Aperture almost straight, evenly narrow. Colu- mella fairly wide, concave, deepening and broadening an- teriorly as a fossula. Outer lip broad, convex, becoming narrower as it approaches either end. Shell ribbing numer- ous overall: a long, narrow, longitudinal medial dorsal fur- row present; ribs continuous from medial line on the left, over side margins, base, concave columella, then terminating as sharp teeth at edge of inner adaxial ridge within; ribs con- tinuous over right side margin and outer lip, ending at the apertural edge of lip as sharp denticles. Shell color white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 9.0; W - 6.4; H - 5.5 mm. Measurements, livpotvpe I. — L - 7.1; W - 5.0; H - 4.3 mm (C4125). Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 11.9; W - 8.3; H - 6.7 mm (C2573; Fig. 129a).' Measurements, hypotype 3. — L - 10.0; W - 6.9; H - 5.5 mm (C3668). Type locality. — Ableta. roughly 35 kilometres from Jingo, Rossel Island, Papua (SE New Guinea) (11° 30' S; 154° 00' E): leg, Fr. J. M. Chow. Catholic Mission, 26 October 1963. Distribution. — East Indies; New Guinea: Put Put Harbor, leg. Richard Willis, Yacht Rambler (C4I25); Madang. leg. Isobel Pert, Madang (C2631). East Australia: Lady HllioU Island, leg. Lorraine Rutherford. Rockhampton, Queens- land, 1960 (C2573). Holotype.— LACM No. 1807. Discussion. — This new species may be related to the Hawaiian Trivirostra shawi Schilder, 1933. There seem, however, to be enough distinct differences to separate the two. Trivirostra spioinsula Cate is larger, with a more acutely reflexed posterior canal and terminal beak; the aperture is straighter, more evenly narrow throughout, not widening in front and back; there is no constriction of the anterior outer lip; and, even though this new form is larger, it possesses fewer (average 18, in 4 specimens) ribs on the base, than the Hawaiian T. sitawi Schilder, which shows at least 21 on the type. Etymology. — The new name is a combination of 2 Latin nouns: insula, meaning island; and spio, mean- ing a sea nymph. 82. Trivirostra pellucidula (Gaskoin, 1846) (Fig. 131 : holotype) 1846 Cvpraea pellucidula Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1846: 23. 1881 Cypraea pellicula. Weinkauff, in: Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. (ed. 2) 5/3, Cy- praea: 161; pit. 43. figs. 1, 4 (Fig. 130: type illustration) (spelling error). 1928 Trivia pellucidula. Faustino, Phil. Mar. Moll. 220. 1930 Trivia pellucida Gaskoin. 1846. Iredale, Mem. Queensld. Mus. (Sydney) 10: 83 (spelling error). 1968 Trivirostra (Dolichupis) pellucidula. Cernohor- sky, Veliger 10: 369; pit. 52, figs. 21, 21a. Original description. — "Cypraea pellucidula . . . Cyp. testa ovata, nitida. albicante subhyalina; costellis continuis ad utrumque latus aperturae terminatis; dentibus aequalibus. minimis, numerosisque; sulco columellari profundo, lato; linea, dorsali nulla: extremitatibus valde produclis et obtusis; apertura recta, postice subsinuata." "Semipellucid cowry . . . Shell ovate, of a beautiful semipellucid white color, shining; the ribs — anterior, poste- rior and dorsal — terminate in teeth on both sides and ends of the aperture, and traverse the columellar groove [fossula] to its inner edge [adaxially]; a few ribs do not continue over the dorsum; the teeth, even. fine, and numerous, about thirty on the [outer] lip: columellar groove [fossula] deep and broad: base round: margins wide: no dorsal impression [sulcus]; extremities much produced, and obtuse: aperture straight, except a slight curve at its posterior extremity" (Gaskoin, 1846: 23). Measurements, liolotype. — "Size I'^innths of an inch" [== 4 mm]. Measurements, Inpotvpe. — L - 6.2; W - 4.4: H - 3.9 mm (C4285;Fig. 131a). 82 |C^ N. CateI Plate 32 Fig. 130: Cypraea pellicula: DP. |82|. (type fig. 1): ■ 9. Fig. 131a Tnvirostra pellucidula: DP. |82|, hypotype. L— 6.2 mm. Fig. 133, Tnvirostra exigua hyalina: ZMB photo, |84|, holotype: L — 4.3 mm. Fig. 131 Cypraea pellucidula: BM(NH) photo, |82|. holotype: L— 4.0 mm Fig. 132: Trivia corrugate: DP, 1831. (type fig.): ■ 11. Fig. 132a Tnvirostra corrugata corrugata DP. |83|, hypotype: L— 5.5 mm. Fig. 133a: Tnvirostra corrugata hyalina: DP, 184], hypotype: L— 4.8 mm. 83 Measuremcnis (Vayssiere, 1923: 88).— L - 7; W - 4.75; H - 4 mm. Type locality. — "South Pacific." Distribution. — Hawaii: Kauai; Maalaea Bay, Maui; (leg. Reggie P. Gage, Waikiki); Midway Islands; Pearl. Hermes Reefs; Tahiti: Raiatea; Tuamotu Islands: Makatea (259 km NNE of Tahiti). //o/oope.— BM(NH) Reg. No. 1874.12.11.63. Discussion. — Gaskoin made the following comment: "Differs from exigua of Gray, the treineza of Duclos, in being less gibbous, ribs more numerous, finer, more even and regular, and but two or three terminate on the sides of the shell, none on the dorsum; they pass continuously over the shell from side to side of the aperture to the other; shell perfecdy colorless, and has no dorsal line or impression." An important diagnostic character in this species is the lack of a longitudinal dorsal furrow. Etymology. — The species name, a diminutive of the Latin adjective, pellucidiis. means clear. 83. Trivirosira corrugata corrugata (Pease, 1868) (Fig. 132: type fig.) 1868 Trivia corrugata Pease, Amer. Journ. Conch. 4: 95; pit. 11, figs. 14-15 (Fig. 132). 1914 Trivia exif;ua var. alba Sowerby III, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 11: 10 (invalid, name preoccu- pied). Original description. — "Trivia corrugata . . . T. ovato-glo- bosa, elevata, nitida, impressione dorsali obsoleta; trans- versim fortiter costata. costis vix flexuosis, interdum bifur- catis, ad impressionem dorsali subnodulosis, extremitatibus leviter productis; basi rotundata: columella angulata, sulcata; aperture vix flexuosa; utrinque dilatata; alba, irregulariter rosaceo picta, interdum omnino pallide rosacea." "Shell ovately globose, elevated, shiny, with an indis- tinct dorsal impression, transversely strongly ribbed, ribs flexuous, sometimes terminating abruptly on the sides or bifurcate, on the extremities the ribs are of a smaller size, slightly nodulose at the dorsal groove; base rounded; colu- mella angulate on its edge and grooved its whole length; aperture somewhat flexuous, widened at each extremity; extremities slightly produced; white, irregularly blotched with pink, or wholly of a light rose color" (Pease, 1868: 95-96). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 5, diam, 3'!; mill." Measurements, hvpotype. — L - 5.8; W - 4.3; H - 3.8 mm (C4083; Fig. 132a). Type locality. — "Paumotus [Tuamotu or Low Archipelago: group of about 80 small islands, included in French Oceania, E of Society Is., S of Marquesas Is., S Pacific Ocean]." Distribution. — Makatea. 259 km NNE of Tahiti; Raiatea, Tahiti; Wallis Islands, SW Pacific. French Territ.; Samoa; off Nada, Kii Channel, Japan (C4083). Holotype. — Location unknown. Discussion. — "Allied to T. gemmula Gld. [Gould, 1845]. The ribs are stronger, less in number, rather more flexuous and nodulcd at the dorsal groove, which together gives the shell a rough appearance. The pink color is not so persistent as on that species; most of the specimens received being of pure white." Etymology. — The Latin adjective, corrugatus, means wrinkled or ridged. 84. Trivirostra corrugata hyalina Schilder, 1933 (Fig. 133: holotype ) 1933 Trivirostra exigua hyalina Schilder, Zool. Anz. 102: 290, 297:' fig. 9. 1971 Trivirostra corrugata hyalina. Schilder and Schilder. Cat. Liv. and Foss. Cowries (Brus- sels): 21. Description. — Shell small, evenly ovate, well formed. Ter- minals somewhat squarely produced, more so posteriorly. Dorsum semiglossy, transversely ribbed; ribs heavily formed, less numerous than usual, with wide, somewhat smooth semi- glossy interstices; ribs greater in number (19) on base and sides than at weakly formed dorsal furrow (11); rear 3 dor- sal ribs traversing furrow uninterruptedly, the remainder (6) seemingly terminating at furrow before continuing on to either side; ribbing over either terminal collar U-shaped, generally unbroken. Base broad centrally, narrowing to either end in a broad arc; base strongly, evenly ribbed, with ribs crossing columella to interior adaxial ridge. Columella broad, concave, well defined. Aperture long, fairly narrow, almost central, curving gently adapically. Outer lip broad, -I! width of base, convex, equally ribbed, with wide inter- stices. Shell color: off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 4.3 mm (Kilias, in lilt.). Measurements, hypotype. — L - 4.8; W - 3.4; H - 2.9 mm (C4268; Fig. 133(j).' Type locality. — New Britain. Melanesia. Distribution. — Amami-Oshima, Ryukyu Islands (C4268). Holotype.— ZUQ No. 78596 (Kilias, in litt.). Discussion. — Schilder made the following comments: "9 (hyalina) : ausnahmslos ungefleckt weiss, diinn- schalig bis durchscheinend, RF. fehlend (35%), obso- let (35%) bis schwach eingedriickt (26%'), nur selten tiefer, aber quergerippt (4%); bisher nur von Karlei bekannt (Abb. 9)." "9 (hyalina): invariably unspotted white, thin- shelled to translucent, dorsal sulcus missing (35%), obsolete (35%;), or weakly impressed (26%;), only seldom deeper, but transversely ribbed (4%); so far known only from Karlei . . ." (translation by George Hanselman). Etymology. — The Greek adjective hyalinos, means glassy, transparent. 85. Trivirostra exigua (Gray, 1831) (Fig. 135: lectotype herein) 1831 Cypraea exigua Gray, Zool. Misc., 1: 36. 84 |C. N. CateI Plate 33 Fig. 135: Cypraea exigua: BM(NH) photo. |85|. lectotype: L— 4.2 mm. Fig. 134 Cypraea tremeza: DP, 1851. (Sowerby II. 1870; fig. 510): ■ 9. Fig. 135a Tnvirostra exigua: DP, |85|. hypotype: L— 4.3 mm. Fig. 135b Trivirostra exigua: DP. 1851, hypotype: L— 3.9 mm. Fig. 136: Trivirostra polynesiae: DP, |88|, holotype: L— 4.8 mm. Fig 137: Trivirostra kee/i/ens/s; DP, 1871, holotype: L— 5.0 mm. 85 1833 Cypraea tremeza Duclos, in: Guerin-Meneville, Mag. Zool. Moll. 3: fig. 25 (Fig. 134: Sowerby I; figs. 510-511). 1845 Cypraea gemmula Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. 1: 27. 1963 Trivia (Trivirosira) exigua. Shikama and Hori- koshi. Selected Shells of the World. 1968 Trivia tremeza syn. liemnuita Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy 4: 94 (nom. nud. ). 1971 Trivirosira exigiin. Schilder, Institut. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium (2nd ser. ) 85: 21. Orii;inal description. — "Cypraea exigua . . . Rose-spotted cowry . . . Shell oblong pellucid, white, with pellucid rose- coloured spots and streaks, with transverse ridges [ribs], which are branched near the margin; the extremities rather pro- duced, rounded. Dorsal ridge [furrow] none" (Gray. 1831: 36). [Under magnification one may observe a rudimentary furrow (cf. Fig. 135o).] Measurements, hololype. — "length 2'L' lines" [line = Vi2 part of an inch; ~ 5.3 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 4.2 mm (Way, in litl.). Measurements, hvpotxpe 1 . — L - 4.5; W - 3.3; H - 2.9 mm (C3773; Fig. 135a).' Measurements, hypotype 2. — L - 3.9; W - 2.8; H - 2.5 mm (C4270; Fig. 1356). Type locality.— 'Nol recorded, 1831 [Gray, 1832: 15] China. Distribution. — Hawaii: dredged at the extrance of Pearl Harbor; (C3773); Amami-Oshima, Ryukyu Islands (C4270) (Schilder, 1941: Tahiti; Tonga-Gilbert Islands; Hawaii; Loyalty, New Caledonia). Lectotype.— BM(^H) Register No. 1975630; 1 of 4 syn- types; (Way, in litl.). Discussion. — "Allied to Cypraea nigosa [= Cypraea scabriusciila Gray, 1827 (Fig. 149)], but is smaller, rose-spotted, and the ridges are fewer, larger, and the interspaces between them smooth." Etymology. — This name is derived from the Latin adjective, exiguus, meaning small. 86. Trivirostra polynesiae Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 136: hololype) Description. — Shell small, ovate. Dorsum bulbously inflated, tapering equally to front and back, interstices shiny. Termi- nals broad, evenly produced: roundly so adapically. more squarely in front. Base convexly rounded, narrowly ovate. Aperture almost straight, although semiacutely reflected toward left adapically. Columella shallowly concave, weakly transversely ribbed adaxially. Fossula shallow, broad, only weakly ribbed. Outer lip fairly wide, convexly transversely rounded to apertural edge. Ribs numerous and continuous over dorsum from either side margin, not interrupted by the shallow longitudinal medial dorsal furrow; base and outer lip ribbing a continuation of dorsal rib striation. Shell color white overall, except for a very faint lavender shading dor- sally. Measurements, hololype. — L - 4.8; W - 3.1; H - 2.6 mm. Type locality. — In 2-3 metres of water near Club Mediter- ranea, Moorea Island (W side), Society Islands (17° 31' S; 149° 46' W); leg. De Koontz, on the Yacht Constitution. Holotype.—LACM No. 1121. Discussion. — This new species may most closely re- semhle Trivirostra e.xigua (Gray, 1831). Trivirostra polynesiae is more numerously ribbed overall, and ribs are more evenly spaced on the dorsum; the aper- ture seems longer because of being more narrow and straight. The rear terminal is more tightly reflexed; the front canal opening is narrower, less open and flaring; the columclla-fossula ribbing is less bold, being hardly apparent in front, and the dorsal medial furrow, though shallow, is more clear-cut. Etymology. — The new name derives from the prox- imity of the new species to the center of Polynesia. 87. Trivirostra keehiensis Gate, sp. nov. (Fig. 137: holotype) Description. — Shell small, subroundly ovate, humped. Ter- minals protruding, square-ended, roundly arched at the openings. Base and outer lip of nearly equal dimension, half-moon shaped, convex. Aperture narrow, almost straight, with rear base constricted, longitudinally grooved, thus form- ing a distinct left rear canal wall. Colum3lla undulating, somewhat narrow, concave. Fossula unusual in form: broad, deep, cup-shaped, causing a thinning of the columel- lar lip anteriorly. Ribs numerous, with an exceedingly shal- low longitudinal dorsal furrow barely impeding rib continu- ity from one side margin to the other; ribs comparatively coarse for size of shell; ribs continue transversely over base to sharply formed columellar lip edge, boldly crossing colu- mella to its inner adaxial edge, terminating as heavy, dull denticles; ribs continuing over convex outer lip, coming to the end as sharp teeth at the edge of aperture. Shell color white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.0; W - 3.5; H - 3.0 mm. Type locality. — In 45-109 metres, muddy sand, off Keehi Lagoon entrance, Oahu, Hawaii (21° 17' N; 157° 54' W); leg. Twila Bratcher, 11 July 1975. Hololype— LACM No. 1825. Discussion. — Being of approximately the same size, and having a similar peripheral outline, T. keehiensis may be compared with T. exigua (Gray, 1831). It differs, however, from that species by having a slightly narrower shell; by having finer, more numerous rib- striae; in its more squarely ended terminal beaks, its narrower aperture, less open in front; and in being devoid of any shell color. 88. Trivirostra natalensis SchWdQx, 1932 (Fig. 138: holotype) 1923 Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin, 1846). Vayssiere. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat.: 87; fig. 173; (Fig. 138). 1932 Trivirostra pellucidula natalensis Schilder, in: Quenstedt, Fossil. Cat., Animalia 1 55: 102. Original description. — "Coquille ovale, courte, ventrue, a test epais; dos tres bombe, subconvexe en dessous; de 23 a 26 cotes (34 d'apres Hidalgo), lisses, les unes continues (les 86 |C. N Gate I Plate 34 Fig. 138 Trivia pellucidula (Gaskoin) -Tnvirostra natalensis (Schilder): DP. 1881. holotype; L— 6.2 mm. Fig. 138a Trivirostra natalensis: DP. |88|. hypotype: L— 7.8 mm. Fig. 140; Trivirostra turneri: DP, |90|. hypotype: L— 7.8 mm. Fig. 139: Trivirostra vayssierei: DP, 1891. holotype: L— 5.7 mm. 87 6 medianes). les autres interrompiies an milieu du dos, alter- nant et chevaiichant un pen, sans presenter trace d'lm sillon longitudinal. Ouverture etroite, droite, offrant 25 dents niar- ginales el 20 dents columellaires; extremite posterieure de la coquille tres arrondie, extremite anterieure large, courte et tronquee" (Gaskoin, 1846). "Shell oval, short, inflated, thick shelled; dorsum very humped, somewhat depressed ventrally; 23 to 26 (34 ac- cording to Hidalgo [probably based upon the true pelluci- dula]), smooth, some are continuous (6 median), the other ribs are interrupted In the middle of the dorsum, crossing without showing a trace of longitudinal furrow. Aperture straight on the right side, with 25 labial teeth, 20 columellar teeth; posterior entrance to shell very rounded, anterior ex- tremity short, wide, truncated" [color white, translucent] (translation by Jean Cate). Measurements, Vayssiere. — "Maxima: 7 millimetres de long, sur 4-'i de large, et 4 millimetres de haut." Measuremenls, holoiype. — L - 6.2; W - 4.4; H - 3.8 mm (C4329). Measuremenls. hypotype. — L - 7.8; W - 5.5; H - 4.8 mm (C4251B; Fig. 138a). Type locality. — "Indian Ocean." Herein restricted to [from museum label] Durban, Natal, South Africa (29° 51' S; 31° 00' E). Distribution. — East London. South Africa; ex C. M. Con- nolly (C4251B). //o/onpc— MDNM, without Cat. No. C4229. Discussion. — Schilder (1932: 102) has given the Vayssiere species another name because of the obvi- ous misidentification. 89. Trivirostra vayssierei Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 139) 1923 "Trivia peltucidula. (Gaskoin, 1846)" of Vayssi- ere, Annal. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Marseille (1) 18: 87; [not pit. 11, fig. 173]. Description. — Shell small, evenly ovate. Terminals pro- duced, flaringly rounded posteriorly, squarely so in front. Dorsum inflatedly humped, tapering quickly adapically, less so to the front. Base convex, somewhat spindle-shaped. Aperture narrow, slightly curving, almost straight. Colu- mella fairly wide, concave, broadening and deepening to the front as a fossula. and having an inner adaxial longitudinal toothed ridge throughout. Outer lip convex, nearly as wide as base. Shell ribbing fine and ribs numerous overall; dor- sal ribs continuous, uninterrupted from one side margin to the other; with no median dorsal furrow; dorsal ribs con- tinuous over base and columella, and over the outer lip to its apertural edge, in each case terminating as sharp denticu- lations. Shell color off-white overall. Measurements, holotype. — L - 5.7; W - 3.9; H - 3.4 mm. Type locality. — "Umhlali, SE coast of Africa": ex M. Cou- turier, 1902. An accompanying label added: "Durban, SE Africa": (JuUien, in litt.) (29° 51' S; 31° 00' E). Holotype. — MHNM, without catalogue number, but now bearing this author's No. C4330. Discussion. — It seems apparent that Vayssiere worked with 2 different triviid specimens (Fig. 138 and 139) misidentifying both in identifying them as Trivia peltu- cidula (Gaskoin, 1846), and possibly failing to notice one was without a median dorsal groove, a primary characteristic of the Gaskoin species. He illustrated only 1 of the 2 shells, the 1 Schilder named Trivi- rostra natalensis in 1932. Dr. Robert Jullien, MHNM, sent both of the Vayssiere specimens to me for study; at that time it was discovered that the second shell was also mis- identified. Because both shells appear to be distinct from one another and from their congeners, this species may probably be best compared with Trivirostra corrugala hyalina Schilder, 1933. It differs morphologically from that species in being smaller; in not having a median dorsal groove; in having a narrower, more pyriform shell, with finer dorsal ribbing, and by having a more acutely recurved canal and beak adapically. Etymology. — The new name honors Professor A. Vayssiere, distinguished for his many contributions to malacology. 90. Trivirostra tiirneri Schilder, 1932 (Fig. 140: hypotype) 1861 Cypraea oryza (Lamarck) var. Dunker, Malak. Blatter 8: 38 (misidentification). 1896 "Cypraea turncri (Jouss. )" Shopland, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 227: (nom. nud. ). 1932 Trivirostra oryza turneri Schilder. in: Ouenstedt. Fossil. 1 Animalia. I 55: 101. Orii^inal description. — "Cypraea oryza Lam. var. . . . Testa alba, ovata, ventrosa, transversim costata, costae laeves earumque interstitia scabra; latera subcompressa; extremi- tates paullo productae; dorsum valde fornicatum; impressio dorsalis paene nulla; basis convexa; apertura angusta, denti- bus subaequalibus instructa." "Diese kleine aus dem Rothen Meere stammende Schnecke unterscheidet sich von der Normalform der C. oryza des Lamarck, welche eine grosse Verbreitung hat, durch geringere Grosse. mehr hervortretenden Vorder- und Hinterheil und daher minder kuglige Geslalt, sowie auch namentlich durch die kaum angedeutete Ruckenfurchc, Unter- schiede, die indessen bei der iabrigen Uebereinstimmung mit der oryza wohl um so weniger eine Trennung von derselben rechtfertigen, als ijberhaupl manche Cypriien in ihrer Form bedeutende Abweichungen zeigen" (Dunker, 1861: 38). Shell of medium size, ovate, convexly humped. Ter- minal rounded in back, somewhat squarely so anteriorly, with an acute reflection of the rear canal. Base narrowly ovate, convex, with a minute constriction adjacent to the fossular lip. Aperture almost straight, with a gentle broad- ening to the front. Columella wide, concave, becoming broader abapically to form the fossula; adaxial carina! edge of fossula is somewhat elevated, arched. Outer lip wide centrally, only slightly less than the base. Shell ribbing strong, distinct overall; with no longitudinal median dorsal 88 furrow; transverse rib striation continuous from adaxial edge of columella, across base, side margin, dorsum, lip-base to apertural edge of the outer lip. Shell color white overall (C3757). Shopland Reference: "Cypraea turncri . . . Jouss. [error] . . . Aden . . . Sk. Othman, coral MP." Measurements, Dunker. — None recorded. Measuresmcnis. Schilder (1933; 291).— L - 8.4 mm. Discussion. — Schilder (1932: 101) questioned the Sowerby II (1870: 46; figs. 474-475) identification of a shell listed as Cypraea oryza Lamarck, 1810, and proposed another name for it. The holotype of Trivi- rostra trilicum subinflata Schilder, 1933 (Fig. 142: holotype), is located at ZMB, in the Schilder collec- tionNo. 3561 (L- 7.5 mm). TypeLoc.: Mombasa, E Africa (Kilias, in lilt.). Measurements, hvpotype. — L - 7.8; W - 5.2; H - 4.6 mm Etymology. — The Latin noun, triticiim, means wheat. (C3757; Fig. 140). Type locality .—"'ReA Sea (Dunker)": (Shopland, 1896: 217). Schilder, 1941: 76: Hadramant, coastal region of S Arabia; Assab, SE Eritrea; Dahlak Islands, S Red Sea; Bay of Massaua, Eritrea; Algoa, Port Alfred, East London, SE Africa; Kuria Islands, Arabian Sea, off SW Oman; Muscat (Mascat), Oman, SE Arabia. Wo/ory p^'.— Unable to locate: possibly in the Cuming collec- tion; possibly lost. Discussion. — The specimen Dunker was describing, according to Schilder (1932: 101 x), was not the Lamarck species he had in mind, that is, he made an incorrect identification of the shell. Schilder (1933: 291 ), supplied the following notes: Trivirostra tiir- neri Schilder, 1932: "terminal produced, dorsal fur- row obsolete, shell inflated." 91. Trivirostra trilicum Schilder, 1932 (Fig. 141: Sowerby II. 1870: figs. 474^76, presumed type fig.) 1870 Cypraea oryza sandwichcnsis Sowerby II, The- saur. Conchy!., 4, Cypraea: 46; figs. 474-476 (Fig. 147: 141) (not valid: in synonymy only). 1932 Trivirostra oryza Iriticum Schilder, in: Cyp. Foss. Cat. 1 Animalia (pars 55) Berlin: 101. 1933 Trivirostra triticiim subinflata Schilder, Zool. Anz. 102: 290 (Fig. 142: holotype). Original description. — "Cypraea oryza. (Lam.) . . . C. testa alba, ovato-globosa, ad latera vix marginata; extremitatibus plus minusve productis, obtusis; dorso medio leviter sulcato; costellis tenuibus, numerosis, plerumque per sulcum con- tinuis, interstitiis granulatis; basi convexa. columella utrinque subvaricosa; labio medio dilatato" (Sowerby II, 1870: 46). Measurements, holotype. — Not recorded. Measurements, hvpotype /.— L - 7.5; W - 5.2; H - 4.6 mm (C690; Fig. 141a). Measurements, hvpotype 2. — L - 8.1; W - 6.4; H - 5.3 mm (C2467; Fig. 1416). Type locality. — SE Africa (Schilder, 1941: 76). £)w/ri6«fio;i.— Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii (C690); Eilath, Akaba Bay, S Israel, Red Sea; leg. Yehuda Kandel, Tel Aviv (C2'467), Schilder. 1941: Diego-Suarez, Madagascar [a town and harbor N end of Madagascar]; Nossi-Be [in NE Mozambique]; Majunga [town, Bombetoka Bay, NW coast of Madagascar]; Reunion; Mauritius; Rodriguez [Mascarene Islands, 926 km E of Madagascar]. Holotype. — Location unknown. 92. Trivirostra obscura (Gaskoin, 1849) (Unfigured) 1849 Cypraea obscura Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don; 94 [not illustrated]. Original description. — "Cypraea obscura . . . Cyp. testa ovata, albicante, maculis duabus dorsalibus nigricantibus inconspicuis; costellis rudibus, prominentibus, ad dorsum concoloribus, ad margines et ad basin albis; dentibus labii externi circa viginti, labii interni distantibus circa duodecim; sulco columellari lato. margine interno dentibus serrato; extremitatibus albis, crassis, productiusculis." "Shell ovate, of a dingy white colour, having two re- markable, small, blackish, undefined spots or markings on the dorsum, one a little less than a third the length of the shell from each extremity; ribs coarse and prominent, on the back of the same colour as the shell, but on the margins and base of a pure uhite: they traverse the shell from one side of the aperture to the other, having a slight curving at the center of the dorsum; on the outer side several terminate on the side of the shell, fewer terminate on the columellar side, where some float; base white, rather round; aperture straightish, curved at the posterior end, rather narrow: teeth even, formed by the costae, about twenty on the lip and about twelve on the columellar side, where they are distant and extend over a broad columellar groove to serrate its inner ridge; margin on the outer side thick and white, none on the columellar side: extremities white, thick, and some- what produced. No dorsal impression" (Gaskoin, 1849: 94). Measurements, holotype. — "Length, ■*sciira. (Gaskoin. 1849), Allan, Cowry Shells of World Seas: 150; pit, 14. fig. 73, Orifiinal description. — "Trivia Inpunctala . . . Shell of the same shape as T. oryza. only somewhat narrower; color light reddish, somewhat deeper towards the ends and around the base; on the inner (left) side of the dorsal furrow 2 reddish brown dots placed one behind the other. The dorsal furrow long (> V. the shell): the distance from the anterior (basal) end to the shell end is Vj--:i of the posterior upper corresponding distance and about Vs-Vt of the length of the furrow. Sculpture consisting of strong radiating ribs with the interstices on the under side and down the sides feebly rugated. dorsally smooth. The shape of the aperture as in T. oryza. The apical end of the shell somewhat produced. Spire not prominent nor visible" (Odhner. 1917: 53-54). Measurements, holotype. — "L - 7.5; br. - 4.9; h - 4.3 mm" L - 5.5 mm (Andersson, in lilt.). Radula, liololype. — (Fig. 143a: Odhner drawing). Type locality. — 42 miles [68 km] WSW of Cape Jaubert, NW Australia (the Pearl Banks), Mjoberg Exped. (1910-1913). Holotype. — NRS No, 1076 (Andersson, in litt.). Di.^ciission.- — Odhner; "The radula of T. bipunctata [Fig. 143a] differs from that of T. grando and T. oryza in being comparatively broader; its median tooth has an elongated central spine and 3 denticles on each side of it; and the first lateral has 4 outer and 1 inner denticle. For comparison the radulae of the two other species, and even the specimens figured on plate 2, are reproduced here; they are narrower, have a smaller cusp of the central tooth and 4 denticles on its sides; the first lateral has 1 inner and in T. grando 4, in T. oryza about 8 outer denticles." Trivirostra bipunctata (Odhner, 1917) is here being provisionally removed from the synonymy of T. obscura (Gaskoin, 1849) for 2 reasons: Gaskoin's original description says there is "no dorsal impres- sion"; and, secondly, Gaskoin's type specimen can- not be located at BM(NH) (Way, in litt.). Etymology. — From the Latin, bis, two, and punctu- lus, an adjective meaning two-spotted. 94. Trivirostra exmouthensis Cate, sp. nov. ( Fig. 144: holotype) Description. — Shell of medium size, elongately ovate. Ter- minals prominent, protruding. Dorsum elevated subcen- trally, tapering abruptly to the back, gradually to the front. Base convex, narrow, elongate; constricted and narrowed abapically. Aperture nearly straight, curving posteriorly, slightly constricted at the front. Columella broad, concave, broadening, deepening anteriorly as a fossula. Outer lip fairly broad, convex, narrowing at either end. Right side somewhat broadly shouldered above side-margin. Dorsum with a long, narrow, curving, longitudinal furrow from which numerous dorsal ribs radiate to either side-margin, continuing over left side, base, and columella, terminating as strong, blunt teeth (18) at inner adaxial columellar edge, continuing over right side-margin and convex ventral Hp surface to apertural edge, forming strong, protruding denti- cles (24). Shell color: pale beige overall, except that there are 3 pale brown spots on dorsum ( because of thin nacre overlay). Two spots are much larger than the third; the larger ones are evenly separated, counting from central dor- sum at the left edge of medial furrow; the third small spot is on the right side of medial furrow, half way from central spot to adapical terminal beak; there is a dark brown color stain at front and rear canal outlet, darker and to a broader extent at the front outlet. Measurements, holotype. — L - 8,8; W - 5,7; H - 4,8 mm, Tvpe locality. — Under coral slabs, near Geralia, Exmouth Gulf. West Australia (22° 00' S; 114° 15' E); leg. Leslie Figgis, Exmouth, W Australia. Holotype.— l.\CM No. 1797, Discussion.- — This new triviid species may be com- pared with Trivirostra bipunctata (Odhner, 1917), with which it may partially share a range. Trivirostra exmouthensis seems to differ from it in many sub- stantial ways: it has a larger, somewhat broader shell; the terminal beaks are differently formed, especially adapically; the overall shell color is light beige, rather than bright white; the dorsal punctation is 3 instead of 2, and the dark brown color staining at the terminal and canal ends is distinctive. Etymology. — The new name is based on that of the type locality. 95. Trivirostra pargrando Iredale, 1935 (Fig. 145: holotype, Odhner specimen) 1917 Trivia grando. (Gaskoin) of Odhner, Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akademiens, Band 52 (16): 53; pit. 2, figs. 50-51; text fig. 11; (probably a misidentifica- tion). IC. N CateI Plate 36 91 Fig 145: Trivia grando {Odt^ner) =Trivirostra pargrando: MHNG photo, |95|. holotype: L— 8.5 mm. Fig, 145a Trivia grando = Tnvirostra pargrando: MHNGDP. 1951, radula: x12/j. Fig, 147 Cypraea oryza: MHNG photo, |96|, holotype: L— 9,5 mm. Fig, 146 Tnvirostra pargrando DP, |95|, hypotype: L— 5.5 mm. Fig. 147a Tnvirostra oryza. DP. |96|. hypotype L— 10.0 mm. Fig. 148 Tnvirostra zzyzyxia: DP, |97|. holotype: L— 3.9 mm. Fig 148a: Tnvirostra zzyzyxia: DP, |97|. hypotype: L— 3.6 mm. 92 1935 Trivirosira pargruiulo Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 99. Description, liolotype. — "Trivia !;rancto Gaskoin . . . The specimen corresponds with the description and figures given by Roberts (Tryon. Manual of Conch., Vol. VII, p. 200, pi. 21, figs. 86, 87), in the respect that the ribs are extremely fine and the spire is prominent, i. e., visible and papilliform, projecting under the ribs. The shell is rose at both ends. The shape of the aperture seems to agree most nearly with the figures, as it is uniformly broad throughout and strongly flexuous (concave) only above at the spire, straight below (in contrast to T. aiistralis Lamarck, where it is flexuous below in the same degree as above). The interstices between the ribs are smooth above, on the under side feebly granu- lose. The dorsal furrow lies somewhat to the left and is curved to the left" (Odhner, 1917: 53). Measurements, holotype. — L - 8.5 [= Trivia arando Odhner, 1917: Andersson, in /(».], Measurements, hvpotvpe. — L - 5.5; W - 4.0: H - 3.5 mm (C3622; Fig. 146). Type locality.— 78 km WSW of Cape Jaubert, West Aus- tralia, 66 feet [20 metres] water, [N end of 80 Mile Beach, just S of Roebuck Bay]. Holotype. — NRS, no catalogue number (Andersson, in litl.). Radula.~{Fig. 145a). Discussion. — The listing of this species here is on a provisional basis, as its true identity has not been definitely established. Odhner had this to say of the only specimen collected by the Expedition: "As typi- cal specimens are not at my disposal and the determi- nation is thus somewhat uncertain, I give a photo- graph of the specimen for identification." Andersson (in litt.) adds the following: "In the box in which the animal is stored there is a label with the following text: "Trivirosira punctata Odhn. Jun et deform.,' and outside the box Odhner himself has written: "Trivi- rosira bipunctata Odhner (= grandol Odhner 1917).' It thus seems as if Odhner any time after 1917 has come to the conclusion that the specimen not repre- sents grando but bipunctata." Whatever the species, it can be seen from the photograph of the shell, injury to the animal's mantle or some other cause has pro- duced growth-damage during the development of the right outer lip margin. This deformity thus yields a distorted image to the peripheral outline of the base. The specimen illustrated herein (Fig. 145fl) is possibly a good example of an uninjured shell of this species. Etymology. — The Latin prefix, par, equal, is added to the Latin noun grando, hail. 96. Trivirostra oryza oryza (Lamarck, 1811) (Fig. 147: holotype) 1705 Porcellana pediculus Rumphius, Amboin. Rari- teitkamer: 18; pit. 39, fig. 5 (pre-Linnean name). 1811 Cvpraea oryza Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Paris) 16:' 104. 1817 Cypraea sulcata var. oryza syn. nivca Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells 1: 466 (name in synon- ymy only). 1843 Cypraea intermedia Kiener, Spec. Icon. Coq. Viv., Cypraea: 145; pit. 54, figs. 1-la; (name preoccupied). 1870 Trivia pedicidus. Roberts, Am. J. Conch. 5, App.: 207. 1909 Trivia orvza Lam. forma minor Schepman, Si- boga E.xped. 49 2 2: 137. 1928 Trivia oryza. Faustino, Phil, Mar. Moll.: 220. 1963 Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza. Shikama and Hori- koshi, Selected Shells World: 44. Description, holotype. — "Porcelaine grain de riz. Cypraea oryza . . . C. Ovato-globosa, nivea, immarginata, transversim striata; sulco dorsali; rimae labiis subaequalibus" (Lamarck, 1811: 104). Measurements, holotype. — L - 9.5 mm (Binder, in litt.). Measurements, paratype. — L - 9.7 mm (Benoit, in litt.). Measurements, hypolvpe 1 . — L - 10.0; W - 7.3; H - 6.3 mm (C3782: Fig. 147a).' Measurements. h\pot\pe 2. — L - 9.6; W - 7.1; H - 6.0 mm (C3612). Type locality. — "Habite I'Ocean asiatique; les cotes de Timor [South Malay Archipelago; NE of Darwin, NW Aus- tralia], celles du Senegal [West Africa]." Distribution. — Siasi Island, Sulu Sea (C3782); Borongon, Samar, Philippines (C3612). The species seems to have a widespread discontinuous range. Schilder, 1941: Nether- lands Indies; Soembawa (Soemba); Sunda Islands; S and SW New Guinea; Obi Islands, N central Moluccas; Minahassa Peninsula, NE Celebes Islands: Kangean, Bawean Islands, Java Sea: N Java, Malay Archipelago; Palk Strait, N Cey- lon, SE India: Nissan, Green Islands, Solomon Islands; E Australia. Holotype. —MH'HG No. 1104 51 3 (Binder, in liu.). Paratype. — MNHN, without cat, no., (Benoit, in litt). Discussion. — Lamarck: "Cette porcelaine est plus petite que la precedente, ovale-globuleuse, et n'est point marginee au bord droit, Elle est tres-blanche, sans aucune tache, Ses stries transverses ne sont jamais granuleuse, et traversent le sillon dorsal qui neanmoins est bien marque. Les deux bords de I'ou- verture sont a peu pres egaux," "This cowry is smaller than the preceding [C. pediculus Linne, 1758], ovate-globose, and is not margined on the right edge. It is very white, without any spots. Its transverse ribs are never granulose, and traverse the dorsal furrow which nevertheless is well marked. The two sides of the aperture are nearly equal" (translation by Jean Cate). There is 1 fossil subspecies: Trivirosira oryza pyrinula (Hatai and Nisiyama, 1948). Etymology. — oryza is the Latin word for rice. 93 97. Trivirostra zzyzyx'ia Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 148: hololype) Description. — Shell small, subtrigonal. thickly solid, humped, narrowing evenly to either end. Terminals broadly rounded, somewhat produced, subspatulate posteriorly. Base narrowly ovale, tapering evenly to front and back; aperture curved gently, more acutely adapically, becoming broader and straighter anteriorly. Columella wide, deeply concave, broadening to the front, forming a deep fossula. Outer lip convex, nearly as wide as the base and of the same general shape, except with a slightly upraised, flattened longitudinal carinal lip ridge on both bases. Transverse shell ribbing pre- dominating doisally on the back and terminal beaks; with a broad, shallow, longitudinal dorsal furrow dividing the dor- sum, barely interrupting the transverse ribbing; the dorsal ribbing continuing over the side margins, crossing both base and outer lip. with a weak longitudinal carinal lip ridge to the aperture. Base ribs crossing the columella boldly, ter- minating at its inner edge; the lip ribs terminating on its apertural edge as sharp, extended teeth (19). Shell color very pale beige with large stains of pale pink on either side of dorsal furrow, and smaller stains elsewhere on the dorsum. Measurements, holotype. — L - 3.9; W - 2.9; H - 2.5 mm (C3619). Measurements, hypolvpe. — L - 3.6; W - 2.8; H - 2.4 mm (C4123; Fig. 148a). ' Type localiiv. — Subtidal, Lighthouse Beach, Vlaming Head, North West' Cape, West Australia (C3619); (21° 47' S; 114° 10' E); leg. Leslie Figgis, Exmouth, W Australia. Distribution.— KmUlmoto. Kii. Japan (C4123); (34° 00' N; 134° 48' E); leg. Shingo Habu, 29 March 1973, shallow water. Holotype.— LACM No. 1800. Hypotype. — Author's collection No. C3619. Discussion. — This new species of the Triviidae is dis- tinctive, with apparendy no close congener. However, it may be compared with Trivirostra oryza (Lamarck, 1811), because of their similar peripheral ouUines. Trivirostra zzyzyxia Cate differs by having a much smaller shell; by having narrower, less pointed termi- nal processes; the ribs are less numerous, with wider interstices; the apertural canal outlets are more heav- ily formed, almost closed posteriorly, and the color staining seen in this new species is lacking in the Lamarckian species. Etymology. — The new name, zzyzy.xia, has a very special meaning for the author. An ancient soda spring, bearing the name Zzyzx, is located in the Cali- fornia desert near the state boundary line between Barstow, California and Tonopah, Nevada. I was a very young man (1916) when I visited the then wild area of the spring bearing this name. The new name recalls a long-remembered, youthful fascination. 98. Trivirostra scahriiisciila (Gray, 1827) (Fig. 149: lectotype herein) 1827 Cypraea scabriuscuta Gray, Zool. Journ. 3: 364. 1831 Cypraea rugosa Gray, Zool. Misc. 1: 36 (name preoccupied). 1849 Cypraea sulcata Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don 1848: 95 (name preoccupied) (Fig. 167). 1870 Trivia s^askoini Roberts. Am. J. Conch. 5, App.: 206; (nom. nov. pro C. sulcata). 1928 Trivia scabriuscula. Faustino, Phil. Mar. Moll. 220. Original description. — "Cypraea scabriuscula . . . Testa ovata, ventricosa, ulraque extremitate subrostrata, nivea; slriis longitudinalibus, confertis laevibus, interstitiis trans- versim minute rugosis; linea dorsali angusta, impressa; basi planulata, apertura lineari; dentibus aequalibus." "Shell ovate, globular, slightly beaked at each end, snow white, longitudinally striated; the longitudinal striae crowded, smoothish, equal, the spaces between the striae beautifully maiked with minute, transverse rugae; the dorsal groove concave, narrow, and impressed; base flatfish, scarcely mar- gined; mouth linear, longer than the body of the shell. Teeth of both lips similar, minute, close together" (Gray, 1827: 364). Measurements, holotype. — "Length "''ki, breadth %, of an inch" [= 12.7; 7.6 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 9.9 mm (Benoit. in litt.). Type locality. — "Inhabits Madagascar, [East] Coast of Africa." Distribution. — Ihaka, Mozambique (No. 796.376). Schil- der, 1941: Java to China; Timor, Malay Archipelago to the Philippines; Karimata Strait, SW Borneo; Penang Island, W Malay Benin.; Medang, NE Sumatra; Sebang. Sumatra; Pa- dang Island, Malacca Strait; Nias Island, W Sumatra; Men- tawi Islands, W cent, coast of Sumatra. Lectotype.— BU(t as broad as base. Shell ribs numerous overall, with a longitudinal medial dorsal furrow; dorsal ribs continuous across dorsal furrow becoming much finer in the furrow; one dorsal intercalary rib, as observed on the left dorsum, discontinuous, terminating pointedly at the furrow; ribs from dorsum otherwise continuous over side margins, base and outer lip, terminating at apertural edge as sharpened denti- cles; interstices are broad, deep. Shell color off-white over- all. Measurements, holotype.— L - 6.4; W - 4.9: H - 4.0 mm. Type localitv. — Panama Bay. Pacific Panama, Central America (08° 50' N; 79° 15' W). Holotype.— LACM No. 1823. Discussion. — This new species would appear to re- semble Decoriatrivia halians Cate (herein). There seem, however, to be enough morphological differ- ences to separate them, at least provisionally, into 97 distinct species. Decoriatrwin burins Cate has a much smaller shell form; the aperture is straighter, without having the acute reflexing of the canal adapi- cally; the dorsal ribs are mostly fewer in number, and there is present a longitudinal medial dorsal fur- row, not observed in the former species. The dorsal furrow separates it from both Decoriatrivia l>aucili- rata and P. (P.) panaiuensis (Dall, 1902). Etymology. — The new name is the Latin noun, burins, meaning an unknown animal. 105. Decoriatrivia aciitidentata (Gaskoin, 1836) ( Unfigured) 1836 Cypraea aciitidentata Gaskoin. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 201. Description, hololype. — "Cypraea aciitidentata . . . Cypr. testa Candida, ovato-globulosa. utrinqiie subproducta; labro incrassato; costis acutis prominentibus. dorsum versus partim interruptis, opacis interstitiis inaequalibus nitidulis; colu- mella convexiuscula, absque plica." "Shell ovato-globular, white; extremities slightly pro- duced. Aperture narrow, somewhat ventricose at the middle of the columella, and a little concave [fossula] at the an- terior end. Teeth numerous, about seventeen, thin, sharp, and prominent, continued to form the ribs, several of which terminate (especially at the outer part of the shell) before arriving at the summit of the back, and the teeth are conse- quently more numerous on the lip than on the columella; a deep depression at each end of the columellar side of the aperture caused by the abrupt termination of the columella, it not extending to the extreme ends of the aperture. Ribs rather thick, not crowded, prominent, the interstices beween them somewhat shining; observed by a magnifier the ribs appear uneven; false ribs at both extremities, a few only forming teeth. No complete dorsal line, but a faint depres- sion. No depression or groove [fossula] in front of the colu- mella. Columellar side more gibbous than the outer, and the ribs continue entirely around it, converging toward the center" (Gaskoin, 1836; 201-202). Measurements, holotvpe. — "Length .300 of an inch: breadth .200; height .175"; [= L - 7.5; W - 5.0; H - 4.4 mm]. Type locality. — "Isle of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil [SW Ecuador]." Holotype. — UMZC. in [Miss Jane] Saul collection; frag- mented (Joysey, in litl.). Discussion. — Gaskoin: "Nearest in shape to Cypr. e.xigtia, and in the manner of the ribs terminating on the back; but it is of a dull white colour, destitute of markings, and has no groove or depression in front of the columella, which distinguishes it from all other species of this form of Cypraea." "I had the misfortune to break the only specimen that I have seen of this shell shortly after I described it, but having submitted the description to the critical examination, with the shell, of Dr. Beck [Henrik Beck (1799-1863)] and Mr. Sowerby [II] at the same time, I conclude this description may be received, although I have no specimen to show to the Society." Fulton thought a shell specimen he was working with ( Fig. 83 herein), was an example of the broken- shell Gaskoin species. For details of the Fulton shell, see species 131 herein, which now bears the new name, Pusiila (Dolichnpis) jultoni Cate. Schilder and Tomlin ( 1931 ; 274) also present a specimen they thought adequately represented Cy- praea aciitidentata Gaskoin, 1836. Their specimen (Fig. 87c/), appears to be, in fact, a specimen of Cypraea paucilirata Sowerby II, 1870. Under the present circumstances, this Gaskoin species, like that of another of his species, Trivirostra ohscnra (Gas- koin, 1849) must exist as a species iitquirendae . In a complicated family such as the Triviidae, a desig- nation without an adequate illustration is almost im- possible to interpret. Etymology. — Latin adjective, aciitiis. sharp, and den- tatiis, toothed. 106. Decoriatrivia pulloidea (Dall and Ochsner, 1928) (Fig. 92: holotype) 1928 Trivia pulloidea Dall and Ochsner, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco 17: 113; pit. 6, figs. 16-17. 1971 Pusiila (Puxula) aciitidentata pulloidea. Schil- der and Schilder. Cat. Liv. Foss. Cowries, Mem. Institut. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium (series 2), Fasc. 85: 21. Measurements, holotype. — L - 8.1 mm. Type locality. — Galapagos Islands. Holotype.— CAS No. 2935. Discussion. — This is a fossil species and is entered here among the Holocene species of Triviidae only be- cause the photographs of the holotype were at hand; the illustration will serve as a convenient reference for students working with the fossil triviid species. 107. Decoriatrivia citeria Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 93: holotype) Description. — Shell very small, ovale, broad, humped. Ter- minals only barely protruding; wide, squared in front, flaring to the left posteriorly. Base convex, spindle-shaped, subovate. Aperture broad, almost straight, acutely curving toward left in back. Columella very broad, deeply concave, becoming deeper in front as a fossula. Outer lip roundly convex. Ribs: dorsum (19), base (12), outer lip (17); ribbing coarse, interstices shiny, wide, in a continuous transverse pattern from one lip of aperture to the other, with bold, heavy rib- bing crossing columella, ending on inner adaxial ridge as blunt teeth; terminating on adapertural edge of outer lip as fairly bold and sharp denticles. There is no medial dorsal furrow. Shell color white overall. 98 Measurements, holotype.—L - 2.9; W - 2.3; H - 1.9 mm. T\pc localiiy. — 55 metres of water, on coarse sand; off James Bay, James Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (00° 10' S; 90° 52' W); 24 January 1924. Hololype.—hACM No. 1802. Discussion. — One could easily be misled into mis- identifying this new species as Decoriatrwia hali- ans Gate, herein (Fig. 89). In looking at the illus- trations, the morphological resemblance between them is striking. However, inspection of the shells reveals a much different story. Decoriatrivia citeria differs from the Gaskoin species distinctively by having a much smaller shell only Vs the size; by having a very broad, deep columella-fossula cavity, rather than be- ing narrow, flattened, hardly or not impressed; and the adapical terminal beak is differently formed, flar- ing to the left. It is true, both species appear to share the same overall living range, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, al- though seemingly not the same local habitat. Etymology. — The similarity of this new species to that of Decoriatrivia halians Cate, has suggested the new name citeria from a Latin noun meaning like- ness, effigy (image). 108. Decoriatrivia ritteri (Raymond, 1903) (Fig. 94: lectotype herein) 1903 Trivia ritleri Raymond, Nautilus 17: 85. Original description. — ■■Trivia ritteri . . . Shell small, white, form ovate, inflated, anterior extremity slightly produced, spire completely covered, but rather prominent, base convex, outer lip margined, strongly sculptuied with about twenty smooth, sharp ribs, much narrower than the interspaces which are nearly flat and scarcely roughened by irregular rugae parallel to the axis of the shell, no sulcus, the ribs continuing unchanged in width across the back, except that occasionally a few ribs near the spire are interrupted at the median line; a few short intercalary ribs are usually present on the sides of the shell; aperture rather wide, armed with 17 to 18 denticulations on the outer lip, and 14 to 16 on the inner" (Raymond, 1903: 85-86). Measurements, lectotype. — L - 1 1.2; W - 8.1 ; H - 6.2 mm (CAS 12186). Measurements, hypotype. — L - 10.4; W - 7.9; H - 6.8 mm (C2452; Fig. 94a). Type locality. — Catalina Island [California] "In 60 fathoms [= 109 metres]; Sta. 21 (haul 3). green mud, [water] 51 F., Univ. of California launch 'Elsie,' " [leg.] Cooper. Distribution. — "Monterey [California] (Dall); Catalina Island, near Avalon, 40 fathoms [73 metres] = Sta. 21. U.C.M.B.L. [University of California Marine Biological Laboratory at San Pedro, California]; off San Pedro, about 50 fathoms [91 metres], Sta. 83. U.C.M.B.L." Lectotype. — CAS No. 12186 (1 of 10 syntypes). Discussion. — Raymond: "In character of the ribs it somewhat resembles T. buttoni IVIelviU [1909 = Decoriatrivia paiicilirata (Sowerby II, 1870)], but differs in color, being white instead of straw-colored, in having twenty instead of fourteen ribs, and in the size, the latter species being 5.5 mm. in length. T. ritteri differs from T. europaea [IVIontagu, 1808] in the ribs, which in the former species are less numer- ous, sharp, and much narrower than the interspaces, while in the latter they are more rounded and wider. The shell of the latter is also more inflated. From T. panamensis Dall [1902], the present species differs in much greater size and more numerous ribs. It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to Professor William E. Ritter, in charge of the Univer- sity of California Marine Biological Laboratory at San Pedro, 1901." 109. Decoriatrivia wayiana Cate, sp. nov. (Fig. 95: Sowerby II, 1870; fig. 520 = type illustr.) 1832 {Trivia rufescens Gray, Descr. Cat. Shells: 13] (never published). 1832 Cvpraea rufescens Sowerby II, Conch. Illustr. 12 (113); fig. 31; non Gmelin, 1791 (name preoccupied). 1870 Cvpraea rubescens Sowerby II, Thes. Conch., Cypraca: 50; f. 520, (not of Gray, 1833). Original description. — "Shell nearly globular, pale reddish, thin, pellucid, ribs thin, rather close; under side white, outer lip rather narrow; no dorsal line." Gray's [18321 description. — "Shell ovate, sub-globular, pale red-brown, thin, pellucid; ribs thin, continued, rather close; outer lip narrow. Young, transparent rose-colour." Measurements, holotype. — "length 0.4, breadth 0.3 inches" [= L - 10.2; W - 7.7 mm]. Type locality. — Not recorded by Sowerby II; Gray gave Pacific Ocean. Information is scarce for this species, al- though Sowerby II must have had a specimen from which he took his drawing (Sowerby 11, 1870; Cypraca fig. 520); it may eventually be found among the Cuming (collection) shells. Type. — Location presently unknown. Discussion. — The author has separated this species from that of Cypraea rubescens Sowerby II, 1870, with which that author has seemingly arbitrarily com- bined it. It is interesting to observe that Sowerby II has listed this name, completely ignoring his earlier name, Cypraea rufescens Sowerby II, 1832, of his own designation, and that of an even earlier Trivia rufescens Gray, 1832. No explanation was given for this oversight. Sowerby II, 1870, combined his fig- ures 506 and 507 with a figure 520, as being the com- bined illustrations of his Cypraea rubescens. One needs but to compare the shells of figures 506-507 99 and 520 to see how different morphologically they are. This author is provisionally separating the 2 ap- parently different species, applying the new name to the shell which most closely seems to agree with the Ciray [1832] and Sowerby II (1832) original de- scriptions for Pusulci (Pusula) rufescem. Detoria- trivia wayiana differs from P. (P.) rubescens Sow- erby II, 1870 by having a more rounded, subglobular rather than ovate shell; the formation of the front and rear terminal beaks are different; and there is a com- plete absence of a medial dorsal furrow, while in P. (P.) rubescens (Sowerby II) a dorsal line is mostly obscure; one may, however, under magnification see a very faint medial line. Also the base of the shell is white rather than the dark brown of Pusula (P.) rubescens. Etymology. — This new name honors Kathie Way (BM[NH]), who has contributed so much to this work on the Triviidae. Genus Pusula, subgenus (Pusula): Pusula Jousseaume, 1884 Naturaliste 1884: 415 (name not established in a valid way) P»TO/a Jousseaume, 1884 Bull. Soc. Zool. de France 9:19 Type species: Cypraea radians Lamarck, 1811, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 16: 102. Syn. : Pustula Roberts, 1885 in: Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 161. : Vusula Cossmann, 1896. Feuille Nat- ural. (3) 26: 49. "Genre Pusula . . . Coquille semi-ovale, deprimee en dessous, convexe en dessus, arrondie aux extremi- tes et a bord saillant; face dorsale divisee par un sillon longitudinal profond; cotes circulaires assez fortes, devenant granuleuses ou tuberculeuses pres du sillon dorsal; ouverture subcentrale un peu courbe, evasee; bord columellaire a sillon longitudinal a peine marque" (Jousseaume, 1884: 19). "Genus Pusula . . . shell semi-ovate, depressed underneath, convex on top, rounded at extremities and projecting at the margin; dorsal surface divided by a long, deep furrow; rather strong rounded ribs, becoming granulose or tuberculose near the dorsal furrow; subcentral aperture a little curved, flaring; columellar lip hardly distinguished by a longitudinal furrow" (translation by Jean Gate). 110. Pusula [Pusula) panamensis (Dall, 1902) (Fig. 85: holotype) 1902 Trivia panamensis Dall, Nautilus 16: 43. 1908 Trivia panamensis. Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 43: 324; figs. 7, 9, 12. Orii;inal description. — "Trivia panamensis . . . Shell small, strongly sculptured, sub-ovate, inflated, with its posterior extremity slightly produced; sculptured with about 15 rather sharp-edged strong ribs, of which about 4 are inter- calary and the others continuous over the shell; in the mid- dle line of the back they dip slightly but are not interrupted or attenuated; aperture narrow, strongly and nearly equally toothed on each lip; the spire wholly concealed; the inter- spaces are smooth and somewhat wider than the ribs" (Dall 1902: 43-44). Measurements, holoiype. — L - 4.2; W - 3.0; H - 2.5 mm. Type localiiy.— Dredged in 18 fathoms [33 metres], Panama Bay, U.S. Str, Albatross. //o/onpc— SDNHM No. 10905 (Keen: USNM No. 109205, //;/(' Rosewateret a!.. 1968. p. 239). Di.Tcussion.~The differences seen in the Dall shell morphology seem substantial enough to separate it from Pusula (Pusula) paucilirata (Sowerby II, 1870), with which it is compared herewith: P. (P.) pana- mensis has a much smaller shell form, and the shell is shorter and broader in peripheral outline; it has a wider, more curving aperture; the terminals, front and back, are wider in scope, flatter, and much less produced; and both canal openings, especially in front, are wider and more open. The dorsal ribbing (6) is comparatively coarser and to some extent dis- continuous on the central dorsum, where the rib ends dead-end, become lobular and overlap; and it lacks a longitudinal dorsal furrow. 111. Pusula (Pusula) rubescens (Gray, 1833) (Figs. 96, 96o: lectotype herein) 1833 Cypraea ruhe.vens Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2 (1832): 185. 1870 Cypraea rulyescens. Sowerby II. Thes. Conch., Cypraea 50, figs. 506-507 [not fig. S2oi (Fig. 966). 1971 Trivia (Cleotrivia) rubescens. (Gray, 1833), Keen. Sea Shells Trop. W America- 485- fie 899. Original description. — "Cypraea rubescens . . . Cyp. testa ovato-subglobosa. pallide rufescenti-brunnea. tenui. pellu- cida, immaculata; porcis transversis angustis, acutis. subap- proximatis. per lineam dorsalem continuis; ore lineari. sub- curva. labio exlerno angusto, subinflexo; columellae diniidio antico concavo, margine intern;"i acuta denticulata" (Grav 1833: 185). "' Mea.siirements. hololvpe. — "long 4 lat 2'-. lin W - 5.3 mm]. I- - 8.5; Measurements, lecloiype.—L - 8.6 mm (Way, in lilt.). Type locality. — Galapagos Islands, under stones. Di.strihution.—Schnder. 1941: Payta, Ecuador [sic; Peru]; Sechura Bay, NW Peru; Buenaventura, W Colombia; Esme- raldas. NW Ecuador. 100 Lectotype.—BM(NH) Register No. 1975637 ( 1 of 6 syn- types). Discussion. — If viewed from the dorsal aspect, this species seems to resemble Pusitla (Piisiila) fusca (Sowerby II, 1832); however, the differences be- come apparent on inspection of the basal character- istics of the 2 shells. In this species the aperture is more evenly broad throughout, with a widening of the outer lip centrally; the terminal canal is straighter, more open adapically. In Pusiila (P.) fusca (Sow- erby II, 1832), the aperture is narrower in back, with an even broadening of the outer lip and less constric- tion of the base in front; the base color of P. (P.) rubescens Sowerby II is a dark deep brown color, while that oi P. (P) fusca is light beige, and the shell is slightly larger in overall dimensions. Etymology.- red. -Latin adjective from ruber, meaning 112. Pusula (Pusula) fusca (Sowerby II, 1832) (Figs. 97, 97a: lectotype herein) 1832 [Cypraea fusca Gray, Descr. Cat. Shells] (in- valid: not published). 1832 Cypraea fusca Sowerby II, Conch. lUustr., Cypraeidae: 13 (120): fig. 37. 1971 Trivia (Pusula) fusca (Sowerby, 1832, ex Gray, MS). Keen, Sea Shells Trop. W Amer- ica: 487; fig. 906 (syntype.) Original ctescription. — "Cypraea fusca . . . Shell ovato-glo- bose, dark brown, with a pale dorsal streak, extremities slightly produced: ribs small, rather close, some of them not continued to the edge of the lips beneath" (Sowerby II, 1832: 13). Sowerby II, 1870: 48 (Cypraea): "Cypraea fusca . . . C. testa C. sanguineae [Sowerby II, 1832: 12 Cypraeidae] affini, parva, angusta, ominino fumeo-fusca [darkly smoke colored]: costellis tenuioribus: dorso magis rotundo-elevato, linea, centrah albida: latere dextro conspicue marginato: extremitatibus productis, acutis: columella utrinque varicosa, labio angustato [figs. 487-488]." Gray, 1832 MS: "Brown Pig. . . , Tri. fusca Gray, Illust. f. 37 [undoubtedly referring to the Sowerby II, 1832: fig. 37] . . . Shell subglobular. dark brown, with a pale dor- sal streak, the extremities slightly produced: ribs few, short, continued. . . . Pacific Ocean, Mr. Cuming's collection." Measurements, hololvpe. — "length 0.33, breadth 0.25" [of an inch = L - 8.4: W - 6.3 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L - 9.3 mm ( 1 of 4 syntypes: Way, in litt. ) . Type locality. — "Galapagos [Islands] and Bay of Guayaquil [central coastline of Ecuador]." Lecwrype.— BM(NH) Register No. 1874:12:11:60 (1 of 4 syntypes; Way, in litt.). Discussion. — See the Discussion under the species Pusula (Pusula) rubescens (Gray, 1833), for an explanation of the differences between that species and P. (P.) fusca (Sowerby II, 1832). Etymology. — From the Latin adjective, fuscus. mean- ing dark, dusky, swarthy. 113. Pusula {Pusula) galapagensis (Melvill, 1900) (Fig. 98: paratype ISolem. in litt.]) 1900 Cypraea (Trivia) galapagensis Melvill, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 (7): 208; fig. 1963 Trivia (Pusula) rufescens (Gray, 1832) So- lem, Veliger 6 (1): 21: figs. 4-6 (name pre- occupied ). 1971 Pusula (Pusula) fusca galapagensis. (Sow- erby II, 1832) Schilder, Cat. Liv. Foss. Cow- ries. Institut. Roy. Sci. Nat., (ser. 2) 85: 22. Original description. — "C. (Trivia) testa ovato-rotunda. parva, nigrescenti-purpurea, lateribus paullum dilatatis, extremitati- bus vix productis, obtusis, costis numerosis, crassis, laevibus, pallide cinereis, dorsaliter apud medium superficie callosa oninino obtecta, versus extremitatem utramque callositatis, veiut ocello, albo-maculata, nitidissima, basi convexiuscula; apertura areuato-recta; columella baud varicosa" (Melvill, 1900: 208). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 8, lat. 5.75 mm. (spec, maj.): Long. 7, lat. 5 mm. (spec, min.)." Type locality. — Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. "Hab. Insula 'Albemarle', e grege [belonging to] Galapagensi," Lectotype.— FMTH/rt jo<« differs from that species by having a more circular, less pyriform, more globose shell; the aperture is wider and straighter centrally; the side-margin shouldering is more highly elevated, more acutely angled at the suture; transverse ribs are more numerous dorsally, 10 against 8 on the Campbell species; the columella is wider, deeper, and the abapical fossula is more expansive. Etymology. — The new name is the Greek noun, iota, meaning jot or very small dot. Discotrivia Cate, gen. nov. Type species: Trivia dartevellei Knudsen, 1955 Rev. Zool. Bot. Afric. 51: 102; figs. 8-9. Shells of this new genus all possess a common mor- phological characteristic, having shells that are peripherally circular, disk-like; the ventral outer lip surface is usually broad, convex; and there may or may not be a longitudinal dorsal sulcus. 135. Discotrivia circumdata (Schilder, 1931) (Fig. 152: holotype) 1931 Trivia (Pusula) sanpuinca circumdata Schil- der, Arch. MoUusk.. 63: 43; pit. 3, figs. 4^a. Original description. — "Trivia {Pusula) sanguinea circum- data . . . Schale ziemlich dick, fast Kreisformig, [terminal] stumpf, beide [side] verdickt gerandet, [base] ziemlich flach, Rippen scharf, ziemlich distant, an der obsoleten [dorsal sulcus] nicht unterbrochen, Zwischenraume gekornt; [aper- ture] eng.. fast zentral. [fossula] breit, [columella groove] viel schmaler, [dorsum] dunkelviolett, Rippen heller, [terminal ridge] weisslich. ebenso die [median] Rander und die [dorsal] Linie (besonders an ihren Enden), roter Millelfleck obsolet" (Schilder, 1931: 43). "Shell fairly thin, almost circular in shape, terminals blunt, both sides with thickened margins, base fairly flat, ribs sharp, fairly distant, not interrupted at the obsolete dor- sal sulcus, interspaces with horns (corniculate); aperture narrow, almost central, fossula broad, columellar groove much narrower, dorsum dark violet, ribs lighter colored, terminal ridge whitish, as are the median margins and the dorsal line (especially at its ends), red central blotch obsolete [as observed in many shells of sanf;uinea because of fading]." (translation by George Hanselman). Measurements, holotype. — According to Schilder formula: 15.015.84/61 - 18:18 - 47:25 [= L - 15.1 mm: Kilias, in lilt.]. Type locality. — Unknown. Holotype. — ZMB, Schilder collection, No. 124 (Kilias, in litl.). |C. N. Gate I Plate 38 111 Fig. 157 Cypraea armandiana: DP, |47|. (Kiener fig): ■ 4. Fig. 158 Cypraea australis MNHN photo. |50|. holotype: L— 14 0 mm. 112 Discussion. — Schilder commented: "Nachstverwandt mit sanguinea (Sow.), aber schwerer, breiter, auch links gerandet, mit weniger [side ribs] und etwas schmalerer [fossula] (also etwas an radians (Lam.) eiinnernd); [dorsai]-Farbe viel dunkler (vgl. [com- pare] galapagensis Melv.), [dorsal]-Fleck obsolet (vgl. Abb. [fig.] 4-5)." "Most closely related with [or to] sanguinea (Sow.), but heavier, broader, also margined at left, with fewer side ribs and somewhat narrower fossula (thus somewhat reminiscent of radians (Lam.); [dor- sal] color much darker (compare it to galapagensis Melv.), [dorsal] spot obsolete (compare it with fig. 4-5)" [in Schilder's original reference]. 136. Discotrivia dartevellei (Knudsen, 1955) (Fig. 155: holotype) 1955 Trivia darteveltci Knudsen, Afric. 51: 102; figs. 8-9. Rev. Zool. Bot. Original description. — "Trivia dartevellei . . . Seen from the dorsal side the shell is rather broad, almost circular, the dor- sal surface is nearly semi-globular and the ventral surface is somewhat convex. The dorsal side has a distinct, rather broad, longitudinal depression. The whole surface of the shell is furnished with low but sharp transverse ridges, sepa- rated by broad interstices. The ridges tend to become some- what nodulose near the dorsal impression, and gradually become more distinct at the ventral surface, forming sharp denticles at the aperture. The columellar side has 10 ridges and II denticles at the aperture. The labial side has 14 ridges but 16 denticles. Aperture rather straight and narrow, anterior part slightly broadened. Colouration: Uniformly greyish-brown" (Knudsen, 1955: 102). Measurements, holotype. — "Length: 13.6 mm. Breadth: 12.3 mm. Height: 8.7 mm." Measurements, paratype. — L - 14.5; W - 12.5; H - 8.9 mm. Type locality. — Landana. Cabinda, West Africa [Portuguese colony, N of the Congo River]. Paratype: Moando, Congo (Benoit, in lilt.). Distribution. — Off Cabinda, W Africa. Holotype.— MRAC, No. 521253. Paratype: No. 277531 41; (Fig. 155a). Discussion. — Knudsen: "The shell is slightly worn, but still in good condition. The present species is closely related to Trivia pediculiis L., a species having wide distribution in the West Indian Sea. Both species have a longitudinal dorsal impression. The shell of the present species is much broader than the shell of T. pediculus L. and distinct differences in the shape and the number of the transversal ridges of the two species are also found: T. pedicidus L. having 28 to 31 on the columellar side, while there are 27 to 33 on the labial side. The present shell shows no trace of the 6 darker brown spots found in T. pediculus L. "The only species of Trivia hitherto found in this area is T. candidula Gaskoin, a species entirely dif- ferent from the present one, having no dorsal im- pression and a much larger number of transversal ridges." Etymology. — This species was named in honor of Dr. E. Dartevelle, Curator of MoUusca, Musee Royal du Congo Beige, Tervuren, Belgium. 137. Discotrivia splendidissima (Tomlin and Schil- der, 1934) (Fig. 160: type fig.) 1934 Triviella splendidissima Tomlin and Schilder, Ann. S. African Mus. 30: 477; figs. 1-3. Original description. — "Triviella splendidissima . . . Shell white, subpellucid, iridescent, the spire and extremities being slightly tinged with yellow; shape very globular, outer lip very tumid, margined, left border regularly convex; spire entirely hidden, hardly visible through the subpellucid enamel; there is no dorsal sulcus though some ribs alternate on the dorsum; interstices quite smooth without trace of granulation dorsally; aperture narrow, straight, rather cen- tral; anterior outlet rather narrow, semicircular, posterior obsolete, hardly marked; ribs rather distant dorsally, inter- stices nearly as large, labial teeth very distant; columellar ribs close, slightly flattened, interstices half as broad; inter- stices of the ribs on the outer lip longitudinally corrugate; anterior termination of the inner lip hardly projecting at all; columellar sulcus absent posteriorly, but the columellar ribs pass over the columella for some distance; edge between base and columella distinctly marked; fossula rather broad but very steep and very slightly concave, inner border slightly projecting with two feeble denticles" (Tomlin and Schilder, 1934: 477^78), Measurements, holotype. — "Length 7.8 mm., breadth 7.3 mm., altitude 6.2 mm." Type locality. — "One living example dredged off Cape Mor- gan in 77 fathoms" [141 metres] [Cape Morgan: SE Africa]. Distribution. — Schilder, 1941: Pondoland; Natal; Richards Bay. Holotype. — SAMC No. A3534. (A note in the type collec- tion tray, SAMC, [Brian Kensley, in litt.], states: "a pen- cilled note in K.H. Barnard's hand: 'Not returned to the S.A.M.!' I can thus only assume that wherever Tomlin and Schilder worked, the type is still there.") In further search, neither Chatfield (NMW) nor Kilias (ZMB) were able to locate the holotype of D. splendidissima. Discussion. — The authors of Discotrivia splendidis- sima made the following comments: "This species is in some ways intermediate between Trivia and Trivi- ella; the latter genus was founded by Jousseaume in 1884 with the well-known South African Cypraea oniscus Lamarck as type. We assign our new species to Triviella on account of the coarse labial teeth and the characters of the fossula, the posterior outlet, and the columella. The narrowness of the aperture (caused by the thickening of the lip) and its angular left border are more as in Trivia, though the latter character is noticeable also in costata Gmelin, which is certainly IC. N CateI Plate 39 113 Fig. 159 Trivia bitou W/w, ■' i uii candidula. MNHN photo 1531 holotype L— 8 0 mm. Fig 161 Cypraea depauperata. BM(NH) photo, |138|, lectotype: L— 14.4 mm. Fig. 161a Cypraea depauperata. BM(NH):DP. |138|, lectotype: L— 14.4 mm. Fig. 160 Triviella splendidissima: DP. 1137], type fig.: .-.7. Fig 162 Cypraea pediculus var. labiosa: BM(NH) photo. 11391. holotype: L— 13.7 mm. Fig. 162a Cypraea pediculus var, labiosa: BM(NH):DP, |139|. holotype: L— 13.7 mm. Fig. 163 Cypraea rota: DP. 11401 type fig.: <2Vi. Figure 164 is vacant. 114 Triviella. Our new species has no connection with Trivia siiavis Schilder (= formosa Gaskoin, non Gray), another South African species. "The thickened outer hp and very slight indica- tions of callosities above both extremities are quite similar superficially to Trivia hamburgensis Schilder, 1929 [from the N German Miocene: Schilder, 1932: 107] . . . and are caused by similarity of habitat. "Lt.-Col. Peile succeeded in extracting the dried animal and in mounting the radula, and from a draw- ing which he has very kindly provided we are able to illustrate the central, lateral, and marginal teeth [Tom- lin and Schilder, 1934: fig. 3]. The radula consists of 33 rows + nascent with usual taenioglossate formula 2.1.1.1.2. Fragments of the jaws resemble in struc- ture those of Trivia coccinella (Lamarck) as figured by Troschel in Das Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. i, pi. xviii, fig. 3." (Schilder, 1929: 13). Etymology. — splendidissima, taken from superlative of the Latin adjective, splendidus, meaning very bright, shining. 138. Discotrivia depaiiperata (Sowerby II, 1832) (Figs. 161, 161(j: lectotype herein) 1832 Cypraea depauperala Sowerby II, Conch. Illustr., Cypraeidae: 14 (130); fig. 49. Orifi'mal description. — "Cypraea depaiiperata . . . Shell nearly orbicular, rather depressed; pale fawn-coloured, dorsal line narrow, distinct; transverse ribs few, distinct, sometimes in- terrupted; margins thickened; underside somewhat rounded; ribs and teeth of the outer lip more numerous and closer than those of the inner" (Sowerby II, 1832: 14). Measuremenls, holotype. — "Length 0.5. breadth 0.4 of an inch" 1= L - 12.6; W - 10.1 mm]. Measurements, lectotype. — L- 14.4 mm (Way, in lill.). Type locality. — "Unknown" [Shell characters, however, would seem to indicate belonging to the Panamic Province]. Lectotype herein. — BM(NH) Register No. 1975634 (1 of 3 syntypes. Way, in litt.). Discussion. — Subsequently, Sowerby II, 1870: 42, redescribed his species: "Cypraea depauperata . . . C. testa C. radianti affini, depresso-globosa, pallida, im- maculata; costellis dorsalibus perpaucis, in sulcum medianum angustatum alternatim desinentibus, qua- rum plurimis prope sulcum tumidiusculis. . . . depau- perata is quite distinct. It has a narrow groove [dor- sally], in which the very few ribs, slightly swelled, but not tuberculated, meet alternately." Etymology. — The name from the Latin adjective, pauperatus, deprived, is added to the intensive prefix, de, down. 139. Discotrivia labiosa (Gaskoin, 1836) (Figs. 162, 162a; holotype) 1836 Cypraea pediculus var. labiosa Gaskoin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 202. Original de.tcription. — "Cypraea pediculus var. labiosa . . . Cypr. testa ovali, lata, e.xtremitatibus rotundatis; costis promi- nentioribus, nullis supra labium externum terminantibus; marginibus, latioribus crassioribus; linea dorsali profundiore, fusca; basi marginibusque cinerascenti-griseis; dentibus albis." "Shell oval, of a reddish brown on the back, running into bluish brown on the sides; six rather large brown spots on the back, three on each side of the dorsal line, placed opposite to each other at the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the back; base of a greyish brown colour, rounded and broad. Aperture rather wide, white within; teeth about twenty on the lip, white, prominent, even and distant, and all continuing evenly over the lip forming the ribs, several of which terminate on the side of the shell, the others (about twelve) at the dorsal line, in elevated and broad or thickened ends; on the columella there are about fifteen teeth, a few of which, continuing to form the ribs, terminate on the side of the shell, the rest at the dorsal depression, in a similar form to those on the opposite side; there are about two floating ribs, false ribs at each end. Columellar groove very shallow posteriorly, rather deeper and wider anteriorly [fossula]; the teeth passing, slightly prominent, across it form a serrated edge at its inner border. Margins much thickened and pro- duced, terminating in a coronated ridge all around the shell, scarcely more prominent at the extremities than on the outer or lip side. Extremities round. Dorsal line rather broad, deep, shining, and of darker brown colour than the back" (Gaskoin, 1836: 202). Measurements, holotype. — "Length .525 of an inch; breadth .410; height .320" [^ 13.0; 10.5; 8.5 mm] (L - 13.7 mm; Way, in litt.). Type locality. — Not recorded. [Thought possibly to belong to the Panamic molluscan fauna.] Holotype.— BMiNH) Register No. 1879.2.26.165. Discussion. — Gaskoin and other authors seem to have compared this species, and the earlier Cypraea depau- perata Sowerby II, 1832, with Cypraea pediculus Lin- naeus, 1758. However, to this author it seems most closely to relate to the former species. Neither of the shells have been personally examined by the author, but, on the basis of their photographs, they are being listed here as separate species. Pusula (Pusida) labiosa (Gaskoin, 1836) seems rather obviously to differ in several visible ways: this species does not have an alternating of the dorsal ribs at the median line; it has large color blotches on the dorsum; the shell appears to be less circular in peripheral outline; the dorsal ribs are more numerous, rather more finely striate, with a deeper, more distinct dorsal groove, and the general appearance of the shell ribbing is different. Etymology. — From the Latin adjective, labiosus, large-lipped. |C- N. CateI Plate 40 115 Fig. 165; Tnvia islahispaniola petrela: DP, |26i. holotype: L— 9.8 mm. Fig. 167: Cypraea sulcata: DP, |98i, (Sowerby II, 1870; figs. 454-455); ^ 5. ■ ,4-1lO Fig 168 Trivia kenyonae ( = Cypraea barbara) SAM photo, lintroductioni typp Fig 169: Trivia (Trivia) pediculus (0\ssor\ & Harb\son) DP, |49|, type: L— 16.2 mm. Fig. 170 Niveria (Niveria) pediculus DP [491, tiypotype: L— 13.1 mm. Fig 171 Triviella maoriensis DP, 151 1, tiolotype: L— 12.0 mm. Fig 172 Triviella gamma: DP, |49|, holotype; L— 12.0 mm. 116 |C. N. CateI Plate 41 Fig. 173: Galeatnvia millardi: DP. |4|, holotype: L— 18.2 mm. Fig. 174 Pusula (Pusula) californiana: (Cuming coll.) BM(NH) photo. |119|. Fig. 175 Pusula (Pusula) californica (Cuming coll.) BM(NH) photo. |120|. Fig. 176: Pusula (P.) californica |120| (left): Pusula (P.) californiana |119| (right): gen. coll. BM(NH), BM(NH) photo. Fig. 177 Cypraea californiana. BM(NH) photo. 11191; type lot. 117 140. Discotrivia rota (Weinkauff. 1881) (Fig. 163; type illustration) 1881 Cypraea rota Weinkauff, in: Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. (ed. 2), 5/3: 135; pit. 38, figs. 13-16. Original description. — "Cypraea rota . . . Testa orbiculata, subtus planiscula, dorso convexa, in medio linea dorsali im- pressa. lata munita, lirata, liris basalis albidis, liris dorsalibus fortioribus nodoso terminatis, liris nodulisque divergentibus; subtus laterisque carnea, dorso cinereo-carnea, linea dorsali et noduli carneo-rosaceae; apertura angusta, recta intus alba, columella intus longitudinaliter excavata, inferne intus in- crassata; labrum latum extus carinatum; sinus basalis sub- nullus, superius nullus." "Schale kreisformig — fehlt wenig am voUstandigen Kreis — unten fast eben, eben gewolbt, in Mitte des Riickens leigt die breile, vertiefte Riickenlinie, an beiden Seiten von rund- lichen Knopfen umgeben, die die [sic] Endpunkte der Spiral- leisten bilden, die Uber die ganze Schale von der Mundspalte bis hierher verlaufen, die Leisten theilen sich und laufen an der Riickenlinie alternirend in Knopfe oder ohne solche zu bilden aus, dadurch werden auch diese Knopfe alternirend (was auf dem Bild schlecht dargestellt ist). Die Miindungs- seite, Enden und Seiten sind fleischfarbig und die Leisten weiss. der Riicken ist grau ins fleischfarbige fallend mit gleichgefarbten Leisten, Leistenknopfe und Riickenlinie sind fleischfarbig-rosenroth, ohne schwarzen Flecken; Miindung eng grade, nicht ganz in der Mitte stehend, innen weiss; Spindel innen der Lange nach ausgehohlt, unten mit einer vorspringenden Verdickung, bis zu welcher die Leisten gehen; Mundrand breit, aussen als Seite der Schale scharf gekielt, ebenso die Seite an der Spindel; Basalsinus kaum angedeutet, oberer fehlt ganz" (Weinkauff, 1881: 135). "Shell circular — not quite a complete circle — the under- side nearly flat, the top arched, in the center of the dorsum a broad deepened dorsal line surrounded on both sides with rounded knobs developed by the spiral ridges which run from the aperture over the whole shell, the ridges are alter- nately spaced and end alternately on the dorsal line either with or without developing knobs, so that the knobs also alternate (which is not well shown by the illustration). The underside, ends and sides are flesh-colored and the ridges white, the dorsum is grey along the flesh-colored descend- ing ridges, the ridge knobs and the dorsal line are fleshy pink, without dark spots; the aperture is narrow and straight, not situated exactly in the center, inwardly white; the colu- mella is hollowed out along the length, with below this some thickening, to which the ridges extend; [underneath] the apertural lip is broad, sharply carinate on the side of the shell, as is the columellar side; the basal sinus is hardly evi- dent, and on the top is entirely lacking" (translation by George Hanselman). Measurements, holotype. — "Long. 20, diam. major 19, minor 11 mm." Type locality. — -"Locale: probably Western America. Loeb- becke collection." Holotype. — Unable to locate; possibly at Mus. Dusseldorf, Loebbecke collection. Discussion. — To this species Weinkauff added the fol- lowing comment: "It is possible this new species is only a widely differing variety of C. radians, which I would consider until I am able to see any transition with my own eyes. In any case it has as much validity as C. solandri or C. depauperata. The coloration is far from that of C. radians, but nearer to that of C. so- landri; however it is significantly larger than these." Etymology. — Latin noun, meaning wheel. A descriptive key to the Triviinac tribes 1. Shell large, subglobular, may be ribbed or smooth though rudimentary ribs may appear on ventral edge of outer lip. Dorsum mostly smooth; outer lip dentate, inner lip only partially so Triviellini 2. Shell with narrower dorsal sulcus; spire often visi- ble; aperture narrow; outer lip broad Triviini 3. Aperture narrow, mostly straight; shell narrower in peripheral outline. Shell surface finely, distinctly ribbed or smooth and polished Pusulini A descriptive key to genera 1. Shell regularly ovate; medial line short, shallow, broad. Anterior canal broad, open; transverse ribs simple, not well developed. Aperture on right side of base, curving, irregularly wide Fossatrivia 2. Shell fairly large; aperture very wide. Dorsum ribbed or only partially ribbed; base and outer lip usually coarsely ribbed (species mostly from SB and S Africa) Triviella 3. Shells of medium size, evenly, pyriformly ovate; aperture almost central on base, narrow. Shell surface traversed with broad, somewhat flat- tened ribs (one species, T. europaea. lacks up- raised, transverse ribbing, though rudimentary ribbing visible under polished surface). Dorsum mostly without longitudinal dorsal groove Trivia 4. Shell large, broadly pyriformly ovate; compara- tively narrow, almost straight, narrow aperture on left base. Dorsum may be dorsally grooved. Spire protrudes, longitudinally ribbed; left pos- terior canal wall knobbed externally Rohertotrivia 5. Shell broadly pyriform, inflated (greatest diam- eter at midline). Apex elevated; anterior canal opening, terminal collar reflexed, broadly flar- ing Pseudolrivia 6. Shell of medium size, roundly to oblongly ovate, without dorsal groove. Surface completely ribbed, including columella and fossula (mostly of east, south, and west Australian habitat.) EUatriviu 1. Shells of small size, globular to subglobular, bul- bously inflated. Dorsum with or without longitu- dinal groove. Shell surface finely ribbed, with short, blunt terminal beaks _ Cleolrivia 8. Shell with low lateral profile, oval peripheral outline, and central, almost straight aperture. There may be a rudimentary longitudinal dorsal line Niveria 9. Shell white to grey, pyriformly elongate to sub- rhomboid; surface completely ribbed. Dorsum may be longitudinally grooved; aperture may be central. (Species apparently confined to Indo- Pacific oceans.) _ — - Trivirostra 10. Evenly ovate, mostly with deep, acutely defined dorsal sulcus. Terminal beaks protrude, some- what square. Surface ribbing numerous, continu- ous from outer apertural lip edge to inner colu- mellar-fossular adaxial ridge Dolichupis 11. Shell may be large or small, usually dark brown in color, with very coarse surface sculpture (spe- cies are mostly from the Panamic areas). Dor- sal longitudinal groove deeply furrowed Pusula 118 12. Rhomboidly ovate, centrally positioned aperture curving, with base and outer lip convex, angled sharply adaperturally. Surface ribbing continu- ous from right and left apertural edge; usually no longitudinal dorsal groove Decoriatrivia 13. Shell very small, ovate, solidly formed, surface completely ribbed; there may be a dorsal groove. Aperture central, with right side-margin broad, distinctly, widely shouldered above Circuinscapula 14. Shells almost circular in peripheral outline, of vari- able color. Aperture slightly curving, or nearly straight. Base and outer lip very broad, convex Discotrivia 15. Shell somewhat rectangularly elongate, with rib- bing on outer lip only; lateral shell outline long and low. Numerous small columellar denticles; dorsum smooth except for some longitudinal growth lines; apex protruding Galeatrivia Literature Cited Abbott, Robert Tucker 1974 American Seashells (ed. 2); the Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North Amer- ica. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, etc. pp. 1-663; pits. 1-24; text figs. Adanson, Michel 1757 Histoire du Senegal, Coquillages. Avec la Relation abregee d'un Voyage fait en ce pays, pendant les annees 1749: 50-53, 65, 75. Barnes, D. H. 1824 Notes on Several Species of Shells. Annals of the Lyceum of New York 1 1; 131. Blainville, H. M. de 1826 Faune Fran^aise ou Histoire Naturelle, Generale et Particuliere: 248; pit. 9A, figs. 3, 3a. Cate, Crawford Neill 1961 Remarks on a Variation in Cxpniea aniwttae Dall, 1909. The Veliger 4 (2): 112; figs. 1-2. 1969 The Eastern Pacific Cowries. The Veliger 16 (1): 103-119; pits. 11-15; 3 maps. Cossmann, M. 1903 Essais de Paleoconchologie Comparee. pp. 1-215; pits. 1-14. Dall, William Healey and W. H. Ochsner 1928 Tertiary Pleistocene Mollusca from the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 17: 113; pit. 6; figs. 16-17. Dance, S. Peter 1967 Report on the Linnaean Shell Collection. Proc. Linn. Soc. London 178 (1): 1-24; pits. 1-10. Deshayes, Gerard Paul 1835 Description des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris, (Paris) 2: 727; pit. 97, figs. 9-10. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston 1817 A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, ar- ranged according to the Linnaean Method; with particular Attention to the Synonymy. 1: 1-580; 2: 581-1090; Addenda et Corrigenda: 1081-1092; Index 15 pp. (London). Donahue, Jerry 1966 The Range of Trivia mvrae Campbell. The Veliger 9 (1): 35-36; map. 1967 Additional Remarks on the Range of Trivia mxrae Campbell, ibid. 9 (3): 355. Dunker, Rudolph Wilhelm 1862 Beschreibung neuer MoUusken. Malakozoologische Blatter, Als Fortsetzung der 2^itschrift fiir Mala- kozoologie. Siebenter Band: 38. Finlay, H. J. 1930 Invalid Molluscan Names. Trans. New Zealand Institute, 61: 40. Fischer-Piette, E. 1942 Avec la Collaboration de Paul Fischer, L. Germain et Paul Pallary. Les MoUusques d'Adanson. Jour- nal de Conchyliologie 85: 174. Fulton, Hugh Coomber 1927 Note on a Specimen of Trivia acutidenta Gask. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of Lon- don 17 (1-6): 1-254. Gardner, Julia 1947 The Molluscan Fauna of the Alum Bluff, Florida. Professional Papers of the United States Depart- ment of the Interior Geological Survey 142 H: 542; pit. 54, figs. 9-10. Gaskoin, John Samuel 1849 Description of New Species of the Genus Cypraea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1848: 90-98; (published, 13 March 1849). Gray, John Edward 1825 Monograph on the Cypraeidae, a Family of Testa- ceous Mollusca. Vol. 1(1): 71-80 (March); 137- 152 (June); 367-391 (October). 1827 Monograph on the Cypraeidae, a Family of Testa- ceous Mollusca. The Zoological Journal, Novem- ber 1827; pt. 5: 363-370. 1831 Descriptions of New Cowries. The Zoological Miscellany 1: 36. 1832 Descriptive Catalogue of Shells (unpublished): 1-22. The Family of Cowries. Hanley, Sylvanus Charles Thorp 1855 Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. Tlie Shells of Linnaeus, determined from manuscript and collection . . . Also, an exact reprint of the Vermes Testaces of the "Systema Naturae" and "Mantissa, London." 1856 Index Testaceologicus, an illustrated catalogue of British and foreign shells ... by W [William] Wood. A new and entirely revised edition, with ancient and modern appellations, synonyms, localities, etc., London; pp. I-XX, 1-196; pits. 1-38; Suppl. pp. 197-234, pits. 1-8. [For dates of issue, this work, see: Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 13 (I): 27.] Hatai, Kotora, and Syozo Nisiyama 1948 Neogene Cypraeacea from Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Nautilus 62 (2): 57-66; 1 plate. Hedley, Charles 1907 Mollusca From Eighty Fathoms. Records of the Australian Museum (Sydney). Vol. VI, No. 4: 293; pit. LV, figs. 17-18. Howard, Fa ye Ballou, and Gale G. Sphon 1960 A New Panamic Species of Trivia. The Veliger 3 (2): 41-43; pit. 7 (1 Oct. 1960). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961 adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology (London): 1-176. Iredale, Tom 1931 Australian Molluscan Notes. No. 1. Records of the Australian Museum (Sydney). Vol. XVIII (4): 221. Johnson, Charles William 1910 A Large Fossil Trivia. Nautilus 24: 12. 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Meuschen, Friedrich Christian 1781 Index to; Gronov, Lorenz Theodor, Zoophyl. Gronov. (Ludguni Bataverorum) 3: 287; pit. 19, fig. 17. Nomura, S., and N. Zimbo 1935 Mollusca from Yanagawa Shell-Beds, Hukusima Basin, Saito Ho-On Kai Museum. Bulletin Univ. Sendai 16: 139. Odhner, Nils H. J. 1917 Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-1913, XVII. Mol- lusca; 3 plates and 51 figures in the te.xt. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar; Band 52 (16), Mollusca: 53-54; 3 pits., 51 figs. Olsson, Axel A., and Anne Harbison 1953 Pliocene Mollusca of Southern Florida. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs, No. 8; pp. 1^57; pits. 1-65. Pallary, M. G. 1920 Expl. Sci. Maroc Miss. Zool. 1912, Malac. (Emp. Cherif., Arch. Sci. protect. Franc. Rabat, 1920: 43, 101). Pallary, Paul 1900 Coquilles marines du littoral du Departement d'Oran. Journal de Conchyliologie 48: 300. 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Mitteilungenausdem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Staatsinstitut, Heft XI, Hamburg. 1-20; Abbild. 1-3. 1932 Fossilium Catalogus 1; Animalia; pars 55, Cyprae- acea: 1-276. 1932 Une Coquille Rare du Museum D'Histoire Natu- relle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France; Tome LVII: 399-401. 1933 Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Cypraeacea (Moll. Gastr.). VII. Zoologischer Anzeiger (May 15, 1933), Bd. 102, Heft II 12: 288-303. 1935 Revision of the Tertiary Cypraeacea of Australia and Tasmania. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 21 (6); 325-355; figs. 1-50. 1937 Neogene Cypraeacea aus Ost-Java. De Ingen. Nederland Indie (ser. 4) Mijnbouw 4: 195. 1939 Die Genera der Cypraeacea. Archiv fiir Mollus- kenkunde; Band 71, 1939 5 6: 165-201. 1941 Verwandtschaft und Verbreitung der Cypraeacea. Archiv fiir Molluskenkunde; Band 73: 57-120. Schilder, Maria, and Franz Alfred Schilder 1971 A Catalogue of Living and Fossil Cowries . . , Ta.xonomy and Bibliography of Triviacea and Cypraeacea (Gastropoda-Prosobranchia). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Me- moires — Deuxieme Serie, Ease. 85; Bruxelles; 1-246. Schilder, Franz Alfred, and J. R. le Brockton Tomlin 1931 Re-Discovery of a Rare Cowry. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 19 (6): 274- 275; 3 figs, Schroter, Johann Samuel 1804 Neue Conch. Arten (Wiedem). Arkiv for Zoologi 3/2; 113. Shaw, H. O. N. 1909 Notes on the Genera Cypraea and Trivia. Pro- ceedings of the Malacological Society of London 8 (5): 288-313; pit. 12, figs. 1-3; ph. 13, figs. 1-7. 1910 A Further Note on the Anatomical Differences Be- tween the Genera Cvpraea and Trivia, ibid. 9(1): 44. Shopland, E. R. 1896 List of Shells Collected at Aden in 1892-95, Clas- sified in Accordance with the Paetel Catalogue. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History So- ciety 10: 217-218. Solem, Alan 1963 On the Identities of Trivia huttoni and Trivia galapay;en.sis (Moll. : Gastr.). The Veliger 6 (1): 20; pit. 4, figs. 1-6. (1 July 1963.) Sowerby, George Brettingham I 1825 A Catalogue of the Shells in the Collection of the Late Earl of Tankerville, arranged according to the Lamarckian Conchological System; together with an Appendix, Containing Descriptions of Many New Species . . . Illustrated with Several Coloured Plates. (London): pp. 1-92; Appendix i-xxxiv; pits. 1-9, Sowerby, George Brettingham II 1832 The Conchological Illustrations (London). A Cata- logue of the Recent Species of Cypraeidae: 1-18; 37 pits.; 180 figs. 1 870 Thesaurus Conchyliorum or Monographs of Genera of Shells (London); Cypraea 4; 1-58; pits. 1-37; figs. 292-328. Suter, Henry 1917 Descriptions of Tertiary Molluscs of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey, Paleontological Bulletin 5: 12. 120 Swainson 1834 Tomlin, J 1934 Troschel, 1863 Vayssiere 1923 , William Exotic Conchology or Drawings and Descriptions of Rare, Beautiful or undescribed Shells by William Swainson. Esq. ( 1834 reissue) FRS. LS. PS Camb.. and of several foreign Academies; (from Repro- duction Series. No. 1. Delaware Museum of Nat- ural History: 1968. 1-48: pits. 1-48). ohn Read le Brockton, and Franz Alfred Schilder Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 30 (3): 477-479. Franz Hermann Das Gebiss der Schnecken (Berlin) 1; 214. , A. Recherches Zoologiques et Anatomiques sur les Mollusques de la Famille des Cypraeides, Ire Par- tie. Annales du Musee D'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie Tome XVIII: 87-89; pit. XI, figs. 168-173. Verco. Sir Joseph 1935 Combing the Southern Seas, The Mail Newspapers Ltd.. Adelaide: 1-174: pits. 1-18: Appendix: Cata- logue and Index of Marine Mollusca of South Australia: 1-24. Wood. William 1828 Index Testaceologicus (ed. 2) London; Supple- ment: 9; pit. 3. fig. 12. 1856 Index Testaceologicus (Hanley edition) an illus- trated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells, containing about 2800 species accurately coloured after Nature: i-xx; pp. 1-234; pits. 1-38; Supple- ment pits. 1-8. BlOSYSTEMATIC INDEX New taxa herein arc indicated in boldface type; boldface page numbers indicate primary reference to that species. abyssicola. Trivia 9, 38 abyssicoUi, Pseudotrivia 38 aciitich'nUita (Gaskoin), Cypraeci II, 97 acutidentata (Fulton). Trivia 12, 109 acutidenlala (Schilder and Tomlin), Dolicliupis 11, 95 acutidentata. Trivia (Dolicliupis) 11, 95 acutidentata, Decoriatrivia II. 97 aciiti-sulcata. Trivia 10, 54 addenda, Ellatrivia 10. 52 af finis. Trivia 10, 70 africana. Trivia 9, 33 akroterion, Pusula (Dolicliupis) 12, 108 alba (Krebs, 1867; Roberts, 1885), Trivia 10, 53 alba (Dautzenberg and Fischer), Cypraea 10, 53 alba (Morch), Trivia 8, 15 alba (Sowerby III), Trivia II, 83 albida (Locard and Caziot), Trivia 9, 33, 35 albula. Trivia 33 amaryllis, Triviella 1, 16 anglica. Cypraea 8. 28 antillarum. Trivia 10, 67 aperta, Trivia (Shikama and Horikoshi) 7, 20 aperta, Cypraea (Swainson) 7. 20 aperta, Cypraea (Hanley) 7, 20 aperta, Cypraea (Gray) 7, 20 aperta. Triviella 1 . 20 aperta. Trivia 1. 20 apenninica. Niveria (Niveria) 46 approxinians, Cypraea 10, 53 aquatanica, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 67 armandiana (Kiener), Cypraea 9, 46 annandina (Potiez and Michaud). Cypraea 9. 46 arctica (Pulteney). Cypraea 8. 25, 28 arctica (Humphrey). Cypraea 8, 28 arctica (Pulteney), Trivia 8, 25, 28 arctica (Schilder), Trivia 8, 30 artema, Decoriatrivia II, 96 atomaria (Dall), Trivia 10, 62 atomaria (Hidalgo), Cypraea 10, 62 atomaria (Keen), Trivia (Pusula) 10, 62 aiissioriim. Trivirostra 1 1 , 93 austrajricana, Triviella 8. 23 australis. Cypraea 10, 48. 50 avellanoides ( Hedley ) . Trivia 1 3 avellanoides (McCoy), Trivia 13 barbara (Fig. 168) bathypilula (Iredale). Cleotrivia 10, 59 bathypilula (Schilder), Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 59 berauensis. Niveria (Cleotrivia) 53 bi punctata. Trivia 11,90 hipunctata. Trivia ( Dolichupis ) 11,90 bipunctata. Trivirostra 1 1 , 90 bitou, le (Adanson), Cypraea 10. 53 bitou (Pallary). Trivia 10, 53 bocki. Trivirostra 10, 79 bosivellae, Trivirostra 10, 73 brevissima, Cypraea 10, 54 brunnea. Trivia 9, 35 hiillata. Cypraea 8, 28 bin ills. Decoriatrivia II, 9(> buttoni. Cypraea 11, 95 bulloni. Pusula (Pusula) 13 caelatura. Trivia 13 caelatura, Fossatrivia 1, 13 caelatura, Trivirostra 7, 13 caelatura, Semitrivia (Fossatrivia) 7. 13 californiana (Gray). Cypraea 12. 102. 103 californiana, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 102 californiana (Keen). Trivia (Pusula) 12. 102 californiana (Abbott) Trivia 12, 103 californica (Sowerby II), Cypraea 12, 103 californica, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 103 campiis, Pusula (Pusula) 12, lOI ccuididula (Gaskoin), Cypraea 10, 53 candidula (Gaskoin), Niveria 10, 53 candidula (Dall), Trivia 10, 53 candidula (Nickles), Trivia 8, 28, 53 carnea (Gray), Cypraea 1, 18 carnea (Requien), Cypraea 8, 33 carnea, Triviella 1, 18 carabus, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 100 cervus, Cypraea 18 cherobia, Pusula (Pusula) 12, lOI cicatrosa, Cypraea 12, 109 cicatrosa. Trivia 12, 109 cicatrosa, Pusula (Dolicliupis) 12, 109 circumdata. Trivia (Pusula) 12, 110 circumdata. Discotrivia 12. 1 10 Circumscapula 12. 109 myrae 12. 109 iota 12, no citeria. Pusula (Pusula) 11, 97 clariceae, Trivirostra 10, 74 Cleotrivia 10, 52 feitoi/ 10, 53 v/7rea 10, 52 candidula 10. 53 teucosphaera 10. 53 globosa 10. 54 meridionalis 10. 54 dorsennus 10, 56 corallina 10, 56 pisum 10, 56 pi7;//« 10, 59 eiiclaensis 10, 59 atomaria 10, 62 pygmaea 10, 62 occidentalis 10, 67 aquatanica 10. 67 corinneae 10, 70 thaamimi 10. 70 coccinclta (Lamarck). Cypraea 8, 25, 26 coccinella (Linnaeus). Cypraea 8 coccinella (Herrmannsen), Cypraea 8, 25 121 122 coral Una, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 56 corinneae. Trivia (Shaw) 10, 70 corinneae, Trivirostra 10, 70 corrugala, Trivia 11, 83 corrugata, Trivirostra 11, 83 costispitnctata, Niveria (Niveria) 12, 107 costispunctata, Cypraea 12, 107 costispunclata, Ptisula (Pusula) 12, 107 cosmoi. Trivia 10, 54 costiitu, Cypraea 23 coslattu Triviella 8, 23 crebricostala, Cypraea 8, 33 cydarum, Trivirostra 1 1 , 95 Cypraea 4-punctata 9, 44 dakarensis. Trivia 8, 29 ddlmalica. Trivia 9, 33 dartevellei. Trivia 12, 112 dartevellei. Discotrivia 12, 110, 112 dalensis. Trivia (Trivia) 107 Decoriatrivia 1 1 , 95 paucilirata 1 1, 95 arteina 1 1 , 96 ' kalians 1 1 , 96 burins 1 1 , 96 aculidenlata 1 1, 97 citeria 1 1 , 97 puUoidea 1 1, 97 r Uteri 11, 98 wayiana 1 1 , 98 depauperata, Cypraea 12, 103, 114 depauperata, Discotrivia 12, 114 desirabilis. Trivia 74 desirabilis, Trivirostra 10, 74 dimidiata. Cypraea 33 Discotrivia 12, 110 circuindcila 12, 110 dartevellei 12, 112 spleiididissima 12, 112 depauperata 12, 114 labiosa 12, 1 14 rota 12, 117 Dolicliupis 12, 107 producta 12, 107 akroterian 12, 108 e.vrf/i(! 12, 108 rubinicolor 12, 108 /it/toni 12, 109 cicalrosa 12, 109 dorsennus, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 56 dumaliensis, Pseudotrivia 9, 40 edgari, Trivirostra 10, 76 Ellatrivia 10, 50 addenda 10, 52 inerces 10, 50 memorata 10, 52 elsieae (Howard and Sphon), 7"Mvia (Pusula) 12, 104 elsieae, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 104 eoi, Pusula (Ellatrivia) 42 eoj, Trivia 42 eoi, Pseudotrivia 9, 42 foi-, Robertotrivia 9, 42 euclaensis, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 59 europaea (Montagu), Cypraea 8, 25, 26 europaea (Requien), Cypraea 8, 33 europaea (Linnaeus), Cypraea 8, 26 europaea (Risso), Cypraea 8, 33 europaea, Trivia 8, 26 ei-ce/ja, Trivellona 12, 108 excelsa, Pusula (Dolichupis) 12, 108 exigua (Gray), Cypraea 11, 83 exigua (Shikania and Horikoshi), rnv/a 11, 85 exigua (Schilder), Trivirostra 11, 83, 85 exmouthensis, Trivirostris 1 1 , 90 fibula, Cypraea 10, 54 floridana. Trivia 48 formosa (Gaskoin), Cypraea 9, 37 jormosa (Sowerby U), Cypraea 8, 33 Fossatrivia 7, 13 caelatura 7, 13 puucicostata 7, 13 fultoni. Pusula (Dolichupis) 12, 109 /ttica (Gray and Sowerby), Cypraea 12, 100 /«ica (Sowerby II), Cypraea 11, 100 /uj-ca (Requien), Cypraea 9, 35 /Hica (Sowerby 11), fi(.«Wu (Pusula) 11, 100 ///icu (Keen), rWvui (Pusula) 12, 100 galapagensis (Melvill), Cypraea (Trivia) 12, 100 galapagensis, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 100 Galeatrivia 8, 13 ovulata 8, 13, 15 millardi 8, 15 gamma, Triviella 9, 50 gaskoini. Trivia 11, 93 gemmata, Cypraea 11, 85 gemmula. Cypraea 11, 85 globosa (Gray), Tnv/a 10, 54 globosa (Sowerby II), Cypraea 10, 54, 59 globosa. Trivia 10, 30, 54 globosa (Bucquoy, Dautz. and Dollfus), Cypraea 8, 33 globosa, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 54, 59, 62 globosa (Locard and Caziot), Trivia 8 globosa (Verco), Trivia 10, 59 globulosa. Trivia 8, 33 grando (Gaskoin), Cypraea 10, 76 grando (Potiez and Michaud), Cypraea 9, 46 grando (Odhner), Trivia 11, 90 grateloupi, Trivia 8, 30 grisea. Trivia 9, 35 kalians, Decoriatrivia 1 1 , 96 hamburgensis, Cypraea 114 hidalgi. Trivia (em) [= hidalgoi] 70 liidalgoi. Trivia 10, 70 kispania. Trivia (Trivia) 8, 30 hordacea. Cypraea 10, 70 hordacea, Trivirostra 10, 70 hyalina, Trivirostra 11, 83 hybrida. Trivia 44 hybrida (Schilder), Niveria 9, 44 123 immaculata. Cypraea 8, 9. 28, 44 indicii. Cypraea 9, 50 insecia (Mighels), Cypraea 10, 70 inSecta (Faustino), Trivia 10, 70 iota, Circumscapula 12, 110 islahispaniolae. Trivia 8, 32 insidarum, Trivirosira 10, 76 intermedia, Cypraea 11. 92 jamaicensis, Pusula ( Niveria ) 48 joiisseauinei. Trivia 26 keehiensis, Trivirosira 11, 85 kenyonae (cf. Fig. 168) Trivia kiiensis, Roherlolrivia 9. 42 koroeiisis. Trivia 10. 70 labiosa, Cypraea 12, 114 labiosa, Discolrivia 12, 114 latensis. Trivia 107 lathyrus, Cypraea (Blainville) 35 larhyrus (Kiener), Cypraea 9. 35 latliyrus. Trivia 9, 35 lacrymalis, Cypraea 9, 35 leucosphaera, Pusula (Cleolrivia) 10, 53 leucosphaera, Niveria (Cleolrivia) 10, 53 loochooensis, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 104 maculata. Trivia 8, 25 major, Cypraea 8, 25 major-globosa. Cypraea 8, 33 maltbiana, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 102 maltbiana. Trivia 12, 102 maoriensis, Triviella 10, 52 maugeriae, Cypraea 48 maugeriae. Trivia 9, 48 maugeriae, Niveria (Niveria) 9, 48 maugeri. Trivia 9, 48 mauryae, Pusula (Cleolrivia) 62 mediterranea, Cypraea 9, 35 medilerranea. Trivia 9, 33 memorala, Ellalrivia 10, 52 memorala, Niveria (Ellalrivia) 10, 52 merces, Ellalrivia 10, 50 meridionalis, Niveria (Cleolrivia) 10, 54 millardi, Galealrivia 8, 15 minor (Gray), Cypraea 10, 76 minor (Schliiter), Cypraea 9, 50 minor (Monterosato), Cypraea 8, 9, 32, 35 minor (Marshall), Cypraea 8, 28 minor (Dautzenberg), Trivia 9, 33 »!i/ior (Schepman), rm/a 9, 10, 11. 35, 76, 92 minula. Trivia 8, 28 mollerali. Trivia 8, 32 monacha. Cypraea 26 monacha. Trivia 8, 25, 26 mullilirala, Cypraea 33 mutlilirala. Trivia 8, 33 myrae. Trivia (Pusula) 12, 109 myrae, Circumscapula 12, 109 napolina, Cypraea (Porcelaine) 29 napolina. Trivia 8. 29 napolini, Cypraea 8, 29 natalensis, Trivirosira 1 1 , 85 neglecta, Triviella 7, 20 «ivea (Bolten), Cypraea 46 /uvea (Gray), Cypraea 43, 46 /ii'vea (Sowerby 1), Cypraea 46 /i/vea (Sowerby II), Cypraea 9, 46 /i/vea (Wood), Cypraea 46 /i/ven (Dillwyn), Cypraea II, 92 Niveria 9, 43 hybrida 9, 44 nir 9, 46 pacifica 9, 46 suffusa 9, 46 maugeriae 9, 48 pediculus 9. 48 /i/r. Trivia 9, 46 «ir, Niveria (Niveria) 9, 46 norvegica, Cypraea 8, 28 obtonga, Cypraea 7, 18 obscura, Cypraea U, 88 obscura, Trivirosira 1 1 , 88 occidenlalis (Schilder), rrivia 10, 67 occidenlalis, Niveria (Cleolrivia) 10, 67 olorina, Cypraea 10, 53 oniscus (Roding), Cypraea 9, 50 oniscus (Lamarck), Cypraea 1, 15, 20 oniscus (Dillwyn), Cypraea 12, 106 oniscus (Sowerby II), Cypraea 1, 20 opalina, Roberlolrivia 9, 43 orvza (Lamarck), Cypraea 11, 92 oryza (Dunker), Inv/a 11, 87 oryza (Fauslino), Trivia 11, 92 oryza (Odhner), Tnvm 10, 78 orj-za (Shikama and Horikoshi), rn'v/a II, 92 oryza, Trivirosira 11, 92 oryzoidea, Trivirosira 10, 78 oshimaensis, Trivirosira 10, 73 ovula, Cypraea 8, 15 ovularia, Trivia 8, 15 ovulala, Cypraea 8, 13, 15 ovulala. Trivia 8, 16 ovulala, Triviella 7, 16 ovulala, Galealrivia 8, 13, 15 ovulum. Trivia 8, 15 pacifica, Cypraea 46 pacifica. Trivia 9, 46 pacifica, Niveria (Niveria) 9, 46 padreserrai, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 105, 106 panamensis. Trivia 11,99 panamensis, Pusula (Pusula) II, 99 pargrando, Trivirosira 1 1 , 90 paucilirala, Cypraea 11,95 paucilirata. Trivia 11,95 paucilirala, Decorialrivia 1 1 , 95 paucicoslala, Fossalrivia 7, 13 paucicoslala, Semilrivia 7, 13 pediculus (Rumphius). Porcelluna 11. 92 pediculus (Linnaeus), Cypraea 8, 9, 48 124 pediciihis (Pennant), Cypraea 28 pediculiis ( Roberts ) , Trivia 11,92 pediculus (Olsson and Harbison), Trivia 9, 50 pediculiis, Niveria {Niveria) 9, 48 pellicula, Cypraea 11, 81 pellucens. Trivia 9, 33 pellucida. Trivia 11, 81 pellucidida, Cypraea 11, 81 pellucidula, Trivirosira 11, 81 pellucidula (Vayssiere) II, 85, 87 permanga. Trivia 50 petrela. Trivia 8, 32 phalacra, Triviella 8, 23 piclurata. Trivia 9, 50 pilula, Cleotrivia 10, 59 pilula, Cypraea 10, 52 pilula. Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 59 pisulum, Pusula (Cleotrivia) 10, 56 pisuin (Gaskoin), Cypraea 10, 56 pisum (Meuschen), Cypraea 9, 50 pisum, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 56 pisum (Tryon), Trivia 10, 56 pleres, Pseudotrivia 42 polynesiae. Trivirosira 1 1 , 85 porcellio, Triviella 7, 18 probh'inatica, Pseudotrivia 9, 38 problematica, Pusula (Niveria) 38 procella. Trivia 8, 32 producta. Cypraea 12, 107 producta, Pusula (Dolichupis) 12, 107 producta, Pusula 12, 107 pseudovulata. Triviella 8, 21 Pseudotrivia 9, 35 schepmani 9, 35 suavis 9, 37 ^iftogae 9, 38 ahyssicola 9, 38 sagamicnsis 9, 38 problematica 9, 38 samarensis 9, 40 dumaliensis 9, 40 puelliila. Trivirosira 10. 70 pulcis-varietus (cf. Gaskoin, 1849: 23) p(//e.v (Link), Cypraea 9, 50 pu/e.v (Roding), Cypraea 9, 50 p/(/('jr (Gray), Cypraea 9, 35 pw/e.v (Dillwyn), Cypraea 9, 35 ptt//a, Cypraea (Gaskoin) 10, 67 piiUata, Cypraea 9, 48 pidlicina. Trivia 8, 35 pulloidea (Dall-Oschner). Trivia II, 97 pulloidea (Schilder and Schilder), Pusula 97 pulloidea, Decoriatrivia 1 1 , 97 pullus, Cypraea 8, 28 pullucida. Trivia 9, 35 4-punctata, Cypraea (Gray) 9, 44 Pustida 11, 99 Pusula (Keen) (text fig.) 103 Pusula 11, 12, 99 panamensis 11, 99 rubescens 1 1, 99 fusca 11, 100 galapagensis 12, 100 carabus 12, 100 cherobia 12, 101 campus 12, 101 sanguinea 12, 102 maltbiana 12, 102 calif ornica 12, 103 loochooensis 12, 104 californiana 12, 102 elsieae 12, 104 solandri 12, 105 padreserrai 12, 105 radians 12. 106 costispunctata 12. 107 Pusulini 35 pygnuiea. Pusula (Cleotrivia) 10, 62 pygmaea, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 62 pyriiiula, Trivirosira 92 quadripunctata. Cypraea 9, 44 quadripunctata, Niveria (Niveria) 9, 44 quadripunctata. Trivia 9, 44 radians (Lamarck), Cypraea 12, 106 radians, Pusula (Pusula) 12, 106 radians (Keen), Trivia (Pusula) 12, 106 restituta, Cypraea 9, 50 ;/V/fri, rnv/d 11, 98 ritteri, Decoriatrivia 11. 98 Rohertotrhiia 9, 42 t'oi 9, 42 kiiensis 9, 42 speciosa 9, 43 opalhui 9, 43 fo^ea (Wood), Cypraea 1, 20 /o.sca (Buq., Dautz. and Doll.), Cypraea 9, 35 ro.5en (Potiez and Michaud), Cypraea 10, 50 roiea (Blainville). Cypraea 9. 44 rofa, Cypraea 12. 106. 117 ro/rt, Discotrivia 12, 117 rotunda, Cypraea 9. 44 rubescens, Cypraea 11, 99 rubescens. Trivia (Cleotrivia) 11, 99 rubescens, Pusula (Pusula) 11, 99 rubinicolor, Cypraea 12, 108 rubinicolor. Trivia 12, 108 rubinicolor, Pusula (Dolichupis) 12. 108 rubra. Trivia 7, 16 rubra. Triviella 7, 16 rufescens (Gray), Trivia 11, 98 rufescens (Sowerby II), Cypraea 11. 98 rufescens (Solem), Trivia (Pusula) 12, 100 rugosa, Cypraea 11,93 sagamicnsis, Pseudotrivia 9, 38 samcirensis, Pseudotrivia 9, 40 sanctidominici. Trivia 44 sandwichensis, Cypraea 11, 88 sanguinea (Sowerby II), Cypraea 12, 102 125 sangiiinea (Keen). Trivia (Piisiila) 12, 102 sanniiinea, Piisiila (PusiiUi) 12, 102 scahriuscuta (Gray), Cypraea II, 67 scuhriuscula (Gray), Trivirostra II scabriuscula (Faustino), Trivia 11 schepmani. Pseudotrivia 9, 35 shawi, Trivirostra 10, 79 shimajiriensis, Dolichupis ( Trivellona ) 42 sibogae. Trivia 9, 35 sibo^ae, Pseudotrivia 9, 37, 38 solanderi (Schilder), P/zi/z/H I^Piistila) 12, 105 solandri, Piisida (Piisula) 12, 105 solandri (Sowerby II), Cypraea 12, 105 solandri (Keen), Trivia {Pusula) 12, 105 solida (Monterosato), Cypraea 8. 32 soloc'iisis, Dolichupis 107 speciosa, Robertotrivia 9, 43 spliaerica. Trivia 8, 33 spliaeroides, Trivirostra 10. 74 spluienda, Cypraea 10, 59 spioinsida, Trivirostra 10, 81 splendidissima, Triviella 12. 112 splendidissima, Discolrivia 12, 112 siiavis. Trivia 37 j'Havi.v. Pseudotrivia 9, 37 subinflata. Trivirostra 88 subroslrala. Trivia 10 subroslrata, Cypraea 10, 67 suffusa, Cypraea 9, 46 suffusa. Trivia 48 suffusa, Niveria (Niveria) 9, 46 sulcata (Gaskoin), Cypraea II, 93 sulcata (Dillwyn), Cypraea 9, 35, 50. 92 Sulcolrivia 9. 33 africana 9. 33 lalhyrus 9, 35 tluuinumi, Trivirostra 10, 70 tomlini. Trivirostra 10, 78 tortnga. Trivia 8, 30 tremeza, Cypraea II, 85 irimaculata, Cypraea 8, 25 tripunctata europaea (Buq., Dautz. and Doll.). Cypraea 25 tripunctata monacha (Buq.. Dautz. and Doll.), 7"nvia 8. 25 tripunctata europaea (Requien), Cypraea 8, 25 tripunctata monacha (Schild. and Schild.), Tnrm 8, 25 trilicea. Ovula 9. 35 triticum, Trivirostra II. 88 Trivea (Swainson) 8, 25 Trivellona 12. 107 7"rii/o (Broderip) 8, 25 rWiM (Gray) 8, 25 tripunctata 8, 25 monacha 8, 26 arcr/ca 8, 28 europaea 8, 26 napolina 8. 29 dakarensis 8. 29 hispania 8, 30 grateloupi 8, 30 mollerati 8, 32 multilirata 8, 33 procella 8, 32 perre/a 8, 32 torttiga 8, 30 Triviacea 7, 13 Triviella 7, 16 amaryllis 7, 16 /•«/)ra 7, 16 ponellio 7, 18 aper/a 7, 20 cornea 7, 18 neglecta 7, 20 pseudovulata 8, 21 vesicular is 8, 21 austrajricana 8, 23 phalacra 8, 23 costata 8, 23 Triviellini 7, 13 Triviidae 7, 13 Triviinae 7, 13 Triviini 7, 8, 13, 25 Trivirostra 10, 67 corinneae 10, 70 thaanumi 10. 70 hordacca 10, 70 hosivellae 10. 73 oshimaensis 10, 73 desirabilis 10, 74 clariceae 10, 74 sphaeroides 10, 74 insularum 10, 76 ef/,i;nr( 10, 76 /o/»/i;ii' 10, 78 oryzoidea 10. 78 vitrimi 10, 79 Wiaivi 10, 79 AocA-/ 10, 79 spioinsula 10, 81 pellucidula 11.81 corrugata II. 83 hyalina II. 83 (■x/,i,'"rt 1 1 . 83 polynesiae 1 1 . 85 keehiensis 1 I. 85 natalensis 1 1 , 85 t'ni'Mif rei 1 1 , 87 turncri 1 1 , 87 triticum 1 1 . 88 ohscura II. 88 hi punctata II. 90 exmoiithensis 11. 90 pariirando 1 1 , 90 oz-vza 1 1 , 92 zz)izy.vta 1 1 , 93 scabriuscula 1 1 . 93 aiajjoritm II, 93 cydarum 1 1 , 95 turneri (Shopland), Cypraea 11, 87 lurneri (Schilder), Trivirostra II. 87 umbilicalis. Cypraea 8. 33 uropaea 8, 26 126 vaughani. Trivia 62 vayssierei, Trivirostra 11, 87 vesicularis (Gaskoin) Cypraea 21 vesicularis, Triviella 8, 21 vesicularis (Schilder), Triviella 8, 21 vesicularis (Tryon), Trivia 8, 21 ventricosa. Trivia 8, 33 violacea. Trivia 9, 35 vilrea, Cypraea 52 vitrea. Trivia 10, 52 vitrea, Niveria (Cleotrivia) 10, 52 vitrina, Trivirostra 10, 79 vulgaris, Cypraea 8, 26 KM™/a 11, 99 wayiana, Decoriatrivia 1 1 , 98 zzyzyxia. Trivirostra 11, 93 Date Due ACME BOOKBINC'.NG CO., INC. Mnv 28 1984 100 CAM 8F; I OGE STREET a*i.RLESTOWN, MASS.