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from the library of
DOROTHY WHITELOCK
EIrington & Bosworth Professor
of Anglo-Saxon
University of Cambridge
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Oxford Univcnity
ENGLISH FACULTY LIBRARY
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H-
RERUM BRITANNICARUM MEDll MVl
SCRIPTORES,
OR
CHRONICLES AND MEMORIALS OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND
DURING
THE MIDDLE AGES.
82941. . a
r
THE CHBONICLES AND HEUOBIALS
OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
PUBLISHED BY TiTK AUTHOEITY OF HEK WAJK&ri-'s TKEASUKY, UNDER THE DlRXvCTION OF THE MASTER OF TUB KOLLS.
On the 26th of January 1857, the Master of the Rolls submitted to the Treasury a proposal for the publication of materials for the History of this Country from the Invasion of the Romans to the reign of Henry VIII.
The Master of the Rolls suggested that these materials should be selected for publication under competent editors without reference to periodical or chronological arrangement, without mutilation or abridgment, prefer- ence being given, in the first instance, to such materials as were most scarce and valuable.
He proposed that each chronicle or historical docu- ment to be edited should be treated in the same way as if the editor were engaged on an Editio Princeps ; and for this purpose the most correct text should be formed fipom an accurate collation of the best MSS.
To render the work more generally useful, the Master of the Rolls suggested that the editor should give an account of the MSS. employed by him, of their age and their peculiarities ; that he should add to the work a brief account of the life and times of the author, and any ren^iarks necessary to' explain the chronology j but no other note or conament was to be allowed, except what might be necessary to establish the correctness of the text.
a 2
4
The works to be published in octavo, separately, as they were finished ; the whole responsibility of the task resting upon the editors, who were to be chosen by the Master of the Bolls with the sanction of the Treasury.
The Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury, after a careful consideration of the subject, expressed their opinion in a Treasury Minute, dated February 9, 1867, that the plan recommended by the Master of the Rolls '*was well calculated for the accomplishment of this important national object, in an effectual and satisfactory manner, within a re^asonable time, and provided proper attention be paid to economy, in making the detailed arrangements, without unnecessary expense."
They expressed their approbation of the proposal that each Chronicle and historical document should be edited in such a manner as to represent with all possible correct- ness the text of each writer, derived from a collation of the best MSS., and that no notes should be added, except such as were illustrative of the various readings. They suggested, however, that the preface to each work should contain, in addition to the particulars proposed by the Master of the Rolls, a biographical account of the author, so far as authentic materials existed for that purpose, and an estimate of his historical credibility and value.
Rolls House^
December 1857.
MEMORIALS OF SAINT DUNSTAN
ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
EDITED FROM VARIOUS MANUSCRIPTS
BT
WILLIAM STUBBS, M.A.,
BBOrUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY AND FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD ; 80MBTIKE LIBRARIAN TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITT OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OV HER MAJESTY'S TEBABURY. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE MASTER OF THE ROLLS.
LONDON:
LONGMAN & Co., and TRtJBNER & Co., PATERNOSTER ROW;
ALSO BY PARKER & Co., OXFORD ;
MACMILLAN & Co., CAMBRIDGE ;
A. & C. BLACK, EDINBURGH ; and A. THOM, DXJBLIN.
1874.
Printed by Etbb and Sfotttbwoodb, Her Hi^eaty's Printers. For Her Majesty's Stationeiy Office.
CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction - - - • - vii
I. Vita Sancti Dunstani, Auctore B. - - 3 11. Epistola Adelardi ab Elfegum Archiepisgo-
PDM de Vita Sancti Dunstani - - 53
m. Vita Sancti Dunstani Auctore Osberno - 69
Liber Miraculorum, Auctore Osberno - - 129
IV. Vita Sancti Dunstani Auctore Eaomero - 162
Liber Miraculorum, Auctore Eadmero - - 223
V. Vita Sancti Dunstani, Auctore Willelmo
Maluesberiensi : — Liber I. - - 251
Liber XL - - 288 Vf. Vita Sancti Dunstani a J. Capgravio Con-
SCRIPTA ----- 325 VII. RSLIQUL£ DUNSTANIAN^ : —
1. Epistola ad WlflielmumArchiepiscopum - 354
2. Promissio Regis . - - - 355
3. Cantus qai vocatnr Kyrie Rex Spiendens - 357
4. Epistola Amulfi ad DuDstanum - * 359
5. Epistola ad Arnulfum Comitem - - 361
6. Epistola ad Eadgarum Begem - - 363
7. Epistola Johannis Papae XIII. ad Eadgarum 364
8. Epistola ad Eadgarum Regem - - 366
9. Epistola LflRtfrithi ad Wintouienses - 369
10. Epistola ad Dunstauum Archiepisoopum - 370
11. Epistola ad Duustanum Arcbiepiscopum - 372
12. Epistola ad Dunstanum Archiepiscopum - 373
13. Epistola ad Dunstanum Arcbiepiscopum - 374
14. Epistola ad Dunstanum - - . 376
15. Versus - - - - - 377
16. Epistola Abbonis ad Dunstanum - - 378
17. Epistola Widonis ad Dunstanum - - 380
18. Epistola Commendatoria - - - 381
19. Epistola Falradi ad JEtbelgarum - - 383
IV CONTENTS.
Page
20. Epistola Odberti ad ^thelgarum - - 384
21. Epistola B. ad iEthelgarum - - 385
22. Epistola Odberti ad Sigericum - - 388
23. Epistola cujusdam ad N. - - - 390
24. Adventus Sigerici ad Romam - - 391
25. Epistola Johannis papsB ad iBlfricum ducem 396
26. Epistola Johannis XV"* - , - - 397
27. Epistola ad Sigericum - - - 399
28. Epistola Elfwerdi Abbatis ad Sigericum - 400
29. Epistola cujusdam - - - - 404
30. Epistola cujusdam ad Wulstanum - - 404
31. Epistola Archiepiscopi cujusdam ad Wnlfsi-
num ----- 406
32. Epistola encyclica Wulfsini - - 408
33. Epistola Wulfrici ad Abbonem - - 409
34. Tria poemata Abbonis ad Dunstanum - 410
35. Epistola Eadmeri ad Glastonienses - - 412
36. Epistola Nicolai de matre Eadwardi ' - 422
37. Versus Eadmeri de Sancto Dunstano - 424
38. Scrutinium circa feretrum Dunstani - 426
39. Epistola Willelmi Warham ad abbatem
Glastoniensem - - - - 430
40. Exemplar litterarum abbatis Glastonisd - 432
41. Exemplar litterarum archiepiscopi ad ab-
batem ----.. 436
VIII. Fragmenta. Ritualia de Dunstano : —
1. Oratio ad Dunstanum ... 440
2. Ad Dunstanum - - - - 440
3. Hjmnus de Sancto Dunstano episcopo - 441
4. Missa de Sancto Dunstano - - - 442
5. Missa Sancti Dunstani^ .... 444
6. HorsB Sancti Dunstani ... 445
7. Oratio Anselmi ad Dunstanum - - 450
8. Sermo de maxima laude Sancti Dunstani - 454
IX. Collation of the S. Gall MS. 337 - - 458
^T
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
y
Among the original sources of medieval history no HMoHai insignificant place belongs to the Acta Sanctorum. The of the Lives value of the results which flow from the study of these swnts. monuments of devotion is not to be estimated by their direct bearing on narrative history any more than by the bulk of the volumes that contain them. The Lives of the Saints were not written for the purpose of adding ' to our knowledge of events, but for the purpose of arousing pious afiection, admiration for holy men, and devotion to the principles and practices which they re- presented. In some instances the object was lower ; it may have been the mere desire of enlisting votaries in some particular Order, or of drawing pilgrims to some particular shrine. In these cases the student of bistory finds his chief debt to these books in the fact that they reflect certain phases of thought and character, illustrate certain lines of education and illumination, or afibrd minute details of local colouring, which throw light in- cidentally on the condition of society in which they were produced and prized.
But a very large proportion of the men whose lives Thejare have been thus written owed the distinction to their the uves of services done to mankind. Even the saint whose repu-
, tation is due apparently to the reported performance of posthumous miracles, must be presumed to have been really such a person as would be likely to perform such
: acts. The ecclesiastical beatification is in a vast majority of cases the result rather than the cause of popubu- devotion. Many of the early biographies are thus con-
Vlll
INTRODUCTION,
Lives of English saints writ- ten by pupils or contempora- ries.
Importance of incidental notices.
nected directly with history, because they profess to be the private memorials of the lives of those who are the more prominent actors on the historical stage. These books, although it may not be uniformly true that they are the necessary supplements to the chronicles, are always interesting and sometimes most valuable.
Chiefly is this the case when, as- it has so often happened with the English saints, the task of recording the acts and thoughts of the great men has fallen into the hands of disciples whom they themselves have trained, or of contemporaries who have survived them. The life of Wilfild by his disciple Eddius, the poetical history of the archbishops of York by Alcuin, the lives of Ethelwold and Oswald,^ the anonymous life of Ed- ward the Confessor, and Eadmer's life of Anselm, are the memorials of the best men of the time written by the best scholars of the time. The best men may have been narrow-minded and superstitious, and the best writers may have been ignorant and pedantic, but the bigotry and pedantry of an age in which pedants and bigots ruled, is a necessary mattet of study to the scholar, who would view facts as they are, and trace the gradual shining of the light out of the darkness. But although such charges may be sometimes true, the popular worship has not generally been wasted on the memory of selfish ascetics, nor have the works of mere pedants been, as a rule, preserved and multiplied by an admiring, undis- criminating posterity.
Once more, the incidental touches of fact which con- stantly show themselves, the "undesigned coincidences that help us to recognize and realize the times, places, and personages of history, the notices of social life, of international intercourse^ the very fashion of style and
1 Of these the Life of Oswald, contained in the Cotton MS. NeroE. 1 , has never been printed. We may hope for an edition of it in Canon
Rainess York yolumes of this series. It is an invaluable and almoet un- known evidence for the reigns of Edgar and Ethelred.
INTRODUCTION. IX
turn of thought, which are mdispensable to the bio- Tone of grapher, even when he tries to abstract his mind most entirely from secular matters, and without which he would fail to find readers or copyists, — these are points of no small impoi'tance, where all material is SQ/Scanty.
These considerations must be allowed due weight in obscurity of reference to the present volume. For the history of centuiy. England in the latter half of the tenth century we have, by these
books*
except the very meagre notices of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles, no contemporary materials, unless we admit the lives of the Saints of the Benedictine revival. Florence of Worcester, writing within fifty years of the Conquest, could find nothing to add to the detai]§^of the Chronicle for this period, except the notices of Dunstan drawn directly from the biographies of the saint. The light which they shed is not great, but it is precious in proportion to its scantiness.
Of the importance of Dimstan as a historical personage importnnco there can be no doubt. He was the close friend and ^^ " * * chief minister of Edgar, the king around whose name the last glories of the Anglo Saxon kingdoms circle. His wise influence, possibly his active share in the adminis- tration, kept off the evil day for ten or twelve years after Edgar's death. He was canonized in popular re^ gard almost from the day he died. He was the fetvouiite saint of the mother church of England for more than a century and a half, during which there were numbered among his successors, the scholar Elfric, the martyr Elfege, Lanfranc the statesman, and Anselm the doctor and confessor ; his glory was at last eclipsed, but it was by no less a hero than Thomas Becket. The memory of his greatness was permanent, or the belief in his miracles would have been impossible. Of the lives contained in the present volume one was written within sixteen, another within twenty-three years of his death ; both of these are dedicated to his successors, who knew him well, as being his fellow scholars or his own disciples. In both he appears as a statesman as well as a saint. Neither
X INTRODUCTION.
0
Eariy lives of them is of any great literary merit ; neither writer has troubled himself much with dates or with the ad- justment of personal and local relations. Yet they open up several points of historical and literary interest, without which our knowledge of the age, incomplete as it is, would be more imperfect stiU.
importanco And some such interest belongs also to the later
of the Utter <«• t , •ii*ii*i • ii
bi(Ncr»pbie8 biographics ; especially in their bearing on the sources ofCunsfn. ^f i^^^^^io^ ^p^^ to the historians who foUow the age
of the Conquest. The worke of Eadmer and William of Malmesbury, on secular history, are so important that every thing, that illustrates the history of the writers is important too ; and the information supplied by Osbem, who represents the Canterbury traditions as they wei'e at the eve of the Conquest and during the period of transition that followed it, who himself witnessed the second Benedictine revival imder Lanfranc, and whose book is really the basis of the work of the two later writers on this subject, has a special value, whether it be regarded in connexion with or independently of the work of his predecessors, punofthis In the following pages I shall attempt to say some- tkni. "^ thing on each of the heads to which I have referred. Oui' stock of knowledge has many bearings, and can scarcely be treated in each of these without much repetition. In order, however, to make the statement as brief as pos- sible, I will arrange my remarks in the following order : taking first the view of our authorities, touching on their narrative only so far as it affects their personal history ; secondly, the Uteraiy history of the cycle ; and thirdly, the chronology of the life of Dunstan ; noting at each stage the light shed by these materials on the character of his career and the history of his times. The first Dunstan died in 988, and his firet biogi-apher dedi-
lograp y. ^1^^ jjjg work to Elfric,^ who ruled the church of
Canterbury from 996 to 1006 ; as early as the year 1004
^ See p. d ; *' cujas czstitisti saccessor in terrin,'' &e. p. 5.
INTRODUCTION.
XI
it had been copied and a revised edition sent into Eariv pub- France ;' it had ab*eady reached the position of an it : about
AJD 1006
approved work ; and the date of its composition may be approximately stated as the year 1000. The writer was qualified for the task he undertook by personal ac- quaintance with his subject, and in two places a&serts that he was an eye-witness of what he relates.* He describes himself, with some marked expressions of humility, as a priest, a Saxon, and by the initial letter of his name.^ It seems {air to conclude from the first of Question a^ these indications that he was not a monk. This in- author: ferenoe is borne out by the general tone of the work, which is not marked by any strong bias towards monastic not a monk ; institutions, and in which scarcely anything * is said of the monastic reformation in which Dunstan unques- tionably took part. It may be further inferred that, although he wrote the life of one archbishop of Canter- nor settled bury and addressed it to another, he was not, either as bury; monk or priest, attached to the cathedral community. His connexion with Elfric was one of charity alone,* and, although he was able to appeal to pei^sonal knowledge for his details of the daily life of Dunstan, he gives as nor a con- authority for special statements the information derived mmion or £rom a circle of disciples, who may indeed have been the inmost circle of companions,® but who could not have engrossed all the particular knowledge of a life, much of which must have been lived in public, and the less public parts of which must have been transacted before the eyes of the oiathedral clerks. Had the writer been a monk or priest of Christ Church, he must have been an eye-witness of much that he seems to describe on the
s «
See below, p. xxvii. vel videndo vel audiendo, licet ^' intellectu torpenti, ab ipso didice- " ram," p. 5 ; *' ea saltim qns vei •* egomet vidi vel audivi,*' p. 49. •
3 « Omnium extimus sacerdotmn <' B. yilisque Sazomun indigent," p. 3.
* Tlic only important passage is ut p. 25 ; and it will be disciu^sed further on.
* " sola septus connexioue cari « tatis," p. 5.
« Pp. 5, 49, 52.
Xll
INTRODUCJTION.
Possibly connected with S. Au« gustine's.
He was a Saxon.
Was he an
English
Baxonf
evidence of. others. The fact that two of the three MSS. in which his work is preserved are connected with S. Augustine's, may point to that monastery as the temporary home of' the writer, but a settled monk of S. Augustine 8 would scarcely have spoken of his house as " aedicula."
A second note of personal identity may be sought in his account of himself as " vilis Saxonum indigena." ,The question arises immediately, whether we are to understand by this an insular or a continental Saxon. The internal evidence of the book is not decisive. In one place the writer speaks of the harp as a musical instrument "quam lingua patema hearpan vocamus";^ in another he mentions the city of Bath as " quern incolde '' locum sub patema lingua Bathum soliti sunt appel- " lare ; "* in another he represents the mysterious person whom he connects closely with the murder of king Ed- mund, as declaring ** voce Saxonica se ex orientis regni " partibus esse " * It is possible that in these passages he speaks as an Englishman of the tenth century might be expected to speak, that he describes his own language as " patema lingua," and by the word " Saxonica " im- plies the common dialect of the South of England. The nation, however, is spoken of as "gens Anglorum,"* tiie king as the "rex Anglorum,"^ England as "Anglica " terra," the West Saxones ® are the people of Dimstan's native province, the Orientales Saxones^ the pastoral charge of the bishop of London. It is quite as likely that the terms " lingua patema " and " lingua Saxonica " are used more generically for the common tongue of the continental and insular Saxon, and merely opposed to
1 p. 21.
» p. 46 ; cf. Chr. Sax. A.D. 978.
3 P. 46.
* The gcTis Anglorum is men- tioned, p. 5 $ '' uniyersus populus « Albioniun," p. 6 ; ** Anglica na- " tio," p. 25 ; " Anglorum princi-
*' pes," p. 32 ; *' eummus Anglorom *^ pontifex, p. 40.
fi The ** rex Anglorum '' is men- tioned, p. 6; "Anglica terra," p. 50.
• Sec p. 6.
^ See p. 3?.
INTRODUCTION.
the Latin in which the work is composed. . The '' vilis « Saxonum indigena" may have been primi fiide as probably an Englishm&n as a German ; on the other hand, it may be asked why> in addressing his own archbishop, a native Elnglishman shotild describe himself as a Saxon, in a form which is scarcely ever used by an F4nglifth writer without some qualrfying limitation, as in Angul- Saxones, West Saxones, or Orientaies Saxones.^
Unfortunately the general language of the book does The^nes- not serve to clear up this pointy for it is marked by an dedMhj inflated and involved style which is common to thethlSook.^ writers of the age wherever found; it contains few words which can with any certainty be said to have been
' I hare come across a curious case of the use of the word Saxones whilst collating for this work. It is in the Cotton MS. Nero A. 2 (Hardj', Catalogue of liaterials, 1. 559) ; in a fragment apparentlj written by a Briton or a Scot. I give it entire, with the very inte- resting prayer that follows it ; the first piece may be read as Terse ; ** Carta dirige' gressns per mare pernaTium tellurisque spatium ad reges palatium ; regem primum " salute, reginem et clitanum, da- ms qnoque conmiitis, militis, annierosy quorum regem cum " ^thelstanum ista per fecta Saxo- nia viTit rex ^thelstannm per fecta gloriosa. Hie Sictric de- ftmctum armaCmn in praelia Saxo- num per totum Bryttanium^ Constantinus rex Scottorum et Tehmi Bryttaninm sahando regis " Sazonom fideles serritia."
"Dixit rex ^thelstanus, per Petri prosconia '^Sint sani sint ** longtBTi Salratoris gratia." " Domine Deus Omnipotens, rex rcgum et dominos dominantinm, in ctgoB manu onuub victoria
ti
u
u
•<
•«
M
U
«
«4
(f
«l
it
t«
" eonsistit, et omne bellom conteri* " tar, c<mcede mihi at Toa manos " cor meum corroboret, ut in vir- ** tute Tua in manibus viribusque " meis bene pugnare viriliterque agere valeam, ut inimici mei in conspectu meo cadent et cor- " ruanty sicut corruit Golias ante " faciem pueri Tui David, et sicut " populus Fharaonis coram Moysi " in mare rubro, et sicut Philistini *' coram populo Israhel ceciderunt, ** et Amalech coram Moysi, et " Chananei coram Jesu corruerunt, " sic cadant inimici mei sub pedi- bus meis. £t per viam unam « conveniant adversum me et per septem fugiant a me ; et conteret Deus azma eorum et confringet framea eorum, et eliquisce in. conspectu meo sicut cera a facie ignis, ut sciant omnes populi terr» quia invocatum est nomen *' Domini nostri Jesa super me» " et magnificetur nomen Tuum ** Domine in adversariis meis, Do- " mine Deus Israel." The first part is printed in the Beliquias Antique, vol. ii. p. 179.
<(
«
«(
«<
i<
<i
«
^v
INTRODUCTION.
Use of the word tenia- ratus.
The use of the word dwanus.
strange to English scholars of the time, and few references to customs which are more or less English than they are continental. Some light, however, may be afforded by two or three words, for which it would be hard to find parallels in the English Latin of the tenth century. Describing the expulsion of Dunstan from the court of Edmund, the biographer tells us that he was bidden to seek himself another lord, "sibi senioratum ubi vellet '* sine se suisque conquirere." ^ The "reference is no doubt to the Anglo Saxon custom, made obligatory by the law of Athelstan, that a man who had neither lands of his own nor kinsmen willing to be his sureties must find a lord who would represent hun or answer for him in the courts of justice. The right of " hlafordsokne," or choosing a lord, was open to the landless freeman, whether he lived, as Dunstan had done, as geaith or companion to the king in the royal mansion, or simply required a patron. Dunstan, banished by the king and renounced by his kinsmen at court, was in imminent danger of being treated as an outlaw. He must seek a new patron. The word aenioi^atua, common enough in the capitularies and in the countries governed by Frajqik law,' never occurs in English books, laws, or charters ; and an English writer having occasion to mention the custom, woidd scarcely have looked for a foreign word to express his meaning.
Another casual expression may be adduced which points in the same direction. The writer, dilating on the success of Dunstan's pupiLs, mentions that many of them were promoted to the rank of archbishop, bishop, abbot, " decanus," and " prsBpositus." ' He also specifies among the nursing fathers of the infant church '' reges, " pontifices, duces, decanos, pnepositos, cseterosque ec-
> P. 23.
' 8ee Da Cange's Glossaiy, tinder the word SenioratuSk The 0QI7 passage quoted there, con-
nected with England, is the one mentioned ahoye. » P. 26.
INTBODUCrriON.
XV
" desisB susd rectores." ^ The office of dean as an ecde- Bwity of siastical dignity was not introduced into England until B^Tiah ^ at least half a century later than the date of our author. The word occurs, in this sense, in none of the contempo- rary lives of the saints of the period, and is never given as a title by any of the numerous witnesses of the (barters ; nor does it appear in the laws.^ It is found, as a desig- nation for the monastic officer who ruled a company of ten monks, in the rule of S. Benedict, and may therefore have been known in this sense in the English monaste- ries, although it is not found in the Begvlaris Concordia, sometimes ascribed to Dunstan,^ and it would be difficult to cite many instances of its use. In the work before us, however, it is twice applied to the governor of a church,
' P. 4,
^This statement ig made of course subject to correction by competent authority. The strongest eridencc against it is the following: (I.) S.Oswald is said to haye been dean of the canons of Winchester before he became a monk, on the authority of a monk of Bamsey, whose work is preserred in the Historia Rameseiensis (ed. Gale, p. 89 1 ) . (2.) Ethelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury in 10S2, is said to hare been dean before his promotion (Oerrase, c. 1650), and Godric and Henry, who were contemporary with Osbem, and the latter of whom was afterwards prior, both bore the title of dean. In the cases, howeyer, of Oswald and Ethelnoth, our information comes in a twetfth century dress, and cannot be re- garded as contemporary. If true, I should be inclined to understand by the term a disciplinary officer rather than the head of the chapter. Godric and Henry liyed close upon the Conquest, when we hear of the title being giyen far more com- moDly, as, e.g., to the deans of
Waltham (Tractatus de S. Cnice, p. 16), Thetford (Epp. Herberti Losing, p. 73), Durham (Sim. Dun. A.D. 1080). At Canterbury Ger- yase expressly states that the title was introduced after the martyr- dom of Elfege in 1012. Neither dean nor canons appear at Winches- ter in the contemporary liyes of S. Ethelwold. In the contempo- rary life of Oswald, MS. Nero, E. 1, decanus is used two or three times, always for a monastic officer. ' Printed in the first yolume of the Monasticon and in Reyner's Apostoiatug BenedictiTiomm, See below, p. ciz. Wulstan, dean of Glastonbury, whose death is noted by Florence under the year 981, must haye been a monastic dean : so Germanus is caUed dean of Bamsey in the ancient life of Os- wald, but Oswald is not there said to have been dean at Winchester. The several officers at Fleury are named pater monasterii, decanus, propositus, armarius, cellerarius, cantor, magister scholnCNero E. 1» f. 7).
b 2
XVI
INTBODtrCTION.
Twice aiH apparently a church of canons; an application which raierof» wdB common enough on 'the continent, especially in caaons. North France, Lorraine, and Germany, but of which there is no instance in England until on the very ere of the Conquest. In the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, as early as A.D. 1037, we find recorded the death of Eafic ''the " noble dean " at Evesham ; but the title is interpreted by later historians of the abbey as belonging to the judicial president of their pecidiar courts ;^ the dean is not a substitute for the abbot. A little later deans and canons are introduced, with or without the Lotharingian rule, into cathedral and collegiate churches. The secular clergy in these churches had, in England until then, been called clerks, not ordinarily canons ; and their principal officers were not deans, but either " praepositi," priors or provosts, or, in some cases probably, abbots. The OrisHs Another curious expression is the " oriens i*egnum " already referred to. This occurs twice. When Dxmstan fell into disgrace with Edmund he sought the acquaint- ance of certain venerable men, " rcgni videlicet orientis nuncii,"* who were then lodging with the king. He re- presented himself as already sentenced to exile and devoid of counsel ; the king had forsaken him ; he begged that they would not leave him forlorn, but would take him with them to their own country. They compassionately replied that if he would accompany them he should enjoy all that their kingdom afforded, " qusoque regni sui *' oommoda." In another passage we are told that the mysterious person who appeared at court before Ed- mund's death professed that he came from the " Oriens " regnum" *'ex orientis regni partibus;" and that he had a matrimonial proposition to lay before the king.^ In this. passage it is possible that '' Orientis regni parti- " bus '' may mean the eastern parts of the kingdom, and
JUffnum.
* Chron. ETesham, ed. Macray, p. 83 ; where he ii called prior and deau of Christianity for the vale of
£vc8ham. Elfward biuhop of Lou- don was still abbot.
2 P. 23.
» P. 46.
JNTBODUCTION.
XVll
one MB. of the life ^ gives '' nimtialis " instead of " nup- BipiMia^ " tialis'^' 841 the description of the proposition to be made oSSlw to the king ; but this does not affect the meaning of the ^'•*'**' fonner passage. What then was the '' Oriens regnum " ? The BoUandist &thers understood it to mean Essex, the kingdom of the East Saxons ; ^ but there had been no such kingdom for two centuries be&re the date of Ed- mund ; Essex was a mere province whose envoys could have no power to represent themselves as independent of the king of i^e English. The same is true of East Anglia, which is called by a writer of the time Orientals regnwm^ It would seem almost necessary to refer it to the Oerman kingdom, now rising into great power under Otto I, the king's brother-in-law, the kingdom of the eastern Franks, the older Austrasia^ not yet united with the imperial dignity. In the mouth of an Englishman it would perhaps have been more naturally Qermany or Eastern France, but the form is conceivable enough in the mouth of a countryman of Witikind of Corvey. Another possible explanation is that the kingdom of the Ostmen, the Irish Danes, is meant ; but to the English these old enemies would have been Danes or Norsemen, and the fia^ that the emissary spoke in the Saxon tongue seems fatal to this notion. A subject of Otto I. might well speak the ''lingua " Saxonica^" and the " vilis Saxonum indigena " might naturally regard his native land as the '' Oriens regnum/' ^ It is important to observe that William of Malmesbury paraphrases the words '' regni orientis nuncii " by " extera- ** rum gentium legati," ^
» p. 471.
' Acta Stnctorum^ Mali, iv. 858, " orientale ngnum intelligo Es- ** sexiam, Orientalem Baxoniam."
'The biographer of Oswald eertainly ubcs Orientale regnum fon East Anglia, ^.Athelwoldus
Tero satis digniter principatom
Orientatis regni adquisivit," — NeroE. 1. fo. 8.
u
M
^ I do not find in the eontinental writers any exact parallel to this use of the ** Oriens regnum," but Henry I., in his treaty with Charles the Simple, is called by the latter ** rex Orientalis." Pertx, Leges, i, 604. See Freeman, Norman Conq., i. 604, where other illustrations will be found.
• Below p. 269.
O
XVIU
INTRODUCTION.
Slight indi- cations that the writer of the first life was a foreigner.
His initial letter.
It may be added that^ if it be understood that the writer was a foreigner, we have an adequate explanation of the fact that he mis-spells the name of the archbishop to whom he writes, calling him Albric ^ instead of iElfiric, the former name being common enough abroad but strange to English ears, whilst the contrary is true of the latter; and that he is so forgetful of the ancient glories of English monasticism as to call Dunstan the first abbot of the English nation,^ a statement equally strange whether it be understood generally or in refer- ence only to Qlastonbury, which possessed at the time a list of fifteen abbots, beginning in the reign of Ina.
The initial letter of the author's name is B. The BoUandist fathers, by whom this first life was first printed, contented themselves with describing him as " B. presbyter cosevus." Du Cange, who had \ised the work in the composition of his Glossary, and who per- haps had seen the S. Gall MS., in the margin of which the name "beda" is written,' quotes it as "Beda in " Vita S. Dunstani."* Mabillon,^ who knew the book in MS., although he did not regard it as tv^orth publication, conjectured that he had found the author in the person of Bridferth or Byrhtferth, the scholar of Eamsey, a pupil of Abbo of Fleury, and a commentator on the mathematical writings of Bede ; and this guess, for it is little more, has been since generally accepted as con- venient if not convincing.
> A similar use of Alhrieh for JElfric is found in the list of Athel- Btan'6 courtiers, who were admitted by letter to fraternity with the monks of S. Gall. Goldast, Berum Alamannicarum Scriptores, ii. 156.; p. Ixxyi. below.
* F. 35, '' primus abbas Anglicae " nationis enituit.*'
' 3 P. 458.
* S. y. Senioratus.
^ Acta Sanctorum, 0. S. B. sec. V. p. 640: <* Hie iUe stilus boni ora- ** toris, quem esse Bridferthum << c^nobii Ramesiensis monachum
it
coi^icio, turn ex B.littera nominis " initiali, quam prsfert Vedastinus " codex, tum ex letate Bridferthi, '* quem Abbonis disdpulum Pitseus " tradit, atque sub annum 980 " vixisse." This was written in 1685. The conjecture is mentioned by the Bollandists in the Vllth ▼olume for May, p. 809, but without approval, in 1688. Henry Wharton in 1691 (Ang. Sac. ii. p. ix.) men- tions it without accepting it, but quotes the Life under the name of Bridferth (ibid. p. 102).
INTRODUCTION. xix
The name of Beda may be at once set aside ; the mar- dom \t ginal note of the S. Grail MS. is, no doubt, an instance of Beda? ^' the tendency to ascribe to the father of English history any anonymous work connected with England. There certainly were other persons of the name, and the writer may have been one of them ; but no known Beda be- longed to the age of Dunstan.
Mabillon's conjecture has somewhat more to recom- Does tt mend it. Byrhtferth was perhaps the most eminent Bjrhtrerth r English scholar of the time, next after Elfric or the El&ics. He was a pupil of Abbo, and not only was Abbo connected with Dunstan, in whose house he had lived, and to whom he dedicated his life of S. Edmund of East Anglia,' which he had composed from materials furnished by the archbishop, but he was, as we shall presently see, very closely connected with the later history of this identical book. To the probabilities which in- fluenced MabiUon may be added the fi^ct that the penman- ship of the most ancient MS. of this book, that preserved at Arras, presents a remarkable likeness to the penman- ship of the work of Byrhtferth on the Computus, which is now among the Ashmolean MSS.^ in the Bodleian, and which contains on a fly leaf, in a contemporary hand, a little antiphon with musical notes addressed to Dunstan himself: '' Alleluia, veni, alme Dunatane, ad Christi so- " Hum sanctum hmnUibus et tuis deposce famulis reg- " num coeleste." Byrhtferth has left several monuments of erudition behind him : the commentaries on Bede ' aflbrd evidence of wide reading and a familiar acquain- tance with Latin authors. The book on the Computus, however, presents more personal details, and although a careful examination of it furnishes some curious facts, it does not suggest any argument in favour of Mabillon's hypothesis.
^ See p. 378, below. . | ' Printed with Bede in the old
* No. 328. I editions of hifl collected works.
INTRODUCTION.
Doflcription The title of the work is thus given : " Incipit Compo- ferth^book *' tus Latinorum ac Grseoorum Hebrsaorumque et Msiv- il^."^- " tiorum necnon et Anglorum." It is explained word for word in Latin and translated into English on the lower half of the page, the same plan being observed, paragraph by paragraph. The name of the author is given more than once indirectly. In a grammatical example at p. 96 we read, " swylce ic thus cwethe, Byrht- *' ferSus ipse scripsit bene, beneque docet iUe suis " discipulis." At p. 162 we have a prayer, " Oratio " patris ByrhtferCi":
" Spiritus alme veni, sine te non dicens unquam, ** Munera da linguae Qui das in munere linguas/'
These words, which occur also in the history ascribed to Simeon of Durham,^ and which may be much earlier, are translated by Byrhtferth into what are perhaps the earliest English hexameters :
" Cum nu Halig Gast butan the ne bise thu gewurthod, " Gyf thine gyfe thaere tungan the thu gyfst gyfe on " gereorde."
At p. 168 is another grammatical example : " swylc ic " thus cwethe, Byrhtferth msesse preost stent on tham " twelflan stede sefter tham biscope Eadnothe oththe " he sitt." Eadnoth, who became bishop of Dorchester in 1006, had been the first abbot of Bamsey, and was nephew of another Eadnoth, prior of Westbury and monk of Worcester.* At p. 220 is a mention of S. Oswald, the founder of Ramsey ; enumerating the sevenfold gifts of the Spirit, he writes, " Spiritus timoris Domini in *' Oswaldo dignissimo archiepiscopo refulsit in nostris " temporibus." At page 234 we have a reference to Bede : " O si quis devotus hujus numeri vel ceterorum " desiderat agnitionem luce splendidius agnoscere, ape-
• Mon. HUt. Brit. p. 658. | J^^l^^"^' "^ ^*' ^^^ '"'
INTEODUCTION.
XXI
ft
€t
(i
I*
U
U
c<
((
riat libmm reverentissimi Bedse, quern de temporibus Bj^rerth preetitalavit^ et mox in prima sententia invenit de computus. hac re satis digniflsime disputatum/' I wiU quote lastly his notice of Abbo, p. 240 : " Ratio hujus numeri, quam dignae memorisB Abbo super hunc invexit, libet libari. Iste vero quanted dignitatis refulsit in vita ostendunt post mortem miracula. Erat enim in doc- trinali scientia peritus, et in philosophia perfeetus. ... His explicitis ex rationibus doctoris nostri et martyris Christi, acoedamus ad alia." The connexion of Abbo with Ramsey is a well-established fact. His biographer Aimoin tells us that he lived and taught there for two years.' The same evidence is given by the historian of the abbey, and there is extant a work of Abbo on gram- matical questions dedicated to his English pupils, and especially to the inmates of S. Benedict's monastery at Ramsey :
" O Ramesiga cohors amplis quae claudere stagnis, " Purior obryzo niteris esse Deo." *
It is clear, then, that Bjrhtferth and Abbo were closely connected, and that both of them were friends of Dun- stan. Further light will probably be thrown on this point by one of the letters contained in this volume.' There is therefore no antecedent improbability in sup- Baianco of posing that Byrhtferth might have written Dunstan's Mto*Byrhr life. But on the other hand it is niost improbable that the same author who wrote the commentary on Bede's mathematical works, and the work on the Computus and grammar, which has just been described, both of which contain evidence that he could write good Latin, should have written the life before us in the turgid and stilted style which caused Mabillon to describe it as mere
ferth.
> Aimoin, V. S. Abbonis, ap. Mabillon, AA. SS. O. S. B. ssec. VI. pp. 86, 37 ; Hist. Bams. ap. Gale, p. 400 ; and see below, p. 37S.
' Mabillon, Annates 0. S. B. torn. IV. App.; Migne, Patrol. 139, p. 534. ' Below, p. 376.
XXU INTRODUCTION.
Bifficuities " stribiligo." It is still more improbable that he should th^iiteto * have done this without once mentioning his own monas-
. Dunstan's successor in the see of Worcester, and who shared and outdid all Dunstan's monastic reforms. It is almost impossible that when the abbot of S. Augustine's transmitted, as we shall see him doing,^ this very book to Abbo to be turned into verse, he should have omitted to tell him that it was the work of Byrhtferth, his most promising scholar.
Notwithstanding then the general acceptance which has been accorded to this conjecture, and although I have nothing so definite to put in its place, I shall ven> ture to suggest another theory which points to a different school of writers, and may possibly furnish, if not the name, yet some tangible data as to the personality of this author. Pofldbiedtie The Cottoniau MSS. Tiberius A. 15 and Vespasian an ancient A. 14 coutaiu, appended to two collections of the letters of Alcuin, a number of letters of the time of Dunstan, some of them addressed to Edgar, and some to the archbishop himself Several of these seem, from their style and tone, to be the composition of the same writer, and the language, forms of words, and construction of sentences, furnish a very dose resemblance to those of the first Life of Dunstan. In one of the letters which are preserved in both the MSS., which is addressed to archbishop Ethelgar, Dim- stan's immediate successor, the writer ,although concealing his full name, gives a clue to his own personal history.* He describes himself as " B.^omnium faex Christicolarum," a singular coincidence, if it be only a coincidence, with the '' omnium extimus sacerdotum B. vilisque Saxonum " indigena," of the Prologue to the biography. The burden of the letter appears to be a lamentation for the literary refreshment and educational privileges which
^ Below, p. 409. I ' P. 385, below.
INTBODUCnON. rxiii
the writer had enjoyed in his youth under the patronage Tbe letter of of the bishop of Li^e, since whose death he has been in gur. exile frota the court of Wisdom. He further professes his obedience to Ethelgar, who seems to have commissioned him to go to Winchester to make a copy or to examine a MS. of Aldhehn's work on the praises of Virginity. Etiielgar had been abbot of the New Minster at Win- chester before his promotion to tiie episcopate. The writer of the letter was then neither a monk of Win- chester nor a personal dependant of ESthelgar, but un- questionably a foreign scholar who for some reason or other was living in exile in EIngland.
Another of the letters, which bears intrinsic evidence a letter to of the same authorship, is addressed to Ihmstan himself, hinueif . The writer describes himself as '' exilii catenulis admodum " retitus ;" ^ as having placed himself under the protec- tion, mundibv/rdiwm, of the archbishop, and as having been treated by him as a friend and companion. He also addresses Dimstan as his " senior " or lord, and finally breaks into hexameters in which he entreats the arch- bishop to obtain for him a restoration to his own country. A third letter, which contains some of the forms charac- a thud teristic of this writer, is addressed to a person whose »me tone. name is only indicated by the initial N. The writer, who caDs himself " bellus sed causa, si did Uceat, infortunii " misellus," ' has left his patron and crossed the sea : on landing he has borrowed a horse, for the hire or purchase of which he has incurred a debt, and in default of pay- ment he is in danger of being sold.
Of these three letters the first is the only one which Poonbie directly connects itself with the authorship of the life of these three Donstan, and the others can be brought, only by their similarity of style and juxtaposition in the MS., into conjectural bearing upon the subject. But where other
» Below, p. 374. | » Below, p. 8»0.
XXIV
INTRODUCTION.
FoMible identit/ of bhe wffter with Dun- stao's bio* grapher.
Similarity of style.
and Tocabu' lary.
data are wanting, these considerations may, at least ten- tatively, be allowed weight. We have tiien reason to suppose that the writer of the letters, whose language is so closely akin to that of the Prologue, who addresses Dunstan as a patron, and who indicates his name by the same initial letter, was a foreigner, a pupil of the school of Liege, and present in England about, the time of Dunstan's death, or at least within a year after it, Ethelgar's pontificate lasting only fifteen months.
The first point, the similarity of style and vocabulary, may be tested by a comparison of the several documents, all of which are contained in the present volume. The extravagant professions of humility, the involved form of sentence, the constant use of diminutives in the most inappropriate places, are illustrative if not convincing evidence. In the vocabulary the coincidences are more striking. The biographer styles Dunstan " decens ssdi- " tuus ;" * the letter- writer mentions the bishop of Liege as " beatae memorise aedituum ;" * the form " senior " ' in another of the letters answers to the '' senioratus " of the biography;* the use of the word "dagma"^ helps to identify two of the letters as written by the same hand ; both writers describe their work as " titulatio ;" • both request the person addressed to correct grammatical errors ; both use the simile of the bee gathering honey for the student accumulating knowledge ; both use a curious adjectival form in '' eus " from nouns ending in " or," as " favoreo " and " lectoreo ;" both run into Greek ; the one calls the hand in the ablative " chyra," the other calls the heart " cardian " in the nominative.' These aie small matters in themselves, for which parallels might be found doubtless in other writings of the age, but
»p. 3.
» P. 386. » P. 390. * p. 23.
* Pp. 386, 390. « Pp. .5, 388. 7 Pp. 27, 387.
INTRODUCTION.
wluch> taken together and coupled with the coincidenoe of the initial *' B/' seem to imply identity.
We ask next who was the bishop of liege who had <^tt«tk«M been the patron and instructor of the letter-writer. He ot uege. must have been the bishop who had died last before the year 989, to which the letter belongs. This was Ebraehar, or Euradus, who had ruled from 959 to 971> and whose successor Notker lived until the year 1007. Ebraehar had been, previous to his elevation, provost of the collegiate church of Benin ; he was a pupil of arch- bishop Bruno of Cologne, the brother of the emperor Otto I., and a disciple also of Batherius, the famous bishop of Verona, who had governed the see of liege several years before the promotion of Ebraehar.^ Ebra^ He wu char was sprung from a noble family in Saxony,' and * saxon. ' was specially devoted to the memory of S. Martin, by whose bones he was said to have been miraculously cured of '' lupus," and in whose honour he founded a church at Liege. He was also a great promoter of education. Is it possible that our '*vilis Saxonum indigena" was a kinsman or pupil of the Saxon bishop of Liege ? Such a supposition has something at least to recommend it. It accounts for the mention of the " Oriens regnum," the " Saxoniea lingua," the " Senioratus ;" it is in perfect harmony with the few other indications of personal history, which we have traced in the Prologue and the Biography. It accounts too for the special mention of S. Martin,^ the patron saint of the patron bishop, and for the likeness noticed between him and Dunstan.
On behalf of Bridferth, or Byrhtferth, not even such slight argument can be advanced. There is not a trace
■ Ann. Laubienses, Bfartene and Diirand,TheBMinisni. 1415, 1416: there is a good sketch of the career of RaUierias and £brachar in the Art de Verifier les Dates, among the bishops of Liege.
' See his life by Reiner, a monk of 8. Laurence at Liege, in Pes, Thesaurus, IV. pt. 8, pp. 153-166 ; and Wattenbach*s Geschichts^el- len, Tol. I. pp. 278, 279.
» P. 50, below.
XXVI
INTRODUCTION.
This theory more pro- bable than the refer- ence to Byrhtferth.
Nune de- noted by B.
Three MSS. of the work.
of similarity of style, not an indication of oonunon history. The connexion of Byrhtferth is, as I have re- marked, with Fleury, that of Dunstan and his biographer with Flanders and northern France, Arras, Ghent, Rouen, and Paris. Abbo of Fleury found a welcome in his house, but his friends and correspondents were Wido of Blan- dinium, Odbert of S. Bertin, and the great count abbot Amulf, who had befriended him in his exile. The tra- ditionary connexion of Canterbury with the Flemish churches is traceable long after this, and the church of S. Vedast in the city of London, which was in the patronage of. the prior and convent up to the fourteenth century, was no doubt a result or a sign of this connexion. The most ancient MS. of the earliest life of Dunstan is found in the library of S. Vedast at Arras.
What name is indicated by the initial B. can only be conjectured ; it may have been the common Saxon Bruno ; or some name to which the Latin "Bellus" might be supposed to answer, one of the many names that begin with Bert,^ or it may have been Benedict or even Beda.
The special mention of S. Augustine of Canterbury, which occurs twice in the book,^ may, as has been already noticed, betoken some special relation to that monas- tery.
We may now pursue the history of the book itself, as it may be gathered from the three editions of it which we possess in the three MSS. of the Arras, S. Gall, and Cottonian libraries.
* William or Malmesbury, in the first chapter of the book De Anti- quitate £ccl. Glastoniensis, speaks as if he thought that "B." stood for ** Britonam ; " " quorum unus " Britonum historiographus." This is curious ; we may conjecture that William detected evidence of foreign workmanship in the book, or that he had seen a copy in which
the name was written at full '* Brit- " win,'* or lastly that the word Bri- tonum was the unauthorized inser«- tion of a transcriber. The last is the most probable, yet it is difficult to say what meaning could be attached to the word in the particu^ lar place. « Pp. 6, 48.
INTRODTJCmON. XXVii
The first of these bears on its face evidence of its The relative originality ; the Arras MS. is not perhaps the autograph tSrce. ^ of the author, but it clearly represents an original from which the other two editions diverge. The S. Qall^ copy preserves the Prologue and the poetical portions of the original writer, but corrects his grammatical mis- takes, and in many cases paraphrases whole sentences. The Cotton MS. retains the original text more faithfully, but gives up the Prologue and the hexameters. Neither of the two latter MSS. could have been derived fr^m the other without losing sight of the common original.
The first text is dedicated, as has been said, to arch- TheAma bishop Elfric. The writer, apologizing in his Prologue for ^^**' the faults of his style, begs the archbishop to exercise the office of a critic. He mentions, too, his attempts to The poetical embellish his work with occasional poetical efibrts, to mmUoned which he gives the appropriate title " satirica fatuitas." * li^w. ^^ • It can scarcely be said, on a perusal of the book, that this epithet is a mere result of the author's modesty. The style is throughout rough, bombastic, involved, and obscure. The poetical episodes are attempted in the worst taste and wretchedly executed. The task imposed on the critic was no light one.
The second text has a history of its own- The Life of The s. Gaii Dunstan found a patron if not also a critic in the monas- iSted*(^y tery of S. Augustine. The work was re- written in great ^' '^® ^** part, the most glaring errors corrected, one or two questionable statements expunged, and in one case an additional piece of clumsy versification inserted. ' But the taste of the age was not satisfied with this. It was desirable that the whole should be turned into verse, and gent to for this purpose the book in its reformed shape was^^SkedL^ transmitted by Wulfric, abbot of S. Augustine's to Abbo of Fleury, who just then was engaged in reforming the
> The collation of the S. Gall MS. will be found at pp. 458-472 of thii Tolome.
3 P. 4.
• See pp. 460, 468, below.
■
I
X3CVU1
intAodttction.
This MS. belonged to the monas-
was mur- dered.
Letter to monasteries of Aquitaine. The S. Gall MS. preserves s. GaH MS. the letter in which the abbot requests Abbo to undertake the versification.^ The date of the negotiation may be ascertained within a very few years. Wulfric became abbot in the year 989^ and died in 1006.^ The book, being dedicated to Elfric, was not written before 995. Abbo of Fleury died Nov. 13, 1004.» But the interest of the question does not stop here. The S. Qall MS. contains, on iis superfluous leaves, letters and charters which prove that at a veiy early period it was the pro- perty of the monastery of Squirs, afterwards called la Reole, in Gascony.^ It wa^ at this place that Abbo whfchAbbo Suffered martyrdom. He was engaged in the work of monastic reform, and staying at Squirs, when one day as he was eA work on his books or accoimts, a tumxdt broke out in the courtyard of the monastery. Abbo, holding in his hand his tablets and style, went out to quiet the mob ; one of the rioters struck him on the side with a lance ; he was mortally wounded, died, and was buried at Squirs.^ We can scarcely doubt that it was in this way the MS. life of Dunstan came into the monastic library. Abbo was only visiting at Squirs, his home was at Fleury. He may have brought the MS. to employ him in his leisure ; it may have been the very work on which he was employed, when, pen and note-book in band, he received his death wound.^ At all events we hear no more of the poetical version, and the MS. never found its way back to Canterbury.
The third text likewise has its history. The monks of S. Augustine, despairing, it would seem, of the poetical version, adopted another mode of treatment, and revised
The Cottou MS.
» P. 409, below.
- W. Thome, ap. Twyeden, c. 2246 ; Efanham, ed. Hard wick, p. 23.
' Almoin, V. S. Abbonis, ap. Mabillon, 88ec. YI. p« 50 ; and see the letter of the monks of Fleury, ibidf p. 32.
< See p. 472, bek>w.
* B. Glaber, ap. Mabillon, 1. c. p. 32.
* Almoin, howerer, speaks of the work on which h6 was employed as « compntatianculas," ibid, p. 49.
INTRODUCTION. XXIX
/
the book on another prinoiple. Under this process the it is a re-
,** '^ lormea and
prologue, in reference to which the writer says that JJJf**^*^ scarcely one endowed with common prudence and a cul- tivated mind has so " deformis facundia " as himself in the composition of prologues, is judiciously abandoned. The ''satirica fatuitas" of the original hexameters is superseded by a form of prose, which, whilst it pretends to be no more than prose, preserves, in the general voca- ^*5^" **' bulary and in the rhymed cadences into which it falls, *<«"^'* some traces of the original from which it Ls adapted.^ passage*. On every page the redundancies of the earlier texts are retrenched, and the obscurity and pedantry obviated without destroying the essential character of the work. The reviser has done most in the earlier pages, which indeed contained the most glaring offences against good taste and grammar. These changes, which will be found duly noted in the present edition, may be classified as, first, the reduction of the hexameters to rhyming prose, such as was usual in the sequences of the missal; secondly, the substitution of simple pronouns for the full titles of the saint reiterated in the original ; and thirdly, the substitution of ordinary Latin words for unmeaning diminutives.
This revised edition, which was made before the mid- This text die of the eleventh century, remained at S. Augustine's, to wiiuam William of Malmesbury saw it there, and by a quotation bury. which he makes from it,* in his book on the antiquity of Glastonbury, enables us to identify it as the text which he used, although he saw a copy containing the prologue in the library of Glastonbury,^ and another at S. Ed
* See especially pp. 9 and 20. ** * finio,' " &c. ; p. 7, ** nulla ho-
^ He quotes thus: "Quorum I " minumarteutferunt,constructam
'* anus Britonum Historiograpfaua, I '^ . . . virtutum myst^riift . . .
" prout apad Sanctum Edmundum, j ^* 8ancta)que Dei genitrici," &c.,
" itemque apud Sanctum Auguati- { the readings of the Cotton MS.
<• num Anglorum apostolum vidi- I being always given. W. Malmesb.
** mus, ita exorsus est ; ' In con- ' Ant. Glaston., ap. Gale, p. 293.
C
XXX
INTRODUCTION.
Later hu- mund's. There it still was at the dissolution, and there in Cotton mI. August, 1565, John Josselin, the friend of Parker, found it among other old books.^ Shortly afterwards it came into the Cotton Library. The history of the other MS. we have no means of tracing. It may have been brought to Arras very early during the close connexion with England, which is attested by the letters given in this volume ; or it may have been given to bishop Peter of Arras when he visited Canterbury in 1188 on a vain attempt to reconcile the archbishop with the monks of Christchurch ; ' or it may have gone through Normandy by way of Jumieges, for the lives of two of the Jumieges saints form part of the same volume.* The matter is of less importance, for there is no reason to suppose that it is the original draught of the work. It is the most ancient form of it, but the imcorrected clerical errors which it contains show that it is a transcript, made however earlier than the S. GaU MS.
The second The sccoud Life of Dunstan has no such interesting Adeiard of historv. Its author was Adelard or Adalard, a monk of
Bl&ndi- ...
nium. Blandinium. It is addressed to Archbishop EUfege,' who ruled at Canterbury from 1006 to 1012, and was written before 1011 at the latest. It is drawn up in the form of lessons to be read in the services of the monastery, and contains much that was intended for the spiritual
^ This he mentions in the Pro- logue to his life of Dunstan, below, p. 252.
^ The follomng note is in the Cotton MS. : " Hunc librum, cujus auctor, ut apparebit lectori, cla- ruit tempore ipsiust Dunstani, de quo agitur, reperi inter reteres libros MSS. monasterii Augus- tinensis Cantuariae, A.D. 1565, mense August! ; Joan. Josseli- nus." Archbishop Ussher has added, " lb hunc ipsum librum a
«
u
<(
" Qui. Malmesburiensi rcpertum esse ex libro ejusdem de antiqui-
tate Glastoniensis monasterii ap-
paret. Ja. Usserius." See Hardy, Catalogue of Materials, toI. i. p. 594.
' Epp. Cantuar., pp. 226-229.
^ Below, p. xxxviii.
^ P. 53. It mentions A.D. 1006 as the date of Elfege's appointment to Canterbury ; but it contains no hint of the troubles which ended in his martyrdom in 1012.
C(
«
INTRODUCTION. XXXl
f
edification as well as for the information of the devout. Not an It professes to be an abridgment or breviate/ a sum- Jj **»« fl»* mary rather than a history of the archbishop's life ; but it is not to be understood as solely or even mainly drawn from the earlier WDrk. It contains evidence that Adelard had that book before him. Probably it had been placed in his hands by Elfege to be turned into verse, as it had been sent by Wulfric to Abbo. " Patrem tuum sanctum Dunstanum," says Adelard, '- voluisti et litteris com- mendari et musis." * Instead of doing this he embodies a quantity of current traditions in a new work, and pre- sents it to the archbishop as a set of lessons and respon- sories. The points of variation from the earlier life The source
^ of the
may be noticed by and by. Of Adelard himself nothing breriaiy is known; but his work was rapidly multiplied, and was the source from which the breviary lessons for S. Dunstan's day were chiefly taken.' There are no great discrepancies in the MSS. of Adelard which would lead to the idea that it was ever re- written ; but in all the copies which I have seen, the responsories have either been omitted altogether, or written so as to form an integral part of the lessons.
The third Life of Dunstan was written by Osbem, the 31»?t^»'J
•', Life by Os-
precentor of Christchurch, Canterbury, during the pon- *>ero- tificate of Lanfranc, or during the interval between his death and the appointment of Anselm.^ Osbem had been brought up in the monastery ; he had been a boy in the days of Godric the dean,^ had seen the clergy, calling themselves monks, but living like earls before the coming of Lanfranc : he had been a helper in the arch- bishop's reforms, and by his industry in the musical and literary labours of the convent had earned promotion. His book on the miracles of Dunstan preserves some
' " Ex eadem vita quasi brevein ' See below, pp. 445-450 " sermonis veniculum," p. 53. * Below, p. 151.
2 P. 53. « P. 13S.
« P. 13S.
c 2
xxxu
INTEODUCmON.
Osbem's notices about him' self.
Later cor- rection of Oobem's work.
small partictdars of hk personal history. He had himself been a subordii^te agent in one of the mixaculons cures effected at the tomb.^ It was to him that Lanfranc gave the charge to proclaim the story of the pirate Barabas.^ He himself, when walking in Thanet with a knight, had heard from him an undoubted case in which Dunstan had interfered to prevent injustice attempted in the law courts by the abbot of S. Augustine's.' He had himself had a dream, which he relates vividly and picturesquely, about Dunstan in a state of bliss.^ Osbem wrote the life also of S. Elfege with an account of his miracles and the translation of his bones ; the other books ascribed to him belong to other authors.
The manuscripts of Oabem's book are very numerous.* They fall into two classes which possibly represent two editions issued by the author. It is, however, more pro- bable that the second edition, being marked by certain omissions and variations which seem to result from the adverse criticism of his successor Eadmer, may merely have been a transcript of the original edition after it had been corrected by some later hand. The most im- I portant alteration is that touching on the seven years penance of Edgar, and the parentage of Edward.* The fact that some details given in the first edition were removed in the second has led some writers to question whether Osbem's work was the one criticised by Eadmer, and to suppose that some intermediate biography had been lost. This question ^ is settled by a comparison of
the MSS. the result of which will be found in the notes to the present edition.
The fourth Eadmer, the author of the fourth Life, was, like Osbem,
Life, by
Eadmer. prcccutor of Christchurch. He is best known as the friend and biographer of Anselm, and author of the
1 P. 188.
2 p. 155.
3 P. 156.
* Pp. 158, 159.
5 See below, p. 112.
^ See below, p. xlii.
INTRODUCnOK. XZxiii
invaluable Hifitoiia Nof omm. His eminence as a scholar caner or and divine led to his nomination and election to the see of S. Andrew's in or a little before the year 1120. The quarrel between York and Canterbury prevented his consecration : the king of Scots, Alexander I., insisted on his receiving that rite from the archbishop of York ; Eadmer was a faithful supporter of the supremacy of Canterbury. Unable to convince the king, and unwilling to yield, he renounced the right conferred by election and returned to Canterbury. In 1122, the see being still vacant, he renewed his claim, and seems to have been so far successful that no bishop was appointed so long as he lived. He died on the 13th of January, and pro- bably in the year 1124.^ His life of Dunstan and his letter to the monks of Glastonbury furnish some fewPenonai personal data. He had been brought up in the mo- Eadmer in nastery, and was old enough to remember the luxurious Dunsun. lives of the clergy and the imperative necessity for Lan- iranc's reforms. He was a little boy when the ardi- bishop removed the coffins of Dunstan and Elfege, preparatory to the rebuilding of the church. Fifty years afterwards he testified to the reality of that translation in order to confute the fabulous assertions of the monks of Glastonbury.*
The life of Dunstan was probably an early work, hib pains Eadmer was encouraged to undertake it by the discovery cor^t the of Osbem's mistakes, and, it must be added, his fabrica- afbern!" ^
* > •
tions. He sought ii!iformation from Ethehred, his pre^ decessor in the office of precentor, who had been pro- moted by S. Wulfetan in the monastery of Worcester;' and from the learned monk Nicolas of Worcester, who seems to have been the treasurer of English traditions there.^ He mentions in the work no event later than
* Wharton, Anglia Sacra, ii. p. xii., from the Caaterborj Obituary. > See pp. 412-422.
» Pp. 16d, 164. < Fp. 422-424;
XXxiv
INTRODUCTION.
Possible date of EMlmer's work.
Eadmer'a Life less popular than Os- bem's.
Called by Surius the work of Osbcrt.
the pontificate of Anselm, and he infers to Anselm without any of the conventional expressions which might lead to the belief that he was dead when Eadmer wrote. It would seem probable then that the book was written at least as early as the year 1109. The letter to the monks of Glastonbury on their claim to possess the relics of Dunstan, must have been composed some years later: at least fifty years after the translation of the relics^ more than a hundred years after the pretended removal to Glastonbury.^ As the earliest date for the former of these events is the year 1070, the letter must have been written soon after 1120. It will be foimd, together with some verses of Eadmer on Dunstan and a letter of Nicolas on the question who was the mother of S. Edward, in the seventh section of the present volume.^
Eadmer's work never obtained so wide a circulation as Osbem's had done. It was written when the cultus of Dunstan was on the wane. The sufferings of Anselm, in his struggle against the royal' claims, introduced anew idea of confessorship. Dunstan had been the king's prime minister, Anselm was a leader of opposition, and before men had had time to learn the superiority of Eadmer's work to that of Osbem, Canterbury had got a new saint. The book, further, seems to have been circu- lated anonymously, for although in the earliest MS., that at Corpus Chnsti College, Cambridge, it appears among the minor works of Eadmer, it must have been copied and sent abroad without any such ascription. Hence, when the earliest collector of the Acta Sanctorum, Surius, found a copy of it, knowing by report the name of Osbem, or, as he called him, Osbert, as the biographer of Dunstan, he inferred that this was his work, and published it imder the name of Osbert. The second book, the Miracles, must also at an early date have been circulated apart from the Vita, for if the single MS. of
» Pp. 4U, 420.
I 3 Pp. 412-425.
INTEODUCTION.
XXXV
the life by William of Malmesbuty^ is to be trusted, the former was adopted in its integrity as a supplement to WiUiam of Malmesbury's work, whilst there is no certain proof that he had ever seen Eadmer's Life.
The fifth Life of Dunstan was written for the monks The fifth of Glastonbury by the historian William of Malmesbury, wiii'iam of and was intended to supersede the work of Osbem, bury. which, according to the author, displayed culpable ig- norance of the antiquities of Glastonbury. As he describes him imder the title of " Noyas Scriptor," ^ it seems almost certain that he had not seen Eadmer's work, at least when the first hcmk of his own Life was written, and even in the prologue to the second book, which was written later, and which seems to show some knowledge of Eadmer's work on the Miracles, he still criticizes Osbem as the " Cantuariensis cantor." ^ Yet William must have written several years after chronoio- Eadmer, for in describing the benefits of Dunstan's SiSira*^' administration he refers to his own " Gesta Regum An- woS! **"* glorum " as having been written some years before,* and the date of that work cannot be earlier than 1120. On the other hand, it is certainly strange that the subject of Dunstan's translation to Glastonbury is unmentioned, although Eadmer had lived long enough to refute it. If we were able to trust our MSS., which in this case we are not,' we might argue thus ; — William, when he wrote the first book of Dimstan's life, was preparing a work on the antiquities of Glastonbury, for which he used the same authoiities. After writing this first book he completed the book on the Antiquities of Glaston*
> P. 322. 3 p. 251. » p. 288.
* P. 305.
* See 8ir T. D. Hardy, Catalogue,
&c., ii. 157, '* No genuine MS. (of " the De Antiquitate) has yet oc- ** curred. It has been printed from " a MS. avowedly interpolated."
xxxvi
INTRODUCTION,
The ques- tion of the relation of Eadmer's book to WUliam'sis not to be settled by existing MS8.
Question as to the rela- tion of bis two works on Glaston* bury.
bury, and incorporated in it the story of the Glaston- bury translation, asserted to have taken place in 1012,^ after which he wrote the second book of the Life. If we suppose that Eadmer's letter to the monks of Glas- tonbury was called forth by the stoiy of the Translation, which had appeared in William's intermediate work, we may ascribe the silence *of the latter author on the subject in his second book, to the fact that he was con- vinced by Eadmer's argument. Unluckily^ however, no copy of the book de Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesise is to be found, which is proof against the charge of inter- polation, and the manuscript of William's second book is so late in date that ^e cannot decide whether it is not more likely for the story to have been omitted^ and the reference to Eadmer's collection of the Miracles to have been inserted by a late transcriber. Our data are too imperfect to warrant any distinct conclusion.
The difficulty of determining the connexion of the Life of Dunstan with the "De Antiquitate" does not poncem the relation merely between William and Eadmer. In the preface to the second book of the Life the author states that he has completed the work " De Antiquitate." * In the dedication of the work " De Antiquitate" he states that he has some time ago completed the two books on the life of Dunstan.' The dedication is addressed to Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, who only reached that dignity in the year
* Thi« is giTen XMrarly word for word by Capgrave below, pp. 352, 353. See W. Malmesb. ap. Gale, pp. 301, sq.
2 P. 288, " Antiquitatem istius " sanctissimi coenobii GlastonienslB in quo ccelcstem profitemur mili- tiam, alio opere, qoantani divinus " faTor afPuit, abflolvimas ; quern si cui voluptati erit legcre, poterit alias apud nos inyenire/'
<{
i(
((
it
' ** Unde sicut astimo non con- temnendae stilum dedi opere, qui " beati Dunstani prius Glastonicn- Bis Abbatis, demum archiepiscopi Cantuariensis, vitam labore meo aiternsB mandayi memorise, duos- que libroa de hoc volentibus *' Glastonio fratribus .... dudum '' Integra rerum veritate absolvi.*' W. Malmesb. ap. Gale, p. 391.
((
<t
u
({
it
INTRODUCTION. XXXVll
1129. The only way of accounting for the discrepancy chro^io. is to suppose that the dedication was an afterthought, cuities. and if that were so, the introduction of the chapter on the Translation of Dunstan may have been an after- thought also, foi* it is scarcely fair to the historian to supp<^e that having suppressed the stoiy in the Life owing to Eadmer s remonstrance, he reintroduced it in the later edition of the " De Antiquitate." Lastly, it is quite possible that the insertion of the story of the Translation is not to be ascribed to William of Malmes- bury at all. Certainly he knew nothing of it when he wi'ote the two great works on which his fame as a historian depends.
Besides Osbem, William had before him the Life by JJl^by "^ the priesft B., which he had seen at St. Augustine's SffiS'-^' , and at S. Edmund's, the work of Adelard, and certain ^^^' ' writings in EngUsh, the inemory of which has now I perished. He had found also at Glastonbury a MS. of the first Life with the dedication to archbishop Elfric.^ His own work never obtained popularity, probably for the reason already given in relation to Eadmer. It is known only by one manuscript, and that of a very questionable description.^
The sixth Life printed in this volume is extracted CaDgrave's from Capgrave's compilation, published early in the stan. fifteenth century. Its author, it is scai'cely necessaiy to say, was the &mous provincial of the Augustinian friars, whose death is placed in the year 1464, and whose theological and historical works are sufficiently wen known.
Before proceeding to trace the literary and hiistorical connexion of the several Lives, the writers of which have been thus accounted for, it may be as well to enumeitite
> De Ant. Eccl. Glast. ed. Gale, | ^ Below^p. lii. p. 293 ; and below, p. 252. |
xxxviii
INTRODUCTION.
A. The Arras MS.
OieMss^' and describe the several MSS. and printed texts that uMdfOTthis have been used in the preparation of this edition. They may be arranged in five classes in the order of the works they contain.
1. Of the fir^ Life, by the priest B., there are three MSS.
A. The Arras MS., representing as has been said the original text, has been made the basis of the present edition. It is numbered 1,029 in the Catalogue made by the present librarian, M. Caron, published at Arras in 1860, and No. 812 in the General Catalogue of the MSS. of the Departments of France.^
The volume, written late in the tenth or early in the eleventh century, contains besides the life of Dimstan, the anonymous life of S. Cuthbert, described by Sir T. D. Hardy in the Catalogue of Materials for British History, vol. I., p. 293 ; the life of S. Guthlac, by the monk Felix, noticed in the same work, vol. I., p. 405 ; and the lives of SS. Philibert and Aychadrus, abbots of Jumieges, which are printed in the Acta Sanctorum of Mabillon and the Bollandists,^ this MS. in each case having been used in the formation of the text.
It is a small quarto MS. written throughout in the same hand, rubricated in red, in single column, eighteen lines to the page. The life of Dunstan begins on folio 66 and fills the latter half of the volume. It is unfortunately imperfect ; the final folio had perished when it was seen by the Bollandist Henschen, on his return from Rome in 1662,^ and since that time a quire of sixteen leaves has been lost between folios 74 and 75 of the present pagina- tion. It was long the property of the monastery within whose walls the library of which it forms a part is still deposited, the great abbey of S. Vedast. The inscription
1 Catalogue G^n6ral des USS. des Biblioth^uefi Fubliques deB Departements, vol. iv. p. 322.
3 Mabillon, AA. SS. Biec. ii. pp. 818-825, 953-971; AA. SS.
Boll. Sept. vol. V. pp. 86-100 ; Au- gust, vol. iv. pp. 75-81.
3 Act. SS. Boll. May, vol. iv. p. 3444
INTRODUCTION. XXXIX
" Bibliothecae monasterii S. Vedasti " testifies to this, but the MS. contains nothing that shows how it came into the hands of the monks, or how it fell into its present condition.
AA. The S. Gall MS. forms part of the town library AA.The of S. Grallen, which bears the name of the reformer Va- dianns, on whose collections it is based. It is numbered 337 in the present catalogue, and described by M. Gustav Scherer in his " Verzeichniss der Manuscripte und In- " cunabeln der Vadianischen Bibliothek in S. Gallen," printed at S. Gallen in 1864, pp. 94 and 95 ; by Bethmann in Pertz's Archiv., ix. p. 588, and by Hattemer in his Denkmahle der Mittelalter, VoL II., part 2, pp. 593, 594.
It is a small folio MS. of ninety-six pages, written early in the eleventh century, rubricated in red and blue, twenty-two lines to the page, and in single column. On the first page is the letter of Abbot Wulfiric, already referred to ; at the end, in a thirteenth century hand, are the documents which prove its connexion with the monastery of Squirs.^
A note *'ex bibliotheca Schobingeri " shows that it was not a part of the collections of Yadianus, but came into the library in the seventeenth century with the books of Bartholomew Schobinger. I am not able to say how it came into Schobinger's hands, or how it had fared since it ceased to belong to the monastery of Squirs or la Beole ; but it had probably been carried off during the wars of Religion.
B. The Ck)ttonian MS. Cleopatra A. 13. is a collection The Cotton
MR
of Anglo-Saxon tracts and fragments, which are described at length by Wanley in the third volume of Hickes's Thesaurus, p. 201, and some early pieces in Latin. The life of Dunstan fills thirty-two folios numbered 59 to 90, written in single column, not rubricated, twenty-four lines to the page. The chief peculiarity of the MS. is the way in which the letters ch are reversed in such
' See above, p. xxviii..
iKTRODtTCnON.
The first Life pulK lishedbty the Bol- landistB.
Plan of the
present
edition.
words as chortis, which is written hcorus. This practice runs through the whole work, and may perhaps, when MSS., of this date are more extexisively known, give a clue to the person of the writer. The history of the MS., which belonged to the library of S. Augustine's Canterbury until it fell into Sir Robert Cotton's hands, has been already given.*
This Life was first published by the Bollandists. Ma- billon had seen it, but did not think it worthy to be printed. He gives, however, as a specimen, in his notes on Osbern, part of' the prologue, and from time to time compares Osbem's details with the Arras MS., giving extracts from the latter, the accuracy of which makes us regret that he did not print it entire. It abounded^ he says, with difficulties, " scatet salebris," and was such a "stribiligo" altogether as to be unworthy of light.* Fortunately Henschen thought differently, and imperfect as it was, published it among the Bollandist Acta Sanc- torum for May, vol. IV., pp. 34>4 to 358. Mabillon s notes and Henschen's edition appeared in the same year, 1685; both are reprinted by the Abb? Migne in the 139th and 149th volumes of the Patrologia.
In the present edition the following course has been adopted. The superior originality of the Arras text being indisputable, it was necessary to take it for the basis. For the luifortimate lacuna,' extending from page 10 line 14, to page 24 line 9, of this volume, it was necessary to take the Bollandist edition, correcting the obvious misprints and classical forms of the Latin by the Cot- tonian MS., but not altering the arrangement of words. Fortunately this was easy to do, as, with the exception of the versified parts, the two versions were nearly'identical. As to the concluding page,^ which was wanting in the
* Above, p. xxix.
2 AA. SS. O. S. B. sflBC. V. pp. 639-642, 646, 648, sq.
3 The lacuna begins at the word
robora, p. 10, line 14; and ends with the word prsscipitii, p. 24, line
9.
* Pp. 51, 52.
INTRODUCTION. xli
Arras MS. a different plan was taken. That page con- tains an acconnt of the miraculous lifting up of Dunstan's bed shorUy before his death, which is not given in the S. Gall MS., and was apparently unknown to Adelard. It seemed more likely to have been added in the later copy, than to have been intentionally omitted in the earlier. The last page is accordingly completed from the S. Gall MS. The collation of the Cottonian MS. is given in the notes ; that of the S. Gall MS., for which I am indebted to Dr. ^Dierauer, the present librarian of Yadianus's librarj^ is given at pp. 458-472.
2. For the edition of Adelard's Life three manuscripts have been used.
C. The first is the Cottonian MS., Nero C. 7., a noble c. The folio MS. of the twelfth centurj'', which contains several of Adeiard. other biographies. It is written in double columns, rubricated in red, thirty-nine lines to the page, and illuminated with figures of angels and a very fine initiax capital D. The life of Dunstan fills five folios numbered 72 vo. to 77, and the division into twelve lectiones is well marked. This MS. furnishes our text.
G. The second MS. of Adelard is the propeiiy of the S* '"''JJinn Honourable Society of Gray's Inn,^ and is numbered 3 in M8.of Ade- the new catalogue. It is a beautiful folio MS., almost as fine as the Cottonian, and perhaps half a century earlier, and contains a number of lives of the saints of much the same character. It consists of 161 folios written in double columns, rubricated in red, 40 lines to the page. The life of Dunstan fills thi'ee folios num- bered 75 to 78b. It omits the prologue, and one long passage of considerable importance containing the vision of Elfgai'.* Its various readings, which are not of any great significance, are given in the notes.
* A Catalogue of the Ancient MSS. belonging to the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, p. 3.
* Pp. 64, 65.
xlii INTRODUCrriON.
Lambeth ^- -^ third copy of this Life is found in the Lambeth MS. 159. jfg^ 159, a paper folio of the sixteenth century, which contains several other biographies of the Canterbury saints, and which has been very useful to me in pre- paring this work. This copy is a transcript of that in the Cottonian Nero C. 7. ufe^known ^^ work of Adclard is found, no doubt, in many landSS^*" continental libraries, although I have not been so for- wharton. tunate as to light upon a copy. It waa known to the the^prS-****** BoUandists, and through them, apparently, to Mabillon^ loffue. y^Y^Q ^QQQ jjqi mention it in his commentary on Osbem,
and was probably unaware of its existence in 1685. Henschen had seen it in tlie monastery of Bee in Normandy,' remarking that it did not contain the responsoria which, according to the prologue, originally formed part of it. He gave extracts from it in the notes to Osbem, but did not print it, regarding it chiefly as an abridgment of the earUer Life, and preferring the authority of Osbem for the additions common to the later authors. Henry Wharton, in 1691, printed the prologue by itself in the Anglia Sacra, vol. II., p. 148, from the Lambeth MS. I am not aware that this book has ever been printed, and the present is probably the first edition.
Numerous 3. The manuscripts of Osbem's work are very numerous, osbern's but with the cxccption of the corrected passages refer- ring to Edgar's penance, the birth of Edward, and the offence given to Dunstan after death by the cathedral clergy, they present a very uniform text, and furnish few or rather no various readings of importance. They differ, however, very much in respect of completeness. Some omit the prologue, some contain the Life without the miracles, some break off without the final paragraphs of the Life, some omit considerable portions of the mira- cles. These variations scarcely indicate several editions,
1 AA. 8S. Boll. May, yoL iy. p. 844.
INTRODUCTION.
xliii
bat rather result from the purpose of the particular copyist, and accordingly offer no principle of division except according to quantity. The following MSS. have been used, and collated for this edition.
D. This is the Bodleian MS., Digby, 110, a verygig^fno. beautiful thirteenth century manuscript in quarto, con* taining only the lives of Elfege and Dimstan, the latter of which begins at folio 35, and extends to folio 88. It is written in double columns, rubricated in red and blue, twenty-two lines to the page. It does not con- tain the prologue or the miracles, omits the contested passages on Eklgar s penance,^ and ends with the word veniret, p. 128, leaving out the promise of the book on the miracles.
E. The Cottonian MS., Tiberius, D. 3, is a large B.^igj,cot- folio MS., much burnt at the edges. It is a thirteenth ^' century MS., written in double columns, rubricated in
red and green, forty-three lines to the page. The volume comprises a large collection of Lives, that of Dunstan occupying folios 118 to 134. The Life is com- plete, having both the prologue, the contested passages, and the proper conclusion. The Miracles follow, but only a fragment remains, ending with the words "qui " homines " at p. 133 of the present volume.
F. The Arundel MS., 16, in the library of the British ?.m.s.
-»* /» ■»*■« /• t I/*! Arundel 16.
Museum, a fine octavo MS. of the twelfth century, 115 folios, single column, thirty-three lines to the page. It contains the whole work in very good form, but the contested passages have been erased and subsequently supplied by Josselin, who also has added the miracle of Egelward (pp. 144 to 151) which bad been either omitted or torn out of the volume. This MS. also con-
* The contested passages so con- stantly referred to in the following pages are (1) the sentence touching the dedication of Worcester Cathe< dral, p. 106; (2) that concerning
the foundation of Shafteshury, p. 112; (3) that on the hirth of S. Edward, also p. 112; and (4) that on the spurcitia malorum, p. 142.
xliv
INTRODUCTION.
H.MS. Harl. 56.
I. MS. HfU-l. 315.
K. MS. Cot- ton, Tib. D. 4.
L. MS.
Lambetli,
159.
tains on an inserted sKp the letters on the miracle at Saprington, which was worked up by ESadmer in his text.
H. The Harleian MS. 56, closely resembles the last- mentioned MS, It contains the prologue and the con- tested passages, the first fourteen chapters of the miracles, and part of the sixteenth chapter. The scribe seems to have grown tired of his task, and stops just before the accoimt of the burning of the cathedral.
I. The Harleian MS. 815, a folio MS. of the twelfth century, written in double columns, contains only a fragment of the Life, beginning with the words " fidem veram," p. 78 and ending with " legere," p. 129, in the middle of the prologue to the Miracles. In the con- tested passages the word quoddam is substituted as in MS. for the name of Shaftesbury, and the accoxmt of the birth of Edward is erased.
K. The CottonianMS. Tiberius D. 4. This is a very fine fplio MS. of the twelfth'century, which has sufferedl)y fire, but contains nearly the whole work,* fairly legible. It contains a collection of Lives, that of Dunstan filling folios 282 to 304v^. It is written in double columns, forty-two lines to the page, and has red initial letters. The text is tolerably complete, and contains the contested passage about Edward, but omits the story of the founda- tion of Shaftesbury and alters the relative position of the 22nd and 23rd chapters of the miracles.
L. The Lambeth MS. 159, which has been mentioned as containing the work of Adelard,* comprises that of Osbem as well. This is not a good copy. It has the prologue, omits the contested passages of the Life, and
» Pp. 144, 145.
3 The most important omission is of that the whole of c. 6 of the Life, which shows perhaps that the MS. has belonged to Glastonbury, the tradidonal antiquity of which is
disparaged in that chapter. This MS. also omits the word primus, which would make Dunstan the first abbot of Olastonbury, p. 92«^ ^ Above, p. xlii.
nnpRODuenoN.
xlv
the twenty-fooxih and twenty-fifth chapters of the Theism. minudes. It is an intereating volume, origixiuy, it would IS""' seem from the inscriptions it contains, the property of James Harley a monk of Christ Church, Canterbury, who probably was the writer ; then of William Hadley, who died on the 28th of January 1546. Hadley was the first prebendary of the eighth stall at Canterbury : he gave the volume to John Sarysbury, after whom Richard Hatton, Bachelor of Arts of Oxford, possessed it, and soon after his time it must have come to Lambeth. It has been annotated by Sancroft, and, containing as it does a large portion of the Canterbury Hagiography, is altogether a very interesting book.
M. The Paris MS. Latin 2475,^ once in Colbert's m. The Paris Library (Colb. 1418, R 3791) is of the thirteenth centuiy, ^® ^^' and contains lives of Cuthbert, Elfege, Odo, Edmund, and Bede. It is a large folio volume written in double columns, 32 lin^ to the page. The life of Dunstan begins at folio 106. It omits the contested passages of the life, and the miracle of Egelward, c. 19 of the second hook ; but has at the conclusion of each book a number of elegiac verses in honour of Dunstan, which are found in no other MS. ^ This is a fine and perfect text, but bears a few marks of revision which cannot be ascribed to the author.
N. The P^ris MS. Latin 6284* (Colbert 2632, R. l^) g^''^^^' was written early in the 13th century. It is in folio, double columns, 34 lines to the page, and besides the life of Dunstan, contains the biographies of several early, saints, all except S. Brendan belonging to the continental churches. Osbem's work begins on folio 161 and ends on folio 181 ; it has the prologue and the contested
> See the Catalogue of the MSS. of the Boyal Libraiy, vol. iii. pp. 286, 287.
' See pp. 128, 161, below.
> See the Catalogue of the MSS. of the Royal Library, vol. iv. pp. 68, 69.
xlvi
INTBODUCTION.
p. The Paris MS. 5089.
passages, but not the miracles, ending with a doxology after the word veniret, at p. 128. o. The PariB O. The Paris MS. Latin 5348/ (Colbert 1049, R. ^fft), belonging to the twelfth or early thirteenth century ; a folio in double columns, 36 lines to the page. It con- tains lives of Brendan, Cuthbert, Anselm, and Dunstan, the last filling folios 68 to 88. It is very perfect as far as it goes, having the prologue, the contestedj)assages, and the miracles, but has unfortunately lost the last leaf, ending with the words "adjuvante et Dunstano," p. 159. P. The Paris MS. Latin 5989 « (Colbert 375, R. 5^96), once the property of J. Pithou, contains a considerable fragment of Osbem's Life of Dunstan, and a life of S. Romanus of Rouen. It is of the 14th century, folio, double columns, 36 lines to the page. Osbem's work begins at folio 31, without the prologue, and ends with the words " non denique ullo humani," p. 100.
R. The Bodleian MS. 285, of the twelfth century, is a large volume of 183 foHos containing a considerable collection of the lives of the saints. It is written in double columns, rubricated in red and green, thirty-six lines to the page. The Ufe of Dunstan fills folios 83 v^. to 99 ; it has no prologue and does not contain the miracles, but has the contested passages, and ends with the word veniret, p. 128.
MS. CC. The MS. 328 » in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, once the property of Win- chester Cathedral, "Liber Ecclesise Sancti Swythuni WyntonisB," contains a very fine and perfect copy of Osbem. It is an octavo of 78 leaves, of the twelfth century, in single column, rubricated in red, and with finely ornamental initial letters. It has both the life and the miracles, with the contested passages, untouched.
£L The Bod- leian MS. 285.
CC. The Gorpua MS.
> See the Catalogue of the M8S. of the Boyal Libraiy, loL ir. pp. lOi, 104.
^ Ibid. yol. iv. p. 188. ' See Naemith's Catalogue of the Corpus MSS., p. 847.
INTRODUCTION. xlvU
After the life it has " Missa Sancti Dunstani/' ^ fo. 75 ; which is probably also the work of Osbem, and which is printed in this volume at p. 442.
MS. DD. The MS. 42,' also in the Library of Corpus dd. The Christi College, Cambridge, contains Osbem's Life, to- 42. gether with those of S. Martin and S. Edmund, and some other pieces. It is written in a twelfth century hand in single column, 40 lines to the page. It has the prologue, agrees with MS. M. in substituting '' ali- " quod " for the name of Shaftesbury in the account of Edgar's penance, leaves out the birth of Edward, and ends with the Vords "videantur qute dicamus," p. 128, omitting the miracles and the prefatory paragraph at the end of the life. The volume once belonged to John ^l^ingwolde, a monk of Dover.
Besides these MSS., all of which have been used for otherMss.
of OBbern.
this edition, there is one in the Vatican, MS. Christina 646, fol. 1-50;' an octavo of the twelfth century. The Cottonian MS. Yitellius D. 15^ also contained Osbem's life, but has been nearly destroyed by fire, and has now no fragment of it that can be detected.* The Library of MontpeUier possesses a complete copy in the second volume of its magnificent collection of lives numbered first in the catalogue,* and once the property of the monastery of Clairvaux ; and in the binding of MSS. 35, 37, 40, and 62, of the library of Boulogne-sur-Mer, are four fragments of another ancient copy which once belonged to the great abbey of S* Bertin.*
Osbem's Life has been three times edited, the miracles twice.
> Below, p. 442. ' Nasmith'« Catalogue, p. 26. ' Hardy's Catalogue of Materials, i. 598.
* Ibid. p. 597.
• Catalogue G^ndnl des MSS. des Biblioth^nes publiqaea des D4-
partements, toI. i. p. S83. Uardy, Catalogue of Materials, i. 599. The Laon MS. 163, mentioned by Sir T. D. Hardy, is a copy of Eadmer, not of Osbem.
' Catalogue G^n^ral, &c., vol. It. pp. 595, 596, 613*
d 2
xlviii
INTRODUCTION.
Osbern. edited by MabiUon ;
by the Bol btndisto *.
Mabillon, in the Acta Sanctorum, 88BC IV.,^ published in 1685, gave both the life and miracles from a MS. which had belonged to de Thou and afterwards to Col- bert, and which may safely be identified with MS. M. described above.
The Bollandist fathers, also in 1685, published both life and miracles, in their fourth volume for the month of May, pp. 359-884 ; from two MSS. " Antwerpiensi " ct Bonifontensi." Their text is almost word for word the same as Mabillon's, but does not contain the con- cluding versed. Besides the Antwerp MS., which the editors saved from destruction by purchasing it, and the Bonfont MS., they mention a third which they had seen at Bodickheim in Westphalia.
Henry Wharton, my most illustrious predecessor in the charge of the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, published in 1691 the life and the prologue to the miracles in the second volume of the Anglia Sacra^ pp. 88-121. He had used only the Lambeth MS. 159 : thus by a curious fatality the contested passages, although they occurred in so many of the MSS., and in all the good ones, have not \mtil now been printed, and com- mentators have supposed that the criticisms of Eadmer and William of Mahnesbury refer jbo a lost biography.* andMigne. The Abb^ Migne in the 149th volume of the Patrologia has reprinted among the works of Osbern, the Life and Miracles of Dunstan from Mabillon and the BoUandists.
bj Henry hutou;
^
Eadmer*8 Life in MS.
4. Eadmer's Life of Dunstan i^ very rare in MS., con- trasting strongly in that respect with tJie work of Osbern. On the pther hand we possess, in the MS. which has been used for the text of this edition, what is either the
iJPp. 659-688 of the edition of 1685; pp. 639>684 of the Venice edition, which I have used in pre- paring this Tolome.
= Hardy, Catalogue, i. 602 ; Whar- ton, Ang. Sac. ii. 211.
IKTKODUCfnON. xlix
autograph of Eadmer hiniBelf, or a copy taken directly and immediately from the original.
' P. This is ihe MS. 371 in the library of Corpus Christi p. The Cor- CoUege, Cambridge, which also possesses a MS., pro- fi^en'" bably original, of the invaluable Historia Novorum by the same author. It is a fair quarto MS. of the twelfth century, and bears a contemporary title, " Opus- '^ cula Edmeri Cantoris." It is written for the most part in single column, 33 lines to the page. It contains, as the title states, all the minor works of Eadmer, in- cluding besides the Life of Dunstan, the lives of Wilfrid, Bregwin, Odo, Oswald, and Anselm, and three other pieces printed in the present volume, the verses on Dunstan,^ the letter to the monks of Glastonbury,^ and the letter of Nicolas of Worcester on the mother of S. EdwanL' Besides these the MS. has several devo- tional compositions of Eadmer, some of which are printed by Gerberon and Migne in the Appendix to their edition of the works of Anselm, and some of which are yet impublished.
The life of Dunstan fills fojios 103 to 154 of the MS. <Hher mss.
of Eadmer.
Another MS. of Eadmer s Life is found in the MS. 163 bis, of the public library of Laon ; * a volume which con- tains also the lives of S. Cuthbert, S. Oswald, and S. Aidan. It is a foHo MS. of the twelfth century, and was formerly the property of the monastery of Yaudair. It contains both the life and the miracles.
These are the only two MSS. which are known to contain the entire work. Two others have, however, been used in the preparation of this edition, which may be ncTticed here.
The Cottonian MS. Nero E. 1, is a weU-known trea- HySP***^** sury of early hagiology. It contains, bound up, almost b.i. wantonly, with a mass of much earlier matter, a life of
' P. 424. • P. 412. » P. 422.
* Catalogue Q^^nd, &c., toI. it p. 122.
1
INTRODUCTION.
The Life in Dunstan, which has been understood to be Eadmer's, but
the Nero . ' '
MS. >» j^.^ IS in reality a composite work, made up of long extracts from this author, and from the corresponding work of William of Malmesbury. The life of Dunstan occupies folios 401 V** to 409 v**, written in double columns, 46 Unes to the page, rubricated in red, and with red and blue initial letters. The penmanship is of the thirteenth century. A collation of the whole shows that it is worthless as illustrating the text of Eadmer.^
The Lansdowne MS. 436, in the library of the British Museum, is a collection of lives adapted to the use of the nuns of Romsey : " Iste liber est de Ubrario ecclesise Sanctee Marise et Sanctae Ethelfledse Virginis de Romesey." It is written throughout in a good four- teenth century hand, in double columns^ rubricated in red and blue. The life of Dunstan fills folios 69 v* to
The Lans- downe MS. 436.
tt
€t
> The following collation is suffi- cient to indicate its contents: —
The text of Eadmer is kept pretty closely from th» beginning (p. 165) to "sortitus est," p. 175, Prom p. 1 7 5 to 1 80 is omitted. It begins again ** Sublato" p. 180, and continues to "operam dedit," p. 184. Pp. 184- 187 omitted. It resumes with '* Post " httc " to " consignavit,*' p. 187 : then, omitting the interrening por- tions, '* Ipse quadam die," p. 188, to *' consecrari," p. 189. Then comes the first extract from Wil- liam of Malmesbury, "Sepulto " i^tur," p. 282, to " petulantiam," p. 283. Returning to Eadmer, *< £rat in illis diebus," p. 190, to «exsequens," p. 197; "memorato "Odone," p. 197, to "ascendit," p. 198. After this we have a sen- tence abridged from William of Malmesbury, p. 293, '*nec minus '* cum Cantoariensi primatu susce-
pit beati Andrea in urbe Bofensi
sedem, qu» nunquam potest di- '< Telli ab ejus caritate sictit neo
<f
•<
« membrumacapite." Then, from William of Malmesbury, "Pro ** more," p. 294, to " impetravit," p. 296, with the date of Pope John's letter, p. 298:—** Beatnm "— ** bo- ** nus Odo," p. 299 ; **Eo tempore " -— " riTum," p. 305— •* Interea rex,*' p. 306 — *< conoedentibus," p. 808 ; •* Quadam deinde," p. 315— "desi- **derio," p. 317; "multa sunt— " transierat,'' p. 817. The story of Edgar's Sunday hunt is given from Eadmer, ** Alio quodam " — " canit," p. 207; **dies igitur," p. 217, to ** dilapsi sunt,'' p. 218 ; *' Dnnstanus "itaque," p. 219, to **habcre8," p. 219 ; "mox autem," p. 219, to « exspectabat," p. 221. Then, « mente sobria," p. 320, to '* timen- " tibus se," p. 320 ; from William. •* Tunc subito " to ** pr»mium," Eadmer, p. 221. ** Transiit autem " — '^immensa," W. Malmesb. p. 821. « Sepultu8"-i^"ascendebatur," Ead- mer, p. 221:— "Cai est honor et
" gloria in ** Amen."
ssecula ssoulorum.
INTRODITCfriON.
U
68. It is an abridgment of Eadmer's work, and contains This u an nottiing fix>m any other source. A collation of both these MSS. will be found in the notes.^
A late copy of the book on the miracles is annexed to William of Itibdmesbury's life of Dunstan in MS. Rawlinson, Misc. 263, an accoimt of which will be found further on.
The Life by Eadmer was printed by Surius, in hisfl^nus's collection of the Acta Sanctorum^ first in 1573, and re-
^ The Lansdowne Life is divided into twenty-three chapters: —
1. Beatiu — amissmn,p. 165. De- hinc — reveni sunt, p. 166.
2. Proficiebat udqne beatos Dun- stanns in scientia et moribos, cujos 0iiiiimiim stadium, p. 168-~deTitaret. Sciens, p. 169— concedi, p. 170: followed by an abridgment of c. 6.
3. Post aliquantos, p. 173— sor- titus eat, p. 175.
4. SuUato, p. 180 — persolTere fecit, p. 181.
5. Inde ad hospitium, p. 181 — ■ompeiss^ p. 182.
6. Contigit, p. 183— testati ennt, p. 184.
7. Post httc rrge E. occiso, p. 184 Yeiy much abridged, to admontut, p. 187.
8. Post fannc, p. 187— ^eseeTeim, p. 189, Tery much abridged.
9. Inter beati, p. 189 — coram Deo adyertit, p. 195, abridged.
10. The Tision of Edwy's soul, p. 196, abridged, to Cantuariensis eflfectos, p. 197. Hie copyist has then grown weary: ** Quis igitor in
ennctis qwe religion! competmit ]>nn8tanQ8 fderit, videlicet, cigus virtatis ad omnes omniom per- sonanon injnstitias deprimendas, ad bona qnsqne opera fovenda et <* mimienda extiterit, qui novit his- ** torias et legerit Vitas sanctorum *^ temporis sui cognoecit. Ided non
M
((
«
«
opus esse arbitror ut me brevitati " studentem in iUis scribendis fati- *' get grandis labor. Nonnulla
tamen de miraculis qus arcbiepi-
scopus gessit, breyiter subnecten-
tur."
11. Abridgment of c. 27 of Ead- mer.
12. Per idem — quiescent, p. 205, ut pluribus omissis in sequentibus patebit ezempUs.
13. Alio quodam — canit, p. 207.
14. Quadam noote, p. 208 — mo' dulatos sunt, p. 209.
15. Ordo clericalis, p. 211 — eli- minatis, p. 212.
16. Quod citato gressu, p. 212 — nemo fnit, p. 213.
17. niis autem, p. 213 — snarum, p. 214.
18. Inter Imbc, p. 214— asseruit, p. 215.
19. Posth8ecdie8,p.217— dilapsi sunt, p. 218.
21. (sic) DnnstanuB itaqne, p. 219 — ascendebatur, p. 221.
22. The account of the transla- tion by Lanfranc and ctnre of the deaf woman, from the Book of Miracles, p. 232, to the word efifecti, p. 233.
23. Accedit post hsec, an abridg- ment of the story of ^;elward, p. 234, as &r as the word *' examina- tio,** p. 238, and there the Vita ends*
lii
INTBODUCTIOK.
Ediiioiior printed in 1576-1581, in 1581 at Venice, and in 1618 at Life. ' Cologne. In the Venice edition it fills folios 99^^ to 106 V*. The editor added a compendium of the mirades, retaining for the most part the language of the original, but very much abridged. He ascribed the whole, as has been already mentioned, to an imaginary Osbert. Portions MabiUon, in his appendices to the life by Osbem, re-
SyMabiUon; printed firom Surius such portions of the life by Eadmer as furnished new information, and published from a MS. . Itt Compiegne, which had no author's name, a consider- able part of the book on the miracles. These will be found at pp. 684-695 of the Venice edition, pp. 689-712 of the original edition of 1685.
The BoUandists in 1685 also gave large illustrative extracts from Surius (AA. SS. Maii, vol. iv. pp. 359 sq.). They had a copy of it in a fine MS. Legendary of the Saints of May and June. In the year 1688 they printed, from a MS. of their own and from Mabillon, the extracts from the miracles ; AA. SS. Maii, vii. pp. 812-816.
Henry Wharton in 1691 printed, in ilie second volume of the Anglia Sacra, pp. 211-r221, large extracts from the Corpus MS., including the prologue, which was then first published. Wharton was able from his knowledge of this MS. to assign the authorship to Eadmer. These portions wei'e reprinted by Migne with other works of Eadmer, as an appendix to Anselm, in vol. 169 of the Patrologia
by Ihe fiol landisti;
and by Hen ry Warton.
Q. The MS. of William of Malmes- buiy.
5. The fifth Life, that by William of Malmesbury, is found only in one MS*
Q. This is the Bawlinson MS., Misc. 263, in the Bodleian Library. It was given to Thomas Heame by James West> M.A., of Balliol College,^ and was bought by Dr. Bawlinson after Heame's death. It contains no notes of
> ** To Mr. Thomas Hearne, of Edmund Hall in Oxford, Jan. 1, 1726. Felices moHos tibi Juppi- '* ter augeat annos, sic optat sic precatur Tester J* W.-*Suum
<*
i<
((
** cuique: Tho. Ucarne, Feb. 7, *' 1726; ex dono atnici ornatissimi " Jacobi West. A. M. e ColL ** Ball.*'
INTBODXJCmON.
liii
its earlier history. The MS. is written in single column 2^}J^„ throughout, 23 lines to the page, with initial letters of Misc. 263. ' red and blue. It contains 83 folios, of which the first 33, . forming the first book of the life, are in a bad hand of the latter part of the fourteenth or fifteenth century ; folios 34-65, forming the second book, are in a small cursive hand of the period of the Reformation, and have 18 or 19 lines to the page: the remainder, which is Eadmer s book of the miracles, is in the same hand and fills the rest of the volume. It is a very curious book, and the character of the modem writing can scarcely be described so as to be intelligible to a person who has not seen it. I am quite unable to conjecture which of our sixteenth century scholars has transcribed it, or where he found his text. It is not however, certainly, the writing of Heame, as has been suppo^ed.^ This life is now printed for the first time.
It may be as well to say here what little need be said of the other MSS. used for the latter portions of this volume.
The text of CapgravVs Life of Dunstan is fix^m a fine cS^vo's MS. of his collection, now MS. Tanner 15, in the Bodleian. ^^ It has been carefiilly collated with the edition printed by Wynkyn de Worde, and with another MS. in the Bod- leian, Bodley 240, of the fifteenth century, the writer of which has so well counterfeited an earlier hand, that at first sight I was inclined to refer it to the twelfth. The collation gives no various readings of any value, the printed text being on the whole the best of the three.
The letters of Dunstan's contemporaries which form ^pjf vh the most valuable portion of Part VII. of this volume, are all found in the unlucky Cotton MS. Tiberius A. 15 ; ^ and seven of them in the MS. Vespasian A. 14.
The Tiberius MS. is a collection of Alcuin's letters,
1 Hardy, Catal. Materials, i. 605.
' The present volume contains all the letters oomprised in this MS., additional to those of Alcuin, except
one of 8. Augnstine^and two, printed by Canisius, of Halitgar to Ebbo and Ebbo to Halitgar.
Uv INTRODITCrriON.
The Cotton to which thoso here printed are appended, arranged and i.. 16. copied, as it seems to me, early in the eleventh century. . In this opinion I am confirmed by Sir Thomas Hardy's authority,^ but the recent editors of Alcuin's letters, MM. Diimmler and Wattenbach, mark it " sseo. XII." It has furnished twenty new letters to the collection formed by Dr. Jaff4 and published in 1873.^ It was also used very largely by myself in the third volume of the " Coun- '' cils and Ecclesiastical Documents," published in 1871.' It has nearly perished by fire and water ; many whole pages can only be read by catching the light on the hollows in which the ink has once been. I cannot ven- ture to affirm that I have recovered the exact text in many places ; but I hope that whoever, coming after me, proves more successful, will ascribe my failure to a lack of power, rather than to a want of pains. Mr. Bond and Mr. Thompson have helped me in the task, and I am sincerely grateAil to them. The Cotton The MS. Vespasiau A. 14 is a very miscellaneous A. 14. volume, great part of it consisting of theological scraps, put together under the patronage of Wul&tan, archbishop of York, early in the eleventh century.* Some part of it>
1 Hardy, Cat. Mat. i. 504. I ^ Councils, &c., ill. pp. 495, 498-
3 Monumenta Alcuiniana, p. 134. | 500, 520, 615, &c. ^ The following lines, which fix the date of a great part of the volume, are worth preserving : —
Qui legis hunc titulum, Domino da vota Tonanti Archipontifice pro Wlfttano venerando.
Floret in hoc opere pia mentis pmsulis archi Wlfstani cui det Dominufi pia regna polorum, £t sibi commissofi tueatur ab hoste maligno.
Pontificis bonitas manet hoc memoranda ierarchi Wl&tani supero qui sit conscriptuB in albo.
Est laus Wl&tano mea pulchritudo benigno Fontifici cui sit Dominus sine fine serenus.
Comere me comiter jussit ita prsesulis archi Wulfstani pietas, data sit cui arcc corona.
Fraesule Wlfstano hoc opus est censente paratum, Follice quod docto impresitit subtilis aliptes.
*
INTRODUCTION.
Iv
however, is much earliei', and some later. This also was g^ '•fff* used for Dr. Jaffa's Monumenta Alcuiniana.^ That emi- nent scholar also transcribed six of the later letters con- tained in it ; and for his copies I have to thank very sin- cerely the kind liberality of his editors, who transmitted them to me through Dr. Pauli, and at his suggestion.^ The MS. had been already used by me in preparing the "(youncils" and some of the letters, as well of those contained in the Tiberius MS., I had copied as long ago as 1859, in preparation for an edition of Alcuin to bo edited for the Surtees Society, a design which the pub- lication of Dr. Jaffa's collection has now quite superseded.
The MS. C.C.C. 161, of Corpus Christi College, Cam- The sermon bridge, which furnished the ^' Sermo de Maxima laude ston.' Sancti Dunstoni," pp. 454-457, is a fine " Legenda " Sanctorum" written in double columns, late in the twelfth century. It contains Uves of most of the early English saints, and of four saintly abbots of Cluny, Odo, Maiolus, Odilo, and Hugh.^
The Cottonian MS. Tiberius B. 5, is a precious treasury The itine- of Anglo-Saxon relics, fisu: too extensive to be described sigeric. here. It was .used by the editors of the Monumenta Historica Britannica for the Fasti appended to the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester ; * and has furnished to the present work the Itinerary of archbishop Sigeric, and the list of the popes, and of the abbots of Glaston- bury, which will be found at pp. 391 and Ixxxii.
The MS. Nero A. % famishes a little prayer to S.
> Hon. Ale. p. 134.
'These copies reached me by poet the very morning on irhich I was starting for Cambridge, to bor- row the Grale MS., which I believed to contain copies from the Tiberius M8. As I had had no communica- tion with the German scholars on the subject, the coincidence was curious, and if it had occurred in
Dunstan's own times might have passed for something more. Un- fortunately the Gale MS. at Trinity which contains transcripts of the Alcuin letters does not contain the Dunstan ones.
' Kasmith's Catalogue, p. 229.
^ Mon. Hist. Brit. p. 616. Wan- ley, ap. Hickes, lliesaurus, iii. 215.
Ivi
INTRODUCnOK.
Dunstan, printed at p. 440. This is a very curious volume put together by Sir Robert Cotton from fragments of the earliest MSS. in his possession, and well deserves careful analysis.
Sketch of II. A complete investigation of the literary history of of the cycle, the cyclc is not called for here ; and to attempt it would be merely to recount in detail the several paredlelisms and divergencies of the first five authors, which are noted in the margin of this edition. On the other hand, it is scarcely sufficient to say merely that each of the five writers, whilst he added somewhat of his own or of independent tradition, was indebted for the main string and most of the marked details of his narrative to the works of his predecessors. I will therefore briefly state the chief conclusions to which I have come after a careful study of the books before us, on the growth of what, without any intention of disparagement, I shall venture to call, in the ancient sense of the word, the Dunstan legend.
The origin of the cycle must not be looked for at Glastonbury, but partly at Winchester and chiefly at Canterbury. The priest B., Adelard, Osbem, and Ead- mer, wrote at Canterbury or for the Canterbury clergy. William of Malmesbury, alone of the five, wrote for the monks of Glastonbury. All that part then of the original story which concerns Glastonbury must be supposed to rest upon contemporary belief, and p^bably on the statements of Dunstan himself, who, as we learn from Abbo,^ was accustomed to recount to his scholars stories of the kind, bearing upon the history of the nation. The priest B. had, as he tells us in his Prologue, learned
Itflorigiii not at Glas- tonbury.
^ Pp. 376, 379! "tiia Banctitas ex ** antiquitatis memoria collectam ** historialiter me pmsente retulis- " set . . . Bicut tuus mos eet, fra-
" tribus quos pabulo dirini rerbi *< Latina et patria lipgua pascere " non desinis."
nrntoDucfnoN.
Ivii
much of what he relates fix^m Dunstan's own mouth," '^^^^^^ much from the scholars whom he had educated from p'^*®*- their childhood. We can then, without any great stretch of imagination, see the white-haired old bishop sitting with the children of his household, his counsellors and guests, by the fire in winter, and telling the little ones the story of his childhood as he told the elders the his- tory of S. Edmimd, king and martyr, which had been told him when a boy by the king's armour-bearer. To this S^^i? direct source, it may well be, we owe our knowledge of JJJ^JjJ*^^ the names of his parents Herstan and Cynethrythis, his *»i™»®*'^- brother Wulfric, and his kinsmen Elfege and Kinesige ; the legend of the unfS&iling barrel of mead,^ which marked the occasion of King Athelstan's visit to his niece at Glastonbury ; the mention of the Irish teachers ; the narrow escape from falling stones at Winchester and at Qlastonbury; the story of King Edmund's chase in Cheddar, and all that is of local and personal interest in the early part of the story. In particular we must assign to Dunstan himself most of the marvellous tales Especially
the inar-
of the first biographer: the child's dream at his first veii^s visit to Qlastonbury, his walking in his slefep to church **^"'' and climbing the mason's ladder; his dream of his friend Wulfred ; his vision of the mystic dove at Ethel- fleda's death; the mysterious music of his harp as it hung against the wall ; and the noble words which formed themselves in his mind as he heard it. The several temptations by the devil are also probably of Dunstan's teUing; one took place on his own showing
por-
* " Tel videndo, Tel audlendo licet iDtellectu torpeDti ab ipso dldice- ram, vel etiam ez ejus alumniB qaos a tenella juTentatis state ad Tiros u-sque perfectos, doctrinarum pabalis deeenter instructos ipse-
'* met educando dedoxit," p. 5. ' This stoiy, we may observe, is
a digression, not told in connexion
(»
«
«
«
«
vitb any part of Dunstan's history, and may have been made up before be was bom. It is told also of a visit of Atbelstan to Abingdon, in the life of S. Ethelwold by Wulf- stan, Mabillon, AA. SS. ssec. V. pp. 600, 601 ; and in the life by Elfric, in Chron. Abend, ed. Steven- son, ii. 258.
Iviii INTEODUCTION.
■
DunstaD*a in a dream; he had fallen asleep before S. George's probably altar,^ and the ^nemy looked over his shonlder in the dreams. shape of a bear ; he awoke with the words of the psalm on his lips, " Let Qod arise and let his enemies be " scattered." Another, when the devil took the form of a bear, a dog, and a fox, was perhaps told by Dunstan as a dream also, but has taken in the narrative of the biographer the form of a waking vision.* The same is probably true of the dream that Dunstan had in Flan- ders touching his enemies at Glastonbury,' his vision of his mother's marriage,* and of the choir of virgins at S. Augustine's,'^ and possibly the warnings that came to him, at different times, of the death of his friends.* They reflect AH these storics bear the impress of the same mind, a
hia own , . * , ,
mind. mind slightly morbid and very sensitive, but pure and devout, void of grossness and grotesqueness. They seem to be stories for the children, told by one who had a strong belief in dreams, and to be magnified and made important in the repetition chiefly on account of the greatness of the narrator. On public events of his own time we may weU understand the archbishop to have
Thogiionoe been far more reticent: hence the silence of the bio-
of the first .^ •»- /•■rii 11. .-i
writer on graphcr on the history of Edgar, and his mistakes or matters. misrepresentations, for such we shall see them probably to have been, of the history of Edwy. Midway be- tween these two classes of stories, one of which Dunstan must have told, whilst the other he could scarcely have told as we have them, come two or three half private half public reminiscences, such as the warning of the death of Edred,^ and the appearance of the swarthy stranger before the murder of Edmund.^ In these cases we shall probably not venture to guess whether the tale
> P. 27 : " nee, ut ita dicam, pent- '* tu8 vigilanti neque penitus dor- " mienti."
" quadam nocte," p. 26.
Pp. 84, 85.
< Pp. 41, 42. » Pp. 48, 49.
• Pp. 46, 46, 47. 7P31.
• P. 45.
INTRODUCTION. lix
is due to ihe somewhat excitable imajnnation of the The most
woiiderful
saint, or to the exafi$:eration of common rumours at the story not
I — oo found in the
time. The most wonderful story of all, the miraculous bert us. lifting up of Dunstan in his bed just before his death, is not to be assigned to the authority either of the archbishop himself or of the first biographer.^ As it does not occur in the S. GaU MS., as there is no hint of it in the earUer part of the book, and as Adelard was clearly ignorant of it, I think that we may safely regard it as a later insertion. If, however, it be re- ferred to the author oi the rest of the book, as he does not relate it as an eye-witness, its truth or falsehood does not affect his personal veracity. The chief state- ment, to which the priest B. deposes on his own know- ledge,' is the account of Dunstan's manner of life,- his constant devotion, his literary labours, the great success of his work in the enlightenment of England, and that gift of tears, which is so curiously unintelligible at the present day, but on which we have the unquestionable testimony of Abbo of Fleury in his letter to Dunstan himself.'
Such being the sources, and such the recorder of the Special
^ value of the
history, we shall not be far wrong in attributing to first Wo- this life of Dunstan a value as illustrative rather of character than of external history. It has what may be called a " subjective " value ; its marvels are not miracles but visions and impressions. Its bearing on objective history is mediate. Such in his inner life, in . rest and meditation, in his talk with the children, in his recollections of his own childhood, was the man who for thirty years was the mainstay of the safety and glory of the English. From this point of view, the work of the Saxon priest is one of the most valuable monuments of our too scanty history. I cannot agree
» Pp. 51, 52. I » P. 379.
« Yp. 49, 50. I
Character of Adelard's Life.
Not an Abridg- ment.
Ix INTRODUCTION
wiih ihe critics who look on it as a mere £Eurrago of " monkish fables."'
The work of Adelard is in strong contrast. The idea that this book is a mere abridgment of the former has led to a general misimderstanding of the relations of the two.. It is from Adelard, in point of fact, ihai the most startling of the '' objective " marvels of Dunstan's career are derived. Not that he invented them, per- haps, but that the legend had, in the seven or eight years that intervened between the two, had time to grow, and had grown luxuriantly. Dunstan had already be- come a legendary hero. Adelard then is the authority for the supernatural event that heralded the birth of the saint ; he first tells how, at the feast of the Purification themarveis. at Qlastoubury, when the tapers of all the congregation were suddenly and miraculously extinguished, the taper of the expectant mother was relighted, and from it all the rest f in the first life, the delirious boy on his mid- night walk had held a stick, as if he were keeping off mad dogs,^ but with Adelard the possible dogs be- come ghostly messengers of the evil one. It is Adelard who tells first of the divine warning given at the birth of Edgar,* of the falling beam arrested by the sign of the oross.^ The temptation by the bear which, accord-
The source
* It is important to notice the mention made of this Life by the biographer of Oswald, who was also contemporary with Elfric: *<Poat *' h»c ezimius pater Dunstanus et '* decuB omnis patrisB, ex hac luce ** subtractus, ad setemflB lucis gaudia ovanter est perductus. Qoaliter Cttfulos ttstnantig andae fervores ezsuperaverit, et quomodo pue- ritiam aum pubertatis misericors ** totiuB mundi Salvator 'servaverit *< atque juventutis prsBConium sub- " limaverit, vel florentibus compsit ** actibus, sive quomodo Benectam
<«
«
((
a
tt
suse sanctse senectutis flnierit, " liber ejusdem vitas descriptus " luce clarius demonfitrat." Nero, E. 1. fo. 16. The writer then gives the temptation bj the bear, the choir of virgins, and the Kyrie elei- Bon. To the same source we are indebted for the poems of Abbo given in this volume.
2 P. 54.
' '' a canibus rabidis quasi se de- " fenderet, ibat," p. 8 ; compare Adelard, p. 55.
* P. 56.
« P. 69.
INTRODUCTION. Ixi
•
ing to the first writer, attacked Dunstan in a dream, Buggented now becomes an incarnation of the devil.* Adelard, Adei«d*8 too, first gives the vision of cherubim seen by Elfgar the week before Dunstan's death.^ A similar idea of amplifying and glorifying more ordinary events may be traced in this writer, as if it were necessary to sur- round the simplest details of the saint's life with a halo of sanctity. Dunstan's dream of the three apostles,^ simple enough in itself, is applied, although not with the fulness of interpretation developed by the later writers, to his future elevation to Canterbury. The part taken by S. Andrew in the original dream, which probably accounted for Dunstan's devotion to the gentlest of the apostles, is transferred to S. Peter; and S. Andrew is represented as ministering bodily consolation to Pimstan in exila The account of his appointment to a bishopric is related so as to show that Odo had a special divine intimation that he was to succeed him ;^ and Dunstan in like manner has a divine intimation that he must consecrate Elfege to Winchester.^
Some of the. minor variations in Adelard's story are Minor vajria* noteworthy ; El£^ the Bald, bishop of Winchester, is Adeiard's mentioned as having made Dunstan monk and priest,^ but Athehn, the ardibishop of Canterbury, is made, in- stead of Elfege, the kinsman and early patron.^ Dunstan has his first offer of a bishopric on the death of Ethelgar of Crediton, in the first life ;^ Adelard supposes the va- cancy to be made by the death of Elfege, and the see to be Winchester.®
Adeiard's work, however, has its value over and above itsvaJiie. its illustrations of the growth of legend. Scarcely twenty years had elapsed since Dunstan's death, and
' Compare the prieet B., p. 27, %ith Adelard, p. 59. 2 P. 64. » P. 57. < P. 60.
« P. 61. « P. 56.
7 P. 55. ,
8 P. 29. » P. 56.
e
Ixii
INTRODUCTiOK.
Ade1ard*a aooount of Dunstui's death.
His stiiry of Dun^taii's rvjcclion of
A papal letter.
His identifl. cation of Ariiulf.
some real reminiscences of his acts must have remained. I have no doubt that the record of his last words is derived fk*om authentic tradition. The story is beau- tifully and most simply told. " On the morning of the " Sabbath, when the matin hymns were now finished, he bids the holy congregation of the brethren come to him. To whom again commending his spirit, he received from the heavenly table the viaticum of the " sfiu^raments of Christ which had been celebrated in his presence; and giving thanks to God for it he began to sing, ' The merciful and gracious Lord hath so done ' his marvellous works that they ought to be had in ' remembrance. He hath given meat unto them that ' fear him — ' And with these words in his mouth, rendering his spirit into his Maker s hands, he rested in peace. Oh too happy whom the Lord found thus watching."^
Again, the story of the nobleman who had obtained a papal letter for an unlawful marriage,^ seems to bear the stamp of truth : it was at least very unlikely to have been gratuitously invented, and yet it is in ftiU accord with the state of the Roman church at the time and with Dunstan's zealous vindication of the law of marriage. Finally, we owe to Adelard the definite iden- tification of Amulf, the count of Flanders, as Dunstan's patron in his banishment; and of the monastery of Blandinium, the writer's own home, as his temporary asylum.' Both of these facts are only hinted at in the most general terms by the first biographer.
((
it
tt
t€
(t
<€
it
<€
it
<(
({
Period of
Osbern's
writing.
At least seventy years elapsed between. the date of Adelard and that of Osbem, and they were for the most part such years of trouble and humiliation as to add still more glory to the memory of the last rulers under whom England had been at peace and powerful. The
> P. 66. « P. 67.
» Pp. 69, 60*
INTRODUCTION. Ixiii
misrule of Ethelred, the oppressions of the early years Growth of of Canute, and the tyranny of his sons, the political fame, turmoil of the great provincial struggles under Edward, and after that the apparently hopeless humiliation of England under the Conqueror, all helped to invest Dunstan and Edgar with a character which they had scarcely possessed in their lives. The English feeling of the time, which is sensibly apparent in Osbem, Earner, and William of Malmesbury, was one of somewhat que- rulous helplessness. The new rulers of the state, Wil- National liam the Conqueror and his son Henry, although they dcncy. were willing to fortify their throne against their dan- gerous barons, by courting the support of the native people, had not, nor indeed could be expected to have, much sympathy with the national regrets. Even Lanfianc and Anselm were not at first sight able to Regard or recognize the m^ts of the English saints, whose rough and Anseim names wefe unfamiliar to their ears, whose principles of Engiuh church government were so widely different from their own, and whose doctrinal teaching even was behind the developed dogma of their age. The burning of the monastery of Christ Church, in the winter of 1067, pro- • / bably involved the entire destruction of the ancient ^ library, and it became necessary to replace the lost books either with new works or with new copies of the old. The monastic reform promoted by Lanfranc worked its way at Canterbury with great success, owing in some measure to the zeal and consistency of the archbishop himself; and the new books produced under his direc- tion reflected the circumstances of the time. Osbem, osbema a monk of English birth, a musician and a scholar, took cantertiuiy,
1 -t ,-t .• !• TT* iv X* and friend
up zealously the new monastic line. His affections are of Lanfranc. divided between his devotion to Dunstan and his love for Lanfranc; and the picture accordingly which he draws of Dunstan is toned to the colouring of the changed times. Dunstan is the prophet of the evil days, the intercessor for better times to come, the great
e 2
Ixiv
INTEODUCTION.
osbern'a mouastdc reformer. In this there is, I imagine, no con- DimstaiL scious misrepresentation. Osbem views the old facts through a new medium ; he combines the forms of le- gend which he found in the two former writers, and adds a record of the posthumous miracles and later grown traditions of the saint. Be com- By Osbcm the narrative of the Saxon priest and the
lirSr oar- panegyric of Adelard are welded together with consider- ra ives. ^|^j^ skill. From the latter he borrows the miraculous illumination at the feast of the Purification ; from the former the vision of the buildings at Glastonbury, whidi, however, he ascribes to the parents instead of the son.^ The account of Dunstan*s education is a blending of the two legends. . The sleepwalk is described, with the addi- tion of the direct ministration of angels.^ Dunstan s first patron is archbishop Athelm, as he had leained from Adelard ; his second is Elfegc, as he had learned from the priest B. From the latter he takes the story of the harp, the expulsion fi*om Athelstan's palace, the reception of the tonsure, the miracle of the mead, the deathbed scene of the great lady, the vision of Wulfred, the king's hunt in Cheddar, the nomination to Glastonbury, the visit to Bath, where he had a divine warning of the death of his scholar, the vision before the death of Edmund, Edred's attempt to promote him, the divine warning 0f Edred s death, the misrule of Edwy, the scene on the coronation day, the flight to Flanders, the revolution in Mercia, Dimstan's return and promotion, his manner of life as a bishop, his vision of his mother's maniage and of' the choir of virgin^, and the last days of his life, including the miraculous elevation of the couch, which he must have taken from the MS. at S. Augus- tine's.' From Adelard he takes the divine warning at
> P. 78.
'F. 76, << angelicis iiiatubu8{" in the first life the boy simply -walks in sleep or deUriumi in the second
he is beset by the dcTil's dogs: in the third ho is borne by angels. ' See pp. 51, 52.
INTRODUCTION.
Ixv
the birth of Eklgar, the interpretation of the vision of hu im- the three apostles, the story of the beam, the election of oftbeewi>' Edward the Martyr, the promotion of Elfege, the vision * ^' of £I%ar, the burial of Dunstan, and his prophecy of coming troubles. In all this there is nothing absolutely new, but everything, is told in the grand style, and ap- propriate jspeechcs are constantly put in the mouths of the actors, for which there is no authority in the earlier lives.
Osbem's additions, whether derived from tradition, or Hii nddu the product of an imagination intent on the contempla- previous
writers.
tion of what ought to have happened, are mainly the9e : the description of the cell at Glastonbury, which he had himself seen ^ and measured ; the -fiunous story of Dun- stan seizing the devil by the nose,' the vision of Edwy's soul carried off by devils, the hamstringing of Ethelgifu, , the bringing water out of the rock, the whole story of Edgar's sin and penance, and the monastic revival that followed, with the struggle between the monks and clerks at Winchester and Calne, the prophecy at Ethel- red's coronation, the warning of the death of the two bishops, and the story of the siege of Rochester, wh^re Dunstan bribed Ethelred with a gift of a htndred pounds. Of these particulars, ' the only one which can Some par- with certainty be ascribed to another source is the story added ivom of the synod at Calne, which is found in the Chronicles.' cies. The devastation of the dioc^e of Rochester in 986,^ and the coronation of Edgar at Bath,*^ are also told in the Chronicles, but without any of the circumstanoes'described
- p. 84. This story is bo fiimons that one can hardly doubt that it had some foundation. The version in which the devil took the form of a woman is comparatively modem* It seems not unlikely that Dunstan may have taken some one by the nose, and that the identification was an afterthought. Eadmer in
this story improves on Osberu, making the devil himself cry out, "Vsel quid ille 'Cidvus diabolus " fecit I '* Cf. pp. 85, 174.
' Chron. S. ed. Thorpe, p. 23 i. The Council of Winchester also is mentioned, but without the miracle, in the Regularis Concordia.
* Chr. S. p. 238.
« Chr, 8. pp. 224, 225.
Ixvi
INTRODUCTION.
Tradition of
Ethelred'g
coronation.
Osbem's variations from the earlier writers.
Osbom's nccouiit of Dunstan's miracles is r new.
/
by Osbem. The prophecy at Ethehred's coronation, which Osbem gives as traditional, " ut fertnr," ^ is found ako in nearly the same words in Florence of Worcester, who does not elsewhere quote Osbem ; it is, therefore, probably a fragment of independent tradition.
Lastly, we may note some minor particulars in which Osbem departs from his authorities, in a way which shows that he either was a careless copyist, or had other information. The great lady of Glastonbury whom the priest B. calls Ethelfleda, Osbern names Elfgifu.* The lady Ethelwynn is merely " matrona quaedam." * The name of Wulfred,-* Dunstan's early friend, is suppressed, although the story which belongs to him is given in fuU. The words of the anthem played on the harp are varied, " gaudebunt " ^ being substituted in all but one late MS. for " regnabunt ; " and the hymn which Dunstan learned in his dream of the marriage feast is, except the opening words, altogether different.®
The whole of Osbem's second book, that on the mira- cles, is new. We learn from the little prayer printed at p. 440, that early in the eleventh century Dunstan had gained the reputation of a worker in miracles ; most, how- ever, of those recorded by Osbem seem to be of much later date. For the mass of these he professes to have written authority. "They are selected," he says, "from the " books of miracles which are not now extant." ^ Some of the later wonders he had seen himself ; some few he had heard from others. The interest of this part of the work is, however, quite apart from the history of Dunstan, and
» Pp. 114, 115. Flor. Wig. A.D. 1016. 2 P. 85. 'P. 80. Cf. pp. 20, 21.
* P. 89. Cf. pp. 15, 16. » P. 80.
* P. 118.
* P. 128. Oshcrn gives at p. 160
a Blight sketch of some of the won- ders contained iif the lost books ; fh>m irhich it appears that Eadmer used them. Eadmer certainly has several stories which Osbem de- clines to tell as beyond ordinary belief.
INTEODUCTION. Ixvii
the lyustratioiis wliich it supplies to later history cannot be considered here.
Osbem's work had not been written many years when Kwimer, it came under review by Eadmer^ who represents the iiweim. school of Anselm much as Osbem did that of Lanfranc. Both are thoroughly English : Osbem, like his master, is a maintainer of discipline ; Eadmer, like Anselm, is zeal- ous of doctrine.^ It may be added that Eadmer's Latin style is much more chastened and succinct than that of his predecessor.
Eladmer undertook to write this book, because that of He wrot« Osbem contained some ^evous faults : he had mistaken correct the the dedication of the cathedral church of Worcester, and osbcm. had misrepresented the character of the mother of S. Edward, making her out to be a nun, whereas she was only accidentally veiled. Both of tliese points Eadmer was enabled to correct by the information of his friends at Worcester. Besides these inquiries, he had studied the original books, the Saxon priest and Adelard. The two mistakes specified may seem to give slight occasion for the rewriting of the whole book, and we can scarcely possiWy he doubt that Eadmer's principal aim was to rival the fame h!^u^ ^ of his predecessor. Two or three strokes of the pen would, as we have seen in our view of the MSS., have reduced Osbem's text to a conformity with Eladmer's views ; but this would not have contented him. He was, we should infer, a very young man, and he certainly wrote very much simpler Latin. Yet the work of Ead- Yet he mer foDows, almost with servility, the lines of Osbem, ciosciy. even in the points in which he diverged from the earlier writers, and their few variations may be summed up in very few words. He retrenches and abridges the speeches which are the most audacious efforts of Osbem's
1 The most important pawages in I mer's Life of Odo, on the subject of proof of this will b€ found in Ead- | the Eucharist.
Ixviii
INTRODTTCnON.
His addi- tions, and variatious.
Eadmer*s inyention : he gives the story of the death of the monk Of osbem'a Elfsige,^ which Osbem had omitted ; he makes t)imstaii break his stick on the back of the devil, who, having appeared in a dream in the first life, had visited the saint bodily in the second,' and tells how he placed a tooth of S. Andrew in the new staff; he inserts Dmistan's dieam at Blandinium from the first life,^ and enlarges on Adelard's story of the nobleman who had obtained a papal dispensation, a story which Osbem may have omitted as being on tender ground for his patron, who had obtained a similar dispensation for William and 1, Matilda* He gives another story which Osbem knew, but would not tell, Dunstan's reAisal to say mass until the coiners had been mutUated,^ a tinnely tale enough whilst Henry I. was reforming the coinage ; and another which Osbem slurred over, how the saint hung his chasuble on a simbeam.* He returns to the first version of the hymn learned in the dreamt He gives the story of Edgar's Sunday hunting,® and the orientation of May- field church by a push of the saint's shoulder.® In his account of the institution of monks at Winchester he has borrowed some details fi'om the biographers of S. Ethel- wold. He gives a new account of Dunstan*s last words ; and five new miracles, one of which, the pilgrimage of the monk Egelwin, was known to Osbem ; ^^ one, that of Saprington, which had been recorded after Osbem wrote ;'^ and one, or a series, of cures effected .by water in which the saint's staff had been dipped. It is safe to add that if Eadmer had never written anything more valuable, his name would in all probability have been forgotten.
His addi- tional miracles.
* P. 189.
3 Compare the several stages of the Btory, at pp. 27, 59, 189, 190.
3 P. 193.
* Osbern hints at the story, p. 106: Eadmer works it out in de- tail, pp. 200, 201.
* Pp. 202, 203. Cf. Osheru, p. 106.
6 Cf. pp. 160, 204.
7 P. 206.
8 p. 207.
9 P. 204.
»»Cf. pp. 160,245. " Pp. 144, 247.
INTRODUCfnON. bdx
William of Mahnesbnry comes before us, in relation to wmiam Ihmstan's history, in a threefold capacity ; as the his- bury.u torian, the champion of Glastonbury,, and the critic on advocate,' Osbem. In the first point of view, writing long after he had published his " Qesta Begum," he now and then corrects or modifies statements which he has made in that work. These passages, so far as they have any real importance, may be pointed out by-and-by. The advo- cacy of the historic claims of Glastonbury is a branch of the criticism on Osbem. The life by Eadmer there is no reason to suppose that William ever saw ; he nowhere quotes it or refers to it ; and as we know from both his great works that he entertained a high respect for the writer, both as a man and as a historian, we can scarcely doubt that, had he known the book, he would have mentioned it, either for praise or for blame. Tet several of the faults which Eadmer had pointed out and cor- rected, were also pointed out and corrected by William.
With the exception, however, of Eadmer, William had His mti- all the previous writers before his eyes, and keeps closer Osbem. to the first life than either Osbem or Eadmer. His criticism on Osbem touches four chief points. His ac- count of Dunstan's mother is clothed in language which verges on heresy : * his pompous account of Dunstan's mathematical knowledge is attacked as bombastic and pedantic;^ everywhere the antiquity and primitive monachisin of Glastonbury are either denied or lost sight of;' and the history of King Edgar is written without I r^ard to historic evidence or decent loyalty.* Again and again these points are touched on ; Osbem's artificial speeches are rejected scornfully ; ^ his laudations of Dun- stan are viewed as merely intended to embellish the style or increase the bulk of the work : " we well under- " stand that of our praise, especially of artificial false " praise, Dunstan stands not in need." The authority
» Pp. 251,322-324.
2 p. 251.
» Pp. 251, 258, 270, 271, 801.
,* P. 252. « Pp. 287, 288.
Ixx
INTRODUCTION.
His ortho- doxy.
His addi- tions from other
sources, and attempts to harmonize.
His refer- ence to the B^ularis Concordia ;
the letter of the Pope ;
the relics at
Malmes-
bury.
of S. Augustine is brought to bear on the "sacrum " puerperium " of Kynedritha in a way whibh, consider- ing the unintentional nature of the error, is a little out of proportion.^
Setting aside the points of controversy; William of Malmesbury's book is not an unfavourable specimen of his powers. He brings additional matter from the lives of other saints, especially those of Odo, Oswald, Ethelwold, and Edith,2 and weaves in the details with considerable skill. He attempts to harmonize the stories of the Saxon priest, Adelard, and Osbern, thinking it probable that their differences are only apparent : they may differ as to arrangement whilst they agree as to fact, and what one has omitted the other may well have supplied with- out any suspicion of having invented it.' Besides the constant assertions of the importance of Qlastonbury, there is little that the writer states on his own respon- sibility. He tells the story of Edgar's early intention to revive monasticism, from the English commentary on the rule of S. Benedict, the BiCgularis Concordia, which is still extant.* The letter of pope John XII. to Dunstan he gives from a copy which he also used in the composi- tion of the " Gesta Pontificum," * and which he may have derived from that Pontifical of Sherborne, his own diocese, which is now in the National Library of Paris, although he does not reproduce it with much exactness. Dunstan's gifts to Malmesbury, the bells, the organs, the shrine of S. Aldhelm, he describes from the closest per- sonal knowledge, but nearly in the same language which he had used in his other books ; ^ his accounts of Elfric of Crediton,^ Ethelwold of Winchester,® Oswald of Wor-
I
» P. 322.
2 See at p. 294 an extract from Eadmer's Life of Odo ; pp. 262, 299, from Wul&tan's Life of Ethelwold; p. 810, from Qotselin's Life of S. Edith. The story of Elfei^e insnlt- ing the tomh of Odo Ht p. 294 is taken from the life of Oswald.
» P. 289. * P. 290. « Pp. 296-298. « Pp. 301, 302.
7 P. 302.
8 P. 803.
INTRODUCTION.
Ixxi
cester,^ and Wulfsige of Westminster/ are the result of Higaddi- his own reading, and repeat in some degree his own inaccurate statements. His account of the death of Edward the Martyr is a paraphrase of what he had said in the " Gesta Rcgum." The story of Alwold and the foxes is the only direct addition to the legend. The most remarkable passage in the book is the amplification of the exposition of Osbem on Dunstan's prophecy to Ethelred,' a passage which shows that WiUiam was by no means devoid of that English feeling which is so * strong in Osbem and Eadmer, and which he himself, when writing for the Norman courtiers, is generally so careful to keep in check.
Capgrave's sketch, abridged as it is partly from Os- Oapgrave's bem and partly from John of Tynemouth, has no great interest either historical or literary. The collation seems to show that he had used Osbem, biit that he knew the life by Eladmer only through the " Historia Aurea." Some few indications may be traced that seem to show a knowledge of Eadmer's book on the miracles.
We ask, finally, what is the relation of these bio- Beiation of graphics to the Chronicles, the moi'e weighty and direct ciers to the evidences of our national history. Florence of Wor- piorenc© of cester, the first of these, had both the Saxon priest and ^<>«*«*^''- Adelard ; and, from them only, adds to the very scanty details of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle what he says of Dunstan.^ The coincidence between his account of
* Pp. 303, 304.
2 p. 304. There is a MS. Life ,of this bishop in tho Xaiisdowne MS. 436, the Romsey Legeuda ; but it Heems to be utterly devoid of credit, and at Tariance with ascer- tained chronology. I'he utmost that can be inferred from it is that Wnl&ige was tfaditionally regarded as the monastic refbrmer at Sher- borne.
» Pp. 821, 322.
* The following references mark direct extracts made by Florence : A.D. 924, Dunstan's birth, from B.; A.D. 942, his appointment at Glas- tonbury, 943, the birth of Edgar, / from Adelard ; A.D. 946, the sue- 1 cession of Edred, from B. ; A.D. 951, the death of Elfege, from Ade- lard; A.D. 953, the succession at Crediton, from B. ; A.D. 955, the
Ixxii
INTRODUCTION.
Floranoe of Worcester.
Henry of Hunting- don.
Ordericus Vitalis.
Balphde Diceto.
The S. Al- bania his- torians.
Higdcn.
John of Tynemouth.
Dunstan's prophecy and that giyen by Osbem, may be, as we have seen, accounted for on another theory be- side that of direct quotation. Henry of Huntingdon, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as his chief authority, mentions Dunstan only three times, in connexion with the synod of Calne, his prophecy about Ethehred, and his death. Ordericus Vitalis seems to have had no di- rect acquaintance with the Lives, noticing the saint only in connexion with the monastic revival. .William of Malmesbury has been already accounted for. The information of Ralph de Diceto is chiefly if not entirely fix)m William of Malmesbury. Gervase of Canterbury abridges Osbem,^ making additions from the "Qesta Regum " and " Gesta Pontificum." The S. Alhan's his- torians knew the work of the Saxon priest. John of Wallingford gives considerable extracts from it, as well as from Adelard;* Matthew Paris and Roger of Wen- dover used not only the Saxon priest but Adelaixl, Osbem, and the " Gesta Pontificum ;"* and the same is true of the work known under the name of Matthew of Westminster. Ranulf Higden used chiefly Osbem and William of Malmesbury, but quotes Adelard, pos- sibly through the medium of Florence of Worcester.* John of Tynemouth used both Osbem and Eadmer, quoting the former verbatim, the latter with variations that seem to imply some manipulation of his own." Capgrave, as we have seen, used Osbem and John of
death of Edred, and 95C, the exile of Dunstan, from Adelard; A.D. 957, the division of the kingdom, and 958, the character of Byrht- helm, firom B. ; A.D. 959, Dun- stan's promotion, from B.
» Ed. Twysden, cc. 1645-1648.
' Ed. Gale, p. 541, the death of Edmund ; p. 542, illneBR and death of Edred, from B. ; p. 543, account of Blandinium, from Adelard.
5 See extracts from B. in Matthew Paris, under the years 929, 940, 955, 957, 959 ; from Adelard, A.D. 946 ; from Ofihem, A.D. 946, 979 ; from William of Malmesbury, A.D. 958.
* R. Higden, ed. Gale, pp. 264- 270.
' See below in tlie collations of Capgrave's Life, pp. 336 sq.
INTROD0CTIOK. bmii
Tynemouth. The writer of the book of Hyde followed The book of Higden; Rudbcnue used the same materials with ex- later' pansions or forgeries of his own. Polydore Veigil held by the historians rather than the bi<^raphers; Harps- field followed Osbem, Eadmer s Miracles, and John of Tynemouth.^ Archbishop Parker used all the autho- rities already enumerated, and Ussher did the same. From the date of the publication of the Saxon priest by the Bollandists, all writers of church history have had the most ancient life befm'e them. The works of Adelard and William of Malmesbury are now first printed, and that of Eadmer for the first time in integrity.
III. The determination of the chronology, and thec^entioDsof identification of the places and persons that come into aod identi- Dunstan s history, is a very limited but not a very easy task. The authorities are vague on each point, and their evidence, even where it is exact, is not very weighty. Yet some of the most curious problems of our early history, especially the history of the reign of Edwy, are inseparably connected with this inquiry. The dates and names are so few, however, that it is scarcely worth while to subdivide them ; and they may be best discussed in the natural order of the events of the saint's life.
Dunstan is said to have ** sprung to light " in the reign nateof ^ of Athelstan. We may question whether the word birth. "* " oritur " * refers to his birth or to his coming before the eye of history, in what year of Athelstan's reign the event took place, and in what year Athelstan began to reign. AU our authorities agree in referring the word to Dunstan's birth. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, which Osbem follows, fix the first year of Athelstan as the date, and for that first year we have to choose between 924 and 925, the former date being given in four MSS. of the Chronicle, and by Florence of Worcester, the
> Harpsfield,Hi8t. Eccl. pp. 193^ I ' See B. p. 6 ; Flor. Wig. A.D. 197. I 924 ; Chr. 8 .A.D. 924, 925.
Ixxiv
INTRODUCTION.
i>ateof ^ latter by two MSS. of the Chronicle. Unfortunately the birth. exact date of the death of Edward the Elder is unknown, but, as Athelstan in his charters speaks of 929 ' as his sixth year, his first must at all events have begun in 924. Alford places Dunstan'd birth in the spring of 925, arguing that if his mother were pregnant in February, as must be supposed to have been the case if Adelard's miracle of the candles has any semblance of truth, and if Athelstan's accession took place about the middle of the year 924, the child must have been born in 925.* And this computation is borne out by an entry in an ancient Anglo-Saxon Paschal Table, preserved in the Cotton MS., Caligula A. 15, under the year 925, "on " thison geare waes see Dunstan geboren." The matter is not in itself of great importance, but it is compli- cated with questions toudiing the date of archbishop Athelm, and the age at which Dunstan took holy orders. His parents. Dunstan's parents were, as the Saxon priest teUs us, Heorstan and Kynedritha f his near kinsmen were among the " palatini " * or members of the court and household
^Alford had seen a charter in which 925 is called the first year of Athelstan, Annules, III. 242:— A.D. 929 is the sixth year in Kem- hle, C. D., Nos. 347, 348. A.D. 931, Nov. 12, is in the seventh year, ibid. 353 ; A.D. 934, May 28, is in the tenth year, ibid. 364; A.D. 931, Mar. 23, is in the seventh year, ibid. 1102 ; and July 31 also, ibid. 1103 ; A.D. 932, Aug. 28, is in the eighth year, ibid. 1007. If these dates are calculated on one principle, his reign must have begun after Nov. 12, 924 ; but I should not venture to take this for granted. The reign of Athelstan lasted, according to the MB. Tiberius A. 3, fourteen years and seven weeks and three days, which, calculated back from Oct. 27, 940, the day of his death, would fix
his coronation about the first week in September, 926. The Chronicle gives him a reign of fourteen years and ten weeks, which may have been calculated from his father's death, and would fix that event about August 10 : — if for four- teen we read sixteen, Edward's death would be determined on or about Aug. 20, 924 ; if not, Athel- stan must have been crowned two years after his reign began, which is improbable. Perhaps the day may yet turn up in some monastic kalendar. It is, however, very curious that all the ancient regnal lists give him a reign of only four- teen years.
* Annates, Ui. 242i »P. 6.
* l\ 11,
INTRODUCTION. IxxV
of Athelstan ; Elfege the Bald, bishop of Winchester, Hw con- J and bishop Kinesige of Lichfield,* were also near rela- the roy»i / tions. Dunstan had a brother named Wulfiic* The great lady Ethelfleda was also connected with him ^ by the ties of relationship,' and she was of royal descent, being Athelstan's niece.* These circumstances certainly give some foundation for the statement of Dunstan's no- bility, made by the later biographers, who, however, have a strong tendency to define what the earlier writer has left indefinite. Adelard goes further, making archbishop hi* other Athelm his uncle.*^ Osbem and Eadmer make his ^ ^^' parents noble, and turn the lady Ethelfleda into Elfgifu or iEthelgifu.* They also ignore the existence of Wulfric, making Dunstan an only son.^
The probability is in fEivour of Dunstan's noble birth. Kynedritha. Of Heorsian nothing more is known, but Eynedritha is very probably the same as Eeondrud, a lady whose name is found among those members of Athelstan's court who were made partakers of the prayers of the , monks of S. Gall, when in the year 929 they were visited by bishop Kynewald of Worcester.® Wulfric, who
<<
» Pp. 13, 32.
« P. 18.
' " causa reUgionie, simul etiam
religionis," p. 17.
* P. 18, "salutata ncpti."
^ P. 55, ** patrao scilicet sao.
• Pp. 85, 175. 7 I^. 89, 178.
* The form is printed bj Goldastus in the l^criptores Benim Alemanni- camm, vol. ii. part II. p. 153, and also in the Appendix to the Beport on the Fcedera. It is so closely connected with Duustan's period that it is worth while to give it entire : —
■ *' Anno ab Incamatione Domini 928, indictione ii. (lege 929) Eeonwald " Tenerabilis episcopus profcctus ab Anglis, omnibus nionasteriis per totam Germaniam, cum oblatione de argento non modica, et in id ipsum rege Anglomm eadem sibi tradita, visitatis, in idibus Octobris yenit ad mopasterium Sancti Galli ; quique gratissime a fratribus susccptus ct ** ejusdem patroni noetii festivitatem cum illis celebrando, quatuor ibidem ** dies demoratus est. Secnndo antem, postquam monasterium ingressus *' est, hoc est in ipso depositionis S. GaUi die, basilicam intravit et pecu- ** niam secnm oopiosam attuUt, de qua partem altario imposuit, partem ** etiam utilitati fratrum donavit. PostbiBC eo in conventum nostrum in- " ducto, omnia eougregatio concessit ei annonam nnius fratris, et tandem
u w
M
j
Ixxvi INTRODUCTION.
Wuifric. is described as managing the secular affairs of Glaston- bury under the title of prsepositus or reeve,^ may also with some probability be identified with Wuifric, the I " comes " or " gesith " of the kings Edmund and Edred, i to whom many grants of land were made which ulti- ; mately became the property of Glastonbury. The estates thus bestowed were situated at Idemestone, Nellington, Grutelington, Langleath, and other places not far from Glastonbury, and the gifts may possibly have been made with the intention of their being appropriated to the monastery ; they begin as early as 940, when Dunstan could scarcely have become abbot, and Wuifric the re- cipient must have been an elder brother, if he were brother at all. Another glimpse of him may be caught in a curious MS. of the Irish collection of canons, now among the Hatton MSS. in the Bodleian, entitled ** Liber " Sancti Dunstani,'" which belongs to the date, possibly to the school or hand of Dunstan. The scribe has drawn
** orationem quam pro quolibet cle nostris, sivc vivente, sive vita decedente, " facere solemus pro illo facturam perpetualiter promisit. Hsec sunt " autcm nomina qtts conscribi jussit vel rogavit: rex Anglorum Adal* " stean, Kenowald episcopus, Wigbarth, Kenwor, Conrat, Eeonolaf, Won- " dych, Eeondnid." A longer list appears in the general catalogue of the Fratrcs Conscripti (Goldast. p. 156): —
** Uic regis Anglis et comitum suonun nomina denotata sunt ;
Adalstcn, Bex. Wolf helmus, arch iepisc. Elwinna, epiao. Botkarus, episc.
Winsige, epiflc. Sigihelm, epiacopua. Oda* epiaoopiis. Fridosten, cpi&
|
Kcnod, abba. |
Albrich^abba. |
Cudret. |
ErduU. |
|
|
Fridolef. |
• Wulfun. |
Ortgar. |
Osfred. |
EUsie. |
|
Adalwerd. |
Elwin. |
Adalwiu. |
Borectwin. |
WiOfllt |
|
Wighart. |
ConxtA. |
Kouvrin. |
Wondrad. |
Keuowald, opine. |
|
Kenolaf^ |
Keondrud." |
"■ ' |
cum oeteria. The bishops are Wulfhehu of Canterbury ; Elfvrin of Lichfield; Edgar of Hereford; Winfiige of Dorchester; Sigelm of Sherborne; OdoofBams- bury ; Fiithstau of Winchester ; and Eynewold of Worcester. Of the abbots, Ecnod belongs to Evesham or Abingdon, and Cudret to Glaston- bury. Elfric, abbot (Albrich) ; Osferth, ealdorman ; Wulfhun, bishop ; Wihtgar, minister ; and others may be identified with the iritnesses of Athelstan's charters.
'F.>^. I Nos. 381, 38a, 398 f M9. BodL
2 See the charters in Eemble, \ Wood, I. folios 233, 234, 238.
INTBODUCTION. Ixxvii
in one place the head of a boy, in rubric, with the name " Wulfric Cild."
The lady Ethelfleda bears a name too common among Ethemoda. the Anglo-Saxons to furnish any basis for identification, and the fact that she is called Athelstan's niece scarcely helps the inquiry. A certain lady, i£lfleda, has, like Wul&ic, grants of land from Athektan and Edmund,^ which came to the same monastery. This lady is not to be identified Mdth Ethelfleda of Mercia, Athelstan's aunt, who died in 922 at the latest, nor with Ethelfleda of Damerham, the second wife of king Edmund ; nor with Eadfleda, Athelstan's sister. Ethelfleda of Romsey, abbess, virgin, and patron saint, cannot, if her recorded history be true, have been the widowed friend of Dun- stan. The main part, however, of the history of the abbess of Romsey is apooyphal, and the dates assigned to her are inconsistent with one another. It is therefore possible that she was the person whom we are seeking. She is said to have been the daughter of an ealdorman Ethelwold and his wife Brihtwina.^ If this ealdorman be identical with Elfweard, Athelstan's brother, who died in 924, his daughter would be the king's niece ; but this is barely probable. The fact that Osbem and Eadmer Ca]iedai80 give her tiie name of Ethelgifti or Elfgifu, would show ^'
that in their time no such identity was recognized, nor can the latter name with any probability be regarded as the true one, although the practice assigned to her, of ministering of her goods to the kings and the seed royal, does curiously coincide with the oiffice which has been with great probability ascribed to that more famous Ethelgifu,' who exercised so baneful an influence on
> MS. Wood, I. foUo9 223, 240 ; Kembte, Cod. Dipl. No. 389» where 8he is called *' religiosa fcBmlna."
' Her life is in Capgrare, abridged
from the US. Lansd. 436. See Hardy, Catalogue, &c. i. 568.
^ Robertson, Historical Essays^ pp. 200, sq.
£
Ixxviii
INTRODUCTION.
Relations Isetween Atlielm and Dunstan.
Question as to Wulfholm.
Dimstan lioni at or near GlaB- tonbury.
the career of king Edwy. We know Ethelfleda only on the testimony of the Saxon priest, who, however, dis- tinctly asserts her relationship with both Dunstan and Athelstan.
Our earliest authority does not determine the degree of relationship between Elfege, Kinesige, and Dunstan, but Adelard makes Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury, the brother of Heorstan. In this by itself there is nothing improbable ; Athelm had been bishop of Wells, and was very likely to have been connected with the royal family, as one at least of his successors was ; his name occurs also in the list of bishops given by William of Malmesbury, as having been monks of Glastonbury.^ Adelard, however, is so manifestly mistaken in making him the patron as well as uncle of Dunstan, that no weight can be attached to his evidence. Athelm died either when Dunstan was a baby, or before he was bom.^ Wulfhelm who succeeded him had likewise been bishop of Wells, and among the Dunstan letters there is found a Qopy of verses addressed to him, which may point to some coimexion between the two, but he is nowhere said to have been connected with Glastonbury, or to have been a patron of Dunstan.
Glafitonbuiy, or its immediate neighbourhood, was the place of the saint's birth and early teaching ; he was a pupil of the Irish pilgrims, who had taken up their abode at the resting place of the younger Patrick.* Whilst
* Ant. Glast. ap. Gale, p. 324.
^ There are no genuine charters to which the name of Athehn is attached. The name of Wulfhelm his successor appears in 923 and onwards. The statement of Flo- rence (AD. 924) that Athehn crowned Athelstan is dehved from Adelard, p. 55. If the evidence of charters as to Wulfhelm in 023 be
rejected, still it is certain that Athelm was dead long before Dim-* Stan could have gone to court. See Chr. S. A.D. 924, 925, from which it would seem that Athelm and Edward the Elder died the same year.
3 P. 10. The Arras MS. sajs the younger Patrick, the other two MSS. the elder Patrick. This is A
INTRODUCTION.
Ixxix
quite a boy he lived ako in the palace of Athelstan, at Buiwtairs
. . early life.
no great distance from Glastonbury, it would seem, as he had already received the tonsure, and was serving in the church of S. Maiy in which he had been baptized. After his expulsion from Athelstan's court, he stayed a long time at Winchester with Elfege, who prevailed on him to become a monk. After this we again find him at Glas - tonbury in attendance on the lady Ethelfleda, who had built herself a house there, and who left her estates to be disposed of by him. He next appears in attendance on king Edmund at Cheddar, and, after a short disgrace, is made by him abbot of Glastonbury, in which office ho continues until he is made bishop.
For this part of Dunstan's life we have very few dates. Date of Athelstan died in the year 940, when Dunstan would be appointment
1,.. J 1x1 ij. .to Glaston-
about sixteen, no doubt a clever somewhat precocious bmy. boy, whose dreams and prayers might very likely expose him to the rough treatment of his playfellows. His appointment to Glastonbury is placed by the Canterbury copy of the Chronicle in the year 943, and by Florence of Wor«ester, whose authority, if independent of that copy, is preferable, under the date 942, but only as one of the remarkable acts of king Edmund. The direct evidence being so slight, we may rest on the authority of the charters, in which Dunstan as abbot appears among the witnesses only in 946, the year of Edmimd's death. The only charter of earlier date in which he is
trace of the growth of the legend that ooDiiects Patrick with Glastonbury, and may be the germ of the tradi- tioD. Whether the later MSS. altered jwRor into umar in the idea of enhancing the greatness of Glas- toiibary, or whether the writers knew of the existence of Sosn- Fatric, Fatricius sciuor, i^ho is said
to have been bishop second in suc- cession after the great Patrick, and who might safely be called either senior or junior, I cannot take on myself to decide. By William of Malmeshnry's time Glastonbury claimed not only the great Patrick but his Bucoessor Benignus.
£2
Ixxx
INTRODUCTION.
Date of , mentioned is one of the year 940, which is apparently appointment admitted by Kemble as genuine, and which is a grant bury. made to him as abbot, of land at Christian Malford.^
But although this document has no overt evidence of fabrication, it is found only in a copy, like the other Glastonbury charters, and either the name of Dunstan or the title of abbot may have been an insertion of the copyist. Dunstan, as one of the sons of the nobles, might have had a grant of folkland at sixteen, the age at which the young warrior received his arms ; but it is very improbable that if he had then become abbot, and that in a church so near the royal court, his name should not appear in the charters for six years longer.* I think, however, that the date cannot be thrown later than 946, and I see in the chronology no difficulties that need hinder the beUef in the story of Edmimd's hunt in Cheddar as substantially true. Condition of A morc important point, perhaps, and certainly a more bury. interesting one, is the condition of Glastonbury at this
time ; and although it cannot be touched on here except in the most cursory manner, it cannot be dismissed with a word. The Saxon priest represents it as an ancient sanctuary, a retired spot possessing a church to which a morc than human origin was ascribed,* a holy place to which Athelstan resorted for the purpose of prayer,* a place of pilgrimage ^ colonized by Irii^men, who had gathered at the tomb of Patrick. As the place of Dun* Stan's birth, education, and promotion, Glastonbury had
■ Kemble, Cod. Dipt. No. 384.
* Dunstan attests only one char- ter of Edmund: No. 406, marked bj Kemble as suspicious, a grant to Ethelnotb, in the Glastonbury Cartulary: "ego Dunstan abbas " nolens sed regalibus obedieus " verbis banc cartulam scribere
** jussi." Mr. Robertson r^ards as his first historical appearance, his attestation to a charter of Edred in946, l^.C.D. 411.
>P. 7.
<Pp. 17, 18.
* Pp. 9, 10.
INTRODUCTION. Ixxxi
a later history, much of which is coloured by its con- Antiquity nexion with the Canterbury saint ; it became a rich Giaatonbary abbey, and Taid claim to an early history and remote times. antiquity ; not content with claiming the senior as weU as the junior Patrick, it adopted Joseph of Arimathea as its first founder, and produced evidence of its existence and sanctity under kings and in times long anterior to >
the West Saxon rule ; not only Edmund the Magnificent ruler of Britain, and Edgar the Peaceful, and Edmund . Ironside, but king Arthur himself slept there. Such claims doubtless provoked criticism, and criticism forced on the monks the need of a forged history to assert, and of forged monuments to support them. And the fabrica- Fabricated
^ *^\ evidence.
tion of such evidences must have gone on at Glastonbury on a scale proportioned to these claims. Westminster claimed the apostle Peter as its founder, but that by a miracle. S. Alban's rejoiced in the protomartyr of Bri- tain, but contented itself with Offa as the restorer rather than the foimder of its greatness. But Glastonbury would have a history without a mimcle, and a continuous existence which needed no restoration. William of Malmesbury, it would almost seem, imdertook to erect the story out of materials which he distrasted, but this did not content his employers, and they intei-polated his work to a degree which makes it impossible to rely with confidend^ upon any part of it.
The later developments, however, of Glastonbury his- J^^^'j".. tory need not make us shut our eyes to such early po>nt- evidence as is aflbrded by the Saxon priest. Further, we have in a MS. of the same date, or even a few years earlier, a list of the abbots of Glastonbury, which runs up to the age of Ina.^ Ethelwerd mentions the coenobium
' It is very useful, in order to get an idea of the Glastoubury workman- ship, to compare the list of abbots given in the Tiberius MS. i^ith that giTCD by William of Malmesbury, and the few dates ascertainable from
Ixxxii
INTRODUCTION.
Early notice's of Glaston- bury.
I of Qlasionbury as the burial place of the ealdorman /Eanulf ;^ its early histoiy is indeed unnoticed by Bede, or by the authors of the chronicle, but its existence as a monasterium is proved by an incontrovertible authority, the letters of S. Boniface, and the life of the same great West Saxon saint written by his countryman and dis- ciple S. Willibald.^ And this mention by S. Boniface carries us. back to the days of Ina, who according to William of Malmesbury, writing apart fix)m Glastonbury influences, was the founder, and to the early abbots of
early historians and charters, with the elaborate array of years which he prodncen, possibly in some degree, from the same materials.
Tiberius B. 5.
1. Hsemgils.
2. Wealh&tod
i/ril
8. Coen
4. Beorhtwald
6. Cealdhun.
6. Muca
7. Wiooea.
8. fiosa.
9. Stitheard.
10. Herefyrth.
11. Hunbeorht.
12. Andhun.
13. (Juthlac.
14. Cuthred
15. Ecgwiiir.
16. Dunstan
17. Elfric.
18. Siiregar .
19. iElfweard
Bp. Hereford in 7S1 (Bede).
ContempNorary with S. Boniface, epist.
At the Council of CioTesbo in 805.
ConfV. S. Gall. aboTe, p.IxxT.
A.D. 940 or 946-068.
Bp. of Wells in 976. 976 onwards.
W. Malmesb. Ant. Glaston.
After five British abbots, Patrick, BenigBus, Wor- fcret.liademund, and Bregorcd :— 1. Beorthwald .
2. Hemgisel
3. Boorwald
4. Aldbeorth
5. Atfrith . 8. Kemgisel
7. Cuba .
8. Tioca .
9. Cuma
10. Walthun
11. Tumbcrth
12. Beadulf . IS. Muca
14. Gntlac .
15. Ealmund
16. Hercfyrth
17. Stiword .
18. Baldhun
19. Elfric .
20. Dunstan 2L Elf ward . 22. Sigar
670-680; abp. Can- terbury. 680-706. 706-712. 712-719. 719-729. 729-743. 743-744. 744-762. 762-754. 754-786. 786-795. 796-802. 802-824. 824-860. 860-866. 866-880. 880-906. 906-927. 927. 940. 962. 972.
The order and dates of Malmesbury's list seem to be quite at random ; yet there is enough likeness between the two lists to show that he had older materials to work upon.
1 Mon. Hist Brit. p. 513.
3 There is a letter of Brihtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, to For- there, bishop of Sherborne, referring to abbot Bcorwald (Mon. Mogun- tina, ed. Jaff^, p. 48); this Beor- wald is called by Willibald abbot of Glastonbury " ccenobium . . quod
*' antiquorum nuncupatur vocabulo " Glestingaburg " (ibid. 439) ; and there is a letter from the priest Wichtberht to^patribuset fratribus ** in monasterio Glestingaburg con- *' stitutis '*(ibid.246); written during the life of Boniface.
INTRODUCTION.
Ixxxiii
the ancient list just mentioned. And the certainty of PobsiIiIc this much of the early history gives probability to many of the early of the charters, the place of which in the Glastonbury Cartulary would afford by itself very little presumption of their credibility.
On such evidence we may assume that there was an Condition ancient ecclesiastical settlement at Glastonbury, dating monastery. fix)m the seventh century at the latest, which had shared the changes and experienced the fate that had befallen most of the establishments of the centuries of the con* version ; the churches and other buildings standing, the libraries perhaps in a few cases continuing entire,' but the monastic life extinct, the name preserved only as giving a title to the ownership of the lands, and the abbots and monks, if there were any that called them- selves so, being really secular priests and clerks.^ The The Irish •Irish pilgrims who instructed Dunstan may or may not ^* *""*'' have been members or officers of this establishment, but
^ Aflser'B account of the state of the monastic institute in Alfred's time was true of the next half cen- tury: ''permnltarctroactaannorum '' curricula monastice vitie deside- rium ah ilia tota gente, necnon et a multis aliis gentibus fnnditus ** desienit, quamvis perplurima adhoc monasteria in ilia regione oonstructa permaneant, nullo ta- men regulam illius vitc ordina- " biliter tenente, nescio quare, aut pro alienigenarum infestationihus . . . aut etiam pro nimia illius gentis in omni genere divitiarum «< ahundantia," &e. M. H. B. 493. According to Alfred himself the books remained, but there was no one who could use theml Pref. to S. Gregory's Pastoral Care.
' Elflic the biographer of Etbel- wold, the earliest describer of this state of things, draws a sad picture of the old Minster at Winchester,
t(
«
it
u
«<
((
C(
«c
u
It
€t
and although it may be exaggerated it is the testimony of an eye-witness : roalemorigerati clcrici, elatione et insolentia ac luxuria prseventi, adeo ut nonnulU eorum dedig- ** narentur missas suo ordine cele- '* brare, repudiantes uxores, quas " iUicite duxerant ; et alias accipi- " entes, gules et ebrietati jugiter " dediti." Hist. Abend, ii. 260. The biographer of Oswald, after telling us that Oswald bought him- self '' monasterium quod est in " Wintonia positum . . . donando " digno pretio,*' proceeds, " in dlebus " illis non monastici viri nee ipsius '' sanctie institutionis regular erant in regione Anglorum, sed erant religiosi et dignissimi clerici, qui tamen thesauros suos quos avidis adquirebant cordibus non ad ecclesifls honorem sed suis dare " solebant uxoribus," folio 4.
/
^- ■^
it
t(
«
«
i<
Ixxxiv
INTRODUCTION.
it
ti
if
«
Low Rtate of the right of patronage was dearly in the hands of the S ttie tinle. king, and the state of monastic rule, discipline, and pre- tension was 60 attenuated, that the contemporaries of Dimstan regarded him as a founder rather than a re- former. Monachism there was in England, although it was not after the rule of S. Benedict, and. a monk Dun- stan had already become ; but that Dunstan's monachism had little or nothing in common with th^ state of things existing at Glastonbury at the time, appears from the words which the biographer puts in the mouth of Edmund : " Be thou of this seat the lord and potent occupant, and- whatsoever from thine own means shall be lacking for the increase of divine service, or for the completeness of the sacred rule, that I will supply devoutly by my royal bouinty." ^ It is clear that the abbacy must liave been vacant and the lands of the monastery in the king's hands, much as was the case at Abingdon at the Condition of Same time. The words of the biographer of S. Ethelwold Abingdon. jj^jg}j^ y^ applied to the one as to well as the other ; it
was a place in which a little monastery had been kept up from ancient days, but it was then desolate and neglected, consisting of mean buildings and possessing only a few (in the case of Abingdon, forty) hides ; the rest of the land of the place the king possessed by his royal right." ^ That is, there was still a monastic establishment, but it had become ruinous and im- poverished. It was in name an abbey, but really served l3y clerks, or altogether neglected. The renewal of dis- cipline was really a foundation rather than a revival.
The name of the abbot who had vacated the seat taken by Dunstan, as given by William of Malmesburj^
tc
K
it
i(
<t
ii
' 1*. 25. OsbcrD*s cxpauBion of llie speech in also worth noting, p. 92. For it is impossible to sus- pect either the Saxon priest or Osbeni of a desire to imdervalae the antiquity of Glastonbury as
compared with Canterbury. Com- pare Bobcrtson, Hist. Kssays, p. 190.
2 Elfric's Life of Ethelwold, Hist. Abend, ii. 257.
INTRODUCTION.
Ixxxv
is Elfiric» the suoeessor of Aldhun, under whom he say9 Duwtan'g
predecdnor.
Dunstan had been educated. In the ancient list, how- ever, Dunstan's immediate predecessor is named Ecg- widf ;' and the next in order, counting backwards, is Cuthred, whom I am inclined to identify with that " Cudret" who appears among the courtiers of Athel- stan in the compact with the monks of Si Gall.^
It might be difficult to define the monastic character nunstaa's that Dunstan had assumed; but it differed as much monachism. fix>m the system which it superseded as it did from the more perfect form into which it ultimately grew. No doubt the name and dress of the monk was re- sumed. Wul&ed, Dunstan's early friend, is called a deacon,^ but the companions of his retirement whilst he is abbot are called monks.^ He himself in the fa- mous drawing, which with very much probability is ascribed to his own hand, appears in the dress of a monk.^ Yet the establishment at Glastonbury under him is much more of a school than a convent: the words " scholasticus " and '' discipulus " come more naturally than "monachus." In this again there is nothing peculiar to Glastonbury ; exactly the same pro- cesses are traceable at Abingdon. I conclude that there had taken place, probably under the influence of Elfege the Bald, a strong tendency towards pure Benedic- tinism : that tendency was represented by Dunstan and Ethelwold in their early efforts, but it was not crowned with success, or brought into perfect accord with the Benedictine discipline, until Dunstan had seen the old rule in working at Blandinium, and Oswald and Ethel- wold had brought instructors firom Fleury. The dif- ference between the laxer rule of Dunstan and the stricter discipline of the other two, may be partly attri- buted to the difference of their foreign relations, partly
' See above, p. Ixxxii., note. 2 See above, p. Ixxv, note. » P. 15.
* P. 28.
* MS. Bodl. See below, p. ex.
IxXXvi INTRODUCTION.
Danstan'B aldo to the fact that Dunstan heins a statesman, and, raider than after the accession of Edgar, in a position of supreme Oswald and importance, was obliged, whatever his own wishes may have been, to avoid a policy of persecution. In the biographies of Ethelwold and Oswald, Dunstan plays a part quite secondary to theirs in the expulsion of the clerks from the monasteries ; and in his own churches, Canterbury, London, and Worcester, he attempted no such measure : it is possible that ^he acted as a check rather than a spur on the zeal of Edgar.. At the same time it cannot be supposed that the clerks were ex- pelled without his permission ; and although the stories of his active participation, detailed by Osbem and Ead- mer, were borrowed and adapted from the career of Ethelwold, there is evidence enough in the first life to show that he sympathized with the movement, and that his own life and personal influence were guided by an ascetic spirit. Dunstan at Edmuud reigned but a short time after Dunstan's Edred. appointment as abbot, dying on the 26th of May 946.^ Edred, who succeeded him, reigned imtil November 23, 955.^ The former king was eighteen when he began to reign, twenty-four when he died. Edred must have been within a year of the same age as Dunstan. These dates help to reconcile us to the fact that Dunstan became abbot at twenty-two. They serve to account for his close intimacy with Edred ; they had been play- fellows probably at the court of Athelstan. Edred was a sickly young man ; the Saxon priest has drawn a picture of his ill health too graphic to be an invention of his own.'^ His mother Eadgifu was his chief ad- viser, and next to her Dunstan, who acted as treasurer of the royal estates, and perhaps in an official position somewhat like that of the later chancellors. His time was divided between his abbey at Glastonbury, where
» Chr. Sax. AD. 946. | « P. 31.
s Ibid. A.D. 955. I
INTRODUCrnON.
Ixxxvii
he was teachinfi: and building, and his attendance on court &t
1 .11. , . - ^1 Winchester.
the king, who seems to have kept court, not in the western shires like Athelstan and Edmund, but chiefly at Winchester. His reign was on the whole a success- ful one ; for, whether by his own energy, by Dunstan's policy, or by the divisions of his enemies, he acquired finally the iJlegiance of Northumbria. It was, no doubt, during a visit paid with Edred to the north, that Dun- stan saw the remains of S. Cuthbert^
It is to these years, no doubt, that Dunstan's period §Jj^*°^ of active teaching is to be referred. It was Edred who JjJ^JJjJ^j by his mother's advice placed Ethelwold as abbot at Abingdon ; and this is the time of Oswald's mission to Fleury.* The part taken by archbishop Odo in the government of the country has been obscured by the glory of the younger men, and by the fact that his life was not written until a century and a half after his death. It is, however, certain that he did nothing to thwart the policy of Dunstan, and enough of his eccle- siastical legislation remains to show that, in a determi- nation to enforce the observance of both monastic vows and the laws of marriage, he came in no degree behind his more famous successor.^
In 953, the death of Ethelgar, bishop of Crediton, Propoeai gave Edred and Eadgifu an opportunity of promoting Danstana Dunstan to the episcopate. It may or may not be true that, as Adelard relates,^ a like offer was made to him on the death of Elfege the Bald in 951. He was not yet of canonical age for consecration, and he refused the bishopric, alleging aa the rei^on, if we are to credit the later writers, his unwillingness to leave the court as long a^ Edred lived. There can, I think, be no doubt about this part of the story, or about the dream which followed his refusal. Elfwold was appointed at
» See p. 379.
3£lflic'B life of Ethelwold, Chron. Abend, ii. 257 ; Hist. Ram- sey, Grale, p. 391.
* See his Constitutions, pub- lished in the reign of Edmund, in Wilkins, Concilia, i. 212, sq.
* P. 56.
IxXXViii INTRODUCTION.
his recommendation to Crediton, and as bishop of Cre- diton Elfwold attests the charters of Edred from 953 onwards.^ *
Dftteof Edred's death must have been sudden; he was at
Edreds -r^ « tn i y-ti
death. Fromep Dunstan who was at Glastonbury was sum- moned to attend him, but the king died before he arrived, and the crown fell to Edwy, the elder of the two sons of Edmund by his first wife Elfgifu.* Edred's reign is said in the table of the kings to have lasted nine years and six weeks ;^ a computation which agrees but imperfectly with the dates given by Florence of Wor- cester for his coronation and death, the former event being placed on the 16th of August 946, and the latter on the feast of S. Clement, November 23, 955.» The rougher computation of the Chronicle, nine years and a half, dating from the death of Edmund,® is nearer the mark. Date of As Edwy reigned three years, thirty-five weeks, and
coronation, five days,' and died on the 1st of October 959, his coronation feast must have taken place on the first or second Sunday after the Epiphany, 956. He could scarcely at this time have been more than fifteen years old. Dunstan was still at court, and on him and his kinsman Kinesige ® was thrown the disagreeable task of
1 P. 30. ^ Kinc8ige appears first in a char-
3 Chron. Sax. A.D. 955. *Chion. Sax. A.D. 955; Mod. Hist. Brit. p. 662. * MS. Tiberius, A. 3 ; Chr. S.
ter of Athelstan to Abtogdoo, Kemble, CD. 1129, as bishop of Berkshire. Berkshire was properly in the diocese of Ramsbury, of
ed. Thorpe, i. 283. j which Odo was bishop at the time.
^So also Ethel werd, M. H. B. ; In the lists ofbishop8(M.H.B. 624)
p. 520. : he is bishop of Lichfield ; he may
^ Ethelwerd says the same, p. have been administering Berkshire
220.
7 « Fom" years less seven weeks," MSr Tiberius, B. 5 ; Rel. Ant. ii. 171 ; " quadrienulo " Ethelwerd, p. 520 ; " three years, thirty-six weeks, *' less two days," MS. Tiberius, A. 3 ; Thorpe, Chr. S. p. 233.
for Odo at the date of the earlier charter. He attests charters from 931 to 934, and from 949-963 ; but possibly enough there were two persons of the name.
I
INTRODUCTION.
Ixxxix
briDging back the careless and obstinate boy, from the ^j^^ chamber of Ethelgifu and her daughter, to the solemn ^^^ banquet On this event much has been written, and an amount of criticism spent, altogether out of propor- tion to the materials for its history.^ The narration of the Saxon priest is the primary authority; written forty years after the event, and not by an eye-witness, it bears marks of having been coloured by popular tra- dition. The distinction which L have drawn above, as to the narrative of our author, where it concerns Dun« Stan's private history, and where it touches on public events, may be applied here. The monstrous lust of such a mere child as Edwy was could not have been a main feature of a story told by Dunstan himself, who knew the truth, and who, although he had been perse- cuted by EthelgiAi, had no temptation to pervert facts. The offence given to Dunstan may easily be accounted for by the relationship of Edwy and Ethelgifu, and the bulk of our historians have so construed it.
Dunstan's flight to Flanders must have followed early BuiLstan in in the year 956 ; the charters of Edwy, which are at- tested by him,' may some of them be referred possibly to the day of the coronation. Edgar continued much Edgar stiu longer at his brother's side, at least until the summer of 957.' The rebellion of the Northumbrians and Mer- cians cannot be thrown later than the spring of 958.
ftt court.
1 Od thiB subject may be read with adraotage Mr. Allen's Eeaaj, appeoded to his work on the Pre- rogatiTe, p. 220, and Hallam's note in the History of the Middle Ages. The former is yery specnlatire. Hallam's concloiion is in defiance of his argument.
' These are, a grant to Wilton, dated 95.5» Kemhle, 436; one to Abingdon, dated 956, Eemble, 441;
one dated 956 at Cirencester, in favour of Worcester, Kemble, 451 ; one to JESrie, in the Abingdon Cartulary, dated 956, Kemble, 1 1 86, 1187.
'Edgar attests charters of his brother as late as May 9, 957, Kemble, 465. A charter to bishop Oscytel, which is attested by him, dated 958 (Kemble, 472), is shown by the indiction to belong to 956.
xc
rsTRODVcnoN.
Edgar be- comes king of Mercia.
Dunstan made a bishop.
Council of
Brandan-
ford.
\
In that year Edgar begins to issue charters as king.^ The revolt is placed by Florence of Worcester in 957, and as bishop Kynewald of Worcester, whose death made room for Dimstan as bishop, disappears in that year from the charters, the recall of Dunstan probably fol- lowed immediately on the revolt. Edgar is reckoned to have reigned two years at the time of his brother s death.
Dunstan's return was followed by his promotion to the episcopate. Glastonbury was in the hands of Edwy, and for the time it appeared that he had no .chance of recovering it. It was accordingly determined in a coimcil of the witan attached to Edgar, that t)imstan should be made a bishop. This council was held at a place called in the various MSS. of the first life Bra- danford or Brandanford.' If the latter reading be right, and it is the reading which Mabillon recognized in the Arras MS., and is clearly that of the Cottonian, the place was probably Brentford, the earlier form of which, Bregentnaford, was probably lost. If the other reading be the true one, Bradford in Wiltshire would seem to be the place meant; but if so, then Edwy's kingdom must have been much more circumscribed than we have any other reasons' for supposing it to have been. The Wiltshire Bradford must, I think, have been in Edwy's hands, and the balance of probability is in favour of Brentford.
^ These of course are not nume- rous: one from the Peterborough Cartulary, dated 958, in which Edgar calls himself "rex. Anglo- rum," is signed by Oskytcl of Dor- chester, Dunstan of Worcester, Kinsige of Lichfield, Athulf of Hereford, andLeofwine of Lindsey, Kemble, 471 ; another, dated 959, from the same Cartulary, has the
signature of Dunstan as bishop of London, and Oskytel as archbishop of York (Kemble, 480), Edgar calling himself king of the Mer- cians.
* Pp. 86, 470. The account of this council given by Willcins, Con-^ cilia, it 224, is an extract from archbishop Parker's Antiquitaie$t
INTKODUCTION.
XCl
The story further reads as if the resolution of the The qui*-
tion M to
witan merely was that Dunstan should be promoted. Dunstan'a
conwcm-
No see is mentioned, perhaps no see was vacant. We tion. are not told that Dunstan was consecrated upon this recommendation, and Adelard probably records the truth when he describes him as consecrated by Odo to the see of Wprcester. Yet it is quite possible that he was consecrated as an unattached bishop, as the Saxon priest describes, to attend personally on Edgar and give him the benefit of his counsel. Such an appointment would not have been entirely out of keeping with the system of diocesan episcopacy that had prevailed in Wessex, where from the time of Ethelwulf there had been occa- sionally shire-bishops with no fixed see. On this hy-Thetnuii- pothesis might be explained the tradition preserved by Adelard that Odo consecrated Dunstan, " titulo ecclesise cui episcopus datus est cojiticito;''^ the idea that he did so by divine instruction, that he might succeed him at Canterbury, being an after-thought.
Whether or no this was the case, the death of Ky ne- He is wald, bishop of Worcester, gave the new bishop a see. woiSrter, Kynewald's name appears for the last time in a charter of 9o7; and, in the few charters of 958 which were issued by Edgar during his brother's lifetime, Dunstan appears as bishop. If the festival kept on the 21st of October at Canterbxiry, as the ordination of S. Dunstan,^ commemorates his episcopal consecration, it must, I think, be referred to the year 957. In 959 he received jodof
_ JjODuOII.
the see of London,® and held it together with Wor- cester imtil the settlement that followed Edwy's death. This arrangement may not improbably have been made
> P. 60 ; c£, pp. 103, 104, 195, 292, for the amplification of the idea.
' From the Obitoary or Martyr- ology of Canterbury, Wharton, Ang. Sac. i. 54: ^ zii. Cal. Novem-
'' bria, Cantaaris, ordinatio B. *' Bunstani archiepiBcopi, cigas vita " quam fuerit pontificatu digoa " etiam diyina reyelatione inno- " tuit" « P. 37.
INTRODUCTION.
Reason for the plurality.
Bate of Edw^'s marriage.
either because Odo was dead, or because Canterbury, where a new bishop would have had to seek consecra- tion, was in the hands of Edwy.
Edwy's marriage must have taken pkce in 956, or early in 957 ; the charter of Abingdon, attested by Elf- gifu the king's wife, and Ethelgifu the king's wife's mother, bearing also the attestation of bishop Kynewald.^ It is not attested by Odo, who had no doubt been offended with the marriage. Edwy's charters in which Odo's name appears* in 957 may have been granted most probably before, that event : those of 958, after the forced reconciliation, following the separation of Edwy and EUgifii, which is placed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Worcester * in that year.
The next point to be considered is one of the most complex in our early annals, but it is also one on .which our Saxon priest is a primary authority: the
\
^ Hist. Abend, i. 218; Kemble, CD. No. 1201. The charter is uot quite simple. Edwy bestows Ken- ningtou on the priest Brihthelm, with the date 956, and the attesta- tion of Odo, Edgar, El&ige, Oswulf, Wulfsige, Kynewold, and Daniel; that is clearly before the revolt of the north, and [Drobably before the marriage. After this Brihthelm, now a bishop, exchanges the Ken- nington estate for one at Ciydan- bridge with abbot Ethelwold of Abingdon; this exchange being without date, and attested by ** ^I%ifii thsBS cininges wif, and '* JEthelgifu thses cyninges wifes " modur," Elfsige, Oswnlf, and Coenwald, bishops. This exchange is undated, but it must hare taken place some time after the grant. Brihthelm had in the meanwhile become a bishop, Odo and Edgar were away from the court, and Elf-
gifu and her mother supreme for the time. All then that it prores is the iJEu^tof the marriage, and that it took place during the life of Kynewald, Dunstan's predecessor.
3 Tiberius, B. 4, " Her on thiseum ** geare Oda arcebiscop totwsemde " Eadwi cyning and ^Ifgyfe, for- " thsem the hi wnron to gesybbe." It is to be remembered that thia lj» all the evidence we have on the subject except the tradition preva- lent a hundred and fifty years after. The Saxon priest says nothing aboot the completion of the marriage, and the biographer of Oswald gives a di£Eerent story, making Edwy an adulterer: '* subuxore propria alte- " rum adamavit quam et rapuit . . . " Antistes autem (Odo) . . . equnm " ascendlt et ad villam qua muUer ** mansitabat pervenit, eamque " rapuit et de regno perduxit" (Nero, E. 1. to. 1).
INTRODUCTION. xciii
circumstanced that followed the death of Odo, and the Queiiion m
., ^ i^ -w^ m » ^ , -to the date
appointment of Dunstan as his successor. Our author, ^^o*> who gives no dates, teUs us that on Odo's death, Elfsin or El&ige, bishop of Winchester, succeeded him; that Elfsige' on his way to Rome crossed the Alps in deep snow, and caught the cold which killed him. His companions returned. Bjrrhthelm, the bishop of Dorset, was chosen in his place, and having shown himself in- sumMsion competent to enforce discipline was sent back to hisudByrht- see by the king> who then with the advice of his witan appointed Dunstan.^ We are not told who was king when El&ige and Byrhthelm were appointed ; the king who nominated Dunstan was of course Edgar. There is thus nothing in the original story that is fatal to whomo- the belief that El&ige and Bjrrhthehn were the nomi-"^ *°* nees of Edwy, and the humiliation of the latter prelate a result of the changes that followed Edwy's death. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, except in its latest and most questionable edition, does not mention either the death of Odo or the names of Elfsige and Byrhthelm ; and Adelard also is silent on the whole transaction.
When, however, we come to the time of Osbem and lAterstote- Florence, we find an immediate diflSculty. Osbem at-^"*»«- tributes the appointment of Elfsige and Bjrrhthelm to Edgar : • Florence of Worcester, perhaps wavering in his own mind, places the election of Elfsige before, and that of Bjrrhthelm after, the accession of Edgar to the whole kingdom.^ William of Malmesbury follows Osbem in ascribing the appointment of Elfsige to Edgar,^ and although in the life of Dunstan he adopts the same statements about Byrhthelm, does not mention him
> Pp. 37,38. The Ufe of Oswald (Nero, E. 1), which is the original anthority for the innilt offered hy Elftige to DanataD (pp. S94, 338) helow, is alao ailent aa to the king who appointed Elfsige.
> F. 107 ; the name of Edgar is not given, bat the king who fir^^t pressed the election on Dunstan could not have been Edwy.
» Flor. Wig. A.D. 958, 959.
* P. 294.
e
XCIV
INTRODXJCnON.
EmI
Bcantinen of evidence.
The later amon£r the archbishops in the Gesta Pontificum. Ead-
wnten refer ^ . i , ,
the pro-^^ mer, who might have been expected to be accurate, Bifeigeto follows Osbem.* Such an array of writers, who pos- sessed, in the records of their churches, authorities which have not come down to us, might be supposed to afford a conclusive comment on the original state- ment, strong enough certainly to refute an argument founded on the first reading of that statement
Such, however, is the scantiness of all information added by these writers to the original stock preserved in the Chronicle, that we can scarcely give them credit for possessing or for using materials that have not come down to us. We have resource, therefore, to the infor- mation which we may find in charters and kalendars, and in a more precise examination of the chronology. wiiEttime Edwy died on the 1st or 2nd of October 959.* Odo between the died on the 2nd of June;^ but in what year? His name oldoandthat is fouud attached to an Abingdon charter dated May 17, ^^ 959, which has no decisive mark of forgery.* If he died in June 959, there is still time before the 1st of October for Elfsige to go as fSeur as the Alps, thirty- three days journey, for his companions to return home, and Byrhthelm to be elected. And the existence of a charter of Edwy, dated 959, and attested by Byrhthelm as " Dorobemensis ecdedse episcopus," may be regarded as conclusively proving that he was appointed by that king.^ On the other hand, such a succession of events
iP. 198.
'Four MSS. of the Chronicle giye the year 959; two 958; one Oct. 1, 958. Florence giyes 959 ; the Kalendar printed by Hampgon, gives the day Oct. 2 ; the charters afford ample proof that Bdwy waa alive in 959.
' Obituary of Canterbury , Angl. Sacr. i. 54.
^Eemble, Cod. Dip!. No.
1224, an Abingdon charter, at- tested not only by Odo but by Eadgiva the king's grandmother, Hiat. Abend, i. 169-172. It is worth observing that of the two copies of this charter one (Clau- dius, 0. 9) omits the name of Odo.
* This charter, which is not in Kemble, is in the book of Hyde (ed. Edwards), p. 177.
INTBODUCrnOJHT. XCV
is SO rapid as to be almost unprecedented Elfsigeododied would hardly have foxuid the Alps so blocked with fnws. ^ snow in June that he should be really frozen to death ; and Florence of Worcester distinctly places Odo's death in the year in which he separated Edwy and E^gifrt, that is in 958. It is important, too, to observe that one ^ copy of the Abingdon charter omits the name of Qdp. . r On the whole we may safely conclude that sujffici^it ground is found for setting aside the statements of Os- bem as to the nomination of his two successors, and for interpreting the Saxon priest accordingly.
A minor question is this : Byrhthelm is called by our ^^^ * first author the bishop of Dorset/ that is, of Sherborne ; ner but the lists of the bishops of Sherborne contain no such name, that see having been occupied successively by Wulfiige, who, as we know from charters, disappears in 958, and Elfwold, who signs first in 961. It is true that between these years there is room for Byrhthelm, but the lists, which are nearly contemporary, do not admit him. On the other hand, we find prelates of this name at this period, in the sees of Wells, Winchester, and London. It is not by any means impossible that the bishop who was elected to Canterbury was the bishop of WeUs, who is called elecivs in 956,^ and who may either have held Sherborne after Wulfsige's death in 968, as well as Wells, just as Dunstan held London, Sei>«j?L or have been called bishop of Dorset in mistake for^^***- Somerset We find his name, however, so often in the Abingdon charters, that it seems more natural to adopt the former supposition. The &ct that we find two
' P. 38.
9 Kemble, C. D. n. 349 : from a Bath Cartulary. Byrhthelm of Wells mccceded a bishop named Wulfhefan in 956: Wolfsige of Sherborne disappears from the charten in 958 j and his saccessor
Elfwold first appears in 961. I am strengthened in this eonjecture by finding that Mr. Robertson, Hist. Essays, p. 194 note, also supposes Byrhthehn to have succeeded Walffdge in 958.
g2
xcvi
INTRODUCTION.
name.
Duiutan beoomei
More 1^ biBhops of the name constantly attesting together ^ hin- ders us from identifying this Byrhthelm with the occu- pants of the sees of London and Winchester ; but it is obvious that if Canterbury were practically vacant as we have supposed from June 958 to October 959, any bishops appointed in the meantime must have either sought consecration elsewhere or have held sees in plurality. I think that on the whole it is most likely that Byrht- helm, who is called the king's kinsman,^ was a com- petitor with Dunstan in more ways than t)ne ; he was probably Edwys prime minister, as Dunstan was Ed- gar's, and Edgar's triumph was the decisive cause for his final defeat.
Dunstan then became Archbishop of Canterbury in
i^biBhop. 959 ; the entries in the Chronicle which place this event in 961 ^ being late insertions, and at variance with the evidence of charters. The commemoration of his ordi- nation on Oct. 21,* before mentioned, may possibly refer to his installation at Canterbury ; and if this be the case, no time could have been lost after Edwy's death in removing Byrhthelm, a fact which is moreover proved by two charters of 959 * which Dunstan witnesses. After the settlement of the kingdom he went to Bome for the pall. This he received from Pope John XII. probably in 960, in which year very few charters con- tain his name. In 961 he consecrated Elfstan and Oswald his successors in the sees of London and Wor- cester, probably also the new bishop of Sherborne. In 963 he consecrated Ethelwold, his old fellow pupil or disciple, to the see of Winch^ster,^ and from that date
Goeato Bome.
* e.g. Kemble, C. D. Nos. 1225.
2 Kemble, C. D. 469.
3 See Thorpe*8 edition, pp. 218, 219 ; where it will be Been that the passage is an interpolation in one MS., is altogether omitted in four, and at home only in the Canterbury
MS. Dom. A. 8, which is the least valuable as an authority.
* Ang. Sac. i. 54 ; above, p. xci., note.2
•Kemble, C. D. Nos. 1221, 1225.
« Chr. S. A.D. 963.
nnntoDucTzoN.
xcvu
begins the struggle of the monks and clerks which fur- strngria nishes most of the historians of the reign with their mo^uaod chief subject of discussion. We must^ however, dismiss ^^"^ this fiunous question with a very few remarks in addition to those already made. All evidence seems to show that, whilst the monastic Bite of
fin A TIAW
movement had taken its rise at Winchester, it had moDadusm. been received with the most fervour in Mercia. Dunstan received his impressions in its fietvour from El£age the Bald. Ethelwold was a native, of Winchester, and Oswald had been trained and held preferment in the same city. The revival of Glastonbury and Abingdon, tinder the patronage of Edred, was the limit of success in Wessex for a long time, and the four years of Edwy's rule were unfavourable to its extension. The statements of Osbem and Eadmer, that Edwy confiscated all mo- nastic property,^ are not borne out by the authority of the earlier writers, but Glastonbury had certainly been seized, and the condition of Winchester under Ethelwold seems to show that such monachism as had existed under El£^ was extinguished under his successor. We may safely infer that the monastic party shared in the disgrace of Dunstan, and was 'made to bear the effects of the quarrel between Edwy and Odo. Accordingly connexion when the revolt of the Mercians and Northumbrians monadic placed Edgar in the position of a rival, and a too fiLeraaT powerful rival, to his brother, it was natural that he should find support in the monastic party; it is also quite possible that that revolt was prompted by the leaders of the religious reform, who were provoked by Edwy's foolish and unlawful marriage. The story that Edgar in his early youth had been moved by the sight of the ruined monasteries to make a vow of restitution ^
i.^y.
A-
1 Pp. 101, 191.
' Regolaris Coacordia : pre&ce. See p. S90, below. *< Clericos pero« " mm halniit, noftri habidis Tirofl
" sicut diximiis bonorarit,'' sajv the monk of Bamsey. (Y. Osvalilb Kero E. 1. f. 8).
XCVIU INTRODUCTION.
Edgar's may very well be true; he owed his crown to men seal. who were sincere in their desire to bring about the
same end. Unquestionably there were many other points at issue. Wessex and Mercia were held together by a very slight thread, as both earlier and later history show ; but there can, I think, be no doubt either that religious questions entered into the straggle, or that the results bound Edgar, even more firmly than they bound Dunstan, to the monastic interest. The very scanty notices of the Chronicle during Edgar's reign illustrate this, and what little truth can be sifted from the ex- aggerations of the later monastic writers seems to confirm the conclusion. Oswald, under the protection of the East Anglian ealdorman Ethelwin, was working at Monaohisin Bamscy. Ethclwold was nursing a scheme of extension which was to revive the churches which had perished in the Danelaw. Archbishop Oskytel of York, the near kinsman of Oswald and Odo, and of the half mythic Thurkytel, abbot of Bedford, whom Crowland after- wards claimed as founder, must have been one leader of the " populus brumalis," when they renounced Edwy. Edgar's success placed these men in possession of all the power they could desire. With Dunstan at Canterbury, Ethelwold at Winchester, and Oswald at Worcester, their course was clear. Ethelwold was the moving spirit, Oswald tempered zeal with discretion, Dunstan's hand may be credited with such little moderation and practical wisdom as can be traced. The movement, with all its drawbacks, was justifiable, perhaps absolutely imfiortanoe necessaiy. The cleansing of Winchester from the wvivai. " spurcitise clericorum" may not have been indispen- sable to the welfare of Bamsey, Ely, Peterborough, and Thomey ; but we cannot doubt that a monastic mission system was necessary for the recovery of middle Eng- land from the desolation and darkness which had been brought upon it by the Danes, or that the monastic revival was in those regions both successful and useful
INTRODTTCnOK. XdX
In his first year, 964, Eihelwold, with Edgar's assis- Frooe«.of tance, expelled the seculars from the two great monas- 'n^^^<> teries of Winchester, from Chertsey, and £rom Milton,^ and after doing so, carried out his scheme in middle England. He recovered EHy, Peterborough, and Thomey firom the hands into whidi they had fallen, and esta- blished a body of monks in each, under abbots of his own training. Oswald acted with less energy ; instead of driving the clerks out of Ids cathedral at Worcester, he removed his episcopal chair to the neighbouring monastery ; but he carried on his educational and mis- sionary work at Ramsey with not less zeal than was shown by Ethelwold. It is accordingly on this part of England that the storm fiedls when the old causes of quarrel revive after the death of Edgar.
The only other question of interest in the career of story of the Dunstan duiin^c the reimi of Ed£[ar is that which con- wutonand
^^ the soTen
cems the kin^f s coronation at Bath, and, in connexion 7«^'
^ penance.
wiait. the story of the nun of WUtonand the septennial'^ penance. According to Osbem,' Edgar violated a nun at Wilton, who became mother of Edward, his successor, and Dunstan imposed as a penance, besides other ob- servances, the disuse of the crown for seven years and the foundation of a nunnery at Shaftesbury. Eadmer denies that the young woman in question was a nun, or that she was the mother of Edward, but admits the £act of the crime and the penance, with the exception of the foundation of Shaftesbury, which was known to have been a work of King Alfred.* Gotselin, the bio- grapher of S. Edith, and a contemporary of Osbem, gives to the lady of Wilton the name of Wulftrudis, and asserts that Edgar would have married her had she not retired to take the veil at Wilton.* Nicolas of Wor-
1 Ctt. 8. A.D. 964.
«Pp. Ill, 112.
• I^. 163, 209| 2iO.
« MabiUon, AA. SS. O. S. B. ssec. T. p. 623.
IKTKODUCTION.
Different cester, Eadmer's fiiend> denied the connexion between Ed^'s^nn. the disuse of the crown and the sin of Edgar> and gave the name of S. Edward's mother as Egelfleda, daughter of Ordmser^ ealdorman of the East Angles.^ William of Malmesbury, in the Gesta Begum, whilst he related three legendary stories of Edgar's vices, attempted to harmonize the several accounts which he had read, and gave the full account of the murder of Ethelwold and marriage of Edgar . and Elfthritha, adding that the nunnery of Werewell was founded as an expiation for the crime.*
So far as direct evidence goes, the story of the nun of Wilton rests on the testimony of Osbem, which is in itself suspicious, and is told with circumstances that supply a partial refutation. As on this the truth of the septennial penance depends, it may Cairly be argued that the whole story stands or falls together. The life of S. Edith, however, which represents a quite inde- pendent tradition, clearly shows that there was an ancient scandal about a veiled lady at Wilton ; William of Mabnesbury's legend of the murder of Ethelwold proves a tradition as to the foundation of an expiatory monas- tery. The words of the Anglo-Saxon poet, imbedded in the Chronicle, are a telling proof of Edgar's vices.^ The coronation taking place in 973, just seven years after the mairiage of Edgar and Elfbhritha, affords a pre- sumption as to some connexion between the story of the seven years penance and that ill-omened marriage. But
Certainty that there wuan ancient scandal about Bdgar.
' Below, p. 423. The biographer of Oswald (Nero B. 1) says the Elfthritha was the daughter of Ordmer, ealdorman of the " Occi- " dentales Angli $ " but he also makes her mother of both Edward and Ethelred ; so that he must have confounded two of Edgar^s wives. The Chronicle says that Elfthritha was daughter of Ordgar.
^ Gesta Segum, lib. I. (cd. Hardy, p. 254).
* A.D. 958. Canute thought Ed- gar *' vitiis deditus, maximeque U- " bidinis servus in subjectos propior " tyranno fuisset." W. Malm. Q. P. (ed. Hamilton), p. 190: from Gotselin's Life of S. Edith ) Mabil- Ion, ssec. t, p. 626.
nrrKODtrcrroK.
ei
tike very curcumstanoes which seem to us to afford aimpoanbie practical clue to the explanation may have themselves oertun suggested the legend. It may be quite as wise to reject the whole of the legendary matter, and deny, with Nicolas of Worcester, the connexion of the coronation with the penance. If this be done, we cannot do better than accept the theory which has been recentiy worked out with great research and ingenuity by one of our most eminent historical scholars,^ that Edgar's coronation at Bath was a solemn typical enunciation of the con- summation of English unity, an inauguration of the king of aU the nations of England, celebrated by the two archbishops, possibly with special instructions or recog- nition from Bome, possibly in imitation of the imperial consecration of Edgar's kinsi^en, the first and second Otto, possiUy as a declaration of the imperial character of the English crown itself.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle supplies only three facts '^^!^ during the seven years tiiat intervene between the ^m 965 to marriage and the coronation ; the war in Westmoreland, the ravaging of Thanet by the king, of which no ex- planation is given, ^d the appointment of Oswald to the see of YorU Florence of Worcester throws into these vacant y^ars the several stages of monastic pro- gress; the year 967 is marked by the foundation of ' Romsey ; in 968 Edgar placed monks at Exeter ; in 969 : the clerks were banished firom the monasteries of Mereia ; I in 970 'the relics of S. Swithun at Winchester were
f J
' r
V
/ — .
' Tlw life of Oswald, which gives a fixll detail of this coronation, has not a word about the penance, and represents as *'de more solito." HoweTer, as it gives at length the ^fomMo Begis, as taken on the occasion, it is clear that it was nota mere crown-wearing festiYal.
'Bobertson, Hist. Essays, pp.
20a-215, a most learned and in- stmctive essay.
'This translation roust be dis- tinguished from the more famous dedication of the church celebrated by Wulistan in the poem published by Mabillon, saoc. v. pp. 614 sq., at which Dnnstan was present, and the bishops Elfstan, £thelgar> Elf-
cu
INTEODUCTIOK.
Beathof translated; and in 972 the new minster was dedicated.
Edgar. '
The great coronation ai Bath took place at Whitsuntide 973, and the homage of the eight kings shortly after at Chester. Two years after, on the 8th of July 975, Edgar died, and was buried by Dunstan by his feither's side at Glastonbury. No aathen- Dunstan survives his friend for thirteen years, during s^nsten?^ which the biographers do not supply a single item of ^^"^ independent information. The Saxon priest tells us little ,o;f the reign of Edgar, and does not even mention his Successors. Adelard records that the saint crowned and anointed both Edward and Ethelred,^ and that he pos- sessed sufficient influence with the latter to induce him to appoint Elfege to Winchester. The Chronicle does little more than record the reversal of Edgar's monastic policy under his youthful successor by the agency of Elfhere, ealdorman of Mercia. Florence adds that the influence of Elfhere was counteracted by the three East Anglian and East Saxon nobles, Ethelwin, Elfwold, and Brihtnoth, and gives an account of the election of Edward which bears a somewhat suspicious likeness to the language of Osbem. It is to the Chronicle that we owe our knowledge of the^ council of Kirtlington in 977, and that of Calne in 978, the history of which was interwoven by Osbem into his account of the monastic quarrel.* The murder of ,the young king is there re- corded without the mention of the names of the guilty. It is in Osbem that we first find it laid to the charge of Elfthritha. But the Chronicler, who records under the year 980 the translation of Edward's body from Wareham to Shaftesbury, by Elfhere^d Dunstaft^ the former the
How sap-
{>lied by atwau- tborities.
1,-M
Stan, Escwig, Elfege, ^thelsige, and Athulf : — ** Qaorum sumxnas erat vultu ma-
** turns et actu *' Canitie uiveus Dunstan et an^- " gelicus."'
The names of the bishops fix the date I think to tbe year 980, in which Ethelgar was consecrated; Elfttan of Rivmsbnry died in 981.
> P. 61.
-Pp. 118,114.
INTRODUCTION. CUl
leader of the secular, the latter the patron of the monastic Biftbiitiii* party, shuts out the probability that Edward was sacri- SmtriTid fioed to political rather than personal aims. The in- of Edward! ference drawn from^ the silence of the contemporary chronicles is un&vourable to Elfthritha ; the statement that Edward's kinsmen would not avenge him ^ does not warrant us in supposing that he was the victim of a conspiracy. Dunstan crowned his successor at Kingston, and then attempted to impress upon him the binding character of his royal obligations in a document, the " Fromissio Regis/' with its commentary, which is still preserved.* We may ask, but we cannot answer, who guided the state during the childhood of Ethelred. The political history of Dunstan en^ with his accession
It is, however, to this period of his life that the letter ideaof ^ of Abbo belongs,' and the picture of hia daily occupations lifeinhis' drawn by the Saxon priest. His chief employment was ^ on the divine service, prayer and psahnody, and holy vigils; now and then he resumed the employments of his youth, exercising his old skill in handicraft in the making of musical instruments like the organs which were kept at Mahnesbury, or the bells that were known at Canterbury as his own work ; the early hours of the morning he gave to the veiy needful task of correcting the faulty manuscripts of the library. Even after he had retired from political life, leaving Ethelred to mis- manage his kingdom as he chose, the great domains of his church afforded him abundance of public work ; it was his delight to make peace between man and man, to receive and assist the widows and fatherless, pilgrims and strangers of all sorts ; as an ecclesiastical judge he never stayed his hand against imlawful marriages, or in the maintenance of ecclesiastical order. He was an ad- mirable steward of the church's wealth, a founder and endower of new churches, and indefatigable in the work
> Chron. Sax. A.D. 975. 1 ' Pp. 878-380, Mow.
3 Fp, 355-857, below.
It
SimSSui^' of iBstruction, gathering young and old, men and women, old as*. clerk, monk, and lay, to listen to his teaching. ''And thus all this English land was filled with his holy doctrine, aKmiTig before God and men like the sun " and moon. When he was minded to pay to Christ " the Lord the due hours of service, and the celebrations " of the mass, with such entireness of devotion he " laboured in singing that he seemed to be speaking '' fisu^ to fisice with the Lord, even if just before he had '' been vexed with the quarrels of the people ; like " S. Martin, he constantly kept eye and hand intent " on heaven, never letting his spirit rest fix)m prayer/'^ Probable '^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ skotch is that of a good and faithful sStciL'^^^ servant; there is nothing grotesque about the man as he appears in the pages of the eye-witness ; nothing of the tyrannical ascetic. It is the crowning of a laborious life, of a man who has had great power and has used it for his country, and who, now that other rulers "have arisen who do not know or love him, falls back on the studies of his youth, and spends his last years in the promotion of pious and learned works. The end, if we set aside, as I think we may safely do, the strange story of the miracle,^ is quiet and peaceful. He was only sixty-four when he died, but his public life had begun early and lasted long, and his fame lived both at home and abroad, in the praises of the strangers whom he had befriended, the churches that he had planted, the scholars^ whom he had taught, but chiefly in the longing remembrance of the peace and glory which Edgar under his teaching had maintained ; the peace and glory which were written in the hearts of the English, although they left vacant pages in the chronicles, and which were the last glimpses of national prosperity. Tet Dunstan's memory was worshipped not only from a feeling of regret ; as I have remarked more than once, his beatification in
1 Pp. 49, 50, below. | > Pp. 51, 58, below.
nnntoiHTcnoN.
cv
popular regard scarcely waited for his death ; and it is Hif Mriy no small proof of the estimation in which his memory tum. was held that when, in 1017, Canute set the laws civil and ecclesiastical upon the ancient and national footing, together with the feast on the anniversaiy of S. Eklward, a perpetual protest against the Une of Ethebred, he ordered the solemn and universal observance of S. Dun- stan's mass day.^ The true mark of Dunstan's mind must be looked ^|u»V^'«
softrein
for in Edgar's legislation; and in the few canons passed f^^^ ' at the ecclesiastical assemblies of the reign. These will all be found among the ancient laws and institutes of the Anglo-Saxons, published hj Wilkins, Thorpe, and Schmid.' That Dunstan had a chief part in the enact- ment of these is a necessary inference from the fact that throughout the reign he was the king's closest friend and adviser, the chief of his witan, the ecclesi- astical head of the nation. The laws that bear Edgar's name must bear the impress of Dunstan's mind. We cannot follow the writers who argue that because Edgar's canons do not forbid the marriage of the clergy, they mflist be referred to the period of his reign when Dunstan was not yet archbishop, and argue, therefore, that they were the work of a king of fifteen years old who was under the guidance of a party far more monastically inclined than Dunstan himself.'
Of the secular laws of Edgar, the institution of the
* Leges CaDuti (Schmid, p. 265), I. 17.
> Thorpe (folio ed.) pp. 109-118. Schmid, pp. 182-199.
* Johnson's Canons, ed. Baron, i. 408, ** Though these laws and the
first set of canons following next after them are ascribed to king Edgar, jet they haTc nothing of the spirit of Donstan in them:
tt
((
«(
t(
I mean thej inflict no punish- ments or hard censures on the married clergj, as they certainly '' would if Dunstan had been at the making of them." Also, p. 412, these canons, which I place be- fore Dunstan's accession to the see of Canterbury, as containing no censure against the married clergy."
tt
C(
«
«
a
tt
u
tt
CVl
INTBODUCTION.
«
ti
<i
<(
DuMtoa's Hundred seems to be a reconstruction and development feSSution. of the old German Hundred system, for special purposes of police, from which no inference can be drawn as to the policy of its author. The secular ordinances and the " supplementum'' are in this respect more important; and the preamble to the first of these asserts a noble principle: "I will that every man be worthy of folk- right, as well poor as rich, and that righteous dooms be judged to him." The enactments that follow are few but definite, and touch on the remedial jurisdiction of the king, tte regular holding of the popular courts, the general system of " borh " or security for appearance in the gemots, and the usiiformity of coins and measures. In ,the Supplementum the hand of Dunstan is distinctly traceable ; it is an enactment in the time of pestilence, that the wrath of God may be turned from the people. I and the archbishop command," says the king, " that ye anger not God" by robbing him or his church. The practices of religion are enjoined, the rights of the ViTig and his thegns, the legal freedom of the Danes, and their possession of their own laws, are secured; the points included in the earlier laws are t%peated, and the observance of the peace enforced by threats and promises. Although these few ordinances bear but a slight proportion to the laws of Ethelred and Canute, they are distinctly constructive : the administration of justice, the equal rights of poor and rich, Dane and Eng- lish, and the careful maintenance of the " frith " by the hundred system, are progressive measures of reform. If Dunstan's work is here, we have some justification of the praises of his biographers.
The ecclesiastical laws of the period are of the same the period, constructive and progressive stamp. Those few enact- ments which are included among Edgar's laws touch chiefly on payments to the churches, church scot, tithe, and Eome penny, and on the observance of festivals and fasts. The canons which touch on spiritual matters
Boclesiasti-
INTBODUCnON. cvii
have a wider interest;^ but like most canonical legifl-Ofenoiitof lation they incorporate very much of earlier law. They Bd£?^ fidl into two classes ; the first are called the sixty-seven canons of Edgar, many of which are taken from the Earolingian capitularies, and which touch on synods, the exercise of spiritual discipline, the abolition of the relics of heathenism, the observance of Sundays, festivals, and &sts, the decent and solemn celebration of the sacra- ments, and the guidance of the lives of the clergy. One or two are characteristic, we may think, of Dimstan: '* That no priest receive a scholar without the leave of P«u»tMi*s
' DMBQ in
" the other by whom he was formerly retained ;" " that tJ^m. " every priest do teach manual, arts with diligence ; " that no learned priest reproach him that is less learned, but mend him if he know how ; " '' that no " noble bom priest despise one of less noble birth ; if " it be rightly considered, all men are of one origin." The penitential canons which are found in connexion Penitential with these are a compilation of the period from the earlier penitential books of the church, and contain nothing original Nor do they contain anything that connects them with the reign of Edgar or the pontifi- cate of Dunstan. It is in these only that any mention is found of clerical marriages : " K a mass priest or a " monk or deacon bad - a lawful wife before he was *' ordained, and dismisses her and takes orders, and then " receives her again by lying with her, let every one of " them fisLst as for murder and vehemently lament it ; " — a very necessary safeguard in an age in which it was so common to play £ast and loose with sacred obliga- tions. But this canon, on which apparently depends the charge of persecuting the married clergy made so com- monly against Dunstan, is an extract from penitentials of much earlier date, and cannot with any certain]by be assigned to him as its re-enactor.^
> Thorpe, pp. 895 iq. Johnsou, I ' It is taken from the fourth book i. pp. 41S aq. I of the Pseudo-Bgbertine Peniten-
canonfl.
•••
cvui
INTRODUCTION.
Tradiuoii William of Malmesbuiy has preserved a tradition
Wimam of ^ which serves to present Dunstan in a light that can
touching the hardly offend popular reformers of this day. He intro-
custom. duced the custom of inserting pegs in the drinking cups,
that no man might run into excess without knowing
it.^ Human nature^ which is so apt to mistake a limit
for a law, a maximum for a minimum, soon put the
pegs to the opposite use, and required legislation that
forbade the custom "of drinking to pegs/' or, as we
should say, " allowing no heeltaps."
The early and more trustworthy writers connect the memory of Dunstan with no cruel or barbarous asceticism. The evidence of the laws does, I think, confirm the tes- Dunstan an timouy of the Lives. Dunstan is a constructor not a des- ntt^than troycr, a consoUdator not a pedantic theorist, a reformer anasce c. ^^^ ^^ innovator, a politician not a bigot, a statesman not a zealot. His merits as a scholar, an artist, a musician, a cunning craftsman, are a part of the contemporary pic- ture which ought not to be disregarded. His zeal for education is a far more authentic trait than his zeal for .celibacy. His vindication of the law of marriage can never be regarded as a blot by those who know any- HisBcaifor thing of the state of society, especially in the royal marriage, houscs of his day ; or consider the strange way in which religion and courtly adulation could be combined when the uncorrupted body of a king like Edgar was believed to work miracles. Yet this has scarcely been fairly recognized. Dunstan's zeal for the purity of marriage is acknowledged aa a matter of merit when it was exercised against the corrupt papacy; yet because by the com- mand of the witan of the kingdom he draws a wanton boy of fifteen from the dangerous society of a girl whom
tial, which again is from the Pseado- Theodore, which takes it from the Poenitentiale Romanum, published by Halitgar of Cambray : here it is taken fh>m the Penitential of Co-
lombanuB, and the earlier writers. See Was8erschleben3ns8ordnungen der Abendlftndische Kirchc, p. 365. Thorpe, pp. 408, 378, 283. » Ed. Hardy, p. 237.
n
tt
INTRODUCTION. cix
it was unlAwful for kim to marry, we are told that ''a strange mit- " young king was persecuted and dethroned by the uon!^*"^*^
insolence of monkery exciting a superstitious people
against him." ^ There must be a sacredness, it would seem, about the very sins of kinga
It is strange that of a life so important and diver- No iitenn sified as that of Dunstan not a single literary menu- DunttuL ment survives; not a single letter that can with any possibility be attributed to him, although several ad- dressed to him are extant, and will be found in this volume. Diligent in his ecclesiastical work, diligent in his political work, diligent as a student and as a teacher, he has left, beyond a few lines of writing, the endorsement of a charter, and the prayer put into the mouth of a kneel- ing figure in an illumination, no writings whatever.^
It is true that durin£f the middle aires, when the tim tnot on study of alchemy was rife, a tract bearing the name of Dunstan was circulated among the initiated ; but it was no doubt assigned to him as to a celebrated saint and philosopher, whose name might gain for it a circu- lation that it could not demand upon its merits. This work, the "Tractatus maximi Domini Dunstani archi-
episcopi Cantuariensis vere philosophi de lapide phi-
losophorum," was printed at Cassel in 1649, in the " Clavis portse aureee " of George Ripley.^ It is also found in a fifteenth century MS. in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.^
Another book which has been attributed to Dunstan tim Begn*
laiiflOoiH
is the " Regulaiis Concordia," a body of rules for monks, oonUa. which has been at least twice printed ; first by Beyner in the " Apostolatus Benedictinorum," and again in the
((
«
1 Hallam, Middle Ages, ii. 267.
2 Tlie statement that one of the H88. of the Chnmide is tapposed to be m DuDBtan's handwriting (Allen, Prerogative, SSS) if based on the merest conjectnre.
' Clavis aoiete port«, p. 240. See
Wright*s Biographia Literaria, I. 462.
^ Ho. 126, Coie's Catalogue of MSS., C.C.C. p. 47. It is a fifteenth eentnry- MS., onoe the property of Brian Twjne.
ex
INTRODUCTION.
The Con- cordia iB not Dunstan's.
Commen- tary on the Benedictine Rule, not Donstan's.
Books that have be- longed to Punstan.
preliminary matter of the " New Monasticon." It ia an interesting and valuable work, written very shortly after the monastic revival, and so early received as authori- tative that it was translated into Anglo-Saxon before the Norman conquest. It cannot, however, be ascribed to Dunstan, who is mentioned in it as " egregius hujua '' patri® archiepiscopus, praesago afflatus spiritu," al- though it is easy to see that it might, by a very natural mistake, be regarded as his work. It has a considerable historical value, giving an account of the way in which Edgar was induced to promote the monastic revival, the missions from Fleury and Ghent, and the council of Winchester, of which so much is said in the lives of Dunstan by Osbem and Eadmer. It may conjecturally be referred to the abbot Elfric.
There is in the Eoyal Library, in the British Mu- seum,^ a large commentary on the Benedictine rule, written in the twelfth or thirteenth century, and illus- trated with a very fine fiill page picture of a bishop. This has been attributed with some confidence to Dun- stan, but the MS. contains nothing to justify such a statement ; neither the Latin style nor the general ar- rangement of the book is at first sight consistent with the assumption; and if there be among the minuter points of the work anything that si^gests it, I have been unable in a careful examination to discover it.
Of the other books with which the name of Dunstan, not as author but as traditionary owner, is connected, the most important is the weU-known Bodleian MS. marked Auctarium F. iv. 32.^ This volume consists of a bimdle of very ancient remains, the chief of which are, a large part of the iifcer Euticia Gh^ammatici de
> MS. Beg. 10 A. 18. See Wright, page is engraved ; and iii. p. 63 ; Vil. Biogr. Lit. i. 461. ' lemarqu^'s Notices des principatjix
> Described in Macray's Annals MSS. des Anciens Bretons, Paris, of the Bodleian, p. 20 ; Ilickes, 1856. Thesaurus, i. p. 144, where the first
INTRODUCmON. CXI
discemendia Conjugationibus, a quantity of ^^ctracts The Bod- from the Scriptures in Greek and Latin, Tables for with* '
aniwin|[^ of
calculating the Full Moon, a Paschal table reaching i>un8ta)i. firom A.D. 817 to 832, the first book of Ovid's Art of Love, a homily in Anglo-Saxon on the Invention of the Cross, and several minor fragments or notes on measures and numbers. Several of these pieces contain British glosses and furnish some of the earliest written specimens of Welsh. On the first leaf of the volume is a large drawing of our Saviour, holding in his right hand a long rod or sceptre, and in his left a book, with a monk kneeling at his feet. On the sceptre is inscribed the text, " Et virga recta est virga regni " Tui ;" on the book, " Venite filii, audite me, timorem " Domini docebo vos :" from the mouth of the monk proceeds a scroll, and over his head is the couplet —
" Dunstanum memet clemens f5go, Christe, tuere " Tenarias me non sinas sorbsisse proceUas."
A later inscription at the top of th& page tells us that this is Dimstan's work : " Kctura et scriptura hujus " pagime subtus visa est de propria manu sancti " Dunstani." This drawing was engraved in Hickes's Thesaurus, vol. i. p. 144, and in other later works. The manuscript itself is described in a very early catalogue of the Library of Glastonbury, now in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, and is also mentioned by Leland as seen by him there, with the note that the book had been Dunstan's.^ It is one of the most curious volumes in existence, and woidd go further to prove the antiquity of Glastonbury and its connexion with early British as well as Anglo-Saxon history than all the forged charters even if they were genuine.
Another Glastonbury book in the Bodleian is among the Hatton MSS. No. 30 ; a copy of S. Augustine on
1 Leland, Collectanea, iii. 154.
h 2
CXU INTRODUCTIOK.
TheHatton the ApocaljTpse, at the end of which in large eapitahi *' ^' ' is the inscription, ''Dunstan abbas hunc libellum scii- " bere juasit/' a note evidently made before Dunstan had reached the rank of either archbishop or saint.^ The Liber The Hatton coUection contains another book (No. 42) Dunttani. inscribed on the back ''Liber Sancti Dunstani/' which has been abready mentioned as the volume in which the head of " Wulfric cild " is drawn." This is a col- lection of canons ; the first portion written about the time of Dunstan, the latter about a century earlier. The more ancient part consists of the Apostolic canons, and decrees of councils which form part of the early collec- tions of decretals. The rest of the volume -comprises a copy of the great Irish collection of canons in sixty- seven chapters, which is found i^i the much damaged Cotton MS. Otho E. 18, in the St. Gall MS. 248, and in the Paris MSS. 8,182 and 12,021, which was pre- pared for the press by the late Mr. Arthur Haddan as a part of the second volume of the councils, and has just been printed in Germany from a collation of various MSS. by Dr. Wasserschleben of Giessen. The Hatton MS. furnishes a somewhat enlarged edition, such as Dunstan might be supposed likely to make. Besides this it contains the canons of Adamnan, a selection of pas- sages from the Boman and Frank law books, and a quantity of regulations about degrees of kindred. The fact that it contains the Irish canons adds a presump- tion that it was written at Glastonbury, an inference we should be incUned at first sight to draw from the company in which it is found. If it was really Dun- stan's book, we may see in it reflected the nature of his studies; the Irish canons he might get from his teachers at Glastonbury ; the Frank and Roman law during his exile at Ghent; the regulations touchmg
* Also mentioned by Macray, I ' Above, p. Ixxvi'i. Annals, p. 20. I
IKTEODUCTIOjr.
exui
marriages and ihe degrees of kindred would illustrate those peculiar points which come out most strongly in the traditions of his discipline.
The National Library at Paris possesses what is called |^e the Pontifical of Dunstan, a magnificent folio of the tenth ][JP^^' century, which once belonged to the church of Sherborne in Dorsetshire, and may not improbably have been given by Dunstan or one of his early succ;^sors. Its number in the catalogue of Latin MSS. is 943. It contains besides the Pontifical, on vacant leaves, a number of interesting pieces touching English church history. Amongst these is a list of the bishops of Sherborne, ending with Etbelric who became bishop in the year 1001 ;^ the letter of Pope John XII. to Dimstan f the letter of an -archbishop, whose name is not given, to bishop Wul£sige, printed in this volume,* and a list of the books ''quos custodit Dodo;" perhaps the Sherborne Library. This list, which may possibly have been printed, mentions amongst other books, "liber Legis SaUcse," " liber Bemelini in Abaco," and " Liber Helprici artis calculatoriae." Other articles in the volume are an Anglo-Saxon sermon ''de dedicatione " ecdesise ;*' the order for the benediction of an abbot, tempus inter hominis mortem et ultimam resur- rectionem ;" and " this is theera gersednessa sum the bisceopas gersed habbath." Besides these there are some Sherborne charters which have been printed by Kemble.
Of Dunstan's penmanship, besides the picture in the Bodleian MS., there are possibly two or three specimens
it.
II
u
it
<c
^ I gi^e the list from this MS. : — 1. Aldhehn. 2. Forthere. 3. Here- wftld. 4. JEthelmod. 5. DeDefrith. S. Wlgberht 7. Ealhstao. 8. Ealh- mimd. 9. .£thelhefth. 10. Wulfrige. U. Asser. IS. iEthelwerd. 18. Waeratan. 13. iKthelbald. 14. 61-
gelm. 15. Alfred. 16. Wulfsige. 17. Alfvold. 18. JEtbeUige. 19* Wulfsige. 20. MiMtic. It agrees exactly with MS. Tiberius B. 5^ See Registnim Sacr. Angl. p. 165t
s Pp. 296*298, below.
* Pp. 406-406, below.
CXIV
INTEODUCTION.
The nyrie
Kyri rex splen dens.
Dttii8tan'«. existing in charters. The cathedral church of Christ at
penmanship* " • ,
Canterbury possesses one, a grant by king Edred dated in the year 94*9, in which he gives the monastery of Reculver to the mother church. A duplicate of this exists among the Cotton charters, and has been photo- graphed by order of the trustees of the British Museum. Dunstan professes himself to be the writer ; " Ego Dun- *' stan indignus abbas rege Eadredo imperante banc " domino meo hereditariam kartulam dictitando con- " posui et propriis digitonun articuUs perscripsi." ^ Another is said by Mr. Wright to have been in the possession of the church of Winchester.*
Of Dunstan's musical ability it is possible that we have a trace in the trope or cantus " Kyrie rex splen- " dens," which according to the Salisbury use is appointed to be sung on his festival, after the ojfftciv/m. The text of this composition wiU be found in the present volume, p. 357, taken from the Gradual,® collated with the printed editions of the Missal. All, however, that can be said of it is that it may be Dunstan's. The history of it is this. Eadmer relates a story of Dunstan £Edling asleep one Simday at mass, whilst waiting for Edgar who had gone out hunting. In his sleep he heard a solemn ser- vice in heaven, and when he awoke dictated to his servants a " Kyrie Eleyson " which he had learned there, which, according to the biographer, was in his days sung in many places among the solemn ceremonies of the mass.^ It would seem a natural conclusion that the "Kyrie rex splendens" which was sung only on^ the feasts of Dunstan and S. Michael should be identified with this ; and although William of Malmesbury does
* Kemble, C* D. No. ccccxzv.
2 Wright, Biog. Lit. i. 459.
3 In the Bodleian, among the " Googh Missals.''
<P. 207. The Kyrie Eleyson story, however, oocnis much earlier
in the Life of Oswald, Nero£. 1» fo. 16: " Hoc non conticesoendom puto quod et Kyrie Eleyson cxi- mium e superis aaditum agmini- bus, qnod nostrates satis dulciter " personare consaescunt."
f(
<i
i(
INTRODUCrriON. CXV
not notice it except in a very cursory way, it must have DeveioD. been believed soon after his day. Higden is, however, history. the first writer who distinctly states that the kyrie which Dunstan learned contained the " modulos haomo- '' ni^" which were contained in the trope so famous among the English^ '' Eyrie rex splendens/' The state- ment is copied by Capgrave, and appears also in Bromton, and possibly in other writers of the fifteenth century.^ K, however, we venture to assume thus much, it may reasonably be questioned whether the words or the music only should, be attributed to Dunstan. Higden's lan- guage seems to refe^ to the music, that of Eadmer to the words. It has indeed been thought that as the peculiar tropes or variations on the kyrie are not found until the thirteenth century in the common missals, the music only of this one coiQd even by tradition be Dunstan's. But this is a mistake, for we possess a tropary dating nearly if not quite fix>m Dunstan s days, which contains a large number of kyries, both words and music. In this we do not find Kyrie rex splendens, but several forms of expression more or less coinciding with it.^ If we suppose that Dunstan wrote the trope, it would not of course appear at once in the service books, but there is nothing in it inconsistent with this antiquity. It may have been many times remodelled like the other kyi'ies and rearranged afterwards.
In the later pages of this book much will be found Question of about the claim of the monks of Glastonbury, first ution of asserted in the twelfth century and stoutly maintained bones. down to the age of the Beformation, that they possessed the bones of Dunstan.' They had been removed, accord-* ing to the story, in the reign of Edmund Ironside, and proved their genuineness by working miracles. Into the
^ Higden, ap. Gale, p. 270 ; Cap* grave, below, p. 346 ; Bromton, ap. Twyadcn, c. 879.
3 MS. Bodl. 775. * See pp. 852, 853i
CXVl
INTRODUCTION.
Parallel traditions.
SSiSv^the** ^^^^^^^ 0^ ^^ story we need not enter : there is no DuSten* r©*soii whatever for believing that such a translation translation, ever took place, or that Glastonbury ever possessed a single bone of Dunstan. The tale, like so many other marvels of hagiology, has its parallels elsewhere : no doubt relics were stolen on a large scale as well as given and purchased. King Edmund was believed to have removed' from the north to Glastonbury the bones of Aldan, Ceolfritb, and Hilda ; ^ and these saints had spe- cial commemorations at Glastonbury so early that the invention of the story cannot fairly be ascribed to Wil- liam of Malmesbury.' Edred and Odo again were be- lieved to have carried off the body of S. Wilfrid from Ripon to Canterbury. These were cases in which the bodies of the saints were removed to save them from the profane hands of the Norsemen. A still closer pa- rallel may be found in the history of Ely. Ecgfrid the abbot of S. Alban's, according to the Ely historians, flying at the command of Stigand from the Normans, carried with him to Ely the shrine containing the bones of the protomartyr, and in order to obtain admission into the brotherhood, deposited them or allowed them to be deposited with the bones of S. Etheldreda.' The S. Alban's historians denied the truth of this. The flight of the abbot, IVetheric they call him, is admited, and his death and burial at Ely ; " whence," says Matthew Paris, "they of Ely, lying against their own heads, assert that he brought thither with him the bones of S. Alban, not fearing to allege against the holy man the crime of saciilege." The reverence paid to S. Al- ban was therefore diminished, as was the case also with other saints of the kingdom, and miracles in their
u
((
((
^ W. Malmesb. Gesta Pontiff, p. 198.
' See especially the Ealendar in MS. Cotton, Kero A. 2 ; and that
in the Missal of Leofric in the Bodleian Lihrary.
* Liber Blienids (ed. Stewart), p. 227.
IHTBODUCnON.
cxm
churches became leas jfrequent.* Before 1129 another %u>nu^ competitor, "quoddam collegium m Dacia^ talBely as- serted the possession of the relics, and in that year the coflin at S. Alban's was opened and the bones counted. Still the men of Ely contended that miracles constantly proved them in the right. At last, under papal pres- sure, early in the reign of Henry II. they confessed that they had been deceived by a pious fraud.* Not so the monks of Glastonbury, who carried on the battle until the eve of the Reformation. There is no probability that Duxistan's remains ever left Canterbury; they rested in the shrine which so many ages of pious affec- tion had provided and adorned until the Reformation, when, if they escaped the blind profanity of Henry VIII., it was because the glories of S. Dunstan had been eclipsed by a more famous ecclesiastical hero.'
Of the cultus of Dunstan the illustrations given in the eighth section of this volume will probably ptove sufficient to content the reader.^
I shaJl not attempt to draw a minute character of gjjjj^^* Dunstan, for the materials before us afford too small data to make it possible to do so with any definiteness. But I think we may, from the language of the first biographer, the letters of Abbo and the other writers included in this volume, get a glimpse of the man, truer if fainter than the fancy portraits drawn by later writers, who have seen no taean between indiscriminate adula- jnurepre- tion on the one hand and the most hateful detraction on the other. Dunstan has been represented by a very learned recent writer as a man whose whole life was " a crusade, cruel, unrelenting, yet but partially successful,
jsrepi
* Geeta Abbatom (ed. Biley), i. 51.
« Ibid. p. 176.
* In the twelfth and thirteenth ecntuiies the great bells which he had made for Abingdon wei;e pre-
served ; and at Glastonbury, crosses^ chasubles, censers, and other Test- ments of his making. Wright, Biogr. lit. i. 435, 459; * Pp. 440 sq.
CXVIH
INTRODUCTION.
MinranBTe- soDtaUon of Duxutan.
f<
it
it
it
<i
u
«
<t
against the married clergy, which in truth compre- hended the whole secular clergy of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom." " Dunstan was, as it were, in a narrower sphere, a prophetic type and harbinger of Hildebrand. Like Hildebrand, or rather like Damiani doing the work of Hildebrand, in the spirit not of a rival sove- reign but of an iron-hearted monk, he trampled the royal power under his* feet. The scene at the coro- nation of king Edwy, excepting the horrible cruelties " to which it was the prelude, and which belong to a " more barbarous race, might seem to prepare mankind " for the humiliation of the emperor Henry at Canosa."^ For this invective there is not in the writings of con- temporaries, or in any authentic remains of Dunstan s legislation, the shadow of a foundation. What Dunstan did at Edwy's coronation he did by the order of the assembled witan of the kingdom. The cruelties which are said to have followed are asserted on the authority of Osbem and Eadmer, the eSirlier of whom wrote nearly a century and a half afber the death of Edwy, and de- pend on no other testimony. If they ever took place at all, they took place during Dunstan's exile, during the war that preceded the election of Edgar. Such at least is the statement of Osbem, who is the sole wit- ness; Eadmer's additions in his life of Odo resting on no evidence at all.^ The charge of persecuting the mar- ried clergy is as baseless. We have no means of judging what proportion of the secular clergy was married : the secular clerks who held monastic property were married, and the same evidence which proves their marriages proves also how lightly the marriage tie sat upon them.
1 Milman, Latin ChriBtianity,Tol. iv. p. 25 (ed. 1867).
^ I will content myself with a general reference to Mr. Robert- son's invaluable essay on Dunstan's policy, Hist. Essays, pp. 189 sq.:
and to Dr. Hook's life of Dunstan. I think little can be added to the exhaustive summary of the former writer. Both works stand, as might be expected, in strong contrast with Hitman, Hallam, and Lingard*
/
INTRODUCTION.
CXIX
But against these it was not Dunstan chiefly, but Os- No evidence wald and Ethelwold who took the measures of reform •tan'siianh-
... , , ,. 11*1 noas towardg
which ai'e represented as persecution, and which were no the married doubt severe and undiscriminating. In this Dunstan, as I have ah^ady remarked, takes only a secondary part : he does not remove the clerks from his own cathedral churches ; his sympathy with the monastic movement is only to be gathered by inference from the fact that he did not oppose it. As to the married clergy in general there is absolutely no evidence whatever ; and here is the most astounding amount of assumption. It is scarcely to be believed that our canonists in discussing the date of the little ecclesiastical legislation that belongs to Edgar's 'reign, have determined that it does not belong to Dun- stan's pontificate because it contains no enactments against the married clergy.^ Yet Dunstan became arch- bishop as soon as Edwy was dead, and beyond a doubt inspii^d whatever ecdiastical law wa« made in that reign. In fact the only laws which can with any pro- guenoeor bability be ascribed to Dunstan are altogether silent on {jjji^ijjl* the point. We know that when he was a young man JJiSl* in minor orders he intended to marry, and it was the takmg of monastic vows that showed his renunciation of the design.^ It is the enforcement of monastic disci- pline, not the compulsory celibacy of the clergy, that is the object of the clerical reforms ; and in this Dunstan only partly sympathized. As for the charge of trampling on the royal authority, it may be dismissed in a word. Men's views of what constitutes vice may differ, but any rule that condemns Dunstan condemns John the Bap- tist also ; and if any error on the side of severity is pardonable, it is when the rebuke is addressed to the vices of princes : why is Dunstan to be blamed for that which is the glory of Ambrose and Ansehn ?
But in truth' the career of Dunstan was no anticipar tion of that of Hildebrand ; it was the very counterpart
* See above, p. cv.
I « P. 13.
IKTRO0UOTIOK.
Connexion of England \rith Flan- ders.
h
Noukenats of that of Gorbert, the student, the practical workman, Dunapn the wisc instructor of a royal pupil, the statesman, the ^f '" reformer, and the patriot. Osbem and Eadmer drew the character of their saint in the spirit with which they were themselves inspired, imputing to him qualities which in their imagination were virtues, as in the eyes of more modem writers they have seemed to be vices, but which the world may be almost said to have learned^ from the life of Gregory VII. They drew the picture of the saint in lines and colours that seemed to them indispensable to sanctity, and read the history of Dun- Stan through the history of Henry the Fourth.
Another point has been already referred to, which receives some important illustration from the early lives and letters here printed : the connexion of England with Flanders, especially in the point of monastic reform. It must not be forgotten, that while monastidsm had become under Alfred practically extinct in England, on the continent it had merely languished. The monastidsm of Flanders was active and energetic compared with that of England, just as the monasticism of Fleury was defi- nite and severe as compared with that of Flanders. Count Baldwin had married the daughter of Alfred ; she took a part in the monastic revival in her adopted coun- try, such as Alfred had attempted at home, and which was carried out by two men of very different character in the two countries, Edred and Amtdf, both grandsons of Alfred. In the year 918 the monks of Blandinium had received from Etheldritha, or Elstrudis as they called her, a grant of lands in Kent which were in their hands when the Domesday Survey was made.^ Whilst Edred
' Meyer, Annales Berum Belgica- mm, p. 20. «A.D. 929. Obiit " Elstnidis magni principifl mater *' 7"* kalendus Junias, jacetqae sc- " pulta prope maritum BUndinii in " oBdicula parentU Tirginis. Hseo ** Blandiniensibiifl eosnobitU amplas
» donavit poueBsiones in Anglia " in finibus Cantii unde tabulas ha- ** bent anno 918." A charter con* firming the grant of Etheldritha, made by £dward the Confessor, is printed in Kemble, C. D. No. dcclxxi.
INTRODUCTION. CXXi
was reviving Glastonbury and Abingdon, Amulf was re- SScSchism. building and refilling S. Bertin, S. Yedast, and Blan- dinium. Eighteen great monasteries . were restored by him. All this was well known to the West Saxon princes. Elstrudis was buried at Blandinium. Edwin, the brother of Athelstan, who perished at sea by his brother's cruelty, it was said, found his resting place at S. Bertin.^ The so-caUed monks who were expelled in the process of reform and would not accept the revived Benedictine rule, found refuge with Athelstan in England.^ It is thus easy to account for the hospitable treatment which Dunstan found in the territories of Amulf, and for the letters addressed to Edgar, to Dunstan and his suc- cessors, by the Flemish and North French monasteries, asking or returning thanks for help.
This serves to open a comparatively untrodden field of ^Jt*jJJJ°JJ^ ecclesiastical history,' for the illustration of which it is t^e west probable that moire remams are extant than is generally suspected. It is extremely desirable that the history of the foreign relations of England, political, ecclesiastical, and literary, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, should be more carefully explored. There is no reason to suppose that the invasion of the Danes, when they destroyed so much else, really interrupted the intercourse of England with Germany. The marriages of the da;ughters of Alfred and Edward do not stand alone. The political negotiations of Odo placed Lewis d'Outremer on the throne of the West Franks; the wanderings of Kjmewald brought Athelstan and his court into close ecclesiastical affinity with the monasteries of Germany. It is true that there is some uniformity in the result : English gold is as in- genuously asked for, and as freely bestowed, as it con- tinues to be for ages after. English manuscripts are bor- rowed, of which there is no notice of return. Few and far
> Meyer, p. SO. \ * Ibid. p. 21 .
CXXll INTRODUCTION.
interooone between are the notices of Emrlishmen in continj&ntal
of England _
with the authors, but nevertheless there are traces of a continuous and lively intercourse, which might be multiplied by close examination, and might yield an unexpected har- vest to patient labour.
Greek words The number of Greek words that occur in the early
m the Latin ^
of the time, lives and letters will necessarily attract the notice of scholars. This is no peculiarity of English writers ; it is a common feature of the period ; and it is one the exa- mination of which has never been thoroughly carried out. • The superficial use of glossaries without any know- ledge of grammar, will account for some part of the vocabulary which so curiously diversifies the Latin of the Saxon priest. The use of Greek hymns or Greek versicles in the services of the church may account for a phrase here and there. The occasional visit of a Greek pilgrim or exile awoke from time to time the desire of knowing a few Greek words, or the forms of the Greek letters. But the exact amount of knowledge of Greek literature is not easy to calculate; the few references that occur seem to be stock quotations, drawn probably^ if not cei-tainly, through the medium of the Latin fathers. Phenomena like John Scotus Erigena were rare indeed ; yet the age of Dunstan almost reaches the age of John Scotus, and what was possible for one scholar was not quite impossible for others. The struggles of the Saxon emperors in Southern Italy probably did something to bring spoken -Greek to the ears of western ecclesiastics.
I feel that in this preface I have pointed out rather than illustrated many questions of interest. Perhaps it is hardly consistent with the character of a preface to attempt more. A careful re-editing of the original lives of the English saints will, I have no doubt, supply materials of yet unappreciated value.
I beg leave to present my very sincere thanks to those scholars and societies whose MSS. have been used in this work, for the kindnesa with which they have allowed
INTRODUCTION, CXXIU
me access to Uiem. In particular I have to thank the Archbishop of Canterbury for the loan of the Lambeth MS. 159 ; and M. Leopold Delisle for the readiness with which he promoted my use of the Paris library. I have also to thank for various good offices M. Caron of Arras, M. Dierauer of S. Gallen, the Rev. S. S. Lewis of C. C. C. Cambridge, and the Rev. Canon Raine of York.
^na^i^p
VITA ET MIRACULA S. DUNSTANI.
$9741.
I.
SANCTI DUNSTANI VITA
AUCTORE B.
Incipft prologus de vita vel conversatione almi
oonfessoris dunstani.*
Perprudenti domino archonti Albrico,* omnium ex- The writer timus sacerdotum B. vilisque Saxonum indigena, alta hi?iSJ?to polorum gaudia. SSric!*''^
1. Te quidem, pastor praecelse, ob enormitatcm di- vnlgatce peritiee, perque magnificam, placidam, privi- legii dignitatem, ad insuperabilem mihi tutionem' caeteros quosque, quamvis sint doctrina perspicui, ex- dpiendam secemam; qui, quodam luculento compe- tentis fietcundise calamo, decentis eoditui, akni scilicet Dunstani, merita monimenta protelare conarer, ni in- coepta gloriosse vitae ipsius prooemia^ omnemque hujus opusculi diffinitionem degeneri vitiorum stilo, ut cemis, attaminando foedarem. Quapropter primus prae cseteris bujuscemodi dedecus patula protestatione tuee sereni- tati profiteor, meque adeo more aligerorum, qui se priusquam professionis vocem emittant, alarum plausi- bus flagellare videntur, propriis verborum verberibus, tids proYolutus genibus, exonerans affligo ; eotenus, inquam, ut quicquid hac in editione contra orthographisB
^ The text in from the Ams MS. 1029 (A.)* The oollatioiis are from the Cotton MS. Cleopatra B. 18 (B.)y which omits the Prologue.
'Elfric, archbishop of Canter- bury, 995-1,006.
* tutionem] tatiorcm, A.
* prooemid] promia, A.
A 2
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
He be^ the archbishop to correct his gram- matical errors, and deprecates harsh criticism.
He will do what he can in praise of his subject ; in mingled prose and verse.
normam compositoris vitio usurpatum repereris, impe- rial! potentia abradere, ac ploranti pinnicula profluentis incansti in melius ab errore ^ reformatum emendare prae- cipias. Quinetiam utriusque ordinis in utroque sexu sagaces, banc quoque tenuem nostri libelli segetem lit- terarum pedibus transmeantes, toto cordis intuitu tuoque potitus suffiragio, itidem facere permoneo; astu tamen ne rari germinis seminaria ponderosis pedibus incaute calcantes deprimant, neu interea, dum in annona de- pressa peritura olera penitus exstirpare nituntur, justa potius plantaria cum malis pariter, secanti intercepta sarculo, eradicando praecidant ; sed execrabilia hujus superficiei lolia, quodam levi conamine passim per loco- rum spatia neglegenter respersa fundotenus ^ explodant. Si ba3C mihi affectanti precaria quiscunque e nebulosorum corculis concedenda persentio, satis gratiosa benefida rependenda depromo ; sin autem invidis semulorum ab- dicamentis refutata tempnuntur, ignoratur utique quid satius incoeptem quam ut propria falcicula, licet sit scabrosa, mutilatione tenuatim obducta, propriam mes- sem sudati laboris pro posse virium piare procedam; si tamen quodam demonstranti digitulo corrigentis in- dicetur qua parte locorum inserta vitiabilis campi vitu- peria provocatus incidam. Ergo quoniam causa inscitiae ^ id fieri quod volo nequibit, sed id tandem quod queo vello compellor. Hoc siquidem ut optatam praelocuti theologi mentionem quam lepido facilitatis eulogio, vel si possem singula summorum rimatum capiteDa omnemque proceram hujusce texturae seriem, crisidineo schemate ac biformi renitentis electri colore gemmatim disserere ges- tiebam, nunc saltem satirica fatuitate gressuque lap- santi quasi minus sapiens vacillando incedam. Melius tamen tantas vitae venustatem idoneis compositoribus, ni beati antistitis inminentem iram pertimescam, con- scribendam reservo; quia non summe profitente quo-
* errore'] errare, A. ^Jundoientu'} fnndentesnus, A.
3 inseitia'} msithiss, A.
AUCTORE B. 5
quam in hujus cosmi situ prsestantior, ast personis Heapoio- omniDUS divo carens dogmate despectior. Nam e pru- proiogiie; dentibus neminem liberali eruditum ingenio propemo- makeoonreo- diim pemoscis, qui tarn deformi facundia in scribendis oeptmthe proloffis ut effo, videatur abuti. Has tamen sequentes derived di- paginulas, parvo capacitatis fomite utcunque compositas, ^ samt or fidissima fidelium attestatione purgabo, si qua propria temeritate effigiata insignia in his me conseruisse diffi- das ; nisi forte quae vel videndo vel audiendo, licet in- tellectu torpenti, ab ipso didiceram^ vel etiam ex ejus alumnis, quos a tenella juventutis aetate ad viros usque perfectos, doctrinarum pabulis decenter instructos, ipse- met educando deduxit. Acceptes, obsecro, sola septus connexione caritatis, horum apicellorum tenuem con- geriem, vix ebinina titulatione styloque fuscanti con- cretam, contra omnes invisorios semulos invicta propug- natione tuendam, non favoreo deditam rumusculo, sed tuse specialiter sublimitati collatam. In hac quippe litterali planitie, mentem magis spontaneam ambientis, quam agrestem^ componentis ignaviam explorare de- posco ; teque sine tuse offensionis molestia, moneo tanti patris virtutibus informarij exemplis ejus instrui, mori- bus muniri^ disciplinis justificari, ut cujus extitisti successor in terris, ejus merearis perennis esse consessor in ccelis, largiente Domino nostro Jesu Christo, Qui cum coaetemo Patre Sanctoque Spiritu vivit et regnat Deus per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amen.
iNCIPrr VITA SANCTI DONSTANNI ARCHIEPISCOPI.*
2. Cum multorum temporum a vero cultu Christianae The English
wciv ouoe
reUgionis vacua * transissent curricula, quibus vetusto heathen, errori ritu gentilitatis gens Anglorum magis quam Christo Creatori cunctorum mancipari decemebat, mise- ricors Dominus, no factura Sua laqueis inretita diaboli-
^ agreMtem] egrestem, A.
' sancti . , . archiepiscopi] sacnp
commemorationis beati scilicet Dan- Rtani archiproDSulis, B. ' racua] om. B.
6
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
They were oonvorted by Augus- tine and others*
under the influence of good kings and other rulers.
Of these Athelstan was one.
in whose time Dun- Stan was horn.
cis in sBtemum dampnata periret, salutis seternse reme- dium ejusdem caecitati prospexit, ac venerandum patrem Augustmum, a beato papa electum Gregorio, ad hujus partes patrise miseratus destinavit ; qui sagaci mentis ingenio hseredem sodaret inde conversam plebem fide- lium beato contubemio Angelorum. Mox igitur ut vir Dei inter inscise nationis vepres snlcum saluberrimse doctrinsB vomeremque Dei visitationis infixit, et triti- ceum Sanctse Trinitatis semen inseruit, sic vipereum pereimtis lolii germen ab hac exstirpavit, ut ulterius dumosi ruris rudera in ea pullulare prohiberet, et dig- nos Deo poenitentise fructus documento pariter et ex- emplo debere offerri demonstraret. Itaque qui ante eum spreverat credidit universus Albionum populus Domino, et adjunctus est per verse fidei agnitionem Deo suo. Hie autem sine Cujus sollicitudine parvi non succumbimt passeres, curam optima^ provectionis ob suae statum conditionis ipsi deinceps adhibuit. Elegit nam- que Venturis ad Se ^ exinde * nutritios liberis, reges, pontifices, duces, decanos, prsepositos, caeterosque Eccle- siae Suae rectores, qui post emensa singulonmi spatia gregem Deo renatum sub pacis custodia regerent cum justitia.
3. Inter hos praecipuos regiae praelationis viros, quem Christianissimi et orthodoxi multi regnando praecesse- rant, quorum nunc nomina difficultas non sinit rimare per singula, gloriosus rex ' iBthelstanus annis succedenti- bus est rex Anglorum adnumeratus. Hujus igitur Jra- perii temporibus oritur puer strenuus in Westsaxonum finibus, cujus pater Heorstanus, mater vero Cynethrydis * vocitatiu*. Quem pii parentes sacri baptismatis undis renatum Dunstanum vocaverunt. Crevit itaque puer et effectus est tam Deo qiiam hominibus cams. Erat autem quaodam regalis in coniinio ejusdem praefati viri
^ Venturis ad Se"] om. B. ^ exinde"] cjl, B.
' rex] om. B.
* Cynethrydis] Cynethiyth, B.
AUCTORE B. 7
insula, antiquo vicinorum vocabulo GlBestonia nuncupata, Dewription latis locorum dimensa sinibus, piscosis aquis stagneis- bury, que circumducta fluminibus, et plurimis humanas indi- gentiae apta usibus, atque sacris, quod TnayiTnnm est, Dei dicata muneribus. In ea siquidem ipsius loca primi catholicse legis neophitae antiquam Deo dictante reppe- rerunt secclesiam, nulla hominum arte ' constructam, immo humanse saluti coelitus paratam; quam postmo- dum Ipse coelorum fabricator multis miraeulorum gestis The multisque misteriorum virtutibus,^ banc ' Sibi sanctae- buut there
. . . « A r - to 8. Mary
que genitrici Suae ^ Mariae consecratam fore demonstravit. and s. Peter. Huic etiam aliud addiderunt opere ' lapideo ^ oratorium, quod Christo ejusque Sancto Petro apostolo dedicave- runt. Porro dehinc universorum circumquaque fidelium frequentia oolebat, et jam dictae pretiosum insulae humi- liter locum firequentabat. Contigit ergo hujuscemodi causis praedictum virum Heorstanum comitante secum Heontui beato puero Dunstano transire Glestoniam, et ciun inibi s. Dunstao,
* ^, . , . ... , and hw son
causa orationis pemoctarent, ecce suavissimi sopons visit there, felicem obtexit pausatio puerum/ viditque mentis ex- cessu quendam senem niveo candore vestitum^ per amoena se sacri templi atria ^ ducentem, ac monastica Dunstan's
!•/»• 1 • AA j».£»ji» vision of new
aedincia, quae post per ejus pastoratum aediiicanda lue- buUdings. rant, demonstrantem eo ordine quo nunc statuta refe- runtur fuisse.^®
4. Postea vero religiosi pueri Dunstani ^^ parentes sa- DgMto's cris eum litterarum otiis contulerunt ^tudentem, cui con- festim Dominus tantam in his largitatis Suae conferre dignatus est gratiam, ut coaetaneos quosque praecelleret, et suorum tempera studiorum facili cursu transiliret.
> arUl ut fenmt, ins. B. in marg. ' mwierioTum mrtHtihu»] yirtatnm misteriis, B. ' hone] om. B. < Suai] Dei, B. * opert] altered to operes^ A.
* lapidtd] altered to lapideo§, A. 7 pausatio puerwnQ tr. B.
* niveo . . vatHum] tr. B.
* atria'] pavimenta, B. ^fuiase"] fore, B.
^^ Duiutani] om. B.
8
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI.
Danttan fkUfl siok of a fever :
he ia deli- rious, and then uuKm- Bible.
He rises ftomhisbed, takes a stick, andclimha to the roof of the church.
He descends in safety, and lies down be- tween the two keepers inside the church.
Sed quod contulerat sibi slgnum summa Majestas In studik ipsis parvo pro posse patebo. Contigit hunc laborare diu nam febribus artis, In tantum ut frenesis morbum pateretur amarum^ Inmemor atque sui per deliramenta nugarum, Pluruna verborum vacua jactasset ab ore. Cladibus his fessus, committitur et mnlieri Cuidam, qus3 tenero tunc suppeditaret alumpno, Et curam gereret sub ea ne peste periret. At memorata lues puerum superaucta premebat, Ut velut exanimis jacuisset ad ultima stratus, Omnibus et membris fieret quasi jam moriturus. Cumque diu sic mole mali gravaretur operti, Ecce repente movens abiit, propereque resurgit, Fustem ac surculeum rapuit tunc forte repertum; Quocum percutiens ambabus partibus auras, A canibus rabidis quasi se defenderet, ibat. Sic quoque nocte ferunt ut ad usque peribula templi Solivagus properaret, et inde veniret ad altos Ascensus graduum, quo scandere summa solebant Artifices operum, qui cum discrimine grandi Ipsius, heu ! timidi texere cacumina templi. niic ut validus summam conscendit in arcem, Et nimis incaute super hac stetit atque meavit. Sed Domini pietas rapuit do fastigiorum Casibus insontem ; ponens quoque inde deorsum Incolumem membris salvum, sanumque locatum Intus in hoc eodem templum, de culmine vexum, Quo duo custodes pariter de more cubabant, Ut simul inter eos pausaret tertius ille. Ipse tamen nescivit qua ratione veniret ExGOgitare modum, vivensve sub aethere quisquam. Ostia nam templi nuUi patuere meanti, Arcuit ast eadem ferrum sub cortice durum. Optime nunc lector, celeri sermone fatere Quid tibi veridico videatur in hoc pusione: Si talem dubites superum conscendere templum,
AUCTORE B.
9
Qui hie dauds foribus pro salvatione ruinae Conditur in templo, ut redimat de labe maligna Postea perplures et mittat ad sethera turmas, Dogmata distribuens necnon exempla relinquens : Exsurgat patiens humilis ruat atqne superbus.
Nam ^ quanto erat crescendo sublimior, tanto acuita-
Mystical meaning of this miracle.
^ Sed quod . . Nam] Instead of these Terses, MS. B. reads the foUow- mg, in which the rhythm of a se- quence maybe easily detected: " Eo ** antem hoc modo do virtnte in <• yiitatem proficiente, in vezatione ** febriom quodam casn corruit re- « pente. Qnibus dam die nocteque ** in tantom torqneretur at amarum « firenesis morbom pati yideretor, « immemor sui per dellramenta na- ** garam, ore suo jactavit inania " Terboram. Postremo yero cladi- ^ bas his per teneros artus diutls- ** sime fatigatoB, cuidam mnlieri " jussu parentam est commendatus, *' ut omni sagacitatis soUertia prse- ** yideret, sab ea ne peste periret ** Iteram autem memorata lue eo •< modo adgrayabator, at ad ultima '* yelut exanimis prostratus jacuisse « monstraretur, et, resoluta mem- " brorom compage, quasi jam mo- ** reretur. Deinde yero, ac si num- « qoam quisqaam mali perpessus, '* propere ezsargens, et fustem <* qaem forte repperit arripiens, per « montes et yalles yagando discur- ** rebat, et quasi a rabidis canibus « se de&nderet ibat. Sabsequenti " ergo nocte, at ferunt, ad usque « tempi! peribula errando propera- <* yit ac ad altos ascensus graduum ** solivagus peryenit, quo operarii « scandere solcbant, qui tunc cum " ingenti pericalo cacumina templi " tegebant. Nihil denique quid « ageret in se reyersus, summam ** tecti arccm conscendit intrepidus,
*' et nimis incaute super iUam stetit, « ac magno sub discrimine hac il- '* lacque cursitayit. Haud enim " Miseratoris omnium cceleste ei " deerat solatium, a Cujus laude ** numquam ejus cessayerat orga- " nam; sed ita sanum obseryavit « ilium et incolumem at nee pedis " offendiculum faceret ad lapidem. " Eodem in templo supema dispo- *' nente dementia deponitur, et in- " ter geminos custodes, ubi solito " more cubabant, collocatur, at ** dulci paulisper recrearet membra '' sopore; quse diu fatigata fiierant " labore. Exsurgens autem post " moment! spatium ammirari ad- « modum una cum custodibus cce- " perat, quo pacto quoye ingenio ** introierat; cemens etiam quod " quodque templi ostium clausum " munitumque exstiterat.
*' Acta quidem hsc postremum *• diyino nutu agnoyit, et omnipo- '* tentem Dominum, Qui sic eum a " tanta tribulatione liberarat, col- " laudare et glorificare non distulit, " sciens se tanto felicioreminterius, *' quanto durius puniretor exterius. " Forro tanqoam aurum in fomace " probat Dominus electos, ut quasi ^ holocausta hostie accipiat iUos. ** Beatus autem qui suffert tempta- ** tionem, quoniam, cum probatus " faerit, accipiet coronam yitas. " Non quidem mirandum est si Do- « minos ardore dumtaxat febrium '* beatum Dunstanum temptare per- ** miserit, cum justissimum Job qui
10
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
ixmstMi tis ingenio locupletior; quantoque-^ roticulis annorum wisdom. maturior, tanto Dei dilectione ferventior ; quanto vero *
in divinis laudibus assuetior, tanto perseveranti animo '
instantior.
He takes the 5. Videntes itaqu6 parentes prsenominati tantam sui I
tonsure at n /• #>!•• i* -i • i ■ i • i
Giastonbuiy excellentiam nlii, dignam sibi clencatus inposuere ton-
in the suram omcu inque famoso Glestomensis 8BCclesi8B socia-
8.Mai7. verunt"*ccBirobio»; quatenus ibidem die noctuque Deo
Deique genitrici deserviret Mariae tempore continuo.
Jamque disciplinis 'innexus Deificis florentes suae puber-
tatis annos evicta juventut6 calcavit; et Justus in
domo Dei sui, sicut cedrus Libani, vigoribus virtutum
floiniit; inque divinis plantatus atriis incrementi sui
robora singulis diebus protendebat ad sidera. Interea
tam magna suae constantise fama regis in palatio pa-
tuit, ut longe lateque magnifids rerum laudabilium
divulgaretur indiciis. Non autem hujus mundi vanos
captabat favores, sed copiis virtutum praeventus illam
setemi Regis gloriam ab intus gestabat, quam sibi pol-
His various lens sapientia docto digito donorum spiritalium, varietate
studies. X' ± J' X -x
etiam studiorum, neene gemmante mtore aureorum omatuum, dictavit. Nam multa sacrorum et divino- rum * voluminum prata, velut apis ingeniosa sic ' rapido cursu capacis ingenii pervolavit, ut mentem potius quam corpus divinis reficeret lectionibus, et receptacu- lum casti pectusculi, Sancti Spiritus flatu perfusum, Irish pii- gustu nectarco devote suppleret sensum.* Porro Hiber- SSton- nensium peregrini locum, quem dixi,^ Glestoniae, sicut et caeterae fidelium turbse, magno colebant affectu, et maxime ob Beati Patricii junioris ® honorem, qui faustus
« nee labiia suib ])eccayit, tot tor-
« mentomm generibos fatigaii con-
" senserit. Beatos itaque ado-
** leecens . . ."
1 quantoque'] quanto vero, B.
^ quanto vero'] quanto autem, B.
' perseveranti ammo] perseTeran- tia nimia, B.
^ et tUvinorum'] om. B.
^ sic"] om. B.
^ sensum] serenum, B.
7 quem dixi] prsedictum, B.
^junioris'] seDioriB, B.
AUCrrOEE B.
r<^
11
ibidem in Domino quievisse narratur. Horum etiam ^^>unatw , libros rectae fidei tramitem phylosophantes, diligenter books, exooluit, aliorumque prudentum, quos ab intimo cordis a^ectu patrum sanctorum assertione solidatos esse persensit^ solubili semper scrutamine indagavit. Ita vero vitae suae studinm cohercebat, ut quotiescumque He dnwB , divinse ScriptursB libros scrutaretur Dens cum eo pariter from Holy loqueretur; quoties autem cuns sdeculanbus solutus, orationum otiis mulcebatur, ipse cum' Domino pariter faiiTidereturJ " ^
6. Igitur dum hsec exercitia bonorum operum secum He is re- agerentur, nonnialli propriorum sodaUmn et paJatino- S^^ rum, tum quam maxime vero consangumeorum suorum, the court qui salutiferis actibus ejus ^ invidebant, sanctae vineae vitem' palmitemque ad ccelestia regna^ tendentem, beatimi videlicet Dunstanum in Christo poUentem,' Unguis acutis serpentium morsibusque dirorum den- tium, ® ut hirci setigeri, rodere vel prsBcidere conati sunt. Conflabant enim sub livido antro naevosi pectoris i*ey accuse
. him of occult
inopinatam in eum scabiem mendacii, dicentes ilium ex knowledge, libris salutaribus et viris peritis, non saluti animarum profutura sed avitae gentilitatis vanissima didicisse carmina, et histonarum Mvolas colere incantationum . nsenias.^ Huic autem morbo mendacii beatus tyro semper Christum opposuit, Qui omnia antequam fiant novit;^ in Cujus persona benignus propheta David et He trusts fidelissimus Ejus testis,^ oraculo praeventus Spiritus Sancti, in fSedsos auctores'^ Dominicae passionis ita in- Fft. zzTiL 14. quiens, ait, " Insurrexerunt in me testes iniqui, et " mentita est iniquitas sibi." Et iterum, "Qui quaere- " bant mihi mala locuti sunt vanitates, et dolos tota
Fk.zxxTiiL
u.
1 videretur'} yidebator, 6. ; pari- ter, om. B.
* actibuB 9'«cs] tr. B.
> m'tem] ad Christum, ins. B.
* ptUmiitmque . . re^fno] om. B.
* beaium . . poUentem] om. B. ' dirorum dentium^ om. B.
7 historiaruM . . nanias'] histria- ram colere incantationes, B.
^ Qui . . novif] om. B.
* e< . . testis^ om. B.
1^ infaUos auctorea'] de falsis tes- tibus, B.
12
VITA SANCTI DUN8TANI.
Dunatan bears his troubles piously.
it
die meditabantur/'^ Et Ipse Dominus in evangelio
ait; "Beati eritis cum vos oderint homines," etc.^ EtJ^^"*®^-
<l
«
it
«
t€
He is ex- pelled from the court :
gulled about y his enemies and half smothered in a muddy pond.
He escapes and is recog- nized by the dogs of a good neigh- bour.
auditoribus Suis, " Si de mimdo fuissetis mimdus quod suum erat diligeret; quia vero de mundo non estis, sed Ego elegi vos de mundo, propterea odit vos mun- s. John xr. dus." Itemque, "Beati estis cum maledixerint vos " homines et persecuti vos fuerint, et dixerint omne malum adversum vos mentientes propter Me. Gaudete in illo die et exsultate quoniam merces vestra copiosa s.])iatt.y. "est in coelis."' Hac ergo servus Dei Dunstanus, fir- missima sponsione confortatus, velut homo surdus et quasi* vocem objurgationis non curans effectus est; cum vix unquam canibus contra se latrantibus aperue- rit OS suum per amarse increpationis eloquium. Ipsi \ vero in machinamento malitiae perseverantes, criminati ' sunt ilium falsa quadam objectione coram rege,* im- petraveruntque ut ab eorum consortio pelleretur ; quem ■ si sanse mentis essent unice dilexissent. Deinde atro- . cissima impietatis praevalescente rabie, rapientes in- sontem quadrifidis membris" velut ovcm patientem, manibusque ac pedibus restrictum, projecerunt in lutu- lenta palustrium loca, et ut eum in fdroris sui dementia contemptibiliorem efficerent, pedibus superimpriraebant f quousque secundum volimtatis eorum® malitiam in foetenti volutabro dehonestarent. lUis autem receden- tibus vix ipse e palude fluminis quasi depicatus sur- rexit; et ad quendam amicorum, imo inde distantem miliario, ut ibi se ablueret, venire disposuit. Occurrerunt vero iUi canes ejusdem acerrimi, et quoniam luto detur- patum,® magis monstrum quam hominem putaverunt,^®
'^ et . , meditabantur'] om. B.
' etc."] et com separaTcrint vos et exprobaverint et ejecerint nomen yestnim tanqaam malum propter Filiam hominis, gaudete in ilia die et exsultate quoniam merces vestra copiosa est in coelis, B.
3 JSt auditoribus . . calis] om. B.
* yuajsi] om. B.
' coram rege] apud regem, B.
* quadrijidis membris] om. B.
7 superimprimehant'] eum concul- cabant, B.
^ eoruTn] illorum, B.
' quoniam . . deturpatum"] quia luto detuipatns erat, B.
^ putanerunt"] ac idcirco, ins. B.
AUCTORE B.
13
crudeli latratu hunc' invaserunt, tamen ut blandientis He reflects
a on the dif-
vocem audierunt mox esse iUius ex eo tantummodo * ferenoe
DetWAAn tnA
reticentes agnoverunt.' Tunc ille seciun ex profimdo men and the
cordis suspirio ingemiscens ait, " O sseva propinquonim
'' meorum vesania, in caninam seevitiam de dilectionis
" humanitate mutata ! Nam iniationabilis canum natura
" humanitatis mihi dilectionem cauda blandienti exhi-
'^ buit; propinquitas vero humanitatis^ oblita, canum
" mihi infestantium severitatem inseruit; sic improbus
" ordo amborum in utrisque mutavit justam viam."^
7. Intellexit igitur ille avitus humani generis inimicus The devil
.• A ''i. •••1 tries to cir-
memoratum luvenem ^ per sinistros nuncios mvidorum cumvent
ii. ■. • iii>i • nun witn
sodauum quos miserat pravis voluntatibus suis parum temptation cessisse, quibus in eum^ insidianubus armis dimicare inchoavit ; sed ^ quanta sibi temptamentorum ^ luctamina ingesserit^ sequens libelli hujus pagina partim intimabit. Frimum enim miQierum illi injedt amorem, quo per famUiares mulierum^^ amplexus mundanis oblectamen- tis fineretur. Interea propinquus ipsius -^Hfheagus/^ ||jhop cognomine calvus^ prsBSul quoque fidelis, petitionibus jjtemnta to multis et spiritualibus monitis eum rocavit ut fieret*>«»mea
* , , ® monk.
monachus. Quod ille instinctu prsefati fraudatoris renuncians, maluit sponsare juvenculam cujus quotidie blanditiis foveretur, quam more monachorum bidentinis indui panniculis. Ut autem vir Dei verba abnuentis ^* audivit, mox ex imo pectoris suspirio petivit regna supenm regentem quatinus iUi inferret correctionum suarum judicia;^ ut cujus monita tempneret acriter agnosceret'; quod, Deo misericorditer favente, in parvi
1 Atfjic] earn, B.
3 esse . . tafiticm modo"] onL B. ' affMuenmt'] hqmannm animal intellexenmt, B. ^ humanitatu] hmnanitatem, B. ^ gic , . viam] om. B« * memoratumjuvenem] eum, B. <f etwi] ipeom, B.
^ sed] nnde» B.
' temptamentorum ] pofltmodom tormentorom, B.
1^ mulierum'] earam, B.
1* Elfheah, or Elphege, the Bald, bishop of WinoheBter, 934-951.
^ verba aimuentia'] tr. B.
^jtuKcia'] indicia, B.
14
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
^ftera momenti spatio factum comprobatur fuisse. Eo namque
shaipillnesfl ^ ^ . * , . , *
j^unatan modo turffentium vesicarum dolor intolerabilis omne
oeoomesa ...
moiik. corpus ipsius obtexit, ut elephantinum morbum se pati
putaret, et spem vitae proprise penitus non haberet.
Tunc festinanter, magno angore correptus-^ misit, et ad
se pontificem jam ante a se^ spretum, humili prece
vocavit et obedire se velle ejus salutaribus monitis
nimtiavit; at ille visitando veniens consolatum et
emendatum Deo monachum consecravit.
8. Pius igitur et misericors Dominus servum Suum
Dunstanum ab amore mulierum taliter miseratus retraxit,
Qui, ut historise tradunt, Johannem apostolum et evange-
listam specialiter Sibi dilectum a thalamis nuptiarum re-
vocavit.' Cum hac ergo Dei correctione* et beati antistitis
iElfheagi documento salutari, sanioris effectus esset intel-
ligentieB, nonnimquam post ejusdem pontificis* almitati
gratia saluberrimse doctrinse causaque parentela^ sedula
He goes adhaerebat continuatione. Interea religiosi Wintonien- \
Eif^totho sium cives invitarimt eundem Dei pontificem ad quandam
of a church novsB ecclesisB dcdicationcm quam in sua civitate Win- near the , « . 1 IT • 1 • '
westMrteof tonia qua ^ regimen prsesulatus ^ ipse tenebat, pro summi ) Numinis® reverentia condiderant in parte meridiana popularis plateae quae nunc ecclesia® ocddentali portee omnibus ecclesiis vicinior perhibetur esse. In cujus consecratione affuit inter alios plures cum pontifice^® etiam Dunstanus cum " prsecipuis imus. Qua dedicata^* coegerunt more humanitatis virum venerandum cum suis ^' ad parata caritatis ** convivia, ketum ^* diem
^ fesUnanter ^ . correptiui] tr. B. ; demum, ins. B.
^ ante a se] antea, B.
3 Qui . . revocavW] at secundum Johannem quondam a nuptiarum thalamis revocatum privilegio amoris prscipui eum sibi prasdestinaret, B.
^ hoc . . correctUme] tr. B.
' post . . pontxficiM] postea ejus, B.
• Wintmia qua] id est Wintonia quo, B.
7 ^m] om. B. B NumxRia] Nominis, K > ecdeM] om. B. 1^ cvm poni\fice] om. B. " cvm\ e, B.
1' Qua dedicata'} dedicata autem ecclesia, B. ^' virum . . suW] pontifieem, B. ^^ caritatis] ire, ins. B. ^* l€ttum] lietumque, B.
AUCTORE B.
15
pro tanti viri veneratione proque^ consecrationis du- On their w- centes celebritate.' Pontifex autem post gratiarum the festiTai actiones cum suis imminente ' jam nocte^ surrexit, et the church data benedictione convivantibiis'^ tarn viris quam foeminis, eory. Deum benedicendo ad propria remeavit; et venerunt incedentes per viam ad SBCclesiam beato papse Gregorio consecratam. Ibique subsistens episcopus dixit beato bmistaao, << Compleamus hie apud oratorium sancti " patris nostri Gregorii nostram completorii horam/' Et accesserunt post voces orationum jungentes capita sua in unum, quo confessiones suas solita consuetudine vicissim proderent. Qua peracta, dum daretur ab where they
, .. . h*ve ft mi*
episcopo delictorum remissio, lapis permagnus ab alto racuious aere irruit et, parcente Domino, inter utraque capita^ vehementi lapsu in terram corruit; tantumque tangens capillos utriusque capitis ^ nullum eorum Isesit ; quem, ni fallor, ille malignus cujusque justi operis inimicus, ex improbitatis suae jaculis furiendo ^ dejecit, quasi geminam iram in utrisque foret ulturus.
9. Contigit autem hisdem temporibus quendam Glesto- wuUred ft niensis secclesise diaconem nomine Wulfredum,^ mortem Giftstonbury subiisse temporalem ; qui beato Dunstano tempore dum i^r death viveret,^® prselatus pariter exstitit et familiaris amator. Hie ergo non admodum^^ longo tempore post discessum apparuit ei pandens multa de ooelestibus incognita, insuper etiam omnem seriem ^^ vitae suse, suseque fiiturse setatis et eventuum bonorum malorumve &ta ^' diffiniens.
1 tanti . . proque"] om. B.
' dueentea celebrUcUe'] celebritate dncere, B.
' Pontifex . . tmmifi€iite] immi- nente igitnr, B.
^ node] gratiarum agena actiones, ina. B.
* contnvaniilfU$'\ conTiviis, B.
* capita] eorum, ins. R
7 utnuMque eapitte] om. B.
^Jitriendo] furiendo, Boll.
» Wulfredum] Wuluredum, B.
1® tenqtore . . viveret] om. B.
" admodum] om. B.
1' incognita . . eeriem] et omnis, B. For pandens the Bollandists read gandens.
^ nueque . .fata] oonversationem sive prosperam sive sinistram, B.
16 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
i>™fltMi Auditis vero ^ beatus vir tantis mysteriorum luminibus.
oaks a sign. , , .
of the *™*^ talibusque inevitabilibus vitse suae casibus, ait in excessu lation. mentis positus -} " Si quae certo relatu affirmas vera sunt " et credenda, unde cognoscam ? Quibus signis patulaa '' demonstrationis ^ ilia mihi patebiint ? " At ille duxit eum in atrium templi quo corpora defunctorum humata quiescimt, digitoque^ demonstravit in australi ecdesisB- parte locum inconvulsum et dixit, " Quia hsec quae tibi " retuli vera sunt evidenter scito, quia hoc in loco ante " triduum presbyter quidam sepelietur, et nondum infir- " matur; corpusculum vero ejus ab occidentali parte " tempU prsesentis tumulandum deferetur." Ad banc visionis vocem beatus expergefactus Dunstanus, postque horam primam diei memor mirse revelationis, cum- qui- busdam in prsenotatum sibi spiritaliter cimiterii locum venit, necnon* accipiens lapidem unum jactabilem, in The sign eum ® projcdt, hocque^ addidit, "Si vera sunt quae fuifliment. " in somnis vidi, quidam presbyter hie ante triduum " debet humari." Porro recedentibus illis venit cujusdam iSthelflsedaB, nobilissimse ac religiosissimse matronae, magister et sacerdos cum alio . sociorum contubemio, et obtinuit sibi inter aliqua eloquiorum famina eundem locum in sepulturam, dicens, " Cum mortuus fiiero, hie " precor sepelite me." Erat siquidem ipse multorum testimonio adhuc in corpore sanus, sed cum inde post paucum abiissent, gravi morbo finitimad vitse sarcinatus est. Deinde in nocte futura extremum spiritum Christo Domino commendavit, et ante triduxmi in ipso suae electionis loco, qui beato Dunstano prius assignatus fuerat, sepultus est.
Tunc Domini servus sensit per saecula faustus Talibus ex signis foerant quia cuncta futura Quae sibi jam dictus Wulfred sermone ferebat;
1 Auditis vero^ Ad quse, B. ' tantis . . positus"] qnamyis ob- stupefjEictiiB respondit diceiiB, B. » iUa] om. B.
* digitoquel illi, ins^ B. ^ necnon] neene, B. ^ in eum] pro signo inibi, B. 7 hocque] dicendo, iuB. B.
AUCTORE B.
17
Visibus atque istis humilis sapiensque beatus, faSSiSJS* Felix et validus, cautus castusque refulsit, thest^ot
Ante Deum vel ante homines per tempora vitse.^ Sth^da.
10. Niinc^ coeptum sermonem paulatim differendo intermitto,' donee qusedam brevia verba quse omittenda non autumo parvo proferam eloquio. Erat namque^ qusedam prsedives matrona, regali ex progenie orta, sed strictis nodis divinse religionis innexa, cujus nomen brevi mentionis attactu nuper contigimus. Hsec post amissum virum vitam ducere vidualem pro virium quaUtate de- siderans, casulas sibi commanendi in affinitate saeri tempK ad plagam oocidentalem « constituit, ut pro regni coelestis desiderio ibidem Domino Jesu Christo die noctuque non desisteret famulari. Huie vero semper she bniit
herself ft
beatus adhserebat Dunstanus, qui banc ^ prse cseteris modis house at
. Glaston-
mirabilibus adamavit ; ejusque causa religionis simul bury, vrhere etiam propinquitatis egestatem sedulo sublevavit. Non tamed the est autem nostrse possibiUtatis enarrare per singula "' verborum eloquia, qualem vel quantam se in divinis prsepararet obsequiis. Dominus tamen omnium inspector secretorum, tarn in ultimis metae Suae temporibus, quam etiam dum in hoc mimdo deguit/ cujus esset meriti declaravit. Hsec igitur omne semen regium, de quo ipsa nobilitatis originem duxit, intimo ^ caritatis ardore dilexit, ideoque gratia dulcedinis de suis ssepe rebus regibus ministravit.* Ex hac ergo pia consuetudine ^^^®^' glorioso regi iEthelstano prandium quod potuit obvia -^^ ^^Jj^hw prseparavit, quia^* hunc causa precaminum Glestoniam J^^tg J^
. * T\ine . . vita"] Tunc senms Domini ordinem rerelationis proba- bilem experimento didicerat, quern ei prsfiitaii vir prophetico sennone prsdixerat. Ex hoc igitur populo numifestabator quanta) sanctitatis Tir apud Omnipotentem habebatur, 6. Here again the form of a se- quence is observable. ' nunc] itaque, ins. 6.
' intermitto'] intermittam, B.
* namque] itaque, B.
^ €ui . . ocddentalem] om. B.
* qui kanc] quia huno, B. ' deguit] degeret, B. ^-intimo] nimio, B.
* Hsec naiiatio habetur in librode miraculis beates Marise. B. in marg.
» obvia] obviam, B. '* quia} quoniam, B.
B
18 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
see whether venisse prsBscivit, Scientes vero ministrationis rcffisB
she has
proviaion prsBvisores quod dedisset rex nepti suae divertendi ad entertain 86 promissam. venenuit die praecedenti ad videndum si
his retinue : , , •*■
they find omnia paratuum ministeria habilia fuissent vel apta.
a scarcity • . .
of mead. Et conspectis omiiibus dixenmt ad illam, "Universse '' ministrationis suffidentiam babes, si tibi medonis " liquor non defiierit." At ilia : " Non patiatur domina " mea sancta Mater Domini mei Jesu Cbristi Maria, " ut iUe mihi vel quid in regia dignitate deficiat." Et haec dicens antiquam Dei genitrids Marise ecdesiam quantodus intravit, seseque ibi rogatura prostravit, diu deposcens supemi Regis opulentissimum sibi adesse sup- plemoitum ad augendam regis mini^trationem. Quid ergo ? Venit rex stipatus multo ^ comitatu ad tempus prsefinitum, et post precum Missarumque celebrationes to th?^^*** Isetus invitatum introivit ad prandium. Et tunc quidem v^Jind ^ primo propinatu exhausere illud vas medonis ad xmius suro^.** paiiiiulae ^ mensuram ; et sic postea, Deo augente et beata promerente matrona, nil minuens substitit, pincemis, ut assolet in regalibus conviviis, comibus, sdphis, aliisque indiscretse quantitatis vasibus totum diem ^ propinanti- bus. Quod dum mirabile factum rex ipse relatu minis- trantiimi audisset, ait mente inmutatus ad suos, '' Pecca- ** vimus, nimis banc famulam Dei superfluitate multi- '* tudinis nostrse adgravantes." Et surgens salutata nepti subit* viam suam. i>'matan n. Coepit autcm haec famula Dei,® transacto beati
waits on her , , * ,
inher last ccrtaminis cursu, proximante jam fine, ex humano jure graviter infirmari: cui beatus Dunstanus causam provi- dendi solers exhibuit, et quasi propriam matrem unice custodivit. Contigit ergo his impedientibus curis, ip- sum horis vespeiiinalibus abesse, et cum psallentibus more solito non ^sse catervis: ipso tamen finiti diei crepusculo, ciun se sequentibus ^ scolasticis, ibat ad jam obseratam ecdesiam ut tardatum compleret officium.
' stipatus multo'] tr. 6. ^ pabnula] pahnso, B. ' totum diem'} toto die, B.
4
subit"] ivit, B. ^famuld Dei] tr. B. ^ Be sequentibus'] tr. B.
AUCTOBE B. 19
Et dum foris ante ostium ecclesise psallendi sratiaHeseesa
b6ftutiftil
staret, vidit eminus ex oiienlis coeli dimatibus pro- white do?e rumpentem niyeam columbam, mira^ pulchritudine et^m nova specie renitentem. Erant vero eztremitates alarum suarum igni scintillanti consimiles, ex quibus volatum fulmineum ictuantibus pemiis sparsim fundebant per aera ; quae ad beatae matronae atria celeri meatu convo- lavit. Beatus autem Dunstanus, infirmaB amicae non imnemor, continuo perpletis^ psabnodiis regressus est^ et veniens audivit illam intra suorum septa velami- num seriis sermonibus, quasi cum quodam familiari amico, per vices verborum sermocinantem. Accessit He finds ergo humane ad consedentes ancillulas, observatrices ' ennged in
J . , . , 1 • . X ^"^^ with a
dommae suae, et mirans cum quo loqueretur interrogat. penonin- At illae se nescire dixerunt^ sed "Antequam in" in- quiunt, " venires, immensi splendoris jubar totum hoc '' cubiculum rutilando replevit; et postea cessante lu- " mine, ipsa^ ut ipse nunc audis, loqui erga loquentem " non cessavit." Tunc quidem paulatim et ipse spec- tando resedit, donee ilia quodammodo a loquela qui- esceret. Et dum ea etiam ab eloquio quievisset,^ mox ad illam rejectis velaminum anfractibus intravit, et cum quo loqueretur ipsam familiariter interrogavit. At ilia dixit ad eum, "Tu quoque ilium, antequam hue '^G'?^^. " niret,^ venientem vidisti, et nunc cum quo sim locuta the peiwm
. V 1 • ••! • with whom
" mterrogas ? Ipse emm mecum loquebatur, qui tibi ■^"J^"" '' psallenti dum stabas ante ostium ecdesiae apparuit ; thebeing " qui et mihi modo omnem exitus mei rationem pergeKonthe '* ordinem nunciavit. Yobis tamen amicis meis non " est admodum necesse contristari de me, quoniam mihi " morienti^ Dei mei misericordia obibit et paradisi " gaudia misericorditer intrare concedet. Tibi autem " quasi singularis amicae ministro,^ id opens impono, ut
^ mira] siqaidem, ins. B. ' perj^tis^ completis, B. ' obaervatricui] yidelioet, ins. B. * Et , , quie^sset] Foetqnam au- tem (laieyity B.
* venirei] yenires, Boll.
* mUu morientt] me morientemyB. 7 qwui . . mniatro] tr. B.
B 2
20
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
" tu quoque^ mane mature mihi facias balneas accele- dte^^hSr " rare, et funerea vestimenta quse mecum sum habitura last wishes. « praeparare, postque corporis lavationem missas cele- " brare, et mox tempore partidpationis Sacri Sanguinis " Corporisque* Domini nostri Jesu Christi communio- " nem acciperq, ut sic eodem momento viam universse " nationis, Domino ducente^ incedam." Quod ille in- stantissime parens in omnibus beatae matronse prseceptis ne ultimam prsejussionis suse custodiam, tsedio quoque tarditatis submissam, torpenti curse committeret, adim- plevit.' Sed et ilia quod sibi de se in nocte hoc in die futurum [erat ostensum] ordine quo preedixerat certissime complevit, ita inquam ut post^ missae mys- terium, post^ saluberrimum Eucharistise gustum, ipsa^ pariter cum finita missa vitam felicem in Domino Jesu Christo finiret.^
Tunc preevisor ovans animam cum sorte propinqua Commisit Domino, tumulans sub honore cadaver, Et sua dat Sanctis sicut antea ipsa volebat Oorpore dum vixit. Sed et assecla liber abibat, Optans hoc Domini requiescat ut in suavitate.®
She dies.
Dnnstui finds time formuslo and point- ing.
12, Hie etiam ^ inter sacra litterarum studia, ut in om- nibus esset idoneus, artem scribendi necnon citharizandi pariterque pingendi peritiam diHgenter excoluit, a^ue ut ita dicam, omnium rerum utensilium vigil inspector effulsit. Quapropter nobilis qusedam matrona ^thel- wynn nuncupata quodam momentulo vocavit** eum
^ tu quoque] om. B.
' Corpcrisque'] ac Corporis, B.
' adm^evW] bene adimplere dis- poenit, B.
^ Sed . . poet] Mane autem jam &cto sicnt ipsa pnedixerat in ves- pere, post, B.
^ post] postque, B.
* ipsa] om. B.
^jhiret] finivit, B.
" TVfic . . suavitate] Tunc pne- Tisor ovans animam cum propinqua
sorte commisit Domino, oinerem cineri commendans, omni dignita- tnm obsequio insnper etiam hoc af- fectani dominse, ut requiescat in pace. Deinoeps yero egentes quos- que in unnm conglomerayit, et sub- stantiam dominss sun, ut ipsa yoye- rat, non solum eis erogayit, yemm etiam ubi ubi ad ezaltanda Dei officia, prout potuit, distribuit. B.
' ettam] itaque, B.
*® voeavit] eyocavit, B.
^ o
AUCTORE B. 21
familiari precatu ad se, quatenus ille ^ ad diviniun cul- -«thdwyim turn quandam etolam dbi* diversis formularum 8cema-Ss£; tibus ipse' prsBpingeret, quam postea posset auro gem- Jj^'^* misque variando pompare. Quod cum yeniendo fecisset, sumpsit secum ex more cytharam suam quam lingua ^rj patema^hearpam* vocamus, quo se temp^bus altemis mentesque ad se' tendentium jocundaretur in ilia. Tunc quippe quadam die post prandium, dum ^ iterata opera tam ipse quam prsedicta matrona cum suis opera- tricibus reverterentur, ex eventu mirabUi contigit ut hsBC eadem beati tyronis cithara, pendens in cubilis • J^j^j jj^ pariete, audientibus cunctis, sponte sua sine tactu cu-^*2i?hem jusquam jubUationis modulum alta voce personaret. '^y**"^- Hujus enim antiphonse melodiam concinendo personuit, et ad finem usque serie cantando perduxit, "Gaudent '< in coelis animae sanctorum qui Christi vestigia sunt " secuti ; et quia pro Ejus amore sanguinem suum " fuderunt; ideo cum Christo regnabunt in setemum." Quod cum audissent, perterriti ^ tam ipse quam memo- rata matrona,' omnesque operatrices ipsius obliviscentes omnino operum in manibus,^ attoniti sese^invicem as- pidebant, satis mirantes quid illud mirabile gestum novi prsefiguraret exempli.
13. Deinde autem defuncto rege ^thelstano '^ et statu nuxisten regni mutato, regis succedentis, Eadmundi scilicet, sub- oounaeUor limitas beatum Dunstanum, qui^' vitae probabilis etEdmimd. linguae extiterat eruditaa, conspectibus ejus adesse prse- cepit, ut etiam ipse' inter regios proceres et palatinos principes annumeraretur^ electus. His ille imperils te-
1 iTZe] mi, B. ' tibi] om. B. ' (pte] om. B.
* kearpam'] harpam, Boll.
* «e] om. B.
* culniis'] om. B.
7 perterriti] om. B.
B memonUa matrona] ipsa, B.
' operum in manibus] opera ma- numn, B.
*^ Athelstan died at Gloucester, Oct. 27, 940. Chr. S.
" 9«t] qaoniam, B.
^ amiumeraretw] enomeraretur,B.
fr
22
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
DutTOf
obeouent
servioftto
princes.
1
mere non resistens, sed ^ memor potitis Domini prsecepti, b. Matt.
quae regis erant regi, quse autem Dei Deo reddere festi-
tinavit. Similiter autem * beati Jacobi apostoli admo-
nitus jussione* omni humanse creaturae,* maximeque
potenti se subdere non cessavit,*^ " sive regi quasi prae-
" cellenti, sive ducibus tanquam ab eo missis ad vindic-
" tarn malorum laudem vero bononun," etc. ; non minus i8.Pet.u.
xs
vero, ni fallor, beati Pauli apostoli in&a comminiscens
qid ait, "Omnis anima potestatibus sublimioribus sub-
" dita est ; non est enim potestas nisi a Deo ; quae
" autem sunt a Deo ordinata sunt ; itaque qui resistit
" potestati Dei ordinationi resistit; qui autem resis-
" tunt ipsi sibi damnationem acquirunt." Et iterum, Eom. xm. i.
" Reddite ergo, fratres, omnibus debita, cui tributum,
" tributum ; cui vectigaJ, vectigal ; cui timorem, timo-
" rem ; cui honotem, honorem :" et item huic eidem apo- Bom.xiiL7.
stolo in ipsa sua electione Dominus dicebat, "Durum
" est tibi contra potestatis Meae stimulum calcitrare."^<^ts^5-
Haec enim et hiis similia sacrarum Scripturarum prse-
N
cepta beatus Dunstanus in sinu _cordiB sui diligenter i Dunstan*8 abscondit ne peccaret Domino; sed in mandatorum
resolutions -n* i«/»-i_ •• i.j» V*
about boha- Iiijus cloquia faucibusque ipsius super mel et favum \
4-'
\
A'
viour at court.
dulciora, lucemam Veri luminis pedibus suis quibus ^
vias Domini ambularet, disposuit. Et postquam® se \^ mandatis Dei sui cordatius^ edoctum vel illumina- tum® agnoverat, juravit secum et firmiter statuit in cordium suorum ® secretis, custodire ^^ fine tenus judicia justitise Suae, ut idem Dominus de hac eadem sen- tentia alibi dicebat," "Qui perseveraverit usque in ^ Matt. x " finem, hie salvus erit ; " et iterum, " Esto fidelis usque
i\
' sed] sabito, B.
^poHua . . aitteoi] om. B.
^ apostoli . . jussione] ammoni- tioniB '* subjecti estote,'^ B.
** creaiurai] propter Denm, ins. B.
^ maximeque . . cessavif] om. B.
^ Non minus . . postquam"] regiae potestati se sabdidit, quia, B.
7 cordatius] cordetenns, B.
" vel illuminatujn'] om. B.
^ cordium suorum'] cordis sui, B.
'** custodire] se, ins. B.
^^ ut . . dicebat] reminiscens banc etiam sententiam alibi Dominom aaditoribus suis dixisse, B.
AUCTORE B.
23
Ser.aio.
*' ad mortem^ et dabo tibi coronam vitse." Sic namquenisTirtuous
1 -t • T.!* •■!_ • !• life there.
quamvis labonose, una emu suDlimiDus in regau pa- latio diu degebat, binas habenas sacro moderamine tenens, legs videlicet et theoricaB necn6n_ et practicae vitee.^ Videntes vero nonntdli commorantium militum banc conversignis* suae constantiam, ccepemnt eum nnica caritatis dulcedine vel germanitatis amore diligere. Perplures autem e contrario, nebulosis mentibus ob- ducti, coepere eiindem Dei virum amarissimo odio va^Hw enemies nitatis^ detestari, et prosperitatibus ipsius morte tenus ^'•W?>"^ invidere. Bfi nimirum exsecratores in augmentum ma- fsnce. litisB suae quoscunque alios poterant ad persequendum etiam famulum Dei deposcebant. Tamdiu enim circa iUum torserunt funiculnm iniquitatis eorum^ seipsos po- tins in eo nexuri quam illum^ ut ipsum regem infec- turn vitiis ipsorum attaminarent,' et credulum fallaciis eonim efficerent ; * qui continuo, ut prius fiierat ab ini- quis instructus, magno furore permotus, jussit eum ablata dignitate etiam omni honore privari, et sibi senioratum ubi vellet sine se suisque conquirere. Erant whilst the autem apud Ceodrum " ubi haec facta fuerant viri vene- Cheddar he rabiles, regni videlicet orientis nuncii, cum rege tunc •from it. hospitantes, quos ille quasi jam exilio deputatus^ aliud sibi ignorans consilium^ aggressus est id orans ne se ^ relictmn a rege ipsi^ desererent, sed secum ad patriam
incolatum perducerent. At illi moestitise )mpatientes spoponderunt ei quaeque regni sui commoda si secum comitaturus adiret.
sibi ignorans ^ -jj ^ relictmn a reg
/a ^ / qmfinvis ad ii / ipsius compati<
14. Ibat itaque rex mox ^ altera die quo se una cum The king suis more solito jocundaretur venabulo ; et dum ad silvas and follows
. . • i J* n 1 » stag alone.
venatun pervemunt diversos calles nemorosorum tra- mitum certatim arripiunt. Et ecce ex multimodo cor-
^ viUt] om. B.
' conversionig^ convcraationis, B. 3 attaminarenf] fallereut, B. * efficerent'] afficerent, B.
^ Ceodrum] Ceodrian, Boll. ; Ceoddrum, B. ^ tunc] om. B. 7 ipsi] ibi, B, " mox] om. B.
/^
24 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
•
niculantium strepitu canumque latratu, multi cervorum
Md d***^ levem fiigam inierunt ; ex quibus rex solus cum canum
TOodpSe* caterva unum sibi venaturus^ excepit; et hunc diu
per diversa devia equina agilitate canumque insecta-
tione fatigavit. Est autem ibi in proximis locis Ceod-
dri, quoddam inter alia plura prsecisi montis prsecipir
tium, mira quidem et immensa profimditate devexum ;
ad quod idem cervus^ nescio quo pacto nisi ex Dei esset
occulto^ arbitrio, Cugiendo devenit; et prseceps sese in
v^lma -ejusdem prsecipitii una cum canibus sequenti-
bus demersit,' et particulatim attriti in mortem pa-
riter corruerunt. Similiter autem et rex sequens
cervum et canes, cum magno volantis equi impetu
venit, et statim viso prsecipitio cursum accelerantis
The king's equi quantiuB quibat viribus retinere conatus est. Sed
bimatfuu quomam com contumacis et ngidse cervicis erat non
them : he potuit. Quid multa ? Omni spe vitaa susb ablata in
SrepKrea for ,
ouhby manus Dei sui animam commendavit, dicens tamen
of the intra se, ''Gratias Tibi ago, Altissime, quod me non toD!5i.C « memini aliquem his diebus tesisse, nisi solum Dun- ne escapes. « stanum, et hoc prompta voluntate et vita servata " reconcilians sibi emendabo." Ad quod dictum, beati viri mentis, restitit equus, quod jam horret dicere, in ultimo prsecipitii cespite, ubi pedes priores equi ipsius pene fuerant in ima^ voraginis ruituri. Tunc ille corde pariter et ore maximas Deo pro vitea suse restitutione gratias referebat et laudes, secum plane intelligens, et ssepius in cordium suorum secretis* recompensans, se. esse pro tanti viri vindicta finitimse morti ferme deputatum ; et veniens domum jussit sibi propere beatum Dunstanum magna cum festinatione advocare. Qui ciun vocatus venisset,^ ait ad eum rex, " Festina quantocius prsBparare tibi caballum, ut possis " meciun parvo comitatu quo iturus sum ire." Et
^ uenaturus'] venaturum, B. ^ easet occulta'] tr. B. ' demerai] dimersit, B. * pent . . ima] tr. B.
' cordium suorum aecretis] corde BUO, B.
* venisaet] adyeniflnet, B.
AUCTORE B. 25
oontinuo, ascensis equis, viam quse dudt Glestoniam He makes recto tramite tenuenmt : et cum ^ illuc ducatu pervene- abbot of rant secdesias Dei ut oportuit oraturi intrayemiit. Et buiy. statim predbus impletis tersisque ocellis e laciymarum rivTilis, rex iterate vocaverat ad se famulum Dei Diin- stanmn et, adprehensa ejus dextera, causa placatioms seu etiam dignitatis osculatus est illam, ducensque ad sacerdotalem cathedram et imponens ' ilium in eam, et dixit, " Esto sedis istius princeps potensque insessor, et prsesentis secdesiae fidelissimus abbas; et quicquid tibi ad divini cultus augmentum vd ad sacrsa regulse sup- plementum de propria adminiculatione defiierit, ego •illud regia largitate devote supplebo."
15. Ifitur post hiec servus Dei Dunstanus jam dictam Hiibeha- ' •
dignitatem jussu regis regendi gratia suscepit ; et hoc ^^^^ prsedicto modo saluberrimam sancti Benedicti sequens institutionem, primus abbas Anglicse natioms enituit: deque spontaneum ex affectu cordis famulatum^ Deo reddere devovebat. Tunc ergo * perprudens opilio, pri- mum scepta daustrorum monasticis sedificiis cseterisque ^ inmunitionibus, ut jam olim a quodam sene sibi de- notatum per revelationem fuerat, ex omni parte firmiter Hisbuiid- munivit; ubi ovcs Dominicas longe lateque gregatim coUectas, ne a lupo invidbili dilaniarentur, induderet: j ' Deinde idem Dei dogmatizator adgregatum coenobimn
dbique commissum diyini verbi coepit fomento nutrire, et fonte supemo, sacrse scilicet Scripturse mellifiuo do- cumento potare, docens per angoreas hujus vitse se- mitas ad setemas delicias epularum coelestium esse trandendum. Patet namque omnibus pene' circum- quaque fiddibus, quod post paucorum annorum inter- capedines,^ disdpuli quos ipse teneros in verae fidei vitem, Christum videlicet Dominimi sudando inse-
> cwKfi] nt, B. ; ducatu, om. B. * et imponens\ imposniti^ B.
> Sicque . . famulatiim] tr. B. ; cordis Boi, B.
^ ergo] om. B.
* pene"] om. B.
* intercapedines] carricula, B.
26 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Promotion^ ruerat, ubertiin crescebant, et fructum boni operis
papiis. morigena venustate ferebant; quodque post haec plu-
rimi ecdesiarum pastores docmnentis illius et exemplis
instructi, ad diversas jam civitates vel ad alia saac-.
torum loca petebanttir, electi ut essent inibi sacri
regiminis et normaB justitidB imbutores, praBpositi vide-
licet/ decani, abbates, episcopi, etiam * archiepiscopi,
' caeteris* ordinibus prsBstantissimi. Quicunque autem
f de discipulatu ipsius, isdem temporibus corporeis nexi-
bus fine tenus enodati^ necem subierant inevitabilem, alta polorum gaudia procul dubio petierunt.
The devil 16. Cumque vetemus invisor mente perspicad compe- '
in the form riret quod beatus pater, equidem Dunstanus * tantas sibi
turmas diripiendo e manibus extorsisset, fraudibus qui-
buscunque valuit adversari sibi, sicut jam superius
loqui coepimus, diebus ac noctibus non cessavit. Nam
quadam nocte, dum adleta* Dei in&a scepta claustro-
rum psalmodiis vigiliisque constans immoraretiir, appa-
ruit ei Dei et hominum inimicus, hispidus et horrens
in ursina specie, volens eum quodammodo torva ima-
ginatione perterrere,® et ab opere satis sibi contrario
dolositatis industria aliqiiatenus dissociare. Sed cum
agonista Dei monstrum hoc inimicale spiritali magis
quam corporali ^ intuitu perspexisset, eo securior ® incep-
tis Dei laudibus velut vir 'invictus perduravit. Postea
autem parvo intermisso momento adfuit illi iterum non
and in the in priori lusionis effigie, sed in canina satis sibi con- form of a '^ , i i» J • • • •! •
dog. digna specie, ut sunt fraudes ipsius in omnibus im-
probse ; quatinus hunc simulata canum saevitia impedi- endo deluderet et ab orationis studio, si quo potuisset ingenio, sequestraret. Nequidquam tamen tenax ille temptator in famulum Dei nefandis versutise suae frau-
1 videlicet] om. B. ^ etiam] om. B.
* cateria] demum, ins. B.
* beatus . . Dunatanus] om. B.
* adleta] adhleta, B.
* perterrere'] perterere, A.
7 corporali] carnali, B.
8 securior] secarius, B.
AUCrOEE B.
27
dibus insaixivit ; quem imdique amis fidei fulcitum v^^ fiiisse comprobavit ; ideoqiie ex eodem prsBdicto sanctae cruds spicule, quod secum semper chyra^ dextra eon- vehebat, repercussus adnihilatus est. Sed et ipse nihil- ominus in laudem * Christi sui spretis adversarii temp- tamentis manebat intrepidus. Addidit quoque idem perfidus draco more vipereo tertio reserpere, probans si forte adhuc virum Dei remissions animi ad vincendum invenisset: et tunc quidem ex improba cordis compo- a third time
• ,• j*i*i^ 1 1 ii«he comes as
sitione sese mutavit m turpem vulpeculam, ut vel sic a fox and is fiBunulum Dei ' cauda quatienti varioque discursu ab in- tentione Dei sui everteret. Quem cum beatus pater Dunstanus ^ toties transmutatum vidisset, subridens dixit iUi, "Vade jam, inimice, quia nunc tibimet satis " similis effectus apparuisti," factoque crucis signaculo inimicus dispartdt.
17. His et hujuscemodi armis^ larvalibus ssepe se-oncewhiint ductor antiquus beatum patrem Dimstanum, licet inani S^^he coniiictu, fatigavit : velut etiam tempore quodam dum in s. Georm orationis • opere ante altare martyris Christi Georgii vigi- looks over
ijjji'*~T'x*j. i. ^ shoulder
lando desudaret. Ignoratur itaque quo casu, utrum ex in the shape prse&ti fraudatoris injectione, an ex vigiliarum continua- tione, sed ibi subito inter psallentia verba levis soporis dormitio inrepserat ipsum ; visumque est illi, nee, ut ita dicam, penitus vigilanti neque penitus dormionti, quod hyspidus ursus, ingens et horribilis, magno cum impetu veniret, poneretque pedes horrendos ad dilaniandum prseparatos, super utrumque humerum iUius sedentis, avido quoque hyatu superstans, quasi ^ ad devorandum eum. Cumque vir Dei ex inlato terrore Amditus evi- gilaret, arripuit quantocius quem secum semper manu * advehebat baculum, nisus ex humano furore nefandum
^ cJu/ra] om. B.
' hudem] lande, B.
^famulum Det] eum, B.
* beatus , . Dunstcutus'] om. B.
^ armW] figuris, B.
" ored'ofiw] oedem operationis, B.
7 quasi"] om. B.
28
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
Dunsten moDstrum percutere; ictu tamen supervacuo percussit
strikes in j. t . . . ^ , i
vain with a tempu panetem, maximum plausum per omne templum driTeshim audientibus reddens. Ipse autem in se regrediens^ va-
away witn i*-!** •••ji • t ^^ » i
a psalm, lidioris pugnsB congressus iniit, nunc videlicet psalmum
sacri certaminis decantando, '' Exsurgat Deus/' usque ps. ixTiii. i. " sic pereant peccatores a fade Dei," ^ ut supra ; nam eo in loco superatus a somno psaUendi studium dere- liquit, et confestim, ut aiunt, in hoc resumpto psalmo- dio, ille nebulosus illusor agnitus est velut umbra niger- rima in prsedicto scemate confusus abscedere.
wuuricthe 18. Erat namque huic eidem * viro Dei ex humana pa- Bonstan rcntum propagationc quidam germanus fi*ater, nomine "■• Wulfricus,' quem sibi forinsecus in villarum suarum ne-
gotiis potentem prsepositum^ ne vel ipse vel quispiam ex monastica professione foris vagaretur, inepta rei ssBCularis discursione, constituit. Hie nempe post emensum tem- poris sui spatium^ letali conditione prseventus, tempora- lem necem obiendo subibat. Hac de causa contigit omnes prsescripti templi monachos ad fdnus ipsius exisse ; nullumque excepto abbate solo parvoque scolastico, qui postea pontifex effectus base nobis intimavit, domi re- mansisse, ut cum sacris exequiis exanime corpus ad monasterium quo tumulaturum erat perducerent. In- terea abbas cum eodem scolastico ambulabat ad viden- dum, ut autumo, si jam fi*atres cum defuncti corpus- A stone is culo propinquasscnt. Et dum semper ex more psaUentes Dunstan by inccderent, venit ex inproviso ultra antiquam secclesiam quoddam missile saxums, vehementi volatu conans^ beati patris caput coUidere; sed Deo defendente nequibat; verumtamen pilleum quo caput velabat^ procul quasi perticam unam a capite decussum, projecit. Qui con-
super*
natural agency.
^ usque . . Det] et dissipeotor inimid Ejus et fugiant qm oderunt Bum a facie Ejus, stent deficit fumos deficiant ; sicat floit cera a fade ignis
sic pereant peccatores a &cie Dei, B.
' eidem] idem, A. ; om. B.
a Wuifricus] Wuluricufl, B.
* canane'] conatu, A.
AUCTORE B.
29
versus dixit secum incedenti scolastico, ''Accelera ergoHeeflcopes " et cape quantocius hoc rotabile saxmn, ut deferas the stone to:
be keot in
" emn conspidendum ad me." Quod cum ille nimis memory of
J • J. • • 1 1 1. i ..the event.
ponderosum ex jussu patns vix elevando reveneret, ait venerandus pater Dunstanus, '' O adversans inimice ! " jamdiu ex industria maligna hujus mihi lapidis ictum " insidians prseparabas." Non enim erat^ testimonium multorum, hujusmodi lapis admodum magnus vel mo- dicus in hiis Sumersetensium finibus, nisi forte in qui- buslibet lapideis operibus ; et idcirco palam patuit de cujus improba manu emissus prosilivit.^ Yerumtamen post hsec jussit ipsum saxum, licet in sui detrimentum missum fiusset, custodise invectum quasi pro testimonio reservare.
19. Perempto i£^tur rege Eadmundo' ab iniquo clep- Edredbe- tore, mox prSxiinS l«erXEad«eduB videUcet,' regn,4 ^^ naturale fratrem succedendo suscepit. Hie itaque in his chief sublimitate roboratus beatum patrem Dunstanum tanto caritatis ardore dilexit, jit nullum poene ex primatu sibi^ prsBtulisset. At contra vir Dei, ut diligenti se vicem amoris ab intimo cordis affectu rependeret, om- nium sibi carissimum solita appellatione regem ^ accla- mavit. Ex hac quippe caritatis fiducia, commisit illi rex optima quseque suorum suppellectiliimi, quamplures scilicet rurales cartulas,^ etiam veteres praecedentium regum thesauros, necnon et diversas propriee adeptionis suse gazas, sub munimine monasterii sui fideliter cus- todiendum. i Et dum post meantia tempora felix vir, Edredpro-
1 * * Doees to
senex scilicet ^thelgar, Chrydionensis sacdesise prsesul/ make him camali lege coactus, vitam in Christo finiret, persuasit Crediton. jam dictus rex virum Dei Dunstanum crebris horta- mentis, quatenus orbatum patre pontificatum sub cura
m
^
'^ i-
/
U I
>^
^''. '
^ Non . . pronlivii] om. B.
> Edmnnd was kiUed in 946. Chr. S.
> mdelicef] om. B.
* pcene . . mbt] tr. B.
* regem] om. B.
* carttdeui] ac, ins. B. 'Ethelgar, bishop of Crediton,
934-958.
30
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Duiutan refuses.
pastorali ipse ^ snscepissetl At ille statim * fiacilis sibi *
verbi excusationem rejecit, inquiens se non esse hujus
pastoralis cutsb prospectum nee adhue tali tantaque
dignitate idoneum, quo posset tarn latum Christi ovile
probabili cautela sine sui exitio custodire. Hsec et his
similia contradicentium sermonum nonnumquam regi
opposuit, donee omnem ejus suasionem penitus abnu-
endo compesceret. Yerumtamen secretam voluntatis
illius intentionem nequaquam adhue mutare prsevaluit ;
quoniam quern prse cseteris altius amabat, hune altioris
excellentisB fieri cupiebat. Quapropter posuit verba
voluntatis suae in ore propriae genitricis^ dieens illi,
SS^toCT " Volo, O mi dilectisQima mater, ut tu* sub prandii
^th*Dun?® " ^^^ tempore nostnmi specialem amicum Dunstanum
Stan, but m « tecum habeas invitatum; et dum inter teta convivia
blandis vicissim utimini loquelis, studeas eum fcami-
naJi facundia adhortari, quo fiat juxta nostram sugges-
tionem nuper viduataa ^ ecclesise pontifex/' Quod cum
ilia nisibus universis fecisset, non potuit eum. a pristino
renunciationis eloquio remutare. Consilio tamen ipsius
Eifwddis -ffilfwoldus/ vir venerandus, ob pollentem venustatem
sortitus est ad pontificatum eundem.
Dnnstui 20. Nocte itaque subsequenti visum est illi per noctur-
of i^eter, nam revelationem,® quod, cimi prompto comitatu Bomam s:And^^ properare deberet, adparuerunt* ipsi in viis eisdem Petrus et Paulus cum Andrea, pandentes ei diversa et inopinata eventuum suorum secreta, finitoque familiari apostolorum ^^ colloquio, Andreas virga quam manu ge- rebat percussit ilium ictu non modico dieens, ''Hoc " habeto preemii quod apostolatus nostri consortium
it
u
«
^ ipse] om. B. 3 statim] om. B.
3 gibt] ei, B.
4 Ead^fa, widow of Edward the Elder.
s tu] om. B.
> viduata] vidaitate, A.
7 Elfwold, bishop of Crediton, 958-972.
?per . . revelationem] om. B.
^properare . . at^aruerunt] ten- derety et appaierent, B.
^ apastolomm] om. B.
AUCJTORE B.
31
V ^
;- %
" heri recussando tempsisti." Statimque expergefactus
post ictum^ requisivit cubantem coram se monachum,
quis ipsum aero virgulae ictu temere percussisset. -^^Bjjf^***^
Ule, " Nullus," inquit, " te quiescentem aliquo percus- b. Andrew.
'' sionis tactu me sciente contigerat." Is ergo preeme-
ditatus ait, ''Modo, fill mi^ scio, modo a quo sim per-
" cuflsus agnosco."
Eratque, proh dolor, rex Eadrsedus dilectus Dun- S^^S,^ stani per omne tempus imperii sui nimium languens, "* ita ut refectionis tempore sorpto suceo ciborum* reli- quam partem parumper dentibus obtritam' ab ore rejecisset, et sic ssepe convivantibus secum militibus fcetentem nausiam exspuendo fecisset. Qui licet sic segrotantem vitam utcunque diu vivendo in abutenti corpore pertraheret, languor tamen augmentabilis ssepius ,
milleno pgndere invadendo hunc usque ad occubitum ' '^
^- mis^e perduxit. Tunc ille ex longo languore anceps ^ '.
propria vibe, misit circumquaque ad oongregandas fa- cultates suas, quas dum posset spontaneo liberoque /v
dictatu ipse suis vivendo disponeret ; per hoc enim ^jJSjf^, vir Dei Dunstanus, velut alii regaliimi gazarum * cus- *»» t^^®*- todes ibat; ut quas causa custodiendi secum habuerat regi reportaret. Et dum post aliquos dies viam per quam venerat cum sardnatis facultatum opibus rever- teretur, fiEicta est vox ccelitus emissa dicens illi, ^'Ecce '' nunc rex EadrsBdus obiit in pace." ^ Ad banc ergo Dunstan mi- vocem caballus in quo vir Dei equitabat subito per- warned^ cussus interiit, quia non valebat sublimitatis angelicse death, sufferre prsesentiam. Et cum venisset^ repperit regem sub eodem tempore quo angelus ei in ipso itinere nun- ciavit, morte suprema finitum ; cujus emissum spiritum astantes catervae fidelium pariterque exanimes artus more mortalium sepeliendos conditori Domino sub pacis requie commendaverunt.
* poat urfumj om. B. ■
' torpio . . etftoncm] sorbita tan- torn Borbitiiiziciila, B. ; sorto soco, A.
' chtritam] attritam, B. ^ regaUwn g<uarum] tr. B. ' Edred died in 955 ; Not. 23. Chr. S.
' J
,tr^:'
L
\ ^
32
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
\
u^
Edwysuo- ceeds.
He falls under the influence of two bad women.
On the day ofoorona^ tlonhe leaves the royal feaat to join them.
Dunstan
andKine-
Bie^goto
bnnghim
hack.
21. Post hiinc surrexit Eadwig, filius videlicet^ Ead- mundi regis^ setate quidem juvenis parvaque regnandi prudential poUens, Ucet in utra^ue plebe regum numeroe nominaque suppleret erecius. Buic qusedam, licet na- ti^SSe'pSec^lsa, mepti tinen mulier, cum adulta fiUa per nefandum familiaritatis lenocinium sectando inhserebat ; eotenus videlicet quo sese vel etiam natam suam sub conjugali titulo illius innectendo sociaret ; quas ille ut aiunt altematim, quod jam pudet dicere, turpi palpatu et absque pudore utriusque libidinose tr^ctavit. Et cum tempore statuto ab universia Anglorum principibus communi electione imgueretur et consecraretur in regem, die eodem post regale sacrse institutionis unguentum, repente prosilivit lascivus, linquens teta convivia vel decibiles optimatum suorum consessiones, ad praBdictum luparum palpamentum.' Et cum vidisset summus pon- tificimi Oda regis petulantiam, maxime in consecrationis suae die, onmi per gyrum consedenti senatui displicere, ait coepiscopis suis et cseteris principibus, "Eant, oro,^ " quilibet ex vobis ad reducendum regem quo sit suo- " rum satellitum, ut condecet, in hoc regali oonvivio* " jocundus consessor." At illi molestiam regis vel mulierum querimoniam incurrisse metuentes, singuli se subtrahentes recussare coeperunt. Ad extremum vero elegerunt ex omnibus duos quos animo constantissi- mos noverant, Dunstanum scilicet abbatem, et Cyne- siimi^ episcopum ejusdem Dimstani^ consanguineum, ut onmium jussu obtemperantes regem volentem vel nolentem reducerent ad relictam sedem. Et ingressi juxta principum suorum jussa, invenerunt regiam coro- nam, quae miro metaJlo auri vel argenti gemmarumque
X
1 videiicei] om. B.
3 prudentia] gratiai B.
' luparum palpamentum] sceluB lenocinii, B. ; lupanarum pulpamen- tum, A.
^ cro"] qusso, B. ' suorum . . convwid] tr. B. ' Cynesium'] Kinsige, bishop of Lichfield, 949-968. 7 ejusdem Dunstant] egos, B.
AUCTORE B. 33
m
vario nitore conserta splendebat, procul a capite ad They find
•*■ , * the crown
terram usque neglegenter avulsam, ipsumque more ma- on the ligno inter utrasque, velut in vili suillorum volutabro, creberrime volutantem ; et dixenmt/ " Nostri nos pro- ** ceres ad te rogitando miserunt, ut eas quantodus ad " condignum sessionis tuse tricUniuny^ et ne spemas " optimatum tuorum laetis interesse conviviis." At nungtan Dunstanus pnmum increpitans mulierum ineptias, manu back to the sua dum nollet exsurgere, et? extraxit eum de mcechali genearum occubitu, inpositoque diademate duxit* se- cum, licet vi a mulieribus raptum, ad regale consortium.
22. Tunc eadem iEthaelgyvu * sic erat nomen imomi- Threats of
,. • • i*^ 1 X Kthclglfu.
mossB muliens^ manes orbes ocuiorum contra veneran- dum abbatem ferventi furore retorsit, inquiens hujusmodi hominem ultra modum esse magnanimum qui regis in secretum temerarius intraret. Audivimus enim in veter- nis regum libellis Jezabelem errore gentilitatis et vi- pereo veneno perfusam die noctuque ® in prophetas Dei amara detestatione ssevisse, et in mortem usque per- sequi non destitisse : ita et hsec inpudens virago, ex hac die prsadicta, eodem Jezabelis flatu venenifero per- fusa, licet nomine Christiano uteretur indigna, virum Dei Dunstanum consiliis inimicabilibus persequi non quievit, quousque pestiferam execrationis suse volun- tatem cum adaucta regis inimicitia adimpleret. Tunc nunstan'?
, . , property is
ilia ex prsedicti regis consensu omnem illius ordinis Mized. honorem omnemque subpellectilis sui substantiam suis legibus subjugavit; quinetiam, urgente regis imperio ipsum ad incolatiun calamitatis celeriter ipsa ^ pnescrip- sit. Non enim erat hujus furentis foeminse vesania adeo adtendenda, sed discipulorum, quos ipse teneros nectareo dogmate inbuendos nutribat, dancula machi- natio magis stupenda ; nam et ipsi conspirationis iniquse
/^ •
> tUxeruni] ei, ins. B.
- et] om. B.
3 duxit"] eum, ins. B.
4
JBthiBlffyvu] ^thelgifu, B. ^ noctu] nocte, B. • ipsa] ire, B.
C
34
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
gjj^^sub occulta fraude assent»tores fiiere, qui si possent agMnsthim-.iiiiqua ejus dispendia detestari debuissent. Et dum {SnS?'*' ejectores ejusdem cunctas res ecclesiasticas ad conscri- bendum prospicerent, ecce in parte occidentali ^ tempK aspera vox ridentis diaboK, quasi vox plaudentis an- dllulae audita est. Ad quern vir Dei, dum quis esset mente perspexit, " NoK," inquit, " inimice, tantum gau- dere; quia quantum nunc in recessu meo gaudebis, tantum itenim in adventu, dampnante te Deo, tris-
((
((
" taberis."
His Mends
are
punished.
He sails toGhiul;
23. Quicunque enim amicorum post hsec hunc eundem virum Dei,* inJTisto arbitrio criminantis foemime ejec- tum, causa caritatis vel compatientise hospitio susce- perunt, frementem regis iram graviter incurrerunt, et propterea insanos fluctus turbidi sequoris periculoso navigio tranare,* et incerta Galliarum exilia adire co- actus est. Et dum velificata veloci quasi * tria miliaria maris ingressTis fuisset, venerunt nuncii ab iniqua po- pulatrice,* ut ferunt, qui® oculos illius si in his maris littoribus inventus fuisset,^ eruendo dempsissent. Ipse autem aequoreas vias ponti caerulei rapido cursu tran- siliens venit ad ignotam jam regionem dictu Galliae,^ . cujus poene loquelam ritumque ignorabat. Sed comi- tante secum misericordia Dei sui, invenit coram quodam and is weU teiTj© illius principc gratiam, qui exmi patemo caritatis aifectu sub exilii sui tempore custodivit. Hie itaque, quamvis benigne sub ejusdem principis cura foveretur cotidie, assidua tamen mente manebat in patria, de qua remotus fuerat sine pietatis censura. Qui etiam ssepe habundantem lacrymarum imbrem ex oculorum
therein his exile.
y
^/^
^
,\-
^r
' parte occidentali] tr. B.
* hunc . . Dei] eum, B. ' tranare"] transirc, B.
* veUficata . . qwm] yelis in al- turn extensis, quasi, B.
^ populatrice] muliere ; B., pcpa- latrice, A.
* ut ferunt J qui] tr. B.
7 inventus fuiaset'] inveniretnr, B.
^ regionem . . GcUUai] jam regio- nem dictam GaUiam, B.
AUCTORE B. . 35
fluentis io^remiscendo deduxit, quoties constitutiis in He has a
vision aS"
exsilio ^ meminit quantam religionis celsitudinem in sunng him monasterio dereliquit. Et dum diu in mcesti cordis enemies wiu meditatione circa rem hujusmodi cogitaret,* eoce qua- prevail, dam nocte vidit visione notissima dormiendo quod jam mente peravida ambiebat vigilando ; hoc dumtaxat quod more solito fuisset in monasterio una cum astante fratrum caterva, dum laudes vespertinales psallendo persolverent canerentque post novissimum canticmn^ '' Magnificat quoque ^ anima mea Dominum/' banc anti- phonam, " Quare detraxistis sermonibus veritatis, ad in- " crepandum verba componitis et subvertere nitimini Job vL 26. " amicum vestrum, verumptamen . . . , " hoc in loco visi sunt omnes pariter r^licto cantu penitus reticere, neque ulterius eam ullo modo posse verbo vel voce perfinire, quamvis caaso labore multoties iteratam nonnisi ad eundem locimi cantando perducerent ; et nunquam duo * finitima verba modulantes admitterent. At ille per eandem viaionem increpans eos, "Cur," inquit, "ad " perfiniendam antiphonam non vultis dioere ' quae cogi- " ' tastifl explete V " Mox ille divinum responsum ex alia parte perpendit sub hac voce, " Ideo, inquam, quia num- " quam quod mente moliuntur implebunt; ut te quo- " que^ ab hujus monasterii potestate auferendo evel- " lant." Et evigilans post visxmi gratias egit consolanti se Altissimo. Patuit quippe ex hac certissima revela- tione, quod, sicut superius sermonibus quibuslibet com- memoravimus, nonnulli eorum clanculi persecutores iUius exstitere. / 24. Factum est autem ut rex prsefatus in prsetere- Edwy's
/ A'T- • 'x T_ T 11' J. misKovem-
/ untibus annis pemtus a brumau populo relinqueretur ment. contemptus, quoniam in commisso regimine insipienter egisset, sagaces vel sapientes odio vanitatis disperdens, et ignaros quosque sibi consimiles studio dilectionis adsds-
^ cmuHUsbu in exnlio] om. B. \ cogiiarei] cogitaiat, A* ' quoque] om. B.
* duo'] om. B.
* quoque] om. B.
c 2
36
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Edgar is chosen king bv the peo- ple north of the Thames.
He recalls Danstan.
Death of Edwy.
Edgar re- stores tho estates of his grand- mother.
cens. Hunc ita omnium conspiratione relictum,^ elegere sibi, Deo dictante, Eadgarum^ ejusdem Eadwigi ger- manum in regem, qui virga imperiali injustos juste percuteret, benignos autem sub eadem sBquitatis virgula pacifice custodiret. Sicque imiverso • populo testante publica res regum ex diffinitione sagadum. sejuncta^ est, ut famosum flumen Tamesse regnum disterminaret amborum. Tunc Eadgarus a prsedicto populo sic sor- titus ad regnum, misit nutu Dei ad revocandum vene- randum abbatem ab exoso in quo degebat exilio : non inmemor quantse reverentise fuerit* antecessoribus ip- sius, quibus secum cum salutifero consilio infatigabilem fidelis obsequeke famulatum persolvit : quem ' ab inco- latu reductum^ omni honore dignitatis ut tantum oportuit patrem custodivit.
Interea germanus ejusdem Eadgari, quia justa Dei sui judicia deviando dereliquit, novissimum flatum misera morte exspiravit; et regnum illius ipse, velut sequus hseres ab utroque populo electus, suscepit, di- visaque regnorum jura in unum sibi sceptrum sub- dendo copulavit. Hie iterato beatum Dunstanum in ademptum ^ pristinse dignitatis honorem restituit,® simi- liter et atavam suam et nonnullos alios quos frater ipsius, in eadem antea sublimitate constitutus, iniquo judicio prsedari prsecepit.
S*wWdi ^^' ^^s*^®* factus est magnus sapientium conventus in
Sosento^be ^^^ ^^ vocatur Brandanford,® et eo in loco omnium ex
a bishop, electioue ordinatus est Dunstanus ad episcopum, eotenus
maxime quo regali prsesentiae propter provida pruden-
tiarum suarum consilia jugiter adfoisset.* Et dum ritu
regali /moribus Deificis rex fuisset a beato Dunstano^^
/
' Hunc . . reUctum] Hoc . . t&- licto, B.
^ On the date of Edwy's death, see the remarks in the Preface.
' sejuncia'] segregata, B.
*/ucn't'] cxtiterit, B.
^ quem"] dum aatem, B.
^ feductum'] reductos faisset, B.
7 ademptum'] adeptum, B.
^ restiiuii'] constituit, B.
' Brandanford] Bradanford, Boll.
i<< a beato Dunstano'] ab co, B.
i
»-l «
AUCTORE B, 37
vel cseteris sapientibus decenter instructus, coepit passim Edgar's
• 1 • • , . -I 1 reforms.
mprobos oppnmere, justos ^uoque et modestos puro
pectore diligere, reges et tyrannos circumquaque sibi '
Bubicere, destructas Dei aecclesias renovare vel ditare, n
et ad laudem Summi Numinis^ famulantes catervas Ji-'J^
adgregare, omnemque regionem illius sub pacis mu-
nimine regaliter custodire. Deinde pastor Wygori- Dunstuiisi
censis ecclesisB, utpote Cynewaldus more mortaliumofWoroeB-^
cursaque vitae temporalis educto succubuit, et suscepit
beatus pontifex Dunstanus constitutus a rege hanc^
eandem eodesiam sub solertia pastorali servandam ; in
qua statim verae fidei vitem palmitemque justitisB sa- /". , ^^ r v«^ »
gaci cultu plantavit, et triticeum Sanctae Trinitatis ^
semen in credentium cordibus, evulsis errorum tribulis,
seminavit: per quod post praesentis saecuU^metem bo- .^^^^
norum operum ' ad vitam jugiter manentem pervenirent
indefppnes. Yidens itaque rex praenominatus quod com- He is also
• T • • •! • •• 1 1 1* bishop of
I missam aecclesiam pervigil pastor nte regendo custodi- London.
' ret, commisit ei Lundoniensem aecclesiam, pio postea pastore viduatam, quo plurimo civitatis illius populo, nee non et reliquae Orientaliiun Saxonum multitudini, pontem ^ etiam ad alta polorum cacumina scandendi ^praepararet. Has ille geminas aecclesias j>er multa an- norum transeuntium tempora sub regimine pontificalis excellentiae curiose regebat ; et utrique gregi viam quae ducit ad vera Jesu Christi ovilia exemplo pariter et documento monstravit.
26. Postquam autem mors peravida venerandum ododies Odam, metropolitanae civitatis archipraesulem aecclesiae- racoeeds.'^ que Christi rectorem, ex Adamica conditione consump- tum,^ insatiabili voratu finierat, connumeratus est ^Ifsi- nus Wintoniensium pastor ad eandem summi sacerdotii
/ ft •'
1 Numinial Nominis, B.
' kanc"} om. B.
> boHorum operum] om. B.
* pimtem] pontam, A. B.
* ex . . consumptum] om. B.
38 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Eifdndifis sedem. Qui cum ex summorum pontificum consuetu- '
on his way , ...
to Borne, dine, post pallium principalis infdlse Bomuleam urbem
contenderet properare, obftdt illi in Alpinis montibus
maxima nivis difficultas; quae tanto eiim gelu rigoris
obstrinxerat, ut in his moriendo deficeret, et regressi
tumulato pontifice^ ejusdem^ comitantes tynmculi, re-
nunciavere lacrymanti relatu tantum sibi infortunium
in prsedictis montibus contigisse. Post cujus constmi-
Bjjphthgm mationem elegere Bjrrhtelmum, Dorssetensium praevi-
canterbuiy. sorem ad summum sanctse Dorobemensis secclesise sacer-
dotem ; et erat vir iste mitis et modestus et humilis,
et benignus, in tantum ut tumidos quosque vel rebelles
sub correctionis verbere non, ut debuisset, cohiberet.
Est namque jus rectonmi ut bene bonos custodiant, et
ad meliora quantum queunt viribus universis infor-
ment; reprobos autem et rebelles sub asperitatis cor-
rectione redarguant, donee eos a viis vanitatmn «,ver-
£?deiS? ^iS^^' Comperiens ergo rex quod prsedictus pontifex^ •
Edgar. "j^^q j^jj^ prasscripta in commissa sibi plebe mansues-
cendo minime adimpleret, jussit eum vias "per quas
veniebat redire et relictam dignitatem rursus recipere
DuDBtaa possidendam. Dehinc constituit ex divino respectu
chosento . .,. -,^
Canterbury, et sapicutum consuio Dunstauum, quern noverat esse
constantem, ad summum praedictse aecclesiae sacerdotem.
27. Mox ille suscepto sacerdotio prolixa itinera quae
summis sunt sacerdotibus solita, Romanam prospero
calle tetendit ad urbem ; eratque Dominus socius itineris
illius, et pura fide se retinentem* non reliquit, sicut
He goes to Ipse per prophetam cuicunque ® fideli repromisit, dicens,
the pall. " Intellectum tibi dabo et instruam te in via hac qua Pa. xxxu. o.
" gradieris; firmabo super te oculos Meos;" et iterum,
" Ego ante te ibo, et gloriosos terrae humiliabo." laa. xiv. 2,
* pontifice'] eo, B.
2 ejusdem] ipsiue, B.
'^ pradictus pontijex"] om. B.
^ se retinentem] tr. B. * cuicunque'] cuique, B.
AUCrORE B.
39
Cmuque longum iter properando fecisset^ et omnia His iibem-
victualia, quae vel equino gestamine vel alia conductione way pro-
ferebant^ propnis vel alienis hominibus penitus fuissent stewvd.
expensa, ait procuratori suo, ''Quid nobis administra-
" tionis habes^ ad noctis hujus sustentationem con-
" ferendum ? " At ille stomachando respondebat dicens,
" Prorsus nihil^ quia tu tibimet nil reservare curabas^
" dum quicquid victus habere videbamur propriis vel
" extemis dapsili jussu distribueras." Et dixit illi
episcopus, "NoU quaeso nimium inde turbari; quoniam
" Christus Dominus* noster erga omnes in Se cre-
" dentes est satis largus et dives." At ille rursum,
" Modo," inquit, "videbis quid tibi comessuro Christus
" tuus sub hujus noctis spatio sit daturus." Et sur-
rexit pontifex, quia tempus vespertinum instabat, ut in
lods remotis congrua vespertinae laudis officia adimple-
ret. Adhuc enim jam dictus procurator stulto mimnure
postclamabat dicens, "Perge oppido adorare tantum
'' Christum tuxmi, nil aliud nostrae necessitatis adten-
" dens." Erant namque in hac' eadem villa, qua tunc Hia wants
• TV* 'T-'xi-i 'J T ftro supplied
vir Dei cum suis hospitabatur, cujusdam venerandibyaUnd abbatis nuncii triduo beati adventum pontifids prae-* stolantes ; et venerunt priusquam ille coepta vespertinae laudis officia cantando perageret, cum opimis gratiarum muneribus omnibusque regionis illius deliciis, carita- tive ex ore abbatis fratrumque suorum fideli phalange salutantes episcopum. Quas ille benedictionum cari- tates gratanter accipiens, resalutavit gratiosum abbatem cum devoto secum morantium fratrum^ contubemio. Postea vero ex isdem* muneribus fratrum quoque praedictorum caritate coUatis,® diu deliciose properando vivebant: ac stulta dehinc murmuratio procacis mini- stri, firma ex fide pontificis sic superata, quievit. '
' administrationis hahes ] habes miniBtrationis, B. ' DominuB] Detts, B. 3 hoc] om. B.
^ morantium fratrum] oommoran- tium, B. * itdem] hisdem, B. ^fratrum . . coUoHs'] om. B.
40 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Horeooivcs 28. Tandem ad optatam RomanaB sedis aecdesiam, Do- ; mino ducente, pervenit, ubi pallium principale sub praesu- latus privilegio, una cum benedictione apostolica gloriose suscepit : rursumque locellis sanctorum lustratis et solatia Christ! pauperibus, per pacis itinera ad patriam usque remeavit. Et cum venisset summus Anglorum pontifex, spiritali charismate affectus,^ coepit^ primum, ut* sub- limior caeteris sacerdotum ordinibiis,* sublimioribus Christi servitutibus se subjugare ; ne cum aliis verse
His govern- fidei fomenta ministraret, vel iter rectum ad coelestia
ment as '
archbishop, yerbo salutifcro monstraret, ipse, ut ait apostolus, re- 1 Cor. ix. « probus efficeretur, propriaeque prsedicationi contrarius. Deinde autem destructa' renovare, neglecta quaeque justificare, loca sancta ditare, justos amare, errantes ad ^ viam revocare, Dei aecclesias fabricare, nomenque veri pastoris in omnibus adimplere. Hto visions 29, Ego quidcm si die noctuque ^ millenos sonos fer- lations. rea lingua contra naturam emitterem, nequirem utique ^ omnia beneficiosa virtutum suarum opera, quae vel ma- nifeste vel etiam secrete peregit, prompsisse.® Unum autem ex ipso me posse referre profiteor, quod quam- vis hie cameo septus velamine deguisset in imis, mente tamen sive vigilaret, sive somno detentus quiesceret, semper manebat in superis, ut Faulus ait apostolus, " Nostra autem conversatio in coelis est." Hoc nimi- phu.iu.ao. rum saepissime patuit, dum divina sacrorum modu- laminum cantica quae ab hominibus quidem nunquam accepit, sed ex beatis supemae regionis civibus per sopitalem "^ revelationem capaci didicerat intellectu, ut haec sequens sententia manifestat. Quadam nocte hujus visionis exemplar post pia precum studia post-
^ £t . . affectiu] cm. B.
' caepit'] autem, ins. 6.
3 »<] CO quod, B.
^ ordinUms] esset, ins. B.
^ desiructa] fe8tinavit,i ns. B.
• ad] veritatis, ins. B.
7 noctuque] nocteqae, B. ^ utique] om. B. ' prompsiase] promere, B. *° sopitalem] sospitem, B. ; sopita- tern, A.
AUCTORE B. 41 •
que novissimum completorii officium, dum beata mem- HisTiaioiiof bra quieii dedisset, eerta demonstratione conspexit marriago to quomodo propria quae se^ hide mundo ediderat mater king, cuidam regi prsepotenti ad conjugalem sponsam sub summo principum suorum iestimonio dotisque sub titulo copularetur conjugio ;* et ut fieret in his rega- libus nuptiis tanta psaUentium ketitia, ut omni ex parte jocundantes miUtise hymnum suaviasimum cum laude sonora eidem^ regi modulando personarent. Et dum hsec diu agerentur^ accessit inter psallentium voces quidam juvenis niveo vestitus candore, dicens sub ipsa visione pontifici, " Nonne vides et audis quomodo omnis « ]me ovans multitudo regem magnum in turmis suis* " concrepando glorificatur, te solo silente ? Tu quare " in prseconio tanti regis condignas laudes ore soluto " nobiscum non resonas, qui prse cseteris prsecipue gau- " dere deberes pro tanta copulatione parentis?" Tunc ille hujusmodi carmina se nesdre respondebat, neque ^ prorsus quid in laude regis prselocuti cantaret igno- rasse.^ At ille, " Vis," inquit, " ut instruam quid te can- " tare oporteat?"^ Et dum humili professione se velle Heistaoght . testaretur, mox imbuit eimi hujus exemplar antiphonsB ; S^^Im. " O Rex gentium dominator omnium, propter sedem *' majestatis Tuje da nobis indulgentiam, rex Christe, " peccatorum. Alleluia."® Hac etenim ssepius iterata, et in eadem visione bene firmata, murmur gemabile expergefactus emisit ; sed continuo jussit eam littera- rum in memoria, priusquam oblivioni daretur, conscri- bere, et conscriptam cuidam monacho tam recentem didicisse® prsecepit: et facto mane universos sibi sub- jectos, tam monachos quam etiam clericos, /ecit banc
' se] earn, B.
' cof^ugio] om. B.
' eidem] eodem, A.
^ in , . suU] iatermisBius, B.
^ neque"] et, B.
^ ignorasse] ignorare, B. < oporteat] oportet, B. B AUehtia] om. B. ' didicisse] discere, B.
• 42 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
He orders discendo personare : ipso semper inter modulantium
the anthem * . . \ * j- x ..tt
tobeieamed voces cum nimio rore lacrymarum dicente, " Verus est monks. " enim et non faJsxis, qui hanc mihi sonoram modulatio- " nem ^ sub noctis hujus visione inbuendo monstravit." Hinc proculdubio, sicut jam superius diximus, claruit, in quibus locorum partibus, dum corpore quiesceret, spiritu felici interim ipse* mansisset.
Interpret^. 30. Nunc vellem priusquam hinc loncdus leffendo
vision. properarem, pentxmi mini mterpretem ad nujus mirse
visionis mihi * mysteriiun coaptare ; aut si quodam
conamine valuissem, ipse ejus interpretationem pro
posse virium, licet igne tepenti liquefactam^ exsolvere.
Matrem quoque almi pontificis, magni regis conjugio
copulatam, sanctam piito designare tecclesiam, quae vel
ilium vel etiam* alios quamplures more matemo per
spiritalem sacri baptismatis uterum a primi parentis
privilegio regeneravit. Ipsa quidem, qu8B * nunc summo
Dunstan's ' regi, Christo videlicet Domino, per vereB fidei agni-
presents tioucm, perouc divini amoris amplexum velut sponsa
thechurcb. . '/ \ . , f , . r, « j
conjuncta viro suo inhaerere videtur, nsec® eadem
sancta et mater secclesia in Cantica Canticorum clamat^ «
" Introduxit me rex in cubiculum suum, exsidtabimus
" et laetabimur in te, memores uberum tuorum super ovitio. l 3.
" vinum : recti diligunt te." Et iterum, " Introduxit
" me rex in cellam vinariam: ordinavit in me cari-
" tatem ; fulcite me floribus, stipate me malis, quia
" amore langueo. Leeva ejus sub capite meo, et dextera
itmaymean " illius amplexabitur me," etc. Aliter autem autumoc*nt.ii.4-6.
own church, matrem ejusdem almi pontificis, regi prsecelso in matri- monio conjunctam, proprii prsesulatus secclesiam posse designare, quam sub manu setemi Regis, Christi vide-
1 modulation em'] om. A. *-* ipse'] om. B. ' mihi] om. B.
■• etiam] om. B.
* /jp«rt . . qua] sivcquod, B.
® hac] unde hsBC, B,
AUCTORE B. 43
licet Domini,^ matris vice custodiendam ac pura MVstioai virginitartis integritate solaturam ^ susceperat, at idem tion. Dominus pro populorum piaculis, crucis in patibulo affixus^ matrem Suam Virginem virgiiii discipulo com- mendabat dicens; "Ecce tibi in matrem Meam com- " mitto genitricem." Turmas quoque nulitares^ regi suo laudum canticum exsultando perstrepentes, super- nos esse isingelorum cives, qui quandoque ' inimici hominum ob discordantem delictorum distantiam ex- titerant, non diffido: nunc vero, quoniam coelestium simul et terrestrium incolas in unam patris familiam conjunctos esse conspiciunt, Deo regi vero die noctu- que * hujusmodi carmina canere non desistunt ; " Laudem " dicite Deo nostro omnes sancti Ejus, et qui timetis " eum pusilli et magni, quoniam regnavit Dominus " Deus noster omnipotens in coelo, pariter et in terra: " et propterea* gaudeamiis et exsultemus et demus
BeT.xix.6. " gloriam Ei." Hanc eandem gloriam coelestis nulitias multitudo nato Domino decantans^ in excelsis et in terra pacem bonse voluntatis hominibus^ nunciabat;
B^LukeiL ipsam® equidem pacem quam beatus apostoliis expone- bat dicens, "Ipse est pax nostra Qui fecit utraque
Bph.ii.i4. " unum," etc. Quod enim juvenem viderat veste nivea The hymn
- , was dictated
candentem, partim * se aspere increpantem quod in ^7^"^" praedicti principis laude reticeret : angelum vel custo- dian angei. dem ipsius esse non dubito, qui verbis eum spirita- libus erudiendo prsemonuit ne muti canis tacitumitate permitteret latentem inimicxmi, furem videlicet diabo- lum, animas sibi commissorum, talentumve Dei sui furtim prseripere : sed ut ore ^® perpatulo prsedicaret, et pia cordis confessione personaret Christum esse
' Chriati . . Domini] om. B. ^ sotaturam] solandam, B. ^ quandoque'] quando, B. * noctuque] nocteque, B.
' decantans] decantabat, B. 7 bones . . homiminui] tr. B. ^ ipsam] ipsa, A. ' partim] panun, B.
* in caAo . . propterea] om. B. I ^^ ore] ora, A.
44
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
interprata- refi^em et dominatorem omniuin, coelestium, terrestrium
hymn.
Besides liifl
visioiiBof
angelH,
he had a ▼ision of an evil siiirit before the death of kinffBd- mund.
Hia com- panion Blf- stanalso aeesthe evil spirit.
et infemonun ; et ut Ipsxun propter sedem nomenque majestatis Suae, piius pro suis deinde pro popidorum delictis interpellans exoraret, ut eis plus peccatorum extitisset indultor, pro quibus Se semel Patemo parens prsBcepto offerre uon distulit.
31. His modis prsedictis^ ssepe sacrorum carminum modulamina seu caeteras Deo dedbiles laudes spiritu pervigili ex divinis inbutoribus didicerat, quamvis ejus humani artus in somni sopore subacti jacuissent, ut illud est Salomonis, " Ego dormio, et cor meum vigilat." Et Cant.v.2. iterum propheta Isaias * ait, " De nocte vigilat spiritus " meus ad Te Domine, quia lux mea prsecepta Tuaisa.xxTU9. " sunt." Qui etiam in mundo positus, ipsos humani generis inimicos claro conspexit intuitu, ut imminente miserrima regis Eadmundi peremptione declaratum est. 'Hie itaque rex, dum cum suis proprise dignitatis loca more solito convivaturus lustraret, contigit beato Dim- stano adhuc abbati ejusdem regis interesse comitatui,^ ad cujusdam primarii ducis, utpote iElfetani,* ipso*' in itinere proximum esse coequestrem. Et eace re- pente progressionis viam coram se aspiciens, vidit inter regios tubicines horrendum inimicum ludendo cursitare. Quem cum diu attonite fuisset intuitus, ait praBdicto comitanti secum primario, " Putas te, mi dilecte, videro posse quod video ? " At ille, " Nil," inquit, " praeter quod oportet conspicio." Et ille, " Signa ergo salubri " sanctee crucis sigillo oculos proprios, et proba* si quod " video possis videre." Cumque jussu beati patris Dunstani levi sanctae crucis impressione oculos suos con- signasset, vidit ilico, quasi pro tanti viri testificatione, eundem Dei et hominum quem beatus pater viderat
«
<t
B.
^ prctdictia] om. B.
' propheta Uaiaa] tr. B.
' ejusdem . . comitaiui'} ezistenti,
*JBlfitam] Probably ^thebtan ealdorman of East Anglia. ^ ipso'] ejus, B. • proba] probe, A.
AUCrrORE B.
45
iniimcum, sub cujusdam homuncii nigelli ^ specie sali- The evii entem; et^ mox ex inimicabili nefiEUidi daemonis de-peanasa
... ,. ft-i -11 •• !• black man.
monstratione utnque ' deprenendere prsescii, aliqua infortunia^ quibusdam ex eis adesse futura; factisque scematibus crucis inimicus disparuit.
32. Postquam autem de hac improba apparitione con- Dnnstan specti musons loqui qmevissent, rogavit idem prselocu- for Eifstan tus princeps jam dictum Dei virum, quatinus sibi visionis J***^®- suae somnia nuper promulgata solvendo enexuisset. Dixit SJSth^^' namque se per visionum indicia vidisse memoratum regem cum suis principibus imiversisque optimatibus,
solita ex consuetudine, in palatii sui triclinio consedere ; et inter Iseta ministrantium ac jocundantixmi convivia, eundem quern dixi regem ' somno sopitum obdormisse ; postque gravem dormitionis suae sarcinam, omnes poene principes vel sapientes ipsius in hyrcos caprasque humana relicta effigie commutasse. Cui confestim beatus Dun- stanus prophetico instructus eloquio respondebat dicens, *' Dormitio regis mortis ipsius indicium est ; quod autem magnate^ vel sapientes illius in muta animalia et in- sensibilia ' comimutatos vidisti, futurum tempus designat, in quo poene imiversi regionis istius principes rerumque rectores voluntate ultranea a via veritatis, cxmi ipsi sint sapientes, tanquam stolida animalia non habentes pastorem, deviabunt.
33. His ita gestis ad vicum regium, de his semper ser- nuzutan mocinantes pervenerunt. Factoque diei ipsius crepusculo imi ipirit vidit iterum vir Dei Dunstanus in vespertino regis con- on the third vivio eundem vel quempiam alium inimicum inter &e- him' again, quentantes ministros oberrantem. Deinde ni fallor post triduum, ipso quoque die quo rex jam dictus ferro fuerat periturus, vidit tertio quendam ignotum, ignoro quidem
* nigellt] ^thiopis, B., over an erasure. ' ef] sed, B. ' utrique^ nutrique, A.
^ infortunia] infortuna, A.
' eundem . . regem] om. B.
^ animalia . . tiueiwi6t7ta] tr. B.
46 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
utrum immicabilem seu etiam spiritaJem virum^ Tnagnam tamen prolixss cartuldB rotellam in manu gestantem^ den- sim apicibus conscriptam, eo videlicet temporis momento quo rex a Missarum celebratione novissimo potiturus He says that convivio, ad aulam usque redibat. Quern cum interro-
ne comes , >-x • • '
frrai the • garet quis esset, respondit voce Saxonica se ex Orientis dom, and" regni partibus esse, seque una cum rege qusedam nup- , That day tialis verbi habere secreta. Is dum esset regi nunciatus, - SuedL*** atque in illius prsBsentiam supervenientium more induci deberetur, nusquam apparuit ; sed eodem, proh dolor, die,^ ut diximus, amarse mortis acerbitas per sicam perfidi latronis penetralia cordis ipsius latenter introivit.
Ecce enim quam mature de rege beati viri claruere prsesagia. De principibus autem non nisi Eadwigi regis temporibus, si rex jure queat appellari qui nee sese nee alios quosque bene rexerat, patuere. Quoniam quidem beatus pater Dunstanus spiritu Dei, ut ait apostolus, Eom.vm.i4. ^ro"h*Y" ^'g^l^fl'^^ idcirco haec et his similia quasi filius Dei pro- att^ded to "^^^i^®^^ mysteria ; in tantum quoque ut plerique eum assererent vanissima verborum deliramenta proferre, dum ore prophetico Sanctique Spiritus inbutione perplura praidiceret quae postea signis ^videntissimis conspeximus facta.
DunstMi 34. Hie etiam vidit et audivit sine cujuslibet difficul-
monastery tatis obstaculo qusedam mira spiritalium secretorum, quae nunc pangam mysteria. Erat namque vir venerandus in amore Dei, ut diximus, semper accensus, et propterea loca sacroriim coenobiorum ob animarum sedificationem circuit bat sollicitus. Venit etiam ex hac salubri consuetudine ad locum thermarum, ubi calida lympha de abyssi lati- bulis guttatim vaporando ebullit, quem incolas locum* sub patema lingua Bathum soliti sunt appellare. Et cum ibidem ab ejusdem loci fratribus caritative susceptus deguisset, vidit post prandii horam cujusdam scolasticiQi
at Bath.
' proh . . die] tr. B, | * locum] om. B.
AUCTOBE B. 47
ex Glestoni^ coenobio animam. ad coelorum sublimia, ab Heh» a
' vinon of
angelis Dei cum hymnorum laudibus deportatam, ac*f®b?'»t magnis supemorum civium exequiis hinc et inde stipa- Giaston- tam. Venit autem postera die, quasi ad hujus mirsB visionis testificationem, quidam e prsedicto coenobio prse- positus, nomine Ceolwyus/ volens monastica consilia causasque^ fratrum suorum cum poniifice pariter more solito captare.' Hunc iUe de monasterio venientem, statim post datam benedictionem, sollicite si omnia cum fratribus suis essent prospera interrogavit ; isque mortem pueri minime comminiscens respondit imiversa sub in- tegritatis sospitate fdisse constituta. At ille sermoile modesto, quoniam proprise visionis fuerat admodum per- spicacior illo, "Non autumo," inquit, " omnia apud omnes Hereceivei " humanis in excessibus fore profutura." Et ill6, " Sunt that the
* ' vision was
" equidem omnia, excepto quod quidam nostrae societatis true. '' puerulus hestema die sub tempore meridiano necem " inevitabUem moriendo subibat." "Hoc est," inquit sanctus episcopus " quod dixi. Bequiescat felix spiritus " ipsius secimdum visionem. nostram in pace."
35. Iterum autem dum proprio inmoraretur monaste- He has a
, _ warning at
no, hoc est Glsestonise, ambulabat idem* ovilium Christi GiMton-
bury of the
solers' prsevisor, cum quolibet ejusdem monasterii mona- death of one cho, de domo in domum, fratrum quoque conmumium monks, pabularia seu csetera eorundem ^ necessaria consideratum. Et dum remeando conspectis copus veniret ad occidenta- lia antiquse ecclesise climata, audivit eminus vocem coelitus inopinato omine emissam, quae secum inceden- tem monacbum ad coelestes delicias blando sub eloquio invitaverat, dicens, " Veni, veni, ifSlfsige,^ veni ;" sic enim erat, ut opinor, ejusdem fratris nomen. Tunc beatus vir meriti clientis sui advocationem intellegens, dixit, " Ac-
' Ceolwyns] Ceolwiofi, B. ' cautaaque] caasaque, A. ^captare\ captitare,JB. ^ idemi vt, B.
^ ovilium . . solars] tr. B.
^ pabularia . . eorundem] om. B.
7 JSlfsige] Msige, B.
48
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The warn- ing comes true.
He builds a church to 8. John the Baptist.
He goes round the
" celera ergo fortiter, frater, apparare ^ te quantoduB ; " quoniam diebus citissimis vocatus a Domino, ab hujus " mundi scoriis migrabis ad Ipsum." Quod quidem, diebus non adeo multis interpositis, ita de eo ut praedixe- rat, probabili indiculo adimpletum est. Dehinc ' in eodem loco quadratam paribus angulis secdesiam in modum facunculi construere jussit, et constructam in hono- rem ' almi Baptistse Johannis honorifice consecravit. O magnum gloriosi praesulis meritum, qui meruit vivens videre angelorum visiones vocesque mirabiles eorundem audire.
36. Huic igitur dum in propria prsesulatus sui civi- hoTvpiMes tate commanebat, sanctae consuetudinis inter caetera sub- bury, limitatum studia fuit, ut in secretis noctium tempori- bus sancta loca, propter multimodam populorum ad se venientium inhsesionem vel etiam aliorum multorum occupationem, sancta semper psalmodia decantando lustraret. Et venit hac* lege religionis innexus ad almi patris Augustini eediculam,* noctumis ut dixi temporibus oraturus ; et dum se sacris inibi suppleret orationibus, processit ad orientalem Dei puerpersB sec- At8.Auim».clesiam tantumdem precaturus. Cumque ad hanc pro- a vision of pinquaudo psallendoque venisset, forte ex insperato singing a noctis cveutu audierat insolitas sonoritarum voces, sub- seduiius, tili modulamine in hac eadem basilica concrepantes. At ille continuo per quendam^ patuli foraminis hia- tum ^ inspiciens, vidit praelocutam ecclesiam omni esse fulgida luce perfusam, et virgineias turmas in choro gyranti hymnum hunc poetee Sedulii cursitando can- tantes, "Cantemus socii Domino,® etc." Itemque per- pendit easdem post versimi et versum voce reciproca, quasi in circuitionis suae concentu, primum versicu-
^ apparare] prsepara, B. ; appa- rere, A.
2 Dehinc'] Deinde, B.
3 hanorem] honore, B. ^ hac] ac, A. B.
' adictilam] erased in B. ^ quendam] quandam, B. 7 hiatum] rimam, B. ^ Domino] cantemns honorem, ins. B.
;
AUCTORE B. 49
lum eiusdem hymniculi more biunamarum virginiim in alternate repsallere,^ dicentes ;
" Cantemus, socii, Domino cantemus honof em ; " Dulcis amor Christ! personet ore pio," et csetera.
Haec inquam veneranda donorum spiritalium in- His innnme- sigma, aliaque innumera, quae nee ego nee alius tuai gifta. quisquam hujus vitae incola quolibet hiunano eloquio pr8Bvalet enarraxe, egregius pnesul Dunstanus quo- niam vias institise ambulavit suscipere^ meruerat.
37. Nuni ergo quoniam univerJa bonorum actuum suorum exercitia, si die noctuque in summa meditationis sagacitate, somno naturali privatus immorarer, nequeo explanare; aequum tamen esse arbitror ut ea' saltim qnsB vel egomet vidi vel* atidivi, justa Dei ammoni- tione stimulatus, pro posse caritatis enodem. (Huic His constant etenim dum tsediosum hujus vitse incolatum laboriose incoluit, summum studium fiiit ut videlicet* sacris in orationibus et in Daviticis decem chordarum psalmo- diis jugi frequentia insisteret, aut in vigiliis suavem somnimi superando pemoctaret assiduis, aut in eccle- aiasticis fervidus semper insudaret operari operibus; aut .etiam mendosos libros, dimi primam orientis diei His literary
1 ,■ j*i •! /»i«ii and other
lucem contuen potuit, erasa scriptorum lalsitate cor- uowurs.
rigeret; aut ut® vera et falsa inter virum et virum
sagaci ingenio judicando discemeret; aut inpacatos
quosque vel rixantes placido sennone Concordes efBceret
et quietos ; aut viduis, orphanis, peregrinis et ^ advenis
in suis necessitatibus pio profuisset amininiculo ; aut
ut ® justa sequestratione inepta vel injusta dissodaret
conjugia; aut omnem humanum ordinem trifarie paratum
in propno soliditatis proposito verbo vitae firmaret vel * ^ .
exemploj aut de justo conquisitionis suae censu, vel citra,^
' repsaliere] resallere, A. ' mucipere] saflpicere, B. ' ea] om. B. * vet] et, B.
' videlicet'] om. B. • irf] om. B. 7 ef] om B. ^ vel dtra] om. B.
D
^ y
« <•
V /
•• /
~ L
50
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
/\yr-
'{
His labours in teaching.
HefiUed England with light :
yet was always em- ployed in prayer.
His many tears.
The end of his labours.
ecdesias Dei placida probitate sublevaret ditandas ; ant enim ^ utriusque ordinis inperitos, "^os videlicet vel foeminas^ quoscunque die noctuque * poterat coelesti sale, id est, salutaris sapientias documento condiret. Ideoque omnis haec Anglica terra doctrina ejus sancta repleta est, fulgens coram Deo et hominibus, sicut sol et luna: ant etiam quando debitas vernulitatis sme horas cseterasque Missarum celebrationes Christo Do- mino solvere censuisset, tanta mentis integritate eas decantando exercnit, nt cum ipso Domino facie ad fSEtciem fan videretur, licet antea e tumultuantis popnli conflic- tibus nimium esset irritatus ; ocnlis interim ac manibus more beati Martini in caelum semper intentis, nninquam ab oratione spiritum relaxans. Quotiesqne ' aliquod aliud opus perfectionis dignaB vel etiam laude * exerceret,*^ in sacris scilicet sacerdotum ordinationibus, ecclesia- rumque vel altarium consecrationibus, seu etiam in quibuslibet rerum divinarum institutionibus, hoc semper nimio rore lacrymarum peregit, quas invisibilis habi- tator Sanctus quoque Spiritus, Qid in eo jugiter ha- bitavit, ex oculorimi rivulis potenter elicuit.
38. Cumque supemus inspector ad alta polorum fiEksti- gia,® hsec pia omniaque ^ beati viri studia diutissima spe- culatione conspiceret, tandem decrevit clementius finem laboriosorum luctaminum suorum, ut cum beatis ange- lorum agminibus remunerantem nummum acciperet in coelis, pro quo saepissime sudarat,® dum portaret leve onus Ipsius in terris.
Instabat namque dies pariter Domini Dei nostri Aseen- sionis^ diesque advocationis ipsius, in quo tamen die® Domino dictante Missarum celebria sine aliqua laesione
* «mfii] cm. B.
^ die noctuqtui om. B.
^ que] autem, B.
^ vd , , laude'] laudisque, B.
' exerceret] ezeroebat, B.
^ ad aUa . . /astigia'] ab alto . . fastigio, B. ; fastigio, A.
7 omniaque] cm. B.
® sudarat] sadabat, B.
* tamen die] cm. B. l^e feast of the Ascension, May 17| 988.
AUCTORE B.
51
compleverat, et novissiirium verhi Dei fomentum com- His last ser-
• •!■ 1 !,• -I •-1*1 inoii8»ontho
misso siDi populo multis cum lacrymarum imDnbus feast of the miiiistrayit ; docens semper Dei Filium de summis coe- a.d.988. ' lorum^ sedibus pro humaxLa salute descendisse ad terras, quo Se Patremque Suum una cum Flamine sacro unum esse Deum patula patefaceret pietate ; et ut eadem qua prsefatus sum* die, devicto diabolo et liberato populo Suo, ccbIos de quibus venire videbatur ascenderet. Qui cimi hujus exhortatioiiis dausulam terminando posuis- set, nimia cordis caritate poposcit quod ipse primitus celeri petitione impetravit, hoc siquidem ut Omnipotens Dominus patema pietate quibuscunque fidelibus mem- bris videlicet Jesu Christi, scandendi facultatem condo- naret * quo principium caputque quorumcunque Christus in prsedicta die potenter ascenderat. His ille alloquiis He preache
i» J. .• iT_«T_j. T_ j'« three times.
cseterisque prsedicamentis salubnbus ter sub una diei ipsius cejebratione commissorum corda affatim permo- nuit; primo enim ut ecdesiaslicus ordo post lectionis Evangelium ^ jure insinuat ; secundo post gratuitam col- lataB sibi potestatis benedictionem ; tertio vero post piae pacis conferentiam quando commimi carmine cecinimus, "Agnus Dei Qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis," tunc quidem et ipse commissos sibi agniculos, a pecca- torum prills ponderibus leviatos, pio * pastori, Agno He enterw videlicet Jesu Christo Qui mundi hujus, crimina miser- comers with tus tollere venit, sub pacis custodia servandos sineoOTUPse.*" macula commendavit. Ipse tamen, post missarum cele- bria, nihilominus ipso die cum suis coenaturus^ adibat.
^ que . . sum] om. D.
' eondoniiret'} candonaret, A.
* lectionis EvangeUumi] lectionem Kwangelii, B.
* pto] Here the Arras MS. ends. The remainder is supplied fh>m the S. GaU MS.
* canaiurus'} MS. B. proceeds as follows : ** aulam letos adibat nni- " yersosqne ad se venientes com
" omni gratulationis blanditia keti- " ficabat. Dum autem post horam '* refectionis moribunda membra paulatim ex more lestivi temporis quieti subdidisse vellet, eoce os- tensom est valde magnmn mira- '^ culum, minime nobis inter plura prsetereiindum. Ambalavit ita- que, ut dizimus, prse&tus Dei ** famalus Dunstanus ad requietio*
D 2 +-
(t
((
t(
it
tt
62
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
St!Sd wa ^^ ^^^ P<^* horam refectionis moribimda membra wmwon!' paulatim ex more sestivi temporis quieti dedisset, ecce in hac eadem dormitionis requie vehemens mor- bus, index quoqiie ultimae vitae, venerandum patrem invadendo subrepsit, caputque candentis calvitdei cunc- tis solutmn juribus ad occubitum usque subruendo coegit; ac beatum lumen diu coram JDeo et hominibus renitens dedma^ kalendarum Junii poenitus effocatum extinxit. His ille legibus avitse mortis, ut nunc dixi, prseventus, otio adgravationis susb, die Sabbato scilicet qui requies interpretatur, senex plenusque felicium die- rum ad perhemiem requiem Domino Jesu Christo du- cente commigravit; Cui est honor et imperium, virtus et potestas, una cum Patre pariter Sanctoque Spiritu, in S8ecula saeculorum. Amen.
Explicit vita Sancti Dunsta/ni, a/rchiepiscopi et confeddoris.
flis death, (Hay 19, 988).
" nis suce locum, In edito scilicet ** coenaculi honorifice collocatum ; « Tocatisque ad se perpancis quos " Tolebaty super sedile suum reca- '* bans sedendo panlulum pausabat. '* Erat enim ob yentune doimitionis snas eTcntum cor illius ita adgra- vatom, ut nequiret se a lenti so- poris grayedine pcenitus abstinere. Interea denique cum ita dormitas« *^ set, ecce subito, suis qui aderant ** intuentibus, mirabile dictu, una " cum sella in qua residebat trabem adusque eleyatus, atque iterum amminiculante supemi inspecto- <' ris pietate leyiter est depositus ; ipsi yero qui praesentes erant, statim ut talia pecspexerunt, ni-
ce
<i
«<
((
(«
((
" mio payore cordetenus concussi, '* timide retrorsum fugerunt Cum- ^ que expergefactus eyigilasset, in- *' terrogayit eos, 'Quid yidistis, « ' filii ? Quomodo ibam ? ' lUi <* autem per ordinem uniyersa qnss '< yiderant ezposuerunt ei. Seryus " autem Dei Dunstanus, sieut Do- « minus noster discipulis Suis difia- " mare prohiboit yisionem in monte '' coelitus ostensam, ita portendere " prsecepit istam, dicens, ' Mea yita " ' cosmicali comito, nemini dixeri- ** * tis yisionem.' *'
^ Properly decima quarta : May 19: the Saturday after the fisast of the Ascension.
II.
EPISTOLA ADELARDI AD ELFEGUM
ARCHIEPISCOPUM DE VITA
SANCTI DUNSTANI/
v'N/>-»>./^»vrx/><v«'vy»^' '* '
Domino vere sancto .^Hfego, sanctse Dorobemensis AdeUurd^in
1 , 1 • - A 1 1 1 1 • T>i 1 - • • obedience to
ecclesisB arcniepiscopo„ Adalardus sancti Blandinienfiis theinvita- coenobii exiguus famulus. Patrem tuum sancttuu Dun- Eifegeb stanum voluisti et Uteris commendari ^ et musis. Sed quoniam vel jussus panii, et indignus dignum, peccator sanctum, tangere prsesumpsi, veniam humi stratus peto. Nam pungit me memoria Ozse sacerdotis, aream Dei 2Sain.u.e. Israel irreverenter tangentis; et, quamvis jumentimi Balaam, officimn sumpsi aut angeU aut hominis sancti, tamen respiro confidens per me tam tuis quam etiam filiorum tuorum satisfieri votis. Suscipe, pater, obedi- pro*"*" "p* entiae debitum ex quo etsi debentem nulla suis mentis trafasenee respexit gratia, te tamen pro pie imperato debita respiciet §2iJSaf corona. Sdas autem in opere isto historiam vitae ejus non contineri, sed ex eadem vita quasi brevem sermonis versiculum ita compactum et ita distinctum, ut et in conventu piorum auditorum totus quasi historialiter recenseatur, et vice sermonis inter sacras vigilias in lectiones ter quatemas distinguatur, ea videlicet ratione ut ab exordio usque ad sanctam consummationem vitse, eodem fere sensu eisdemque miraculis, et responsoria lectionibus suis, et lectiones respondeant responsoriis suis ; vale pnesul gloriose.
on
1 The text is from the CoUon MS. Nero C. 7 (C) ; the Yarious read- ings are those of the MS. Lambeth
159 (L.) ; and the Gray's Inn MS. 8 (G.), which omits the prologue. ^ commendari^ om. L.
54
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
In depositione sanctissimi patris nostri Dunstani:
lectio prima.
The example Quia solemnibus excubiis transitum beati Dunstani
ofDunstan ,. i /nn . , . j. j
to be used, colimus, quo eum ad Chnstum migrasse credimus, post
tion. eum fratres carissimi suspiremus, et ad Christum post
eum laeti quique tendamus. Sed quoniam mortalitate
gravati ad nos relabimur, quse de eo agnovimus inter
hymnos divinos conferamus, et sermone exhortatorio
quasi scalam nobis post eum tendendi erigamus. Ac
primo dicendum quod tam^ Sanctis parentibus ortus
claruit, ut eos sseculo exemptos inter choros conspicere See B. p. 7.
mereretur angelicos. Ipso autem matemis adhuc retento
visceribus, de praeseritato puero Jesu in templo dies
illuxit Celebris. Cumque mater ejus et plebs Christicola
cereis et lampadibus, ut eo die moris est, in templo
staret corusca, ecce cunctorum pariter luminaria nutu
Themirade Dei repente extincta sunt. Attonitis autem de novitate
lea on the prodigii omnibus, miraculum accessit miraculo. Ut
i^rifl<»tion enim Dominus revelaret quid per hoc signum indicii
birth. daret, solam duntaxat matrem ejus per ignem respexit,
per quem cereus quem manu tenebat priori subito luce
incanduit. Et factum est ut totius sanctaB collectee iUius
luminaria ex illo splendorem luminis sint mutuata.
Quid, firatres mei, Deum hoc in facto dicemus prsefigu-
rasse, nisi filinm ex ea nasciturum, in matris jam utero
a Se electum, et setemi luminis ministrum aflfuturum ?
Lectio ii^.
Hisoduca- Natus crgo pucT Dei, sacro est* lavacro intinctus, et B. pp. 7, 8. iiess at Giaa- GlestonisB^ diviuo servitio mancipatus,* ubi primordia in- - fanti83 decora honestatsB indole*^ acerrimus, ut interdum solet, corripuit languor. Quo cum putaretur mox
1 torn] sanctam, ins. L.
^ est] om. L.
* Glestonia'] Glafltonite, G. L.
* mancipatus'] immcipatar, G. ^ honestata tjidoie'] honestiitem in- dolem, G.
AUOTORE ABMJLRDO.
55
B. pp. 7, 8. dissolvi, ecce intempestse noctis silentio desuper respectus, His wonder- coelesti immo et angelica, ut vere credi fas est, medela tira in pristinsB saluti est redonatus. Ilico surgrens et coelestis waiiofthe
j« • J . • n J , . . cnurcii.
medici ductamine perfruens ad monastenum, nescius quid in se divinitus ageretur, impiger tendit. At callidns temptator ejus saluti invidens, fantasticam canum suorum ei importiuiitatem suscitat, quos in se horrido latratu irruentes tenid virga nescienter fugavit. Ventum ergo est ad auke Dei januam, quam postibus ^ hserentem offendens, ascensorium, quo se artifices ad sarta tecta templi mittebant, secure transcendit, sicque altera tecti parte descendens ductu divino cubiculum petiit, et se quieti nescius dedit. Ubi mane inventus cum He is found
sslfiAD insido
consuleretur qualiter illo incolumis adveniret,* qui serotheciureh. pene contiguus morti exterius erat relictus, hoc se ig- norare respondit, et rumorem miraculi grata ignorantia auxit. At matrona cuius curse seffrotans est creditus, Testimony
J . -ji. ii« of his nurse.
cum usque ad transcensum pumse mdefessa exploratnx cuncta prospiceret,* ccelesti prodigio fidele testimonium perhibuit. Miraculum plane divinum, cujus cum se pius* puer negaret conscium, totum constat coelitus peractum et totum fuisse Deificimi.
Lectio m^.
Hac ergo signonmi gratia primsevam commendansHegoesto setatulam, tam Deo quam omnibus complacuit pie J^^*****^ viventibus. Sicut enim mentis, ita crevit et sratiis. introduces
- ^ him to the
Cumque jam flos adolescentiaa in annis adolesceret,* de king. Gkostonia egressus archiepiscopo Dorobemensi Athelmo,* patruo scilicet suo, se jimxit et cohabitare coepit. In • quo idem pontifex gratiam Dei admirans et futurorum honorum indicia prsevidens, in palatio eum prsesentavit
1 postibw] Dei, ins. G. ' advemretl adyeniuet, G. ' pnnpicerei] peiBpicere, G. * piug] om. G.
^ Atkelmd] Adelmo, C. ; Edelmo, G. The most probable date for
Athelm's pontificate is from 914 to 923 ; bnt he is often confounded withi his successor Wulfhelm, who hdd the see of Canterbury from 923 to 942.
56
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Heispix)- motedby Athelstan.
B. pp. 25.
Edmund
S'veshim bwton- buiy.
et regi iEthelstano, quern sacra unctione livit/ magno B. pp. 21- affectu commendavit ; ubi quotidie crescens virtutibus magnus coram rege factus est et principibus. At rege eodem inter intelligibilia disposito, frater ejus Edmundus monarchiam imperii suscepit, et ipse* beato Dunstaao summissus et ejus consiliis gloriosus. A quo etiam^ diversis honoribus sublimatus locum quoque in quo educatus est, Dei informandum servitio suscepit. Unde primum eliminato quicquid oculis supemi Inspectoris^ offendebat, monachus et abbas effectus,'^ monachorum ibi scholam primo primus instituere coepit. Cuius ibi studio sic in brevi simL excrevit reUgio, ut sicut dixi de lam- pade prsegnantis genetrids suae cseterorum per omnem ecclesiam lampades accensas, ita per eum ex hoc loco columen religionis monasticse toto Anglorum orbe dif- fusum sit. Cum autem eidem regi regina sua iElfgeva filium genuisset, regem videlicet paciiicum nomine Edgarum, sanctus Dunstanus in cella sua iis quae ad Deum pertinent ex more intendebat, et audivit quasi in sublimi voces psallentium atque dicentium, ''Pax " Anglorum ecclesiae exorti nunc ® pueri et Dunjstani " nostri tempore." Quod ita fiiisse omnibus pene notum , est.
Lectio iiii.
Edred takes Interfecto autcm in palatio rege Eadmundo inclito fratri b. pp. 29-
cWef mini!- ejus Eadredo thronus regius confirmatus est. Hie beatum ^^'
Dunstanum prse&tis regibus non impar amore coluit, ho-
l| noribus auxit ; cujus prudentise et consilio tam se quam
I omne commisit imperium. Interea iElfegus^ sanctae recor-
dationis Wentanus episcopus, qui beatum Dunstanum
monachatus et presbyteratus gradu decoravit, huic vitae modum fecit. Praefatus autem rex Dunstanum subrogare
He has ft divine reve- lation at the birth of Bdgar.
' /iw<] linivit, G.
' ipBt\ ipso,' L.
> €tiQm\ om. L.
** supemi Inspectoris'] om. G.
^ monachus . . effectus'] om. G.
* fitffic] vere, L.
7 ^Ifheah, bishop of Winchester, 934-951. The occasion here spe- cified is referred in the earlier life to the death of Ethelgar of Crediton.
AUCTOBE ADELARDO.
57
J
1
/
volens per reginam matrem Eadgivam^ eum super hisBdredpro- convenit. Qusb ad se accersitum rerio ascivit convivio. m«Jehim Cui inter prandendum de episcopio suadere et regiam wincheator. sententiam coepit aperire. Ad hsec ille, " Rogo," inquit, " domina, hujusmodi te precibiis ultra cessare. Vere " enim dico tibi me diebus filii tui regis pontificio nonHeieftues *' promovendimi." Dixit hoc vir Dei regem diligens, w«hOT nee ei abesse causa sacerdotii volens. Displicuit autem is ung. verbum hoc coram Domino, ut ei nocte insequenti ' per visum revelatum est. Visum enim est sibi se Romam adisse, et adoratis apostolis ilico redisse. Cumque adHiavinonof Montem Oaudii applicmsset, ecce sanctus Petrus' cum^wsties. coapostolis Paulo atque Andrea occurrit,* singuli singulos gladios manu tenentes eique offerentes ; et gladio sancti, Petri aureis inscriptimi legebatur litteris, " In principio " erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus
&J6I1X1.LL" erat Verbum." Oladii vero sanctorum Pauli atque Andrese propriis inscripti erant nominibus. Tunc sanctus ^ Andreas blande ex evangelic modulando cecinit, " Tollite jugum meum super vos, et discite a me, quia
s.]iatt.zL " mitis sum et humiUs corde, et invenietis requiem
" animabus vestris." Sanctus autem Petrus* *^8"®^^^ rtiSwhim virgam levavit et in palmam levem ictmn vibrando dixit, with hia rod. " Hoc habeas commonitorium, de non recusando ulterius " j^^ Domini." Ad hsec evigilans reliquum noctis divinis laudibus impendit. Mane autem regi visionem retulit admiranti. Rex vero ut erat divina eruditione prseditus, " Cum gladii," inquit, " quos ex ^ apostolica Bdpod inte^ " benedictione suacepisti armaturam pmtencUmt Spiritus ^^"^ " Sancti, sdas pro certo per gladium beati Petri verbo " Dei inacriptum, te archiepiscopatus solio ccelitus donan- " dum." Non ergo cecidit in terram de his omnibus quae gloriose locutus est gloriosus rex.
1 Edgivam, G. Eadgifb, wife of Edward the Elder.
' nocte insequenti] in nocte 9e- qnenti, L.
' Petrus] apostolus, ins. L.
* occurrif] ocenrrerit, L. ^ sanctus'] ei, ins. O. ' This particular is assigned in the earlier life to S. Andrew. 7 ex] in, G.
68 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Lectio v.
Dunstan Inter haec, carissimi, spem eiigamus et beatum Dun- B. p. 3i.
lievedtobo etanum nobis de se coUoquentibus et Christum in eo
the worship- mirabilem prsedicantibus veraciter adesse credamus,^
lampadibus ei accensis appareamus, atque pervigiles
inceptis de eo colloquiis divinis perseveremus. Et ut
i^t ijjnefls ad ordinem redeamus ; rex * Eadredus aegrotavit et de-
speratus est, qui missa celeri legatione patrem confes-
sionum suarum Dunstanum accersivit. Quo festine.ad
palatium tendente et medium jam iter peragente, vox
Duniito desuper, ipso audiente, clare insonuit: "Rex Edredus
his death. " nunc in pace quiescit." Ad banc vocem equus cui
insedit, pondus vocis angeUcae ferre non valens, absque
ulla sessoris laesione, cum interitu suo in terram corruit.
Comitibus autem de repentino jumenti interitu stuporo
attonitis, vir Dei et de voce angelica et de obitu regis
quod latebat aperuit. Ulis ex hoc Deum benedicentibus
et spiritum defiincti in manus Creatoris commendanti-
bus; ecce nuncii post nuncios occurrunt, quodque vox
de ccelo sonuit dictis innuunt. Et emenso jam itinere,
luctu ululantia palatii moenia pater reverendus intrat,
ubi erat videre quid moneat sors conditionis humana}.
Hoflndathe En rex paulo ante milite septus, bysso et purpura
kingde- spleudidus, uunc lamentabile funus, verme et putredine
buries him. opcriendus. Ostcudit sane hie vir virtutum fidem et
veritatem, qui gratiam, quam prsebuit vivo, prsebuit et
defuncto. Caeteris enim retro abeuntibus, et exsequias
regias fastidientibus, ipse cum suis glebam cadaveris
He had be- in sua susccpit, et sepulturae honestissimse tradidit. Sic
Edmund at quoQue ct fratrem ejus Eadmundmn olim funeravit et
Glaston- i, . . -, .
buiy. Glestomae matn terras commendavit.
* veraciter . . crcdamus'] om. L. | ' rrx"] prscfatas, ins. G.
AUCrrORE ADELARDO.
59
Lectio vi. Sepulto reffe, beatus Dunstanns remenso itinere mo- Dunstan
. . XX* 1 . prevents. the
nasteno recipitur. Hic eo tempore trabes maxima u^J^'u culmen templi levabatur, et cum teeto jam foret contigua, S^^^^to* in prseceps multorum minitans interitum vergi ccepit. craw. Sublatus in eoelum cum fragore ruinsB clamor populi Dunstajium oculos cum dextra signo salutis armata opponere coegit. . Cemeres ilico vergenti machina) Dei poientiam obviare, et invisibili quodam effectu eandem machinam in locum ex quo labi coeperat revehi. Quis ibi a laudibus Creatoris Be contineret? Haec et talia*
B. pp. 27, ad lucra animarum fieri dolens, diabolus ut virum
^^' ' sanctum exturbet omnia temptamentorum genera per-
currit. Quem, nocte quadam orantem, in ursi effigieTh«deTU^ aggreditur et cambuttam brachiis complexans, frendens ^^ ^^^^ ore et dentibus, de manu sancti auferre conatus est. In quem vir Dei imperterritus insurgens cambutta in altum triumphaliter sublata horrendum monstrum caedendo
Ft, ixTiii- 1. persequitur. Quo psallente " Exsurgat Deus et dissi- " pentur inimici Ejus, et fiigiant qui oderunt Eum " a fade Ejus/' per subdola bestiarum transformatum fantasmata evanuit. Contritus hic coluber tortuosus, HeinsnirDB
B. pp. 32- Edwii regis se ingerit palatio, ubi per aliam Jezabel woman to et palatinos quorum corda noverat, verba sibilans anguina, ^**^ ad hoc regem provocabat ut columnam lucis ^ eliminare i>t«Mtan. et regno juberet exterminare. Gemente* super hoc grege Domini, diabolus horum se incentorem Aiisse turpi prodidit cachinno. Dunstanus autem exsilio pro .justitia ascriptus mare transiit, regise stirpis virum magniun videlicet adiens Amulfum.* Hic tempore He goes into I eodem nobile quoddam coenobiTmi nomine Blandinium, Sian^uin. / a sancto quondam Amando structum,^ in majori ele- gantia renovavit, ibique magnum Dei sacerdotem Wan-
34.
^ lueu^ ccenobio, ins. G. 3 Gemente] Veniente, L. ; autem, ins. G. ' Arnolf, count of Flanders, son
of Baldwin II. and Elfthritha, daugh- ter of Alfred: he ruled from 918 to 965. ^ Btmctum] construetum, G.
60
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Hestnys dregisiluiu cum sociis archiprsesulibus nutu Dei trans-
Amuif. tulit. Quo beatus Dunstanus aliquamdiu moratus
exempla lucis imitanda reliquit. In quo exsilio Tua
Christe gratia non est destitutus, Qui inter crebra
He 18 Yiflited sanctorum solamina sanctum ei Andream apostolum
drew. ' consolationis Tuse gratia destinasti. In quo Te ipsum
magnus ille fietmulus Tuus amplexus, Alleluia totis
animi organis dixit, gratias Tibi et hymnos persolvit.
Heisro- called by Edifar;
and made bishop of Worcester.
Odo conse- cratofl him
a«( bishop.
Hobeoomes bishop of London ;
and at last archbishop of Canter- buy.
Lectio vii.
Misertus interea Omnipotens Anglorum ecclesiaa Eadgari adolescentis, fiituri scilicet regis, spiritum excitavit, ut necessarium regno exsulem quantocius reduceret, firma- taque sapientum consilio sententia, eum ab insigni Amulfo cum honore et gloria revocavit. Quem honori- fice susceptum, Dei plenum gratia, in episcopatum B. p. 37. Wigradstris ^ ecclesisB promovit. In cujus ordinatione cum Odo archiepiscopus debitum omne rite * persolveret, titulo ecclesiaB cui episcopus datus est conticito, eum ecclesisB Christi Dorobemensis metropolis cunctis ad- mirantibus titulavit. Super quo a circumstantibus modeste redargutus, "Scio," inquit, "carissimi, quid " loquatur in me Deus." Dixit hoc ' sacer pontifex per Spiritum Sanctum, Cujus ministerio fungebatur, futurae in ordinatum a se sanctum antistitem gratiae Dei praescius. Adaucto deinde LundoniensLs ecdesise prae- sulatu tanquam a Domino * audiret " Amice, ascendc s. Luke, xiv. " superius," gemini pontificatus claruit insigni. Et ut veniamus ad summam, pnedicto archiepiscopo patribus suis apposito, cum electionc totius ecclesiae in cathedra patriarchatus successit, cui eum ordinationis tempore Spiritus Sanctus praetitulavit. Num inter haec, fratres mei, praeclara visio memoriae bccurrit, qua ex apostolica benedictione tres ut dictum est gladios promeruit ? In
1 Wigrcunslris'] Wygracistris, L. - rite] om. L.
2 hoc] autcm, G. * a Domino'] om. L.
AUOTORE ADELARDO. 61
qua sicut per gladlTim verbo Dei inscriptum primam Puifiiment Aii£:lorum sedem Christi scilicet ecdesiam sentimus, sic or the three
ADOStlCS.
per gladium Pauli Lundoniam ejusdem apostolatu in-
I signem perpendimus. At gladius a Sancto Andrea
I oblatiis Rofecistris infiilse speciem tenet, in qua etsi
I non^ sedit, cura tamen et soUicitudine suam fecit. Sic
Omnipotens^pro justitia patientes non solum in future,
sed etiam in prsesenti, exaltat, Cujus beneficiis seternis
sit gratiarum actio in ssecula ssBCulorum. Amen.
Lectio viii.
Dunstanus ergo archiepiscopus, doctus* uti armaturaTheexcei- vcrbi Dei olim per visum in gladio verbo Dei inscripto Dunsten aa prsesignata,^ et sibi tandem a Domino credita, sseculo et principibus sseculi altior, in ipsum' serpentem anti- quum ut gigas insurrexit, membra ejus debellavit et armis in quibus confidebat denudavit. Humiles erexit, mitibus blanditus est, Deum timentes et colentes pro- vexit, auctoritate et animi virtute ipsis etiam regibus quasi imperator dominatus est. Eadgarum regem paci- He anointed ficum et filiiun ejus sancttun Eadwardum martyrem, Bdward,and cum rege iEthelredo, in throno patrum suorum sacra unctione perfusos collocavit. Hierarchia ecclesiastica nisi aut claros abbates aut monachos religiosos fungi non permisit, et ipsos divina interdum revelatione designates, ut subjecto probatur exemplo. Beato igitur Heismi- Athelwoldo^ a se educate et in prsesulatu Wentonise '^ tSSden to
, , J 1 !• • ... . oonaeciate
promoto ante se ad coeiestia prsemisso, pussimus eiqueEifeRoto usitatissimus Andreas per visum astitit apostolus, hoc Winchester, oracule usus, "Abbatem nomine Elfegum Wentoniae " consecrabis episcepum." Qui morse ® nescius, Athebe- dum mex regem per internuncios convenit, Dei et sancti apostoli suamque super Elfego abbate aperiens
^ etsi Ron] et, G.
' dodus] dactos, L.
' prasiffnata] ugnata, G.
* Ethelwold was bishop of Win- chester from 963 to 984.
* WenUmitB] Wyntoni»,L. ' mora] moz, L.
62
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Ethelred complies with Biin- stan's ad- monition.
Elfege be- came arch- bishop in AJ).1006.
Dunstan twice saw the mystic Dove.
voluntatem. Bex autem, Dunstanum fidei et veritatis ciibTim pernoscens solidifisimum^ ejusque invincibili auc- toritati contraire Bciens periculmn, prsefettum abbatem sua munificentia et beati Dunfitani benedictione dona- tum Wentoniam destinaVit ad perennem ketitiam civ- ium, ubi postquam annis sedit viginti tribus> patris sui DuBstani meritis Gantiam translatus et arehiepi- scopus ibi levatus est. Actum anno incamati Yerbi miUesimo sexto.^ Magna sunt hsBC quibus, O pater Dunstane^ angelica visione et apostolica visitatione dignissime, nostro attoUeris quocunque praeconio. At majora tibi debentur, sed heec poUuti labii cymbala tangere non merentur. Quse ergo majora, quod tibi purissimo coelestium contemplatori columbam in Jor- dane Christo baptizato visam, velut alteri Johanni bis^ videre datum est ; primo quidem ante, secundo autem * post susceptum episcopatum. Sed tantse puritatis vi- sione purioris eloquentiae auctori commissa, utinam in aures ecdesiae de transitu tuo ad Christum quid digne referam ad Quem semper expeditimi te dederat.*
).j
\
j^
Lectio ix. The warn- " Videtc," iuquit Dominus,* "vigilate et orate, nescitis
inff to watch „ m i, •>»>^« • ■
and pray, " emm quaudo. tcmpus Sit. Quomam per viam mira- s.iiark«ziii. when the culorum Dunstani patris incedentes, et ad sanctum death comes, ejus trausitum quem die hodiema colimus loquendo tendentes, in base verba sancti evangelii offendimus, quibus ipse viam ad coelestia ducentem, videndo, vigi- lando et orando direxit; — ad hsec consideranda ita cor erigamus, domini et fratres mei, ut et ea beati Duii- stani gloriae aperte respondeant, et Dunstani gloria eis grata vicissitudine respondeat. "Videte," inquit Dominus, "vigilate et orate." Dunstanus igitur videns
' mUledmo acxto] qainquagesimo et sexto, G. 3 autem] om. L. - ^ ad . » dederaf] Ipsi honor et
imperium in siecula seculorum, Amen, G. ^ inquit Dominus"] om. G.
AUCTORE ADELARDO. 63
BeT.iT.6b vidit, qui velut animal coeleste ante et retro oculatum^ Dtmstan
I* 1*1 .... •11 1 1^ 1 1* obeyed this
oculis apertis, laqueos inumci eavit et prudenter decli- oommand. navit. VigUavit ut pastor bonus et super se et super
B. p. 44. gregem Domini sui, unde et merito cimi pastoribus, CiLristo nato pemoctantibus, crebro est eoelesti visita- tione gloriatus. Qui transformans in Se sponsam quae
ouit.T.a. loquitur in Canticis canticorum, "Ego dormio et cor " meum vigilat," dum corpore interdum dormiebat corde pervigil ccelestibus intendebat. Nonne quod dicimus His heaven- hoc darebit exemplo ? quod nocte quadam sancto sopori deditus, tanquam ad supema raptus, angelids mulceba- tur concentibus : ibi sanctos spiritus Sanctissimse Tri- nitati in laudem et hominibus in salutem audivit
B.p. SI. modulantes et dicentes, "Kyrie eleyson, Christe eley- son^ Kyrie eleyson." Bursus aliquando cum suis sedenti, et cuidam artificio manibus^ sed mente orationi et ccelestibus intendenti, apparuit gloria Dei. Ecce His harp enim cithara ejus, ssepe mambus ejus et digius saneun- sounded an cata, ut forte parieti haerebat affiza, cimi ml pateretur warning, humani ingemi, ac si arte et pulsu tacta indtaretur, distincte banc ei antiphonam, sicut ab ecclesia canitur modulando resonabat,^ " Qaudent in coelis animae sancto- " rum qui Christi vestigia sunt secuti." et csetera usque in finem. Dulcedo citharse aures omnium de- lectabat, sed signiun sine exemplo stupidos reddebat. Ipse vero sanctorum consdus secretorum qidbus an- gelicum quem solus vidit conjubilare intellexit dtharoe- dum, gloriabatur in Domino. Sic ergo sive dormiens * sive aliud quid corporaliter agens, semper orando vigi- labat et vigilando orabat.
Lectio x.
Quare autem vigilandum sit et orandum subinfertur^Thetimeof cum didtur, "Nesdtis enim quando tempus sit;" et certain, interposita similitudine de homine peregre profeeto^
1 hone . . remmabai] om. G. | ^ peregre profecto] tr. L.
64 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Anaiwi- sermonem attentius commendat dicens, "Vigilate ergo, s. Mark. xm.
being always " ncscitis enim quando dominus domus veniat." Piano sermone commendat nobis Dominus diem vocationis nostrse, paratos nos desiderans invenire. Sed cum
DuMtan plures elcctorum tum etiam beatum Dunstanum diem
and others ^ . . .
had fore- vocatioms susB ccrtum est prsescisse, nee si bi tantum
waminKof ,, *
hiadeatii. soli, sed aliis quoque super eo revelatum fuisse quid est quod pius magister dicit, " Nescitis quando tempus " sit/' et item " nescitis quando dominus domus veniet." Ad quod dicendumnjuia quod interdum Sanctis vocatio eorum revelatur, lioc prius orando, vigilando et legitime certando promeruerunt. Unde cum Faulus diceret, " Ego 2Tim.iv.6. " jam delibor et tempus resolutionis mese instat," sub- junxit, "bonum certamen certavi, cursum consummavi, 2Tim.iv.7. " fidem servavi." Hujusmodi ratione liquet venerabilis Dimstani transitum tum sibi quam etiam aliis revela- tum fuisse. Quod si^ diligenter audieris exempla re- On the feast texam. Dies Dominica Ascensione festivus sexto de- sion, Aif«r," cimo kalcudas [ Juniil * effulsit, diem quo sacer Dun-
afterwai^as i, m, _ , __
biahopof ' stauus coelos cousccudit prsecedens tertius. Et erat f had a vision quidem noctc eadem unus ex clero ecdesise Christi and Sera- nomine Alfoarus* qui post nobilis in Elmham daruit
phimcaUing- . ° -j j j- • • • •
Dunstan episcopus, somno quidem camem sed divmae visionis refectione refovens spiritum. Huic salubriter soporato visum est in ecclesia se fuisse, et ecce dominus Dun- stanus in solio pontificali sedens, astanti sibi clero jura canonica dictans. His intendenti visa sunt agmina ' coelestia coronis aureis rutilantia et stolis albis canden- tia per omnes ecclesise januas magna irruere frequentia. Hsec sese Cherubin atque Seraphin esse proclamantia, et inthronizatum Christi antistitem festa nimis ambi- tione circumdantia, " Salve," inquiunt, " Dimstane noster ! " si paratus es veni et nostro gratiosus jungere con- " tubemio." Respondit Dunstanus, "Scitis, O sancti " spiritus, hodie Christum coelos ascendisse, et mei esse
u
^ si"] om. L. I ' Alfgar was bishop of Elmham
3 Blank in C. and L. from 1001 to 1021.
AUCTORE ADELARDO. 65
" officii concursum in sinum matris ecclesise populum Dunstan is
i^i • . • T i to die on
commumcare verbo et sacramento Cnnsti. Ideoque the next
Saturday.
modo venire nequeo." Et dixerunt, "Paratus esto " die Sabbati nobiscum hinc Bomam transire, quia " oportet te coram summo pontifice nobiscum Sanctus, " Sanctus, Sanctus, fetemaliter canere." His dictis visio disparuit. Hoc ideo per alterum, fratres carissimi, re- velare summse placuit divinitati, ut sanctitas transituri prseconio fulciretur Celebris testimonii.^
Lectio xi. Se quoque de imminente sibi gloria ' divinitus edoc- Thewonder-
-'■■*• " , .fill charac-
timi inter sacrosancta eiusdem diei demonstravit solem- fo'of wa
** - . . Ia«tdi8-
nia. Cum enim ad locum sanctae exhortatioms suae oounoB. ventum est, O qualia, O quanta per organum suum Spiritus Sanctus effiidit ! Nam in verbis gratise quae procedebant conspectui solis hujus apparuit quern ore et corde gessit. Evangelizavit ergo qualiter nunquam ante evangelizavit, et exemplo Domini passuri discipulis in coena mystica pacem et caritatem Suam commen- dantis, Camem Suam et Sanguinem in cibum spiri- tualem transferentis, commissam sibi ecclesiam Deo ^^ii^com- assignavit, verbo erexit atque auctoritate apostolica Toiurdon. a peccatis omnibus absolvit; postremo sacrificio Agni Dei oblato, Deo reconciliavit. Ante communionem vero sanctam, data ex more benedictione ad populum, solito Spiritu Sancto afflatus processit, et sanctarum sententias benedictionum gratiosus absolvit. Dein com- missa onmibus pace et caritate sua, commissorumque absolutione rursus iterata, cunctis velut in angelum Dei intendentibus " Vale idtimimi " dixit. Adhuc His fare- autem populo sanctum ejus colloquium desiderante et desiderabilem ejus vultimi ardenter sitiente satisfactum judicavit, et vitam suam epidaturus ad sanctum altare rediit ; sicque pane vitae refectus, diem ilium spiri-
1 Quod at . . . testimonit] om. G. | ^ ghria] hora, G.
E
66 ' VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
tuali laetitia consummavit. Nonne his claret, domnii et patres, beatum Dunstanum pretiosae mortis suae
Hia last tempus pitescisse ? Sed, ut dictum est, merito pnece- dentis vitae. At jam nunc quomodo invenerit eum Dominus vigilantem audiamu». Die ergo Ascensionis Dominicae prsedicta, coepit columna Dei lente viribus destitui ; languore autem praevalente, lectulo suscipitur, in quo tota sexta feria cum nocte sequenti coelestibus intendens, advenientes et recedentes in Domino confor- tabat. Mane autem^ Sabbati hymnis jam^ matutinalibus peractis, sanctam adesse jubet fratrum^ congregatio-
iiotakeathe ncm. Quibus iterum ^ spiritum conmiendans, viaticum
^nu^ sacramentorum Christi coram se celebratum, ex mensa coelesti suscepit Undo giutias agens Deo psaUere coepit ; " Memoriam fecit mirabiUum Suorum misericors '' et miserator Dominus ; escam dedit timentibus Se." Ps. exi 4» s. Inter quae verba spiritum in manibus Creatoris. red-
His death deus, in pace quievit. O nimis felicem quem Dominus s. i^uke, xii. invenit ita vigilantem. Sepultus sane est in sepulcro a seipso condito, ubi quosque transeuntium pontifica- liter monet sortis propriae.
Lectio xii.
Dunstan Et factum cst in hoc sacro transitu in coelo gaudium
thooompany angclis, pius luctus in ecdesiis, conAisio in inferis. Certum
Angels; est cuim Jerusalem coelestem animam hanc sanctam ob-
viis laetitiaB ministris suscepisse. Incitabant enim eam
crebra suspiria cum ingenti desiderio post se emissa.
Num sanctos angelos laudes Dei in adventu ejus cre«
dendum est siluisse, quem totiens organorum suorum de-
midcebant suavitate ? Maximo autem dum per sancta
cherubin et seraphin, velut quidam angelus aut arch-
angelus ad concinendum sine fine Sauctus,*^ glorioso
of thePatri- per testem idoneum invitari sit visus. Patriarchae autem
archs;
' autem] facto, ios. G. ^jam] om. G. ' fratrum] om. L,
* iterum'] om. G.
^ Sanctua] Sanctus, Sanctas, ins.
99
I
AUCTORE ADELARDO. 67
quasi patriarcham suscepere ; et in sinu Abrahse feliciter condidere. Jure quasi patriarcham quern cseteris patribus et loco et merito praeesse noverunt. Quid de Sanctis refe- rendum prophetis nisi quod certatim se dederint in oscula prophetse venientis ? 'Prophetae, dico, quia inter plura of the Pro- qusB prsedixit barbarorum quoque quam patimur impug- nationem in spiritu prsBvidit, et post excessum suum ven- turam prophetavit, a quibus populum suum liberet om- nium liberator Deus, tanti vatis Sui piis intercessionibus. Num ab apostolis est desertus? non utique desertus,oftheApos- immo gloriose receptus. Num desererent ad patriam et ad Christum venientem quem frequentare dignati sunt in terra peregrinantem. Sed nee sancti martyres; etofthoMar- merito, quia si non deesset occasio occumberet utique gladio. Exempli gratia ; quidam illustrium pro illicito matrimonio saepius ab eo redargutus, sed non oorrectus, gladio tandem evangelico est a Christo divisus. Qui JjJ^l^^g Romam adiens dominum apostolicum pro se Dimstano »»? rebuking scriptis satisfacere optinuit. Hie Dunstanus juxta inter- pretationem nominis sui^ montanus utique lapis, ut mons immobilis, ut lapis angulari lapidi affixus, moveri non potuit: sed ipso apostolico mente altior in se solidus g^^j^ftises perstitit, " Scias," inquiens legato, " nee capitis plexione g^ t^^- "me a^ Domini mei auctoritate movendum." Ecce quomodo cum Johanne propter Herodiadem truncato paratus est gladio occumbere. Jure ergo dictum est eum Heiwd the a Sanctis martyribus non desertum. A Sanctis autem voartyr, confessoribus ut coheeres agnoscitur, cum quibus etiam in mensa Domini epulattu-. Quid de virginibus dicam ? Virginem virgines suscipiunt et reginse suae, angelorumHeianum- videlioet dominatrici, Mariae a Filio et Domino suo coro- wiwitho natum offerunt. Beatus igitur es, care Dei Duostane, qui cum angelis angelus, cum patriarchis patriarcha, cum prophetis propheta, cum apostolis apostolicus ; cum martyribus martyr, plura pro justitia passus, cum con-
> a] ad,L.
E 2
68 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
fessoribus cohsBres, et cum Sanctis virginibus virgo esse
Proof of hiB probaiis mundissimus. Qui cum nubere quondam vo-
chMucter. lulsti, ut Johaunes dilectus Domini, salubriter sBgrotans
virginitatem perpetuam elegisti. Et ideo cum iis qui
Address of non inquinaverunt vestimenta sua Agnum Dei sequeris.
pivyerfor Idco in coena nuptiarum Agni Isetus discumbis.^ Ergo
' cimi talibus et tot civibus in perpetuum feliciter gaude-
bis, et in ligno vitaa setemaliter epulaberis. Euge nunc
Dimstane pie, euge pater benigne, ex hominibus quidem
assumpte, sed ' angelis atque archangelis conjuncte. Quae-
sumus ergo per tantas feUcitates tuas, servulorum post
te suspirantium dementer memorare, jugiter miserere.
Offer, egregie' Dei antistes, pro nobis hostias placationum
et thymiamata precum, quibus expiati te laeti quique
sequamur ad sancta sanctorum, ubi Christus pontifex ad
interpellandum Patrem pro nobis introivit. Ubi et te,
die hodiema pontificali gloria coronatum, regnare prse-
cepit. Qui cum coaetemo Patre et Spiritu Sancto vivit
et regnat nunc^ et per immortalia saecula sseculorum.
Amen. Laus Deo. Amen.
[Eocplidt ^ vita sanoti Patria mostri Dv/nstani ah- breviata per Adela/rdv/m exigwma fam/idv/m Sancti Blandi/nienais ccenobii ; epistola per eum misaa ad Sanctvmi EVphegv/ra CarUuarienais ecdeaixB o/riMepiacopv/m. Soli Deo honor et gloria.]
^ dtscumbW] discumbebis, G. ^ aed"] secundus, G. 3 egregie] om. G.
* nunc"] om. G«
' ExpUdt, &c.] from MS. L.
HI- VITA 8ANCTI DUNSTANI AUCTORE
OSBERNO.
AdeUrdy p. 58.
Pbologus,
Epistola de vita Sancti Dv/nstani, a/rchiepiacopi et
confessoris}
1. Universis catholicse matris ecdesise filiis, confrater l>"i»«™ J^"
, been fre-
eorum per earn quae in Christo est regenerationem, Osber- g*^?^*^ nus, pacem bonam et perpetuam salutem. Multorum ssepe JT**®.*^® ac venerabilium patnun veneranda mihi auctoritas i>«m»t«i. innuit,^ ut vitam magnifici patris Dunstani litterarum monimentis tradere, atque ad Dei laudem hominumque utilitatem ecdesise deberem auribus insinuare. Quibus dum ego, pro fisicienda excusatione, illud et verum obten- derem, esse plura a plerisque non ignobilis usquequaque scientide viris de hac re conscripta ; vererique me homi- S??*^®* num reprehensiones, qui forte inimos nos aut certe teme- Sd J£^"it ratios vocare possent, dum non tam nihil satis nos «ir»dy. habere, quam nihil nobis satis esse posse contenderent ; contra illi magis nihil satis se habere quam nihil satis esse posse retiderunt, et hoc probabilibus rationum firma- mentis velle se astruere dixerunt. Nam eorum, inquiunt, itisaiwwer-
ed that their
quorum prsedpuam interfuit hujus rei diligentiam habere, ^^" ^^' alii etsi satis eleganter non tamen satis diligenter, sed quantum ad noctumum festivitatis officium satis esse judicavere, sermocinandi ad populum modo scripsere.
> The text of the Prologae is from the Harleian MS. 56. (H.), col- lated with the Lambeth MS. 159
(L.), and with the other MSS. F. E. M. N. O. mentioned below, p. 71. ' inmtit] immiiiiiit, F. H. L^ M.
70
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
After allad- ins to
Aaelard and B., he meal' tions that the better writings on the subject were burnt at Canter- bury in AD. 1007.
Some, how- ever, in EniirHsh had survived. -
Osbem therefore undertakes the work.
The merits and faults of it must bechanced to his ad- visers.
Alii autem dum nimis diligenter, quemadmodum quaeque B. p. 4. res acta sit explicare conarentur, elegantiam perdiderunt, atque in illud dicendi genus quod- sufiultum Bomanas princeps eloquentise vocat, inciderunt, quod facilius taedium legentibus quam aliquod audientibus emolumen- turn gignere consuevit. Qui vero in utraque parte ' dicendi elaboraverunt ^ ut essent festivi pariter atque secundum gestas res bene ordinati, horum scripta in illo incendio consumpta sunt, quod ante hos annos sancta Dorobemensis ecclesia cum magno suarum rerum ^ detri- mento perpessa fuisse dinoscitur. Sed ab his, inquiunt, aliqua in patrium id est in Anglicum sermonem translata supersunt, ex quibus id quod petimus elicere, et in La- tinam~3enuo~poteris linguam Deo 8uffi*agante transferre.
2. Itaque his sive rationibus sive rationum auctoribus ad scribendum traductus, malebam alienee volimtati bene- dicendo obtemperare quam propriaB serviens voluntati a bene dicendo temperare. Verum ad hoc audendum non sine quadam pudoris suflFusione accedo ; propterea quod omnium ora in me esse existimo veluti in hominem more Laolii novas dicendi victorias pollicentem, et quasi ea quae ab aliis commode dicta sunt commodius se dicturum prai- sumentem. Sed ego neque illos minus commode dixisse reprehendo, neque me commodius dicturum promitto ; sed sive id dignum fuerit, sive pro tanta rerum materia digno contrarium ; quod intendo illorum meritis aut culpse ascribo, quorum imperio atque importunitate victus hsec scribo. Quam vis et mea volimtas tantum devotionis erga eundem patrem et dominum nostrum obtinere de- beat, ut si nuUi vellent ista a me expetere, ego pro persona mea non dubitarem ingerere. Ita namque cum in alios me vidente, turn in meipsum me sentiente, ejus merita valuere. Sed non fuit consilium quid vel in alios me vidente, vel in meipsum me sentiente, hoc in libello dicere ; in alio vero qui de signis ad sepulcrum ejus per-
* elaboraverunt'] laboraverant, L. | ' suarum rerum'] Buonim, H.
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
71
petratis scribetur, dicere consilium fuit. Nunc autem He adds a
• •«• I* •! 1* •11* I .• book on the
pnmoFoia nativitatis illius, processum setatis^ cum aug- Mimdes. mento gratiaa coelestis, oommutaiionem mortalis saeculi pro immortalitate seterni sasculi, quam verissime cona- bor absolvere; omissis omnibus hiis quae ita fuere mi- rabilia ut infidelibus videantur incredibilia. Ac me quidem hiis enarrandis imparem scio ; sed in Ejus nomine, in Quem ipse fideliter credidit et Cui ipse fidele opens ministerium exhibuit, ista aggredi temptabo.
ExpUdt prologus in vUam Sancti DuuTietani archi- epiacopi Cantiia/rienais per Osbernv/m mcma- chvmi et prcBceifUorvmi f^usdem ecdeeicB Christi CarduarieTisia,
z^-
Incipit Vita Sancti Dunstani Cantuariensis Archi-
episcopi et confessoris.^
3. Regnante magnifico Anglorum rege ^thelstano, Dunston
. 1 . ... . 1 . . , was bom in
anno qmdem impeni ejus pnmo, adventus vero Anglo- the first rum in Britanniam quadringentesimo nonagesimo sep- .stheistan,
1 timo, cum idem rex hostibus circumquaque subactis pace .
' et Concordia regnum tueretur,^ natus est puer Dei Dun- stanus Wessaxonicis ^ Anglias partibus, magnis quidem pro saeculi dignitate parentibus, sed ad religionem, quae Christianos decet, longe majoribus. Tanta siquidem virtutis ratione viventes animum colebant, tot piis ope- ribus laborantes insudabant, ut communem mortalibus viam ingressi angelicis spiritibus mererentur associari; sicut eidem filio suo postmodum divina * revelatione iimotuit. Quod non alienum est divinitatis consilio fac- tum conjicere ; ut videlicet tantus infans tales parentes
' The text is from the Bodleian MS. 285 (R.)» coUated with the MS. Digby 110 (D.), the Harleian 56 (H.), the Harleian 315 (I.), the LambeUi 159 (L.), the Arondel MS. 16 (F.), the Cottonian Tibe- rius, D. ni. (E.), and Tiberias D. IV. (K.), theMSS. 2475 (M.), 5^84
(N.), 5348 (O.), and 5989 (P.), in the Royal Library at Paris; also with the version of Mabillon and the BollandiatB.
^ tueretur] teneretur, L.
' Weasaxonicis] Sazonioi8,0.
* divina'] om. R.
• «« Vk«
72 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The raorits haberet, qui cum ipsi bene viverent, turn bene vivendi parents. formam nascituro ex se filio tradere possent. Mag- num quippe Deus ilium futurum prsevidebat, quem ibi duleedinis Suae benedictionibus pnevenerat, ubi omnes filii Adam nativsB maledictionis sententiam ex- cipiunt, si non per assumptam a Filio Dei humani habitus formam ad pristinam reformentur beatitudinem. Magnum inquam Deus iUum futurum prsevidebat, cui tantum muneris donatum est^ ut ante mundo signis innoteseeret ^ quam hunc in hujus mundi lucem mater fudisset. Atque ut csetera dilucide et ordinate proce- dant, hinc dicendi initia constituam. Tho mirafiio 4. Matemis igitur sinibus sacro puerperio intumeseen- Adelard, ofthoPuri- tibus, dies Purificationis sanctae ac perpetuae Virginis P* ^^' before hia MarisB illuxit festivus. Cumquc vicinus illic undique populus ad ccclesiam eidem Virgini in Glestonia* dicatam conflueret, ut devotionis suae ministerium in tanta solem- nitate Regi regum Christo persolveret, contigit patrem pueri Herstanum cum conjuge sua* Kynedritha* adve- nisse, acccnsisque lampadibus sacris Missarum solenniis interfuisse. Jamque plurimam diumi servitii partem clerus absolverat, jam quemadmodum puerum Jesum in templum parentes inducerent, recitari coeperat, cum repente majestas Domini in templo apparuit, quae omnia omnium luminaria extinxit totamque domum tenebrosa caligine obtexit. Hinc gelidus omnium membra pavor perserpit, rigent comae, genua collidun- tur. Stabant quippe sensu haerentes, et altemis obtu- tibus stuporem indicantes. Sed ut omnibus darum fieret quid in hac re ea quae apparuit majestas* in- tenderet, extemplo lux coelitus ^ emissa in templo resplenduit, et eum quem puerpera manu tenebat cereum accendit. Si ante populus de amisso liunine niiratus est, nunc majori admii-atione simul et ex- ultatione detinebatur. Exultabat namque prsesentem se
* innotescerei] ignotcsccret, O. ^ GlesUmid] Glastouio, L. ^ sua] om. L.
* Kynedritha] Eynedryda, L., Kynedrida, U. M.
^ majestas] Domini, inB. B.
• ctrliius] om. O.
I m • nm. mmgif' t-'u^^i^^^— ■^^t—t^yyqBpwPiUBg^^
. AUCTORE OSBERNO. 73
Dei gratiam vidisse ; sed mirabatur banc sibi per foemi- ^Jj^j^^ nam provenisse. Hue itaque ab omnibus est perrec- the Baptiat turn et hinc lumen omnibus porrectum. Habemus ergo ™^*
8.LttkoL novum de nova Elisabeth^ Johannem, habemus nostri
Jeram.L6. temporis Jeremiam: quorum alterum Deus, alterum Dei archangelus, in matris' utero sanctificatum asseruit. Atque ut excellentiorem gratiam advertas, qua die Filius Dei ' a matre virgine in templo est prsesentatus, ea nimirum puer Dei in matris utero ad templum est deportatus. Lumen ad revelationem gentiimi et glo-
8.LnkQ,ii riam Israel Sanctus Symeon e^idtando proclamabat:^ lumen nihilominus in terra Anglorum ezortum Christus, Qui verum lumen est^ lumine dedarabat.
5. Postquam autem edendi partus tempus advenit, mu- Birth, bM>- lier genuit filium, quantitate quidem corporis parvulum, SSingS sed ea qua prseventus fuerat gratia Dei immensum. ^^"^^■*^ Inde statim secundse generationis honore potitus^ fu- turam fidei illius soliditatem jam tunc divinitus prse- figuratam in nomine ^ sortitmr ; Dimstanus, quod petrse firmitatem sonat, parentum suonuQ annotatione voci- tatur.^ Deinde cum teneros infantise annos sequens letas exclusisset, et linguam in apertos sonos jam formare coepisset, ad templum nascentise i^ius miracido quondam insigne cum oblationibus hostiarum defertur, immo ipse hostia viva sancta Deo placens offertur. Ibi Vuionof
B. p. 7. illis in oratione pemoctantibus apparuit vir, aethereos buiidingaat habens vultus. Locum dixit non multo post tempore bury, sublimandum, puerum ibidem Deo relinquendum, et beatum ilium per ssecula prsedicandum. Tum mensoris funiculum per plana atrii extendens, "Sic," inquit, " aBdificabitur locus iste ad prseparanda corda illorum " Domino qui hoc in loco per hunc puerum Domino " credituri sunt." Qua illi revelatione vehementer gavisi immensas Omnipotenti Deo laudes persolvunt; com-
1 EHs(^th} Elizabeth, L.
' wiairU] om. R.
•* Deil oin. L.
* yroclamab'Ml proclamat, L.
* prafiguraiam in nomine] om. K.
* vociiatur'] vocitatiis, D. F. K. L.M.
74
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
HewMa mendantes puerum in templo ut esset Levi^ Domino ' et portio illius ezisteret Donunus, quemadmodum Moysi dictum est, cum divideret Judssorum per tribus sin- gulars incolatus^ ; " Non erit tribui Levi sors inter &atres " suos, dicit Dominus ; quia Dominus Deus pars illorum Numb.xviiL " est " Unde -Petrus ostendens se portionem in Deo habere, non in saacido, "Argentum," inquit, "etaurum* " non habeo ; sed quod habeo hoc tibi do. In nomine " Jesu Nazareni surge et ambula." Hoc est ; aurum non Acts lu. 6. est portio mea; ai^entum non est portio mea; portio mea Christus est ; hoc nomen munificum, hoc nomen mihi fructuosum est. Talis ergo portionis fructum tirun- cuius Christi in timore sancto assecutus,' aasidua mi- nistratione Domino serviebat, proficiens quoiidie tam in scientia pietatis quam in virtute sanctitatis.
state of 6. Ea tempestate Qlestonla^ regalibus stipendiis ad-B. p. lo.
at^etixnS^ dicta, monasticee religionis penitus erat* ignara. Non-^^]"^
dum enim in Anglia communis vitee ratio colebatur, non usus deserendi proprias voluntates hominibus affecta- batur. Abbatis nomen vix quisquam* audierat. Con- ventus monachorum non satis quispiam viderat. Sed cui forte id voluntatis erat ut peregrinam veUet trans- igere vitam; is modo solus modo paucos^ ejusdem propositi comitatus, patrios egrediebatur fines, et qua opportimitas. vivendi licentiam dabat, illic alienigena vitam agebat. Hicque mos cum plerosque tum vehe- irishpu- menter adhuc manet Hibemos, quia quod aJiis bona * voluntas in consuetudinem hoc illis consuetudo vertit in naturam. Quorum multi atque illustres viri divinis ac ssecularibus litteris nobiliter eruditi, dum relicta Hibemia in terram Anglorum peregrinaturi venissent, locumque habitationis suae Glestoniam delegissent;
p. 54.
1 Lem] Levis, F.H. O. M.
2 incoUUus] incolatmn, B. ' assecuius] est, ins. L.
< Gleatonid] Glastonia, L. The whole paragraph down to redundaret 18 omitted in K.
* erat'] om. L.
* quisquam] quispiam, L.
7 paucos] So E. F. H. L. D. K. ; paucis. Boll. Mah.
il
AUCrOBE OSBERNO. 75
propterea quod esset et a civili multitudine sequestra- school of • tus et humanis usibus accommodus, et, quod maxime whereyounff
, nobles were^
affectabant peregrini, Fatricii religiosa veneratione, glo- taught, liosus, qui olim evangelizaado regnum Dei illuc perve* niens, vita, doctnna, signis, mirabilibus, multipliciter daruisse et post omnia hsec ibidem in Domino quievisse perhibetur. Cum ergo hi tales viri talibus de causis Qlestoniam vemssent, nee tamen quioquid sibi necessa- rium erat suffidentissime in loco repperissent, suscipiunt filios nobilium liberalibus studiis imbuendos, ut quod minus ad usum loci ubertas exhiberet, eorum quos docebant liberalitate redundaret. B. p. 8. 7. Adest ergo nobilissimus in Christo puer Dunstanus, Dunstau's
^ 54^ ' inter alios unus, immo prse aliis solus ; ubi paulo diligentius quam imbedlla setas ferre posset, litterarum studio intentus, acerrimo in tenello corpore languore fatigatur; adeo ut per aliquot dies nee quid ageret nee quid ab aliis ageretur, ipse intenderet. Flebat au- hu* ainoss, tern scolasticorum cosetanea^ turba, flebat tota domus familia; ipsi doctores recordantes modestiam pueri, ingenium, nobilitatem, educationem. Cumque jam in limine mors* adesse putaretur, nihilque aliud quam and mimcu- funeris obsequium meditaretur, ecce intempesta noctecovcry. coelestis ilium medicina revisit, quam ei per angelicum ministerium Cbristus exhibuit. Ac ne qua salutis mora innecteretur, ubi divina provenerat medicina, con- festim de lectulo surgens doloris, ad templum Deo gra- tias acturus moderata velocitate currit,^ habens Ilium in itinere ductorem, Quem in sagritudine habuit Sal* vatorem. Stupefacti magnitudine facti qui in domo He rises erant, qui segrotantis iUius curam gerebant, lento pedoandcoosto
.. 1* • 1 , e* • • ^^^, A the church.
preeeuntis vestigia terunt, nnem rei cunosa agilitato explorantes. Necdum medium itineris confecerat cum malignus spiritus, sive ejus saluti invidens seu futuram religionem suspectam habens, latrantium canum multi- tudine stipatus occurrit, viamque eunti intercludere
* coatanca'] cooctaueoruiu, R. | ^ currit] cucurrit, K. ^ mora] mortis, R. I
76 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
•Ho drives contendit. Exdamat itaque puer Christum, pavore
dovfl'sdogs. conterritus, sed ductoris sui prsesidio vallatus ; virgam arripit,' quam in faciem obsistentis simulacri vibrans, ipsuin cum omni comitatu in fugam compeUit. O sane- turn et teiribile Christi Nomen, sapientibus absconditum, parvuKs revelatum 1 Ecce draco quem initium figmentiPfcdv.M. sui finxit Deus ad illudendum ei, non solum ab angelis Dei illuditur, verum etiam a puero parvulo superatur. Vere detracta est ad inferos superbia ejus, in profundum isa. xIt. is. lad concidit cadaver illius. Sed in quo ista noster potuit parvulus, nisi in Illo Qui cum sit Deus super omnia benedictus in saecula, parvulus de virgine natus est
He finds the uobis, Filius a Fatre datus est nobis ? Dunstanus igitur laa. ii. 6.
ci(^: ad portam templi veniens, sed eandem repagulis obser-
oliinbs the i • •' i •••x'lix • * ^
ladderand atam mvemens, scalam cui inniti solebant, qui superiora
i^de? templi sarciebant, ignoranter et quasi per excessum^
mentis ascendit. Inde ad alteram tecti partem qua
nullus erat descensus progrediens, angelicis manibus ad
solum deponitur, et in interiora templi non patentibus
claustris inducitur. Orta autem luce dum per vicinas
domos quaestio de puero facta ftdsset, repertus est in
templo cum iis qui noctumas custodies agebant,
leni sopore offiisus.^ Bogatus ut tam mirabilis eventus
Hodeciaros Hiodum exponeret, non esse haBC in sua conscientia
mwonacioM rcspoudit, ot ignorautium mentes majori ambiguo de-
at the tune, ^j^^it. Sed hii quos explorandi gratia puerum secutos
fuisse praediximus, de omnibus quae usque ad suprema
templi fastigia contigerant, claro et probato* sermono
testificantur. Caetera vero quoniam et illos et puerum
latuerunt, sola Dei potentia mirabiliter patrata fuisse
claruerunt. Magno igitur * timore concussi omnes qui
audierunt cogitabant quidnam esset quod puero con-
tigisset; dicentes ad alterutrum, "Quid sibi vult pucr
" iste, cui tot et tam sancta pracconia attestantur ? Qui
^ arripii] arripuit, L. ; aecipit, Boll. ^ exce&suni] ezcoBsam, D.
' offiuus"] efiusus, L. D. ; effessus, B.
* probaio] turbato, L.
* igiiur] ergo, R.
u it u (t t( li
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 77
ante beatus quam natus : ante virtus prodidit fflori- The wit- osum quam setas probaret adultum/ bingulan gratiaceptitasa hunc praeditum videmus, quern angelus aegrotum sanavit, diabolus sanatum contremuit, ecdesia signata excepit." Et denuo orantes, " Augeat/' inquiunt, Deus meritum pueri ad gloriam Sui/' At ille regentis se Christi Spiritu repletus, aures quidem corporis a suis laudibus avertebat, sed in secreto pectusculi Deum bene- dicebat. Ab illo itaque die in tanta admiratione habitus est^ ut plurima ilium utriusque sexus midtitudo quamvis adhuc delicatum videre cuperet. Ipse vero quanto excellentiora audiebat, tanto de se minora sentire.^
B.p. 10. 8. Jamque vemans setas adolescentiae decus induerat^ He takes
* . . J. , . minor
cum eum parentes sui sacros ordines rogarent susci- ordew. pere, ut qui fiierat a primseva setate Domino electus per hujusmodi gratiam eidem conjunctius adhsereret. Quorum ille voluntate humiliter parens minores gradus et habitu suscepit et vitse honestate servavit. Tum vero, quod illi aetati non parvo omamento * est, certabat omnes officio superare, gratia et affabilitate omnes an- teire, servare pudicitiam, fiigere lasciviam ; appetitor honesti, turpitudinis ^ execrator; majonmi natu collo- His demean-
• •1 . II* 11* •■! 1 our in Ilia
quiis adesse, juveniun ludicra declmare ; ciborum ab- youth, stinens, somno temperans, incessu gravis, neque facile moveri loco, neque abrupte loqui ; magnaa fiduciae ad incipiendum bonum, constantise ad perficiendum; prin- cipium bene agendi Deum semper habere, finem vero Eidem commendare. Moribus^ quoque bonis accessit studium sacrae lectionis,® cujus exercitio et vitiorum importunitates evitabat et virtutum augmenta nutrie- bat. Et quoniam studium parvam habet efficaciam ubi naturale ingenium non suggerit intelligentiam, auctore Deo sic utraque praeditus erat, ut et facilitate ingenii
* Qidd . . . adaUuM] om. B. ^ 8aiHre] sentiebat, R ' omamento] om. B.
torpis, B. ; honestatis, taipitudiniB, O.L. ' Moribml MaJoriboB, D.
^ honesti, turpitudnoM ] honeBti, I ^ lectionis] religioniB, B.
78
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
fle learns music ; but not as a iooeof uxury.
K
HiapTogreM quamlibet rem acutissime intelligeret, et occupationc studii quodcunque intellectum faisset firmissime retine- ret. Ex quo in brevi factum est ut neque pneceptoribus suis imperitior, et condiscipulorum peritissimiB ^ multo esset ipse peritior. Fhilosophorum scientias quas earum rerum quae sunt et quae aliter esse non^ possunt cog- nitionem^ veritatis vetustas esse diffinit, ut sunt mag- nitudines, et earum aliae manentes motuque carent^, alias vero quae mobili semper ratione vertuntur nee ullis temporibus adquiescunt; midtitudines quoque, et earum nihilominus alias per se, aliae in ratione positae ; — horum inquam scientias diligenti excoluit ratione, mag- nam in his et constantem prospiciens esse perfectionem. Et quamvis his onmibus artibus magnifice poUeret, ejus tamen multitudinis quae musicam instruit, eam videlicet quae instrumentis agitatur, speciali quadam affectione vendicabat scientiam ; sicut David psalterium sumens, citharam percutiens, modificans organa, dmbala tangens; sed non sicut hii quorum inertiam et luxu- riosum otium propheticus noster increpat armentarius ; " Qui dormitis," inquit, " in lectis ebumeis, et lasdvitis " in stratis vestris; qui comeditis agnum de grege et " vitidos de medio armenti ; qui canitis ad vocem psalterii, sicut David. Putaverunt se vasa cantici habere, bibentes in phialis vinum." Nee eo ista com- Amofl»Ti.«. memoramus quo hiis opus esse ad perfectionem ten- denti arbitremur, sed ut multiplices Dei gratias in juvene commendemus. Nam omnibus saecularibus studiis praeferebat scientiam pietatis, quae in evange- licis et apostolicis continetur litteris, dum sua semper ingenia sanctorum patnun auctoritati contradens, et ambas res ad easdem litteras conferens,^ fidem veram, morum disciplinam, et quod unum ac solum prae om- nibus quaerendmn est, vitam aetemam se invenisse
ft
tt
He loved pietv abov all tilings.
1 peritisnmis] peritissimonun, B.
^ non] om. L.
3 cognitionem ] cognitione, R.
This ifl a quotation from Bdetios de ArithmeHca, 0pp. p. 1296.
^ co^ferens] Here the Harleian MS. 815 (I.) begins.
AirCTOUE OSBERNO. 79
gaudebat. Sicut ergo David nostri simphonista vasa cantici habuit, quia usum illorum non nisi in divinis Heconid laudibus expendit. Prseterea manu aptus ad omnia, carve, posse facere picturam, litteras formare, scalpello ^ impri- mere, ex auro, argento, aere et ferro, quicquid liberet operari.
Adeiard, 9. Tunc audita fama venerabilis viri Cantuariorum He soes to
0*55 !•• •Aii«»» nf vlwt the
*^' • archiepiBcopi Athelmi, eujus ipse erat nepos et nlius archbishop,
fratris, permissu parentum suorum proficiscitur ad eun- dem, quatenus tanti parentis et cognitionem haberet et vitee illius exemplo juveniles mores informaret. Lseta- batur itaque episcopus nimis in adventu nepotis, con- sideraos in iUo venustatem corporis, animi vigorem m totius honestatis eminentiam. Unde eo quo afflatus est Dei Spiritu vas electionis ilium futurum prsenoscens, potiori gradu decorare et regi iStbelstano feniiliari jj^"jjj^ contestatione eum studuit commendare. " Hunc," ait, *« the king. " juvenem mihi quidem plurimum, regime vero stirpi non* '' nullo consanguinitatis jure devinctum, vestrse excel- " lenti8B commendo, ut stet jugiter in conspectu vestro, " audiatque verbum ex ore domini mei regis. Expe- '' riar^ in illo gratiam vestram, "quam multiplicem *' ssepe in maximis rebus expertus sum, et deinceps '' amplius me experturum confido." Quod rex prompta cordis alacritate accipiens, oblatum juvenem gratissime ^^^^ excepit, unice dilexit, post hsBC necessariis quoque rebus ^J^^****^^" regia vice praeesse constituit. Dunstanus igitur, terreno degens in palatio, egrediebatur et ingrediebatur ad imperium regis, et prosperatum est in manibus ipsius quicquid operis ipse coepisset. Et nunc quidem sur- gens ad orandum Deum, nunc sedens ad dijudicandas causas hominum, ita se sapienter ac circumspecte age* bat, ut et Deo per omnia placeret, nee aliquem pie viventium sua culpa offenderet. Dominus enim erat
Gen. mix. ciun iUo, et Omnia ejus opera dirigebat. Iterum cum
* 4ca/pe//o] Bcnlpello, L., Bca- | ' Experiar"] circa me, ins. R. pello, I. N. I
80 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He plays on videret domimim regem sa3cularibus curis fiEitigatum, before ftio psallebat in tympano sive in cithara, sive alio quo-
libet musici generis instrumento ; quo facto tarn regis
quam omniiim corda principum exhilarabat.
Heisasked 10. Tiinc cujusdam matronsB frequenti ac religioso ro- B. pp. 20- desi^^fors gatu compellatus est, ut ei stolam sacerdotalem artifidosa operatione praepingeret, quam postea ad divinos cultus aurifactoiia imitatione figuraret. Qui assiimpta in ma- nibus cithara, ad domum tendit religiosae, citharam in pariete suspendit, opus ad quod venerat diligenter in- stituit. Cumque manum operi, cor autem atque labia Deo prsepaniret, apparuit in domo gloria Domini, qu» ilium jocunda suavitate reficiebat, caeteros vero insolita admiratione exterritos reddebat. Nam cithara iUius quam affixam parieti fuisse diximus, ita ut erat, pen- dens in paxillo, absque ullo moventis dumtaxat hominis impiilsu, consuetam omnibus hujus antiphonse melodiam acutissima simul ac discretissima modulatione perso- Hisharp nuit ; " Gaudent in coelis animsB sanctorum qui Christi
play 8 an ' ^
whuShois " vestigia sunt secuti, et quia pro Ejus amore sangui-- 80 employed. <' nem suum fuderunt, ideo cum Christo gaudebunt ^ in " seternum." Exrfliunt itaque obstrepentes puellulse,* materfSaxailias, omnisque domus clientela, vociferans^ hominem nimium esse sapientem, amplius eum quam quod expediat scire. At ille mundissimo mundissimi cordis intuitu coelestem ilium musicum intendens, ad- moneri se intelligit, ut vias duriores arripiat, ut Christi vestigia propius sequatur, ut sanguinis sui eflftisionem non metuat, si* Dei regnum et vitam delectat** habere setemam.® Audivimus olim rudentem asinam verba edi- disse; citharam vero sine humano impiilsu^ sensualiter cecinisse nunquam audivimus. Ilia insidentem ne mo- reretur retinuit; ista ne mors timeretur admonuit.^
1 gatuiebunt] regnabant,L. See above, p. 21. 3 pueBula] paellae, B. ^ vociferans'] yociferaiitcB, R. * «] Bed, D.
^ deUetat"} delectetj L. " atemam] perpetuam, R. 7 impulsu'] pnlsu, L. ^ lUa . . admonuit'] om. L.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 81
Ilia angelicos vultus pertimescens subsedit, ista ad as- This pectum ^ Dei et angelorum HUus omnes audientes invi- indeed, tavit. Sed Tua hsec sunt, Christe, magnalia, qusB in ISio Dunstano operari et per nostrum ministerium prsedicari hominibus voluisti. B.pp. 11- 11- Accensus ergo* furore diabolus, quod tarn Sanctis The devii 13- principiis juvenem niti conspiceret, in invidiam aliquo- i>unrtMi'8
rum eum conatus est adducere, ignorans malam volun- tatem suam Deo famulari, ad perfidendam Dei bonam voluntatem in homine, quern ad conregnandnm et con- gaudendum ipse prsedestinaverat. Inflammat itaque in- videntise stimulos, operarios iniquitatis, qui conficto mendacio opinionem juvenis apud regem Isedant; asse- rentes' ilium malis artibus imbutum, nee quicquam divino auxiUo sed pleraque d^monum pmstigio ope- rari. Advertens autem Dunstanus fieMuem regis non esse He leaves, sieut heri et nudiustertius, palatio discedere parat ; malens regem sponte sua deserere quam ipse invitus a rege derelinqui. Quod ubi compertum est ab his qui probitatis illius improbissimi semulatores exstiterant, insidiis iter obsident, socios disturbant, ilium equo de- jidunt; suppliciis affligunt; postremo vinculis irretitum Heisat- in dstemam quse juxta erat depellmit. Cum interim plunged in a horrendo molossorum agmine defensus, a quibusdam delivered by hominibus invenitur, quorum studio ac pietate ad vicum fovendus transfertur. Tum ille ex profiindo cordis sus- B. p. 13. pirio ingemiscens ait, " O sseva propinquorum meorum ** vesania, in caninam ssevitiam ex dilectionis humani- '' tate mutata. Nam irrationalis canum natura dilec- <' tionem mihi humanitatis blandiendo exhibuit, pro- " pinquitas vero humanitatem oblita infestantium canum " me severitatem ostendit." Intellexit ergo hoc esse principium certaminis ad quod ilium divinus nuper citharoedus prsemonuit.
* aspwtum] affectum, L. | ' aMerentes] affiimantes, R.
2 ergo] igitur, D. F. K. L. M. I
82
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan is invited by EUegeto become a monk.
His argu- ment in re- ply, and £lfege'8 answer.
Dunstan deliberates.
12. Profectus autem inde cognatum pontificem adiit B. pp. is, iElphegum/ qui tunc temporis, Wentaiwe prsesidens ecde- sise^ vitam virtutibus decorabat. A. quo frequenti sup- plicatione rogatus ut monachum indueret, quatenus qui angelicse conversationis initda haberet, perseverantiam in habitu demonstraret ; respondit ille excellentioris gratisd esse qui in saeculo consenuit et iamen quae mo- nacho digna sunt fecit, eo qui se monasterio dedit, nee quicquam aliud prseterquam quod sibi statutum est post haec facere potuit. "Alteram," inquit, "necessi- tatis est, alteram libertatis." Ad hsec episcopus, Omnibus,'' ait, "in commune summa necessitas est, ut qui ignem gehennsa voluerit effiigere, ignem con- cupiscentisB studeat extinguere. Ignis vero concu- piscentisB non multum extinguitur, si fomenta iUius humanis sensibus non subtrahuntur. Sicut enim ligna ad ignem, sic ea quae sensibus subjacent, ad concupiscentiam. Sed nulla erit fomentoram sub- tractio, si saeculariiun negotioram non fuerit renun- ciatio. Ex quibus omnibus id elicitur; ut si ignem gehennas volueris eflftigere, saBCulo studeas renunciare. Ad h»c quod praedpue in mundo appetitur, libertas est hominis. Hac enim omissa, caetera possideri ne- queunt.* Quod si possidentur, ilia non desinit ha- beri. Quapropter quamdiu illam retinueris, illud Deo non dedisti, quod maxime dilexisti: ut ergo des quod maxime diligis, iUa desinat haberi." Cum ergo * hiis et hujuscemodi verbis per singulos dies episcopus insisteret ; et Dunstanus aut veris aut verisi- millimis rationibus insistentem differret, quadam die vehementer hoc cogitationis ambiguo pulsatus est, ut quid in vita quam maxime appetendum fiiisset, virtus an voluptas, uxor an virginitas, magnopere deliberaret. Quem sub tali ambiguo positum gravissima febris in- vasit, atque ad desperationem vitae perduxit. Jacebat
^ ^Iphegum] Elphegam, H. L. ; Elfegum, D.
^ nequeunf] non quennt, L. ' «n;o] igitnr, D. F. £L L. 1£
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 83
itaque sine exspectatione salutis segrotans, nee nllom Aftera intuentibus viventis sensiim prsebens. Turn ex inspe- neas he de- rate recalescens, "Hie," ait, "legibus voluptatJLs renun- become a " do, hie me sempitemum sibi adversarium promitto. '' Nil eum nxore foederis paeisear ; sola me virtus mili- '' tern habebit. Tnsaniim quippe est illam animi mei " dominatricem sustinere, qusQ nee viventes reddit sa- " tiatos, et morientes relinquit desperates. Virginem " me Virginia Filius hue usque servavit; virginem me '' virginum regina Maria habebit." Confestim aceito ad se episeopo, postulat sibi dilates religionis benedie- tionem dari. Episcopus, immensa laBtitia pro salute and is re-
• 1 . . . . ft 1 •! Ml oeivedasone
sunul et conversione juvenis perfusus, celenter ilium by EUege. monachali ac sacerdotali gratia promovit, attdtulans ecdesiaB beatae MarisB^ Yirginis, cui eum ab initio parentum suorum sponsio dieavit.
13. Consummatis autem primis inceptse conversionisHefsoesto diebus, cum eum episcopus ad versus insidias diaboU ^t^un^at sermone instruxisset et auetoritate roborasset, dimisit bmy. eum proficiscentem ad locum suse generationis prin- dpium ; ibique in ecdesia prsefisktae ^ Virginis mansitabat, operans ea quae pisB religionis norma exigebat. Cui etiam adhserentem cellam sive destinam sive spelaBum, sive alio quolibet nomine rectius nominari potest, non enim invenio qua id appellatione quam proximo vocem, ^^ooantoc cum non tarn humani habitaculi quam formam g^^t^bichhe sepuleri ; propriis laboribus fabripavit. Ut enim de re quam ipse vidi, testimonium feram, quantum mea fert aestimatio, longitudo ejusdem ceUae non amplius quin- que pedum, latitude vero duos semis pedes habet. Porro altitude staturam exprimit hominis, si quis in defossa terra constiterit. Aliter enim neque satis ad pectus porrigitur, ut, sicut dixi, magis mortui videatur sepul- crum quam viventis habitaculum. Unde manifestum
> Maria} om. B. | ' prttfata} beats, L.
F 2
84
VITA SANCTI DXJNSTANI
Dunstan's cell.
Yisited by the author.
A visit from the devil.
Danstan heats his tongs.
est ilium neque^ jacendo somnos oepisse et^ stando semper Deum orasse. Ostiolimi autem idem est quod ^ paries. Quod enim ingredient! ostium, idem ingresso paries fiebat. Neque vero in tantillo opere ostium nisi in toto fieri valebat. Medium ostioli fenestella aperit, per quam lumen operanti irradiavit. Miserum me ac peccatorem fateor inspexisse sanctum sessionis ipsius locum, vidisseque etiam manuum illius opera, pecca* tricibus manibus contrectasse, oculis apposuisse, rigasse lacr3rmis et flexis genibus adorasse. Becordatus nam- que sum quam saepe clamantem me in periculis exau- dierit, quam misericorditer auxUiatus fuerit, et idcirco neque lacrymis temperare, neque si fieri potuisset inde recedere volebam.* Hsec juveni domus, hie lectus, hoc de toto mundo spectaculum. Sed his angustiis ampla et spatiosa urbium moenia comparari non possunt, cum per easdem angustias hodie et febridtantes ^ salutem obtineant, et dsemonum furores quiescant, et plurima invalitudo convalescat.
14. Verimi ne paupertatem illius diabolus misereri* videatur, quem antea non sinebat in palatio habitare, eum nunc nititur depellere tugurio. FaJlax ergo fallacem hominis adopertus imaginem, sub obscuro vespere cellam petit' adolescentis, inmusso capite fenestrse in- cumbit, cemit ilium fabrili opere occupatum, postulat sibi quippiam opens fabricari. Dunstanus autem neque calliditatem ejus advertens, neque importunitatem ferens, operi quod postulabatur animum intendit. Interim ille perversa compositione verba facere, mulierum nomina inserere, luxurias ® commemorare ; deinde religionem os- tendere, et denuo eadem® repetere. Tum vero athleta Christi quis esset intelligens, tenacula quibus ferrum te- nebat fortiter ignire, suppressis labiis Christum invocare.
^ neque'] om. L.
3 somnos . . ef] somnam . . sed, R.
3 quod] qui, B.
^ Miserum . . . tfol^Kim] om. R.
* febricitantes] fobricantes, L.
^ vdsereri] miserari, H. I. E. L.
M.
7 petit] om. R.
" luxurias] Inxuriam, B.
' eadem] earn, B.
AUCTOBE OSBEBNO.
85
<(
€(
Cumque per summos fines eadem ienactda candentia vi- HeieiBM deret, sancto actus furore, celeriter ea de igne rapit, lar- thlfaoe. ^ valem fieudem tenaculis indudit, et totis viribus renitens monstrum introrsum trahit. Jam stando vires sumebat DimstanuB, cum is ^ qui tenebatur avulso pariete tenentis 86 manibus aufugerat, tales immani rugitu fremens ulu- latus : " O quid fecit calvus iste, O quid fecit calvus iste." Oatciyof Tenui namque sed formosa c^sarie erat, et ea re taUa de *^'^^'- homine damitabat. Mane autem facto congregata est ad eum non parva propinqui populi^ multitudo, sciscitans quisnam ille clamor fuisset, qui tanta eos vehementia dormientes terruisset. "Dsemonis," ait, "furor iUe fuit, qui nusquam me vivere sinit, e cella quoque ejicere temptat. Caute vos agite ab illo ; quia si vocem " irati ferre non potuistis, societatem damnati quo pacto ** sustinebitis ? " Post hunc diem Dunstanus quasi in wonder of procinctu belli manere,' virtutibus diabolum ad certamen lacessere, corpus inedia macerare, animam orationibus decorare, sciens in nulla re ma^s diabolum superari posse quam in ea quam Dominus dicebat, '' in jejunio 8.]U(i[,iz. " et oratione." Unde cum pudicitia corporis tantam cordis munditiam obtinuit, ut vix eum latere posset quicquid sinister spiritus molitus fuisset.
Fama itaque nomims ejus universam percurrit regio- His great nem, quse^ ad visendum hominem Dei omnium corda accendit. Omnis setas, uterque sexus, darus et ignobi- lis, tenuis et pecuniosus, privatus et cum potestate, omnes omnino Dunstanum loquuntur, sapientiam prse- dicant, virtutem magnificant.
B. pp. 11, 15. Mulier qusedam nomine .^ll%iva,^ regali exorta Tho lady ^^* progeme, magnarum divitiarum, quae omne semen regium
matemo semper affectu dilexerat, foverat, nutriverat, innisa manibus suorum ad hominem Dei accessit, sane-
1 m] om. L. ; hie, Boll.
> propatqui p(^ult] propinquo- nun, B.
> manere] coBpit, ins. D. L. * quaf} qui, B. .
* ^Ifgiva] Ethelgifa, L. ; nomine, om. B. ; Elgifa, Mab. ; Elgive, Boll. ; Elfgifii, O. D. ; BlQnva, H. ; MM- gifo, F. ; .filfgiTB, E.; Mfgi&iy K. ; JElfgiTS, B.
86 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Herdevo- tissimo illius colloquio perfrui desiderans. Quae cum attachment ex Ore iUius verbiuu audisset, adeo delectata est dul-
to DmutAn.
cedine vitae setemaa, ut ulterius neque domum repetere, neque loco discedere, sed cum beato Dunstano manere, vivere, mori diligeret. Proinde habitationem sibi in affinitate sacri templi constituens, audiendo verbo Dei sedula adesse^ fiajneliciB stipem dare, vestem algentibus, ipsa multee continentise operam dare, prorsus ad omne opus justitise promptissima existere. Circa venerationem beatee Virginis^ Marise ita fervens erat, ut in templo illius ^ quamplures sacri ordinis viros locaret, quibus ipsa quascunque necessaria forent sila liberalitate exhiberet. Qua de re in tantum apud eandem Virginem ejus me- rita valuere, ut si quando, necessitate coacta, quippiam postularet, vix aUqua intercedente morula, ab eadem susciperet. Ut enim sine tsedio legentium aUquantulum ab incepto digressionem fiskciam (neque enim a re quam B. pp. 17, tenemus multum deviat); dum quodam tempore prsefa- * Visit of tus rex ^thelstanus * propter loci religionem Glestoniam venisset, ilia veterem volens servare consuetudinem, qua regibus ministrare solebat, orat eundem ut ad se di- vertat, prandium quod sib; paraverat dignanter suscipiat. Quod rex non sine verecundia annuens, non enim igno- rabat quid in pauperes Christi ipsa expenderet, prsacepit regisB ministrationis provisoribus, ut scirent si omnia commode ac moderate parata fuissent. Illi autem cir- cumspectis omnibus abunde omnia esse^ renundant; si ejus tantummodo potus, qui mollis ac myrti aspergine ^ confidtur, sufficientiam haberent. Quibus ilia, '^ Non Deficiency " patiatur/' inquit, "Domina mea mater Domini mei ^[^I^HuJy^' " Jesu Christi Maria, ut in omnibus rebus quae regiam suppUed. « decent magnificentiam deesse quippiam valeat." Et accurrens in templum beatissimae Yirginis^ rogat per ejus largifluam bonitatem augeri quod in regali minis- terio minus videbatur haberi. Sedit itaque rex multo
* V\rginxB\ cm. R. 3 iUius\ iUi, R.
' JEthebtanus ] om. F. H. I. D. L.M.
* esse] om. R.
^ eupergine] aspersione, R.
^ Virginu'] Marise, ins. L.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 87
stipatus militum ^ satellite ; hauriunt ministri modicum Abundanoe illud confecti liquoris. Ita vasculimi permansit immi- want. nutum ut mulieris Sareptense* vel hydriam farinse vel lecythum olei putares. Denique tota die de vasculo hauriunt, tota nihilominus die inexhau^tum reperiunt. Ad quod factum rex mente immutatus, " Peccavimus," inquit, ''nimis in famulam Dei, multitudinis nostrse 8U- '* perfluitate earn aggravantes." Ita dixit ; post dictum faciem avertit, via qua coepit^ profectus est.
B. pp. 18- 16. Sed jam ut ad id quod instituimus attingamus;iUnes8o( ^' transacto laboirum suorum glorioso certamine^ gravi cor-
poris infirmitate coepit hsec eadem laborare. Ad quam dum moerens pater Dunstanus intraret, post uberrimas alterutrarum lacrymarum inundationes, post humillimam pisB confessionis devotionem, post dulcissimam de beata spe et adventu Domini Salvatoris consolationem, hor- tatur iUam, ut nudam se ab omni mundana specie faciat, ne in transeunte quicquam suum princeps mundi inveniat. Cui ilia, " Neminem," inquit, "in mundo sicut ?®''^?S^
' ' 1 ' disposition
" te carissimum habeo, propterea quod te praedpuum^^^^'pj^ " salutis meae auctorem scio, salvo eo quod Deiun om-^J^^^ " nipotentem totius bonitatis principatum tenere credo. " Ilium ergo rerum mearum hseredem facio, te vero " haereditatis tutorem constituo ; ut quicquid Ilium " cognoveri»* veUe, tui arbitrii sit effectui mancipare." Quod beatus Duiustanus audiens, et quamvis invitus ejus voluntati morem' gerere volens, imiversas gazas ejus qu8B in rebus mobilibus superesse poterant, ex- templo pauperibus erogabat: csetera autem® ad ecde- siarum sublevationem reservabat. Jam sol vergebat^ ad occasum, et^ Dunstanus noctumas fugiens tenebras, ad suum remeat ergastulum. Et ecce dum ostium ecclesiae psaUendo prseteriret, erectis ad coelum oculis,
1 militum] om. F. H. I. D. L. M. ' ScwepteiuB] Sareptinoc, L. ; Sa- rq>tanie, BolL > ecepif] fecit, B. 4 cognoveris] noveris, L.
^ morem"] fayorejn, R. " autem"] om. R. ' vergebat"] urgebat, L. * ei] om. L.
88 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan omnipotentis Dei Fatris et Filii coaetemum Spiritum B. pp. is- mystioDove. in ^ columbse specie videt descendentem ; Cujus corpus ^^' omni candore nitidius^ alarum vero remigia scintillantis ignis splendorem per aera spargebant.' Quam ' ille tunc vere beatus pia mentis aviditate contemplatus, pene- tral illud morientis matronse subintrantem conspidt. Condte igitur unde venerat regressus, videt domum Divini splendoris fulgore splendescere, audit foeminam intra septa oppansi veU giatias agentem, miratur col- loquium ac dicendi finem patiens auditor exspectat. Deinde velo levato penetral subintrat; stelliferi illius nomen requirit, nundum interrogat. lUa excellenti quadam gratia vultus perfusa modeste arridens ait, EUkifu ex- " Tu stelliferum antequam hue venires vidisti ; et nunc Lrwmder- " cui sum locuta interrogas ? Ipse est Qui tiU ad uid^nuS " ostium ecdesias psallenti apparuit, Qui et me de ^ " pavore imminentis mortis conterritam visitationis suae
" gratia consolari dignatus est. Annuncio itaque om- " nibus amids meis tristandum de mea morte non esse, " quoniam morientem me aetemse vitae claritas susd- '* piet. Tibi autem, carissimo ac singulari amico, ube- '' res gratias refero, propterea quod tuis semper in- " structa admonitionibus et adjuta orationibus, ecce ad " Deum vado; unum tibi et ultimum si ausim dicere, " fado prseceptum ; ut summo ^ diluculo unguinis ^ sacri " ac Dominici Corporis partidpem me facias, quatenus '' his vivificis mimita mysteriis non confundar in " porta, dum ibi fuero inimicis meis locuta." Cujus P*. cxxm 6. imperio venerabilis pater Dimstanus annuens abiit, mane juxta condictum rediit; itaque omnia peregit, ut finita fere Missa, cum ipsa Corpus et Sanguinem Christi sus- cepisset, animam pariter Christo tradidisset. Qua hono- rifice in ecclesia beatae Marise sepulta> Dunstanus cum de illius turn etiam de sui ipsius patrimonio sollidtus, nam uterque parens obierat, nee prsBter eum alium
' tu] om. B. ■
3 ^pargdMtU] spai^gebat, B.
' quam] qnem, H. K. B.
* aummo'} om. L.
* ungvinis] sangainis, B. ; sacne nnctionis, E.
AUCTOBE OSBEBNO.
89
B. pp. 15, 16.
hsBredem reliquerant, primo quidem eandem ecclesiam vicmioribus atque uberioribus terris, quae in omni pa- trimonio erant^ muneravit. Caeteras vero fimdandis quinque monasteriis pro situ terrarum ab invicem se- jimctis reservavit. Quse monasteria^ sequentium regum I temporibus in tantum per ejus industriam sic aucta sunt} ut singulis complurium monachorum turbee inessent, qui omnes secundum regulam ab eodem patre institutam viverent.
17. Exinde sanctus vir majoribus sese virtutum pro- fectibus dedens, deprecatus est Dominum ostendi sibi gloriam justorum, ut qui earn per fidem bene creditam haberet, per manifestationem cognitam dulcius amaret. Talia ex CQrde meditanti astitit juvenis, decore insignis, quern puerum olim in corpore ipse puer noverat et sancta semper familiaritate dilexerat, referens ea quse sunt setemse vitse gaudia, ilium vero in hoc ssdculo plura passurum, d^monum insidias, maUgnitates homi- num ; post omnia hsec ad summos gradus perventurum, multa hominum millia Deo lucraturum, cumque iis coeli regna scansurum. Sed cum ille propter cautelam dicenti assensum non dedisset, apprehensum ilium juvenis in atrium templi induxit; ostendensque locum eatenus inconvulsum, ait, ''Ut nulla te credendis hiis '' quse audisti dubietas attingat, ante triduum pres- " byter quidam hie sepeliettir, qui nondum infirmatur.'' Exsurgens autem mane ab oratione Dunstanus, convo- catis in unum dericis ad locum venit,' positoque signo ait " Si vera sunt quse mihi noctumo tempore " ostensa sunt, ante tres dies presbyter quidam hie " sepeliettir; et nondum infirmatur." Vix illis ab in- vicem digressis ^ supervenit ejus foeminse, quam proximo laudavimus, curialis quondam presbyter ; qui facta cum dericis conventione prsefisktum locum in sepulturam ob- tinuit, dicens, "Cum me Deus e corpore migrare jus-
Dmutan founds and endows monisteries.
He has a ▼isionof a dead friend who reveals to him his future life.
As a sign of his truth, he points to a plaoe where apriest^now in good hedth^wm be buried within three days.
1 OMCta tuni] crevemnt, R.
^ m] om. B.
> venW] pervenit, R.
* ab inmeem digreuU] abeuntibus . . . digredientibtii, R.
90
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
" serit, hoc in loco meas precor reliquias sepelite." B. p. 16. Puifliment Beccssit ergo presbyter vespera^ sanus; noctu rediit SBgrotus ; decubuit, agonizatus est, defungitiir, in loco beato patri signato sepelitur. Stupor ingens circum- dedit omnes propterea quod idem vir tarn mira de loco, tempore, ac persona prsedixisset ; quae omnia post haec vera ipsi et manifesta vidissent. Ipse autem de ostensa ac promissa sibi setemse vitse^ gloria Isetissimus effi- citur; de cseteris vero non parum tristis ac sollicitus redditur.
Edmund becomes king..
His confi- dence in Dunstan.
Dunstan's
S>wer under dmund.
Envy of the nobles . against him: he is dis- graced.
18. Defuncto autem rege ^thelstano, frater ejus EbA- B. pp. 21, mundus imperii monarchiam suscepit. Qui cum sciret quanta olim virtute venerandus pater Dunstanus in palatio fulsisset, quam justis operibus et rectis consiUis prseditus fuisset,® ac per hoc fratemo semper eum amore dilexisset, directis ad eum nunciis orat, ad se* dig- netin: venire, ut quem omnipotenti Deo noverat ac- ceptum, eum inter regios proceres et palatinos prin- cipes summum faceret principatum tenere. At Dim- stonus sive praeceptis apostolids obedire volens, quibus omnis anima potestati sublimiori subdita esse debere Bom. xiii. 1. prsecipitur, sive regnum justitiaB, quod ex ^ magna parte obsoleverat, in terra Anglorum exaltare cupiens, regiis petitionibus assensum tribuit, consistens pro tempoirum vicissitudine in palatio, et tam ipsum regem quam omnes Anglorum prindpes justitise legibus summittens. Sed cum fere semper^ fiat ut ex alionun industria aliorum crescat invidia, ciunque ad quam virtutem pessimus quisque non valet assurg^e, eam in assurgente ^ conetur expugnare ; iterum sicut olim a plerisque nobilium in prosperos Dunstani successus est offensum, et regi ut a consortio illorum pelleretur falsa criminatione sugges- tum. Bex autem plus honesto falsis favorem attri-
^ vespera] vcspere, L.
2 atemoi vitai] om. R.
3 qtULm . . . fuis8et'\ om. R.
* dignetur ad se] at, ins. L. ; in- ter!. B. ; om. Boll. Mab.
* car] et, L.
' semper"] om. D. E. F. H. I. L. M.
7. (usurgente] assorgentem, B.
AUCrrORE OSBERNO. 91
B. pp. 28| buens^ Dtinstanum et rebus et regia gratia privatum on the ^' tsuria proturbari jubet. Sic primo, sic secundo die tran- the king,
situm. Jamque ^ tertia lux advenerat et rex cum suis Cheddar,
comes to the
venatum ibat. Nemus autem quod venandi gratia ©^iKe. of a
'■■ *-* precipice.
intraverat mons Ceddrorum * perexcelsus concipit,* qui * medio sui interruptus ingens baratirum et immane prse- dpitium de summo spectantibus ostendit. Igittir rex per devexa mentis frsena laxare, et per devia qusBque fugientem cervum insectari. Fatigantur utrique, rex pro cervo, cervus pro semet ipso. Omni tandem fugiendi* libertate negata, bestia prsecipitium petit, ruit, ac in partes minutissimas conscissa deperit. Sequentium ca- num similis interitus ; ultimum regem sonipes advexit ; qui viso comminus quod prse se fortuna pararat, retraxit habenas, veetorem quoque reflectere nisus ; cum repente ruptis frsenis et de manu porro rejectis, volucri cursu sessorem regem equus asportat. Quid plura ? Omnino de se diffidens, de Dei vero misericordia nonnihil confidens, cceleste auxilium implorat, sicque confitendo orat, "Deus Rex omnipotens Qui, cum sis super omnia He confesBes « excelsus, humilia respicis et alta semper « a longe cog- gg^ PB.czxxiriu. " noscis, adesto nunc non^ regi sed® homim C8eteris*ndwmi-
* • ^ raculouflur
" mortalibus simili, inque supremo mortis periculo con- preaerved. " sistenti; nee reminiscaris injuriarum fideli Tuo Dun- " stano per me illatarum ; quoniam si me ipsius mentis " a prsBsenti morte eripueris, quoad vivam, devotum " me ® Tui nominis et illius laudatorem habebis." Nec- dum plene verba finierat, et quod dictu^® est incredi- bile, sed Deo nibil impossibile, quasi Divina manu retentum animal in summo voraginis fixum manebat. At iUe corde pariter et ore excelsas Deo gratias
e.
1 Jamque"] Itaqae, Boll. 3 Ced^vrum] Cedroram, E. H. K. > coneipit] conspicit, L. * qui'\ in, ins. L. ' tandemfvgiendi] itaqne fogienti, B.
^ semper'] om. L. 7 non] om. L. ^ ged] om. L. ' me] om. B. 10 dichi] dictum, D.
92
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
ance.
u
It
i<
«
Edmund referens, DunBtanum suae liberationis auctorem adesse B. pp. 24, Kwdeiiver- jubet, et qu8B per ilium Divinitas operata sit, coram omni principe ^ exponit. Et apprehensa dextera viri osculatus est earn et dixit, ''Agnosco, virorum Sanctis- '' sime, quid in te commiserim mali ; non per fidem " meam quod ego voluerim, sed quod a pessimis ego* '' hominibus coactus id fecerim. Grates ergo dementise " Dei, quae non modo debitum mihi supplidum non' " inferre, verum etiam indebitum voluit beneficium praerogare, dimi me a praecipitio mortis eripiens lon- gioris vitae spatia in tuis nominibus^ concessit. Sit eigo deinceps inter nos perfectae familiaritatis per- petua integritas ; sit disponendis in palatio rebus " libera tibi semper facultas; sit in toto Anglorum "imperio judicandi inter virum et pro^imum ejus '' summa potestas. Atque ut animi mei affectum ^ circa te cognitum habeas, ilium locum tibi in quo te geni- " tum, educatum, conversatimi accepi, perpetuo jure possidendimi trado, ut quodcunque de illo velis sta- tuere, tui arbitrii sit considerare. Quod si id cordi tuo potissimum sederit, ut ejusdem ordinis viros cujus " tu habitum geris, ibidem aggregare placuerit, quidquid eis in quacunque re defuerit ego ob gratiam tui regia liberalitate supplebo."
19. Igitur Dunstanus, accepta potestate super regiam B. p. 25. mansionem, quae Glestonia vocabatur,* post paucos dies augustioris ecclesiae fimdamenta jacere, officinas secun- dum exemplar olim sibi ostensum construere, et con- simimatis omnibus magnum pariter atque egregium monachorum agmen ibidem coadunare.'' Quibus ipse primus ® abbas effectus, ad tantam perfectionem justitiae omnes cohabitantes adduxit, ut quasi coeli luminaria
Hegiyes Glikitonbuiy ^^ toDuiutan.
u
<t
((
<t
tt
Dnnstan's refomui at Glaston- bury.
1 principe] plebe, R. ' ego] om. L. M. ' non] noluit, R., on an erasure. * in tui» nominibus] tuis oradon- ibas, R.
• affectum] cffectum, D. ® vocabaiur] vocatur, D., with the correctioii to vocabaiur, 7 coadunure] ccepit, ins. L. ^primus] om. K.
AUCrOBE OSBERNO. 93
B. p. 26. ad effiigandas totius erroris nebulas et peccatorum tene-
bras viderentur. Tunc ad omnes drcumquaque eccle- Theflounsh- sias ex hisdem monachis pontifices eligi, tunc abbates tionoftiie
• 1 1 . 1* tr» • •x* monastery
assumi^ tunc denique diversorum omciorum prsepositi provokes the
.... . , .,,... ., anger of the
institui^ propterea quod essent et religionis mento prse- deviL cipui et doctrinse sapientia clarissimi, et ad catholicse fidei defensionem prsestantissimi. Sed tantse religionis
i8hii.xvL spiritus Domini^ malus impatiens, quo pacto virum a statu rectitudinis dejiciat, quantis valet insidiis ela-
B. pp. S6, borat. Cuius oculis in cubiculo quadam nocte orantis Dunstan
27 . -I ..... , 11 detects him
immanem se lupum ingent; iterumque post paululumintwoduh vulpem blandientem confingit. Quam ille specierum varietatem subridens, "O te/' inquit, "per omnia simi- " lem tibi ! O formas tuse actioni congruas dum in " altero cruentum, in altero te comprobes fraudulen- " turn ! Yade jam,, inimice, quoniam in Ejus nomine te " vincam in lupo et vulpe, Qui te in leone superavit et " dracone." Cemens autem magnam se a dsemonibus invidiam pati ; nee suis nee filiorum suorum viribus satis confidens, adhibuit'vitae suse patronum Andream Duiutan
chooses
apostolum, ut esset fidus interpres apud Deum, assiduus s. Andrew in tenra comes, atque in omnibus hujus mundi turbi- & nibus custos ind^ficiens. Hujus ipse assidua protec- tione quasi muro vallatus, securus infra cellam agebat setatem, excelsa mente imiversa mundi transcendens, et in amore Divinitatis jugi meditatione requiescens. Adelaid, Unde suavissimis superorum spirituum concentibus p. 56. saepe interesse promeruit, bonam futurse mercedis spem Deo tribuente, ut qui angelon^n conversationem agebat in terra, iUorum sodetatem agnosceret in coelo. Deni- His warning que dum prse&to regi Eadmundo fOius nascereturSSS^" nomine Eadgarus, puer videlicet pacis ac justitiaB baju- lus futurus, audivit idem beatus beatos in coelo ange- los gratulantes, et cimi magna gratulatione psallentes, " Sit pax, sit magna Anglorum ecclesiaB Isatitia^ quam- " diu puer natus regnum tenuerit, et noster Dunsta- " nus mortaJis vitae metas transegerit.'' Quod dictum
1 donUni] dnmonis, Mab. ; om. Boll.
94 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
quanta Ferum veritate subnixum sit oongruus ordo prsesentis lectionis £a>ciet manifestum.
Dunstan at 20. Qua etiam tempestate vir Dei ^ precibus regiis B. pp. 46, miracuioiu devinctus, Bathensem ecdesiam Divinis cultibus insti- ^^' . the death of tuendam invisere peregit. Ubi dum £su;ta refectione'
one of hia . i •
■choiara. solitanus oraret, repente ad" supema raptus cujus- dam discipuli nobiliter a se apud Glestoniam educati animam innumera angelonim frequentia hinc inde sti- patam, atque immensi luminis fulgore perfasam ad coeli palatium provehi oonspicit. Moxque in manus DivinaB pietatis earn ^ oommendans, dominos quoque loci ad com- mendandum invitat. Stupentibus quidem omnibus et vix fidem dictis exhibentibus, velocis cursoris testimonio et mors et mortis hora secundum Dei viri testifica- tionem vera probatur.
He sees the 21. Begressus autem a loco \it regem loquendi sibiB. pp. 44,
devil before .-i.. i*ii*-ii • 'ii* 45
the death of cupidissimum adiret, diaboium scurrse simillimum coram equitantibus deprendit saltantem, et quasi de futuro aliquo lucro gloriantem. Cujus prsesentiam dum coes- senti populo indicasset, formamque omnium conspectibus horribilem ex imperio denudasset, requisitus postea quid ejusdem monstri tam petulans Isetitia portenderet, ille mortem regis regnique mutationem proximam esse . denundat. Cui mox prophetiaB rerum Veritas contestata respondit. Nondum enim sol septies diem creaverat, et rex occiditur, et regnum mutatur. Ex quo satis est advertere quanta hujus viri pectus gratia Dei regebat, qui invisibilem hostem tam facile deprehendere et ejus vedtigia tam^ veradter posset denudare. Translated sunt autem exsequias regis Glestoniam, ibique a beato Dunstano sub magna lugentis populi firequentia terrss couunendatee.
Bdred he- 22. Successit in regnum jure fiatris egregius vir Edre- B. p. 29. oomes king, ^^ homo cultor justitisB ac pietatis, Deum valde diligens
^ Vet] pretiosas, ins. L. ^ facta rrfecHone] fiicta oxatione poBt refeotionem, B.
» af) de, D. ^ earn] om. B. * tam] om. B.
AUCTOKE OSBERNO.
95
I',
! i
B. p. 29. ®^ ips® ^ ^^^ multum dilectus ac per hoc ^ patemo Hi§ esteem verbere quasi bonus filius crebro ab lUo flagellatus. In hujus oonspectu venerabilis pater Dunstanus adeo erat /
pretiosus, ut omni humano generi eum prseferret, prin- eipem iestamentorum statueret^ thesauros ei delegaret, Imimam, corpus, et regnum committeret ; nee quisquam in tofo regno Anglorum esset, qui absque ejus imperio Tnanum vel pedem moveret. Proinde Dunstanus quasi i)un8tan is
. . /*»""■ — • • . . ^1 powerful
rex et regis imperator effectus, virgam sequitatis, vir-»t court. ^am regni Dei per omnes Anglorum fines extendSe^ ecclesias quas aut ipse fundaverat, aut ab aliis fundatas egestas oppresserat, ampHs hsereditatibus munerare, pror- sus magpam Isetitiam populis in sua potentia facere, dum pax et justitia in mutuos amplexus concurrerent, et osculandi mimus per invicem libarent.
Dum hsac ita geruntur iElfegus,^ apud quem ilium olim Bishop conversatum fuisse prsediximus, ad vitam spiritualis sseculi' dispositus est. Existimans autem rex tempus se opportunum accepisse, quo majoris honoris Dunsta- num compotein faceret, aggreditur rogare illimi ut ec- clesiam pastorali solatio destitutam ipse pastor susci- piat. Sed cum videret ^e quod suadebat persuadere^® k^jg non posse, reginad matri* Eadivae* verbum imposuit mother to
r f o r persuade
suadelse.^ " Sdo," inquit, " carissima mater, ac totius 5^%" |£
" imperii A^lorum regixu., quod te coxmnuni^; noster ^wS^^^'
amicus Dunstanus prsecipue inter homines diligat, in
tuis quam maxime operibus delectetur ; dum quicquid
pro consilio vitse setemae ipse tibi praeceperit, sive id
esset in sustentatione pauperum, sive in muneratione
*' ecclesiarum, tu sediUa semper executione implere ® non
" cessayeris. Qua de re magna animus mens spe de-
" tinetur, ut si quid ab eo quod me atque ilium deceat
K pp. 29, 30.
Adelaid, p. 56.
<(
((
«
a
B.
' per hoc'] om. R.
2 ^Ifegus] Aelphegus primiis, L.
' spiritualis saculi] spiritualem,
•
* matrt] om. D.
< Eadiva'] Eadgivs, D. ; Eadi- thffi, Boll. ; Edivffi, O. ^ suadehB] om. R. 7 communis] om. L. ^ tmp/ere] om. B.
96
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
Arffument to Deuaed with Dun- Btan.
Herefuaea to become ft bishop whilst the king lives.
ti
te
It
«
u
tt
€<
«
u
«
His Tision'of the three Aposties.
postulaveris, nulla tdbi ratione denegare velit. De- B. p. 3o. cere autem utrumque nostrum ut siuomum ipse at- ^^"^' tingat sacerdotium, omnibus manifestum est, qui omnes honores vita et sapientia illius scimus esse inferiores, et regem Anglorum multis cseterarum terrar- rum regibus noscimus ^ potentiorem, Aggredere igitur, mater ^ mi dulcissima hominem foeminali facundia; hortare ea qua apud ilium niteris gratia, ut tibi con- sentiat, quatenus ex hoc Deo familiarius adhserere, et nos potentius valeat a peccatorum vinculis absol- vere." Paret igitur regi filio mater regina, Dunstanum asciscit convivio, demulcet aUoquio. Sed ille juxta ety- mologiam nominis sui, ut mons persistens immobilis, Nolo," ait, " domina, illud a me expeti, quod vel con- cessum meos animos perturbet, vel non concessum tuos offendat. Neque enim nescio quam difficulter suam quisque ante tribunal Christi causam agat, " nedum aliense causae cognitor aut judex existat. Quod si ista rationum maxima non esset ; ilia nimi- rum a suscipiendo episcopatu multum me oohiberet, quod dominum regem constanti video languore peri- " ditari, nee multum me ab eo posse separari, cirni me tam sui patrem quam regni totius dominum ipse statuerit/' Cumque ilia negitantem ' suis adhuc ratio- nibus tenere voluisset, motus ille aliquantisper, " Certis- " simum," inquit, " habeto, in diebus filii tui ponti- '' ficali infiila me non esse sublimandum." Inde fluctu- antes animos gerens cubiculo se dedit; ibique secum multa volventi somnus obrepsit. Et eoce assunt prin- B. pp. so, cipes regni Dei et judices sseculi, venerabiles Christi Slielard apostoli, Petrus et Paulus cum Sancto Andrea, et quasi p. 57. de urbe Boma egredienti occurrentes et ad Montem Gaudii sibi se adjungentes. A quibus gratiosissime salu- tatus, yidebat singulos in singulorum manibus gladios
«
€t
€(
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
^ noscimus] noscamus, D.
3 maier] om. M.
* negitantem] negantem, E. B. ;
v^tantem, L. ; restitantem, Mab. ; negitantem, Boll.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 97
B. pp. 80, enitere, quos omnes officiosa benignitate sibi obtulere. The legends
31. ^^ . , , 1 T 1 1 on the three
Adelaid, Cumque visum per extensos ante se gladios duceret, swords.
P- 57. banc in gladio beat! Petri legebat sciipturam aureis litteris intextam : " In principio erat Verbum, et Ver-
B.johii,i.i. " bum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum." Cse- terorum vero gladii propria tenentium illos nomina habebant inscripta, Fauli Faulus, Andreas Andreas. In- terea Andream exhilarato vultu aspicit conniventem, et evangelids verbis audit praecinentem ; " Tollite jugum " meum super vos, et discite a me, quia mitis sum et
aHattzi " humilis corde, et invenietis requiem animabus vestris."
Tunc a beato Petro jussus laevam extendere modicum s. Peter's crepitantis ferulae ictum excepit, hoc ab illo audiens, chastise- " Hoc tibi sit poena abjecti, et signum ulterius non ab- " jiciendi pontificatus." Ad cujus virgulae tactum a somno evigilans, divinitus se intelligit visitatum. Agit gratias Deo Cujus munere ita se conspidt honoratum. Cumque die iUucescente regi quae viderat enarrasset,
Adelard, miratus ille tali enodatione visionem absolvit; "Quo- Edredinter-
P**^' " niam per anna apostolicae benedictionis potestas ex- vision. primitur pontificalis, noveris te pro eo quod hestemo die jugum Domini contempseris, increpatum ac divina " electione futurum pontiiicem designatum. Porro quod " ' In principio erat Verbum ' gladio beati Petri Apostoli " inscriptum vidisti, cum Verbum Dei sit Unigenitus FiliuB Dei, Deus apud Deum semper, homo autem pro hominibus inter homines factus ; profecto scias te Ounstan is " ejus sedis principem futurum, quae Christi nomine in bishop of " urbe Cantuariorum caeteris ecdesiis insignior celebra- " tur." Hoc signo divinae praenundationis Dunstanus est glorificatus, et hac regiae interpretationis conjectura pontifex designatus. O signum insigne ! O gratiam gratis homini datam ! O cordis illius sinceram puritatem ! Adhuc summus Anglorum pontifex Odo in humanis rebus vitam agebat, et Dunstanus in oculis Supemi Inspec- toris summus pontifex erat. Mirandum valde quod ipse adhuc terrigena angelids concentibus admisceretur in
o
€<
U
te
98 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Spiritual ccelis ; mirandum nihilominus quod eum coeli cives fre- Duns^^ quentabant in terns. Quid cui prseponam, hominem coelicolis adjunctum, an coelicolas homini destinatos, non satis comperio, nisi quod in altero felicior, in altero erat ille securior. Stupeant alii diversas diversarum virtutum donationes quibusdam hominibus divinitus oollatas ; ego nihil ita magni pendo, quomodo hominem in hujus mundi turbinibuS consistentem, universa mundi animo transcendentem, et in amore Conditoris quies- centem, Martham videre ministerio, Mariam desiderio, fidem operantem, caritatem ardentem. Sed nihil diximus, si^ ea quae reliqua sunt dixerimus.
g^^of ^ 24. At rex Edredus, letali morbo correptus, decidit in B. p. 8i.
gndsfor ' lectum ; nee ullam evadendse mortis spem medici promit- p ^^ tebant. Celeriter itaque nuncios legat, qui patrem vitee SU83 Dunstanum accersiant, ut sit ultimi arbitrii testis, confessionum stisceptor, et fidelis apud Deum intercessor. Contristatus ergo ad a.nimam Dunstanus, quanta velo- citate potuit, amicum regem invisere pergit. Videns autem ilium Deus et cordis dolore affligi et corporis laborem pati, non est passus ut ultra eimi afflictio tangeret, quin et dolorem lenivit et laborem imminuit.
Dunsten Nam cum esset in itinere, tendens ad palatiiun,^ et
has a divine i* ^
Edrod"?°^ membra jejuniis confecta infatigabiuter fatigaret, vox death. ^e siunmo sethere delapsa insonuit, " Ecce rex Edredus " obdormivit in Domino." Cujus vocis emissione equus cui insidebat percussus interiit. Comites tremuerunt, audientes quidem fragorem tonantis, sed qui tonaret non intelHgentes. Quibus ipse rem aperiens, commen- dat animam defuncti regis in manu setemi Regis, sta- timque deferentibus nunciis audit quod ante sibi de coelo angelus absolvit. Ingressus ergo' palatium Dun- stanus contemplatur dilecti hominis cadaver jacere, co-
1 m] nisi, D. E. Mab. ; non, ins* I ^ tt iabortm . . palatium] om. R. B. I ^ ergo] om. B. ; vero» L.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 99
mitum turbas qui olim aurati solebant assistere procul HebunoB recedere ; miratur commutationem^ miseratur conditio- nem. Deinde fidem qua viventem dilexerat defuncto quoque impendere etudens, corporis involucrum in sua suscepit, debitumque sepeliendi officium debito illi honore persolvit. B. p. 82. 25. Post hunc surrexit Eadwi,^ filius Edmundi regis, ^9i}yand p. 69. ' setate quidem juvenis et nulla regnandi gratia pollens ;o'Bdwy. qui neque ipse sapiens, neque^ sapientum consilio ad- quiescens ; sed alter Boboam despectis majoribus natu, puerorum consilia sectabatur. Hos ille pemiciosissimos satellites nactus, et eorum consiliis, non tarn consiUis quam insaniis fretus, optimum quemque rebus exspoliare, locupletes proscribere, exhseredare * ecclesias, detrahere religioni, multiplices in dvitatibus exercere exactiones. Nee solum aJienis ab ejus cognatione illius obfuit era- He pewe- delitas, verum etiam Neronis Csesaris more in homines grand-
..... Ax mother.
sua stirpe onundos, m ipsam quoque regum * matrem re- ginam Eadivam * sua dementia debacchari. Prseter haec libidinis ardens sine intermissione sestuabat ad coitum. [ Quibus rebus venerabilis pater Dunstanus graviter J^™^ \ offensus, frequenter eum simul et acriter in locis oppor- <»"'^- itunis increpare, ille increpantem ridere, simulque multa Imala ilU minari. Pos^uam autem« industriam suam nihil videt prsevalere, omnino decemit ejus colloquio abstinendum.
Adelard, 26. Itaque relicto illo, monasterio recipitur ; ibique in At Giaston- V'^9. tanta celsitate deguit religionis ut mensuram sancta beam in exeederet devotio. Hoc in loco turris extructa erat, building quam neodum ulla in supremo cacumine tectura claude- to ftiii. bat. Cumque populus trabem totius opens sustentatri- cem summis muris applicare contenderet, repente ruptis funibus eadem trabes deorsum ruere coepit. Clamor
> Eadwi] Edwi, D. F. H. ; Edwy, L.
' neque] ip«e, ins. L.
' exheredare] ezhnreditare, L.
* regum] om. L.
s Eadivam] Edgivam, D. F. H. Mab. ; Elgiyam, BolL < autem] om. L.
q2
100 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan ingens oritur ' totius populi Dunstanum iteratis vocibus Adelaid,
arrests the ° *^ ^ i n SQ
mSdn the P^^strepeiitis ; advolat itaque odor sanctus, elatam dex- p* "''•
Bignofth* teram machinse opposuit, e regione crucem depingit.
Necdum sancta manus sanctos extraxerat digitos, cum
ea quae vergere coeperat trabes, non vinculis astricta,
non machinis levata, non denique ullo humani ingenii
apparatu sustentata, ad locum de quo mere coeperat
revehi videbatur. Si tantse gloriae malignus spiritus
non invideret, cui invideret? Si time virus maligni-
tatis suae non efiunderet, quando efiunderet? Nihil
ergo dubietatis ulterius de viro Dei habens, semel
atque simul omnes insidiarum suorum laqueos iUi
He is intendere statuit. Translatus itaque in speciem ursi
the Sevii in cousimilem hianti rictu orantem aggreditur, injectis B. pp. 27,
a bear. ^ ungulis pastoralem quam manu tenebat virgam com- ^®'
plectitur, atque ad se trahere conatur. At divinus
Dunstanus divinitatis spiritu fortiter roboratus^ retrac-
tum ad se baculum erigit in sublime, fugientem beluam
dirissime caedit, nee prius monstrum caedendo desistit,
quam flagellum tergo illius tribus in partibus commi-
nutiun apparuit.
Edwy's 27. Victus crgo in se diabolus in aliis victorem suum B. pp. 82,
behaviour vincere quaerit. Neque enim rerum oocasiones longe ***
ofhiaooro- abfuerant, quibus id quod perverse moliebatur* in
usus maJignos transferred Nam rege praefato eodem
quo consecratus fuerat die, in turpes concubitus publico
devoluto, ac per hoc omni senatorio ordine offenso,
nemine tamen ejus lasdviam redarguere auso, pari ac
d""^e communi omnium, voto Dunstanus compellatur,^ qui
to^iSeteMt. ^^S^^^ constanter adeat, regium stupnun divina hu-
inanaque ratione compescat, mulieris adulterae meretri-
cium suspendii comminatione percellat. Fecit ille hoc,
et parum est hoc. Bepertum insuper cum adultera
simul et filia illius principem a moechaU toro violenter
abstraxit, positaque in capite ejus corona, ante sum-
1 oriiwr'} om. £. F. H. I. E. L. M. I ' compeUatur'] oompellitur, L. ' moliebatur'] moHebantiir, D. |
AUCrrORE OSBERNO. 101
B.pp. 8s, mum poniificem Odonem adduxit. At ganea san- Threats of guineos intorquens oculos, "Tu," inquit, "mortis mewol^ ** suspendio addixisti ? Ego te membrorum decore " privatum sempitemo exsilio damnabo." Cujus in- vectionis tenore spiritus nequam arrectus^ ultionem de viro Dei nefiandse meretricis impulsu exspectat. Itaque mulieris auimum diabolus instigate regis iram muUer exaltat; ambo exsilium Duustano intentant. Et primo Penecution quidem urgente regis edicto omnes monasticae religionis ^ ^ ecclesiee suis rebus spoliabantur^ ut quae prsecipuss semper fuere viro IsetitisB, nunc eidem quam maximo
B. p. ss, fierent moerori. Deinde cum ventum fuisset Glestoniam, oiMtonbuiy et descriptis omnibus ipse proscriptus fuisset, inter lacrymas monachorum ejus manu nutritorum, inter lamenta venientium ad se ex omnibus locis amicorum, inter gemitus pauperum consuetis stipendiis per singu-i^u^gtwof los dies ab illo recreatorum, audita est in atrio templi vox plaudentis diaboli, quasi vox juvencuUe acriter atque minute cachinnantis. Quem sanctus' severa fronte suspidens, " Nihil," ait, " super exsilio meo gra- SS!*^*' " tuleris, quoniam plus est quod me redeunte doleas, '' quam quicqiud me exulante ketari valeas." Ad quod dictum pallidi regni pallidus minister abscessit. Dun- stanus autem non immemor quid sibi divinus olim
B. p. 34. citharoedus prsecinuerit, immo Dominicse memor pi'O-ge^Mto
Ai^idy missionis, qua beatos fore qui pro justitia persecutionem patiuntur Christus asseruit, marinis se fiuctibus tradidit, contrarium littus in gente Flandritarum ^ attingens. Ubi eminenti coram prindpe terrse illius gratia inventa, <^^"f*^ manebat in monasterio beati Petri, quod situm est Qandavi, propterea quod illud cseteris illius regionis monasteriis et professione virtutis et philosophise docu- mentis excellere videbatur. Nee tamen cessat vesana fiirentis mulieris insania, quin omnibus qui virum Dei tempore susa recessionis hospitio foverant, perscrutatis,
1 arrectui] aneptus, K. B. I * Fkmdritarum] F]andreiinum,B
3 fOMcfitf] DunstaniiB, ins. L. I
102 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The messen- proscriptiS; damnatis, ipsius quoque oculis eruendis B. p. 34. put out ^ malignos transmitteret ministros. Yerum miserante eyes are dis- divina dementia, cuius nunquam ^ auxilio destituebatur,
appointed.
ante ilium Gallia susceperat, quam saquoreos servi Jeza- B. p. 34. belis fluctus attigissent. Exultat itaque sanctus, nulla p, 5^9 ' exsilii per gratiam Dei damna deplorans, dum suis mentis ita omnes sibi devinciret, ut patriam esse ex- silium putaret. Super hsec ilium amid apostoli con- solatio fovit; qui nullius rei quam ipse expeteret eum indigere permisit.
^'north ^®* Respidens ergo Christi dementia Anglorum popu- B. pp. 35, people. iiim tanto patrono destitutum, suscitavit colrda virorum ®®* ab Humbre^ fluvio usque ad fluvium Tamisium supra quod' urbs Lundonia^ est fandata, adversus impium^ regem Eadwium; qui omnes quasi in unum hominem translati non modo regnum ipsius abjioere,^ verum etiam ipsum regno expellere moliti sunt, propterea quod in commisso regimine insipienter egisset, sapientes dis- perderet, ignaros boni suis consiliis asdsceret, prorsus libidine atque arrogantia prsBceps abiret. Coacti ita- que in turbam regem cum adultera fiigitantem atque in inviis sese occultantem armis persequi non desis- The wicked tunt. Et ipsam quidem juxta Claudiam civitatem hamstrunff. repertam subnervavere, deinde qua morte digna fiierat
mulctavere. dHvin be- Porro regem per di versa locorum semetra deviantem, ^h^m^ ultra flumen Tamisium compulere. Deinde accito jfratre illius optimse indolis adolescente, nomine Eadgaro, quem futurum regem coelesti quondam oraculo designatum fuisse pnediximus, dum pacem regnique salutem suis ac Dunstani temporibus angeli prsedicarent ; statuunt ilium regem super omnes provindas ab Humbre magno^
^ nunquam] nnsqnam, R. 5 Humbre'] Vmbre, D. * quod] quem, L.
I * urbs Lundonia] civitas Ltmdo- niarom, L.
* impium] om. L.
* abjicere] abjecere, R. 7 magno] om. R.
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
103
B. p. 36. fiumine usque ad flumen Tamisium, quo flumine am- Edgar
"1 r • <• J • • r 1 Ti rules north
Doirum regnum ab invicem oinmeDatur. Ita resnum, orthe
. . . Thames
quod unum fiierat, in duos reges divisum gravibus aliquantisper conflictdbus bellorum sudabat. Impleta tunc veridica ilia Salvatoris sententia, qua omne reg- 8.Luke.zi. num in seipsum divisum destruendum asserit^ et do- mum super ^ domum esse casuram^ Eadgarus quotidie erat proficieus, ut David pietate ac fortitudine^ atque ut Salomon sapientia, divitiis et gloria. Domus autem Eadwii indies decrescere^ cum ipse in flagitiis crescere non desiverit.
17.
K p. 36. Adelaid, p. 60.
Adelard, p. 60.
29. Post paucos autem electionis sua3 dies praecepit Edpr ro- Edgarus diarcha,* totius regni sui concilium celcbrari, Btan. in quo annihilatis omnibus qusa a fratre suo iniquis fiierant legibus decreta, ac restitutis omnibus quae violenta illius ' fuerant dominatione ablata, Dunstanum quoque venerabilem* abbatem in magna gloria de ex- silio revocavit, et majore quam ab omnibus ante regi- bus honoratus fuisset doria sublimavit. Cui etiam ut He is made
... bishop of
pontificale decus susciperet, vehementi petitione innuit,** Worcester. nee ante a precibus quiescere voluit quam ilium a sententia ad consentiendum retraheret, et ecdesiaB Wi- gomensi, quae sub honore beatae virginis Mariae pol- lebat, pontificem praeficeret. Qui cum Dorobemiam sacrandus advenisaet, et recitata ® petitione deri ac po- puli, summus Dei sacerdos Odo gaudenter annuisset, odooonse- mirabile dictu, cseterum consecrationis ministerium, non m areh- . quasi super antistitem Wicciorum/ sed sicut super archiepiscopum Cantuariorum, mirabiliter atque hilariter absolvit. Qua de re a circumstante dero reprehensus, quod contra patrum decreta ageret, qui unius ecdesias duos prohibent esse sacerdotes, nee per jus haereditatis fieri electionem successionis, tale fertur dedisse respon-
' auper'] sapra, L. 3 Edgarua diarcka] rex Edganu, K.R.
' ilUus'\ om. R.
** venerMlem'} patreni, ins. L.
^ mnuii] imminuit, F. I. K. ^ recitata] citata, B. ' Wicciorum] Wigomiorum, L. and R. as a correction.
104 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Hisargru- sum; "Si divinis humana non cederent, jure mihi Adelarf, ^fen<»of " hominum auctoritas praetendi posset. Nunc vero ^' " quoniam ^ auctor omnium Deus est, non possum illud '' non faeere, quod faciendum^ Spiritus Dei dignatus " est prsecipere. Erit namque beatus iste proximus " post mortem meam hujus sedis archiepiscopus,. et " adversus mundi prindpem fortissimus prseliator." Ebx^ ille summi pontifids ratione defensus, procedit ad populum, summus et ille pontifex Cantuariorum prse- titulatus, gestans insignia Aaron non legis velamine adumbrata, sed divinse propitiationis munere per gra- ^vemSent *^^°^ Christi iusignita. Inde ad ecdesiam quae sibi churih. ftierat consignata reversus, atque in cathedra pontificali sublimatus, recordatus est quid olim exsultanti diabolo pronnsisset, cum ilium regalis impietas exsilio ascrip- sisset. Itaque obviis in ilium manibus insurgere, mem- bra ejus evangelico gladio dividere, et oves quae cir- cumquaque errabundse ferebantur ad Dominicum ovile revocare. He has ft 30. Interea mortuo impio reffe Edwio. atque in sor-
viBion of . , , * ^ ' T.
^jyj wui tem maugnorum spintuum translate, Dunstanus in ec- bydeviia. clesia cui praBrat, Deividis meditationibus inserviebat, nihil sdens quid de rege actum fiiisset. Et ecce tartarea cohors sub ejus aspectu exultando quasi chorum du- cere, et veluti capta prseda laetas victorias agere. ' Per- scrutatur itaque sanctus causam IsBtitiae; audit regem obiisse, animam illius statim gehennalibus incendiis tradendam, sed prius hoc Dunstano ex divino imperio nundandum. Motus itaque pietate Dunstanus solotenus prostemitur; largifluus ex oculis lacrymarum imber SSd^iS! producitur; pulsat Deum precibus, nee ab lUo orando quiesdt, quousque spiritum regis liberatum agnoscit. Brevi autem morula peracta, redit tristis legio infema- lis, magnoque clamore in has voces erumpit ; " O te " hominem hominum I O fidei alienum ! O nostris "benelidis semper ingratum ! Nos detulimus obse-
anoe.
» qwmiam] quia, L. | » fadendvm] om. L.
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
105
B. pp. 86, 37.
B. p. S7. Addaxdy p. 60.
«
<(
qmum: tu nobis retubsti supplicium; ad ulciscendas Compiaintg injunas tuas de regione tenebrarum vemmus, et ecce ! adversis imprecationibus tuis conAisi redimus." Cumque ille depromendsB veritatis prsBceptum dsemoni- Dunsten bus incUceret, agnoscit aniTnam regis angelica virtute thembyar- illis sublatam, ad statutum terminum sub signaculo servatam, nihil juris in illam dsBmones habere, sed in sortem poenitentium animarum eandem cedere.^ Turn ille exultans in Domino furores illorum tadi ratiodnatione compescuit; "Quid," inquit, "injuste actum est vobis? Si peccavit homo iste, in Christum et in me peccavit. Sed quoniam meas propter Christum dimisi injurias, dimisit et Suas Christus, cujus ego clementiam de- precatus sum. Quod ergo Christus et ego dignati su- mus clementer ' indulgere, vos qua temeritate audetis improbe reprehendere?" Qua sententia tetri spiritus, quasi Parthica percussi sagitta, muscarum modo a vento raptarum dissiliunt.
31. At Edgarus totius imperii monarcha effectus, cogi-' Edgar, now tabat beatum virum super omne re^um constituere, makes i&n-
. . • m J. ptanbiahop
nolens in regno sine illo crescere, quem ante regnum prse of Laadon.
«
«
((
ic
«
«
cseteris studuerat fisuniliarius ' diligere: unde apposito patribus suis Lundoniensi episoopo, rogatu regis ac prin- dpum Dunstanus successione^ donatur, annuentibus quo- que omnibus ejusdem urbis habitatoribus et importunis vocibus illius nomen acdamantibus. Audierant namque quam fiierat a primseva aetate Deo acceptissimus, quam in ilia cui prseerat ecclesia sollicitus, quam denique in omni re bona et optima probatissimus ;^ et ea re noluerunt habere alium cum possent habere lectissimum. Neque ® ilium juvit excusatio canonum auctoritate prsetensa, qui sicut unam ecclesiam duobus esse episcopis contradicunt, ita duas ecclesias imi episcopo fieri ^ posse non permittunt,
\
* cedere2 Bedere, L. ' clementer'] om. B.
* famUUmua] om. B.
^ successione] snccessioni, L.
* probatissimus] promptissimiu, L.
* Neque] enim, ins. Li 7 fieri] oommitti, B.
106
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Argrument for his plu- ralities.
Fulfilment of the vision of the Apostles.
His rigour a^inst unlawful marriages:
for strict justice.
cum Johannes, inquiunt, dilectus Domini ^ septem ecdesiiis atque earum episcopis prseftierit, et beatus Paulus omnium sollicitudinem ecclesiarum simul et magisteriiun habuerit. TaJibus beatus pontifex rationum testimoniis victus, Lundanse urbis antistes inthronizatur, non relin- quens earn quam ante habuerat ecclesiam ; sed utriquc prsesidens, utramque regens, utriusque verus ac proprius pontifex existens. Habes ergo sanctissime pater gladiimi Adelard, Pauli, quem tibi coelitus destinatum olim ipse detulerat, P* ^^* et ad dividendos ecelesiae inimicos habendum tradiderat ; et quamvis prior tua pontificalis potestas non absque vigore evangelical disciplinae administrata sit, non tamen earn aut gladio aut persona prsesidentis prsemonstrari oportuit, propterea quod neque Virginem gladius decet, viros autem decet, neque mutando locum mutasti ob- sequium, cum a Virgine transires ad virgmem, a matre Domini ad matrem Domini,^ a beata Maria ^ ad ejusdem nominis fceminam.^ Accingere ergo bellator fortissimo, accingere gladio potentise Dei, factus potens per eum Ps. xiv. 4. qui supra femur quoque est potentissimus ad dimicandum adversus mundi rectores tenebrarum harum, contra Eph. vi. 12. spiritualia nequities in coelestibus. Divide illos qui per nefarium scelus illicito * abutuntur matrimonio, nee te Adeiard, revocet ab inferenda ultione, aut regalis potestas, aut ^ Bomani pontificis singularis sublimitas. Da sententiam in populi seductores argentarios, et non prius ad sacrum altare die Pentecostes oblaturus procedas quam et illos vindicta feriat et populo Dei justitia proveniat.® Ubique tuarum signa virtutum relinque; ubique Dominicaa Crucis trophsea erige. Promereberis etenim post modi- cum gladium Petri in quo innumera omnium generum Acts, x. is. sicut Petrus animalia occides, et in corpus ecelesiae man-
^ dilectus Domini'] om. B.
^ cum , . , ad matrem Domini'] cam a virgme matre Domini tran- sires ad apostolum Domini, Boll., MSS. F. M.
^ a beata . . fivminam] a Wigra-
cistra ad Londoniam, Mab., F. M. ; Wirecestra, BolL
^ efusdem . . fceminam] eandem dominam, L.
* illicito] licit o, R.
^ proveniat] prseveniat, L.
AUCTORE OSBBRNO.
107
B. pp. 37, 88.
Adelard, p. 60.
ducando^ traiicies; promerebens, inquam, sfladmm PetnHiauaeof inedgnituin nomine Ommpotentis Fiiii Dei, ut in omni of Peter. Anglomin latitudine ligandi solvendique potestas per ilium tibi augeatnr, nee valeat in ovile intrare ovium qui te ductore non aseenderit per ostium. Quam merito Dorobemia
■*■ . 1 • t»*o door of
ostium horrei Dorobemia sonat, ut horreum sit ampli- the bam. tudo imperii Anglorum, ostium vero principatus ecclesise Cantuariorum.
32. Exeessit ergo humanis rebus deductus angelorum Death of manibus ad Faradisum princeps sacerdotum Odo, vir dams sapientia et virtute laudabilis, et, nisi Dunstanus succederet, ab omni Anglorum orbe semper deflendus.* Post eujus obitum, cum rex Dunstanum adjuraret ut princeps fieret sacerdotum, nee ille adjuranti ulla ratione assensum accommodaret, assistunt quidam, quorum manus Wentonise episcopus .^Ifsinus • impleverat, pos- Suwwwion tulantes confirmari illi summum sacerdotium. Hie enim et ante Odonem Summum sacerdotium ambierat, sed cus- tos ecclesise Suae Christus ambitionem illius impediebat. Itaque rex eos qui muneribus pontificis corrupti fuerant nihil suspiciens, et ob hoc simplici eos animo exaudiens, orbatam pastore ecdesiam eidem tradidit gubernandam. Sed cum Romam profectus fuisset ut pallium a sede He dies on
. apostoUca susdperet, gravi inter Alpes fiigore correptus *"' ^"" misere interiit, digna sibi ultione divinitus recompensata, ut qui ab amore coelestium friguisset in corde, per frigoris asperitatem periret in corpore ; et qui aUenos honores ambire prsesumpsisset, ipse in aliena regione mortuus honorem pariter et vitam amitteret. Iterum preces de archiepiscopatu Dunstano funduntur, nee quic-
] quam in animo illius oonsensionis operantur. Quaprop- ^^JJ*J^ ter dirigitur* ad patriarchatum Cantuariensis ecclesise B"**'^«^"-
I Beorhtelmus ^ Dorsatensium episcopus, homo mansuetior
^ manducando] mandendo, B. ' d^endutf] enet, ins. L. 3 ^IfsiHus^ Elfegus, K. ; Alfti- nu5, L.
* dirigitur] deligitur, Mab. eligU tur, L.
^ Beorhtelmus'] Bryhtelmus, L. ; BrihtelmuB, I. ; Berchteknus, F. H.
108
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dimstui appointed.
He is sent Iquam industrior, et qui susb ma^ quam aliense vitaBB. p. 88.
back to hu i^ _* -o^ ^ AAaWvii
diocese. J nosceret- consulere. Is post paucos suscepti pontincatus -«^*^^ dies, cognitus quod ad tantam rem minus esset idoneus, jussus a rege et ab omni populo Cantuaria discedit, atque ad reHctam nuper ecclesiam suam non sine verecundia J redit. Dominus namque agebat pro Dunstano, ut im- pleret verbum Suum quod promiserat in manu principimi regni Sui. Advertens autem rex Edgarus horum repro- bationem meUoris esse vocationem, solumque in omnibus hominibus esse Dunstanum cui nemo oonfeiri, immo omnibus posset preefeiri, tertio ilium precibus fatigatimi, tandemque tum sui ipsius timi omnium episcoporum im- portunitate superatum, primae metropolis Anglorum pri- matem ac patriarcham instituit. Quem statim ob robur
He goes to apostolicsB fidei vel auctoritatis ad Romuleam urbem
Rome for * - 1% • -i
the pau. profectum, Bomanus pontifex videre promeruit, eumque sacris pontificalibus decoratum, quasi angelmn Domini exerdtuum ad exhibendam divinse legis scientiam, aut quasi columnam lucis ad illuminandam fisusiem terrsB, genti Anglorum transmisit. Ecoe quemadmodum impleta Adelaid, sunt quae per gladimn verbo Dei inscriptum, ac beati^*^^* prindpis apostolorum Petri legatione exhibitum, tanto ante prsenundata fuerunt. Sed quid sibi vult quod de manu tertii apostoli tertium gladium aoeeperit, cum in ecclesia quse sub ejus nomine apud Rovecestrem^ venerabilis habetur, pontifex nunquam sederit? Sedit plane potestate, etsi non corporaJi sessione. Sedit in- quam potestate ; imperio sedit ; defensione sedit ; bene- ficiis sedit. Sed ne virtutum illius gratia urbs Cantuaria esset privata, aut augmentum suscepti' honoris dimi- nutio preeteritsB videretur fuisse virtutis, dignatus est
The answer. Spiritus Sanctus novis quibusdam gratisB suse principiis ita virum in ecclesia Salvatoris clarificare, ut mirabilis ipse extra hominis naturam videretur esse. Nam cum die adventus sui primo sacris altaribus assisteret, et
Question about the sword of S. Andrew.
' Boveeeatrem'i Bovecistrem, D. F. I. ; Bofiensem, L. ; Boyecestram,
Boll. ; Boyecestriam, E. ; Boreceas- tram, H. ' tuscqsti] soBoepit, L.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 109
Adelard, populo Dei vivificum panem distribuendo porrigeret, vwon of • repente contecta nube domo columba in Jordane a Jo- hanne olim visa iterum appamit; qu8B qiiousque sacri- ficium fuisset consumptum super ilium mansit. Cumque i consumptum fuisset sacrificium^ requievit supra memo- nam beati Odonis, quae ad australem partem altaris in Buiitaii'B modum pyramidis exstructa fuit. Ex qua die ita ponti- forOdo. fex meritum ejusdem hominis Dei reveritus est, ut nunquam pertransiret nisi genua flecteret, bonumque ilium vocaret, ita dicens, " Hie requiescit Odo bonus."
34. Per idem tempus quidam magnus videlicet et po- Attheoon- tens Salvatori sedicidam instituit> ad quam sacrandamofanew et jure proprio possidendam venerabilis pontifex Dimsta- Duiutan nus invitatus accessii TTbi cum ad ministerium dedi-outofa cationis aqua defiiisset, et per hoc invitatori verecundia accessisset, ad vocem viri, quam per naturam non habuit per gratiam Dei arida rupes aquam profudit. Quae de eadem rupe usque hodie manat, ac salutiferum fidelibus poculum prsebens, Dunstani nomen celebre facit. B. p. 40. Dunstanus igitur Candida apostolatus sui stola a He tnreiB Bomano pontifice, ut diximus, infulatus, et universae preaching Anglorum genti necnon et aliis regionibus Anglorum country, regno suppositis patriarcha destinatus, festinabat singu- las regionis^ digredi civitates, ut si quibus nomen fidei incognitum Msset> prsedicaret, et domesticos fidei apostolica traditione ad bonum opus instrueret. Nee fBMule erat quempiam auditorum ejus non esse docibi- lem, propterea quod tanta illi rerum subtilitas inerat, tanta dicendi facultas, ut nihil esset aut inventu sapi- entius, aut dictu omatius, aut auditu jocimdius. Cumfliaordi- autem a forinsecis rebus requies data fuisset, tunc con- pioyment junctius cum Deo manere sacris vigiliis insistendo, divinas scripturas legendo, aut earum codices emendando. Summumque studium erat ut nunquam a divinis ope- ribus vacaret; sed nunc verum judicium inter virum
' regioHia"] refponum, R.
110
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
His ia- fluenoo with Edgar.
General reforms.
His habits et virum discemere, nunc impacatas hominnm mentes B. pp. 40« ' pladdo Bermone tranqnillare ; horum inepta dissolvere *^* conjugia ; illorum haereticam refotare opinionem ; hie neglecta renovare, illic nova construere; neque aut su- perfluas sedificationes aggredi aut necessarias prseier- mittere. Yiduis, orphanis ac peregrinis, ex justis ecdesiae redditibus subvenire, pecuniam non lucri aBstimatione sed pietatis adquisitione habere. Totam operam suam patriae impendere et magis repellere ejus excidia * quam propria pericula. Proinde rex consilio ejus ut vitae suae i credens, et omne quod ab eo diceretur quasi ab Omni- \ potentis ore prolatum fuisset suscipiens^ quaecunque erant statuenda statuit, quaecunque damnanda^ dam- navit : hoc consiliario omnes diabolicae malignitatis mimstros, fures, sacrileges, perjures, fidei violatores, veneficii compositores, libidinis appetitores ; adhaec qui- cunque contra patriam^ conspirassent, qui in parentes manus extendissent ; mulieres etiam quae adulterina fraude viros sues interfecissent ; postremo omnes quos ' irato Deo vivere sciebat, ex omnibus regni sui finibus ; proturbatos diutumo aut perpetuo relegavit exsilio. \ His disci- Hujus quoquc consilio omnes ecclesiarum ministros, qui clergy. spreto profcssionis suae ministerio, aut yenandi studio intenti, aut quaestuosis negotiis dediti, seu concumbendi insolentia deturpati, aetatem agere solebant, omnes hos aut districta animadversione decrevit coercendos aut cita subversione de ecdesiis * expellendos. Elx quo fac- tum est, ut quarundam danssimarum ministri ecclesia7 B. p. 26. rum, dum in eligendo quodcunque deliberarent volup- tatem honestati praeferrent, regali sanctione de eisdem ecclesiis expulsi, melioribus se et alterius ordinis homi- nibus sua loca relinquerent. Bevivai Propter haec igitur sanctissimae instituta disciplinae
achism. tantus in regno Anglorum divinitatis cultus excrevit, ut
' repellere . . excidia] ezpellere . . exddiain, L.
^ erant . . danmanda'] damnanda
damnavit, D. ; stataenda damnaviti L.
• patriam] om. R.
* ecclesiie'] eccieria, R.
AUerOBE OSBERNO. Ill
et nobilissimi quique aut in saeculo praBpotentissimi, spretis omnibus mundi pompis, ad divina confugerent servitia; et hii quos jam ecdesiasticus ordo admiserat de virtute contenderent, sdentes neminem ad honorem posse pertingere quem non virtutum merita juvarent. Ob hujus quoque disciplinad excellentiam tanta pacis constantia, tanta rerum exstitit opulentia, ut omnia mundi elementa Ipsum quoque elementorum Creatorem Deum regiis temporibus arridere putares. Sic pontificis Harmony ! sapientia dictabat regis justitiam; regis justitia obti-gd«*r»nd I nuit Dei misericordiam, Dei autem misericordia omnium rerum prsestitit abundantiam.
35. Sed hsec communia totius ecclesiae gaudia cupiens snareof the
devil.
disturbare, malignus accendit animum Christianissimi regis in amorem Deo devotee virginis, ut quoniam a tramite justitise Dimstanum dejicere non potuisset^ eum quem prsecipue Dunstanus diligebat, et super quem totius religionis vigor incumbebat, dejicere temptaret. Perpetrato itaque in virginem velatam^ peccato, atque Edgar cor- ad publicam popuK audientiam perlato, Dimstanus tam veiled*
, .«.. .. ,, virgin.
pro culpa quam pro mtamia regis gravjssmio dolore affectus, mox ilium veluti alterum David cum Bethsa- bee ^ dormientem, alter ille sed longe ^ severior Nathan intrepidus adiit ; furibundus ad eimi introiit. Assurgens autem rex venienti obviam pontifici, extendit manum ut eimi ad rerium deduceret thronum. Qui renuens DiMwtan
" • • . . reniseB to
manum dare, oculos cum quadam animi indignatione in touch him. ilium torsit, et ait, "Tu pontificis manum audes con- " tingere, qui virginem Deitatis munere arratam non " timuisti prseripere ? Sponsam tui Conditoris adulte- rasti, et amicum sponsi aliquo tuo obsequio existimas posse placari? Nolo amicus esse cui Christus fiierithS^^on " inimicus." Territus ergo verborum tonitruo rex, ob- jurgantis se pedibus pontificis extemplo prostemitur.
1 velcUani] om. L. I ' longe"} valde, L.
3 Beihsabee"] Bersabee, L. |
112
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
His aeven
yean
penance.
scelus flebiliter^ &tetur; veniam humiliter precatur. Quod ut vidit pontifex, expavit, perfusumque regem laciymis, lacrymis ^ et ipse madens tellure levavit. De- inde cum magnitudinem peccati per amplificationem exposuisset^ et paratum ilium ad omnem satis&ctionem reddidisset, septemiem ei poenitentiam indixit, ut in hoc toto spatio coronam regni sui non gestaret; jejunium in hebdomada biduale transigeret: avitos pauperibus thesauros large dispergeret. Super hsec sacrandis Deo virginibus monasterium Sceftonise^ fundaret, quatenus qui unam per peccatum Deo virginem abstulisset, plured Ei per plura ssBcuIi volumina aggregaret. Clericos autem male actionales de ecdesiis expeUeret; mona- chorum agmina introduceret, justas Deoque acceptas legum rationes sanciret, sanctas conscriberet, conscriptas per omnes fines imperii sui populis custodiendas man- daret. Nihil ergo residuum fuit quod minus aut seg- nius rex implevit quam a rectore vitae suse prsBceptum fdisset. Septimo autem anno, cum redeunte quasi ju- theendof it. bilco tcrmino poenitentise tempus exactum * fiiisset, sacer prsesul accitis omnibus imperii Anglorum princi- pibus, episcopis, abbatibus, et universis ecclesisB digni- tatum ordinibus, imposuit regi coronam coram omni multitudine populi Anglorum, Isetantibus cunctis et in- effabilibus jubilationis vocibus Deum in Dunstano lau- dantibus. Puerum quoque ex peccatrice quondam pro- genitum sacro fonte regeneratum levavit, et aptato illi nomine Edwardo, in filium sibi adoptavit." Reforms in ^^' Intcrea tanta clericalis ordo quibusdam in locis the church, ^ojifijsione agcbatur, ut non solum a vita ssecularium excedentius nihil haberet, verum etiam improbis ac- tibus longe inferior jaceret. Qua de re pastores ec- desiarum turbati, Dunstanum ut proprium primatem
He is crowned at
^ flebUiter] om. B.
2 lacrymis] om. B.
' Sceftoniai] Soephtonis, B. ; ali- quod, M. ; quoddam, D. I. L. ; sen- tence omitted in K.
^ exactum] adactum, D.
^ Puenim . . adoptavit] om. D. L. M. ; erased in F. and I. The importance of these variations is remarked on in the PrefiAce.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 113
adeunt, res male gestae exponunt, correctionis ' consilia He turns out perquirunt. At Ule in homines in&ndos suae auctori- clerks, tatis proferens sententiam, " Aut canonice," inquit, " est " vivendum aut ecdesiis exeundum." Ex quo £Etctum est ut complurium ecdesiarum clerici dum contempne- rent proposita conditione oorrigi, auctoritate pontifids sint expulsi. Qui rege adito vel quos regis gratia proximos effecerat, Dunstanum injuriarum accusant ; se virtutis amatores pronunciant, ut in prsesentia regis conveniatur orant. Dunstanus itaque his quae quasi At a conncii
x« -I -!• o -11 • 1 1 atWinches-
rationabmter * postulabantur contraire nolens, coacto ter their concilio Wintoniam venit; ubi ex sententia totius con-wofieard. cilii de adversariis victoriam cepit. Cumque ex jure nihil sibi superesse conspicerent, usi auxilio regis et principum, ad preces se vertunt, quibus episcopum fla- gitant quatenus intromissse personse de ecdesiis expel- lantur, expulsae restituantur. Dubitante viro Dei nullumque ad rogata responsum porrigente, res mira et saeculis inaudita, ecce Dominici Corporis forma vexillo cruds infixa atque in editiore domus parte lo- cata, humanos exprimans modos, omnium voces com- Miraculous pescuit dicens, "Absit hoc ut fiat, absit hoc ut fiat/' acrucS^/
- J • i !• which de-
Ad quam vocem rex omnesque majores natu fere usque ddes the
ad exhalationem perterriti, damore pariter et Dei lau-
datione aream^ complent. Et his quidem adversariis
viventibus cessatum est a contentionibus, quousque per •
successionem filiorum prior discordia renovata est. Qui
abeuntes et iniquitatis suae defensorem Beomelmum^
Scottorum pontificem assumentes, hominem videlicet tam itisreviTed
ingenio quam loquadtate fere ^ insuperabilem, ad homi- genOTotion,
nem Dei in viUam quae Eahie vocatur tendunt, turgenti
spiritu scandalum proponunt. Dunstanus autem longo
quidem senio et magnis ecdesiae laboribus effiactus,
jam praeter orationem post tergum omnia posuerat;
attamen ne pars iniqua divino quondam miraculo victa,
* correctiotuM] correptionis, O. | * ]^eorneimum\ Heomelinum, M. ; 3 raHtmMUier] irrationab]liter,L. I Byonmelanim, B.^
• aream\ aerem, L. I */«"«] oin« R«
114
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan declines to contest the matter.
Fall of the floor of the room where the council was held.
nunc de adipisoenda glonoretur victoria, hoc in hostes responsionis jaculum vibrat, " Quoniam," inquit, " tanto tempore elapso calmnniae ansam^ non prsBtendistis,^ nunc autem senescente me ac tacitumitati operam dante, antiquis querelis deservire contenditis, fateor, vincere vos nolo, ecdesise Suae causam Christo judici committo." Dixit, et quod dixit irati Dei censura firmavit, mox etenim concussa^. domus; coenaculum sub pedibus solutum ; hostes solo prsBcipitati ac men- tium trabium pondere oppressi;* ubi vero cum suis sanctus accubitabat ibi nulla ruinaB suffusio fiebat.
<f
it
it
«
(t
Danstan obtains the election of Edward aa king.
On his death
Ethelredis- chosen.
37. At rex Edgarus immatura morte praereptus, Ed-Adelard, wardum filium suum et regni et morum hseredem reliqiiit. ^' In cujus electione dum quidam prindpes palatini ad- ^ quiescere nollent, Dunstanus arrepto cruds vexillo, quod < prsB se ex more ferebatiu:, in medio constitit, Edwardum illis ostendit, elegit, sacravit, patrisque ac magistri affectum quoad vixit impendit. Yersumque omnibus ; in gaudium est quod paulo ante triste putaverant, ex- : istimantes juvenem regem inhumanum futurum, consilia sapientium non curaturum, sed pro libidine onmia ac- turum. Sed postquam secus esse cognovere, secus et ipsi rem tenuere, et displicuisse sibi regem vehementer displicuit. Sed Ulo post triennii tempus novercali fraude occiso, Ethelredus, quem fama firatrem ejus lo- quebatur, regnandi sceptra obtinuit. .Quae res quamvis Adelard, infesto fieret Dunstano, vel quia per effiisionem san-^' *' guinis innocentis ad regnum perveniret, vel quia parum prudentise ac fortitudinis illi inesset, non* erat tamen consilium resistere, propterea quod filius regis et proximus tunc hseres videretur esse. Attamen in die consecrationis suae, post impositam coronam, fertur hoc illi prasdixisse Dunstanus, "Quoniam aspirasti ad
V
* anaam\ causam, E. L. B. Mabil« Ion reads oMoan, and the BoUandists also, as well as MSS. F. H. L E. D. M. N. and O.
' prtBtendUUs] protendistis, L. ' ooncuua] est, ins. L.
* oppn99i\ sunt, ins. "L.
* Ron] ei, ins. L. ; tamen, om. R
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 115
*' r^nmn per mortem &atris tui, quern oecidit ignomi- Dunstan '* niosa mister tua, non defidet gladius de domo tua mheired's
« • • M -t -f -t •! 1 • A _£? • misfortunes.
'' ssBviens «m te omm bus diebus vitse tua3, mtemciens " de semine tuo, quousque regnum tuum transferatur in " regnum alienum cujus ritum et linguam gens cui prse- '* sides ^ non novit. Nee expiabitur nisi longa vindicta '* peccatimi tuum et pe^catum matris tusB et peccatum '' virorum illorum qui interfiiere consilio illius nequam/'^
38. His temporibus contieit ^thelwoldum • Wentanse The bishops
- , , f _® 1 T» 4. . . of Winches-
ecdesiBB antistitem, cum alio quodam Bofensi ^P^<^P^>^v^r Cantuariam venire, magnumque Dunstano de adventu suo ^t canter- gaudium prsestare, propterea quod ejus doctrina ac cura, alti, docti ac per varias virtutum disdplinas ad summos eoclesise honores fuissent provecti. Plerisque ergo die- bus in mutua sermocinatione simul et exultatione per- actis^ egreditur archiepiscopus de civitate, volens ad locum ecdesise Christi * mansionarium proficisd. lUi ^j^®*' vero comitabantur deducentes eum quousque illos via^«J^n-
i T. stansooom-
dirimeret^ quae unumquemque ab altero separatimi adJ^to?the locum quo ire disponebat dirigeret. Cumque imminente ^^* jam vespera procul adhuc a loco distarent^ tardiuscule enim quam bora postulabat de urbe exierant, archi- episcopum deprecatur Bofensis antistes ut ad vicinum ecclesise suae patrimonium divertat, noctumum tempus secum transigat, mane vero si ita placuerit migrationem fiunat. Cujus ille postulationi dignanter annuens ait, " Si confirater noster iSthelwoIdus mecum venire volue- " rit, in me nulla veniendi mora erit." Assenserunt ergo pontifices in eodem, pariterque * paratum sibi habi- taculum subeunt. Jam aurea lux noctis fligaverat um- bras, cum beati illi, in viam progressi, collem ascendunt, inde ab invicem vicaria pads relatione dividendi ; ex-
* prtttidet] pnBes, B.
* neqttam] ned, B. ^JBt/ubpoUwn] Sthelwold died
Ang. 1, 984 : the name of the bishop of Bocheflter at the tnne was Elf- ttan : if this story is true, two Elf-
stans most have been bishops in snooession, one of whom is other- wise unknown.
4 ChrUtQ om. B.
' pariterque] om. B.
H 2
116 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan tendens autem manum summus Dei sacerdos ut coes- that they are sentcs secum minores pontifices benediceret atque dimit- to die. teret, extemplo erupit in fletum, fletum adeo magnum ut vix de sancto ^ pectore vocem valeret efferre. Expa- vescunt ad factum pontifices insolitum. Fletuum cau- sas solliciti perquirunt, et post modicum hoc ad qusesita responsum accipiunt, "Ea/' inquit, ''re fleo quoniam " vos in proximo morituros scio." Cimique illi refer- rent, "Noli, sanctissime pater, tam dira nobis prophe- " tia occurrere, non enim moriemur, sed iterum atque " iterum pariter nos incolumes videbimus," tali quod dixerat responsione firmabat ; " Quod dixi necesse est " fieri ; moriemini namque huic saeculo sed vivetis Deo ; " moriemini in hac vita diutius non mansuri, sed ad " Deum vadetis dBtemaliter cum illo victuri." Diver- Tjepw). tunt ergo ab invicem pontifices moerentes pro invicem, nued^ " ' magis tamen pro se quisque pio timore solUcitus. Sed Bofensis episcopus abiens in civitatem suam, mox ut intravit vehementer segrotavit^ postque paucos dies, prout veriloquus vates prsedixerat, e sseculo migravit. ^thel- woldus vero priusquam ad proprise sedis urbem veni- ret, ultimo corporis languore correptus coelestis sedis habitationem suscepit. DuxntenhM Super cujus morte venerabilis pater admodum con- Adelaid, dSo^ng^ tristatus, sive quod sanctissimse semper religionis fuerit, PP* ®*' ^^' motefifiege scu quod magnam de substituendo sacerdote litis occa- ter. sionem viventibus dereliquerit, deprecatus est Dominum
desert83 ecdesisB benignum fore provisorem. Cui mox de- precanti assistit familiaris amicus suus Andreas aposto- lus, precibus ejus Deum didt annuere, Bathensem abba- tem nomine Alfegum monet adducendum et ex divinitatis consilio Wentanee ecdesise antistitem prseficiendum. Ita quicquid rerum ipse desiderasset per interpretem apostolum confestim a Deo consequebatur. Sed et illo vicem honoris apostolo persolvens in omni obsequio illi studebat deferre, basilicas in ejus nomine fabricare, fab- ricatas mimeribus decorare.
1 sancto] om. R.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 117
39. Dum ergo quodam tempore prsefatus rex Athel- mheired redus propter quasdam dlssensiones dvitatem obsideret Bochesters Bofensem, et facta capiendi illam difEcultate, patri- monium beati apostoli devastando invaderet, manda- vit eidem beatissimus pontifex ab stultitia quiescere, Andream sieut ad prsestandum fadlem, sic ad uldscen- dum virilem, in promptu esse ut potentiam ipsius Bunstan ipse experiatur si hsereditatem iUius vexare non des- to leave it titerit. Contemptus a rege Dunstanus, iterum cur- ''^'"• rentibus nundis eadem suggerit, insuper argenti pondo centum transmittit. Qui accipiens recessit ab obsidione. Quod simul atque ^ pontifici ^ renunciatum fdisset, mira- tus cupiditatem hominis hoc iUi scribere curavit, " Quo- ^^S^> *' niam praetulisti pecuniam Deo, argentum apostolo, <^r >iim« ** mese voluntati tuam cupiditatem, velociter venient " super te mala quae locutus est Dominus, mala qualia '' non fuerunt ex qua gens Anglorum regnare coepit Hispro- " usque ad tempus illud. Attamen vivente me istaS^og^. *' non erunt,' quoniam et hoc locutus est Dominus." Quae omnia ita^ contigisse in annalibus legere, et nos- tris temporibus est videre. "^ ~^
B. pp. 40- 40. Sed ut jam beatum ilium de quo loquimur fiden- nnnBtan'a tins pro obsequio aUoquamur, et sic ad felicem ejus beaten, transitum madentibus oculis transeamus, quantae illud contemplationis est, pater mirabilis, pater insestimabilis, quantae illud contemplationis est," quam excedens om- nium mortalium mentes, quod vel Dei genitricem in hac mortal! vita vel tuam genitricem in ® aetema vide- bas vita. In coelum namque deducebaris, intereras bea- HiBvu^aof tis agminibus illis, oblectabaris modulationibus angelo- nuuriase. rum, eandem genitricem tuam quasi nuptiali thalamo aetemo regi copulantium, et suave Kjnieleyson modu- lantibus organis resonantium. Cumque de tuae tacitur- nitatis Mlentio arguereris, quod inter tanta setemae vitae gaudia solus tu a divinis laudibus cessares, cum
> simul atque] postquam, B. 3 pontifici] Dnnstano, L. * erunt] fuerunt, L.
< Ua] ista, D.
* quanta . . eaC] om. L.
* hac moriali . . tn] om. D.
118
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He is taught a hymn in ttafivisioii.
His tision of the virgins.
49.
They sing the nymn of Seduuus.
prsecipue tibi pro honore parentiB gaud^idum fuisset> B. p. 4i. referresque hujus tantee suavitatis insdum te^ esse, quam breviter, quamque dulciter, a civibua civitatis* illius edoctus in has voces cantando erupisti, ''O rex domi- '' nator gentium, salva genus' Christianorum in terra '' adhuc peregrinantium, ut et ipsi post inimicitias ad *' gratiam revertantur et angelicse ruinse per iUos damna " reparentur."
Jam vero quibus exultationis labiis edicam, quod matrem Domini Salvatoris, reginam mundi/ dominam angelorum, virgineis oculis vidisti, non vestali chore circumdatam, sed virginaJi corona circumfiisam. Feli- B. pp. as, ces oculi tui qui illam videre potuerunt cujus castis- sima viscera cceU ac terrse Opificem portare meruerunt. Felices oculi tui quibus datum est illam videre quam speciosam super filias Jerusalem angeli venerantur, ho- mines desiderant, pavescit tartarus, et omnis creatura heram miratur. Nee inde solummodo feUx quod illud singulare totius orbis decus videre potuisti ; potuisti etiam^ mellifluas ejus voces audire quibus sodas vir- gines ad collaudandum Regem sseculorum ex sua came temporaliter procreatum hortabatur, concinens iUud viri sapientis ac senatoris Sedulii,
'* Cantemus Domino, socisB, cantemus honorem! " Dulcis amor Christi personet ore pio;*'
cumque ab aliis virginibus hoc fiiisset exceptum, alias^ qui sequuntur versus pronunciabant,
'' Primus ad ima ruit magna de luce superbus ** Sic homo cum tumuit^ primus ad ima ruit.
« XJnius ob meritum cuncti periere minores, '' Cuncti salvantur unius ob meritum;
'' Sola fmi mulier patuit qua janua lethi, " Ex qua vita redit, sola fuit mulier."
1 te] om. R
2 ciuUaiis] ccBlestibiu, B.
3 genus] hrfinanum, ins. L. * mufufi] coeli, L.
' ttiam] om. L.
6 alia] alii, R.
' twHuit'] timnit, L.
AUCTORE OSBBRNO. 119
Atque in hunc modum totius carminis bini ac bini Hymnofthe versus procUrrebant, illis semper repetitis qui primi a matre Domini dicebantur;
'' Cantemus Domino, social, cantemus honorem! " Dulcis amor Christi personet ore pio."
HsBc tu, pontificum dignissime, acutissima vi cor- Apostrophe
T , . • • . 1 i !• . 1 . toBuxwtan.
poralium oculorum m spintuaiem potentiam translato- rum videre potuisti ; hsec tu, intime coelestium arcanorum perscrutator, audire potuisti, his tantis tamque stupendis rebus interesse potuisti. O sancta animi tui puritas et pura sanctitas, quam sic honorat supemse civitatis su- prema dignitas! O decus ac prsemium virginitatis, cui sic adgaudet natura virgineae simul atque angelicaa dignitatis I Sed ecce supra vires viventium est viventis tui in corpore laudibus immorari, quanto minus trans- euntis tui et cum Christo aetemaliter regnantis condig- nas laudes valebimus effari. Fnestet onmipotens Deus per potentissima^ merita tua, ut vel finem vitse tiue quantulumounque laudabili valeamus sermone descri- bere, quatenus quem semper nobiscum corporaKter vi- ventem non licuit habere, liceat saltem ex consideratione pretiosissimae mortis sempitemam tui vitam agnoscere, et agnoscendo diligere, et diligendo beatae mercedis aliquid per te piissimum patrem a Deo obtinere. Dis- cant interim devoti tantorum mirabilium auditores exemplo tui sobrie vivere, sacras frequenter excubias celebrare, castis orationibus inservire, quoniam^ et tu idcirco talibus tantisque gaudiis interesse meruisti, quod aliis dormientibus ipse in Sanctis desideriis vigi-His^tto
, . . , , . ..... the church
lasti, orasti, horamque ultmiam sme mtemussione co- of8.Augus- gitasti. Nee tamen sufficiens erat in secreto cubiculi ' night. B. p. 48. tui ista operari, nisi etiam noctumis frigoribus aedem beati patris Augustini frequentares, et inde ad vicinum praefatae virginis templum banc gloriam Dei visurus procederes.
^ potentissima'] omnipotentissima, I ^ qwmiam'\ quomodo, R. R. I 5cu6ictt/i] cubilt, R.
* i" ■ '^ ' "^ •••
wKm
KPT
n^^BW
^'» ■•
120
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The year of I>aiistan'8 death, AJ).968.
Vision of Alf^ar, be- tokening Donstan's death.
41. Anno igiturVerbi incamati duodecim minus a mil- lesimo, adventus Anglorum in Britanniam quingentesimo sexagesimo tertio, sanctissimus Deoque dilectissimus Dunstanus transitoriam prsesentis vitaa deserens lucem, " ad lucem beata atque aetema jocimditate ^ prseditam pervenit, ubi sicut sol ex claritate Dei resplendet,* et diem detemum setemaliter possidet; anno patriarchatus sui tricesimo tertio, nativitatis etiam* circiter septua- gesimo^ cum jam esset omnium virtutum charismate plenus et Deimi videndi desiderio fatigatus; cujus ve- nerabiUs transitus tam a se quam ab aliis multiplici revelatione prsescitus, sibi gaudium aliis gravem ingessit moerorem; sibi gaudiimi, quoniam quod per spem in vita jocundius habebat, id per rem se visurum et eo perpetuo fruiturum gaudebat; cseteris moerorem, quo- niam q\ii similiter divinis et humanis rationibus ex- ceUeret, neminem deinceps in terra appariturum * existi- mabant. Sed nos, multiplicium revelationum multimoda relatione postposita,' eorum quae proposuimus singula singulis tantum rationibus demonstrabimus.
Dies ergo ascensionis Christi festivus diem clarificatio- nis beati Dunstani praBcessit tertius. Tantee itaque diei surgente aurora, sacerdos quidam nomine Algarus doc- trinae et actionis merito prsecipuus, quem postea nobilem Adelard, in Elmham episcopum daruisse accepimus, dum sacros ^^' ^^* ^*' Dominica) Ascensioni honores in ecdesia Salvatoris per- vigil impenderet et mentem ad ccelestia contemplanda extenderet,® se ipso et omnibus mundi hujus rebus transcensis, Dunstanimi pontificali throno conspidt prse- sidentem et dero jura canonica dictantem. Et ecce per omnes ecclesiae januas irruentium angelorum infi- nita ingrediuntur agmina, stolis candidissimis fulgentia,
1 jocmiditaW] immortalitate, R. 3 resplendeQ resplendent, D. ^ etiam] om. R. ; aatem, L. Boll. Mab. * appariturum] om. R.
* multimoda relatione postposita"] multimodis relationibus postpositis, R.
^ et . . , extenderet] om. R.
AUCTOBE OSBEBNO.
121
B. p. 51.
Adelazdy p. 65.
<c
tt
((
tt
tt
tt
tt
ooronis aureis rutilantia/ cherubin atque seraphin^Theani^ sese prodamantia^ et quasi divinum nuncium defereniia. to join their Qui dum coactis ordinibus sedenti astarent pontiQci, hoc Uli salutationis alloquium persolvunt, *' Salve/' inquiunt, '' Dunstane noster, si paratus es veni et nostro gratiosus utere contubemio." Bespondit Dunstanus, Scitis, 0 saneti spiritus, hodie Christum .ccelos con- soendisse, nostrique officii esse tarn verbo quam Sa- cramento populum Dei reficere, ideoque venire hodie nequeo." Dixerunt itaque saneti spiritus, ''Paratus He ib to so esto die Sabbati hinc nobiscum Bomam transire, ettoBome ante summum pontificem mnctus ^temaliter canere/' SS^
'^ afterthe
AaoeTMrion. '
42. Postquam ergo dies aBtemse retributionis est indic- tus, et Dunstanus divina' fide ad consentiendum inductus, confestim qui apparuerunt angeli disparuerunt. At sacer- dos, qui rerum tarn evidens contemplator exstiterat, exitum earum stupidus simul et tadtus explorator observabat.
Cumque inter sacrosancta ejusdem diei gaudia ilia The Gospel
■i..-i.« •! L • TV* 1-r ^^ the feast
evangelii lectio reataretur, m qua Dommus noster Jesus of the , Qhristus post resurrectionem Suam discipulis apparmsse, et exprobrata incredulitate illorum atque duritia cordis, mandatum legitur dedisse ut in toto mimdo evangelium regni prsedicarent, fidem ac baptismum annunciarent, salutem proponerent credentibus, non credentibus mina- 8.Mark,zTLrentur condemnationem ; cumque^ ad hsec confirmanda signorum ilUs faciendorum potestatem delegaret, dssmo- num ejectionem, linguarum novitatem, tollere serpentes, mortifersB potionis virus extinguere, et super omnem seg- ritudinem salutiferam manuum impositionem ; cum ergo ista evangelii lectio prommdaretur, et post hsec quemad- modum videntibus illis, quibus haec potestas ^ delegata Dunstan , esset, Christus in coelum ascendent, subjiceretur, processit ^'^'^ pontifex de sacrario latius haec eadem in populo trac- taturus, et memoriam misericordiarum Dei cordibus
14.
^ rutikoUia] radiantia, B. ^ seraphin] sanctus, ins. M. 3 dwina'\ diviuas, B.
* cumque] om. B.
* post lute . . . potestasi om. B.
122 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Hifl sermon eorum arctius impressurus. Locutus est ergo qualiter B. p. si.
Gospel. nunqaam antea fiierat ^ locutus, ostendens qua ratione. p 55^ Filius Dei camem induerit^ cur humani generis salva- tionem non nisi moriendo compleverit, quemadmodum resurgens a mortuis mortis principem superaverit, et famulantibus angelis coelum ingressus fiierit: deinde sanguinem .Christi incomparabiliter omnibus creaturis docuit esse prsestantiorem, tantamque fidudam in effii- sione sanguinis Illius mundum habere posse, ut si unus aliquis totius mundi peccata haberet, neque de multi- tudine neque de magnitudine criminum illi esset despe- randum, si Mediatorem Dei et hominum haberet Ad- vocatum. Inter haec felicia felicis sponsionis gaudia
Hoooniie- poutifcx ad aram reducitur, transferens omnipotentissimis
elements. Domini verbis speciem panis et vini in veram substan- tiam camis et sanguinis Christi. Jamque hora benedi- cendi populum advenerat, et iterata vice beatus ille ad populum procedebat volens illis abscessum suum denun-
His second ciare. sed amore dulcedinis filiorum revocabatur. Proinde
exhortation. ,
exhortatus est omnes ut illuc tota mentis intentione ten-
dant, quo Caput nostrum principiumque Jesus Christus
eadem die processerat. Dataque super illos suae auc-
He Rives the toritatis bcnedictione, orabat Spiritum Sanctum illis
blessing. g^ggg^ quemadmodum Filius Dei promiserat cum redeun-
tem lUum ad Patrem coelestis nubes suscipiebat. " Ego/'
inquit, " mittam vobis Spiritum vetitatis ut maneat vo- s. John,
biscum in sBtemum." Cum his igitur disserendis beatis- "^'
simus pontifex immoratus diutius ^sset, videbant faciem
The people ejus tauquam fSEtciem angeli Dei, ut vere ac visibiliter
sciousof esset agnoscere, quod Is Quem invocabat Spiritus Sanc-
parture. tus majestatis Suae prsesentiam dignatus fuerit ^ demon-
strare. Volente autem illo ad altare converti, suspirabat
populus post eiun, desiderans adhuc desiderabiles vultus
ejus videre, et coUoquio perfirui ; proinde quasi ejusdcm
Spiritus Sancti magisterio edocti quod ilium ulterius in
came non essent visuri. Quibus in amore aetemas
^fuetat] est, R. | -fuerit] sit, R.
AUGTORE OSBEBNO. 123
B. p. 51. Trinitatis teriio confirmatiB, post libatum paciB susbhIb third r^5 * et caritaids oeculiun, non valuit sibi immmentem glo-them. liam diutius oontegere, sed rogat ut sui memores existaat, diemque vocationis suae didt instare, nee 86 ulterius in hoc mundo cum illis manere. Time tantam lugentis populi videres confdsionem, tam permixtam lacrymis deri conclamationem^ viduarmn ac pupillorom miserabilem perturbationem, ut diem judicii adease, et omnia asecula in supremam horam coisse putares. Sacerdos etiam qui tam mirabilem inAiikarro- eoclesia extaedm iiiduerat, cognito quod non in imagine vision. sed in rerum veritate eandem sustinuisset^ palam om- nibus et cum magnis gemitibus qu89 viderat absolvit. Quorum moestitiam pater ^ pretiosissimus prout potuit benigne consolatus, ad altaie rediit, susoeptoque vitse aBtemsd epulo, tam se quam omnes sibi oonmiissos setemo Pastori consignavit.
43. Inde refectionis domum Is&tabimdus ingrediens DunBtan omnes ad se confluentes et cibo corporis et spiritualis refoctory. vitee alimonia saginavit. Post prandium vero, vel magis ultimam ooenam, denuo cum &atribus ecde- siam Christi ingreditur^ signatoque sepulcri sui loco^ After dinner B. p. 52. omnibus ad altare Christi ascendentibus conspicuo. rest in an
1 J x« • X • • x upper cham-
coenaculum pro modo aestiTi tempons requieturus ber. ascendit. Circumdat pausantem luctifica ecdesisB fa- milia^ quse sive metu sui seu morte illius turbata, horrendos lacrymando questus insonuit. Quos illo sanc- fiflgimifl ut semper* rationibus fovente atque ad spem fiituri ssBCuli diligentius informante, oonspiciunt virum invisibili quadam Dei virtute e terra moveri, motum He is lifted ad suprema domus &stigia tolli. Hi autem qui paulo couch to the ante propinquiores astiterant, miraculi insolentia territi, bouse. relictis sedibus devolant omnes. Stant tamen iiihiyi parietibus et maceriarum liminibus de longe sursum as- picientes, rei exitum* videre cupientes. Existimabant namque aut sicut Helyam cum came eum transferen-
> pater"] om. L. ; Dnnstantts, B. I ^ ut semper'\ om. B. in niarg. , \ ^ ejcitum] eventum, K.
124 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Huspeech dum, aut alio quovis et insoliix) modo ab eis tollendum. B. p. 52.
to his com- -, - ^ _ . . , .
panionaon Sed mox ea Qua suDvectus fuerat suavitate depositus, convocat omnes qui fugam inierant, tali eos allocutione demxilcens. " Vidistis," ait, " filii, vidistis, caiissimi, quo " me Deus vocat, quo Dei ineffabilis miserioordia in- '' vitat. Semita itineris mei prse oculis ostensa est " vobis, ut nullus vestrum de prsemio capiendi coeli '' dif&dat, qui vitse mese diligens sectator exstiterit. '' Non herebi sedes aniTnam meam tenebit, non foeda '* facies profundi ditis^ aniTnam meam terrebit, hon " ignis inextinguibilis, et vermis non moriens animam " meam tenebit.^ Sursum est quod amplector, sursum " quo gradior. Estote ergo vitse imitatores, si itineris " mei cupitis esse sectatores. Discite voluntatem Dei ** semper nosse, et cum earn noveritis nihil ei velitis
HisiMt " prseferre. Quod si ab Ejus voluntate fadenda quan- i
'' tulumcunque vos exorbitasse cognoveritis, statim \
" ad deprecandam Ejus clementiam convertimini, ne " dum minorem quam oporfceat reverentiam exhibue- " litis, non solum prsevaricatores verum etiam infideles ' '' judicemini. Nolite boni videri, sed esse; nee tam " mali non videri quam non esse ; hoc enim maximum " inter homines malum est, quod omnes cupiunt boni vi- " deri et esse nolunt ; nulli volunt mali videri, et nolunt '' non esse mali. Pacem semper sectamini, nee prius " ab ilia sectanda desinatis, quam illam in coelo appre- " hendatis. Atque ut banc efficaciter attingere valea- " tis, Ulum semper in animo dulcissimum habete, Illi " continuo gratias agite, Illius prseceptis humiliter obe- " dite, Qui singulare pro onmibus sacrifidum immolari " voluit, in Quo complacuit omnem plenitudinem in- '' habitare, et per Eum reconciliari omnia in Ipso Ooioss. l so. *' pacificans per sanguinem crucis Ejus, sive quas in " terris sunt sive quse in coelis. Praedico etiam^ vobis " Anglorum gentem dira ac diutuma mala ab exteris
1 diiW] om. R ; profiinditatis, L. Mab. BolL, and so alterod in K. 3 teneUt'] craciabit, B.
' infideles] infidi, B. ^ etiam] om. B.
u
tl
u
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 125
gentibus esse passuram, sed in fine dierum misera- He holds out tionem Dei super earn stillaturam^ vobis autem England
, .. , - ..... after her
commodum ent norum verborum reminisci, ut sive miseries. ** hsec ad peccatorum emendationem, sen ad perfieien- '' dam virtutem contigeriiit, animas vestras divinse '' semper^ disposition! subjiciatis, ne sicut mail filii '' diligatis blandientem, erudientem, quod a vobis re- " motum sit, contempnatis. Profecto nullius hominum " vel* tarn grave supplidum vel tarn excellens est meri- " turn quo Dei omnipotentis visionem, visionem beatse " setemitatis, visionem setemse veritatis Patris et Filii '' et Spiritus Sancti, valeat promereri ; magis autem si ** natiu^em dementise Suse bonitatem Deus non at- ** tenderit; nihil homo patitur quod sibi justo Dei " judicio ex sua culpa non debeatur."
44. In his verbis sensit^ beatissimus pater vires cor- He begins to pons paulatim deficere, cum spiritus ab integritate sui deficere nesciret;^ ita namque fade serenus, sensu sobrius, docendi locutione assiduus tota ilia die ac sequenti feria sexta permanebat, ut quicunque se commendaturi et bene- dictionem tanti patris postulaturi advenissent, recrea- tos se et multiplidter in amore Divinitatis confirmatos assererent. Et jam promissae beatitudinis sabbatum The Satm^
•*■*■,, , , day arrives.
illuxerat, jam tempus requiescendi ab omnibus labori- bus suis Dunstano instabat; cum ecce mxiltiplex filio- rum caterva concurrit,^ filiorum quos ipse infra gremium matris ecdesiae tenerius nutrierat, atque ad excellen- £"»»enta-
« • , 1 1 tionsof the
tiorem spiritualis gratisB perfectionem adduxerat, damo- people, ribus atque ejulatibus nimiis queritans quod se derelictis recederet, nee illis common liceret. At ille in manus Dei omnipotentis eos commendans, et gratiosa benedic- tione confirmans, jubet sanctse communionis mysterium ante se oelebrari : quod cum protensis manibus de coelesti His last mensa porrectum suscepisset, hac oratione Deo suppli- care coepit ; *' Gloria Tibi, omnipotens Pater, Qui timen-
* Bmper] om. R, I ' cum . . neiciref] om. L.
> HntUI sentit, Mab. | ^ cfmcwrrif] occurrit, R.
/
126 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dnnstan's " tibus To panem vitte de coelo dedisti, ut memores B. p. 52.
'-'^- " sim«s mkabUium Tuorum qu« in medio tetT«e ope-^tr" '' ratus es, mittendo nobis unigemtuni Taum vemm '' Hominem vera de virgine natum ; Tibi, Sancte Pater, « meritas referimuB grates. Qui et nos dTxm non eramus ' . " creasti^ et dum peccatores essemus hujus gratise par- '' tidpes fedsti per eundem Filium Tuuin Deum et '' Dominum nostrum, omnia Tecum et cum Spiritu " Sancto facientem, gubemantem et per infinita seecu-
He dies. " lorum ssBCula^ regnantcm." Int«r quee verba ex om- nibus animi meduUis ad Deum Quem 'semper deside- raverat efl^isa, videt illos qui se ad^ coeleste eonvivium invitaverant, beatos apgelos ajssistentes, et coeleste illi . , obsequium pr^parantes. 'Quorum Veneianda phesentia felix anima illius gratulata, beta*, egreditur de habi- taculo sanctissimi corporis, proficiscens cum illis ad contemplandam claritatem \iBtemi Condiioiis. Ecce ! quomodo hontyrattis* est, quem Efeus honore dignum judicavit ! Ecce quomodo in^ gaudium* Domini sui in- travit, qui in c<Mnmissa sibz^ do^^trinsB pecunia fidelis erogator esstitit! O. visceral ipismcordise Dei, quae sic semper dulda' expertus 'fuerat iste homo Dei. O cor viri ad voluntatem Dei semper parati, qui potuit dicere " Paratiun cor meum, Deus, paratum cor meum !" Ecce Pft.ivii.8, nunc psallit in gloria sua Ulustratus lumine visionis glorisB Dei.
He is buried 45. Suscipiunt autcm venerabiles Domini sacerdotes Adelard,
intheplAoe -i ., . i . , ^ d 66
appointed, vencrabile corpus summi sacerdotis, deferentes Ulud ad ^' ' basilicam magni Basilei Domini Salvatoris, sub im- mense murmure lugentium populorum feretrum den- sissime ambientium, £GUues suas dissecantium, paJmis sese ferientium, atque amaris vocibus " Heu, heu, caris- '' sime pater ! " ^ clamantium. Et ibi in eo loco quem ante biduimi ipse dictaverat ciun onmi ' diligentia sepxil- tus, et post heec eminentioris opens structura decenter
' sibi'] om. B. I * onmi'} om. L.
^ pater] om. B. |
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 127
opertus, flebilem simul et amabilem cunctis, sive in Mixed feei- choro psallentibus seu per gradus ad altare ascendent!- ^io8»of bus, sni memoriam dereliquit. Flebilem ideo dixerim, quod ejus quotidie monumentum prse oculis haberent, cujus venerandos aspectus videre non possent. Amabilem propterea quod, licet ejus visibili prsesentia carerent, in- visibilem tamen et incorporeum ejus spiritum in coelesti sede gaudere, et pro eis apud Deum misericordiam enixius orare sciebant.^
Adeiard, 46. Fost cujus mortem, si mors dicenda est cui vita P* ^^' successit 8etema> ita omnes res contrarium motum sumpsere, ut Dunstani mortem omnia deflere, nee ejus absentiam ferre posse viderentur. A summa quippe Calamities
r. . 1 1 11 . 1 1 .1 n , thatfol-'
pace nt commutatio ad bellum mtolerabile : ab mmiensa lowed his
. . ... death.
Isetitia ad enormem tristitiam ; ob omnium rerum abun- dantia ad omnium rerum indigentiam. Denique aer ipse immutatus est, naturales temporum vicissitudines disside- bant invicem ; coelum non exaudivit tellurem, nee tellus ea quse seminabantur, in ea. Hostilis incursio Dano- rum foedam ubique faciem dereliquit, dum eorum imip- tione urbes diruerentur, ecclesiaB spoliarentur, suffode- rentur altaria, et sacerdotes Domini interficerentur.
E quibus vir virtutum /Klfegus, qui quartus erat aMw^<nn magno Dunstano Cantuariorum archiepiscopus, cum multam hostium multitudinem ad Christianam religio- nem convertisset, et eos quos ab infidelitatis errore convertere non posset, quotidiana invectione * reprehen- deret, tentus ab eisdem post dirutam iUius urbem, post cruentam innocentis popuU csedem, post templi sacri exspoliationem,' simxil et combustionem, vinctus abduc- tus est, et per septem menses variis tormentorum cru- ciatibus vexatus, et post haec omnia eorundem manibus lapidatus, spiritum cum triimipho direxit ad coelum. Sic ergo impleta sunt quae vel de rerum prosperitate
^JlehUem . . . sciefran/] om. B. I ' exspoHuttanum'] expilationem, 3 inv€€tione\ inyocatione, L. | Boll.
128
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
angeli Dunstano, vel de adversitate earum Dunstanus
Mercy in the regi Ethelredo/ prffidixerunt Sed in his tarn gravibus
judgment, tumultuantis populi angustiis non demit supemae mise-
ratio pietatis, quae tanta coroscantis gratise prodigia
ad memoriam illius ostendit ut et reprobis terrori et
afflictis essent consolationi. Neque enim aliter ooeles-
tis ejus Spiritus operatus est, quam si in terra redivivo
corpore suo quotidie veniret.a Verum nos non omnia
quae de illo sunt propter infinitatem dicere poterimus,
nee ab omnibus abstinendum putamus, ne nulla esse
]>iinsfcan*fl videantur quas dicamus. Et quaedam quidem de libris
minclesare . , . . . .
tobetoidinmiraculorum ejus qui nunc minime supersunt excerp-
Book. simus; quaadam vero nostra aetate aut in alios facta
vidimus aut in nos patrata ipsi experti sumus. Sed
hie libelli hujus sit finis, ut quod intendimus ab alio
principio sumi possit.
EayplicU vita Sancti Dwnetam Cantuariensis archiepiscopi et confessoris.^
1 Ethelredo'] Ailiedo, R. ' veniret] With this word the life in the MS. BodL 285 (B.) ends.
' MS. N. proceeds : *' donimte *< Domino nostro Jesu Christo, cni « com Fatre et Spiritu Sancto honor " potestas et imperium per infinita '' ssBcula seculorunL Amen."
Mabillon adds the following Terses, which are not given by the Bollan- dists, bat are found in MS. M. only: — Justus homo, nudua vitio, sedes sabit almas, Ex qnibos expolsam se dolet atracohors. Iste polnm petit, ilia rogmn Sty- gis ardoa moles Deserit, atque leyis gleba natare solet Mansio divena, diversaqae priD- mia^ ijaantom
Ortus solans distat ab occiduis. Imperat hoic Agnos circomdatns agmiaelsBto, nii cum pra?a Pluto cohorte prseest Uritur iUa gelu, nive, grandine perpetuali, Vemos ista dies mansio semper habet Haec generosa dace jocondo cive decora. Carmine festiva pace q'uieta
Ta venerande piis mixtos, Dun- stane, catervis, Ezerces hilares hac regione dies ; Quanti sis meriti, plebs indicat astricolarom, Quid famulata tuam yexit ad astraanimam.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 129
InCIPIT liber MIRACULORUM BEATISSmi PATRIS NOSTRI DUNSTANI ARCHIBPISCOPI CANTUARIENSIS ET CON- . FESSORIS.^
1. Diximus in superiori libello quibus parentibus ve- Having in nerabilis pater Dunstanus ortus claruerit, quorum resrum book de-
flcrib^ the
tempera nobilitaverit, quos virtutum processus habuerit, life of Dun- et quemadmodum ad coelestia regna gloriosus migra- verit. Nunc autem propositum habemus ea narrare, qusQ, post depositionem corporalis sarcinae, felix spiritus ejus in hoc s63Cu]o dignatus est operari, ut omnes fiituri temporis Angligense populi agnoscant quid tanti nominis viro honoris ac reverentise debeant. Verumwenow
. Mill /» luidertake
quoniam eorum quae scnbenda sunt pleraque ac fere to relate omnia nostns temponbus facta cognovmius, pauca vero iLiracies aliis quidem temporibus facta sed nobis verissimaa'terhis
. . . , .. ., . death,
venssimorum virorum relatione exposita accepimu£>, hac ratione omnes qui hsec dignabuntur legere' ad credendum invitamus. ut sicuti sibi credi volent, siTiieyareto forte aUqua suis temporibus facta scribere voluerint, bjraiiwho ita nobis credant, cum audierint ea narrari quae a own stories
'■' to be be-
nobis potuere videri. Quam enim de se veri aestima- Sieved. tionem a sequentibus haberi volent, eam recte prasce- dentibus concedere debent. Quod si nulla quae scribi debeant suis temporibus fieri contingant, non ideo nos statim foJsitatis arguant, quasi quod alio tempore oc- culta Dei providentia non fit, alio tempore pro corri- The disuse
1* 1 ..i.i ••!_ n • 'L 01 particular
gendis vel compiendis homimbus fieri non possit, cum forms of
^ \ ^ . miracle is
semper opportumtatem rerum et temporum exigat gra- not proof tia miraculorum. Num enim iddrco minus credendum mimcies in est principem apostolorum Petrum ad portam templi
^ The text is from the Amndel MS. 16 (F.), collated with the Lam- beth MS. 159 (L.), MS. HazL 56
(H.)., MS. Tiberiiia D. 4 (E.), and the Paris MSS. M, and O.
* Here the Harieian MS. 815 ends.
I
130
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
It ifl no dis- proof of a miracle that the unbe- liever has not seen anything of the kind.
Miracnlous cure of a blind man at Lenham in Kent.
speciosam daudum sanasse, quod nostris temporibus istud non fecerit ? Aut ideo beatus evangelista Jo- hannes venenum sine tesione non bibit, et qui veneno deperierant non resuscitavit, quod isfca nescio quis im- postor et calumniator non viderit ? Quasi si quis nauclerum vel aurigam laudari audierit, quod hie navim in procella naviter regere, ille equos artificio sciat in cursum ducere^ supra hiunanam natm*am hoc esse contendat, ideo quod^ ille fieri posse non credat. Non itaque hoc admittendum,^ sed quod unaquaeque res tempus et ordinem spectet credendum. Dignentur ergo credere, qui hsec dignabuntur legere, ut quemad- modum merito fidei nostrae qua credebamus vera esse quae non videramus, actum est ut aliqua videre posse- mus, ita illi prsemium fidei habeant quandoque videre posse quod narrantibus nobis indubitata fide potuerunt credere. Jam ad proposita transibimus, et quo ordine quseque res acta sit, quantum possumus breviter atque dilucide narrabimus.
2. Vicus est urbi Cantuarise vidnus, Leonham ^ ab in- colis dictus. Hunc quidam vir inhabitabat, quem longa oculorum csecitas gravabat. Admonitus ergo in somnis est, ut patrem patriae Dunstanum adeat, commissa mala deplangat, fiiturum esse ut amissum lumen per eum recipiat. Narrat suis homo quae yiderat; favebant et auctores illi itineris procurabant. Ingreditur itaque caecus ecdesiam Christi, orat sibi pemoctandi ibidem licentiam dari, "Tale," inquiens, "praeceptum suscepi." Sequenti vero et media nocte ccepit de tumxilo viri Dei omne genus odoramentorum sentiri, et caecus* interim gravissimis oculorum punctionibus gravissime torqueri. Clamavit itaque fortiter, sanatus est mira- biliter; laudavit Deum et Dunstanum hUariter.
^ 9t4o</] om. L.
> admittemhan ] ad imitandom^ Boll.
^ Leonham] Leoham, Boll. Mab. ^ cascus"] secuB, Mab.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 131
3. Tres etiam mtilieres in ima domo commanebant, Three blind
. .1. 1 i ..I . women who
sunili ex lonsq tempore csecitate percussse, et onere had been paupertatis oppressae. Has magnus ille Dunstanus dum of Dunstan, in corpore vixisset, inter cseteros ecdesiae stipendiarios ^ pauperes alere solebat; quae, accepto rumore patrati miraculi, aJtemis se hortabantur sermonibus, ''Quid " hie," ^ inquiunt, " sedemus,* quae patrem vitae nostrsB '' revivisoere audimus ? ^ eamus ad ilium ; caJamitatem " deploremus, auxilium flagitemus. Qui nostram suevit '' depellere paupertatem, dignabitur corporis nostri pro- '' fligare csecitatem; compatietur fame morituris, ut " reddita luce gratiam prsestet pauperculis, operibus " manuum suarum deinceps victuris." Dixerunt et rectore baculo viam qusB ducit ad civitatem pergere coeperunt. Cumque ad portam ecdesise venissent, junc- tis^ ad invicem manibus ingressse sunt, procidentes-gerejtored que* ante memoriam viri hac moerorem supplicatione^itttomb. depromunt; ''Pater sancte, pater serene, ad has tuse " misericordi^ stipendiarias intende, ut aut solito more " victum eis tribuas, aut lumen oculorum per quod " vitam transigere possint rcstituas." Et iterum dixe- runt, "Piissime, potentissime, his tuis misellulis^ mise- " rere." Sic oraverunt, et inter orandum dare viderunt, magnumque gaudium populo preestiterunt. ! 4. Sacerdos quidam Folcanensium prsepositus, nomine ^^^'S*^- ; Ceowlfiis,* vir locuples valde erat, mxiltaque nobilitate J'oikBtone inter suos poUebat. Hie per multos annos ita onmium tic. membrorum paralysi dissolutus fiierat, ut neque vicinas possessiones adire, neque ecdesise limina contingere, nisi in grabato deportatus, valeret. Suasus itaque ab intimis suis, ut ad memoriam domini Dunstani miserum cadaver sineret transferri, prime quidem verecunde^
^ Mtipendiarioa^ stipendaiios, L. i ^ procidentesque^ procedentesque, ' hk'] hinc, Mab. L.
' sedemut'] sedimiu, Mab. * avdimitf ] yidimoB, L. ^jwtctis] Yinctis, L.
7 miseUuUs'i misellis, L.
B Ceowlfiu I Ceonolfhs, Boll.
* venemide] Terecundia, Mab.
I 2
132
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He IB per- suaded to havere-I oouneto Dunstan,
and is healed.
fie Kivea a
feanonthe
occasion.
and speak- ing with contempt of Dunstan, has another panlytio stroke*
distulit homo dives, dedignans CQnsortium paupertatis, ex omnibus locis propter spem recuperandsB salutis illuc confluentis. Sed cum jam prse doloris magnitudine sibi ipsi esset intolerabilis, jussit feretralem equorum lateribus machinam coaptari, seque in ea positum ad ecdesisa januas, ubi memoratus sanctus requiescit, per- trahi. Ibi dientum suorum humeris sustentatus intro illatus est, prosequente ilium non parva mxiltitudine agnatorum, flebiKbus vodbus Dunstani nomen invocan- tium. Secunda autem die factus in agonia, segrotus sensit quasi manum hominis per totum corpus discur- rentem, omnesque totius corporis nervos distringentem.^ Inde vociferans e terra exsiliit, in pedibus suis con- stitit, et restituta ad integrum sanitate, exclamare coepit, " Benedictus Filius Dei viventis in bono servo " Suo Dunstano, et benedictus bonus servus Ejus Dun- " stanus in Hlo. Vere pius, vere omnipotens Christus, " Qui servos tam potentes, tantaque pietate prseditos " habet." Mox hymnis et laudibus devotissime Domino persolutis, qui alienis manibus fuerat deportatus suis pedibus cucmTit, equum ascendit, et cum omni comi- tatu gaudens et bilaris recessit. Sed post paucos dies facto convivio in domo sua, convocavit omnes amicos et notos, ut sibi de adepta sanitate congauderent et congratularentur. Cumque in magno gaudio conviva- rentur, coeperunt Deum laudare et glorificare Qui, cum sit potens, potentem non abjecerit, sed cum pauperibus Suis poenitentiaB ei spatia concesserit. Super quo indig- natus ille respondit, ''Num me inter csBteros pauperes " computatis, quia inter eos sanatum asseritis ? Non '' ita est, quoniam, etsi Dunstanus non fiiisset, ita mihi " contigisset." Ad banc vocem toto corpore intremuit, itaque uno momento eadem qusa ilium dimiserat in- firmitate percussus est, ut nihil in omnibus membris esset quod ab hac percussione intactum remaneret.
^ dtstringeHtemi] distmguentem, Mab.
AUCTOKE OSBERNO. 133
Yociferabatur ergo miserabiliter et post paulum ex^pi- He dies, rabat infeliciter.
5. Ex illo die multus timor, multaque drca sanctum Mnitipiic*- Dei veneratio excrevit, restitutis ad integram sanitatis miFMieB. perfectionem nunc unis, nunc pluribus per singulos
dies segrotis ex diversarum regionum longinquitate porro adductis. Inter hsec multorum cervidbus impen- dens juvenis ferebatur, formosa quidem facie sed a nativitate fandi impotens, ut qui undenis ^ annofum ^^i^^
, * * , cripple 18
temponbus nee caput sursum erexent nee deorsum tej^J^
gressum direxerit. Quern super capita illorum Celsius ^*^^'
elevatum hiis precibus fletu pennixtis sancto obtu-
lerunt; " O. Christe," inquiunt, " Salus et Creator.
" omnium, Qui homines hac' etiam in parte caateris
** animantibus excellere voluisti, quod loqui possunt'
" et erecto capite incedere, reforma in hoc fiKo nos-
'< tro vel quod natura informatum reliquit, vel quod
" formatum inimica saluti aegritudo corrupit. Solius
'' enim Tui est ex eo quod non est in id quod est
" perducere, et quod est in quascunque volueris formas
" mutare. Exaudi ergo preces supplicantium propter
" Temetipsum et propter Dunstanum dilectum Tuum."
Tunc demissus ex humeris bajulantium se sesrotus. He touehes
*-' it» u healed,
ut ad memoriam sancti vicinius applicari^ deberet, moxandipeaks. ut tumbam tetigit, in pedibus suis constitit, caput cum scapulis sursum erexit, et resoluta lingua quaa nunquam antea fiierat locuta, excelsa voce damare coe- pit, "Gloria in excelsis Deo, Alleluia." Sicque perse- veravit in integritate susceptss locutionis, ut usque ad finem vitse non solum expedite verum etiam diserte omnia loqueretur.
6. Paupercula etiam cum csetera mxiltitudine advenit a poor
wonun
ferens in ulnis triennem natam ex utero suo sme lu-bringiher
1 qui trndema^ qmndeiiiB, Mab. I ' possumt"] possiiit, Mab. ' Aoc] ac, L. ; bere MS. E. ends. | ^ t^plicari] i^plicare, L,
134 MmACULA sANcrri dunstani
little dauRh. mine natam ; quae cum per aliquot dies orationi pro
homhhni^ salute filisB suse sollicita incubuisset^ nee exauditam se
aliquatenus sentiret, deprecata est omnem derum aux-
ilio sibi apud Dei sanctum fore, confidens eos tanto
citius impetraturos quod vellent, quanto ei prse cseteris
hominibus familiarius ^rvirent. Affecti itaque pietate
monachi pro dolore matns et languore puellse ooeperunt
instantissima prece sanctum deposcere, ut earum afflic-
onthotenthHioni solita bonitate dignaretur subvenire. Decima
chSdsees. autem die dum forte matemo gremio puella incumbe-
ret, subito apertis oculis dare omnia videbat, et prse
gaudio exsiliens dicebat, "Mater mi, quae sunt haec
" pxilcra quse video ?" Cui ilia, " Videsne," inquit, " mi
" cara ?" Quae dixit, " Pulcher homo ille jussit me
" haec pulchra videre." Clamatimi itaque est per totam
ecdesiam puellam a nativitate caacam a magno ponti-
fice Dunstano illuminatam. Fit concursus omnium
The by- matrem cum filia constipantium. Sed cum aliqui ex
standera try , « , i i i-t i*
vhcther she clero credcre non possent quod patentibus oculis acu-
can really •••• . -m . » ■* « ••i*
see. men visionis messet, volentes mdagandse ventatis sig-
num videre, jactant poma, sicut pueris alludi solet, per pavimentum ecdesiae, ut experirentur si absque errore infantula posset ea sequendo comprehendere. Qu83 confestim de sinu matris exsiliens, rotantia poma per diversos an&actus insectabatur, eisque apprehensis celeri cursu ad matrem revertebatur. Tunc deprehen- sum est puellam patentibus oculis posse videre, qui antea sine lumine videbantur patere.
An old 7. Item anus qusedam ad memoriam sancti pontifids
mim p^ea perducta est, ut quod in juventute perdiderat, in extrema
)^^.and aetate lumen oculorum redperet. Vacans ergo orationi
guide. nec ulla salutis remedia consequens, egreditur de civitate
volens ad locimi unde venerat remeare. Jamque pontem
fluminis Sturse ascendere coeperat, cum forte ductoris sui
auxilio destituta clamabat, ''Dunstane, Dunstane, nec
" speratum a te lumen obtinui, et ductorem nunc per-
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 135
" didi." Mirabile dictu et malefidis difficile creditu, shocnesto
Dunstaii
protenus ilia juvenes per medium pontis ligna ferentes and reoovera darissime vidit, quibuscum in dvitatem rediit et quid factum sit omnibus indicavit.
8. Quid de Clemente Teutone dicam^ cui magis aptum element the nomen est Demens quam Clemens^ quem sacerdos pro possessed by culpa voluptatis et contumacisB in interitum camisspiiit* Satanae tradiderat, et ita maledictionis sententia septem
annis devinxerat ut non solum in eodem loco toto corpore tremendo, verum etiam de loco ad locum cursi- tando, instabili ferretur motu. In basilica vero Salvatoris ante memoriam magni Dunstani prsesentatus, cum forte ad noctumas vigilias responsorium "Videte miraculum" w cured. inciperetur, saltmn in sublime dedit, dsemoniimi cum sanguine evomuit, et post hsec omni tempore secundum omnimodam sensatorum qualitatem quietus et loco et corpore^ mansit.
9. Aut quo modo fiictum in te miraculum, Elwarde,^ S^if narrabo ? hominem gigantesB magnitudinis si repentem JJJJ*^^^ te in terra tota* mole corporis per triginta ai^os fj^^^^ffl^ ponduB non * premeret gravissimae infirmitatis ; postea ^stored. vero caro patri Dimstano oblatus, atque ab eo mirabiliter sanatus, non solum cunctis factus es amabilis propter adeptse sanitatis miraculum, verum etiam admirabilis propter corporeae quantitatis spectaculum. Tu musicus
in conviviis didicisti posthsec convivantium animos carmine demxilcere, et inter cantandum tibiis carmen modificare. Sed inde tibi excelsi honoris insigne accessit, quod universitas hominUm concordi voce Dunstani to hominem servulumque vocavit.'
10. Sed et iUud ® non parva dignum est admirationc, quod quodam venerabili sene et re^ in omni religione probato referente agnovimus. Ait namque eundem pa-
1 corpore] tempore, L, 3 Eltoarde ] Edwarde, O. Boll. ; El?arde, F. L. M.
3 terra totii] tola terra, Boll. Mab.
* non\ om. L.
^ Aut . . vocavW] om. H.
^ Sed et illud] IUud quoque, K.
' re"] om. Mab.
136
MIRACULA SANCri DUNSTANI
Ho does 80 in vain and on his re- turn meeta Duustan,
Bunstan trom et d'omuium nostrum cuidam lonpedi in somms
appears in a . . . * . -
dream to a apparuisse atquo ut ad requiem corporis sui sanandus directs Wm veuiret prsBcepisse. Qui ad locum veniens, nee quicquam tomb. per multos dies orando salutis inveniens, tsedio sive desperatione fractus recessit, itinere quo venerat redire temptavit ; jamque mediam pene viam peregerat, cum is qui dudum dormienti apparuerat, vultu severus, veste decorus occurrit, sciscitans unde veniret, vel quo pergendo tenderet. " Recuperandse," inquit, " salutis gratia jussus " ad sanctum Dei Dunstanum perrexi, sed nihil profi- " ciens ad domum meam redeundum putavi." Turn ille, " Ego," inquit, " sum Dunstanus, omnium servorum Dei '' conservus ; necessariis quibusdam causis occupatus, non " poteram his diebus requiem corporis mei visitare, nee *' prsesentiam meam filiis ibidem manentibus exhibere. i " Nam ecclesiam Dei Alfrici;is, cognomento Bata,' ex- ] " figeredare temptavit, sed me tutore nihil efficere potuit, ; , " Nunc^SiTenTTSonfet^ hegoTiio ad locum requietionis " mese yado. Vide ergo ut ilia die et hora ibi te inve- " niam, quatenus per te gratiam meam meis civibus os- " tendam." Regressus itaque est languidus in civitatem, narravit omnibus quse audierat, indictum diem patienter He retunw expcctabat. Stupendum valde, die et hora qua sanctus sese venturum prsedixerat, de suscepta sanitate loripes gaudebat, et ineffabili totam urbem laetitia replebat. Hactenus ea quae aliorum testimoniis ad nostram notitiam perlata sunt enarravimus ; nunc iis quae nostra aetate facta sunt enarrandis operam dabimus.^
ApribUnd H. ViTgo quaedam Deo devota orationis gratia in civi-
^fc^ito tatem venit, inde misera quod ex quo nata est hujus
* mimdi lucem non viderat, sed ex hoc beata quod aeter-
nam lucem ardenti semper desiderio quaesiverat. Et cum
forte natalitius dies sanctorum Bartholomaei apostoli et^
who says that he has been en- gaged else- where and bids him return.
1 Bata] Beta, Boll.
3 Hactenus . . dabimus'] om. II.
3 satictontm , , . et] om. Mab.
Boll. L. M. ; erased in F. ; found in K. and O.
AUOTOBE 08BERN0. 137
confessoris Christi Audoeni episcopi instaret, in quo on the eye of panter et aiiorum omnium quorum reliquiaB m ecclesiamewand Salvatoris continentur, prsscipua veneratione memoria au^. nl'she celebrabatur ; postulabat iUa a custodibus ecclesiae ut sibi ancuat noo-| liceret eadem nocte vigilia^ ibidem celebrare ; quod dum cmred. facile propter vitse religionem obtinuisset, remansit in ecdesia juxta requiem beati patris Dunstani stans, tota- que nocte vigiliis et orationibus vacans. Jam noctumas laudes inceperamus, jam octavum responsorium, "Sint " lumbi vestri prsecincti/' modxilatis vocibus concineba- mus,^ cum virgo Dei vehementem in facie sustinens pru- ritum, arctissima digitorum impressione coepit oculos per- fricare. Inde statim sanguis ubertim exiens, in supposi- tum capitis sui velamen defluxit, modesteque ilia drcum- stantibus innuens, ^'Pradbete" inquit, '' mihivas^ sanguinis " susceptoriiun, ne terra sancta ejus colluvione macxiletur." Quod postquam iUi fecissent, lympham quoque lavandis oculorum orbibus prsebuerunt. Interim nos pueri vultus iUuc dirigere, oculis subaspicere, iterumque ad invicem mutuis aspectibus simul ac nutibus laetitiam significare ; suspicati namque sumus,. quod res erat, bonum patrem nostrum boni aliquid operatum fuisse. Jam cantus de prsednctione lumborum et ardentium lucemarum gesta- tione secundo terminabatur : jam a cantoribus gloria sanctes et individuas Trinitati reddebatur; et ecce ilia quse lumbos suos castitate semper prsednctos habuerat, ad gloriam Dei lucemas in ecdesia ardentes in magna cordis ketitia videbat. Mirata est ergo de omnibus quae Her wonder videbat. Ostendebantur ei laminaa auresB, cruces, baccilia^ shown her. daves ecdesise; omnia mirata ridebat. Ipsas quoque hominum figuras cum ingenti stupore considerabat.' Videres ergo omnes in ecclesia lacrymas exprimere, et The next cum vods modulatione cordis jubilatione Deum laudare. wwe to be^ Orto autem mane forte ad magistros intravimus, vapu- ^ ^ laturi pro cxilpis quas commiseramus. Et ecce de
' concin^amw ] concinabamiis, I ' Ipsas . . cimsiderabat] om. L. Mab.
138 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Godricfor- transverso vir bonus Godricus foribundtis irrupit, ita
bids the *
whipping, clamitans ; " Vos hie homines ineptissimi,^ crudelitatem
of 8. Dun- " in innocentiam evomitis, et dulcissimus pater noster
miracle. " Dunstanus suavitatem misericordiae suae in nos pecca-
" tores ostendit. Exite : prserogativam miraculi quondam
" a Salvatore in cseco nato celebratam iterum celebrari
" videtis, et aliquid crudeliter facere audetis ? Exitc."
Ita impias manus evasimus et post haec ecclesiam ingressi
8. Dunstan's sumus. Tunc pulsato signo beatissimi patris nostri, quod
and the, ipse manibus suis olim fecisse dicebatur, quo nullum
comes to re- dulcius neoue ad commovendos hominum animos flebilius,
turn thanks. ... • -. i v -j j p
concumt universa ci vitas volens oculis videre quod fama
reserante audierat. CcBpimus itaque excelsis vocibus
simul et lacrymabilibus Dominum Deum nostrum lau-
dare, Qui per beatum servum Suum Dunstanum tantis
Isetitiis nostra tempora dignatus est beatificare. Et cum
multa populorum millia in ecclesia starent, neminem
inter omnes videres, qui non pne gaudio pie ac dulciter
fleret.
On the eve 1 2. Vigilia beatorum Christi apostolorum Petri et Pauli
and's. Paul, erat, et inclinata jam die vespertinas orationes clerus in
author and ccclesia agebat. Forte ego cum alio puerulo coaetaneo
another boy it, i-^-i ..... i
weroap- mco ad altarc Cnnsti mmistraveram, consummatoquc
pooled to, by .... jj j ...i l .
a poor wo- mmisteno per gradus descendere mcipiebam: et ecce m
manwitha , ^ , i /»i. ,
crippled^ occursum uostrum vetula qusedam cum nlia bene adulta obviam se dedit, procumbens gradibus simul et clami- tans, " Miseremini mei,® pueri Dei, ut Deus omnipotens " misereatur vestri,^ profectum virtutis concedens et " aetatem puerilem ad maturos annos feliciter perdu- " cens." Nos autem, ut id setatis pueri, &ctum foemina? expavescentes, hsBsimus loco, miseriae causas flebiliter sciscitantes. Tum ilia, "Hanc," inquit, "quam videtis " filiam meam, a summis humeris usque ad extremos " manuum articulos collisam, obstetrids sua) nescio aut
daughter.
* ineptissimi] cm. Mab. I ' vestri'] nostri, Mab.
'^ mei] om. L. |
AXTCfrORE OSBERNO. 139
" fiiror aut negligentia fcedom atque inutilem reddidit.
'* Audivi magnam quandam in hoc loco Dei virtutem
" esse, et ideo ad supplicandum Ei longo itinere temp-
" tavimus hue venire ; vos nobis quid agendum sit, edi-
" cite/' Aspiciebamus interim manus sine forma manus, Description
juncturae juncturis non cohserebant, sed qusedam discors cripple.
deformitas informem^ quandam ossium concretionem '
faciebat, poUices retrorsum deflexi immobilem gerebant
sensibilitatem.' Cseterorum namque digitorum figura
nulla, sed radices quaedam de palma prominentes in-
trorsum curvabantur, quae in vola confixae unguibus
eam perforabant; quae res intolerabUes patienti angus-
tias inferebat. Avertimus ergo oculos hoc solum dicentes. They send
TkT L T •! 1 •! hertoDun-
JN on nos, bona mulier, non nos quid agendum sit con- staD's tomb, sulere velis ; juxta est qui et tibi consulere et * filiae " tuaB salutem valet procurare : solet namque secundum " fidem suam omnibus ilium invocantibus subvenire." Tum ilia comprehensa lacinia vestis filiae suae traxit eam ad locum, moxque toto corpore in terram prostratse adorant sanctum ambae, fletibus et ejulatibus illius boni- tatem pulsantes. Et vere pulsabant, quibus tam cito jj^re shcis misericordiaB illius viscera patebant. Necdum enim Phoebus marinis fluctibus caput intulerat, et ilia quae morbo contracta fiierat, ruptis venis brachia extollebat, manuum articulos omnes extendebat ; et quae ab aimis puerilibus digitos movere non poterat, expedite jam omnia contrectabat.* Itaque accurrimus, vidimus, flevi- mus, et facto mane cuni exultatione totius urbis, Domi- num Deum nostrum Jesum Christum " laudavimus.
13. Epheborum aliquis prope civitatem manebat, itaAyouni?. a puero debilitatus, ut a lumbis ac deorsum per totum ^^onGood emortuus duobus inniteretur bacillis, totius corporis adores tbe
1 i>i/brmem] iDformam, L. ^ eoncretionem ] coiinexionein, Boll.
* juxta . . eQ om. L.
* contrectabat'] contractabat, L.
® Jesum Christum'} Deum, Mab.
' pollices . . sensibilitatem] om. h. ' Boll,
140 MIKACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
croi8,and post 86 trahens medietatem. Hie ea die in qua Filius
stuTs by
Dunstan'B Dei in assumpta came dignatus est mori^ Ejus ecdesiam
tomb. . ^-- .^. • «i.
ingressus, vexillum crucis^ in qua monens mortem nos-
tram destruxit, cum caetera multitudine adorabat, et
futurae festivitatis gaudia juxta corpus venerandi pa-
tris ' Dunstani manens exspectabat. Adveniente autem
On Easter hora in qua Dominus noster Jesus Christus triumphato
S^S ^ diabolo a mortuis resurrexisse creditur, clamor in ecde-
sia factus est magnus, tumultuans adolescentem rectum
toto corpore stare, qui a multis annis inferiores corporis
partes post se consueverat trahere. Quod quamvis de-
rus scielbat, patienter tamen simul et laetanter soils
ortum exspectabat. Mane vero Dominicse resurrectionis
The whole convcnit iufinita totius urbis multitudo in ecdesiam
togrtherto videre quid in hominem divina potentia operata fuisset,
quem antea in infirmitate bene cognitum habuissent
Viderunt itaque et Deo gloriam dederunt, damantes
bono Domino Dunstanum in vita servisse, cui post
mortem non solum contigit beatius vivere, verum etiam
benefidorum suorum gratiam hominibus prsdstare.
cnreof a 14. Puerum quoque omnibus membris contractum per
^^^ ^' eundem Dei sanctum vidimus sanatum.^
One day the 15. Quadam etiam die, dum plus solito magistrorum
masters «• i*j. * i^ •••
were deter- furor m pucros dcssBviret, nee spes mtercessionis uspiam wMp the ulla suppeteret, hoc unum et solum* superesse remedium
hoTB who
betaie credidcrunt, ut ad memoriam dulcissimi patris Dunstani
themselyes « . « x -n j. • x
toDunstan's couHigium facereut, illumque non tam intercessorem quam adversus impietatis ministros defensorem exhibe- rent. Conferunt itaque se summo diluculo ad ilium multis lacrymis ejus dementiam postulantes, sedenti- bus per diversa loca magistris, qua transitus puerorum esse deberet, exitumque illorum de ecdesia multiplici diligentia aucupantibus. Et ecce lacrymantibus illis appaxuit, pios vultus gerens, pius pater Dunstanus,
^pa/ris] noetri/ ins. L. I omits all down to parvipendebat,
3 sanaiwn} From this point H. | p. 142 below.
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
141
tangensque virga quam manu gestabat imum illorum Danstan apertis oculis videntem, sed movendi se omnino impo- one oi them tentem, ita adorsus est fari; ''Jam desitum sit, pueri, muesheip. " a fletu, quoniam nullum vobis hodie molestum esse " permitto. Idcirco enim veni invitatus lacrymis doloris " vestri. Ecce nunc ibo, et magistros egressum vestrum explorantes gravissimo somno soporabo. Tu veroHebidshim
. ? ^ • i J- teUtheprior
puer, qm me loquentem cemis et audis, cum vos meo to remove
« Ti . • • t. M • i« the body of
" munere liberatos esse coimovens, m hoc mini sratiam ewi h»- prsestabis, si nujus ecdesiae prseposito ex meo nomme chrigtened prsecipias ut initiatum infantulum hunc, qui juxta
t<
€<
<(
t<
((
a
(t
€(
St
t<
me ^ nuper conditus est, filium comitis Haraldi,^ foras projid £Ebciat. Indecens namque valde est, ut ibi paganorum corpora sepeliantur ubi divina quotidie mysteria celebrantur. Quod si ipse aut metu aut increduUtate prseceptum meum neglexerit, noverit hac in eodesia nihil prosperum processurum quamdiu hoc meum prseceptum opere non foerit impletum." Hsec dicens sepulcro receptus est. Is autem qui hsec viderat turn quidem puer, nunc vero reverendse setatis senior, quique ' ut ista sublato nomine iUius scriberentur, solli- cite nos admonuit, statim sui compos effectus innuit soda- jJJ^^J'*' libus pueris dicens, " Num patrem Dunstanum vidistis ? J^ij^^ « Num quid locutus fuerit audistis?" Narravitque omnia seriatim, ''Hsec," inquiens, "et^ hsec locutus est." Surgentes ergo pueri ut intrarent domum mar- tyriii^^transieru^ aite primos magistros; dormierunt. Transierunt ante secundos; dormierunt. Transierunt ante tertios et quartos; dormierunt. Post paulum^TheypaaB vero eviirilantes et derisos se firaviter dolentes, versi in who have mrorem, statuunt ssevissimam tertia diei hora de puens ultionem sumere, quos protegente Dunstano mane non potuerunt contingere. Talis enim mos in ecclesia tunc temporis erat, ut quos prima diei hora sine vindicta ser- varet, eos hora tertia durius puniret. Sed Dunstanus
' me] om. L.
3 HarMi] Haroldi, Mab. Boll.
' qvique] qai, L.
* ei"] hiec et, Mab. ,
* marUffix] partly erased in L.
* paii/vm] paoIo, Mab.
142
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
TheboTS escaped the whipping.
The prior disbeUeves the meBsage.
Dunstan leaves the church in disgust;
and it is burned: (in 1007.)
semper et ubique fidelis ita prsefatos eadem hora a se magistros divisit^ ut non tarn de puerorum kesione cogi- tare quam de sua liberet confusione tractare. Ita pueri periculum diei illius evasere, atque in crastino vigilias Dominicee Nativitatis gaudenti animo videre. At is, qui legatione patris fungebatur, quae audierat prseposito fideliter nunciabat, sed ille infideli mente nunciata parvipendebat.
16. Quotiens ^ etiam in noctuma visione visus est fra- tribus de ecdesia exire! quern cum exeuntem retinere vellent, " Non possum," inquit, " ibi manere propter foe- " torem pagani pueri, licet initiati, in hac ecclesia se- " pulti." * Nee multo post Ecclesia Salvatoris igni combusta est, parietes ceciderunt, nee quicquam ex omnibus monasterii officinis incombustum remansit, prseter duas domos sine.quibus monachi remanere non possent, dormitorium scilicet et refectorium : tantamque claustri partem sub quanta absque imbrium infusione ab ima domo in aliam possent introire ;^ ex quo satis videre fait quantam nostri curam pater ^ Dunstanus habuerit.
Lanfirano 17. Sed horum ruina in melius commutata est, veni-
foundations cutc vcnerabili viro Lan£ranco archiepiscopo, et omnium
^^C qui nostra ^tate in terra Aienrnt sanctissimo simul ax:
sapientissimo. Qui cum fundamenta construendaB nova3
ecclesias ponere vellet, neque hoc absque translatione
corporum infra ambitum ejusdem ecclesise quiescentium
facere posset, indixit jejunium omni populo, quatenus
and removes sanctorum volimtas fieret, ut eorum corpora ad alia
the bodies of « . /• • j ■• j. tv i_ • x» j.*
the saints, loca transfcm deberent. Die vero huic negotio consu- tuto, orante omni populo, clero cereis et aromatibus omnique genere gaudiorum occurrente, par&verunt se
> Qmtiens] Here MS. H. re- someB.
* propter . . sqmltt] vrittes over an erasure in F. ; propter spnrcitias
maloram momm et reorom in ec- clesia sepultomm, H. E.
* introire] Here MS. Harl. 56 ends.
* pater"} noster, ins. L..
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
143
sacerdotes ut thecam sancti patris Dunstani absque con- Dunstui's trectatione corporis illius e terra levarent, et ad locum moved. cum omni diligentia prseparatum deferrent. Quam cum in humeris accepissent, retinetur a quibusdam ecdesise militibus qui pacem regis Willelmi ^ nuper infregerant, Certain occisia duobus equitibus, nepotibus videlicet Scotlandi,* had kuied
■■■ two men,
qui erat abbas monasterii Sancti Augustini extra urbis tekehoidof muros constituti. Timebant autem ne mors occiso- coffin. rum morte sua solveretur, et ideo evitandi hujus mali causa, neque a sancto recedere, neque thecam ejus . dimittere voluerunt. Vocati simt itaque tam abbas The abbot of
, , - S. Augufl-
quam omnes' ii quorum interfiiit vindictam donare; ne- tine's, whose gaverunt, nee mortem occisorum sine vindicta remittere J^^ ^^ voluerunt. Quid ergo? Deductum est sacrum corpus wfui^to^ infecto negotio, atque in oratorio beatse virginis Marise J^^^^i]*" collocatum. Summo autem diluculo nobis adhuc in^^^n. stratis quiescentibus, irrupit in ecdesiam abbas stipatus parentum catervis. Postulat fratres celerius excitari. Dicit se necessario illis loqui velle. Qui cum venissent, accessit ad corpus sancti, genua flexit, atque in haec verba lacrymabiliter erupit ; " Peccavimus in te, sancte " Dei, nolentes tibi in conspectu populi exhibere ho- " norem obsequii. Ecce, nunc et* injuriam donamus, " et de mentis nostrse obstinatione veniam imploramus." Nos autem mirantes tam subitam rei^um mutationem cognovimus illos per visionem a sancto Dei fuisse per- territos, et vix noctem illam transegisse vivos, prop- ^®j^Pj^^ terea quod presbyter quidam aspectu terribilis, qui ex figuratis imaginibus Dimstano visus est simillimus, gra- vibus eos cruciatibus vexasset, diuque vexatos ardenti rogo concremandos violenter pertraxisset. Ita illi quam sponte noluerunt, coacti injuriam donaverunt.
18. His temporibus conflictum iniit Lanfrancus archi- ^^^'*^^" episcopus adversus natu majores regni Anglorum, prse- ^^^
1 WilUltnil WiUermi, Msb. M. 3 Scotlandt] Scoclandi, M. Scol-
land, abbot of S, Augustine's, 107Q- 1087. ' omite«] om. L.
144
MIIIACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Claimiot
Odoof
Bayeuz.
Lanfiruio seeks help fromDun-
BtUl.
Danstan appeanuid enoouraeM him.
He is victo- rious.
StonroC BgeiwBrd.
cipue adversus episcopum Bajocensem, nomine Odonem, qui erat frater regis et comes Cantise, de jure ecdesise Christi et quibusdaL terris inde ab ;atiqiis tempori- bus injuste ablatis. Sed nihil de viribus suis confidens, erat namque sicut omnibus sapientia incomparabilis, ita in conspectu Dei prse omnibus semper humilitate ad- mirabilis, deprecatus est beatum Dunstanum auxilio sibi fore ad defendendam causam ecdesise suse. Et oblata pro exauditione hostia salutari, quietus sedebat in loco exspectans advocationem causidicorum, simul ac meditans quid vel ipse adversariis objicere, vel qualiter ad objecta quseque posset respondere.
Tunc interim excessum mentis patienti apparuit sanctus Dei, stans in medio duorum aliquorum ange- lica dignitate praeditorum, angelicos et ipse vultus habens, atque in vultu quandam frontis et oculorum conniventiam Lanfranco ostendens. Ex qua visione de capienda victoria securus ille effectus concilium^ malig- nantium intrepidus adiit, munitiones iUorum torrente rationtim funditus dissipavit. Ita enim cunctos Christi ac suos devidt adversarios, ut et quae sui juris erant ecdesise Christi integerrime restituerentur, et hoc non humana sapientia sed divina factum ^sse virtute, idem Domini servus gloriaretur.*
19. *Sed illud supra onmia quae vidimus admirabile putamus, quod in .^!gelwardum ecdesise Christi mona- dium factum agnovimus ; qui cum juvenis esset et evan-
^ concilium] consiliam, L. The Btory, "which is told by Eadmer in his Historia Novella as well as in his book of the Miracles, most be- long to the year 1076, in whieh the placitnm of Fennenden was keld« See Anglia Sacra, i. 334, 335.
s ghriaretur] gloriabatur, L.
' The following miracle is omitted in the Lambeth MS., and also in MS. M. by Mabillon and the Bollan* dists. It is fbnnd in the other MSS.
K. and C, and is inserted on a blank leaf in F. The Arundel MS. has here on a leaf inserted the following story : —
<* Qnoddam miraculmn, qaod mi- " randa Dei potentia dignata est *' ad honorem beati Donstani boni " yestri patroni, vobis yolomns no- *' tificari. In Gloecestreschira quse- " dam yilla est qusB vocator Sapre- " tone, in qua quiedam basilica in
memoria et veneratione Sancti
((
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
145
geUum Christi ad sacras Missarum celebrationes Icgere soleret, frequenter a prsefato archiepiscopo Lanfranco admonitus est ut castum se haberet, nullas corporis sui immunditias contraberet, ne indigne ilium ad al- tare servientem malignus aliquando spb-itus invaderet. Quadam ergo die dum ex prisca consuetudine altari deservirent, jamque Dominica oratione finita ad hoc ventum fuisset ut in manus archiepiscopi patenam'dare deberet^ . terribiles ac diabolicas nescio quas formas juxta altare conspicit assistentes, et quasi impetum in se facere volentes. Ad quarum intuitum usque ad ani- mam juvenis conterritus, nee omnino execrabilem vul- tum illorum ferens, tales horrendis stridoribus clamores insonuit, " Christus vincit, Christus regnat, Christus " imperat." Inter quae verba totus a maligno spiritu invasus expanses brachiis archiepiscopum divina sacri- ficia agentem apprehendit timidusque tenuit ; nee ab illo recedere voluit, quousque ministri capellani accurrerent, violenter eum avellerent, exertisque militibus custodien- dum traderent. Expleta autem missa intravit Lanfran- cus in secretiorem domus partem, dsamonicum duci ad se prsecepit, clausoque ostio solus cum solo remansit : con- stringensque Sanctis manibus sasva brachia patientis, pra}- cepit illi culpam confiteri propter quam a tam saevo dse-
He had been warned by Lanfranc to lead a pure life.
He sees evil splritB dur- ing divine service.
He 18 seized by an evil spirit and lays hold of the upch- bishop.
«
Cf
(( u « (• (( (I
C(
(f
(t (I cr «
Dunstani ab antiquis temporibas est fedificata et dedicata. HnjuB preabiter snifl prsecepit parochia- nifl quatenns celebrandmn Sancti Donstam festnm celebrarent, cele- brantesqae exnltarent. Quod omneB at jastiim est fecemnt, ex- cepto qaodam villano fatao et in- Bano, qui, aliis feriantibas festum- qne celebrantibus, solas in agro sao operatos est. Sed illias conyi- eanei hoc yidentes, hocquo repre- hendentes, rogaveraat iljum at a tali cessaret opere, ne sibi male contingeret. .Qaibusille maligno
'' inflatas spirita respondit dicens ** ' Car ego pro Dunstano de Saprc- " * tane meam dimitterem atilita- *^ < tem ? Quis illo est ? ' Res mira et " aadienda et tenenda 1 Mox rus- *< ticus illemiserrimas anam absque ** mora perdidit ocalam; nam a /' capite decidit, et ad sai doloris " augmentam qaiedam qaae habait « Tscca, arrepta rabie incompesci- ^' hiiij eadem hora insanivit, sicque periit. Hajus vero focti tot sunt testes qaot homines in ilia regionc habehtar abi hoc erenit et abi ** nisticoB ille adhac habitat."
«
c<
«
146 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The.evii mone potuisset invadi. Ccepit ille velle confiteri, sed mox vents him ut ad verbum veniebatur Im^rua illius a daemone detine-
from con- , -r n t-ii
fessing.but batur. Adiurat itaque Lannuncus diabolum ut loquen-
18 overcome . .
byLanfranc. tem non impediat, sed culpam quam fecerat coxifiteri permittat. Itaque divina virtute diabolus superatur, commissum crimen monachus confitetur, in utroque pon- tifex magnifice gratulatur. Post hsec in capitulum duc- tus, cbrporali disciplinse subditus aliquamdiu mansit quie- tus. Deinde reddens ad pedes axchiepiscopiperstringebat unumquemque torvis ac minacibus oculis, minitans se palam dicturum quod unusquisque in secreto operatus
ue threat- fuisset. Erat autem inter cseteros fratres adolescens
enstorovcal ., . ,. , rv» i^« i • •
the wicked- quidam qucm speciali quadam anectione arcniepiscopus companions; dilig^ebat. eo quod materiam boni illi inesse conspiceret,
one young , ^ . ^ . t ± • • j t
man m par- si quis Cam possct elicerc et praecipiendo meliorem reddere. Hunc ergo inconsolabiliter propter rem qusd acciderat gementem, atque amaras ad Dominum laciymas profundentem, maUgnus spiritus compescuit, dicens, " Quid tu," inquit " lacrymaris ? Vanae sunt " lacrymse tuse, vanus ploratus tuus. Idem nos locus " habebit, ambos infemus tenebit." Nolens autem Lan- francus adolescentem a dtemonio verecundiam pati^ confestim de loco surgit, apprehensum ilium seorsum ducit prius, ut solitus erat, precibus agens, ut si quid in illo peccati lateret in vera Deo confessione ediceret, ne diabolus ilium ligatum teneat^ et coram omnibus
The young qu8B commisissct valcat improperare. Qui statim qusB-
man con- j. j. ^ x
LM^im cunque a pueritia de se scire poterat magna cordis
who does' alacritate confitens, tantis archiepiscopum gaudiis re- alms m sign IT I O
of gratitude, plevit ut ct manibus confitentis crebra oscula figeret, et pro redemptione illius trecentis pauperibus eadem die stipem porrigeret. Hujusmodi namque cunctis peccata sua apud ilium deplorantibus pnestare solitus erat, ut juxta modum culparum largitionem exhiberet eleemosy-
Thcmad- narum. Ducitur interea vesanus ille ad tumbam sancti
_ ■
brought to patris Dunstani, prosequente ilium tota monasterii con-
Dimstan's ,, ., . . . .,, , -i • •
tomb. gregatione ; ibique exorasmo super mum ab archiepiscopo facto, toto illo die incolumis permansit et quietus.
AUCrORE OSHERNO. 14/
Proinde nos immensia l^titiia exultare veluti homines qui 4£t«betaB
148 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Lanfranc, vehementer indignatus apprehensa adolescentis dextera thephysi- ccBpit ad demonlacum ire, comitantibus ilium Alberto
ciaii. and * t i • t*
others, go to medico, Quem postea cardinalem sanctae Romanae eccle-
vialtthem. . /• * ,1.. mi
S18B clencum vidimus, et ams quibusdam quorum no-
mina non satis memorise occurrunt. Jamque coeperamus
ad domum, in qua dsemoniacus sub magna custodia ja-
cebat vinctus, appropinquare, cum illorum duorum ad-
huc parietum septis indusus nee potuitque nos corpo-
ralibus oculis yidere, pnevalens rabidissimis vocibus haec
tolihSn be-* i^^^^^^^'J'^^^ " Laufrancc, Lanfrance, et tu Alberte medice,
them!^ *®®* " et tu ille et ille, et juvenis cujus ego societate gaudeo,
" non vos video, et ad me venire atque de me verba
" habere scio." Ad quaa dicta supra quam did potest
pontifex admiratus ingreditur ad aegrotum, furorem iUius
sancta mitigat asperitate; offert juvenem tanta quaesi-
Themad- tum importunitate. Quem ille nunc contractis luminibus
man fails ■, . . , 1 1 ^ j.
to reooff. subaspiciens negat eum esse quem quaerebat : lactoque ,
young man impetu nisus cst disccrpcre ilium. Tum Lanfrancus
threatened, per virtutcm confcssionis actitatum intelligens, quod-
juvenem toties inclamatum malignus spiritus non ag-
nosceret, conversus ad daemonem, " Etsi mendax," inquit,
" sis et pater mendaciorum, in hoc tamen veritati, velis
'' nolis, contestaris, quod hunc adolescentem non esse
" quod fiiit attestaris, quoniam per confessionem est ab-
" solutum quicquid aut per propriaB fragilitatis negligen-
'' tiam dimissum, aut per diabolicam expugnationem ex-
The e^di " stiterat commissum." Elxinde majoribus tormentis pos-
^omes sessum corpus diabolus a^tare. Et nunc simulabat so
in him. mutum, uuuc ostcudcbat sme modo multiloquum. Ite-
rum amarissime flere et subito turpissime cachinnare,
aliquando suaviter loqui, et confestim clamoso tumultu
vociferari.
The removal Sed jam qucmadmodum et daemon ejectus, et ob-
oftherelicB ■, im x *! x -n
into the scssus a daemone liberatus sit, contexam. Per pau- cos dies exegit ratio ut transferri deberent corpora sanctorum de praefato praefatae virginis oratorio in do- mum quandam refectorii, quoniam oportebat idem ora-
AUurOBE OSBBRNO.
torium pro extendendia noTse ecdesue fimdameDtis ^ the destrui, nee prseter illam alia domus inveniri poterat ings^nyinj
tt
150 MIRACULA SANCrri DUNSTANI
Heisde- bajuliiJites venerabile corpus Sancti Diinstani, illi de
^Dun-*' transverso ferentes semivivuin cadaver insani, depo-
8 n 8 CO n. g^^J^^J^^ utnimque in terram clamantes et dicentes,
" Bene tibi, pater Dunstane, cum diabolo conveniat ;
" tu videris si in domo tua tecum manere debeat."
Egressis autem omnibus, remansit quidam monachus
qui familiari quodam affectu dominum Dunstanum
semper dilexerat, et ei in multis rebus secundum posse
A monk suiun obscquium detulerat. Hie ergo fisus de ilia quam
hjm?iii^ f ad sanctum Dei habuerat familiaritate, arreptum crucis
staff upon ^vexillum quod olim ante ilium beatissimum episcopali
him and * » t n * x. •!. •n i •
prays. ntu defem consueverat, posuit mud super insanum, ita cum lacrymis Dunstanum exorans; "Tu dulcior melle, tu omni pulchrior flore, multimodis paradisi odoribus plene, cur n\mc virtutum tuarum aromata " non spirant, quae tam saevum daemonium extricare " valeant? Dignus ego non sum quem orantem exau- " dias, sed si quis est in omnibus hujus ecdesiae filiis, " qui secundum voluntatem tuam tibi imquam servie-
Thedoyii " rit, pro cjus amorc hunc dsemonem expelle." Inter hsBC verba daemoniacus quievit et lassato furore quasi exanimis jacuit. At monachus ille majorem adhuc de sancto confidentiam sumens omnia jacentis vincula dis- solvit. Qui statim quasi de alio sfeculo eductus graviter
^^Titu"^ suspirans de lectulo surrexit, amplexusque crucem quam ante vehementer horrebat, incubuit super cam piissimo fletu, ista dicens ; " Qratias ago tibi, sanctorum piissime, " domine et commimis pater Dunstane, qui me .de " manibus dsemonum, quorum potestati traditus fui, " dignatus es eripere." Et conversus ad monachum sic ait, " Gratias et tibi ago, venerabilis domine, qui tanta " compassione erga miseriam meam actus voluisti, aliis " egredientibus, hie remanere, tuisque lacrymis pias pii " Dunstani aiu"es pulsare. Ecce divino jussu qui me " vexaverunt recesserunt, nee amplius mihi nocere
Hejived " potcrunt." Ab illo ergo die liberatus est monachus ab omnimoda daemonum vexatione, multisque annis
loavos him.
Hisreco-
long aft( r.
AUCTORE OSBERNO.
151
posiea vixit, et sancto fine ultiiuuni diem clausit. osbern ex-
CU8Q8 his
Latiua fortasse quam opus esset hoc miraculum scrip- prolixity. simus, verum ideo hoc fecimus, ut considerata magnitu- dine mali magnitudo agnosceretur miraculi ; et tanto ma- gifl amor confessionis in cordibus audientium dulcesceret, quanto virtutis istius sublimitas efficadus appareret.
20. Post aliquot dies Lanfrancus corporali infirmitate iJiness of
. . . Laninuic'.
gravissime tactus omnino a medicis desperabatur. Cum- que finem vitae jamjamque adesse putaret, missa lega- tione mandat fratribus ecclesiaB Christi quae circa so He sum- agebantur, exoptat semonun prsesentiam quatenus, si in brethron of corpore diutius vivere non liceret, defuncti, ut verbis church to utar illius> cadaver ad urbem secum transveherent. Nam in quodam ecclesiae patrimonio procul ab urbc distante, quod Ealdintune ^ vocatur, idem pater venera- bilis aegrotabat. Veniunt itaque illi ad locum, inveniimt omnia lacrymis repleta, plorant cum plorantibus, no- lentes hominem morte videre finiendum, cui similem post hsec * sciebant non esse inveniendum. At ille sivc suas angustias, sive filiorum suorum miserias non ferens, sicut enim mater unicum filium, ita singulos nos unice diligebat, convertit faciem suam ad parietem, di- vinam quantis posset suspiriis clementiam deprecaturus. Confestim autem sursum raptus, videbat quasi exer- He has a
. i.-i i«/i vision of
citum virorum candidatorum, lucmuas sicut sol facies a procession habentium, albos equos cum faleris aureis comptos insi- in whit« dentium, et liberales jocos jocunda quadam suavitate :!'^^
1. • • 1 -I f j^ Ml •. horses: ho
adinvicem exmbentium. Quos ille prsetereuntes laeta- |j tow that bundis oculis intuens sciscitabat cujusnam ista profectio Stan's. esset. Dictum autem est hanc domini Dunstani esse, iUum vero non longe abesse. Exspectabat itaque Lan- francus, explorans singulorum transeuntium vultus, cii-
1 £:a/(i(nf«ne]EalditaDe,Mab.Bol].
3 These words would seem to fix the date of the composition of the book before the appointment of An- selm, whom the writer would scarcely
have reckoned inferior to Lanfraiic in monastic merit ; but the mention of Canlinal Albert, in page 148, may point to a later date. Albert was Cardinal under Urban II.
152 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
^iistan piens ilium prsB csBteris cognoscere a quo prse cajteris
remedia sperabat salutis-accipere. Et ecce beatissimus
pater Dunstanus venerabilium seniorum cuneis hinc
inde stipatus veniebat, similem per omnia cseteris habi-
tum gerens^ nisi quod ab humeris et sursum celsior
eunctis eminebat. In cujus occursum Lanfrancus hu-
militer progrediens, jungensque se ad latus equitantis
^jjj^c.^ illius, amplexatus est pedem simul cum ascensorio cui
&ir videbatur inniti, a^ue ad se ^ osculandi gratia trahere
withdraws conatus est. At Dunstanus quasi ad factum expave-
scens, sive Lan£ranco honoris gratiam exhibens, con-
stricto genu utraque manu pedem ad se videbatur
retrahere. In hac beata certaminis lucta Lanfrancus ad
He aw^cB id quod fuerat redit, et ita se sanum repent, ut nul-
himaeif weu. lum infirmitatis vestigitim in toto corpore remansisset.
Agit itaque gratias Deo, Cujus dono et Dunstanum vi-
dere et cupitam salutem illo potuit donante suscipere.
Vocatis ergo iis^ qui propius accumbebant narrat ex
ordine quae viderat, simul se convaluisse asseverat.
lUis vero existimantibus quod alienata mente loqueretur,
" Pi'separetur," inquit, "mihi altare, videbitis namque
" ilium sacrifidum Deo offerentem quem paulo ante
" videbatis vix labia moventem." Deinde accitis qui
nuper advenerant senioribus, "Hie dies," ait, "erit
SSktiw " vobis boni nimcii dies ; dominum et patrem nostrum
thankl?ufl- " I^uustanum hie fuisse, et me ab omni corporis mo-
Btaii. « lestia sanasse scitote. Begredimini ergo ad ecdesiam,
" portas ejus super vos obserate; ad memoriam sancti
" accedite ; genua flectite, ac pro reddita mihi sanitate
" uberes gratias referte. Nolo etenim' per me ipsum
" modo venire, ne existiment me homines aliquid esse,
" quasi qui potuerim Dei sanctos videre." Faciunt illi
imperata, magnamque fratribus de morte patris sus-
pectis gaudium pra3stant.
* se] om. L. I ^ etentm] enim, L.
-' lis] his, Mab. BoU. |
AUCrOBE OSBEBNO.
21. Quidam capellanus presbyter archiepificopi o^^^^^' gravi febrium vexationo per octonos menses cruciatus j^^^*"
154
MIKACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
This man WM always found in the church.
After two years his chains dropped oiT.
Lanfranc tells the tale to a great man who tells him an- other.
A pirate named Barabas had been ar- rested and escaped.
When ho aimc nair Canterbury and saw the poldcn cherubin on the church steeple.
maj3 pro peccatis suis fimdere^ mlK.gniunque popuU affectum ex sonitu stridentium catenarum circa se ex- dtare. Cuiuque hoc per duos annos indesinenter fecis- set^ quadam die^ cum ante altare Dominicse Crucis prostratus jaceret, videntibus cunctis qui circumstabant, catensB diruptae sunt, boias in quatuor partes com- minutae, clavi in minutas partes confracti.* Ipse vero quid de eo divinitus agebatur penitus ignorabat. Sur- gente autem illo ab oratione, ceciderunt vincula de pe- dibus suis; qum tollens in manibus suis per medium fratrum omnipotentem Christum pro miraculo laudan- tium perrexit, eaque super altare Christi posuit, offerens Deo pro munere quod sibi ftierat pro onere. Post paucos dies dum rem istam Lanfrancus archiepiscopus cuidam prsepotenti viro narrasset, ille vicaria relatione, Et ego," inquit, " tale aliquid vestrae excellentiae nar- rare valeo ; quod non minoris admirationis apud to " fore existimo. Tertius namque dies est hodie ex quo sedecim naves piratarum, validissimo vento actae, ad ripam maris sunt jactatae. Homines autem qui intus fuprant partim maris fluctibus sunt immersi, partim a regiis exactoribus comprehensi, cum prin- cipe suo nomine Baraba, compedibus astricti sunt. Qui idcirco Baraban se appellari voluit, quoniam nimiaB semper crudelitatis fuisset, multamque hominum " turbam manu sua occidisset. Evadens autem de com- pedibus viam quae ducit Cantuariam arripuit, sciens se neqiie vita neque membris cariturum si ecclesiam " Christi contingero posset asylum. Sed cum jam prope civitatem fdisset, mox ut pinnam ecdesiaa et cherubin aureum vidit, quasi ccelestis cherubin vir- tute repulsus, ultra progredi non potuit. Nititur itaque totis virilus contra vacuum aerem, semper eum quasi murum ferreimi sentiebat. Haesit vero stupens, et iterum resumptis viribus prions luctae
it
«
u
«
t<
tt
t<
«
«
«
tt
«
«
tt
tt
tt
tt
fundere] effundore, Mab.
I 2 eonfracti'^ confracta;, L.
<t a t< (t cc t( <i a
AUCTOBE OSBEBNO. 155
" certamen assumpsit, sed ea qua ante virtute repulaus, '^^^J*^ " majore quam ante spatio resiliit. Temptabat si unde " venerat regredi posset, currere poterat quantum vo- lebat ; si vero quo disponebat progredi vellet, mox ut ecdesiam videbat pedem movere non poterat. Des- perans ergo de salute sua et de miserioordia Dei, ' Manifestum est/ inquit, ' cum damnatis me sortem ho laments ' habere, cui ecdesiam Christi non licet videre. Quid ' ergo prodest crudelem Christum invocare, a Quo non ' sit misericordiam impetrare. Ut fortuna volet, eat ; ' ego deinceps fugam non inibo, sed imde veni mori- ' turns redibo/ Hsec dicens prsecipiti cursu rediit, He returned " qu83 sibi contigerant multis hominum miUibus nar- Us^^n!^ " ravii Post hsec condignas factis poenas solvit." His Lanfhmc acceptis Lanfrancus, vocato me, prsecepit ista in populo^terpro- prsedicari, adjungens ideo hunc ab ecclesia terribiliter story, repulsum quod ficto corde ad earn aQcesserit, ilium vero alium ea re in ecclesia mirabiliter liberatum, quod ad eandem quotidie devoto animo tetenderit.
23. Sed et illud perpetua dignum est memoria quod ^J'^?^ in^ Edwardum, urbis Lundonise archidiaconum, eius 5^cn arch-
•' dcm*on of
dementia mirabili modo operata est. Qui cum esset l^"?onand
*^ ^ had become
in sseculo deliciis pollens, conspiciens omnia saeculi q^^^^^ bona esse angusta, contulit se ad unum incommu- tabile, commune, sufficiens bonum, Deum, suscepta sanctae religionis veste in ecclesia Cantuariensi sub regimine prsefati gloriosi viri Lanfranci archiepiscopi ; ubi per aliquot annos honeste conversatus, magnum apud omnes cohabitantes gratiam obtinuit. Sed post hsec maUgnus spiritus ejus conversioni simul et con> versationi invidens, occultis quibusdam et importunis suffffestionibus animo illius tfedium reliedonis inere- wishoa to
^^ . , , , ° ^ go back to
rebat, cupiens ilium ad banc mentis insaniam per- the worw. ducere, ut ad sseculum unde venerat repetito vomitu sordium rediret. Immittebat namque diabolus in cor ejus saeculi voluptates, amplexus foeminarum
* m] circa, Mab.
156
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He yields to temptation and pre- pares to leave the monastery.
He goes to Dunstan's tomb to ask his leave.
At the door of the churoh he meets Dun- Stan who sends him back.
After two months* illness he confesses, and dies.
amplcts domos, amiconim societates; nee permittebat ilium cogitare quam dulcis est Dominus gustantibus Eum, quam magna domus Dei, et ingens locus habita- tionis Ejus, quam beata societas angelorum Deum in saeculum saeeulorum laudantium. Victus tandem im- portimitate temptatoris, exitum de ecclesia moliebatur, et paratis omnibus quse ad hoc saciilegium explendum idonea videbantur, ingreditur ecdesiam, a Sancto Dun- stano licentiam exeundi, et ad sseculum revertendi, petiturus; sciens proculdubio quod nihil ei prospere procederet, si illo offenso discedere non timeret. Et surgens ab oratione ut ostium ecclesise egrederetur, rep- perit in ostio Dunstanum cum virga stantem, non talem tunc qualem ilium viderat Lanfrancus, sed terri- bilem vultu, oculis minacem et mordadbus labiis hsec infrementem, " Regredere, miser, regredere ; omnipotenti " Domino te prosteme ; conceptumque diaboli venenum " de corde tuo evome." Cumque ille pavens ac tremens hsereret, Dunstanus elevata contra ilium ^ virga, ait, " Non exibis, sed hie morieris." Hoc dicto, qui loque- batur disparuit; et cui loquebatur graviter segrotavit. Mox itaque lectido receptus duobus mensibus in mag- nis angustiis vixit, et post hsec vitam eonsummavit. Sed cum ad hoc ventum fuisset ut animam reddere deberet, accersitis iis' quos primos in amore fratemi- tatis habuerat, universa per ordinem quaB vel male dis- posuerat, vel bono suo viderat, in magna cordis con- tritione naxrabat. Hsee eadem alius quidam frater, bonse indolis adoleseens, \iomine Adrianus, coram om- nibus confessus est, dicens se et conscimn consilii et consentaneum operi.
The writer 24. ^ Ante hos dics, ciun in insula Tanatos essem, gradie-
was in
Thauet. bar juxta littus maris exun milite, qui me pro defensione sui invitaverat, considerans ea quae ibi sunt mirabilia
* ilium] cum, L. 2 its] his, Mab. BolL
' The following two miracles arc omitted in MS. L.
AUCTOEE OSBERNO.
157
(C
«
«
Dei, et materiem boni sermonis exinde eliciens. Inde ho con-
T-w i • versed with
sermo ad patrem Dunstanum protractus est, quomam a certain maximum semper lucrum reputo quoties loquendi de about bun- illo occasionem reperio. Turn miles idem memorato hoc nomine totus expalluit, ac veluti dolorem ex intimo suspirans, "Vsb," ait, "mihi ingrato, qui tantorum beneficiorum hucusque immemor existo." Tum ego, Et quid," inquam, " hi tam molesti anhelitus ? " Nosti," ait, "quantum mihi infestus abbas ^ Sancti " Augustini, dimi adviveret exstiterit, dum diripere The knight " cuperet quae ad me hsereditate venissent ? " " Novi," his sto^. inquam. "Num et illud nosti quod non modo nihil " ejus immoderatio obfiiit, verum etiam ad majoris " mihi glorise cumulum excrevit ?" " Nee hoc," inquam, " latet, sed quorsum ista commemores ignoro." Scies,* The nirfit inquit; "nocte siquidem quse diem statuti inter me et cause: " aixnn placiti prsecedebat, memorans cum essem inaSbotofs.
1 1 T /• Augustine's
domo mea, quae prope est, quod frequenter patrem was to be
-^ . , ., ,, . tried, he had
Dunstanum tuis ratiombus extollere consuevens, nunc, prayed in
• • i_ "I • X • -x •!! 1 J "I •!• Dunstan's
aio, expenn habeo si ut accepi, ita me laudabilis ex- name.
" sistat. Flexus ergo in oratione, ' Deus,' inquio * ' patris * Dunstani, fave hodie nostrse parti.' Inde corpusculum requiei dedens, video in somnis urbem Cantuariam, basilicam Salvatoris, memoriam patris; cui quasi in-
" cumbens, aspicio virum juxta stantem, decorum forma, veste speciosum, lampadem lucis manu tenen- tem ; ad cujus imaginem perterrefactus, ' Quisnam, in- ' quam/ ' es tu, hominum pulchenime ? ' ' Idem,' inquit Dunstan
€<
t(
<t
it
<t
tt
fi
<t
€f
it
tt
it
' ille cujus tu paullo ante auxilium precabare.' ' Papse,' promises inquam, ' quam citus es ad miserandos miseros ! Nosti
' quid dominus minatur ? ' ' NihU,' ait, ' ejus minas " ' pertimescas, nee magni eas omnino pendas.' " Ita miles ille oravit, post hoc versus ad me ait, "Jam
^ScoUand, abbot of S. Angus- tine's, died in 1087 ; and if he is the person meant, the mention of him as now dead would fix the date of the work later than that year. This
section, which is not found in the Lambeth MS., may have been one of the latest additions.
3 Scies} Scias, BolL
' inquio^ aio. Boll. .
158
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
The knight won his cause.
The writer was once in danger ftx>m his enemies, in a lawsuit.
He sought Dunstan's tomb by night, and then went tobed. .
His lision of apaUoo beyond a flood.
" csetera tu nosti, quemadmodum ego et tu conveneri- " mus, contenderimus, convicerimus." "Signum/* in- quam, "grande in ilia die dedit sanctus, propterea " quod diim illi plures et elimato acumine fiierint, a " paucis et minus acutis victi abierint."^ Turn ego respiciens ad eos qui praesentes erant ostendi verbis quod nunc prodo Utteris.
25. Nunc ad ea quae meam proprie attingunt personam, ut minus fortasse sapiens, transibo, et sic ori silentium ponam, manibus quoque otium indicam. Quodam tem- pore quidam homines gravi me odio infestabant, nee prius ab infestando quiescere volebant, quam magnis injuriis affectum gravioribus minarentur afficiendum. Eorum vero, qui agendas causae nostrse judices dati fiierunt, ita animus sive gratia, sive importunltate ad- versariorum, a me alienatus est, ut neque oratione inflecti,.neque ulla possent ratione moveri. Desperans ergo de subventione hominum, solius Dei ac beati istius auxilium duxi esse quaerendum. Itaque noctumo tempore soporatis omnibus, ejus memoriam in magna confidentia adii, et multitudinem miserationum illius gemebundis vocibus ac lacrymantibus * oculi pulsavi. Deinde mente fessus, luctu anxius recessi, secretum petii, dolorem cordis requie corporis, ut interdum fit, lenire desiderans. Necdum satis ad pausandimi dispo- sueram corpus, dum animo cuncta excedens viderer mihi in atrio templi domum videre, cujus magnitudo mirabilis, pulchritudo inaestimabilis, ad quam nemo nisi per quandam aquarum colluvionem poterat transire. Verum ista transeuntibus lex erat, ut quanto magis ad introitum domus appropinquarent, tanto minus easdem sentirent aquas. Transibam ego cum transeuntibus, ac rarescentibus aquis ad idteriora alvei littora pervenie- bam, moxque domum ingrediens videbam totam illam majdri quam solari claritate fulgentem, coetum quasi
abierint'] abierunt, Boll.
- lacnfmantibuB] lacrymabilibos, Mab.
AUCTORE OSBERNO. 159
sanctorum ineffabili quadam suavitaie IsBtantium cir- He crosses cumsedeniem, et quandam decoris subtilitatem^ qusB enters the modo crystaUi pei-videri posset, oculis intuentium prse- SsT^Lt tendentem. Considerabam diligentius, volens deprehen- proceeding dere undo etiam iiomensas lucis claritas coruscaret: et bodies of
the saints.
videbatur mihi quod non aliunde quam de corporibus sanctorum idem splendor exiret. Interroganti autem mihi qu8B hsec essent, edoctum est hunc esse derum magni Dunstani, ilium vero paulo ante aiFuisse, divina He leams sacramenta celebrasse, et necdum communionis anti- stan has
been there;
pnona decantata recessisse, atque ut mum exspectaret jpd had qui ad requiem illius decumbebat prsecepisse. Cogita- *i>om wait bam itaque ne forte ego ille essem. Cumque hoc in animo volverem, consurgentes.viri illi apprehensum me statuerunt in medio sui, alterutris vocibus sese cohor- tantes, "Eja, fratres, Missas terminemus, quoniam isThesamts - " adest cujus gratia ista dilatio facta est." Coeperunt g^ff inviting ' itaque dulcissimis ac modulatissimis vocibus psallere, plac- et me ad organizandum quod psallebant invitare, " Dico ** autem vobis amiicis meis, ne terreamini ab iis qui vos s.Luke,z]i. " perscquuntur." Ad quas voces experrectus confestim He awakes
4. J 1 x« • !• 'Ml X • and runs to
ad sepulcnun sancti cucum, medium mud utnsque the tomb. brachiis amplexatus sum, vociferans ac nimia cordis exsultatione proloquens, "AjHuisti, pater carissime, af- " fiiisti, affuisti in angustiis laboranti, et gratiam tui " hiuniliter postulant!. Vere sanctus Dei es, et quod- " cunque vis ab Illo impetrare potes. Jam securus " judices adibo, nee minas cujuspiam hodie formidabo." Venientibus ergo judicibus quorum interfuit causam ter- He wins
.*• . ,-, 1... . . his cause.
mmare, accesserunt u qm me turbare mohti sunt, accessi et ego; calumniam de adversariis movi. Itaque, Deo adjuvante et Dunstano^ patrocinante, omnes mihi adver- santes devici, ut et ipsi propria sua ratione caderent, et ego non solum &ctam mihi injuriam non effiigerem, verum etiam in mea defensione simul et exaltatione plurimum exultai*em.
^^^. — ■ ^ ■ - — ^ — - , , _ ^ ^^ . ^ ^
» With this word MS. O. ends.
160
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
These are but sped" mens of Dunstan'a miracles.
Who would beh'eve that he hung his robe on a sunbeam; or delivered a monk from the emperor's army, or made a thief restore his spoil, or
Eunished a navish citizen ?
He leaves off before the readers have had too much.
26. ^ Satis esse ista cxistimo, domini et patres carissimi, vel ad insinuandos temporales sancti viri labores, vel ad ejus sempitemam gloriam catholicae ecdesise fidelibus commendandum. Non quo plura non sint, et fortasse his majora, quae ad hsec narrari valeant, sed quod ea solummodo voluerim narrare, quae fidem, sicut prooemio dixi, non viderentur excedere. Quis namque statim mihi credulitatem accommodaret, si dicerem aut vestem ilium in columna lueis suspendisse, aut extremam cognati parentis egestatem ad summas divitias nummi dimidio perduxisse ? Cujus animum horror non percelleret, si audiret monachum Jerosolimam properantem ab exercitu imperatoris Constantinopolis * cireumventum ad solam sancti illius invocationem ab eorum molestissima irrup- tione liberatum? Quern, inquam, stupor non apprehen- deret considerantem vel furem a sancto perterrefactum res a requie illius exportatas in atrio templi illibatas reliquisse, vel civem Cantuarise contra oppositam sancti auctoritatem substantiam ecdesise Christi surripientem, post paucos dies poenam sudB temeritatis solvisse ? Videtis quibus abstineo, propterea quod SBstimationem audientium supergredi nolo; quae tamen si commemo- rarem, incredibilis esse non deberem, propterea quod nihil est difficultatis ubi Dominus Christus auctor est operis. Deinde more cantorum in conviviis agentium fecimus, qui dum pidcherrimum est medium carmen reddere assolent, quo et teedium audientibus toUatur, rursumque audiendi oblectatio major excitetur. Ad postremimi vero dicendi prseceptis vel in fine hujus orationis parere voluimus, qui commotis animis audi- torum finem ponunt officiis oratorum. Nam lacryma, ut Tullius ait, nil citius arescit.' Quod si ego, sicut oportuit, offidum peregi, grates obsecro omnipotenti Deo mecum
^ Here MS. L. resumes. ^ CorutantinopoUs ] Constantino- politani, Boll. These two stories
will be found in the work of Eadmer, below. ' Gcero, De Inventione, i. 55.
AUCTOBE OaBERNO.
exBoIvite, Cujus ut peragi posset actum est miseratione. 'Jf^'*^ Sin veto minus apposite dixi, non ideo minus is de quo dixi 3J?^|J° debet appretiari, propterea quod nihil eat indignius quam toe work.
rv.
VITA 8ANCTI DUNSTANI ARCHIEPISCOPI CANTUARIENSI8,
AUCTORE EADMERO. .
Prologus.
Incipit Prologus in vitam Sancti Ditnstani archi-
episcopi et confessoris.^
The writer Quia Deum in Sanctis Suis mirabilem propheticap8.ixviii.s5.
states the ... .
*"^**^^. ^ voce laudare lubemur, Eum in iis quae in Sancto Dun-
monts which v * j.
!S?dSiS^ «^«' Pri°^ metropoUs Anglorum pontifice. mixabiUter the work, operaii dignatus est, quorundam simplicium in bono £ratrum non contemnendae voluntati obtemperantes, usitato more loquendi, stili oflBicio laudare decrevimus ; scriptis,^ quae alio quodam elocutionis genere ipsa gesta commemorant, sapientum considerationi reUctis. Cui ut licet ijisipiens adquiescerem^ me nonnihil illexerunt eadem scripta^ eo quod in quibusdam nonnullis modum The work of usitatsB narratiouifl excessisse videntur. Adductus
nis prede-
Si^mr" ^ti*"^ ^ l^<^c sum quonmdam calumniis, qui fi^quenter
varSmoe ^1^^^ suut ct conqucii nou desistunt, auctorem ipso-
withhirtory. j-mn scriptorum vulgatse rerum historiae non omnimodis
concordasse : quod non quidem in miraculis quae de
ipso patre scripta sunt ei surrepsisse confitemur. De
quibus, verbi gratia, est quod scribit episcopatum Wi-
1 The text is from the MS. C.C.C. 371 (P.) ; the more important ra- riations of the text, as printed by Snriiis, are marked S.
' A reference to the work of Os- hem. Sarins prints, of the Pro- logne, only firom Qyiia to relietis.
164
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
ofSelMy.
onoepre- officium in ecclesia Cantuariensi strenuissime per mul-
Canterbury, tum temporis admimstrabat, quique postmodum ob
imrdsan religiosam prudentiam et prudentem religiositatem suam
Worcester. Wigomensi ecdesise sub beatea memorue Wulstaao epi-
scopo praelatus erat, et multis qui adhuc supersimt
notissimus fuerat^ ne nudis solummodo verbis agere
Sii^uch j^^cer, omissis aliis proponere cordi fuit Hie .^el- \
ricbiSiOT^' rico Cicestrensi episcopo, homini magnarum rerum pe-
ritia praedito, antehac diu adhaeserat, et ab eo multa
de beato Dimstaao, cui pene contemporaneus fiiit, didi-
eerat, quae ille ab eis qui interesse meruerunt se.acce-
pisse fatebatur. Sunt super haec scripta veterum
simpliciori stilo digesta/ et chronicorum abbreviatae nota-
tiones iis quae scribimus attestantes.' De iis autem,
quae post sacratissimum transitum ejus per eum facta
significamus, quaedam ex litterarum monimentis^ quae-
dam ex propriorum sensuum approbationibus^ quaedam
ex veridicorum virorum allegationibus, qui ea partim
visu, partim auditu, partim experimento, in seipsis
^BouTOM ^^dicerunt, omni remota scrupulositate cognovimus. Si
of mforma- , . , ' , *^, ^
tiMmbvdes. ^^ igitur haec legere dignabitur vel audire, ita quaeso legat vel audiat, ut consdentiae meae simplicitati non deroget. Nam ea non detrahere studiosis, sed parvitati meae meorumque similium condescendere scientibus atque paratis, pro captu meo descripta esse pronuncio. Non itaque se illis quae scribimus inaniter occupet, cui quod petimus in mente non sedet
ExPLicrr Prologus.
There are alaomore ancient Uvea.
year. Ethelric, bishop of Selsey, was consecrated m 1058, and was alive as late as 1076.
' A reference to fhe life by B. ' The work of Adelard is gene- rally mentioned as ahbreviata.
166 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
SifromS*! i^ sanctitate vitae in conspectu Dei ex signo quod child. acciderat, enitere intelligebant. De prole etiam quae expectabatur, spe magni boni tenebantur, et Deum^ ut in gaudium atque ketitiam parentibus suis et omnibus benevolentil^us earn nasci^ crescere, dilatarique concede- ret, precabantur.
bftpSsm of ^' Dehinc, instante partus tempore, puer eleganti b. p. 7. Dunstan. forma nascituT, ^ post dies paucos sacro fonte regenera- ^^^?™' tus, Dunstanus, montanus videlicet lapis, nuncupatus est. Is ubi teneros infantisB annos exivit a parentibus ad praefatum sacratissimae Virginia templum ducitur, ac pro vita ejus atque provectu Deo preces et munera SSuihtto offeruntur. Ob quae devotionis obsequia ipsis in loco ^^^^^'"'^ pemoctantibus apparuit vir quidam angelico speciosus p^Safiive aniictu, qui puerum coram eis per manum accipiens, et fiiturebiSd- ®^^ii^ J^c ii^de modesto discursu per atrium ducens, ^ted^ dixit illis : " Sic aedificabitur locus iste ad conversatio- ^™' " nem iUorum qui sive a pueritia in servitio Dei nutri-
" endi, sive a pravitate veteris vit» in novitatem gratise " Christi, per hunc puerum sunt convertendi." Haec illi videntes et audientes valde gavisi sunt, et misericordi Deo uberes gratias super admirabili gratia Ejus retu- lerunt. Deinde puero diligenti studio in ipsa ecdesia sub cura magistri conmiendato, tum ut litteras disce- ret, tum ut Dei servitio sedulus inhaereret, ipsi in sua imd?uddKi ^^^^^^ Bxmt, Duustanus igitur litteris traditus, et eisB. p. a. recovery, ultra quam aetas sua ferre poterat, die ac nocte inten- p^ 54^ ' tus, languore gravi corripitur et, gemebunda in dies Osbem, vexatione tortus, usque ad exbalationem idtimi flatus ^' perducitur.^ Sed cum jam velut morti contiguus jace- ret et confluens coetus vicinorum mortem potius quam idlum sanitatis ejus remedium expectaret ; en, circa mediaB noctis silentia per gratiam Dei visitatur, et integrae sanitati contra omnium opinionem donatur. Ilico stupentibus cunctis lecto desUit, domum exit, ad
' perducitur'] producitur, S.
AUCTOKE EADHERO.
B. p. 8. ecclesiam' pro reddita sibi sanitate Deo gratia^ acturus O" hu wv ra^* impiger tendit. Cujus devotioni diabolus invidens, §^i,% Ofben, eumque a proposito deflectere nitens, simulato teterri- ^TJ^J^
168
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Donttui grows in favour with aU.
Betakes
minoK
orders.
His pru- dence and piety.
His studious character.
HisdoTO- tion.
ilium omnes honorare, illi suum obsequium exhibere satagerent, et a&bilitatem ab eo sibi e^ibitam magni sestimarent, ille e contra nihil in se dignum honore, nihil alicujus dignum obsequio judicabat, immo quic- quid affabilitatis seu commodi sibi^ quivis exhibebat gratise exhibentis non suis mentis ascribebat. Promp- tus itaque erat ad ministrandum omnibus, et ipse ad Buscipiendum aliorum ministerium tardus. Inter hsBC rogatur a suis quatenus in sortem' Domini transeat, et in quibus Christo deserviat' sacros ordines susci- piat. Annuit ipse petentibus, atque ut liberius orato- rium firequentare, luminaria accendere, manibus sacer- dotum ac Levitarum aquam fundere, vinum et aquam in Eucharistiam Corporis Christi sumministrare, legere b. p. lo. atque eantare in officio diei ac noctis posset, minores p "Jj"^' gradus suscepit. Yideres igitur ilium omnia mundi oblectamenta calcare, ludicra juvenum fugere, majorum coUoqidis delectari, in fovendis pauperibus assiduum esse, et ad quseque pietatis opera sollicitius invigilare. Si autem aliquando, ut fit, a coaetaneis suis ad mundi vanitates invitabatur, obtendebat potius necessario sibi oportere illis et illis ecclesiasticis ministeriis curain adhibere, et ea quae in Dei servitio legenda erant vel canenda preevidere. Sic servus Dei se et a mundi contagiis purum custodiebat, et proposita rationabili occasione nulli scandalum, nulli in qua Deum quis offenderet aliquam causam suggerebat. Summum itaquo studium in oratione, in sacra meditatione, in divino- rum librorum lectione habebat ; in his semper Deo ad- hserere, Deum in mente habere, quid voluntati Dei potissimum placeret ediscere gestiens. Unde factum est ut et quse Dei sunt investigaret, et Ejus jugi con- sideratione fretus cuncta peccati inquinamenta devita- ret. Proximus eigo ac familiaris Deo effectus omnibus in Ipso pie viventibus cams factus est et acceptus.
1 s»6t] om. S.
' aortem] sororem, 8.
* deieroitU] serriat, S.
AUCTOBE EADMEBO.
169
Addard, p. 65. OsberDy p. 79.
IOOIM.12.
Adelaide p. 56. OsbeiDy p. 79.
4. Audita inter hsec fama venerabiUs Athelmi Can- tuariensis archiepiscopi, fratris scilicet patris sui, eum adire atque cum eo habitare disposuit. Videns enim lascivias sseculi et iter adolescentis viam vitae retinere volentis valde lubricum et laqueis undique plenum, illudque apostoli meditans, ''Qui stat videat ne cadat/' timebat ne, si loco quem lasciviis et voluptuosis delidis effluere' in circuitu suo, et hoc inter notos suos, videbat, non cederet, a statu rectitudinis aliquo eventu deceptus miserando casu decideret. Has ergo intentione ductus, accepta a parentibus suis licentia, prsefatum antistitem adiit, et, quo vitse suse qualitas ad modum conversa- tionis ejus jugiter informaretur, sedulus ei adheesit. Verum cum elapso aliquanto tempore pontifex in mo- ribus adolescentis omnia quse verse religioni congrue- rent perciperet, et ex dono gratise Dei qua Aierat as- piratus, Deum multa Suse majestatis opera per eum in futuro facturum prsevideret, ipsum ad palatium^ regis ^thelstani secum duxit, et ei magno adSTectu fo- vendum necne' a cunctis adversis suo nutu protegen- dum pio studio" commendavit. Quod* ipse benigna mente suscipiens, juvenem dulciter amplexus est et multo Binceri affectus amore percoluit. Dunstanus itaque, licet in palatio regis terreni conversaretur ac pro sua industria et ad omnes affabilitate ab omnibus honoraretur, amplecteretur,^ nimquam tamen religionem quam a puero conceperat quemlibet defectum in suis actibus pati sinebat; sed quo labilius inter vitiorum fomenta gradiebatur, eo firmius ne ab ipsis aliquo modo dejiceretur prsecavebat. Sdens quoque otiosita- tem inimicam animse esse, nunc istis nunc illis operi- bus intendebat, et diversitate eorum subrepens fasti- dium sibi tollebat. Peritia namque scribendi, pingendi quicquid vellet, in cera, ligno vel osse sculpendi, et ex
Hegoeato
Aronbisbop
Athelm,
and attaches himaelf to him.
The aroh- biahop pre- aentfl him to king Athel- stan.
Hiscureful
behayionrat
court.
His indus- try in leam- iog diverse arts.
> ^uere] afflaere, S.
> pnhtiwm^ solatinm, S. * neeme] necDon, 8.
* Quod] Quem, 8. ^abamnilnts . . . ampieeterehtr'] charnfl haberetar, 8.
170
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
His skill in music.
His willing- ness to oblige.
He is asked to draw a doHi^n for a vestment.
His harp plays an an- them with- out touch of human hand.
Ho under- stands this to bea warning of coming trials.
auro, argento, ferro vel sere fabricaado, ita daruit ut B. p. 20. a multis quam maximsB admiratioiii haberetur. Super hsec iHstrumentis musici generis, quorum scientia non mediocriter fidtus erat, non tantum se sed et multo- rum animos a turbulentis mundi negotiis saepe demul- cere, et in medicationem coelestis harmonia) tarn per suavitatem verborum, quae modo matema modo alia lingua musicis modulis interserebat> quam et per con- cordem concentum quem per eos exprimebat^ concitarc solebat. Propter hsBC igitur a multis frequentabatur et ab eo multa fieri petebantur. lUe autem quoniam erat ad oinnes caritate diffusus, nulli negabat quod veUet ab alio sibi concedi.
. 5. Haec inter opera ejus ^ rogatur a quadam matrona, B. p. 21. religiosa quidem et studium habente placendi Deo,J|'^"' domum suam venire et orarium sibi quod ad omatimi et ministerium ecclesise Dei^ inaurare volebat, artifi- ciosa^ quam in auri opere imitaretur, arte prsepingere. Jam Dunstanus in manibus opus habebat, et cithara ejus quam ad domum veniens secum forte detulerat, parieti affixa juxta pendebat. Coepit ergo ipsa cithara nullius hominis tactu impulsa ' per se antiphonam istam distinctis vocibus resonare, " Qaudent in coelis. animas " sanctorum qui Christi vestigia sunt secuti, et quia '' pro Ejus amore sanguinem suum fuderunt, ideo cum " Christo gaudebimt in sBtemum." Ad hsec admiratio non parva comprehendit omnes qui in domo consiste- bant. Singuli ergo, defiexis oculis ab opere juvenis quo prius intenderant, vultus et aures ad citharam erige- bant: et alii quidem simplicem sonum^ chordarum aure captabant, Dunstanus vero quid sonus depromeret, quidve moneret, solus intelligebat. Intelligebat enim in eo quod dtharizabatur, quia si cum Christo vellet in setemum gaudere, non formidaret, si necessitas urge-
* ejus'] Bua, S. - Dei] cm. S.
^ taciu impulaa'i attactu polsata, S. •* sonum'} vocem, S.
AUCrOBE EADMERO.
ret, pro Eo sangumem fuudere, nee anima ejua gaudium in cceUs adipisceretur, si Christi vestigia non seque-
172
VITA SANCrri DUNSTANI
He is
ranuedby
doga.
He comes to bishop ElfiDge, vho luveshim to become a monk.
Dunstsn's reluctanoe.
HisseTere illness.
Suis in postemm reservavit, qusedam ingens molossomm B. pp. 12, multitudo obstitit, quae ex iiisperato in eoe horridis osbem, latratibus imiens, adolescentem defendit. Quod ille P* ®i' percipiens, pravorum hominum miseratus errorem, <;anes eis factos humaniores gemens, erubuit. Venuntamen Deo super ineffabili gratia Ejus ^ ex intimo corde gra- tias agens, sensu ipse percepit in se cantum citharae nonnihil sibi significasse. Interea vicini, praedicto mo- lossorum latratu audito, perterriti accurrerunt quid acciderit discere gestientes. Et agnoscentes quod fac- tum est, illos nequam homines jam fiiga dilapsos detes- tati sunt, et Dunstanum de coeno educentes fovendum ad sua perducunt. Profectus dehinc venit ad. memo- B. p. is, ratum episcopum et aliquanto tempore deguit apudp, 32. ' ipsum. Erat autem episcopus idem magnae in Christo religionis, et apud omnes id locorum conversantes magni nominis. Egit igitur industria qua vigebat ut Dunstanus monachus fieret. Froposuit ei inter alia monachi vitam esse viam perfectionis de qua Dominus illi qui se omnia legis mandata dixit servasse, "Unum" ait " tibi deest ; si vis perfectus esse, vade, vende omnia " quae babes et da pauperibus, et veni sequere me." fi.^'^*'' "** Et adjecit, " Ita, fili, si vis ut ea quae in te jam magni " boni spem praestant, perfectionis culmen attingant, " necesse babes omnia quae in saeculo possides relinquere " et Chrifiti vestigia nudus sequi." Ad haec licet* ille quaedam quae sibi rationis videbantur, objiceret, nee subito assensu iis quae dicebantur animum summittere vellet, tamen non parum in ipso verba pontificis ope- rata sunt. De nuptiis quippe, quas se facturum certo sibi ipsi ante promiserat, jam utrum eas faceret annon dubius fluctuabat. In qua dubietate constitutum, nutu B. p. u. Dei, valida febris invasit, et in tantum corpus ejus „ *88™' attenuavit, ut nihil minus quam de ducenda uxore cogitaret. Cum autem ' jam aliquantum sopito Ian-
1 Ejita] om. S. 3 Ucei] earn, S.
* autem] om. S.
AUCTORE EADHERO. 173
B. p. 14. guore et verba pontificis et duritiam sui cordis in se His shame.
p.*88. ' reversiis ad mentem reduceret, suspirans graviter eni- buit quod potentior in eo fiiit tertiarise febris ignicu- lus ad exstinguendam camis suae concupiscentiam quam ille ignis, quern ut in cordibus fidelium vehementer arderet Dominus venit mittere in terram. Versa igitur
s.Liike,xii. vice ardorem ignis divini in se succendens, camalibus illecebris funditus renundavit, seque perpetuo virginem perseveraturum divinitatis confisus auxilio vovit. Mit- P«g5^* tens itaque episcopum fedt ad se venire, et apud eum ud ib made poenitentiam egit quod sibi ^ viam perfectionis suadenti ordained non statim obtemperaverit, quod habitum religionis "" ** monasticse ad verbum ejus non susceperit. Quibus antistes auditis, gaudio gavisus est magno, et de con- versione juvenis immensas grates persolvit largitori omnis bonitatis^ Deo. Dunstanus eigo monachus sine dilatione feu^tus est, et deinde legitimo tempore per canonicas sacrorum ordinum successiones etiam ad sa- cerdotii gradum ab eodem episcopoprovectus.
Osbera, 7. Post aliquantos novse conversionis suae dies Glasto- He goes to
pp. 83, 84. jjiiyjj Dunstjuius perrexit, et ibi juxta ecclesiam sanctaB and buuda Dei genitricis et virginis Marias, in qua lumen, utsmaUoeii. supra meminimus, coelitus emicuit, sibi domunculam adeo parvulam fecit ut mirum habeant qui eam nove- runt, qualiter ibi vivus homo degere potuerit. Ipsemet enim eam mensus sum, et nihil ultra quatuor pedes in longitudine nee plus quam duos ac semis habet in la- titudine. Altitudo autem staturam hominis condpit. In medio ostii fenestra est. Illic ergo conversari, orare, psallere, nonnulla quae lod angustia patiebatur mani- bus operari, et imi Deo placendi,' per omnia et in om- nibus, operam dare.^ Quibus exercitiis ejus antiquus humani generis adversarius invidens, sicut eum a curia regis nuper expulit, ita qualiter a loco isto expelleret,
1 tt^-] iUi, 8. I > piaeendi] at plaoent, 8.
' bcmtatu'] boni, S. | * dart] ynaoM est, int. S.
174
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
▼^tehSi Da^^giJ^©^ Bollicitiis ftiit. Qiiadam igitur vice, cum virOsbem, h?m.*^^*^ ipse jam die advesperascente fabrili intenderet operi, ^' ^' astitit fenestrae ipsius daemon imus, humana effigie tec- tus, rogans sibi nescio quid operis ab homine fieri. At ille pietatis affectu ex more permotus, intermissis iis quse faciebat, parabat se satisfacere^ postulanti. Inte- rim is qui venerat formam ac verba mutare, ut nunc senis, nunc pueri, nunc lasdvaa puelte, sestimares te vultufl cum voce videre. Quod Dunstanus audiens quis Osbern, esset protenuB agnovit,' et sedens motus ejus patien- ^' ter se ferre dissimulavit.^ Sumptis interea tenaculis, quibus calida ferra tenere solebat, fortiter ea ignivit, et candentia de fomace subito proferens, monstrum Hewiaea per nasum arripuit, et strictissime tenuit. Videres
the devil t ,, . . t^. ...
bythenoee. itaque pulchrum certamen mter amicum Dei et inimi- cum. Ille ardorem sentiens, ac detectis insidiis, super- biam suam dejectam non ferens, totis nisibus conaba-
tur evadere. Iste ilium retinens et intro viriliter
«
trahens, Isetabatur quod in Nomine Christi poterat de inimico Ejus triumphare. Tandem cum dedecore a viro abjectus fugit et per plateam currens, querula voce clamitabat, dicens, " Vsb quid ille calvus diabolus * Cries of the " fecit ! Vse quid ille calvus diabolus fecit! En me
enemy. ^
" miserum, misericordise opus ab eo petentem, misere '' afflixit, et nil mali de eo merentem, igne ® malignitatis " suse longo cruciatu combussit." Has voces multi audientes, et eas mane viro referentes, sciseitati simt Dunstanis quidnam hoc esse potuerit. Quibus Ule, " Dsemonum," exp on. ^^^ „ insidise sunt, qui suis fallaciis nos volunt inquie- " tare si possimt. Sed si in servitio Christi stabiles " Aierimus, leviter eos in Ejus adjutorio devincemus, " et confusi fugient a nobis." Haec dixit et securus postmodum in sua domuncula habitavit. Nee enim in
S.
^ maligne] malignus, S.
3 aatis/acere] ad BatiBfaciendam,
I
' cignovit'] cognovit, S.
S.
* dissimulavit'] simulayit, S.
' dta6o/tt«] om. S.
" merentem igne] narrantem ille,
▲UCTORE EABMEBO.
175
OsberOy p. 85.
ipso loco unquam amplius euin inimicus a^^^redi ausus Hjs fame
*■ , ^ \ ^5o andpopu-
est, in quo talem belli apparatum in primo congressu ivi^^y- sortitus est. Ex eo igitur tempore cum munditia cor- dis tanta claruit in Dunstano pudicitia corporis, ut omnes qui vitam illius noverunt similem angelo judi- carent. Unde quamplures utriusque sexus homines, tam divites quam non omni ex parte locupletes, ad eum properare, eum de salute consulere, ab eo via vitee festinabant informari. Ipse autem, singulis prout quis- que opus habebat sua verba dispertiens, quemque ad voluntatem Dei instituebat.
B. p. 17. Osbern, p. 85.
Osbern, p. 86.
8. Dum hsBC fiunt, venit ad eum mulier qusedam The lady iSlfgi va nomine, quse ab ineunte aetate grata fuit et ooi^ to accepta regibus Angliaa, cum quia boms monbus et to be near castis actibus prsedita, tum quia filios eorum educando et nutriendo gnara erat atque sollicita: Hsec igitur, audito Dunstano, habitationem sibi prope oratorium sanctae MariaB instituit, ubi ad eam Dunstanus venire, earn de provectu bonorum operum, de spe retributionis futurse, de gaudio regni coelestis imbuere posset. Et factum est, quicquid ei Dunstanus dixit, ita opere implere sollicita fuit ac si ab ore Dei corporeis auribus id acciperet. Quapropter diebus ac noctibus ecclesiam frequentare, orationibus insistere, egenis de facultatibus suis, quibus affluebat, largiter ministrare, et prorsus iis quae Deo placere posse sperabat sedula studebat operam .dare. Circa venerationem vero beatse matris Dei quam shemain- '.devota extiterit, ex eo aliquantum adverti posse pu- j'cierks tamus quod ipsa nonnullos clericos in templo ejus fecit, quibus, ut die noctuque servitio illius libere in- vigilarent, omnia quorum opus habebant abundanter sumministrabat. Ipsa quoque pia domina pro fideU famula sua multa faciebat, quando ab ea quid medi- ante rationed postulabat. Verbi gratia ; rex ^thelstanus.
1 quid . . raUone] qoippiam rationi oonflentanenm, S.
176
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
She invites Athelfltati to visit her.
She finds a deficiency of mead, and pnys to the' Yiiginto supply it.
Miracle of the mead.
Illness of
cum quadam vice Qlastoniam venisset, divertit propter b, p. is. loci religionem ad prsefatam ecclesiaip Sanctee Marise. ^ ®J^™' Quod ilia scieius rogat eum quatenus dignetur in domum suam divertere et aliquantum quieti indulgere, ac modicum cibi potusque in vera caritate suscipere. Con- cedit rex, licet invitus, nolens scilicet earn quam et sibi ex antique fiuniliarem habebat et nimc devotam Deo noverat, contradicendo in aliquo offendere. Lseta igitur non pwrum effecta, se ad regium ministerium totam impendit, et prsevidens ea quae tali negotio con- venire sciebat, nihil eorum quae volebat minus esse advertit, illo dumtaxat potu excepto, qui medo vocatur, quo Angli quam maxime uti solebant. Verens ergo ne hujus inopia aliorum copiam obnubilaret, oratorium pise Marise, ipsius suffragium de re postulatura ingre- ditur. Et prostrata solo orat eam quatenus sua prece a Deo obtineat, ut memorato liquori unde parum habebat divinae Suae benedictionis augmentum infundat. Mira res ! rex magna suorum multitudine septus ad prandium sedet, et prandentibus de praefato potu copiose Osbeni, hinc inde defertur, semperque vasculum unde haurieba- ^' ^^' tur solito plenum invenitur. Factumque est ut, rege a loco discedente, in vasculo minime appareret quod inde quicquam sumptum fuisset. Haec idcirco hie inserui- mus, ut quantum verba viri Dei in cordibus audien- tium ad voluntatem Dei conciliandam ^ profecerint hujus exemplo inteUigamus. Igitur cum ipsius Suae famulae merita Deus vellet aetema quiete remimerari, patemo eam verbere percussit, volens scilicet illam, hoc ordine ab omnis peccati macula castigatam, numero filiarum coelestis Jerusalem celerius aggregare. Quam B. p. is. ubi Dunstanus infirmari * cognovit, venit ad eam ac de ?*^' salute animaB ejus, de gloria vitae aetemae, de poenis gehennae et horum infinito fine ipsi locutus, ill^un ad
' tfi eorHlniM . . . ameiHandatn} ooniiliaqae, S. \
^ n^bmari] ogrotare, 8.
AUCTORE EADMERO. 177
B. p. 18. sectanda vestigia Christi, renimciato ^ sseculo et rebus she entrusts ?87™' ssBculi, exhortatus est. Ad quae ilia, " Cuncta quse mei ^rty to " juris sunt Christo relinquo, atque ut ea distribuas se- " cundum quod Illi melius placere cognoveris super te " pono !* Nee enim aliquem in hac vita seque carum habeo, " nee alicui siciit tibi per omnia credo." His ille auditis, omnia fere quad in mobilibus ipsa habebat pauperibus sine mora distribuere coepit, aliis interim ad ecclesiarum eonsolationem pro temporum qualitate servatis. Jam dies in vesperam declinabat, et Dimstanus ne a nocte extra cellulam deprehenderetur, illuc properabat. Ibat itaque B. p. 19. vespertinum officium psaUens, et cum ante fores ecclesise p gg™' perveniret, nee eam, quia dausa erat, intrare vaJeret, substitit, volens prse foribus perficere horam quam in- ceperat. Tunc subito ex dulcedine psalmodise, uti Dunstan's plerumque accidere solet, mente compunctus, oculos ad tSa Dove. coelum sublevat, et conspidt inde columbam miri candoris prsepeti volatu descendere, quse aera scintillantis radii fulgore diverberans domum morientis matronae, ipso considerante, subintrat. Ilico reflexo gressu concitus redit, et ante camerse ^ introitum stans totum habitacu- lum incredibUi videt nitore splendere,* eamque interius audit cum quodam de jocunditate patrite coelestis sermocinantem ^ et eidem innumeras gratias persol- ventem. Cujus rei fine patienter exspectato, tandem ingreditur, et prseter eam neminem inveniens, quis fuerit interrogat cum quo loquebatur. " lUe idem," ait, Eifeifti's " qui tibi ante fores ecdesise psallenti priusquam ad me ^^^j^J^^^'J" " veniret apparuit. Ille, inquam, dignatus est me visi- the Dove. " tare, et suae mihi consolationis gratiam prserogare. " Quapropter dico tibi, amicorum carissime, ne tu vel " aJiorum quis de meo discessu doleat, quia non poena " infemaHs sed gloria me suscipiet regni coelestis.
' renunciato] nuntio remiBSO haic, S. ' iuper te pono] tibi impono, S. ' camera"} cnbionli, S.
* ^endere"] affectum, S. ^ termoctnaniem] Bermonem con- ferentem, S.
M
178 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI
Heriaat " Tantum precor ut eras mane ad me venias, et mihiB. p. 29. " cum Sacramento sacrse inimctionis viaticum Dominici p^ gl™' " Corporis tradas." Annuit ille, et diluculo reversurus, tristis simul et Isetus in suam domunculam abiit. Hu- manitatis namque affectu contristabatur, quia tanto solatio ad prsesens destituebatur, sed altera considerar tione magnam in corde laetitiam concipiebat, propterea quod ipsam, cui setemam salutem unice concupiebat/ eandem salutem apprehendere jam jamque videbat.
Her death Mane igitur juxta condictum reversus est, et ipsa sacra- mentorum quse desideraverat pro ntu ecdesise compos effecta beatum finem adepta est, et in ssepedicto oratorio decenter sepulta. Post hsec Dunstanus non solum de* possessionibus quas, ut diximus, ab eadem matrona commendata susceperat, sed et de illis quas sui parentes
SsDoJS^of ^® ^^^ ^^ ^ Christum migrantes ei, quem unicum her wealth, genuerc, dimiscraut, sollidtus tractabat apud se quem- admodum Christi membra oommodius inde^ posset sustentare. Et iis quidem qui Deo sub patrocinio beatoB Marine in ejus ecclesia serviebant vol servituri erant propinquiores terras perpetuo jure possidendas donavit, remotiores vero ad opus quinque ecclesiarum, quas construere disposuerat, juxta locorum positionem dandas rcservavit. Quae nimirum ecclesiae postmodum institutae, ac subsequenti tempore in tantum sunt mobilibus ac immobilibus rebus illius instantia auctas, ut in singulis multiplex monachorum coetus ad nutum patris Dunstani sub regularis vitse custodia militaret. Dimstan's. 9. Exin vir Domini infeitigabili desiderio ad supemam Adelard, parents In patriam mentis obtutum dirigere, et civibus ejus quibus ^' conversatione necdum poterat, jugi meditatione satagebat interesse. Unde contigit ut quadam die in contem- plationis dulcedine positus subito raperetur super se, et patris ac matris suae animas inter choros angelorum conspiceret in coelorum regno gaudere. De qua visione
^ coRCupiebat'] concapitfcebat, S. | ^ inde] om. S.
AUCTORE EADMERO. 179
valde gavisus, immenfias omnipotenti Deo gratias egit, tus deyont et deinde, juxta "apostolum, quae retro erant obliviscens, °*®*********"*- Phu.iii.is. id ea quas ante sunt quotidie sese extendit. Inde quoque semper animo secmn volvebat se videlicet pa- rentum suorum legitimum filium nullatenus esse, si minus Ulis voluntati Domini bbsequendo propter suam desidiam' perderet hsereditatem quam eos viderat ia B. p. 15. terra viventium adquisisse. Hac meditatione quadamHehasa ^^' nocte ilK vehementissime occupato apparuit juvenisg"^ quidam vultu splendidys, amictu decorus, quem ipse ado- to Mm his lescens adolescentem olim noverat et saneto sancti amoris fervore multum dUexerat. In quem oculos Dunstanus defigens paulisper expavit, ex antiqua scilicet notitia quis esset advertens, sed eum jamdudum huic vitae exemptum reminiscens. Tunc ille hominem ne timeret hortatus^ et ipse ab eo de vita in qua tunc erat famUiari alloquio percimctatus/ coepit ei de gaudiis regni Dei multa disserere, ac demum ea quae illi erant eventura praedi- cere. Ait ergo eum multas hominum malignorum ad- versitates et insidias daemonum plurimas perpessurum, sed ei in cunctis Dei auxilium affiiturum,^ ad summos ecdesiae gradus promovendum, multas populorum mul- titudines sua praedicatione et exemplo Christo Domino adquisiturum, cum quibus sciret se post banc vitam perennem gloriam adepturum. Quibus dictis virum foras in atrium ecclesiae ducit, eique locum quendam B. p. 16. eatenus incontaminatum ostendens dicit, " Ut de iis ^^^^^^ Osbern, « q^j^ audisti omnino certus existas, hoc in loco ante t^howaming. *' triduum presbyter unus sepelietur qui nondum aliqua " corporis infirmitate tenetur." Dixerat et ab oculis ejus evanuit. Mane facto dericos ad locum Dunstanus ducit, et eis quid de presbytero inibi sepeliendo audierit edicit. Eadem die venit ad eosdem dericos presbyter, qui dominaa cujus actus paulo ante paucis tetigimus in servitio Dei assiduus esse solebat, conventionem cum eis
1 percunctaius] rogatos, S. \ ^ ted . . affutwum] om. S.
M 2
p. 89.
180
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Fuiniment facieos quatenusi eum in prsedicto loco cum defimctus B. p. le. esset tumularent. lUis vero adquiescentibus, sanus etp^g^' alacer domum reversus, statim est infirmatus, ac sequent! die defimctus, juxta verbum servi Dei, in prsesignato loco sepultus est. Omnes igitur qui rem gestam audie- runt mirati sunt, et opera Dei mira in Dunstano prsedi- caverunt.
Edmund
becomes
king.
DtmBtonat court;
he adminia- ^ ten justice.
Bnvyuid detraction.
10. Sublato de hac vita rege iEtheLstano, successit ei in regnum Eadmimdus fi:uter ejus. Hie post aliquot suse consecrationis dies, missis' nunciis rogat Dunstanum venire ad se. Sciens quippe qua ratione, qua pruden- tia, quam omnis probi consilii gratia prseditus fiierit, magnopere desiderabat ilium sibi proximum esse, cujus industria fiiltus tam se quam regnum sibi commissum sub aequitatis virga facilius gubemaret. Dunstanus itaque regi quasi prsecellenti, secundum prseceptum apostoli, obediendum fore^ perpendens, regem adiit, et salva in omnibus reverentia ordinis sui ejus imperio se subjecit. Ipse suo consUio regni negotia disponebat, ipse lites et contentiones si quando oriebantur destrue- bat, ipse pacem et concordiam inter omnes nutriebat. Nullus in qualibet causa unquam de injuria sibi Ulata conquestus est, nisi ad comprobandam judicii senten- tiam Dunstanus mediator aut arbiter sedit.^ Bex ipse, principes quique, ita ei summissi erant, ut contra id quod ipse juberet vel ordinaret nemo quid faceret. Magnus itaque habebatur a cunctis. Haec omnium bonorum invidus hostis attendens, et quonam modo ea turbaret sua arte perquirens, invenit quosdam quorum corda bene noverit virum non sincere diligere, sed ei specietenus obsequii sui amorem prsBtendere. Hos ad dissipandum bona qud3 non amabat ardenter contra virum inflammat, ac primo dam postea palam in de- tractionem ejus iUorum ora relaxat. Quid dicam? in
B. p. 21. Osbem, p. 90.
1 S. Pet. it. IS.
B. p. 22. Osbern, p. 90.
B. p. 23. Osbem, p. 90.
* fore] esse, 8.
I > sediq sederet, S.
182
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He gives
hixndlas-
tonl^ury.
Dunstan builds there.
Promotion of his scholars.
Tempta- tions of the doviL
nutritus perpetuo jure possidendum dedit, eo pacto ut quod arbitrii ejus tenor magis eligeret, exinde^ potis- simum ordinaret. " Et si>" ait,* " tibi placuerit illic " iuse professiouis viros multiplicare, tcuita eis regia " liberalitate per misericordiam Domini . tribuam, ut " multitudini eorum semper superabundet multitudo " donorum meonuu/' Pro quibus Deo et regi Dun- stanus gratias agens, et Glastoniam in dominium suum accipiens, secundum exemplar parentibus suis sibique ostensum, ut praediximus, in augmentum majoris eccle- sias fimdamenta jacere, daustra et officinas construere, et qussque poterant esse monachis Domino Christo ser- vientibus accommoda, inibi coepit aedificare. Post. quae plurimis sibi fratcibus associatis loci ipsius abbas effec- tus est. Crevit itaque monasterium ipsum intus et extra tam in sancta et monachili religione quam et in multimoda terrenarum rerum possessione. Et qui- dem de possessione rerum terrenarum usque hodie scitur quod ita sit; de religione vero'ex eo probatur quod ita fuerit, quoniam inde ad episcopatus, ad abbatisus, ad quasque officia ecdesiastica personae eligebantur, et ad eruditionem aliarum ecdesiarum oonstituebantur. Factumque est ut, sicut supra diximus ex cereo matris Dunstani totum ecclesiae conventum lumen amissum recuperasse,' ita ex hoc loco, ipsius Dunstani doctrina instituto, omnes ecdesias Angliae constet verae religionis lumen sumpsisse.
11. Inter haec vita et conversatio Dunstani magnum contra se generabant odium diaboli. Qui gemens ne- quaquam inconvulsa . mansisse quae per suae volimtatis ministros in eum adversa conjecerat, per seipsum ilium aggredi temptat, ratus vel sic eum a bonis quibus die ac nocte insistebat deterrendum. Quadam itaque liocte, diun solus ex more oraret, in lupi effigiem demutatus
B. p. 25. Adelard, p. 56.
Osbem, p. 92.
B. p. 26. Osbem, p. 93.
B. p. 26. Osbem, p. 93.
* exinde'] inde, S.
' ai<] inquit, S.
3 totum . conventum
recupe-
msse] totus . . conventns . . recu- peravit, S.
184 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Thewaruinget immensas corde et ore Deo cunctipotenti ^ gratias B. p. 47.
true. agens, sociis quid accident manifesta voce exposuit, ©tr* g^™'
diem ac horam transitus ejus notari prsecepit; iUis ad heec obstupescentibus et verbis ejus non ex toto fidem accommodantibus, venerunt quidam ad patrem qui et de fratris obitu, et obitus hora, sic quemadmodum dixerat acddisse testati sunt. Dehinc sanctus a loco b. p. 44.
HeiroeBto digTcdiens, et ad regem secum loqui desiderantem cele-^"^^'
!md8^t%rius tendens, in medio itinere diabolum sibi obviam
devil OQ the t i » t /^ • • ••i* ii i.*i*
way. nabuit. Qm mimo similis coram eo ludere, subsilire
et multis modis coepit laetitisB firsena laxare. Quod Dunstanus ihtuens et quid tantum dsBmonis gaudium poi"tenderet per spiritum prsevidens, jussit monstrum tale se cunctis qui secum erant visibiliter demonstrare quale sibi apparebat. Quod et factum est. Bequisitus B. p. 45. ergo Dunstanus qxdd sibi vellet ill^ lasdvientis hostis ^*g|™'
Hee^aina laetitia, regem in proximo respondit moriturum, et
&E '^"^ "^^ "^"^^ ^ "^"^"^ tribulationes perpessu-
the king. rum. QusB scntcntia Veritas facta est, ut ea quse post dicentur declarabunt. Super haec tamen quae vir Dei de petulante inimici gaudio dixit, ut aliis quibusdam visum est, nonnulla ejusdem causa ^t hoc, scilicet quia sperabat, defuncto rege qui Dunstanum in magna reve- rentia semper habebat, alium regem mox surrecturum qui nee eum revereretur nee ejus prudentem sanctitatem, qua se et alios innumeros in Dei servitio constringebat, regali providentia tueretur. Sed in hoc ad tempus
The king's dcccptus cst. Rcgc namque in palatio antequam diesB. p. 46. septem transirent occiso, et a venerabili Dunstano ^*^?™» Glastonise sub immensa lugentis populi frequentia ho-
^red TOO- norifice sepulto, successit in regnum Edredus firater B. p. 29.
favours ejus, vir quidem egregius et ad exercenda quae Dei -^^"^j simt fervido mentis affectu subnixus. Hie Dunstanum Osbem, non minori caeteris regibus amore percoluit, immo utP*^'*" ei majorls* dilectionis signa monstraret operam dedit.
* cunctipotente'] om. S. | ^ majoris^ minora, S.
w^m m ^ir^^m
AUCTORE EADMERO.
185
B. p. 30. Addardy p. 56. Osbem, y, 95.
K p. 80. Adelard, p. 57. Osbem, p. 96.
Ouit.T.8.
B. p. 30. Adelard, p. 57. OflberD, p. 96.
-^Hfego siquidem Wentano episcopo, cujiis supra memi- nimus, de hac vita translator multis eum precibus ut in episcopatum succederet postulavit. Cui cum illo nulla ratione adquiescere vellet, rex non modico moB- rore suffusus matrem suam, Edgivam reginam dico, omnis bonitatis titulo insignem, de negotio convenit^ atque ut ilia Dunstano persuaderet quod ipse nequi- verat summo studio deprecatus est. Tunc ilia hominem, ad se evocatum et ad prandium suum invitatum^ inter epulas de susdpiendo episcopatu coepit interpellare, et ne collum suiim a jugo Domini alienaret multa sua- sione insistere. At iUe perpendens quid sibi recondant qui episcopatum loco proficui et honoris non officio tenent morum et prsedicationis^ "Obsecro te, domina/' inquit, ''ne tali prece amplius, te fatigando, me fatiges. " Nam revera noveris quia in diebus domini mei filii " tui regis, me pontificali cathedrse nemo praesidere " videbit." Dicebat heec cum quia sibimet ipsi ne sub tanto onere deficeret formidabat, turn quia impium fore judicabat, si se a rege qui frequenti corporis lan- guore vexabatur propter episcopatum elongaret, maxime quia totiun se, totum ^ regnuin suum in illius provi- dentia et disposidone posuerat.
13. Et de pontificatu time inter eos quidem res ita remansit, et iElfsinus quidam in pontificatum ipsius ecdesise ilico assumptus est. At Dunstanus, qui ex voce sacri eloquii veraciter dicere poterat, "Ego dor- '' mio et cor meiun vigilat," cum sequent! nocte sese quieti dedisset, vidit in somnis se Bomam perrexisse ac in sua ecdesia beatissimum Petrum, in sua quoque sanctissimum Paulum adorasse, ac demum urbe relicta, in patriam reditiun accelerasse. Itaque cum Montem Gaudii attigisset, apparuerunt ei principes regni Dei, beatissimus videlicet apostolorum princeps Petrus et Sanctus Paulus atque Andreas, singuli m manibus suis
Bdred pro-
P0M8 to make him a bishop.
Dunstan
reftuesthe
preasinj^
penuasioiiB
of the king
and his
mother.
Elhinis
made
bishop.
Bunstan's yiston of the apostles.
^ M, totum] om. S.
186 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
insCTiptions singulos gladioQ auro inscriptos prseferentes, eique proAddard,
swords. rnunere apostolic8B benedictionis conferentes. Et in P- ^^- gladio quidem beati Petri scriptum erat, " In princi- p, 97, ' " pio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, ets.Johni.i. " Deus erat Verbum." At gladius Paid! nomen Pauli, gladius Andrese nomen Andreas continebat. Beatus igitur Andreas in hominem blando intuitu oculos dirigens modulata voce ex Evangelio oecinit dicens.
Words of s. " Tollite jugum meum super vos, et discite a me, quia
" mitis sum et humilis corde, et invenietis requiem ^m*^*-*^- " animabus vestris." A glorioso autem prindpe apo- stolorum, ut manum extenderet jussus, laevam extendit
striklJhim ^^ ^ palma levi ictu ab eo virga percussus, ne ulterius B. p. 30.
awaked ' abjiceret jugum Domini ipso est signo prsemonitus. p.^gy™' Ad quem ictum ille expergefactus fratrem qui coram se quiescebat interrogavit quis ipsum percusserit. Quo respondente "Nemo>" jam a quo sit percussus scire se dixit; sicque residuum noctis in servitio Dei pervigU expendit. Mane narravit regi quae viderat. At ille Adeiard, non modica admiratione permotus, et quid visio signi- q^^J^
Bdred in- ficarct ex magna parte per Spiritum edoctus, hoc modo p. 97.
tho dream, respondit ; "Si, quemadmodum accepi,^ per gladium non- " nunquam intelligitur Verbum Dei, cum tibi beati " apostoli gladios suos contulerunt, nimirum Verbum " Dei quod acceperunt tibi vice sua dispensandum " tradiderunt. Et quoniam episcopus vices apostolo- " rum ad erogandum Verbum Dei agere scimus, epi- " scopatus honore te sublimandum certissime sda^. " Quod autem in gladio beati Petri 'In principio erat " ' Verbimi, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat
Dunstan " ' Vcrbum ' scriptiun accepisti, fiximi tene quia, sicut
will bo arch- . , , . . _^,
bishop of " ipsa verba specialiter nobis innuuht Filium Dei, ita " tu in ipsa ecdesia archiepiscopatu sublimaberis quau " specialiter Cantuariae dedicata subsistit in honore " ipsius Filii Dei, Domini nostri Jesu Christi. In qua
* accept'] lecepi, S.
AUCTOBE EADMEEO.
' fitiam vices ejusdem spostoli agendas suaoipies, etuMiro- ' potestatem li^^di atque solveDdi, quam ille a Deo |''^pp °' ' accepit super totum ,orbem terrarum, tu ab eo acci- ^£jS°
188
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Hismis- governmeut.
He pene- cutesbifl grand- mother.
DuQBtan retires to Glaston- buxy.
Miracle of thobeam.
num oonsilio satellites sibi et oonsiliarios de adolescen- tibus fecit. Ibat igitur secundum desideria cordis sui et iniqua gerens laudabatur a suis et benedicebatur. Unde quid mali circumquaque succreverit, quam infa- mis fama populorum aures et ora repleverit, leve' est et me tacente videre. Ipse namque possessiones quo- rumque diiipere, hos et illos exhseredare, majores natu, qui nequitiis ejus inimicabantur * proscribere, totumque regnum imiumeris oppressionibus conturbare.' Accessit his malis ejus nimis detestabile malum. Matrem qxdppe totius Anglici regni auctricem et nobilitatricem^ eccle- siarum consolatricem, et sustentatricem oppressorum et Uiopurn^ Edgivam dico supra memoratam reginam, in immensum afflixit, ac vastatis rebus, ad eam pertinen- tibus, ab eo statu, in quo esse solebat, saevus et cru- delis dejedt. Qemebat Dunstanus in istis, et co amplius gemebat, quo correptionem suam rex non solum non admittebat, sed insuper furiosi more, irrationabilibus eam objectionibus contradicendo deridebat. Quid igitur circa talem hominem faceret ignorans, ad monasterium suum relicta curia Qlastoniam secessit. ' Ea tempestate structura ecclesise in fabrica tecti perficiebatur. Ad cujus tecti sustentationem dum trabes una prsegrandis multiplicibus funibus in sublime raperetur, subito funes dirumpi et trabes deorsimi vergens nonnullis coepit in- teritum minitari. Tunc Dunstanum, qui pnesens ade- rat, ingenti strepitu plebs indamitat,^ ac ut extensiono dextene suse imminenti periculo obviet obsecrat. At ille statim signum salutifer^ Crucis ruenti machinse objiciens, eam sine funibus et sine omni humano cona- mine in superiora redire, ac in loco ad quem prius cum magno labore trahebatur jacere coegit. Inter hu- jusmodi opera accidit ut ipse quadam die officinas monasterii sociato sibi uno ex monachis suis circum-
B. p. 32. Osbem, p. 99.
Adelard, p. 59. Osbem, p. 99.
^ leve"] facile, S.
3 inimicabaniur] advenabantnr, 8.
' eotUurbare] festinavit, ins. S. ^ inclamiUtns'} inclamitat, S.
AUCTORE EADMERO.
189
B. p. 47.
B. p. 48.
B. p. 27. Adelaid, p. 59. Osbem, p. 100.
B. p. 28. Adelard, p. 59.
Ph.lxvuLl.
iret, et quid in unaquaque domo ad supplendas fratrum necessitates haberetur, diligenti cura prospiceret. Quo facto ad claustrum ^ iter reflectens ac juxta bratorium transiens, repente audivit vocem de coelo clare sonan- tem et fratrem qui cum eo ibat, ex nomine hoc modo vocantem, "Veni, ^Ifsi, veni, veni, veni." Hico Dun- stanus rem intelligens, *' Eja, £rater/' ait^ '* audisti quo " vocaris ? Praepara ergo te quatenus conversatione " ilia unde appellaris, quando hinc migraveris, dignus " habeaiis. Nam pro certo noveris quod in hac vita " non diu manebis." Quse viri verba velox fratris obitus, qui cito post accidit> declaravit esse vera. In ipso itaque loco in quo vocem de coelo Dunstanus audivit, oratorium in modum turris non multum por- rectae sublimitatis tedificavit, et illud sub patrocinio beati Johannis Baptistae fecit consecrari. Haec videns omnis boni inimicus diabolus ingemuit, non ob hoc solum, quod pro tantis virtulibus virum coram homini- bus magnum haberi, sed quia de die in diem videbat tam ipsum quam et alios per ipsum in Dei servitium exinde magis ac magis * promoveri. Licet igitur jam saepe ab eo se confusum et victum meminisset, cohiberi tamen ab ejus infestatione non potuit. Nam adhuc de suarum versutiis artium confisus, eum orantem in ursi effigie hispidus aggreditur, et hianti rictu super eum instirgens, horrore sui oratione deterrere moUtur. Ast ille zelo divino correptus arreptum baculum quem manu ferre solebat, in hostem vibrat, et eimi caedendo tam diu inseqxdtur donee idem baculus in tres partes com- minutus confringeretur. Inter quae hunc versum miles Dei psallere ccepit, " Exsurgat Deus, et dissipentur ini- " mici Ejus, et fugiant qui oderunt Eum a facie Ejus." Tunc Dunstanus videns baculum suum sic in hoste* contritum dixit, "Si vivit Dunstanus, scias, inimice.
Hehua warning of the death of a brother.
He bnilds an oratory and dedi- cates it to S. John the Baptist.
Dinmay of the devil.
He attacks Dunstan as a bear.
Dunstan breaks his stick on him and sends him away.
> ad claustrufo] om. S. ^ magis ac nuigis'] om. S.
^ in hoste'] in honeste, S.
190
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Ho makes himself a new staff.
and places tooth of S. Andrew in it.
The devil tries other means.
" hujuBmodi baculum fitciet, ut si amplius veneris, ne- " quaquam, sicut iste cocd&actus est, sua gracilitate aut " imbeeillitate conErmgatur." Fecit itaque sibi aliiim baculum grossum ^ et fortem, ac illius summitatem argento circiunposito decoravit. Quod argentum in suprema parte sui in modum concavaB sphsersd forma-
atimi, dentem beati Andrese apostoli gestat indusum. Quem dentem Dunstanus inibi posuit, cum ut insupe- rabile munimen sibi prsestaret contra incursus malig- norum spirituum, tum quia prse cseteris Sanctis dulci
• affectu diligebat eundem apostolum. Propter quae sfe- pissime illius familiari fovebatur aUoquio, muniebatur consilio, et auxilio relevabatur. Sentiens ergo diabolus suam pugnam, qua Dunstanum a bonis operibus arcen- dum putabat, semper sibi ad confusionem et Dunstano procedere ad gloriam et exaltationem, continuit se a corporali iUius accessu, aliam viam ad conturbandum ilium perquirens.
Thekinff Iklls into the hands of two evil women.
His mis- behavlour at the coro- nation.
16. Erat in ilUs diebus mulier quasdam ex magna et B. p. 32. alta progenie nata, fiUam adultam secum habens. Utras- ^'^; que quantum ad corpus spectat formosa species decorabat ; sed quod pudicis mentibus non parvae offensioni erat, libidinosus animus et habitus, qui juxta in eis opera- bantur, eandem speciem valde decolorabant. Hsb prae- fato regi Eadwio assidue adliaerebant, suis blanditiis et nutibus iUecebrosis pro posse* operam dantes, qua^ tenus unam illarum sibi in conjugium copidaret.. Ad quas ille impudico illiciti amoris desiderio fervens, in- decenti amplexu nunc banc, nunc illam, neutrius ad- spectum in hoc erubescens, destringebat. Prseterea die quo ipse Edwius in regem est consecratus, a loco con- vivii in quo cum archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, totiusque regni principibus sedebat, jam pransus exsilit
* baculum grosaum] soipionem crassiim, S.
^ po89e] viribns, S.
AUCTORE EADMERO.
191
B. p. 32. Osbem, p. 100.
B. p. 33. Osbern, p. 100.
B. p. 34.
ct relictis omnibus, in camerajn ubi prsedictae foeminsB erant solus secedit, capitique corona sublata, se inter illas medium jecit. Quod optimates agnoscentes oppido indignati sunt, et rem tractantes inter se Odonem archi- episcopum Cantuariensem, qui dignitate cseteris emine- bat, imanimiter hortari coeperunt, quatenus viros qui regem sive volentem sive nolentem festine reducerent destinaret Ad quod agendum cum hi et illi, regiam iram metuentes, se excusarent, tandem super Dunstanum abbatem et ejus consanguineum E3nisinum episcopum sententia versata est. Qui ex prsecepto summi ponti- ficis etaUorum omnium ad regem ingresd, eiun ut dixi in medio duarum illarum decubantem reppererunt. Tunc Dunstanus primo in ignominiosas mulieres asper« increpationis verba vultu et voce contorquens, lascivias earum, sicut verum castitatis amatorem decuit, detesta- tus est. Deinde regem ut se tanti opprobrii exsortem faceret monens, ad proceres eum redire, eosque sua prsesentia exhilarare summissa voce precatus est. Qui, animi sui fiirore simul et vultus rubore perfusus, dum se rediturum omnino negaret, Dunstanus manum iUius arripuit, et a loco violenter abstractum, imposito capiti ejus diademate, ad convivantes introduxit. Quod mu- lieris ignominia nullatenus sequanimiter ferens ssevis verborum invectionibus in virum surrexit, et se eum confusioni perpetuse tradituram garrula contestatione devovit. Et hoc quidem detestabile votum, non tepes- cente malitia ejus, facto exercere sollicita postmodum fuit. Effecit namque apud regem ut cuncta quad in monia.sterio Dunstani habebantur diripi ac devastari, et ipsum a regno eliminatum in exsilium pelli juberet. Qua tempestate saeviente, contigit quoddam lacrymabile malum. Quidam enim ex fratribus monasterii qui virum contra omnes semulos tueri, et ei usque ad mortem more bonorum fiUorum obsequi, deberent, propria nequi- tia magis quam ipsius doctrina imbuti, se medios ad provocandum regem contra ilium danculo injecere, et
The counsel- lors send Dunstan and Kiusi^ to bring him to the roast.
Dunstan upbraids the women and brings bMskthe king.
Vengeance of the women.
Confiscation of the monastic property.
Faithless- ness of some of the brethren.
192 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
quo edictmn de expulsione ejus immobile faceret B. p. 34. quantum poterant institere. p 59 '^'
Voioo heard 17. Dehinc mimstris impii principis in direptione rerum OHbern, Stan's de- ecdesiasticarum, sicut jussi fuerant, occupatis et multis^* ^ ' exinde gravi moBrore constematis, audita est vox cujus- dam in atrio templi, excussimi risum edentis et more lascivse puellae summo gaudio et exultatione perstre- pentis. Quae Dunstanus audiens et dsemonem esse, qui pro suo discessu petulanti Isetitia jocabatur, advertens, versus ad ilium dixit, '^Eja, eja, auctor et amice om- Hepromiaea <' nium malorum, modo de exsilio meo ketaris et pro
to return ' ^
«h. " tribulatione plurimorum. unde me dolere conspicis. " jam gratulans. Sed absque dubio fixum habere potes, " quia nihil est gaudium quod nunc habes me rece- '' dente, comparatione tristitise quam habiturus es me " revertente." In his verbis daemon auAigit. At Dun- stanus videns suos in direptionem datos, pietate per- motus, qua supra quam dici queat fretus erat ad omnes, prout sibi possibUe ftiit exsiKum inire distulit, cogitans ne forte Deus cor principis aliquo modo tangeret, et a concepto furore mitigaret. Verum ubi eos, qui se hos-
PejjoBution pitio vol aJiquo humanitatis officio confovebant, vidit in
Mends. immensiun affligi, deprsedari, proscribi, damnari, ratus est melius malignitati hominis cedere quam tot inno- centes pro suo commodo indebita poena vexari. Ponens itaque ecclesiam Anglise sub tuitione Regis omnium
He goes to Christi, mare petiit, ad ignotam sibi regionem transi- turus navem conscendit, ductuque divino prosperrimo cursu Flandriam venit.
The woman 18. Igitur ad hsec prsefatee ^ mtdieris ira in immanem B. p. 34 out his eyes, vesaniam instinctu dsemonis acta, missis nunciis ubi?'!^^'
p. 1 Ux •
Dunstanus esset perquiri fecit, et si comprehendi vale- ret, sine idlo respectu misericordiee oculos ei erui prae- cepit. Sed Deus Qui Sua sapientia et bonitate privari
1 prafata'] om. S.
AUCfTORE EADMERO.
193
B. p. 34. nequit, prius servum Sumn per marinos fluctus placido p. 59"^ lapsu evexit, quom ministri crudelitaiis ad portum maris Osbem ®^^"^ insequendo pertingere possent. Cum itaque Dun- p. 101. stanus Flandriam venisset et principis terrse notitia functus ' Aiisset, magni habitus est et ab eo valde dilectus. Quem quoniam virtutis virum esse mundique contemptum funditus habere cognovit, Oandavi eum conversari ^ rogavit, utpote loco qui majori ' religione in omni sua pot^tate^ eo tempore prseditus erat. Yenit ergo Dunstanus ad locum, ibique in omni sanctitate degens omnibus est cams factus et admirabilis. Exsi- Hum itaque in patriam sibi versum est; tamen in hoc saepe animo deficiebat, quod corpore remotus erat ab eis quos in hac vita cariores habebat. In quo defectu con- stitutum dilectus dilectior ejus venerandus^ Andreas apostolus crebra visitatione consolabatur, nee eum aH- quo incommodo ultra quam facile ferre poterat gravari patiebatur. B. p. 85. 19. Prseterea accidit ut ipse Dunstanus, quadam vice in oratione prostratus, ingenti cordis contritiono suos quos in Anglia reliquerat filios Deo commendaret. Et ecce dum orationis prolixitas tenditur, moerore gravatus, somno opprimitur. Visum ergo illi est se Glastonise in oratorio cum fratribus vespertinam horam psallentibus pro consuetudine stare. Qui fratres cum dicto evangelii cantico antiphonam '' Quare detraxistis sermonibus veri- Job.Ti25. « tatis" subjunxissent, et eam usque ad id quod dici- tur, ''Quae cogitastis explete" percantassent, conticue- runt nee uUo modo ipsa ultima verba dicendo eam finire potuerunt. Quibus dum Dunstanus vultu, voce, signis, insisteret, ut parum quod de antiphona restabat perdicerent,* et ipsi e contra muta voce confusi starent, audita est vox de transverso in sublimibus ita dicens, " Nequaquam, nequaquam fiet hoc ut quae cogitavenmt
Donstanis wellreoeired in Flanden.
He lives at Ghent.
He is com- forted by S. Andrew.
In a vision he sees the brethren at Ohtftonbuiy unable to finish their anthem.
1 fiinetus'] potitxu, S.
^ conversari] at conyersaretar, S.
' majori] precipua, S.
^ poiestcUe] ditione, S.
* venerandus] beatos, S.
* perdicerent] perficerent, S.
N
194 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
faite"*reted " <>P^re expleant. Neque enim unquam se a tua potes- B. p. 35.
thS^^oSmSf " ^^' Dimstane, evellent, aut te ab istius coenobii pwB-
e?ii deri^'^ " latione deponent." Ad haec Dunstanus evigilans in-
■gainsthim. t^llexit viflionem, et quia nonnidlos quos verbo vitro
imbuerat, et de quibus nil mali se meruisse sciebat, in
suo damno stetisse advertit, graviter ingemuit, et eis
Deiun propitium fore supplici prece oravit.
«
Changes in 20. Post hsBC misertus est pius et omnipotens DeusB.p. 35. genti Anglorum, ac, ut illis ad perpetuam consolationem p ^q * patrem suum Dunstanum redderet, tali consilio, dictante Osbem, aequitatis ac inisericordise Suae censura, usns est. Exci- ^ tavit quosque potentes a terminis magni fituminis Hum- brro Tisque ad terminos fluvii Tamisise contra impietatem regis Eadwii, et eum quia talem se fecerat qualem, ceu prselibavimus,^ regem non* esse decebat, unanimiter persequi et aut vita aut regno privare moliti sunt. Et ^^^'J^^ipsum quidem ultra Tamisiam fugaverunt, nefandam Osbeni, pfe[*w^ vero meretricem ejus juxta civitatem Glawomensem P* ^^^' SrfJJ their ^^'^^ mortc, quod brevi et sxunmatim dictum acdpiatur, ^°^* perdiderunt. Quibus patratis Edgarum 'firatrem illius
super totam terram a prsedicto HumbrsB fluvio usque • ad flumen Tamisi«) regem fecerunt. Regnum itaque, B. p. 36.
quod prius emt unum, in duo divisum est, Tamisia suo ^^^; iUud alveo disterminante. Unde frequentes Utes, sedi- tiones nonnullaB, varii coniiictus hinc inde' suborti, totam terram gravissimis tribulationibus concusserunt. Ex quibus omnibus patuit verum esse quod supra dixi* mus per lascivum diaboli gaudium Dunstanum intel- ^jj^4 lexisse. Yerumtamen Edgarus de die in diem semper ^ *«P«>^«- erat in melius profidens, et Edwius e contra in deterius quotidie deficiens. Erat enim Edgarus ipse prudens et | strenuus ac mandatis Dei intimo corde adherens, prop- , ter mala quse in Anglia per fratrem suum emerserant ,
^ eeu pralihammus] uti diximuB, 8. 2 non] neatiqnam, S.
' hinc inde] hominmn, S. * Hmper\ om. S.
AUCTORE EADMERO.
195
OsberOy p. 103.
B. p. 86.
Adelard, p. 60.
Osbeni, p. 103.
Adelaid, p. 60.
Osbeni, pp. 103, 104.
non modico moerore tabescebat, eaque modis quibusHiBgood poterat restinguere gestiebat. Hie itaque adepia^ re- gal! dignitate pravos quosque, et qui alios iniqua domi- natione solebant opprimere, potestate qua gloriabantur coepit privare, atque illos qui suis rebus injuste spo- liati fuerant fecit amissa recuperare. Omnibus ergo ecclesiis AnglisB quae in regno ejus erant, pax et Con- cordia orta est, et juxta quod vox divina, sicut supra meminimus, hoc rege nato prsenunciavit, donee ipse vitse prsesenti superfuit, in melius aucta et roborata est. Ad hsec missis in Flandriam viris, Dunstanum Bmutan is patnse cum ingenti honore restituit, ac se suaque omnia made bidiop ejus sapientise atque consilio disponenda commisit. De- ter. inde ut major auctoritas facta ejus in cunctis comita- retur, eum Wigomensis ecdesiae episcopatum suscipere petiit, nee a precibus destitit, quoad eum suae volun- tati consentaneum fecit. In summum igitur sacerdo- tium consecrandus ex more Cantuariam venit.
21. Regebat eo tempore* Christianitatem in Angliaodooonse- paulo supenus nommatus Odo, ipsius civitatis archiepi- m tm ansh- scopus, vir equidem sanctus et magnarum virtutiun prse- rogativis apprime omatus. Hie Dunstanum in Ipontifica- tum Wieionun consecraturus, admirantibus qui astabant, eum, omisso ipsius ecclesise titulo, ad arehiepiscopatum Cantuariensem titulavit, et quasi successorem seu consor- tem sibimetipsi conseeravit. Unde a prsesentibus c^r^j^tiflea hoe faceret percunctatus • respondit, " Non constringitur " lege donum et vocatio Dei. Et utique vir iste scio " quis sit, et ex dono gratiae Dei video ad quid eum *' Spiritus Sanctus elegerit." Ex quibus verbis meri- tum utriusque turba quae circumstabat praeclarum esse coram Deo advertit. Inde vir Dei ad eedesiam ad quam prime electus fiierat regressus, et ab ea praeclare susceptus, summopere nitebatur opere perficere quod
^ ad^ta] percepta, S.
^ Anno DCOCCLY. P. in marg.
> percunctatus] rogatas, S.
N 2
\
196 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
Danatan's se ante exitum saiun de Anfirlia meminerat exultanti
w ^SLter ^^^^1^ spopondisse. Omnes igitur in quorum monbus
diabolum^ aliquid habere intelligebat, arguere, monere,
castigare^ corrigere satagebat, nihil usquam a correctio-
nis voce vacuum relinquens unde gauderet adversariusi8^Pet.v.8.
qxd circuit quserens quem devoret. Nee ullius persona
in istis ab eo considerabatur, sed quisque juxta meri-
tum suimi; observata rationabili discretione, tractaba-
tur. In omnibus itaque et per omnia perquirebat Dei
honorem et diaboli confusionem. Interea ^ rex Edwius Osbem,
vitse praBsenti subtractus est, et anima ipsius Dunstano, PJ^^^'
Bdw5?SBoui orationibus occupato, a quibusdam teterrimis hominibus
b*^iack^ cursim est e vestigio prsesentata. Cujus miseriam mise-
ottoSa"^ ratus suarum injuriarum immemor, pro liberatione ejus
deiivemnce. immensos omnipotenti Deo lacrymarum imbres eflftidit,
nee ab eis destitit donee se pro eo exauditum agnovit.
Facto igitur non grandi intervallo mauri illi ad Dun-
stanum sua prseda vacui redeunt, et quia ipsius inju-
rias supervacue ulcisci venerint calumniosa voce furi-
bundi depromunt. Quorum ille furores nihilipendens
Deo super ineffabili misericordia Ejus ineffabiles gratias
egit.
He 18 made 22. Fost hsec Eadgarus partem regni quam diximus b. pp. 36, London. Edwio rci&ansisse obtinuit, regnimique sui unitatem ^: |^. recepit, bellis ac seditionibus quae ex ejus divisione p. 60. emerserant quaquaversum sedatis. . Exin defuncto epi- Osbem, scope Lundoniensi, qusesitum est quis in episcopatum digne succedere posset. Et cum in hoc aliquantulum temporis expenderetur, nee persona decens et idonea reperiretur, tandem electio omnium super Dunstanum versa est, et ipse pontificatum prsedictse ecclesiae susci- pere communi cunctorum conclamatione coactus est. XJtraque igitur ecclesia, Wigomensis videlicet et Lun- doniensis, eo prsesule gloriabatur, quandoquidem ipse
> diabolum] eum, 8. I . ' Entered] Anno DCCCCLvm. P.
I in marg.
AUCTORE EADMERO. 197
Bumma necessitate compulsus, utriusque pontifex per ^^'^f^ nonnuUum temporis apatium erat, utrique soUicitudinia °'^^^ suee curam ^impendens, utramque intus et extra sua defensione conb% omnes semulos muniens, in utraque
'I\
198 VITA SANCn DX7NSTANI
' Dunstan Aiuclorum ecclesiis luctum suus transitus intulit, et in- B. pp. 36,
refuses to ^ ' 87
lucoeed. numeros populos acerbo moerore percussit. Postulatus ^^eiard Dunstaniis Odoni in patriaxchatum sedis Anglorum p. 6o. succedere abnegat, suscepti regiminis onus satis grave p 207/ sibi ad portandum, nedum majus superaddatur, esse^ protestans. Unde ^l&inus Wentanse urbis ^ antistes
^^to Bpe munerum futurorum ad hoc sibi fautores effecerat, archiepiscopatum rege annuente obtinxdt. Qui post ali- quot adeptee dignitatis dies, Bomam pro archiepisco- patus stola petens, in Alpibus nimia frigoris asperitate correptus ultimum flatum ibidem emisit. Post quern substitutus est in summum ecclesise Dorobemensis pon- tificatum Birhtebnus Dorsaetensis populi prsesul, vir totus ex mansuetudine^ humilitate et modestia factus. Byrhtheim Verum ubi compertum est nihil in corrigendis vitiis, aentbaok nihil in exercendis ecdesia^cis disciplinis, nihil deni- que virtutis seu constantiaB in eo esse ad tuendos bonos vel coercendos malos, ad ecdesiam suam jussus ^ rediit, et ita sedes Cantuariensis a pontifice aliquantis diebus vacua sedit.^ Itaque xmanimis omnium electio Dun- stanum indamitat, ilium solum se nosse vociferans, quem tanta sedes digne valeret habere rectorem, prse- sertim cum a primsevo aetatis flore vitae sanctitas, morum gravitas et, cui nemo contrairet, eum perlustra- i^^j*^ verit invicta, constans et sequenda auctoritas. Hac fesSw. e'go Di™8tanu8 acdamatione, quasi voce vere divina constrictus, primatem totius Britanmae sedem regendam Buscepit et eam immensa omnium adjacentium eccle- siarum ac populorum exultatione et gloria deductus ascendit.
He net 24. Post hsBC temporis opportunitate accepta, beatissi- B. p. 88.
morum apostolorum Petri et Pauli limina petiit, et ^"Jj^'
1 nedum . . esse] etiam sinugns non addatar, S.
' Mrbis"] ciyitatis, S.
' jttsnu] om. S. * sedit^ fltetit, S.
AUOTOBE EADMEBO.
199
40. Osbem, p. 108.
Adelaid, p. 61. Osbern, p. 108.
B. pp. 88- eum sunmi86 sedis pontifex magno sincersB dilectionis He mseiTefl affectu illo vementem excepit ; secumque posiea fami- beoomeft ftiii liarius agens et agendo templum Sancti Spiritus esse ^^'
indubitanter ^ cognoscens^ magnifice ilium honoravit ac stola S1U apostolatus pro qua venerat decentissime de- coravit. Sicque delegata ei legatione apostolicsd sedis, genti Anglorum pastorem ac salutis eorum provisorem destiuavit. Itaque vir Dei Boma reversus et in patri- arcbatum primse sedis Britannorum receptus, in ipsum mundi principem quasi gigas surrexit^ et armaturam verbi Dei a dextris et a sinistris constanti virtute in eum vibrare^ et membra ejus circumquaque debellare et prostemere coepit et enervare.
25. Inter haec visionem quam sibi in oblatione apofsto- Further
, . , explanfttion
licae armaturse dudum apparuisse descripsimus^ mente re- of the vision volvens, et eam jam in administratione regiminis duarum aposttes. ecdesiarum, Wigomensis videlicet et Limdoniensis, ferme impletam conspiciens, dicendum existimo per quid archiepiscopatus Cantuariensis, qui hos dignitate prse- cedit, et in quo ipse excellentius sedit^ ei prsesignatus sit: nimirum.per verbum Dei quod scriptum suscepit in gladio beatissimi Petri, secundum quod illud rex Edredus exposuit, quando ei visionem ipsam ipse Dim- stanus, ut praediximus, retulit. Sicque gladius Petri ecdesiam Petri, et Verbum Dei ecclesiam Verbi Dei, quae Cantuarise sita est, significavit. Exin videtur ra- tionis * dicere quid gladius beati Andreee cum cseteris ^^"'^g'^ oblatus prsetenderit,* quandoquidem ipse in nulla ecde- Andrew. sia quae sub nomine ipsius apostoli consecrata sit, sicut in prsedictis tribus ecdesiis, sedit. Quod quidem, quan- tum attinet ad nos Anglos, quibus quid hoc sit luce darius patet, superfluum reor dicto commemorare vel scripto. Propter extemos tamen, si forte aliquando all- .quo ^ casu ista inter eos ceciderint, breviter dico, ilium merito cum gladio Petri Verbo Dei inscripto gladium
S.
^ indMtanier] om. 8.
3 reUionis} rationi consentaneuiD,
' prmtenderii] portenderit, S. ^ o/tgvo] om. S.
200 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
BochMter. suscepisse AndresB : nam qui ecdesise Cantuariensi per Osbein,
tlie church -^ ■■■ ■■■ u i n«
dre** de' . pontificatum prsesidet, Rofensi ecdesise, quae sub patro-*^' ^**^n cinio beati Andreae subsistit, per episcopi institutionem, per horum et horum^ intus et extra, cum res exigit, dispositionem, utpote suo dominio praesidet. Quis ergo in cunctis quae religioni competunt Dunstanus fuerit, videlicet cujus virtutis ad omnes omnium personarum injustitias deprimendas, ad bona quaeque opera fovenda et mimienda exstiterit, usque hodie tota Anglia canit, nee opus esse arbitror ut me in iUis scribendis fatiget grandis labor. Nonnulla tamen quae ab illis qui ex ejus tempore usque ad nos per successus aetatimi fluxere, accepimus, compendioso relatu subjiciam, quatenus inde percipiatur Veritas verborum quae proposuimus.
Aoertoin 26. Comes quidam praepotens cognatam suam illicito Addaid, anuniawftii sibi matrimouio copulaverat, et a Dunstano semel, .se- ^ ^^ and 18 ex-* cundo et tcrtio redarsnitus, incestum suum divortio piare p. loe. gjted^ nolebat. Quapropter gladio Spiritus Sancti a viro per- cussus, a liminibus est sanctae ecclesiae separatus. Qui typho tactus superbiae regem adit, Dunstanum iipmo- deratae et impiae severitatis accusat, regia sanctione se ab ejus tyrannide libenmi constitui querelosa* voce precatur et obsecrat. Cujus verbis rex acquiescens Edgur inter- Dunstano mandat ut hominem cmn ea quam duxerat
cedes but . • . , .i j j t • •
Duiutan m pacc manore smat, et a quibus suspenderat limim- yieid. bus sacris ipsum restituat: Miratur ille ad audita, et dolet religiosum regem per mendacem hominis linguam ante rei inquisitionem et examinationem esse seductum. Fonit tamen hominem ad rationem, et tam pro com- misso crimine, quam et propter injustam sui crimina- tionem apud principem terrae factam, pauIo dmius in- crepat, cupiens eo modo ad poenitentiam et correctionem cor illius emoUire. At ubi vidit ipsum non solum verbis suis non consentire, sed insuper contumaci
et horum] om. S. | ' querdosa] qaerola, S.
AUCTORE EADHEBO.
202 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
^Jl^rt^'s Quo viso moti sunt omnes qui aderant ad pietatem, Adelard, et ipse pater omnium majori prse caeteris pietate mo- P* ^^* tus est. In Yultu tamen servato disciplinse rigore^ ut- pote hominem pleniter^ Deo reconciliare desiderans, lacrymas ejus ad horam severus sustinuit ; ac demum a toto condlio postulatus, lacrymans et ipse eulpam in- duUit. Itaque ab excommunicationis vinculo absolu- tum communioni fidelium, gaudentibus cunctis, eum restituit.
Throe lUae 27. Alio tempore monetarii tres, qui in potestate viri Osbem,
ooineisoon- *^ ' i r j^g
gem^d to erant, cum &lsa moneta capti, ad subeundam poenam ho- ^' minibus per totum regnum promulgatam sunt judicati. Qu£e res Dunstano abscondi non potuit. Die ergo Pente- costes idem pater Missarum solemnia celebraturus, per- cunctatur utrum Dei populo statuta justitia de ipsis monetariis &cta fuerit annon. Respondetur earn ob reverentiam tanti diei in alium diem esse dilatam. refSSMto " Nequaquam," inquit, " ita fiet : monetarii nempe,* qui wjBbmte « falsos ex industria denarios faciunt, fures sunt, et
xoaM on ' '
day!«ntfl " corum furto nullum nocentius esse cognosco. Nam S«S"£l?" " ^ faisa, moneta quam faciunt totam terram spoliant, ^SSo^' " seducunt, perturbant. Ipsi divites, ipsi mediocres, ipsi " pauperes, in commune laedunt, et omnes quantum sua " interest* aut in opprobrium, aut in egestatem, aut in " nihilum redigunt. Quapropter noveritis quia ego " hodie ad sacrificandum Deo non accedam, nisi prime iUi ; " qui deprehensi sunt eam, quam in seductione totius " populi promeruerunt, subierint poenam. Si enim in " ultione tanti mali, cum negotium me respidat, Deum *' placare supersedeo, quomodo Ilium de manibus meis *' sacrifidum suscepturum sperare queo ? Sed hsec licet '* crudelitati possint ascribi, Deo tamen patet intentio '^ mea. LacrymsB, gemitus atque suspiria viduarum ac " pupUlorum, clamor quoque vulgi totius mihi incum- '* bit^ et correctionem hujus mali deposdt. Quorum
^ pieniter] om. S. I ' nenqte"] namque, S.
3 jvdicolt] adjudicati, S. | < ma inUrest] ad eos pertinet, S.
AircrroBE easmebo.
203
Adelard, p. 62.
Osbem, pp. 108, 109.
<^ afflictionem, si quantum in me est mitigare non in- Hisaigu- " tendo, et Deum Qui gemitibus eorum compatitur " nimis ofiendo, et alios ad idem malum exercendum " promptiores et audaciores fiicio." Dixerat, et pro poena illorum, qui manus erant perdituri, pietate motus lacrymis manat, ut satis esset videre de quo fonte pro- cedebat edictum, quod nonnullis videbatur cnldele. Ubi vero audivit prsestitutam justitiam factam, sur- rexit et lota facie ad oratorium exhilarato vultu abiens when the ait, " Quia Deum, obediendo statutis justitise legibus, wtisfl^^ " audivi hodie, eonfido quod et Ipse per misericordiam p"*®®*^ ** Suam sacrifieium de manu mea suscipiet hodie f cujus confidentise effectu privatus non est. Eo quippe inter sacrosancta Missarum solemnia sacras manus extendente- et Deum Patrem omnipotentem ut ecclesiam Suam catholicam pacificare, eustodire, adunare, et regere dig- vision of naretur toto orbe terrarum interpellante, nivea columba doTeT^"*^ multis intuentibus de coelo descendit, et donee sacrifi- eium consumptum esset, super caput ejus expansis et quasi immotis aUs sub silentio mansit. Inter hsec quid animi gereret servus Dei, quo amore, qua dulce(^e, quo desiderio putas in Deo pascebatur, qui ex prae- senti gratia Dei tali visitatione fovebatur ? Consumpto sacrificio columba eadem in australem altaris partem declinavit, et super timibam beati Odonis, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, se reclinavit, alis suis iUam hinc inde complexans, et quasi rostro deosculans. Quod beatus Dunstanus intuens, et exinde ^ meritum jacentis appen- DimsUm*s dens, in tanta eum deinceps reverentia habuit ut quoties ibrOdo.^ coram sepulcro illius transibat * genua flecteret. Cog- nomine quoque boni in matema lingua post haec eum semper nominare consuevit, videlicet, "Odo se gode," quod Latine sonat " Odo bonus." Quo cognomine ex eo tempore usque ad banc nostram setatem solet ab Anglis, maxime tamen a Cantuaritis nuncupari. Percan-
* exinde'} inde, S.
' coram . . tratuibai] sepulchnim ejus tranairet, S.
204 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
His^uiu- tata Missa Diinstaims ab altari digreditur. Ministris See 811^^ autem ejus pro signo quod acciderat, his et iUis iimueii- ^®?5^' tibus, et alios 6x fratribus ministerio pontificis affuturos suspicantibus, ipsi se in diversa toUunt ac virum, im- mensis adhuc ex prsesentia gratise Dei lacrymarum imbribus madentem, solum relinquunt. Et ecce, dum casulia.m qua inter sacra vestiebatur deponeret, nee uUus adesset qui earn susciperet, disponente Deo suspensa pependit in aere, ne cadens in terram servum Dei a sua turbaret intentione.
Hecaiii 28. Per id ferme temporis, rogatus a quodam viro no- Osbem,
spring of bili et reliffioso, dedicavit ei ecclesiam unam quam ipse^' dedication m suo fundo construxerat. Ubi ad ministenum aqua deficiente et ob hoc hominem nonnulla moestitudine cor- ripiente,* femulus Dei prasmissa prece terram baculo percussit, ilicoque fons limpidissimus erumpens omnes qui prsesentes erant non modicum laetificavit. Qui fons usque hodie manans Dunstani nomen et meritum celebre facit. HobnUdsa Idem pater a Cantuaria in remotiores villas suas ohurohat opportuna spatiis hospitia sua disponens, apud Ma- andTaSjustfl gavcldam sicut et in aliis hospitiorum suorum locis tionby , ligncam ecclesiam fabncavit. Quam ipsemet dedicans, wi^^^^ dum ex more circumiret^ et eam ad sequinoctialem solis
Bhoulder. • . • <* i *
ortum mmime versam perciperet, fertur quod trausiens
himiero suo illam aliquantulum pressit, moxque muta«
tam a proprio statu, in medium orientis tramitem pro
voto convertit. Quod ipsum facile potuisse efficere
nemo ambigit, nisi qui verbis Domini Christi, quibus
fidem sicut granum sinapis habentibus promittit, quod SjM»*t-^^-
etiam montem dicto transferant^^ incredulus exsistit.
Inter hujusmodi opera Dunstanus Deum semper in mente habere, Deo quicquid boni perficiebat non sibi
1 hominem . . corripiente] faomini . . subrepente, S. There ha9 been an erasure in P. > Iransferant'] transferrent, S.
y
AtTCrOEE EADMERO. 205 ■
adscribere, magnum homilitAtis, minimum elationis corHbrnni per onmia et in onmibus poasidere. Cum autem anwDU. Bfecularium negotiormn occupationibus ei quies amdebat, modo contemplation! divinss et orationibus incumbebat.
206 VITA sANcrri dunsttani
Hwstooe laudibus in gloriam ejusdem regis, organis quoque acB. p. 4i. diversis me^diis concrepantibus in his regalibus nuptiis. p'n;/ Quibus dum ipse magnifice delectatns intenderet, atqne ad ea totmn sui cordis affectum arrigeret, accessit ad eum juvenis quidam candidissimo tectns amictu, dicens illi, '' Cum videas et audias istos ketantium ac jubilan- " tium choros, cur te illis non copulas ? Cur laudibus " eorum non commisces laudes tuas ? Et quidem si in " desponsatione matris tuse a voce laudis et exultationis '* cuncti silerent, tu silere non deberes, nedum illis non " tacentibus solus taceas." ^ Ad hsec verba, quid in B. p. 41. laudem tanti regis K»ntaret ignorare so respondit. J**?^™' Sdscitatur ergo^ an a se quod decenter canere posset instrui veUet. Quod cum sibi acceptissimimi fore profi- He is taught teretur, docuit eum antiphonam istam, " 0 Rex gentium th^TShich " dominator omnium, propter sedem majestatis Tuse da
on awaking ' r r j ,
he record.. « nobis indulgentia^, rex Christe, peccatorum ; Alleluia." Quam pater per visum ssepius repetens et in laudem prsefati regis frequentius canens, mira jocunditate pasce- batur. Expergefactus autem a somno surrexit, gemens eo quod a tantis gaudiis tam subito se in hujus mimdi serumnis invenit. Antiphonam vero statim ne oblivioni daretur scribi praBcepit, eamque a suis postmodum can- B. p. 42. tari ssepius in sui praesentia fecit. Ex qua etiam magnae suavitatis fervor ob recordationem gloriosae visionis sibi generabatur, et grande desiderium pertingendi ad tantum bonum in animo illius multiplicabatur. Hanc visionem, quae, praeter illam qua olim patris sui et matris Qttortion of animas inter choros angelicos vidit, ei apparuit, quidam tationofthe qui ante me de istis scripsit, vult mystice referri ad matrem ecdesiam quae Christo summo regi per bona opera desponsatur, et ex qua Dunstanus, et quisque fidelium per sacri baptismatis imdam renatus, ejus ali- mentis pascitur atque nutritur. Quod autem Dunstanum angelus docuit a Dominatore gentium petere indul-
' taceas] tacere, S. | * ergo] javeniB, imu 8.
AUCTORE EADMERO. 207
B.pp. 42, gentiam peccatorum, ostendit quod pontifices agere debeant, quoties ad exorandam majestatem Dei pro suis populique delictis sancta sanctorum introeunt.
30. Alio quodam tempore rex in die Dominica mane Dniuian
waiting for
venatum ivit, et Dnnstanum, qui tunc forte secum erat, Bdgarlp
return tnsn.
Miaaam suam donee rediret ' differre petivit. Appropin- ^"^T^ quante ifi^tur hora tertia rir Dei ad ecclesiam procedit. begins msM, et mdi^tus sacns vestibus, regem sicut ei pronuseratofhe^yen. exspectabat. Stabat ergo cubitis innixus altari, orationi ac lacrymis deditus. Tum subito sopore leviter pressus in cSuTrapitur, et beatis angelonT agminibu^ a^o- datus, audit eos summse Trinitati in laudem modulatis vodbus decantantes atque dicentes,* " Kyrie eleyson, " Christe eleyson, Kyrie eleyson." Quorum melodiam coelestium contemplator edoctus ad se reversus est. Et conversus ad suos interrogat rexne venerit annon. At ubi eum nondum venisse accepit ad «uas preces sese convertit. Factoque non grandi intervallo, iterum extra se ductus audivit in coelis altisona voce dici, " Ite, " Missa est." Ad quod cum "Deo eratias" respon- Herefnses de«.tur, accuxrentes derici regis r^geradease vodfe-*"-"- . rantur, sacerdotem ut festinantius Missam celebret obsecrant. At ille versus ab altari Missam se habere pronunciat, et aliam se ea die celebraturum abnegat. Depositisque vestibus sacris a suis de re inquiritur, Hebids ' quod latebat operitur. Ex hoc itaque simipto sermone to a^lSn
• 1*1 TV • ■ 9 1 * I from Sun-
regem m diebus Domuucorum ^ deinceps a venatu dayhunting prohibuit. " Kyrie eleyson " vero quod in coelestibus didicit, suos docuit, idque multis in locis hodie sancta ecclesia inter Missarum solennia canit.
B. p. 48. 31. Moris erat viro loca sancta quando CantuariseHeTimts p. lis/ morabatur imo tantum fideli socio comitatus noctu pera- at night, grare, et se inibi per compunctionem et contritionem ' cordis Deo mactare.
^ rediret'] yeniiet, S. I ' Dominicorum] 1>omiiiici8, S.
3 atque dicentee'] om. S. | •
208 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Onenigbt Quadam igitur vice ad monasterium beatissimorum B. pp. 48»
t^f^ apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in quo beatus Augustinus *^^^
heavenly et alii nonnulli de patribus ecclesiad Chnsti Cantuari-p. ii8,ii9.
ensis tumulati sunt, ex more circa mediae noctis silentia
perrexit, ibique Deo se diutius in oratione prostravit.
Egressus vero ad oratorium beatse Dei genitricis et
perpetuse virginis Marias, quod in orientali ipsius monas-
terii parte situm foerat, eadem facturus divertit Cui
appropinquans audivit intus voces psallentium atque
dicentium, ''Oaudent in coelis animsB sanctorum qui
" Christi vestigia sunt secuti : et quia pro Ejus amore
" sanguinem suum fuderunt, ideo cum Christo gaude-
" bunt ^ in aetemum." Ad haec ille stupefiEU^us adstitit
ostio, ac per rimas iUius introspiciens, erat enim ob-
Jj»i^to seratum, intuetur oratorium totum immensa luce splen-
Je wes toe dere, et quendam cuneum candidatarum personarum
^j^«^ ipsam antiphonam laetis concentibus resonare. Alio
hSle?f i^T^ tempore praefata pastorum ecclesiae limina simili
hora pari voto requirens, ubi inde discessit, memoratam
sacratissimae virginis aedem, preces iUic Deo fusurus,
adire coepit . Ecce autem ipsa beatissima virginum virgo,
comitata numeroso virginum choro, venienti viro occurrit, .
et summo cum honore susceptum ad suam ecdesiam
quo tendebat ducere coepit, praecinentibus duabus de
choro puellis illud Sedulii carmen atque dicentibus,
" Cantemus sociae. Domino cantemus honorem; " Dulcis amor Christi personet ore pio."
Their BODg. Quos versus chorus virginum resumendo percantans,^ praedictae binas cantrices * binos qui sequimtur in ordine versus subsecutae* sunt:
'' Primus ad ima ruit magna de luce superbus, " Sic homo cum tumuit primus ad ima ruit/*
^ ffaudebunt'] regnahunt, S. ^ percantana'] cum . . percanta- ret,S.
' cantrices'\ pnecentricee, S. ^ subtecuta^ prosecute, S.
AUCTORE EADMERO. . 209
B. p. 49. 32. Sicque donee vir Dei in oratorium perductus esset. From this
* * Yision the
virgineus chorus primos et virgines bin« binos juxtag^ quod series hymni sese nabet versus modulatse sunt. W^ Propter hsec et horum simiUa facta ^ insignia pater " ' Dunstanus quanti honoris, quantae reverentise, quantseve* magnificentise apud omnes bonos exstiterit aestimo quod qui talia Dei dona amplecti novit magna ex parte et me silente videbit. At lis qui potius in malitia quam in bonitate vitam agere satagebant horrorem atque ter- rorem vultus ejus incutiebat, ut ab eo fugere quam ad eum acoedere mallent. Omnes vero qui perversa acta sua deserere et ad recta opera cupiebant transmigrare, vene pietatis ac misericordisB visceribus eum redundare sentiebant, et ultra humanam aestimationem consilium simul et auxilium suae salutis in eo reperiebant. A 5"*^*
^ fame and
remotis itaque terrarum partibus ad eum passim cur- infloenoe. rebatur, et quo ilium praeminere notum erat, Spiritus Sancti consilium ab ipso petebatur. Si ad ista diaboli odium et invidia saeviebat, nulli mirandum. Sed quia se in perturbatione viri nihil posse, nisi quod verecun- diam sui et eius gfloriam mamificaret,' lam certo scie-^hedevu
, ^ r 1 . . lays a snare
bat, ab ea qua ilium saepe fatigare solebat impugnatione ^^ Bdgar. sese cohibuit. Verum ut eum redderet conturbatum, Eadgaro regi, quern multum pro sua reverentia dilige- bat, laqueum gemebimdae* deceptionis tetendit et irre- titum gravis peccati naevo involvit.
33. Quadam enim vice idem rex in monasterium virgi- Etorfuia num quod Wiltuniae situm habetur venit, ibique captus»y«j»»|«Uwiy Osbern, specie cujusdam puellae, quae de nobilibus Anglorum Abbey, P* ^^^' nata inter sanctimoniales non velata nutriebatur, cus- todiebatur, cam suo coUoquio adduci secretins jussit. lUa cum duceretur, timens pudori suo, raptum ab una sanctimonialium capiti suo velum imposuit, eo modo se
^ facta] om. S.
' quantave] vel, S.
' verecundiam . . . magitificaret']
ig^nominiam sibi et illi majorem glo- riam adferret, S.
* gemebimda] miseraDde, S.
O
. 210 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
inBpiteof protegi sperans si forte rex quid inhonesti a se exigere Osbenn, which she vellet. Quam ipse velatam intuens, "Quam subito," ^' ^^^*
has put OD, ., *•., '^
*b* he inquit, " sanctimonialis effecta es ! " Arreptumque ve-
aithough ' lum detraxit capiti ejus, ilia eonatu quo poteiat frustra
m^iTied. obnitente. Abusus siquidem ea est, et gravi scandalo
quique per Angliam religiosi ex hoc mente vulnerati
sunt. Quod scandalum eo vehementius fiiit quod rex \
idem legitimam uxorem habebat, ^Elfisedam^ videlicet
cognomine Candidam, Ordmseri prsepotentis Orientaliuin \
Anglorum ducis fiUam de qua et Sanctum Eadwardum
genuerat. Ubi vero res Dunstano innotuit acerbo i
Dmiatjn's moerore percussus est. Igitur cum pro re non segnis
thS?^^' ad regem veniret, et iUi venienti pro more occurreret,
eumque per manum ad solium suum perducere vellet,
manum Dunstanus turbato vultu retraxit, nee eam ab
homine contingi passus est. Ad quod ille attonitus,
non enim ilium scire putabat quod clanculo a se factum
existimabat, cur Tnanum sibi non dimitteret inquisivit.
SfaS?SS ^^' "Tu, postposito omni pudore adulterium commi-
king's hand. « gisti ; tu dcspecto Dco, signum castitatis non veritus,
" virgini suam integritatem prseripuisti. Et cur ma-
'' num, Summo Fatri virginis Filium immolantem, im-
" puris manibus non tradam quseris ? Lava prius per
" poenitentiam manus tuas a sordibus suis, et tunc
*' demum quo gratias Dei reconciUeris honora et am-
Edgar's . " plectere manum pontificis." Territus ille ad haec terrro Osbem,
procumbit, pedes antistitis petit, se peccasse, gemitu^'^^^'
verba interrumpente, contestans. Quod Dunstanus
videns tantum in rege humilitatis exemplum vehemen-
ter amplectitur. Velocius ergo ilium erexit et pacato
vultu, cum eo familiariter quse salutem animse ejus
Hit penance, operarentur loquens, septennem ei poenitentiam injunxit.
At ille pontificali absolutione potitus, omni studio in-
jimctse sibi poenitentise operam dare, et multa quibus
Deum placaret pietatis opera ipsi poenitentise, instinctu
et consiUo patris sui, soUicitus coepit superaddere.
' See the letter of Nicolas in Sect. viL of this Volume.
AUCTOBE EADHERO. 211
Oibeni, Ipee pneterea omni ordini bomiiumL. iiL.-siio re^po Hgentann
212 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He gives " dctis, aut loci istins beneficiis et conyersationi, hincOsbern,
them their •,,,,, • •» • u t ii» d 118
choice " eliminati, jam jamque cedetis. Itaque nonnulli*^' becoming ex illis statim abiecto clericali habitu monachi
monks *nd , •'
i»^2? the facti smit, caeteris juxta verba ^ pontificis de ecclesia
eliminatis. Cseterum quia ipsi qui ita noviter sunt
conversi regularis disciplinsB normam sine aliorum
magisterio docte servare nequibant, monachi de
Abendonia illuc ab eodem pontifice adducti sunt, qui
MOTiksaPD monachicse institutionis tramitem ibi edocerent. Cle-
do" ^^*"*" rici vero, qui ejecti sunt, citato gressu regem adeunt,
judicium atque justitiam sibi de expulsione sui fieri
postulant. Refertur negotium ad audientiam Dunstani,
et ipse eos aequa postulare pronunciat. Igitur ex prae-
cepto regis et archiepiscopi Coit Wintoniam nobilitas
regni totius, et rex cum sua conjuge adest ad determi-
Ck>undi at nandum querelas negotii hujus. Surgunt hinc inde lites
todiacuM quas Dunstanus propositis 'rationibus destruit omnes.
the canons. RationabUiter quippe cunctis ostendit clericos, qui a
sorte Dei incorrigibiKter » per pmvitatem vit© su» dis-
siUunt, nil per rectitudinem sibi vindicare posse ex iis
quae ecclesiis data sunt ad subsidium eorum qui in
clericatu pura conversatione sese custodiunt. Quibus
auditis, omissa omni controversia,* rex et de* principi-
bus plures,* clericorum precibus ad pietatem usque per-
moti, Dunstanum interpellant quatinus hac sola vice
parcat, et clericos, jam quid amodo si se non correx-
erint incursuri sint re ipsa edoctos, de ecclesia sua
revestiat. Silet ille ad ista, quidque potissimum de
negotio sit agendum, demisso capite mente pertractat.
Miraculous Silentium ingens occupat omnes et suspensi ad respon-
thecpudflx. sum pontificis erigimt aures. Tunc subito crucifixi
Dei imago, signo crucis in edito domus affixa, audien-
1 juxta verba] yerbo, S. * el de] atqae ez, S.
3 quippe . . incorrigihUiter] cm. S. ' pluree] plerique, S.
' omni cantroversia'] omnis con- troversia est, 8.
I
214
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
incroaaeof per id temporis et alii quamplures derici horum devotion similes do suis ecclesus sunt, et monacni m locum "*'*^°' ipsorum substituti. Aucta est igitur religio per An- gliam in tantum ut quadraginta octo monasteria mona- chis vel sanctimonialibus instituerentur, cooperantibus beato Dunstano in hoc viris venerabilibus, Oswaldo videlicet, qui primo Wigomensis, postea fuit episcopus Eboracensis, et Athelwoldo ^ Wintoniensi, quorum supra meminimus. Yitam itaque beati^ Dunstani et actus formidabant omnes qui incedere volebant juxta vias adinventionum suarum.
E<i^i« 35. Inter hsec sopito negotio quod regem Eadgarum ne Adelard, crowned, regio more coronaretur detinuerat, Dunstanus adunatis q^^ episcopis, abbatibus et cseteris principibus ciun tota regni p. 114. ingenuitate, coram eis astante innumera populorum' multitudine, imposuit iUi coronam regni, gaudentibus cunctis et jubilantibus Deo in voce laudis et exulta- ^ hifld«th tionis. Ipso autem, post biennium quo hsBC £Etcta sunt, DiuSton^ immatura morte prsevento, Eadwardo filio suo totum influence, regnum hsBreditario jure reliquit. Qm Eadwardus cum in regem consecrari deberet, nonnulli de principibus terrsB contraire ne rex fieret nisi sunt, tiun quia mo- rum iUius severitatem, qua in suorum excessus acriter BSBvire consueverat, suspectam habebant,* tum quia matrem ejus, licet legaliter nuptam, in regnum tamen non magis quam patrem ejus, dum eimi genuit, sacra- tam fiiisse sciebant. Sed Dunstanus discretione et industria confisus adolescentis, unum non metuens, et observato patemaB heereditatis et testamenti jure aliud contemnens, arrepto sanctse Crucis vexiUo, medius con- stitit, et per rationem cunctis qusB objiciebantur elisis, Edwardum regem constituit, et constituto patemum affectum, consilium et auxilium in omni negotio dum
' AthelwUdo] episcopo, ins. S. ' becUi] om. S.
3 populortan] populi, S.
^ suspectam habebanf] cm. S.
AUCTOBE EADHEEO. 216
Adeiard, visit exhibere curavit. Rex quoque ita mores BuosEdmni'i &Bbera '° omnibiis et per omnia componebat, ita totum reg- menif"™* p. 11*. Hum aanctis legibus disponebat, ut et actus ejua Deo
216
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
Dunstan Booompanies them on their de- partare nom Gan- terbuTj.
He foretells their speedy death.
tt
<{
«
<(
it
The pro- phecy ib fulflUed.
Dunstan's grief.
Question aBout the ■aoceflsionto Winchester.
cum pater comitatus ipsis duobus episcopis Cantuaria Oabern, decederet, et pariter longius ab urbe^ remotos quern- P'^^^* que ab altero destinati hospitii via dirimeret, ambo pontifices, a Dunstano benedici petentes, ab eo divertere et suum iter cupiebant accelerare. Verum ipso manum extendente ad benedicendum, subito in lacrymas acer- bas erupit, cceptseque benedictionis verba singultus subsequens interrupit. lUis vero ad rem grandi stu- pore perterritis, quidnam haberet, quod tarn anxie fleret, sciscitati sunt. Kespondit, "Fleo quia vos, quos " modo sanos et alacres video, in hac vita me nequa- quam « ampUus visurum admodum doleo. Nam in proximo estis morituri, et ad gaudia regni coelestis transeuntes me in hujus vitse miseriis relicturi." Cui cum ipsi dicerent "Ne pater, oramus, de nostra morte ita loquaris ;" " Fixum," ait, " quod dixi tenete, quoniam sic est et omnino immutabile." ^ In his dato altrinsecus osculo pacis ab invicem divisi sunt. Igitur antistes Rofensis mox ubi sui pontificatus civi- tatem ingressus est, elanguit, et evolutis in infirmitate pauds diebus defunctus est. Wintoniensis vero prius- quam ad sedem suam venire posset, languore conipi- tur, et juxta verbum viri Dei non longa mora in- terveniente finitur. Ex cujus obitu gravis moeror Adelard, Dunstanum corripuit, tum quia tanti viri ingens sola- ^vfl!^** tium amiserat, timi quia cui potissimum tenerse adhucp. 116.' statum ecclesiad regendum committeret dubius fluctua- bat. Quos fluctus ingerebant animo ejus hinc monachi nuper intromissi, hinc clerici ab ecclesia ilia ejecti. Monachi quippe suae professionis virum habere episco- pimi praeoptabant ; clerici vero sui ordinis hominem sibi prsefici desiderabant ; illi videlicet per monachum in ecclesia sibi collata cupientes solidari ; isti per cleri- cum ecclesise sibi ablatae sperantes reformari. Sed haec providens sapientia et sapiens providentia Dei citius
' ab urbe] om. S.
' me nequaquam] non, S.
' omnino immutabile] non est mu< tabUe, S. '
AUCTORE EADMERO.
217
Adelard, p. 62. Osbem, p. 116.
determinavit; Nam per beatum Andream apostolum, s. Andrew cui special! quodam dilectionis affectu Dunstanum ad- command haerere Deus concesserat, Dimstano mandavit quatenusahaiibeap- nihil hffisitans ^egum abbatem Bathoniensem con-'"'^- stitueret Wentanse ecclesise summuin sacerdotem. Laeta- tus est Dunstanus in istis, et reddita Deo gratiarum actione pro beneficiis Suis in iElfego, perfecit quod ei per aposiolum Suum Deus ipse prsecepit.
37. Multa de hoc viro, juxta quod multorum non spemenda testimonia ferunt, adhuc litterarum memorise veraci stylo commendare possemus; verum ne incultae narrationis prolixitate quemlibet^ gravemus, praeter- missis iUis, ad sacrum transitum ejus enarrandum cor et linguam praeparemus. Quod pneparare quia nostras opis non est, oremus ut ipso de quo agimus inter- veniente perficiatur ab Eo Cujus hoc donum et gratiam scimus esse. Adelard, Dies igitur quo Dominus noster Dei Filius, Deus Osbem pp. ^^^ter,^ devicta morte ccelum victor ascendit, Celebris 120, 121. illucescebat, et Dunstanus expleto noctis officio solus in ecclesia Salvatoris Cantuariae, pro tanti gaudii con- sideratione, Christo totus inhaerebat. Interea conspexit et ecce innumera candidatorum multitudo virorum coronas aureas in capite gestantium, inaestimabili ful- gore micantium, per ecclesiae januas irrumpens, coram se sub uno * conglobata constitit, et una voce ei hujus- modi salutationis alloquium persolvit, " Salve, Dunstane " noster, salve ! Mandat tibi Quem pie desideras Filius ** Dei quatenus, si paratus es, venias et diem banc, ad " cujus gaudium unica dilectione suspiras, nobis asso- " ciatus in Sua curia gratiosus et hilaris celebres." Ad quorum vultus et voces ille imperterritus manens sciscitatus est, quinam essent. "Cherubin," inquiunt,
Much more might be told about Dunstan.
On Aflcen- non day, Dunstan has a vision of cherubim askinff if he is ready to depart.
1 qvemUbet'] quenqnam, S. 3 Deus noster'] cm. S.
' se sub uno'] ipso, S.
218 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
SfhUf **** " *^ Seraphin siimuB : quidquid velis ad haBC respondeas Adelaide tblfSirt! " voliimus/' Tunc ille sacro cordis ac mentis afiectu g^^ cnm supplici voce pro tanta gratia grates debitas p. 121. agens ; " Hac," inquit, " die, qui honor, quae spes, quod " gaudium in Ascensione Christi Dei et Domini om- " nium^ generi humano provenerit, O sancti ac beati '^ spiritus, nostis. Nostis nihilominuB officii mei esse " oves Ipsius Domini mei mihi commendatas hac die ^ " vitsB SBtemaB pane reficere, et eas quo tramite Ilium " sequi debeant, quo prsecessit, informare. Cujus etiam " rei gratia plurimi convenere, nee meum est in tali " negotio illos decipere. Propter hsec, quo me invitatis ^]rbid " non possum hodie venire." Dixerunt, " Eja ! provide re«g^th6 " ut die Sabbati praesto sis hinc nobiscum Bomam " transire, et coram summo pontifice Sanctus, Sanctus, " Sanctus aetemaliter* canere." Annuit ipse dicto, et illi in invisibilia ab oculis ejus dilapsi sunt.
w£u^ 38. Hujus admirandae visionis presbyter quidam Mif- AcUiard, Jifthe*™' g^^'T^^ nomine, qui in excubiis domus Dei assiduus esse OBbern ^£*5J^ solebat, quique postmodum, sicut scriptura referente P- 120. accepimus, insignis in Elmham episcopus claruit, con- scius esse promeruit. Nam nocte eadem pervigil sacris meditationibus deditus, illucescente aurora, supra' se- ipsum per visum raptus est, viditque beatiun Dunsta- num cathedrae pontificali praesidere, et ei canonica jura clero dictanti formosorum juvenimi iiomensum agmen assistere. Audivit etiam ea quae proxime digessimus eosdem juvenes ei dixisse, quaeque retulimus ab eo illis responsa fuisse. Quod, ut reor, ea de re viro illi Do- minus patefieri voluit, quatenus et gloriam transituri fideli testimonio commendaret, et ipse ad eandem gloriam tanto indicio vehementius anhelaret, necnon antistes quandoque futurus eam suis utpote cognitam certius praedicaret.
^ Dei . . omnium] Domini Jesa I ' atemaUter] fletemnm, S. . . onrni, S. | ' wpra] extra, S.
AUOTORE EADMEBO. 219
B. p. 51. Dunstanus itaque de gaudio Domini sui ac de im- i>aii8ton> ^^ minente sibi setema felicitate secunis, gratulabiindus o^^^e feut Osbeni, in Domino Isetabatur, et spiritiiali ad omnes jocunditate ^^^^^ p. 121. replebatur. Jam diumi officii hora instabat, et pontifex, Qoepei: illud celebraturus, festivus ad altare processit. Popu- lorum turba^ quasi Deitatis instinctu^ ad aliqidd novi audiendum solito nnmerosior advolans, ecclesiae parietes vix multitudini sufficientes undique complet. Lecto igitur ad Missam evangelio, procedit episcopus, populo prsedicatums, et regente cor ejus et linguam Spiritu Sancto^ locutus est qualiter ante nunquam fiiit locutus. Beversus deinde ad altare panem et vinum in Corpus et Sanguinem Jesu Christi immaculata benedictione convertit. TJbi vero ad benedictionem super populum ventum est, iterum populo praadicaturus ab altari di- and before
... , . the bene-
greditur, et debriatus Spiritu Dei sic de veritate Cor- diction, poris Cbristi, sic de fiitura resurrectione et vita perenni tractavit, ut ipsius perpetis vitae civem loqui putares si personam loquentis agnitam^ prius non haberes.
Osbern, 39. De obitu tamen suo mentionem nullam fecit inter He does
p. 122. 1 1 . •11*1 • • 1 •ii* II liot men-
loquendum, pia videlicet animi tenentudine et tenera tion his . pietate prseventus, nolens eis tristitise malum duplica- dLth. tum ingerere, quibus diem mortis suae judicabat- in simplici tristitise malo posse sufficere. Sermone finito, altare repetiit, et pontificalem benedictionem super After the populum edidit. Interea nimium mente vulnerabatur, hiTfeoe***^*^ metuens videlicet ne carissimi sui quos deserebat, im- that^f In^ proviso mortis suae jaculo percussi, atrocius dolererit*° quam si antequam ad ictum venirent illud praeviderent. XJnde data benedictione tertio populum cunctis stup^i- tibus adiit. Mox autem ut os ad loquendimi aperuit, tanta daritate vultus ejus resplenduit, ut in toto illo conventu nemo esset qui radios oculorum irreverberata acie in eum figere posset.
1 agnitam] oognitam, S.
220 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI
te^wmdhia *^' ^^^ ®^8^ dulcedo, qu83 suavitas, quae jocunditas Osbern, ^groaching repleverit corda et ora cunctorum, qm prsesentes qu8B ^' ^^' dicebantur meruerunt intelligere, verbo seu scripto ex- ponere scio nulli esse possibile. Sed ubi servus Dei instantem sui obitus diem detegere coepit, omnis exul- tatio moerore concutitur, et tali mcerore ut ipse pater, qui jam gaudiis peremubus inserebatur. motus admi- randa pietate qua prssditus erat, unus de mcBrentibus He oomfqrtB esse videretuT. Venun tamen iniecta vi spiritui suo
the weeping *' * ,
people. laciymans lacrymantes consolabatur, dicens inter alia eos nequaquam debere - de transitu illius dolere, quern non labor aut poena sed quies et gloria perpes exci- peret. Dicebat etiam neminem verse caritatis radice fundatum, qui magis suum temporale conunodum quam proximi perpetuum diligeret emolumentum.^ Ad firma- mentum quoque consolationis ipsorum promiait in spe gratise misericordis Dei, quod, licet illis corpore absens fieret, nunquam tamen eis prsesentia spiritus sui abes- set. Finitis hujuscemodi dictis, commendavit omnes Christo, et demum illis adhuc gloriosum vultum ejus desiderantibus ad mensam Domini vitam suam epula- He marks turus asceudit. Ipsa die cum a mensa sumpto cibo his burial, surrexissct, venerando suorum coetu stipatus, oratorium petiit, designatoque loco in quo sepeliri volebat, sepul- crum sibi prseparari prsecepit. Inde jam languor sacri corporis artus invadit, et sua Dunstanus invalida mem- He takes to bra quieti tradit. Itaque sexta sequenti feria lecto decumbit, et incessabUi mentis devotione Deo intentus, omnes adventantes ad sectanda vestigia Jesu Christi incitabat.
TheSatur- 41. Sic dies ille defluxit et laboris Dunstani ultimus, beateeque quietis primus dies illuxit. Confluit derus et populus omnis, trepidi prsestolantes eventum quem de se prsedixerat pastor communis. Et jam Dunstanus
^ diligeret emoiumetUum] om. S.
AUCrORE EADMEBO. 221
gaudium Domini sui intrare avidus, horam angelica sibi visitatione pnedictam, Corpore Cbristi saginatus et Sanguine Uetus exspectabat.
222
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
There are daily evi* dencesof his power.
He fore- knew the troubles that were coming on SDgland.
There is still hope for the land from his influence in heaTon.
et usque hodie fieri a monachis ipsius circa sacratissi* mum corpus ejus conspicimus. Quotidie namque de suis necessitatibus tarn corporis quam animi levamen desiderantes, illuc currunt, et sicut a piissimo patre inter eos corporaliter conversaute suffi-agia petunt. Ut autem justse petitionee alicujus eo fusse inefficaces existant, et miracula quae post haec de multis pauca scribimus, et ipsi qui ejus beneficia experiuntur singulis diebus/ penitus negant.
Non ergo dubitandum hsec ilium ante.obitum suumAdelard, prsescisse, et idcirco se suis spiritu afiuturum promi- QgbOT sisse, bisque de causis corpus suum inter eos pietate p* 1^7. plenus voluisse potissimum poni. Miseriam pr^terea quse post decessum ejus Angliam totam involvit et involvendo pessundedit^ satis est in chronicis et in nostris tribulationibus me tacente videre. Unde cur quid inde scribam non video, quoniam sine omni lit- tera res ipsa evidens est, ut veras miserias non pos- sit ibi cemere nemo. Finis illarum quis vel quando sit eventurus ignoro, sed tantum procul dubio ignorare non queo, quod omnia quae fecit nobis Deus in vero judicio fecit, quia peccavimus Ei et mandatis Ejus non obedivimus. Quapropter quid aliud dicatur aut aga- tur, vis enim humana et consilium omne sublatum est, non intelligo, nisi ut humiliato corde rogetur Deus Qui nos contrivit, quatenus det gloriam nomini Suo, et faciat nobiscum secundum multitudinem misericordiae Suae, ac per merita et intercessiones beatissimi patris nostri Dunstani, qui haec eventura praedixit, eruat nos in mirabilibus Suis. Quod sive Tu, bone Domine et pie omnipotens Deus, aliquando propter immensam ndseri- cordiam Tuam feceris, sive propter inscrutabilem justi- tiam Tuam minime feceris, sit nomen Tuum, Deus Israel, benedictum in saecula. Amen.
Explicit vUa beati Dunsta/rd archiqpiscopi Cantv/a- rieTisid,
AUCTOBE EADHEBO.
iNdPIUNT qUXDAM. DE MIRACULIS QU^ roEH PATEB MUMDO EXEMPTUS rECIT IN MUNDO.*
224 MIRACULA SANCn DUNSTANI
T^Me minerant diu ab omni corporis egestate protectas ; Oabem, procedunt ergo ad sepulcmm sancti^ et inter orandum ^' lucem quam petebarit una recipiunt, magnumque gau- dium in populos exinde spargunt.
A rich priest 4. Prsedivcs Quidam presbyter et inter ^ suos nobilis, Osbcrn,
IS persuaded x m. */ ' . _
fer Paralytico ^OTho percussus, totius corporis usum ami- P- • g^wt»nj» serat. Hie ab amicis suasus ut se ad requiem patns cured of the Dunstani transferri permitteret, renuit primo, indignum videlicet sibi fore superba mente existimans, si ipse nobilis ac dives, turba admixtus,* Dimstanum pro adi- piscenda sanitate* requireret. Verum cum ingraves- cente languore seipsum ferre non posset, adquievit voluntati suorum atque ad corpus sancti delatus est; ubi die postera gravi molestia defatigatus, sensit quen- Osbern, dam per corpus suum quasi manum hac et iliac ducere P* ^^' et singulas membrorum suorum juncturas consolidare. Confestim sanatus exsiliens stetit, sublimi voce Dei He is cured. Filium in famulo Suo Dunstano, et Dunstanum in Do- mino suo Dei Filio benedicens ; exinde in sua gaudens hilarisque reversus, post aliquot dies grande conviviujn fecit, volens vicinos et amicos * de reddita sibi sanitate At the feast coneratulari. At ipsis inter epulas exultantibus, ac
held in com- ° , ^ , .. .
m^»tion Deum omnipotentem, potentes non abjicientem, sed cum he speaks mitibus atouc pauperibus eis quoque Suam misericor-
oontemp- ^ i r r t.^ ^^
oiSJn^tan ^°^ confcrentcm, in voce laudis simplici spiritu exal- agaSaSd'* ^^^n^bus,* turbatus ille an se pauperibus annumerarent ^^^ tumide quserit, et subdens, " Si me," inquit, " per Dun-
'' stanum more pauperum sanatum putatis, non est " verum, propterea quod pari modo mihi sanitas pro- " venisset si Dimstanus non fuisset." Necdum plene dicendi finem fecerat, et ecce pristino languore acerrime percussus, in voces miserandas miser erupit, et infelix ultimum continuo flatum emisit. Metus igitur et vene- ratio multorum erga locum famuli Dei excrevit, et ex
I
* inter] in, Q.
^ admixtiu'] miztufl, Q.
> sanitate^ salute, Q.
^ mcinos et amicos'] vicinis et amicifl, Q. ' exaitantibus'] exoltantibos, Q.
AUCTORE EADMERO.
225
OBbem, p. 138.
Osbern,
pp. 133y
134.
remotis partibus multi illuc confluebant, turn gratiaooreofa recuperandsB corporese sanitatis, turn ut per eius merita whoroT^ mererentur liberan a siiis peccatis. Inter nos luvems and a quidam, vultu iormaque decorus, suorum numens ad- vehitur, pedum quidem officio penitu^ earens, atque a nativitate mutus existens, incurviis scapulis jam im- decim amus sursum nequibat a&picere. Hie itaque^ mox ubi sepulcnim viri sanctissimi ^ attigit, in pedibus constitit, et erecto capite linguam in laudem Dei laxa- vit, excelsa voce damans^ "Gloria in excelsis Deo, " Alleluya," sicque ex integro sanus sua ketus revisit.
5. Turbae ad sepulcnim beati pontifids confluenti mis- a poor cuit se qudBdam paupercula mulier ferens in ulnis bnnga her
1 x?T -1 1. • J- 15. little blind
parvulam nliam quam in lucem nujus mundi profu- dauKhterto
J X T 1. 'x -1. £T • thetomb.
derat csecam. Incubuit ergo precibus pro nlise sospi- tate, et plures dies in hoc quasi vane ' consumpti sunt. Implorat &atres ecclesiae et eos precum suaxum ad- jutores efficit. Orant sanctum in commune quatenus solita benignitate subveniat afflictaB foeminse. Tandem dedma die coepit puella videre, et in gremio matris recubans dixit ei, "Mater, mater, qusenam sunt istaon the tenth " quae conspicio ? " Ait,* " Vides, filia ? " Eespondit, reoovera her " Homo quidam forma decorus mihi astitit et ut hsec^ " speciosa* qusB coram video considerarem prsBcepit." Bes itaque per totam ecclesiam statim innotuit,^ ac per magnum Dunstanum Sua opera Christum reno- vasse, in^ illuminata cseca nata confluens multitudo intonuit.® Hujus facti puram® veritatem quidam ad- dificere cupientes, poma per pavimentum jadunt, ex- periri volentes an ea more parvulorum puella insequens directo ^® gressu comprehendere posset. Ula post rotan-
1 sancHsaimi] beatissimi, Q.
3 clamanB'] prodamans, Q. > v<Me] vani, Q.
4 Alt'] ilia, iiiB. Q. * spectMo] om. Q.
^ itaUm innohdt'] patait, Q.
' m] om. Q.
^ inUmuit'] innotuit, Q.
• puram] om. Q.
*" directo] recto, Q.
P
226 MIRACULA SANCTI BUNSTANI
She nins tia poma ^ matemo gremio desilit, et arreptis illis ad Osbern, apples. matrem alacris redit; patuit ergo quod oculi, qui prius^* ^^' sine luce patebant, jam luce perfusi, qua© coram erant dare videbant. Cure of the 6. Anus quasdam visum quem perdiderat in juven- Osbern, man who tute rccuperare desiderans in senectute, perducta est ad 135^^**' guide.: memoiiam prseclari Dunstani. Ibi precibus dediia sed nihil remedii consecuia, ad sua unde venerat regredi coepit. Et ecce asoenso fluminis ponte, ductor ipsius ab ea diffugiens^ solam reliquit. Anxiata itaque spi- ritu clamavit dicens, "Ah! Dunstane, Dimstane, quaija " vane, immo quam malo meo ad te veni. Quaesitum a " te lumen nequaquam obtinui, et vaa miserse,' lumen " quo in meo ductore fruebar, per te amisi." Dixit, et e vestigio quosdam homines per pontem ligna- ges- tantes apertis oculis vidit; hos comitata redit qua venerat, et quae secum Dei pietas per beatimi virum sit* operata palam* cunctis edixit.
Cure of 7. Teuto quidam, Clemens nomine, demens actione, ab Osbem,
Clement***" *
possessed
German.
Clement the . , , i . .- 1 • • n ISS
possessed episcopo suo pro cnmmc pravaa voluptatis et inmiams ^' ******
arrogantiae sententia excommunicationis mulctatus fae- rat. In interitu ergo camis Sathanae traditus per septem annos sine loco manens, seu per diversa terra- rum spatia perdito sensu discurrens, coypore toto tre- mebat. Hie tandem ad sepulcrum patris Dunstani pertractus, in nocte purificationis beataa Mariae ad inceptionem responsorii " videte miraculum " subito ex- siliit, daemonem quo tenebatur multo cum cruore evo- muit, ac sic sanissimus effectus ab onmi laesione tanti flagelli dum vixit immunis permansit. SSJoMthe Alfwordus® nomine vir erat cognomine Longus, per long. triginta annonmi spatia contractis membris per terram
> poma] mala, Q.
3 diffugima] defogiens, Q.
' mUer<B] mlhi, ins. Q.
* heeUum virum sit] Dnnfitanam e8t,Q. ^ paktm'] om. Q. ^ Alfivordtu'] Alwardas, Q.
Osbern, p. 135.
AUCTORE EADMERO.
227
reptans. Hie a piissimo patre Dunstano mirabiliter curatus, omnium ora in Dei laudem et ex insolita sui proceritate vultus et voces quonunque vertit in admi- rationem. #
■
Osbern, pp. 135, 136.
Osbern, p. 137.
8. UnuB alter homo carens unius pedis officio, loro a lawman astrictum liCTieum sibi cms et pedem creaverat. HuicgotoDun-
T^ • • Tfc X . ^ .. J sfam's tomb.
Dei amicus Dunstanus, per visum apparens, suasit ad locum SU2B quietis accedere, pollioens eum illic sani- tatem recuperare.^ Hie visioni credens locum petiit, pro poUicita sibi sanitate precibus institit, sicque per plures dies orans, sed nihil remedii sentiens, tsedio simul et desperatione affectus loco discessit,' ad locum Betuming de quo venerat reverti desiderans. Jam medium visBhemeet« peregerat, et ecce beatus Dunstanus homini occurrens inquirit unde venerit vel quo vadat. Refert iUe se ad tumbam Dunstani causa recuperandse sanitatis perrex- isse, sed quia exaudiri. non meruit spe firustrata do- * mum redire. Ait, ''Ego sum Dunstanus, qui tibi per visum dixi quod in basilica Salvatoris, ubi quiesco, wbo toils
■■• ' -i. ' him that he
neres sanus. Verum te ibi in oratione prostratojuuibeen
■*^ busy. Mid
adesse nequivi, necessariis quibusdam filiorum meo- bids him
. .1 . . . . .. • • 1 return on a
rum inibi mihi obsequentium negotiis alibi detentus. certain day. Siquidem JSlfricus,* qui Bata cognominatur, eccle- " siam Christi voluit exhaeredare. Sed me obsistente* malam voluntatem suam non potuit ad effectum per- ducere. Nunc igitur redi, et ilia die et hora ex- perieris prsesentiam meam recepta sospitate quam He obeys promisi." Regreditur ille, prsedictoque sibi tempore beaied. sanus effectus magnum gaudium intulit dero et civibus.
9. Dies qui est nono kalendas Septembres festus habe- ^»**g*y , batur Cantuariag in honorem beati Audoeni confessoris day.' Christi, necnon aliorum sanctorum quorum reliquiae requiescunt in ipsa ecclesia Ejusdem Domini Christi. Ad hanc itaque festiviiatem inter alios qusedam mente
<c
ti
€t
<(
<t
<t
«
(€
(t
^ reevperare] recaperatnmm, Q. ' ditceMgif] decessit, Q.
' JBlfricus'} ElforiciiB, Q. * obsUtente] obstante, Q.
p 2
228 MIRACULA SANCri DUNSTANI
A maiden et corpore virgo, quam matemus uterus csecam ediderat Osbem, her birth huic mundo, orandi gratia venit. Hsbc ad noctumas ^" ^ '
reoeives . .
her sight, vigilias tumbsB gloriosi Dunstani prsesens, dum respon- sorium " Sint lumbi vestri praecincti " in choro cantare- tur, defiicare sibi oculorum sedes gravi pruritu titil- lantes acrius coepit, et defluente undatim sanguine, statim ex insperato visum gratiosa recepit; hinc popu- lorum concursus in fletum prse gaudio, monachorum chorus concitatur ad Deum glorificandum in voce laudis ac jubilo.
rfs^^to® 10. Gloriosa gloriosorum Petri et Pauli dies passionis Osbem, and 8. Paul, instabat, et mulier una filiam suam jam pene adultam ^ ^^^' ad ecclesiam Jesu Christi Cantuarias secimi adduxerat. Ipsa namque puella, contractis et deflexis a cervice in gibbum humeris, digitis quoque in volam reflexis, ita ut ungues crescendo transita cute et came nervis a^rmed hsererent, sibi^ vix tolerabilis, prsestabat se pie intu- Eeaied. entibus magnam materiam compassionis et affectuosse pietatis. Hanc mater sepulcro boni Dunstani applicuit, et utrseque procidentes unanimiter sibi sanctum mise- reri postulavere; dictis vesperis in vigilia ipsius fes- tivitatis, precibus * incubuerunt et ante solis occubitum sanitatem juvenculae anus et ipsa perfecte obtinuerunt. Quid laudum, quid gratiarum, quid votorum Domino Christo Ejusque Dunstano hinc a confluenti multitu- dine persolutum sit, quis describet? A noble lady 11. Item matrona^ quaedam nobilis oratum veniens ad Osbem,
bnngsa , , , , -. 140
J«»© child memoriam ssepe nominati* pontificis parvulum, quem*^ It is healed.' stupentibus nervis claudum genuerat, coram se fecit deferri. Ilia igitiu* circa sepulcrum sancti prostrata orationi, parvulus, longiuscule in pavimento ecdesise situs, porno quod ludens inter manus versabat inten- debat. Et ecce subito de manibus infantis poi^ium dilabitur, et usque ad tumulum viri Dei rotando per-
> sUn] sibiqae, Q. ' precibus] om. Q.
' tnatrona] om. Q.
* nominati'] memorati| Q.
■
AUCTOBE EADMERO. 229
vehitur; quod puer aspiciens et pomum perdere nolens, The cMd
1 ... 11 1 i» • X ruin after
sese ui pedes, ac si pnus m nullo Isbsus nusset, con- an aivpie. tinuo^ misit, directo gressu pomum insequens appre- hendit; itaque matrem Isetabundus et incolumis adit, amplectitur et alludit. In quas ergo lacrymamm in- undationes matrona prsB nimio gaudio cordis erupit, quasve voces concurrens • ad rem tam mirabilem turba in gratiarum actiones emiserit, pietas facti intelligere quenquam docebit.
Osbern, 12. Huic facto pie in puerulo ^ facto aliud pietatis opus Before p. 140. ipsius piissimi patris in pueris ecclesiae factum annectere it was usual placuit. Instabat festa dies Nativitatis Christi. Moris in the
. ... inonasteiy
autem antiquitus fuerat in monasterio ipso, quinto <^i®*<*^__^ ante festum, pueros qui in scbolis sub disciplina coerce- bantur gravibus et immoderatis verberibus cruciari, qui cruciatus miseris non pro commissis sed pro usu infere- batur,* et ea re nullo modo evadere poterant, nisi ssevi- tiam magistrorum. deliniret irrefragabilis intercessio advocatorum. Igitur vice quadam in tantam iracundiam ma^tri contra pueros uno assensu exarserunt, ut omnis Thexnasten
, were in-
advocatorum supplicatio, omnis omnium fiisa pro eis ciined to be
, , , very severe.
intercessio, nihil ad sedandum conceptum furorem pro-
ficere ^ potuit. Quid miseri agerent^ quo se verterent
ignorabant. Unicum refiigium supererat, pietatem pii The boys
Dunstani interpellare. Jam prsevia nefandse crudelita- &un8tan«
tis nox inhorruerat, cum ecce ! pius pater uni puero-
rum in somno ^ assistens blanda affabilitate, cur ipse et
socii ejus tacito moerore affligerentur interrogat. Ipse
quis esset qui secum loquebatur ignorans, perfusus laciT- who appears
mis, quomodo magistrorum furor in se sme ullo respectu them.
misericordise conspiraverit enarrat. At iUe " Ne time-
** atis" ait, "ego enim sum Dunstanus pater vester,
^ cofitifttto] om. Q.
^ conewrrefu] accuTens, Q>
* pneru/b] parmlo, Q.
^ inferebatur^ inferebantor, Q. * aomno'] somnis, Q.
230
MIBACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Hois
offended at the burial of the child of Harold.
He promiaeB " quem voMs auxiliari postulastis : consideravi magis- Osbern, " tromm vestrortun indiscreiam et impiam iram, et P* ^^^' « intuitus sum graadem necessitatem vestram : ne for- " midetis, quia adero ^ vobis et nihil mali habebitis. " Hodiema itaque * liberatio vestra sit tibi pro signo, ut " ex mea parte dicas custodibus ecclesi^ quatenus atife- " rant foetidum cadaver » filii Haroldi, quod quorundam " odiosa mibi adulatio juxta me sepelivit, et hoe quidem " eo molestius fero quod animam ipsius pueri, quoniam " renata non fuit, damnatam esse non nescio ; si ergo " ablatum in proximo non fiierit, noverint quia post non " multum temporis grave dispendium pro hoc ecclesia " tota subibit." Ad hsec puer evigilans et quid audierit * mente pertractans, inter spem et formidinem medius fluctuabat. Jam aurora, id est hora tremenda/ adve- nerat, cum magistri flagris taureis et nodatis corrigiis armati locis sibi opportimis pueros illo transituros prsestolabantur ; sed malivolos illos subito gravissimus sopor simul involvit, et qui pueros per medium illorum transeuntes * retineret vel in aliquo laederet nullus fuit. Hinc magistros non ssevitia qua fervebant contra inno- centes, sed ipsorum innocentium cantus et congratulatio a somno excitavit®; et alta dies. Confusus ergo quod effectum ssevitise suae, a qua nuUius prece discedere^ passi sunt, dormiendo perdiderant, sero doluerunt. Puer igitur, cui pius pater apparuerat, re ipsa sciens Dun- stanum esse quem viderat, custodibus ecclesisa de aspor- Swk*^*^ tando foetenti cadavere innotuit quae audierat. At illi chmSh who parvipendentes dicta adolescentis, monita et minas beati disregalii it. pontifids sBque sprevcrunt ; undo post haec a quibusdam religiosis ipsius ecdesise monachis ipse pater nonnun- quam loco decedere visus est. A quibus cum detinere-
When the time for whipping came the masten were asleep.
The boy carries the
I
I
1 quia adero] om. Q.
^ itaque] om. Q.
' cadaver] om. Q.
* quid audierit] quod audierat, Q.
Q.
^ iUorum transeuntes] transitaroe,
« exeitatrit] ezeitabat, Q. 7 discedere] decedere, Q.
AUCTOBE £ADM£RO.
231
Oibem, p. 141.
Osbern, p. 142. '
tur et quamobrem discederet ^ interrogaretur^ se foetorem paganse carnis et quomadam nequam hominum iniqui- tates illo in loco diutius tolerare non posse responde- bat ; " sed hsec," inquit, " si- citius emendata non fiierint, " preedioo contestans quod tota dvitas et ecelesia meritas " exinde* poenas in proximo solvet." Quae verba rei Veritas subsecuta declaravit esse vera. Nam non multis post hsBc diebus elapsis, civitas et tota ecdesia cum oj£cinis servorum Dei igne consumpta est. In qua tamen conflagratione magna misericordia et intercessione pii Dunstani actum est, ut duse domus, sine quibus fratres esse non poterant, illaedee ab incendio remanerent ; refectoriujn, videlicet,' et dormitorium cum claustris quae appendebant. Dehinc sedificata est domus non adeo grandis super locum quietis beati viri, et in ea circa sacnmi corpus ejus missse cum reliquo servitio Dei quotidie fiebant. Ipse vero pater suae pietatis non immemoT, eis qui sua ope subventum iri postula- bant Clemens aderat, et quam petebant ppem largiter tribuebat.
13. Nam quidam sibi ipsi^ a renibus et deorsum pene inutilis duobus baculis pro pedibus utebatur.* Hie ad ® tumbam viri Dei sexta feria ante diem Fascbae per- veniens, humi prostratus sanctum sibi misereri intenta mente lacrymosa voce poposdt. Quid moror? subse- quenti nocte Dominicae resurrectionis, dum sub specie triiun muUerum in sepulcro quaereretur corpus Domini SalvatoriSy idem claudus personantibus nervis suis extendit se, et erectus in pedibus constitit sanus et rectus. Metus ac veneratio invasit nos hoc videntes,^ ac ut dignum fuit pro tali facto dignas Deo persolvimus ^ laudes.
Dmuttan appears and foretellB the destruc- tion of the church.
The church is burned, and only the refectory, dormitory, and cloisters remain.
A cripple is healed on Qood Friday.
^ dUcederei] decederet, Q.
> exinde] inde, Q.
' ffideHcei] om. Q.
^ tpst] ipse, Q.
s uUhatxr] uteretnr, Q.
> ad] om. Q.
< Metua . . vidtKtea] om. Q. B perwMmus] persolvit, Q., as a correction for persolTimus.
232 MRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Jjj^^o 14. Inter hujusmodi veneranda venerandi pontifids Osbern,
an?arriv£ ^^^^ Lanfrancus Cadomensis coenobii abbas, vir prae- P- ^***
bu^Dfttie ^^^^^ sapientia pollens, Cantuariensem pontificatum
Augurt; regendum suscepit. Qui more electi antistitis Cantua-
riam xviiin^o kalendas Septembres veniens, susceptus est
a clero et populo sieut patrem tantse sedis et virum
ingentis fiainse suscipi sequum erat.^ Hie adepta ponti-
ficali benedictione, quam quarto kalendas Septembres
2OT?tei on CantuariflB suscepit, ecclesiam Salvatoris, quam cum
AuiSrtiwo prsefatum incendium tum vetustas inutilem fecerat, fiin-
ditus destruere et* augustiorem construere cupiens,
jussit corpora sanctorum, quae in orientali parte ipsius
ecclesise humata erant, in occidentalem partem, ubi
memoria beatse Dei genitricis et perpetuae Virginis'
Marise Celebris habebatur, demutari. Quamobrem cele-
Hepreimrefl brato triduano ieiunio, sub innumera hominum multi-
to translate ** ** ' ...
and bl»i* ^^^inc Icvata sunt corpora pretiosissimorum pontificum new church. Christi Duustaui atquc JSlfegi ; jam transferebantur ad
destinatum locum sepultursa, et omnium ora personabant
in Domini laude.* on^ day Interea duo milites archiepiscopi, rupta constipatione Osbexn, tion two consertae multitudinis, coram feretro beati Dunstani, P* ^*^"
knightB who ...
hadkiUeda terrsB procumbunt, misericordiam et indulsrentiam per
nephew of , * , , , , ^ *■
the abbot of mcrita cjus sibi ab abbate Sancti Augustini, Scotlando*
h"id"^h ^^^^^^^^j ^® morte nepotis ejus, quem nuper ocaderant,
aaktor"** darf postulautcs. Dcucgat abbas, denegant^ quoque
the abbo? fr^^^'^s defuncti . qui astabant ; jungunt alii preces suas
'8'^>«*- precibus militum, sed in vanum. Neque enim illos aut
reverentia sancti aut supplicans multitudo ad miseren-
dum flectere potuit. At pius Dunstanus non sic ^ auditu
difficilis, surdam ab infantia^ mulierem ipsa hora se
requirentem® exaudivit, et ei coram omnibus auditum
1 eraf] est, Q.
^ et] in, ins. Q.
' «f . . VirgiruM] om. Q.
^ lauds] landem, Q.
* Scotlando] Scollando, Q.
^ daiegant] denegabant, Q. 7 Dunstantu mm aic] non adeo, Q. " infantia] paellam, ins. Q. * reqidreHiem] qaaerentem, Q>
ATJCfTOBE EABMEBO. 233
Osbern, integerrimum reddidit. Itaque sacratissima corpora de- Theabbot ^' ceniissiine tiimulata stmt, et dies totus festivus, ac ftjarming
exeepta obstinatione abbatis, gaudio plenus efiiilsit. fouowing Sed gaudium quod ipsa dies diminutiun habuit, crastina duplicatum obtinuit, siquidem abbas idem, in sua perti- Eiacia rigidus, uocte sequenti cum suis nepotibus coram se quendam reverendi habitus sacerdotem irato vultu stare coospexit, et quibusdam teterrimis hominibus, in medio camerse in qua jacebant/ miree magnitudinis cacabum supposito igne succendentibus, prsBcipere audi- vit, quatenus illos simul ligatos in candQntem cacabum sine miseratione comburendos prsecipitarent ; percunc- tantibus quare tam crudeli poense subjici deberent, re-- spondetur, "propterea quod vos, furoris igne succensi, " mortem vestri germani noluistis perdonare* propter " amorem et reverentiam domini Dunstam." His dictis rapiuntur ad ignem. At illi nimia anxietate constricti miserandas voces emittunt, et se quam citius possent ad requiem sancti venturos eiunque super illata injuria digna satisfactione honoraturos devovent; solummodo eos ab imminenti miseria sua gratia' liberet. Ad hsec tetri ministri nutu sacerdotis exterriti ^ cum suis ignibus disparuerunt. Nee dum splendor solis abegerat tenebras EAriyinthe
.. 1 -I J.' J • 1 1 • morning be
noctis, cum ecce abbas stipatus suis sepulcro patns comes to the assistens, monachos ecclesise citato accurrere sibique and jMrdons succurrere flebilis orat. Accurrunt illi, et audita serie rei dignis laudibus extoUunt Deum in mentis gloriosi famuli Sui. Indulgetur ergo reis militibus mors defuncti, et redeunt in sua Isetantes, prius tamen homines pii patris Dunstani effecti.
15. Alio tempore idem abbas in vigilia festivitatis ejus- StothaS dem nobilissimi patris forte in viridario suo vespertina !jji^'* ^ hora sedebat. Dum itaque cum considentibus confabu- laretur, in ecdesia Domini Salvatoris, in qua quiescit
' jaeebatW] jacebat, Q. | ' sua grtHid] om. Q.
^ perdonare] remittere, Q. | * exterriti] deterriti, Q.
284 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
HoMs venerabile corpus ipsius beati sacerdotis, ad noctumas
coming to vigilias omnes^campanse pro usu lod simul puLsari coe-
thewe o? P^^' Tunc abbas, erectis ad ^ coelum oculis, vidit ingen-
his festiTai. tem splendorcm inde super ecclesiam ipsam descendere^
eamque de superioribus penetrare ; quo viso et suis qui
hoc videre merebantur secum ostenso, pio affectu sus-
pirans ait, ''Yere pius pater Dunstanus jam ad suam
" festivitatem vadit, interesse volens obsequio quod sui
" filii hac in ^ nocte Deo et sibi exhibituri sunt/* Quod
ita sicut dixerat actum est ; experti sunt fratres qui
ipsi festo meruerunt interesse. Nam ex dulci sanctoque
affectu quo in Deum et famulum Ejus jocundati sunt,
sanctam prsesentiam ejus sibi adesse persenserunt.
I^yj' 16. Quid vero circa juvenem quendam, iEgelwordum' Osbeni,
nomine, in ipso monasterio gestum sit,* istis annectere^Jj^***
cordi fuit. Juvenis idem ejusdem monasterii monachus
erat,* et una dierum vocatus ad missam Lan&anci ar-
chiepiscopi evangelium legerat. Hie cum dicta oratione
He sees evil Dominica patenam pontifici ex more offerret, vidit coram
2^^^" se quosdam teterrimos et horridos malignorum spiri-
""«• tuum vultus; ad qtiorum aspectum nimio pavore per-
territus, antistitem inter manus sacra tenentem utris-
que brachiis strictim amplectitur, horrido damore vo-
ciferans ac dicens, "Christus vincit, Christus regnat,
" Christus imperat." Conterriti sunt omnes qui ad-
erant, et arreptum juvenem milites de ecclesia in
He is pontificis cameram rapiunt ; post quae fratribus in
DuwtOT capitulo adunatis Lan&ancus pietter ingreditur, et juve-
pnyedfbr, nis jam dsemone plenus a plunmis lortissimis vins
recover constrictus ducitur in medium; prout petebat negotii
tenor, sermo de illo conseritur, et fit oratio communis
pro eo. Mox sano sensui, ut dabatur intelligi, redditus,
ac demum pro agendis gratiis sepulcro patris Dunstani
ab archiepiscopo et conventu prsesentatus, tota die ilia
1 od] in, Q.
^ m] om. Q.
B ^gehoordutn] Agelwordnm, Q.
* ni] om. Q.
* erat] fuit, Q.
AUCTORE EADMERO. 235
Osbem, inter fratres mansit quasi nihil vesaniae passus. LaB- IntheeveIl- ^* tantur fratres in hoc, et ketitia futuii mceroris prse- areiaiwe nnnda modum excessit. Jam dies in vesperam de- tiie prior,
wbo tai-lrpg
elinaverat et horam completorii monachi in choro him into
the dormi-
psallebant. Tunc ille subito, suae stationis loco relicto, ^'^i^ "*' ad priorem ecclesise, Hemicum nomine, cucurrit, et impetu facto manus illi injicere voluit. At ipse, por- rectis contra brachiis, patientis manus arripuit, strinxit, ac in dormitorium ducto, noctem illam ante lectum ejus residens insomnem super eum sollicitus duxit. Tunc subito circa mediae noctis silentia inipit silentium firatrum ac in immoderatos clamores irrumpens confusis vodbus omnia inquietabat. Turbati fratres, nee tam in the night grave malum diu fere valentes, lectis exsiliunt, furio- wn»t dia- sum arripiunt et ad tumbam confessoris Christi Dun- rasinsud stani omni modo reluctantem coactis viribus pertrahunt. ingatDun- Furit ibi sicut primo, et in Christum ac in famulum Ejus horrendas blasphemias jactitat, nee ab eis destitit donee sequens dies illuxit. Nil ergo remedii consecutus,^ mane fertur in domum infirmorum, ubi per multos dies loris astrictus et fdnibus miserabili cruciatu torqueba- tur; inter quae contingebat quoddam mirabili Mi<xioi?\|f^^^ ut cum quidam ad eum accederent, ilico, si quid gravis m«y- peccati de quo necdum confessi erant in cordis secreto habebant, detegeret, et illos sibi in poenis perpetuis He has great Bocios fore futuros gaudens et hilaris pronunciaret. Ex apiDAt hoc dum nonnulli gravem contumeliam incurrissent, hmwf^
.. 19 .. «. 1 . -I* looted con-
ipsi apud^ semetipsos graviter erubescentes remedium fe^ion. sibi puraB confessionis adhibuere. Confessi ergo et poenitentia cum "absolutione peccatonun a praesidente suscepta, iterum se praBsentaverunt daemonioso, quos ille ex ' transverso intuens, nee eos sicut primo cog- They oon- noverat recognoscens, qui fuerint, unde veneiint, quo soaroei^ lavacro loti tarn subitam purgationem meruerint, quidve ^^^em*
1 conseeutus'] est, ins. Q. I ' ex] de, Q.
3 apud] om. P. - I
236
MIRACULA SANCTI DXJNSTANI
It is true that there were tone- Toua faults among the monks at the time.
The relics of the saints are removed.
The de- moniac is carried, tied tohisbed« and starts up, carrying hished, at the sight of the relics.
The evil spirit moves about in him.
rei contigerit quod suam societatem tarn cito alterati amiserint, fuiibundiis, spumans et ejxilans mirabatur. Et hsec quidem, ut reipsa darum fuit, Christus provida Suae mLserationis dispensatione faciebat, propter ^ mona- chos ipsius eccIesisD, in istis videlicet eos ad correctio- rem vitam erudiens. Quos a tempore Danorum qui beatum JSlfegum occiderunt, cessante disciplina^ in sse- culari videbat conversatione tdtra quam debebant ja- cere. Inter haec proficiente novo opere coeptae ecclesise, res exegit residuum vetusti operis, ubi memorata sanctorum corpora erant locata, subverti ; parato igitur refectorio fratrum ad divinum officium inibi celebran- dum, omnes cum festiva processione illuc a veteri ecclesia perreximus, prseferentes cum honore et re- verentia gloriosos ac dulcissimos patres nostros Dim- stanum atque iElfegum. Et ecce daemoniosus ille^ toto corpore fortissimis funibus* lecto strictim colK- gatus, a multis delatus est, et e regione ostii per quod sancti inferri debebant, cum^ lecto depositus; quos ipse* eminus intuens horrido clamore infremuit, et quod dictu fortassis alicui incredibile videbitur, cum lecto exsiliens erexit se, fugere volens prsesentiam sanc- torum quos horrebat. Sed illatis Sanctis intra domum allatus est et ipse ac positus in medio eorum. Erat itaque infelicem miseriam videre; jacebat captivus in lecto supinus, undique constrictus nee in se sui juris quicquam habens. Cemebatur daemon qui eum posside- bat in ventre ejus hac et iliac discurrendo vagari, ut putares ilium modo per os, modo per inferiores corporis partes Aigam parare. Quibusdam vero qui circumsta- bant manus ad discursum inimici protendentibus, et quod in modum parvuli cati discurreret Francigena lingua dicentibus, ille contra qui linguae ipsius omni- modis insdus erat, subridens, eadem lingua similiter
Osbcniy
pp. 148y
149.
' propter] om. Q.
^ fortisnnus funibus"] om. Q.
' cum] om. Q.
* ipse] om. Q.
AUCfTORE EADMERO. 237
Osbern, verbo diminutiYO consonanter respondebat dicens, " Non He ia left pp.149, c< ^^ catulus, sed ut catellus." Interim hora refectionisg:uftniofa
loti. -1 .. , , , .. single monk,
advemt; manducante ergo conventu, remansit unus ex senioribus iElfwinus nomine cum patiente domum observans. Hie ab infantia sua beato Dunstano dulci quadam et offidosa dilectione semper solebat adhserere, ac pro posse suo in ejus obsequio assiduus existere. Qui miseratus jacentis infelicitatem, et non parum confisus de beati Dunstani pietate, constantior,^ crueem quam ipse pater in corpore degens coram se more summi pontificis ferri faciebat, accepit, eamque super jhoi^^ daemoniacum posuit devota mente, lacrymosa voce ^^^h^* clamans et dicens ; " Care domine, Sancte Dunstane, Jjj^*'^ " miserere." Mirabile dictu, ilico fugato dsemone, seger elevatis pie sursum oculis et perfusus lacrymis ait, *' Qratias tibi ago, piissime pater, gratias et tibi caris- " sime frater, quia tuis meritis, sancte domine, et tua " frater caritativa intercessione, hostis qui me vexabat " discessit^ perterritus, diutius manere non potuit." Quod monachus audiens gaudio gavisus est magno, et persolutis debitis gratiis pio Dunstano, vincula quibus erat irretitus absolvit. Cum itaque fratres post refec- tionem illo^ intrassent, et quem fiiriosum reliquerant leni sopore quiescentem repperissent, obstupefacti, im- mensas Deo et Ejus Dunstano gratias intimo corde He had no persolverunt. Mansit ergo post baec inter fratres per** '^^ multos annos ab ilia infirmitate sanus et incolumis; expletoque cursu vitse prsesentis sancto fine quievit.
Quantum autem percussio istius valuerit ad correc- Qood effects tionem eorum qui in ipso monasterio monachi erant, ^lu^S^' facile est videre omnibus qui unde ad quid ordo ®^^*' monasticus ab eo tempore illic profecerit sciunt. Sciimt quippe quia qui prius in omni gloria mundi, auro videlicet, argento, variis vestibus ac decoris cimi
> catutanthr^ conBtanter, Q. ' diicessit] decesait, Q.
' iUo] om. Q.
288 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
had^i^Si P^^^iosis lectistemiis, nt diversa musici generis instru-
roiendDw ^^^^» quibus ssBpe oblectabantuT, et equos, canes et
accipitres^ cum qidbtis nonnimquam spatiatum ibant,
taceam^ more comitnm potius quam monachorum vitam
agebant. Hoc flagello, miBericordia Christ! cooperante
et sagacitate boni patris Lanfranci archiepisoopi, ad id
provecti sunt, ut omnibus illis abrenunciarent, et in
veram monachorum religionem transeuntes cuncta qua-
reSralti ^^ stercora reputarent; et nos quidem, qui qualiter ea
foUows. tempestate res agebantur^ novimus indubitanter, fa-
temur quia nequaquam processisset tarn subita et
salubris rerum mutatio, si prsB octdis non fuisset
ostensa ilia crudelis et quae cimctos teri*uerit' ssBva
examinatio.
BiBhopOdo 17. Circa hsec ferme tempora comes Cantise, qui et epi- Osbera,
attook the Bcopus Bajoccnsis, Odo nomine, promisit firatri suo regi W'^^'
Cantarbury Willelmo copiosam pecuniam, eo pacto ut sibi liceret
court of the moYcre quBsdam calummas super terras et consuetu-
dines ecdesise Cantuariensis, et inde adversus Lanfiran-
cum archiepisoopum ' pro more ac legibus terrse pla-
cita inire. Cui cum rex acquievisset, ille de cimctis
comitatibus totius Angliae prudentiores et juxta usus
ac leges regni doctioree viros Cantuariam statute die
fecit venire, prsecipiens eis ut, nihil hsesitantes, se tu-
tore, armarentur ad impugnandum libertatem nominatse
ecdesiss. Jam nox prsevia statuti placiti instabat, et
Lanfrancus quid regno super se ruenti responderet sol-
Lanfmnc licitus cogitabat. Sciens itaque ad tantum negotium
counsel fh)m oumino necessarium fore divinum praesidium, ad hoc
obtinendum beatum Dunstanum sibi ascivit advoca-
tum. Fusis igitur precibus apud * sanctissimum corpus
ejus disposuit sua membra quieti. Adest ergo ei in
visu qiiem interpellaverat pater Dunstanus, aogelico
^ agebantur'] agebatur, Q. I ' ardnqnscopwn] om. Q.
2 terruerit'] exterrnerit, Q. | * apud] ad, Q.
AUCTORE £ADMERO.
239
Ogbern, p. 144.
Osbeniy p. 151.
((
((
«
€t
(t
VTiltu conspicTius, stola sui patriarchatus insignitus^ di- Donstui cens illi, ''Laafrance^ ne turbetor spiritus tuus in tepramScs" " propter multitudinem banc quae coacta est contra Tfc£>^. '' me et te. Quin securus placitum ingredere, et, me tibi per singula affiituro, meas et ecclesise Domini^ nostri causas age ; quod si eos qui obstiterint non deviceris, me qui tecum loquor, Dunstanum, nee vi- vere, nee meorum negotia curare, nee vera tibi dixisse certissime noveris." Expergefactus a somno Lan- francus confortatus est animo, et Deo ac beato Dun- stano pro sua visitatione gratias agens, promissam vie- toriam bono potiri effectu * iteratis precibus obsecrabat. Adunata Anglia aulam et curiam pontificis implet, et querelaB bine inde consertae undique volant. Procedit Lanfinmc in medium pater Lanfrancus, et supemo vallatus aux- csuae. ilio, omnia quae objiciebantur, stupeiitibus cunctis, anni- hilavit. Sicque juxta sponsionem veridici vatis nobili victoria functus est, quae juris ecdesise erant incon- vulsa servavit, quae sub dubietate aliqua' fluctuabant irrefragabili veritatis ratione et antiquorum exemplo- rum auctoritate imposterum confirmavit.
18. Post haec idem antistes, gravissima corporis infirmi- iiinessof tate perculsus, desperatus est. Mittens itaque ^ prsecepit AicUni^on? majores £ratrum personas^ ad se venire, nolens in ab- sentia eorum quos patemo affectu diligebat, et in qui- bus jnagnam busb liberationis fiduciam posuerat, vitam finire. Decumbebat autem in villa sua quae Ealdin- tune ^ appeUatur, et nihil de eo nisi ultimam horam confluens multitudo praestolabatur. Verum cum a suis, videlicet monachis, clericis et aliis hominibus, hora qua His vidon decederet noctu observaretur, leni sopore circa ortum hoSSnen*.*** aurorae fessus opprimitur. Intuetur itaque et ecce viri ^ candidissimo amictu fulgentes coram se bini et bini in
* Domini] Dei, ins. Q. > effectu^ affecto, Q. ' cdiqua] quadam, Q. ^ itaque^ igitur, Q.
' persmuui] onu.Q.
8 Ealdiwtune] Eldintcine, Q.
7 viri] om. Q.
240
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Vision of albis eqiiis longa serie iter agebant, l^titiam animi Osbem,
■ion^***^ iocundis vultibus cum modesia alacritate alterutrumPPi^^^'
demonstrantes : par et umformis erat cunctis amictus,
par species et sequa magnttudo onmibus equis, estate
sola discrepabant, et post pueros adolescentes, post ado-
lescentes ' juvenes, post juvenes senes equitabant. Erat
ergo processionem pulchram videre. Fercunctanti vero *
Lan&anco cujusnam talis ac tanta profectio' esset, re-
sponsum est Ulius magni ac prsedari patris Dunstani.
Ait, " Et ille, quseso, ubi est ?" Kespondetur " Non longe
" hinc." Transibant igitur,- ut dixi, duo et duo, et
tandem ipse qui maxime et solus exspectabatur, inter
senes reverenda* canitie niveos sublimior cseteris, ad-
vehebatur. Quem Lanfrancus ut vidit protenus agnovit,
^'toMi ®^ appropinquans eum per pedem strictissime tenuit;
Wm. andon cumque caput ad pedem quem tenebat deosculandum
himself demitteret, apprehensum crus suum ambabus manibus,
Quito woll* • . . 1 <• T
pater sanctus remti coepit ne hoc faceret. In qua lucta Lanfrancus evigilans penitus se sensit convaluisse. Ilico surgens^ et Salvatori suo gratias agens, eos quos circa se dolentes et gemebundos conspexit blande consolatus est, se integerrimse sanitati restitutum contestans. Ex quo cum illos stupere nee verbis suis fidem prsebere adverteret, retulit quid viderit et qualiter sanatus sit. Deinde subjunxit, " Surgite, prseparate vos, quia volo " missam celebrare et Deo ac piissimo amico Suo pro '* adepta sanitate debitas laudes exsolvere ; vos autem ® " filii et fratres carissimi, qui de Cantuaria hue ve- " nistis, cum benedictione Dei et mea redite, et caeteris " fratribus quae Deus per mmta commimis patris nos- " tri, eorum intercessione permotus, circa me peregerit " edicite, ac in commune debitas, ut nostis, grates in " voce laudis exsolvite." Fecerunt sicut prsecepit, et
He orders thanks to be offered for his reooveiy.
> poBt adoteacenUa'] om. Q. ' vero"] om. Q.
> pro/ecHo'] prooeedo, Q.
* reverendd] yenenuida, Q. ' surgens] ez8ii]*geiiB, Q. ' autem] om. Q.
leave.
\
242 MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He prepares cuidam juveni quein fugaB suse socium asciverat, de Osbem,
to have the , , . ^ j. r j a* x P- l-'>6.
uioiittfctery, reous GcclesiaB parat. Jam noctem fugse destinatam *^ dies praeibat, et fratres meridiana hora in lectis pausa- bant, ille vero in oratorio, quasi* pro suo officio vigilans, de hoc quod se facturum cogitarat animo fluctuabai. Statuit tamen penes se praeter licentiam patris Dun-
mfnA stani se discessurum minime fore. Itaque ad tumbam ejus sese confert, et stratus pavimento quenila voce illos et illos injuriarum sibi illatarum accusat, utque sua benedictione propositum iter ejus comitetur obsecrat, pollicens quocunque pertingeret ipsius sese futurum. Deinde ecclesiam exiturus post chorum venit, ibique monachum quendam reverendi vultus decore conspi-
As be leaves cuum, vividos oculorum super se radios diriffentem,
the church . ' ^ i
he is inet by virga quam manu tenebat se sustentantem, stantem
asks where invcnit. Quo viso, ucc quis esset uUatenus agnito, ex-
andbids * pavit,^ coquc Tclicto quo disposuerat pergere voluit.*
his mind. At ipse opposita virga sciscitatus est " Quo vadis ?"
Ille sciens moris non esse monachos in oratorio loqui,
digitis innuit ei ipsum ibi nequaquam loqui debere ;
cui monachus, " Si loquor, nihil ad te, sed tu ad ea
" quae interrogo mihi responde, die quo vadis V* " Dare,"
ait, " operam iis quae mea intersunt." Respondit " Nihil
" est, redi magis ad sepulcrum ubi modo fuisti, et
" mutata voluntate tua intentius ora." Stupefactus ille
reversus est ad tumbam sancti viri, modum primae
orationis oratione secunda non mutans. Inde rediens
ct monachum ubi prime habuit obvium habens, se-
cundo quo tenderet ab eo requisitus est. Ille animo-
sior factus, quid hoc ad eum paululum dure inter-
This occure Togavit. " Multum," inquit, " ad me, quod et tu, si te
twice. ,. ... . ^ 1
" non correxeris, in proximo experiere, sed nunc vel " secundo admonitus redi, muta mentem, muta precem." Cumque potius transire quam rediro conaretur, is qui monachus videbatur virgam contra vibrando erexit,
1 expauit'] om. Q. | ^ voiuW] coepit, Qi
AUCTOEE EADMERO. 243
Osbern, atque ad requiem sancti ^ reverti coegit. Grandi ergo On his tuini
p. 156. • i_'j. •!_ •!_ • • fittompthe
*^ pavore pereussus, incumbit precious quibus jam incu- finds the
buerat duabus vicibus. Postha3C ad locum i-ediens sed door of the
. . I ^ • i XX cloister.
virum minime repenens, jam se bene lecisse ratus est, et ad ostium quo claustrum intratur properavit. Ubi virum turbato vultu contra se stantem, et quo iret solito ^ in- terrogantem offendens, turbato et ipse spiritu, quis ille vel cujus potestatis egset, qui eum tanta auctoritate constringeret inquisivit. Ait " Queens quis ? audi. Ego ! The monk " Ego nimirum sum Dunstanus, provisor et proprius that'hois:
V • • 1 • • x- X X 1* X Duiistaii,
" arcmepiscopus loci istius, amator atque adjutor om- and threat-
" nium illorum qui vere' filii sunt ecclesiai istius. with death.
" Sed tu voluntate perversa vis contra morem filiorum
" bonorum deserere ecclesiam matrem tuam ; vis descrere
" Deum Fatrem tuum ; et ad id peragendum petis suf-
" fragium meum. Stulta cogitasti dum in his me tibi
" sufiragaturum existimasti. Nee enim * tali via per-
" veni® ad Deum. At semel monui et secundo qua-
" tenus te conigeres, et noluisti. Nunc igitur scias,
" quia mea^ licentia hinc nunquam exibis; sed velis
" nolis hie remanebis ; hie morieris. Propterea tamen
" quod me monentem exaudire contempsisti, in poena
" tua ecce probabis quod non bene fecisti." Quibus He then
i*.* • 1 •i^x XX* 'L strikes him
dictis virgam levavit, et eum tertio acriter percussum and dis- in terram prostravit, et disparuit. Remansit igitur *^*^"' fittter graviter debilitatus, et demum a fratribus in do- mum est infirmorum delatus. Facta simt hsec inter duas festivitates Assumptionis et Nativitatis beatse Marise. Fuit ergo in infirmitate quotidie proficiens, et semper Edward sequenti die praecedento detenus habens. Quae infir- unto death, mitas talis erat ut qualitas ejus dinosci a nemine pos- set ; nee ipse ulli volebat exponere unde processisset. Tandem languor vitalia subit, et morti propinquus inunctionem et communionem Corporis Christi suscepit.
1 aanctt] ilium, ins. Q., Mab. ^ »olito'] more, ins. Q. * pere] veri, Q.
* enim ] om. Q-
* peroeni] pervenitor, Q. ' mea} om. Q.
Q 2
244
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
On B. Har- tin's day ho begins to rooovor hia seusos.
He confesses to the prior Henry.
Ho prays for death, and dies.
Confession of his com- panion.
lUuxit dies festivitatis ^ Sancti Martini, et iUe iuxta 0»bem, quod putabatur in suprema hora constitutus ad terram ^' super cilicium positus est. AcciuTentes fratres septem psalmos poenitentialcs et letanias pro obitu ejus ex more decantabant. Igitur in letaniis cum dicerent "Sancte " Dunstane, intercede pro anima cjas," et id ipsum, pro spe subventionis quam in ipso dulcius habent, iterarent, ccepit jeger pene defunctus respiittre, et in circum- stantes pio intuitu oculos dirigere. Incurvavimus nos qui propinquiores stabamus ad ilium, nosse quod vellet ; at ille, " Ponite me, quseso," inquit, " super lectum nos- " trum, quia modo mori non possum." Quod et factum est. Deinde accersito Henrico priore, cujus supra mc- minimus, ei rem totam sicut cam * retulimus ex ordine pandit, ae pro mala voluntate quam habuerat disce- dendi ' a monasterio pcenitentiam egit, absolutionem ac veniam petiit. Asseruit quoque se nullatenus mori posse donee et rem eatenus cunctis incognitam denu- dasset, et remedio poenitentiae cum absolutione reatus sui potitus fuisset. Quod priot* audiens admiratus mise- licordiam Dei est, et, poenitentia morion ti injuncta, de peccato quod fuerat confessus cum absolvit. Time ille mente exhilaratus, et, quod nihil peccati unde confes- sionem poenitcntiamque non fecerit in se cognosceret, Deo gratias agens, quatinus sibi jam de corpore liceret egredi postulavit. Ad quod prior ait, " Proficiscere " -cum benedictione Dei Omnipotentis. Comitetur iter " tuum beatus et plus pater Dunstanus, et suscipiat " to in regnum Sumn Filius Dei Dominus noster Jesus " Christus." In his verbis antequam lecto deponi jws- set, emisit spiritum. Cum igitur in oonventu fratrum ecclesiaB ipse prior hrec omnia seriatim* enan*asset, juvenis quem fiigSB, ut diximus, socium sibi Edwaitlus* delegerat, sun*exit, et humi stratus lacrymisque perfusus
^ festivilaUs] om. Q.
2 earn] ora, Q.
* dUcedcfidi'} dcccdendi, Q.
* seriatim] om. Q.
^ Edioardtu] prsdictas fraler, Q
i
AUCTORE EAPMERO. 245
se in ftura quidem homini consenBisse, sed quod tali He was
1 -r^ /. . .„ Ignorant of
inodo a patre DunBtano retentus fuent illuc usque *»» vurfon. nescisse confessus est.
■
SeeOsbem, 21. Alius quidam ipsius ecdesi® monachus, nomine a monk p. lou. iEgelwinus, cupiens ire Jerusalein, aocepta licentia ab Egeiwn aTchiepiscopo et fratribus profectus est, commendans Jo™«iein, se et poUicens beato Dunstano quia, si iter suum pro- Eri^'^u^^ speraret, pallium unum quam melius posset rediens de- stanapaii. ferret. Hoc siquidem quod nunc scribo factum fuit eo tempore quo monachi Cantuarienses, ut habita supe- rius mentio est, magis more comitum quam pauperum et proprii nihil habentium monachorum vitam agebant. Profectus ergo fi-ater, ut dixi, prosperrimo^ itinere peWenit ad sepulcrum Domini, et inde rediens per Constantinopolim, emit ibi quod beato Dunstano deferret pallium unum pretiosum valde et pulchrum. Qui ubi, pertransita Apulia et Roma, venit in Longo- On his , bardiam, obviavit expeditioni imperatoris. Quem plures E>miMtf^y
1 ,•• 1 •!•• 1 I 1* be falls ill
nonorati de exercitu viri cum honore et sseculi pompa with tuo
/, . . • • 1 . ' T army Of the
proncisci conspicientes, et magnum aliquem esse con- emperor, jectantes, humiliter salutatum benedicere sibi postu- lavere. Verum cum inter ultimos et ignavos mul- titudinis homines devenisset, ipsi considerantes mulam ejus diversis sarcinis digniter oneratam, rati sunt cam magna et multa pretiosa portare. Monachum igitur cum sociis vibq dimittentes, mulam invadunt, Thecamp- rapiunt, abducunt At ille, utpote in patria aliena, sei^o his
. 1 1 1 • • • mule.
metuens ne plura perderet si eos msequens sua repc- teret, substitit, et intuens bestiam cum suis rebus Ion- gius abductam vehementer indoluit. Occurrit interim animo quid de eodesia sua oxiens promiserit beato Dunstano. Desoenso itaque animali quo sedebat,^ terrae He prays to procumbii ; Dunstanum, ne pallium suum quod aspor- for vd. tabatur perderet, precatur et obsecrat. Mirabile dictu, necdum precem finierat, et ecce mula inter manus ab-
^ prosperrimo] prospero, Q. | ' quo scdebat] cui io6idebat,Q,,Mab.
246
MIBACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Tho mule E^oes mad and shakes off the robbers.
The monk recovers tho mule and hisbiggage.
The writer will tell t.v/o stories more.
ducentium se ccepit quasi insamre, ore et pedibus in eos qui sese tenebant mordendo et feriendo desaevire. Cumque illi eam^ exonerare et sic a se dimittere vo- luissent, ilia, rejectis pedibus hunc et ilium graviter Isedens, quae credita susceperat Integra conservabat. Tandem de manibus illorum rupto frseno elapsa rapi- dissimo cursu post dominum suum cucurrit, semper subsiliens et se ab insectantibus fortiter defendens. Quod monaehus eminus intuens exhilaratus est, reeeptoque animali cum omnibus rebus suis patriam Iretus revisit, ac patri Dunstano pallium quod promiserat obtulit.
22. Quid faciam ? si cimcta qu© de isto gloriosissimo patre hoc tempore mira narrantur describere velim, prius mihi tempus quam materia scribendi deficiet.* Omissis igitur multis in quorum silentio scio me nonnuUos offensurum, duo tantum quae nuper acciderunt et celebri fama feruntur, brevi referam : sicque coepto operi finem imponam. lUud tamen quod homunculo cuidam Lam- berto nomine, qui in camera venerabilis Anselmi suc- cessoris gloriosi Lanfranci archiepiscopi ministrare solebat, oculos quos ferme' amiserat reddidit,* et item quod uni clcrico, capellano ejusdem Anselmi, nomine et natione Normanno, equum, quem pestis quam camo- riam vocant ad mortem fere ** afflixerat, incolumem restituit; et plura hujusmodi in numero miraculorum tanti patris hac vice computare minimum judicavi. Unum igitur de duobus quae spopondi me relaturum hoc est.
Dunstan's 23. Plaucta qua ipse pater Dunstanus inter missas was kept at frequenter usus fuerat in abbatia beati Petri, quae in
"Westmiu- r . • ' t^
ttu^r. occidentali parte Lundoniae sita est, absque ullo auri
apparatu existens habebatur. Matrona vero quaedam Lundoniensis gravi infirmitate diutissime tenta, sanita- tem se amplius recuperaturam nulla ratione credebat. Huic sicut putabatur jam et extemplo moriturae, per
He omits miracles of recovery of sight by a man, and the healing of a sick horse.
^ earn] om. Q.
2 deficieq deficiat, Q.
' ferme] fere, Q.
< reddidiq reddit, Q. ^ fere] pene, Q.
248
MIRACULA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He nearly capta supor boves effemta est, ita ut eorum nonnullos
losos bis
oxen. . perderet, si concurrentis multitudinis manibus non Btatim interfecta fuisset. Sequent! anno ipso die festivitatis ejusdem apud Burgum scindebant simul campum iinum
The next aitktra septem. Igitur inter aiundum unus eorum qui
voor wlien x o i.
ploughing bobus pneerat, aratro sedens, sibi ac bobus quietem
day aman prsestabat. Et ecce cum nil sibi sinistri suspicaretur,
anddoiih^ de loco SU8B quietis, nescit a quo, rapitur, sursum se
, «urth,and ipso celsius jacitur, indeque rursum ad terram alliditur.
Boves sub ipso aratro juneti, fractis jugis, vesani dis-
siliunt,^ silvas et devia petunt ; par fuga, dispersio eadem,
alios juxta arantes boves involvit Bourn qui dispersi
sunt quidam cum difficultate et vix capti, quidam nuUa
sunt ratione reperti.^ Heec duo de bobus arantibus
acta ea consideratione sub uno posuimus, quod et
similia pro quadam parte existunt, et pro ostendenda
reverentia tanti diei, licet evoluto anno una die facta
sunt.
oxen.
other min- 25. Hiuc jam, cxpleto promisso, debitum finem ratio added in a postulat, ct uos quidcm iUum, ecce, hie ponimus, licet de tanto patre jugiter loqui dulce habeamus. Quod tamen ea rationis consideratione nos facere accipiatur, ut nemo nos mendacio arguat, si iis^ quae digessimus pater idem suae miserationis opera in futuro aliqua ad- jecerit, et ea si vita comes fuerit descripserimus. Scimus etenim quia pro pietatis suae abundantia nuUi cam ex corde quserenti novit non exhibere. Water in 26. De baculo interim illius, quem, sicut longe supra* Above,
Ttan's itick nanttvimus, dente beati AndresB apostoli insignivit, hoc ^' works paucis dicendum existimavi, quod ex aqua unde idem baculus abluitur multa solent febricitantibus et aliis modis infirmantibus sanitatum beneficia pnestari. Ex
miracles.
* dissiliunt'] deBiliant, Q.
- quidam . . reperti] written over an erasure in P. Q. reads, " re-
*' pertl. quidam sunt fluininis pro " funditate submersi."
^ iV*] in his, Q.
* supra'] cm. Q.
V.
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
AUCTORE WILLELMO MONACHO
MALMESBERIENSI.
v< w^^^rf .^ v/s^ ■k' -• V V >• -• «
Incipit Prologus de vita Sancti Dunstani
archiepiscopi.^
WiiiiAm Dominis suis venerabilibus et fratribus patribusque
dedicatdi , ...
bis work to in sancta Glastoniensi ecclesia Deo famulari fi^i^atulan-
themonkBOf . , ^
Giaston- tibus, Guilelmus vester devotione servns, commilitio frater, dilectione filius. In beatissimi patris vestri Dun- stani amore et honore celebrando nostra, sanctissimi patres, cum omni Anglia devotio semulo decertat ex- emplo. Et nescio an major sit nostra in hoc certa- mine gloria, cum nos eum diligamus ut alumnum, quern illi suspiciunt ut sanctum et archiepiscopum. Jungimus ergo amorem reverential, in neutro Cantua- ritis cedentes, qui se olim eum gloriantui* primatem He finds habuissc. Undc factum est, ut, scripta de vita ejus oiderwriters diliffcntius rimautcs, expectation! vesti'ae non respondere the newer dolcamus. AntiQuis emm sermonum firatiam, recenti-
TerBcity*
bus integritatem fidei deesse deprehendimus. Quare non immerito indulsimus eatenus moestitije, quia ct agrestia parum delectant, et pudet recitare quad solida veritate non constant. Ille profecto abutitur litteris et otio, qui, de operibus sanctorum falsa scribendo, dum negligit famam consciscit infamiam. Quod novo scrip- tori' vitse beati Dunstani accidisse utinam nescirem.
1 The text is that of the only known MS., Rawlin8on,Mi8cell. 263 (Q.)> > A reference to Osbem.
AUCrORE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIENSI.
251
Plerumque enim aut opinione decipitur, aut favore Ennarks on inflectitur. Sed hoc si pace animse ipsius dici potest, credulity, delictorum singula exempla, licet plura suppetaht, subjiciam.
Primo cum de miraculo luminis in templo exhibiti ![« ?n<??^ semionem adoriretur, "matemis," inquit, "sinibus sacro i»w doctrine. " puerperio intumescentib^s ; " ^ egregie et pulchre dic- tum si esset catholiciim. Non enim recte dicitur sacrum puerperium quod, iniquitati originali obnoxium. nondum est sacro baptismo dilutum. Cujus dicti mei rationem in fine vit8B sancti Deo juvante persolvere meditor.
Secundo cum de indole studiorum piierilium loque- He accuses retur, sensum secundi prologi de arithmetica pene foisting in totum induxit, loquens de philosophorum scientia de mstter. rebus quae sunt et qua> aliter esse non possunt, ut sunt magnitudines et alte earum sibi adh^rentes. ali» separatee^ multitudinesque aliue per se, alias in relatione positae.^ Videtis, domini, quantos fumos excitavit, cum potuisset simpliciter dicere puerum arithmeticae et cog- natis artibus invigilasse.
Tertio quod Glfustoniam regali fisco addictam,' ^^SmforWs Dunstanum ibi fiiisse primum abbatem dicendo* non i?no™"ce ?/
, , ^ , , the antiquity
mediocriter in historiae veritato delinquit. Quod quan- of oiaston- tum a vero exulet testantur abbatum vestrorum no- mina, qui annis cccdiii., sicut ex consequentibus li- quebit, ante nativitatem Dunstani fuere in Qlfustonia. Ipsa quippe multo ante beatimi Patricium, qui anno Incamationis Dominicae cccc^lxxiio. decessit, in jus ecclesiasticum transivit^ et ipse nongentesimo vicesimo quinto anno ejusdem Incamationis, qui fuit Ethelstani regis primus, cum esset Qlastoniae abbas Aldhunus, in
* Osbern, above, p. 72.
' Osbern, above, pp. 77,78. The reference is to Boethias de Arith-
metica, lib. i. c« 1 (ed. Basel, 1570, p. 1296).
^ Osbern, above, p. 74.
^ Osbern, above, p. 92.
258
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Anew histonr is therefore needed.
He hM mil- lucem venlt.^ Nec minus quod Edgarum regem, uni-
King sdgar. cum scilicet totius religionis tutorem, cum sanctimomali
volutatum asseverat. Illud cum omni historiarum tes-
timonio careat, ctiam si probari posset/ magis pie dis-
simulari quam improbe propalari et in vulgus effem
deceret.
He has Quarto quia dixit eundem Edgarum Scefboniae mo*
the founder^ nastcrium fuudasse,^ ut foeminei animi tanto gloriaren-
bury. tur fuudatore ; cum multo ante tempore sub Eluredo
rege constet' ibi monachal habitasse.
His igitur falsitatibus offensi, fratemitate qua vobis obnoxius sum obedientiam meam pulsastis, ut gesta beati viri renovaremi et quasi quodam laboris mei prselo falsitatis foecem depellens, rerum puritatem eli- quarem. Quod ut fidentius facerem, scripta mihi tarn The monks Latiua Quam Anglica in antiquissimo armario vestro
have sup- i •
naJfin***' rcpcrta exhibuistis^ e quibus sicut e spoculo rerum LaSn"'**"^ mihi resultaret Veritas. Qu8e falsa nullo modo credi- derim, quia calente adhuc gestorum memoria, ad EIu- ricum, qui tertio anno post decessum patris Dunstani successit in arehiepiscopatu, sunt edita.* Nam ut men- dacia demerem et studio meo inteiTuptam seriem resarcirem^ non fuit consilium quin esset lacrymosum et vanum. Liber enim ita dilaniatus nec alterius esset nec mens. Prseceptis ergo vestris festinus parui, et ut sancti et vestrum mercarer favorem, maledicorum me He antici- dcntibus fortassis exhibui. Non enim defuturos opinor
pates severe *
criticism, qui mo ista ob aliorum scriptorum reprehensionem 8cripsis.se pronuncient. Sed ab hiis Dominus Josus
^ See the lint of abbots compiled by William of Molmesbury him- Kclf in his work on the antiquity of the church of Glastonbury, ed. Gale, p. 328.
2 Above, pp. Ill, 112.
3 W. Malmetb. Gesta Pootificum, ed. Hamilton, pp. 184-188.
4 This is the life by B., dedicated to Elfric, who bt*came archbishop in 995 ; not in 990, as William here states ; but he transposes Sigeric and Elfric in the list of archbishops in the Gesta Pontificum also. See G. P., ed. Hamilton, p. 32.
AUCTORK WILLELMO MALMfiSBERIENSI.
253
bonam mihi veniam impetret. Qui me in his dumiaxat Bdiptis nihil vel odio vel livori deferre videt. Ego enim mihi conscius simi nunquam me laboribus insi- diatum aUenis, sed ut vobis morem gererem stilum his apposuisse gcstis. Adde quod is de quo memoravi scriptor, jamdudum vita defunctus et invidia, divinse- que Bubditus censurse, humana parvipendit judicia. Facile autem excusabitur, quod minus continue fidem rerum attexuit, qqia per incendium quod, sicut ipse in prologo ^ dixit, Cantuariensis ecclesia passa est, anti- qua scripta non habuit. Qusc cum ita sint, obediential me8B pignus injunctum suscipite, et si malivoli contra me jacula maledictorum intorserint, umbone vestrse auctoritatis elidite, domini venerabiles et merito ama- biles patres.
But he only writes for love of truth and to ploaae the monks.
There are excuses for the former writer.
B. p. 6. Adelard, p. 54. Osbem, p. 71. Eadmer, p. 165.
LiBEU PRIMUS.
1. Annus igitur reffis Athelstani primus produxit in Birth and
o o r r mrentagcof
mundum puerum Dunstemimi . totius Anglifie patronum nunstan. futurum. Pater ejusr Herstanus, mater Kynedrida no- minati, ambo pietate in Deum- et nobilitate generis insignes, pari virtutum studio et concordi morum ele- gantia sevum exegere. Quam vero grata Deo eorum fiiit vita, Deus Ipse non dubitavit monstrare post funera. Siquidem hie idem eorum filius de quo. ser- monem adorsi sumus, postea jam archiepisoopus,'utrum- que parentem inter coelestium choros gaudentem, ma- trem etiam Dominices genitricis familiari obsequio assistentem, defoecatae mentis conspexit intuitu. Dig- Marriage of
• • j«« 'J J.* i.i_ jf J. his parents.
num mmirum divma providentia opus, ut bonus futurus filius boni lineam non peregrinis disceret exemplis, sed intra domesticos parietee a bonis mutuaretur parent!- bus. Hii ergo legitimo nuptiarum foederd maturis amoribus in juventa convenere. Jamque post aliquan-
* Osbem, above, p. 70*
254 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Before Dun- tum copul?B tempus Kynedrida in spem prolis grandes- Adelard, °l?l^®,f*^7i cebafc utero, cum earn luminosa purificationis festivitas R J**
ofthePurifi- ... . ., . . Osbern,
«ition at Glastoniara invitavit Quo die soUemnibus lam in- p. 72.
GUston- ... Kadincr
bury, the choatis officiis in vetustam ecclesiam frequens matro-f* ,/l '
lightttarc , ^ , p. 16 5.
put out, narum ordo cum Kynedrida convenerat. Micabant per totum atrium lumina^ ipsa constipatione turbae acrius oculos perstringentia. Tum vero cessante intra eccle- siam omni ventoiTim inquietudine, divino credo nutu, omnium lumina uno confusa et extincta simt ictu. Perculit ingens pavor omnem populum ambigentem de facto quid diceret, utrumne casui an miraculo deputa- rct. Extorsit metus silentium, attonitisque tantum oculis et vultibus mutam inter se agitabant mcBsti- tiam. Sed non mora, propitia Divinitas factum cor- andre- rexit, et stuporcm paventium in Suae laudis materiam from that of tmnsduxit. Continuo enim serenum lumen coelo emis-
Kyneanda.
sum, cereo Kynedridse infulsit, communionemque luds cunctis accurrentibufl exhibuit. Venerabile miraculum quod et antiqms respondit et futuris praeludit. Ipsa enim quondam die beata Dei genitrix et perpetua Virgo Maria tulit ad templum Dei Dei Verbum Filium suum. Quern senilis devotio benignis astringens com- plexibus Ipsum prsedicavit esse Qui lumen sstemitatis, quondam per Adam amissum, declararet oculis omnium Prophetic popTilorum. Nunc autem beata mulier, jubar Anglias
meaninir of ■■ • •
theidffn. per Dei gratiam futurum alvo continens, collatione cerei sui damna perditae lucis toti reparavit agmini: hoc profecto significante Spiritu Sancto, quod in illius lateret ventre, qui splendorem prsedicationis omni dif- funderet provincise.
Bunstan u 2. Emcnsis ergo post conceptionem mensibus, absolvit B. p. 6.
tiMd*.MSi partum fcemina, effuditque in vitam masculum, quem p, 54" '
•named. continuo per ministerium sacerdotis Deo i-enatum et^»^>«™» in . adoptionem filiorum Ejus translatum gavisa est. Eadmer, Dunstanus infanti nomen inditum, quod et montem et P- ^^^' petram sonat; convenienti rerum prsesagio, quia in utroque Salvatoris nostri pedissequus, et montem se
7
I I
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALME8BERIENSI.
255
B. p. 7. Osbern, p. 73. Eadmer, p. 166.
His father brings him to Glaaton- buiy.
B. p. 8. Adelard, p. 55. Osbeniy p. 75. Eadmer, p. 167.
He has a vision of future buildings there.
per virtutura sublimitatem et petram per fidei solidi- tatem exhibuit. Gratia enim eum divina excepit, et in omnibus dono liberalitatis Suae praevenit et provexit. Et jam junioribus annis decursis, pueritiae infantia ces- serat, venitque ad solvenda vota Glastoniam illustris vir Herstanus cum religiosa conjuge et prosperrimae indolis sobole. Illis igitur in praefata ecclesia excu- bias agentibus, puer irrepente somno indulsit quieti. Visus illi senior stellanti vultu, niveo habitu, assistere manuque prensum per eircumjecta loca ducere, simul dulci affatu jocundari puero, et habili gestu dexterae mensuram aedificiorum inibi per eum construendorum deliniare. lUe solutus somnio, et tunc parentibus assignavit visionem, et cum aetas tulit effectui manci- pavit. Eadem enim forma posteriori tempore abbas erexit tecta qua recolebat sibi puero per angelicum indicium pi'sesignata. At vero parentes ad indaginem visionis non hebetes, felixque praesagium libenter am- plexi, filium ibidem litteris imbuendum reKquerunt.
3. Nee vero illorum spei defuit pusio, sed raptim He is an apt elementa litterarum addiscens ad reliqua etiam aJacri tendebat animo. Meditantem occupat febris, teneras- que paulatim depasta medullas desperabilem medicis facit. Stemitur ergo lecto et per horarum momenta His uincss. morti accedere videtur. Certe animo absentissimus, nee quid ageret norat discemere, nee quid ab aliis ageretur poterat advertere. Adeo pestis cerebro inse- derat ut aliena jactaret verba et freneticus baud dubie putaretur. Spes itaque parentum quam sibi de filio proposuerant jam dabat terga, cognatorum Mgebat gaudiimi, languebat poUicitatio medicorum. Verum- lie is given tamen accunit necessitatis nee diutius passa puerum "^' torqueri, pietas Christi medicabili visitationis Suaa praesentia cuncta propulsavit incommoda. Nee tamen He leaves modum remedii novit ipse qui sensit, sed nocte intern- * "^ pesta, quasi extasi captaretur, domum cursim exivit.
256 ' VITA SANCTl DUNSTANI
A woman Exeuntem secuta est mulier qu8B cseteris tsedio languo- B. p. 8. lis stementibus sola super alumnum solliciias pweten- ^ g^'"*' debat vigilias. Nactus ergo baculum quo vel viam Osbcm, regeret vel obstantes repelleret, noctumam carp^bat J^^^^^. semitam. Et ecce magnum latrantium agmen rapidis p. i67. Ho is beset in properautem inhians rictibus obviam veniebat. drives tkem QuoFum unus infcstior dum etiam terga premeret, ille, stick. aliud esse interpretatus quam canem, baculiim totis
viribus contortum, invocato Christi Nomine, in os belufie s8Bvientis intentat. Qua pueri constantia hostis elusuB furvis infeini undo emerserat se indidit umbris. Ita Dunstanus Jesu Domini auxilio tutus coeptum ad ecclesiam callem persequitur. Sed eam fiimis intus He climbs rcpagulis offendeus obseratam, machinas quibus insis- outside the tebaut architecti conscendit. Forte enim fastisium
church. , . "
templi dirutimi manus artificum prsestolabatur. Ita
quem non sine cautela talium rerum consueti moli-
rentur ascensum, ille intrepidus invasit. Jam vero
quia in interiori parte superiora inferioribus nulli con-
tinuabant gradus, minim quomodo descenderit. De-
scendit tamen, inventusque est mane a quserentibus in
He is found Una porticu inter duos sedituos tertius, levi sopore
ing asleep membra confotus. Bogatus ut salutis et descensus
""•''• modum exponeret, respondit se neutrum Bcirc, et non
minus quam ipsos de talibus miraculum habere. Mulier
sane quro pneeuntis lento pede terebat vestigia, rerum
usque ad ascensum index fuit. Caetera ad banc diem
incognita.
He studies 4. Ubi crgo Dunstano salutis refusus vigor, intermis- B. p. lo.
tuider the ° o ' Osbem
Jj*ni.«i ^^^ litterarum studium acrius. aggressus, nihil quod p 74, ' cura sua dignum eestimaret inexpertum reliquit. Con- veniebat honestis studiis divinse serenitatis assensus, conciliando ei magistros, tum indigenas turn et Hiber- nienses. Hujusce quippe nationis homines cum magna frequentia locum incolebant iUum ; viri usquequaque peritissimi, et qui liberales artes ad plenum subdidis- sent ingeniis, quique ut perfectius philosophise inser-
Bcholars.
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSL 257
B. p. 10. virent, relicto natali solo cunctarumque necessitudinum Hertudies pp. 74/77, t^ffectibus objuratis, Glastoniam contenderant, Patricii tare«, "®- primi praedicatoris sui amore adducti, cujus corporales
exuvise ibi ab antiquo habentur repositae. Horum ergo discipulatui Dunstanus deditus sacram scripturam medullitus ad extremam satietatem hausit; saecularium litterarum quiddam negligendum, non nihil etiam ap- petendum putavit. Poetarum siquidem scripta dum- poetiy. taxat quae fabulis slrepimt, et artes quae citra utili- tatem animae armant eloquium transemiter audivit. Axitlimeticam porro. cum geometria et astronomia etgjthjji. musica quae appendent, gratanter addididt, et diligen- music, ter excoluit. Est quippe in illis et magna exercitatio scientiae et veritatis integra castitas, et mirabilium Dei non vana consideratio. H!aruni artium scientiam hodie quoque Hibemenses pro magno pollicentur ; caete- rum ad formanda Latine verba et integre loquendum minus idonei. Quapropter cum caeterarum tum maxime His skiu
• 111* 1 • i_ 1 • 1 .in musici
musicae dulcedine captus, instrumenta ejus tum ipse libenter exercere, tum ab aliis exerceri diilce habere. Ipse citharam, si quando litteris vacaret, sumere, ipse dulci strepitu resonantia fila quatere. Jam vero illudonthe instrumentum quod antiqui barbiton, nos organa dici- mus, tota difiudit Anglia; ubi ut fistula sonum com- ponat per miiltiforatiles tractus " pulsibus exceptas, follis " vomit anxius auras." Hoc porro exercebatur non ad lenocinium voluptatum, sed ad divini amoris indta- mentum, ut etiam ad litteram impleretur illud Daviti- Ps. cL 8,4 cum, *' Laudate Dominum in psalterio et cithara ; laudate " Eum in chordis et organo."
B. p. 10. 5. Interea aetas progressior, et adolescentiae foribuBHisp««nts
" - urge hiir "
take Ho Orders.
p 77"' insistens, spem parentum olim de puero conceptam inSEHoSy
majus animabat. Quam ^ illi religiosis alentes affectibus ut sacros ordines redperet invitaverunt filium, divinum circa eum favorem non negligendum arbitrati. Hie,
^ Quam"] quern, MS.
R
258 VITA SANCTI DTJNSTAKI
HegocBto ne prsecipientibus durus videretur, supposuit coUum, B. p. lo. Atheim, minoribus sradibus titulatus ad Dei genitricis ecde- ?^„ ' of Canter- siam provectufl, sui maiermque miraculi consciam. Eadmer,
buxy, who ..•• , , i_d 168
prwfflnts Ita sacns imtiatus ad patruum suuin, (ex monacno *^* Atheistan. Qlaatoniensi primus Wellensis episcopus) Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, Athelmum, contendit^ ex cognati pec- toris aucioritaie religioms exemplum stunpturus. Ex- cepit nepotem archiepiscopus qua decebat dignatione, patrio affectu qusecunque commoda liberaliter et af- fluenter indulgens. Deinde spectata ejus alacritate iugenii; cui etiam mores non disaiderent, regi Athel- stano, quern sacra unctione in regem ipse sublimaverat, commendare curavit. Accessit curae pontificis industria adolescentis^ qua brevi effectum ut per se commenda- bilior esset tarn regi quam aulicis. Familiarium ergo partdum habebatur^ nee erat quisquam in curia id setatis juvenis qui posset cum rege aut esse secretius He becomes aut loqui jocundius. Denique frequenter ante ilium, andexposed vel vocali mclo citharsB vel tympani sono psallebat, ofthecour- nuuc ut curas depelleret, nunc ut soporem somni dis- cuteret. Felix eventus excitavit cognatorum invidiam, qui adolescentis successum reputarent suse felicitatis detrimentum. Quocirca opinionem ejus apud regem lacerare aggressi, dicebant eum maleficis artibus niti, proindeque gratiam regalein mercari. Bepulit iUe primo susurronum calumnias, livori attribuens delationis amaritudinem. Hoc illi acrius instare et occasiones rimari donee rem divinae dignationis in argumentum concinnarent furoris. Sted?" ^* Rogatus est Dunstanus a quadam matrona Alwinna^ B. p. 20. Bthdwynn nomine domum suam venire, quatenus in casula sacer-S/gQ™' p^m tor dotali faceret picturam, imde pueUas susb insuendi auri Eadmer, traherent formam. Opus plumariimi vocant Latini. ^' Erat enim Dunstanus etiam pingendi artifex, aemulari arte naturam, et quicquid vidisset uspiam spedosum a
> The iEthelwynn of the first I mentioned by the intennediate biographer (p. 21). No name is | writers.
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI. 259
B. pp. 20, vivo animali in mutiim transferre simulacrum. Venit Hw harp Osbern ®^S^ ^^ assedit open. Interim cithara ejus paxillo ap- antLm un- p. 80. pensa canoros edere sonos, et sine uUo digitorum pulsu human ^ p i^^'"' hujus antiphonae melodiam modulari audita est, "Gau- " dent in eoelis animse sanctorum/' -et csetera. Mirum id, ut erat videri cseteris et maxime mulierculis, Iseto plausu gannientibus ; Dunstano* autem, cujus et sensus perspicacior et oculus interius mundior, non tam videri prsesentis rei miraculum quam futurge mysterium. In- Dunstan tellexit enim cantu hoc se admonitum ad tribulationum a warning, tolerantiam, quo fidentius Christi opperiretur gloriam. Respondit rerum Veritas veraci prsesagio. Namque sutores calunmiarum rem quasi Dunstani maleficium . curisB auribus intulerunt. Serpsit rumor ab unis in Hie enemies alteros omnesque Kvidis t)btutibus adolescentem aspi-ofwitch- ciebant. Quod quamvis iUe animadverteret, omnes tamen susiuros malignantium s^cut ScyUaeos latratus placido et potius obturato transibat auditu. Nee minus, secundum prseceptum Salvatoris, bona pro malis red- B. pp. 11, dens, persecutores suos blande alloqui, ipsis etiam be- Osbem, nigne et opportune obsequi. Quo illi nihil infiractiores fej^' calumnias serere in vulgus non cessabant. Nee priusTheHnjia pp.171.' abstiterunt quam res et regis aures obsedit et animoa "^^ pun- ^^^' a Dunstano avertit. Ita turbatis rebus adolescens curia *^<»"rt.
ultro cedendum putavit. Excedentem machinatores fla- gris adorsi ; parum abfuit quin exanimarent. Nam equo dejectum, foedeque caesimi calcibus, quo tardius exsurgeret pressum egerunt in coenum. Tum quasi He is at- furori probe satisfecissent, abierunt. Die vero vix plunged in segreque luto emergens in villam cujusdam affinis' sui e vicino commanentis concessit. Jam vero domui pro- pinquante, canes domestici oblitum cceno et horrendum visu conspicati, pene fiiit ut invaderent. Sed dciox, Jg^wgog- blandientis voce cognita, frsenarunt impetum et adulan- jeighbonr'B tibus caudis domum introduxerunt. Hanc canum mu- tationem primo Dunstani excepit mtspirium, mox etiam hujusmodi dictum, ''Altemat, ut video, natura rerum,
B 2
260
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan'B reflexions.
" duin cognati bestiali feritate ssBvi, et canes in me B. p. is. « humana leaitate sint blandi. Sed patienter feren- ^.t"' " dum est quod Deus jubet, quia pulchrum Sua gratia Eadmer, " dedit commercium, quoniam assentantur canes etsi ^' " adversantur homines."
He goes to Winchester, to visit Elfege.
Correction of a state- ment of Osbem.
Elfege ad- vises him to become a monk.
He is re- luctant.
Bis illness.
7. Hujus tempestatis*jactatione discussa, Dunstanus b. pp. is, Wintoniam ire perrexit. Erat turn ibi Deo acceptissi- J*- mus sacerdos Alphegus cognomento Calvus, cujus con- pp. 82/83. sanguinitatis lineam proximo gradu Dunstanus attin- ^^YL^^' gebat. Hunc fuisse monachum Glastoniensem certum 178. et abbatem constans apud Wintonienses opinio est. Unde perspicuum est quod is, quisquis est, fallitur qui beatum Dunstanum monachos in Glastonia posuisse et primum ibi abbatem fuisse allegare conatur. Nam ut in epistola dixi,^ et tempore nativitatis ejus Alduhunus abbas ibidem fuisse cognoscitur; et hie Alphegus ante monachus quam abbas Dunstanus. Ad hunc ergo veniens ssepeque ab eo salubribus monitis pulsatus ut mona- chus fieret, distulit facetis responsis episcopum vel elu- dens vel suspendens, nonnunquam etiam monachorum vitam non magis placere Deo quam laicorum cavillatus. Irrepserat enim jam adolescenti voluptatum fomes, ut nihil minus quam monachum cogitaret. Quapropter Deo dilectus episcopus, qui praevideret in spiritu quan- tmn deperiret religioni dilatio habitus mutandi, totius devotionis in orationem diffudit viscera, quatenus ado- lescens flagello admoneretur corporeo, ne animse obsta- ret commodo. Auditum est continuo in coelis quod ille submurmuraverat in terris, et scintilla caritatis ex corde procedens episcopi reluxit in Dunstano ad flam- mam segrotationis. *Ita enim vesicis turgentibus per totum corpus intumuit, ut morbo intercutis vel regia valetudine laborare videretur. Hoc periculo territus nunciis missis rogavit ejus adventum. Maturavit iter
* Above, p. 251.
AUCrORE WILLELMO MALM£SB£BI£NSI. 261
episcopus, et veniena audit quod diu optaverat. Dun- puMtan stanum anxie expetere quod ante rogatus supersederat monk, facere. Datur ergo effectus desiderio, alteratur Dun- stanus et fit monachus. ^- pp< H> Insequalitate igitur corporis fugata, mansionem circa He stavs Elfegum protelavit, ut in ejus vita legeret quid regu- ^ lare tenere deberet. Interea oblitterandmu non est quanta sub illo tempore providentiae divinse pietas am- bobus consuluerit. Rogatu civium suorum dedicaverat Dedication , pontifex ecclesiam extra occidentalem civitatis portam.
, Solenniis expletis, petitus ut domum unius convivio dignaretur suo, caritati non defiiit invitatoris. Jam
. vero luce ocddua cum vespertinum crepusculum vide- ret accedere, data benedictione convivis Dunstano comi- Dunstan tante valefedt. Tum forte viantibus obtulit se beati returning papse Grefforii ecclesia vise contermina. lUam ex vo-''w«thavea
, . . , . minculoos
luntate prsesulis ingressi completorium dicturiebant. "«pein Jamque pro more junctis et inclinatis capitibus confi-o^s-Gre- tebantur, et ecce ingens lapis, ambiguum quo casu, tecto elapsus, ita illorum periculo proximus fuit, ut ambo- rum libaret csesariem sed non turbaret salutem. Cre- diderim insidias antiqui hostis fuisse, qui totis machi- nis saxum detorserit, cum saluti utrorumque invidens tum etiam alterius celsitudinem futuram suspectam habens. Sed e vicino repulit ejus caUiditatem divina dignatio, volens ut illi de hoste optimam raperent prse- dam, non ille de ipsis usurparet victoriam.
r-^
8. Isdem diebus Dimstanus, eodem antistite jubente, ad ^JSjJS** gratiam presbyteratus accessit, habens ad eundem gra- pneat dum collaterales collegas Athelwoldum et Ethelstanmn. Hii viri, sicut par in bono habuere principium, ita divisum habuerunt exitum. Quod, spiritu medullis in- fluente, Elfegus prsesentiens, ipsa eadem die ordinationis EifeRo'g cum mensse assideret, tali secretum mentis sermone about hM
... • *nd his
resolvit. " Hodie sub ope Dei tribus viris manum im- companions. " posui, quorum primus erit apud Cantiam archiepisco- '' pus, secundus mihi quandoque in hac sede succes-
262
VITA SANCn DUNSTAKI
Vulfllment of the pre- diction.
Dunstan
gpeito
Olaston-
bunr.and
buildg
himself a
oeli there*
His labour! andmortifl' cations.
Thedeyil oomessad asks him to do some smith's worlc
" surus^ tertiufl abjecto religionis quo nunc velatur " simulacro vitam terminabit in voluptatum volutabro/'^ Nihil hac prophetia mirabilius aut divinius ; nihil ejus eflFectu verius aut sincerius. Dunstanus siquidem postea cuhnen archiepiscopatus, Athelwoldus ordinem episco- patus conacendit; Ethelstanus ut canis reversus ad vomitum miserabile apostasise fiiit exemplum.
9. Nee multo post Dunstanus Glastoniam a pontifice Osbern, missus est, ut qui abunde mores ad unius composue- ^^^^ rat speculum, nunc ad multorum coaptaret exemplum. p. 173. Ibi prseter quotidianam cantandi sollertiam, ne mens inerti marceret otio, manuiun se dedit exercitio. Sed ut operanti suppeteret diversorium, quoddam prope Dei genitricis ecclesiam tecto appendice continuavit spatium. Jam vero par est animadvertere quanta cura colebat ff^ninfiiiTTij ut eo loci scdcm poneret quo etiam licentiores cogitatus interpellaret et argueret. Mentem ergo frse- nabat loci reverentia, simulque corpus arctabant jejunia. Ibi manus applicabat operi, labia psahnis, animos coelis. Ibi currebat per tabulam stilus, per paginam calamus. Ibi sumebat pincillum ut pingeret, scalpellum ut scul- peret. Et, ut fa^iam compendium, ibi exercebatur quic- quid est lidtarum et utilium artium. Denique et fabrile studium quondam aggressum vicinia frequens ad emendandas receUas ^ suas precibus fatigabat. Ule in commime bonus omnibus, nihil alicui negare, sBquum Osbem, aflFectum cunctis prsestare. Inde diabolus occasionem ^^^^j. aucupatus, quadam die sole jam occasiun meditante, ad p. 174. fenestram astitit quidlibet opens molienti. Intuitus Dunstanus eum, qui et oris hilaritatem et hominis prsetenderet effigiem, dolos non attendit. Quocirca ro- gantem ut, opere quod coeperat intermisso, suis serviret usibus, non aspematus manum ejus sug^estioni appUcuit. Inter haec inimicus sermone coUato verba delicata jac-
' Our author tells the same story in the Gefita Fontificum (ed. Hamil- ton), pp. 164, 165. See too Wulf-
stan'fi life of S. Ethelwold,Mahl1Ion, AA. SS. O. S. B. 8IBC. V. p. 599. 3 receiias} altered from resceJlas, Q.
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIEKSI.
263
Osbern, p. 85.
p. 174.
Lucan. Pban. X. 132.
iabat in medium, mollitiem inferebat foeminarum. He begins Yeromtamen ne aperta fronte proderentur argutids, loosely, simulationis velabatur pallio, eludens juvenem religionis fuco. Nee mora, relietis bonis rediebat ad noxia, talia commemorans quae possent eujuslibet religiosi robur enervare, vigorem inflectere. Audiebat haec sanctus, et multa volutabat animo. Tandemque, instinctu credo Dei, ariifieem doU comperiens ad ultionem armatur. Forcipes itaque ferrarias celeriter expedit, easque foeoj^stan immittens in majori flatu fomaculam exsusciiat. Stri- toogs. debat ergo incendium, fervebant tenacula. Quad can- dentia oorripieiis in fa«iein portenti. jam se deprehen- sum intelligentis jamque fugam parantis, vibrat. lUe longe reducta £adie ictum cavet. Sed insistit pronis He takes nisibus presbyter, jamque impudentes fauces ignito ferro the jawi. prsBcluserat. Nee ullo modo efFdgisset pestifer nisi, ad notas recurrens artes, inter manus tenentis in noctur- nas elaberetur auras. Fugiens tanto hiatu insonuit, ut, procul repercusso aere, hujusmodi vox pene toti audi- retur provincise, " O quid fecit calvus iste ! O quid " fecit calvus iste!" Jocatus vel potius grassatus in hominem cui, refiigis a fronte capillis, damnosa caesa- ries erat. Diluculo vicinis a Dunstano auctorem ulu- Bimstan latus percunctantibus, respondit '' diabolum fuisse : ipsum J^^S^^of " inquam nunc sibi struere insidias qui quondam in '' palatio conflasset calumnias ; ipsum nunc blandientem " ad vitia, sed post exacturum supplicia. Cujus com- " moti clamor intolerabilis monet ut caveatur consor- '' tium in poenis." Dixit plura fortassis ad banc sen- tentiam quae magis conjicienda sunt animo quam committenda scripto.
the de^.
B. p. 15. Osbem, p. 89. Eadmer, p. 179.
10. Eodem tempore Olastoniensis ecdesiae monacbus. Death of felicem vitae sortitus terminum, feliciter supremum in- ^"^''^* cunii arbitrium. Is erat Wlfredus nomine,' diaconus
* The name seems to be taken directly from the original biographer ; above, p. 15.
264
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He appears to Dutastan, and foretells hU future life.
Donstan demands a sign.
Wull^ed points out a place wnerea priest will be buried within three di^s.
Fulfilment of the sign.
ordine, adolescens sBtate, Dunstano jam inde a pueritia B. p. 15. sancta devinctus amicitia. Qiue inter eos parili virtu- ^g^T*' turn et monim coaluerat studio, nee earn ulla unquam Eadmer, amara dumtaxat interpellaverat offensio. Hie post ^' paucum decessus sui tempus amieo apparuit noete, familiari qua eognoseeretur specie. Turn visus futursd vitee seriem ad unguem exponere, adversa et prospera juxta et incunctanter prsedicere. Nee tamen ad audita " Dunstanus credulo statim exilivit gaudio, doctus in omnibus apponere cautelam, adhibere diligentiam. Qua- propter, ut etiam in ^omniaatis animo contempleris sapientiam, visus est talia referre, " Pulchra sunt/' inquit, " quse promittis, sed quo indicio habeam fidem pro- " missis ?" Turn ille manu ut videbatur comprehensum duxit ad australem partem atrii ecclesisB s8Bpe nomi- natae. Scatebat ibi tota humus defunetonun memoriis, ita ut, sicut hodie quoque apparet, vix alicubi pedem poneres si non ad aUquod sepulcrum offenderes. Parvu- ' lum modo erat spatium hujus immune injurise, ubi vide- batur intactus cespes et herbosa virens planitie. ** Hie/' ait, et digito locum ostendit ad verse visionis indicium, " sepelietur presbyter infra triduum, qui nullum adhuc " patitur incommodum, corpus autem ejus ab occidental! " parte hue deferetur tumulandum." Dixit et evanuit ; alter etiam sopore solutus surrexit. Nee vero diu ingrato indulait silentio, quin continue mane amicis visionem communicaret. Simulque ad fidem dictorum jaculatus calculum in locum prsedictum, subjecit, "Si " vera est visio, illic infra hoc triduum tumulabitur " presbyteri corpus qui adhuc est alacer et sanus/^ Vix illi discesserant, et ecce capellanus matronae nobiUs Ethelfledse ad eundem se locum matutinus agebat. Is cum totum cimiterium circuisset oculis tantillumque spatii mortuorum vidisset carere reliquiis, ait his qui in tempore advenerant ajdituis, " Paciscar quaeso vobis- " cum hanc gratiam, ut cum anima exuerit corpus hie " sit requietionis mese locus.'' Assentientibus Ulis abiit, statimque tactus incommode naturaeque cedens, ubi
AUCrORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIEKSI.
265
B. p. 16. Osbem, p. 90. Eadmer, p. 180.
B. p. 16. Osbem, p. 85. Eadmer, p. 1 75.
B. p. 18. Osbeni, p. 86. Eadmer, p. 176.
EtbeUreda oomeeto Glaston- buiy.
rogaverat ante triduiim sepulcrum promeruit. Nihil Dunstim erat ultra quod de missione Dunstanus ambigeret. incraue in Quapropter ad virtutum incrementa exsurgere, ludicris virtue. mundanis, si quse animo ejus restiterant, valefacere ; conari prorsus ut labor suus accederet Dei gratise, quatenus quae sibi promittebantur gratuito non confer- rentur immerito. Nee vero ejus industria in vacuum cessit, quin potius cum multiplici Dei gratia &vor potentum hominum bene viv^nti non defiiit. Quod uno exemplo faciam in propatulo, si prius qu^dam ad id pertinentia, quasi extrinsecus a materia, posuero. Brevi ergo diverticulo utar si forte relationis necessi- tatem £Eu^t brevitas lectionis excusabilem.
11. Neptis Ethelstani regis Ethelfreda/ summse poten- tiflB fcemina^ de cujus presbytero paulo ante dixi, viro de compari nobilitate nupsit primo vere adolescenti^. Is cum diem dausisset, castitatem suam Deo consecravit, ut nunquam post primi damna tori secundos experiretur ignes. Quod ut expeditius teneret, Glastoniam sese in otium contulit, sedificatis propter ecclesiam domibus, sive ut Dei genitricis familiarius inhsereret obsequiis, sive ut Dunstani liberius frueretur colloquio. Erat enim ejus proxima cognata, et, ad bonum audiendum flalutaribus animata monitis, quotidianis etiam ne defice- ret roborabatur exemplis. Utrumque ergo agebat sedulo, tantumque corporis curee deerat quantum illis operam impendebat. Proinde vicario dilectionis munere tan- tum illi Domina nostra impertiebatur gratise ut nee in minimis eam contristari sustineret. Quod dictum ut evadat ambiguitatis offensam argumentum subnectam.
12. Rex Athelstanus, quo nuUus unquam regum vel AfheisUui in pace justior vel in bello victoriosior fuit, Glastoniam tonbuxy. veniebat. Quo Ethelfleda cognito matrona, quse cum in omnes tum pronius in regiam sobolem semper fuisset dapsilis, mandat ei ut non asperoanter ad se pransurus
and builds henelf a house there.
Her devo- tion to the Bleflsod Virgin.
1 The ^thelfleda of the first biographer, p. 16 ; the Elgifu or iBthelgifu of OsberD, p. 85 ; the ^Ifgiva of Eadmer, p. 175.
266 VITA SANCn dunstani
Heaoce^ introeat. Expositis maxidatis oneravit frontem regiaan B. p. is. tl???L ^ pudor. Si enim obaudiens dicto non esset, reverebatur ne ^*^™'o*
Ethelftreda ^ ^ pp. 86, 87.
and sends ancillam Dei commoveret ; si veniret, timebat ne minus Eadmer,
his servants ' n I7fi
Bh(?^^** sufficientem paratum ostenderet. Librato ergo consilio, ^ plenty of ut nec neptis precibus resisteret nee ipse verecundiam
suam urgeretj misit ministros qui sufficientiam victus i
explorarent. lUi concito equorum cursu arva morantia rapientes jussum exsequuntur, renunciantque invitatrici ,
de cffiteris quidem plurimum, de hydromeUe vero mi- '
nimum esse, Hujus si possit emendari detrimentum, nihil obsiare. quin rex ad ejus concordet votum. Quod ubi accepit mulier immodicae in Deo spei respondit, the^irffn " Nolit unquam sancta Christi mater, ut propter minus that she « sufficientem huiusmodi potum dominus rex declinet
may not be or
put to shame " meam domum." Et cum dicto templum iuOTessa
on account ^ ^
oj^owant compellat Virginem, ut quod deerat de industria sup- pleret ipsa ex misericordia ; ipsa dolium emendaret, ipsa pateras spiunantes coronaret. Has pieces cassas non fiiisse ostendit miraculum e vestigio subsecutum. Assedit rex mensss totas secum in prandium trabens ^
catervas. Accelerant pincemae inter et post dapes fre- quentioribus poculis invitare convivarum hilaritatem. Apportant ultro citroque potionem Anglis gratam et pene naturalem. Contendebat liquor cum haustoribus, et quasi de fonte scaturiens da.mni8 increscebat suis. Crederes hydriam fannse et lecythum olei, quibus Sa- reptenam viduam ipse pascebat qui pasci yenerat. i Kings, zrii. utSrth^^ Verumtamen nescias an hie majore miraculo et excel- commg. lentiore gratia, quia ibi unius sustentata est natura, ' istic multorum oppleta est gula. Sed profecto imitata est mater Domini Filii miraculum in deserto, quando sub dentibus crevit panis, et majus augmentum invenit in mensa quam in unda piscis. Applausit rex miraculo per ministros cognito, nimietatem suam ultro inculpans, qua potuisset Ethelfreda premi si noluisset ei Mftria opitulari.
13. Expedita re quae aliquantum deviabat a propo- sito, nunc cam aggrediar quae partem Dunstani spectat
AUOTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
267
B. p. 18. Osbeni, p. 87. Eadmer, p. 176.
B. p. 19. Osbern, p. 88. Eadmer, p. 177.
e proximo. Haec eadem matrona^ decursa religiosissime prsesentiB vit^ meta, lethalem valetudinem iniit. Jam- que morbus quatiebat vitalia, et ilia, Dimstano quadam die accito, ad ingressum alterius sseculi oratione et confessione animam composuit. Hsec occupatio sane* turn avocaverat ne ilia die vesperis monachorum in- teresset. Curis explicitis, ciun damnum sarcire vellet, ad ecdeQiam cum scholasticis contendit. Stabait ergo prse foribus davigerum opperiens. Et ecce porrectis in sublime oculis, vidit alitem pemici volatu aera secare. Diligentius intuitus animadvertit esse columbam scin- tiUanti alarum plausu flammeam^ inteUexitque esse Spiritum Sanctum. Qui quondam ejusdem avis mu- tuatus simulacrum apud Jordanem descendit in Domi^ num Christum. Laetis igitur luminibus tam gloriosam visionem hauriens, acuto volantem prosequebatur in- tuitu, donee tecto decumbentis vidit illapsum. Beflexo proinde pede, eo unde venerat impigre revertitur. Pul- santi ostium patuit, sed murmur intra cortinam auditur, gradum festinantis continuit. Interrogat ancillas forin- secus excubanteS; quisnam cum domina interius con- sereret sermones. NihU illse certum referunt nisi quod nuperrime jubar splendidissimum domo infulgens om- nem tenebrarum crassitudinem dispulerit^ '^Et extunc/' inquiunt; "usque modo, pnetento ante nos velo, " loquitur cum aliquo." Persistit pius explorator, aure apposita^ donee cessaret sermocinatio altema. Tum im- missus cortinse domestica personam coUocutoris percunc- tatur audada. At felix matrona vultu pladdo renitens, .Quasi vero tu," inquit, "non iUum videris de quo percunctaris. Ipse tibi prse foribus ecclesise visus " est : Ipse a me omnem hujus mortis sollicitudinem de- " molitus est. Quapropter de hoc excessu nee tibi nee " cseteris amicis meis lamentandum censeo, quia non est " hsec vitae amissio, sed de captivitate in libertatem " migratio. Tibi autem speciales gratias et ago et " habeo, quoniam banc beatitudinem meam tuis monitis, " tuis exemplis debeo. Nee vero fructu laborum tuo-
Illneas of Ethelfreda.
Dunstan Bees the mystic dove.
Ho hears Efhelfreda convening behind her curtain.
it
it
She tells him with whom she has been talking.
268 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
tor^h^t " ^^°^ excides, quoniam quod cum aliquanto labore in B. p. 29.
Baonment8, « me sevisti cum gaudio metes. Hanc porro unam et^^J^' " supremam petitionem dilectricis tuse, dilecte dilector, Eadmer, " ne respuas, ut, cum aurora in primos ortus eruperit, ^' ^^^' " ad ingrediendum longum iter sacra unctione et " vivifica commimione me commimias." Dixit et con- valescente morbo exercebatur. Nihil fiiit ex his quod segniter impleret Dimstanus, omnium obsequiorum
uiddies. officiis abeuntcm animam prosecutus^ pulchro et mi- rabili prorsus ordine> ut, cum ille mane missam cantans eam communicasset, ipsa supremum efElaret.
i
onAthei- 14. Dcfuncto iutcrca Ethelstano rege, &ater ejus Ed-B. p. 21.
BdmSnd*' mundus succcssit solio, annorum decem et octo adolescens. i^'o^™'
king. Qui, ut teneritudinem aetatis maturiori firmaret consilio, Eadmer,
beatissimum Dimstanum inter primos optimates primum ^' ^ '
prsefecit palatio. Non enim exciderat animo amicitia
tempore fratris cum eodem viro foederata. Haerebant
menti prudentia in consilio, facundia in verbo, constan-
tia in facto. Quodrca cum jam omnia nutum ejus
spectarent, citra rationem putavit nisi cum eo partid-
paret potestatem novam cui veterem communicaverat
Danatan amidtiam. Assensus est precibus rogantis Dunstanus,
at court, remansitque m cuna, quae sunt Caesaris Caesari redden^,
et quae sunt Dei Deo. Regem ergo et principes primo
de justitia convenire, nee ut flecterentur omnino sinere.
Post etiam inferiores in eandem instruere formam, in
delinquentes acrem exercere disdplinam. Nam et hoc
non levi momento animos ejus impulerat, ut regiis se
commodaret predbus, quatenus Anglorum regno con-
suleret, et jamdudum laborante justitia labefactatum in
HU^^*, statum priscum erigeret. Rigor igitur viri. mentes pro-
«n«niiefc cerum turbans, ignes uurum quondam sopitos exsusci-
tavit, donee in immensum flamma excanduit. Ad
nocumentum ergo ejus nee temperabant palam convitio
nee dam maledicto. Furor arma ministrat; invenit
ira quod confingat; exsculpit livor quod arrodat. Et
quia malignitas nunquam complidbus caret, turn per se,
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
269
B. p. 23. Osbern, p. 90. Eadmer, p. 180.
B. p. 24. Oflbem, p. 91. Eadnier, p. 181.
turn per satellites, regem temptantes in eandem traducunt sententiam. Postposito enim jure amicitise, obKtus sal- tern human^e verecimdise, jubet eura omnibus necessa- riis ablatis curia eliminari. Stulte prorsus et proterve, quia nihil turpius est quam si cum eo bellum geras quocum familiariter vixeras. Hac tempestate sanctus perculsus fluctuabat animo et sentential ambiguo. Ita quippe hostes omnes aditus prsecluserant, omnes calles obsederant, ut ei ad Glastoniam commeatus non esset, quamvis nee ubi possit commorari tuto, averse a se regis animo. Res apud Ceddrum gerebatur. Erant ibi exterarum gentium legati, quos Dunstanus con- veniens eis hostiles exponit calumnias^ implorans ut fortunas tutentur suas. Illi dignitate viri et indigni- tate rei permoti, civilem induerunt animum, bona terrse suae maxima poUiciti, si vellet comitari secum. Et profecto nisi Deus illius tempestatis solvisset nebulam, amisisset tunc Anglia lucem clarissimam. Sed enim statim in crastinum serenior aura regis afflavit animum per Dei omnipotentis miraculum. Quod quatenus fac- tum sit brevijyer expediam.
15. Mons est in Ceddro arboribus opacis declivi cres- cens supercilio, faucibus immane quantum patentibus. Ibi cervi et caeterse ferae venatibus aptae in praeruptis posuere cubilia saxis. Ad eas persequendas rex mane surrexerat ingenita divitum consuetudine, ut nihil putent voluptuosius quam indulgere venatibus. Canes ergo emissi copulis exciverant feras lustris ; inter quas ingenti corpore cervum cursu insuperabilem, comibus ramosis minacem. Hunc alipede cursu per plana, per avia fu- gientem animosius rex persequebatur. Jam fera declivia percurrerat, jam in summum montis jugum evaserat. Ibi quoque canibus terga ejus vellicantibus, negata omni fugiendi copia, praecipiti ad ima saltu complevit fata. Nee vero capacitas canum molliori mortis genere ab- smnpta. Horum casu rex perterritus et equi rapidita- tem fraenare conatus, lusit operam, vires consumpsit anhelas. Nam nisui hominis repugnante bestia^ habenae
Heu banished by Edmund frum court.
He talks the help of some foreign enyoys.
The king goes to hunt at Cheddar.
He pursues a stag to the brink of a precipice.
270
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Edmund preparing for death,
bethinks himself of the wrong done to Bunstan.
He is saved.
He orders Dunstan to go with him to Qlas- tonbury.
He makes him abbot there.
diruptse et procul disjectae. Ita conatu irrito equus B. p. 24. fiirens regem sub ipsum hiatum faucium pervexit. Non Osbem, tamen ille in tanto periculo sui oblitus^ sensatas cogi- Eadmer, tationes volvebat animo, et fortassis expromebat dicto ; ^' ^^^' se in proximis diebus nulliun aliqua temerasse injflria, nisi quod Dunstanum summa laesisset arrogantia, quod expulisset amicum curia, prius addictum quam convic- tum, ante damnatum quam auditum. Id se plane correcturum ex placito, si eum Deus ipsius mentis a prsesenti eximeret periculo. Tua Deus misericors gratia, Tua Christe omnipotens dementia. Vix heec vel cogj- taverat vel dixerat, et equus, jam positis in voragine pedibus anterioribus, qui ante ssevierat tjrrannico cursu superbus, constitit ove placidius. Hsbc res tantum apud Eadmundum valuit, ut ex ilia die in reliquum nullus m animo ejus fiierit Dunstano gratiosior, nullus in regno gloriosior. Denique statim accitum benigno qui- dem respexit oculo, sed dissimulato pauUsper animo jussit ut ascenso equo secum Glastoniam contenderet. Quo ubi perventum est, rex inclinatus ad preces de sua liberatione Deo recitavit grates. Comitabantur omnes lacrymse veris singultibus expromptse. Quas ubi et ratione resorbuit et digito compescuit, avide beatam beati viri dexteram apprehendens grato earn demulsit B. p. 25. osculo. Turn deinde ut veteris scriptoris verba sub- f^ jiciam, ducens eum ad sacerdotalem cathedram et eum Oabem, imponens dixit, "Esto istius sedis princeps potensque ^J^er, " insessor, et prsesentis ecclesiae fidelissimus abbas." Si- P* i®*» quidem proxime episcopus factus fiierat abbas Alfricus * successor Ealdbuni. Adjecit deinde rex quod quicquid
' This 18 in accordance with our aathor's own arrangement of the abbots of Glastonbury ; but in the more ancient list given in the Cot- ton MS. Tibennfl, B. 5, Dnastan's predeceisor is named Egwulf, and two other abbots, Gkithlac and Cuth- red, are interposed between him and
Andhmi, the Aldbon of the text. There were more than one bishop of the name of Elfric at this time ; one at Hereford, consecrated abont 941, and one at Bamsbury, in or about 942. In the ancient list, just referred to, Dunstan's successor at Glastonbury is named Elfric.
272
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
fie built the wsU of the oemetexy.
Monastic revival in England.
Pameof Ethelwold.
He was a scholar at Glaston- bury.
Dunstan's vision about him.
pariete maceria in multos pedes protenta inclusit. Ipsum spatium quadratis lapdibus excitavit in tumu- lum, videturque quasi pratum amoenissimum ab omni ambulantium strepitu alienum^ ut merito de Sanctis ibi pausantibus dici queat, ''Corpora eorum in pace " sepulta sunt."
17. Itaque ob praeconium religionis ejus, quse dulci B. p. 26. compatriotarum fines impleverat aura, undatim ad ejus ^\^ * disciplinam confluebant homines. Suscipiebat ille om- Eadmer,
p 182
nes et oiFerebat Deo, promovens eos tarn verbo quam exemplo. Dedit felix emolumentum divinitas magistri doctrinse et auditorum obedientisB, dum ex eodem grege abbatibus electis multaB per Angliam et emendatBS et fundatee sunt abbatiaB. Quid dico de abbatibus ? Epi- scopi et archiepiscopi, de conventu illo procedentes, dederunt orbi Britannico indicium quale de Dimstano mundus deberet habere judicium.
Unum pro exemplo Ethelwqldum advoco, quia de plu- ribus dicere in immensum esset pergere. Is nee iners nee imprudens nee prseterea tenuis patrimonii dericus, cum multa monasteria voluntati ejus occurrerent quae ilium obviis manibus exciperent, solum omnium morta- lium Dunstanum suae vitae consilianum elegit, illius commilitium, illius contubemium desiderans, ei convi-' vere, ei common exaestuans. Venit ergo Olastoniam et ibi grammaticam artemque metricam edoctus, postremo etiam monachus factus monachi vigilavit in actus. Cujus religio quantum conferret mundo Deus Ipse os- tendit Dunstano veraci et perspicuo somnio. Visus est sibi videre ' infra septa monasterii arborem patulis ra- mis omnem Angliam obmnbrantem. Ramos omnem monachilibus tunicis onustos in summo cuhnine unam latitudine sui caeteras obvelantem. Dunstanus, visionis subtilitatem discemere impotens, ducem venerandae ut
I See W. Malmesb. Qesta Pontiff., 1 woldi, MabiUon, AA. SS. O.S.B. pp. 165, 166 ; Wolfstan, V. S. Ethel- | 88DC. y. p. 607.
AUCIORE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIENSI. 273
videbatur canitiei presbyterum consulendum putavit. giterpret*- lUe remotis ambagibus dilucide omnia prosecutus est. vimon. " Arbor," ait, " est heec insula.; major cuculla est Ethel- " woldi monachi tui religiosa gratia. . Caeterse sunt " multorum monachorum animse quas Ule contra dia- " bolum reUgionis suae velo, et quodam justitise defendet " umbraculo." Hanc visionem abbas tunc quidem si- lentio dedit, sed cum vidisset spem suam, quam de Athelwoldo .tacitumus alebat, in effectum procedere, non dubitavit qusB viderat multis coram ingerere. Secutus Puwiment est rerum effectus coeleste oraculum, tantaque ac totwraerof
, Bthelwold.
per ilium virum, postea Wyntoniensem episcopum, con- structa sunt monasteria, quanta ut aggrediatur nullius regis modo spirare ausit industria. Sed de hiis con- traham stilum, ne videatur vagari extra propositum, quamvis a meta dicendi hsec relatio non exorbitaverit, cum deceat abbatem subjectorum bona provehere et prosperitates animo prsesagire. Quocirca hoc de vita ejusdem Athelwoldi sumptum quominus apponerem non abstinui, quia, ut scriptum est, *' Oloria patris est filius '* sapiens." Omnia ergo Athelwoldi benefacta in Dun- stanmn redundant, quorum fructmn eo gratiosius tulit, quo cumulatius semen in alterum transfudit.
B. pp. 26, 18. Horum ere^o et similium bonorum fundamenta Dun- A^^tn
27 1 A . 1 1 • j^i J • ci T • i • '"* devil.
Q^^tyetD stanus probe faciebat in Glastonia. Sed enim antiquus
p. 93. hostis Bsepenumero aperta monstrabat impudentia quan-
pM82^' tus eum de prspsentibus livor angeret, quantus de futuris
183. timor torqueret. Armatus enim feralibus et malitise
suae congruis simulacris, beluinosque indutus vultus
crebris eum fatigabat impulsibus. Denique nocte qua-
dam orantem ter appetiit, trium ferarum figuram emen- 2 a^S!?
titus. Primo visus ursus hians et horrendis hispidusj^^*
setis; secundo canis prsemisso latratu torvos in eum
rictus irritans ; tertio ganniens vulpecula dolosaque allu-
dens Cauda. Quibus omnibus Christi signo in Aigam
aciis, non solum non motus sed etiam materiam ketitise
8
274 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
Dunstan nactus est. Severitatem quippe frontis risu solvens ultro B. p. 27 toMorn. injecit hosti obprobrium quod speciem mutuaretur ^g™' ferarum ; ille qui quondam par Deo appetisset fasti- Eadmer gium nunc se ostenderet in urso ssevum et sanguina- ^* rium, improbum et ingratum in cane, versipellem et mendacem in vulpe. Defeatedby 19. Coufusus diabolus de sancti victoria, consilia^ ut B. pp. 27, awake, he credi fsA cst, volvebat versuta. Et quoniam vigilanti non ^delaid asleep, at prsBvaluerat, arbitratus fortassis, si solutis in somnium p. 59.
the altar of * .. j • x i • i* r Osbern,
8. Geoige. sensibus eum adonretur, levi negotio cessurum, najs non p jqq neglexit insidias. Sedebat ille quadam nocte ante beati iSadmcr, Georgii Martyris altare, et exercitio psahnodise noctuf- nas protelabat excubias. Peccavit in psallentem lassi- tudo, qu8B paulisper eum dormitare coegit. Jamque somno in oculos serpente, et summissis palpebris nuta- bat mento, cum afiuit ille cui nulla festinatior est voluptas, quam ut bono viro machinetur insidias. Vil- DmM!«m . losam enim ursi speciem assumens, et pedibus super tortnke^^ ambos humeros insistens, pestifero hiatu minari et un- wSndVfthe ^^^^ arpagarc visus est. Timor quietem depulit, p«im. statimque arrepto quem pro more gerebat baculo, dum informe portentum percutere conatur inanes ventilavit auras. Ictus vero non cassis viribus in lapidem proxi- mum delatus, terribilis stridore soni ecdesiam implevit. Ita interrupttun psalmodise ordinem continuans, ubi dimiserat incepit; ''Exsurgat Deus et dissipentur ini- " mid Ejus, et fugiant qui oderunt Etun a facie Ejus.''P».i^ii-i- Quibus verbis se notatum intelligens hostis, exuit for- mam alienam et recepit suam. Namque nebulosa ob- tectus fiiligine, visus est paulatim ante oculos viri in subtilem aerem evanescere.
D^rtanhBd 20. Noctumo aggTcssui diumas successere insidiae. b. p. 28.
wuifrif' Habuerat hie sanctus fratrem, Wlfricum nomine, borne religionis laicum. Huic exteriorum curam delegaverat, ut ipse ab omni strepitu causarum feriatus avidius coelestia gaudia preelibaret. WlMcus fideliter et grate
ion
m
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSL 275
B. pp. 28, officium exsecutus vitee dies explevit. At Dimstanus Wuiinc germaiue necessitudinis pietate devinctus funus honorifice curari jussit. Monachi omnes, ut patri morem gererent, commimem dolorem private luctui accommodarunt. Ita- que quidam ut corpus adveherent longe profecti, quidam ut acciperent extra septa progressi, coenobium vacue- On the day
n , CI 1 t -1 .of the fiine*
lecerant. bolus pater remansit cum puero, qui aevo »i,Diin8tan, accedente factus episcopus hujusce relationis index fuit. with one Lento ergo gradu intra atrium quod supra dixi spatia-intfie bantur, adventum, ut credo, monachonim prsestolantes. narrowly ' Et ecce, dubium quo eventu, velut'funda emissus in^fens » stone mi- lapis stndulas everberans auras m Dunstam caput ve-cMt»fchim. nit. Nee vero ille praevidit ictum vel praecavit, sed DeuB ab eo avertit. Nam citra ullam liesionem capitis pileo excusso, lapis longe ' ruit. Bone Deus ! quid hoc monstri fiiit ? Mortales cuncti aberant, de puero porro nulla suspicio. Nam quomodo ei fuisset saxum jacula- bile, quod cum sibi Dunstanus afferri jussisset vix potuit humo tollere ? Prseterea forma, Summertensi pago incog- nita, omnem de hominibus suspicionem purgabat. Qua- propter daemonis fuisse missile telum, sanctus et intellexit et dixit, qui suae invideret saluti quam servire videret multorum profectui. Assignavit tamen cautelae lapidem perditum iri non debere, ut hostiles insidias monachi tanto caverent promptius, quanto earum formam conspi- carentur praesentius. B. pp. 44- 21. Interea suprema dies regis Edmundi mortis pulsa- i>an§tan.on rf hem ^^ januam, acdtusque nescio qua de causa Dunstanus ^^^n^nd^ p. 94. ' venit ad curiam. Pergebant ex more de villa in villam, ^^dorman ^^f^' quod unus locus diu tantam non sustineret frequentiam. ^"**"* Adeqidtabat sancto dux Elfstanus, et serebatur inter eos sermo varius, cum Dunstanus, porrectis ad agmen tubicinum oculis, vidit daemonem histrionicos motus agere, gesticulari et saltare quasi plane ipsum diceret inter ejusmodi artifices esse. Diu haesit obtutu intentoHeneian petujantiam hostis admiratus. Mox ducem percuncta- tus an idem ille videret, ubi eum nihil praeter solitum
s 2
276
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Elfstan* havine signeahis eyes with the cross, sees him alsa
Elfstan relates a dream.
Bunstan interprets.
The evil spirit ap- pears again.
The king sits down to meat.
He sees a robber and tries to ar- rest him, but is killed.
videre intellexit, " Signa/' inquit, " vir illustrissime, b. pp. " signa oculos tuos cnids signaculo, si forte possis ^^^ " videre quod video." Paruit is et non ^distulit : nee p. 94. mora, lux adeo dara bnita prius exacuit lumina ut non ^f^^*^' minus quam ipse sanctus conspicaretur impudentis monstri saltus. Inde abbas malum regi ominatus mor- tern ejus non quidem aperto sed suspenso prodidit vaticinio. Tum prsetenta cruce et disparente fantas- mate^ protulit dux in medium proximsB noctis somnium. Visum sibi regem inter medios convivii strepitus ob- dormiscere, proceres omnes in hircos et capras mutatos esse. Corripuit verbtun Dunstanus ab ore loquentis, et subjecit, "Dormitio ergo regis mors est. Mutatio pro- " cerum in petulcas pecudes est eorum vita putida et " lasciva perfidia." Mirum id dictu e^t verum ! Nam partem prophetise in tempom regis Edwii fortuna dis- tulit, partem continuo in effectiun rapuit. Quod nimi- rum palam fecit eodem die repetita dsemonis visio et inter ccenantes discursatio. Hsec adeo sanctus prseclare videbat et ostendebat, ut a quibusdam putaretur vel male credere vel parum prospere mente valere. Jam lux fatalis illuxerat, et rex auditis offidis ad curam corporis ab ecdesia in aulam festinabat. Ibi obvius quidam Dunstano rotulam undique perscriptam manu gestitabat. Consultus quis esset, respohdit Anglice juxta polite ut indigena, ex oriental! regno se venisse, quae- dam se regi secreto communicanda deferre. Ei nundatus jussusque introdud, reperiri non potuit. Hac de causa qusestione inter aulicos orta, dimi res diligentius dis- quiritur positis mensis rex discubuit. Adduxerat eo fimesta sors quendam sicarium, quem quondam viola- tarum legum retun patria expulerat. Hunc intuitus Eftdmundus, ira prsefervidus et animum continere im- potens, nemini quicquam dicens, in capillos involat. Latrunculus^ qui ad tale infortunium se paraverat, sica velociter extracta, regem antequam a sateUitibus ac- curri posset confodit. Exivit in orbem fabula, magno
J
AUCrrORE WILLELMO HALMESBERIENSI.
277
B. pp. 44- dedecore AngliaB^ quod nulla possit emendare memoria. Heisb^ed C^ben Communi ergo decretum consilio et funus Glastoniam bmy. delatum, ibique in aquilonali parte turns magnifice humatum. Id eum voluisse pro famiUari abbatis ami- citia per nonnulla claruerat indicia. Data in inferias villa in qua occubuerat^ ut quse semel conscia fiierat homicidii^ semper in posterum pro anima ejus esset adjutrix benefidi.
p. 94 Eadmer, p. 184.
1^
B. pp. 29- 22. Quia vero filii Edmundi pro aetate puerili ad reg- nandum non videbantur idonei, substituerunt proceres Edredum, ut regnaret loco fratrum suorum ; virum pad et justitise accommodum, hominibus morigerum et jo- cundimi^ Deo devotum non minus pene quam monachum. Temptabat eum frequenter improspera valitudo, et ve- hementer ad patientiam exercebat. Nam prseter alia quibus quotidianis horis anhelabat ad exitum, interraneo- rum maxima crudatu vexabatur, cibum onmem sto- macho nausiante rejiciens. Annis ergo novem in regno non tam vixit quam vitam traxit, totius corporis tor- mentis infractus et debiUs. Quapropter Dunstanum, qui eum primus in regem acclamaverat, et aliis et sibi prsefecit, ut pro sdentia imperitaret regno, pro religione mederetur incommodo. Prseterea quicquid pretiosissi- mum mortales opinantur ejus delegavit tutelse, thesauros ab antecessoribus elaboratos et sibi hsereditario jure transfrisos. Suscepit ille et suo reposuit monasterio, non auri specie captus sed depositoris amore devinctus. Tunc justitise normam per totum regnum extendere, et quse ultra vagarentur severe simul et opportiuie red- dere. Pati nullum peccatis insolescere, cunctis pri- mum Dei judicium, secundo legum vigorem, proponere. Guncta regis gratis, regis fidei, attribuens, magnis suis laboribus commoda ejus ssepe nundinatus ; Dei timorem semper prse oculis habens, nihil quod Eimi offenderet in se regnare permittens. Sciebat enim scriptum,
1^8. Pet. ii. « Deum timete, regem honorificate." Nee minus Ed-
Edred suc- ceeds, agood man but very sickly.
B. p. 29. AdJelard, p. 56. OBbern, p. 94. Eadmer, p. 184.
He reigned nine yean.
Dnnstan vaahis chief ad- viser and treasurer.
278 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Diin^'B redus grato benefacienti concurrebat animo, nee unquam withBdred. eum aliquis ullo potuit concutere maledicto, ut existi- 1 maret prave de Diinstano. Aderat ille pene semper et mansitabat in palatio, quamvis ejus curam cuncta in Anglia exspectarent negotia. Adeo eum amor regis sibi devinxerat; ut ne puncto quidem temporis abesse pateretiu*. Frequenter etiam captatis oocasionibus tum in etun tum in sibi subjectos perliberalis et munificus mSe ab^ fiiit. Denique Athelwoldum, de quo supra dixi, Olas- of Abiogdoo. tonia extractum in abbatem Abbendoniensem provexit, multa de suo viro largitus. Tantumque amori ejus detulit, ut raro stipatus satellite, ipse per se ad monas- terium venire officinasque monachorum metiri non erubesceret. Dnnstan 23. Jam vero relatu arduum est, quotiens Dunstano b. pp. 29,
"^JJ" ut episcopatum dignaretur sua^erit nee persuaserit. De ^^^^ duobus narrare suiEieiet. Etnelgari Cndiensis episeopi p. 56. senis anima, vetustate corporis deposita, in juventam ^J?™* aquilse transierat. Ejus locum Edredus per Dunstanum Eadmer, supplere conatus plurimas in irritum fudit preees. ^' ^^' Excusationis ejus ratio Aiit in causa quod dominum regem, et debilem, et prsesertim sui amantem, occasione tam longinqui episcopatus deserere videretur barbari et minime mitis animi. Prseterea rem esse magni oneris et se minimse religionis, nee expedire ut episcopatum accipiat nondum patientibus meritis. Ne tamen nihil pro rege, qui tam prona devotione amori suo deditus erat, facere videretur, de consilio suo electus est Al- woldus, qui maturis moribus juvenis sedi succederet boni senis. Hoc consilio rex dejectus molimen alterum On the aggreditiu*. Nam Elphego Wintoniensi episcopo, de quo EUege, supra diximus, ad felieem quietem composito, res su^- ia offered gerere videbatur ne Dunstanus ulterius petenti regi
him.
negaret assensum. Nam et ipse sanctus rudimenta religionis in eadem urbe eoneeperat, et Edredus episco- pali ecdesise honorificandse mentem addixerat. Quippe, ut verba illius qui vitam sancti Athelwoldi composuit
J
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
279
fi. p. 30. Adelard, p. 57. (Hbeniy p. 96. Eadmer, p. 185.
apponam, erat rex " veteris in Wintonia coenobii specialis Bdred's " amator et defensor, ut plura testantur " quae ibi larga Winchester. manu contulit. "Qui etiam, si vita comes esset, orien- *' talem portieum ejusdem ecclesise auratis imbricibus " adomare disposuerat."^ Ad hunc ergo episcopatum Dun- stannm sublimare iniendens, sed pudori suo consulens ne iterum repulsam paieretur, simulque sciens quantum foemina valeat viriles animos tentare viresque inflectere, mSthep*to* Elfgivae matri suae opus injungit. Monentis fuit sermo ^^J^ • ut Dunstanum communem amicum, tutorem unicum, precibus ad suscipiendum episcopatum impelleret. Id convescens faceret, quo fiebcilius hilaritas convivii et astantium frequentia etun a sententia negandi deduceret. Ilia, quse non minore dignatione sanctum suspiceret, nescio etiam an ei majori dQectione obnoxia esset, adomat probe convivium, adomato amicum introducit, affectat blanditias^ sermones componit, precibus pulsat, promissis onerat, postremo quantum foemina, quantimi amans, quantum regina potest, aggreditur. Sed parum procedit, parum aut nihil ille omnibus his motus urget J^S^J^^ propositum, rationes quas prsedixi allegans. Nee veroj^^^j^^ adhuc ilia desineret nisi sanctus nonnihil stomachatus ^^'^J^^'^ diceret, '' Certissimum tibi, domina, constet quod nim- " quam in diebus filii tui ero episcopus." Quo dicto et reginse sUentium et sibi otium indulsit.
24. Et quidem tanta placidi viri ex intentione boni pro- Dnnstan's
viairtn«
cedebat obstinatio, sed eam minus Deo placere sequentis
noctis ostendit visio. Qua etiam luce clarius constitit,
quanta iUimi semper gratia miseratio divina prsevenerit.
Adhuc puero senex in somnis apparens, Olastoniam per
eimi reparandam promiserat. Juveni seque juvenis visus
ad siunmos eum gradus provehendum praedixerat. Nunc ^^^^
vero ut omne visionum suarum eluctaretur involucrum, ti*© •ponies.
^ The passage is yery nearly in the words of Wulfstan, the bio-
grapher of 6. Ethelwold ; Mabillon, AA. SS. O.S.B., Snc. v. p. 600.
280
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He dreamed solvit Ipse Deus per apostolos Suos omne ambiffuum, B. p. so. jy^® quarum ecclesiarmn pontifex esset futurus palam pr«e-p 57 ^ B^p^ter conatus. Visus sibi erat Romam isse et apud apo- Osbem, |- PjjJ^dgtolos deposita oratione pedem ad reditmu reflectere. gadiAer, each hold-' Tum ad locum citra Sutrium venisse cui Mons GaudiiP-^s^-
ing^anln-
JSord? nomen a peregrinis datum. Ibi enim ab itinerantibus Bomana cemuntur moenia, ibi magnse vi» laboribus emensis peFegrini feUcis spei prsesumunt gaudia. Eo loci Petrus et Paulus et Andreas apostoli ei occurrere visi, singulos gladios tenentes singuli. In duorum autem gladiis eonun nomina legeres; porro in beati Petri ense aureis litteris scriptum cemeres, "In prin- " cipio erat Verbum et Verbtun " erat apud Deum." B. John 1 1. Omnes ergo pariU liberalitate gladios Dunstano pr»- buere, Andreas autem bilariori vultus Isetitia visus amicum peretriBgere. Quantum enim mortales possunt supemorum bserere contubemio familiari ab sevo ine- unte &mulatus ei fuerat obsequio, multa ejus beneficia frequenter expertus. lUe igitur quasi etymologise cog- nominis sui alludens, qua mitissimus sanctorum et sen- titur et didtur, simulque legationem allegans suam, suavi melo insonuit, " ToUite jugum meum super vos, " quia mitis sum et humilis cordc." Deinde Dunstanus
ThebkFwof dulci bcati Petri conventus imperio manum porrigere, blandientisque virgulae crepitimi persentiens, audire pro- meruit, banc esse pridie refutati prsesulatus vindictam, et ulterius non refutandi suadelam. Hoc exdtus sono finem dedit somno. Pro magno sane miraculo quasi
He awakes, alienatus animo, interrogavit prope accumbentem mona- chtun quisnam eum perculerit. Illo percussorem ne- gante, sobria tandem ad se re versus mente dixit, " Nunc " scio, fili, nunc scio, inquam, quis me perculerit." Nee mora, noctis reliquias in Dei egressus laudibus, prorum- pente diluculo, ad regem ingressus totius visionis non * falsus index fuit. Time gloriosus rex concepto vati- cinii spiritu, futura incunctanter exsolvit, gladios apos- tolorum ecclesiasticum significare pontificatum. Fu- turum ergo emn episcopum ecclesip'"un quse prsedic-
The words of 8. An- drew.
Bdredin terprets.
« 'W • ■
■• '"P"
'/ * '•«•-■ •■
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIENSI.
281
B. p. SO. Osbem, p. 97. Eadmer, p. 186.
B. p. 31. Adelard, p. 58. Osbein, p. 98. Eadmer, p. 187.
torum apostolorum operiuntur nutum. Porro scrip- turam quae de beati Petri micabat gladio, significare ftiturum eum in Cantia primatem ; ibi est enim Sal- vatoris Jesu Christi ecclesia; depostea protulit verba beatus et verus symmista. Dixit hsec ille, non conjec- tantiB animo sed veraci prsesagio, sicut et renmi ef- fectus ostendit et lectionis continuatio manifestabit. Quid in his mirabilius dicam non difi^o, Dei gratiam occnrrentem viro, an viri meritum concurrens Deo, an regis mentem accurrentem vaticinio. Sed Tua, Christe Deus, sunt omnia. Tua fluxit in Dunstanum gratia, Dunstani excrevit per Te gloria. Tuo munere fuit vera regis prophetia.
25. Non post multum tempus, Edredus, violentia morbi pressus, lento in mortem agebatur spiritu. Mandatum ergo curavit Dunstanum vitse arbitrum, mortis tuto- rem. Ille tristi perculsus rumore, celer equum insilit. Tantum morse in medio ut jumenta thesauris oneraret quos rex supremae voluntatis arbitrio dispensaret. Con- ficit iter nocte dieque stimulis amoris negotium acce- lerans. Nulla viro pausa, nulla requies calcaribus ; labor ingens subinde mutatis animalibus. Sed Deus et amici pectoris soUicitudinem, et afflicti corporis la- borem miseratus, utrumque demissa supeme voce com- pescuit. "Modo," inquit, "Edredus rex obdormivit in " Domino." Timi jimientum cui sedebat coelestis toni- trus impatiens animam amisit, sed ipse itineris con- tinuationi securior indulsit. Turbavit sodales vocis crepitus et animalis interitus, qui sonum quidem au- dierant, sed sensum non discreverant. Absolvit Dun- stanus timorem, rem ut erat ordine pandens, et pro regis anima preces Deo meduUitus fundens. Modicum inde cimi progressus esset, venientibus nunciis post nun- cios alteris post alteros, coelestis oraculi fidem approbavit. Jam vero, ubi ad locum perventum, fiiit videre miseriam ; exanime regis corpus pene sine custode jacere, familiam omnem diflFugisse. Momentum fortunse sequebatur pro-
He foretells
Dunstan's
promotion.
illness of Sdred.
Dunstan goes to visit him.
Heluwa waminKof the king's death.
He receiTes the news, and finds the king's bodyun- cared for.
282
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI
ijflgioctof cemin fides, et qui olim adulantes astiterant vivo nunc
theoour- ,
tieni. subsannantes abibant a mortuo. Fit enim fere in rebus
hominum ut in divitibus magis quidam secientur pe- cuniam quam gratiam, magis avaritise famem quam amicitiae fidem. Indoluit visu vir beatissimus, turn de- functi modestiam recordatus, turn in desertores vehe- biuS^at nienter indignatus. Regales ergo exuvias suo diversorio Winchester, intulit, eisque cum presbyteris et monachis suis justa persolvit. Mane autem succollantibus ministris, Winto- niam in episcopatum provectas, quieti setemse sedis imposuit.
Dunsttm retires to Olaston- "buiy.
Miracle of theflRlling beam.
26. Quo sepulio curiales ttunultus perosus monasterii sui sinibus exceptus est. Ibi duici pace componens animum religionem de integro novat, divinaB contemplationis sedulus explorator. Sed quamvis Mariae partem elegerit, Martham tamen non usquequaque aspematus, semper aliquid utilis fabricae comminiscebatur. Undo factum
est ut turri quae proximo facta erat tectum juberet Adelard, imponi. Fervebat igitur labor artificum, stridebat fu- osbern nalis machina immensas rapiens ad feifitigium trabes. P- ^d- Et csetersB quidem ordines agnoverant^ una vero ruptis, p. igg. ' ut credo, ftinibus deorsum vergere coepit. Tum fragore cadentis trabis et strepentis vulgi damore concitatus abbas impiger accurrit. Rpgantibus caeteris ipse imma- nitate periculi constantior et fidei arma concutiens, ore Christi auxilium asciscit, et manu signum crucis emittit in auras. Vis signaculi trabem ruentem retro depulit et in altum actam suo loco restituit. Hoc mi- raculum sicut et caetera quibusdam in eodem monasterio fratribus bonis erant ad augmentum in patrem gratiae, malis ad cumulum invidiae. Nee enim vir ille, cujus purissimam vitam nuUius unquam contagionis naevuB infecit, livorem suOrum effugere potuit, quominus in eum occultis dumtaxat saevirent calimmiis.
27. Sed haec postmodum etiam divino daruere indicio ; tunc autem causa exstitit ut omnibus pnncipibus patriae
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
283
fi. p. 82. OsbcfDf p. 99. Eadmer* p. 187.
B. p. 32. Osbern, p. 100. i^admer, p. 190.
convocatis ad curiam deesse non deberet. Nam e duo- bus filiis Edmundi superioris regis, major electus est qui patruo succederet ; Edwius nomine, juvenculus sevo, immaturus consilio, pemidosus omnibus, pestifer sibi; prseceps ad omne vitium, maxime crudelitatem petu- lantiamque; altera in omnium et in bonorum potissi- mum fortunas et vitas ssBviens, altera pudicitiam suam omni pene momento laedens. Captus enim miraculo puldiritudinis cujusdam Elfgivae, quae sublimitatem generis pravitate morum premeret, nihU non arbitrio ejus faciebat. Hserebat mulierculse filia plenis jam nubilis annis, quae genitrid baud absimilis, vitricum delinimentis etiam suis devinxerat. Ferebaturque Edwius lasdvire tam in matrem quam in filiam et in ambabus satiare voluptatem vicariam. Sed hujus dicti credulitas penes antiquos auctores sit. XJtinam in hoc dumtaxat sim vanus nuUusque ad imitandum mihi fidem accommodet, quod unquam Cbristianus se tali probro subjecerit. Enimvero tunc, sicut est ignara Aituri mens hominum, qui plerumque magno favore aliquid fadendum commendant, quod postea magno dolore factum deplorant, consensu prindpum aulam vacantem occupat Edwius. Convenerunt ad eum cor- onandum, ut moB est, omnes patriae magnates, episcopi et abbates, vodbus in gaudium profusis ftiturum sui dispendium uigentes. Dictis missis cum dbo curassent corpora, ille quasi ventris desiderio pulsatus primo in secretum, mox in triclinium foeminarum concessit. Cum moram faceret, res interrogantes latere non potuit. Tum Odo Cantuariensis archiepiscopus omnium sevo et gradu maximus, patemo cunctos frementes lenivit hor- tatu. Iret aliquis et regem, dedecoris quod fadebat admonitum, ad consessum reduceret optimatum^ renuen- tem excommunicationis minis percelleret. Cimctis pro inertia conscientiae fugientibus, duo se voluntati ar- chiepiscopi obtulere, qui periculo suo rem tractarent justitiaa, Einesius episcopus et Dunstanus abbas, par
Edwyifl ohoseii king.
His love for EUti^vaand her daugh- ter.
The writer doubts.
On theooro- nationda^, at the festi- val Bdwy leaves the banquet.
Odo pro- poses to send for him back.
284 VITA SANCTI DTTNSTANI
Dmuton insigne constantise nee minus affines sanguine. Abeun- B. pp. 82, find him tes comitatus est sedentium plausus^ more hominum??; _ women. qui nonnunquam in aliis laudare sciunt quod ipsi p. loo. facere non prsesumunt. Egerunt illi primo legationem y^^^* placide constanti animo non titubanti verbo. Yerum- tamen parum promoventes terruerunt eum excommuni- cationis suspendio. Volutabatur ille inter meretriculas, diademate procul excusso et humi jacente. Quapropter adhuc cunctantem Dunstanus apprehendit dextera, im- The crown positaque coroua violenter eduxit triclinio. Is nihil
lying on the . , x-ji-- . • •*•
ground. contra sive auctontate vin motus, sive conscientia sua territus. At Elfgieva muliebris impatientise signifera, torvos in eum vibrans oculos, "Quia," inquit, "tarn " audax es ut educas regem, velit, nolit, triclinio; fa- " ciam ego ut hujus diei meique semper memineris " cum potero." Sed licet iUa sacrilega in ipsum coelum verba jactaret, Dunstanus juxta firmitatem nominis sui, velut pelagi rapes immota resistens, ut coeperat regem educens prostibulo, coUocavit et sedere fecit in solio.
Designs of 27. Tum vcro mulier ad onmem se proterviam armans, B. pp. sa, woimm suasionimi suarum classico virum in bellum contra Deum OBbem Dunstan acccudit. Excogitato . enim quid Dunstano maxime p- loi.
and his j i • x» t x j. at 'a.± Eadmer,
monasteiy. posset esse dolon, leralia per totam Anguam nnttun- p. 193 tur edicta. Tunc res monachorum prseceps agi, tunc monachi proscribi, tunc monasteria fisco regio addici. Putabat enim adultera minus regise majestati conve- nire, si omnem in unum hominem vim furoris efiun- deret, nisi, ut de quodam didtur, incendium suum ruina extingueret. Jamque proscriptores Glastoniam venerant, et arrosis omnibus eimi loco excedere jube- bant. Convenerat frequens vicinia, velut ad patris exBcquias, omnes prseter paucos de quibus diximus et dicemus susurrones lamentabantur in coelum, onerabant aethera suspiriis. Interim non potuit dissimulare Isdii- tiam suam diabolus, foedos et petulantes cachinnos in
I I
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
285
B. p. 34. Adelard, p. 59. Osbern, p. 101. Eadmer, p. 192.
B. p. 84. Adelard, p. 59. Osbern, p. 101. Eadmer, p. 193.
atrio ecdesisB ingeminare auditus. Dunstanum auctor risus non latuit^ qui etiam quamvis majora urgerent, dicere hosti non abstinuit, "Nihil est, diabole, quod " de abscessu meo gaudeas, si vaticinari possis quam " multiplicius in reditu meo doleas." Cedendum ergo tempori ratus, ne prsdsentia sua fiirentes exstimularet, transito mari Flandriam intravit. Quo audito, altera Jezabel nihilo modestior ministros direxit e vestigio, scrutarique jussit eos quicunque sanctum Dei caritatis suscepissent hospitio. Omnes itaque accusati, proscripti yel absumpti. Quid enim non auderet furiarum max- ima quse illius oculos, oculos columbinos, oculos semper superius intentos, si forte inventus esset, intentaverat cavis orbibus evellere. Sed prsevenit audaciam foemi- neam sancta sancti viri providentia, immo ut verius fatear, Dei Omnipotentis Qui Angliae consultum vole- bat dementia.
28. Erat eo tempore Amulphus comes Flandrise, Elfredi superiorum regum avi ex filia Ethelsuitha pronepos. Princeps magnificus et Dei amori deditus, qui monas- terium apud Oandavium, olim a beato Amando episcopo constructum, nobiliter eo tempore ampliabat. -Oui etiam ad tutelam sui et patriae corpora sanctorum intulit, Wandregisili, Ansberti, Wlmari. Quorum primus Fon- tanellse abbas, secundus et tertius primum ibidem abbates, mox alter apud Betomagum, alter apud Seno- nes archiepiscopi fuerant. Hoc ergo audito et expul- sionis suse causis expositis, convenientem religioni suse benignitatem ejus expertus est. Siquidem eo jubente in prsedicto exceptus monasterio, non mansitabat ibi ut exul et incola, sed colebatur ut domesticus et abba. Frustra enim certabatur totis Anglise tumultibus ad- versus eum cui Deus aderat. Frustra gloriabantur quidam expulsum patria, cui familiaris sui Andresa apostoli non deerant suffi*agia. Ipse vigilanti qusecun^ que placita suppeditabat ; ipse dormienti consolationes divinitus exhibebat. In eodem quippe monasterio multa
jAiighter of the devil at Danstan's expulsion ; Donatan's answer.
He goes to Flanders.
Amult count of Flanders.
He receives Dunstan at Ghent.
Friendship of S. An- drew.
286 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
ei coelitus ostensa, quibus vel dolorem de suorum per- fidia extenuaret, vel exitium hostile cognosceret. Verbi causa utrorumque sequantur exempla.
SoiSwf ^^- Visus est sibi quadam noete in Glastoniae choroB. p. 85. giem^atiesse, ibique a monachis banc . antiphonam cantari J«f^'' ^"ly. audire; "Quare detraxistis sermonibus veritatis? ad
" increpandum verba componitis ' et subvertere niti- Job.vi.26. '^ mini amiciim vestrum." Ibi antiphonam interruptam silentio monachosque sdentia sequentium verborum frustrates, quamvis multipUci temptarent repetitione, nunquam potuisse titubantem memoriam emendare. Turn se vehementi eos invectione arguere, quod ita sequentia nescirent, "Verumtamen quae cogitastis ex- " plete." Sed mox divinum oraculum auditum a tem- pi! latere, " Ideo fraudantur horum verborum notitia " quominus ea dicere sciant, quia nunquam explebunt " opere quod cogitant, ut te a possessione hujus mo- '* nasterii funditus extrudant." Quibus auditis somno excedens, rediit ad vigilias, misericordi et omnipotenti Deo de tam manifesta consolatione quaJes decebat re- ferens gratias. ^^ irt 30. Nee minus mors Edwii regis, quae quomodo acci- OBbem, wuioui^ derit sequens libellus dedarabit, mors inquam Edwii ^Jg^ ^ mb^M^ Dunstano in Gandavio prsedaro monstrata est indicio. Eadmer, In ipsa nocte obitus ejus ante altare pro more orans^' stabat, ejusmodi quippe consuetudinem pene in naturam traxerat. Et ecce mirabile dictu videt cominus trans- euntes piceae fdliginis formam iadutos dsemones. Nee vero ipse more nostro inerti pavore refugit, sed dili- gentius in ipsas tenebras exacuens oculos vidit ab eis trahi regis animam continuo Gehennse mancipandam. 'Id illi et tripudio laetitisB suae et imperioso sancti jussu - coacti prodidere. Stetit ante oculos Dunstani humanse conditionis miseratio, et si quid residuum erat ranooris^ fiigit ex animo. Hsec consideratio scaturivit in corde beati hominis, et proAidit uberem fontem lacrymarum
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI. 287
ab ocnlis, gratum Deo sacnficium et suave holocaustum. Buiutan's Quod iUe prostratus in humum thurificayit in coelmn^ tor Edwy pro eo qui se patria expulerat, qui denique, suum san- guinem sitiens, cupiditate si non mucrone ilium liba- verat. Quo facto Dunstanus palam fecit mundo quam bonus esset in amicos qui tarn gratus erat in hostes. Oderat ergo in Edwio non naturam sed culpam ; ama- verat quidem hominem, execrabatur libidinem.
31. Hactenus librum primum protraxisse et de hoc The author miraculo dixisse suffecerit. Cseterum verba sancti ad pretend to daemones vel dsemonum ad ipsum. prseterea precibus ejus exact words
i .1 . , A . . . oiDunBtans
animam a dsemonibus extortam^ narrare refugio, quia imeeohes. ae
. . , . , ,. 1 . . Osbemhaa
in veten exemplan nee nsec nee alia perplura invenio. done. Talia enim novus scriptor, ut esset sermo politior et voluminis moles grandior, ex suo adjicienda putavit. Sed nos ea inserere £etstidivimus, inteUigentes quod nostrse laudis, prsesertim falsse, non est indigus Dun- stanus.
Explicit Liber prvmue ; inoijpit Prologvs aecv/ndi.
288
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Liber SecundusJ
The author haa com- pleted his work on the anti- quity of Glaston- bury.
Critioism on Oshern.
His account of his own work on the life and miracles.
Prologus.
Antiquitatem istius sanctissimi coendbii Olastoniensis, in quo coelestem profitemur militiam, alio opere quan- tum divinus favor affuit absolvimus ; quam si cui voluptati erit legere, poterit alias apud nos invenire. Negotium sane illud nos frustra suscepisse non causa- bitur posteritas, quoniam subinde legens intellexerit quam immaniter Cantuariensis cantor in describenda patris nostri vita peccaverit. Nam, praeter paucissima in quibus rectam semitam tenuit, multa sunt vel pene omnia, ubi vel turbavit miraculorum ordinem, vel minu- endo et augendo neglexit veritatem: rhetorum morem imprimis semulatus mult6rum reprsesentans verba quad dici quidem potuenmt in tempore, sed quis, quseso, ea nostro saeculo intulit int^gra veritate? Vix enim, vix, inquam, tenuis ad nos gestorum manavit fama, nedum ego crediderim potuisse teneri verba, cum ipso dicto, volatica. Nihil tale scriptores antiqui, secundum quo- rum tenorem ego, vestris obsecundans jussis, miracula ordini suo reddidi, et rerum integritatem restitui. Ad- jeci quae deerant, abscidi quae superfluebant. Sed huic dicto timeo ne difficulter ab improbis detur venia, quamvis, secundum sententiam oratoris egregii, in re vera crimen arrogantise non debeam vereri.* Inter quae notandum quod utriusque linguse scriptores, quos mihi ad exemplum dedistis, dicunt quidem plerumque unus plus altero, sicut se habebat scribentium memoria vel intentio. Caeterum in hiis quae utrique dicenda puta- verunt in unanimem concurrunt assensum, ut nihil
^ The second book is in a mach later hand than the first, but it is the only known copy of the work of
William. See the Frefiice to this Tolnme. ' Oicero, Orator, (ed. Steph.) s. 72.
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBERIEN6I.
289
videatur diversum. Solum excipiatis licebit quod dia- General
1 T !• J • J T 1 harmony
boll fantasma in urso, cane et vulpe, alter tempore ©^ the an-
,_^ ,,' •*■ cieut lives.
regis Edmundi, alter Edwii, Dunstano intentatum asse- nt. Sed quid hoc sugillare attinet, in quo etsi discre- pant de tempore, nihil dissident de facti veritate ? Nee illud generabit litem quod alter Ethelgari Cridiensis, alter Elpheagi Wintoniensis, episcopatum ab Edredo rege Dunstano didt oblatum; credibile enim est ut quod unus dixerit alter tacuerit, et rex utrumque ob- tulerit, sed de neutro impetraverit. Heec dixi fortassis quam lex prolog! sit loquacius ; sed, quia dicenda erant, non dici potuerunt brevius. Quapropter, quia omnia quae in scrupulum venire poterant vera fide absolvi, nunc' secundum librum de vita Dunstani ab ortu regis Edgari incipiam. Et quoniam primo minores ejus annos et gradus percurri, nunc eum per auxiliatricem Dei gratiam ad bravium supemse coron£e per summos honores deducam.
ExPLicrr Prologus.
Adelard, p. 56. Osbeni, p. 93. Eadmer, p. 183.
Liber Secundus. 1. Eadmundus rex, de quo superius diximus, duorum Edmund
t» . •!• • I. J • and Bl^vB
fratrum regum medius, in spem naeredum prunens, bad two accepit uxorem Elfgivam summo loco natam, pudicitia et sanctitate preestantem. Ea foecunda utero contuHt marito liberos, Edwium, quem superior sermo infamavit, et Edgarum de quo nunc dicere pergam. Cujus futu- ram magnitudinem et felicia tempora Ipse auctor felicitatis Deus Dunstano Suo prsenunciare dignatus est. Sub ipso enim momento quo eum mater effun- Prophecy of debat in lucem, audivit Dunstanus tum abbas vocem Ed^ar. de coelo dicentem " Pax Anglorum ecclesiae, exorti nunc " pueri et nostri Dunstani tempore." Audivit haec ille facienda, nos audivimus et vidimus facta, nam quanta fuit eis viventibus pax in Anglorum ecclesia non est in promptu dicere. Cseterum Edgaro defuncto
T
290
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
per aliquaata monasteriorum membra pax elanguit, sed Dunstano excedente hie fieuc bellorum setema, iUie febris interna malorum per omne Angliae corpus excanduit. £dKarinhi8 2. EdgariLs, per iQcrementa temporum in pueritiam contem- provectus, crebro adhuc privatus monstrabat indicio, cui monastic se ui regno applicaturus esset studio. Spirabat enim " tenera setas illustris et prudentis pueri, quod robus- tiores anni mirifico dedere affectui. Denique, ut in cujusdam prologo legi,^ qui regulam Benedicti Anglico enudeabat fuso, dum quadam die ludibundus sagittis exerceret animum, animadvertit procul sedificia magna, sed situ et minis deformia; consuluit ergo socios quid esset^ indaginem veri soUicita mente rimatus : dictum est ab eis fuisse ibi monasterium olim magnificum, nunc, vel bellica hostium clade vel tyrannica regum destructum, raro incoli habitatore. Timi ille levatis in altum oculis huic se voto fecit obnoxium, ut si unquam regnaret, et istud et alia in statum pristinum excitaret, per hsec Deo, Qui scrutatur interna, et hominibus qui pnesentem indolem futuri boni viderent interpretem, cams, statim ut anni tulere ascitus est in regnum magna hominum felicitate.
Edwy iKXiQ' cutesnis grand- mother.
8. Gravabat adhuc superas auras vivendo Edwius, OBbem, cujus quanto extendebatur vita, tanto augebatur malitia. ^'Jj^ ^ Nam prseter insaniam, quam retuli superius, in eccle- p. iss. ' siam et Dunstanum, etiam in aviam suam Edgitham cruHelitatem anhelavit et evomuit ; foeminam cujus nulla unquam littera digne mores effigiabit, nobilitate et re- ligione juxta prsestantem. Contempsit in ea Edwius dignitatem regiam, quod duorum fuisset mater reguni ; parvipendit generis affinitatem quod tulisset utero pa- trem suum; despexit annorum maturitatem quod jam
^ See Mon. Angl. i. p. xxyii. Beyner, de Apostolata Benedictino- ram, pt. iii. p. 77, where the Reg^- aris Concordia is given in Latin ;
the pro<Bmiam is printed bj Selden in Anglo-Saxon and Latin in the notes to Eadmer, p. U5.
AVCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
291
6. p. 86. Osbern, p. 103. Eadmer, p. 194.
B. p. 36. Adelard, p. 60. Oflbern, p. 103. £admer, p. 195.
B. p. 36.
vergebat in senium ; nihili duxit dapsilitatem quod esaet omnium gentium quasi fidum aerariuin. Consddit igitur omnia, interdicens ei curia et patrimonio. Non potuerunt ultra ferre AngU proterviam inaani juvenis qui etiam in proprios saeviret affectus. Uno ergo consensu plusquam civile bellum consciscunt. Quicunque citra Humbram, quicunque citra Tamensem fluvium populi erant, in Edwium pari armantur sententia. Ita laultis conspirantibus, nullis vel paucis auxiliantibus; fieuuli negotio pulsum ultra Tamensem reliquere, has interim ei partes ad tutandam quam ei poUidti fidem con- cedentes. Fuerunt enim semper tenaces fidei, nee un- quam in dominos quantumlibet asperos rebelles. De- nique per ducentos et quinquaginta annos audivimus, ciun eos West Saxonum reges multis ssepe irritassent injuriis, semper tamen illorum ditioni sucdduis sub- debantur saeculis. Quodrca cum istum, ut dixi, justis et necessariis causis parte tantum regni mutilassent, Edgarum fratrem praefecerunt alteri, voluntati nimirum Dei consentanei. Hie statim ut setatis infirmitatem, non enim major quam sedecim annorum erat, maturiori fiilciret consilio, partis suse optimates indicto convocavit consilio. Ibi cum aliis iUud prsecipue decretum ut privilegia ecclesiarum, quse saeculo suo tyrannus invi- derat prona libertate restituerentur. Quod ut enudea- tins fieret, Dunstanum ab exilio revocandum^ qui et ea omnia nosset, et quominus renovarentur nulli potes- tati pro consdentia religionis cederet.
4. Edwius interim fatali sorte vitam exivit, festinatae mortis benefido multis exemptus injuriis^ sive dolor repuls8B obitum celeraverat, sive sustulerat Deus homi- nem de medio, parum ecclesise profuturum, non dico multum nodturum. At Dunstano ab exilio reverso ab omnibus optimatibus libenter occursiun, a rege favor effusus, parum intercessit temporis et, coacto apud Bradford consilio, censitum est ab episcopis ut Dun- stanus episcopatus gradum sumeret, quo majori auc- toritate regis tirocinia posset regere. Tunc enim Ee-
T 2
This pro- vokes a rebellion.
He 18 re- jected by the people north of the Thames, but retains the south.
Loyalty to the West- Saxon kings.
Edgar at the age of sixteen be. comes king and recalls Dunstan.
Edwy dies.
Dnnstan is chosen bishop.
292
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
As biiihup of Worces- ter, he has the promise of 8. Peter fuUlIIed.
Criticism on Osbern.
Odooonse- crates Dun- Stan u archbishop.
nenwaldus Wigomensium antistes moriens ei locum vacuefecerat. Properabat quippe impleri quod viderat somnium, quod verius quilibet vocet divinum vatici- nium. Tunc enim beatus Petrus suum tradidit ensem, quum ei in Wigomia suam non invidit sedem. Nam thronus pontificalia in Wigomia nondum transierat in nomen beatae Dei Genitricis. Quomodo autem et quando transient sequens sermo elucidabit. Quo de- inceps ambiguo Osbemus multa casso labore verba consumpsit/ dum aliquid verisimilo conaretur procu- dere quare Dunstanus in Wigomia episcopus fuerit, cum cam sedem a Domini matre sibi datam non viderit. Unde comperio parum eum investigasse his- torias, qui suse patriae nescient ecclesias. In banc ergo sedem consecrandus, pro more Cantuariam con- tendit. Durabat adhue in rebus humanis beatus Odo archiepiscopus infractus setate sed integer mente. Is super electum ^t consecrationis solemnia, non ut Wigomiae pontificem sed ut Cantuariae primatem. Nee, quamvis multo drcumstantium interpolatus murmure, abstitit. Quinimmo susurros eorum levi sermone com- pescuit, non se oris vel mentis titubantia peccasse, sed esse factum suum non inane, ore suo loqui Spiritum Sanctum, Qui prsesignaret beatum illmn poet se fore archiepiscopum. Hujus denunciationis prsesagio Dun- stanus insignis omni constanti reverentia et reverenti constantia agere, vitae suae potissimum intendere, postea subjectorum mores non negligere, postremo tota niti so- lertia, ut minae quibus obstrinxerat diabolum prodirent in effectum. Credo nequam spiritum sSBpe momenta- neam deplorasse laetitiam, cum tantum videret a se dissociari turbam. Hoc quippe quotidianum pontificis erat exercitium, comminisci unde faceret' gaudium bonis, tristitiam spiritibus protervis.
6. Impleta erat jam visionis portio, pars implenda restabat. Petrus fidem poUicitam solverat; ut Paulus
6. p< 86. Adelard, p. 60. Osbern, pp. 103, 104.
Eadmer, p. 195.
^ Above, p. 106.
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
293
37.
Adelard, p. 60. Osbern, p. 105. Eadmer, p. 196.
B. pp. 36, idem £EM!eret supererat: Nee vero distulit, sed, ut h«' iK»comes credi fas est, exorato Deo Londoniensium episcopum in loTidon. quietas sedes traduxit. Turn vero rex, qui nullam oc- casionem prsetermitteret quominus Dunstanum subli- maret, eum ad Pauli ecdesiam gubemandam crebro invitavit ; prudens primi episcopatus administratio re^ aniniuTn exstimulaverat, spem auxerat. Nihil His re-
^^ lUCLtllll'G IS
quippe nimium videbatur committi ei in cujus animo overcome' ad multa gubemanda concordabat sapientia cum re- f}}^L^"jf ^ ligione, in^nium cum virtute. Renuit ille diu, frus- and the *
. . T-i • . proaoise of
traque tnvisset Edgarus preces, msi communis e})i- ^j^A** scoporum assensus renitentem superasset, quamvis et mentem ejus soUicitare potuit supradicta visio, ne ob- stinate putaret negandum quod per apostolum jam noverat prsesignatum. Quapropter subjecit jugo quod imponebat caritas ex fratemo episcoporum animo. Nee fdit hoc transgredi canones, quia cedunt leges humanae ubi promulgantur divinse. Quocirca nulla sanctum virum transgressionis pulset invidia, ubi non fuit am- bitus honoris, non appetitus potestatis. Nam quid horum in ejus pectore potuit esse qui fuit per apo- stolos designatus, per collegium sacerdotum ascitus ? Sed de hiis cuique liberum erit judiciiun, dummodo non avertatur in pravum, sed dedinet in bonum. Ego coeptam narrationem prosequar quomodo secundum pro- phesiam regis Edredi pro ^ in principio erat Verbum," tiio third quod erat scriptum in gladio Petri, fuerit Dunstanus remuiS^. ' oonstitutus princeps et primas Anglise in ecdesia Salva- toris Cantuarise: nee minus quomodo Andrese gladium acceperat, quia Rofensis ecclesia, eidem apostolo dedicata, sequitur Cantuariensem sicut matrem filia, sicut do- How s. An- minam pedissequa. Qui enim Cantuariensis archiepi- to be rui- scopus est in Rofensi ecclesia proprius vel dominus si S88VUS, vel patronus si bonus. Hoc igitur dicturus qusedam ad rem pertinentia prsemittam.
6. Maturus erat jam coelo sanctus archiepiscopus Odo, Death of poscebaturque a superis dvibus, ut ejus adventu eorum augeretur numerus. Nee ille vi morbi tactus, ulla
294
VITA SANCTI DXJNSTANI
£lf;fin sue cojds.
He insults tho dead Odo.
«
tt
tristitia excusavit adventum, sed " exultavit ut videret B- PP- 3^»
37
" diem Domini, vidit et gavisus est." Timi vero Adeiard, Edganis rex oblatum sibi tempus existimans quo Dun- P- ^• dtano fiEusere bene tantum posset pene quantum vellet, p. 107.* ut archiepiscopatum -susciperet preces ingessit et reges- ^^^JitT '
Dunstan sit, sod nihil profedt. Quapropter Elfsius Wintoni- 198.
cantorbury. ensis episcopus sedem summam involavit continuo, surreptis per advocatos suos regis edictis; homo in- tractabilis avaritide, ambitionis nimise, qui multum diu- que Cantuariae inhiaverat. Quod ipso die processionis SU8B dissimulare non potuit. Magna enim cum fiiisset pompa exceptus, sacrilegum spirans accessit ad tumbam beati Odonis. Putabant fortasse comites quod sanctse animsB vellet offidum deferre. At ille, O dolendum neEas, et tumbam pede depulit et in defimctum convida eflFiidifc. "Tandem," inquit, "vivacem animam effudisti, pessimo senex ! Tandem tua mala giatia potior sede cupita." Facinus miserandum et ssevum, fiiisse pon- tiiieem qui in memoriam defuncti pontifids tam exe- erandas ructaret injurias! Sequenti sane nocte, appa- rente sibi sancto, temeritatis admonitus et in futurum minis territus, nihilo sedus Romam pro pallio ire
He is killed perseveravit. Jam vero prope Alpes ventum cum
tiioAips. esset, miserabile frigus medullas concipiens, nulla copia vestium, nullo ignis admotu calefieri potuit. Itaque exinteratis equorum ventribus pedes immittens, cum nee in veporem eos animare posset, anima fugiente diriguit. Hoc in Angliam nundo delato, iterum ad Dunstanum de archiepiscopatu preces relatae, iterumque cassatse. Tum fuere qui dicebant Brichtelmum Dorsa^ tensem episcopum pro animi modestia et vitse munditia debere Cantuariam migrare. Facilis fuit regis concessio, qui ad hoc animum induxerat suimi, ut, amplitudine for- tunse non abutens, bonorum precibus refragari non vide- retur. Yerumtamen post paucos dies cognitum est, quia illud quod putabatur in Brichtelmo mentis modestia erat potius inertia. Quapropter remissions animi judi- catus minusque magno regimini accommodus, ex volun-
Brihthclm
succei'ds.
His weak-
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
295
B. p. 38. Adelard, p. 60. Osbem, p. 107. Eadmer, p. 198.
B. pp. 88, 89.
tate regis valefecit aJienis honoribus in suos regressus. His retire- Ita rex, adjuncto sibi omniulm episcoporum et procerum sufiragio. Duiistaauin predbua tentovit, nee destitit quoad ille importimitati succuinbens omnium voluntati manus daret. Onmes enim illi, non tarn hnmani casus quam divini nutus, servierant somno Dunstani et vatidnio regis Eclredi. Non enim otiosum esse vel in vanum cedere poterat, quod gloriosus rex per Spiritum dixerat. Suscepit ersq Dunstanus nostrarum ecdesiarum prin- Dunstan dpem, ecdesiam olim sibi prsBcellentis metalli. litteris oantoibury.
• ■%•%* ••• .1 -i«i n •! tuod. the rest
in gladio prmcipis apostolorum designatam. Suscepit of the Yiiion
Domini Salvatoris in Ejusdem basilica jugum, Qui
Ipse principium, et Ipse in principio Verbum, caro
factus est in fine sseculorum. Non minus, ut ante
dixi, cum Cantuariensi primatu suscepit beati Andreas
in urbe Rofensi sedem, qusa nunquam potest diyeUi
ab ejus caritate, sicut nee membrum a capite ; nihil
restat ergo de debito; solutum est quicquid debebatur
ex promisso. Itaque probatur non fiiisse frivolum
somnium quod tam nobili ordine constat esse im-
pletum.
7. Pro more igitur antecessorum, pro insigni primatus He ffoes to sui suscipiendo ad Romam iter composuit. Currente tWiT. per regiones vise coterminas fama^ turmatim ad eum ruebant populi, hii victum, hii vultum, omnes benedic- tionem ejus optantes. Impartiebat ipse omnibus neces- sarian et dabantur eo jubente cibi, effimdebaturque pecu- nia. Suggerentibus ciborum ministris, jam exhaustum esse marsupium, jam in angusto esse victum, semper ms uyish praetendebat Christum, darent ilK libere^ redderet Chris- the wi^^ tus liberaliter. Prseterea convenire archiepiscopo ut omni die omnem hominem suo illustret beneficia Non erat ministris obniti constantia auctoritate viri devinc^ tis. Ita quamvis darentur omnia qu8B vel extulerant patria vel largitas contulerat aliena, nunquam tamen eis defuit Christus. Denique cum quadion die, con-
I-
296 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANX
CompUints sumptis sumptibus, ne diumus quidem suppeteret vie- b. pp. 38, stexxard. tus, secessit pontifcx jam Hiatus hospitio, ut vespei-as ^^• hora monente conficeret. Cavillante interea ministro cui dispensandi provincia fuit delegata, quod firustra Hiswants sibi de Christo applauserat, ex insperato abbas e vicino supplied, commanens multa intulit xenia, tanta eongessit obsonia, ut eo et sequentibus diebus non solum tolleret famem sed etiam eumulavit satietatem. Sie ministro ne grun- niret cohibito, prsesul liberalitatis in pauperes propen- » V ^ ^
siop Homam pervenit, ibi ab apostolico Johanne dignan- v ^^'Tc ^
ter exceptus, pallium cum gratia, cum gloria reditum, .'- \\J^ c^y \ impetravit ; privilegium etiam intulit patriae quod hie \ <f ^ -^
pro antiquitatis indicio volo apponere;^ *
^rftnt!^ " J^^^^i-i^^s episcopus servus servorum,* con&atri Dujr- ^^ igje John « stano Dorobcmensis (eedesigB arcbiepiseopo vitaB *' per- j^/^ o ^^-^ bunstan. " manendam in Christo salutem. Si pastores ovium , , '
'^ " solem geluque pro gregis sui custodia nocte ac die; .x* i ^^ / I ' " ferre contenti sunt, et oculis circumspectant* vigilan- ^^ ^ *
V V , " tibus ne* aliqua/ex ovibus aut errando pereat aut
^ ' " ferinis laniata morsibus rapiatur ; quanto sudore, quantaque cura debemus esse pervigiles ob salutem animarum, qui) dicimu^ pastores^ earum ! Attendamus igitur nos officium exhibere erga custodiam Domini- carum ovium, et ne quasi lupo veniente territi fu- giamus, ne in die divini examinis pro desidia nostra ante summum pastorem ex® negligentia nostra ex- " cruciemur. Unde modo Eonoris reyerentia in subli- miore arce cdeteris dijudicamur. Primatum itaque tuum, in quo tibi ex more antecessorum tuorum vices apostolicsB sedis exercere convenit^ ita tibi ad plenum
•^
' ^
\
ce (t tt
tt
tt tt tt
, * Given also partly in the Gesta /Pontificam (ed. Hamilton), pp. 61, ^62; Eadmer, Hist. Nov., p. 128$ and in Mabillon, AA. SS. O.S.B. sec. V. p. 643, from the Fans MS. 943, whence the following various readings are taken.
^ servorum\ Dei, ins. Mab.
' vita ] tue tantommodo, ins. Mab.
^ circunupectant ] conspectant, Mab.'
* ne'] ut ne, Mab.
* ex] pro, Mab.
;: /-. t- ..■•■. • ■ ■ ,•• -• / •■'
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
297
?
(
". V*
/
* •
^
(C
((
t<
tc
It
(C
t<
ft
tl
«
<f
(I
«
«
<f
«
C(
((
«
«
((
<f
«
«
Cf
tt
it
tt
f ^» X t*^
/
u
r *-
/
confinnamus, sicut beatiim Au^stinum ejusque suc-Hovhe
WAS to llSO
cessores prsefatse ecclesise pontifices plenius habuisse thepaii.
digno8citurJ>) Pallium vero * fratemitati tu8B ex more
ad Missarum solemnia celebranda commendamuS; quo /; ;
tibi non aliter, ecdesiae tuse privilegiis ill suo statu /
manentibus, uti concedimus,* _nisij|uem usum ante-
cessores vestri* prodiderunt. Neque tua prudentia*
boc incogmtuin habet,®^ quoniam indumenti honor
moderatione actuum tenendus ^ erit, honestati morum
tuoTum haec omamenta convenUnt, quatinus auctore
Deo possis esse conspicuus, ita ut vita tua filiis tuis
sit regula, et in ipsa si qua tortitudo® illis inest,
dirigatur, dum in ea quod imitentur aspiciunt,® in / /
ipsa semper considerando proficiant^ ut tecum Deum
per hoc quod baie vixerint videre mereantur. Cor Good advice^
ergo tuum neque prosperis, quae temporaliter blan- popef
diuntur, extoUatur, neque adversis dejiciatur. Quic- C
quid Ulud fuerit adversi virtute in Christo patientise ^®
devinciatur. Nullum apud te locum favor indiscre-
tus inveniat, in omnibus discretionem alii in te cog-
noscant. Insontem apud te culpabilem suggestio
mala non faciat. Nocentem gratia non excuset.
Remissum te delinquentibus non ostendas, nee quod
illis non profiierit hos perpetrare permittas. Sit in
te ^^ boni pastoris dulcedo, sit et judicis severa de-
strictio. Unum scUicet quo innocentes foveas, aliud
quo inquietos feriendo a pravitate compescas. Sed
quoniam nonnunquam prsepositorum zelus, dum dis-
<r^"
? I
r-
ix
1 Primatum . . digw>9ciiur\ ** HflBC « desiint in MS." Mab.
' vero"] autem, Mab.
' concedinnu'] nisi solommodo in Nativitate Domisi 'et in Epipbaniay atque in Resurrecttone^et Ascensione Domini, ac Fentecosten, pariterqne in AasumptioneDei genitricis Maris, seu in natalitiis apostolonun ; yerum etiam in consecratione episcoponun atque in natalis tui die, necnon in
die consecrationis ecclesise, quern usum, &c., ins. Mab.
• vestn] nostri, Mab.
' tua prudentia'] tuus usus, Mab.
• kabet'] vel cigusque, iuB. Mab.
7 tenendus'] tremendus, Mab,
8 tortitudo'i fortitude, Mab.
• aspieiunt'} aspiciant, Mab.
»o patientia] a te, ins. Mab. ; de- vincatur, Mab. " te] et, ins. Mab.
\ \
ti <t « « tf
' ^ .-' :
298 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Pmiiege " trictius malorum vindex est, transit in crudelitatem, toDiSLi " correptionem * in judido re&sena, et censuram dis- " ciplinas discute, ut et culpas ferias, et a dilectione " perversomm quos corripis* non recedas. Misericor- diam, prout virtus patitur, pauperibus exhibe, oppres- sis defensio tua subveniat; opprimentibus modesta ratione contradicas. Nullius faciem contra justitiam accipias. Nullum quaerentem justa despicias. In custodia sequitatis excellas, ut nee divitem pro poten- / " tia sua apud vos aliquid quserentem ^ extraTviam^'de / S i^ ^^^'^'^^ " aecusatione audias ; nee pauperem faeiat liumililas " sua desperare ; quatenus Deo miserante talis possis' ' ^ " existere qualem sacra lectio prsecipit dicens, 'Oporteti Tim. 1112. " ' episcopum irreprehensibilem esse.' Sed hiis omni- " bus uti salubriter poteris, si magistram caritatem " habueris; quam qui secutus fiierit a recto* tramite " non recedit. Ecce, f5rater carissime, inter multa alia^ ''' ista sunt sacerdotum, ista sunt pallii jura, qusB si / / " studiose servaveris, quod foris accepisse ostendis* / ^"^^"^ " intus habebis. Sancta Trinitas fratemitatem vestram " gratise Suse protectione circmndet, atque ita in timo- " ris Sui viam te dirigat^ ut post vitse hujus amaritu- " dinem ad setemam simul pervenire dulcedinery me- " reamur. Et hoc scriptum est per manum Leonis " scrinialis sedis apostolicse, in mense Octobri, indictione " iiiita. data die V kalendas Octobris ; anno duodecimo* " summi pontificis Johannis."
' correpttcnem ] correctionem, Mab.
3 corripis'] corrigis, Mab.
' quarentem\ om. Mab.
^ tnam] siiam, ins. Mab.
* recto] aliquando, inB. Mab.
^ oHendM] ostenderis, Mab.
5^ i.] u°., Mab. ; primo, Gest. Pontif.
® Ajb John XII. only reigned
read vii"**. for xii*"<»., or accept the conjecture of Baronias, and read " anno vi^. Johannis daodecimi.'' The indiction seemB to point to 960, which irould be the sixth year of John. There is no reason to question the genuineness of the letter, which is foond in the pontifical of Sherborne, a MS. of Dnnstan's own tirne^ in the Boyal Library at
from 955 to 964, we should perhaps f Paris, MS. 943.
AUCTOBE WILLELHO MALMESBERIENSI.
299
Adelard, p. 62. Osbero, p. 109. Eadmer, p, 203.
8. Beatum ergo pontificem feliciter totum iter emen- sum desideriis patrise sospes carina restituit. Cujus redi- turn tarn sibi prosperum quam suis votivmn, primo excep- tionis SU88 die in Cantia^ miraeuliun divinitus ofitensmn commendavit. Assistebat candidatus altari, archiepisco- patus sui redimitus insigni, cum interim templum lu- cida oppleyit nubes, et colimiba^ incertum unde, veniens, sacrificantem diu multumque plausibili volatu circuivit. Ad postremiun ejus vertici, familiari scilicet Sancti Spiritus subsellio, insidens, ante peractum officiimi non
labscessit. Inde super sepulcrum beati Odonis pausam , habuit, quod modo pyramidis in australi sedis parte I fabrefactum fuit. Quod pontifex intuitus tantiun reve- rentisB in sepultum concepit, ut non facile locum trans- iret nisi et genua flecteret et caput submitteret. Nee dubitabat cum omni occasione sanctum vocare et patrio sermone utens oondnna urbanitate, "Ode the goode" dicere.
9. Sedit ergo in Cantia Dunstanus, ut verbis illius qui vitam beati Athelwoldi composuit, utar, vultu angelicus, quasi columna immobilis, eleemosynis, doctrina et ac- tione praecipuus, prophesia prsepollens. Faucis profecto scriptor iUe^ comprehendit beati pontifids' vitam. Cujus ego particularius enodabo sententiam. Nam quod in Dunstano niton animi respondent claritas faciei, tes- tantur multse quas ssepe legi epistolae ad eum missse, quae nivi capitis candorem morum dicunt convenisse. Quamvis quantulum hoc ad ejus attingit laudem, in quo majora fuerunt omnia quam ut ea quselibet possit adomare facimdia^ nisi major videatur Dei gratia in homine quando hUaritas frontispicii concordat pectoris puritati ! Fuit porro vir ille columna immobilis, quo- niam nullius unquam potestatis terrore concussus est a
Dunstan's return.
MiraculouM event at his first visit to Canterbury.
Dunstui^ character a archbishop.
Ezpofiition of tlie words of the bio-
f-apher of thelwold.
> Wulfetaiiy the biogn^er of S. Ethelwold; MabiUon, AA. SS. O.S.B. ssec. y. p. 601 : ** Mansit in " Cantia triginta et leptem annis
'* quasi columna immobilis, doctrina '* et actione precipuus, angelieo " Tultn decorus, eleemosynis et pro- phetia pnepoUettB."
«
300 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
ExoQMes of veritatis soliditate. Namque, ut a sanctuario Dei exor- Osbem,
the secular «.. 1 1 a
cierS? diar, eo tempore omnium ecclesiarum in AngUa clericiPPj^*^' omnino a canonum regula desdverant, nundinis negotio- Eadmer, ' rum dediti ; alese lusores studiosi, fluxu vestium, volupta- ^' turn luxu, laicis vel pares vel prseminentes ; cibo intenti ad gulam, potui ad vomicam ; litterarum perinde nescii, quasi dedecus esset si clerici essent litterati ; usitata offi- cia citra intellectimi verborum vix segreque balbutientes. prevents Huic verecundsB miseriaB et miserae verecundise antistes m^ou'^ ! medehidum arbitratus, ita consilium expedivit, ut nullum Adelard, ad ecclesiasticos honores, episcopatus dico, aspirare pate- ^'^^' , retur, nisi religiossB vits& abbatem aut monachum j id ideo ut subjectis clericis talas pnesules verbo et exemplo fadenda formarent. Paruerunt sedulo pontifices summo primati ad emendationem dericorum ; parum propemodum tod orders hac profecerunt industria. Tiun ille severioribus reme- livecanon- diis inveteratos resdndens morbos, dericos omnes hoc
ically. '
oonvenit edicto ; " aut canonice vivite aut ecclesiis exite."
Illi calcantes contra stimxdum, mollioremque vitam
eligentes, ecclesias monachis vacuarunt. Cumque mise-
. rabiliter per patriam vagabundi a fortums suis exularent,
et regem et principes fautores apud archiepiscopum
The king . habucrunt ut sententiam temperaret. Verumtamen
but after- nimquam ille ullis predbus addud potuit ut canonicos
wards com- .i-i .. . . -n ^
pels them to sumptus habcreut qui canomce vivere nollent. Qua- propter rex rei sequitate et archiepiscopi voluntate permotus, cessavit ultra illis suum exhibere favorem, qui turpiter viventes antistitis non mererentur absolu- tionem, quia vulnerarent mentem. Nihil enim putabat expet^ndum quod vel saltem ejus turbaret vultum, in omnibus ei deferens obnoxius ut gratissimo parenti filius. Nam ubi antistitis in delinquentes minus ope- rabatur sermo, ipse judicium exserens legali utebatur gladio, omnes legum rebelles earundem severitate coer- Treatment ccus. Itaquc omnes vcl clam ftires vel palam prae- i andftrauda- dones cxitio dati vel exilio deportati. Monetarii qui
lent money- , * ■*■
ew- damno provincialium suum infarciebant marsupium, si
oorrigi nollent, pedibus et pugnis cxspoliati. Veneficae,
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
301
Osborn, p. 110.
Adelard, p. 67. Osbem, p. 106. Eadmer, p. 200.
et quae caritatem connubii oblitse viros necassent, in- cendio datae. Alieni matrimonii expugnatores ab ecclesise liminibus coherdti. Qui conjugia incesta con- traxerant diducti ; quod si qui eorum opibus freti, subreptitiis a rege vel apostolico papa epistolis niti ccepissent, nihil quod suis artibus conducerent in Dun- stwii pectore invenientes, vigorem apostx>licum inflexi- bilem in eo mird,bantur. Haec erat columnae immobilis constantia, hoc robur, hie status, quibus factum est ut omnes peccata committere timerent, dum ilia impunita non fore scirent.
Dunstan's
Bcverity
against
unlawful
maiTiages.
10. Jam vero quam liberalis ilia qute \Tilgo dicitur His Uberai- eleemosyna in pauperes fuerit, alio scripto non constat. Verumtamen hujus fides non vacillat. Quod si gratimi Deo est perituras hominum cames cibo ne deficiant sustentare, quam eo gratius monasteria in setemum victura a fundamentis erigere. Hsec sunt illius opera in Domino stabilita. Has ejus eleemosynas enarrabit omnis ecclesia sanctorum. Nam si Osbemo credimus * The monas- quinque monasteria de suo patrimonio fecit ; Glasto- founded, niense vero monachis, prsediis, aBdificiis ampliavit. Antiquum id quidem, ut dixi, et multum ejus antici- pans tempora, sed quod, ut prioribus veterem funda- tionem, ita Dunstano novam sublimitatem debeat. 1 Certe quod procul ambiguo et exacta fide dico,* coeno- (bium Malmesberiense, clericis ejectis quos Edwius §*« B>ft« to ! intruserat 'illuc, ad priiStiniun statum, id est ad mona- ^^^* I chorum habitationem reparavit. Multa ibi largitus in- signia, quorum qusedam ad hunc diem oblivionis seniimi potuerunt eluctari. Mirse magnitudinis signa, non quidem, ut nostra fert setas, dulci sed incondito sono strepentia, organa quae concentu suo in festivitatibus
' Above, p, 89.
' Much of what follows about Malmesburj is also in the Gesta
PoDtificum, pp. 407, sq., aud in the book de Antiquitate Eccl. Glaston., Gale, pp. 324, 325.
302
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan^s gifts to Malmes- buiy.
He trans- lates the bones of S. Aldhehn.
His fore- sight in doing BO.
He appoints Slf ric abbot, and after- wards bishop of Crediton.
Isetitiam populo exdtarent, in quorum circuitu hoc distichon littens seneis Affixit,
" Organa do sancto prtesul Dunstanus Adhelmo ; " Perdat hie fietemum qui vult hinc tollere regnum."
De fulvo aere vas aquatile fiisiK opere, in quo scriptum erat cemere,
" Idriolam hanc fundi Dunstan mandaverat archi- " Prsesul ut in templo sancto serviret Aldhehno."
Erant tunc ejusdem Sancti Aldhehni ossa composita in scrinio^ pretiosi metaUi mole operosa. Hsec ille scrinio exempta reposuit tumulo, dictante Spiritu, non ignarus quatenus post dies suos Danorum turbo pro- vinciam esset inquietaturus ; maturum commentus con- silium ne quis barbarus auri specie captus scrinium occuparet, ossa quoque pariter exportata et sanctissimos cineres coelo aHcubi exponeret. Et certe paidominus contigit quod spectabUis viri providentia cavit, quamvis ultioni suse Aldhelmus non defuerit; dum enim Dani post multos annos per monasterium grassarentur, unus eorum cui mens praeruptior, extracto culteUo, aurum excrustare conatus, sine meute in terram ruit retroac- tus et illisufl. Sed heec postmodum ; tum vero Dunsta- nus ibidem ElMcum, cui multum religionis, plurimum litterarum inesse cognoverat, abbatem constituit ; nee multo post in episcopatum Cridensem, qui nimc Exo- niensis, promovit;i virum singularis utrobique industriro, hie in construendis sediiaciis, ibi in refrsenandis clericis. TaJia archiepiscopus eleemosynse opera per totam sere- bat Angliam, commilitonibus suis fortissimis et magna- nimis viris singulas provincias delegans, et rempublieam Dei multorum collato umbone et communicato labore velut strenuissimus imperatorum administrans.
Bunstan'i 11. Doctnnam multam, sicut ante dictum est^ per Dei ^""'''^ gratiam hauserat, quia in ejus animo cum strenuitate
1 Elirio sttcoeeded Sidanan as bishop of Crediton in 977.
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI. 303
studii prsecedebat vivacitas ingenii. Doctrinae porro res Hia power duse adminiculabantur, eloquentia elimata sed illabo- ine;- rata^ dictorumque executio prompta et impigra. Neque enim tantam procerum cervicositatem suo imquam sub- didisset eloqiiio, si ei defuisset bona operatic ; quorum' alterum in prsedicatore pendet ex altero, quia neutrum valet, vel si bona dicta male vivendo destruxeris, vel bonum exemplum sermone non firmaveris. Utrumque autem in Dunstano vigebat, qui esset et facundus verbo et foecundus exemplo. Sed quod dico proprio Examples nititur argumento, si quam efficax ejus in auditori- pupUs. bus fuerit doctrina paucorum discipulorum exemplo monstravero.
12. Athelwoldus, ut supra dixi, ex monacho Glasto- Btheiwoid niensi abbas Abbendoniensis, idemque post episcopus Win- WmcEeeter toniensis, tot et tanta monasteria fecit quod vix modo three mon- videatur credibile, ut talia fecerit unius urbis episcopiis qualia vix posset rex Angliee totius. Mentior si non palam sit quod loquor^ qualia s\mt coenobia de Heli, Burhc, Thomi ; quae ille a fundamentis suscitavit et sua industria perfecit. QuaB cum semper exactorum vellitaB nequitia, sunt nihilominus habitatoribus suis suffidentia.
Taceo quod monasteria quae sunt apud Wintoniam mo- nachis vel monachabus replevit ; quod clericos de epi- soopatu projecerit, qui cum, data optione ut aut regula- riter viverent aut loco cederent, magis delicatam vitam elegissent, pulsi nee unquam redire permissi sunt.
13. Oswaldus Odonis archiepiscopi nepos per Dunsta- Oswald num Wigomiensis episcopus et Eboracensis archiepisco- Wo^rter pus, titxdos non inferiores Athelwoldo promeruit. Nam easdem terens orbitas, monachorum regulam jure suo am- pliavit, monasteria plura, inter quae praecipuum Bamsi-
ense, construens. Sedem episcopalem Wigomiae clericis placed ,
• 1 . -I . • . • , . monks in
non VI expulsis, sed sancto mgemo circumventis, regu- wscathe- laribus implevit monachis ; siquidem ecclesiam beati
304
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
He^worships Petri, cui sedos ilia serviebat antiquitus, artifici negli- ?Sia^^^' gentia destituens pnesentia sua, in ecclesia beatsa Dei Genitricis, quam in cimiterio construxerat, cum inona- chis suis pontificale officium agebat. Ita popuUa ad episcopum et monachos confluentibus, clerici destituti aut effiigere aut monachatui coUum subdere.
Sanctissimae memoriae Wlsius,^ ex abbate Westmo- nasierii Dunstano agente Sirebumensis episcopus, mo- nachos ibidem posuit, posteris factum vel gaudendo semulantibus vel invidendo patientibus. Ita per bea- tum archiepiscopum multiformi sanctorum lampade An- gliam serenante, crassae tenebrae vitiorum evanuere. Sic vigebat religio, sic florebat justitia, sic omnia bona, ut crederes de coelo renidere sidera.
Wulfsige introduoes monks at Sherborne.
GoodeflDBct 14. Postremo in Edgari regis pectore, quantam Dun- Stan's ooun- staui doctrina frugem tulerit, grave cogitatu, nedum non Edgar. facilc dictu. Nam praeter severitatem in improbos quam superius explanavi, bonis didcis, religiosis acclivis, mo- nachis affabilis erat. Nee idlus fere annus ejus in chronicis praeteritus est, quo non magnum aliquod et patriae necessarium fecerit, quo non monasterium no- vum fandaverit. Nemo ejus tempore privatum latro, nemo popularis praedo, nisi qui mallet in fortuna^ gras- sari alienas propriae vitae dispendio. Per haec Dei favore tuto quantum pacis arriserat, quantum favoris suorum, quantum timoris hostium accesserit, libenter dicerem, si non a proposito vagabundus indulgere vi- derer eloquio. Caeterum cui curae sit de talibus legere,
^ Tlie ancient lut of the bishops of Sherborne in the Sherborne Pon- tifical (MS. Paris,' 943) waB drawn up in the time of Ethelric, who pre- sided there from 1001 to 1009. It contains two persons named Wolf- sige who were contemporaiy with Dnnstan, one of whom, however,
disappears from the charters in 958, before Dnnstan was archbishop, and the other appears as bishop only in 992, four years after Dunstan's death. The letter to Wulfsige as- cribed to Dunstan, which will be given below, must be referred to another archbishop.
306 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
At Bath he tnim caritato : lam dbo curatus inter eos pro more B. p. 46.
tho^d^t^of assedit, et ecce ammo ooeimn transvectus, videt cujus- ^^J]^ '
Giaston- ^[^jq Glastoiiiensis scholaBtid animaTn supemis sacrariis ^Badmer^ magno angelorum plausu importari. LsBtatus de felidd^' pueri gloria, gaudium considentibus partidpavit. Pos- tero die prsepositus Glastoniensis eo venit, antdstitem de quibusdam necessariis coiusialturus, cmn statim post impartitam benedictionem interrogavit redone an secus circa fratres constaret. Hie, cujus menti mors innocen- tis exdderat, recte omnia Dei gratia et ejus orationi* bus agi respondit. Non se putare, retulit Dunstanus, eoB sine proximo funere fuisse ; tunc demum pnepodtus, memorise redditus, omnia dixit bene procedere, prseter quod quidam puer pomeridianis horis excesdt pridie. " Hoc est," ait pontifex, " quod dixi ; anima ergo ejus '' requiescat in pace. Amen."
b* ^hf^' ^*^' ^^ cumcoenobia csetera^ tum firequentius vidtabat B. p. 47.
J|«Jj™»^«» Qlastoniam, felidtatis et religionis sua^ nutriculam.
Biftage. jbi j^on ut in peregrine diversorio, sed ut in domes- tico contubemio, seposita episcopaJis comitatus pompa commanebat. Exierat quadam yice in atrium ecdesise spatiatum imo tantum fratre obambulante. El&ius ei nomen. Yenerat ad ocddentalem veteris ecdesiae par- tem, cum vox coelestis sethere pulso sonuit, ^' Yeni, veni, *' ElM veni ;" continuoque Dunstanus concepto vatidnio,
SmTfuS respiciens comitem, " Frsepara ergo/' inquit " te, frater,
dSaSS*^^*^ " ®^ viaticum compara quo possis ingredi tantum iter. *' Instat enim vocationis tuae dies." Faruit patri mona- dius, post paucos dies prophesise veritatem expertus. Quid hoc divinius, quid hoc mirabilius homine 1 cura- verunt alii paucorum valetudines corporum, hie depulit innumerabimim morbos animarum; fuerunt alii pru- dentes in sseculo, iUe et hoc non omittebat, et totus inhserebat Deo ; fecerunt alii duo vel ut multum tria monasteria^ hie a fundamentis multa extruxit nova^ et quae jam ruinam minitabantur reparavit Vetera.
wSRai^ed ^^' Interea Edgarus renundavit vitas, vir omni aevo atoiaitoii- praedicandus. Namque non iniirma inter Anglos fama
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBERIEKSI.
307
Osbeio, p. 114. Badmer, p. 214.
Osbeni) p. 118. Badmer, p. S13.
est, nullum nee ejus superioris sdtatis regem in Anglia aequilibri judicio comparandum Edgaro. Ita nihil vita ejus sanctius, nihil justitia probabilius Aiit, qui patriam suam prsddara fortiiudine iUustravit, et rerum gestanim claritate et Deo servientium multiplicitate, in paucorum annorum angustia rem sseculorum indudens. Sepultus est Glastonise. Corpus tunc quidem terra opertum, sed post scrinio in argenteo et inaurato locatum pro merito personsB honoratur. Succesdit ei Ed wardus filius, Edward sue- annitente Dunstano quamvis obnitentibus proceribus Dunstan's
. . ^ . , , advice, not-
et maxime noverca^ quse vixdum septem annorum withstend- puerulum Eirelredum filium provehere oonabatur, ut queen's ipsa potius sub nomme ejus impentaret. Elxtunc ma- litia hominum pullulante felicitas regni immutata, jam enim Edgarus in supemum regnum obierat, cUjus tem- pore futuram paoem coelestis vox Dunstano nunda- verat. Tunc ergo visus eometes qui vel pestem homi- num vel mutationem regni portendere pro vero asseve- ratur. Nee mora, secuta ^rilitas anni, fames hominum, mors jumentorum. Apud vicum regium qu8B vocatur Calna casus insolitus, quem equidem scriptores vitas Dunstani prseterisse miror, cum in chronicis^ ad ejus prsecipuam. gloriam annotatus sit.
19. Nam Edgaro rebus exempto, derici quondam abThecieri»
1.. t • !•• 1* •, I • attempt to
ecdesus expulsi rediviva prselia suscitarunt, mgens esse recover tiieir
.■■■•i-ii , J . 1 churches
et miserabue dedecus, ut novus advena veteres colonos with the expelleret. Hoc nee dico gratum videri qui veterem noWes. eis a longinquis sseculis habitationem concessisset, nee alicui probo homini qui sibi idem timere posset, quod aliis prsejudido acddisse cemeret. Ea de re in da- mores et iras surrectum et ad Dunstanum perrectum ; proceribus praedpue, ut laicorum mos est, sucdamantibus prsejudidum quod passi fuerant leniori oonsilio sucddi debere. Itaque firequenti synodo coacta, prime Winto- Oounciut niam ventum. Quis ibi fueiit finis certaminis alise "^^ decent litterse. Cum enim omnes adversariorum objec-
^ ADglo-Sazon Chronicle, A.D. 978.
V 2
308
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
A cmciflx fifpeaks.
Council at Oalne.
FaUoftiie floor.
Bunstan's escape.
tiones rationalibus responsis confiitasset archiepiscopus, illi contentione irrita, versi ad preces, favore optima- turn fulciebantur. Is responsum non retulit, ne vel in tempore optimatibus adversari, vel nefandis precibus assentire videretur. Quapropter Dominicse crucis imago quae adhuc Wintonise habetur antistitem dubie- tatis absolvit periculo, repetens tertio " Absit hoc utOflbeni,pp. " fiat." Sed adhuc non sedatis animis Cahise consilium ^^jj^*' edictum, ubi cum in coenaculo, absente propter aetatem p. 213. rege, insidentibus totius Anglise senatoribus, magno colflictu res ageretur, et v^simum iUum eccW murum, Dunstanum dico, multorum jacula impeterent convitionun, nee quaterent suas partes, cujusque ordinis viris summo studio tuentibus, solarium totum repente cum axibus et trabibus dissiluit et concidit. Omnibus ad terram elisis, solus Dimstanus stans super imam trabem quae superstes erat probe evasit. Reliqui vel exanimati vel perpetui langoris compede detenti. Hoc miraculum archiepiscopo exhibuit pacem de dericis, omnibus Anglis tunc et deinceps in ejus sententiam concedentibus.
Edward. 20. Intcrea Elfthrida mater Egekedi novercali odio
tired with . 11 • ••j* •■ x
huntiiu^. vipereum dolum rummans msidias privigno struere, quas stepmother, hoc modo consummavit. Lassus yenatione revertebatur propter laborem siti anhelus; comites quo quemque casus tulerat canes consequebantur ; auditoque quod illi in contigua villa habitarent, equo concito iUue contendit juvenculus solus, nihil propter innocentiam metuens, aliorum quippe animos ex suo ponderans. Tunc ilia muliebri blanditia advenientem alliciens sibi fecit intendere, et post libata oscula, porrectum sibi Heissioiii, avidc poculum haurientem, per satellitem, sica trans- fodit, quo vulnere saucius cum quantis potuit animae reliquiis sonipedem calcaribus movisset ad suos reverti, uno pede lapsus alteroque per devia tractus, imdante
^ See W. Malmesb. Gesta Regam, § 162, p. 258, where the story is tod in very similar language.
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIENSI. 309
cruore, indicia inieritus sui se qxiserentibus dedit. Et tunc qnidem sine honore apud Werham sepeliri jusse- ^Jw^^'j^ runt, invidentes scilicet mortuo cespitem ecclesiasticum cui vivo mvidenmt decus regium. Sed affiiit divinse serenitatis assensus qui innocentem csesum miraculorum sublimaret gloria. Quapropter Elferius dux, sacro EWhere corpore de ignobili loco levato, justas et egregias infe- body to rias apud Sceptoniam solvit. Creditumque et celebriter vulgatum quod propter Elfbhridse in Edwardum inso- lentiam multo post tempore tota patria servitutem infremuisse barbaricam, quam fidem minse Dunstani firmarunt, sicut paulo post narrabitur. Nam et regis Judgments sanctitas antistitis proxime attingebat gloriam, quod »untfyfor ejus suffiragio imperium conscendisset, quod ejus moni- tis patemsB religioms vestigia trivisset, quod ejus meritis commercium regni coelestis pro terreno fecisset. Ofibem, 21. Tunc obsedit regnum Egelredus frater ejus de patre, Etheired
p« 115. ^ * -x ...... •■• becomes
l^jj^n^g, cujus vitsB cursus, S8BVUS in pnncipio, miser m medio, king.
p. 215. turpis in exitu asseritur. Ita parricidio cui conniven- tiam adhibuerat immanis, ita fuga et mollitie infamis, ita morte miserabilis fuit. Ignaviam ejus -prsedixerat Dunstanus foedo exemplo admonitus. Nam cum pusio- lus in fontem baptism! mergeretur, circumstantibus epi- scopis, alvi profluvio sacramenta interpolavit. Qua re iUe turbatus, " Per Deum," inquit, " et matrem Ejus, Dunstan's " ignavus homo erit." Matris ergo suf&agio proceribus ^^. congregatis, dies dicta, ut Dunstanus adveniret. IUe coronation. licet infensus esset supersedit resistere, pontifex sevi maturioris et in ssecularibus emeritus; jam vero dia- dema componens non se continuit quin spiritum pro- pheticum totis medullis haustum ore pleno efi^nderet. Verba ipsa quae alias legi dicturus sum, quamvis, ut in prologo hujus libri dixi, eis consensum non obligem meum, qui verba nusquam audita vel lecta apponunt quia dici potuerunt. " Quia," inquit, " per mortem fra- Dunstan's " tris tui aspirasti ad regnum, propterea audi verbum concerning " Domini ; haec dixit Dominus Deus, ' Non delebitur " * peccatum ignominiosse matris tu8e et peccatum viro-
310
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
'' ' rum qui interfuerunt consilio illius nequam, sine Osbern, " ' multo saooguine miserorum provinciaUum.' Etveni-^-^. '* ent super gentem Anglorum mala qualia non passap.2i5. " ex quo Angliam venit usque in tempus illuA" Nee multo post simile vaticiniimi efbdit ejus pervicacia hoc modo irritatus.
Dunstan bribes him.
Dunstui's contempt for him.
Etheired's 22. Surroxerat inter regem et episeopum Rofensem si- Osbern, Kochester. multas, incertum qua de causa. ^ Quoicirca cotitra civita- P* ^^^• tern exerdtum duxit. Mandatum ei ab archiepiscopo ut furori desisteret, nee Sanctum Andream, in cujus tutela episcopatus est, irritaret, sicut ad indulgendum fSEtcUem, ita ad uldscendum terribilem. Verborum nuditate con- tempta adomat prsBceptum pecunia, et mittit centum libras, ut obsidionem solveret, pretio emptus abiret. Quo ille accepto, receptui cecinit, prodnctum militum feriari permisit : miratus Dunstanus hominis cupiditatem hsec per nimcios retulit; ''Quoniam prsetuUsti argentum " Deo, pecuniam apostolo, cupiditatem mihi, velociter " venient super te mala quae locutus est Dominus, sed " hoc me Vivente non fient, quia et hoc locutus est " Dominus." chamcter 23. At non ita melior Ed^ri soboles Edmtha; non thedaughter ita Duustani auimum offendebat, sed ejus potius gratiam ^^' sedulo demerebatur. Unde quiddam quod in ejus vita* legi, apponere non fastidiam : quod quia alienum non est a Dunstano, non interim a materia vagabitur oratio. Ea abbatissa Wiltonise, videratque illam Dunstanus in consecratione ecdesise Sancti Dionysii, quam ilia in amorem martyris sedificaverat, poUicem dexterum fre- quenter protendere, et signum cruds fronti e regione pingere. Delectatusque admodum, "Nunquam," inquit, DuiwtLn " putrescat hie digitus/' continuoque intra Missarum death. " ^' agenda prorupit in lacrymas adeo profluas, ut singul-
1 See the Life of S. Edith by Got- Belinus in MabiUon, AA. SS. ssc. y. pp. 624, 625. The story is told
by our author in much the same words in the Gesta Pontiff, ed. Hamilton, § 87.
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBEBIENSI. 311
tiente voce ut discipuliim propter astantem concuteret. Beique catisam quaesitus, " Gito/' ait, *' hsec florida rosa *' marcescet^ dto avis dilecta Deo avolabit^ post, sex ab '' hoc die s^timanaa" Consecuta est igitur rerum Veritas pontificale vatidnium. Namque iUa, nobilis pro- positi tenax, prsedicta die citra juveutaa terminuiu efflaVit, com esset annorum viginti triumt Nee multo post idem beatus vidit somni visione Sanctum Diony- Jinonpf simn virginem anucabmter manu tenentem, et ex ora- culo divino constanter jubentem ut a famulis honorific caretur in terns, sicut a sponso et Domino venerabatur in coelis. Ita crebrescentibus ad tumbam miraculis, edictum, ut corpiis virgineum levaretur et altius eiSer- retur. Inventiunque totum in cineres solutum, prseter "Wondenat digitum et alviun et alvo subjecta. Unde disputantibus ^^^^, nonnullis, uni qui viderant dormienti ipsa virgo aatitit dicens, "Nimirum^ si partes illse corporis putruerint, " quod usus habeat exanimata corpora in quosdam area- " nos recessus defluere, et ipsa^ utpote puella, membris i11i« " peccaverat; cseterum juste ventrem nulla putredine '' corrumpi, qui nulla sit unquam aculeatus libidine ; *' immunem se fiiisse crapulse et camalis copulsB."
«
Osbern, 22. Similem prophesiam in prsenunciando Adthelwoldi Prediction;'
g^^^ Wintoniensis episcopi excessu Dunstanus exhibuit. Is woWs p. 215. ' veniens Cantiam benigne et liberali aliquamdiu confo- tus est hospitio. Suspiciebat enim in eo archiepiscopus verse virtutis specimen et non fictae religionis simula- crum, quod ab eo in se rapuerat et semido exemplo prsetendebat. Post dies abeuntem, cum Bofensi episcopo He had been qui eo forte venerat, dignanter prosequebatur. Et jam terborvwith aliquantum confecerant^ et vesper ocdduus tenebris of Rocbeo- minabatur, quoniam in movendo moras nexuerant. Tum Bofensis antistes sanctum submissis precibus ambit archiepiscopum, ut non refutaret diversorium quod sui
^ . . _■__■ _■■
^ iVi'mifKiii] non mirum, G. P. § 87.
312 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Dunstan juris erat, vise proximum. Qui cum in Athelwoldum Osbem^ dSfth ot ^ suae voluntatis refudisset arbitrium, Adthelwoldo exo- jjato^^ rato, Rofensis utrorumque obtinuit assensum. Fugatap. 216. nocte, mane inclaruerat et iUi viam adoriebantur. Cum- que coUem ascenderent qui pluiimus villse imminet, postulant a summo pontifice benedictionem episcopi mox digressuri. lUe porrecta dextra et benedictionis ^erba concipiens suspiriimi dedit; liquitur doloris imber ex oculis, suceutitur singultu pectus, vestes lacrjnnis infun- duntur ; pavifacti ambo, tam subiti et tam eflPiisi fletus portento, inter se diu multumque mussitare ; demum lacrjnnarum occasionem placide percimctati, audierunt doloris sui esse causam illorum proximam. Contra illi orare ut asperum amoveret vaticinium, futurum Deo auctore saepe hujusmodi conventum, si quid pnesagii vidisset alio intellectu divinandum. Nee minus Dun- stanus sententiam astruere, sed spe blandienti lenire; morituros eos sseculo, sed victuros cum Deo ; praesenti- bus carituros, sed gaudiis perpetuis fruituros. Ita imus- quisque diversis affectibus viam suam abiit; ille vati- cinii sui conscius, hii curiosi de hora imminentis trans- Death of the itus. Et Bofensi quidem ingresso moenia suae urbis
two bishops. , ,. •, .. ., A xi_ i -I 1 •
statim occumt exitus vitse. Athelwoldus porro pnus- quam iter a Cantia emensus esset, decubuit incommodo quod eum intulit coelo. Cujus excessus magnas turbas conscivit in Wintonia ; clericis olim amisso loco inhian- tibus, monachis regis Edgari privilegia obtendentibus. Contest at Ita diun quisque sui ordinis cupit habere episcopum,
Winchester. , j* •• • ■. i, ••t\
partes fecere, crevissetque immams tumultus, nisi Dun- stanus arbitrium litis refudisset in Deum, orans ut litigantibus bonse voluntatis suae-objiceret scutum. Sta- Adelard, tim consecutus precum efFectum, vidit Andream aposto- ^^^^ ^^'
Dnnstanis lum Dei manifeste dicentem sibi orationem suam coelump. 11 6.
cons^to penetrasse, providisse Deum desolatae pastorem ecclesiae, p, 216!"^' *^' proinde securus abbati Bathoniensi Elphego episcopa- tum imponeret, cujus ad utramque religionem temperata tantam seditionem sedaret modestia. Nee potuit bea-
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI. 313
tus vates, quern nulluin unquam fefellerat praesagium, Etheired 4© visione dubitare, quippe qui fadem apostoli probe norat et ssepe benivolentiam comperisset. Itaque per nuncios regem Egebredum rei certum facit^ voluntatem simul allegans suam. lUe quanquam insulsus in csete- ris, in hoc tamen resipuit, ne voluntati Dei contra- stare prsesumeret. Ita Elphegus episcopatui datus, Ojreer of quinque annis Dunstano vivente, decern et octo post ejus excessum Wintonise praefuit. Turn archiepiscopatu septem annis potitus, postremo martyrium iniit.
25. Illud erat in Dunstano mirabile quod etiam verba Even the quae .casu non studio effunderet effectu non carerent, of Dungtan nihil unquam pene dixent, quod mam pondere m leves auras efflueret, ut illud. Opulentus quidam Alwoldus nomine piilsatus valetudine agensque poenitentem, mo- nachi pannos apud Glastoniam petierat et impetraverat. Accessio temporis, vel potius sanctorum virorum con- aiwow, versatio, inconfmodimi depulit, visusque est aliquanto oomea tempore intetrerrimae sospitatis compos. Qua elatus tired and
•X • -x 1 -x 1 X demandshis
iterum spiravit saeculum, concepitque regulae et monas- Foprty terii nauseam. Obstinata intensio perversam cogita- tionem aluit, donee rejecto habitu in mundum prosili- vit. Ante, ciun morbus insedisset pnecordiis, parvi faciens divitias contulerat monasterio quasdam posses- siunculas. Tunc vero abbatis et monachorum aures tum per se tum per amicos fatigabat de restitutione. Cum nihil promoveret, regis Egelredi animum oblatione nummorum tentavit. lUe, sub cujus regimine magnus erat labor justitiae, sub quo nuUus tutus nisi pecunio- sus, missis apparitoribus Alwoldo quicquid interrogabat in solidum restituit. Ita rusticus invadens omnia, etiam multa praeter haec monasterio inflixit incommoda, Dunstan
. ... . 8aid,*'Le
ut est agrestium cum incipiunt saevire protervia. Mona- foxes eat chi, ad unicum recurrentes patronum, archiepiscopo de fiigitivo monacho querelam deponunt; multis respon- dit iQe plangentibus, sed haec ftdt summa, "a Domini " matre ultionem exigite ; illmn comedant vulpes :*' quod ilium non crediderim dixisse maledicentis animo.
314 • VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
SthewSd. ®^ ^®^ P^ ^^*®^ lapsum vel vaticimo impidsuia. Nee tamen aecus eveiiit; nam post aliquantam iempus prsevarieator morbo oorripitur, excruoiatur^ defungitur, .
prims tamen, anima in egreasilm fesiinante, jujsserat ut |
AfiAiwoid's cadaver suum Qlastoniam deferretur, quatenns loeum^ gjMgt to quern superbe contempserat vivus, suppliciter occuparet ^^itis mortuus. Effertur ergo corpus exanime ; aliquantum foxes. vigB processerant qui ferebant, et ecce imdique vulpes,
incertum quo spiritu agente, ^ accurruntj; acdamatur imdique " Vulpes, Vulpes," et exceptum damorem ^theris convexa multipUcant. Strepit vulgus ignobile, ita ut vespUiones etiam deposito cadavere ad bestiolas insequendas incurrerent. lUse parumper fugientes mox compendiaria via sunt reversi ; antequam recurri posset, cadaver invadunt, corrodunt, disjiciunt; nee scio si aUquid superfoit, quod posset condi humo, tremendo Dei judicio, ut parum aut nihil de Ulo in placiditatem sinus sui terra susdperet, qui Dei matris benignitatem irritasset.
Besoription 26. Hactcuus foreusia eius lectoris notiti^.intuli : nunc B. pp. 4o,
ofDuMtto's . . . .. . . 1. 1 Ax • 49.
daily Ufe. mtcnorem vitam ejus paucis absolvam. At pnmum oabem ille vetus vitae scriptor eum observasse potissimum p- no. commemorat, ut nihil citra doctrinam suam ageret, nihil quod' a subjectis digne reprehenderetur aut doceret aut faceret. Et diebus quidem hoc fere modo vivebat, si alisd curse non evocarent, aut hymnodise jugi, in- defessseque orationi insudaret, aut Utterarum studio et librorum emendationi totum diem insumeret. Nee
His studies, aliud prseter curam corporis actitaret ; hoc post peracta solemnia, statim subeimte aurora, incipiens. Sin vero infirmis n^otiis hominum servire cogeretur, rectum
His disci- scmpcr peusabat judicium, ut nee divitem pro persona susciperet, nee pauperem pro fortuna despiceret; prse- cipuum studium habens l^tima conjugia conciliare, iUicita diducere, pronuncians frigidam esse virtutem sobolis adulterinse, et parum valentem ad defensionem patrisB quse fiirtivo eonciperetur calore : pacifiei salu-
AUCTOBE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI. 315
britate sermonis jurgia sedare, et tnrbnlentos ammorum His chsHty. motus in serenam quietem revocare, viduis et orphanis non solnm patrocinimn exhibens^.Bed etiam digilanter s.Jamei.i. eos juxta pTSBceptum Jacob! revisens. Omnibus post- remo panperibus ssepe et opportune adesse, hid victnm, illis vestimentum largiri; aliquibus tectum, nonnnllis nummnm, cunctis aimlium. iEdifida labantia et vetera His care of
. • , • 1 • 1 the monas-
restttuens, nova nee ignave aggrediens, nee avare ab- teries. solvens, provisioni mona^teriorum curam saam in patria exponere, nee transmarina maximeque in Mandria n^Ugere. Prsedicationis ex ejus ore manabat imber continuus; bonis lenis et proflnus, malis ut fulmen etHiseennons tonitrus. Hoc agere ad prsesentes verbis, ad absentes ""^ '^**'"- epistolis. Jam vero in ipsis negotiorum tumtdtibus constitutus, reducta ex his cogitatione, saape quidem oculum, semper autem animnm librabat in ccelum, nee unquam eum tantarum lerum moles inquietare pote- rant, quin animo tranquillo vultuque immoto decederet. Quietem mentis faciei commendabat alacritas, simulque quod statim imperturbato vocis sono psahnodiam in- His gift of cipiens in curam transibat animse. Quanta sane ipsi compunctionis inesset gratia, quae possit explicare lin- B. p.50. gua. Nunquam dedicationes ecclesiarum, nunquam or- dinationes sacerdotum sine lacrymis peregit. Quicquid in ecdesiis majoribus fiebat solemniis, suis nobilita fletibus, tanto diluvio beatam irrorabant animam, ini- guum superius, et irriguum inferius. Hsec diebus; noctibus porro nunquam ad plenam satietatem indulsit his empioy- somno ; nee vero pervigiliam fabulis vel inerti con- ^ht." sumebat otio, sed orationibus assiduis, • genuflexionibus, crebtis suspiriis ex imo petitis. Unde £Eu;tum est ut defoecato camis et mentis intuitu, utriusque substantise oculis hauiiret divina mysteria, dum adhuc gravaretur mole terrena, multoties audiens agmina supema suave Kyrie deyaon cantantia.
27. Quadam deinde nocte post multas vigilias delinito in soporem corpore, mente in coelum evasit ; ibi festiyam
/ . /
y «
316
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
mivu^nof {requentiam supemorum dvimn, ibi concentum insesti- B. pp. 4i, MMTuwe. mabilis suavitatis audivit. Sedebat mater ejus, iit^^^^^^ videbatur, instar sponsse compta crinem stellantepp. ii7, diademate ; sedebat inquam sublimi solio nixa, cuidam f^^Q^p prsepotenti regi nuptura. Erat magna constipantium pp. S05, caterva, fervebat vigor Isetitise, resultabant atria vocum ^^' dulcedine; solus Dunstanus diutumam premebat sUen- tium, vel melo captus vel gaudio attonitus. Turn juvenis de proximo stans, cujus prsestabilis forma reverberabat oculos, arguit tacentem, cum vel propter matris gloriam debuisset in Christi erumpere laudem. Cumque ille retuUsset se nee ignavum nee ingratum, sed hujus concentus esse ignarum, "Vis" inquit, " ut " doceam te ; " simulque cum dicto ita modulatus est, " O Bex gentium Dominator omnium, propter sedem '* majestatis Tu83 da nobis indulgentiam. Rex Christe, " peccatorum, Alleluya:" hiis verbis firequenter ad subsidium memorise repetitis. Pontifex somno amisso cunctis prope cubantibus monacbis et dericis statim verba et melum insonuit, quibus in disciplinam propere surgentibus, ipse interim largo imbre humectabat faciem, subinde repetens, "Disdte, filii, quia fidelis et bonus " est a quo ego haec didici."
The hymn he learned.
Hiayiflionat 28. Hac vigilaudi consuetudine, noctibus ad coenobium B. pp. 4S, tine'fc^' beati Augustini extra muros Cantuarise procedebat. ogWn In eo coenobio est beat© Dei Genitricis ecclesia, a pp. lis, Sancto Adriano abbate constructa. lUuc una noctium, ^^^ post consummatos in majori ecclesia psalmos, cum p. 208. tenderet, eminus quoddam coeleste murmur auribus captavit. Ulterius feUci audacia progressus, videt totam ecdesifim crebris micare limiinibus. Nee cunctatus cuncta rimari, rimis ostiatim patentibus oculo apposito, conspicatur in solio sedentem ipsam Dei genitricem, quam circumdabat chorus virginum, et vultibus et vestium cidtibus insigne Deitatis praeferentium. Has omnes domina imperatrix blando sono ad Christi laudem
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
317
pp. 118, 119.
Eadmer, p. 208.
B.pp.48, hortatur his versibiis, ''Cantemus Domino, sociss, can- Thd choixB Osbem " temus honorem, Dulcis amor Christi personet ore pio." mnRing. Respondebantque beatee virgines herse praecinenti versus sequentes hoc modo; "Foemina sola fiiit patuit " qua janua lethi, Per quam vita redit, foemina sola '' fuit.'' Magna sunt haec ad ostentandam hominibus beatse Marise dulcedinem, quam exhibuit servulo, qui eam multo mulcebat obsequio ; magna viri prseconia, ut, lutea nondimi compage solutus, videret oculis, haiuiret auribus quod in futura vita concredendum alii sancti magno et diutumo suspirant desiderio. Senserint alii quodlibet, ego unam beatissimse dominae visionem toti prseponerem mundo, et omnia miracula quae quisquam fecit facturusve sit in ejus libra minus pondero.
29. Multa sunt ejusmodi et quae numerum excedunt, No words nee erit ulla meta referenti, qui consideret quantum happineM of Anglia bononim virorum copia et pads sereno florueritunSerbixo. per gratiam Dei agente Dunstano, viro cujus, ut ita dicam, vita tota in virtutes transierat. Fauca tantum :
eademque strictim libavimus, propenso ad utrumque consilio, ut lectoris mederemur fastidio. Nunc quia sufficienter ostensum et pene digito notatum quam pure et gratiose hunc incolatum coluerit, restat paucis absolvere quam sancte et gloriose migravit ad patriam. In quibus dicendis, sicut et in antedictis, hanc paciscor regulam, ut nihil verborum apponam nisi quod veterum scriptorum adomet sententiam.
30. Annus erat Incamationis Domini nonsfentesimus vision of ^^j^^'pp octogesimus octavus, et in Ascensione Domini, quae the eve of 120,121. tunc ad xvi. kalendas Junias fuit, Dunstano in coelum i>ay.i«8.
Adelard, pp. 64, 66.
Eadmer, pp. 217, 218.
struebatur ascensus. Cujus rei gloriam praesaga mente vidit Elfgarus, tunc beati antistitis curiaCs presbyter, post episcopatui datus, qui tunc apud Helmam, nunc apud Norwic sedem tenet. Is igitur ipsa Dominicae As- censionis nocte praeclarum imaginatus est somnium, esse se in Salvatoris ecdesia^ sedere Dunstanum in throno
318 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
vuiqp of pontificaJi forma quam solebat augustiorL Turn imdatiin Ad«iard« per omnes fores angelomm catervas imiere, adeo ut osbern confertse multitudinis constipatione videretur ostLiun pp- i^o,
121
laxari capacitas. Compositis autem ordinibus antesadmer, pontificexn> stationis offiduin exhibenies gratiBsizna PP- 3^7> J^eybid iUum salutatione impeitire; "Salve," aiimt, "Dunstane ready on the" noster, quia jam tempus est ut oonsortio fruaris Saturday. " nostro. Esto compositus die Sabbati ut nobiscum hinc " abeas, et sBtemad laudes ante summum pontificem " psallas sBtemaliter." Hiis dictis angelomm sublata est visio, et presbyter excessit somno, tacitumque quod viderat usque ad missam tulit, quid tarn manifesta visio portenderet quodam stupore mentis opperiens. He prMches 31. Interea procedit dominus archiepiscopus ad solem- B. p. 5i. on Araen^n nia sine ullius incommodi sensu, sed imminentis transitus, p; g^"^' ut post palam ftdt, baud dubie coiiscius. Ter ea die Osbem, infiidit populo verba salutis, primo post evangelium, 122.^^^' quem morem onmes terunt ; secundo post benedictionem Eadmer, episcopalem; tertio post perceptam Eucharistiam, sem-220. ' per tanta sermonum gratia^ tanta vultus elegantia, ut Tiibil supra. Procedebat ex ore tanta verborum copia^ ex facie claritas quanta prius nunquam ; profecto aderat ei de Cujus adventu loquebatur Spiritus, ut daritate &Giei nihilo minus quam angelus, a prsedicationis uber- tate nihil minus videretur quam apostolus. Inbiabat populus verbis ejus, suspirabat vultui, quasi et ipse Hisezhorta-prsesagiret quod eum ulterius visurus non esset. Vole- **^'' bat antistes eis suam gloriam manifestare, sed dictu- rientem retrahebat passio, superabat affectus. Magno ergo suo gaudio obetrepebat, et aliquantum moeroris nubUum prsetendebat filiorum desolatio. Jam vero ter- tio, ut dixi, sermonem adorsus, erupit in vocem, vocem qua eis incomparabilem effudit dolorem, haberent cari- tatem et dilectionem fratemam qua sola cum Deo foederatur mortalis hominis anima. Ebnc reliquisse Dominum Salvatorem in signum Sui amoris discipulis ; banc se eommendare illis ; hoc munus extremum. Hsbc
AUCrORE WILLELMO KALMESBERIEKSI. 319
B. p.51. suae dilectioiUB esse pk;nora, qu83 filiis suis continuoHeui- p^ 35 * decessurus oontraderet. Neque enim se cum illis ulte- departure. 08berD»pp. rius commoraturum, sed celeiiter in^ressurum viam
121 122 -B-r ••• •• ••
Eadmer' P&t^rom. Hiis dictis siurexit in ecdesia ingens clamor pp. 21 9» omnium, " Eheu pater, eheu domine/' damantium. Itum
est in planctum, itum in singultum, profluebantque Sorrow of lacrymifi doloris interpretes, praecordiorum axbitwe. ^^^ Quibus iterum sermonem ejus rogantibus suppliciter, verba quidem sufficere respondit. Yerumtamen ad multos amplexu mutuo, ad omnes osculi caritate decurrit. Nam et EI%arus sacerdos visionis suse jam compos, cum EUigar quae viderat tulisset in medium, baud incertum dedit^inon. indicium pontificem sabbato proximo migratumm. Hie igitur, omnibus, ut dixi, quoquomodo consolatis, dedit extremae benedictionis gratiam, et auctoritate sibi trar dita peccatormn absolutionem et remissam.
B. p. 52. 32. Ita pransurus, cum zetam intrasset, omnes partici- He joins in P*^^' pare volentes bilariter excepit, libenJiter pavit ; prandio ^•'*«' Eadmer, saucte et sobrie ut solebat celebrato, editiorem locum tires to an ^' ascendit. Ibi ut, quia daudicante jam vere tempos in ^^^3^ '
aestatem veigebat, calorem efiugeret, vel ut meridianum somnum more soUto invitaret^ assedit subsellio. Erat sedile viminea crate contextum et ita fulciendis ktteri- bus accommodum ut etiam dorndtantem a casu defen- deret. Ministri qua quisque poterat in drcuitu indulsere quieti. Jamque ille et quidam eorum in soporem con- cesserant, cum ipse primum quodam leni motu percussus, mox cum ipso sedili ad tectum usque subjectus est. He and the
• !•. 1* .1 • 1 I • • oouohare
maudito sseculis omnibus miraculo, ut cum cfravis canus miraculously
. <• I -rx- • lifted up ana
pondere vacuum per inane ferretur^ Diriguere omnes set down, metu, stratisque excussi per angulos difiugiunt; sed delinimentum fuit pavoris, ea modestia qua; subvectus fiierat^ demissio pontifids. Demissum ergo atque ex- perrectum, ritu obsequentium circumstant, reliqidas for- Tnidinia paUidis vultibus praeferentes ; eos antistes blando filiorum nomine compellans, interrogat quid vidissent
320
VITA SANCTI DXJNSTANI
He forbids them to tell tHe miiacle durinchis life.
He grows worse until the Satur- day.
His latest prophecies.
He reqeives the extreme unction.
and the Holj; Com- munion.
His last words.
quod ita btixeum colorem et exanimem induissent. lUi B. p. 58. rem ordine pandunt, et se miratos in tempore aiunt. Tum ille, " Si haec," inquit, " vidistis, filii, videte ne dum " supersum divulgetur hoc factum cuiquam; si dixeritis, " Deum et obedientiam meam offendetis."
33. Incubuit interim valetudo, et tota ilia die cum sequente usque ad Sabbatum vires accepit in corpore, sed animam uescivit gravare; Kberum ilia volatum moliebatur in coeltun, quantoque ergastulum erat dis- solutius tanto ilia emicabat plausibilius. Excubabant propter monachi et clerici de pastoris vocatione sus- pensi et sollidti. Quibus ille indefesse salubria verba inculcans deliniabat in memoria quaecunque videbat necessaria. Multa tunc et singulis et patrieB imposte- rum profutura vaticinatum crediderim, quoniam propior setemse vitse capacior erat prophetise. Quae tamen ilia fuerant, quia in veteribus libris non invenio, dicere non prsesumo. Nam ut alias dixi, quicunque de gestis sanctorum plusquam ab antiquo scripta sibi arrogat, profecto mente non constat. Jam ergo poUidtae quietis Sabbatum ax^cesserat, cum beatissimus praesul horam gloriae suae adventare sentiens, fiutres omnes adesse imperat. Festinus fuit eorum sed moestus accursus ; ex- hibitumque inunctionis officium patri amantissimo non indeploratum. Doloris immensitatem verbis amplificare otiosi est hpminis ; quis enim non possit conjicere quod, si unquam fiierint, ibi non defuerunt lacrjnnae, ubi plan- gebatur casus patriae, religionis ruina^ quae nitebantur in eo solo homine ? Corpus Domini porrectiun qua Adelard, decebat veneratione suscepit, eoque usus mente sobria, ^' ^^' sensu integro, voce sonora, hunc psalmi versum concinit, " Memoriam fedt mirabilium Suorum misericors et " miserator Dominus, escam dedit timentibus Se." Haec Ps-cxi 4.5. verba beato viro fuerunt ultima, haec extremi anhelitus vestigia, dum inter has Dei laudes ad Eum Quem laudabat pretiosa subvolabat anima. Magnum perfectae felidtatis indicium, ut egressum omnibus mortalibus
AUCTORE WILLELMO MALMESBERIENSI.
321
Osbern, p. 126. Eadmer, p. S21.
suspectum tarn facili meatu evaderet, dum sensu ver- Hi§ dmth bisque non titubantibus supremum efflaret. Igitur Do- minici thesauri splendidum margaritum, Sanctique ParacKti coeleste quondam organum, humeris sacerdo- tum in ecclesiam delatum, ibidemque post officia solem- nia in loco ubi ipse vivens dictaverat venerabiliter sepulturse datum. Et corpus quidem dulci naturae gremio confovendum Humus excepit, spiritus autem, jamdudum coelesti regno exhibitus, a Domino Christo prsemia meritorum petiit et accepit. Transiit autem *wiSjj!PJ patres suos gloriosus amicus Dei Dunstanus anno seta- epiacopate^ tis^ ut ex chronids supputare potui, sexagesimo quarto, archiepiscopatus, ut multum, vicesimo septimo ; vir senectutis non multae, sed sanctitatis immensae, qui famam virtutibus vicerit, qui gloriam mentis suis in sevum omne propagarit, qui patriae jam diu nutantis ruinam ad suum exitum distiderit.
and
Osbern, p. 127. EidmeTf p. 222.
34. Nam ut sine fastidio legentium breviter ostendam quantam Dunstani vatidnium in Egeb^edum intortum habuit efficadam, statim post obitum ejus, qui decimo anno regis fuit, Dani venerunt in Angliam, quibus omnia Kttora infestantibus et levitate piratica discur- rentibus, decretum ut repellerentur argento qui non potuerunt ferro; ita decem millia librarum persoluta cupiditatem Danorum explevere ; exemplum infame et viris indignum, libertatem pecunia redimere, quam ab invicto animo nulla violentia possit excutere. Et tunc quidem paidisper ab excursibus cessatum. Mox ubi otio vires resumpserunt ad superiora redeunt ; tantus timor regem incesserat ut nihil de resistendo cogitaret ; itaque Northanhumbria tota populata, ocddentaJi pro- vincia pessundata, ad sedecim millia librarum solvenda ^coactus est. Cantia depraedationi data; urbs metropo- lis et patriarcharum sedes incendio data, ipse archiepi- scopus Elphegus, de quo superius dixi, abductus et vinculis tentus, ad extremum apparente sibi Dunstano, ad gloriam benigne invitatus, lapidatusque et securi
X
Fidfllmont
ofhii
prophecy.
Duiifh inTation bought off for a time.
Payment of money.
Ouiterbury burnt.
322
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI
Mwtgdom percussTis, anima coelum glorificavit. Durat ad hoc ^' tempus et recens ejus sanguis et iUibata integritas cor- poris; miraculoque ducitur posse cadaver exanimari et non posse tabifieri. Bex interea strenuus et egregie ad dormiendum factus oscitabat ; qui, ut pemiciosus in Mtfri^of posteros esset, commentatus est qualiter successio sua and£mma; omnem Aii£rliam amitteret, Emmam filiam Bichardi
leading the . , °
TOT to the comitis NormannisB conjugio asciscens, unde succedenti Conquest, tempore factum ut Normamii Angliam jure suo clami- tantes ditioni subjicerent, sicut hodie melius videtur oculo quam exaratur stylo. Interea felix Dunstani spiritus non feriebatur, sua tantum in coelis gloria con- tentus, sed in terris miraculis plurimus affiiit, miseriis exposttdantium plurimus assistebat. Eorum copia ve- tustate absoleta memorise excidit ; p^iuca quse per patro- cinium litterarum supersunt sequentis libelli pagina sibi vendicabit.* Proof of the 35. Nunc auxiliantc Dei gratia hoc quod in epistola
heterodox ... . . .. . i» r\^ •
doctrine of bbro pnmo praemissa promisi conabor expedire. Qui- dam enim mihi vitio vertunt quod scriptorem vit» Dunstani arguerim eo quod matemos sinus sacro puer- Osbeni, perio intumuisse dixerit. " Potest," inquiunt, " dici " sacrum puerperium, sicut dicit bonum conjugale et " honorabiles nuptise." Assentirer si idem esset oon- jugium quod puerperium. Enimvero, ut Augustinus ait,^ conjugium non fetcit tantum commixtio corporum quantum consensus animorum. Nam et Joseph et bea- tissima Maria dicti sunt conjuges, inter quos nulla fuit virginitatis defloratio, sed placida et Deo grata volun- tatum consensio. Puerperium autem, ut nomen ipsum indicat, non tantum est prolis in ventre gestatio, quan- tum in lucem efiusio ; omnem autem hominem in ini- quitatibus concipi et pari psalmista testatur ; " Ecce " enim," inquit, " in iniquitatibus conceptus sum, et P». h. s.
Argument fkrom R. Au- gustine.
^ S. Aug. Serm. li., 0pp. v. 298. ' This book is followed in the MS. by a copy of Eadmer's book
on the Miracles of Dnnstan; tee aboTe, p. 223.
AUCTORE WILLELMO MAXMESBERIENSI. 323
" in delictis peperit me mater mea." Sic enim habet Osbem'i
j» 1 ii» ••! ^ • 1" ••! words op"
antiqua translation siquidem quod m peccatis concipitur posed to the in peccatiB nascitur, et eorundem involucro vomtur, tnneof
* i • TA • i- I original sin.
pnusquam per regeneratneem Dei gratiam renascatur. Fallor si non onmes catholici tractatores idem asseve- rant. Quorum unius Fulgentii testimonium ponam ex abundanti. " Firmissime," inquit,^ "tene et nullatenus " dubites omnem hominem, qui per concubitum viri et " mulieris condpitur, cum originali peccato nasci, im- " pietati subditum mortique subjectum; et ob hoc " natura irse filiuTYi nasci." Quomodo ergo dicitur sacrum quod cum peccato nascitur, quod impietati sub- . ditur? Ab hoc sane quod dicunt, posse dici de Dun- stano quod dictum est de Johanne Baptista^ "Spiritu
s.Luke,i.i6. « Sancto replebitur adhuc ex utero matris suae," respon- deo miracula Dei in exemplum non trahenda. Quis enim ad illius sanctitatis* aspiret gloriam quo inter natos mulierum non surrexit major, qui dictus est Angelus, si non natura, officio tamen et gratia; qui sicut singulare meruit donum prophesisB, ita singulari prseventus est munere: nam quod ad Dieremiam pro- phetam dictum est, '^ Pnusquam te formarem in utero
Jerem.i.5. " novi te, et antcquam progredereris sanctificavi te," magis ad spem prsedestinationis quam ad effectum rei prsesentis accipi debere, verba sequentia prseconantur, cum subditur, "et prophetam in gentibus dedi te." Neque enim Iheremias vel quilibet alius potuit ajite exercere prophesiae munus, quam esset natus. Quamvis de Domino Christo absolutius intelligatur, Qid gentium desideratus prsedicationis gratiam in eas effudit ad quas nimquam Jeremias accessit. Ex eadem forma prsedes- tinationis dictum Bebeccse, "Duse gentes in utero tuo
Gen.zzv.8s." sunt, et duo populi ex ventre tuo progredientur." Non enim catervatim et agmine facto duo populi ex
' Liber de Fide ad Petrnm, sect. 69, Ang. 0pp. vi. App. p. 80.
X 2
324 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
«
ventre mulieris prosiluere, sed in singulis panmlis sin- guise gentes sunt signatse.
^writer's 86. Jam vero quod dicimt propter redargutionem alio- hiK work, rum scriptorum me posse inire odium, ad illud comicum dictum mihi occurrit solatio, "Veritas odium parit;" quamvis mihi conscius sum multa merito redarguenda suppressisse silentio, et cauta egisse diligentia, ut non periditaretur Veritas ubi superbiret fSEdsitas; £EUsessat igitur invidia, malignus interpres absistat. Nullius innocentiam sauciavi, sed bona int^re, vitia parce, per- strinsi. Decet enim scriptorem integritatis reverentiam non deserere, qui dictorum suorum se novit habere quot lectores tot judices. Quocirca, domini fratres, hoc non abstinui dicere, ut purgarem suspidones hominum, nee sinistrum de me relinquerem judicium : meliori siquidem setatis parte consumpta, quanto fiiii acoedo, tanto curare debeo ne mea laceretur opinio.
Finis vUce Saricti DuTistani archiepiecopi.
'
TI.
VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI A JOHANNE'CAPGRAVIO CONSCRIPTA.*
y»j« \'N/X/»'»'"vyv'»rfN»X*\/\»
Osbem, p. 71.
Osbenit p. 72.
De Sancto Ihinstano, episcopo et confeaaore.
1. Begnante rege Ethelstano, anno regni sui primo, adven- Pftrantige tas vero Anglornm in Britanniam quadringentesimo nonage - simo septimo, natas est puer Dei Dunstanus, in Westsazonica Anglisd plaga^ magnis quidem pro ssBculi dignitate parentibus, sed ad relinonem qnsd Christianos decet longe majoribus. Tanta siqaidem virtutiB raiione viyentes animum colebant, tot piis operibus laborantes insndabant, nt, sicut eidem filio suo postmodum divina revelatione innotuit, viam universse camis ingressi, spiritibus angelicis associari mererentur. Magnnm enim Deus puerum fatumm prsBvidebat, coi tantnm muneris donatnm est, nt ante mnndo signis innotesceret quam hunc in mundi hujus lucem mater fudisset. Cumqne in Purifioa- ^^'^^^f tione beatae Mari® popalos ad ecclesiam in Glastonia con- the Purifloip flueret, contigit patrem pneri Herstanum cum conjnge sua i^'birt^ gravida Kinedrida ad ecclesiam advenisse ; accensisque candelis sacris Missarum solempniis interfaisse. Et cum recitatum esset qnemadmodum pnemm Jesum in templnm parentes inducerent, majestas Domini repente ibidem appa- ruit, qa» luminaria cuncta eztinguens totam domum tene- brosa caligine obtexit. Pavore igitur singuli tabesciint, rigent cornea, genua colliduntnr, sensu stabant hserentes et al- temis obtntibns stuporem indicantes. Sed nt omnibus clarum fieret quid hac in re quae apparuit majestas intenderet, ex- templo lux ccelitus emissa resplenduit^ et eum quern puerpera manu tenebat cereum accendit. Si ante populus de amisso
^ The text is from the Bodleian MS. Tanner 15, collated with the Rawlioion MS. A. 294, and the edition printed by Wynkyn de
Worde, A.D. 1516. The marginal references are made only to the books from which the text is directly taken.
326
VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Bnnstanis bom, and carried to GlaAUm- bury.
Hixaole , luinine miratas est, nunc majori admiratione simul et exulta- Osbern» ^JSf ^" tione detinetur. A lumine itaque illo lumen omnibus non p. 72. immerito gaudentibus porrectum est.
2. Nato itaque Dunstano, cum linguam ad loquendum Oabem, t^nporis processu formare ccepisset, a parentibus suis ad P* '**• ecdesiam defertur; et illis in oratione pemoctantibus, appa- ruit vir sethereiun habens Yultum ; locum dixit non multo post tempore sublimandum, puerum ibidem Deo relinquendum, et beatum ilium per seecula prsedicandum. Et mensoris funi- culum per plana atrii extendens, ''Sic/' inquit, " sodificabitur " locus iste ad prseparanda corda illorum Domino, qui hoc ** in loco per hunc puerum Domino credituri sunt." Qua ill! revelatione vebementer gavisi, immensas Deo laudes persol- vunt, et puerum ad serviendum Domino ibidem derelin- Osbern^ quunt. Qui tam in scientia pietatis quam in virtute sancti- P* ^^* tatis qUotidie proficiens assidue Domino ministrabat.
Condition of 3. Ea tempestate Glastoni^ regalibus stipendiis addicts, mo- bury. * nacliic89 religionis penitus erat ignara : nondum enim in Anglia communis vita colebatur, non usus deserendi proprias voluntates affectabatur : abbatis nomen vix quisquam audierat. Yenerant Theirt^ autem de Hibemia illustres viri quidam, et locum habita-
tionis suse a ciyili multitudine sequestratum apud Grlastoniam Osbeni, elegerunt. Filios idcirco nobilium liberalibus studiis im- P* ^^' buendos susceperunt, ut quod minus ad usum loci ubertas exhiberet, eorum quos docebant liberalitate redundaret.
Virion of tiieftttcire buildings there*
IHinfltan'e application.
His illness and mira- culous re- ooveiy.
Hejisoesto the church; and puts to flight the devils.
4. Adest ergo nobilissimus puer Dunstanus inter alios unus, immo prsa aliis solus. IJbi, paulo diligentius quam imbecilla ffitas ferre posset, litterarum studio intentus, acerrimo lan- guor e fatigatur. Cumque in limine mors adesse putaretur, ecce intempesta nocte coelestis ilium medicina revisit, quam ei per angelicum ministerium Christus exhibuit. Qui con- festim de lectulo surgens ad ecclesiam^ Deo gratias acturus, moderata velocitate currit. Stupefacti qui ejus curam gere- bant, lento pede ejus vestigia sequuntur, finem rei oxplo- rantes. Necdum medium itineris confecerat cum malignus spiritus, sive ejus saluti invidens, seu futuram rpligionem sus- pectam habens, latrantium canum multitudine stipatus occur- rit ; viam eunti intercludere contendit. Exclamat itaque puer Osbem, Christum : payore conterritus, virgam arripuit, quam in faciem P* 76. obsistentis inimici vibrans, ipsum cum omni comitatu, divino suJBTultus suffragio, in fugam compulit. Yenit igitur ad ec-
AUCTOBE J. CAPaRAVIO.
327
Osbem, p. 76.
Osbem, p. 77.
Oflbern, p. 78.
Otfbern, p. 79.
clesiam, et earn obseratam inveDiens, soalam ibidem reper- tam quasi per excessom mentis ascendit; ad alteram inde tecti partem qua nullus erat descensus progrediens, angelicis manibus ad solum deponitur, et in interiora ecclesise non pa- tentibus claustris inducitur. Orta autem luce, levi sopore de- pressus in ecclesia reperitur. Eogatus vero ut tam mira- bilis eventus modum ezponeret, nou esse hoc in sua couscien- tia respondit.
5. Certabat itaque adolescens factxis gratia et affabilitate omnes excedere, pudicitiam servare, lasciviam fugere, appe- titor honesti, tnrpitudinis execrator; majorum natu colloquiis adesse, juvenum ludicra declinare : oiborum abstinens, somno temperans, incessu gravis, magnsa fidentisa ad incipiendum bonum, constanti® ad perficiendum; principium bene agendi Deum semper habere, finem vero Eidem commendare. Lectioni- bxis sacris intentus erat, quarum exercitio, et vitiorum op- portunitates evitans, virtutum augmenta nutriebat. Et quamvis variis scientiis magnifice polleret, musica tamen instrumcnta speciali quadam affectione scire vendicabat, sicut David, psal. terium sumens, citharam percutiens, modificans organa, cim- bala tangens. Nee eo ista commemoramus quod his opus esse ad perfectionem tendenti arbitremur, sed ut multiplices Dei gratias in juveoe commendemus. Nam omnibus ssecularibus studiis praeferebat scientiam pietatis, sua semper ingenia sanc- torum patrum auctoritati contradens. Prseterea manu aptus ad omnia, picturam faoere, litteras formare, scalpello im- primere, ex auro argentoque, sere et ferro, quicquid liberet operari.
6. Permissu tandem parentum suorum ad Aldelmum, Can- tuariensem archiepiscopum, avunculum suum, profectus, benigne suscipitur ab eo; et regi Athelstano adductum familiariter studuit commendare, dicens, "Hunc," ait, " ju-
venem ' mihi quidem plurimum, regise vero stirpi nonnullo consanguinitatis jure devinctum, vestrsa excellentias com- mendo, ut stet jugiter in .conspectu vestro, audiatque ver- bum ex ore domini mei regis. Experiar in illo gratiam vestram, quam multiplicem in maximis saepe rebus expertus sum, et deinceps amplius experturum confide." Bex vero oblatum juvenem gratanter excipiens unice dilexit, et neces- sariis rebus regia vice praeesse constituit. Et prosperatum est in manibus Dunstani quicquid operis ipse coepisset. Et nunc quidem surgens ad orandum Deum, nunc sedens ad dijudicandas causas hominum, ita sapienter ac circumspectc se agebat, ut et Deo per omnia placeret, ncc aliquem pie vi-
He diinbs & ladder and is found asleep in the church.
Hlsbehft- viour as a young man*
His know- ledge of music.
He was a
cunning workman.
He goes to
arohbishop
Athelm,
<<
(<
<<
t<
4<
<<
who pre- sents him to kingAthel- 8tan«
His promo- tion at court.
328 VITA ET MIBACULA DUNSTANI
He ohanns yentiam sua oulpa offenderet. Cnmque vidwet dominum re- Osbeniy with muiic. S^^ ssaoularibus onris fatigatum, in cithara psallebat sive alio P* ^«
musici generis instrumento, qno tarn regis quam principum
corda ezhilararet.
Whilst he 7. Matrona qusedam frequenii ac religiose rogatu exoravit
a stde!^ ilium, ut ei stolam sacerdotalem artifioiosa operatione pr89pin-
geret, quam postea ad divinos cultus anrifactoria imitatione
figuraret. Qui assumpta in manibns cithara, ad domum tendit
religio889, oitharam in pariete suspendit, opus ad quod venerat ,
diligenter incepit. Cumque manum operi, oor autom atque
labia Deo prsepararet, cithara illius parieti SUSpensa in paz-
illo, absque ullo hominis impulsu, hujus antiphoneo melo-
5JS5*uSl™^" ^^^^ acutissima simul et disertissima modulatione personuit,
plays an '' Gaudent in ooelis animse sanctorum qui Christi vestigia
anthem. « g^^^ secuti, et quia pro Ejus amore sanguinem suum fu-
« derunt, ideo cum Christo gaudebunt in SBtemum." Et
ezsiliens omnis familia et vociferaDS, hominem nimium esse
sapientem, et amplius eum quam ezpediat scire protestatur.
At ille, ccelestem musicum intendens, admoneri se intelligit, ut
vias duriores arripiat, ut Christi vestigia propius sequatur,
ut sanguinis sui effusionem non metuat, sed Dei regnum et
vitam delectet habere sBternam.
He is ao- 8. Accensus ergo furore diabolus quod tarn Sanctis princi- Osbern,
^t^OTaft, P^B juvenem niti conspiceret, invidias stimulis operarios ini- P* 81* quitatis inflammat, qui conficto mendacio opinionem juvenis apud regem Issdant, asserentes ilium malis artibus imbutum, nee quicquam divino auzilio sed pleraque dsemonum prsesti- iM^ the gio operari. Advertens autem Dunstanus faciem regis non maltreated esse sicut heri et nudius tertius, discedere parat, malleus re- on his way. ^^^ sponte deserere quam a rege invitus derelinqui. ^mu- latores enim ejus insidiis iter obsident, socios disturbant, iUum equo dejiciunt, suppliciis affligunt^ et vincalis ligatum in cistemam quandam depellunt. Intellexit ergo hoc esse principium certaminis> ad quod ilium divinus nuper citharoedus prasmonuit.
He goes to 9. Frofectus inde, cognatum suum Elphegum, Wentan® ur- Osbem,
£»egel who bis episcopum, adiit, a quo frequenti supplicatione rogatus P- ^'
to'Scome ®st, ut monachum indueret, " quia," inquit, " necesse est ut
a monk. *< qui ignem gehennsB voluerit effugcre ignem concupiscentiiB
" studeat exstinguere. Ignis vero concupiscentisB non multum
" exstinguitur, si fomenta illius humanis sensibus non sub-
" trahuntur. Sicut enim ligna ad ignem, sic ea quae sensibua
" subjacent ad concupiscentiam. Sed nulla erit fomentornm
AUCfTORE J, CAPGBAVIO.
329
OBbern, p. 82.
Osbetn, p. SS.
Osbern, p. 84.
Osbem, p. 85.
" subtraotio, si saeoularium negotiomm non ftierit renttnciatio. After a ** Ex quibns elicitnr ut si ignem gelienxi«B yolueris effagere, JlJJJhebe- " ssBcolo stndeas rennnciare." Quod cum fiskCere differret, eomes a in ambiguo positnm gravissima febris invasit, et usque ad priest at desperationem vitiB perdozit. Et accito episcopo posttdat sibi ^u^^' dilated religionis habitum dari. Qui cnm magna IsBtiiia cele< riter ilium monaohali ao sacerdotali gratia promovit» attita- lans eum ecolesiffi beatsd lifarisB in Glastonia, ubi parentum Buoram sponsio enm dioayit ab initio.
10. Ibi enim adhaerentem ecclesise cellam, sive destinam, He builds sive speluncam, sive alio quolibet nomine rectias mominari cloNBe^o1£e potest, non enim invenio qua illud appellatione vocetur, cum ^^^""^ non tam humani habitaculi quam formam gerebat sepulcri, propriis laboribus fabricayit. Ejusdem vero longitudo oellsB non amplius quinque pedum, latitude duos et semis habebat pedes. Forro altitude staturam exprimit hominis, si quis in defoBsa terra constiterit; alitor enim neque satis ad pectus' porrigitur, ut, sicut dizi, magis mortui videatur sepulcrum, The mea- quam viventis habitaculum. Unde Qianifestum est ilium neque "'^'^^^""^^^ jaoendo somnum cepisse, et stando Deum semper orasse. Os- tiolum autem idem est quod paries. Quod enim ingredienti ostium, idem ingresso paries fiebat. Medium ostioli fenestr el- lam aperit, per quam lumen operanti irradiavit. Haso erat juveni domus, hie lectus, boc de toto mundo speotacidum.
11. Verum humani generis inimicns, quem ante non sine- bat babitare in palatio, eum nunc nititur depellere tugurio. Sub obscure namque vespere cellam juvenis petens, immisso capite fenestrsB incumbit; cemit ilium fabrili opere occupa- tum; postulat sibi quippiam fabricari. Dunstanus autem neque ejus calliditatem advertens, neque importunitatem ferens, operi quod postulabatur animum intendit. Interim ille mulierum nomina inserere, luxurias commemorare, deinde religionem os- tendere, et denuo eadem repetere coepit. Tunc Dunstanus quis esset intelligens, tenacula quibus ferra tenebat, fortiter ignire, et suppressis labiis Christum invocare conatur. Cum- que tenacula candentia yideret, celeriter de igne ea rapit, laryalem faciem tenaculis includit, et totis viribus monstrum introrsum trahit. Jam stando vires sumebat Dunstanus, cum is qui tenebatur, avulso pariete, de manibus se tenentis aufu- git, tales immani rugitu from ens ululatus, " 0 quid fecit cal- '* yus iste ! O quid fecit calvus iste ! " Tenui namque sed formosa csssarie. erat, et ea re talia de bomine clamitabat. Mane autem facto congregata est ad eum non parva populi multitude, sciscitans quisnam ille clamor fuisset, qui tanta eos
The devil Tisits him in his work- shop, and speaks evil words.
Bnnstan seises him with the red hot tongs.
330 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Ob en>laixii vehementia dormientes terruisset. '' Dadmonis/' ait, '* furor Osbeto, the enomy. ** i^^^ ^^> <1^^ nusquam me yivere siiut, e cella quoque ejicere P* ®^* " temptat. Caute vos agite ab iUo, quia si vocem irati ferre " non potuidtis, societatem dampnati quo pacto sustinebitis ?" Post hsec Duustanus corpus suum inedia macerare, ani- His growth mam jugi oratione decorare satagebat. Unde cum pudicitia iSmST* "* corporis tantam cordis munditiam optmere meruit^ ut vix eum latere posset quicquid sinister spiritus molitus fuisset. Fama itaque nominis ejus universam percurrit regionem, quaa ad vi- dendum hominem Dei corda accendit. Omnis SBtas, uterque sezus, Dunstauum loquuntur, sapientiam ejus preedicant, yir- tutem magmficaut.
The lady 12. Mulier qusodam nomine Alfgiva, regali progenie orta»
^^^live magnarum divitiarum, qusB omne semen regium matemo sem- neaxhim. per affectu dilexerat, nutrierat, innixa manibus suorum, ad
hominem Dei accessit ; ssDctissimo illius colloquio per&ui de- Osbeni, siderans. Quaa cum ex ore illius verbum audisset, adeo delec- P* ^^• tata est dulcedine yitsd SBterme, ut ulterius neque domum re- petere, neque loco discedere, sed cum beato Dunstano manere, vivere, mori eligeret. Habitationem juxta ecclesiam sibi fabri- cavit, multflB continentiflB et operibus bonis et eleemosynis operam dedit. Flures saori ordinis viros in loco statuit^ qui- bus necessaria jugiter ministravit.
Her illness. 13. Cumque gravi corporis infirmitate laboraret, Dunstanus Osbeni,
ad eam intrans consolatur, et hortatur illam ut nudam ab P* ^7*
omni mundana specie se faciat, ne in transeunte quicquam
She makes suum princeps mundi inveniat Gui ilia, '' Jesum Christum
her will. «« rerum mearum haaredem facio, te vero haereditatis tutorem
" constituo, ut quicquid Ilium cognoveris velle tui arbitrii sit
*' effectui mancipare." Dunstanus vero gazas ejus mobiles
continuo pauperibus erogavit, caatera ad ecclesiarum subleva-
IhiQBtaa tionem reservabat. Et dum vespere ostium ecclesiaa psallendo
myBtio Dove praeteriret, erectis ad caelum oculis Spiritum Sanctum in co- Osbem
go to Tislt imnbaB specie videt descendentem ; cujus corpus, omni candore p. $8.
nitidius, alarum remigia scintillantis ignis splendorem per aera
spargebant. Quem ille contemplatus, domum matronas subin*
trantem vidit. Confestim regressus, aspexit domum divino
fulgore splendentem, audit foeminam gratias Deo agentem,
miratur colloquium, et dicendi finem patiens auditor expectat.
Shede- Demum subintrat, stelliferi illius nomen requirit, nuncium
Mvibeshis jnterrogat. Ilia autem modeste subridens iUi ait, "Tu stel-
** liferum antequam hue venires vidisti, et nunc cui sim locuta
" interrogasP Ipse est qui tibi ad ostium ecclesiaa psallenti
AUCIOBE J. CAPOBAVIO.
331
Osbern, p. 88.
Osbern, p. 89.
Osbeni, p. 90.
<«
tt
a
c<
tt
apparuit, qui et me de pavore imminentis moitiB perterri- tam yisitationis suae gratia consolari dignatus est. Aimtiii- oio itaque omnibuB amiois meis tristandnm de mea morte non esse, quoniam me anscipiet olaritas aBtemsd vitae. Tibi autem aingulari amioo gratias refero, quia tnis semper in- strncta admonitionibns et a^uta orationibus, eoce ad Deum ** yado.'' Qu8B, cum spiritum tradidisset Deo, in ecclesia beatsB Maris honorifice septdta est. Danstanus vero turn de illius, turn etiam de sui ipsius patrimonio soUicitas, nam uter- que parens obierat, nee praster eum alium hseredem reliqne- rant; prime quidem yiciniores patrimonii terras eidem eccle- sise contulit, oaeteras fandandis quinque monasteriis reservayit. Quad monasteria, processu temporis, per ejus indostriam mo- nachoram numero et divitiis multipliciter aucta stmt.
14. Ezinde Dunstanus majoribus sese virtntom profectibns subdens, deprecatus est Dominom ostendi sibi gloriam- jus- toram, ut qui earn per fidem bene creditam haberet, per mani- festationem cognitam dulcius amaret. Talia ex oorde meditanti astitit juvenis, decore insignis, qnem puenim olim in corpore ipse puer noverat, et sancta semper familiaritate dilexerat, referens ei qnae sunt aoternaB vitao gaudia, ilium in hoc sasculo plura passurum, daemonum insidias, malignitates hominum, ad summos grados ^lliinri ascensurum, multa millia hominum Deo
lucratorum^ et post haec ad ccelestia regna migraturum. 8ed cum dicenti assensum non dedisset, apprehendit eum juvenis, et in atrium ecdesisB deducens, ostendit ei looum eat^nus inconmlsum, et ait, "Ut de auditis singulis dubietas onmis " auferatur, ante triduum presbyter quidam hie sepelietur, et " nondum infirmatur." Ezsurgens autem mane ab oratione Dunstanus, convocatis in unum clericis, ad locum yenit, posi- toque signo ait, ** Si vera sunt quaa nihi nocturne tempore " ostensa sunt, ante tres dies presbyter quidam hie sepelietur, '* et nondum infirmatur." Yiz illis ab invicem digressis su- pervenit presbyter quidam, qui facta cum clericis conventione, pracfatum locum in sepulturam optinuit, dicens, " Cum me Deus ** de corpore migrare jusserit, hoc in loco meas precor reli- " quias sepelite.'' Becessit presbyter sanus, nocte rediit aagrotus, obiit in crastino, et in loco beato patri assignato sepelitur.
She tells of
•ssared
hope.
Dunstan spends her fortune and his own in building monasteries.
Dunstan prays for a sign.
Vision of a dead friend who tells bim hisfUtiun career.
As a proof of his truth he tells him of the ap-
Sroaching eathand burial of a priest.
The sign fkOflUed.
15. Defuncto tandem rege Efchelstano, frater ejus Edmnndus Athelstan in regem erectus est^ qui statim accito Dunstano, inter ^l^^,^^ palatines prooeres summum tenere fecit principatum. At fttvours ille justitiam et judicium ubique in terra coUapsum exal- *"*•*"*" tare cupiens, tam regem quam omnes Anglorum principes
332 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
His enemies jostiiiaB legibas submittere curavit. Itorum siout olim aple-Otbern, Sbe kixift risque nobilium, maJorum satore Btimulanie, in prosperos P' ^^* asBlnst him. DnnRtani snccessus est offensom, et regi nt a oonsortio illomm pelleretar falsa criminatione suggestum. Bex antem plus ho- nesto falsis favor em attribuens, Danstanum et rebus et gratia Osbeni, regia privatum a ouria proturbari jubet. Adveniente vero p* 91* tertia luce, rex venatum pergens per devia quasque fugientem 'k
cervum insectari ccepit. Omni tandem fugiendi libertate ne* I
Edmund gata, bestia prsecipitium quoddam ardumn et excelsum 1
huntins valde petit, ruitque, et in partes minutissimas contrita depe- the'edmof ^^^ » ^^ canum sequentium similis interitus evenit. Cumque apreoipioe. regem illuc equus adveheret, viso comminus quod prsB se fortuna pararat, retraxit habenas, vectorem refleotere nisus. Et ecce, ruptis repente frsdnis, regem veloci cursu equus asportat. Omnino igitur de se diffidens, ccsleste auxilium implorat, sicque oonfitendo orat, " Deus, Bex omnipotens, Qui, ** cum sis super omnia excelsus, humilia respicis et alta sem- " per a longe cognoscis, adesto nunc non regi sed homini " csdteris mortalibus simili, in supremo mortis periculo con- He oonfiasses <' sistenti; nee reminiscaris injuriarum fideli Tuo Dunstano nis sm << •ni •• ••• i*
■nhut per me illatarum, quoniam si me ipsius mentis a prsBsenti
i^Smed. " niorte eripueris, quoad vivam devotum me Tui nominis et '* illius laudatorem habebis." Neodum plene verba finierat, cum animal, quasi divina manu retentum, in summo voragl- nis fixum manebat. Tunc rex corde pariter et ore Deo gra* Osbern, tias referens, Dunstanum adesse jubet, et quaa per ilium p. 9S. Divinitas operata sit, coram omnibus exponit. Et apprehensa dextera ejus, osculatus est eam, dicenB, " Agnosco, virorum He receives " sanctissime, quid in te commiserim mali, non quod ego totofSvour, " voluerim, sed quod a pessimis hominibus coactus idfecerim. Gratias ago clementie Dei, quaa non solum debitum mihi supplicium noluit inferre, verum etiam, a prsecipitio mor- tis eripiens, longioris vitas spatia in tuO nomine concessit. Sit ergo deinceps inter nos perfectss familiaritatis integritas, sit in disponendis in palatio rebus libera semper tibi facul- '' tas ; sit in toto Anglorum regno judicandi inter virum et '* proximum ejus summa potestas. Et ut animi mei affectum andKJTes " circa te cognitum habeas, ilium tibi locum in quo te geni- ll^^^^jl!*' '' tnm, educatum, conversatum aocepi, perpetuo jure possiden- dum trade, ut quodcunque de illo velis statucre tui arbitrii sit considerare. Quod si ejus ordinis cujus tu habitum geris ibidem aggregare volueris, quicquid eis in quacunque re defnerit ego ob gratiam tui regia liberalitate supplebo."
(i (I <<
c< <(
<( (( (<
Hebcffins 16. Dunstanus igitur ecclesie fundamenta jacere, officinas secundum exemplar olim sibi ostensum constrnere, egregium
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
333
Osbeniy p. 9S.
p. 98.
Osbcniy p. 94.
((
f(
monachornm collegium coadnnare curavitb Qaibas ipse pri- He becomes mus abbas effectns, ad tantam vitas perfpctionem omnes ad- *^^^- dozity nt ad omnes circumquaqne ecclesias ex eisdem monaohis pbntifices electi et abbates assmnpti sint.
Qnadam enim nocte oranti Dunstano malignus spiritus in TemptaMoii immanem lapum se transfigurat, iterumqne post paululum u a wouT'^ vulpem blandientem confingit. Qnam ille specierom varieta- »nd m a ft». tern snbridens, "O te," inquit, "per omnia similem tibi! O ** formas tuea actioni congrnas ! dum in altero cruentnm, in *' altero te comprobes fraudulentum. Yade jam, inimice, quo- niam in Ejus nomine te vincam in lupo et ynlpe, Qui te in leone superavit et dracone." Yidens antem vir Dei se magnam a dsBmonibus invidiam pati, adhibnit vitas suaa patro- nam Andream apostolum, at esset fid as interpres apad Beam, panttan assidaas in terra cgmes, atqae in omnibas mandi hajas tarbi- dww m i^* nibas indeficiens castos. Hajas ipse assidaa protectione qnasi patron, maro vallatas, qude mandi stmt transcendit, et in amore Dei jagi meditatione qaievit. IJnde saavissimis supernoram spiri- taam concentibas ssepe interesse promerait, at qai angeloram conversationem agebafc in terra, illoram societatem agnosceret in coelo. Cum autem regi Edmando filias nasceretar no- He hae an mine Edgaras, aadivit beatas Dunstanus angelos in coelo ^I^S^g at gratalantes, et cum magna exultatione psallentes, *' Sit pax, ^i^'*' " sit magna Angloram ecclesise lastitia, qaamdia puer natas " regnum tenaerit, et noster Dunstanas mortalis vitas metas " transegerit."
17. Apud Batensem ecclesiam, dam solitarias oraret, re- At Bath he pente ad sapema raptas animam cajasdam discipali sui, apad S7£ad^^ Glastoniam edacati, innamera angeloram freqaentia hinc inde P^P^* stipatam, atqae immensi laminis ftilgore perfasam, ad coeli palatiam provehi conspexit.
18. Contigit at regem loqaendi sibi capidissimam Dun- He seea the stanus adiret, diabolum scorras simiilimam coram eqmtanti- the death of bus deprehendit saltantem, et quasi de futoro aliquo lucre ^^™^"^^* gloriantem. Cujos praesentiam dam populo indicasset^ formam-
que omnium conspectibus horribilem ex imperio denudaaset, requisitus quid ejusdem monstri tam petulans lastitia proten- deret, ille mortem regis regnique mutationem proximam esse denunciat. Post hsec vero infira septem dies et rex occi- ditur et regnum mutatur.
19. Sepulto apud Glastoniam rege Edmundo, suocessit ei ^^^^ in regnum fi:ater suus Edredus, cultor justitiae et pietatis,
334 VITA ET MIRACITLA DUNSTANI
Donatan Denm valde diligens. In CajoB conspectu pater Donstaiius Oibccn, power un- adeo pretiosns erat, ut omni eum hnmano generi prsBferret, ut P* ^^' ^ principem testamentomm statueret, thesaoros ei delegaret,
animam, corpus et regnnm committeret, nee quisqnam in toto regno Anglornm esset qui absqne ejuB imperio manum yel pedem moveret. Proinde Dnnstanns qnaai rex et regis impe- rator effectns, virgam sequitatis et justitise per omnes Anglo- rum fines extendit, ecclesias quas ipse fundayerat, aut ab aliis fundatas egestas oppresserat, amplis possessionibus rele- vare curavit.
Edred tries 20. Defimcto Elphego Wentanse urbis episcopo, cum him to be- rex Edredus Dunatano pastoralem suscipere curam persua- S^in- ^ dere non posset, reginae matri suse EadivaB verbum posuit Chester. guadelsB. Quod cum instanter regina fecisset, ille respon-
dit ; "Nolo," ait, "domina, illud a me expeti quod vel oon- Osbem " cessum meos animos perturbet, yel non concessum tuos p. 96. ** offendat. Neque enim nescio quam difficulter suam quisque " ante tribunal Christi causam agat, nedum aliened cause " cognitor aut judex exsistat." Cumque ilia negantem suis adhuc rationibus tenere yoluisset, motus ille paulisper ait, " Certissimum habeto, domina> in diebus filii tui pontificali HisreftaaaL *' infula me non esse sublimandum." Cumque sopori mem- bra dedisset adsunt ei in somnis apostoli Dei, Petrus et Paulus cum Sancto Andrea, gladios in manibus tenentes. Osbem, Elrat autem soriptnm aureis litteris in gladio Petri, " In p. 97. HisTislon " principio erat Yerbum, et Yerbum erat apud Deum, et Swtiefc'^ " ^®^8 ®^** Yerbum." OeBterorum gladiis nomina tenen- tium Bcripta erant^ Pauli Paulus, Andreas Andreas. Hos gladios officiosa benignitate sibi obtulerunt. Interea Andream exhilarate yultu aspicit conniyentem et eyangelicis yerbis audit preecinentem, ''Tollite jugum meum super yos, et dis- " cite a me, quia mitis sum et humilis corde, et inyenietis " requiem animabus yestris." Tunc a beato Petro jussus IflByam extendere, modicum crepitantis ferulsd ictum excepit, hoc ab illo audiens, " Hoc tibi sit et poena abjeoti et signum " ulterius non abjiciendi pontificatus." Eyigilans autem vir Bdred inter- Dei gratias egit Deo, Cujus munere ita se oonspicit honora- vision. tum, et diyinitus yisitatum. Cumque regi cuncta narras- set, ille yisionem absolyens dixit, ** Quoniam per arma apo- '* stolicsB benedictionis potestas exprimitur pontificalis, noyeris *' te pro eo quod jugum Domini contempseris increpatum, ant " diyina eleotione futnrum pontificem designatnm. Porro " quod * in principio erat Yerbum ' gladio Petri apostoli •* scriptum^ yidisti, cum Yerbum Dei sit unigenitus Filins " Dei, Qui homo pro hominibns inter homines factus est,
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
335
Osben, '' profecto scias to sedis ejus principem fatnmm qnsB Christi p. 97. *« nomine Cantoarise honoratur."
Oflbem, p. 98.
Oibern, p. 99. .
Osbem, p. 100.
Edred,iick unto death. Bends for Dunstan.
Danstan
ismira-
culoiubr
wamedof
the king's
deatii.
21. Interim vero rex Edredos, lethali morbo correptns,
decidit in lectnm, et celeriter nuncios mittit qui patrem vitas SU89 Dunstannm accersiant, nt sit confessionum susceptor, et fidelis apud Deum intercessor. Gontristatos igitur Dnnstanns quanta velocitato potuit, amionm regem invisere pergit. Yi- dens antem ilium Deus et cordis dolore affligi et corporis laborem pati, non est passus ut ultra ilium afflictio tangeret, quin et dolorem linirit et laborem imminuit. Nam cum esset in itinere, et membra jejuniis confecta fatigaret, vox ab sBthere lapsa insonuit dicens^ *' Ecce rex Edredus obdomiivit " in Domino." Ad quam vocem equus cui insidebat per- cussus interiit. Et suis rem aperient commendavit animam regis defnncti in manu Begis aatemi.
22. Huic Edredo successit Edwinus, filius Edmundi regis, Edwy , SBtato quidem juvenis et nulla regnandi gratia pollens. Qui neque ipse sapiens neque sapientum consilio acquiescens, sed alter Boboam, despectis majoribus natu, puerorum consilia sec- tabatur. Optimum reputabat quemque rebus spoliare, locu- His mia- pletes proscribere, exhasredare ecclesias, detrahere religion!, 8*>^«""°«"** in civitatibus exaotiones exercere, libidine ardens, sine intor- missione sBstuabat ad coitum*. Ob hoc Dunstanus graviter offensus, frequenter eum acriter in locis opportunis increpare Dunstan COepit; ille increpantem ridere, multa illi mala minari noilQiAiton- timuit. Postquam autem industriam suam nihil prsBvalere ^^"7* videret, omnino decrevit ejus coUoquio abstinendum, sicque
ad monasterium Buum regressus est.
23. Erat autem in monasterio turns exstructa, quam Miracle of necdum uUa in supremo cacumine toctura claudebat. Cumque beam., populus trabem totins opens sustentatricem summis muris applicare contonderet, repento ruptis funibus eadem trabes deorsum ruere ccepit. Clamor ingens fit tetius populi, Dun- stanum iteratis vocibus perstrepentis. At Diinstamis elevatam dextoram machined opposuit, e regione signo crucis trabem depingit. I^ecdum sanota manus sanctos contraxerat digitos,
cum ea quad vergere cceperat trabes non vinculis astricta, non machinis levata, nec uUo humani ingenii apparatu sustentata, ad locum de quo ruere coeperat revehitiir.
Translatus hostis antiquus in speciem ursi hiante rictu orantom aggreditur Dunstanum, iiigeotisque ungulis pastoralem
336 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Dunstan quam manu tenebat yirgam complectitur, atque ad se trahere 0«beni» fSSoi?the conatnr. At Danstanas divinO spirita fortiter roboratus re- p. 100. devil's back, tractum ad se bacalum erigit in sublime, fngientem belaam dirissime csddit, nee prias monstram ceedendo desistit, qaam flagellam in tergo illius tribus in partibos comminutum apparuit.
AtEdwys 24. Yictus enim in se diabolns, in aliis victorem sumtf
^St^x^ vincere qusBrit. Nam rege prsefato, eodem quo consecratus
"^""i^^^^^ fuerat die, in torpes ooncubitas publice devoluto, nemine to call back . -i . . . -r^ .
the king tamen eum redarguere auso, pari omnium yoto Dunstanua
Jj^J*® ^ oompellitur, qui regem adeat, divina humanaque ratione regiuxn
women. stuprum oompescat, mulierem adulteram suspehdii commina-
tione percellat. Quo facto, regem a moBchali tore violenter abstrazit, positaqne in capite ejus corona coram archiepi- scopo Odone adduxit. Itaque mulieris animum diabolus in- Osbern, stigat, regis iram mulier ezaltat : ambo exsilium Dunstano P* 101* intentant. Omnes monachorum ecclesias, urgente regis edicto, Buis rebus spoliabantur, et descriptis omnibus cum ipse pro- scriptus fuisset, inter lacrymas monachorum et gemitus pau- Heis perum audita es in atrio templi vox plaudentis diaboli quasi
leave Glas- VOX juvenculsB acriter atque minute cacbinnantis. Quem tonbuiy. Dunstanus severa fronte suspioiens, "Nibil," ait, "super ex- (Job. " silio meo gratuleris, quoniam plus est quod me redeunte ^T^^' ** doleas, quam quicquid me exsulante laetari yaleas." Q^Op^Jj^n"^* dicto malignus ille confestim abscessit. Hegoeflto Dunstanus vero in Flandriam navigans in monasterio Fianden. Qandavensi arctissimam vitam duxit. Nee tamen cessat mulieris vesania quin omnibus qui Dunstanum bospitio foverant perscrutatis, proscriptis, dampnatis, ipsiusque oculis Osbeni, eruendis, iniquitatis ministros rex transmitteret. Yerum p. 102. I
divina dementia miserante ilium ante Gallia suscepit, quam ]
servi Jezabelis fluctus maris attigissent. Exsulat itaque Tirulenoe of Dimstanus, nulla exsilii dampna deplorans, dum suis meritis e women. .^^ ^j^. ^j^j^gg devinciret, ut patriam esse exsilium putaret.
nium quoque ax)08toli Andrese consolatio fovit, qui nulHus rei quam ipse expeteret eum indigere permisit.
The north 25. InsuTgunt interim contra regem omnes ab Humbre
poMEdwy fluvio usque Tbamisim, et ipsnm cum adultera fugientem
B^arf^ persequuntur, et qua digna fuerat jnorte comprehensam
adulteram mulotant, et regem latebras quserentem usque
Cantiam fugere compellunt. Deinde accito fratre ejus
Edgaro, super provincias inter aquas prsedictas regem
AUCTORE J. CAPORAVIO.
337
Otbenij p. 108.
Osbeni, p. 104.
Oibeni, p. 105.
Btatnnnt. Edwinus vero flagitia non deserens in Cantiae regno aliqnamdiu tyrannizat.
26. Edgarns ad regimen regni assmnptus concilium EdgarW convocat, iniqna fratris decreta annihilat, a fratre ablata gtas. "' restituity Danstannm ab ezsilio in magna gloria revocat, neo ante a precibiis quiescere yoluit quam pastoralem curam Wigomiensis ecclesisB Dunstanus snsciperet. Qui Cantua- Hebeoomea riam sacrandns adveniens ab Odone archiepiscopo cum Worcester, honore maximo susceptns est, et consecrationis ministe- riam, non quasi super, antitistem sed super archiepiscopum Cantuariensem hilariter complevit. Ob hoc a clero repre- hensus sic respondit: ''Si divinis humana non cederent, Hiaoonae- ** jure mihi hominum auctoritas prsdtendi posset ; nunc vero, " quoniam auctor omnium Deus est, non possum illud non ** facere, quod faciendum Spiritus Dei dignatus est prcecipere. " Erit namque beatus iste prozimus post mortem meam hujus " sedis archiepiscopus, et adversus mundi principem fortissimus " prsBliator."
cration.
27. Interea mortuo impiissimo rege Edvrino, atque in sortem malignorum spirituum translate, Dunstanus in ecclesia cui prffierat enm orationibus vacaret, ecce tartarea cohors sub ejus aspectu exsultando quasi chorum ducere, et veluti de capta prseda lastas victorias agere ecepit. Inquirit Dun- stanus causam Isetitias: audit regem obiisse, animam illius gehennalibus statim incendiis tradendam, sed prius hoc sibi ex diyino imperio nunciandum fore, liotus idcirco pietate Dunstanus in terram prosternitur ; copiosus ex oculis lacry- marum imber producitur ; pulsat Deum precibus, nee orando quiescit quousque spiritum regis liberatum agnoscit. Feracta autem brevi mora, redit tristis legio infemalis, magnoque clamore in has voces erumpit: "Ote pessimum hominem, " 0 fidei' alienum, 0 nostris beneficiis semper ingratum. " Nos detulimus obsequium, tu nobis retulisti supplicium; " ad ulciscendas iigurias tuas de regione tenebrarum veni- " mus, et ecce adversis imprecationibus tuis confusi redimus." Cumque ille depromendee veritatis prsBceptum dsemonibus in- diceret, agnoscit animam regis angelica virtute illis sublatam, ad statutum terminum sub signaculo servatam; nihil juris in illam daemones habere, sed in sortem poenitentium animarum eandem cedere. Tunc ille • ezsultans in Domino furores illo- rum tali ratione compescuit. "Quid/' inquit, "injusti actum " est vobis? Si peccavit homo iste, in Christum et in me
Y
On Edwy's death Dun- stan sees his aool carried off by derils.
He obtains its release.
Hisargn- ment with the devils.
338
VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Dunstftn *' peccavit: sed quoniam meas propter Christum dimiBi in- Osbeni devils^ ^ ^ '' jurias, dimisit et Suas Christus, cum Ejus ego olementiam P* 106. *' deprecatus sum. Quod ergo Christus et ego dignati sumns '' clementer indulgere, vos qua temeritate audetis improbe *' reprehendere P" Qua sententia spiritus maligm quasi sagitta percus^, velut muscSB a vento raptse dissiliunt.
He is chosen 28. DefuBCto Londoniensi episcopo, rogatu regis et prin- London. cipum Dunstanus successione donatur ; a dvibus urbis, im- portunis vocibus, nomen illius acclamatur. I^eque ilium juvit excusatio canonum auctoritate prsstensa, qui duas ecolesias uni episcopo fieri posse non permittunt. Sicque utrique Osbern, ecclesiae, Londoniensi scilicet et Wigomiensi -prsBsidens, P* ^®®' utramque regens, utriusque proprius episcopus fuit. Sicque gladium Fauli babuit, quem sibi destiuatum olim ipse detulit^ et ad dividendos ecclesi® inimicos habendum tradidit.
Elfsin's ambition.
Ododies; 29. Mortuo quoquc archiepisoopo Odone, cum rex Dun-
oeeds. ' stanum adjuraret ut archiepiscopatum sumeret^ nee ille
adjuranti ulla ratione assensum prseberet^ Elsinus Winto-
niensis episcopus, paratis advocatis,* quorum manus impleverat,
surrepto regis edicto Cantuariam intrusus est.
Hie enim' et ante Odonem archiepiscopatum ambierat, sed custos ecclesisB Susb Christus ambitionem illius impedie- bat.' Prime itaque apud Cantuariam exceptionis suae die non abstinuit quin conceptas mente furias evomeret, et tumbam beati Odonis pedibus pulsans, ait, "Fessime senex, animam effudisti, sero satis te meliori locum fecisti! Ita- que quod diu concupivi, te invito teneo, undo tibi malas grates ago." Cum autem cubili se dedisset, vidit beati Odonis effigiem improperare conVitium, minari exitum. Hie yero, qui volatico phantasmate se putabat eludi, ad reoipien- He is frozen dum pallium Bomam pergit; per Alpes transiit, ubi nivali theiJps.^^ frigore congelatus exenteratorum equorum spirantibus adhuo extis pedes, quibus tumbam Odonis pulsaverat, involvit;^
He insults Odo.
(C
((
((
Osbem, p. 107.
wm.M«i-
mesb.G.P. §17.
WiU.Mal. mesb. G. P. §17. (Joh. Tynem.
HlBt.
Aurea, p. 381)
' paratis advocaUs . . . intnuus esf] From William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificam, lib. i. ed. Hamil- ton, p. 25.
^ Hie enim] The foUowing para- graph is partly from Osbera, but principally from William of Mal- mesbory, who seemfi to have taken
the story -with more or less modifi- cation from Eadmer's life of Odo, Angl. %ac. it. 85.
' Hie . • . inq>ediebat] Osbeni, above, p. 107.
* Primo . . . invotvii] fix)m Wil- liam of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontifi- cum, i. § 17. From this point the
AUOTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
339
OsberDy p. 107.
He dies.
Osbero, p. 108.
Job. Tynem. Hist Aurea, p. 324.
Osbem, p. 109.
(Joh. Tynem. Hist. Aurea, p. 825.) Osbern, p. 109. Eadmer, p. 204.
Osbem, p. 109.
Osbern, p. 110.
Birhthdlm succeeds, and is re- moved.
Dunstan succeeds.
Appeanmoe of the dove on his first visit to Canterbury.
et sic mi sere interiit, at qui ab amore ocBlestimn frignisset in corde, per frigoris asperitatem periret in corpore, et qui aUenos bonores ambire prsBsompsisset, ipse in aliena regione mortuns bonorem pariter et yitam amitteret. Iterum preces Dunstano de arcbiepiscopatn fnnduntur, nee quicquam in animo illins consensus operantur. Quapropter Bertbelinus Dorsetensium episcopus ad archiepiscopatum assumptus^ et post pancos dies ad tantum onus minus idoneus inventus, non sine 'verecundia rediit ad ecclesiam suam. Dunstanus igitur, regis et episcoporum importunitate superatus, ad archiepiscopatum electus est.
Bomam profectus, a. papa Jobanne pallium suscepit, et An- gliam rediit.
Primo enim apud Cantuariam adventus sui die, cu^^ sa- cris altaribus assisteret, et populo Dei vivificum panem distri- baendo porrigeret^ repente contecta nube domo, columba de coelo descendens, quousque sacrificium fuisset consummatum, super ilium mansit. Peracto autem sacrificio, requievit super tumbam Beati Odonis, qusB in modum pjramidis ad australem partem altaris constructa fuit. Ex qua die sanctum Odonem ita Dunstanus reyeritus est, ut nunquam pertrans- iret nisi genua flecteret, bonumque ilium vocaret, ita dicens, ** Bequiescat Odo bonus."
Dedicabat aliquaodo Dunstanus ecclesiam cujusdam nobilis, ubi dum aqua deficeret ad ministerium, et ille nobilis turba- retur, prsdmissa ad Deum prece, baculo terram percussit, et arida rupes aquam produxit, quae usque bodie manans, ac salutiferum poculum prssbens, Dunstani nomen celebre facit.^
30. Cum enim a forensibus rebus requies data fuisset, tunc His dally secretins cum Deo manere coepit, sacris vigiliis insistendo, S^tsf' divinas script uras legendo, aut earum codices emendando. Summumque ei studium fuit ut nunquam a divinis operibus yacaret ; sed nunc yerum judicium inter yirum et yirunx dis- cemere, nunc impacatas bominum mentes placido sermone tranquillare ; horum inepta dissolyere conjugia, illorum biere-
He brings Trater out of a rock.
traces of a third authority besides Osbem and Eadmer, which is also represented in tbe Historia Aurea of John of Tynemouth, become apparent. A few occasional words before noted are borrowed from this source, bat now whole clauses ap-
pear. The MS. of the Historia Aurea referred to is the MS. Bod]. 240.
* DeScabat . . . faeit'] A piece of patchwork from Osbem and Ead- mer, but taken directly from the Historia Aurea.
Y 2
340
VITA ET MIRACnjLA DUNSTANI
ticam refutare opinionem ; hie neglecta revocare, ilUc nova Osbern, constmere, viduis, orphanis ac peregrinis ex jastis ecclesise P* ^ l^* redditibns subvenire. Proinde rex consilio ejus ut vitaB suae credens, et omne quod ab eo diceretur, quasi ab Omnipotentis ore prolatum fuisset, suscipiens, qusBCunque statuenda eraut Pungtan's statuit, qusBcunque damnanda damnayit. Omnes ecclesiarum SalrefOTms. ministros, qui aut venandi studio intend, aut quBBStuosis ne- gotiis dediti, sen fomicationis insolentia deturpati, SBtatem agere solebant, aut districta animadversione decrevit coher- cendos, aut de ecclesiis expellendos. Unde factum est ut quarundam clarissimarum ecclesiarum ministri, dum yolupta- tem honestati praeferrent, regali sanctione de eisdem ecclesiis expulsi, melioribuB se et alterius ordinis viris sua loca relin- querent.
Sin of Edgar 31. Hostis enim antiquus totius ecclesisd gaudia cupiens Osbera, ^|^J7^*^*** disturbare, accendit animum regis in amorem Deo sacratfie P- m* yirginis, ut quoniam a tramite justitisd Dunstanum dejicere non posset, eum quern praacipue diligebat dejiceret. Perpe- trate itaque in virginem yelatam peccato, atque ad publicam populi audientiam perlato, Dunsta^us tarn pro culpa quam pro regis infamia grayissimo dolore affectus, mox ilium yeluti alterum David redarguendum alter ille Nathan intrepidus (Job. adiit. Cui assurgens rex, cum manum extenderet^ ut eum Tynem. ad regium thronum deduceret, ille renuens manum dare, ^**** oculos cum indignatione in ilium torsit, et ait; ''Tu pontifiois ^24') ** manum audes tangere, qui virginem Deitatis munere ar* ** rhatam non timuisti praeripere P Sponsam Conditoris tui " adulterasti, et amicum Sponsi aliquo tuo obsequio existimas " posse placari? Nolo amicus esse cui Christus fuerit ini- ** micusP" Territus ergo verborum tonitruo rex pedibus Dunstani prostemitur ; scelus flebiliter fatetur, veniam humi- Osbern, liter precatur. Quod ut vidit pontifex, expavit, perfusumque P- 112. regem lacrjmis, lacrymis et ipse madens, de terra levavit. Denique cum magnitudinem peccati exposuisset, et paratum ilium ad omnem satisfactionem reddidisset, septennem ei poeni- tentiam indixit, ut in toto hoc spatio coronam regni non ges- taret, jejunium in hebdomada biduanum transigeret ; thesauros suos pauperibus large dispergeret: super haBC sacrandis Deo virginibus monasterium SeptonisB fundaret, quatenus qui unam per peccatum Deo virginem abstulisset, plures Ei per plura saeculi volumina aggregaret; clericos etiam malaa actionis de ecclesiis propelleret, monachorum agmina introduceret, justas Deoque acceptas leges sanciret, et per omnes fines regni populis onstpdiendas mandaret. Nihil enim erat quod minus
DuDfltan reproves him.
Edgar's re- pentonoe.
Hispen- anoea.
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
341
OsbcrOi p. 112.
(Job. TyDem. Hist Aurea, p. 326.)
Eadmer, p. 209.
Uigden,
Folycr.
lib. vi. •
Liber de
Hyda,
p. 179.
(Job.
Tynem.
Hist.
Aurea,
p. 326.)
aut segnius rex impleret quam a rectore vitaB suffi prsBceptum faisset. Elapso tandem septennalis poenitentiffi termino, congregatis omnibus Angliae principibus, episcopis et abba- tibus, imposuit regi coronam coram onmi multitudine populi Anglorum, cunotis IsBtantibns, et Deum in Sancto Dunstano laudantibus. Paerom vero ex peccatrioe quondam progeni- tum, sacro fonte regeneratum, levavit, Edwardum ilium vo- cavit, et in filium sibi adoptavit.
Willelmus^ in libro secundo Pontificum, et etiam
Histoiise noimullffi asserunt E^dgarum ex prima uxore genuisse Edwardum, ex secunda Ethelredum, et tandem de Wilfritba genuisse Editbam yirginem sanctam. Hano enim Wilfritbam non vere sanctimonialem, sicut opinio vulgaris delirat, sed timore regis Edgari, eam illicite conoupiscentis, proprio arbitrio esse velatam constat. Unde legitur' quod cum apud Wintoniam rex veniret, quandam puellam in communi habitu speciosissimam videns et concupiscens pro ilia misit. Qu89 timens pudori suo raptum velum a quadam sanctimo- niali capiti suo imposuit, et sic ad regem ivit. Quam videns ille, ait, " Quam subito sanctimonialis effecta es ! " Et ablato velo renitenti vim intulit; et secundum quod prsedicitur sep- tennem poenitentiam egit. Ilia quoque partu explicito, volup- tati renuncians, religiose vixit, sanctaque celebratur apud Wiltboniam, ut asseritur.
Illis enim diebus multis in locis abjectis oleiicis, insolen- ter viventibus, monacbi instituimtur. Nam clerici laborem cbori fugientes, et bona ecclesiae pro libito suo illicite consu- mentes, vicarios parum ad victum babentes loco sui constitue- runt. Sed cum sa)pius admoniti non corrigerentur, rex prse- bendas clericorum vicariis prsefatis contulit. Sed et illi in personatum promoti vicarios sibi facientes, prioribus pejores facti sunt. Bex igitur turbatus, annuente papa, monacbos introduxit.'
After seven years he is crowned.
William of
Malmes*
bury'sao*
count of
Edgar's
wives.
Another ac- count of the veiled virgin.
Monastic abuses and reforms.
Eadmer, pp. 200, 201. (Job. Tynem. Hist. Aorea, p. 824.)
32. Eo tempore^ quidam comes duxerat cognatam suam, et Dunstan correptus a Dunstano parere holuit. Excommunicatur ille ; unlawfnf adiit regem conquerens de Dunstano. Bex mandavit archi- °i»«™Be» episcopo ut eum absolveret, qui noluit, sed eum gravius ex-
> William of Mahnesbuiy, Gesta | Begum, lib. ii. § 159, Gesta Ponti- ficum, ii. § 87.
' The following Yersion of the story is from Eadmer, above, p. 209.
Polycronicon, lib. vi. (ed. Gale, p. 264) ; through the Historia Aurea. * The following story is taken from Eadmer, above, p. 200, ap- parently through John of Tyne-
' This paragraph is from Higden's I mouth.
342
VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Heresuts the pope's oommand.
communicavit. Ille Eomam cum multis mtmeribus misit, et Eadmer, apostolicus mandavit Dunstano ut eum absolveret. '* Absit P- 201. " hoc," in quit Dunstanus, ** ut causa alicujus mortalis homi- ^,^^ " nis contemnam legem Dei mei." Quod videns comes pee- ^^^^ nituit, et uxorem suain repudiavit, nudisque pedibus, laneis Aurea, indutus, virgamque in manu gerens, cecidit ad pedes Dun- P- 324.) stani, et tunc primo absolutus est.
Three
ooiners con- demned to mutilation.
Dunstan will not say mass until their punish- ment has been in- flicted.
Appearance of the holy
dOTO;
His chasuble miAcu- lously held up.
He turns Mayfleld church to the east.
33. Quodam tempore capti sunt tres fabricatores falssB mo- Eadxner, netaB, qui mox adjudicati sunt ad manuum absoisionem, efPP- ^^^9 Dunstanum non latuit. Die autem Pentecostes celebraturus ^j ; Missam, percunctatus est utrum lex impleta esset ; respon- Tynem. sum est propter reverentiam diei dilatam esse pcenam usque Hist, in diem alterum. **Nequaquam," in quit, ** ad altare ego bodie Aurea, *' ascendam, donee debitam sustinnerint pcenam; nam nego- P* ^^^'^ '* tium ad me respicit." Ipsi enim viri in potestate ejus erant. Dixit, et pro eis qui manus perdituri erant, multum plorans, os- tendit de qua affectione hoc dixit. Quibus punitis ascendit ad altare lota facie, dicens, ''Kunc confide quod sacrificium de ** manu mea suscipiet Onmipotens." In qua Missa dum diceret, " Ecclesiam Tuam quam pacificare, custodire, adunare et re- ** gere digneris," nivea columba super eum multis videntibus descendit, et alis Qxpansis super caput ejus sic mansit in silentio usque dum sacrificium compleretur. Quo impleto di- yertit super tumbam Odonis, quondam archiepiscopi, alls suis eam complexans, et rostro deosculans. Unde Dunstanus, quo- ties postea sepulcrum illius pertransivit, ut prsemittitur, , genua flexit et eum postea Odonem so goode, id est, Odo- nem bonum appellavit.
Dum autem digrederetur ab altari, ministris pro signo quod Eadmer, acciderat in di versa euntibus, non fuit qui casulam illius P« 204. susciperet. Quae pependit in aere, nee terram tetigit, ne ser- Jp^g^^ vum Dei a sua intentione turbaret. Hist.
Cum autem Dunstanus quandam dedicaret ecclesiam, Aurea,
D. S25.) et illam vidisset versus brientem non esse conversam, hu-
mero suo parum suppressit eam, et mox fertur eam ad
orientem se convertisse. Villa autem in qua hoc factum
legitur Magavelda vocabatur.
Changes on
Edgar's
death.
34. Post mortem vcro Edgari regis, status regni turbatio- joh. nem pertulit ; nam plures magnates, ejectis monachis de Tynem. magnis monasteriis, quos rex Edgarus et Dunstanus institue- ^^' rant, clericos cum uxoribus reduxerunt. Coacto super hoc ^'^oor* apud Wintoniam consilio, imago Crucifix!, in capite refectorii
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
343
Eadmer,
p. 218.
Joh.
Tynem.
Hist.
Aurea,
p. 325.
p. 118.
Osbern, p. 114.
modo looata, bmnanas exprimens voces dixit, "Absit hoc ut fiat, absit hoc at fiat! judioastis bene, mntaretiB non bene."^ Ad quam vocem omnes, incredibiliter perterriti, clamore pariter et Dei landatione areazn complent. Hanc enim ima-
ginem ego Johannes Wintoniae vidi in capite refectorii monachonim Sancti Swithuni in altum erectam, et in pariete supra caput imaginis sic scriptum erat,
" Humano more crux prsesens edidit 6re, " Ccelitus affata quae prospicis hie subarata ; " Absit hoc ut fiat,"
et csetera superius memorata. His enim adversariis vi- dentibus cessatum est a contentione, qnonsqne per succes- sionem filiomm prior discordia renovaretur. Quibus in villa nomine Calne Donstanus sic respondit : " Qnoniam, senes- *' cente me, antiquis querelis deservire contenditis, fateor, vine! ** nolo, ecolesiae Suae oansam Christo judici committo." Dixit, et quod dixit irati Dei censnra firmavit. jMox etenim concussa domns ; oodnactdani sab pedibns est solatnm : hostes solo prsB- cipitati, ac raentiam trabiom pondere sunt oppressi. Ubi vero cam sais sanctns accababat, ibi nnlla roinsB saffnsio erat.
Miracle at the council of Winches- ter.
The writer has seen the memorial of it.
Miracalous escape of Dunstanat Calne.
(Joh. Tfnem. Hist. Aarea, p. 825.)
OsbeTo, p. 115.
35. Edgaro rege mortao, et Edwardo ad regnam relicto, Dunstan J, .ji .. . iixTkj. J. secures the
dum qaidam prmcipes acqaiescere nollent, Dunstanns arrepto succession
crucis vexillo in medio oonstitit ; Edwardam ' illis ostendit, ^' Edward, elegit, sacravit; patrisque ac magistri afiectam quoad vixit ei impendit. Sed illo post trienniam novercal! fraade occiso, successit Ethelredus frater suus. Attamen in die consecra- tionis BusB, post impositam coronam, fertar Danstanas hoc illi prsedixisse : '' Qnoniam aspirasti ad regnum per mortem fra- His pio- ** tris tai, in cujus sanguine conspiravemnt Angli,' cum JtS^yJ^*"** ignominiosa matre tna, non deficiet gladias de domo tua, hiscorona- ssaviens in te omnibns diebas vitsB tasB, interficiens de semine tao, qaoasqae regnam taam transferatar in rognam alienam, cajus ritam et lingnam gens cui prsesides non novit. Nee expiabitar nisi longa vindicta peccatam tanm, et peccatam matris tnee, et peccatam virorum qai interfnere consilio illias neqaam."
' judicnslis , . bene] From Ead- mer. - /« cujus . . . Angli] from Hig-
den, Poly or., vi. p. 269 ; also Hist. Aurea.
344 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
Prophecy o£ Hic etiam Ethelredus dam pusiolus a Dunstano baptiza- ^^^ DunstAo* ... « ,- Xthciii.
retar, minxit in sacro fonte ; niide et beatoB Danstanas prsB- Hist
dixit exterminiam ADgloram tempore ejus futarom. Aurea,
p. 834.) Dunstui 36. Contigit eniTTl Ethelwaldnm Wintoniensem Qpiscopum Osbem,
death of the <5um Eoffensi episcopo Cantuariam venire. Quibus cum PP- ^^^> wincSeiter magno gaudio susceptis, cum tandem, ad sua reverti a»d Boohea- yellent, confestim Dunstanus empit in fletum ; fletnm adeo magnum ut vix loqui posset. Inquisitus cur fleret, ait: ** Ea re/* inquit, "fleo, quoniam vos in proximo morifcuros ** soio." "Noli," inquiunt, "pater sancte, tam dira nobis " prophetia occurrere." Et ille, "Quod dixi uecesse est fieri. " Moriemini enim huic sbbcuIo, sed vivetis cum Deo. Nec " in hac vita diutius manere debetis, Bed setemaliter cum " lUo vioturi pergetis ad Deum." Et infra paucos dies, sicut prsBdixerat, ambo episcopi mortui sunt.
He is 37. Defuncto ut prsemittitur episcopo Ethelwaldo, et ( Joh.
rSdrew de eligendo pontifice habita dissensione, oravit Dun-S2*™"
tooonse- i. j -r^ • i xust.
cr»te Elfege. Stanus ad Dommum ut dignaretur ostendere quia regendse Aurea,
ecclesiae deberet idoneus pastor succedere. Et ecce ^' ^^^'^ affuit Andreas apostolus dicens ; " Quid, carissime, contrista-
ris ? Surge et Elphego abbati mauum impone, eumque Oebem, " desolatsB ecclesiaB sacerdotem constitue. Nec te aliquorum V- ^*^^i " prohibeat potentia, quia nou ab homine sed a Deo processit f'^f' "* " hwo sententia." » "®-
Ethelred 38. Dum enim rex Ethelredus propter quasdam dissensiones Osbern,
Boo^Ser urbem obsideret BolBensem, patrimonium beati AndresB apo-P-*^^-
DiSSte^.-^^ ^^^ devastando invasit Mandavit ei Dunstanus a stultitia
quiescere, Andream sicut ad prsBstandum facilem, sic ad ulcis-
cendum virilem in promptu esse, ut potentiam illius ipse ex-
periatur, si hsereditatem illius vexare non destiterit. Con-
temptus a rege Dunstanus iberum eadem suggerit, insuper
argenti pondo centum transmittit. Quo accepto ab obsidione
recessit. Miratur Dunstanus hominis cupiditatem ; hoc illi
confestim scripsit : " Quia prcefculisti peouniam Deo, argentum
Dunstan's " apostolo, meaa voluntati tuam cupiditatem, velociter venient
to?^f* " 8^P«r ^ mala quie looutus est Dominus, mala qualia non
" fuerunt ex quo gens Ajiglorum regnare coepit usque ad
" tempus illud. Ac tamen vivente me ista non erunt, quoniam
" et hoc locutus est Dominus."
Quid . . . aententid] From Osbem's life of S. Elfege, Aug. Sac. ii. 126.
AUCrrOBE J. CAFQRAVIO.
345
(Joh.
Hist Aurea, p. 325.) Eadmer, p. 205. Osbern, p. 117.
Eadmer, p. 206.
Osbern, p. 1^8.
Eadmer,
p. 206.
(Joh.
Tjnem.
Hist.
Aoreft,
p. 325.)
Eadmer, p. 207.
(Job. Tynem. EList. Aarea, p. 333.)
39. Quadam nocie dum dormiret Dunstanus^ per visum inadraam rapttis est^ in coelum, efe intererat beatis agminibus illi3* moth^ Oblectabatur modulationibus angelorum suam genitricem gJJ^^ *** • quasi nuptiali thalamo aeiemo Bege oopulantiutn, et suave
Kjrie elejson et hymnis et laudibus moidulantibus organicis resonantium. Quibus' dum ipse magnifice delectatus inten- derei, aocessit ad eum quidam juvenis candidissimo tectus amictu, dicens, " Quare omnibus aliis gaudentibus et can- tantibus tu solus taoes in nuptiis matris tusdP" Qui re- spondit se nescire quid in laudem tanti regis cantare posset. Cui ille, "Yis/' inquit, ''instrui quid cantare debeas P " ' The hyin» Bespondit, "Cupio." Et ille, "Canta, 0 Bex, dominator gen- *** '**™'^- ** tium, salva genus Christianorum adhuc in terra peregrinan- *' tium, ut et ipsi post inimicitias ad gratiam revertantur, '* et angelicsB ruinsa per illos damna reparentur."
Ego enim ssepius legi Dunstanum in eadem visione Another quod subsequitur cantare edoctum, "0 Bex, gentium do-^^*™**^^ ** " minator omnium, propter sedem majestatis Tuee da nobis '* indulgentiam, rex Christe, peocatorum. AllelnjB." Quod ssepins ille cantans et repetens miro modo delectabatur. Expergefactus statim iUam antiphonam jussit scribi.
40. Quodam tempore rex Edgarus adhuc vivens^ dum Dunstui. venatum pergeret, Dunstanum donee rediret Missam diferre ^tor ^ rogavit. Appropinquante bora tertia, vir Dei sacris induitur ^^' V^ vesUbus, regem exspectat, stans cubitis innixns altari, lacry- altar and mis deditus et orationi. Et ecce ! subito sopore leniter J^^ * ^^^^ pressus, raptus in coelnm et jimctus angelis audit eosdem Trinitati modulatis vocibus canere, ''Kyrie eleyson, Cbriste
" eleyson, Kyrie eleyson." Et rediens ad se interrogat si rex advenisset. BespondetUT, "Non." Iterum ergo orat, et iterum in coelum raptus audit ibi altisona voce dici, " Ite, " Missa est." Cumque responderetur, " Deo gratias ;" accur- rerunt clerici regem adesse dicentes. Quibus ille respondit quod jam Missam audierat, nee aliam eo die auditurus vel oelebraturus erat. Interrogatus quare, visionem aperit, et Bumpto ex hoc sermone prohibuit regi ne ulterius in die Dominico venatum iret. " Kyrie eleyson," quod in coelo audierat suos clericos doouit. Cujus modules harmoniaB
^ Quadam . . est'] From Eadmer, p. 205, above.
' Quibus, etc.'] Eadmer, above, p. 206. * See B., p. 41, above.
346
VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
TheJtvritf
rex9pl
dent.
Hen'
Virion of yixKinsAt 8. Augus- tine's sing- ing the hymn of SeduUiis.
Address to Dunstan.
adhuc oontinet tropns ille apnd Anglos famosns, " Kyrie Hiflden,
" rex splenden&."» PoTycr.vi.
^ p. 270.
41. Vidit enim Dunstanus vice quadam corporeis ocu-
lis in ecdesia Sanctir Augustini in capella beatse Maiise,
ubi modo in crypta sub feretro beati Augustini imago
ejusdem virginis locatur, matrem Domini Salvatoris yirgi- Osben, nali corona decoratam, mellifluasque ejus voces aadire me- p. 118. ruit, quibus Bocias virgines ad coUaudandnm Begem ssecnlornm hortabatur, concinens illud carmen sapientis ac senatoris Sedulii,
" Cantemus Domino, socisB, cantemns honorem ; " Dulcis amor Ohristi personet ore pio."
Cumqne ab aliis virginibas hoc foisset acceptnm, alias qui sequuntur versus pronunciabant,
" Primus ad ima ruit magna de luce superbns ;
" Sic homo cum tumuit primus ad ima ruit. ** TJnius ob meritum cuncti periere minores,
" Cuncti salvantur unius ob meritum. " Sola fuit mulier patuit qua janua letbo,
'* Et qua vita redit sola fuit mulier."
^tque in hunc modum totius carminis bini ac bini versus Osbern, percurrebantur, illis semper repetitis qui primi a matre Do- P' *1^" mini dicebantur, " Cantemus Domino, etc." Hasc, pontifioum sanctissime, acutissima vi corporalium oculorum in spiritualem potentiam translator um videre potuisti. HaBC coelestium arca- norum perscrutator audire meruisti. Prrostet Omnipotens Dens per Dunstani merita gloriosa, ut quem semper nobis- cum corporaliter viventem^ habere non licuit, liceat saltern ex consideratione pretiossB vitse SU86 suam vitam sempiteruam agnoscere, agnoscendo diligere, et diligendo sempitemse vitee gloriam a Deo per te patrem piissimum obtinere. Non enim sufficiebat Dunstano in secreto cubiculi sui sacras ex- cubias celebrare, castis orationibus inservire, nisi etiam noc- tumis frigoribus ecclesiam Sancti Augustini frequentaret, et inde ad vicinum Virginis Mariao templum praedictam gloriam visurus procederet.
42. Anno autem Domini duodecim minus a millesimo, Osbem, adventus Anglorum in Britanniam quingentesimo sezagesimo p. 120.
^ On this sec the Preface to the present volume.
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
347
Osbem, p. 120.
Eadmer,
p. 217.
(Joh.
Tynem.
Hist.
Aurea,
p. 335.)
Eadmer, p. 218.
Osbero, p. 121.
tertio^ archiepiscopatus soi tricesirao tertio^ setatis soseBftteof
r^ * ,' n ^ . DuMtan's
septnagesimo ; sanctus Uliristi coniessor Diinstanus, virtuti- dwth. buflplenns et operibus bonis, migravit ad Dominum.
Cum enim instaret dies Ascensionis DominicsB, peraotis His vision of vigiliis, remansit DaiiBtanus in oratione in ecclesia boItib, et ecce innnmera candidatomm multitado, coronas aureas in capitibns gestantium, inaBsfcimabili folgore micantinm, per ecclesias janaam irrnmpens ante ipsum conglobata astitit^ una voce salatans et dicens, " Salve Dunstane noster, salve I *' Mandat tibi Qnem pie desideras Filins Dei, quatenns, si " paratus es, vcnias et diem banc, ad cajns gaudiom spiras, " nobiscom celebres." Ad quod ille imperterritus manens, soiscitatus est qui essent. " Cberubin," inquiunfc, "et Sera- " pbin sumus, et responde quid velis." Tuno ille, ** Hodie '' dies solenmissimus est, et incumbit mihi pane Yerbi DeiThejwKrn plebem reficere, et ostendere illi quomodo ad boo gaudium day of his possit pervenire. Propter quod et multi convenernnt, nee departure. " debeo illos deoipere, et ideo bodie venire non possum.'' Qui dixerunt, ''Eja paratus esto, in die sabbati prsBsto sis '' bino nobiscum Bomam venire, et coram summo pontifice " Sanctus ! Sanctus ! Sanctus ! setemaliter canere." Annuit ille, et illi recedunt.
Osbern, p. 122.
Eadmer,
p. 219. .
(Joh.
Tvnem.
Hist.
Aurea,
p. 335.)
Osbern^ p. 123.
Eadmer, p. 220.
4S, Lecto igitur eo die ad Missam evangelic, locutus est On ^^f^' ad plebem qualiter nunquam antea fuerat locutus ; ostendens prau^, (|ua ratione Filius Dei carnem indaerit, cur bumani generis SSaS'***. salvationem non nisi moriendo compleverit, quemadmodum resurgens a mortuis mortis principem superaverit, et famulan- tibus angelis coelum ingressus sit. Deinde Sanguinem Cbristi incomparabiliter omnibus creaturis docuit esse prcestantiorem, tantamque fiduciam in efifusione Sanguinis illius mundum habere posse, ut si unus aliqqis totius mundi peccata haberet, neqiie de multitudine neque de magnitudine criminum illi esset de« sperandum, si Mediatorem Dei et bominum haberet advocatum. Et reversus ad altare celebravit mysteria.
Ubi autem ventum est ad benedictionem super populum, and warns iterum ab altari prsedicaturus regreditur, ita ut non bominem hiaiw&f ^ sed angelum loqui putares. Iterum ad altare revertitur, et data benedictione iterum ad populum redit, stupentibus cunc- tis ; et mox ut ad loqaendum os aperuit, tanta claritate vultus ejus resplenduit, ut nemo in eum inbendere posset. Obitum suum Ulis instare prsBdizit, promittens se iUis nunquam defunc- turum. Et tunc ad mensam Domini reversus est.
348 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
He chooses 44. Eadem die cum a mensa snmpto oibo surrexisset, Eadmer, *^^*' ecdesiam petiit, et designavit locum in quo sepeliri voluit. PP* ^^» Mox languor eum invasit : sexta feria lecto decubuit, omnes- (Joh. On the ciue adventantes ad sequenda Christi vestigia inoitavit. Sab- T^em. ?noira5u-'** ^^ enim cum horam suam exBpectaret> subito cum lecto ^^^ loiuly lifted in jquo jaoebat usque ad superiora levatus est, et trabibus p^ gj^j^'x ceiling. obsistentibus ad terram leniter demissus. Iterumque usque ad trabes cum lecto suo raptus est ut prius, et iterum leniter demissus : hoc usque tertio factum est. Videntes Osbern, hoc qui astabant territi fugientes, et parietibus innizi de P* ^^^• longe sursum aspicientes, exitum rei yidere cupiebailt. Con- vocat omnes Dunstanus qui fugam inierant, taliter eos de- Hifl address mulcens : ''Yidistis," ait, "filii, vidistis, carissimi, quo me Osbem* ^*^ " Deus vocat, quo ineffabilis Dei misericordia invitat. Semita P* ^**- '* itineris mei prsB oculis ostensa est yobis, ut nuUus yestrum " de pra^mio diffidat, qui yit89 mese diligens sectator exstite- " rit. Sursum est quod amplector, sursum quo gradior. Es- " tote ergo yit® imitatores, si itineris mei cupitis esse sec- " tatores. Nolite boni yideri, sed esse. Hoc enim maximum " inter homines malum est, quod omnes cupiunt boni videri " et esse nolunt. NuUi yolunt mali videri, et nolunt non esse " mali. Facem semper sectamini. Freedico etiam vobis An- Osbeni, *' glorum gentem dira ac diutuma mala.ab exteris gentibus P* l^^* " esse passuram; sed in fine dierum miserationem Dei super " illam stillaturam." Et extensis ad coelum manibus, inter Osbem, verba orationis^ videt illos, qui se ad coeleste convivium invi- P* 126. He dies and taverant, beatos angelos assistentes et coeleste illi obsequium is burled. praeparantes. Quorum veneranda prsesentia felix animaillius de habitaculo corporis egressa, ad contemplandam ssterni Begis claritatem cum illis* profecta est, xiiii. kalendas Junii, et
in ecclesia Salvatoris Cantuarias cum magno honore sepelitur.
Sad changes 46. Post enim ejus obitum ita omnia in contrarium versa Osbern, Us de^ sunt, ut Dunstani mortem omnia deflere, nee ejus absentiam P* se ferre posse viderentur. A summa quippe pace fit commu- tatio ad intolerabile bellum; ab immensa Isetitia ad omnium rerum indigentiam. Denique aer ipse immutatus est, coslum non exaudivit tellurem, nee tellus ea qusB seminabantur in ea. Hostilis incursio fcedam ubique faciem dereliquit, dum eorum irruptione urbes diruerentur, ecclesiaa spoliarentur, et sacer- dotes Domini de terra delerentur.
Mirtdes. 46. Vir quidam et mulier longa csedtate percuss!
AUCTORE J. CAPGRAVIO.
349
Eadmer,
p. 224.
(Job.
Tynem.
Hist.
Aniea,
p. 835.)
Osbem, p. 133.
Eadmer, p. 225. Osbern, p. 133.
Osbeniy p. 134.
Osbem, p. 135. Eadmer, p. 226.
Oflbem, p. 136.
juxta sepulcrum Sancti Dunstani vigiliis et orationibus insistentes perfectae sanitati restitui meruerunt.
Presbyter quidam inter snos nobilis paralysis morbo per- A noble CU8SU8, ad sepulcrum Sancti Dunstani delatns, sensit quan- Sured of dam manum per i»tnm corpus suum ducentem, et membra pjJS^M^wi- sua resolidantem. Sanatus enim grande convivium amicis JJJJ™'^^^ suis parat, et dum convivse pro ejus salute gratias Dieo dies, et beato Dunstano referrent, ille tumens ait, ^'Et si Dun- *' stanus non esset, sanatus fuissem.'' Quo dicto statim pris- tina iniirmitate correptus et miserabiliter damans, post pau- lulum spiritum emisit.
Juvenis quidam a nativitate mutus et claudus, mox ut Core of »
tumbam Sancti Dunstani tetigit, erectis pedibus stetit, etiameboy. soluta lingua ezcelsa voce clamare coepit, " Gloria in excelsis " Deo, AUeluya." Et sic omnibus diebus vitea suae non solum expedite verum etiam diserte .omnia loquebatur.
Puella quaedam a nativitate caeca ad tumbam Sancti ^J}^^ Dunstani a matre sua adducta, apertis oculis omnia clare blind, videbat, et prsB gaudio exsiliens dixit, '* Mater mi, qusB sunt " baeo pulcbra quaa video?" Cui ilia, **Videsne," inquit, " caramiP" Quas dixit, "Pulcber bomo quidam jussit me " bsBC pulcbra videre."
Quidam vero Teutonicus, nomine Clemens, quern sacerdos Cora of pro culpa Yoluptatis et contumacisB in interitum carnis SatbansB whobad tradiderat, septennio a daemone possessus de loco ad locum J^SeJ!^ instabili ferebatur motu. Hie ad tumbam Sancti Dunstani perlatus, cum ad noctumas vigilias responsorium, " Videte " miraculum," inciperetur, saltum in sublime dedit, et daemo- nium cum sanguine evomuit.
Cuidam seni et claudo prsecepit Dunstanus in somnis An old lame sanitatis gratia tumbam suam visitare. Quod cimi fe- Si!msfa?8 cisset, et nihil salntis consecutus fuiss^t, desperatus ad cure, in sua redire coepit. Cui is qui dudum dormienti apparuerat, vultu seyerus, veste decorus, occurrit, sciscitans unde veniret, vel quo pergendo tenderet. " Becuperandae,'* inquit, "salutis '* gratia jussus ad sanctum Dei Dunstanum perrexi, sed nibil " proficiens ad domum meam redire decrevi." *' Et egoOnhiire- '* sum," inquit, ** Dunstanus, omnium servorum Dei conservus, JJ2t?the " necessariis quibusdam causis Ocoupatus, non poteram bis S^V}'^^ " diebus requiem corporis mei visitare, nee prsBsenti am meam go again. " filiis ibidem manentibus exbibere. Nam ecclesiam Dei qui- " dam adversarius exberedare temptavit; sed me tutore
to
(< tt
St
350 VITA ET MIRACULA DUNSTANI
The man " nihil efficere potait. Nanc autem confecto negotio ad locum Osbem, te lieSed. " requietionis meae vado. Vide ergo ut ilia die te ibi inve- p. 186. niam, qnatenns per te gratiam meam meis ciyibas osten- dam." Kediens ergo, et sanus effectus, palam ciinctis quge viderat et audierat enarravit.
Dansten is 46. Quodam eniin tempore in noctama yisione visas est Osbem, theohureh; Dunstanus a fratribuB de ecclesia ezire. Quern cum exeun- P* ^^^' J^J^' tern retinere vellent, "Non possum," inquit, **ibi manere propter spurcitias malorum morum et reorum in ecclesia sepultorum." * Nee multo post ecclesia Salvatoris igni com- busta est, parietes oeciderunt, nee quicquam ex omnibus mo- nasierii officinis incombustum remansit, prseter dormitorium et refectorium et modicam claustri partem.
Lanfraao 47. Lanfraucus autem archiepiscopus ecclesiam Sancti Eadmer,
bodies of the Salvatoris, quam prsefatum incendium inutilem fecerat, simulP'^^^* et vetustas funditus destrueret, et augustiorem construere cupiens, celebrate triduano jejunio, jussit corpora sanctorum, qu8B in orientali parte ipsius ecolesisB humata erant, in occi- dental em partem, ubi beatas Marisa memoria Celebris habeba- Osbem, tur, transferri. Interea duo milites arcbiepiscopi coram feretro £^^^' beati Dunstani terrsB procumbunt, misericordiam et indulgen- p 232. ' Story of the tiam per merita ejus sibi ab abbate Sancti Augustini, de morte liSbota^i^ nepotis ejus, quem nuper occiderant, dari postulantes. Dene* hlfl nephews, gat abbas; denegant et fratres defuncti qui astabant. Jungunt alii preces suas preoibus militum, sed in vanum. Nee enim illos aut reverentia sancti, aut supplicans multitude flectere potuit ad miserendum. Pius autem Dunstanus, non sic au- ditu difficilis, surdam ab infantia mulierem ipsa hora se requi- rentem exaudivit, et ei coram omnibus auditum perfectum reddidit. Abbas autem in sua pertinacia rigidus, nocte se- Eadmer, quenti cum suis nepotibus coram se quemdam reverendi babi- P* ^^^' tus sacerdotem irato vultu stare conspexit, et quibusdam teterrimis hominibus, in medio camerce in qua jacebant, mirsB magnitudinis oacabum supposito igne succendentibus, prsscipere Their Tiflion audivit, quatenus illos simitl ligatos in candentem oacabum * sine ulla miseratione comburendos preeoipitarent. Fercunc- tantibus autem quare tam crudeli pcensa subjici deberent respondetur, "Propterea quod vos furoris igne suocensi mor- " tern vestri germani noluistis perdonare propter amorem ac
^ gepultorum] Here Capgrave fol- I Osbem, which omit the story of lows the reading of two MSS. of I Harold's child, above, p. 142.
AUCrrORK J. CAPGRAVIO.
361
Eadmer, p. SS3.
" reverentdam Sancti Dunstani." Hiis dictis rapinnttir ad Their tciror ignem; et illi nimia anxietate • conBtricti miserandae voces ISce^^''^ emittebant, et se quamcitius possent ad requiem sancti ven- toros, eumqne snper ilia injuria digna satisfactione honoraturos deyovent, si solummodo eos ab imminenti miseria sua gratia liberare dignaretur. Adhsec tetri ministri, nutu sacerdotis ezterriti, cum suis ignibus disparuerunt. Mane autem abbas idem, Scotiandus nomine, ad sepulcrum Sancti Dimstani cum suis veniens nepotibus, monachos ecclesin congregatos sibi precibus suocurrere flebilis orat. Indulgetur reis militi- bus mors defuncti, qui homines pii patris Dunstani effecti ad sua Iffitantes redierunt.
Eadmer, p. 284.
Eadmer, p. 335.
Eadmer^ p. S36.
VitaLan- franciy (ed. I^Achery, p. 14). (Job. Tynem. Hist Aurea, p. 862.)
48. Monachus quidam juvenis ecdesise Salvatoris in Missa Lamfranci archiepiscopi Eyangelium legebat ; et cum dicta oratione Dominica patenam ex more pontifici offerret, yidit coram se quosdam teterrimos et horribiles malignorum spirituum vultus. Ad quorum aspectum nimio payore perter- ritus Lam&ancum inter manus sacra tenentem u^isque brachiis strictim amplectitur, borrido clamore yociferans ac dicens, " Ohristus yincit, Christus- regnat, Cbristus imperat." Post Missam, adunatis in capitulo fratribus, et juyene illo adducto, Lamfrancus, habito prius sermone, omnes pro fratre rogare monuit. Loris autem astrictus juvenis ad tumbam Sancti Dunstani omnino reluctans pertrahitur, in Christum ac Sanctum Dunstanum blasphemias jactans, miserabili cru- ciatu torquebatur. Et cum quidam ad eum accederent, grayia peocata nondum confessa detegebat, et illos sibi in poenis perpetuis socios fore futures gaudens et hilaris pronunciavit. Confessi autem et absoluti cum se ei prssentarent, illos ex transyerso intuens, nee eos sicut prius recognoscens, unde yenerint, quo layacro loti tam subitam purgationem meruerint, quidve contigerit quod suam societatem sic cito alterati ami- serint, spumans et ejulans mirabatur. Dicebat ^ quoque de qui- busdam fratribus nefanda. Tunc nominayerunt quendam, as- serentes quoniam de illo non haberet quid diceret. At ille affirmare cospit quod ad prsBsentiam suam nunquam auderet accedere. Tunc frater ille Lamfranco puram fecit cenfessio- nem, et ingressus ante daBmoniacum stetit. At ille in eum torvo respiciens oculo ait cachinnans, '* Pro malo homine
A monk is aeiiedl^ eril spirits during
He betrSiyB the sins of his ooiii- paDions,aiid threatens them with ezposore.
> Dicebat} The following addi- tion to the story is from the Lifi^ of
Lanfranc by Milo CrispiD, also fil- tered through the Historia Aurea.
352
VITA ET MIEACtrLA DUNSTANI
l(
quomodo es nnnc rebullitus et candidatus P quia te sic V. Lanfr.
Bleiirings of " rebullivit et dealbayit P " Et nihil plua dicere voluit. P- J5.
penitence.
Joh.
Unde datur intelligi quia virtus confessionis et absolutionis ovJLg, aufert diabolo aut memoriam peccati de quo pura facta Hist. est coufessio, aut certe potestatem hominem acousandi. Anrea, Hoc enim misericorditer Christus fecit, monachos ad cor- P* ^^^' rectiorem vitam erudiens, qui cessante disciplina in ssaculari ^*g^^' conversatione ultra quam debebant jacere non timebant. ThooTii Cumque inte!r Sanctos Dunstanum et Elpheeum ponere- about vithin tUT, daemon ' qui eum possidebat in ventre ejus bac et iliac the man. discuirendo vagari coepit, ut putares ilium modo per os, modo per inferiores corporis partes fugam parare; et si quis ma- num super tumorem quern faciebat superponeret, statim in alium locum ezsiliebat. Quidam vero (jallica lingua quod sicut parvus catus saliret dixit. Juvenis vero, qui linguam illam non novit, subridens, eadem lingua responde- He is at last l)at dicens, "Non ut catulus, sed ut catellus." Nec multo post meritis Sancti Dunstani dsemone fugato liberatur, et sensus ei redditur.
bury lOll
In
Story of the 49. ^ De trauslatioue autem corporis Sancti Dunstani Will, of the bones de Cautuaria ad Glastoniam, sicut in monasterio Glasto- ^nt!"Gia»- toQUwton- niensi scriptum inveni, hie inserens, opiniones variaston. p.soi. circa hoc discutiendas penitus reliqui. Anno Domini- MXII., regnante rege Edmundo cognomento Yrensyde, Dani Angliam intrantes orientales partes Angliss et totius Canti® fines in suam redigebant potestatem, et incolse multi, a patria eliminati, multa crudelissima sunt morte perempti. Sic usque Lundonias non gradui nec cetati vel sezui parcentes homici- diis, rapinis, incendiis, divina ssque et humana exterminabant ; et expulsO a sede propria Elphego arcbiepiscopo, prsedia devafitantur, possessiones diripiuntur; monachos Cantuarise trucidant, ecclesiam et omnia incendio consumunt. Gontigit W. Mal- bisdem temporlbus prasfatum regem Edmundum Glastoniam mesb. Ant. advenire : et ibidem aliquantulam trahens moram abbati et G^^^"*- fratribus tantes captivitatis ex ordine retulit bistoriam, et Cantuariensem ecclesiam incensam, et babitatoribus et reli- gione penitus viduatam. Quibus auditis, abbas cum tota con-
^ The following narration is firom the book de Antiquitate Glastonien- sis Ecclesise, written by William
of Malmesbary ; printed in Gale's Scriptores, pp. 301, sq.
AUCTOBE J. CAFGRA.yiO.
353
WilL gregatione valde oontristatus, inter ceatera eximii patris sni The abbot
Malmesb. DunBtani virtutes preeoelsM recitabant, qui dum viveret amplis ^tai^tei^ to *' sS P^^SBeBsionibuB libertatdbnsqne magnificis, et regularibus insti- ^^to* ' tutia, Glastoniam mirifioe inBigniyit. FrecibnB enim uberrimis search for opem oonsiliainqne regis implorant quatenus reliquiae gloriosi ^j^tan.^' yiri ad loca laranBferre possent religiosa, ubi quondam reli- gioniB laote nutrituB ad tantaB virtutes excreverat, ut non solum gregem Glastonie, Bed totius Angliae proyincias sua doctrina illustrare poBset. Quibus auditis, rex eorum desideriis pio occurrens affectu, quod petierant celeri effectui mancipari deoreyit. Brithredus igitur abbas, quatuor confratribus suis hujus legationis officium injunxit, ut assumptis sooiorum auxiliis, Cantuariam properantes, ossa Sancti Dunstani G-las- tonise transferrent. Idem enim monacbi beato Dunstano in came degenti, capellsa suss complentes officium, adhaBrebant, qui etiam corpus ejus, anima ad coelos translata, sepultursB tradiderunt. Postea quoque cum successore suo Elphego arcbiepiscopo usque ad ejus martyrium commanebant. Dice- bantur autem fratres illi Sebrichtus, Ethelbrichtus, Bursius, AdelworduB. Cantuariam igitur advenientes fratres locum siout a rege didicerant omni babitatore nudatum inveniunt. Aperientes ergo sepulcrum, ossa Sancti Dunstani tanto it ia found temporis processu came resoluta reperiunt. Annulum vero JSedf*"*^ digito sancti cum terrse traderetur impositum, quem juvenili SBtate fecisse dicitur, recognoscunt. Glastoniam igitur reli- quias Sancti Dunstani secum deferentes cum gaudio redie- runt. Facta est autem b»c translatio anno Domini supra- dicto ; post interfectionem Sancti Elpbegi martyris anno
Becundo, et anno post dormitionem Sancti Dunstani vicesimo
Ibid. p. 304. quarto. Per cujus intercessiones et merita DeuB ibidem non
cessat operari magnalia, morfc«is yitam, infirmis sanitatem
crebrius restituendo; brutis etiam plnrimis in periculis sub-
yeniendo.^
^ On the question whether this story ought with Jnstioe to be ascribed to William of Malmesbuiy,
see some remarks in the prefiuse to the present Tolome.
VII.
RELIQUIJ: DUNSTANIANJi:.
LETTERS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH DUNSTAN, HIS AGE AND HIS
IBIOGRAPHERS.
Good wishes
toairoh-
bisho]
iqp lfh<
Wulfhelm
I. Epistola ad Wxtlfhelmum archiepiscopum.^
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius, A. 15, fo. 166.)
Pastor apostolicus, Wulfhelmus, nomine Christi In terris darus, cunctis laudabilis, usque in Begna Redemptoris regalis regmine recto Possideat, regnet, teneat, servet, regat atque. Ut quando prsesul sublimis sseda per ignem Advenerit purgare, locu[tu]s eritque, "Venite, " Perdpite sethereum Patris regnum, benedicti, " Principio mundi quod vobis nempe paratum est :"- Sic invitetur postrema luce dierum, " Euge veni, quoniam bone serve in pauca fidelis " Tempore transacto mansisti, gaudia regni " Suscipe coelestis Domini venerabilis, Amen."
1 Wolf helm became archbishop in 92S or 924, and died in 942. He is no doubt the prelate mentioned in the life of Dunstan written by Adelard, above, p. 55, under the name of Athelm. As Athelm died in 924 at the latest, and that year is the earliest date for Dunstan's
birth, it is obvious that the saint could not have been a pupil of the earlier archbishop. The yerses giyen above, which are preserved among the letters addressed to Dun- stan, may possibly have been an early compositioii of the saint.
BEUQULfi DUNSTANIANiB. 355
n. Promissio REaiS.^
(MS. Cotton, Cleopatra B. 13, fo. 56.)]
This gewrit is gewriten staef be staefe be tham ge- The pledge ^ write the Dunstan arcebiscop sealde urum hlaforde aBtDunstanat /^ ^ ^ Cingestune tha on dse^tha hine man halgode to cinge, tionof the and forbead him 8b1c wedd to syllanne butan thysan wedde the he up on Cristes weofod lede, swa se bis- oop him dihte : " On ' thsBre halgan Thrynnesse naman, *' Ic threo thing behate Cristenum folce, and me under- '' theoddiun : An serest thset Godes Cyrice and eall The king's " Cristen folc minra gewealda sothe sibbe healde ; other hia people. '' is thset Ic reaflac and ealle unrihte thing eaUum *' hadum forbeode ; thridde, thset Ic behate and bebeode " on eallum domum riht and miltheortnisse, thset us " eallum arfsest and mildheort God thurh thset his ** ecean miltse forgife, se lifisbth and rixath." Finit.
Trakslatxon.
This writing is written, letter by letter, after the writing that archbishop Dunstan delivered to oar lord at Kingston on the day that they hallowed him king, and he forbade him to give any pledge except this pledge which he laid up on Christ's altar, as the bishop directed him : ** In the name of the Holy *^ Trinity I promise three things to the Christian people and *^ my subjects: first, that God's church and all Christian << people of my dominions hold true peace ; the second is that I ** forbid robbery and all unrighteous things to all orders ; the *' third, that I promise and enjoin in all dooms justice and << mercy, that the gracious and merciful Grod of his everlasting '' mercy may forgive us all, who liveth and reigneth.** Finit.
* Also in ViteDiiu A. 7, printed by HickoB in the first edition of his Institationes GrammaticsB, pieef., and in the ReliqniflB AntiqnsB, ii. 194. See also Wanley's Catalogae, in Hickefl, lii. 202, 241 .
* The form is given in Latin in the Pontifical of Egbert, and in the order for the coronation of Ethelred, and was used also at the coronation of Henry I. See Taylor, Glory of B^gality, pp. 245, 830, 395, 405.
z 2
356 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
of^chri^ Se Cristena cyng the Uias thing gehealdeth, he ge-
tianking. eamath him sylfiun woroldlicne weorthmynt, and him
ece God SBgther gemiltsath ge on andwerdum life, ge
r ^ c ae on tham ecean the se&e ne ateorath. Gif he thonne
\ ^aet awsBgth thsBt Gode wses behaten, thonne sceal hit
syththan wyrsian swythe sona on his theode, and eall hit on ende gehwyrfth on thaet wyrsi^e,) butan he on aJ I his liffaece ser hit gebete. Eala leof hlaford beorh huruthinga geome the sylfum ge^thenc thset gelome thset thu scealt tha heorde forth set Godes dome ywan and kedan, the thu eart to hyrde gescyft on thysum life, and thonne gecennan hu thu geheolde thset Crist aer gebohte sylf mid his blode. ^
Gehalgodes cjntiges riht is, thaet he naenigne man ne fordeme, and thset he wuduwan and steopcifd, and ael- theodige werige and amundige, and stala forbeode, and imriht hsemedu gebete, and siblegeru totwseme, and grundlimga forbeode, wiccan and galdra adilige, mseg- myrtliran and manswanm of earde adrife. thearfim mid aelmyssan fede, and ealde and wise and syfre him to ge
Translation.
The Christian king who keeps these eDgagements. earns for himself worldly honour^ and the eternal God also is merciful to him, both in the present life and in the eternal life that never ends. But if he violate that which was promised to God, then shall it forthwith right soon grow worse among his people, and in the end it all turns to the worst, unless he in his life first amend it. Ah ! dear lord, take diligent heed to thjself by all means ; often call to mind this, thou wilt have at God's judgment to produce and lead forth the flock of which thou hast been maae the shepherd in this life, and then give account how thou boldest that which Christ afore purchased with his own blood.
The duty of a hallowed king is that he judge no man unrighteously, and that he defend and protect widows and orphans and strangers, that he forbid thefts, and correct un* righteous intercourse, and annul and altogether forbid incestuous alliances ; extirpate witches and enchanters, drive out of the land hin-ftlnyers and peijnrers, feed the needy with alms, and
r^ •-.
RELIQUIiE DUKSTAKIAN^.
357
theahterum hsebbe. and rihtwise msBii him to wicne- ]^,?!?Pon- rum sette, for than swa hwset swa hig to iinrih|^)ge- doth thurh his aful, he his sceal ealles gescead agyl- dan on domes dseg.
Tbanslatiok.
have old and wise and sober men for counsellors^ and set righteous men for stewards, for whatsoever they do unright- eously by his faulty he must render account of it all in the judgment day.
^7 H
III. Cantus qui vocattjb Kybie Rex splendens.
^Infesto S. MichaeUs in Tiienae Septenibris di(yUv/r Kyrie Bex splendens^ cv/m sma versUme; in festo S, Jhmstani et St Michadis in Monte Tvmba dicitv/p Kyrie Bex aheque verdilmd,
1. Kyrie Rex splendens coeli arce salve jugiter, ^^^V^J^ clemens plebi Tu8b semper eleyson.
2. HymnidicaB quem turmae cherubin laude perenniter prodamant incessanter, nobis eleyson.
^ The rubric of which this is a part begins thus, " Omnibus dupli- " cibus festis per annum, sive sit ** de temporali sive de festo sanc- ** torum, dicitnr unum istorum " Kiprie eleyson, cum suis Tersibus ' « pro dispoBitione cantoris, ita ta- " men quod in festis migoribus " duplicibus dicitur Deus Creator, " et in csteris duplicibus per or- '* dinem dicitur, Kyrie rex genitor, '' Kyrie fone, Kyrie onmipotens, ** Kyrie Hex epiendens, Lux et Ori- ** go, CuncUpotena, CcntUtor Kyrie, " Orbis /actor" Mlssale sec. U8um Eccl. Sarisb.
^ The story told by Eadmer, p. 207, represents Dunstan as learning }n his sleep a heavenly melody of the
Kyrie eleyeon. This melody, as we learn from Capgrave (p. 846 above), was identified iu his days with the cantuB Kyrie JRex splendens, which, as appears from the rubric given above, was in some special way connected with the festival of S. Dunstan. In the Winchester Tropary of the tenth century, now MS. Bodl. 775, which contains most of the Eyries men- tioned in the last note in a ruder and earlier form than that in which they appear in the Salisbury Afissal, this particular Eyrie is not found. It may therefore have been origi- g^ially drawn up by Dunstan ; but it is impossible to say with anything like certainty that the words given in the text represent the original form.
358
VITA SANCrn DUNSTANI.
risBsjt
9P
3. Insigniter catervse prsecelsee et quibus seraphin respondent Te laudantes, nostri eleyson.
4. Christe Rex altithrone, ordines angelorum novem Quern laudant incessanter pulcbre, dignare servis Tuis Semper eleyson.
5. Christe Quern toto orbe unica ecdesia hymnizat^ sol et luna^ astra, tellus mare Cui et famulantur, semper eleyson.
6. Ipsi idem inclit^ patri^ perpetuse hseredes sancti omnes digno carmine proclamant quem ovanter, nobis eleyson.
7. Virginis pise Mariae O alma proles, Bex regum, benedicte Bedemptor^ cruore mercatis proprio mortis ex potestate semper eleyson.
8. Insignissime, ingenite, O genite, origine jam expers et fine, virtute ^ excellens omnia, catervje huic Tuse de- mons eleyson.
9. Limpidissimse glorias Sol, justitiae Arbiter, omnes gentes districte dum judices; turmae obnixe precamur tunc astanti clemens eleyson.
The Kjrie was said immediately after the collect or offidom, and was not a part of the ordinary of the Haas, or peculiar to the English uses. Cardinal Bona (Opera, p. 508) was not aware that the custom was earlier than the thirteenth century ; but this is distinctly proved by the evidence of the Bodleian MS. cited already,
the date of which is sufficiently clear ftt>m the penmanship, and is shown by the prayer in the litany, *'Ut <* iBthelredum regem et exercitum <* Anglorum conservare digneris." Fo. 18.
^fine, virtuW] The Gradual (ed. Paris, 1532) reads *' fide mortua."
T r
f ■ *
BELIQUIfi DUNSTANIAN^.
359
IV. ^ Epistola Arnulfi ad Dunstanum
ABCHIEPISCOPUH.' (MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 16, lb. 159, b.)
Smnmo archipontificatus amplificato honore Dunstano, ad.96i. Amulfus marchisus salutatoria mitto affamina, quin-^^^of etiam devotissiina mando obsequia. Grates habeo quod des^ a nulla vobis piguit ratione memor esse mei ; unde quasi ^^^^^^ quoddam jubilum Isetitise sic a me excipitur fSeuni- *° '^' liaritas vestri; nee tenaeius volo subsistat aliqua res sub sole quam nostrae amicitise permaneant deinceps in omni tempore. Qua de causa in me sic de omnibus adquisitis et adquirendis potestis confidere quod non sit vobis opus dubitare de ulla qualicunque rem quam super • terram possideo, quae sit expetenda ab aliquo qualicumque amioo. Nam si scirem quod res vobis ali-
1 The MS. from which this and moBt of the following letters are taken has been terribly damaged by both fire and water ; hence the nnmerons lacunse which will be foond in the text and some little uncertainty as to the endings of the lines. SnflBcient, howeyer, remains generally to show the meaning of the writers.
' There is not mach in this letter that indicates to which of the two Amnlfs it is addressed. Amnlf I., who had protected Dnnstan during his banishment, and who, as we leam from Adelard (above, p. 59), had restored the monastery of Blan- dinium, ruled Handere from the year 918 to 965. Amulf his grand- son, who succeeded him, ruled from 965 to 988. The tone of the letter suggests that the elder Amulf was the writer, and the younger, who was a child at his succession, epuld scarcely have remembered the exile
of Dunstan. On the other hand, the fiurt that the count's ambassa- dors required an introduction through Dunstan to the king, seems to indicate that the letter was writ- ten at the beginning of a new reign, that of Edward or Ethehred. How- CTcr, on the whole the former theory is most probable. If this be ac- cepted, the letter may be dated in 961, in which year Adalulf, who was made abbot of S. Bertin on April 4, Tisited England with pre- sents from the count to the king. This hd is mentioned by the monk Folkwin in the Cartulary of S. Ber- tin, which he dedicates to Adalulf. The latter ceased to be abbot on his return iu 962. See the Cartulary among the Documents Inedits sur I'Histoire de France, pp. 15S, 155 : ** Quo in tempore comes isdem eun- ** dem dominum Adalolfhm cum ** exeniis ad regem trans mate di» '* rexit Anglomm."
30O
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.0G1. quse ex nostris placerent, inprsesentiarum vobis liben- to^belil!** tius mitterem. Et quia ita pro certo et non aliter se
formdd what 1.111 1 -ii*ii
he can do res naoet, peto per praesentem geruluin litteramm quee-
thHaA- ciinque vobis de meis placuerint rebus enudeati ex-
" ^ ponere^ quatenus vel sic valeatis agnoscere quantum
vobis cupiam esse in omnibus ubique amicus. Itaque
quod petimini si gratanter vuliis agere, agnoscam tunc
quod communem verius velitis nostram ampMcare dilec-
tionem. Sin alias, de vobis plus dubius ero quam aut
expedit aut mese voluntatis exstiterit. Deus autem Om-
nipotens faciat votum meum prosperari, ut pro me et
conjuge mea^ copiatis^ supplicare Ipsum. Csetenun^
Uebegshim obnixius oro ut amicitias inter me et inter dominum.
to promote
He desires hia pnyen.
friendnhip vcstram regem tales nunc faciatis, quales habuerunt et himself and antcccssorcs uostri ad invicem foederatas. Et ut pro
the king. ^
pinquitatis mutuss memor sit, volo ut ei suggeratis nee obliviscatur sed magis intelligat et sciat, quod non ut extraneum, verum etiam sic me debet amplecti sicut fratrem et sicut proximum propinquum.' Miaurus sum ' itaque legatos meos ad ipsum cum competentibus sibi honoribus, sed per consilium vestrum hoc agere volo. - He is about Yobis itaque, si visum fuerit utile mihi, tunc mandate
to MTid axn'
baasadora, mihi Quomodo vobis de his placeat, et quo tempore
who are to * ^^^ . , * , 11
act by Dun- hoc essc possit, sciucet ut m promptu rex habeatur.
Stan's ad* * * •
Volo enimvero vos auctorem hujus esse operis, quia hos quos misurus sum recto tramite ad vos destinabo nun- cios. Nam humilius rogo ut cuncta quae acturi sunt per manus et consiliimi vestrum, favente Deo, prospere diri- gantur. Addo etiam his meis petitionibus rem quamdam
vice.
> The wife of tlie elder Arnulf was Adeliza, daughter of count Herbert II. of Vermandois. The wife of the second was Susanna or Bosala, daughter of Berenger king of Italj. The former lady was alive as late as January 7, 963. Cart. S. Bertin, p. 150.
3 eopicttu] from Kowidm, to labour, as in S. Matt xiL 28.
' The elder Arnulf was the son of Baldwin II. the Bald, hj Elfthritha, the daughter of Alfred, who was great-aunt to Edgar : the relation- ship is more likely to have been brought into prominence by the elder than by the yoonger Amiil£
RELIQUI^ DUNSTANIAN^.
361
nimis mihi devotam ; hoc est ut nostris viris monachos a.d.mi. cum conpetenti vestro illorumque honore ad nos usque him^itooon- mittatis; sic etiam ut testimonii causa vestri habeant on their °^ secum vestrum missum aut .brevem, donee nostram ^^" videant faciem. ~
V. Epistola ad Arnulfum^ oomitem.
(MS. Cotton, Tiberias A. 15, fo. 155, b.)
Cunctarum virtutum religione composito excellentis- The writer, simoque ducatus apice adomato, et largiflua philo- ciedMtic! sophiqs scientia redimito, atque utriusque vitae, quam good wishes, quidam sophistarum, immo, ut ita dicam, sapientium mirifice per n . et e . Graecum* tropice expressit or- namentis insignito, marcioni non sececundum' provi- dentiam Dei et duci, ego Sancti N., confessoris adque pontificis coenobii ardiimandrita, et gratia Dei antistes, devotum ac inenarrabile obsequium sicut salutem
conlaterani tuae in Domino opto cum omni He has
dero meo; dum vestrse munificentifie rumor, per totius the good Albionis plagaa passim pervolitans percrebrescit, exi- Amuu. mius inde orthodoxorum catalogus, non theatrales ut comicus volgo applausos, sed theoricas, uti catholicas atque theologus tripudians, laudes pro vestra subnixius
1 This letter again appears to be addressed more probably to the elder Amalf. It is almost impos- sible to identify the writer ; bat he most have been an English ecclesi- astic of high position, the head of a monastery, and perhaps a bishop. The letteif N. probably represents merely the word nomen. None, however, of the English cathedrals has any such dedication, except Winchester, which might possibly be regarded as the chorch of St Swithan confessor and bishop ; and the fitct of the letters ix., ziy., and
zxi., existing hi the same collection may point to bishop Ethelwold or Elfege as the writer.
9 This is anintelligible. The copyist probably met with a word he coold not read, and pat Greecum to show it.
' We may conjectnre that this stands for nonno secandnm, ftc. bat the second word is anintelligible. Amolf acted as chief officer, or abbot of 8. Bertin. Nonnas is said to be eqaiyalent to Dommus, See below, p. 880.
362
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
Heeniames solet impendere sopitate:^ jure nimirum cum in vobis
^e, ' nihil aliud esse cognoscitur^ quam assiduitas veritatis^
statera rectitudinis, conspicua erga omnes bonitas^ uni-
versa morum prseclara honesias, isecdesiarum quoque
prsefulgida lampas, qua non modo affines parrochi8&,
quod plurimorum est, fulciendo corroborantur, verum
and benefkc- etiam longe direptse ac remotse quod paucorum est, in-
churches. super etiam coenobia et delubra^ macenis penitus caden-
tibus culminibusque carie confractis solotenus jam diruta^
recuperanda instaurantur. Hoc rumore et hac fama de>
ferente et reportante talia vestra facta ad nos usque.
He sends a direximus vobis nostri patris fratrem amiatum videlicet
messeiucei' * — ^
with letters, usuali appcUamine vocatum N. agnomine, ger manus N. Scirebumensis episcopi, quern scimus plenum cari- tatis et veritatis, ut in se innotescat tibi quod babes quendam nostri ccenobii librum, scilicet evangeliorumy to recover a quem vendiderunt tibi duo nostrates clerici inveterati has been dierum malorum^' furantes ab ecdesia ilium nobis nes> the church cientibus, dimi essent quasi creduli nobis, quod factum ^ i^theoount. ipsi postca confessi sunt, facto miracido jam in illis. ( Hoc sane volumen, venditum ab illis quserentibus ' quandam midierculam captam a Danis vestris, emptum 1 etiam a te in villa tua quae dicitur vulgo' tribus mancusis nummorum. Unde nos obnixe precamur te, ut remittas nobis librum nostrum, quem juste adquisi- vit, ut perperam amisit, eecdesia, pro PoUcrati amore pantorumque agiorum^ in Christo quiescentium bene- dictionibus ; valeat semper incolomes.
> So MS. for MotpitaU.
' inveterati dierum malorum ] ** waxen old in wickedness," Dan. xiiL (Sosanna), 52.
* The name seems to be omitted, or lost in the word vulgo, but there is no blank in the MS.
* PoUcrati amore pantorumque agionan] *' for the love of God and '' aU the saints :" a good instance of the waj in which the borrowed Greek words were treated.
RELIQULE DUNSTANIAN^.
36S
VI. EPISTOLA. ad EADGARUM R£QEM.^ (MS. Cotton, Tiberiiis A. 15, fo. 159.)
A.1). 060'975.
Begi indito sceptrum regiminis bajolans dimicando, The abbot dominuB et abba Sancti Petri atque Audoeni,' una cum or s.^Qe^ monarchia ' sibi subjectaB congregationis, fidelia in their best
wiflhfis to
Chiisto optant sibiere^ munia. Ea namque devotione the king; qua compuncti corde necnon ore nee mora psallimus for ^uqm nocte ac die pro illustri oomite nostro Richardo ^ om- own count nipotentis Dei adminicular eademque reciproca interven- tione, scitote pro vobis orantes, quatenus diu longeve vigeatis, valeatisque in futuro residens ut curales^ in curia. Est enim ventus ingens retonans auribus nos- tris, et exemplo bonse actionis firaglans, ut odor bonus ubique per cuncta cosmi curricula, quse sdUcet in sancta Dei secdesia agitur a vobis in vidtiis, in orpha- Theyhavo nis, in omnibus necessitatem patientibus; ex quibus report of\is laudatus ab omnibus in Christo degentibus caveatis ^ and deSre iUud PsalmistaB, " Dispersit, dedit pauperibus/' et cfetera, the res&ra-
^- • 1 • /> •• Vr • . tion of their
quia omnis laus m fine camtur. Msec ergo scientes church. flezis genibus oramus ut a nobis perveniat aliquid auxilii vestri, quo, ob amorem vestrss animse in redi- mendis peccatis videlicet vestris, restauretur monaste- rium Sancti Petri atque Audoeni, qui etiam' pro vobis erat interpellans Dei clementiam, in cujus consortio noetrorum copulari vos cupimus ex hinc et deinceps,
> Epistola Audobui, MS. This 18 one of the letters transcribed by UsBher from the Cotton MS., as additaments to Spelnuin's Concilia: MS. Bawlinson, Misc. 1074.
* Perhaps' Hildebert abbot of S. Onen, who appears to haye been making great efforts for the restora- tion of his monastery about this time. See Martene and Dnrand, Tlie8aanis,iii., 1676. There is some uncertainty as to the date at which he became abbot; William, after- wards abbot of Dijon fix>m 990 on-
wards, being named as his prede- cessor, whereas Hildebert Idmself is said to hare mled S. Oaen's for 46 years. Gallia Chr. xL 140.
' monarchia] used in its theo- logical sense of iiatfy.
^mbierel subire (?) or somere (?) or sincere (?).
* Richard I. doke of the Nonnans, 943-996.
* cvraki] possibly for ckoraulet, a flnte-player, mosician, or carol- singer; or for ctcna&«.
7 caveati§2 so the MS. forciiiiafif.
364
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI.
A.D. 959-076. si libet. Testis sit nobis Dens quia non pro id quod do- •nistenco?'^ minus noster illud prsevaJeat pera^, verum ne per omnia nobis necessitate indigentia potest compleri auxilia. Qua de re magno clangore exposcimus, ut non dedig- nemini nostras despicere preces, quin ad nos perveniat auxiliumque consilium vestrum, quibus valeamus ope- rari libita circuli nostri, ut decet sine intermissione pro vobis orantes si feceritis ea.
VII. Epistola Johannis papa xm. ad Eadgabuk
REGEM.^ .
AJ).965-97t. Johannes episcopus, servus servorum DeL^ Eogaro
fliaiSoRa^i^gi excellentissimQ/atque omnibus episcopis, diidbus,
'^^^^ comitibusy abbatibus, et cuncto fideli populo Anglicffi
gentisy, Chrifltianam ealutem et apoatoUcam benedic-
tionem.
^pope Quoniam semper sunt concedenda qu£e rationalibus
Edgar's seal. qu£eruntur desideriis, oportet ut vestrse piae petitionis
studium in privilegiis minime offendatur prsestandis.
Scimus enim, gloriose fili, imperii vestri dignitatem
zelo divinse legis ita undique munitam, ut indesinenter
pro venerabilium locorum p^rcogitet stabilitate; quate-
. ^ nus proveniente pro labore schola Dominici multiplici*
^ The following letter was firgt printed by archbishop Parker in the Antiqoitates, whence it was taken bj Alford, Annates iii. 349; by Coqaelines, Bullarinm, i. 262 ; and by Mansi, xviii. 483. If it be ge- nuine, and it is received as such by Ja^, its date will &11 between the years 965 and 972 ; the chronology of the life of Edgar and Ethelwold famishes no closer limits. I have not socceeded in discoTering the MS. from which it was taken by Parker, and I should not Yonch for its genoineness ; bat if it be a for- gery, it most be an early one, as (he monks of Winchester after the Conqneit tried to maintain thai
their church had been originally monastic, whilst this letter would show that it was filled with secuUtf clerks in the time of Ethdwold, as indeed is clear from his biography. A late forger would, howeyer, hare spoken of the church under the title of S. Swithun. The use of the word canomci for secular clerks, occurring in a papal letter, is not significant ; but there is no eyidence that the cathedral clergy bore this name in England until the ere of the Conquest It is worth while observing how nearly the language of the letter resembles that of the JRegularit Concordia, in the Mon. Angl. ToL i p. xxTiii.
r r
I
f
•i
r
^
BELIQULfi DUNSTANIAN^. 365
f.
ter servitii, et/largitori omnium Deo abunde fructus a.d. 9«6-072. referantur mmeni. Quare, rex indyte ac fill carissime> the canons quod vestra excellentia per firatrem et coepiscopummoredfrom nostrum Dunstanum ab hac apostolica sede, cui licet Minster at
•J -i. -C J' J- Winchester.
immenti prsesidemus, exposcit, omnibus modis concedi- mua, auctoritate apostolica sancientes, ut de monasterio . in Wintonia dvitate in honorem SanctsB Trinitatis et ^^ t
beatissimorum apostolorum Petri et Fauli conjuncto, . r ^ - ^ '^ quod vetus, differentia novi illius quod juxia est ooe- , ) *
nobii, cognominatur, canonici, dominor episcopo et \)mni- -" ^ J\ f^
bus catholicse fidei cultoribus ex pli^ntibus culparum suarum turpitudinibus odibiles, et in eisdem secundum impcenitens cor eorum inverecunde perdurantes, cum suo prseposito, utpote vasa diaboli, ejiciantur; et sicutBtheiw^ vestra sublimitas desiderat, dilectissimus frater et co-duqeand
TOWT»t^iTl a
episcopus noster Ethelwaldus, regularibus disdplinis b^^^^ apprime imbutus, monachorum secundum prsecepta re-^.*oei«ct guise viventium gregem enutriat, eisque inibi perpetuum ^"d- ^ /* , mansionem statuat ille, qui eorum vitam ita sanctitatis
. ' moribus exomet, ut pastore ad laboris sxd prsemium vocato, non aliunde quam ex ilia congregatione alter in locum regiminis succedat. Quod si impedientibus, quod absit, peccatis, ad hoc pontificale officium in eadem congregatione idoneum inveniri minime posse contige- rit, auctoritate apostolorum principis Petri, cui Dominus ac Salvator noster ligandi solvendique potestatem con- Noderkis tradidity prsecipimus, ui nemo ex dericorum ordine ad that church, hujus regimen ecclesise promoveatur ; sed potius ex alia qualibet congregatione qxd dignus inventus fuerit^ monachus assumatur, et huic ecclesise prseficiatur. Si quis enim interea, quod non credimus, hsec apostolicse •
sedis privilegii decreta irrita facere, et ea qusB 'nobis *^ .
pie indulta sunt intaminare prsesumpserit, auctoritate ejusdem coelestis davigeri Petri, omniumque successo- mm ejus, sdat se anathematis vinculo innodatum, et in illo magni judicii die perpetualiter damnandum. In Christo valeas, domine fili.
366
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D. 969-075.
The conere-
gtion of S. merieve, atPariBi ialute the king.
Theorpny for him cx>i\- stentlyat theBmrine of their BBint.
Th^ thank him for a giftof . money.
Vni. Epistola ad Eadqarum BEGSM.^
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 167.)
Anglomm in regno regalis antistiti suggestu lucu- lenter prseminenti, Eadgaro, uranei terrenique dogmatis fastu inedicibiliter omnino pollenti, principum aposto- lorum Petri ac Fauli insignisque virginis Oenove&e con- cio,^ quicquid honoris gyrus continet orbis, ac quicqidd tripudii ambitus coeli.
Vestrae altitudini regise nottiin fieri molimnr, quod in unanimitate consonoque rabulatu devincti, quantum divinse pietatis quimus contemplari oromate' intemo theoremata, coelic83 majestatis auditum orandi continua- tione percellimus, ante mausoleum prsecelsse virginis Genovefe, ut rex regum inoleat inefiabiliter vestri numinis cidmen inter vivendum, et dehinc, post fata busti, perpetis vitsB natalem, secumque regnandi prse- rogativam^ enpirios^ inter lapides siderei diadematis "conferat vobis. 'Egregia siquidem cupidine connexi velle regnandi cum Illo, trans &eta nobis direxistis ar- genti munia, ut hujusmodi largitate exultans pneuma per tantse virtutis bratthea *^ perveniat ad setemae amoe- nitatis peribula. Vestras profecto vere felicissimas ad- serimus gazas, quae sic in egentium manus ecclesiarum- que agmina erogantur, ut sethereo foenore coelestis doxse
t This letter also wbb transcribed by Ussher : see above, p. 863. It is mentioned by Leland, Coll. ii. 404, who, howeyer, giyes the title as << Epistola Fecontionis decani " S. Genoveftae ad Eadgamm Be- ** gem," haying read the words " Genovefffi concio " confusedly.
^ The monastery of S. Genevieve at Paris. The first dean of S. Gene- vieve named in the Gallia Chris- tiana, vii. 705, is named FeUx, and is placed in the tenth century. He
may have been the writer of the letter.
' oromate] for Spdfiart; a form not nnconmion from the time of Aldhelm.
^ enpirioa'] empyrios.
^ breUthea] fipax^^ brevia, as op- posed to atema amcBnitatis peribula. The last word occurs in the first life of Dnnstan in the meaning of walls (above, p. 8), in which sense peribolus is used^in the Vulgate, Ezek. xlii. 7, 10.
B£LIQUL£ DUNSTANIAKJS.
367
mercentur vobis prsemia insestimabili ac ineffabili or- natu decussata. Yere prsedara nus^ vestra et sauctse intentionis opinione subnixa^ quae sic coelitis aregidiffi' dogmate irrigatse, ut in ea cunctipotens habitet^ omni pravitate castigata postulatibus maritata, cuncta boni- tate augustissima ! Syrmatis hujus munxiscula, mystid caumatis retinentes cmsmata,^ his aforismis^ accipite quomodo nostri apex loci exordia sumpsit, et famulans ibi Domino katerva obsequi sategit. Cblodovsens deni- que rex Francorum, totius trophsei compos^ qui primus rex apud nos, admonitu prsetaxatae virginis, baptismi gratiam nactus periergiam ^ arripere decrevit, et archis- teum ^ mirse pulchritudinis in honore principum aposto- lorum confecit; et adeo mens ejus devota huic loco extitit, ut quibusque modis penitus ab eo sublimatus " altera Boma " sortitus adesset vocabulum. Hoc siqui- dem, cooperante fide Christi, repletus victor evolavit ad sidera, clavigero coeli reserante iUi paradisi ostia. Ibi exinde prselibata virgo humata adfiiit, tantis prsefiilgens prodigiis ut lingua centenis distincta boatibus expri- mendis nuUatenus sufficiat, nisi quia per pluiimum ejus verbo coecis dies^ daudis gressus, exanimatis vita, et a quacunque peste detentis sospitas sine mora restituta fuit. Centenus namque canonicorum ordo ibi floruit, sed pro Danorum^ imminutione media pars depreta^
A. If. 959~976. Good wishes.
AoGonnt of their f oun-
Clomthe first COuris- tiaakixwot the Franks, built their monastery.
ItwasoaUed a second Some.
Miracles of S. Goie- ▼iere.
A hundred
canons
there.
' nus"] vovs,
' aregiSa"] The passage is un- intelligible and probably cormpt. The ▼Old regidium is explained by Fapias as divimtas,
* syrmatis and crusmata are mu- sical terms, the former signifying a long drawn sound, and the latter the single notes produced by striking the string of the lyre : the cauma must refer to the mystic fire of in- spiration, but there is a cross me- taphor.
* aforismis'] aphorismis.
* periergiam^ from w€pl€pyos ;
apparently in the sense of exceeding care.
' arehisteum] arehisterium— asce- terium, hinefjriiploy ; a monastery.
7 The church was burned by the Danes in 856, according to Mabil- lon, Ann. O. S. B. iii. 55 j who, however, would have learned from this letter, had he ever seen it, that canons, and not monks, were then in possession.
* depreta'] The word is illegible in the original MS. : possibly it should be depressa, or dqfntdata.
368
VTTA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.8;(9-976. consisiit, etiam enormi temporis interstitio muldberis ruinSd by gatture ipse locus onmino persistit concrematus, in cajxis and needs' resedificatione potentum adminicula caremus. Fortes
restoration. ii-i*« <• * i* . ,
et seduli in oratione pro vobis perseverantes vestrum denotatum habemus nomen nostra inter agiographa, ut vestrum memoriaJe in vita obituque sit semper nobis- cum, et gratia regnandi cum Christo optentu sanctorom, quibus deservimus, vobis eveniat; bmfii.^
O decus imperii oertisBima spes quoque regni, Aule Dei mentem obducat tibi et entole* conviet,' Alluat sethereusque calor banc de pietate, Pauperi ut aporiam^ tollas et gaudia prsestes; Donis ditaturque tuis canonicus ordo ; Gaudia sanctorum ut capias cum stemmate doxce,^ Muneribusque tuis nosmet si visere Sanctis AmbigeriS; totum Domini gestabit in aulam, Angelicus templumque tibi hie splendens struct ordo. .Qu8B bona sunt jugiter bjciBSy et quad maJa nunquam, Crimine depulsus consistas in bonitate, Junctus ccelicolis socius ketaris in astris ; Hanc rem quo capias animo rex suigere nobis. Talis in theca fac quam sentire queamus.
Periodos.
1 bmfk] Cypher for Amen, See Hampflon, Med.JBT. Ealend. L 434.
* aule . . entole] Avle is pro- l»ablj the &vX4 of 8. John x. 1, the Bheepfbld ; entole is irroKii, the command.
* camriet'] The word may be
read comnet or comoet : the forms are equally unintelligible. Conviet from conviare, to accompany, gives some sense.
* airop<a, helpless poverty.
* ffr4/iftaTt 8^i7f, the crown of glory.
It/*' A<.
BELIQUI^ DUNSTANIAN^. 369
^r :u.-
IX. Epistola Lantfrithi ad Wintonienses.^
(MSS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, to, 144 ; Yespasum A. 14, fa 156.)
Dilectissimis fratribns Wintonise commorantibus in AD.cir.0so. 'Sancti Petri coenobio quod nuncupatur vetustissimum Jjg^^'^^ jugis Concordia, salus ac perhennis gloria, gaudium in- JJJ^JJ^ **' cnarrabile, splendor sine fine, pax sempitema, karitas *'*"■**'• t^v» / eontinua hie et^XBlo multipUcetnr a Domino.
' Licet, karissimi atque affabiles adelphi, per imiversam He under-
ferme Europam sint divulgata penitus miracula, qusegraaimis- prsepotens Auctor miraculorum diimatiis est largiri gen- reute the^
^ . x'l A 1 « . « Tir . .1 i« miracleiof
, tibus Anglorum per Sancti Switnuni mentum, tamen s. swithun. ne tanta Dei beneficia queant posteritatem latere suc- •cedentem, neqiiissimns cunctorum pravis actibiis homi- num, utpote nulla divinse prserogativa sdentise, nulla fultus bonitatis auctoritate, verum Vjestris obtemperans jussionibus, vestris confisus orationibus, tremens ad tantam pelagi magnitudinem accessi, et quasi stillam de undis oceani, ita de plurimis sancti miracuUs perpauca decerpsi. Quapropter efflagito Conditorem rerum, qua- tenus non meum respidat meritum sed effectus juben- tum ; vos etiam pro meis precor orare deliquiis, ne me •seducat spiritus fialsitatis. Nimirum animus terrenis inretitus curis nihil veritatis excogitare potent, nisi prius fallads caligines erroris spiritus scientiae et pie- tatis expulerit. Et quoniam perparum sdmus de sig- He knows nis mirabilibus, prodigiis ac virtutibus, quse sanctus iste those which in sua gessit orationibus vita, nimirum ut inqidd Pris- wrought
. o <• 1* •!•• t^ 3" when alive.
eianus' auctor grammaticse artis pentissimus, studiis litterarum transeuntibos in neglegentiam propter scrip- iorum inopiam, veniamus ad ea quae post ejus obitum
^ This IB the dedicatoiy epistle prefixed to Lantfirith's work on the Miracles of S. Swithan, which •exists in MS. in the British Moseom, MS. Beg. XV. c. 7. The letter has lieen printed by Wharton in the
Anglia Sacra, i. 322. It was tran- scribed by Dr. JafSS from the Ves- pasian MS., see p. 880 below.
' Priscian, Institut p. 1, ed. Hertz.
A A
370
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
i-f-* /
/
Thewii- indubitanter sunt peracta ad viri Dei tumulum. Id-
gious duty **"
^m^^^_ drcoque accessimus maxime ad evolvenda hujus sancti
oies known, miracula, quoniam ut beneficia Dei dignissimum est
laudare et justissimum ea nescientibus prsedicare, sic
( . yf^ <» — iniquissimum est ilia silendo negare, et nequissimum
^tdem ignorantibus non enarrare. Humanus/aDimus ^^^4^ istius est naturae ut, quotiescumque legendo didicerit, ' vel audiendo, sacros actus antiquorum vel mores patrum, relinquat cordis duritiam deseratque mentis contuma- ciam, sectatricem vitiorum, et inclinetur ad misericor- diam, secteturque humilitatem magistram virtutum.
X. Epistola ad Dunstanum archiepiscopum.
(MS. Cotton, Tiberias A. 15, fo. 154 b.)
AJ).969-088.
The writer ■ends his
r
Gloriosissimo et sanctissimo fratri Dunstano archi- episcopo, visitationem onmimodam, salutem mellifluam ^jJiSSmu ®* benedictionem apostolicam.^ De vestra valde gaudeo prosperitate et de munere caritatis vestrse multum ga- visus sum, tot agens gratias quod dentes in dono numeravi
Multiplices grates tibi sint, laudesque salutes, Tot tibi sint grates simt guttsB quot pluviarum,
Quot folia et sabula, sidera quotque poli. Tot tibi sint laudes per mundum quot creaturse,
Quot gleuse* et pulvis, saxaque, ligna simuL Quot fieri possunt ponti de gurgite stillae,
Tot tibi proveniant munera clara Dei. Cunctaque complector ; tibi tot sint gaudia semper
Quot nullum capere cor queat os[ve] loqui.
^ From the salatation the writer appears to hare been a prelate of hi^ rank, though scarcely the pope himself. The present for which he returns thanks most have been, unless the word daUea is corrupt.
the head of some saint ; or perhaps, as is suggested to me by a learned firiend, a comb of English work* manship.
' gletuE'] glebsB (?).
RELIQUL£ DUN3TANIAN^.
371
Te delecte . . pe me quia laetificasti a.d.»«hw8.
Doctorum ductor sapiens tu vir sapientmn ! SdKSS?.
^tu tuba coelestis, tu nabli^ cordaque cautrix^
Tu in montem passer migrans, tu castaque turtur,
Tu astutus colober, cervus qui transilit Alpes,
Tu coccos bis tinctus^ Christum et amando propin-
quus, Tu fons irriguus foecundans arida mentis, Promere digne nequeunt te famine mille; Came es sic pulcher sic pulcher acumine sensum
Alter te nullus pulchrior esse queat; Es sapiens, verax, soUers, mitissimus, . . . Prsesagus, Celebris, dapsilis atque po[litus], Facundus, castus, demens, cautusque, benignus, Jocundus, famosus, clarus, fortis, amandus, Angelicus, dulcis, verecundus, sequus ubique; Tu coluber prudens, simplex sine felle columba ; Te genus et sensus dat cimctis esse sodalem,
Te mihi propitium prsestet arnica fides.
Quapropter, O karissime frater, inter occupationes Counaaia sseculi non obliviscas tui, sed, dum corpus epulis pasd- mgs. tur, anima eleemosynis reficiatur, et dum fettigata ex itinere membra quiete refocilantur, mens in Deo ora- tionibus roboretur. Nam pietas in pauperes gesta SBtema remuneratur beatitudine. Haec, frater mi, faciens floreas in omni virtute decore, et te quocunque vadis divina comitetur protectio. Cujus . . ubique deducat, prosperet, ac redeimtem cum omni prosperitate dtius reducat; vigeas, valeas, duldssime Dunstane.
^ The name of a musical instm- ment occnrring several times in the Vnlgate, and tnmslated in the Au- thorised Version hy the word /iso/- Ufy, I Chron. zt. 16, 20, S8.
' coccoM bis Hnciut] the scarlet of the Authorised Version, Exodus xxviL 16.
A A 2
372
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.969-9S8.
The writer thuiksGod for ndsingr upDuiutan to be a iniideto the English in a time of trouble.
[ U^" /
He comforts him with Holy Scripture.
Praises of Dunstan.
XI. Epistola ad Dunstanum ARCHIEPISCOPUM.^
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 158.)
Prsestantissimo D. Dorobemensis ecclesise archiepi- soopo pacem et triumphalem justitise coronam. Bene- dictus sit Deus Qui vos inter tot 88vi labentis pericula genti Anglorum, veluti quondam Babilonise Danielem Israhelitico populo, tarn idoneum praBstitit advocatum ; prsecipue ex quo vulgus, multitudinis arbitrio deditus, divinum cultum abhondnando spemit penitus, et rem- publicam, omnino lege soluta majorum, Fetro apostolo dicente, " Subditi estote omni humanse creaturse propter '' Deum, sive regi/' et csetera. Sed quia nulli comes agrum serere nisus quo frui debeatur in messe, agonio tristi homo calumpniaris, adeo ut vix in limine te stare permittit improborum insolentia, ideo Deo gratias refe- rens, ineptias eorum flocci pendens, satis, nimis gratu- laris in SBona, apostolo dicente, "Non sunt condignsB " passiones hujus temporis ad futuram gloriam," et csetera exemplaxia agise scripturse, per quse, omni vani- tate caleata» et spe vocationis nostras per . . . uducente, transeamus ad coelestia amcena^ qualia nee oculus yidit, nee auris audivit, nee in cor hominis ascendit. Amen.
Auge potens speculans speculator gentis Anglorum
Assecla gregei' Dunstane curagulse. T lepos, lex quotidiana
V . . . . verax rethoris Ausonise. O .... is habens tripplids discrimina linguae,
Pervolitans rumor implet ovile tuum.
^ ThiB letter would appear, iroxn the scanty internal exidence, to ha^e been written to * Dunstan dur- ing some political struggle in which he had been defeated ; probably that which occurred after the death of Edward and the election of Ethel- red the Unready.
■ greffei] The word is nearly illegible; possibly it should be " egregie ** or ** Gregorii " ; curaguk is a low Latin form from cura, and is used by several of the Anglo- Saxon kings in the sense of the guardian of the people.
REUQUI^ DUNSTANIAN^. 373
Cingola utrinque tose redolent abdomine Paulii a.d.96(H)88.
Qui fmt ipse Dei gratia sola quod est.^ wiSh^sfFtui
Scilicet exemplar prophetarum luce coruscans, miah;^^
Ferversos stolidos corripiensque doces. Instar Hieremise infiindens luctabile carmen^
Psalmodias replicans ssepe Deum alloqueris. Inde super nardum fragrat tuus odor in aula,
Quse meminit moderans simbola apostoUca. Emulat adomenon^ psallomenon, aulomenonque
Armonias omnes, psallere laude tua. ^^^
Ardtenens tandem superabis frsena Bachantum ^iio«nd
. *^ Minerva.
Tissipnone cmcta temporis id comitum. Dextra Minerva protexit edem insseviente Philippo,
Sic operse pretium est^ subvenias citius. Oratione tua seu forte inlaqueantur iniqui.
Qui actuum usurpasse jura aliena avide. Discriminando Deus videat molimina sparsa
Ccelotenus servans teque tuosque. Satis.
XII. EPISTOLA ad DuNSTANUM ARCmEPISCOPUM. (MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fb. 160, b.)
Dimstan amande vale, prsesul dignissime, salve, Farewell to
Dulcis amor patriae Dunstan amande vale. Dunstan amande vale, florens in tempora salve,
Tu decus ecclesise Dunstan amande vale. Dunstan amande vale, carpendo gaudia vitse,
Tu mihi pars animse Dunstan amande vale. Francia quot vites gignit^ quot Fresia flores,
Qaudia perpetuse prosperitatis alas. R pisces
Tot tibi felices sint, pater alme, dies. Quot coelo stellsB, pelago numerantur arense.
Tot tibi sint vitse gaudia perpetuse.
> 1 Cor. XV. 10.
874
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.M0-fi88.
Bxhortation to charity.
Non jam pastus erit digne duloedine coenffi Qui domino mensaB non infert fragmina [plenae] Quisquis et extremum spreverit sine tegmine [virum] Ulic stridorem patietur fiigore durum. Lucis amore caret tenebris demersus iniquis^ Non curans alios, solis qui pardt amicis. Auctorem vitsB non coeli in culmine cemit Pauperis et minimi vocem qui in lumine spemit. Mansuram Dominus requiem non sequiparavit Foscenti sedem qui sic prsestare negavit. Solvere qui non vult hie vinctum pondere [poense] Non jam partus erit digne dulcedine coense.
XIII. Epistola ad Dunstanum archipr^sulem.'
(MS. CottoD, Tiberias A. 15, fo. 165.)
Beverentissimo Dei magno cultori D. archipraesuU,
The writer
knowing .,., j. t j j x'j.
the merits exilii catcnuus admodum retitus servus
of IHuistan scarcely Tentures to accost
intimse subjectionem precumque ad i tionem
corporis, cum certitudine quae Christus instans ait. Cemens te in ecclesia Dei plurimarum virtutum fulsum doctrinis, patemitatem tuam gratulabundus subirem, si linguse nodositatem jubUatione non de- sperarem infirmari, antequam articulus voluntatis stilo cederet servitutem dictantL Sed si omnes corporis mei artus in unum gratulationis globum unirentur, prius lassarentur ossicula quam laudationis verbula. Qui recolarum^ universarum consolationisque expers
' The tone of this letter may be compared with that of B. to Ethel- gar, Ko. xxi. below. Fossiblj the7 are the work of the same writer ; and some similarity may be traced between this letter and the prologue to the life of Donstan, above, pp. 3-5. The writer would seem to have been a foreigner who had put himself under the patronage and
mund-byrd of Dunstan, and had been received by him within the circle of his friends and counsellors.
' recoiarum] recularum or rescU' latum ; recola, a diminutiTe of res, used by Apuleius. It seems to be the same word as resceUa, the more common form, used by Dnnstan's biographer above, p. 262.
BELIQULE DUNSTANIAN^. 375
cum exstitissem^ mundiburdium tuum velut tutissimi A.D.950-088. litoris herbidontes planities adii, gremiique tui sinu mUi^the^ velud filius propemodum adoptionis beneficio susceptus ; heS^rSf a^ veluti quinquagenmn vemulam quern tibi notaggjf^'^"^ famulaminis dictavit agnitio, muneribus ditasti, et de stercore erexisti, nobiliumque tuorum sodetati eequi- parasti. Talia me ad fependendum edoctum assentio, illius tamen adminiculum nuper . . . quimus, qui digtle He Dnys flagitantibus non denegavit, tibi . . . cum exultatione wardUm.
metere faciat quod pro veneratione nomi-
nis sui largius seminasti^ ut cum beatorum numero solares merearis intrare amoenitates, ac Deum facie ad
fadem videndo cum ipse
regnando. Vale.
Jam mea cura premit, quo me quod nescio vertam^ SS^Sy ^ Anxia mens mihimet curarum fluctuat sestu. ^^^^/
and media- Ad te confugio D. dignissime prsesul, k^^^'^w^
Domn'e pater miserere, tui miserescito servi. jetumto
IT ' nig own
Sola salus in te ; per te confido juvari, country.
Regis ut almiflui merear pietate potiri,
Quo dqnet reditum patriae praestetque reversum,
Meque simul domino qui vult legata remandet.
Instat hiems metuenda maris minitando peridum,
Decrescunt soles, augentur tempora noctis.
Auxiliare mihi potis es, succurre dolenti.
Sola mihi superest pietas tua certa juvandi
XJnica spes, et tuta fides, ne desine coeptum. £?■**"
Me mare transmenso demens hucusque juvabas, daoedhtm
^re gravem, donis hilarem, fiildmine Isetum,
Regis adusque fores hujus tua per loca ducens. .
Me, venerande pater, per te nunc opto reductum;
Porrige, domne, manum jam jam sub gurgite merso.
Si mihi sis dextra quid agat non euro sinister, Smarif*'^
Nam mihi te solum delegi ex omnibus imum altogether
Ex esse mei fer
Sum tuus id quod sum, dum spiritus hos regit artus, Quomecunque vocat [mundi] vel temporis ordo,
376
VITA SANCri DUNSTANL
A.D.05lh988.
Salve sancte pater, salve carissime, salve I
Accipe domne tuus quae dat
Yelle magis sapio quod tu quam dona requiris : Sint monimenta mei tamen hsec, ea spemere [nolisj.
A.D.974-W8.
Alet;t6ror mtitade to Danstan.
The writer will return' if bidden, not else.
He wants to have his book re- turned to him.
Xrv. Epistola ad Dunstanum>
(MS, Cotton, Tiberiofl A. 15, fb. 168.)
Fontificali infulaa dignitatis apostolicae sublimato di- centissimo cunctarumque virtutum daritudine .... prseclui D. archiprsesuli, L . . . infimus dulorum,* j^g^ et indefessum utriusque vitsB tripudium in ObristO' redemtore omnium. * Grates vobis ineffabiles, munifieen- tissime pater, pura de mente refert de bonis quae ei contuUstis patemo more, quam plurimis valde egenti, in finibus vestris; quapropter quam diu vixerit, non solum vobis, verum etiam servulis vestrae devotioni subditis, ut decet, fidelis erit ; et si quod poterit uspian^ agere, quod acceptum sit benignitati vestrse, libenter studebit adimplere. Idcirco tamen ad vos minime re- pedavit ceu promisit, quoniam putat . . . necessa- rium cuipiam ex vestris fore quod si rescierit . . . . osiose jubente ocius aderit vita comite ; nullo tamen^ alio vocante ad Anglorum fines poterit accedere. Dein vestram flagitat benivolentiam ut commentum Flori quod habet domnus abbas : : scbr : : s ' et alios libel-
0
/
^ Written apparently from Fleury, either by some friend of Dunstan's, writing for himself in the third per- son, or by L. on behalf of Abbo, who may have retomed to Fleury. Abbo was abbot of Fleury frx>m 988 to 1004.
* dtUontm] Le. senrorom ; 9ovXos Bserms.
' ::sc6r:;*ir] Them marks are either intended for a- sort of cypher, as in the word ** periodus " below, or signify that the transcriber conid
not read his MS. Malmesbnry aut Glastonbury are the two monaste-- ries to which reference is most likely to have been made ; hot Ramsey^ Thomey, and Ely were the houses- most closely connected with Fleoiy* Possibly the word is Westberiensis ; the monastery at Bamsej was eol(K nised from Westbnry. The Com- mentnm Flori was probably the Commentary on S. Paal*s epistles, by Floras, the deacon of Lyons^ circ. A.D. 837.
VO I ^
U^v
l^
BEUQUUS DUNSTAKIANiB.
377
los qui habentur pknt : : nke,' quique conda sui fuerunt A.D.974-oe8. . . pio Christi nomine illi reddere fadatis, quoniam qui ySmy^ . . hoc coenobium Moriaccense quo nunc degit, utpote J^SS!** igne consumptum ' his caret codicelUs. Sit vobis salus karissime perennis. F : rkod : : s.'
XV.* Versus.
Viscera ne sanctum triplo curvamine panem
Interiora sanctificand . .
Mysticus ... us stricta servatur in alvo Quem celo celebrant novenarius ordo polorum. Nee fas in terras cuiquam est gustare profano. Qui nisi jam pridem Sanctis mergatur in undis Ac gestus ahno trepidos rogitamine solvat, Qui vel jam modicam panis vult sumere partem.
Quisquis amat dictis absentum rodere vitam Hanc mensam indignam noverit esse sui. Felix qui modico contentus vivere pastu Abstinet^ et veterum servat vestigia patrum; Quique Dei tacito volvens sub pectore dicta Terreni fragilem moderatur corporis usum. Frustra corporeis aUquis se temperat escis, Si cupiat verbis aliorum carpere vitam.
Venesou
the
mento.
Against uinny.
A|EK
cilu
Pndseof tempemnoe.
Charity is better.
^ pA]i/::iiAe] This cypher can only mean Wmtoma. It is clear from the last word of the letter that k represents i, and the four dots must refer to the fourth voweL
' The fire at Flenry, to which reference is here made, is probably that of the year 974, when the mo- nastic buildings were burnt on Aug. 10, owing to the carelessness of the workmen. Balnze, Misc.
i. 122 ; Mabillon, Annales O. S. B. ill. 682.
' pirkodiu"] On the principle stated above, this word, which is no doubt periodog, giyes the key to the cypher so ftr as it goes.
^XFl ] I am unable to say whether these two fragments are in any way connected with the pre- ceding letter, which they follow in the MS. without any intervening rubric.
878
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
A.D.986-QS8.
Abbo writes to DunstaD.
He has been pressed to write the life of 8. Edmund.
which he had heard related by Dunstan.
XVI. Epistola Abbonis ad Dunstanum.^
* Domino sanctsd metropolitanse Dorobemensium • ec- clesisB archiepiscopo Dunstano, vere moribus et setate maturo, Abbo Floriacensis monachus levita etsi indig- mis, a Christo Domino iiriguum superiiis et irrigaum mferius*
Fostquam a te venerabilis pater digressus sum cum multa alacritate cordis et ad monasterium quod nosti festinus redii, coeperunt me obnixe hii, cum quibus firatema caritate detentus hospitando hactenus degui, pulsare manu sancti desiderii^ ut mirabilium patratoris ^ Eadmundi regis et martyris passionem litteris digere- rem; asserentes id posteris profuturum, tibi gratum ac mese parvitati apud Anglorum ecclesias non inutile monimentum. Audierant enim quod eam pluribus ig- notam, a nemine scriptam^ tua sanctitas ex antiquitatis memoria collectam historialiter, me praesente, retulisset^ domino Roffensis episcopo ecclesiaB et abbati monasterii quod dicitur Meabnesbyri,® ac aliis circum assistentibus,
1 This is the letter in which Abbo dedicates to Dunstan his life of S. Edmund, the king of the East Angles, who was killed in 870. The MSS. in which it is found are enumerated in Sir T. Hardy's Ca- talogue of Materials, i. 526. The collations are from MS. Fairftx 12, MS. Rawlinson C. 440, and MS. Digby 109. It was written out by Ussher as an additament to Spel- man's Concilia, in MS. Rawlinson Misc. 1074.
3 ** Sum Bwythe ilsred munuc '* com suthan ofer bsb from saincte
Benedictes stowe, on ^thelraedes
dagnm kynges to Dnnstane arche- ** biscop threom gearte sertham the « he forthferde, and sum munuc ** hatte Abbo tha wurdon heo on
C(
u
« spece oththet Dunstan nehte be <' Sco Eadmundo." MS. BodL 848, fo. 62.
' Difrobemefuium] Dorobemen- sis, MS. Rawlinson C. 440.
^ See Judges i. 15. The same words are applied by William of Malmesbury, above, p. 815, to Dun- stan's gift of tears. This use of it may have been suggested by his knowledge of this letter, which he quotes in the Gesta Pontiff, lib. t. §264.
* patratoris] patroni, MS. Fair- fax 12.
* This abbot of Malmesbury is identified by William with ElMc, afterwards bishop of Crediton ; but apparently with little probability. See Gesta Pontiff: § 254.
RELIQUUS DUNSTANIAN^.
879
aicut tuus mos est, firatribus quos pabulo ^ divini verbi a.p.ww«8. Latiua et patria liogua pascere non desinis. Quibushadhewd
tt . t ' ' — I — " ' «•* '" 1 • 1 , . it from, the
fJBbtebans, oculos sunusus lacrymis, quod earn junior king's ww didicisses a quodam sene decrepito, qui earn simpliciter et plena fide referebat gloriosissimo regi Anglorum Ethelstano, jurejurando aaserens quod eadem die fuisset armiger beati viri, qua pro Christo martyr occubuit. Cujus assertion!, quia in tantum fidem accommodasti, ut promptuario memorise verba ex integro reconderes, quae postmodum junioribus mellito ore eructares, coeperunt firatres instantius mese pusillitati incumbere, ut eorum ferventi desiderio satisfacerem, ac pro virium facilitate tantorum operum seriem perire non sinerem. Quorum petitioni, cum pro sui reverentia nollem contradicere, posthabitis aliquantulum ssecularium litterarum studiis, Hepropoiet
-•!••• • T»i !_• ii«to wnt6
quasi ad mtenorem ammae philosopniam me contuli, chtoflyon
t • • i_*ii_i ± • i^t • Edmund's
dum ejus qui vere pnilosophatus est m throno regm miracles, virtutes scribere proposui, maxime tamen eas quae post ejus obitum sseculis inauditae factae sunt, quibus nemo crederet nisi eas tuae assertionis irre&agibilis auctoritas roborasset. Siquidem tu cui nix capitis credi compel- lit,^ quando referebas de ea quae nunc est incorruptiono Danstan's regis, quidam diligentius requisivit, utrum haec ita esse that Bd-
,/■>*' ... ^ • , mund's re*
possent. Cujus quaestionis ambiguum volens purgare, m&ins were tu vastae ' peritiae sacrarium pro exemplo adjecisti quod corrupt, multo magis audientium attonita corda concussit, quia sanctus Domini Cuthbertus, incomparabilis confessor et episcopus, non solum adhuc exspectat diem primae resurrectionis incorrupto corpore,* sed etiam perfusus quodam blando tepore. Quod ego admirans pro argu- mento habui quo tandem ad sancti regis gesta eliicu- branda certior accessi, fidens de ejus et tuis incompa-
^ pahvio] papolo, MS. Digby 109.
' This is possibly one of the pas- sages referred to by WiUiam of Malmesbury, above, p. 299.
' va«/<e] magna), Rawl. C. 440.
* The remains of S. Cuthbert had not yet found their resting- place at Durham, whither they were removed fVom Chester-Ie-Street in 995.
380
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.085-988. rabilibus meritis. Cui primitias mei laboris oonfiecrans Duii^to supplidter obsecro, ut vel una die vertas mihi tuum critk^,*' otium in honestum negotium, resecando hinc superflua^ supplendo hiantia, quoniam ex ore tuo, prseter seriem tdtimi miraculi, omnia veracem secutus verax digessi, exhortdns omnes ad amorem tanti martyris. Yale pater in Christo.
;
A.D.981-966. Wido of
XVII. Epistola. WmoNis ad Dunstanum.*
(MSS. Cotton, Tiberias A. 15, fo. 156 ; Vespasian A. 14, fo. 169.)
Meritorum virtute pontificaU donato dignitate prin-
Biindfniam cipaliter domino serenissimo archypraesuli D., frater
Sun^n. Wido peccator * Blandiniensis coenobii destinatus rector
cum unanimi firatrum collegio optabile cselici principa-
tus contubemium.
Minore quidem ambigentes fiducia^ dulcLssime pastor, vestrse patemitatis expeteremus magnificentiam, ni plu- rimum nota et ssepius comperta affabilitatis vestrse nos animaret benignitas. Post recentem itaque nuperrimse legationis commendationem per fratrem nostrae societa- tis nonnum ' Leo&inum vobis directum, licet judicandi minus verentes, maxime tamen confidentes hoc littera- rum indiculo vestrse celsitudmis pulsamus aures, a qua He asks for clementissimum benignse subventionis prsestolamur suf- cropjhave fragium. Ut vcrc namque fateri compellimur, peccami- num nostrorum exigente mole, nostris in regionibus, ut saepius, homotina deperierunt saltuum pascua. A ves-
He has been assured of Dunstan's kindness ; or would not write so soon after LeofUn's embassy.
^ The following letter is found fortunately in the two MSS. men- tioned above, from the second of which it was transcribed, with five other letters, by the late Dr. JafiS^, whose copies were kindly sent to me, through Dr. Pauli, by Drs. Dummler and Wattenboch, the lite- raiy executors of that lamented scholar.
' Wido was abbot of Blandininm from 981 to 986. Ann. Bland, ap. Ferts, y. 25; Mabillon, Annales O. S. B. It. S, 86.
' fioiMvm] a senior or dignified monk, or officer of a monastery : « juniores autem priores suos non- " nos Yocent, quod intelligitur pa- " tema reyerentia;" Reg. S. Be- ned. c. 62.
BELIQUL£ DUKSTANIAN^.
381
toe igitur dapsilitatis laxgitate sustentationem adipisd a.d.98i-086. speramus et humiliter ponimus, ut in hoc et in quibus- are^oact" libet benedictionum impensis, prout vestrse multiplici with Leor- libuerit sufficientise nos dimemini dementer solaciari. Stni^with Si igitur prsesentium latores apud vestrae celsitudinis prsesentiam prsefatum nonniun Lie&inum invenerint, eia in commune vestrae miserationis injungere dignemini destinationem. Si vero ille jam prsecessit, hos ipsos sufRcere non diffidimus. Yale.
XVIII. Epistola^ commendatoria.
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 157.)
Omnigenis Catholicse fidei cultoribus in caritate ra-^^J^jJ^ dicatis et fundatis gratiam et pacem tandem a Domino consolatore omnium qtd digne lugent, omniiunque re- muneratore eorum qui recte desudant in cultu vinese. Quoniam apostolo teste non sunt condignae passiones hujus temporis ad futuram gloriam quae revelabitur in nobis ; et Dominus, Beati qui lugent nunc, inquid, quia * jSSf * ipsi consolabuntur. Hie monachus, olim militarem in- J^,"^JJ^ duens damidem, conversus jam elegit abjectus esse in ^^SemSd domo Domini quam habitare in tabemaculis peccatorum SJoJfuL *^*
brevi curriculo suspe .... fatigatus miserque paucis lugere contemptus ut . . . securus quiescat, con- solatusque beatitudinem sine fine percipiat. Nos autem haec scripsimus illi in caritate Dei, ut haec pagina dig- nantibus earn tractare loquatur pro ipso idiota et elin- gui. Accipite ei^o hunc optime psahnidicum, in Bri- tannia oirca marina dare editum, adhuc quiete temporis et pacis ultro exilium trans fi^eta subisse in vestram
^ A few lines of this letter are given by Leland in the Collectanea, ii. 404, from the MS. nsed in the text It would seem to be a letter
of introduction or reconmiendation given to a pilgrim to secure the good offices of the fiuthfnl on his route.
382
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Tho^^rer fideli Anglo Saxonum Britanniam, ubi consulto Chris- anchorite, tianissimi regis JEthelstaxd anachoreta factus religiose ac laudabiliter apud Cen ^ non paucis diebus conversus est. Cujus consilio ac licentia in banc quoque pere- grinationem pro amore Christi venit, non quod Deum^ Qui ubique est, iter agendo localiter quaerat, sed dum plus laborat ^lu8 mercedis accipiat. Ubi enim durior pugna ibi gloriosior corona. Hinc est quod perfecti etiam yiri, de suis actibus non confidentes, ad sancto- rum martyrum protectionem currunt
corpora fletibus adsilum promereri fruendum ....
ubi deliquerant eis intercedentibus credunt
juxta quod ibi de infirmioribus dicit non habentes velamen amplexantui* lapides, id est apostolos, caete- Job tow. s. rosque sanctos. Sed hoc . . heu ne scientes agra- ventur prolixitate. Vos vero . . scientibus erga hunc
vestrum exercete fratemitatis partidpes
sanctitatis illius isque de mamona iniquitatis recepturi setema tabemacula. Quod mihi vobiscum fieri precor.
Justifica- tion of pil- grimages.
' Cen ] There are two places named Kenn, one in Somersetshire and one in Devonshire, to which this passage may be referred ; but the mention of the anchorite makes It not impossible that Ceme in Dor- setshire is the place meant Ac- cording to William of Malmesbniy, Gesta Pontiff, it. § 185, £dwold,the brother of 8. Edmund of East An- glia, lived as a hermit at Ceme, and his hermitage became the genn of a great monastery founded by the
ealdorman ^thelwerd, to which a grant made by his son .ZBthelmar is in Eemble Cod. Dipl. iii. 224. The anchorite in the text, however, was a Breton, and not an Englishman, and the eariy name of Ceme is Cor- nel. It is better, therefore, to regai4 the story as one of the not infre- quent cases of Breton hermits set- tiling on the Devonshire or Cornish coast, where the name of Cen may have been superseded by the name \ of the saint himself.
REUQUL£ UTTSSIXSVlSM.
383
/r*/
XIX. Epistola Falradi ad ^Ethelqarum
ARCHIEPISCOPUM.^ (MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 151 ; Vesp. A. 14, fo. 156.)
Antistanti naviter sanctiiatis stimma archiprsesuli honore M} abba Fabadus' inmeiitus istius SBvi fdtu- nunque setemse in Cbristo beatitudinis bravium, promp- tumque fidelis servitutis obsequium.
Praecessorifi vestri non oblitterandse memorise Dim- stani memorialis nexilis amiciiisB vinculo nodoque ita Ufii sumus, ut inter amicissimos nobis non secundus haberetur amicus. Cujus summos gradus dignitatis adquisivit vobis summa daritudo ingenii in omni stu- dio prsefulgens luce sanctitatis, non tantum accipiens ab exceLsis gradibus honorum pretii quantum addens de- ooris tui. Cujus loco, pro competentibus merito vobis virtutum insignis, vos substitutum gaudemus, et ut alter ille nobis quodammodo fieri dignemini, sicuti prsesentia vestri promisit onomatis, quamquam nullius pretiosse servitutis mercemur precari cordetenus per miUe mean- dros glisdmus. Nunc igitur si statu utriusque hominis vigetis incolumis, vobiscum agitur, quod medullis imis
A«U. voO' 900.
Abbot
Fabradto
Ethelgar.
The writer had been ft friend of Dunatan.
He roioioes that Bthel- garhasiuo- oeeded,and hopes to find another Diinitan in him.
1 The fbllowing i8 another of the letters transcribed by Dr. JaffS f^m the Yespasian MS. It is also no- ticed by Leland, Ck)U. ii. 404.
3 ethelgar, Dnnftan's immediate sQCoessor, had been abbot of the New Minster at Winchester from 964 to 980. He was consecrated Uahop of Selaey May 9, 980, and became archbii^op of CSanterbnry in the summer of 988. He went to Bome for his pall in 988 or 989, and died Feb. 18, 990, after a pon- tiflcate of fifteen months. His death Is commonly dated Dec 8, 989, owing to a mistake of Wharton in the An^ia Sacra; bat the day is
giren, no donbt correctly, in the West Saxon CSalendar, printed by Hampson, 1. 486.
' Falradna, or Falradns, abbot of the great monastery of S. Vedast at Arras. He is described by Bal- deric, in his Chronicle, as an mi- futhftal monk, who betrayed the interests of his order and attended to seeolar business only. He was deposed in 1 004, and died soon after. He most have been abbot, however, at the time when the first life of Dunstan was written, the MS. of which is now at Anas. See Mabil- lon, Annales, iiL 177, 200.
384
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Aj).988-wo. gratulamur, proinde vestrse sublimitatis excellentiam Koodidshes prsBscire volumns nos una cum omnibus^ nuUis licet pmyen. guffi-agautibus mentis, mihi commissis, sacri scilicet ordinis viris, pro beniguissimo regiminis vestri statu pieces divinitati die noctuque eflftindere non desistere, quae universam suam conditam movet seseque esseu- tialiter immobilem servat, veluti ^dit caritas intepescens vestrsB in nos fratemitatis. CaBterum majestati vestne ?piSeit ' c^^"^v™^is delegere, de beneficiorum exeniis nobis pro- missis non pigeat per litteras aut per intemuntium remandare, ac tali freti fiducia> ut ecHptioos loquar, et nos sine mora. Yalere vos fadat Trinitas Sancta semper memores vestri memoris.
XX. Epistola Odberti ad ^Ethelgarum
ARCHIEPISCpPUM.^ /6 C
(MSS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 161 ; Vesp. A. U, fb. IJ
Ai).98s-99o. Divini cultus amatori archiprsesuli inclito A. stola
AbMof jocunditatis prsecipue vemanti, firater O.' quem Scithi-
BtS.^ ensis coenobii abbatem fatentur, cum commissa fratrum
caterva, quae Domino vemula, precumque affamina cum
salutis successu.
Quam inhianter vestrsB desideremus salutis successum aevique longsevitatem, non verbis aut apicibus quimus affiui, cum quidem omnis nostras spei fiduda in vestri consistat juvaminis anchora. Siquidem, vestra vigente incolomitate, non adeo nos secularia detrimenta con- cutient. Qratulamur etiam non modice vestrae benig- niaflimaft sponsionis relevati magnificentia quia nos im- meritos vestra voluit pietas intra numerum aggr^gare
Horetamt thanks for Bthelgar's kind pro- mises.
^
1 Another of the letters tran- scribed by Dr. Jaff<S from the Ves* ptsianMS.
' Odbert, abbot of the monastery of 8. Bertin, or Sithin, near 8. Omer, died in the year 1018. Theyearof
his elevation is giren in the Gallia Christiana, iii 492, as 1000 \ bat it is clear from this and another letter that follows that this dale is ten years too late.
RELIQUIiE DUNSTANUN^.
385
devote vobis famulantium, vosque nobis fore perseve- a.d. 998-990. rantem patronum eotenus ut unanimiter vestris insis- S^l^hop^g tente commodis unum inter nos et vestram patemi- SS'piS*'* tatem tieret nolle, nnum velle. Tantum ergo adepto Jjjj^j" beneficio nihil constat nobis esse jocnndins. Ac pro tanta gratia sciat vestra excellentia nos perhennes futu- ros, in quantum sat erit posse, apud Dei prsesentiam intercessores. JSlemosinse vero vestrse, quod mihi in-Hewuisoon
^p^ huVA AX*
posuistis negotium, ita, Deo cooperante, me confido pended the mox peregisse per clencum nostrum communem, ves- aims, trum etiam omnimodis servulum fidelissimum, Bicha- rium, et per Sigeberhtum, quo vobis merces digna maneat, meque innoxium a fraudis dolo observare stu- dui. Hsec vero nostra firagilitas vestram pronis votis He offers his
scrrices
potissimum exorat dementiam, quatenus nobis propriis servulis vestris imperare dignetur quaedam sibi placita beneficia, quia promtissimo parebimus devotionis ob- sequio. Yaleat sublimitas celsitudinis vestrse plurimum in Domino.
XXI. Epistola B. ad JSthelgabum akchiepiscopum.^ "-
(MSS. Cotton, Tiberios A. 16, lb. 162 ; Vesp. A. U, fo. 155.)
Domino venerando episcopo intendenti patri ^ summo, a J). 9m-99o. nobili videlicet spicule/ nequitiarum utpote spiritalium SitheSS ob eliminanda molimina euncta, B.^ omniiun fsex Chris-
> ThU letter, which is in many respects the most important of the present series, is another of the six transcribed by Dr. JaffiS from the Vespasian MS.
^ patri] p. MSS.
' nolnU videlicet spieulo] The name of ^thelgar (sethel, noble ; gar, a dart) is concealed in these words, by a custom not uncommon with Alcttin and some other later writers.
* B.] It seems almost certain that this " B. omnium fsx Christi-
" colamm *' and B. *< onmium ezti- « mus sacerdotum, vilisque Saxo- '' num indigena," the author of the first life of Donstan, were the same person. In the notes following I hare called attention to the points of agreement between the two com- positions, and to other points in which peculiarities of phraseology suggest that some of the other letters of this series may haye come from the same hand.
B B
386
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
AD. 988-900. ticolarmn, et, licet nullo vel certe parvo laudamine dig- Sh^S^i^. nus, humili tamen intentione, qiiicquid in superis sum- mum, quicquidve in terris amoenum. He feels un- Talis excellentisB dignitatem, tantaeque evectionis
able to dis* • •, • 3 j. -i*^**
cuss the virum, justum videretur ac aequum modemi fanunis
archbishop's .. i-i 'ij* i« I'i • » i
meritfi but venustate pulcnraeque capacitatis adire dietamme, m tor- hewn. pentis stilum ingenioli multimoda fatuitatis ignavia duro obtunderet repulsu. Sed quamvis inscitia morum baud diutumum intermittat ministrare obHvionis fo- mentimi, quoniamque assidua artis lectorese^ non adsit instantia, quae dogmatizando c^nferat lepidinis adesse peritiam, cunctis tamen conceditur Jaeilis &ciendi facul- It Is one tas. Nam singulis impertitur egisse juxta virium posse.
thing to be .^ • .. ■, .■,..•,•
content with Novimus emm mopes quosque ob eorum inediam cibis
another to uti paupertinis, quibus rerum diversarum dilicise desunt.
arichiiaaflt. Qui nimirum si semel invitati basilitio vel aliquorum
procerum interessent convivio, etiam paulatim ligidis
morsibus avidorum palatuum potirentur dapibus talium
escarum insolitis, jam jamque dulcorante saporis nec-
taxei fauce forte quidam inportunus dagmate' adsur-
geret et diriperet enerviter miseris vivendi victum op-,
tabilem. Quid illos autumandum est inopes, si ita res
se haberet post melliti gustaminis demptionem egisse ?
esurire inquam eo avidius et sitire quo talis tantique
dulcoris delicias inopinato ammitterent.
The writer Farem igituT lugubris infortimii moestitiam, quam
mviieged patulo relatum de prsedictis inopibus perstrinxi, in mei
intellectual miseii comperi congessisse miseriam. Non ea admodum
nourish- ,. , ■•• • . »f i_ • i»
mentfromaratione ut essem divae reginse, sanctse scilicet sapienuse,
^'^'idoneus conviva^ introductus tamen a devoto Deoque
digno, sacrarum videlicet eruditionum aedituo,* et per-
missus lambere sum vescentium abjectas uti catellus
esuriens miculas. Quem quippe beatae memoriae aedi-
> kctore<B] Cf. the fonn fkyoreo, p. 6.
' dagmaU] Ct dagmata, below, p. 890.
' adUuo ] The Bame word is used of Dunstan, ** deoentia aditai,'* above, p. 8.
RELIQUIiE DUNSTANIAN^.
387
tuum, sanctse siquidem sedis Leodii prsBsulem,* dempsit, a.d. 988-990. pro dolor, dulcissimum amarissima leti conditio. Qui bishop^f peritise panem non solum mihi, aat mecum plurimis l^^^ ministravit. Ex ea etenim die hue usque ignoratur hungerinff^ quid injuni; quid mail, quid angons, quidve fastidii food, meum perpessum sit cardian, moerens^ dolens, esuriens, sitiensque sedulo, post prsegustatas saluberrimse doctrinse miculas ; ut etiam ex mei tantilli adtestatione veridica agte sophte firmius comprobetur assertio. Ait namque per stoma Salomonis^ viri siquidem sagacissimi^ "'Qui " edunt me adhuc esuriunt, et qui bibunt me adhuc fiodus. xxiv. " sitient.
Ergfo, domine mi dilecte, solotenus vestris advolutus TUBneedhe pedibus, cemuaque cervice, vestram imprecor benivolamgartoheip pietatem, nullis licet meis exigentibus mentis, de ves- sataaty. tris tamen fisus beneficiis, quatenus esurietis et sitis prsenotatse pius potator vel fautor, sacro inbuimine adesse dignemini. Ego vero, ut necessitatis vis cogit, prompta voluntate concurrere pareo, quocumque vestra deliberaverit jussio, etiamsi sit cis vel citra imi aequo- lis, et si qua sanse doctrinse flore odorifluo dulci anima He placet
hifftiwlf at
adgregavero libens in vestrum patemitatis alvearium, hiiseryioe, veluti apis obediens, praepeti volatu revehere et condere beuSS. curabo. Hoc tamen difficultatis onus nolo me exiguum audaci rogatu petisse putetis vobismet imponere, sed quodammodo vestris quibus pridem panem doctrinae ipse constanter adtribuistis. Nam ferarii forcipibus ea lege utuntur^ ne eorum digiti ignetenus concremantur.
' Leodii preuulem'] The bishop of Liege who preceded Notker, the bishop at this date, and who most be here referred to, was Eyeraclus or Ebraehar, a Saxon by birth, and proTOtt of Bonn before his elevation to the episcopate. He was bishop from 959 to 971. Although this lamentation for him was written nearly twenty years after his death,
as the date of the letter can be fixed within a year, there can be no doubt as to the person meant Eb- raehar was a great promoter of edu- cation and founder of schools ; and the fkct that he was a Saxon, whilst the writer of the life of Dnnstan was a Saxon also, serves as another point for the identification of the latter.
BB 2
388
VITA SANCTI DUUSTANI.
A.D.98&-990. Fergam igitur, si placet diilcedini vestrae, Wintoniam, to wS& uno tantum contentus comite, ut Ealdelmi ibidem per- ^iheimi? curram de paiihenali laude libellum et csatera, domine vtrffinttats. ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ necessaria fore videntur. Haec est enim
nostri ntintii summa. Hie in prsesenti titulatione, quo- niam vitia obviantur innumera, aut aequo animo pati- antur, aut justo precor insinuamine corrigantur.^ Yaleatis in Domino, hoc ut opto.
A.D.9(M).
Odbeit sbbot of S. Bertin to archbishop Sigeric.
Archbishop ^thelgar had visited S. Bertin on the way to Borne and on his re- turn.
XXII. Epistola Odberti* abbatis ad Sigericum'
ARCHIEPISCOPUM. ^
(MSS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 145 ; Vesp. A. 15, fo. 157.)
Norma sacrse religionis ab ipsis cunis inbuto prsesuli S. frater Odbertus abbas cum coadunatis fratribus coenobii Sancti Berhtini Scithiensis, cuncta prospero su'ccessu pollentia in Bege regum.
Scire et meminisse cupimus patemitatem vestram, quomodo praedecessoris vestri Adelgari pontificis pro- meruimus gratiam ac patemitatis ipsius filiationem, et utriusque partis in invicem firatemitatem ; ita ut prse cunctis Francise monasteriis Sancti Bertini prsecipue dilectione sibi assciverit coenobium. Namque Bomam pergens, a nobis honorifice susceptus, Bomaque rediens, ut tantum decebat patrem magnificentius receptus, pri- vilegium quoddam singulare nobis suae contulit dilec-
' This cnrions reqaest, that the
recipient of the letter will correct
the grammar of it, is parallel with
the similar, but more reasomible,
petition to archbishop Elfric, that
he will revise the life of Dunstan :
quicquid in hac editione contra
orthographis normam composi-
toris vitio nsorpatmn repereris,
imperiali potentia abradere : "
above, pp. 4, 5.
((
' See above, p. 384.
' Archbishop Sigeric succeeded to the see of Canterbury on the death of Ethelgar in 990, and went to Bome for his pall the same year or early in 99 1 . He had been bishop of Bamsbury from 985, and, before that, abbot of S. Augustine's. This letter must hare been wri^ttai before his journey to Borne.
RELIQXn^ DUKSTANIANJE.
389
' tionis : quatenus ipse nobis pater pariterque frater, nos- a.d. goo. que ei filii et fratres in iino efficeremur Domino. Multa ^^^^Taiins vero beneficia Buse nobis largitns est elemosinse ; plu- ^£^ lima quoque spopondit vita comite se collatura; sed heu ! pro dolor, tali nos inmeritos fore patrono, secun- dum propheticum dictum palam patuit, quod dicit jfiran. T. 26. " Feccata nostra prohibuerunt bonum a nobis." Apud Dmutui ' domnum quippe Dunstanum lociun optinuimus familia- Mend, rem; aput domnum vero Adelgarum ampliorem, ita ut greater. ^ monasteriiun Sancti Petri apostoli, ab ipso Bertino in primordio sui adventus constructum, a fundamentis statuerit restaurandum.
Totis ergo praecordiorum^votis suppliciter cemui ves- Orimwaid tram petendo, pulsando, quaerendo prseanticipamus pie- wiii enu^n
.. . . I'll* !••• the abbot's
tatem : quatenus vestrse patermtatis mereamur adipisa vuhes. duloedinem, velut praesens frater Orimwaldus^ vobis intimabit, parati vobis nostras fratemitatis exbibere communionem, si vestrse id sederit clementise. Quem iddrco prsemittimus, ut vestrum ad nos prsescientes Hebegs adventiun in omnibus promtiores vestris inveniamur vlSt him. obsequiis adesse : obnixe rogantes ne nos transire velit vestra patemitas, nisi pemoctetur nobiscum.' Si quid autem ex his quae nostratis repperiuntur, vobis placue- rit, tantum per eum nobis mandate; quia hilariter vestro pr^to erit obsequio. Quia post dHecti patris nostri Adelgari deoessum, Dei gratia, ut vere confidi- mus, contulit patronum. Yaleat vestra patemitas in Domino.
^ Grimwaldai is one of the monks of S. Bertin mentioned by Folkwin in the list at the close of his work ; Cart. 8. Bert. p. 155.
* It will be seen by the Itinerary
of Sigeric which follows that the archbishop did not accept this invi- tation, which might have inroWed him in heavy expenses.
390
VITA SANCTI DUN8TANI.
cot into double about a hone.
XXIII. Epistola cujusdam ad N.
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 169.)
The writer Pulcherrimo perpulchro divinseque iheoriaB feu^ultate theaeaand decorossB haud mediociiter suffiiso, domino N.,^bellus' sed causa, si dici liceat, infortunii admodum misel- . lus, quicquid uspiam famulitu. A te digressus, alia postquam veliyolavi maria, trossolus' deerat ad sub-
aidi^xa genus honera vehentium. Forte
cujusdam clerid mutuavi caballum dignum triginta soUdorum sub sestimatione pretii. Igitur laribus eodem advectus stratorium, antequam possem et ergo prseripere ^agmata/ occulsus interiit ; cujus foenoris angore con- stringor, qua Ubram soluturus sum integram ; tantum mediam susciperam a clerico Bends. Pro hujus cautio- nis reidibitione conquiro a te, senior beatissime, solamen. Fentecostes enim die illud debeo persolvere. Per prae- sentem gerulum, ni velitis succurrere, necesse est me ipsum venire. Flebilis musa te valere optat per s8Bcula.
Yivere nos faciat Quem quisque fidelis adorat.
He most pa^orbe eold.
^ N. probably stands for nomen. The letter seems to be written to some one in England ; bnt if it is not, N. might stand for Notker, bishop of Liege, the snccessor of Ebrachar ; and we might hare another specimen of the work of the writer of the let- ter giren above, p. 885.
' Is it possible that under this almost illegible and unintelligible word is hidden the name of the
anthor of the first life of Dunstan ? The peculiar use of the words dagma and senior seems to suggest it See aboye, pp. 23, 386. The tone is pitiful, and the suggestion that if help is not forthcoming the writer must be sold to pay his debts, is very significant.
' trossolus'] a wallet, a trousseau.
* dogmata^ See above, p. 386.
RELIQUL£ DUNSTANIAN^. 391
XXIV. Adventus archiepiscopi nostri Sigerici ad
ROMAM.^ (MS. Ck>tton, Tiberius B. 5, to. 28 ▼«.)
Adventus archiepiscopi nostri Sigerici ad Romam: — ad. wo, primitus ad limitem beati Petri apostoli : deinde ad ohurohes of Sanctam Mariam scolam Anglonun: ad Sanctum Lau- vintedby
> In conjanction with this cariouB Itinerfoy of Sigeric is a list of the popes of the tenth century, beginning with John of BaTenna, which is perhaps worth preserving : —
** In nomine Domini nostri Jesn Christi.
** Johannes Rabennati sedit annos xiiii. m. iii. dies viL [914, May 15-929, « JaflK].
<< Item, Leo titoli Sancta Susanna sedit m. viii. dies x. [929].
" Item, Stephanos titnli Sancta Anastasia sedit annos iii dies x. [929- " 931].
** Item, Johannes titnli Sancta Maria trans Tyberi sedit annos vii. " dies xiL [931-936].
<' Item, Leo titoli Sancti Sixti sedit annos It. dies y. [936-989].
** Item, Stephanos titoli Sancti Silvestri et S. Martini sedit annos iii. ** et menses ii« dies iy. [939-942].
** Item, Martinos titoli Sancti Ciriaci sedit annos iiii. m. L dies t. « [942-946].
" Item, sanctissimos Agapitos sedit annos ix. m. riii. d. xi. [946-955].
" Item, Johannes titnli Sancta Maria qoi vocator in Dominico, sedit ** annos ix. m. i. d. y. [955-968].
** Item, Leo sedit annos onom et dimidiom et dies xi. [963-965].
*' Item, Johannes sanctissimos sedit annos vii. d. xii. [965-972].
'* Item, Benedictos diaconia Sancti Theodori sedit annos i. et dimi- «' diom dies xii. [972-974].
** Item, Bonifatios sedit dies sexaginta et expolsos est foras [974].
** Item, Benedictos sedit annos yii. et dimidiom, dies xiiii. [974-983].
'* Item, Fetros Papia sedit annos i. m. viiiL dies vii. [John XIV., *< 988— Aog. 20, 984].
** Item, reyersos est Boniphatios Boma et sedit menses ix. dies iii. " [984-Joly985].
" Item, Johannes titoli Sancti Vitali sedit annos iy. m. onom et dimi- '< diom [consecrated between Aog. 6 and Oct 19, 985 ; died Apr. 996]."
As John XV. sorviyed the yisit of Sigeric at least fiye years, the nomber of years, months, and days assigned to him most be referred to the date of Sigeric's yisit, which woold thos fall in Febroary 990 ; hot as his predecessor died in that month, we most soppose that the word dimidium refers to annos, and not to menns ; and this woold bring the date of the yisit to July 990, which is yery probable. It may be obseryed that the nombers in the aboye list rarely agree with those of the tables osed by Jaff§. The MS. is contemporary with Sigeric's pontificatCrj
392
VITA SANCn DXmSTAKI
The
churohes of Rome ▼isitedby Sigeric, (Ml the first day.
On the second d^y he visited the pope, and the other churches.
The stages of his jour- ney home.
rentium in craticula : ad Sanctum Yalentinum in ponte Molui : ad Sanctam Agnes : ad Sanctum Laurentium foris murum: ad Sanctum Sebastianum: ad Sanctum Anastasium : ad Sanctum Paulum : ad Sanctum Bonefa- tium : ad Sanctam Savinam : ad Sanctam Mariam sco- lam Qrsecam : ad Sanctam Ceciliam : ad Sanctum Criso- gonum : ad Sanctam Mariam Transtyberi : ad Sanctum Pancratium. Deinde reversi sunt in domum.
Mane ad Sanctam Mariam rotundam: ad sanctos apostolos : ad Sanctus Johannes in Laterane. Inde refecimus cum domini apostolico Johanno: deinde ad Jerusalem : ad Sanctam Mariam majorem : ad Sanctum Petrum ad Yincula : ad Sanctum Laurentium ubi corpus ejus assatus fuit.
Istse sunt submansiones de Roma usque ad mare.^
1. Urba Roma.
2. Johannis Villi.
3. Bacane.
4. Suteria. ! 5. Furcasi.
6. See Valentine.
7. See Flaviane.
8. Sea Cristina.
9. Aqua pendente.
10. See Petir-in-paiL
11. Abricula. 12., S8e Quiric. 13. Turreineri
^ In the following list some con- farion may have occurred owing to the feet that the scribe has "used the Soman and the Anglo-Saxon forms of the letter s indiscriminately ; so that in some places where I haTe read s the letter r should be snbsti- tBted, and Tice yersA.
3. Bacano.
4. Sotn.
5. Forum Cassii.
6. Probably Viterbo.
7. Montefiascone.
8. Bolsena.
9. Acqoa-pendente.
10. On the river Paglia.
11. (?)
12. 8. Qoirico. 18. Torrenieri.
« !'• Wl| • I
-»»"
RELIQULfi DUNSTANIAN^.
393
14. Arbia.
15. Seocine.
16. Burgenove.
17. Mke,
18. See Martin- in Fosse.
19. See Gemiane.
20. See Maria glan.
21. See Petre currant.
22. SSe Dionysii.
23. Ameblanea.
24. Aqua nigra.
25. Forcri.
26. Luca.
27. Campmajor.
28. Luna.
29. See Stephane.
30. Aguilla.
31. Puntremel.
32. See Benedicte.
33. SSe Moderanne.
34. Philemangenur.
35. Metane.
36. See Domnine.
37. Floricum.
A.D. 980.
Archbishop
Si^c'8
Itinerary.
14. The riyer Arbia.
15. Sienna.
16. Borgo NaoYO.
17. The river Elaa.
18. S. Martino, Eosci.
19. S. Gimigniano.
20. 8. Maria, Chianni, near Qambassi.
21. S. Pietro, Corazzano.
22. S. Genesio, Sanminiato.
28. The pasfiage of the Amo near Fueecchio.
24. (?). 26. Porcari.
26. Lucca.
27. Camijore.
28. Luna.
29. Borgo 8. Ste&nO| near Sar- zana.
80. Aalla.
81. Pontremoli.
82. S. Benedetto, in Val di Ma- gra.
88. The monaatery of S. Mode- rannuB at Bercetto. 34. (?).
85. Costa Mezana, on the R. Verda.
86. Borgo 8. Donnino. 37. Firenznola (P).
394
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A J). 990.
Archbishop
SijKerio'a
itinenry*
through
Piedmont,
and Burgundy.
38. Placentia.
39. S. Andrea.
40. See Cristme.
41. Pamphica.
42. Tremel..
43. Vercel.
44. Sea Agath. 46. Even.
46. Publei.
47. Agusta.
48. S6e Remei.
49. Petrescastel.
60. Ursiores.
61. See MauricL
62. Burbulei. 53. Viv8Bc. 64. Losanna. 66. Urba.
66. Antifem.
67. Punterlin.
68. Nos.
69. Bysiceon.
60. Cnscei
61. Sefiii.
88. Piacenza.
89. Casa di 8. Andrea, on the iiTer Lambro.
40. Santa CMstina.
41. Pavia(f).
42. Tromello, on the river Ter- dopio.
48. VerceUi.
44. S. Agata, Santhia, half-way between VerceUi and Yvrea.
45. Yyrea.
46. Foley, near AoBta.
47. Aosta.
48. S. Remi, onder the Great S. Bernard.
49. 8. Peter's castle in the Valaia.
50. Orsieres.
51. 8. Maorioe.
52. Yerrej (?). 58. Vevay.
54. Lausanne.
55. Orbe.
56. Probably Yverdnn.
57. Pontarlier.
58. Nodz, between Pontarlier and Omans.
59. Befian9on.
60. Cnssey.
61. Seveox, or Savoyenz: these villages stand one on each side of the 8aone.
BELIQUL£ DUNSTANIAN^.
395
62. Qrenant.
63. Oisma.
64. Blaecuile.
65. Bar.
66. Breone.
67. Domaniant.
68. Funtaine.
69. Catheluns.
70. Hems.
71. Corbunei.
72. Mundlothuin.
73. Martinwaeth.
74. Duin. 76. Atherats.
76. Bruwaei.
77. Teranburh.
78. Gisne. 80. Sumeran.
A.]J> 090.
Archbishop
Stoerio's
itmeniy
through
Ohampagnti
Laonnois, and Alios.
63. Grenanty a small parish be- tween Gray and Langres, on the Saolon, the first halting place in Champagne.
63. Homes.
6i. Blessonville.
65. Bar-sur-Aube.
66. Brienne.
67. Donnemant, four leagues S.B. of Vitry le Fran9ais.
68. Fontaine.
69. ChAlons on the Mame.
70. Bheims.
71. Oorbeni, Corbiniacnm, whi- ther the bones of S. Marculf were translated in 898 ; in the Laonnois.
72. Laon, Mons Laudnni.
78. S. Martin. The route from
Laon to Arras is not clear. Martin- waeth may be S. Martin on the river Amignon, in which case Duin will be Douen close to Feronne. If the former be Mont 8. Martin near le CAtelet, then Duin may be Thun TEy^ue near CambraL There IB a place called Martinpuich, near B&paumes.
74. Duin (?).
75. Arras.
76. Brooai, on the river Lave,
77. Teronanne.
78. Guisnes.
80. Sombre, near Witsand. I have followed the computation of the MS., which omits No. 79.
396
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
XXV. Epistola Johannis papjs ^ ad Elfricum duceh.
(MS. Cotton, TiberiuB A. 15, fo. 169.)
A.D.9664»95. Johamies episcopus, servus servorum Dei, .^Elfiico bcm%? inclito duci^ amantissimo filio nostro spirituali^ salutem EiMotobe continuam et apostolicam Denedictionem. Kelatione n^hbour quorundam fidelium compeiimus te plurima agere mala
to GUu^ton- • 1. iTN* •!•• -air
bury. in secclesia sanctae Dei gemtncis Manse quae nuncu-
patur Glestingaburugh,^ et prsedia et villas^ ab ejus jure tua avida eupiditate diripuisse, et propter quod eodem loco propinqua inhseres habitatione illi semper nocivus esse. Oportunum enim exstiterat ut tuo suf- fragio sancta Dei ecdesia, cum propinquus habitando efiectus es, perpliurimum accresceret, et copia tui adju- torii proprietatibus ditaretur: sed, quod nefas est, tuo decrescit impedimento, tuaque humUiatur oppressione. Et quia, licet indigni, non dubitamus nos in beato Petro apostolo omnium ecdesiarum curam omniumque fidelium suscepisse soUicitudinem, ideoque tuam mone- mus dilectionem, ut pro timore apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nostraque veneratione, ab ipsius loci cesses direp- tione, nihil ab ejus proprietatibus,* villis et possessioni-
' This letter is referred by Dr. JafiS, followiDg Williiim of Malmes- bury, to pope John XIII. and the year 971. As, however, Dunstan was then at the zenith of his power, and Edgar was not likely to have allowed the rights of Qlastonbnry to be interfered with, and as, more- over, there is no West Saxon eal- dorman of the name of Elfric at the time, — it seems better to refer it to John XV. and the ealdorman Elfric whose tenure of office began in or about 982, and who fell at the battle of Assandun. The interpolations of the copy used by William of Mal- mesbury (G. B. lib. ii. p. 246, ed. Hardy) are given in the notes, and show how the originally simple let- ter of the pope was adapted by the monks to the maintenance of their
claim on particular estates. It is printed in the Monasticon, i. 68, from the Cotton MS. Vitellius D. 7, which professes to take it " ex libro " epistolarum Alcuini qui fuit Caroli " institutor," that is the MS. Tibe- rius A. 15.
' GlesHngabumgh ] qu® totius Britannis prima, et ab antiquis primoribus ad proprietatem et tute- lam Bomani pontificis pertinere di- nOBcitur, ins. W. Malmesb.
3 villas] sed et ecclesias de Brente, de Filtune, quas Ina rege dante ope- ram cum aliis ecdesiis quas juste et canonice possidet, scilicet Soweie, Stret, Merlinc, Budecal, Sapewice, ins. W. MaluL
< proprietatibuB] ecclesiis, capel- lis, ins. W. Malmesb.
/
RELIQUL£ DUNSTANIANiE.
397
bus invadens. Quod si hsec non feceris, sdas te vice aj). 935-995.
He
apostolorum prmcipis nostra auctoiitate excommunica- thnatena
him 1 jITi
turn, et a coetu fidelium remotum, perpetuoque anathe- excpmmuni- mati submissum, et setemo igni cum Juda traditore perenniter mandpatum.
;
XXVI. Epistola Johannis papje XV^^}
(MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 171 b.)
Johannes quintusdedmus, sanctse Bomanae ecdesise aj).99i.
Tho DODO
papa, omnibus fidelibus.^ Noverint omnes sanctse ma- baa beard tris ecclesise fideles et nostrylitriusque ordinis per di- between mata sseculi dilatati, qualiter nobis relatum est a com- >^<»^ pluribus de inimidtia JCthekedi Saxonum Occidenta- ard,and
. • « • * . tent bishop
lium regis necnon et Bicardi marcnionis, unde nimium Leo to
. . .. . • . • reooDoie
tristis effectus, utpote de filiis nostris spiritualibus, them. tandem inito salubri consilio accersivi quendam apocri- sarium nostrum Leonem,' videlicet episcopum sanctse Treverensis ecdesise, et misi eum illuc cum litteris nos- tiis exhortatoriis, ut resipiscerent ab hac superstitione. Qui transiens vastas intercapedines terrarum, tandem Leopreeents marinos transmeavit fines, et in die Nativitatis Domini tiais. pervenit ante conspectum regis prsBfEiti ; moxque ex parte nostra salutato obtulit litteras, quas illi misera-
1 This letter is given by William of Malmesbory in the Gresta Regnm, lib. ii. § 166 ; and with vexy slight yariations from the text of the Ck>t- ton MS. Notwithstanding its ex- ceptional fbim, it is accounted genu- ine by Dr. Jaff<$ (Begesta Pontificom, p. 338). It was printed by Wilkins, Cone. i. 264, and by Mansi, xix. 81. The foct that it is found in the Cot- ton MS. proTCB it to be a contem- porary document.
' cmfdhui fidelihuM] inter]. MS.
' Leo is not counted among the archbishops of Treves ; Dr. Lappen- burg (Gesch. Engl. i. 422) under- stands that he was a vice-bishop or BufBragan. The mention of him has been thought to throw doubt on the genuineness of the document ; see Freeman, Norman Conq. i. 631 ; Palgrave, Hist. Normandy and Eng- land, iii. 106. I have no doubt that the Leo in question was the abbot of S. Boniface at Rome who was in the year 991 employed in Germany.
398
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANl.
peace.
Names of
ambaBsa-
dora.
A.D. 991. mus ; qui accersitis cunctis sui regni fidelibus utriusque
oa^^uhfs ordinis sapientioribus, ob amorem et timorem Dei Om-
^d ^reed mpoteiitis, necnon et Saacti Petri apostolorum principis,
^ ^ et per nostram admonitioiiem patemam, firmissimam
concessit pacem, cum omnibus filiis suis et filiabus prse-
sentibus et fiituris^ et cum omnibus fidelibus suis sine
dolo. Qua de re misit^ iSthelsinum, sanctdB Scirebur-
nensis ecdesiad prsesidem, necnon Leofstanum filium
Alfwoldi, atque Wistani filium Ethelnothum ; qui *
transierunt marinos fines et pervenerunt usque ad Ri-
Bjchard re- cardum prsefatum marchionem : qui et monita nostra
ceived the
embasny, pacifice suscipicns, simulque audiens decretum suprafati regis^ libenti animo eandem pacem firmavit, cum filiis et filiabus suis pwesentibus et futuris, et cum omnibus fidelibus suis, eo rationis* tenore, ut si aliquis eorum vel ipsi injuste aliquid contra alterum perpetraverit, digna emendatione purgetur, paxque maneat perpetuali- ter et inconvulsa, sacramentorum utriusque partis stig-
Oaths of the mate stipulata ; ex parte scilicet regis ^Slthelredi Ethel- sinus praesid sanctse Schirebumensis ecclesise, et Leofstan Alfwoldi filius, et Athelnothus Wistani filius ; ex parte Ricardi Rogerus episcopus, Rodulfiis Hugonis filius, Turstenc filius Turgis. Actum Rotomago kalendis Mar- tii, anno ab Incamatione Domini nongentesimo nona- gesimo primo, Indictione quarta : et de hominibus regis vel de inimicis suis, nullum Richardus recipiat, nee rex de suis sine sigiUo eorum.
Dated at
Bouen,
Mar.l.
1 misit'] mittenB, MS., corrected. Ethelsige bishop of Sherborne mied from 978 to 992.
3 gut] interl. in MS.
' eo raUanii'] et orationiB, MS.
RELIQULfi DUNSTANIANiE.
399
XXVII. Epistola ad Sigericum.
(MS. Cotton, Tiberiof A. 15, lb. 164.)
Consentaneo typici nominis preesagio Sig.,^ Apostolico ad. 990-094 summi prsesulatiis ciriceo * largiflua Dei gratia deciir- S^Jms" rato,' levitarum infimis* N. commodissima vacillantis'^*^^^*"^^* tempora ssBCuli^ necne in generalis judicii examine senatorum apostolici prioratus summam. Clamentissimi Redemptoris nostri veridica valere oracula in tuo, prse- simio has sulmn karissime, dominio divinitus collate non anreochAMMipTo-
a .1 ZDotion.
seu quovis mercatus quomodo multomm mos est mu- nere adepto^ luce clarius expleta patescit, quibus pro- prios alumnos vivificae doctrinae sequaces, quorum tu in ecdesia Dei vicarium apicem septiformis spin- tus sancti obtitulatum insignitus prseduenter exerces mystico summo die rationis et iste fovit potando . . evangelia . . . sene sic ut alicubi exorsus est ; Omni habenti dabitur et habundabit, ei autem qui non habet, quod habere videtttr, etiam auferetur ab eo. Hujus ergo Dominici lactis . . . mo ingeniolo ^ habetur . .
. . medio frigore astico
pastori delitescat prsesagio . melliflusB
caritatis amplitudine limpidissime patescere incunctan- To describe ter credimus. Quam felix provincia loci etiam situ nessof&e amoena, tantum animularum sortita promum salutiferi win not use Christi sacramenti misteriarcbe, non perifrasticis elle- sophy. bori ant Aristotelis sive reliquorum sophistarum cavil- lationes indagantem, quorum multifida perplexionum argumentatio, quia stolida hujus mundi elegit Deus, velud fiunus per inane longiuscule difiusus, irrita ad- nullatur, verum orthodoxorum catholicse fidei cultorum omeliis canonicis gregem Dominicum sibi commissum ambrosciatim pascentem. Nee mirum competente quo-
> Probably from the writer of No. xzyiii., who also uses the word mUUriariAa; if not, it may be re- ferred to the writer of No. xzi.
• ciriceo] Probably laipvKti^ ; the
herald's staff, used here for the pastoral staff. s decurrato] deoorato.
* ifl/Smu] So MS. ; read infimns.
* ingenioio'] Compare the use of this word in No. xzi. p. 386 above.
400
VITA SANCn DUNSTANI.
AJ). 990-094. mmlibet religiosorum meriio, talem prsefectum gra-
^^^ tuita Dei miseratione praedestinatum constat quia sicut
mCTM."'' exigentibus perfidorum legirupum excessibus sermo
doctoris ssepe adimitur, sic benivolus Deo subditorum
votis coelitus augetur.
Subjectus mecum populus nunc plaudat ovando
Paulo quo totum stemat seseque magistro
Limpida vitaUs capiens alimenta salutis
Ut Stigias Zabuli valeat vitare lacunas
Ac paradisycolis . . . conjungere turmis.
Salve summe . . praesid prses . .
Angelicis comitatus eas proventibus opto.
XXVIII. Epistola Elfwerdi^ abbatis ad Sigemcum
ARCHIEPISCOPUM. (MS. Cotton, Tiberius A. 15, fo. 170.)
AD.990-994. DUectissimo in Christo patri Sigerico misteriarchfi^,
^bto^ humilis vestrse patemitati abbas Elfwerdus aetemsB
££gui^to beatitudinis et perpetuse prosperitatis salutem.
2!^^^ Amico antiquo novus non est similis ; amicus qui for-
bi8h^. ' tunam sequitur et tempus observat, qui juxta loci qua-
Utatem mutatur, nunquam verus fuit. O si ferrea vox
esset omnipotens pUivertentia in Unguis, vel sic ad
aures tui cordis verba dilectionis sincerse pervenire va-
luissent, vel in tuo pectore spiritus esset prophetise, ut
perspicere cordis mei archana potuisses ; crederes itaque
quam suavissimo sapore tui amoris pectus meum com-
pletur; sed nunc quod valeo faciam, hos parvos apices
magnce indices caritatis tibi dirigo, ut per hos inteUigas
quod vix intelligi potest, sicut flamma videri, tangi hoc
non potest karitas
Abbot BU- in litteris cemi potest, sed vix
arobbiahop scntiri valct scribcntis, quasi sdntillse . . de igne
oontouance ut dilectio litterarum officio valet, sed
plurimi sunt, in quibus corde extinguuntur, ideo
in good works.
> Elfvreard succeeded as abbot of Glastonbory on tbe promotion of Sigar to the see of Wells, which took place between the years 975
and 978. He continued abbot for seyeral years in the next century. Sigeric as a monk of Glastonbury may bare been his pupil.
RELIQUIAE DUNSTANIANJE. 401
gratius lucescit, ubi vel aliqua ejus flamma ardescit. A.D.090-9M Quia in te, pater karissime, veram inveni karitatem, ideo nulla terrarum spatia me prohebent secundum opportunitatem portantis ctipientem in Christo per- henniter firui ; eujus amor nosiram utinam . . . dam per Ejus dilectionem nobis inviolabilis .... pa-
temitas eujus caritatem si consacerdos
sicut tuba coelestis, sicut prseco salutis cunctorum in- gerere cordibus studeas ; quicquid illius respuit sancti- tas instantissime respue : quicquid illius diligit bonitas / /-j - J^ , ///
ardentissime prsedica. Memor esto semper quod j^ttur 07^
^ tuum tuba Dei debet esse, eFTiri^a lua oninibus prseco ^
salutis. Esto pastor non mercenarius, rector non sub- versot, lux^non tenebrae, civitas firma fide murata, non He wanw 3omus pltK^is^ dlruta, miles Christi ffloriosus, non apo- reroonsi-
* .jt- / - , . — ^— -■ ^ , * 4>ilitiet of
stata vili8,(pate9 gsgedicator et non adulator. Melius est hia great Deum timere quam hominem, plus Deo placere quam ' liominibus blandiri./ ^rgam_ j^ccepisti jastoralem, eC
" "^ baculum consolatioms fratemse; iUam ad r^enSumr
istum ad consolandum, ut moerentes consolationem ba-"
beant in te, et contumaces correctionem sentiant per ,
/ — ■-— - — -> — ' ^- - - w . .A f «- ,, ^
r r c.^ p'v^-^ te. Potestas judicis est . cendere ./vivificare. Quid * \a t/ v^^ w
/ I .. ^>, times hominem propter gla . . . vem regni accepisti ^* ^-^ ^ a Christo ; recordare quia gassus estfcro te et non me- ' \K\ ^'' tuasjoqui pro Illo. Ille pro tuo ajm)re davis confixus' ^
pependit in cruce et tu si 7 .~^ . . . .'dignitatis"* yj» r-d*- J U- .1/ tuee ob timorem hominis tacueris , . . novit, pater, /x l. //a,
novit ; ^d^ sicut Ilie dilexlL^ ita ailige et Ilium. Qui \ . plus laborat plus mercedis accipieL^ Si . J - - de- ( ^^\^ ^ / ^^^^ . ' ' finquentes/'libi est merces apud Doininum 'et summa ^
salus . . T ! ; . '. *'. . odierit increpantem.
itte' est tudo. Esto miseris exI orutioii / .*
^consolator, pauperibus pater, omnibus affabilis, done^ cdiflcation. - -
"[^ell^as quid cuicimique respondeaS;^^^_ semper tua ^ 4- 7 '
responsio sale sit sapientife condita> non temerana sed A/ia^desta, non verbosa sed ^onesta. Sint tibi mores '^v^ humanitate pneclari, humilitate laudabiles, pietate ama-
c c
>, ^
402 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D. 990-994. biles, ut nou solum verbis sed exemplis^erudjaig tecum viventes vel ad te venien^s! Sit ' manua tua larga In elemosynis, promta in reddendo et caiita . m^accipiendo. 'Pnepara tibi thesauriim_Jp^coe&: divitiae viri redemp- tio esfanimaB illius, quia beatiusest/'dare quam acci- y
pere. Invenimus unam '^retiosam^'Tnargarilam; demus omma quae habemus e€ emamus illam. Lectio sanclae
To the study scripturae saepius tuislnveniatur in manibus, ut ex iIIaT y » . |- Writ. tg^ ./. saturar^ 'et " alios pascere valeas. Vifflliae et
x; , vj^ ^ orationes assiduae sint^ibi^eo magis quia pro tuo populo "
^ Christiaiio' intercedere debes ; esto omnibus ....
vicariusT)ei, exemplum honestatis .... medicina vulneratis, afflictis consolator ; pastor non mercenarius ; domus Dei non spelunca latronum; palma florens, oliva semper virens. Non terrena fragilitatis terreat potestas, non saecularis ambitio pontificalem severitatem compescat. Noli timere eos qui corpus possunt occidere, animam autem non possunt. Noli columbas vendere Dei;
To blame- da quod gratis accepisti. Irreprehensibilem te ipsum in
and read oumibus exhibe, ut vita tua doctrina sit populi, ex bona
S. Qresoiy's r r '
^asftoni. conversatione tua aedificentur plurimi : lege diligenter obsecro evangelia Christi, libros quoque alios canonicse auctoritatis, sed et Pastoralem beati Gregorii papsd saepis- sime perscrutare. His epulis animam tuam pasce, ut ha- beatis unde alios reficere valeas. Dulce mihi est saepius tuae scribere reverentiae, opiniatissime pater, tuamque implorare clementiam, quatenus quae vestrae perpaucas patemitati literulas theoricae causa karitatis omisimus, me quoque per cunct . . implere nequisse cognoscas, nostraque cordetenus taediosum verbositas hand videri optamus ; tuae quoque celsitudinis litteris recitatis gau- debam de tuae prosperitatis salute, cujus praesens quan- tum valui fautor fid etiam et nunc absens cupidus, et utinam ... in litteris praemisisti, memor sis utique patemitatis et dulcedinis inter nos in Domino, qui sem- per nos in sua provehat voluntate et proficere £axdat in suis mandatis. Memores simus quod nos de stercore
semce.
RELIQUIAE DUNSTANIAN^. 403
erexit, ut collocet inter principes populi sui, non nostris a.d. 990-994. meritis, sed sua gratuita misericordia, Cui semper gratias ttJn^' agamus in omni vita nostra ut ille qui exaltavit etiam H^dlvSe^ et conservet. Omnes vero ecclesias quas ad dirigen-
dum accepisti, diligentissime in Dei laude exoma; in eis horis psalmorum melodia, orationum instantia, mis- sarum solemnia, et intercessiones pro te . . tuisque amicis. Sint tibi filii minores cum honestate et tem- perantia vestimentorum, moderatus cultus, convivia non in luxuria et ebrietate, sed in sobrietate, et congruentia temporibus et personis. XJbique Dei amorem ante ocu- los habeas ; humilitas te exaltet, et Veritas honorabilem faciat, misericordia amabilem ; sit tua manus pauperi- bus larga, amicis benigna ; esto fidelis dispensator do- mus Dei; forma esto salutis omnibus tecum habitanti- bus, quia te Deus honore nobilem fecit. Esto quoque ex moribus nobilis ; luceat lux tuae bonitatis coram omnibus, ut glorificetur in te Pater coelestis. Qui te in hac praesenti vita custodiat, et in futura vita gloriam tibi concedat getemam. Mei quoque obsecro ut memo- riam habeas inter missarum solempnia et in Sanctis orationibus tuis, ut anima . . . perpetua prosperi- tate gaudeat vitae. Ego devotus tuae patemitatis filius nunquam obliviscar tui, sed semper super onmes alios diligo karitate. Deum cotidie cum . . . cordis com- punctione deprecantem aetema pietate custodiat, regat, protegat, sine fine defendat.
Mitis ab aethereo dementia Christus Olimpo Protegat, exaltet, omet, amet, foveat.
Nee mine nostras
L . . scripsit quaa pietatis amor.
Terra, polus, pelagus, homines volucresque ferseque, Cantoris resonent voce, valeto pater.
Pagina si brevis est non est brevis ardor amantis^ Nam plus corda colunt quam mea verba sonant.
Christicolae angelica Sigerico carmina laudent Salve, sancte Dei praesul resonantque per aevum.
CC 2
404
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
XXIX. Epistola cujusdam.
(MS. Tiberius A. 15, fo. 160.)
C
The writer nsBuros his
friend of his candenti N. amicitiae sine sear
constant *^
. naliuni fratri gloria Meli . . feliciter
. . deficiendi totum employment posse inter angelicarum consortia turmarum ciun ful- gentis nuptialis indumenti consessionem. Fratri merito fidissimo, ne minus . . memora . . nulla patens dilectionis intimet, mando quia meditatio benivola cordi tenet amando, et fit per amplas regiones kartula amoris nuntia quae Paulinos clientulos de Grsecia per Timo- theum exortabatur gratiosa, ne nos doleas
absentes .... conversari intimamus nos dulciter cum probabilissimis refoveri; cotidie lectum quampluris convenimus, nee minus voluntati profidmus. Jamque vale inceptsB ferto karitatis amorem. Per commodum remitte qui nobis quid tecum agatur nuncium nunciet, O jugiter ben . . .
A.D. 090- lOOS.
The writer sends good wishes to Wulstan. He has received a command to translate some book into Latin.
XXX. Epistola cujusdam ad Wulstanum.^
(MS. Cotton, Vespasian B. 14, fo. 177.)
Domino illustrissimo atque divinis dogmatibus et operibus plenissimo, metropolitanse Lundonise ecclesise pontificum dignissimo Wulstano, cunctorum sanctae cru- cis caracterem gestantium famulus supplex, post virtu- tum omnium expetibilem ubertatem, summamque inter apostolicos doctores coelo fulgidos felidtatem. Quia salutare prseceptum beatitudinis vestrse, quae me quadam sapientisB prserogativa nescio unde arbitrata florere, archana quse nostis meis studidt auribus insinuare, quae litteris Tiatinis deberem commen;dare, impotens
' Walfttan, bishop of London 996-1008. The bishop seems to hare ordered the writer to turn some
work into Latin. He finds himself uneqiul to the task, and humbly deelines.
RELIQULfi DUNSTANIANJE. 405
sum parere : in multa cordis fluctuatione me scitote a j). ooe-
1 AIM
^ laborare ; enimvero si banc jussionem vestram, quae divinse dulcedinis absque dubio fert jocunditatem, finic- tuosa obedientia explere valerem, tempestuosse consci- entise mesd cupitaB temperiei tranquillitatem obtinerem. Igitur quia sic mihi fluctuanti hsec denegatiu: tranquil-t litas optima, midtum expavescens quo indignationis vestrae ofiensam mea patiatur supplex et artibus om- nibus nuda inopia> ad poenam suam satis sibi sit, quaeso, magna quam sustinet verecundia; banc inquam vere- cundiam ipse in me acriter reprebendo, quia ipsam He hm adeo mihi molestam non sustinerem, si quod mibi im- J®?""®* « posuistis me expleturum non devoverer, si quidem spem Aentofhis aliquantulam habebam me in hoc negotio posse obe- dire ; quandoque jussus fueram ad primum studui inire, sed revera postmodum diligenter dulcissimam eloquii vestri oonsiderans sagacitatem, decenterque dispositae narrationis prolixitatem, simulque profunditatem, me ad haec transferenda nullam reputo habere facultatem. Attamen si temporis opportimitatem et linguae vestne praedulcem sonoritatem haberem, piis imperils vestris quoquomodo parere valerem. Vos ergo dementer banc excusatoriam susdpientes querimoniam Ejus pro amore Qui nos cotidie audit plus Sibi promittere quam per- solvere, insipientise mese quae ampHus quam p<^tuit non puduit promittere dignemini parcere. Onmipotens Dominus ad Suae utUitatem ecdesiae dies vestros in Sua pace disponat, atque vos cum midtiplici numero com- missarum vobis animarum ad gaudia ccelestia perducat. Valete.
406
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A J). 908- 1001.
The writer
K'veBhis )st advice to the bishop.
XXXI. Epistola archiepiscopi cujusdam ad
WtTLFSINUM.l (MS. Paris, Lat 943.)
[ ] Dei [gratia] archiepiscopus, fideli amico Wlf- sino episcopo, setem^ sospitatis et pacis in Domino Deo salutem. Gratias agamus Deo, qui nos indignos et ultimos servorum suorum prseordinavit ad regimen Suae sanctse ecdesise in tarn periculosis et laboriosissimis temporibns. Et nunc in commune deprecemur Omni- potentis Dei clementiam ut Ille nos adjuvet in omni opere bono. Et tu, carissime frater, viriliter fac, et for- titer opus_ Domini quod habes in manibus perfice^ ad mercedem anim5e..nostr8e et ad salutem multarum ani- marum. Non cesset lingua tua in praedicando, non pes ^tuus cireumeundo gregem tibi commissum, non maiuig. tua a laborando; ut eleemosynae fiant per te, ut sancta
^ This letter was first printed by Mabillon, AA. SS. O. S. B., stec. v. p. 239, from the Paris MS. Mabil- lon ascribes it to Dunstan, but gives no reason for doing so beyond the fact that it is found in what he calls the Pontifical of Dunstan, that is the Pontifical of the church of Sherborne. That the Wulfsige to whom it is addressed was bishop of Sherborne may be proved by this ; but no such bishop was consecrated by or contemporary with Dunstan. The same MS. gives a list of the bishops of that see, which exactly agrees with the results of an exami- nation of the charters. The dates seem to be as follows : — ^A bishop Wulfisige of Sherborne rules from 943 to 958 ; Elfwold succeeded and signs charters from 961 to 978 ; then Ethelsige, from 979 to 991 ; then another Wulfsige, from 993 onwards. It is possible that the elder Wul&ige survived to 961, and saw Dunstan on the archiepiscopal
throne ; bnt it is scarcely likely that Dunstan would write such a letter as the above to a person much older than himself; and it would seem probable from the fact that Briht- helm bishop of Wells is spoken of as ** Dorsetensium episcopus " (above, p. 38), that he was ad- ministering the see of Sherborne, at the time that Canterbury was vacant on the death of Odo. It seems best, therefore, to refer the letter to the later Wulfsige, in which , case the writer would be archbishop Sigerio, or more probably the more famous Elfric, who succeeded to Canterbury in 995 or 996. The reference to the troublous times may aUo belong more probably to the reign of Ethelred than to that of Edgar. The tone presents a re- markable likeness to No. xxviii., and suggests that Sigeric, if he were the writer, had adapted the letter he had received from Elfwerd to his own use.
<
'>'
f
REUQUt£ DUNSTANIAKJE.
407
and
Dei ubique exaltetur ecdesia. Esto forma salutis om-AJ).9M- niuin : m te sit exemplum conversationis sanctLssimse, He warns in te^sit solatium miseronim,' inle cbntortatio duHfabr the te^tap tium, m te disciplinsB ngor. in te ventatis.JLducia, in world, tejbotius bonitatis spes. Non te sseeuli pompa exaltet^ non ciborum Inxus enervet, non vestimentorum vanitas emoUiat, non adulantium lingua decipiat, nbn'Hetralieii^ tium adversitas conturbet, non tristia TrangahtT^ non* Iseta elevent, non sis arundo Vento agitata, non flos* aune tempestatis decidens, non paries rumosJ^'noIT clomus super arenam posita ; sed templum/Dei vivi
jsuper firmam petram constructum, cujus ipse sit Spin- tusT^raclitus inhabitator. Mitem te et humilem ad^ meliores ostende, durum et rigidum "ad' superbos, omnia He www ommbus factusfut omnes lucrari possis; habeas In ma^ to a life of
"nibus tuis mererSbsmthium, quicquid~cui"'placeal edaD^^ding. ex illis; cui de pia pnedicatione vesci libeatj aecipiatjorahip.
;mel ; jiui dura^ invectione indigeaf, bibat ex absinthio^ ita tamen ut liceat ei mel venise sperare, si rosea con- fessio pcenitentise prsecedat. Omnia vestra honesta cum ordine' fiant ; tempus statuatur lectioni, et oratio suas~
^abeat horasi~el~ imssanim sollemnia "prbprio tempore conveniant. ^Qui diem sapit Domino sapiat. Sit mo-
^desta in con^aviis Isetitia, sit casta in Jejumis *percep-
' tlo ; "lavelur pcenitentia "tkcies, unguatur oleo miseri- cordise caputf^ut "omnia acceptabilia fiant Domino Deo,
^TJui te ' elegit Sibi sacerdotem. Ducem^ ammone et He bids him
1 i*ij^ X ' • -y adyiae his
omnes sseculares pnncipes, ut pietatem et misenoordiam eaidoniian
• • -t. .• , J 'A* j« J • and other
in judiciis conservent, munditiam cordis et corporis chiefs to semper diligant, quia beati mundi corde, quoniam ipsi Church. Deum videbunt ; ecclesiam Christi defendant, ut eorum adjutor ac defensor fiat Dominus ecclesise; viduis et pupillis misericordes ut illorum misereatur Deus, et in
U t
C t^*^
/'
. -' t
JL
^ If the ascription to the second Wulfiiige be a<bnitted, the dux here «poken of will be the ealdoimao
ElfHc to whom the letter No. xzt, is addressed.
408 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
t A.D.908- onmes homines mites et benigni, populum Dei congre*
,• ^^ gantes et non dispergentes, pacem inter se habentes>
\ \y.'' HeurgM quia beati pacifici, quoniam filii Dei vocabimtur. Et
' I ^ ^Gregoiy*8 tu, carissime firater, ante oculos cordis semper habeto
jpwOTw. ^iiuQj^jQ j)qi g^ amorem, et fiber Pastoralis beati Gre-
f^ ,' ^ , gorii patris^ ubi Dei rectorum subjectommque vita
*^ VM ^ diligentius discemitur, ssepius ante te legatur ; et nostri r- T~ '
^ ^. memoriam nominis habeto in tuis Sanctis orationibus, ' / "
memoriam nominis habeto in tuis Sanctis orationibus> ^y ' un)ei Omnipotentis iitisericordia nos defendat, regal
atque custodiat, sicut vos velle credo, ut in dilectione Dei et voluntate cursum agamus vitae nostrse. Et su- perfluum non sestimes, nee arrogantise, ut vos ammo- nerem, sed intimo caritatis afiectu suscipite, quia urba firma frater qui a fratre juvatur.
Te Deus Omnipotens salvum conservet in sevum.
;
XXXII. Epistola encyclica W. Scikeburnensis epi-
SCOPI ^ AD UNIVERSOS EPISCOPOS, ABBATES ET FIDELES. (Martene & Dnrand, Ampl. CoU, i. 354.)'
AJ).iKa- 1. Annuente atque favente melliflua Dei gratia epi-
The biflhop scopis, abbatibus, ducibus, universisqtie indytis vemaculis S^^S^^IrSSe ^ sanctae Dei ecdesise, W. hmnilis apostolicus minister ^^- S. parrochte pads prosperitatem pTrmanendamque in
Christo salutem. . j
Gain had Igitur nullatcnus dubitamus vobis esse /fiognitum^ / V^^
been doomed «• . i*!- ii«i> -i /• j /— »
to be a wan- quomodo in pnmordio hujus labilis vitae nostn proto-, | plasti parentis natus multatus fiiit a Deo pro sola fra- temi sanguinis efiusione, et sic postea longe lateque per climata totius cosmi perplurimse similes miserise^ instigante zabolatico conatu^ perpetrates sunt. Iddrco pro certo reminiscamini vos, quicumque litteras has per- legitis, quod ista imago Dei est in poenitentise loco con-
I Wnlftige, biflhop of Sherborne, | * « Ex MS. BibUothecs Begis.'' 992-1001. 1
RELIQUI^ DUNSTANIAN^. 409
stituta pro sui interfectione fratris, filii aut avunculi, a.d. 993-
sive fratruelis, quam provise seu improvise aut etiam The beNirer
per incuriam perfidebat suadente hostili versutia. kinOTian.*
Qua de re vos benignissime precamur, ut pro Dei dilec-
tione sitis illius auxiliatores, administrantes ei corporal^
indigentise subsidium, verum etiam quod multo melius^? him
est, spiritale, ut spiritus illius in die magni judicii Dei spiritual
servetur inkesus, cum omnibus electis in dextra Dei ^ * j
collocatis. ^ ^''f^^-^, .0 '' .
*] 2. Domno pap^ cunctisque generalitei^^natris ecclesi^ The bearer filiolis W. Scfi*ebumensis ecdesiafe. Notum fieri vobis penance for cupimus de portitore scVedulse pr^sentis, quia diabolieo kinsman. instinctu avunculi sui ^mn inter^erat ; unde a no- bis p^nitenti^ fiructum inquirentem, in hujus vi^ c. peregrinatione constituimus, eorporalique crudatui da> mus quo spiritus ejus in tremendi examinis die salve- tur. Yalete cundi fideles vin^ Domini cultores, ipsius inopiam benedictionum vestrarum copia reficere volen- tes in Christo.
XXXIII. Epistola WuiiFRici AD Abbonem.
(MS. S. Gall, 337. f. 1.)
WilMcus, abbas Augustinensis monasterii/ dignissimo ^^<^<^ abbatum dodissimoque abbati^ Aboni^ eetemse prospen- wuft-ic, tatis salutem in Christo. Quod vestra, O obtime vir, s. -^ustt** legatio ad nos pervenit, vestrse benignitati gratias hu-^eLifioof militer Deo volente persolverimus. Istum itaque libel- Abbo to lum pro magnifid viri Sandi Dunstani amore, quatinua ornate in metricse artis versus transferatis, nostra exi- guitas soUidter prsecatur^ ut vos promisistis. Ergo pro multiplids obstaculi retardatione quanta deliberavimus vobis intimare breviter pitaciolo isto nequimua
Arbiter sethereus salvet vos tempore cundo. Valete.
' Wnlfiic became abbot of S. Augnstmes, A.D. 1000.
410
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
A triple aoroetic addressed by Abbo to Punstan.
XXXrV. Tria poemata Abbonis ad Dunstanum.^
(MS. Nero £. 1. fo. 14.)
SUMHE SACEB, TE SUMBEA SALUS TUEATUB AMICIS,
Virtutis
Mundo
Munificus
Esse
Septa
Ad
Cui
Exul
Bauca
Turn
Et
Suavior
Unde
Mira
Munere
Anglica
verse speculo sTTb camis
falgente qui ICagnuB culmine pastor, holCnum spes, ara
es plEnus pietatU servanS divini totus
videris et gregis
qaem lativii
solito largus in orbe alio
Bubit, qcue devota saero laudando auspiciis tibi recinens, refert quod donasti cui tandem
amictUy moruH, reoruMi ubiquE, oviliS, aurA, doneO
pelAgi pia protulit
feOistis tot bona,
crEvit sua Yocula sed mE
claBa diu, nee noxia nupeB
conTu quern spero resumeT,
canEt omni nectarea musiB
iStic devincta suetiS,
qUi vivis nobilis* ortU^
priMus earn dignatus eodeM
donuM reputando supemuMy
cAatat sic voce TAf.inA^
SUMME SACEB, TE SUMMA SALUS TUEATUB AMICI8.
Angelicam
Lacteolus
Vir
Solus
Te
Unde
Exigeres
Argivmn
qui fers Yultu, patriae carus, Odo pius
pater ante
tibi supplex
traotai-e vatem qui
£A.cieni de luce supemA polLens ex ordine pnesuLi
seU civibus utilis actU, cenSor qui jure sacerdoS
fuiTy sat nos amplexus amaviT,
deVovi scribere quod tU senEx secretus in urbB
grAmmata pandit AchivA,
Tarn sapiens ut te cum Te plus scire timereT, Verum semotus habitu, Velut angelicus astUi Bestat te dignus sacBo omnes agnitus ardoB^ Ante quidem juvenes Audax deponere verbA, Mitia dans septem deMum discrimina vocuH In verbis quse pertimul tibi scribere patrl, Cui genus et species Curse felicior ex hoC Ima tibi mea musa canit, quod protulit audL SUMHA SAOEBy TE SUMMA SALUS TUEATUB AMICUS.
^ A cttrioofi Bpecimen of misdi- rected ingenoity. A similar puzzle addressed by Abbo to the emperor
Otto III. will be found in Fabri- ciusy Bibl. Lat. voL iiL lib. iv. o. 1.
I
RELIQUIiE DUNSTANIANJE. 411
II.1 0 pr»sul Dunstane prObus. Bine fine valetOy a Cu^weu Bunculifl conctisque Beis tua vita videtuS in triple Omnia esae boni renOvatus, more aqnilinO. Sciris enim demens Sortito munia curanS, Et gratis pan dens crEdenda salubria verE. Recta doces et recta Bogas» innoxie doctoB, Efficiendo quod ipsE mones, ne voce monerE Non fecisse veils taNtum devotus in agmeN, ^
ExtoUar tandem juvEnis, qui si tua diguE, Bumme patrone, meiS ascripsi vota CamoenlS Ad coelum rursum venlAm, quo sistitur amplA. Conditione salus, neC sese jactltat illlC Efiera vis quaecunquE mall, cum desiit indE Babbulus ad veteris BixsB dlvortla UbeB, Mordicus unde furlt Matri Sion ira suoruH ; En te corde sequar quEm qui seceatur in axE Major erit plenus cuMulo virtutis avoruM. 0 prffisul Dunstane prObus, sine fine valetO, Bumpe moras, ne sis duBus, cui ludo parumpeB Inque tuis tutatls primi hie jam carmina noli Stertere, sed pnesens de 3 odse vortior aureS, Memet enim satis ore Moves, ut talla dicteH, Et IflBtator quod adessE piis addlcls opimE, Mirus ubique cavena Mores ac facta reoruM Obsistendo rudi, ne mOx male crescat avitO. Bex regum tali proceBum dans gaudla nupeB Ob sua gesta sibi decOret de vertice mundO. Totus enim candes, te Tandem parcius urgeT Ira, furor, quia sis agills sub corpore lenl, Vir fervens anlmis, pUro ferventlor aestU; Bum dare verba pater Senio fellclor ausuS, Ecce tibl tuus Abbo pEtlt, ne desplce ferrE, Bi qusBris laudum cauSas quia fabar iniquuS Turpia, tu carmen nosTrum, mi, suscipe, sicuT 0 prassul Dunstane prObus, sine fine valetO.
1 This poem like the preceding containfi much uninteUigible stuff ; but it is characteristic of the age.
412
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
Abboasks Dunstan's pTAyers.
III. Illustris merito viitutum sancte sacerdos, Confessorque Dei pulchenima gemma salutis, O Dunstane tuis predbus per ssecula servis Assis in aiixilium regnum poscendo polorum.
AD. cir. lliO.
Eadmerto the monks of GlMton- bury.
He retains a viTid re- collection of tbeir hos* pitality, and isthereforo
gilousof eir honour.
XXXV. Epistola Eadmeri ad Glastonienses.
Quale ait quod OlastormvMS asaerunt se corpus beati Dv/netg^ni habere.
(MS. C.CC. 871, fa 10.)»
Olorioso conventui monachonim coenobii Glastonien-' sis, frater Ekimerus unus ex minoribus bonitate et sci- entia ecclesiae Christi Cantuariensis filiis et fratribus, fidelem amicitiam et caritativum servitium in Christo Jesu Domino nostro.
Recordor me jam olim quadam vice ad vos venien- tem magno gaudio et honore susceptum, et cum majori tripudio et exultatione, donee mihi velle fiiit, vobiscum morandi, Habitum ac detentum. Unde vobis hucusque gratiosus exsisto, nee minus gratiosus ero dimi in vita prsesenti subsisto. Dum igitur talis sim et jure' esse debeam erga vos, nulli mirandum existimo, si vestrum honorem diligo, si ea quse vobis conducunt approbo, si denique ea quae vobis opprobrium generant detestor et improbo. Nee enim aliter fidus amicus essem, nee fra- tem^e dilectioms legem servare dici veraciter possem.. Quod quam grave videri debeat Christiano ad Dei reg- num pervenire volenti, advertit qui beato apostolo
^ Printed in the Anglia Sacni, ii. 2S^aa6. A copy of this letter exists in the Lambeth MS. 159 (L.), fo. 31, with the title '* Epistola ad ^ Qlastoniensefl Elmeri aliter Ed-
'* men, quo tempore Glastonienses <* asserunt se corpus padroni nostri ** Sancti Donstani habere." ' jurt] de jure, L.
RELIQXniB DUNSTANIAN^. 413
credit dicenti onmem ^ non amantem fratrem suum a.d. cir. homicidam esse, et ejusmodi in regno Christi et Dei The'duty heereditatem non habere. Cur hsBC praelibaverim ac- cipite.
Quidam ex vestris noviter, ut putamus, inter vosSonwofthe conversi, prsedicant antiquos patres vestros fores foisse £e£d et latrones, et quod nequius est, etiam sacrilegos : idque ^orefcjhg,^ illorum prsedicandi laudi ascribunt quod tales foerunt, »nd traitors, fortassis* eadem voluntate debriati, non perpendentes quod divina intonat pagina : " Fures sciUcet et latrones 1 Cor. vi. 10. " regnum Dei non possessuros." Super hsec ut jBrmius eis credatiur ita esse, Judse traditori eos similes foisse affirmant, qui loculorum Domini custos ea quse eusto- dire debebat ' sceleratissime forabatur. O homines ! O fratinim honoratores ! O verborum Domini intentissimos auditores ! Centiun et eo amplius anni evoluti sunt ex Those men quo ipsi, quos fores et latrones prsedicant, a vita prse- dredyetw senti sunt elongati : et modo noviter tantimi iis oppro- brium invehitur, ut* eetema poena, qua juxta senten- tiam istorum miserrime crudantur, infelicissime illis innovatur. Yere magna impietas ! Nam et si ipsi non foerunt tales quales isti eos esse volunty non est propter hoc horum impietas minor, immo, remoto onmi ambiguo, major, qui infamant innocentes, qui se omni- bus manifestant esse mendaces ac impudentes. Testis enim mihi est omnia sciens et disponens Veritas Deus, ^en the quia cum adhuc in scholis puerulus essem, ex prsecepto Jiw^oojb^^ beatse memoriae Lanfiranci archiepiscopi, primatis vide- the eiei^ licet totius Britannise, indicto jejunio toti populo Can-g^*t«n'8 tiae, levatum est corpus beatissimi patris^ Dunstani a primo sepulturse suae loco, astante abbate Sancti Au- gustini Scodlando,®. et Oundulfo post £ax$to Bhofensi episcopo, cum toto monachorum agmine utriusque ec-
1 omnem] hominem, L. ' fortOMiM} et, ins. L. ' debebat] debeat, L.
* uQ et, L.
^ patns] onuLi
* Scodlando^ Sootlaodo, L.
414
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.dr. clesids, nostrae scilicet quad est Christi Cantuariensis, et
1190
A great vicinae nobis beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, qufiB
was pre^nt. usitatiore ^ nomine hoc tempore dicitur beati Augustini :
confluente ad hoc innumera virorum ac mulierum mul-
titudine, qui omnes ipsum* coelestem thesaurum cum
ingenti modulamine vocis ac jubilo cordis usque ad
locum quo recondendus erat prosecuti sunt, et diem
ilium divinis miraculis illustratum laetum atque solen-
Now after ucm peregeiunt. Nunc autem effluxis quinquaginta
itiBsu^thatannis' ex quo illud factum est, quidam ex vestris, si
hiSbeen tameu cx vestris,* surrexerunt, et ubi eis libet praedi-
hundred cant jam ante centum annos ecdesiae vestrae monachos
custodes ecclesiae nostrae deputatos, quae ob martyriimi
gloriosi patris nostri iElfegi in magnam ut aiunt deso-
lationem venerat, et ibi quod pretiosissimum habebatur
fraudulenta calliditate furto surripuisse. Yae homines
omnibus hominibus nequiores ! Ecclesia totius Britan-
niae insulae mater in ocdsione sui patris ac filiorum
afflicta confugit ad filiam suam unice ab ea dilectam,
itumcroii-et ca ' TC, quod quasi factum sit ad praesens accipiatur,
ai^ h ^^^^^^^^^&^ ^ protectione illius confisa, ut se et reliquias suas
AOTid have scrvaret ; et ipsa^ sicut vos praedicatis, meliores filiorum
thechuTOh suorum ei ad quod petebantur destinavit; et ipsi illic
>)ui7. custodes sacrorum effecti, uterum matris suae quam
tuendam susceperant, invaserunt, diripuerunt^ cor ac
intestina ipsius depraedati sunt, rapuerunt, asportave-
runt. Judaei cum mortuum Dominum ac sepultum, ne ab
apostolis auferretur, in sui custodiam accepissent, quam-
diu potuerunt a custodiendo non defecerunt;® nee sibi
commendatiun An*to surripere aut alias auferre conati
sunt, sed potius furti crimen aJiis se dormientibus im-
^ usitatiore] nntatorio, L.
' ipguwi] ilium, L.
* The translation of the relics took place soon after Lanftranc's appointment to the see in 1070.
See Eadmer's own account of the matter ahoye, p. 232.
^ er . . . vestris'] tamen ex tcb- tris, L.
' ea] ipsa, L.
' defeeentnt] deftiemnt, L.
RELIQUI^ DUNSTANIANiE. 415
posuerunt. Si simili modo custodes Glastonienses fecis- a.d. dr.
• 1120
sent, hoc est, si sacrilegium quod laudantur commi- jt is quite sisse, ab aliis se somno depressis, dicerent commissum '"*^ ^*®* fuisse, forte aliquantulum fainse suse consuluissent, nee tarn detestabili modo deliquissent. Nunc autem quid dicemus ? ut prselibavimus, Judae similes eos in furto approbamus, non tamen nos sed eos sequentes fratres sui Glastonienses. Nos enim revera scimus eos omnino immunes esse ab hoc peccato. Quid igitiir ' illis erit qui conficto tam infrunito mendacio fratres,* immo patres, suos criminantur ? Sed utique nee fiutres nee ghmmo patres. Nam si fratres aut eorum filii essent ipsi, prevoit' naturalis affectus,' aut certe pudor humanus, doceret puuSshSn^ eos parcere linguae suae,* doceret eos providere famaB^^^*'***'^* suae. Sed esto ut frirtum suum sancti fratres Glasto- nienses prudent; astutia cunctis absconderent, cadaver cujusdam. abbatis sui, cujus nomen ab iis qui ista componunt ignoratur, secum tulisse feruntur, ac loculo sancti patris^ Dunstani, ne vacuus remaneret, reposu- isse. O prudentiae ! Non erant ossa mortuorum inter But it is Cantuariam et Glastoniam, ut necesse eis frierit, ad ^ celandum frirtum suimi, cadaver nesciimt cujus per du- centa, ut ita dixerim, milliaria transtulisse. Noverit Englishmen
^,..1 1 • • \^ .1 oonld not
beatitudo vestra, qma ego qm naec scnbo non parum have been oonfrmdar in tam evidenti stultitia, et bmni homini risu digna, maxime quod ab Anglis dicitur esse con- ficta. Vae! quare non consuluistis aliquem hominem transmarinmn, qui in multis conversati, multis imbuti, multa confingere sciimt, et vel pretio ageretis quasi ipsi saltem vobis aliquid verisimile mendadum de tanta re componerent. Yae vos ! meae gentis homines, tam stoUda simplicitate notaremini, ut omnibus deridendi in perpetuum judicaremini.
1 igitur'] om. L. ^ fratres] soos, ins. L. * nahiraUa affectus ] natorales effccti, L.
* suai] om. L.
* pcUrU] nostri, ins. L.
416 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.cir. Ad hsec rogo prsedicatores tam praBclari sacrilegii
How could quatenus mihi compatriotse ^ suo dicant, utrunmam ca- ^^{SS^own daver sui suppositi abbatis noviter defimcti et integrum been^ubsti- a Glastonia Cantuariam detulerunt ? et ^ utrum more ihiiistan's? summi pontificis infulatum, palliatum, spindulatum, et sandaliis fuerit calciatum, necne ? Quod si hsec om- nia habuit,' unde quaeso pallium, ut de aliis interim Did abbots taceam, habuit ? Numquid antiquitus abbates Glasto- pall? nienses pallio utebantur ? Sed hoe patriarchis solum,
primatibus et archiepiscopis a Roma et apostolica sede conceditur. Sed hactenus sseculo omni inauditum est patriarcbatum Glastoniae fuisse, vel etiam pontificatum. Si ^ igitur palliatum cadaver ad deceptionem futurorum antecessores vestri Cantuarise detulerunt, hoc eflTecerunt ut ipsi Romano pontifici et onmi Christiano homini qui se ad fidem Christi sub magisterio beati Petri tenet,^ obnoxii sint et infiames ac omni opprobrio digni judicandi. Scitur enim quia illud a sede apostolica non habuerunt ; sed ipsi illud, malignitatis illos auctore docente, vel* composuerunt vel componi, si ita ftiit, a The body sui siuulibus effeceruut. Re etenim ^ vera corpus quod
soon at the . • •ii*«j^* ±_ •I'x • • •
transia- mvemmus ita fuit mventum scilicet quasi omnmo m-
fiiiiyha- tegrum, infulatum, annulatum, palliatum, spindulatum,
sandaliis venustissime adomatum ; cum quo et scrip-
tura in plumbea tabula exarata inventa est, quae plane
testabatur beati Dunstani archiepiscopi Cantuariorum
Bat have corpus cssc quod tumulatum ibi jacebat. Habetis quasso
^tin^to aliqua litterarum monimenta, quae haec itase habuisse
toe^plaJn^*^ probcut ? videlicet quae ferant cadaver abbatis illius eo
quo diximus modo redimitum. Adhuc quaero ; illi an-
tiqui patres et fratres vestri, qui ad tuendas destitutae
ecclesiae nostrae reliquias, ut dicitis, addueti fuerunt,^
attuleruntne secum cadaver illud beato Dunstano sup-
^ compatriota'] patriotec, L.
* el] at, L.
* habuit] habaerit,L. < Si] Sed, L.
' tenet] tenent, L.
• re/] om. L.
7 etenim] enim, L.
• /uenmt] annt, L.
RELIQtJLfi DtJNSTANIANJE. 417
ponendum, utpote de futuri ^ furti sui effectu securi ? ^•^^'- An ipsi primo venerimt et effoBSum corpus patris 'Did they Olastoniam detulerunt, ibique msiimibus ' pontificalibus Saltan to
1.. 11. . •I •••1 I** viastonDuiy
spoiiatuniy abbatem vestrum eisdem insignibus redimi- and then turn in sepulcro sublati patris recondendum transtule- abbot to runt ? Quicquid horum dixeritis fekctum fuisse, quantae ^ bury? dementue sit vobis credere, fitftilliTnuni est cuivis etiam C8dC0 videre. O infelices, qui sic immani^ stoliditate involuti sunt, ut* intelligere nequeant ipsam stolidita- tem suam nullius prudentis oculos posse latere. Chris- tus, Qui est Veritas, dicit, " Veritas liberabit vos." Et vestri vates hoc tempore dicunt, furtum et sacrilegium patrum nostrorum et nostrum ^ mendacium honorabunt ecclesiam nostram et nos. Quod mendacium! Corpus, ituafkise- inquiunt, beati Dunstani pontifids Cantuariorum et pri- matis totius Britannise a sua ecdeida patres nostri^ fiutim abstulerunt, et nostrum ' abbatem tali sacril^o emptum, quia nobis '^ inutilis erat, illuc delatum sepul- cro Ulius intulerunt. O gaudium ! O luctiun ! O locum vestrum tali, tanto, foenore magnificandum I Sed O contrarii purse veritati, quid feudetis, oro vos, cum ipsa Veritas venerit perditura omnes qui loquimtur menda- cium? Et quidem omnibus luce darius constat men- TheGiaston-
i* • 1*1 !•• 11 •• buiymonkM
dacium vos unponere patnbus vestris, quia nec-^^ mvi- were not tati Cantuariam secnm cadaver sui abbatis detulerunt ; cauterbmy. nee ibi degentes asportato corpore beati Dunstani illud brin« their attulerunt. Illud enim nimise et incredibilis, non dieo stultitisB, sed dementise esset. Hoc autem impossibilis perpetrandse audadae effectus existeret Cum enim ipse beatus sepulcrum sibi effodi, ut liber vitae ejus veracis-
1 de/utun] om. L. | ' nostrorum et iioffmiii] yestrorum
* patris'] beati Donstani archi- | et Testmm, L. epiaoopi Cantnariensia ad, L. ' * nostri'] vestri, L.
' msignibus] inaigniia, L. * quanta"] quantum, L. ^ immani] inani, L. « ut] et, L.
* nostrum] y«8trum, L. ^ nobis] Yobis, L. ^' nee] om. L.
D D
418 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI.
A.D.(ii\ sime testatur, prsecepit, et infira terrain ad staturam
Canterbury virilis corporis fovesB profdnditas penetraverit, qui quaeso
depopulated, tam immani ^ fiirto locus et opportunitas esse potuit ?
requires?'^ cum et ecclesia ipsa nunquam sine monachis domesticis
filiia suis fuerit, et civitas Cantuaria civibus suis ne-
quaquam fiierit exinanita. Ad hsec considerandum
quod' ecclesia ipsa in passione beatissimi martyris'
nee igne consumpta, nee tecto aut parietibus diruta
Theehuroh fuit Yiolatam quippe fuisse et pluribus omamentis
was QC- 1*1 •ii/»»* 1 1
spoiled but spoliatam^ ac supposito de fons igne ut concremaretur
not burned, , . i»/» • i
when Eifege adorsam, novimus, quo vesana manus pontmcem intus
was killed. . . \ . j x • n
sese tuentem quem mvadens mandaret exire compelle- ret. At ubi ipsum exeuntem comprehenderunt, omissis ignibus et aliis malis quibus ad captionem illius occu- pabantur^ ipsum^ necatis aliquibus monachis in oculis ejus^ abduxerunt, et usque ad locum exitio illius desti- natum multis afflictum injuriis et cruciatibus perduxe- uow could runt et peremerunt. Quae cum ita sint. qua fronte did
the body be • . .
taken up potest pavimeutum ecdesise, sub oculis omnium ^ spatio
unseen r and
the grave scptcm pedum hiuc inde ad sepulcri profunditatem ten- a fortnight? dcuti cffossum ; alitcr enim nullo modo attingi valeret ; et ita^ abstracto corpore sanctissimi patris Dunstani^ per quindecim ut dicam dies patens remansisse, donee monar- chis cum furto euntibus ^ ad monasterium suum, et ibi non dico peremptum ab eis sed in occursu* illorum statim mortuum abbatem suiun^ detractis^ beato Dun- stano pontificalibus omamentis^ ilium adomasse^ et ita cursim forte ^ asello aliquo Cantuariam delatum in sepulcro ejus collocasse ? Adhuc interrogo. Vastata fuit tota' terra inter Glastoniam et Cantuariam illis diebus, et in solitudinem ^^ acta ? ut liber cursus ac re- cursus nullo obstante deferentibus tantum thesaurum
1 immam] inani, L.
3 quod^ qma,L.
> mar^ris'] Elphegi, ins. L.
* omnttcm] omni, L.
' emUihu$'i sabeuntibafl, L.
' occursu] ouisa, L. 7 deiractis] a, iiui. L.
* forte'] fbrtasseyL.
* tota] om. L.
1^ soUtudinem] solitadiiie, L.
R£LIQUL£ DUNSTANIANJS. 419
quaquaversum pateret, annon ? Yerum utique ubique a J), dr. quando ista, ut astruitis, gerebantur, Danorum scatebat ' How oouid
. ., -I -L 11 .thoae monks
umnamtas ; nusquam pax, nusquam secuntas ; bella et have tn- seditioiies quaque^ fervebant. Super hsec^ quemadmo- noticed from dum certissime scitur, in medio chori ante gradus, qui- to oiaBton- bus ad majus altare ascendebatur^ corpus beati Dun-bl^. stani humatum fuit, in plumbeo loculo, et illo in magna profunditate terrsB locato, uti Anglis olim moris erat suorum cadavera tumulare. Qualiter igitur monachinowoouid ecclesise, qui ad minus, juxta quod dominus Osbemus ' or omter-
"II* !••• ^wuT have
refert, quatuor tantee dadi supererant, cum dencis qm overlooked
J . .. T% • 'x' • • 1 • J • • X the opened
eis admixti Dei servitium m ipsa ecclesia administra- grave, bant, ipsum terrse hiatum per tot dies sustinuerunt, donee allato abbate innominabili in sepulero sublati Dunstani collocaretur ? Mira patientia et vere mira- bilior pro adventu venturi abbatis Wlsini * fortasse vo- cati exspectatio !
Propter Deum^ obsecro, est® aliquis qui ad tantam The story is vanitatem se a risu contineat ? Et certe adhuc satis di^aoeftii. plura non minus idonea ad designandam ipsius vanita- tis ineptiam dicere possemus, si pudori sacri coenobii vestri non parceremus. Quod enim tales qid ita se in£Bimant, fovet, nutrit, amplectitur, pudor est illi et opprobrium magnum. Nee enim Glastonienses ea tem- pestate qua fingunt Cantuariam venerunt nee ibi con- versati sunt. Non igitur illis surripientibus corpus such things beati Dunstani nobis ablatum et vobis uUatenus fuithar^hap^ allatum. Sed ab aliis aut alio tempore allatum negatis, ^laner^^ Fatemini ergo necesse est vates vestros falsa locutos, et ^tas that de oorpore beati Dunstani vos quicquam habere omni- phets^have modis falsos esse. Quapropter oonsulite fiEunse vestrse, et ab ista vanitate os vestrum oohibete. Attamen Veritas vobis, si obliti estb, in memoriam revocetur.
^ 9eaidf(U] palebat, L. * qvaque] iisqiieqiuiqae, L. s Osbtrnus] Vita S. Elfegi, Ang. Sac. ii. 186.
« Wltim] Ddsini vel Wlsini, L. * Detm] quod, Domini mei, L. " cf 0 ettne, L.
D D 2
420
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
AD^ir- Absque dubio scitote iEgebiothum abbatem, immo Abbot iurei- exabbatem,^ Olastoniensem, cum uno vel duobus mo- loubun-, nachis olim per plurimmn tempons conversatum Can- deposition, tuailse. Exabbatem dico. quia per beatae memorise timeatcan- Lanfrancum. sanctse Cantuanensis ecclesise summum
terbury, ,
^thflomeof sacerdotem, m ^nerali totius An^flise eynodo a sua
his monks. ,® ® •'
^^the abl^tia* depositus, et Cantuarise, digna quidem tanto
^*^y^ viro, in quadam tamen quasi captione positus. Et tunc
numerus monachorum inibi Domino Christo et beato
Dunstano famulantium sexagenariam quantitatem ascen-
derat. Si igitur unquam monachi Olastonienses corpus
beati Dunstani fiirati sunt, sestimo quod isti fuerunt.
^[orit Sed cum isti Oantuariae essent, a primo sepultursB susd
^^^l^l ., loco, ut praediximus, jam fiierat translatum in locum
moved to its ' ^ ' •*
shrine'to ^^^ ®^^ acccssus nuUus patcbat. Non ergo ab eis fuit
Sdlw ***^^ ablatimi : nee ergo ab ullo vestrorum. Ossa itaque
acoeAs. quibus oucrastis imaginem nostri Bedemptoris, ne Ipse
vobis indignetur, nostro consilio auferetis. Satis enim
habet in Se unde honoretur, nee opus est ut sanctitas
Ei aut ex ossibus mortuorum aut aliimde cumuletur.
Fratres mei, cogitet quaeso et recogitet prudentia vestra,
quod honestum sit vobis cogitare, quod conveniat loqui^
A century quod dcceat agere. Centum anni et ultra transierunt
ainceE?- a martyrio beati i£lfegi, et nullus hominum qui inter-
an^iio.one fuerit vitsB prsBscnti superest, vel certe qui se memi-
peredthifl ncrit intcrfuisse ; nee ad nostram notitiam hucusque
Ktor>- until -i . is. •! "ii • •ii» j« i_
perlatum fuit quemquam illorum, qui illis diebus vere fuerunt, inde de quo agitis aliquid dixisse vel scrip- sisse, quod cuivis sanum sapienti pro dicto vel scripto suscipiendum videatur. Quapropter omissis puerilibus nseniis, ut decet viros sapientes atque perfectos, dili- gite beatum Dunstanum sicut patrem vestrum atque patronum, et veritatem de eo loquimini ; et tunc revera diligi ab eo merebimini. Membrum et amicus est
now.
> exabhaUm] et abbatem, L. * abhatia'] faerat, ins. L. Tlie deposition of Agelnoth is placed in
the eighth year of Lanfraoe. See Chr. Sax. 1070.
RELIQULE DUNSTANIAN^. 421
Summse Yeritatis, nee ab Ipsa discordantes potest ad- a.]), dr. mittere in sinum susd caritatis. Novit Deus et ipse pny give pater et advocatus noster duldssimus, quia quse dico story, and pro vestro honore et utilitate dico : nee in aliud tendit favour of hsec intentio mea, nisi ut Deus Qui Veritas est, et in beato Dunstano,^ sieut aequum est, magnifieetur, laude- tur et prsedieetur, tarn a vobis quam a nobis, et si effieere possem, ab universis fidelibus totius eonditi orbis. Sdo quia modum epistolarem in loquendo pau- lisper exeessi. Sed talis fuit materia, ut quamvis me proposuerim paueis loeuturum, tamen se extenderit in id quod videtis extensum eloquium meum. Ne ergo miremini. Non est enim hominis via Ejus.
Vos itaque domini et fratres mei, quibus Deus ape- ruit sensum intelligendi quae rationis sunt, eompesdte insipientium juvenum proeaeem insolentiam, qui eo so- lum ut videantur seire loqui aperiunt ora sua, in quse- cumque volubilitas eordis sui eos distenderit, autuman- tes se aliquid esse eum aliorum simplicitas suis verbis accommodat aures. Novi quosdam olim tales et meEadmer fortasse fiiisse, et ea re non penitus diffido talium etbeenjoung
• ..«■,. m , r^ t • • and fooliah.
mei similes aliquos hoe tempore esse, oed jam senui Tiuwefooi-
.. -ill •• • i-i ^*" nory-
et meanm, et multa quae juvenis magni pendebam teUera win dueo pro nihilo. Hoe erit Deo donante et juvenibus dom. temporis hujus.'
Quia vero prolixitas epistolse finem postulat, hoeAikthe
,.r J. . • .• • J. X • monks who
ultimum dieo, quomam, si omnes antiqui patres vestn, weroat qui in eoenobio OlastonienGd lam ante eentum annos before the *
, Norman
fuerunt, defuncti sunt, aliquos tamen puto superesse qui ^J<i^^ ante ista Normannorum tempora inibi nutriti in mo- survive. naehica religione fuerunt. Quserite ab eis, si qui sunt, utrum reeordentur abbatem loei vestri singulis annis ad festivitatem patris Dunstani, cum quatuor aut plu- ribus monaehis, Cantuariam solitum venire, et ibi per
^ beato Dunetane] beatam Dan- | ' hujus] h^jusmodi, L. itannmyL.
422
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
AJ>.cir. sex aut plures dies inter fratres ob reverentiam ianti
1190
Thi^must P&tris laetitiae et exsultationi vacare, annon? .^timo,
th^^lil^i si aliquis talium hucusque remansit^ ita rem tunc tem-
Fr^^oSS poris factam non negabit. Nam si aliter faceret, pro-
^^rSirr. culdubio veritati contrarius esset. Si igitur corpus
beati Diinstani se sciebant habere OlastonisB^ cur illud
venerandum in sua festivitate requirebant Oantuarise?
Hsec ita dicta ^ sint ad imprudentium confatandum
errorem, et ad prudentium confirmandum in nos, quern
multum optamus habere, sanctum amorem. VaJeat
igitur sanctitas vestra in Christo Jesu, et oret pro
nobis.
Explicit epistola Edmeri mcmachi eccledoe Christ
CantuaricB?
A.D. cir. 1120.
Nicolas to Eadmer.
XXXVI. Epistola Nicolai monachi Wioorniensis de
MATRE SaNCTTI EaDWARDI MARTYRIS. (MS. C.C.C. 371.)»
Domino Eadmero suus Nicolaus. Ea quse qusesisti jam demum, quod vetustatis auctoritate plurimorum testimonio verum accepi de matre Sancti Eadwardi regis et martyris, tibi mitto. Edgar Gloriosissimus itaque rex Anglorum Edgarus xix.
reigued two . • i i i • • i
years with axmis regnavit ; duobus siqmdem annis super omnes rixteen after borcalcs tantum Anglise partes quae a fratris imperio discesserant regnayit, ipso videlicet Eadwio fratre ejus adhuc in'Australibus imperium agente. Fluvius autem Tamisia utriusque regni confinia disterminabat. Post mortem vero fratris xvi. annis super omnem Angliam \ et Scottiam et universas insulas circumquaque positas, \
1 dicta] om. L.
« From MS. L.
' From the same MS. as the last article. It will be seen by reference to pages 163» 213, above, that Ead- mer was indebted to Nicolas for the
means of correcting the erroneous statements of Osbem. Another letter of Nicolas on the primacy of York in Scotland is printed in the Anglia Sacra, ii. 2S4.
HELlQULfi DUNSTANIANJS.
423
et usque ad Dublinam Hibemise civitatem, cujus etiam ^f^^^- regem sibi 'subjugaverat,^ imperium potentissime pro- Heoon- tendit ; in tantum ut dum monarcbiam in Anglia solus £i^f^^^ possideret^ octo subregulos in exteris regionibus sub- ditos et sibi servientes haberet.
Hie in prindpio regni sui filiam Ordmari ducis hu first Orientalium Anglorum conjugem legitimam accepit, ^^®}Jj^ nomine jEtihelfledam, cognomine Candidam, ex qua filium, ^^^^^> sanctum videlicet Edwardimi, procreavit. Quae post ™ g^wart. editum filium paucis tantum annis, regni sicuti et thori oonsors, supervivens, dum morte subtracta esset, rex aliam accepit conjugem, ^Elfbritham nomine, filiam Ord- gari ducis Ocddentalium Saxonum ; ex qua filium Hm wgnd j^Bthelredum habuit. Haec denique novercali fraude, ut ^^jJJ^^^. ad suum filium regnum transferret, ex priori conjuge 2^SJf'*?® natum regem Edwardum interfecit. Sed haec intimare Bth<*ire<i. tibi necessarium duxi ; quia cum idem antefatus rex Eadgarus suprascriptum numerum annorum regnando compleret, nonnisi ultimo regni sui tempore, id est duobus annis et duobus mensibus ante mortem, a Sanctis archiprsesulibus, Dunstano videlicet atque Oswaldo, unctus in regem est. Quam consecrationem rex ipse Edgar de- suscipere pro magna humilitate in tantum distulit, quia ootueoration cum esset undecunque providus et de suae ammsB sa- feit himself lute pia religiositate soUicitus, dicere solebat se nullo until he Ld
, , .. . , , outgrown
mo^o sacrosanctam imctionem suscipere audere, ante- the passions
•T 1 . . • 1 _n 1* A '/• of youth,
quam luvemlis lascivise impetus periectius posset refrse- His urst nando superare. Hoc emm apud antiquos reges solenne crowned, erat. Hinc factum est ut prior conjunx, licet legaliter wm. sibi desponsata, et sibi copulata, regni consors et domina Anglise esset, non tamen uncta in reginam exstitit. Secunda vero uxor cimi rege ultimo, ut dixi, ejus regni tempore, sacram unctionem cum corona suscepit. Hsec omnia antiquitatis auctoritate ^m_^ cronicarum quam
' The same statement is made in a forged charter of Edgar in the
Worcester Cartnlarj ; see Kemble, C. Dipl. ii. 404.
^
A
424
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D. oir. USO.
So ray the
native
chronicles.
carminum, qusd ea tempestate a doctis patria lingua ^^omposita de his noscuntur, caeterarumque saipturaruBBT testimonio vera esse percepimus^ tibique veraci assertione transmittimus.
Hymn for Bnnstan's day.
His birth.
Hisreeoveiy tnm sick- ness;
his climbing the church ;
his hearing
heavenly
songs;
at the death ofEdred.
His tempta- tions by the devil.
His harp
XXXYII. Yebsus Eadmebi de Sancto Dukstano.
(MS. C.C.C. 371, to. i.y
Salve sancta dies celebri dignissima laude. Qua, Dunstane pater, coelica scandis ovans i
Salve sancte dies I
Quern transitivse nactum primordia vitte Gratia coelestis imbuit, excoluit,
Salve sancta die&T
.^!ger divino medicamine consolidatus Cum tenui virga castra maligna fiigas.
Qua Dunstane, &c: Angelico ductu templi super ardua scandens Undique firmatam tendis in ecdesiam.
Salve sancta dies.
Ccelorum dves audis sibi conjubilantes Et pacem patriae discis adesse tuse.
Qua Dunstane, &c.
' Vox sonat e superis quae te de de pace quietiff Edredi regis edocet, exhilarat.
Salve sancta dies. Daemon in effigie vulpis contritus et ursi Subdolus insidias tendit ubique tibi.
Qua Dunstane, &c.
Per ciiharse cantum prsenoscis quid sit agendum> XJnde repente locum deseris atque habitum.
Salve sancta dies !
> From th« same BIS. as the last two articles.
BELIQUIiB DUNSTANUNiE.
425
SpiritibuB Sanctis sociatus acumine mentis Kyrie eleyson eos conjubilare probas.
Qua Dunstane, &c.
Ad templum noctu Domini genitrids euntem Obvia cum sociis excipit ipsa parens.
Salve sancta dies.
Prsecedunt binaB versus modulando puelke Dulds amor Christi personet ore pio.
Qua Dunstane, &c.
Primus ad ima ruit magna de luce superbus, Sic homo cum tumuit primus ad ima ruit.
Salve sancta dies.
Mox te spirituiun sanctorum visitat ordo, Teque suiun vocitans suadet adire Deiun.
Qua Dimstane, &c.
Jam vitse metas indudt corporis setas, Leetus et angelids insereris ctmeis.
Salve sancta dies ! Conduntur tends artus et spiritus astris, Quo tibi pro meritis gloria peipes erit.
Qua Dunstane^ &c. Jam sacer antistes Cbristo reverende cohseres, Conjunctus superis auxiliare tuis.
Salve sancta dies ! Quod parit in nobis terreni fervor amoris Per te detergat castus amor Domini.
Qua Dimstane^ &e. Sic quoque unanimis ut Christo complaceamus. Qui nos setema muneret in patria.
Salve sancta dies. Et fiBMuat secum felices omne per sevum Yivere, quo luctus non erit aut gemitus.
Qua Dunstane, &c Quod Pater et Natus quod nobis Spiritus almus, Conferat ipse quod est semper ubique manens,
Salve sancta dies.
A.D. oir. 1190.
The kyrie.
Hie song of tbeviisuit.
Siogingthe
hjmncS
Seduliui.
Visit of the
blessed
spirite.
He went to tbeugeli.
Hisbodjto tbeeutt.
Prsyerlbr hisbelp.
'I
426
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI,
XXXVIII. SCRUTINItJM FACTUM CIRCA FERETRUH BEA- TISSIMI PATBIS DUNSTANI ABCHIEPISCOPI, EX MAN- DATO BEVEBENBISSIMI PATBIS AC DOMINI, DOMINI WiLLELMI WaBHAM CaNTUABIENSIS ABCHIEPISCOPI, ET DOMINI ThOMJS GoLDSTON * SACB^ PAGING PBO- FESSOBIS, EJUSDEM ECCLESIiB PBIORIS DIGNISSIMI,
ANNO Domini mdviii. die xxip. Apbilis.
(MS. Lambeth, 159, to, 36 t^.)^
A.D.1S08. Quoniam dilecti firatres monachi Glastonienses jam ofoiMton- meis temporibus non modo sclent jactitare, uti quidam ^jMert de patiibus eorum facere oonsuevemnt, se habere apud hmDan- suum monasterium corpus illius beatissimi patroni ec- buth^e clesiaB nostrse Cantuariensis, Sancti Dunstani ; verum up a new etiam lam dudum fabricari fecenmt novum scrinium, coMpicuous quod ut fertur in facie ecclesiee suae non obscure statui with great feceruut ; in quo non verentur fabulare reponi corpus Sancti Dunstani. In ejus namque scrinii erectione ipsi non modica nee obscura celebritate usi fuerunt, quippe qui ad illud festum non solum vicinos sed ipsius fere totius diocesis magnates, nobiles, populumque innume- rum promiscui sexus, ad tantum spectaculum confluere procuraverunt. Quibus illic consistentibus, et solemni processione quam tunc fecerunt interessentibus, cunctis spectantibus scrinium antedictum erigi fecerunt, non quidem in eorum vestiario, ubi solebant patres eorum, tanquam in loco quasi obscuro, reponere aliud scrinium magis vetustum, quod uti eis libebat scrinium Sancti Dunstani etiam appellabant ; sed istud nonnulli scri- nium, ut fertur, in loco clarissimo cunctis illic conflu- entibus patente constituenmt. Quae cum ita sint, ne ipsi Glastonienses populum in errorem abducant, pu- tantes sic ibidem prsesens corpus Sancti Dunstani colere,
^ Thomas Goldston was prior of Christ Churehfh>m 149.5-1517.
3 Printed in the Anglia Sacra, vol. ii. pp. 227, 828.
BELIQUUE DUNSTANIAN^. 427
placuit reverendifiMsimo in Christo patri Willelmo War- A.D.1508. ham archiepiscopo Cantuariensi diligentissime fieri scru- i^^^^u^. tinitim in sua ecclesia circa feretrum Sancti Dunstani, searohfo? ut ex oculorum aspectu confiinderet confingentes ac should te mentientes alibi corpius illud se habere. Oantorbuir.
Vicesimo ieitur die Aprilis anno Domini MDVni., quo The search die tunc accidebat Ccena Domini, ex mandato ipsius ApniS, domini archiepiscopi et domini Thomse Qoldston prio- ns, deputati sunt tres vel quatuor de confratribus ad ejusmodi opus aptiores et ferventiores, ut in vespere, postquam fores ecdesiae essent daussB, ne laid hujus- modi negotio adessent, ad scrutinium faciendum circa feretrum Sancti Dimstani, ut ipsi explorarent qua via faciliori possent ejus sacrse reliquiae videri, ea ratione ut omni ambiguitate et scrupulo semotis oculata fide rei Veritas probaretur.
Hi quidem fratres in ipsa noctis tempestate non tam Thebreth- diligenter quam prudenter ad id quidem perduxerunt nightand opus, ut ante lucanum oculis perspicere potuenmt ar- ntue before cam quandam plumbeam ubi sacrse reliquiae reconde- Thev came bantur. Quse quidem area deposita fuit et immersa in opere lapideo feretri. Ea siquidem area intus erat lig- nea^ exterius interiusque plumbo undique cooperta, et davis omni in loco affixa; adeo ut later clavum et davum non erat spatium relictum latitudinis humanse palmse. Erat quoque haec area longitudinis jiixta Ion- Heuure- gitudinem operis lapidei ipsius feretri, videlicet vii. description. pedum, latitudinis drdter pedis cum dimidio. Eratque in omni sua parte ferreis ligamentis circumducta tutis- sime, adeo ut vix possit discemi via possibUis illam aperiendi. Confisi tamen in divino auxilio et sancti it was not ,
, • /*• ••I'l'i t » , . . opened until
patroni sunragio, mstitmt archiepiscopus cum pnore, ut the next quidam confratres in consequent! nocte laicis semotis iterum opus aggrederentur, quod et factum est. Sex enim de confiratribus per priorem ad hoc deputati, una cum ope aliorum quos convocarunt, ingenti sudore hanc arcam, quse est magni ponderis, fecerunt supra opus
i
428 VITA SANCTl DUNSTANI.
A.D.i5oe. lapideum sublevari. Id cum fecissent, tandem cum
Openinc of -^
thecoffiiu. magna dii&cultate satagenies, anteriorem partem areae aperiunt. Quod profecto fiax^ere nequissent, nisi partem asseris, quo in superiore parte area daudebatur, effirin> gerent. Eo sane confracto, licuit videre interius ab uno fine arcse usque in alterum finem. Ibi vero patebat
TJ^re w«re aspectui cista qusadam plumbea ; quae quidem cista &cta est non ex plam> plumbo sed arte quadam pulckerrime est plicata. Ea vero aperta, reperta est etiam et alia cista plumbea quasi tabefacta, quae putatur esse illa» in qua ossa Sancti Dunstani, cum primum sepeliebator, recondebantur. Infra has duas cistas plumbeas, cum
ie^mthe aperire^tur, primo reperta est qusedam parva lamina
brautofthepi^^mbi jacens supra pectus corporis. In qua quidem lamina continebatur hsec scriptura, *'Hic requiescit " Sanctus Dunstanus archiepiscopus." Et scribitur hie iitulus Bomanis litteris. Deinde repertus est pannus quidam tinctus, nitidus valde atque integer, superpositus corpori Sancti Dunstani. Quo sublevato, ap{>aruit illud sanctissimum organum Spiritus Sancti, indutum ponti- |
Description ficalibus, tum pro ma£:na parte consumptis. Porro ap- 1
of the bones .. .i., ^^ •-• xxi_j. ± i
ciisoovered. paruit ibidem testa capitis, quse et tangebatur et oscu- labatur tam a domino archiepiscopo, qui valde mane in crastino sequenti, videlicet in vigilia Paschse, aderat, quam a priore cseterisque quamplurimis de conventu monachorum. Cujus quidem testae partem a reliquo divisam dominus archiepiscopus tradidit priori, ea ratione ut decenter adomaretur, et inter reliquias ecclesiae ve- nerandum reponeretur. Denique videbantur et alia ossa diversa, tam de brachiis quam de costis, et nonnuUa massa de came ejusdem patroni nostri. Quae revera Sweet odour omnia odore redolebant suavissimo. Ad istud non tam ft^ithem. jocundum quam desideratissimum spectaculiun affiiere prope omnes de conventu. Ad hoc etiam invitati sunt per dominiun archiepiscopum sex novidi nondum pro- fessi, qui simul cum aliis ista cemebant. Ad hoc quoque sacrum spectaculum afbere hii capellani de familia do-
R£LIQUL£ DUNSTANIANiE.
429
mini archiepiscopi per eum invitati, videlicet prior aj>.i5M. DovorifiB, episcopus suffiraganeus ^ ejus, nomine Johannes N«ne».«f Thornton doctor sacrae theologise, magister Cuthbertus °®'^' Tunstall ' doctor in legibus, cancellarius ejusdem domini archiepiscopi, magister Thomas Wellis ^ doctor theologize, magister Robertns Weks, magister Andreas, in artibus magistri; magister Johannes Pers, bachalarius legum. Hii yero vocati sunt ad yidendum et testimonium per- hibendum eorum quse superius scripta sunt. Elrant interea ad ipsum advocati per dominum archiepiscopum tres notarii publici, utpote magister Johannes Barrett Names of scriba actorum prserogativae ecclesiae Cantuariensis, ma- ^^^odnw gister Johannes Colman scriba consistorii Cantuariensis, iioinstro- magister Willelmus Pottkyn scriba jurisdictionis imme- aearoh. diatse. Eos notarios dominus archiepiscopus requisivit ut, singulis qu2B superius scripta sunt, de scrutinio facto circa reliquias Sancti Dunstani, diligenter per eos in- spectis et consideratis, instrumentum publicum de eis- dem conficerent. Idque complere super depositionem testium prsedictorum poUiciti sunt. Haec cum peracta fuissent, tunc, ad mandatum domini archiepiscopi, area superius dicta iterum dausa est firmissime tam opere ligneo quam plumbeo, davisque quamplurimis tutissime affixa. Idque factum est in prsedicta vigilia Paschse. Nee fores ecclesiae antea aperiebantur, quam confratres id opens explevissent. Ejusmodi experimento facto Thus utiM Circa reliquias oancti Dunstam, modo luce danus con- monks of stat quanto errore atque dementia laborant dilecti £ra- teftited. ^^ tres Glastonienses, qui somniant apud se habere corpus beati Dunstani, idque publico prsedicare non erubescant. Si enim eorum reatus conscientise falsa de sancto Dei prsedicare compescere non valeret, saltem mundi hones-
> John Thomden, '* episcopas Snr- ** roaeosiB, in partibos infideUnm,'* Warham's snffiragan and prior of IX>Ter: died in 1516.
'Ciithbert Tanstall, afterwards
bishop of London, 1523-1630 ; and of Durham, 1580-1559.
* Thomas Wells, bishop of Sidon and snftagan of Cknterbmy, d. 1526,
430 VITA SANCJTI DUNSTANI.
i..i).ifi08. tas mendacia pertiiiaciter defendere cohibeat. Itaque hoped that post tam clarissimum hujus negotii experimentum jam now be factuiu, aiDodo jam sileaut carissimi fratres Glastonien- ses corpus beat! Dunstani vendicare ; ponantque modo ostium circumstantise labiis eorum; et confingere desi- naat per patres eorum corpus iUud ab ecdesia sua, ubi sepultum est, quovis pacto surreptum fiiisse.
XXXIX. Exemplar litterarum reverendissimi do- mini, DOMINI WiLLELMI WaRHAM CaNTUARIENSIS ARCHIEPISCOPI, AD ABBATEM GlASTONIENSEM, ANNO
Domini 'UPiy>ym9.
(MS. Lambeth, 159, fo. 38 yo.)^
Letttf of Honorande frater,^ post condignam commendationem.
Archbishop ' r o
Warham to Pervenit nuper ad aures nostras feretrum quoddam divi ofGiaston- Dunstani in vestri monasterii ecdesia palam a vobis erectum, ex quo quidem sacrum ejusdem corpus apud vos tumulatum habere praetenditis. Nos igitur super hac re non parum moti, sedula mente nobiscum con- siderantes prsefatum sanctum in dignitate archiepisoo- paJi Cantuariensi nos prsecessisse, ibidemque mortem obiisse ; quo fit ut in eadem ecclesia et non aJibi sepul- turam sibi delegisse verisimiGter optimo jure credatur. Cupientes rei certitudinem investigare, an corpus vide- licet suum in dicta ecclesia nostra Cantuariensi huma- tum remaneret, quum proximis his diebus illic adesse- searohbM mus, de illo sumus diligenter perscrutati. Matura forthe^- itaque inquisitione facta, invenimus in eadem ecclesia st«n. nostra quandam capsulam ligneam in modum tumbes
erectam, ferro circumligatam, in parte Australi summi altaris servatam, ubi verissime cemitur prsefati Sancti Dunstani corpus honorifice sepultum jacere. Quam qui- dem capsulam dilecto fratri nostro, ejusdem ecdesise
1 Printed in the Anglia Sacn, | ' Richard Beere, abbot of Qbs- il SS9. I tonborj, 1493-16^4.
RELIQUIAE DUNSTANIAN-fi. 431
nostree priori modemo^ ac noimullis commonachis suis, A.D.1508. nec non quibusdam notariis publicis, vins recte probis senceof atque discretis, multisque aliis personis fide dignis, quad- neaaes the nunnta numero. tunc et ibidem ex mandato nostro astan- ooflan were tibus ac hsec cuncta, ut turn fiebant, baud obscure in- tuentibuB, cum ea qua decxiit reverentia aperiri fecimus. Qua aperta invenimus intra eandem quandam cistam plumbeam, et sub intus unam parvam pedam plumbi de longitudine unius humani pedis, bujusmodi litteris insculptam, ''Hie requiescit Sanctus Dunstanus archi- " episcopus." Deinde intra eandem cistam qusedam lin- thea candidissima, velut balsamis suavissime redolentia, reperta fiiere; quibus revolutis calvam capitis memorati The bones sancti integram, atque diversa sui corporis ossa, cum x^ucs were multis aliis ejusdem reliquiis, inibi etiam reperimus. within. Cseterisque probabilibus testimoniis manifesto apparet prsefatum Sancti Dunstani corpus venerabile non alio loco quam in ecdesia nostra prsslibata requiescere de- bere. Quare yehementer admiramur tanta vos csecitate tantave temeritate aut audacia duci, ut non vereamini asserere prsefatimi corpus apud vos babere sepultum: ex quo maximum ecdesise Dei scandalum exoritur, po- The oias-
1 r • • • j» tonbury
pulusque nujus regni m non modicum errorem, super- oiaim Ku stitionem atque confiisionem indudtur. Neque revera^daif^ errore carere potest, quod unius sancti corpus in diver- sis credatur esse locis, aut quod unum corpus pro altero reputari aut coli deberet. Unde valde est timendum ne Deus Ipse ex illo gravissime offendatur, vosipsique baud mediocriter fallamini. Ne igitur tanta labes tan- taque abusio in eminentius malum paulatim, si diutius The abbot pemntteretur^ irrepsent, utque rei ventas clanus pate- to produce fiat, fratemitatem vestram instanter hortamur, rogamus denoe*. et requirimus, ut ad nos erga festum translationis divi Thomse martyris proximum futurum sese conferre, scripta moniunentave prsetensum suiun titulum in bac parte fov^tia, si quae talia babuerit, secum deferens. Nee erit inoonsultum firatemitati vestrse, quoniam preefiekta
^32
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANL
AJ).U08.
He will do well to at- tend in per- son, and bring the inretended relics.
Dated. June 4^ Lambeth.
res ipsa non parvi fuerit ponderis aut momenti, ut, si commode fieri poterit, in persona sua propria ad nos accedat. Sin autem, quosdam consiliariomm suorum pru- dentiores, plene ac perfecte de mente sua instrucios in hac cansa^ erga antedietum tempus ad nos transmittere diligenter curet Nee imprudenter faciei, si hujusmodi reliquias prsefati Sancti Dunstani, quas in monasterio suo habere prsetendit, ne iterum aperiri aut a populo coli aliquo pacto sinat ; ne, si aliter fieret, major tumul- tus, scandalum atque error ex illo sequeretur.
Ex Lambetha, iv. Junii, anno pontificatus nostri quinto.
A.D.1508.
Answer of the Abbot of Glaston- buzy.
It is true that the shrine of Dunstanhas been moved to a more oonspicuous place.
XL. EXEMPLAB LITTERABUM ABBATIS OlASTONI£.
(MS. Lambeth, 159, fb. 39 to.)*
Beverendissime in Christo pater, post humillimam commendationem. Litteras patemitatis vestrse ea qua decuit reverentia accepi. In quibus scriptum erat ean- dem jamdudum audire nos feretrum quoddam divi Dunstani in ecdesia nostra publice erexisse, ex eaque prsetendere corpus ejus apud nos habere sepultum. Humillime respondeo nos feretrum quoddam memorati sancti patroni nostri et amplificatoris eximii plus ab- hinc ducentis annis in ecclesia nostra per religiosos patres nostros antecessores erectum, auroque et argento pulcherrime fabricatum, cum potestate et auctoritate episcopi diocesis a loco in locum transmovisse, non aliam ob causam nisi ob Dei gloriam, sancti Ejus ad honorem, et majorem monasterii nostri decorem, quodque addi potest^ quod inter multos ad locum ubi prius sta- bat confluentes propter divi Pantaleonis et aliorum sanctorum devotionem, ob quorum yenerationem ille locus frequenter invisitur, aliquando etiam inventi sunt.
* Printed in tbe Anglia Sacra, ii. S30.
RELIQTJL£ DUNSTANIANiB. 433
•
qui de scrinio ejus^ quod manu tangi poierat, particulas a.d. isos. quasdam argenteas atque deauratas surripiebant. Ut a new igitur ab istiusmodi compilatoribus tutius esse posset, b^^^ in loco aJiquanto editiori collocavimus nos non prae- °' ^*^' tendentes ejus corpus apud nos sepultutn fuisse, sed sacra ejus ossa post destructionem ecclesias vestrae Can- ThereUcs tuariensis per Danos factam ad nos allata fuisse et brought comportata. Quod itaque^reverendissima patemitas terbmy. ' vestra se diligentissime nuper perscrutatum esse, an* ejusdem sancti corpus in .ecclesia sua Cantuariensi sepultum adhuc remaneret, et sic invenisse in una cista plumbea quandam minutam peciam plumbi hu- jusmodi litteris insculptam, videlicet, "Hie requiescit The bones "Sanctus Dunstanus archiepiscopus ; " atque inibi M-gg«y thea qusedam Candida ; quibus revolutis calva capitis been taken Sancti Dunstani apparuit Integra cum pluribus sui Giaston- corporis ossibus; et propter h83c argumenta eandem reverendissimam patemitatem vestram admifari nos praedictos viros. tanta caecitate aut audacia duci, ut non yereamur illud corpus apud nos tumulatum esse affir- mare. Reverendissime pater, fieri poterat ut, maxima parte reliquiarum ejus ad nos comportata, aliqua ibi relicta, yel ad petitionem confratrum Cantuariensium post curriculum temporis in monasterium suum resti- tutorum, sive illuc ad contemplationem alicujus archi- episoopi transmissa sit: quoniam etiam quinque post divum Dunstanum a monasterio nostro Qlastoniensi istinc ad archiepiscopatum promoti suntw Cujus rei eoTheiMKor facilius conjecturam fia>cio, quod nos ossa ejus majora GiMtooh^ firmioraque habemus, dilecti verb fratres CantUarienses, sBu^erat
, j» • X 'x X* A Txj. • Canterbury.
quatenus ex reverendissmiae patermtatis vestrae littens vel ex eorum publicis scriptis coUigi potest, tantiun quasdam minutias, nos occipitium et coelum capitis, illi calvam seu cranei priorem partem possident. Quod si verum sit, intima caritate gaudeo Deum iiomortalem dileetum sanctum suum diversis in locis velle honorari, sicuti nonnulli bonorantur, sine scandalo aut .aliquo
E E
434 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.D.150S. tumultu populori. C»terum quod hortatur nos reve- The abbot rendissima patemitas vestra in calce litterarum suarum,
cannot for- ■ t^»i' «• tx • ^• • ± •• x
bid the ut proniberemus sancti Dei reliquias aut apenn aut a
relics to be ■, i. . . x x« 11 - j
honoured. popuLo coli, 81 in eam sententiam vellemus concedere, quod reverendissimse patemitatis vestrae venia, dilectis- simorum quoque fratrum pace, dicatur, non tarn casd et audaces quam prorsus nefarii atque impii dicendi esse- mus. Quis enim vel tenJterarius non timeret ne gra- vissime inde Deus offenderetur si mortalis immortalem suspenderet, aut in hac militia labilis peocator trium- phantis insignia desecraret ? Quod porro si fieret, maxi- mum quoque scandalum, tumultus et peiieulum seque- retur, qute nobis in reverendissimae patemitatis vestrce litteris humanissime proponuntur ad terrorem. Qui- cunque enim prsesens cemeret assiduum concursum populi, vestibus exuti, nudis pedibus quotidie-supplican- tis, diceret nobis proculdubio, id quod Actuum quinto a Oamaliele dictum legitur ; " Sinite illos, etc., ne forte Aete, ▼. ss. " et Deo repugnare videamini." Certe ego tum populi devotionem, tum Omnipotentis Dei promissionem, Qui in Sanctis Suis perpetuo gloriosus est, accurate pensans^ nullo modo audeo tentare^ quod contra sancti Ejus
There is a SBstimationem esse possit ; sed totus intremisco vel tale
tradition as i«*iii>i >• 1 1 ^
to the route aliquid doliberare, prsesertim quando non solum chro- tiheywere mcsd antiqusB scd etiam vuk^s fama decantat« eius
broughtto ^ i. • J Vi. X J A. nj.
Giaston- sacra ossa vere et mdubitanter apud nos esse. Quo fit ut quidam contermini nobis parochiani singulis annis in die felidssimi ac beatissimi patlroni nostri Sancti Dunstani, qui alioquin professus est, ab operibus do- mesticis feriati, ad ecclesiam nostram Glastoniensem, tarn viii quam foeminse, tam patres familiarum quam mercenarii eorundem seu villici, summa cum veneratione ex vetusto quodam ritu conveniunt. Inter quos qui- dam e majoribus natu coram certis auctoritate aposto- lica a publicis notariis interrogati qua religione id facerent, responderunt se a veteribus didicisse patres parentum eorum ossa Sancti Dunstani, dum per eorum
RELTQULfi DUNSTANIAN^. 435
confinia a Cantuaria Olasioniam deportabantur, eo modo a.d.i508.
• Juno 88«
ad ecdesiam nostram Glastoniensem cum devotione Holy day fuisse insecutos, et propterea eos parochianos in rei m^mtion! memoriam solere, usque in hodiemum diem^ non solum in eo die feriari^ sed etiam ad ecclesiam nostram Glas- toniensem devotionis causa venire. Quod si aliquia eorum ita facere recusaverit^ aut rei suae attentior a laboribus eo die non supersederit, eo anno nihil pros- pere ei succedere, sed vel armenti vel rei familiaris grave dampnum et jacturam facere. Quod contigit in diebus adhuc viventium persaepe. Itaque minori cum scandalo, salvo judicio reverendissimse patemitatis ves- trse, dilecti fratres Cantuarienses reliquias suas nuper it would bo
...• 1 ij 1 i.«. better if the
mventas tanusper celare possent^ dum vel cum reliquiis ouiterbuiy
.• .. /•> I* • rolioa were
nostns comparatione facta, unde^ ^^i vere ejus sacrae conceiaed
i*... Ill- > t f until proTod
reliquiae smt, proculdubio commanarunt^ vel per ahquatobotoue. scripta vetusta certiores fiacti, omni ambiguitate et scru- pulo remotis, homines intelligant eas, quas Cantuarien- ses se habere dicimt, veras esse reliquias ejusdem sancti, qui tot annis apud nos in veneratione maxima ab uni- verso populo est habitus. Haec autem eo diffusius scripsi, quod aliquani»ilum laborans adversa valetudine, sicut vellem et debeo, ipse venire ad reverendissimam patemitatem vestram hoc tempore non possum. Quo- The abbot circa eandem impense rogo obtestorque, ut banc vale- ^^uii™' tudinem meam excusatam habeat, qui ejus causa sum Sotag to°^^ omnia libenter facturus, dtra ecdesiae meae aut monas- ^ ^^' terii juris prsejudicium, aut Dei Optimi Maximi sanc- torumque Ejus offensam. Quorum praesidio perpetuo fiilta sit eadem reverendissima patemitas vestra. Scripta Glastoniae quarto kalendas Julii.
£ E 2
436 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI.
XXXIX. Exemplar litterarum Reverejstdissimi do- mini WiLLELMI WARHAM, CANTUARIENSIS ARCHI-
EPiscopi, AD abbatem Glastonle MISSARXJM.
(MS. Lambeth, 159, {6. 41 ro.y
Aj), 1IW8. Honorande firater, post condignam commendationem.
Thearoh- Yestras litteras a quodam vestri ordinis monacho ac-
not^ cepimus, quibus feretrum quoddam divi Dimstani in
vrhaJbhZ ecdesia vestra ad multos hinc axmos fuisse erectum,
ahiineat vosquc grandiora ejus ossa possidere scnbitis^ neque
is erected:'^ audere reliqtdas prsetensas a popiilo coli prohibere, etc.
Quantum vero ad primum attinet, nondum nobis quo-
quam pacto innotescit quanam auctoritate aut quo jure
jurisve colore tale ftretrum erectum exstiterit. Quod
si forte avestris, uti scribitis, antecessoribus minus pru-
denter attemptatum factumque fuerit, id negligenter
ulterius baud permittendum erit, sed recte ac juste
reformandum. Quod autem scribitis prsefati sancti ossa
post destructam ecdesiam nostram per Danos ad monas-
terium vestrum fdisse apportatet, nihilque prseter quas-
or ifthe dam sui corporis minutias in ecclesia nostra relictum: —
rolics were
g*^from , Hsec si vera essent, quod certe a nobis credi non potest,
SthoXit ^^ *^^^ auctoritate quoye titulo hujusmodi ossa fiie-
was done; rint ad vos allata non edicitis. Absentia vero mona-
chorum ecdesise nostrse tunc temporis fratribus vestris
aliquas illinc auferendi reliqnias nequibat auctoritatem
tribuere. Cum ergo nee summi pontifids nee archi-
episcopi nee fratrum illius ecdesise pro tempore exis-
tentium^ sine quorum consensu prsefatsB reliquias ad
or proof that alia loca de 'jure transferri non poterant^ consensus et
translated, auctoritatcs vobis et monasterio vestro factos minime
exhibere valeatis; non videmus qua ratione hujusmodi
reliquias habere prsetendatis. Quod si forte vestri mo-
nachi eas sua audacia ac violenter abstulerint, in eo se
^ Printed in the Anglia Sacra, ii. S30.
RELIQULfi DUNSTANIANiE. 437
furtum et sacrilegium commisisse fadle convincuntur. ^P: ^°J^* Neque hujusmodi reliquiorum detentores aut eis con- Lapse of* sentientes tractu vel diutumitate temporis sacrilegiinotieMen potennt prsetendere sese immunes, neque sine debita restitutione absolvi. * Longe prseterea a veritate videtur alienum, maximam, ut aaseritis, illius sancti reliquiarum partem apud vos esse, cum manifestum ac darissimum sit tarn brachiorum ejus quam tibiarum ossa grossiora, costas etiam ac spondilia totumque capitis tegumentum integrum, cseteraque omnia tot et tanta corporis ipsius particularia ossa, quot et quanta ex aliquo corpore de- funoto tot annis in visceribus terrse jacente remanere sit possibile, in capsa ilia in qua venerandum corpus suum coUocatum atque reconditum fuit, adhuc conti- neri ; quae non mpdo oculis inspeximus verum etdam et ^^^^ manibus palpavimus. Haec enim* res ipsa, multorum- ^^jJbSr* que fide dignorum, qui prsemissa etiam viderunt, testi- ^^ ^^y monium nobis tacentibus verissima comprobabit. No-p^®^- lite igitur cogitare, hsec aut ficte aut minus vere a nobis praedicari. Quicunque enim prsemissa, quemad- modum nos vidimus, inspexisset, fateretur proculdubio verum prselibati sancti corpus absque diminutione qua- piam in ecclesia tunc sua, nunc, Ucet sine merito, nostra requiescere. Quare desinite firustra deinceps conjicere inaniterve jactitare maximam reliquiarum ejus partem penes vos remanere aut aliquas minutias vel ad fratrum Cantuariensium petitionem vel alicujus archiepiscopi contemplationem ad ecclesiam nostram a loco vestro They cannot
J. . . . • • •'i_«i 1 • i be in two
fuisse transmissas, quomam impossibue est umus etpiaoeaat
• ^ • 111 ODOO*
ejusdem corporis ossium majorem partem et apud vos et apud nos in ecclesia nostra posse simul haberi. Quod postremo scribitis vos subvereri ne gravissime Deum offenderetis, sanctumque Suum afficeretis injuria, si ejus quas ajsseritis apud vos reliquias aperiri colique prohibere videremini ; — Qui enim veras adoraverit reli- quias, Deo placet, non qui falsas, fictas vel incertas ; — In hoc Deum potius offendere quam placere, sanctoque .
438 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
A.^1508. Suo summam inferre injuriam, eundemque magis inho- itiBimpioninorare quam honorare censemini ; quod alienum corpus
to promote /* 't^* j
the honour suum esso fingitis, ac pro suo corpore usurpantes, vene- relics. rationem sibi sacrisque ejusdem veris reliquiis debitam aufertis, alieno simulatoque c^averi irreligiosi attribu- entes ; et quod deterrimum est, populum in vanam ac superstitiosam culturam inducentes, qui in grave turn vestrarum turn suarum periculum animarum, quod ve- hementer est dolendum, vestiis sinistris assertionibus maxime seducitur atque illuditur. Quis enim non for- midaret se Deum valde offensurum, si non sanctum pro sancto, aut corpus fictum pro vero, et incertas reliquias pro certis colere auderet? Hasc autem a vobis fieri nemo est qui nesciat. Quod enim dignum judicatis The abbot's fratres nostros Cantuarienses dictas reliqui&s divi Dun-
iBst Slices* .
tionis stani celare debere, ineptum certe ac mmus prudens
wanton and . -T . /. . . . . . ^ .
impertmeut. consilium cst, quoniam hi fratres nostn in jure priores ac potiores existunt. Pro quarum etiam possessione jura prsBSumunt, propterea quod sanctus ille, dum in humanis agebat, sedi archiepiscopali Cantuariensi praB- fuit, sepulturamque sibi in ecclesia sua praeelegit; ibi- que realiter sanctum corpus suum humatum fuisse a vobis non negatur. Quare aequum ac justum est vos, qui sine aliquo justo titulo hucusque exhibito hujus- modi reliquias possidere prsetenditis, usque ad realem tituli exhibitionem praetensas apud vos reliquias ab aliis coli minime permittere. Si enim haec Dei et ecclesisD causa non esset, baud tantopere contenderemus^ Ncun ob pristinam inter nos amicitiam vos monasteriumque vestrum singulari quadam benevolentia et amore pro- sequimur. Eac itaque unica duntaxat causa excepta, aliis cunctis in rebus vobis pro virili nostra cupimus libenter gratificari. Jura equidem et ecdesisa nostrae dignitatem in omnibus quoad possumus fortiter tueri et conservare astringimur. Ut hoc igitur negotium sequa lance trutinetur, justo exitu potiatur, omnimodsa ambiguitates, scrupulus, occasioque scandali prorsus tol-
BELIQULB DUNSTANIAN^. 439
latur, vos enixe hortamur ardenterque requirimus, ut A.D.1603. scripta, evidentias, munimenta, cseieraque omnia quse HeisUdden titulo in hac parte vestro suffittgari videbimtur, dtraMoiakSi^^^ Omnium Sanctorum solemnia proximo ventura sinearc^uhop ulteriori dilatione in medium afferre diligenter curetis. gainto' Day. Quod si non effeceritis, hoc unum pro certissimo habe- tote, nos ubique per nostram Cantuariensem provinciam litteris nostris dedaraturos, acriterque injuncturos, ne quis hujusmodi assertas apud vos reUqnias sub excom- municationis aliarumque^ ecclesiasticarum censurarum poenis deinoeps venerari aut pro veris reliquiis reputare prsesumat.
Ex Lambetha, dedma Julii, anno regni Henrid VIF. xxoiii<>., et pontificatus nostri v*o.
vin.
FRAGMENTA RITUALIA, DE DUNSTANO,
I. Oratio ad Dunstanum.^
AJ). dr. 1090.
Piny er to Dunstan for the countij.
(MS. Cotton, Nero A. 2.)
O indite confes^pr Christi, O candelabra doctorque Angligena gente, O bone pastor Dunstane, altorque to- tius Albionis, qui es sanator diversorum debilium tuo tumulo visitantium, te nunc flagitamus per ilia sancta merita quae te ab Altithrono concesse sunt, ut tuis pre- cibus Deo flagitas, ut banc patriam ab hostibus__eruat,^ nosque a nexu criminis solvat, atque ad setemam vitam perducat.
II. Ad Dunstanum.*
A J), cir. 1020. Prayer to DaDstaD.
(MS. Ashmole, 328.)
Alleluia; veni, alme Dunstane ad Christi solium sanctum, humilibus et tuis deposce famulis regnum coeleste.
* rrom a MS. written very early in the eleventh century, which con- tains also Athelstan's prayer for victory and a hymn to S. Ethelbert
* In a hand of the eleventh cen- tury, on a fly-leaf of Byrhtferth's
book &c.
** de Compotn Latinonun,"
FRAOMENTA RITUALIA.
441
III. Hymnus de Sancto Dunstano episcopo.
(MS. Cotton, Vespasian D. IS.y
Ave, Dunstane, prsesulum Sidus decusque splendidum, Lux vera gentis AnglicsB, Et ad Deum dux* prsevie.
Tu spes tuorum maxima, Dulcedo necnon intima, Spiralis odorum balsama Yitalium mellifiua.
Tibi, pater, nos credimus, Qmbus te nil jocundius, Ad te manus expandimus, Tibi preces eflFimdimus.
Oves tuag, pastor pie, Passim premunt angustise, Mucrone gentis barbai'se T^ecamur en Christicolse.
Offer sacerdos hostias Christo precum gratissimas, Quibus placatus eriminum Solvat catenas ferreas,
Per quas Anglorum terminis Ecdesiseque filiis Et nationes perfidse Pestesque cedant noxise.
Per Te Pater spes xinica, Per Te Proles pax unica, Et Spiritus Lux unica, Adsit nobis in ssecula. Amen.
A.D. cir.
loeo.
Hymn to Dunstan.
Prayer for help afi;ainst the Danes.
* This hymn is printed by Dr. Henderson from a Durham MS., B. iii. S3 of the eleventh centnry, with an interlinear Anglo-Saxon gloes. The VeBpasian MS. is about
half a century older than the Dur- ham MS. See the Latin hymns of the Anglo-Saxon church, Surtees Soc. 1851, pp. vii. ix. 98, 99.
442
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
IV. MissA DE Sancto Dunstano.^
• (MS. CC.C. 828, p. 75.)
A.D.cir. bens pereiuiis gloriae rex et dator piiasime, dignare A inafls OD ^ prsesentis die! gaudia tuo munere illustrare, in qua day. beatissimns pontifex Dunstanus setemaa lucis gaudia
meruit introire, per Dominum. Dedit Dominiis confessionem Sancto Suo.' EvG. Homo quidam peregre.*
Secr'. Hostiam Tibi, Domine Deus, nostrse devotionis offerimus, quam tanto benignius qusesumus acdpias, quanto eam ecelesia Tua in veneratione pontificis Tui Dunstani diligentius commendat. Per.
Prefatio.
O .^teme Deus, Qm beatum Dunstanum multiplici virtutum gratia ditasti, et hodiema die gratiam pro gratia tribuisti, ut sicut indefessus Tui extitit semper amator, ita sit beatissimse visionis Tuse assiduus con- templator; et quern in ecdesia Tua fidelem fecisti pa- riter et prudentem, nimc super omnia bona Tua con- stitutum, beata facis jocunditate Isetantem. Precamur itaque omnipotentem clementiam Tuam, ut nos ejus mentis a peccatorum nexibus absolutos, in sancta pro- fessione confirmatos, ad illam coelestis regni gloriam facias pervenire, ad quam ipse perveniens audivit Euge serve bone, per Christum Dominum.
POSTCOMMUNIO.
Assit nobis, omnipotens Deus, beatissimi pontificis Tui Dunstani jugis oratio, quae nos illius misterii partici- patione dignos efficiat, in quo totius humanse salutis summa consistit. Per,
> From the CC.C. MS. of Osbem. This service was probably composed by Osbem himself, as precentor of Canterbury. It does not seem to
have made its way into any service book.
' Ecclesiasticas, xlvii. 9.
» S. Matt. XXV. 14.
FRAQMENTA RITUALIA. 443
Prosa de Sancto Dunstano.
Hodiema Aevia jesonent gaudia virtutmn prseclara -^^J*'- Opera beato Dunstano collata ! Mass for --
A matris utero Deitatis prseventus gratia day.
Extra mundum, extra mundi mente transivit omnia; Salvatoris monita audiens salubria ejus ad vestigia
cum beata sedebat Maria. Unde ardentissimo flagrans desiderio, patriam con-
tinua suspirabat amoris lacrima. Sacerdotis honore prseditus angelicam E^t vitam. aigjns a puero consecratam: Becapituia-
T ^ r X J. tionofhia
Lumen extmctum non natus reparat^ mindesand
Virga (temonum efiugat ^aterviT ^'^
Sic templi suprema
Transcendit operta
Et angelico ducatu clausam intrat ecdesiam.
Apostolica fultus prsesentia
Suscepit arma futuri prsesaga;
Yergentem machinam
Prece levat sola;
Hostis et invidos conatus verbere dato vacuat;
Cithara non arte percussa cpnsonam
Reddit symphoniam, in viri gloriam.
Novi regis prima,
Alius extrema,
Voce diva agnovit temporal
Supemos psallentes spiritus et vota
Factori solventes audivit talia.
KyrieleysonI Christeleyson ! Cum quis sua jam miscet cantica, Dunstane vivens in saecula pro servis exora, Qui te collaudantes devota persolvunt jubila, Ac pro universa per orbem diffiisa Christi tecclesia.
444 VITA SANCTI DXTNSTANI.
V. MissA Sancti Dunstani episcopi et conpessobis.
1. (Missale SarisbuTiense.*)
The Haas on 8i Dommiea fuerit, ad processionem, in iempore Paeehali, d^^^coid? ^* Filia9 Jernsalem ; alio tempore amni, B. Miles Christi. In m^asliB- ^^^^^^ chori de Sancta 2£a/ria, et dicitw ahsque veraibus. hurj. OiTiciuu. Sacerdotes Tni, Domine, indnant justitiaiKi et sancti
Tai exultant ; propter David servum Tunm non avertas faciem Christi Tni. Alleluia.
Fs. Memento, Domine, David et omnis mansuetudinis ejus.
Cantus de Kyrie rex splendens, eine vergibua,
Okatio. Deus Qui beatum Dunstanum pontificem Tuum ad regna transtulit coelestia, da nobis per gloriosa ejus merita ad gaudia transire perennia. Per.
Epistoia. Ecoe sacerdos.
Gr. Juravit, Alleluia. -
Y. Fosui adjutorium. Sequsntia de eommuni,
EvANG. Homo quidam peregre.
In tempore PascTiaU, Eyakg. Ego sum vitis vera. Opf. In- veni David.
Bece. Suscipe quaasumus, Domine, munera supplicantis fa- milifls Tuae, quea Tibi in beati Dunstani confessoris Tui atquQ pontificis Bolenmitate deferimus, preoantes ut, ejus patrocinio vendrando adjuti, defendi mereamur ab omnium inimicorum insidiis. Per Dominum.
CoMicuiao. Domine, quinque.
FosTCOMHUifio. Beati Dunstani confessoris Tui atque pon- tificis quadsumus Domine deprecatione nos adjuva, in cujns veneratione Tua contingimus sacramenta.
2. (Missale EboracenBe-.)
Aooordinffto OffICIUK. Statuit. tiwuaeof Oeatio. Da quSBSUmus.
Epistola. Ecce sacerdos. Alleluia.
YEB8T7S. Surrexit Christus Qui creavit omnia et misertus est humane generi ; vel de Aeceneione,
EvAXGELiiTM. Homo quidam peregre.
Oppr. Inveni David.
Yebsus. Beatus servus.
8i e9stra tempus Paachale evenerU tunc dicaiur, G&. Juravit Dominus.
1 MSS. Laud, 302, HattOD, 1, Barlow, 6; edd. Yenice, 1494 ; Paris, 1515 ; Rouen, 1521 ; 1557. s Ed. Paris, 1583.
FRAQMENTA BITUALIA.
445
8. (Missale Herfi)id.O
Oppicitm. Sanoti Ttd Domine.
Oratio. Deas Qai beatum Daostanam pontificem ad regna TheMaoBon tranatnlistl ccBlestia, da nobis per gloriosa ejus merita ad dik^Mco^-' gandia transire perennia. Per. *°**?ct®««-
Epistola. Ecce sacerdos. ford.
Gb. Allislaia.
V. Postd adjutoriuiQ.
H. Alleluia. De Pasca,
Eyaitge. Homo quidam peregpre.
Oppb. Inveni David.
Secb. Intercessio qusBSumus Domine beati Dunstani haec Tibi commendet monera, pro cujus Tibi sunt commemoratione oblata. Per Dominmn.
CoMHtTNio. Domine quinque talenta.
PosTCOHMUNio. Sompta sacramenta qusasumus Domine nos a peccatds absolvant^ et per beati antistitis Dunstani suffragia ad coelos i>erducant. Per Dominum.
VI. HORiES SaNCTI DUN3TANI EPISCOPI ET CONFESSORIS.
1. (Brer. Sarisb. Bonen, 1492.)
ScmcH DwMicmi episcopi et eonfessoris ix» tecUones fiant, SS?*''©
Obatio. Deus qui beatum Dunstanum pontifioem Tuum ad s.punstan's regna transtnlisti coelestia, da nobis per gloriosa ejus merita uie 'lue^ ad gaudia transire perennia. Per Do SaMibury^
8i hoc festum, Saneii Aldelum vel Sancti Augustmi veL 8a/ncH Edmwndi vel Sancti Bamahoe apoatoli, arUe PerUhecoeten evenerit, fiant tree lectiones cum regimvne chori, cum omma fiant de com' muni acMciorum Paschalie temporie. 8i veto post Pewthecoaien evenerU, fiant novem UcHonea, Et coBtera omnia fi^ant de com^ nmni reUqui temporis.
Lectio I. Beatus ' Dunstanus talibus parentibus ortus claruit, quales badouIo exemptos inter cHoros conspicere mereretur angelorum. Natus yero puer Dunstanus in SanctsB Trinitatis nomine baptizatur- et postmodom Htterarum studiis traditus est.
Lectio II.' Oumque jam in Dei seryitio adolevisset, Dorober- nensi archiepisoopo Aldelino patruo scilicet suo accessit, in
1 Ed. BoiMn, 1502. ^Beatus . . . angelorum] See Adelard, aboye, p. 54.
" Abridged fropi Adelard, pp. 55,
56.
446
VITA SANCTI DUNSTANr.
Hounof cujas moribns cum eidem arohiepisoopo complacoisset, regi aoM^ngto Sthelstano cum omni affectn ab eodem archiepiscopo commen- Su^ datus est.
L£CTio III.* Beatus vero Donstanns tempore Edmimdi regis filii Ethelstani monachns et abbas Glastoniss effecttLs, monacho- mm ibi scholam primns instituit, et ita vorbo et opere coUa- boravit. Et sicat de cereo prsBgnantis ejus genetricis cstero- rnmque per totam ecclesiam cerei faerant accensi, ita per enm ex boc loco norma religionis monasticaa toto Anglorom diffusa est orbe.
Lectio UII.^ Cumque prsefatoregi natus esset filius qui in
baptismate dictus est Edgarus, beatus Dunstanus divinis in-
tendens audivit psallentium vocem, "Paz Anglorum ecclesies
*' nati nunc pueri, et nostri Dunstani tempore." Quod postea
rerum probavit eventus. Tu.
L. Y.' Quodam tempore praesente Sancto Dunstano trabs
' maxima in culmen eoclesisB erecta mere coepit multis miuans
interitum. Quam Dunstanus deztera manu signum crucis
faciens relevat. Huno etiam quadam nocte orantem dyabolus
• in ursi effigie aggreditur; et cambucam cui vir Dei inniteba-
batur, de manibus ejus dentibus suis auferre conabatur; sed
yir Dei imperterritus cambucam leyat, et horrendum monstrum
csBdendo insequitur. Et dum psallebat '* Exurgat Deus et
** dissipentur inimici Ejus/' informe fantasma evanuit. Tu
autem.
L. YI.' Edgarus, in regni solio sublimatus, regnum in pace gubemavit, et Dunstanum abbatem fecit epyscopum Wjgor- nensem. Adauotoque ei Londoniensis ecclesisB praesulatu, ge- mino claruit insignitus pontificio. Post bsBC vero arcbiepisco- pus Dorobemensis omni consensu effectus est. Hic^ etiam beatus Dunstanus Spiritum Sanctum in specie columbas bis videro meruit; et angelos Dei modulantes et dicentes, "Kyrie " eleyson, Ohriste eleyson, Kyrie eleyson/* in laude Trini- tatis audivit, atque cytbaram suam parieti adhserentem an- gelicis manibus resonare antipbonam, " Gaudent in ccelis animaa "sanctorum/' solus veraciter intellexit. Yixit itaque beatus Dunstanus septem regum temporibus, 'dieque vocationis suce imminente ecclesiam sibi commissam Deo commendayit. £t sumtpo Sacramento corporis Domini, inter verba orationis
^ Abridged from Adelard, p. 56. ' Adelard, p. 59. s Adelard, p. 60.
^ Hie ttiam, ^c] Adelard, pp. 62,
63.
* dieque'] Adelard, pp. 65, 66.
FEAQMEKTA RITUALU. 447
spiritnm ia manns Creatoris reddidit, et in pace requiescit. Hours of Tu antem.
Tree ultimoB leetiones de expontione Evangelii, Homo qnidam peregre. Ccstera omnia de eommwni unwe eonfeeeorie et ponti' fide,
2. (Brer. Eborac. MS Laad, 84.) Ad Ybspbras, Antiphona Alleluia pertinene ad feriam cum ff^'^^^^ ^
I Jt • TT 'no tl90 01
proexe fencutbue. York.
Cap. Ecce sacerdos. .
Y. Iste confessor.
YfiBSic. Amavit.
In ebdomade Aeceneionie, Confessor Domini.
Obatio. Da queasnmns ut in com/muni.
Ad maiutin, Ikyitatobiuk. Ezultent.
P. Yenite.
Y. Iste confessor.
Ik Noctobvis antipTuma Alleluia III. Ps. Beatus yir. P. Qnare fre. P. Domine quid vult. Yebsic. Amayit. Lectio P.*
SanctuB antistes Dunstanus tam Sanctis parentibus ortus ^
claruit, ut eos ssbcuIo exemptos inter chores conspicere merere- tur angelicos. Natus ergo puer Dei sacro e lavacro intinc- tus et GlastonisB dirixio servitio mancipatur. Cumque jam flos adolescentisB in annis adolesceret, de Glastonia egressus archi- episcopo Dorobemensi Aldelmo patruo scilicet suo se junxit. In quo idem pontifex gratiam Dei admirans, in palatio eum prcesentayit, et regi Adelstano in magno affectu commendayit. A quo diyersis honoribus sublimatus locum quoque in quo educatus est Dei inforraandum seryitio suscepit, ubi monachus et abbas effectas monachorum ibi scolam primus instruere ccepit. Cujus studio sic sancta inibi excreyit rel\gio, ut per eum ex hoc loco culmen religion is monaefticaa toto Anglorum •orbe diffusum sit.
Besf. Enge serye. Lectio II'.'
Bex autem Eadganu regno confirmatus beatum Dunstanum in episcopatu Wigomiensis ecdesiaa promoyit. In cajus ordi- natione cum Odo archiepiscopus officium rite perageret, eum ecclesisB metropolis Dorobemensis cunctis admirantibus titula- yit. Super quo a ciroumstantibus modoste redargutus, " Scio/' inquit, " karissimi, quid loquatur in me Dens." Adaucto ei de-
1 Adelard, pp. 54, 55, 56. | > Adelard, pp. 60, 61, 62.
448 VITA SANCn dxjnstani.
Hours of inde ecolesiae Londoniensis praasulatu, gemini pontifloatuB ola- aooording to* i^^ insigni. Prsadicto vero archiepiscopo patribus snis appo- YotIe^ sito, cnm eleotione totius ecclesisB in cathedra archiepisoopatiu suocessit, coi earn olim Spiritua Saactus tdtnlayit. Beato vero Adelwaldo Wyntonia)' episcopo, a bo olim edacatoi et ante ae ad ccBlestia regna pr»misso, ei per Tisom beatos aetitit An- dreas apostoluB, hoc oraculo nsus, ''Abbatem nomine Elphe- " gum Wyntonisd consecrabis episcopam." Hi:gti8modi yisio- nibus beatus pater dignisBimus Spiritum qnoque Sanctum velud alter Johannes in specie columbsa bis yidere promeruit.
Besf. Ecce sacerdoB. *
Lectio m.^ . Die itaque vocationis ^'ns imminente coQimissam sibi eccle- siam Deo aasignayit, yerbo instruzitj atque auctoritate apo- stolica a peccatis omnibus absolyit. Deinde commissa omnibus pace et caritate sua yale ultimum dixit. Ipsa yero did Do- minicffi Ascensionis coepit lente yiribus destitui, languoreque praayalesoente, lectulo suscipitur, in quo tota sexta feria oum nocte sequenti decumbens mane Sabbati ympnis jam matuti- nalibus peractis, sanctam adesse jubet fratrum congregationem. Quibus iterum spiritum commendansi yiaticum sacramentorum Ghristi suscepit : undo gratias agens Deo psallere ccepit, ** Memoriam fecit mirabilium suorum misericors et miserator <' Dominus ; esoam dedit timentibus Se." Inter quad yerba spiritrun in manibus Creatoris reddens in pace quieyit.
Besf. Agmina sa.
Yebsic. Ora pro no.
In laudibus et ad alias Jioras a^phoncB Alleluiaticsd ; ciBiera de communi uniue Confesaoria Pontificis, Isto modo dicaiur da eo ei a/rde Ascenaionem evenerit, 8i vero post festum SancUs Tri- nitatia evenerUf dicatur de eo cum tribua lectionibua, aicut de una confeaaore j^ontifice extra temptia Paachale.
3. (Breviariam Herford. Bouen, 1505.)
Aosordingto J» Feato Scuncti Bunstam,i archiepiacopi, H^^^ Obatio. Deus qui beatum Dunstanum pontificem ad regna coelestia transtulisti, da nobis per gloriosa ejus merita ad gaudia transire perennia. Per Dominum. Trea Leetionea fiant aine regimine ehori. Lectio Pbiua.' Sanctus antistes Dunstanus tarn Sanctis pa- rentibus ortus claruit, ut eos ssbouIo exemptos inter chores conspicere mereretur angelicos; ipso autem matemis retento
>. Adelard, pp. 65, €6. | ' Adelaid, p. 64.
FRAGMENTA RITUALU. 449
yisceribm, de prsasentato pnero Jesu in templo dies illnxit Hoon of Celebris. Tn antem. aooordinffto
Lectio Sscukda.' Natns ergo pner Dei sacro est lavacro in- ^n^iSf. tinotas, et. Glastoniie divino servitio maucipaius. Cnmque jam flos adolescentisd in annis adolesceret, de Glastonia egressus archyepisoopo Dorobemensi patamo suo Aldelmo se junxit. Tu autem. - *
Lscno III.' Hanc nocte qnadam orantem dyabolus in nrsi e£Sgie aggreditnr, et cambucam brachiis compleians frendens. dentibns et ore de manibas sancti anferre oonatos est. In quern vir Dei imperterritas insurgens horrendam znonstmm cnm cambnca oaadendo persequitnr. £t eo psallente "Exnrgat " Deus et dissipentur inimici Ejas/' p&r subdola bestiamm transformata eyannit.
Et coBtera de communi uniue paniiJicU isUu$ temporie.
4. (M& BodL e Mns. 2.)
Obitio. Dens qui beatam Dunstannm pontificem tunm ad Another regna transtalisti coelestia, da nobis ' per gloriosa ejus merita ^SStao^ ad regna transire perbennia. Per • . • . JSe**"**?
Si hoc fetifwm, vtl Sancti Aldelmi vel Sa cti Augudini veZ Salisbury. Someti BamdbcB apostoli a/nte Pentecosten evenerit, fiat de com* mtmi 8aneton4m Paechalie iemporis. Si vero post PenUcosten coniigerit, fiamt iz. leetumee, et omnia fi^cmt de communi reltqui temporie,
Lscno I.' Beatns Dnnstanns talibns parentibns ortns clamit, qnales seecnlo ezemptos inter cboros conspicere mereretnr an- gelornm. Natns vero pner Danstanns in Sanctee Trinitatis nomine baptizatnr, et litterarum postmodum studiis traditnr.
Lectio II.** Cnmque jam in Dei servitio adolevisSet, Doro- bemensi arohiepiscopo Aldelmo patruo suo accessit. In crgus moribus cum eidem pontifici complacuisset, regi Athelstano ab eodem est prsBsentatus, et cum omni affectu est commen- datus.
Lectio III.* Beatns vero Dunstanus monacbus et abbas Glas- toni89 effectuB, monacborum ibi scolam instituit, et verbo et opere informavit, ita ut per eum norma religionis monasticas toto Anglorom diffiisa est orbe.
Lectio IY^.* Cnmque pr»fato regi natus esset filius qui in baptismate diotus est Edgarus, Sanctus Dunstanus divinis
> Adelard, pp. 54, 55. ' Adelard, p. 59. * Adelard, p. 54.
^ Adelard, p. 55. ' Adelard, p. 56.
F I
460 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI.
Houn of intendens andivit vocem psallentiam in snblimi, " Paz Anglo- 8.Dun8tMi. t, ^^^^^^^ ecclesiae nati nunc pueri et nostri Donstani tempore;'* qnod postea rei probayit eventns.
Lectio Y**.^ Postea vero regni solio Edganis sublimatns, regni negotia in pace, sicnt cGslitus promissnm est, disponente, Bapientum consilio beatum Dnnstannm de abbate episcopum fecit in Wygomensi ecclesia, quod et diyinitos oollatum sibi ftiisse creditur.
Lectio YI'.' Htinc qnadam nocte orantem in nrsi effigiem diaboluB aggpi^ditnr. Cui yir Dei inpeiiierritus resistens, hor- rendum monstrum vi casdendo inseqnitnr. Et diun psallebat, *' Exsurgat^ Dens et dissipentnr inimici Ejus/' et formao &n- taama evanuit.
Tree LeeHonea uUi/nuB de ex^sUione EvangeUi, Homo quidam peregre. Costera de eommuni uniua confessoris et pontificie.
VII. Okatio Anselmi ad Sanctitm Dunstanum, cum
RECORDATIONE MD5LACU3.0RUM EJUS. (Open, ed. Gerbeion, pp. 297-299.)
s.Aiiaeim'8 Saucte Dimstane, dulds ad invocandum et benignus
Bud^Ll ad exaudiendum, plus ad subveniendum ; tu ad te
fugientibus nunquam incertum refagium, tu ad te cla-
mantibus nunquam imparatum auxilium ; sancte, be-
nigne ac pie Dimstane, respice miseriam animsd mese:
si enim respexeris, si calamitatem meam et miseriam
attenderis, profecto mi^ericordifie tuse viiK^era non oon-
tinebis. Timore, tremore, horrore, excruciatur anima
mea; timet, tremit, et exhorret immania quae meretur
supplicia, et non est quo efiugiat constituta ante judi-
cem. Sola assistit, nullus qui pro ea agat existit.
Vita discutitur, damnabilis invenitur, bona etenim acta
requiruntur, vix aut nulla reperiuntur. Deferuntur
admissa ; negari non possunt tam multa et tam grandia
quae omnem veniae spem exeludunt. Longanimem sui
patientiam judex exigendo praetendit; nihU nisi perti-
nacem sui impoenitentiam ista obtendit. Circum sis-
> Adelard, p. 60. | « Adelard, p. 69.
FEAQMENTA RTTUALIA. 451
tunt accusantes, itexant et reiter&nt, replicant et expli- s.AiiMim'8 cant delatas accusationes. Undique accusatur^ a nulloBwi^. excusatur. Astant et expectant crudeles ac horrendi tortores ut probata damnationis sentontia mox earn ad cruciandum abripiant. Tanta miseriaram mole obruta miserabilis anima qusBrit et cireumspicit ; et ecce qui consurgat et pro ea respondeat nullum aspidt.
Tu ergo pie^ misericors et clemens Dunstaae^ surges surge, exhibe soUtam opem miserationis, adhibe viscera pietatis^ impende suffiragium interventionis ; ad te cla« mandum invitabant et exbortabantur opera pietatis quse de te prsedicantur ; sed repellunt ac obtundunt opera impietatis, quse a me commissa a te horrore intolera- bili abominantur atque exsecrantur. Ecce miseria^ ecce angustia, ubi reus condemnatur, et omnis Dei miseri- cordise ac pietatis sinus- obseratur ; sic arguitur, con* fuBdituTi obtunditur^ accusatrice consdentia^ ut nee jiidicem deprecari audeat, nee qui deprecetur pro ea: sed tu, O misericors et pie, ubi pietas, ubi miseratio, ubi misericordia> nisi ubi miseria ? Cui pius, cui mise* ricors fies nisi misero ? Agnosco, agnosco^ agnosco, agnoscens obmutescOi intentans enormitatem criminum meorum ; attamen quanto major miseria> tanto fit prse- dicabilior misericordia ; nee miseria mea tanta erit, ut defidens fiat potentia tuse virtutis. An eo usque am- plificatur miseria mea ut angustetur misericordia tua? An invalitudo mea prseponderabit potentissima merita tua? Immo meritorum tuorum prseponderans gratia sustollat, leviget ac evacuet impietatum mearum pon- dera. labentissime tibi Judex Ipse donabit quidquid tua tarn dilecta et cara Eum familiaritas postulabit: non negabit tibi imius salutem miseri, Salus Ipsa Cui tarn familiaris existis: facile reddet tibi unius mortui vitam Vita Ipsa apud Quam tantam babes gratiam.
Ne defidat, quseso, in me uno tu£B benignitatis munific^ntia, cujus in multis et tam innumeris redun* dant beneficia. Obtineam per te indulgentiam ut tam
F F 2
452 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI.
8.Aiiidm*8 dilecti et diligentis Dei ac Pomini tui in omnes prae- ^01^. dicent ac magnificent misericordiam. O qnam preedi- candis monstrabat Dens indidis quantum Ei tu gratus esses ac familiaris ! 0 insestimabilis cordis tui puritas, cum qua tarn crebro sermocinabantur angeli Dei ! O insestimabilis apud Deum familiaritas, ciii sie fiamiliaris erat angelorum dignitas ! O decus ^ ac prsemium virgi* nitatis, cui sic adgaudet natura angelicee dignitatis ! In coelum deducebaris, intereras beatis agminibus illorum> oblectabaris modulationibus angelicis,' cantons cum illis canticum quod solus cantat chorus virginalis. Rursus tibi in terns hynmum celebranti vidsaim aderat et oonsona- bat melodia ooelestis: concinebant agmina virginitatis» summa dignitas supem^B civitatis. Foteiis ac prsBpotens gratia, cui sic obsequens erat dignitatis angelicse poten- tia I Excellens ac prsecellens meriti eminentia, quam sibi acceptam, sic pretiosam divina monstrabat superexcel- lentia. Nunquam ergo quam dilecti, tarn familiaris sui precem avertet, ut reo uni veniam non donet. Deni- que Ipse testatur quoniam non vult ut peccator mo- riatur: libenter itaque animse peccatrici salutem dabit cujus testatur Se noUe mortem.
Rursus occurrunt spes et confidentia ereptionis mea3 apud Ipsum Judicem, insignia familiaritatis tuse. Quos enim prsenuntios, quos apparitores ad te prsemisit^ cum directam tuam beatam animam jam came abituram. Ilium adituram, ac Sectmi permansuram adjudicavit? ne ullo metu terreretur, stupore turbaretur, incertitu- dine soUicitaretur, dies prsedicitur, setem^ beatitudinis mansio promittitur, ducatus curiae - coelestis adducitur, a quo hilari securitate ac secura hilaritate perducitur. Quanta et O quanta, quali et O quali susdpitur ex- sultatione, qui cum tali ac tanta deducitur apparitione ! quantum jocundatur et glorificatur susceptus cujus sic honorificatur adventus ? quanta denique veneratione,
* See Osbern, p. 119, whence the I ' This is word for word from words seem to be taken. | Osbern, above, p. 117.
FEAGMENTA RTTUALIA. 453
Quanta grlorificationis exhibitione fit ipsa annuntiatio s. Anseim's
, , , , pnjer to
migrationis tusB ? Per visum tibi sedenti in cathedra t^unstm. tua pontificali ^ astans et circumstans angelorum fre- quentia, supemorom civium curia; quBBrit a te quoad tibi placeat commorari in came ista; refert nuntium, indicat votum totius supemse concionis optantis, oran- tis ac deprecantis, ut jam cum eis ante summum ponti- ficem perpetuum Sanctus decantes in codis. Bespondisti te nunc non posse abire ; quia Dominicse Ascensionis , aderat festum^ in quo allocuturus et communicaturus eras commissum tibi populum. Fit concessio justse et caritativse excusationis ; indicitur dies in qua nulla occurreret causa dilationis.
O insignis et admirabilis gratia familiaritatis^ cujus solius voluntatis totius supemse dignitatis votum ac voluntas cedit ! Concedit dilationem Sui ne hujus non habeat adimpletionem ; quod non vult, iUa fieri mavult quam ne non fiat quod ista vult. Quo ergo amore prsesentia ejus amatur et amplectitur cujus ab- sentia sic desideratur et exspectatur! Quod a Deo gratise denum accepit in coelis tantum gloria munus in terris concessit ! Splendidus in stola virginitatis quam vene- ranter suscipitur ad nuptias Agni ! Inter primos dis- cumbit, quia cum decore integritatis induitur virtu|;e humilitalis ; prseditusque gratia caritatis ac totius vir- tutis, sequitur Agnum quocunque vadit. Quomodo ergo tam amatus, tam fSEkmiliaris apud Ipsum Aucto- rem salutis, misericordise ac pietatis, non obtinebis salutem imius peccatoris^ si voluntas adest, constat quia possibilitas non deest; nee voluntatem fas est abesse^ quia te voluntati Ejus fas non est contrariunx esse, Qui omnes homines vult salvos facere. Obtine itaque quod vis, et quod potes obtine : liberetur et vivat tua inter- cessione anima mea., pro qua ut viveret, mori voluit beata Vita, Deus Ipso^ misericordia mea, Qui est . benedictus in ssecida. Amen.
> See OsberD, p. 120. The word cathtdra looks as if Anselm had read Eadmer's account^ p. 217.
454
VITA SANCn DUNSTANL
/
Sermon in
pniBeof
IHmstan.
YIII. Sebmo de maxika laude Sancti Dunstani
ABCHIEPISCOPI £T CONFESSORIS. (MS. C.C.C.C. 161.)
Beatissimus Dei prsesul Dunstanus^ cujus laudes pana paribus copulando succincte digerere juvat, vere multis et egregiis virtutibus et gratiis atque magnalibus, mag- nis felix successibus, omnium justorum spiritu plenus, omnimoda coelestium ordinum dignitate prsefulgebai. Quae ut omnia sigillatim elucescant, in moribus nimi- rum quadrifida principaUum virtutum quadriga, id est, prudentia, justitia, fortitudine, temperantia, cum appen- dicibus earum, supra sidera efferebatur, adeo ut totius humani generis prsefulgidum sidus non immerito vide- retur. Quarum omnium mira profectio, si in ejus vita Hifgmoea. qusBiitur, profecto invenitur. Speciosis plane renitebat gratiis, qui adeo erat*et forma decorus et lingua facun- dus, ingenio acutus, memoria tenax, studio pertinax, manu efficax, sdentiis peritus, cautela discretus, pro- phetia praevidus, prodigiis mirificus. Multiplici quoque successu prseter coelestes ejus darificationes felicissimus, utpote a puero in regum palatiis educatus, principibus et populis unice gratus, per ipsas etiam persecutiones prosperatus, singulari exemplo gemini simul episcopatus episcopus unus, deinde etiam omnium Angliae ecclesia- rum principalis pastor et patriae rector et regum im- perator, pontificali simulque regali officio strenuissime functus. In signum autem signorum mirificentia prse- ditus, a Deo quidem Patre coelestium et terrenarum rerum revelationibus, aliisque prodigiis multifarie glo- rificatus, Filii Dei in coelis et Spiritus Sancti in terns iterato visu donatus, a divina matre pnesentia ejus et cantu, visu et auditu, processione et obsequio, ab an- gelis quoque caBterisque Sanctis in ccelo et in terra sin- gulari gloria dilectus, frequentatus, adjutus, veneratus; ab hominibus reventus, daemonibus formidatus, in caete- ras etiam creaturas imperiosus. Carminum coelestium
Hisioo-
His signs fend won* den.
FBAGMENTA RITUALIA. 455
in coelis et in terris auditor et cantor, disdpulus et Hisngns doctor, qui quod coelicolae eum docebant, homines do- denT"**' cebat; qui angelis canebat, et cui angeli canebant, et ipaius dthara citharizabant ; sancti applaudebant, et ipsa virgo yirginum cum suis virginibus dulcissime canta- bat. Yates futurorum, invisibilium spectator, poli de- His high ambulator, ipse quoqu^ corpore in alta sublatus. Suf- aadp^^. fra^tor hominum, tortor dsemonum, dampnandarum liberator animarum, jussor creaijurarum, mutator natu- rarum. Ad cujus obsequium subvolabant pondera, aer hu power tulit pondera, cedebant inmobilia, inundabant arida, e^enu. moUiebantur dura, loquebantur muta et insensibilia. Jam vero quod omnium justorum spiritu plenus daruit ex subjectis liquebit. Ab utero sanctificatus est ut Jeremias, et miraculo prsesignatus ut Johannes; cum Hisiiken«» Petro a Petra, et monte qui Christus est, divinitus tSe'iip^t. nomen trahens : et ut Christi imitator in templum prse- ss. j^itna sentatus, sicut ille Symeonis prophetico, sic iste ange- Sma.and ^^' lid senis prsedicatus oraculo. Ut virgo Juliana atque •*'•**''*• Christiana daemones domabat, eosque ut Martinus visi* bus suis et prseterea verbis atque verberibus subjectos habebat. Sanctae armonise musicus Daviticus, et sicut Salomon artifidosus. Sicut Davit ab invidis, et utTo David. Helyas a tirannis et altera Jezabel pro justitia perse- two^ohL, cutionem passus. Sicut Helyas a corvis in vita sus-ands^Bone- tentatus, sic iste a canibus de morte liberatus. Sicut Johannes Evangelista salubri segritudine ad coelibatum conversus, sicut Johannes Baptista Spiritum Sanctum manifeste vidit, sicut Antonius et Benedictus sacram relligionem multiplicabat. Sicut Moyses et Oregorius to Koms. prselationes humiliter renuebat, et sicut Aaron idem-L^!^'^' que Qregorius divino indido obedienter susdpiebat. 8am«^' Magnus ecdesise pastor, ut Petrus; patriae rector utEUshik^ Samuel, regum imperator ut Ysaias. Sicut Helyas et Heliseus tirannos indomabiles increpabat, et prophetali sententia plectebat; et sicut Helyseus dodles corrige- bat, correctosque regebat. Item sicut Helyseus a pro-
456 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Bumsto's fiindo aqusB ferrum enatare, seque fecit manibrio aptare, preserv^ sic Dunstanus trabem in aerem sursum evolare et loco
tion, and
vi»ion». debito se collocare. Sicut prophetae . multa et mira
prsedixit, et sicut martyres plurima pro justitia per-
tulit. Sicut Davit a persecutoribus suis divinitus vin-
dicatus. Quorum uni, sicut Gregorius animam pagani
imperatoris a tartareis tormentis, sic et ipse animain
impii regis a tortoribus eripuit demoniis.
He wrought Fontem ut Moyses de rupe produxit, ecdesiam ut
Hoset, Gre- montem Gregorius dimovit, casulam ut Brigida in aere
Siaget. suspendit. Sicut Danieli et Ezechieli, Zacharise atque
Johanni per angelos, et sicut Machabeeo per sanctos,
sic et isti per utrosque multa occulta Deus revelavii.
He was like Sicut Paulus in coslum deduci meruit, ibique et in ter-
8. Paul, *
laaiAh. and ris archana verba et amrelica cannina audiit, eaque sibi
£zekiel. , . ^ , . «i • i
et m ooelo et m terra loqui et canere et homines docere licuit. Item sicut Ysaias et Ezechiel Dei maje&rtatem in coeUs et Johannes Spiritum Sanctum et Dei Geni- tricem in terris, utrobique autem frequenti miraculo et raro exemplo, angelos et sanctos, et familiarius Andream apostolum videre et alloqui, multisque ac miris modis, Hitf friend- ut prsefatimi est ab eis oblectari oonsuevit. Et haec s. Andrew, quidcm Omnia in se uno congessit maximorum maxima • Sanctorum magnalia. Sed ilia certe sibi soli apperti- nent propria et incomparabilia, quod tantLa honoribus a matre Domini Creatoris et omnium creaturarum Do- He is aerred mina diUgi et deduci, et ab Ipso Domino trausmissis
by angels. _ " . , , • -1 j
ad eum universis angelorum agmimbus ad regnum coeleste invitari dignus fuit. Sicut igitur omnium jus- torum spiritu repletus, et omnibus ecdesiasticds hierar- chise gradibus promotus, sic et omnimoda sanctorum His promo- atque angelicorum ordinum diimitate prseditus. Erat all degrees emm, ut gradatim ad summa conscendamus, corde simul
of sanctity. . • /• j» j j. •.
et corpore virgo, confessor praedicando, martyr vero vita et voto, multaque patiendo. Claruit apostolus, ut Christi legatus, vaticinio propheta, primatu patriarcha. Erat et angelus, quia Dei et hominum officio et actu fre-
J
FRAGMENTA BITUALIA.
457
quens intemimtius ; erat et archangelus, quia alioram Heisoom- sLaiilium angelorum director et dux. Sicut virtutes ^ se^i virtutum operator; sicut potestates multa in homines angeiic host, et daemones, in animas et corpora^ potestate prseditus. Sicut principatus ipsis quoque prindpans regibus atque principibus. Sicut dominationes omnibus dominans spi- ritualibus et animalibus corporeisque illecebris atque passionibua Sicut throni Dei sedes extabat per quem mortalibus sua judida decemebat. Sicut cherubin multa Deum scientia et intellectu cognoscebat atque cemebat. Sicut seraphin miro caritatis ardore Deitati proximus adhaerebat. Alta quidem et longe super hominem sunt haec, sed multo excellentius, salva fide, hie homo divi- nus pnedicatur etiam Deus atque Dei filius et hseres setemus. Deus*^ existebat quia gratia et mentis deifi- catus, Dei quoque hseres et filius adoptione aasumptus. Eberes quidem Dei, cohseres autem Christi, et inter cseteros summi Dei filios insignis et excelsus. Yere igitur multis et egregiis prsecelsus privilegiis, vere mag- nus ab hominibus obseqjoiis adorandus, qui tantis in ooelis et in terra adeo sublimatur honoribus.
A COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE /^^ :; ST. GALL MS. 337, WITH THE PRESENT EDITION.
Faffeaof thiB volume.
p. 3. Eubric in red capitals, "Incipit Prolugus
" de .yita vel conversatione almi confes- " soris Dtinstani.", 1. 1. arckorUi Alhrico] archdnti videlicet Albrico. 2. J5.] in margin, "Beda."
5. pl(icida/ni\ pladdi.
6. tutionem] tutorem.
7. enccipiendam] excipiendo. 18. exonerans] exhonerans.
p. 4, I. 14. fundotenua] fundetenus. 15. precaria] a, ins. MS. 29. acheTnate] scemate.
34. antietUis] antestitis.
35. sv/mTae] sum me.
p. 6, 1. 13. educando] edocando.
20. agreestem\ egrestem; as MS. A.
28. Eubric in red capitals, " Indpit gloriosi
" Dunstani archiprsesulis conversatio vel " vita."
29. Cvmi mvUorv/in] Cum ergo multorum (in
violet uncials).' temporum a vera cvltu CHstxl in black capitals.
30. qvAhu8\ ut.
32. decernebcW] decrevisset, tandem.
COLLATIOK. 459
Faflefiof
fagei this Yolmne.
p. Q, 1. 2. ^uddem, ccBoUati] genii prsefatse. 3. hujus] has. 6, 6. soda/ret . . JldelA,vm\ efficeret populum An- glorum in . . •
7. vnter ivscicB naManis vepres] in populum
jam dictimi.
8. trUicevm] triticium; (triticum, A.).
9. i/nserwU, eic] inserebat^ sic omne . . .
10. Jioc exsti/rpavit, ut] eo exstirpavit, nee . . .
11. ea pvUvZare proMheref] ea pullulare per-
misit. 13^ 14. debere . .' apreverat] offerre demonstravit. Quid multa?
16. Hie] Dominus. 17-^19. optimoB . . reges] tamen hominibus adhi- bens meliorem, elegit sibi pastores de populo Suo, reges videlicet.
20. EccU&Ub Suc&I ecdesiarum.
22. cwm jvstUia] ac servarent.
24. ho8 prcecipuoa] quos etiant 24-28. gv^em . . adnv/meratua] gloriosus .^tbelsta- nus quamyifl eum midti reges, quorum nunc nomina difficultas non sinit rimare per singula, regnando prsecederent, post tamen annis succedentibus rex Anglorum adnumeratus est.
28. iffUwr] quoque.
29. orUv/r] ortus est.
30. Heoreta/rms] Heorstan. Cynetkrydia] Cynethryth.
31. vocUatv/r] yocabatur.
aacri hapHamatia] sacris baptismatum.
32. itaqwe\ igitur. 34. (mtem\ itaque.
p. 7, L 1. vicim>rvmC\ Anglorum.
nwruywpaial vocitata. 5. WAmeriba8\ beneficiis.
460 VITA SANCn DUNSTANI.
Pages of this Yolame.
p. 7, 1. 5. In ea siquidem ipdvs loco] In qua quidem
insula. 7-8. nfhuUa . . paraiam] nullis hominum arte recordationibus fabricatam vel dicatam. 12-14. Huic . . dedicaverwrU] Ad banc etiam aliam addiderunt opere lapideo SBdificantes sec- desiam^ quam Christo pontifices sanctoque , . Petro apostolo dedicarunt.
15-16. et jcum dictoe . . frequerUabat] adorabat, frequentabat locum jam dictee insulae pretiosimi. 16. ^rgo] enim«
18. transi/re Olestoniam] transisse Gkestoniam. 21. eascessu] aspectu.
24. eo . . fwisde] eo videlicet ordine quo nunc statuta vel facta referuntur.
26. rdigioai} jam dicti, add. MS.
27. otUa] curiose, add. MS. studeritem} om. MS,
30. tranaUi/ret] transilisset. p. 8, L 6. vacua] vacuo.
12. inorUv/nis] morituris.
14. dbvU] saBit ; this is probably the true read-
ing.
33. Ostial Hostia; so also A. p. 9, L 2. ut] om. MS.
5. Eossu/rgat] Ut surgat.
6. iVom . . tanto] Nam quantum fiierat cre-
scendo sublimior, tanto erai p. 10, 1. 1. qv/irUogpie] quantumque. 2. quavto vero] et quantum. 9. tempore conti/nuo] om. MS. 12. cedrua] cedris.
15. tarn] namque. The following variations are
of more especial importance, owing to the lacuna in the Arras MS.
16. vi] adeo nempe ut.
COLLATION. 461
Paces of
this Yolmne.
p. 10, 1. 117. cmtem] tamen ut.
18. captdbat . . aed] captaret favores sed ut. iUaTri] omnem, add. MS.
19. gestdbat] gestaret.
22. dictavit] et nevit, add. MS.
23. et divinorvm] cm. MS. ; 80 also MS. B. 810] om. MS. ; so alsa B.
24. vi} eo videlicet tenore ut.
26. et] et ut.
27. aenwwn] om. MS. Hibemenaiwni] Hibemiensium. Olestonice] om. MS.
28. fiddiv/m tv/rbce] nationes. ef] om. MS.
29. mcLximfie] tamen, add. MS.
junioris] senioris ; so also B. Mabillon, how- ever, as well as the BoUandists, preserves the former as the reading of A. p. 11, 1. 2. phyloaophaifUes] philosophantes.
5. persensW] persenserat. Ita] Et ita.
6. vera] om. MS. cohercebati cohercens.
7. diviruB Scriptv/rcB libros aaruta/retur] hujus-
modi libros enudeaverat. 9. rmdcebatv/r] insudaverat. 12, IS, et , . auorum] immo sseculariimi, maxime videlicet ipsi consanguinei sui. 18. ut hirci] uti hyrci.
20. iifiopinatam in evmi acabiem rriemdcLCvi] in-
opinata mendada.
21. mluta/ribu8\ salubribus.
23, 24. hietoriaTV/ra . . nceniaa] histriarum Mvolas
coluisse incantationes, 24. avtem] quippe. 25, 26. beatua tyro aemper Chriatv/m oppoavAt] ipse
necessario adhibendus est Christus.
462 VITA SANCri DUNSTANI.
Fageiof this Volume.
p. 11, 27-29. i/n cvjua . . audores] cum teste 3uo David
scilicet fideli qui in persona Ipsius Sancti Spiritus prseventus oraculo de fisdsis tes- tibus tempore . . . Compare the reading of B., note 10. • 30. vanitcUes] vanitatem. p. 12, L 3. avditoribvs Suia] iterum Ipse auditoribus
Suis inquit. 6» Itemqvs] Dominus, ins. MS.
vos} vobis. 9. iUo] ilia.
10. ergo] namque.
11. firmiaaima apoTiaione confortattLs} fidelis-
sima sponsione Christi sui confortatus, libens.
12. cu/rams] haberet.
13. vix . . aperv^&rU] numquam contra se latran*
tes canes aut raro aperiret.
16. qwdam\ qua prsafatus sum. coTomi rege\ apud ipsum regem.
17. mtpetravertintque] impetrantes.
18, 19. Deinde . . rabie] At illi impetrata expul* sionis licentia. 21. dc] videlicet ac
23. effi4iere7vt, pedibus auperimipri/niebaTit} affice-
rent pedibus super calcantes imprimebant.
24. eorvm\ illorum ; so also MS. B.
25. defumestarent] sordidando, add. MS.
26. e palvde] a fece.
27. distantem] distante.
28. venire diaposuit] pervenit.
29. vera iUi] itaque illi Dei amici propinquaret
domuL Into] ita.
30. detv/rpcUv/m] attaminatum. pviaverwrU] putabant.
p. 18, L 1. crvddi] crudeliori.
COLLATION. 463
Pages of this yolame.
p. 13, L 1. tamen] sed.
1, 2. ut blamdierUia vocent audierurU, mox esse iUivs ex eo] blandientem vocem remul- centis audissent, mox ilium e voce.
5. vn\ ad tarn.
6. 7rmtat(i/[ mutatam. natv/ray creatura.
8. hvmianitatis} humamtate.
10. After this section the S. GaU MS. has the following verses : —
*' Talibus obprobriis ceterisque bachantibus actis " Ssepe virum proprio pepulere ab honore beatum. " Sed Domini famulus, postquam sermone fideli '' Se quoque reddid^rat purgatum crimine cuncto, " Securus rediit digno functurus honore, " Cimctorum invitus sociorum vana latrantum. " Quid voluit sibi stulta choors nee prsemeditata, '' Quse studuit dampnare pium sub &aude nociva? " Forte putabat eum pressisse dolis machinarum " Quem Domini pietas maluit prsecellere cimctis. '* Est labor inmodicus dunmi coriare cotillum, ** Aut natare diu contra refluentia stagna."
p. 13, 1. 14. cessisse, quibus] cesisse quibus ipse. 15. sed] et. 17. PrimuTn enim mvlierem] Primum enim, ut
ita dicam, muliebrem. 19. jElfheagus] iElfheah, videlicet.
21. rogavif] rogaverat.
22. mstindii] ab instinctu.
26, 26. verba abnuentis avdivit] abnuentis verba audisset. 27. inferret] talia intulissei 29. agnosceret] agnovisset.
Deo misericorditer favente] quidem Deo dic- -tante.
464 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Faires of
'agci this y olame.
p. 14, L 1. Eo Tia/mqvs model] Eo itaque ut.
3. obteocU, ut] obtexisset, in tantum inquam.
4. et] ut.
5. TtbTic] ergo, add. MS.
6. porUiJicem . . spretv/m] prsescriptum ponti-
ficem jam antea spretum. 11. taliter] hoc prsedicto modo.
14. revocavU] The S. Gall MS. proceeds, "con-
" suluit post hsec famulus Dei Dunstanus, " et vir virilis ingenii effectus est coram " Deo et hominibus. Et dum ex hac " prdedicta Dei coirectione,*' etc.
15. antistitia jElfheagi] antestitis i^lfheahi.
16. post] postea.
18. IrUereo,] enim, add..MS. WirUonwrismm] Wintonensium.
19. invUavervmt] rogaverunt.
20. in 8ua civitaute WirUonia] ipsi quoque in
prsedicta civitate.
21. Nvmiinie] Nominis.
condiderant, in parte] condiderunt, in parte videlicet.
23. omnUma . . esse] omnium aecclesiarum esse
proxima perhibetur.
24. pontijice] pariter, add. MS.
26. coegemnb] invitarunt
27. caritatia] caritatum. p. 16, L 4. qvxxm] quam etiam.
7. diodt] dicebat.
8, 9. Compleamus . . Twstram] Perpleamus hie apud sanctum apostolicum nostrum Ore- gorium ultimam nostri.
11, i/n unum] episcopus scilicet et Dunstanus.
12. prodererU] prodidissent.
Qua . . daretur] Et post peractam confes- sionem, dum dabatur.
COLLATION. 465
Pages of this Volame.
p. 15, 1. 13-16. lapis . . Ice&it] ecce lapis pennagnus ab alto
aere descendit, nisus ictu minaci ambo- rum capita conterere ; sed parcente Do- mino inter utraqne capita, tangens tamen capillos amborum vehcmenti lapsu in ter- ram corruerat.
20. quendam] ejusdem, add. MS, ceccleaicB] templi. WvZfredvm] Uulfredum.
21. rnortem suMisse] necem subire.
25. TmUta] quseque.
26. »uceque . . cetatia e(] omniumque suonim. p. 16, 1. 1-3. Awditis . . positua] Audito itaque beato
Dunstano tantiA mysteriorum miracula,
tantosque ineritabiles vitae suie casus, ait
per banc revelationem ad eura.
3. Si quce] Si omnia haec quee.
7. digitoque derrwnstrami] digito demonstrans.
8-19. Quia hcBC . . Inivuiin] " Si haec omnia quae
" tibi referebam vera sunt, et non falsa,
" hoc in loco ante triduum presbyter qui-
dam sepelietur, sed nondum est infir-
matus; corpusculum vero sacerdotis
" ejusdem ab occidentali parte templi prse-
" sentis veniet deportatum." Ad banc
visionis vocem expergefactus est. Mane
vero facto et meante diliculo, ecce beatus
Dunstanus memor mirse revelationis post
horam primam diei ipsius suis cum sodali-
bus deambulando venit ad. locum spiritali-
ter sibi prsenotatuDi^, arripiensque lapidem
manuabilem, et in prsetitulatum projecerat
locum, dicens, '' Hie vero, si is qui mecum
" loquebatur est verax, ante triduum pres-
" biter unus est humatui'us."
21. magister] minister.
a a
u
((
466 VITA SANCTI DUN&TANI.
Pages of this Volume.
p. 16, 1. 22. obtinvAt] elegit.
aliqua] alia.
23. sepidturam] pausatione^ perpetuam.
24. siquidem] enim.
25. post pcmcvm] paulatim.
26. Deinde] ita inquam ut. extremvm] emissurum.
27. commendavit] commendaret.
28. amgnatiLa] ussignatum. 32. Wulfred] Uulfred.
p. 17, 1. 4. NuTw] Nunc enim.
5. intei^mitto] intermittam.
6. jyrofeiv^m] perferam. "iiarnqiie] itaque.
9. nuper] superius nuper. Hcec] Hsec igitur.
14. vero] namque.
15. qwi ha'iic] quia hunc; as in MS. B.
18. atUem] enim.
19. 8e] famula Dei jam dicta, ins. MS.
20. prcepai^ret] pnei)arasset.
23. igitur] quidem.
24. iTitiTiio] nimio ; as in MS. B.
26. ergo] namque.
27. ohvici] obviam ; as in MS. B.
28. quia] quoniam ; as in MS. B. p. 18, 1. 3. promissani] permissam.
pi'CBcederUi] statuto, antecedentes regem. 4. habilia] abilia.
7. '' Non patiatv/t^"] "Nolit," inquit.
12. »ibi adesse] om. MS.
13. efwpplementvm] sublementum. regis] terreni regis.
14. od tempua prcefiiiitu/ni] jam tempus prse-
notatum.
16. introivit] introibat.
COLLATION. 467
Pages of this Volume.
p. 18, 1. 19. pincermis] tamen nihilominus.
20. sciphia] scifis.
21. indidcretcB quantitatis vasibica] vasibus mag-
nis et modicis.
23. ministrantium] ammiratus, ins. MS.
24. ni7n,i$] namque nimis. auperfluitate] mole.
25. nepti] nepte.
26. sidnt] ibat.
27. farmUa Dei] prsenominata Dei famula.
28. cursu] et, ins. MS.
33. ipso] sed tamen in ipso. finiti] finitse. ^ 34. cum . . scolasticis] cum imbuendis seolas-
tieis suis. 35. obaerataTn] seratam. compleret] replei^et. p. 19, 1. 3. Ttiira] siquidem, ins. MS. ; so also MS. B. 4. vero] enim, ut ita dicam. 7. quce] et.
atria] non desi (sic for deside) descensione sed. 9. continuo] sed eontinuo.
12. accessit] accedit.
13. observatrices] videlicet, ins. MS. ; so also
MS. B.
14. loqueretv/r] loquatur. 21. ea etiam] earn otiam.
qwi^viaset] agnovisset. p. 20, 1. 9. prc^vsaionis] praevisionis.
12, futu'Tum] futura; the words "erat osten-
" sum " are not in the MS. 14. post] postque ; as in MS. B. 19. volehat] vovebat. 21. Domini] Domiiue. 27. ^thdvrynn] iE^elpjmn.
G G 2
]
468 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Pages of this Volume.
p. 20, 1. 27. vocavit] evocavit ; as in MS. B. p. 21, 1. 1. ille] ilH ; as in MS. B.
7. se] om. MS.
11, cvibilis] cubiculi.
14. conchieiido] concinnendo. 26. qui] quoniam ; as in MS. B. 28. proceres] proceratus.
p. 22, 1. 1. Domini] Dominici.
8. infra] jussa.
21. abdcotidif] abscondidit. in] lit.
24. ambitlaret, diapomit] ambulare disposuit,
misericorditer ministrarent.
25. cordatius] cordetenus ; as in MS. B. p. 23, 1. 4. et] om. MS.
15. nexfiiri] nexuros.
21. Ceodrvim] Ceoddrum. p. 24, 1. 3. venaiuriis] venaturum ; as in MS. B.
4. inaectation^] insectione. 7. devexnm] divexum.
11. deviersit] se dimersit: cf. MS. B.
p. 25, 1. 2. cvmi illv£ dttcatu] dum illuc ducatu regis.
12. ego] ergo.
20. inmunitionibus] munitionibus. p. 26, 1. 2. morigena] morigera.
16. cc^piifnua] incoepimns. ac] vel.
21. peHen^ere] perterere ; as in MS. A. p. 27, 1. 3. ohyra dextra] chira dextrali.
5. laudem] laude ; as in MS. B. 12. everteret] averteret.
19. in] eodem, ins. MS. ; as in MS. B. 23. levia] levi.
26. hyspidvs] hispidis.
p. 28; 1. 4. congressua] congreasum.
11. eidem] idem ; as in MS. A.
COLLATION. 469
Pages of his Volame.
p. 28, 1. 15. hiepta] in inepta.
p. 29, 1. 9. Sumersetenamm] Sumerssetensium.
15. Eadrcedica] Eadredus.
17. 9itblimitate] regia, ins. MS.
p. 30,^1. 6. sei^nonivm] responsa.
25. deberet] et, ins. MS.
p. 31, 1. 1. recicasando] recusando.
10. sorpto siuxo] sorto suco. 8, 26^ Eadrcedus] Eadredus.
34. covimeTtdave'runi] commendaiTuit. p. 32, 1. 16. palpamentwm] pulpamentum ; as in MS. A.
*
24. reciisacive] recusare.
30. jussa] praecepta.
p. 33, 1. 4. diocericnt] ei, ins. MS.
8. manu sua] extendit mannm suam.
11. ^tfielgywJ} iE)?elgifu.
20. venenifero] venifero.
22. inwii(XiihiLibm\ inimicalibus.
27. v/rgente\ urguente.
28. ipsa] ire ; as in MS. B.
29. fvjrevJti8\ furientis.
31. imbuendos] inbuendo.
p. 34, 1. 4. occidental i] occidentalis ; as in MS. A.
13. compatientice ] compatientis ; so also in
MS. A. 17. vdificata\ veUficatu ; unquestionably the true
reading. 19. popiUatrice] pepulatrice ; as in MS. A. 22. dictu] diet®, p. 35, 1. 1. iTvgemisceiido] ingemescendo.
4. coffUaret] cogitarat ; as in MS. A. 13. vermnptavien] veruntamen.
21. eocplete'] implete.
p. 36, 1. 1. adsciscevs] adscissens. 3. imperiali] imperali.
12. aecv/m] semper, ins. MS;
1
470 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Pages of this Volume.
p. 36, 1. 27. Brandanfoi'd] Bradanford, as the BoUandiats
read the Arras MS., and as I myself read it : in the text, however, I have followed Mabillon's reading, which is that of MS. B. 31. vwribua] moribusque. p. 37, 1. 2. qiLoqice] quosque.
5. 'Nv/niinis] Nominis. 8. Cynewaldus] Cyneuualdus. ' 13. triticeuim] triticium : MS. A. reads triticum. 15. nnetam\ cum fructu, ins. MS.
22. poTvtem'] pontum, with both the other MSS.
30. Adaniica] Adimitica.
p. 38, 1. 9. Byrhtelvium] Byrhthelmum.
13. con^ectionis] correptionis.
31. gradieris] gredieris.
p. 39, 1. 4. administrationia] miilistrationis. 11. Dominus] Deus; as in MS. B.
23. prcestolantes] prsestulantes. ille] ipse.
32. procacis] procaci ; so in MS. A.
p. 40, 1. 7. chariamate affedus] carismate effectus.
14. ditare] indoctos erudire, pravos corrigere. od] veritatis, ins. MS., as also MS. B,
29. sopUalem] sopitantem. p. 41, 1. 9. eidem] eodem ; as in MS. A.
14. glorijicutur] glorificat.
25. Alleluia] om. MS. p. 42, 1. 4. rnodulatioTiem] om. MS., as also MS. A.
10. mihi] om. MS., as also MS. B. coaptare] cooptare.
20. hcBc] nnde haec ; as in MS. B.
21. Cantica] Cantico.
24. recti] recte.
25. rex] om. MS.
p. 43, 1. 7. canticwm] cantica.
8. quandoque] quondami
t
/
COLLATION. 471
Pages oi this Yolmae.
p. 43, 1. 15. regnavit] regnabit.
19. decantans] decantabat. p. 44, 1. 9. divinis] divis.
20. ^fstani] Myehiam: a most valuable cor-
rection. 28. oculos . . pi'oba] proprios oculos, et probe, p. 45, 1. 2. et max ex invmicabUi] sed mox ex inimicali :
inimicabili is the reading of MS. B. only.
21. insenaibilia] insensabilia. p. 46, 1. 6. SaxoniQa] sub Saxonica.
8. nuptialis] nuntialis.
21. inbutU/tie] imbuitione. p. 47, 1. 8. captare] captitare.
17. hesterTia] externa.
31. beatvs vir] beati.
32. meriti] pater.
p. 48, 1. 1. /(yi'titer*] fortunissime.
apparare] prsepai-are.
7. facimculi] farunculi : no doubt the true
reading.
8. honorem] hono're. 19. cedicwUmi] sedicula.
24. aonaintainim] sonoritatum.
32. circuitionie] circumitionis ; so also MS. A. p. 49, 1. 27. orphanid] orfanis.
28. amminiculd] adminiculo.
29. paratumi] partitum : no doubt the true read-
ing. 31. vel cU'iv,] cis vel citra. p. 50, 1. 13. intentid] invictum, ins. MS.
14. Qw>tie8que] Quotiensque.
15. dignce] digne. laude] laute.
22. cdta] alto.
23. faetigia] fastigio ; as in the other MSS;
25. Jinem] fieri, ins. MS.
472 VITA SANCTI DUNSTANI.
Pages of this Volume.
p. 50, 1. 28. svdaraf] sudabat.
32. aliqua] qua.
p. 51, 1. 13. facultatem] facultate.
14. quorunfuywTiqxie] credentium, ins. MS.
18. lectionis] lectum.^
^ The Life ends without a colophon, at p. 91 of the MS. It is followed, pp. 92-94, by a charter of the restoration of the monastery of S. Peter at Squirs in Aquitaine, which beginft thus, " Anno Donynicse Incarnationis " DCCOCLxxvii., indicione v. In nomine Sanctse et Individoas Trinitatis, *' ego Gumboldus episcopus et frater meus Guillelmus Sanccto dux Was- " conum, etc." It is followed by the names of the witnesses.
Pp. 94, 95. A letter on the foundation of the same monastery by Charles the Great, and on its destruction by the Noimans.
"• J'
"T^^^""'"'^*'
GLOSSARY.
GLOSSARY.
A.
^DiTUUS, 3, 386. A bishop ; used at p. 256 in its ordinary sense as a keeper or servant of the Church.
APO&isMUSy 367 (ofopAr/Mf)* A brief statement.
APiCELLUs^ 5. A letter.
Apoeia, 368 (Ampia)* Helpless poverty.
AbGHISTEUM, 367 (atrKyiTiiplov). A
monastery. ABBOiDiA, 367. An unknown wordy
possibly the name of a musical
instrument ; orsharmoniay or
=argutia (?) AXIS, 308. Used for assis, a plank.
B.
Basilitius, 386. Royal.
BoiA, 154. A chain or collar ; used
by Plautus. BRATTHEA, 366 (jSpax^^O* Short
labours.
C.
CAMBUTTAy 69, 446. A staff. CARDTANy 387 (jvafd/a). The heart.
CASULA, 17. A cottage ; 204, 258, a chasuble.
CAtTMA, 367 {KavfjLo). Buming.
CHiRAy 27 {x^tp)' The hand.
CIRICEUM, 399 {Ki^pvKttov). A herald's wand ; a pastoral staff.
CLEPTOR, 29 (icXcrr^f). A robber.
CONJOA, 377. Property (?).
GONTiARE, 368. To accompany.
COPIARE, 360 (xcxuiu). To labour.
CORCDLUM, 4. The heart.
cosMUS, 6f 363 (K^fffMi). The world, this life.
COSMICALIS, 52. Belonging to this life.
ORisiDiNEtJSy 4 {xp^^<9 hi^u). Daz- zling as with gold.
CRUSMA, 367 {KpovcfAo), A musical note.
CURAGULUS, 372. A defender.
D.
DAGUA, 386, 390 (a<^/ita). A bite. DECiBiLis, 32, 44. Decens, becom->
ing ; or = Dicibilis, worthy of
record. Deificus, 10. Making one like God. Deiyidus, 104. Enabling one to
see God. depicatus, 12 (pix). Cleansed as
from pitch.
476
GLOSSARY.
DEPRBTA, 367 (=depraedata ?). DESTiNA, 83. A cell.
DiARCHA, 103 (8t;a/jxij;like rtrpapx^':)'
The ruler of half a kingdom. DOGMATizATOR, 25. A tcacher or judge of doctrine.
E.
ECLIPTICOS, 384 {^kKuictikSi;) Eclip-
tically. ENPmius, 366 (ifA^iSptoq). Fieiy.
EPI8C0PIUM, 57 (ivia-Koiruw). A
bishopHc.
EsuRtEs (gen. esurietifi), 387. Hun- ger.
FAV0REU8, 5. Favourable.
G.
GLETA, 370,=gleba, a clod, or greva, gravel.
H. HEARPA, 21. A harp.
i.
iDRiOLA^ 302,=hydriola, a water- pot.
INCAUSTUM, 4 (eyKayarov). Ink,
LECTOREUS, 386. Connected with reading.
LEPiBOy ^en. LEPiDiNis, 386. Neat- ness.
M.
Martyrium, 141. The martyidom at Canterbury, probably the place where the relics of S. Elfege were deposited, as at a later period the name was given to the place where S. Thomas's shrine was kept.
MAURus, 196 (fAaupo^), A black man, a devil.
MEDO, 18, 176. Mead, hydromel. MORULA, 104. A short delay. MUNDiBURDiUAf, 375. Protection of a patron or surety.
N. NEGiTARE, 96. To go on denying.
O.
oCGULsus, 390. Disabled or killed, apparently formed like perculsus from a verb occello,
ONOMA, 383. A name.
ORARiUM, 170. A stole.
OROMA, 366 (of>ajxa). Vision.
P.
PALATiNus, 11, 21. A comtier.
PARTHENALis, 388. Belonging to virginity.
PERiBULUM, 8, 366. A wall.
PBRiERGiA, 367. Laborious cajpe.
piNKicuLA, 4. A pen.
PiTACiOLUM, 409. A writing tab- let ; a letter.
PLANETA, 247. A chasuble.
GLOSSARY.
477
TNEUMA, 366 (iryfvfAo), Spirit. POMPARE, 21. To adorn. PR^BENDARiTJS, 223. A pensioner. PROFESSio,3(=rKOFECTio). A start- ing.
R.
RABULATUs, 366. A voice. RECELLA, 262. 1 An article of furni- RECOLA, 374. J ture.
S.
SEDEO, 389. To please. SENIORATUS, 23. Pa<ronage,=niun- diburdium.
siBiEREy 363. See note. SPiNDULATUS, 416. Furnished with
the pins, spindulae, with which
the pall was fastened. STOMA, 387 {trrofjux). The mouth. STRMA, 367 (a-vpiMi). A strain of
music.
TiTULATio, 5, 388. Literary com- position. THYMiAMA, 68 (fivfAiufAa). Inceni^e. TROssoLus, 390. A wallet.
INDEX.
i
INDEX.
A.
AbbOi of Fleurj, his letter to Dunstan on the life of S. Edmund, 376 ; three poems of, 410 ; the first Life of Dun- stan sent to, 409.
Abingdon, Ethelwold made abbot of, 278, 303; he brings monks from, to Winchester, 212.
Abricula, near Rome, 392.
Adelard dedicates his Life of Dunstan to Elfege, 53.
Adelword, a monk of Glastonbury, said to have stolen Dunstan's bones, 353.
Adrian, a monk of Canterbury, contempo- rary with Osbem, 156.
Adrian, abbot of Augustine's, Canterbury, 316.
.^gelred, precentor of Canterbury, after- wards of Worcester, 168, 164.
iBgelric, bishop of Selsey, 164.
^gelward, possessed of a devil ; his cure, 144-151,234-238,351.
.Sgelwin, a monk of Canterbury, his pil- grimage to Jerusalem, 245, 246.
JEifgBTf afterwards bishop of Elmham, his vision of angels, 64, 120, 123» 218, 317-819.
JSl^ifii, the patroness of Dunstan at Glas- tonbury, 85, 175, 330; has a visit from Athelstan, 86, 1 76 ; miracle wrought for, 86, 176; her illness and death, 87,88, 177, 178, 830,331. See iBthelfleda. mother of Edwy and Edgar, 56, 289. ^Ifheah, Elfege, the Bald, bishop of Win- chester, entertains Dunstan, 13, 56, 172, 260, 828; has a miracnious
^Ubeah— CM/.
escape, 14, 15, 261 ; persuades Dunstan to become a monk, 18, 82, 26 1 , 328 ; ordained him priest, 56, 83, 173, 261, 329 ; his death, 56, 95, 185, 278, 289, 334; had been a monk at Glastonbury, 260; his prophecy about Dunstan and his companions, 261, 262. II., abbot of Bath, made bishop of Winchester, 61, 62, 116, 217,312, 344 ; archbishop of Canterbury, 62, 127, 313; Adelard dedicates his book to him, 53 ; his martyrdom, 127, 813, 852 ; translation of, 236 ; his bones with those of Danstan,2S6, 352.
^fleda, the Fair, wife of Edgar, 210; daughter of the ealdorman Ordmer, 210, 423.
Alfred, king of the West Saxons, founded Shaftesbury, 252; grand£Either of Amulf, count of Flanders, 285.
MiMCf archbishop of Canterbury, the first Life of Dunstan dedicated to, 8, 252. bishop of Crediton, 302. Bata, Dunstan after his death coun- teracts the designs of, 136, 227. the ealdottnan, letter of the pope to,
896. ^Ifidge, a pupil of Dunstan, warning of
his death, 47, 189, 306. bishop of Winchester, 87, 185 ; be- comes archbishop of Canterbury, 37, 107, 198, 294, 338 ; insults the memory of Odo, 294, 838 ; is firosen to death on the Alps, 88, 107, 198, 294, 888.
H a
482
nn)Ex.
iElfttani ^thelstan, ealdoiman, has a vision before king Edmund's death, 44,45,275,276,471.
^Ifvrold, made bishop of Crediton,30, 278. Leofstan, son of, 398.
^Ise in Italy, 393.
j£thelbxiht, a monk of Glastonbury, said to have stolen Dunstan's bones, 353.
^thelfleda, iBthelfi-eda, Dnnstan's pa- troness at Glastonbury, 17, 275 ; death of her priest, 16,264 ; miracle of the mead, 18, 266; was Athel- stan's niece, 18, 265 ; wonders at her death, 19, 20, 267, 268. See also JElfgifu, iElfleda.
^thelgar, bishop of Crediton, dies, 29, 278. archbishop of Canterbury, letters to, 383, 384, 385 ; mentioned in a letter to Sigeric, 388, 389; he went to Rome, 388.
^thelgifu, iEl%ifli, her influence over Edwy^ 32, 33, 100, 190, 283 ; perse- cutes Dunstan and his friends, 33, 34, 101, 192, 284, 285; is punished at Gloucester, 102, 194.
iBthelnoth negotiates peace between Ethel- red and the Normans, 398.
iEthelred, king of the English, succeeds his brother Edward, 61, 115,215, 309, 343. Dunstan's prophecies concerning, 115,
117, 215, 309, 310, 821, 343. allows tiie promotion of Elfege, 61,
116, 216, 313. is bribed away from Rochester, 117,
310. his unfortunate marriage, 322. kis peace with Normandy, 397, 398.
JEthelsige, bishop of Sherborne, 398.
^thelstan, king of the West Saxons, 6, 71, 253, 325 ; favours Dunstan, 56, 79, 169, 258, 827 ; visits Glastonbury, 17, 18,86, 176, 265; dies, 21, 90, 180, 268, 331 ; an anchorite makes a pilgrimage by his advice, 382. ealdoiman of East Anglia. See JBlf- stan.
JBthelstan— €oitf.
a renegade priest, whose life was Ibr^ told by Elfege, 261. .^thelswitha, daughter of Alfred, mother
of Amulf, 285. ^thelwold, abbot of Abingdon, 308; educated at Glastonbury, Sll. made bishop of Winchester, 808. his treatment of the secular clerks,
211, 303. monasteries founded by him, 303. miraculous warning of his death* 115,
245, 311. letter of the pope concerning, 864, 865. death of, 61, 116, 216,812. his biography quoted, 279, 299. iBthelwynn, Alwinna, asks Dunstan for the pattern of a stole, 20, 80, 170, 258. Agatha, S., in Piedmont, 894. Aguilla in Italy, 893. Albert, the physician, afterwards cardinal,
148. Albion, 6, 440.
Aldhehn, his relics translated by Dunstan, 302 ; Dunstan's gifts to his monas- tery, iit, Aldhun, abbotof Glastonbuiy,251, 260,270. Aldington, illness of Lanfranc at, 151, 239. Alps, the, 38, 107, 198, 294, 338, 871. Alwoid, a renegade monk, eat^ by foxes,
313, 314. Amandus, S., founded Blandininm, 59, 285. Andrew, S., Dunstan's patron, 60, 102, 193, 338. appears to him, 30, 57,60, 61,96, 116,
185, 186,260,281,884. tooth of, placed by Dunstan in his
staff, 190, 248. his church at Rochester, 61, 108, 117r 200, 298, 810. Andrew, S., in Lombardy, 394. Andrew, Master, a witness of the openbg
of Dunstan's grave, 429. Ansbert, abbot of Fontanelle, and arch- bishop of Rouen, 285. Anselm, S., his devotion 'to Dunstan, 450. miracle that hi^pened to a clerk of his, 246.
IKDEX.
483
Antifern, 894. AoBta, 394. Apulia, 245. Aqnanigra, 893. Aquapendente, 892. Arbia, 393.
Arnolf, count of Flanders, entertains Dun- stanat 6hent,84, 59, 101, 193, 285. his monastic reformations, 59, 285,362. was grandson of Alfred, 285. letter of, to Dunstan, 359. letter to, 361, 362. ' Arras (Atherats), 395.
Falradus, abbot of, 388. Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury, Dun- stan's uncle and patron, 55 ; re- commends him to Athelstan, 56, 79, 169, 258, 327 ; had been a monk at Glastonbury, 258. Attdoenus, S. See Ouen, S. Augustine, S., of Canterbury, 6, 297. his church, 48, 119, 208, 316« 346. Wulfric, abbot of, 409. Scotland, abbot of, 143, 232, 233, 234, 851, 413. Augustine, S., of Hippo, argument from,
322, 323. AuBonia, 872.
B.
B., a Saxon priest, dedicates his Life of
Dunstan to Elfric, Sf letter to
Ethelgar, 385. Bacane, near Bome, 392. Bar, 395.
Barabas, story of the purate, 154, 155. Barret, John, attests the opening of Dun-
stan's grave, 429. Bath, visit of Dunstan to, 46, 94, 183, 306,
838. Elfege, abbot of, 61, 62, 116, 217,312,
329. Ceolwy, prsepositus of, 47, 306. Bayeux, Odo, bishop of. See Odo, Benedict, S., rule of, 25.
Beomhelm, a Scottish bishop, supports the
secular clerks, 113, 213. Bertin, S., monastery of, 384, 888. Besan^on, 394. Blaecuile, 395. Blandinium, monastery of S. Peter at, 58,
59, 101, 193, 285. Adelard of, 58. Wido of, 380. Bradanford, Brandanford, council at, 36,
291, 470. Breone, 395« Brihthelm, Byrhthelm, bishop of Dorset,
promoted to Canterbury and sent
back to his see, 38, 107, 198, 294,
295, 339. Brihtred, abbot of Glastonbury, 353. BruwsBi, 395. Burbulei, 394. Burgenove, 393. Burhc. See Peterborough. Bursius, a monk of Glastonbury, wid to
have translated Dunstan's bones,
353.
c.
Caen, Lanfrano, abbot of, 282. Calne, synod of, 113, 213, 808, 843. Campm^or, 398.
Canterbury, archbishops of. See Angus- tine, Athelm, Wulfhelm, Odo, JElf- sige, Brihthelm, Dunstan, Ethelgar, Sigeric, .£lfric, .Mfheah, Lanfranc, Anselm. secular clerks of; their sins, 142. monastic reforms at, 237, 238. cathedral of, burnt, 70, 142, 231, 232. monastery of S. Augustine at. See Augustine. Cen, life of an anchorite at, 382. Ceolwy, provost of Bath, 47, 306. Ceolwuli^ provost of Folkstone, 131, 224,
349. ChAlons, 395. Cheddar, 23, 24, 91, 181, 269.
484
INDEX.
Chichester, Egelricj bishop of, 164..
Christina, 8. in Italy, 394.
Clement, the Gennan, miraculous cure of, 135, 226, 349.
Clovis, founder of the Church of B. Gene- vieve, 867.
Colman, John, attests the opening of Dunstan's grave, 429.
Constantinople, emperor of 160, 245.
Corbnnei, 395.
Creditqn, Ethelgar, bishop of, 29, 278. Elfwold, bishop of, 30,4^78. Elfric, bishop of, 302.
Cuscei, 394.
Cuthbert, S., incomiptness of his body, 379.
Cynesiufi, Kinesige, bishop, Dunstan's kins- man, sent with him to bring Edwy to the coronation feast, 32, 191, 283.
Cynethritha, Dunstan's mother, 6, 71, 165,
253, 825. miracle at her visit to Glastonbury,
54, 72, 165, 254, 325.
Cynewald, bishop of Worcester, dies, 37,
292.
D.
Danes, the, 862 ; invasions of, 67, 127,
222, 321 ; at Paris, 367. Denys, S., church of, in Hampshire; S.
Edith goes to the consecration of,
311. Domaniant, 395. Domnino, S., 393. Dorobemia, Canterbury, 38, 63, 103, &c.
explanation of the word, 107. Dorset, Brihthelm, bishop of, 38, 107, 198,
294, 831. Dover, John Thornton, prior of, 429. Dublin, subject to Edgar, 423. Duin, 395. Dunstan, S., his parentage and birth, 6,
54, 71, 165, 253, 825. his education, 10, 11, 74, 77, 78, 256,
326. his sleep-walk, 7, 8, 55, 75, 167, 256,
826.
Donstan, S.-^cont,
he is at Athelstan's court, 10, 77, 168,
258, 827. his expulsion from Athelstan's court,
12,81,171,172,259,328. becomes a monk, 14, 82, 83, 172, 178,
260, 829. his cell at Glastonbury, 83, 173, 262,
829. expelled from Edmund's court, 23, 90,
180,269,832. becomes abbot of Glastonbury, 25, 56,
92, 182, 270, 332. drags Edwy to the coronation feast,
32, 33, 100, 190, 283, 386. flies to Flanders, and is entertained at
Ghent, 34, 59, 101, 192, 193, 285,
536. returns and is made bishop of Worces- ter, 36, 37, 60, 103, 104, 195, 292,
837. consecrated, 60, 103, 104, 195,292,337. made bishop of London, 87, 61, 105,
196,293,838. and archbishop of Canterbury, 38, 61,
107, 198,295,339. crowns Edgar, Edward andEthelred,
61, 115,215,309,843. drew up the promissio regis, 855. prophesies about Ethelred, 115, 117,
215,309,310,321,843. foresees the death of. his friends, 47,
115,245,306,811. prepares for death, 50, 51, 64, 6.5, 66
120, 121, 217, 218, 317, 318, 847,
348. dies, 52, 66, 126, 221, 321, 348. miracles after death,129-l 61, 223-249. mentioned in letters, 865, 379, 883,
889. letters to, 859, 370, 372, 873, 374,
376, 878. 380, 410-412. his buildings at Glastonbury, 7,25,
92, 182, 271, 332. his refusal to obey a papal mandate
67, 106, 200. pretended translation of his bones, 352, 353,412-422, 426-439.
IKDEX.
485
E.
Eadgar, birth of, 56, 93, 188, 289, 883. chosen king by the north people, 36,
108, 194,291,886. 'makes Dunstan a bishop, 87, 60, 103,
195, 293. crowned by Dnnstan, 61, 112, 214. his sin and penance, 111, 168,209-
211. his good government, 103, 195, 304,
305. account of his wives, 422-424. his monastic reforms, 112,211,300,
301. his hunting on Sunday, 207, 345. his death and burial, 114, 214, 306. letters to, 363, 364, 366. Eadgifii, Eadgitha, wife of Edward the
Elder, tries to persuade Dunstan to
be a bishop, 30, 57, 96, 185, 279,
884 ; ill-treated by Edwy, 36, 99,
188, 290. Eadgitha, daughter of Edgar, her sanctity,
310,341. seen by Dunstan at the consecration
ofS. DenySjSll. her body incomipt after death, 311. Eadmer, his life of Dunstan, 162.
his letter to the monks of Glaston- bury, 412. his yerses on Dunstan, 424. letter of Nicholas to, 422. Eadmund, king of the East Angles, his life
related by Dunstan and written by
Abbo, 378-880. king of the English, favours Dunstan,
21, 56, 90, 180, 268, 831. banishes him from court, 28, 90, 180,
269, 332. makes him abbot ef Glastonbury, 25,
56,92,182,270,332. dies, 29, 56, 84, 194. circumstances of his death, 45, 46, 94,
184, 275, 276, 333, 834.
Eadmimd-— eon^
buried at Glastonbury, 58, 94, 184,
277. his victories, 271. Eadred, succeeds Edmund, 29, 56, 94, 184,
277, 388. his love for Dunstan, 29, 56, 94, 184,
277, 334. tries to persiiade him to be a bishop,
30,57,96, 185,279,334. illness and death, 31, 58, 98, 187,
281,335. buried at Winchester, 31, 58, 99, 187,
282. his benefactions to Winchester, 279. Eadwardll., son of Edgar, succeeds, 61,
114, 214, 307; question about his
mother, 422-424. is murdered, 115, 215, 309. translation of his body, 309. archdeacon of London, monk of Christ- church, prevented by Dunstan from
quitting the monastery, 155, 156,
241-245. Eadwig, Edwy, son of Edmund, succeeds
Edred, 32, 59, 99, 187, 283, 335. hib misgovemment, 32,85,^6, 99, 187,
283, 335. his misbehaviour at the coronation,
82, 100, 190, 283, 336. persecutes Dunstan, 83, 34, 59, 101,
192, 284, 336. persecutes his grandmother, 36, 98,
99, 188, 290. is renounced by the north people, 35,
86, 102, 194, 291, 836. dies, 36, 108, 196, 291, 337. Dunstan rescues his soul from the
devils, 104, .105, 196, 286, 287,
337. Elfthritha, wife of Edgar, 308, 423.
joins in the murder of Edward, 115,
215, 309, 343. Elfwerd, abbot of Glastonbury, his letter to
Sigeric, 400. Ehnham, JSlfj^ar, bishop of, 64, 120, 121,
217, 218, 817. ' see of, remored to Norwich, 317*
486
INDEX.
Elward, miraculous cure of, 135, 226. Elj, monastery restored by Ethelvold at,
303. Essex, London the bishop's see of, 37. Everi,Tvrea, 394. Exeter, see of Crediton removed to, 802.
F.
Falrad, abbot of S. Vedast, his letter to Ethelgar, 383.
Flanders, Dunstan's exile in, 34, 59, 101, 193, 285, 336 ; he provides for the monasteries of, 315. Amulf, count of. See Amulf.
Flaviane, S., near Borne, 392.
Fleiuy, Abbo of. See Abbo. monastery of, 377.
Floricum, in Italy, 393.
Folkstone, Ceolwulf provost of, his mira- culous cure and death, 131, 224, 349.
Fontanelle, Wlmar abbot of, 285.
Forcri, in Italy, ^93.
Fresia, 373.
Funtain«, in France, 395.
Furcasi, near Bome, 392.
G.
Gaul, 34, 102, 336. Geminiano, S., in Italy, 393. Genovefa, S., history of her church, 367.
appeal of her society to Edgar,366>368. George, S., Dunstan falls asleep before the
altar of, 27, 274. Ghent, stay of Dunstan at, 34, 59, 101, 193,
285. See Blandinium. Glastonbury, Dunstan's birth-place, 7, 54, 71, 165, 253, 325. Irish scholars at, 10, 74, 256, 326. Ethelfleda lives at, 16, 17, 85, 175,
265, 330. antiquity of, 7, 10, 251, 260. William of Malmesbuiy writes to the ^onks of, 250^
Glastonbury— -eon^.
abbots of;
Ealdhun, 251, 960, 270.
Elfric, 270.
Dunstan, 25, 56, 92, 182, 270, 832.
Elfwerd, 400.
Brihtred, 353.
Elfsin or Wulfsin, 419.
letters of archbishop Warham to the abbot of, 430, 436.
letter of the abbot to Warham, 432. - church of S. Maiy at. See Mary.
Dunstan's building at. See Dunstan.
Edmund buried at, 58, 94, 184, 277.
Edgar buried at, 307.
Edmund Ironside at, 352.
letter of the Fope to Elfric concerning, 896.
William of Malmesbury wrote on the antiquity of, 271, 288.
&te of Alwold's body at, 314. Gloucester, pimishment of Ethelgifu at,
102, 194. Godric, the dean of Christ Church, 135. Goldston, T., prior of Canterbury, 426, 427. Gregory, S., 6, 455, 456.
S., his church at Winchester, 15, 261. Grenant, In France, 395. Grimwald, a monk of S. Bertin, 389. Guisnes, in France, 395. Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 414.
H.
Harold, burial of his child at Canterbuiy, 141, 142, 230.
Henry, the prior of Christ Church, Canter- bury, 385.
Heorstan, Dunstan's father, 6, 7, 71, 165, 253, 325.
Hcrodias, 67.
Hugh, 398.
Humber, river, 102, 194, 291.
I.
Irish scholars at Glastonbury, 10, 11, 74, 256, 826.
INDEX.
487
J.
Jeremiah, comparison of Dunstan with, 73, 828.
John XII., pope, gives the pall to Dunstan, 296, 839. Xm., pope, letter of, to Edgar on the removal of the canons from the new minster at Winchester, 864 ; orders the substitution of monks, 211. XV., pope, letter to Elfric, touching Glastonbury, 896 ; visited by Sigeric, 392 ; letter of, on the peace between Richard and Ethelred, 397.
John S., the Evangelist, 14, 68.
S., the Baptist, his church at Glaston- bury, 48, 189 ; compared with Dun; Stan, 78, 828.
K.
Kent, Edwy driven into, 837 ; ravaged by
the Danes, 821, 352. Kingston, coronation place of the kings, 355. Kyrie eleyson, 63, 207, 315, 845. Kyrie rex splendens, 846, 357, 858, 444.
L.
L., letter of, to Dunstan, 876. Lambert, a servant of Anselm, 246. Lambeth, letters dated at, 482, 489. Lanfranc, abbot of Caen, becomes arch- bishop of Canterbury, 142, 232. begins to rebuild the Cathedral, 142,
282, 350. witnesses the madness of Egelward,
144-149, 284-287, 851, 352. is miraculously cured by Dunstan,
151, 152,240,241. cure of his clerk, 153, 241.
Lanfranc— cofi^
his law suit with Odo of Bayeux, 144,
238, 239. he orders the story of Barabas to be
recorded, 154, 155. translates the Canterbury saints, 414. Lantfnth, letter of, to the brethren at Win- chester, 369. Laon, Mundlothuin, 395. Lenham, miracle that befell a man of, 180. lico, the pope's legate to Normandy, 397. Leofiin, Liefsin, a messenger from Blan-
dinium to Dunstan, 880, 381. Leofstan, son of Alfwold, 398. Liege, the bishop of, a patron of learning,
386, 387. Lombardy, miraculous deliverance of Egel-
win in, 160, 245. London, Dunstan bishop of, 87, 60, 105, 196, 298, 838. Edward, archdeacon of, 155, 241. attacked by the Danes, 352. Lucca, 398. Luna, 893.
M.
Mahnesbury, William of, his Life of Dun- stan, 250-324 ; quoted, 341. abbey of, Dunstan's gifts to, 801, 302. abbot of, hears Dunstan tell the life of S. Edmund, 378. Martin, S., Dunstan's likeness to, 50.
festival of, 244. Martinwaeth, 895.
Mary S„ her church'at Glastonbury, 7, 10, 72, 83, 166, 173, 175. devotion of Dunstan's patroness to, 17, 18, 86, 175, 265. Maurice, S., in Savoy, 894. Mayfield, Dunstan orientates a church at,
204, 342. Metane, in Italy, 898. Moderannus, S., 393.
Mons Gaudii, near Bome, 57, 96, 185, 280. MundlothaiD, Laon, 895.
488
INDEX.
N.
Nero, Edwy compared to, 99.
Nicolas, of Worcester, his letter to Eadmer
on the mother of S. Edward, 422. Nos, Nod2, in Burgundy, 394. Norman, a clerk to Anselm, 246. Normans, intercourse of Ethelred with, 322.
liichard, duke of, 322, 368, 397, 398. Northumbrians, choose Edgar for king, 35,
36, 103, 194,291,336. Norwich, see of Elmham removed to, 817.
o.
Odbert, abbot of S. Bertiu, his letter to
Ethelgar, 384 ; to Sigeric, 388. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, at Edwy's coronation feast, 32, 101, 191, 283, 836. consecrates Dunstan, 60, 103, 195>
292, 337. was a patron of Abbo, 410. dies, 37, 107, 197, 198, 293, 338. insulted by .^Ifsige, 294, 338. he was uncle of S. Oswald, 303. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, earl of Kent, claims the property of Canterbury, 144, 238. is defeated, 144, 238. sentences a prisoner to wear chains, 153. Oisma, in France, 395. Ordgar, ealdorman of Wessex, 423. Ordmer, ealdorman of the East Angles,
father of Elfleda the Fair, 210. Oricns regnum, 23, 46. . Osbern writes a life of Dunstan, 69.
remarks by Eadmer on, 162, 163, 199,
419. by William of Malmesbury on, 250- 252, 260, 271, 288, 289, 322-324. Ote\^*ald, bishop of Worcester and arch- bishop of York, 303, 304. builds the cathedral of S. Mary at
Worcester, 197. his monastic reforms, 214, 303.
Ouen, S., his day observed at Canterbury, 187, 227. his church at Boaen, 863.
P.
Pamphica, Pavia, 394.
Pantaleon, S., 432.
Patrick, S., pilgrims go to Glastonbuiy in
honour of, 10, 11, 75, 257 ; his date,
251. Paul, S., appears to Dunstan, 80^ 57, 96,
97, 185, 186, 280. his church at London, 61, 105, 196,
293, Pers, John, witnesses the opening of Dun-
Stan's grave, 429. Peter, S^ appears to DuQstan, 30, 57, 96,
97, 185, 186, 280. chapel dedicated to, at Glastonbury, 7. church at Winchester, 865. church at Ghent, 101. See BUn-
dinium. Peterborough, Burhc, 803. Petirin-Pail, 893. Petrescastd, 894. Philip, 873. Placentia, 893, Potkin, William, witnesses the opening of
Dcmstan's grave, 429. Publei, 894.
Punterlin, Pontarlier, 894. Puntremel, Pontremoli, 898.
Q.
Quiric, S., 892.
R.
Ramsey, monastery at, 303.
Rcms, Rheims, 395.
Richard, duke of the Normans, 822, 363,
397, 398. RichariuB, messenger from S. Bertio, 385.
INDEX.
489
Rochester, chnrch of S. Andrew at, go-
▼emed by Dunstan, 61, 108, 200,
293. besieged by Ethelred, 117,310, 844.
bishop of, 115, 215, 311, 344, 378.
Gundolf, bishop of, 414. Rodulf, son of Hugh, 398. Rome, 30, 57.
^Ifsige goes to, 38, 107, 198, 294, 338.
Bonstan goes to, 38, 40, 108, 198, 295, 339.
Ethelgar goes to, 388.
Sigeric visits the churches of, 39 1 , 392 . Rouen, archbishops of, 285. *
church of S. Onen at, 363.
s.
Saprington, in Gloucestershire, miracle at,
144, 247. Saxons, 3, 46. Soolland, Scotland, abbot of S. Augustine's
143, 232, 283, 234, 351, 414. Scots, Bemhelm, bishop of, 113, 213. Sebricht, a monk of Glastonbury concerned in the translation of S, Bunstan, 353. Sedulius, the hymn of, 48, 49, 118,119,
208, 317, 346. Sefiii,394.
Sens, archbishop of, 285. Seocine (Sienna), 393. Shaftesbury founded by king Allied, 252 ; mentioned in connexion with Edgar's penance 111, 112, 252; Edward buried at, 309. Sithiu. See a Bertin. Sherborne, monks introduced at, 304. bishops of, . Aldhelm, 302. Ethelsige, 398. Wulfsige, 304, 406, 408. Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury, his journey from Rome, 891. letters to, 388, 399, 400. Somersetshire, 29, 275. Stour, the riyer, in Kent, 134. Suteria, Sutri, 392.
Swithnn, S. miracles of, 869.
church of, at Winchester, 348.
T.
Teranburh, Tetouanne, 395.
Thames, river, 86, 103, 194, 291, 336.
Thanet, isle of, 156.
Thomey, monastery of, restored by Ethel- wold, 303.
TremO, in Italy, 393.
Treves, Leo, bishop of, 397.
Tunstall, Cuthbert, witnessed the opening of Dunstan's grave, 429.
Turgis, father of Turstenc, 398.
Turstenc, a witness to the treaty of Rouen, 398.
u.
Urba, Orbe, 394. Ursiores, Orsieres, 394. Uzza, example o^ 53.
V.
Valentine, S., 392. Vcrcel, Vercelli, 394. Vivaec, Vevey, 394.
w.
Wandregisilus, S., 60, 285.
Wareham, burial of S. Edward at, 309.
Warham, Willhfm, archbishop of Canter- bury, 426-439.
Weks, Robert, witnesses the opening of Dunstan's grave, 429.
Wells, Thomas, witnesses the opening of Dunstan's grave, 429. Athelm, bishop of, 258.
Wesaex, 6, 71,291.
Westburjr, monastery of, 376.
Westminster, abbey of, 246. Wulfsige, abbot o^ 304.
I I
490
INDEX.
3c7/
Wido, of Blandinium, his letter to Dunstan,
880. Wilfrid, archbishop of York, translation of
his remains, 271. Wilfritha, the mother of S. Edith, 341. William of Malmesbury, 841. ^SieeMalmes-
bury. William tlie Conqueror, 143, 144, 238. Wilton, story of the nun of, 111, 209, 841.
S. Edith was abbess of, 310. Winchester, ^bishops of. See iEllfheah, iBthelwold, JElfsige. *
dedication of a chnrch at, 14, 261. church of S. Gregory at, 15, 261. monastic reforms at, 211, 803, 364. Edred buried at, 282. council at, 113, 212, '^3. mentioned in letters, 877, 388:
Wistan, father of Ethebioth 898. Wlmar, abbot of Fontanelle, 285. Worcester, Dunstan made bishop of, 37, 60, 103, 104, 195, 292. bishops of. See Cynewald, Oswald, dedication of the cathedral of. See Peter. Wulfhelm, ardibishop of Canterbury, 354 . Wulfred appears after death to Dunstan,
15, 16, 89, 179, 263. Wulfric, Dunstan's brother, dies, 28, 274.
abbot of S. Augustine's, 409. Wulfsige, abbot of Westmhxster, 804 ; made bishop of Sherbom, 304 ; letter to, 406 ; letter of, 408. Wnlfstan, bishop of London, letter ad« dressed to, 404. , bishop of Worcester, 164.
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Calendars of State Papebs, &c. . . • . 3
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Calendar of State Papebs, Domestic Series, op the Reign of Charles I., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by John Bruce, Esq., F.S.A., (Vols. I.-XII.) ; by John Bruce, Esq^ F.S.A., and Willloi Douglas Hamilton, Esq., F.SA,, (VoL XIII.) ; and by William Douglas Hamilton, Esq., F.S.A., (Vol. XIV.). 1858-1873.
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SeTeuTolmnesof this Calendar, of the period between 1660 and 1667, hare been
publiflhed.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Markham John Thorpk, Esq., of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. 1 858.
Vol. I., the Scottish Series, of the Reigns of Henry VIU.,
Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 1509-1589. Vol.n., the Scottish Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1589-1603 ; an Appendix to the Scottish Series, 1543-1592,- and tb^ State
Papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots daring her Detention in England, 1568-1587.
These two Yolumes of State Papers relate to Scotland, and embrace the period between 1509 and 1603. In the second yolome are notices of the State rapers relating to Mary Queen of Scots.
Calenoab of Statb Papers relating to Ibelaxd, of the Reigns of
Henrt Vlll., Edwabd VL, Mary, and Elizabeth, preserved in Her
Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Hans Claude Hamilton,
Esq., F.S.A. 1860-1 867,
Vol. I.— 1509-1573. I Vol. IL— 1574-1585.
The above have been published under the editorship of Mr. Hans Claude Hamilton ; another volume is in the press.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, of the Reign of
James I., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, and
elsewhere. Edited by the Rev. C. W. Russell, D.D., and John P.
Prenderqast, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. 1872-1874.
Vol. I.— 1603-1606. I Vol H.— 1606-1608.
This series is in continuation of the Irish State Papers commencing with the reign of Henry VIII. ; but, for the reign of James I., the Papers are not confined to those in the Public Record Office of England.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, preserved in Her Majest/s Public Record Office, and elsewhere. Edited by W. Noel Sainsburt, Esq. 1860-1870.
Vol. L— America and West Indies, 1674-1660.
VoL II. — ^East Indies, China, and Japan, 1513-1616.
Vol. III. — East Indies, China, and Japan, 1617-1621.
These Tolomes include an analysis of early Colonial Papers in the Public Record Office, the India Office, and the British Museum.
Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Beiqn of Henry VHE., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, the British Museum, &c. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's College, London. 1862--1872.
Vol. L— 1509-1514. VoL n. (in Two Parts)— 1515- 1518.
Vol. m. (in Two Parte)— 1519-
1523.
Vol. IV., Part 1.— 1524-1526,
Vol, IV., Part 2.— 1526-1528.
These volumes contain summaries of all State Papers and Correspondence relating to the reign of Henry VIII., in the Public Kecord Office, of those formerly in the State Paper Office, in the British Museum, the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge, and other Public libraries ; and of all letters that have appeared in print in the works of Burnet, Stiype, and others. Whatever authentic original nuiterial exists in England relative to the religious, political, parliamen- tary, or socifli history of the country during the reign of Henry VIII., whether despatches of ambassadors, or proceedinfp of the army, navy, treasury, or ordnance, or records of Parliament, apnomtments of officers, grants from the Crown, &c., will be found calendared in these volumes.
Calendar op State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign op Edward VL, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Becord Office. 1547- 1563. Edited by W. B. Turnbull, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, BaiTister* at-Law, and Correspondant du Comit6 Imperial des Travaux Historiques et des Soci^t^s Savantes de France, 1861.
Calendar op State Papers, Foreign Series, op the Reign op MARr, preserved in Her M^esty's Public Eecord Office. 1553-1558. Edited by W. B. Turnbull, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law and
Correspondant da Comii^ Imperial des Travaux Historiqnes et des
Soci6tls Savantes de France. 1861.
The two preceding Tolumes exhibit the negotiations of the English ambassadors with the courts of the Emperor Charles V. of Germany, of Henry II. of France, and of FMlip II. of Spain. The afihiis of several of the minor continental states also find varions incidental illnstrations of much interest.
A Taloable series of Papers descriptiye of the circumstances which attended the loss of Calais merits a special notice ; while the progress of the wars in the north of France, into whidi England was dragged by her union with Spain, is narrated at some length. The domestic affiiirs of England are of course passed over in these Tolumes, which treat only of its relations with forogn powers.
Calenoab of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Rsioif of Elizabeth, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, &c, Edited by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A., of University College^ Darham, (Vols. L-YII.), and Allan James Crosby, Esq., MJL., Barrister-at-Law, (Vols. VIIL and JX.) 1863-1874.
Vol. VI.— 1563. Vol. Vn.— 1564-1565. Vol VIIL— 1566-1568. VoL IX.— 1569-1571.
Vol. I.— 1558-1559. Vol. n.— 1559-1560. Vol. in.— 1560-1561. Vol. IV.— 1561-1562. Vol. v.— 1562.
These volumee conUun a Calendar of the Foreign Correspondence doriog the earlj portion of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, deposited in the Public Record Office, &c. They illustrate not only the external bat also the domestic affiurs of Foreign Countries daring that period.
Calendar of Treasurt Papers, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Joseph Redington, Esq. 1868-1871.
Vol. I.— 1557-1696. | Vol. H.— 1697-1702.
The abore Papers connected with the affiurs of the Treasuiy comprise petitions, reports, and other documents relating to services rendered to the State, grants of money and pensions, appointments to offices, remissions of fines and daties, &c. They illostrate civil and military events, finance, Uie administradon in Ireland and the Colonies, &c., and afford information nowhere dse recorded.
Calendar of the Carew Papers, preserved in the Lambeth Librarj. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's College, London ; and William Bullen, Esq. 1867-1873.
Vol. L— 1515-1574. VoL V ^Book of Howth ; Misoel-
VoL II 1 575-1 588. laneous.
VoL ni.— 1589-1600. VoL VI.— 1603-1624. VoL IV.— 1601-1603.
The Carew Papers relating to Ireland, deposited in the Lamheth Lihrary, are unique, and of great importance. The Calendar (now completed) cannot fiul to be welcome to lul students of Irish history.
Calendar ov Letters, Despatches, Aim State Papers, relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Simancas, and elsewhere. Edited by G. A. Berqenrotu. 1862-1868.
Vol. L— Hen. VIL— 1485-1509. VoL IL— Hen. VIII.- 1509-1525, Supplement to VoL L and VoL II.
Mr. Bergenroth was engaged in compiling a Calendar of the Papers relating to England preserved in the archives of Simancas in Spain, and the coirespond- ing portion removed from Simancas to Paris. Idr. Bergenroth also visited Madrid, and examined the Papers there, heanng on the reign of Henry VIIL The first volume contains the Spanish Papers of the reign of Henry VlX. i the
seeond Tolnme, tliose of the fint portion of the reign of Henry Vm. The Sapplement contains new information relating to the prirate life of Qaeen E^athanne of England ; and to the projected marriage of Henry VU. with Queen Jnaim, widow of King Philip of Castile, and mother of the Bmperor Charles V .
Calbndab ov Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Siniancas, and elsewhere. Edited hy Don Pascual de Gatanqos. 1873.
Vol in., Part 1.— Hen. Vin.— 1525-1526.
Upon the death of Mr. Bergenroth, Don Fascnal de Qayangos was appointed to continue the Calendar of the Spanish State Papers. He has pnrsned a similar plan to that of his predecessor, but has been able to add much yaluable matter from Brussels and Vienna, with which Mr. Bergenroth was unacquainted.
Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, relating ' to Enolish Affairs, preserved in the Archives of Venice, &c. Edited by Rawdon Brown, Esq. 1864-.187d.
Vol. L— 1202-1 509. VoL IV.— 1527-1583.
Vol. II 1509-1519. Vol. v.— 1534-1554.
Vol. ni— 1520-1526.
Kr. Bawdon Brown's researches have brought to light a number of valuable documents relating to yarious periods of BngUsh history ; his contributions to historical literature are of the most interesting and important character.
Stllabus, in English, of Rtuer's Fcedera. By Sir Thomas Dufpus
Hardy, D.CK, Deputy Keeper of the Public Records. Vol. I. — Will. L-
Edw. in.; 1066-1377. Vol. II.— Ric. IL-Chas. II.; 1377-1654.
1869-1873.
The "Fflsdera," or '*Rymer*s Fcsdera," is a collection of miscellaneous docu- ments iUustratiye of the History of Great Britain and Ireland, from the Normao Conquest to the reign of Charles IL Several editions of the *' Fcedera " havo been published, and the present Syllabus was undertaken to make the contents of this great National Work more generally known.
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Pctblio Records and the Rev. J. S. Brewer to the Master of the Rolls, upon the Carte and Carew Papers in the Bodleian and Lambeth Libraries. 1864. Price 2s. 6d.
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records to the Master OF THE Rolls, upon the Documents in the Archives and Public Libraries of Venice. 1 866. Price 2s. 6d.
In the Press.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, of the Reign of Elizabeth, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Hans Claude Hakilton, Esq., F.S.A. Vol. III. — 1586, &c.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, of tub Reign of James I., preserved in Her Majesi^s Public Record Office, and elsewhere. Edited by the Rev. C. W, Russell, D.D., and John P. Prsndergast, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Vol. Ill, — 1608, &c*
Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, op the Reiok OP Henry Vni., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, the British Museum, &c. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's College, London. Vol. IV., Part 3. — 1529, &c.
Syllabus, in English, of Rymer's Fcedera. By Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, D.C.L., Deputy Keeper of the Public Records. VoL IIL — Appendix and Index.
Calendar of Treasury Papers, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Joseph Redington, Esq. Vol. HI. — 1702-1707.
Calendar op State Papers and Manuscripts, relating to English Affairs, preserved in the Archives of Venice, &c. Edited by Ramtdok Brown, Esq. Vol. VI.— 1555, &c.
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by William Douglas Hamilton, Esq., F.S.A. Vol. XV.— 163^1640.
Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Simancas, and elsewhere. Edited by Don Pascual de Gayanqos. Vol. ni., Part 2.— Hen. VIH.
In Progress.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, preserved in Her Miyesty's Public Record Office, and elsewhere. Edited by W. Noel Sainsburt, Esq. Vol. IV. — East Indies, China, and Japan, 1622, &c. VoL V. — America and West Indies, 1661, &c.
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, during the Common- wealth, preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Mary Axm Eyerett Green.
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of George III., &c., preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by Joseph Redington, Esq. (1760-1800), and John Ringwood Atkins, Esq. (1801-1829).
Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, excerpted from the Records preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office ; to the end of the Reign of Henry VIL Edited by Henry Savage Sweetman, Esq., A.B., Trinity College, Dublin, £arrister^at-Law (Ireland).
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign op Eliza- beth, preserved m Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Edited by
Allan James Crosby^ Esq., M.A., £arrister-at-lAw. VoL X.
1572, &c.
THE CHRONICLES AND MEMORIALS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
[ROTAL 8yo., half-bound. JFHca 10^. each Volume or Fart.]
On 25 July 1822, the House of Commons presented an address to the Crown, stating that the editions of the works of our ancient historians were inconvenient and defective; that many of their writings still remained in manuscript, and, in some cases, in a single copy only. Thej added, ^' that an ^^ uniform and convenient edition of the whole, published under His Majesty's '* royal sanction, would be an undertaking honourable to His Majesty's reign, ** and conducive to the advancement of historical and constitutional know- « ledge ; that the House therefore humbly besought His Majesty, that He ** wbuld be graciously pleased to give such directions as His Majesty, in His <' wisdom, might think fit, for the publication of a complete edition of the '^ ancient historians of this realm, and assured His Majesty that whatever *^ expense might be necessary for this purpose would be made good."
llie Master of the Rolls, being very desirous that effect should be given to the resolution of the House of Commons, submitted to Her Migesty's Treasury in 1857 a plan for the publication of the ancient chronicles and memorials of the United Kingdom, and it was adopted accordingly. In selecting these works, it was considered right, in the first instance, to give preference to those of which the manuscripts were unique, or the materials of which would help to fill up blanks in English history for which no satisfactory and authentic information hitherto existed in any accessible form. One great object the Master of the Rolls had in view was to form a corpus historicum within reasonable limits, and which should be as complete as possible. In a subject of so vast a range, it was important that the historical student should be able to select such volumes as conformed with his own peculiar tastes and studies, and not be put to the expense of purchasing the whole collection ; an inconrenience inseparable from any other plan than that which has been in this instance adopted.
Of the Chronicles and Memorials, the following volumes have been pub* lished. They embrace the period from the earliest time of British history down to the end of the reign of Henry YII.
10
1. The Chronicle of Ekgland, bj John GAPaBAVB. Edited hy the
Rev. F. C. HiNGESTON, M.A.y of Exeter College, Oxford. 1858.
Capgrare was prior of Lynn, in Norfolk, and prorineial of the order of the Friars Hermits of England shortly before the year 1464. His Chronicle extends from the creation of the world to the year 1417. As a record of the language spoken in Norfolk (being written in English), it is of considerable value.
2. Chbokioon Mokasterii db Abingdon. YoLs. L and 11. Edited by
the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A., of University College, Durham, and Vicar of Leighton Buzzard. 1858.
This Chronicle traces the history of the great Benedictine monastery of Abingdon in Berkshire, from its foundation by King Ina of Wessez, to the reign of Richard L, shortly after which period tiie present narratlTe was drawn np by an inmate of the establishment The author had access to the tide^eeds of the house ; and incorporates into his history various charters of the Saxon kings, of great importance as illustrating not only the history of the locality but that of the kingdom. The work is printed for the first time.
3. Lives of Edward the Confessob. I. — La Esioire de Seint Aedward
le Bel. II. — ^Yita Beati Edvardi Begis et Confessoris. III. — ^Vita JEdaaardi Begis qui apud Westmonasterium requiescit. Edited by Henbt Bichabds Luard, M. A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1858.
The first is a poem in Norman French, containing 4,686 lines, addressed to Alianor, Queen of Henr^ ni., and probably written in the year 1245, on the occasion of the restoration of the church of Westminster. Nothing is known of the author. The second is an anonymous poem, containing 536 lines, written between the years 1440 and 1450, by command of Heniy YL, to whom it is dedicated. It does not throw any new light on the reign of Edward the Confessor, but is yaluable as a specimen of the Latin poetry of the time. The third, also by an anonymous author, was apparently written fbr Queen Edith, between the years 1066 and 1074, during the pressure of the sufifering broogfat on the Saxons by the Norman conquest It notices many &cts not found in other writers, and some which differ considerably from the usoal accounts.
4. MoNXTUEKTA Franoiscaka ; scillcet, I.«-Thomas de Ecdeston de Ad*
yentu Fratrum Minorum in Angliam. II.«-AdiB de Marisco Epistole. m. — ^Begistrum Fratrum Minorum Londoniad. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A.9 Professor of English Literature, King's College^ London. 1868.
This Tolume contains original materials for the history of the settlement of the order of Saint Francis in England, the letters of Adam de ICarisco^ and other papers connected with the foundation and diffusion of this great body. It has been the aim of the editor to collect whatever historical information could be found in this country, towards illustrating a period of the nationid history for which only scanty materials exist None of these haye been before printed.
6. FAsacuLi ZizANiORiTM Magistri Johannis Wtclip cum Tritico. Ascribed to Thomas Netter, of Walden, Frovincial of the Carmelite Order in England, and Confessor to King Henry the Fifth. Edited by the Bey. W. W. Shirlet^ M. A., Tutor and late Fellow of Wadhain College, Oxford. 1858.
This work derives its principal value from being the only contemporaneoua account of the rise of the Lollards. When written, the disputes of the school*
11
men had been extended to the field of theology and they appear both in the writingB of WjcUff and in those of his adversaries. Wycliff*s little bundles of tares are not less metaphysical than theological, and the conflict between Nominalists and Realists rages side by side with the conflict between the different interpreters of Scripture. The work gires a good idea of the controyersies at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 1 5th centuries.
6. The Buik of the Choniclis op Scotland ; or, A Metrical Version of
the Historj of Hector Boece ; hj William Stewart. Vols. I., 11., and ni. Edited by W. B. Tuenbull, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister- at-Law. 1858.
This is a metrical translation of a Latin Prose Chronicle, and was written in the first half of the 16ih oentory. The narratlTe begins with the earliest legends, and enda with the death of James I. of Scotland, and the " evil ending of the traitors that slew him." Strict accuracy of statement is not to be looked for in such a work as this ; but the stories of the colonization of Spain, Ireland, and Scotland are interesting if not true ; and the chronicle is valuable as a reflection of the manners, sentiments, and character of the age in which it was composed. The peculiarities of the Scottish dialect are well illustrated in this metrical version, and the student of language will find ample materials for comparison with the "Bnglish dialects of the same period, and with modem lowland Scotch.
7. JoHAKNis Capgrate Liber de Illustribus Henricis. Edited hy the
Rev. F. C. HiNGESTON, M.A.9 of Exeter College, Oxford. 1858.
This work is dedicated to Henry VI. of Sngland, who appears to have been, in the author's estimation, the greatest of all the Henries. It is divided into three distinct parts, each having its own separate dedication. The first part relates only to the history of the Empire, and extends from the election of Henry L, the Fowler, to the end of the reign of the Ehnperor Henry VI. The second part is devoted to English history, and extends from the accession of Qenry L in the year 1100, to the year 1446, which was the twenty-fourth year of the reign of King Henry VI. The third part contains the lives of illustrious men who have borne the name of Henry in various parts of the world.
Capgrave was bom in 1393, in the reign of Richard 11., and lived during the Wars of the Roses, for the history of whi<m period his work is of some value.
8. HisTORiA MoNASTERn S. AuGusTiNi Cantuarieksis, bj Thohas of
Elmham, formerly Monk and Treasurer of that Foundation. Edited by Charles Hardwick, M.A., Fellow of St. Catharine's Hall, and Christian Adyocate in the Uniyersitj of Cambridge, 1858.
This history extends ftom the arrival of St Augustine in Kent until 11 91. Prefixed is a chronology as far as 1418, which shows m outline what was to have been the character of the work when completed. The only copy known is in the possession of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. The author was connected with Norfolk, and most probably with Elmham, whence he derived his name.
9. EuLOGiUH (HiSTORiARUU SITE Temporis) : Chronicon ab Orbe condito
usque ad Annum Domini 1866 ; a Monacho quodam Malmesbiriensi exaratum. Vols. I., II., and III. Edited by F. S. Hatdon, Esq., B.A. 1858-1863.
This ia a Latin CSironide extending from the Creation to the latter part of the reign of Edward III., and written by a monk of the Abbey of Mafanesbnry, in wOtshire, about the year 1367. A continuation, carrying the history of England down to the year 1413, was added in the former half of the fifteenth oentnry by an author whose name is not .known. The original Chronicle is divided into five books, and contauus a history of the world generally, but more especially
12
of England to the year 1366. The eontmnation extends the hifltory down to the coronation of Henry Y. The Eulogiom itself is chiefly valnable as contain- ing a history, by a contemporary, of the period between 1356 and 1366. The notices of eyents appear to have been written yeiy soon after their occurence. iVmong other interesting matter, the Chronicle contains a diary of the Poitiers campaign, eridentiy fhmished by some person who accompanied the army of the Black Frhice. The continuation of the Chronicle is also the work of a contemn porary, and gives a very interesting accomit of the reigns of Richard II. and Henry lY. It is belieyed to be the earliest authority for the statement that the latter monarch died in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster.
10, MsMOBiAXS OF Henry the Seventh : Bernardi Andreas Tholosatis Yita Regis Henrici Septimi ; necnon alia qussdam ad eandem Begem spectantia. Edited by Ja3Ies Gairdner, Esq. 1858.
The contents of this yolume are — (1) a life of Henry YTL, by his poet laureate and historiographer, Bernard Andr^, of Toulouse, with some compoa- tions in yerse, of which he is supposed to haye been the autiior ; (2) the journals of Roger Machado during certain embassies on which he was sent by Henry YH. to Spain and Brittany, the first of which had reference to the marriage of the Kin^s son, Arthur, with Catharine of Arragon ; (3) two curious reports by enyoys sent to Spain in the year 1505 touching the succession to the Crown of Castile, and a project of marriage between Henry Yll. and the Qneen of Naples ; and (4) an account of Philip of Castile's reception in England in 1506. Other documents of Interest in connexion with the period are giyen in an appendix.
11, Mehoriaxs ok Henry the Fifth. I. — ^Vita Henrici Quinti, Roberto
Bedmanno auctore. II.— Yersus Rhythmici in laudem Regis Henrici Quinti. in. — Elmhami Liber Metricus de Henrico Y. Edited by Charles A. Cole^ Esq. 1868.
This yolume contains three treatises which more or less illustrate the history of the reign of Henry Y., yiz. : A Life by Robert Redman ; a Metrical Chronicle b^ Thomas Elmham, prior of Lenton, a contemporary author ; Yersus Rhythmici, written apparentiy by a monk of Westminster Abbey, who was also a contempo- rary of Henry Y. Tbese works are printed for the first time.
12, MUNIMENTA Gildhall^ Londoniensis ; Liber Albus, Liber Cus- tumaram, et Liber Horn, in archivis Gildhallse asservati. Yol. I., Liber Albus. Yol. 11. (in Two Parts), Liber Custamarum. Vol III., Translation of the Anglo-Norman Passages in Liber Albus, Glossaries^ Appendices, and Index. Edited by Henry Thouas Bilet, Esq., M. A., Barrister-at-Law. 1 859-1 862.
The manuscript of the Liber AJbus, compiled by John Carpenter, Common Clerk of ^e City of London in the year 1419, a large folio Yolnme, is pre- served in the Record Room of the City of London. It gives an account of the laws, regulations, and institutions of that City in the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and early part of the fifteenth centuries.
The Liber Custumarwn was compiled probably by various hands in the early part of the fourteenth century during the reign of Edward 11. The manuscript, a folio volume, is also preserved in the Record Room of the City of London, though some portion in its original state, borrowed from the City in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and never returned, forms part of the Cottonian MS. Claudius D. II. in the British Museum. It also gives an account of the lawa, regulations, and institutions of the City of London in the twelfth, thirteenth, and early part of the fourteenth centuries.
13, Chronica Johannis db Oxenedes. Edited by Sir Henrt Ellis,
K.H. 1859.
Although this Chronicle tells of the arrival of Hengist and Horsa in England in the year 449, yet it substantially begins with the reign of King Alfied, and
18
ocymes down to the year 1292, where it ends abraptlj-. The history is particii- lariy yalaable for notices of events in the eastern portions of the kingdom, which are not to be elsewhere obtained, and some carious facts are mentioned relative to the floods in that part of England, which are confirmed in the Fries- land Chronicle of Anthony Heinrich, pastor of the Island of Mohr.
14. A Collection op Political Poems and Songs relating to English
HiSTORT, PROM THE ACCESSION OP EdWARD III. TO THE ReIGN OP
Henrt Vm. Vols. I. and II. Edited hy Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A. 1859-1861.
These Poems are perhaps the most interesting of all the historical writings of the period, though they cannot be relied on for accuracy of statement They are various in character ; some are upon religions subjects, some may be called satires, and some give no more than a court scandal ; but as a whole they pre- sent a very fair picture of society, and of the relations of the different classes to one another. The period comprised is in itself interesting, and brings us, through the decline of the feudal system, to the beginning of our modem history. The songs in old English are of considerable value to the philologist.
15. The " Opus Tertium," " Opus Minus," &c., of Roger Bacon. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's College, London. 1859.
This is the celebrated treatise — never before printed->80 frequently referred to by the great philosopher in his works. It contains the fullest details we possess of the life and labours of Roger Bacon : also a fragment by the same author, supposed to be unique, the " Compendium Studii Th^ogia**
16. BARTHOLOMiEI DE COTTON, MONACHI NORWICENSIS, HiSTORIA An-
glicana ; 449-1298 : necnon ejusdem Liber de Archiepiscopis et Episcopis Angliae. Edited hy Henry Eichakds Luard, M.A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1859.
The author, a monk of Norwich, has here given ns a Chronicle of England from the arrival of the Saxons in 449 to the year 1298, in or about which year it appears that he died. The latter portion of this history (the whole of the reign of Edward I. more especially) is of great value, as the writer was con- temporary with the events vhich he records- An Appendix contains several illustrative documents connected with the previous narrative.
17. Brut t Ttwtsogion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales. Edited by the Rev. John Williams ab Ithel, M.A. 1860.
This work, also known as *• The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales," has been attributed to Caradoc of Llancarvan, who flourished about the middle of the twelfth century. It is written in the ancient Welsh language, begins with the abdication and death of Caedwala at Rome, in the year 6S1, and continues the history down to the subjugation of Wales by Edward I., about the year 1282.
18. A Collection op Royal and Historical Letters during the
Reign op Henry IV. 1399-1404. Edited by the Rev. F. C. Hin- GESTON, M.A., of Exeter College, Oxford. 1860.
This volume, like all the others in the series containing a miscellaneous selec- tion of letters, is valuable on account of the light it throws upon biographical history, and the familiar view it presents of characters, manners, and events. The period requires much elucidation ; to which it will materially contribute.
19. The Repressor op over much Blaming op the Clergy. By Reginald Pecock, sometime Bishop of Chichester. Vols. I. and II. EdiUd by Churchill Babington, B.D., Fellow of St. John's College,' Cambridge. 1860.
The " Repressor " may be considered the earliest piece of good theological dis- uisition of which our English prose literature can boast The author was bom
14
aboat the end of the foait^enth century, consecrated Bishop of St Asaph in the year 1444, and translated to the see of Chichester in 1450. While Bishop of St. Asaph, he zealonsly defended his brother prelates from the attacks of those who censured the bishops for their neglect of daty. He maintained that it was no part of a bishop's functions to appear in the pulpit, and that his time might be more profitably spent, and his dignity better mamtained, in the performance <^ works of a higher character. Amon^ those who thought differently were the Lollards, and against their general doetnnes the ** Repressor *' is directed. Pecock took up a position midway between that of the Roman Church and that of the modem Aiiglican Church ; but lus work is interesting chiefly because it gives a full account of the views of the Lollards and of the arguments by wUch they were supported, and because it assists us to ascertain the state of feeling whidi ulti- mately led to the Reformation. Apart from religious matters, the light thrown upon contemporaneous history is very small, but die ** Repressor " has great value for the philologist, as it tells us what were the characteristics of the language in use among the ciUtivated Englishmen of the fifteenth century. Pecock, though an opponent of the Lollards, showed a certmn spirit of toleration, for which he received, towards the end of his life, the usual mediasval rewaid-^>ersecation.
20. Annalks Gambrls. Edited by the Rev. John Williams ab Ithel^ M.A. I860.
These annals, which are in Latin, commence in the year 447, and come down to the year 1 288. The earlier portion appears to be taken from an Irish Chrtmiole, which was also used by Tigemach, and by the compiler of the Annals of Ulster. During its first century it contains scarcely anything relating to Britain, the earliest direct concurrence with English histoiy is relative to the mission of Angvstine. Its notices throughout thou^ brief, are valuable. The annals were probably written at St. Davids, by Blegewryd, Archdeacon of Llandafi, the most learned man in his day in all Cyniru.
21. Thb Works of Giraldus Cambrensis. Vols. L, II., III., and IV. Edited by J. S. Bbewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's College, London. Vols. V. and VI. Edited by the Rev. Jahes F. DiMOCK, M.A., Rector of Bamburgh, Yorkshire. 1861-1873.
These' volumes contain the historical works of Gerald du Bany, who lived in the reigns of Henry II., Richard I., and John, and attempted to re-establish the independence of Wales by restoring the see of St. Davids to its ancient primacy. His works are of a very miscellaneous nature, both in prose and verse, and are remarkable chiefly for the racy and original anecdotes which they contain relating to contemporaries. He is the only Welsh writer of any importance who has contributed so much to the mediaeval literature of this country, or assumed, in consequence of his nationality, so free and independent a tone. His fre(}uent travels in Italy, in France, in Ireland, and in Wales, gave him opportunities for observation which did not generally fsll to the lot of medisval writers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and of these observations Giraldua has made due use. Only extracts from these treatises have been printed before, and almost all of them are taken from unique manuscripts.
The Topographia Hibemica (in Vol. V.) is the result of Ginddus' two visits to Ireland. The first in the year 1 188, the second in 1 185-6, when he acoompanied Prince John into that country. Curious as this treatise is, Mr. Dfanock is of opinion that it ought not to be accepted as sober truthful history, for Giraldus himself states that truth was not his main object, and that he compiled the work for the purpose of sounding the praises of, Henry the Second. Elsewhere, how* ever, he declares that he had stated nothing in the Topographia of the truth of which he was not well assured, either by his own eyesight or by the testimony, with all diligence elicited, of the most trustworthy and authentic men in the oountry ; that though he did not put just the same fbU fiuth in their repoits as in what he had himself seen, yet, as they only related what they had themselves seen, he could not but believe such credible witnesses. A very interesting portion of this treatise is devoted to the animals of Ireland. It shows that he was a very accurate and acute observer, and his descriptions are given in a way that a scientific naturalist of the present day could hardly improve upon. The £zpng« natio Hibemica was written about the year 1 188 and may be regarded rather
15
as a great epic than a sober relation of acts occurring in his own days. No one can perose it irithoat coming to the conelnsion that it is rather a poetical fiction tlum a prosaic trothful history. Vol. VL contains the Itineraricun Eambriss et Descriptio EambrisB.
22. Letters and Papers illustrative op the Wars op the English IN France during the Reign op Henry the Sixth, King op Eng- land. Vol. I., and Vol. II. (in Two Parts). Edited by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A., of University College, Durham, and Vicar of Leighton Buzzard. 1861-1864.
The letters and papers contained in these yolomes are deriyed chiefly from originals or contemporary copies extant in the Biblioth^ue Impdriale, and the I>ep6t des Archiyes, in Paris. They illostrate the line of policy adopted by John Dnke of Bedford and his snccessors daring their goyemment of Normandy, and such other proyinces of France as had been acquired by Henry V. We may here trace, step by step, the gradual declension of the English power, until we are prepared to read of its final oyerthrow.
23. The Anglo-Saxon Chboniole, according to the several Original
Authorities. Vol. I., Original Texts. Vol. U., Translation. Edited
and translated by Benjamin Thorpe, Esq., Member of the Bojal
Acadeipy of Sciences at Munich, and of the Society of Netherlandish
Literature at Leyden. 1861.
This Chronicle, extending from the earliest history of Britain to the year 1 1 54, is jnstly the boast of England ; for no other nation can produce any history, written in its own yemacular, at all approaching it, either in antiqoiw, tmthful- ness, or extent, the historical books of the Bible alone excepted. There are at present six independent manuscripts of the Saxon Chronicle, ending in different years, and written in different parts of the comitry. In tUs edition, the text of each mannscript is printed in columns on the same page, so that the student may see at a glance the yarious changes which occur in orthography, whe^er arising from locality or age.
24. Letters and Papers illustrative of the Reigns of Richard IIL
AND Henrt YII. Vols. I. and II. Edited by Jakes Gairdner, Esq.
1861-1863.
The Papers are deriyed from MSS. in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and other repositories. The period to which they refer is nnusnally destitute of chronicles and other sources of historical information, so that the light obtained from these documents is of special importance. The )>rincipal contents of the yolumes are some diplomatic Papers of Richard in. ; correspon- dence between Henry VII. and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain ; documents relating to Edmund de la Pole, Karl of Suffolk ; and a portion of the corre- spondence of James IV. of Scotland.
25. Letters of Bishop Grosseteste, illustrative of the Social Condition
of his Time. Edited by Henrt Richards Luard, M.A., Fellow and
Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1861.
The Letters of Robert Grosseteste (131 in number) are here collected fromTarions sources, and a large portion of them is printed for the first time. They range in date from about 1210 to 1253, and relate to various matters connected not only with the political history of Bngland during the reign of Henry IIL, but with its ecclesiastical condition. They ref^v especially to the diocese of Lmcoln, of which Grosseteste was bishop.
26. DESCRiPTiyE Catalogue of Manuscripts relatinq to the History
OF Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. I. (in Two Farts) ; Anterior
to the Norman Invasion. Vol. 11.; 1066-1200. Vol. HI.; 1200-1327.
By Sir Thomas Duffus Hardt, D.C.L., Deputy Keeper of the Public
Records. 1862-1871.
The olject of this work is to publish notices of all known sources of British history, both printed and nnprinted, in one continued sequence, llie materials, when historical (as distinguished from biographical), are arranged undv the year in which the latest event is recorded in Uie chronicle or history, and not
16
under the period in whieli its author, real or supposed, flourished. Biographies are enamerated under the year in which the person commemorated died, and not mider the year in which the life was written. This arrangement has two advantages ; the materials for any given period may be seen at a glance ; and if the reader knows the time when an author wrote, and the number of yean that had elapsed between the date of the events and the time the writer flooiuhed, he will generally be enabled to form a fair estimate of the comparative value of the narrative itself. A brief analysis of each work has been added when deserving^ it, in which the ori^nal portions are distinguished from those which are mere compilations. When possible, the sources are iudicated from which such com- pilations have been derived. A biographical sketch of the author of each piece has been added, and a brief notice has also been given of such British authors as have written on historical subjects.
27. ROTAL AND OTHER HiSTOBICAL LETTERS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE ReIGN
OP Henry HI. Vol. L, 1216-1235. Vol. IL, 1236-1272. Selected
and edited by the Rev. W. W. Shibley, D.D., Regius Professor in
Ecclesiastical History, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1862-
1866.
The letters contained in these volumes are derived chiefly from the ancient correspondence formerly in the Tower of London^ and now in the Public Kecord Office. Thej illustrate the political historj of England during the growth of its liberties, and throw considerable light upon the personal history of Simon de Montfort The affidrs of France form the subject of many of them, especially in regard to the province of Gascony. The entire collection consists of nearly 700 documents, the greater portion of which is printed for the first time.
28. Chronica Monasterh S. Albani. — ^L TnoMiE Walsingham Historia Anglicana ; Vol. L, 1272-1381 : Vol. II., 1381-1422. a Willelmi Rishanger Chronica et Annales, 1259-1307. 8. Johannis db Trokelowe et Henrici be Blaneforde Chronica et Annales, 1259-1296 ; 1307-1324 ; 1392-1406. 4. Gesta Abbatum Monasterh S. Albani, a Thoma Walsingham, regnante Ricardo Secunik), EJtTSDEM ECCLESIJE Pr/ecentore, compilata ; Vol. I., 793-1290 : Vol. n., 1290-1349 : Vol. III., 1349-1411. 5. Johannis Amundeshait, Monachi Monaster!! S. Albani, ut videtur, Annales; Vols. I. and II. e. Registra quorundam Abbatum Monasterh S. Albani» qui siECULO xv™o FLORUERE ; Vol. I., Registrum Abbatle Johannis Whethamstede, Abbatis Monasterh Sancti Albani, iterum suscEPT-ffi ; Roberto Blakenet, Capellano, quondam adscriptum : Vol. IL, Registra Johannis Whetha>istbde, Willelmi Albon, et Willelmi Walingfordb, Abbatum Monasterh Sancti Albani, cum Appendice, continente quasdam Epistolas, a Johanne Whetham- stede CoNSCRiPTAS. Edited by Henry Thomas Rilet, Esq., M.A., Cambridge and Oxford ; and of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. 1863-1873.
In the first two yolmnes is a history of England, firom the death of Henry m. to the death of Henry V., written hy Thomas Walsingham, Preoentor of St. Alhans and prior of the cell of Wymimdham, belonging to that abbey. It is printed from MS. VII. in the Amndel Collection in the Goll^ of Arms, London, a manuscript of the fifteenth centnry, collated with MS. IS £. IX. in the King's Idbrary in die British Mnseam, and MS. VIL in the Parker Collection of Mannscripts at CoTpns Christ! CoUege, Cambridge.
In the third yolome is a Chronicle of English History, attributed to William Rishanger, monk of Saint Albans, who lived in the reign of Edward I., printed from the Cottoniaa Manuscript, Faustina B. IX (of the fourteenth century) in the British Museum, collated with MS. 14 C. VTI. (fols. 219- 231) in the King's Library, British Museum, and the Cottonian Manuscript, Claudius B. III., fbls. 806--3dl : Also aa account of transactions attending the award of the kingdom of Scotland to John Balliol by Edward I., 1291-1292, from MS. Cotton. Claudius D. YL, attributed to William Rishanger above mentioned, but on no sufficient ground: A short Chronicle of English History,
17
from 1898 to 1300, by an imknown hand, from MS. Cotton. Clandias D. VI. : A short Chronicle from 1297 to 1307, WiUelmi Kishanger Gesta Edwazdi Primi Regis Angliae, from MS. 14 C. I. in the Royal Library, and MS. Cotton. Claadius D. VI., wi^ an addition of Annales Regom Anglise, probably by the same hand: A fra^ent of a Chronicle of English History, 1299, 1300, fr^om MS. Cotton. Clandins D. VI. : A ftvAment of a Chronicle of English Histoiy 1295 to ISQO, ftt>m MS. Cotton. Qaudios D. VI. : and a fragment of a Chronicle of English History, 1285 to 1307, from MS. U C. I. in the Royal Library.
In the fourth volume is a Chronicle of English History, by an anonymous writer, 1259 to 1296, from MS. Cotton. Claadius D. VI. : Annals of Edward II. 1307 to 1323, by John de Trokelowe a monk of St. Albans, from MS. Cotton! Clandias D. VI. : A continuation of Trokelowe's Annals, 1323, 1324, by Henricas de Blaneforde, from MS. Cotton. Claudius D. VI. : A full Chronicle of English Historr, by an am>nymous writer of St Albans, 1392 to 1406, from MS. Vn. in the Libraiy of Corpus Christi CoU^e, Cambridge ; and an account of the benelkctors of St Albans, written in the early part of the fifteenth century, from MS. VL in the same Library.
The fifth, sixth, and seventh volumes contain a history of the Abbots of St Albans, and of the fortunes and vicissitudes of the house, fW>m 793 to 1411 mainly compiled by Thomas Walsingham, Precentor of the Abbey in the reign of Richard 11. ; ihmi MS. Cotton. Claadius E. IV., in the British Museum ; with a Continuation, from the closing pages of the Parker MS. No. VH., in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambndge.
The eighth and ninth volumes, in continuation of the Annals, contain a Chronicle, probably written by Jolm Amnndesham, a monk of St. Albans.
The tendi and eleventh volumes relate especially to the acts and proceedings of Abbots Whethamstede, Albon, and Wallingford, and may be considered as a memorial of the chief historical and domestic events occurring during those periods.
29. Chronicon Abbatls Eveshambnsis, Auctobibus DoMunco Priobb
EYBSHAiniB ET ThOMA DE MaRLEBERGE AbBATE, A FuNDATIONB AD
Annum 1213, una cum Continuatione ad Annum 1418. Edited by the Rev. W. D. Macrat, MA.» Bodleian Library, Oxford. 1863.
The Chronicle of Evesham illustrates the history of that important monastery from its foundation by Egwin, about 690, to the year 1418. Its chief feature is an autobiography, which makes us acquainted witii the inner daily life of a great abbey, such as but rarely has been recorded. Interspersed are many notices of general, personal, and local history which will be lead with much interest Tbis work exists in a single MS., and is for the first time printed.
30. RiGARDi DE Cirencestria Speculum Historialb de Gestis Requm
Anglus. Vol. I., 447-871. VoL 11., 872-1066. Edited hy John E. B. Mator, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 1863-1869.
The compiler, Aichard of Cirencester, was a monk of Westminster, 1355* 1400. In 1891 he obtained a licence to make a pilgrimage to Rome. His history, in four books, extends from 447 to 1066. He announces his intention of continuing it, but there is no evidence that he completed any more. This chronicle gives many charters in fJAvour of Westminster Abbey, and a veiy full account of the lives and miracles of the saints, especially of Edward the Con- fessor, whose reign occupies the fourth book. A treatise on the Coronation, by William of Sudbury, a monk of Westminster, fills book iii. c a. It was on thu author that C. J.Bertram fathered his forgery, De Situ Brittania, in 1747.
31. Tear Books of the Reign op Edward the First. Years 20-21, 21-22, 30-31, and 32-33. Edited and translated by Alfred John HoRWOOD, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Banister-at-Law. 1863-1878.
The Yolnmcs known as the '* Year Books" contain reporto in Koiman-French of cases argned and decided in the Courts of Common Law. They may be con- ndered to a gieat extent as the '* lex non seripta " of England, and ha^e be^ held in the highest yeneration by the ancient sages of the law, and were leoeiTed by them as the leporitones of tJie first lecorded Jodgmaits and dicta of the great
' a274U I, L
18
legal luminaries of past ages. They are also worthy of the attention of the general reader on account of the historical information and the notices of poblie and priyate persons which they contain, as well as the light which they dirow on ancient manners and customs.
82. NiJBRATITBS OF THE EXPULSION OF THE ENGLISH FBOU NORMANDT,
1449-1450. — ^RobertuB Blondelli de Reductione Normanniffi : Le Re- couvrement de Normendie, par Berry, H^rault du Roy : Conferences between the Ambassadors of France and England. Edited^ from MSS, in the Imperial Library at PariSy by the Rey. Joseph Stevenson, M.A., of University College, Durham. 1863.
This Yolome contains the narrative of an eje-vitness who details with con- siderable power and minnteness the circnmstances which attended Ae final ez- pulflion of the English firom Normandy in the year 1450. The history commenoes with the infringement of the trace by the capture of Foog^res, and ends with the battle of Formigny and the embarkation of the Duke of Somerset. The whole period embraced is less tban two years.
33. HiSTORiA ET Cabtulaeium Monasterh S. Petri Gloucestbije. Vols.
I., II., and IIL Edited by W. H. Hart, Esq., F.S.A., Membre corre- Bpondant de la Soci6t6 des Antiquaires de Normandie. 1863-1867.
This work consists of two parts, the History and the Oartolary of the Monast4^ of St. Peter, Gloucester. The history fhmishes an account of the monastery from its foundation, in the year 681, to the early part of the reign of Richard IL, together with a calendar of donations and bene&etions. It treats principally of the affiurs of the monastery, but occasionally matters of general history are introduced. Its authorship has generally been assigned to Walter Froucester, the twentieth abbot, but without any foundation.
34. ALBXAin>Ri Nbckah de Naturis Rerum libri duo ; with Neckam's Poem, De Laudibus DiyiNiB Sapientls. Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq., UJL. 1863.
Neckam was a man who devoted himself to science, such as it was in the twelAh century. In the '* De Naturis Rerum " are to be found what may be called the rudiments of many sciences mixed up with much error and ignorance. Neckam was not thought in&Ilible, even by his contemporaries, for Roger Bacon remarks of him, ** this Alexander in many things wrote what was true and useful ; « but he neither can nor ought by just title to be reckoned among authorities.'* Neckam, however, had sufficient independence of thought to differ from some of the schoolmen who in his tune considered themselves &e only judges of litera- ture. He had his own views in morals, and in giving us a glimpse of them, as well as of his other opinions, he throws much Ught upon the manners, customs, and general tone of thought prevalent in the twdSi century. The poem entitled ** De Laudibus Divins Sapientis " appears to be a metrical paraphrase or abridgment of the " De Naturis Rerum." It is written in the elegiac metre ; and though there are many lines which violate classical roles, it is, as a whole, above the ordinary standard of mediffival Latin.
36. LeechdomSj Wortcunhino, and Starcraft of Early Ekglakd; being a Collection of Doenments illustrating the Histoiy of Science in this Country before the Norman Conquest Vols. I., IL, and IIL Collected and edited by the Rev. T. Oswald Cockayne, M.A., of St John's College, Cambridge, 1864-1866.
This work illustrates not onhr the history of science, bat the histoiy of saper- stition. In addition to the information bearing directly npon the medical »mi and medical faith of the times, there are many passages which incidentally throw light upon the general mode of life and ordinary diet The Tolames are mteresting not only in their scientific, bnt also in their social aspect Ihe maonseripts fr^ which tJiey haye been printed are yalnable to the Anglo-Saxon scholar for th^ iUnstntions tlie^ afford of Anglo-Saxon orthogiapliy.
19
S6» Anitalbs Monastic!. Vol. I. : — Annales de Margan, 1066-1232 ; Annales de Theokesberia, 1066-1263 ; Annales de Burton, 1004-1263. Vol. II. : — ^Annales Monasterii de Wintonia, 519-1277 ; Annales Mo- nasterii de Waverleia, 1-1291. Vol. III. : — ^Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia, 1-1297 ; Annales Monasterii de Bermundeseia, 1042« 1432. Vol. IV. : — ^^nales Monasterii de Oseneia^ 1016-1347; Chroni- con Tulgo dictum Chronicon Thomas Wykes, 1066-1289 ; Annales Prioratus de Wigomiay 1-1377. Vol. V. : — Index and Glossary. Edited by Hbnbt Richards Luahd, M.A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, and Registrary of the University, Cambridge. 1864- 1869.
The present coUectioii of Monastic Annals embraces all the more important chronicles compiled in religions houses in England daring the thirteenth centnrj. These distinct works are ten in number. The extreme period which they embrace ranges from the year 1 to 1432, although they refer more especially to the reigns of John, Henry III., and Edward I. Some of these nam^ tives have already appeared in print, but others are printed for the first time.
37. Magna Vita S. Hugonis Episoopi Lincolniensis. From Manuscripts
in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and the Imperial Library, Paris. Edited by the Rev. James F. Dimock, M.A., Rector of Barnburgh, Yorkshire. 1864.
This work contains a number of very curiona and interestioff incidents, and, being the work of a contemporary, is yery yaJnable, not only as a truthful biography of a celebrated ecclesiastic, bat as the work of a man, who, from per* sonal knowledge, gives notices of passing eyents, as veil as of indiyidnals who were then takmg active part in public affiurs. The author, in all probability, was Adam Abbot of Evesham. He was domestic chaplain and private confessor of Bishop Hugh, and in these capacities was admitted to the closest intimacy. Bishop Hugh was Prior of Witham for 11 years before he became Bii^op of Lincoln. His consecration took place on the 21 st September 1186 ; he died on the 16th of November 1200 ; and was canonised in 1220.
38. Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard the First* Vol. I. : — ^Itinbrarium Fereorinorum et Gesta Regis Rioardi. Vol. n. : — ^Epistolje Caittuarienses ; the Letters of the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury; 1187 to 1199. Edited by William Stubbs, M.A.y Vicar of Navestock, Essex, and Lambeth Librarian. 1864-1865.
The anthorship of the Chronicle in Vol. I., hitherto ascribed to QeoHrej Vinesauf, is now more coirectlj ascribed to Richard, Canon of the Holy Trinity of London. The narratLye extends from 1187 to 1199; bnt its chief interest consists in the nunnte and anthentie narratiye which it fbmishes of the exploits of Kchaid I., from his departure from England in December 1189 to his death in 1199. The author states in his prologue that he was an eje-witneis of mueh that he records ; and yarious incidental circumstances which occur in the course of the narrative confirm this assertion.
The letters in Vol. U., written between 1187 and 1199, are of yalue as furnishing authentic materials for the history of the ecclesiastical condition of England during the reign of Bichard I. They had their origin in a dispute which arose from the attempts of Baldwin and Hubert, archbishops of Canterbory, to found a college of secular canons, a project wluch gaye great umbrage to the monks of Canterbury, who saw in it a design to supplant them in their fonction of metropolitan chapter. These letters are printed, for the first time, from a MS. belonging to the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth.
39. Bkcubil deb Cboniquss kt anohisnkbs IsTomxs DE LA Grant Bre-
TAIGNE A PRESENT NOMMB EnGLETKRRB, par JehAN DX WaURIN. VoL L,
L L 2
20
Albina to 688. Vol. IL, 1399-1422. EdUed by Williax Habbt, Esq., F.S-A. 1864-1868.
40. A Collection of the Chronicles and ancient Histobcbs of GvSkat Britain, now called England, by John de Wavrin. Albina to 688. (Translation of the preceding Vol. I.) Edited and translated by William Hardy, Esq., F.S.A. 1864.
This carious chronicle extends from the &buloas period of history down to the return of Edward IV. to England in the year 1471, after the second di^ontion of Henry YL The numuscript from which the text of the work is taken is pre- served in the Imperial Library at Paris, and is believed to be the only complete and nearly contemporary copy in existence. The work, as originally Ixmnd, was comprised in six volumes, since rebound iu morocco in 12 volumes^ folio maximo, vellum, and is illustrated with exquisite miniatures, vignettes, and initial letters. It was written towards the end of the fifteenth century, having been expressly executed for Louis de Bruges, S^gneur de la Gruthuysejmd Earl of Winchester, from whose cabinet it passed into the library of Louis XU. at Blots.
41. PoLTCHRONicoN Ranulphi HiGDEN, with Trevisa's Translation. Vols.!, and II. Edited by Churchill Babington, B.D., Senior Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Vols. III.^ and IV. Edited by the Rev. Joseph Rawson Luubt, M.A., late Fellow of Magdalene Collie, Cambri^e. 1865-1872.
This is one of the many mediseval chronicles which assume the character of a history of the world. It begins with the creation, and is brought down to tiie author's own time, the reign of Edward IIL Prefixed to the historical portion, is a chapter devoted to geography, in which is given a description of every Imown land. To say that the Polychronicon was written in the fourteenth century is to say that it is not free from inaccuracies. It has, however, a vidue apart from its intrinsic merits. It enables us to form a very fair estimate of the knowledge of history and geogn4>hy wluch well-informed readers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries possessed, for it was then the standard work on general history.
The two English translations, which are printed with the original Latin, afford interesting illustrations of the gradual change of our language, for one was made in the fburteenlh century, the other in the fifteenth. The differences between Trevisa's version and that of the unknown writer are often considerable.
42. Le Liters de Reis de Brittanie e Le Liyere de Reis de Engletere. Edited by John Glover, M.A., Vicar of Brading, Isle of Wight, formerly Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge. 1865.
These two treatises, though they cannot rank as independent narratives, are nevertheless valuable as careftil abstracts of previous historians, especially *< Le livere de Beis de Engletere." Some various readtnes are given which are interesting to the philologist as instances of semi-Saxonized Prendi.
It is supposed that Peter of Ickham must have been the author, but no certain condnsion on that point has been arrived at.
43. Chronica Monabterh de Mslba, ab Anno 1150 usque ad Annum
1406. Vols. L, n., and IIL Edited by Edward Augustus Bond, Esq., Assistant Keeper of the Manuscripts, and Egerton Librarian, British Museum. 1866-1868.
The Abbey of Meaux was a Cistercian house, and the woik of its abbot is both curious and valuable. It is a frdthfhl and often minute record of the establishment of a religions community, of its progress in forming an ample levenne, of its struggles to miuntain its acquintions, and of its rehttions to the governing institutions of the country. In addition to the private affiiirs of the monaston^ some light is thrown upon the public events of Uie time, which aie however kept distinct, and appear at the end of the history of each a]]^'s'administration. The text has been printed firom what is said to be the autograph of the original compiler, ThomM de Burton, the nineteenth abbot.
21
44. Mattoai Pabisiensis Hibtoria Anglorum, bive, ut toloo dicitcb, HiSTORiA Minor. Vols. L, II., and III. 1067-1253. EdUed by Sir Frederic Madden, K.H., Keeper of the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum. 1 866-1 869.
The exact date at which this work iras written is, according to the chronicler, 1250. The history is of considerable yalae as an illastration of the period during which the author lived, and contains a good sammary of the events which followed the Conqnest. This minor chronicle is, however, based on another work (also written by Matthew Paris) giving fuller details, which has been called the '*Historia Migor." The chronicle here published, nevertheless, gives some information not to be found in the greater history.
45. Liber Mokasterh de Htda : a Chronicle and Chartulaht of
Htde Abbey, Winchester, 455-1023. Edited^ from a Manuscript in the Library of the Earl of Macclesfield, by Edward Edwards, Esq. 1866.
The '^Book of Hyde " is a compilation from much earlier sources, which are usually indicated with considerable care and precision. In many cases, however, the Hyde chronicler appears to correct, to qualify, or to amplify — either from tradition or from sources of information not now discoverable — the statements, which, in substance, he adopts. He also mentions, and frequently quotes from writers whose works are either entirely lost or at present known only by fragments.
There is to be found, in the **Book of Hyde," much information relating to the reign of King Alfred which is not known to exist elsewhere. The volume contains some curious specimens of Anglo-Saxon and MedisBval English.
46. Chronicon Scotorcm : a Chronicle of Irish Affairs, from the Earliest Times to 1135 ; with a Supplement, containing the Events from 1141 to 1150. Edited, with a Translation^ by William Maunsell Hennessy, Esq., M.R.LA. 1866.
There is, in this volume, a legendary account of the peopling of Ireland and of the adventures which befell the various heroes who are said to have been con- nected with Irish history. The details are, however, very meagre both for this period and for the time when history becomes more authentic. The plan adopted in the chronicle gives the appearance of an accuracy to which the earlier portions of the work cannot have any claim. The succession of events is marked, year by year, from a.m. 1599 to a.d. 1150. The principal events narrated in the later portion of the work are, the invasions of foreigners, and the wars of Ae Irish among themselves. The text has been printed from a MS. preserved in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, written partly in Latin, partly in Irish.
47. The Chronicle op Pierre db Langtoft, in French Verse, prom
THE EARLIEST Feriod TO THE Death OP EixwAitD L Yols. L and II.
Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A. 1866-1868.
It is probable that I^erre de Langtoft was a canon of Bridlington, in Yorkshire, and that he lived in the reign of Edward I., and during a portion of the reign of Edward IT. This chronicle is divided into three partk; in the first is an abridgment of Geoffirey of Monmouth's '' Historia Britonum," in the second, a history of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman kings, down to the death of Henry lU. and in the third a history of the reign of Edward I. The principal object of the work was apparently to show the justice of Edward's Scottish wars. The language is sn^^arly corrupt, and a eorious specimen of the IVench of Yorkshire.
48. The War op the Gaedhil with the Gaill, or, The Invasions of Ireland by the Danes and other Norsemen. Edited^ wilh a Translation, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, and Regius Professcfr of Hebrew in the University. Dublin. 1867.
The work in its present form, in the editor's opinion, is a coniparatiTely modem Torsion of an undoubtedly ancient original. That it was compiled from contem- porary materials has been proved by curious incidental evidence. It is stated in
22
the aoconnt given of th<^ battle of Clontarf that the full tide in Dublin Bay on day of the batde (23 April 1014) coincdded with sunrise ; and that the xetaming tide in the eyeniug aided considerably in the defeat of the Danes. The hct has been verified by astronomical calculations, and the inference is that the author of the chronicle, if not himself an eye-witness, must have derived his infonoation from those who were eye-witnesses. The contents of the work are suffidentiy described in its title. The story is told after the manner of the ScandinaTian Saf^, with poems and fragments of poems introduced into the prose narradTe.
49. Gesta Regis Henrici Sectjio)! Benedicti Abbatis. The CHBONid-E OF THE Reiqks OF Henbt IL AND RiCHABD J., 1169-1192; known under the name of Benedict of Petebborough. Vols. I. and IX Edited hy Wiixiam Stubbs, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern His- tory, Oxford, and Lambeth Librarian. 1867.
This chronicle of the reigns of Henry II. and Hichard I., known commonly under the name of Benedict of Peterborough, is one of the best existing speo- mens of a class of historical compositions of the first Importance to the student.
50. MUNIMENTA ACADEMICA, OR, DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF ACADBMIGAX
Life and Studies at Oxford (in Two Farts). Edited by the Rer. Henry Anstey, M.A., Vicar of St. Wendron, CornwaD, and lateljr Vice-Principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford. 1868.
This work will supjdy materials for a History of Academical Life and Studies in the Uniyersity of Oxford during the 13th, Hth, and 15th centuries.
61. Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene. Vols. L, IL, HI,, and IV. Edited by Wjluam Stubbs, M.A., Regius Professor of Modem History, and Fellow of Oriel CoUege, Oxford. 1868-1871.
This work has long been justly celebrated, but not thoroughly understood until Mr. Stubbs' edition. The earlier portion, extending from 732 to 114S, appears to be a copy of a compilation made in Northumbria about 1161, to which Hoyeden added little. !From 114S to 1169 — a very valuable portion of this work — the matter is deiiyed from another source, to which Hoveden appears to have supplied little, and not always judiciously. "Eiom 1170 to 1198 is the portion which corresponds with the Chronicle known under the name of Benedict of Peterborough (see No. 49) ; but it is not a copy, being sometimes an abridgment, at others a paraphrase ; occasionally the two works entirely agree ; showing that both writers had access to the same materials, but dealt with them differently. From 1192 to 1201 may be said to be wholly Hoyeden's work t it is extremely yaluable, and an authority of the first importance.
52. WiLLELMi Malmesbiriensis Monachi de Gestis Pontificum Anolo- RUM IdBRi QuiKQUE. Edited^ from William of Mcdmesbury^s Auto- graph MS,y by N. E, S. A. Hamilton, Esq^ of the Department of Manuscripts, British Maseum. 1870.
William of Malmesbur^'s '* Gesta Fontiflcum ** is the principal foundation of English Ecclesiastical Biography, down to the year 1122. The manuscript which has been followed in this Edition is supposed by Mr. Hamilton to be ^e author's autograph, containing his latest additions and amendments.
53. Historic and Municipal Documents op lRELAin>, from the Archites OP THE City op Dublin, &c. 1172-1320, Edited by John T. Gilbert, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary of the Public Record Office of Ireland. 1870.
A collection of original documents, elacidating mainly the history and condition of the municipal, middle, and trading classes under or in relation with the rule of England in Ireland, — a subject hitherto in ahnost total obscurity. Extendmg over the first hundred and fifty years of the Anglo-Norman settlement, the series includes charten, municipal laws and regulations, rolls of names of citizens and members of merchant-guilds, lists of commodities with their rates, correspondence, illustrations of rdations between ecclesiastics and laity ; together with many documents exhibiting the state of Ireland during the presence there of the Soots under Robert and Edward Bruce,
23
54. Thb Annals of Loch Ci. A Chboniolb of Ibish AFFAiaSy fbok 1014 to 1590. Vols. I. and II. EdUed, with a TranskUian, by William Maunsell Hennbsst, Esq., M.R.I.A. 1871.
The original of this chronicle has passed under various names. The title of '' Annals of Loch C^ " was given to it bj Professor (yConyy on the ground that it was transcribed for Brian Mac Dermot, an Irish chieftain, who resided on an island in Loch C^, in the county of Koscommon. It adds much to the materials for the civil and ecclesiastical histoiy of Ireland ; and contains many curious references to English and foreign affiurs, not noticed in any other chronicle.
55. MONUMENTA JuRIDICA. The BlACK BOOK OF THE AdMIBALTT, WITH
Appendices. Vols. I. and 11. Edited by Sik Travers Twiss, Q.C.,
D.C.L. 1871-1873.
This book contains the ancient ordinances and laws relating to the navy and was probably compiled for the use of the Lord High Admiral of England. Selden ctdls it the ''jewel of the Admiralty Records.*' Prynne ascribes to the Black Book the same authority in the Admiralty as the Black and Bed Books have in the Court of Exchequer, and most English writers on maritime law recognize its importance.
56. Memorials of the Reign op Henry .VI. : — Official Correspondence
OF Thomas Bektnton, Secretary to Henry VL, and Bishop
OF Bath and Wells. Edited, from a MS* in the Archiepiscopal
Library at Lambeth, with an Appendix of Illustrative Documents^ by the
Kev. George Williams, B.D., Vicar of Ringwood, late Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge. Vols. I. and II. 1872. «
These curious yolumes, which are of a very miscellaneous character, were, in all probability, compiled under the immediate direction of Bekynton, and com- menced before he had attained to the dignity of the Episcopate. They contain many of the Bishop's own letters, and several written by him in the Bong's name. Besides these, there are letters sent to himself while he was the Royal Secretary, as well as others addressed to the King. This work will elucidate some obscure points in the history of the nation during the first half of the fifteenth century.
67. Matth^i Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora.
Vol. I. The Creation to A.D. 1066. Edited by Henry Richards
LuARD, M.A., Fellow of Trinity CoDege, Registrary of the University,
and Vicar of Great St. Maiy's, Cambridge. 1872.
This volume contains the first portion of the *< Chronica Majora '' of Matthew Paris, one of the most valuable and frequently consulted of all the ancient English Chronicles. It is now published for the first time. The editions by Archbishop Parker, and William. Wats, severally commence at the Norman Conquest.
58. Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventrla. — ^Thb Historical
Collections op Walter of Coventry. Vols. I. and 11. Edited^ from
the MS, in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by
William Stubbs, M.A., Regius Professor of Modem History, and FeUow
of Oriel College, Oxford. 1872-1873.
This work, now printed in fall for the first time, has long been a desiderahtm by Historical Schohirs. The first portion, however, is not of much importance, being only a compilation from earlier writers. The part relating to the first quarter of the thirteenth century is the most valuable and interesting.
59. The Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets and Epigrammatists of the Twelfth Century. Vols. I. and II. Now first collected and edited by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A.^ Corresponding Member of the National Institute of France (Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). 1872.
The Poems contained in these volumes have long been known and appreciated as the best satires of the age in which their authors nourishedy and were deservedly popular during the 13th and Uth centuries.
^
^
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60. MatebiaiiS fob a History of the Bbiok of Hbnbt VILy fbok
ORIGINAL Documents preserved in the Public Record Offics. Vol. I. Edited by the Rev. William Campbell, M. A., one of Her
Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. 1873.
This Tolome if Talaable as illastrating the acts and proceedings of Henry vxi. on ascending the throne, and shadows ont the policy he afternne^ds adopted.
61. Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers.
Edited by James Raine, M.A., Canon of York, and Secretary of the
Surtees Society. 1873.
The docnments in tins yolnme illastrate, for the most part, the general hiatoiy of the north of England, particularly in its relation to Scotland.
62. RsGiSTRUM Palatinum Dunelmense. The Register of Richard de "Kellawe, Lord Palatine and Biflhop of Durham ; 1311-1316. Vols. I. and IL Edited by Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, D.C.L., Deputy Keeper of the Public Records. 1873-1874.
Bishop Kellawe's Register contains the proceedings of his prelacy, both lay and ecclesiastical, and is the earliest Register of the Palatinate of Dariiam.
63. Memorials of St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Ediiedy from various MSS.^ by William Stubbs, M.A., Regius Professor of
Modern History, and FeQow of Oriel College, Oxford. 1874.
This Tolume contains several lives of Archbishop Dunstan, one of the most celebrated Primates of Canterbury. They open various points of Historical and Literary interest, without which our knowledge of the period would be more incomplete than it is at present.
In the Press.
A Collbction of Sagas and other Historical Documents relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Vols. L and H. Edited by George Webbb Dasbnt, Esq., D.C.L. Oxon.
Roll of the Privy Council of Ireland, 16 Richard II. Edited by the Rev. James Graves, A.B., Treasurer of St. Canice, Ireland.
The Works of Giraldus Cambrensis. Vol. VII. Edited by the Rev. James F. Dimock, M.A., Rector of Barnbnrgh, Yorkshire.
Chronicon Radulphi Abbatis Coggeshalensis Majus; and, Chronicon Terrje SANCTiE £T DE Captis A Saladino Hierosoltmis. Edited by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A., of University College, Durham.
Chronicle of Robert of Brunne. Edited by Frederick James Fur- NiVALL, Esq., M.A., of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Barrister-at-Law.
Matthjki Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora. Vol. n. Edited by Henrt Richards Luard, M.A, Fellow of Ti-inity College, Registrarj of the University, and Vicar of Great St. Mary's, Cambridge.
PoLTCHRONicoN Ranulphi Higden, with Trevisa's Translation. Vol V. Edited by the Rev. Joseph Rawson Lumbt, B.D., FeDow of St. Catharine's College^ Cambridge.
History of the Reigns op Edward the Third and Richard the Second ; from a Manuscript in the British Museum, by an Anonymous Writer. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson, Esq., of the British Museum.
25
loFi OF Thomas Bbgkbt ; from an Icelandic Saga, with an English Translation. Edited and translated by M. Enif kr Maqn^sson, ITnder-Librarian of die Public Library, Cambridge.
ChBONICA MoNASTERU S. AlBANI. — ^7. YpODIGMA NeUSTSIJB ; HiSTOBIA, A
Thoma Walsingham, Monaguo Monastbbu S. Albani, OONSORIPTA. Edited by Henry Thomas Riley, Esq., M.A., Cambridge and Oxford ; and of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law.
Corpus Historicum Eboracensb. Chronica Pontificuk Ecolesue Eboraci AUCiORE Thoha Stubbs Dominicano ; and other Documents relating to the Primacy of York. Edited by James Raine, M.A., Canon of York, and Secretai*y of the Surtees Society.
Reoistrum Palatinum Dunelmense. The Register of Richard de Kellawe, Lord Palatmeand Bishop of Durham ; 131 1-1316. Vol. III. Editedby Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, D.C.L., Deputy Keeper of the Public Records.
Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry YIL, from original Documents preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol. IL Edited by the Rev. William Campbell, M.A., one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools.
Monumenta Juridica. The Black Book of the Admiralty, with Appendices. Vol. HI. Edited by Sir Travers Twiss, Q.C., D.C.L.
Register of Malmesbury Abbey : Preserved in the Public Record Office. Edited by J. S. Brewer, M.A., Professor of English Literature, King's CoUege, London.
In Progress.
The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester; Edited by William Alois Wright, Esq., M.A.
Descriptive Catalogue of Manuscripts relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. ; 1327, &c. By Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, D.CX., Deputy Keeper of the Public Records.
A Collection of Sagas and other Historical Documents relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Vol. II F. Edited by George Webbe Dasent, Esq. D.C.L., Oxon. and M.
GUDBRAMD ViGFUSSON, M.A.
Year Books of the Reign of Edward the First. Years 33, 34,' and 35* Edited and translated by Alfred John Horwood, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law.
Materials for the History of Archbishop Thomas Becket. Edited by the Rev. James Craigie Robertson, MAi., Canon of Canterburyi and Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King's College, London.
The Historical Works of Ralph de Diceto, Dean of St. Paul's. ] 181- 1210. Edited by Willl/lm Stubbs, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History, and Fellow of Oiiel College, Oxford.
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WORKS PUBLISHED IN PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY.
Domesday Book, or the Great Subvet of England op William the Conqueror, 1086 ; fac-simile of the Part relating to each county, sepa- rately (with a few exceptions of double counties). Photozincogi-aphed, by Her Majesty's Command, at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton^ Colonel Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., &c., Director. ^35 Parts* imperial quarto and demy quarto (1861-1863) boards. Price 4$. 6(L to 1/. J*, each Part, according to size ; or, bound in 2 Vols., 18/,
This important and unique survey of the greater portion of England* is the oldest and most valuable record in the national archives. It was commenced about the year 1084 and finished in 1086. Its compilation was determined upon at Gloucester by William the Conqueror, in council, in order that he might know what was due to him, in the way of tax, from his subjects, and that each at the same time might know what he had to pay. It was compiled as much for their protection as for the benefit of the sovereign. The nobility and people had been grievously distressed at the time by the king bringing over large nmn- bers of French and Bretons, and quartering them on his subjects, '* each accord- «* ing to Ae measure of his land," for the purpose of resisting the invasion of Cnut, King of Denmark, which was apprehended. The commissioners appointed to make the survey were to inquire the name of each place ; who held it in the time of King Edward the Confessor ; the present possessor ; how many hides were in the manor ; how many ploughs were in demesne ; how many homagers ; how naany villeins ; how many cottars ; how many serving men; how many free tenants ; how many tenants in soccage ; how mxach wood, meadow, and pasture ; the number of mills and fish-ponds ; what had been added or taken away from the phice ; what was the gross value in the time of Edward Uie Confessor • the present value ; and how much each free-man or soc-man had, and whether any advance could be made in the value. Thus could be ascertained who held the estate in the time of Kin«r Edward ; who then held it ; its value in the time of the late king ; and its value as it stood at the formation of the survey. So minute was the survey, that the writer of the contemporary portion of the Saxon Chronicle records, with some asperity—-" So very narrowly he caused it to be " traced out, that there was not a single hide, nor one virgate of land, nor even, '< it is shame to tell, though it seemed to him no shame to do, an ox, nor a cow " nor a swine was left, that was not set down." '
Domesday Survey is in two parts or volumes. The first, in folio, contains the countieB of Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Chester and Lancaster, Com- wall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Herts, Huntingdon Kent, Leicester and Butland, Lincoln, Middlesex, Northampton, Nottingham' Oxford, Salop, Somerset, Stafford, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Wilts, Wor^ter' and York. The second volume, in quarto, contains the counties of Essf>x' Norfolk, and Suffolk. '
Domesday Book was printed verbatim et literatim during the last century in consequence of an address of the House of Lords to King Geoige UL in 1 767. It was not, however, commenced until 1773, and was completed early in 1783! In 1860, Her Migesty's Government, with the concurrence of the Master of the Bolls, determined to apply the art of photozincography to the production of a fao-simile of Domesday Book, under the superintendence of Colonel Sir Henry James, B.E., Director of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton. The fee-shnile wm completed in 1863.
• For some reason left unexplained, many parts were left unsurveyed ; Northumberland, Cumberland. Westmoreland, and Durham, are not described in the survey ; nor does Lancashire wnear lu^crite proper name : but Fumess, and the northern part of Lancashire, as well as the south oFwertmoPBland with a part of Cumberland . are included withm the West Biding of Torkshire. That part of LsonS^w which lies between the Bibble and Meney, and which at tiie time of the survey oramrehttu^iAM manors, is joined to Cheshire. Part of Entland is described in the counties of Nortliampt(m and l£i^
FAO-smtLBB of Nationax Manuscripts, from William the Cohqubbob to QuEEK Anne, §elected under the direction of the Master of the Bells, acd Fhoto^incogr^hed, hj CommaDd of Her Majesty, b; Colonel Sir Sbnrt Jahes, B.E., Director of the Ordnance Survey. Price, each Fart, with traaslationB and notes, double foolscap folio, 16s. Part L (William the Conqueror to Henry VII.). 1865. Part n. (Henry VIII. and Edward TI.). 1866. Part HL (Mary and Elizabeth). 1867. Part IV. (James I. to Anno). 1868.
TheflntFarteztendafromWillUmtheConqneraTlo Henrj TIL, and canUinB antographs of the kiogB of Englaod, u veil u of manj other iUnHrioa* pei- ■ooages famoos in Ustory, &nd some int«rt«titiK chartera, letters patent, and Itale papen. The second Part, for the ragna of Heniy Vm. and Edvard VI., GonaUti principallj of hologTAph letters and aatOKraphi of kin^, princes, Matea- nen, and other peraons of great historical interest, who liyed duriog those rdgns. The third Part contttios umilar doooments for the ceigoi of Mary and Eluabeth, mclading a signed bill of Lady Jane Grej. The fourth Part con> eludes the secies, and compiises a number of documents taken from the originals
Public Record Office, Jvly 1874.