Queens lanti.

DEPARTMENT OF MINES.

Queensland Geological Suritetf.

(B. DUNSTAN, CHIEF GOVERNMENT GEOLOGIST.)
PUBLICATION No. 253.

Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects

OF

QUEENSLAND AND NEW SOUTH WALES.

With 6 Text-figures and 9 Plates.

Descriptions of the Fossil Insects

By R. J. TILLYARD, M.A., B.Sc., F.E.S.
(Science Research Scholar in the University of Sydney.)

AND

Stratigraphical Features

By B. DUNSTAN
(Chief Government Geologist).

BRISBANE :
BY AUTHORITY : ANTHONY JAMES GUMMING, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

1916.

6 •
-

T51

DEPARTMENT OF MINES.

Queens/and Geological

(B. DUNSTAN, CHIEF GOVERNMENT GEOLOGIST.)
PUBLICATION No. 253.

Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects

OF

QUEENSLAND AND NEW SOUTH WALES.

With 6 Text-figures and 9 Plates.

Descriptions of the Fossil Insects

By R. J. XILLYARD, M.A., B.Sc., F.E.S.

* ^

(Science Research Scholar in the University of Sydney.)

AND

Stratigraphical Features

By B. DUNSTAN

(Chief Government Geologist).

BRISBANE :

BY AUTHORITY : ANTHONY JAMES CUMMINd, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

1916.

CONTENTS.

List of Fossils referred to or described . . . . . . . . jv.

Stratigraphical Features —

Denmark Hill, Ipswich .... 1

Goodna .......... 7

Duaringa . . . . . . . . . . . . g

St. Peter's . . 9

Description of the Fossil Insects —

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Ipswich Fossil Insects . . . . . . . . . . 13

3. St. Peter 's Fossil Insects ...... 38

4. Goodna Fossil Insects ...... 44

5. Duaringa Fossil Insects . . . . . . . . 45

Plates 1 to 9 . . . . . . . . 48-65

r;

List of Fossil Insects.

Referred to or described.

IPSWICH.

Horizon — ? UPPER TRIASSIC.

Ademosyne angusta, n. sp.
Ademosyne australiensis, n. sp.
Ademosyne Cameroni, n. sp.
Ademosyne congener n. sp.
Ademosyne major, Handlirsch
Ademosyne minor, Handlirsch . .
Ademosyne obtusa, n. sp.
Ademosyne Olliffi, Handlirsch
Ademosyne punctata, n. sp.
Ademosyne tumida, n. sp.
Austromylacrites latus, n.g. et sp.
Cockroach, indet.
Dragon-fly wing, indet.
Dunstania pulchra, n.g. et sp.
Etheridgea australis, Handlirsch
Mesochorista proavita, n.g. et sp.
Mesogereon neuropunctatum, n.g. et sp.
Mesojassus ipsviciensis, n.g. et sp.
Mesomantidion queenslandicum, n.g. et sp.
Mesophlebia antinodalis, n.g. et sp.
Mesorthopteron locustoides, n.g. et sp.

Mesostigmodera typica, Eth. & Olliff
Mesothoris clathrata, n.g. et sp.
Ulomites Willcoxi, n.g. et sp.

ST. PETER'S.

Horizon — JURASSIC

Elaterites wianamattensis, n.g. et sp.
Etheridgea petrica, n. sp.
Mesorhynchophora Dunstani, n.g. et sp.
Metrorhynchites sydneiensis, n.g. et sp.
Notoblattites sulpcostalis, n.g. et sp.

Mesotitan gigantexis, n.g. ct sp.

Page 18, Plate 4, fig. 4.
Page 18, Plate 4, fig. 3.
Page 21, Plate 4, fig. 1.
Page 20, Plate 2, fig. 8.
Page 19, Plate 5, figs. 1, 6 _
Page 20, Plate 5, fig. 3.
Page 19, Plate 4, fig. 5
Page 19, Plate 1, figs. 3, 8.-
Page 21, Plate 5, fig. 4.
Page 21, Plate 6, fig. 2.
Page 13, Plate 2, fig. 1.
Page 35.
Page 35.

Page 32, Plate 3, fig. 6.
Page 24, Plate 5, fig. 5.
Page 30, Plate 2, fig. 2.
Page 34, Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.
Page 35, Plate 2, fig. 7.
Page 16, Plate 5, fig. 2.
Page 25, Plate 4, fig. 2.
Pages 14, 35, Plate 1, figs. 4,
5; Plate 2, figs. 3-6..
Page 22.

Page 23, Plate 4, fig. 6.
Page 22, Plate 4, fig. 7.

Page 41, Plate 3, fig. 5.
Page 42, Plate 3, fig. 2.
Page 43, Plate 1, fig. 7.
Page 41 , Plate 3, figs. 3, 4.
Page 39, Plate 6, fig. 1 ;

Plate 7, fig. 1.

Page 40, Plate 7, fig. 2.

GOODNA.

Horizon — TERTIARY .

iuuporismitcs Balli, n.g. el sp.

Page 44, Plate 3, fig. 1.

DUARINGA.
Horizon — TERTIARY.

Austin!* stidion duaringae, n.g. ct sp.

Page 45, Plate 1, fig. 6.

Stratigraphical Features.

BY B. DUNSTAN.

DENMARK HILL, IPSWICH.

GENERAL NOTES.

THE first discovery of fossil insects in the Ipswich Coal Measures
is to be credited to Mr. T. H. Simmonds, of Brisbane, who, in 1890,
found at Denmark Hill the specimens described by Messrs. Etheridge
and Olliff in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South
Wales.* The fossils described include Mesostigmodera typica, E. and
O., (?) Glochinorrhynchussp., (?) Hydrophilidse, (?) Lampyridse, and
Hemiptera. Subsequently Handlirschf renamed the (/) Glochi-
norrhynchus as Etheridgea australis, another Rhynchophorous beetle
as Pseudorhynchopliora Olliffi, and the two specimens of Hydro-
philidse as Ademosyne major and A. minor respectively. Nine years
later the writer, in examining the rocks at Denmark Hill, came across
a bed containing abundance of fossil flora, several species of insects,
and a number of Estheria mangaliensis. The fossil insects obtained
from this bed at that time is the collection which Mr. Tillyard
generously offered to describe. This bed was thought at first to be
the one from which Mr. Simmonds collected his specimens, but some
insect fragments, in the form of elytra, were recently found at a
lower horizon in the same locality, so evidently the fossils were not
limited to the one bed.

This fossil insect bed, which is about six inches thick, contains
.an abundant flora made up principally of the fern Thinnfeldia, and
is closely associated with other similar beds rich in plant remains,
the horizon being near the top of the Ipswich Coal Measures.

Coal-seams occur both above and below the geological horizon
of the quarry, and only fifty feet of strata separate the fossil beds
from the Aberdare coal-seam above, with the Bluff seam occurring
about the same distance below.

* The Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects of New South Wales [and Queensland] by R. Etheridgc*
and A. Sidney Olliff. Palaeontology No. 7, pp. 9, 22, with 2 plates, 4to. By Auth. 1890.

t Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Leipzig, 1908, pp. 1430.
Atlas of 51 plates. 4to (Engelmann).

2

The beds immediately over the Aberdare coal-seam consist
mostly of shales, with occasional sandstones, and form the topmost
portion of the Ipswich Series. The conglomerates above the coal-
bed, shown in section in the text-fig. 2, are the basal beds of the
Bundamba Series.

The fauna, of which only the first collection is being described
by Mr. Tillyard in this paper, has proved very instructive, and its
examination has produced some startling results. It may safely be
said that the study of the collections recently made will prove even
more remarkable. Quite a number of insect forms have now been
recognised, and this palseo-entomological work, taken in conjunction
with an examination of the flora, should verv well show the life of

«/

the epoch represented by the Ipswich Coal Measures, so far as land
and freshwater conditions are concerned. A noticeable feature
about the fossils collected is the absence of all traces of fishes and
reptiles, and, with the exception of the little Estheria, also all crus-
taceans.

The flora is wonderful both in its variety and in its state of pre-
servation, and some very useful information is expected as a result
of the examination of all the material which Mr. Walkom, Assistant
Lecturer in Geology at the Queensland University, has now in hand.
Not the least noteworthy are several specimens showing minute
organic structure requiring microscopic treatment, other specimens
showing well-developed cell structure but without form or venation.
Others again have the tissue of the leaf beautifully preserved in
silica, while a large number show the fructification of ferns.

The presence of the fine sediments from which the shales were
formed is an indication of swampy or stillwater conditions at the
time the insects and plants were entombed, prior to which the accu-
mulation of beds of sandstone below the shales suggests that the
deposits were formed by current action, and that the area covered
by water must have been somewhat extensive.

Volcanic activity at one time evidently interfered with the
swampy conditions in covering the shaly sediments with volcanic
dust or mud and apparently destroying the insect life and nearly
all the plant life on the adjacent land surfaces, the hardy Thinnfeldia,
however, withstanding the strain and flourishing with even more
vigour after the period of volcanic activity than before. In the
quarry are to be seen particles of charcoal embedded in the upper
portion of the tuff ami intermingled with plant, fragments, from
which it would seem that the volcanic action in its destruction of
life by '•nvclopincnt with ash or dust was accelerated by fire.

Locality Map of Denmark Hill, Ipswich.
Showing the position of the Coal Measures and the Fossil Insect Bed.

These coal measures form the lower portion of the system once
termed ' Trias- Jura" but which in the recent classification of the
Queensland Geological formations are referred to the (V) Triassic.

Fossil Bed

Aberdare Coal Seam

Conglomerates

4-

Grits

Ipswich Coal Measures
General Section of Ipswich Beds at Denmark Hill.

The strata at Denmark Hill, both above and below the fossil
insect bed, contain several species of plants, of which the following
are the principal : — Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, Morris ; Tceniopteris
Daintreei, McCoy ; Ginkgo bidens, Tenison- Woods ; Pterophyllum
multilineatum, Shirley ; Cladophlebis denticulata var. australis,
Morris ; Sphenopteris superba, Shirley ; Stenopteris elongata var.
spinifolia, Shirley. Descriptions of several of these fossils were
made by Dr. Shirley in the Fossil Mora of Queensland.*

The geological features of the Ipswich Coal Field have been
worked out by Mr. W. E. Cameron, Second Government Geologist, f
and the accompanying sketch-map of the locality, Fig. 1, showing
the position of the insect bed, has been taken from his new map of
the field, now in preparation.

DENMARK HILL INSECT QUARRY.

Description of the Beds.

The photographs on Plates 8 and 9 are views of the quarry at
Denmark Hill where the fossil insects have been discovered. The
beds, it will be observed, have a sharp angle of dip, and further
exploration at the bottom of the excavation will be inconvenient
on account of the overburden.

About four chains away from the quarry in a north-easterly
direction, the horizon of the insect bed can be traced, and prospecting
in this locality might be productive.

BED A. — The position marked A in the photograph on Plate 8
forms the base of a number of bands of bluish shale, altogether
about 18 inches in thickness, above which other shale beds outcrop,
but which are too much decomposed for examination. This series
of bands principally contains species of Thinnfeldia, which make up
about 95 per cent, of the whole contents, with Beania geminata,
Shir., Tceniopteris Tenison- Woodsi, Eth. fil., Scolecopteris australis,
Shir., and Ginkgo antarctica, Shir., also present.

Some of the Thinnfeldia specimens found in the shale at the
base of the bed, which rests on volcanic tuff, suggest that a rapid
desiccation of the tissue of the leaves took place at the time of
envelopment, followed later on by its silicification, probably a result
of the percolation of heated mineral solutions from the tuff, &c.

* Additions to the Fossil Flora of Queensland, <fec., by J.S., p. 20, with 25 plates, 8vo.
G.S.Q. Pub. 128, Bull. 7. By Auth., Brisbane, 1898.

t The West Moreton (Ipswich) Coalfield (Second .Report on), with special reference to the
Bundamba District. With 2 maps, one plate and 3 figures. By W.E.C., p. 37 ,8vo. By Auth..
Brisbane, 1007, G.S.Q. Pub. No. 204.

These silicified fossils are only to be found at the base of the
beds, mostly fragmentary, but showing clearly all the beauty of
detail of the cell-structure of the Thinnfeldia leaves.

BED B. — This is a light-coloured volcanic tuff with much
ferruginous staining. One portion of the exposed bed contains
a large concretion of very ferruginous tuff, while irregularities are
to be observed between the tuff and the overlying shales. Changes
in the local conditions at the time have produced unevenness in the
deposition or distribution of the volcanic ejectamenta, and in the
irregularities thus produced the fine sediments forming the shales
have been quietly laid down.

This tuff occurs as small outcrops at several other horizons
below this position and within a thickness of about 200 feet of strata,
its conspicuous character being a red coloxiration. This staining,
which is the red oxide of iron, has been leached out of the decom-
posing blue shales and is not an alteration product of the tuff, the
latter probably being trachytic or rhyolitic. The fossil leaf impres-
sions are sometimes completely coated with this bright red pigment,
which frequently fills in the minute spaces representing the thickness
of the original leaf, and occasionally colours the insects. The average
thickness of the bed is about two feet.

Fossil leaves are not common in the tuff and are mostly confined
to species of Thinnjeldia. Rough impressions of this fern occur in
the top portion of the bed close to the shales, and here is also to be
observed a layer of what might be termed a charcoal breccia made
up of particles of previously b'M-nt wood enveloped in a coarse-
grained tuff.

BED C. — This is a bed of shale about a foot thick, somewhat
decomposed and iron-stained, in part tuffaceous, and containing a
great number of indifferently preserved impressions of Thinnfeldia,
with Stenopteris, Ginkgo, Tceniopteris, Sphenopteris, and many other
forms of less frequent occurrence.

BED D consists of a three-inch band of hard blue shale, very
difficult to split, and much broken up by vertical jointings. Fossil
leaf impressions occur in it, but they are fragmentary and poorly
preserved.

BED E. — The fossil insect bed of finely arenaceous shale.
Near the outcrop the bed is of a brownish grey colour with iron-
stained joints and planes, and it is in this part of the bed that most
of the insect specimens were discovered. At the bottom of the quarry,
more particularly below the ironstone concretion shown in the
illustration (Plate 8), the bed is a greenish grey colour, and hero

6

exceedingly few insects were obtained. The insects might be found
further to the dip, but the encouragement to prospect does not lie
in this direction, but, as stated above, along the outcrop, the position
being shown in the photo, on Plate 9. The weathering of the bed
near the outcrop has developed a large number of lamination planes,
so that a much larger area of surfaces can be examined by splitting
the shale than in the lower greenish part of the bed where the laminae
are bound together and difficult to separate. Possibly the insects are
no less rare in the greenish rock at the bottom of the quarry than in
the weathered portion near the outcrop, the character of the lamina-
tion in the former only preventing their discovery. The coating
on the surface of the fossil impressions has been previously referred
to. Sometimes this coating is a film of very fine clay, which, when
carefully removed with water and a camel's-hair brush, is found to
have covered delicate microscopic structures. In some specimens
particles of bright carbon from the original elytron have been pre-
served, although very little of the original design remains to be

seen.

The fossil flora associated with the remains of the insects include

the following described species :—
Ferns—

Dictyophyllum bremerense, Shir.

Oleandridium lentriculiforme, Eih. fil.

Scolecopteris australis, Shir.

Sphenopteris Baileyana, Shir.

S. superba, Shir.

Stenopteris elongata, Carr.

S. elongata, var. spinifolia. Ten.-Woods

Tseniopteris Daintreei, McCoy

T. Tenison-Woodsi, Eth. fil

Thinnfeldia indica, var. falcata, Ten.-Woods

T. indica, var. media, Ten.-Woods

T. odontopteroides, var. normalis, Shir.

Triphyllopteris botryoides, Shir.
Cycads—

Beaiiia geminata, Shir.

Pterophyllum multilineatum, Shir.
Equise tales—

Calamostachys australis, Shir.
Conifers—

Baiera ginkgoides, Shir. . . . . . . common.

Ginkgo bidens, Shir. . . . . . . . . common.

G. antarctica, Shir. . . . . . . . . common.

G. Simmondsi, Shir. . . . . . . . . rare.

Stachyopitys annularioides3 Sltir. . . . . rare.

rare.

rare.

rare.

rare.

common.

very common.

very common.

very rare.

common.

very common.

common.

very common.

very rare.

very common,
very rare.

very rare.

BED F. — This bed of bluish shale is three inches thick, much
jointed, weathered, and iron-stained, with the plant impressions
fragmentary and poorly preserved.

BED G. — There are no special features about this shale bed,
which much resembles the one above in being jointed and much iron-
stained, but with the fossils somewhat better preserved. Its thickness
is six inches.

BED H. — This bed is 15 inches thick and is made up of a very
slightly weathered dark greyish shale. The fossils are similar to those
of the Insect Bed E but the impressions are less fragmentary, wrhile
their form and structure can be studied without much difficulty.
It is in the upper portion of this bed that two individuals belonging
to the Coleoptera and another, evidently a Hemipterous insect, were
found, indicating with their accompanying flora that this is probably
the bed from which Mr. Simmonds many years ago obtained his
fossil insects and leaves. A conspicuous feature about the bed is the
comparative rarity of Thinnfeldia in it, and the abundance of species
of Tceniopteris, Sphenopteris, and Stenopteris. Bed H might be
exploited very profitably for the flora it contains, as it is distinctly
the most prolific one in the series.

BED I. — Very little attention has been given to the examination
of this bed of shales, and therefore nothing can be said of its contents.
Where exposed on the surface the bed is 15 inches thick, some-
what weathered, and where examined was found to contain very few
fossil impressions.

BED J. — This consists of a bed of sandstone several feet thick.
It forms the upper portion of a great development of sandstones ex-
posed in this locality, and is the basement bed on which the fossili-
ferous shales and the interbedded volcanic tuff were laid clown.

GOODNA.

The Goodna fossil insect described by Mr. Tillyard and collected
by Mr. L. C. Ball, Third Government Geologist, was found on portion
172, parish of Goodna, about four miles south of Goodna Railway
Station, and about a mile west of Woogaroo Creek. The matrix is
a dark yellowish brown clay ironstone, and very similar to nodules
of clay ironstone common in the locality, and in which a number of
fragments of fossil fish have been found. A portion of a dicoty-
ledonous leaf was also observed in the matrix containing the insect,
but too indistinct for specific or even generic determination.

Fig. 3.

Basal!-

ln»«cb & Fish Remains
7^./

Terhary Deposits

Ipswich Coal Measures

Diagrammatic Section south of Goodna.

Showing the Tertiary Shales and Sandstones resting on the Ipswich

(Triassic) Coal Measures.

The strata in this vicinity consist of clay shales, black fissile
shales and sandstone, occurring as a thin superficial deposit resting
on the irregular surfaces of the Ipswich Coal Measures and Bundamba
Sandstones. They have 110 possible geological connection with the
Triassic beds which yielded the insects at Denmark Hill, and are a
Tertiary deposit.

DUARINGA.

In the year 1900 boring operations for coal were carried out at
Duaringa, within half a mile of the station of that name, and 65
miles by rail westerly from Rockhampton on the Central Railway
line.

The specimens described by Mr. Tillyard from this locality
were found in one of the core pieces by the late Mr. T. Coventry,
who had them in his possession for some considerable time.

The bore was sunk to a depth of 600 feet, and the material
from the bore indicated that the coal measures, the testing of which
was the object in view, had not been met with at that depth. This
was considered to be rather unexpected, in view of the coal measures
being known to exist both to the east and west of the bore.
Apparently, a narrow valley has been excavated out of the eld
land surface of the coal measures and possibly formed a river
channel, subsequent to which the area became submerged to much
below sea-level, the subsidence of the land and the deposition of
the freshwater sediments being synchronous.

The cores from the bore consisted almost entirely of bluish and
buff-coloured clays and shales, with occasional bands of lignite.

All the buff-coloured shales, of which there is a thickness of 200 feetr
are more or less bituminous, and their utilisation for the extraction
of oil has received some consideration.

The lignite bands did not yield any leaf fragments, but several
impressions were found in the shales. These were examined by
Dr. Shirley, who identified (?) Magnolia, Ficus subgcepperti, Ficus-
sp. ind., and (?) Marsilea*

The shales also furnished a number of fragmentary fish remains,
mostly consisting of small bones silicified to honey-coloured chal-
cedony, but with one specimen showing all the details of the fish
outline and structure except the head.f

The geological horizon m&y be regarded as Tertiary, although
opinions have been expressed that the deposits should be considered
to be Cretaceous.

ST. PETER'S.

The specimens from the St. Peter's clay pits near Sydney were
found many years ago by the writer \vhile collecting fish fossils at
the Carrington Brick Company's clay pit. The fish remains have been
described by Dr. Woodward, J and include the following genera :—
Acentrophorus, Cleithrolepis, Elonichithys , Elpisopholis, Myriolepis,
Palceoniscus, Pkolidophorus, Platysomus, Pleurocanthus, Sagenodus,
Semionotus.

A large labyrinthodont about twelve feet long, almost perfect
and wonderfully preserved, was also found. It is allied to Mastodon-
saurus, but has not yet been described. In addition, numerous
specimens of Unio and Unionella have been found, § while amongst
the flora the principal genera, recorded from the locality consist of
Thinnfeldia, Sphenopteris, Cladophlebis, Macrotceniopteris, Olean-
dridium, Tceniopteris, Podozamites, Baiera, and Phyllotheca.

The deposits consist mostly of greyish clay shales, with numerous
narrow bands and concretionary nodules. These bands and nodules
are partly composed of clay ironstone and are marked with lines of

* Fossil Plants from Duaringa, Ipswich, Dawson R., and Stanwell, &e. By J. Shirley,
B.Sc. (Bull. 18), p. 16, with 3 plates, 8vo. By Auth., Brisbane, 1902, G.S.Q. Pub. No. 171.

t (a) On the Geology of the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers &c., by B.D. fcap. By
Auth., Brisbane, 1901, G.S.Q. Pub. No. 155, p. 20.

(6) Annual Progress Report of the Geological Survey for the Year 1900 (1901). G.S.Q.
Pub. No. 159, p. 16.

% Fossil Fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at St. Peter's, by A. G. Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S,
Memoirs of the Geol. Surv. of N.S. Wales, Palaeontology No. 10, p. 22, with 3 plates , 4to.
Sydney. By Auth. 1908.

§ The Invertebrate Fauna of the Hawkesbury-Wianamatta Series of New South Wales,
by R. Etheridge, junr., Curator of the Australian Museum. Memoirs of the Geol. Surv. of.
N.S.W., Palaeontology No. 1, p. 25 with 2 plates .4to. Sydney. By Auth. 1888.

10

stratification which, in the case of the concretions, pass out into the
shales in which they are imbedded. There is no doubt of their being
formed in situ — although an opinion has been expressed to the con-
trary— the hardening being produced by the organic acids in the
animal and plant remains acting on the ferruginous constituents
of the shales. Iron pyrites is of frequent occurrence, and some of the
fossil fish and insects have been preserved in this mineral. Fossils
are occasionally found which are not encased in the concretionary
clay ironstone, but in such cases the matrix of shale is generally more
or less sandy and porous, allowing free percolation of mineral solu-
tions, and consequently with less precipitation of mineral matter
around the fossils. One could tell fairly well by appearances if a
concretion contained shells, leaf fragments, fish remains, or nothing
at all, those containing the fish almost always conforming with the
shape of the individual, and having a somewhat concave depression
above, and a gentle convexity below.

The Unios were always found in roughly spherical concretions,
generally congregated around an axis of wood which must have
been partly decayed before fossilization, the insects being found in
concretions in association with both fossil fishes and Unios.

The shales containing the fossil remains — insects, fishes, laby-
rinthodonts, coprolitic fragments, and plants — belong to the Wiana-
matta shales, a series probably equivalent to the Upper Clarence
Series in Northern New South Wales and the Darling Downs-Walloon
Coal Series in Southern Queensland. This position for the St. Peter's
fossil beds places the horizon in the Jurassic and above the fossil
bed at Ipswich, which is probably Upper Triassic.

Description of the Fossil Insects.

BY R. J. TILLY ARD.
1. INTRODUCTION.

THIS paper deals with a number of fossil insects from Denmark
Hill at Ipswich, and St. Peter's near Sydney, and also individual
specimens from Goodna near Ipswich, and from Duaringa on the
Queensland Central Railway line ; these were forwarded to me
for study in October, 1913, by Mr. B. Dunstan, Chief Government
Geologist of Queensland, to whom I desire to express my deep
indebtedness for the privilege of being allowed to examine such an
interesting collection.

The collection of fossils principally consists of two very distinct

groups from different localities, viz. : (1) specimens from the Ipswich

Coal Measures, South Queensland, and (2) specimens from the

Wianamatta Shale of the St. Peter's Brickworks, Newtown, Sydney,

New South Wales. About three-fourths of the specimens of insects are

from the former beds. Besides the vindoubted remains of insects,

there were a few doubtful specimens, which have not been determined

satisfactorily, owing to lack of definite characters. These have been

omitted from the paper. The consignment also contained a large

number of specimens of a fine Peracarid Crustacean from St. Peter's,

two specimens of a Zygopterid Dragon-fly larva from a bore at

Duaringa in Central Queensland, and an Osmylid from Goodna, near

Brisbane. Some of the crustacean specimens, all of which appear to

belong to a single species, are in a fine state of preservation, but

their description would be out of place in this paper, and hence they

have been omitted.

The first examination of these fossils indicated that the Ipswich
specimens are, fortunately, both varied and abundant, and in the
best state of preservation for study and description. The grain of
the Ipswich shales and sandstone is fairly fine, so that the fossils,
though sometimes rather faintly impressed upon the rock, offer
the ideal conditions for study by strong oblique light. By this
means the various sets of cross-veins in the wing venation can be
brought into relief. The main veins in almost all cases show a
characteristic structure, and are easily followed.

The St. Peter's fossils, on the other hand, are nearly all preserved
in a hard, somewhat brittle, blackish rock of very uneven cleavage

12

which makes the venation very difficult to follow. In one or two
cases where the fossil lies on a plane surface, the specimens happen to
be almost entire, and the pressing down of the fore-wing upon the
hind-wing at a slightly different angle makes it impossible to dis-
entangle the complex venation satisfactorily. They include a
number of Coleoptera, together with the remains of some very large
insects referable to the Protorthoptera.

The Goodna specimen forms a simple impression in a yellowish
brown clay ironstone, being dark-coloured, well defined, and easily
distinguished. The wing is very delicate, and a large somewhat
oval piece is missing towards the distal end.

As regards the Duaringa specimens, these are in the soft core
of a bore, and are poorly preserved. Only a small portion of the
hardest part of the chitin is still visible ; the rest of the insect is only
in rough outline.

It seemed advisable to keep the fossils from the four different
localities distinct throughout, so the paper is divided into four
sections, the first dealing with the Ipswich fossils, the second with
those from St. Peter's, the third with the Osmylid from Goodna , and
the fourth with the Duaringa larvae. Each ends with a summary
of results and a short attempt to indicate the important points in
which the fossils may be considered to have altered our views oil
the phylogeny of the Insecta. For the accumulation of the fossil
insects we are indebted to Mr. Dunstan, who collected the St. Peter's
specimens many years ago, while Lecturer in Geology at the Sydney
Technical College, and the Ipswich specimens soon after he came
to Queensland. With regard to the Ipswich fossils, the collection,
small as it yet is, suggests that Mr. Dunstan might show these beds
to rank in the future with those of Commentry in France and Solen-
hofen in Bavaria, in the value of their insect record.

Some of the figures of the specimens which accompany this
paper have been drawn under the camera lucida, others being repro-
duced by photography, all necessitating the use of a strong oblique
light. It has sometimes been necessary to change the direction of
the light once, or even twice, during the drawing of a single specimen,
in order to bring into relief different sets of cross-veins. The main
veins are usually easily followed in any light, and cannot very well
be confused with scratches or with thin strands of plant-material.

In the descriptions of the wings, the Comstock-Needham notation
has been followed throughout. The six main veins of the wing from
the front to the back are called the costa (C), subcosta (Sc), radius
(R), media (M), cubitus (Cu), and analis (^4). It is not, of course,.

13

claimed with some of the fragments that the interpretation offered
is not open to question. Handlirsch's monumental work* has fre-
quently been referred to, and has proved itself invaluable, expecially
for the means of comparison with fossils from other parts of the
world.

New generic and specific names have only been proposed when
the specimens were seen to be sufficiently well preserved to warrant
definite characterisation and classification, while a number of unde-
termined forms have been relegated to ' Insecta Incertse Sedis,"
without being named.

2. IPSWICH FOSSIL INSECTS.

Order BLATTOIDEA.
Family MYLACRID^.

Genus AUSTROMYLACRITES, gen. nov.

Tegmen broadly oval, with numerous main veins diverging from
the base ; all the veins dichotomously branched at intervals ; no
cross-veins or interpolated sectors.

TYPE : — Austromylacrites latus, sp. nov.

AUSTFOMYLACRITES LATUS, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 1.

A fragment showing the greater portion of the basal half of the
tegmen, carrying nine main veins, all branching dichotomously
at wide intervals'. The arrangement of the veins is very symmetrical
about the longitudinal axis of the wing, so that it is impossible to
determine with certainty which is the costal and which the anal
border. Venation well preserved and easily followed.

MEASUREMENTS : — Greatest length of fragment 11 mm.,
greatest breadth 10 mm.

TYPE :— Spec. 8 (Plate 2, fig. 1). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — The venation of this interesting fossil bears an exceed-
ingly close resemblance to that of the specimenf described and
figured by ScudderJ from the Upper Carboniferous of Mazon Creek,

* Die Possilen Insekten. Leipzig, 1908.
t Not placed generically ; specific name — Gurleyi, Scudder.

t Revision of the American Fossil Cockroaches, with Descriptions of New Forms, by S.H.S.,
p. 145, with 12 plates. Bull. 124, U. S. Geol. Surv. By Auth., Wash., 1895.

B

14

Illinois, U.S.A. It is definite evidence that, even as early as Mesozoic
times, Australia was a sanctuary for archaic forms which probably
had died out long before in the Northern Hemisphere.

Order PROTORTHOPTERA.
GENUS MESORTHOPTERON, gen. nov.

Forewing narrower than hindwing, very densely veined, and
slightly thickened, probably forming a weak tegmen. Hindwing
not thickened, membranous, hyaline, with less dense venation.
Subcosta is a fairly strong straight vein, sending off a series of obliquely
placed parallel cross-veins into the fairly wide costal space above it.
Radius forms a very strongly built vein lying fairly close beloAv the
subcosta, and giving off posteriorly at least one branch, the radial
sector (Rs). Median vein slenderer, giving off before the level of the
origin of Rs at least three branches anteriorly from the main stem, the
first two of these arching slightly upwards towards R. Cubitus
branched in forewing, possibly unbranched in hmdwing. Several
anal veins present in hindwing.

TYPE : — Mesorthopteron locustoides, sp. nov.

MESORTHOPTERON LOCUSTOIDES, sp. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 4, and Plate 2, figs. 3-6.

This species is represented by three fragments, two of which
(Plate 2, figs. 3, 4 — 5, 6) are very similar in shape, and represent
closely similar portions of the left hind and fore wing respectively.
The third piece (Plate 1, fig. 4) is a slightly smaller fragment from a
more distal part of a hindwing. Had it not been found close to the
other two, there would be little to connect it with them, but it seems
to be undoubtedly a portion of the same insect.

The fragment labelled 5a (Plate 2, fig. 5) and that labelled 56
(Plate 2, fig. 3), when compared together, are seen to differ in three
important particulars : (1) The fragment 5b is a much lighter and
more delicate impression, scarcely raised at all above the rock level
on which it is placed, Avhereas 5a is more distinct, and appears to
represent definitely a wing of thicker substance ; (2) the former
shows little trace of cross-veins, whereas the latter is covered by a
dense network of small cells, except in the costal space ; (3) judging
by the amount of divergence of the main veins, 5b was a broader
wing than 5a. All these three facts point definitely to specimen 5a
being the foreAving and specimen 56 the hindwing. The thicker
texture and denser venation of 5a suggests at once that this forewing

15

acted, at least partly, as a tegmen, and forming an intermediate
stage in the phylogeny of the present-day strong and narrow Orthop-
terous tegmen characteristic of many recent Locustoidea.

The two wings agree in the following characters : — The nature
of the costal area bounded by the straight subcosta below and
crossed obliquely by parallel cross-veins, the comparative sizes and
positions of Sc and R, the rather peculiar sculpture of the broad
radius (not shown in the figures but visible in the specimens with
careful lighting), the position and direction of the radial sector, and
the nature of the branches of the media. They differ only in texture,
width, density of venation, and probably in the form of the cubital
and anal veins. It will be seen that the fragment of hindwing is a
portion slightly nearer the base than that of the forewing, and shows
us not only a series of anal veins, but also the very characteristic
origins of the three anterior branches from the main stem of the
media. The a re hi rigs upwards towards the radius in the case of the
first two of these are very similar in both wings. In the forewing
there is preserved a wider area of the costal space, showing the
parallel oblique cross-veins to be unbranched distally. The close
double ro\v of cells between Sc and R in the forewing is in sharp
contrast with the apparently free corresponding space in the hind-
wing. The few cross-veins which can be made out in the hindwing,
e.g. those between R and the uppermost branch of M, show that the
venation of this wing was much more open than that of the forewing.
In the latter there is a dense system of small cells between all the
main veins.

Turning to the specimen oc (Plate 1, fig. 4), this is determined
as part of a hindwing on account of its open venation. The slant of
the cross- veins forming the two upper rows of the specimen suggests
that the fragment lies close to the costal border. Apart from this,
if the specimen had been found alone there is nothing to suggest to
what order it might belong, the lower cross- veins suggesting a portion
of a large Odonate wing.

MEASUREMENTS : — Basal fragment of forewing (5a) — greatest
length 12 mm., greatest breadth 8 mm. Basal fragment of hind-
wing (56)— greatest length 11 mm., greatest breadth 8.5 mm.
Distal fragment of hindwing (5c) — greatest length 9 mm., greatest
breadth 9 mm.

TYPES : — The three fragments, Specs. oa, 5b, oc (Plate 1, rig.
4 ; Plate 2, figs. 3-6). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — The chief interest in this species appears to lie- in the
fact that it gives us a definite connection between Handlirsch's
Protorthoptera of the Carboniferous and Permian in the Northern

16

Hemisphere,* and the Locustoidea of the present day. Some of the
species figured by Handlirsch resemble fairly closely the hindwing
of the species here described. The question of the advance in teg-
mination in the forewing is a difficult one. Wherever the substance
of the wing is not completely destroyed, as in the present case, but
replaced by an inorganic deposit, the relative thickness of fore and
hind wings can be fairly well gauged. There can be little hesitation,
in the present case, in correlating the advance from an unspeciahsed
hyaline wing towards a true tegmeii with the retention of an originally
1 palseodictyopterous" condition of the venation, or else with the
elaboration of such a condition from an earlier simpler venation.
The question, therefore, arises whether some of the Carboniferous
Palaeodictyopterous wings were semi-tegminous, and whether we
may not soon expect to complete a chain of phylogenetic evidence
connecting some of our recent Orthoptera with Palaeozoic forms
placed by Haiidlirsch outside this order.

Genus MESOMANTIDION, gen. nov.

Wing large, elongate, with strong radius and media. A weak
costal vein reaches the anterior border quite close to the base, cutting
off a narrow precostal area intersected by a few simple cross-veins.
Subcosta is slender but long. Radius is strong, nearly straight, sup-
porting above it a large subcostal area narrowest at base and crossed
by numerous irregular cross-veins, obliquely placed, and sometimes
irregularly branched. No radial sector present, unless distally from
the preserved part of the wing. Media is a strong branching vein,
the main stem (M2) apparently giving off both an anterior branch
(Ml) and a posterior branch (M3) at about the same level, i.e., a
little beyond the level of the eiicling-up of C. Both Ml and M2 are
again branched further distally. Three slender veins below M appear
to represent the cubitus and analis. Cross-veins in single rows only.

TYPE : — Mesomantidion queenslandicum, sp. nov.

MESOMANTIDION QUEENSLANDICUM, sp. nov.

Plate 5, fig. 2.

The fragment la represents the basal half, or perhaps a little
more than half, of a rather large wing. It shows the very peculiar
convexly curved anterior border still preserved in certain recent
Mantoids, such as Metalleutica, and appears to lie not far from the
direct ancestral line of that peculiar group. The most remarkable
points in the wing are the presence of a separate precostal area, the

..it.

17

greatest width of the subcostal space distally, and the very strong
development of the media. It is unfortunate that the actual origins
of Ml and M3 with M2 should be obliterated. It is quite possible
that, as in Metalleutica, a short distal radial sector may have been
present, arising beyond the distal end of the preserved portion.

MEASUREMENTS : — Length of preserved portion of radius 39
mm., greatest breadth of fragment 18 mm.

TYPE : — Spec, la (Plate 5. fig. 2). TYPE-COUNTERPART :—
Spec. 16. (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — The remarks made upon the significance of the genus
Mesorthopteron apply with some modification to Mesomantidion also.
If we decide to class as Protorthoptera all those fossils which cannot
be definitely placed in our recent Orthopterous families, but still
possess an undoubted Orthopteroid structure, we shall be right in
including both these genera in that ancient order. Nevertheless,
Mesomantidion is nearer to a definite phylo genetic connection between
the Protorthoptera and recent Mantoidea, just as Mesorthopteron
helps to bridge the gap between the Protorthoptera (and incidentally
also the Palseodictyoptera) and the recent Locustoidea. Further
discoveries along these interesting lines in the Queensland Trias may
be awaited with much interest.

Order COLEOPTERA,

Family HYDROPHILID^ (?).
Genus ADEMOSYNE, Handlirsch (1908).

This genus was formed by Handlirsch for the reception of the
two species of Coleoptera figured by Etheridge and Olliff* from
Ipswich, Queensland, as Hydrophilidae. The type species A. major,
Handlirsch, is said by him to resemble closely the Liassic genus
Nannoodes. It is a rather small, somewhat heart-shaped beetle,
about 4.5 mm. long.

In this genus a number of forms have been placed which agree
in having the elytra sculptured with from six to nine fine striae, and
with or without punctures. The interstices are usually low, smooth
(punctate in A. punctata) or slightly raised. If they are really
.aquatic beetles (as may be assumed from their comparative abun-
dance) they would go equally well into either Hydrophilidse or
Parnidse. The two large species, A. tumida and A. Cameroni, also
appear to show very great resemblance to elytra seen in many species

* Loc. cit., pi. 2, fig. 6 (A. major), fig. 7 (A. minor)

18

of the genus Adelium (family Tenebrionidse). All that can be said
is that this type of sculpture is not a sufficient guide to enable their
being placed definitely in any single family.

There are 110 complete specimens in the collection, but a number
of separate elytra. In studying these, one has nearly always the
advantage of examining two impressions. The elytron being very
convex, it follows that it forms a kind of mould, within Avhich a cast
of the internal sculpture is formed and preserved. It will be con-
venient, therefore, to designate as the mould the concave impression in
the rock which preserves the external sculpture, using the term cast
for the convex impression which preserves the internal sculpture.

ADEMOSYNE AUSTRALIENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 3.

ELYTRON, 3.4 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide. Sculpture, ten delicate
longitudinal interstices, with intercostal punctate striae. Shape,
nearly a regular ellipse, margin and suture nearly equally curved,
and apex obtusely pointed. Marginal border about same width as
intervals between strise, the suture border being wide near the
base. Convexity, considerable.

TYPE :— Specs. I2a and 126 (mould and cast) (Plate 4, fig. 3).
CO-TYPE : — Specs. 13a, 136 (mould and cast), and 43 (mould).
(B. D. Coll.)

OBS :— Differs from the genotype in the elytra being less tapered
posteriorly, and larger. Closely resembles A. minor, Haiidlirsch,
in shape, but the latter is much smaller, and is shown with only
seven or eight interstices.

ADEMOSYNE ANGUSTA, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 4.

ELYTRON, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. Sculpture not completely
preserved, but formed by eight or nine strise without punctures on
the strise. Shape, a narrow oval, somewhat pointed posteriorly,
preserved, but formed by eight or nine low costse without punctures
on the strise. Shape, a narrow oval, somewhat pointed posteriorly,
with suture and margin equally curved and tapering to the apex.
Marginal border narrow. Convexity, low and less marked than in
A. auslraliensis.

TYPF :— Specs. 15« and 156 (mould and cast) (Plate 4, fig. 4).
CO-TYPE :— Specs. 16«, 166 (mould and cast). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : -Its narrow shape, low ridges, and absence of punctate
strise separates it from all other species of Ademosyne.

19

ADEMOSYNE OBTUSA, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 5.

ELYTRON, 2.3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide Sculpture very clearly
marked, consisting of nine rather thick ridges, parallel except at
the extreme end. Shape, a rather wide bluntly rounded oval, the
posterior end rather obtuse. Convexity, considerable.

TYPE : — Specs. 9« and 96 (mould and cast) (Plate 4, fig. 5).
(B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — Appears to be a very distinct species, the high con-
vexity, parallel ridges, and the difference of width separating it
from A. angusta.

ADEMOSYNE OLLIFFI, Handlirsch.
Plate 1, figs. 3, 8.

Pseudorrhynchophora Olliffi, Handlirsch. Die Fossilen Insekten, Leipzig, 1908.
Rhynchophorous beetle. Ebheridge and Olliff. Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W.

Palaeontology, No. 7, Sydney, 1890.

An examination of the genotype reveals peculiarities not
shown in the drawing of the cast by Eth. and Olliff,* and
there is nothing to warrant the original determination of this fossil
as a Rhynchophorous beetle. It is therefore retained provisionally
in Ademosyne, even though the elytron is rather small and narrow
for this genus.

ELYTRON, 1.7 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide. Sculpture, nine delicate
ridges with punctate or pitted furrows. Shape, a narrow oval,
the shoulder or base being round, the posterior end or apex obtusely
pointed. Convexity, rather low.

TYPE :— Spec. SI (Plate 1, fig. 3) (Simmonds Coll.). CO-TYPE :-
Spec. 35 (Plate 1, fig. 8) (B. D. Coll.).

OBS. : — The type specimen has not the straight suture shown in
the 'drawing referred to, the suture and the margin being almost
equally curved. Its narrow oval shape is a conspicuous character.

ADEMOSYNE MAJOR, Handlirsch.
Plate 5, figs. 1, 6.

Ademosyne major, Handlirsc-h. Die Fossilen Insekten, Leipzig, 1908.
Hydrophilidce ? Etheridge and Olliff, Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W. Palaeon-
tology, No. 7, Sydney, 1890.

ELYTRON, 2.8 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. Sculpture, eight distinct

* Loc. cit., Plate 2, fig. 5.

20

and finely punctate striae, the punctures being at regular intervals
between the base and the apex. Convexity, moderately high.

TYPE :— Spec. S2 (Plate 5, fig. 6) (Simmonds Coll.). CO-TYPES :-
Specs. 36a and 366 (mould and cast) (Plate 5, fig. 1) ; spec. 10 (cast)
and spec. 44 (cast). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — The suture is not straight as shown by Eth. and Olliff.*
but has a decided curve towards the apex. The type specimen also
shows sculpture lines on the prothorax, and impressions which
appear to be under the elytra.

ADEMOSYNE MINOR, Handlirsch.
Plate 5, fig. 3.

Ademosyne minor, Handlirsch. Die Fossilen Insekten, Leipzig, 1908.
Hydrophilidce ? Etheiidge and Olliff, Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W. Palaeon-
tology, No. 7, Sydney, 1890.

ELYTRON, 2 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide. Sculpture consists of
eight lines, without other ornamentation. Shape, a somewhat
narrow oval, with apex rounded, and suture slightly curved. Con-
vexity, moderately high.

TYPE: — Spec. S3 (Simmonds Coll.). CO-TYPE: — Specs. 38a
and 386 (mould and cast) (Plate 5, fig. 3) ; spec. 39 (cast). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — Its oval shape is somewhat like that of A. australiensis
but its size approaches that of A. Olliffi. The drawing by Eth. and
Olliff t is of the mould, showing the external sculpture.

ADEMOSYNE CONGENER, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 8.

ELYTRON, 4 mm. long, 2-1 mm. wide. Sculpture consists of
nine finely punctate strise. Shape, apex obtusely pointed, margin
and suture both curved with a gentle taper to the apex. Convexity
moderately high.

TYPE :— Spec. 40 (cast) (Plate 2, fig. 8). CO-TYPE :— Ala,
416 (counterpart), 42 (cast). (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — Somewhat like A. australiensis, but the posterior half
is more tapering, the form larger, and the sculpture less pronounced.

* Loc. cit., Plate 2, fig. 6.
t Loc. cit., Plate 2, fig

21

ADEMOSYNE TUMIDA, sp. nov.
Plate 6, fig. 2.

The specimen has the whole of the right elytron and the distal
portion of the left preserved.

ELYTRON, 7-5 mm. long, 2-9 mm. wide, Sculpture, eight punc-
tate strise, very faint except towards the apex ; interstices finely
granular. Shape, apex blunt, base slightly curved, suture nearly
straight, margin gently curved from shoulder to apex, marginal
border equal in width to that of the interstices, but wider towards
the shoulder. Convexity, rather low near base, much swollen towards
the apex.

TYPE :— Specs. 45a (mould), 456 (cast) (Plate 6, fig. 2). (B. D.
Coll.)

OBS. : — This is one of the two largest species of Ademosyne.
It is conspicuous because of its tumid appearance, its well-developed
interstices, the extreme fineness of the pittings on the strise, and its
strongly marked marginal border.

ADEMOSYNE CAMERONI, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 1.

ELYTRON, 7-2 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Sculpture, eight well-
developed punctate strise, the punctures being deep and clearly
marked. Shape, apex pointed, base nearly straight, suture and margin
almost equally curved and tapering to the apex, both sutural and
marginal borders equally narrow.

TYPE :— Specs. 46a (mould), 466 (cast) (Plate 4, fig. 1). (B. D.
Coll.)

OBS. : — The species is distinguished by the punctures being quite
separate and distinct.

ADEMOSYNE PUNCTATA, sp. nov.
Plate 5, fig. 4.

ELYTRON, 4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. Sculpture, eight faint
strise ; these and the interstices both punctate, the distance between
the punctures being about equal to the width of the interstices.

TYPE :— Spec. 47a (mould), 476 (cast) (Plate 5, fig. 4). (B. D.
Coll.)

OBS. :— This is the only species of Ademosyne having both
interstices and striae punctate. Towards the base the punctate
character becomes more conspicuous.

22

Family BUPRESTIDJE (?).
MESOSTIGMODERA TYPICA, Etli. & Olliff.

Mesostigmodera typica, Efcheridge and Olliff, Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W.
Palaeontology, No. 7, Sydney, 1890.

ELYTRON, 15 mm. long, 4.8 mm. wide. Sculpture is as shown
in the three figures by Eth. and Olliff,* but an enlargement of the
specimen represented in figure 1 (the interior impression or cast)
shows an absence of pits, each tubercle consisting of an annular
structure with a central core. The tubercles are about 0.2 mm.
in diameter, and separated from one another by a distance a little
greater than their diameter. They are arranged in about 17 rows,
the tubercles in adjacent rows being generally placed opposite one
another, but frequently an intermediate arrangement is to be
observed. A double line of tubercles exist in the space between the
suture and the sutural line, packed close together and without pits
around them.

TYPE : — Specs. S5a and S56 (mould and cast). (Simmonds
Coll.)

OBS. : — The drawings mentioned above have been reversed in
reproduction, and fig. 1 (the mould) should have shown the
external sculpture represented in fig. 3, while fig. 2 (the convex
counterpart or cast) should have shown the internal impression.

It is not possible to determine with certainty the family to
which this fossil belongs. The shape and sculpture of the elytron
strongly suggest a close relationship with Stigmodera, the well-known
Australian genus of Buprestidse.

Family TENEBRIONID^E.
Genus ULOMITES, gen. nov.

Appears to be closely allied to the recent Australian genus Uloma,
with which it agrees very closely in the sculpture and shape of the
elytra.

TYPE : — Ulomites Willcoxi, sp. nov.

ULOMITES WILLCOXI, sp. nov.
Plate, 4 fig. 7.

ELYTRON, 11 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Shape, sides sub-parallel,
base round, apex pointed, slightly falcate ; marginal and sutural
borders narrow. Sculpture, seven distinct punctate strise, the distance

* Loe. cit., Plate 2, figs. 1-3.

23

between the punctures being about half the width of the interstices.
Marginal interstice becoming wider and slightly more prominent
towards the apex, where it sharply tapers off. Sutural border flat
and about half the width of the interstices, marginal border narrower
but prominent. The cast shows the interstices to be faintly granulate
on the interior surface, the mould showing the exterior to have a more
marked and clearly defined granulation.

TYPE : — Spec. 50a and 506 (mould and cast) (Plate 4, fig. 7).
(B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — A beautifully preserved specimen of a very typical
Tenebrionid elytron. I have dedicated the species to Mr. Willcox,
who assisted in the collecting of the Ipswich fossil flora and fauna
many years ago, and who is now engaged on this work.

Family CERAMBYCID^E.
Genus MESOTHORIS, gen. nov.

Resembles the recent Australian genus Thoris in the shape and
sculpture of the elytra, which are marked all over with definite
areolse separated by longitudinal and transverse ridges.

TYPE : — Mesoihoris clathrata, sp. nov.

MESOTHORIS CLATHRATA, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 6.

ELYTRON 7.2 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. Shape, margin much
curved, suture less so, apex bluntly pointed, base somewhat narrow.
Sculpture, nine longitudinal ridges, with intersecting cross-ridges,
together forming a network or areolate structure. The pittings
are variably depressed, generally round but occasionally oval and
irregular, the diameter being rather less than that of the ridges.
The ten rows of areolse formed by the nine ridges and cross-ridges
diminish in number, with very little convergence, towards both apex
and base, the areolae retaining a nearly uniform size all over the elytra.
The marginal border is slightly narrower than the sutural one, the
width being less than that of the costal ridges, both being rather
well-defined and finely granulate.

TYPE : — Specs. 48a, 486 (mould and cast) (Plate 4, fig. 6).
CO-TYPE : — Spec. 49 (cast, pair of elytra) ; Specs. 5la, 516 (mould
and cast). (B. D. Coll.)

24

OBS. : — The co-type agrees very closely with the type specimen,
hut shows that the elytra vary in length up to 9.6 mm. Specs.
5la and 516 have a marginal ridge which is probably a distortion.
They also show the granulations on the marginal and sutural border.
Spec. 49 shows a very minute cellular structure where the elytron
has been broken, this being, probably, a portion of the remains of
a plant common in the shale matrix, and not belonging to the
individual.

Family CURCTJLIONID^E .
ETHERIDGEA AUSTRALTS, Handlirsch.

Plate 5, fig. 5.
Etheridgea australis, Handlirscli. Die Fossilen Insekten, Leipzig, 1908.

tGlochinorrhynchus ? Etheridge and Olliff, Mem. Gaol. Surv. N.S.W. Palsejn-

tology, No. 7, Sydney, 1890.

ELYTRON, 3.6 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide. Sculpture — no ridge
present, but there are thirteen rows of minute tubercles which vary
much in size and prominence and in their distance from one another.

TYPE :— Spec. S4 (Plate 5, fig. 5). (Simmonds Coll.)

OBS. : — The ridge shown, in the drawing of the type by Eth.
and Olliff* is probably a post-mortem distortion. Other subordinate
irregularities to be observed in the type specimen, but not shown
in the figure, are probably due to the same cause. The illustra-
tion is also reversed, the type specimen being the right and not
the left elytron, the correct position being shown in the present
reproduction.

Order ODONATA.

Sub-Order ? Anisoptera.

Sub-Family MESOPHLEBIIN.JE.

Genus MESOPHLEBIA, gen. nov.

Nodus well developed, but continued straight downwards beyond
'.Sc, instead of being bent outwards in the direction assumed by the
nodi of all recent Odonata, and stopping short at the radius. No sub-
nodus present. Subcosta terminating at nodus . Pterostigma present,
well formed, an elongate parallelogram with the lower side (formed
by the radius) convexly thickened ; a weak brace-vein present (Be).
Ml arching up to run close under pterostigma. Postnodal sector
{Mia) present, well formed. M 2 leaving M as distad from nodus as

* Loc. cit., Plate 2. fig. 4.

25

M3 leaves it proximad, i.e., about four cells' length. The sector-
lying between M2 and M3 indeterminate, apparently arising just
distad from M3 and supported bj^ strong cross-veins placed very
obliquely on either side of it, below the level of the nodus. Presence
or absence of bridge and oblique vein indeterminate, owing to
obliteration of venation in the region where the latter should be
looked for. M4 very irregular distally, breaking up into a zigzag
row of cell-borders. Space between M4 and Cu very wide, but
filled by only a single row of elongate cells bounded by parallel
cross-veins. Cu reaches the wing border at a level more than half-
way between nodus and pterostigma.

TYPE : — Mesophlebia antinodalis, sp. nov.

OBS. : — It is difficult to indicate any affinities between this
extraordinary wing and that of any other Odonate, fossil or recent.
The obviously very great breadth of the wing in proportion to its
length, and the close approximation of the nodus to the pterostigma,
make it almost certain that the wing is the hindwing of an Anisop-
terous dragon-fly. On the other hand the absence from the fragment
of the very important basal half of the wing, and the obliteration
(apparently by partial decomposition of overlying vegetable remains)
of just that small portion of the series of cross-veins between M 2 and
M3 where we should expect to find the oblique vein, makes the
definite determination of the sub-order to which it belongs an im-
possibility. It is not inconceivable that a Zygopterous hindwing of
the type shown in Epiophlebia might not have possessed a quad-
rilateral wide enough to allow of the development of a single row of
cells between M 4 and Cu, as elongate as those here shown. Pending
the discovery of further remains of this interesting insect, which we
may reasonably hope will be found if the Ipswich beds are more
fully worked, the genus has been placed in a new sub-family, Meso-
phlebiinse, characterised by the form of the nodus, and placed
provisionally as an isolated side-branch of the sub-order Anisoptera.

MESOPHLEBIA ANTINODALIS, sp. nov.
Plate 4, fig. 2.

The fragment 3« consists of the greater portion of the distal
half of the wing, from a point on the radius about six cells proximad
from the nodus, to a point just short of the wing-tip. A fracture
roughly perpendicular to the distal ending of M3, and hence parallel
to the direction of the nodus, has destroyed the extreme distal portion
of the wing-border. Vegetable remains overlie the wing in several
places, and have caused obliterations of some important cross-veins.

26

A vegetable stem, very strongly marked, lies right across the wing
just distally from the nodus. The stem is actually beneath the wing,
since the main veins can be followed easily across it.

Under strong oblique light, it is just possible to see two nearly
parallel oblique marks passing from M2 to Rs in the region just
distally below the curve of M2 (left clear in the figure). One of
these is definitely determined to be a light .scratch ; the other might
possibly be the partly obliterated remains of the oblique vein. Much
as one would like to determine the oblique vein definite^ and thus
know whether the specimen should be placed in the Anisoptera or
in the Epiophlebiinse (and it should be remarked that the oblique
vein ought to occur just at this point), yet it cannot be said that this
important vein has been satisfactorily made out, and so it is preferred
to leave it undetermined. The same may be said of. the origin of
the vein provisionally labelled Rs ; the wing is just hereabouts in
very poor condition, and none of the veins can be closely followed
out. On the other hand, the perfect preservation of the nodus and
pterostigma is indeed marvellous. Even the slight ' ribbing " of
the costa just distad from the nodus can be identified by careful
manipulation of the light, while the pterostigma is still more easily
picked out as a somewhat darkened and thickened patch near the
wing-tip, enclosed by veins whose outline is absolutely perfect. The
alternate convexity and concavity of the main veins are also easily
distinguished.

MEASUREMENTS : — Greatest length of fragment 21.5 mm.,
greatest breadth 11 mm., distance from nodus to pterostigma. 12
mm., length of pterostigma 2.8 mm.

TYPE: — Spec. 3a (Plate 4, fig. 2). TYPE-COUNTERPART:—
.Spec. 3b. (B. D. Coll.)

THE PHYLOGENY or THE NODUS IN THE DRAGON-FLY WING.

The discovery of Mesophlebia gives \is a very important clue
to the phylogeny of that extraordinary and unique formation in the
Dragon-fly wing known as the nodus. So far its origin has been
only speculated upon. Now at last we have some solid ground on
which to base its phylogeny. In Mesophlebia the nodus is very
beautifully preserved, and it is also of a form not found in airv recent
Dragon-fly wing. It is shown enlarged in text-fig. 4. It will be
seen that the nodus is made up of two distinct parts, one distal from
and the other proximal to the nodal joint. The proximal part is
formed by the distal end of Sc being turned up and fused with the
costa ; this fusion is thickened and beautifully rounded off. The
distal part is obviously formed simply by a specialised cross-vein,

27

strengthened above by an enlarged knob on the costa. This cross-
vein will be termed the nodal cross-vein (nc). The sudden bend of
E is a mechanical device correlated with the shifting of the nodal
cross-vein from an originally perpendicular to an oblique position.
The costal knob rests upon the curved fused part of Sc with C, and
the result appears to be a rather loose joint.

Fig. 4.

M,.

1-2

The Nodus in Mesophlebia.

The nodus of recent dragon-flies (text-fig. 5G) differs from that of
Mesophlebia in two important respects. Firstly, the joint is a much
more complete one, the proximal and distal parts of the nodus being
more closely fused. Secondly, the lower half of the nodal cross-vein
has become bent at an. obtuse angle to the rest, and is continued
downwards between R and M 1-2 by a thickened oblique vein called
the subnodus (Sn), which in its turn is usually continued directly
by M2. In Mesophlebia, M2 leaves Ml-2 a considerable distance
distad from the level of the nodus, and the subnodus is quite absent.

Fig. 5.

p 1

Mi 1 L

M

*;^ Y

ni-z.

R

M..

N

R

M.-*

C

R.

• C

Sc

M.-

R
Mi-

N

X

3 Mi — " 6

Six stages in the Phylogeny of the Nodus.

'C
•Mi-i

28

In text-fig. 5 there are six probable stages indicated in the
phylogeny of the nodus. No. 1 shows the archaic state in which
there was no nodus, but the subcosta ended up on the costal border at
N, a little proximally to one of the cross-veins. In No. 2, the costal
break or joint is formed and the cross-vein is just about to move out of
the perpendicular to form a support. In No. 3 the support is formed
and we have the Mesophlebia-st&ge. In No. 4 M2 begins to move
backwards along Ml-2 towards the nodus level. In No. 5 one of the
cross-veins between R and Ml-2 begins to turn obliquely so as to
support M 2, and the lower part of the nodal cross-vein begins to
follow it. Finally, in No. 6, the complete cross-support from nodus to
M2 is achieved, and the subnodus definitely established, while the
fusion of parts around the nodal joint has reached its maximum.
This gives us the nodus as seen in the dragon-fly wing of to-day.

Fig. 6.

a

Phylogeny of the Costal Joint in Mesophlebia.

The only difficulty to be surmounted now is an explanation of
how the costal joint arose, and this is explained by a reference to
text-fig. 6. To understand the illustration it is necessary to remember
that the so-called " costa" of the dragon-fly wing is not in reality
one of the main veins of the wing, i.e., it is not formed about a pre-
cedent trachea in the larval wing-sheath. The costal trachea is
vestigial and the " costa" is simply the immensely strengthened
anterior border of the wing. Its structure is therefore quite different
from that of a main vein. Instead of being a uniform longitudinal
rod, it is seen to be very distinctly ribbed by a series of spines or
teeth. It seems almost certain that each portion of the costa bearing
a single tooth is the product of a single pair of hypoderm cells of

29

the wing-sheath. Thus there is no difficulty in understanding how
a definite break or joint could be formed at the point where the
subcosta joins it. The joint would be formed merely by separation
of the block of chitin carrying the tooth beneath which the sub-
costa becomes united, from the next distally placed block. By
subsequent enlargement of these two depositions of chitin. the nodal
joint would be definitely formed.

The form of the nodus in Mesophlebia does not, therefore,
preclude the supposition that this insect may actually lie in the
direct ancestral line of some of our recent dragon-flies. Unless the
basal half of the wing is discovered, and an examination made of the
region of the arculus and triangle, Mesophlebia must always remain
a puzzle. At present, it seems best to place it in a new sub-family
Mesophlebiinse. characterised by the form of the nodiis, the breadth
of the wing, and the closeness of the pterostigma to the nodus. As
stated before, this family may be only doubtfully added as a side-
branch to the sub-order Anisoptera.

Order MECOPTERA (PANORPATJE).

Family PANORPID^E.
Genus MESOCHORISTA, gen. nov.

FOREWING. — Outline oval ; cross-veins nearly all either absent
or so weakly developed as to be undecipherable in the fossil. Sub-
costa straight, parallel to costa, giving off a short slanting branch to
costa at about the middle of the wing-length. A small cross-vein
between costa and subcosta close to base. Radius curving away
from 8c near base, then straight and running nearly parallel below
Sc. Radial sector arising a little beyond one-fourth of the wing-
length, branching dichotomously ; each branch again dividing, the
upper one far distally, the lower close to its origin. Media arched
convexly costad near base, and soon branching into two ; the lower
branch is simple, continuing the line of the main stem straight on to
the middle of the posterior border ; the upper branch is divided
dichotomously, each division again branching into two, of which
the lower in each case again subdivides. First cubital vein weakly
developed, lying in a deep fold or concavity ; second cubital vein
strong, and straight, raised on a strong ridge or convexity. First
anal vein also convex and straight, nearly parallel to Cu2 ; second
anal vein weakly formed, lying in a concavity ; third anal vein short,
convex, and well formed.
C

30

TYPE : — Mesochorista proavita, sp. nov.

OBS. : — A genus very closely allied to T ceniochorista (Recent,
Brisbane).

MESOCHORISTA PROAVITA, sp. nov.
Plate 2, fig. 2.

The specimen is clearly a fore wing. Here and there, in certain
lights, very faint impressions of cross-veins are observed which
are not shown in the drawings. Between the basal cross-vein and
the short distal branch of Sc, three weak cross-veins are observed
close together. The most interesting fact about this fossil is its close
resemblance to the wing of T ' ceniochorista pallida, Esben-Petersen,
a very rare Panorpid known only from Brisbane, where it appears
to have an aquatic or semi-aquatic existence. A comparison of the
two wings brings out the folio Aviiig points : — The two short cross-
veins connecting C with Sc are present also in T ceniochorista, in
the same positions. The more distal one is also oblique, as in the
fossil, but the curve of Sc distad from it is not so marked. In Tcenio-
chorifita there are also the three other weakly formed cross-veins
close together, midway between the two.

All Panorpids have a number of short cross-veins between the
main branches at intervals. In T ceniocliorista these are formed of
weak colourless chitin, little thicker than the membrane of the wing
itself. They are not easy to see, unless the wing be held up to the
light. It could scarcely be expected that these cross-veins would be
preserved in the fossil wing. In view of the close correspondence
in all other points, we may be fairly sure that they were actually
present. The only one that can be definitely detected is a rather
strong cross-vein descending upon Cu from the first dichotomy of
M ; only the upper half of this is preserved, T ceniochorista has this
cross- vein present and more strongly formed than the others.

The radius and radial sector appear to be almost exactly alike
in the two forms. In the media, the only difference is that in T cenio-
chorista only the most posterior of the four stems formed by the
second brandling of the upper branch of M is again branched ; i.e.,
the lower or posterior arm of the uppermost distal fork is absent,
and only one vein runs to the wing border there instead of two.
The correspondence between the cubital and anal regions of the wing
in the two genera appears to be exact.

We may say definitely that, assuming the presence of the cross-
veins already discussed in Mesochorista, the latter would become
Teeniochorista by (1) a slight lengthening of the wing, (2) the loss of

31

the small arm distally on M, mentioned above, and (3) a slight
straightening of Sc at the oblique distal cross-vein. It appears,
therefore, that Mesochorista is undoubtedly the ancestor of T cenio-
chorista, and we can only marvel at the slightness of the change
through such long ages. The persistence of the five costal cross-veins
in the same position for so long a time seems to be an extraordinary
case of the survival of comparatively useless structures ; the middle
three, at any rate, appear to be quite useless. The allied genus
Chorista has no cross-veins in this space, but the costa is more strongly
arched. Chorista is also aquatic, and may well represent another
line of descent from a form very close to Mesochorista, but with
stronger cross-veins.

MEASUREMENTS : — Greatest length of fragment 10.5 mm.,
breadth 4 mm. The forewing of T ' ceniochorista pallida is 16 mm.
long ; that of Mesochorista appears to have been, about 13 mm. in
aH.

TYPE : — Spec. 32« (Plate 2, fig. 2). TYPE-COUNTERPART :—
Spec. 326. (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — A consideration of the characters to be observed in this
interesting fossil offers very definite evidence of the stability of
aquatic or semi-aquatic life in the region of Southern Queensland
from the Trias to recent times, and helps us to understand how it
was that Ceratodus also remained unchanged and unmolested in this
same area. It should be added that specimens of T ceniochorista are
exceedingly rare, and nothing is known of their life histories, except
that they are aquatic or semi-aquatic.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Family DUNSTANIID/E.
Genus DUNSTANIA, gen. iiov.

HINDWING. — Very broad, surrounded by a wide margin without
pits. All the rest of the wing-membrane, between the veins, densely
pitted all over ; these pits appear to represent the bases of insertion
of the wing-scales, which are completely lost. Subcosta waved,
reaching the anterior border at a distance of one-fifth of the wing
length from the apex. Upper branch of radius waved, ending at
apex. Basal cell (d^) formed between radius and media, narrow,
elongate, with short distal side somewhat weakly formed. Beginning
above the distal end of this cell, and extending distally from it, is a
larger second cell (cL), narrow, biit increasing in width distally until
near its apex, where the enclosing veins curve gracefully in to meet
at an angle. From this angle a single vein runs to the termen well

32

below the apex. The two veins bordering (L both appear to be
branches of the radius. Media wavy, giving off a short weak con-
nection to the radius to form the distal side of rf, . Cubitus with two
branches ; the upper one simple, slightly waved, the lower one broken
at abont two-fifths of its length, at a point from which a perpen-
dicular vein branches off to the posterior border. Rest of wing lost.

TYPE : — Dunstania pukhra, sp. nov.

OBS. : — I have dedicated this, the most perfect and beautiful
of the Ipswich fossil insects, to Mr. B. Dunstan, Chief Government
Geologist of Queensland, to whose untiring energy and keenness
and ceaseless search we owe the preservation of this and the other
fossils described in this paper.

The genus Dunstania may be placed as the sole representative
of a new family Dunstam'idae, characterised by the presence of the
two cells as shown, and the weak closure of d^ distally.

DUNSTANIA PULCHRA, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 6.

This almost perfect specimen of a left hindwing is one of the
most striking and beautiful fossil insect wings so far discovered.
The border of the wing, together with all the veins, is of a pale colour^
On both sides of each vein, and also internally to the wing border,
there runs a very distinct brownish band, giving the wing a very
striking and characteristic appearance. These brown bands are
interrupted, or rather reduced to a lighter tint, across two transverse
areas, one just distal to dl, the other between the apex of d.2 and the
external border of the wing. It is possible that this may be simply
due to the condition of preservation, or an indication of an original
banded colour pattern, which probably existed originalhr also on
the scales.

The external wing-border, or termen, shows signs of a delicate
transverse ribbing. This extends also somewhat indistinctly round
the apex on to the costa.

I have to thank Dr. A. J. Turner, F.E.S., of Sherwood, near
Brisbane, for the suggestion that this fossil represents a hindwing in
spite of the absence of frenulum or jugum.* Neither of these struc-
tures need be present in the hindwing of a moth ; for instance, in
the recent family Lasiocampidse their place is taken by an enlargement
of the costal area. Dunstania may well have resembled a Lasio-
campid both in flight and appearance.

* An observation which has been fully justified by the discovery, since it was made, of
! IK narrower and more elongated forewing of this Fame species.

33

The formation of the cells appears to differ in very important
points from anything known in the Lepidoptera of to-day. Comparing
the wing with those of certain archaic Lepidoptera, such as one of
the Hepialidae or Limacodidse, we see that in the latter the cell d1
is of considerably greater length, while there is also another closed
cell below it. between M and Cu. It is by fusion of these two cells
that the wide cell of the butterfly-wing has been evolved. In
Dunstania, however, the upper cell of the two (d^) alone is completed,
and even that is only weakly closed distally. The cubitus remains
quite distinct, and its upper branch shows no signs of any attempt
at approaching the media. This arrangement is evidently in cor-
relation with the extreme breadth of the wing, with which also we may
perhaps correlate the presence of the perpendicular :' support " on
the lower branch of the cubitus.

When we come to discuss the second cell d.2, comparisons fail
us, and we can only see in it an instance of specialisation along a line
quite extinct at the present day. It would be natural to suppose that
this cell is enclosed between the radial sector above and the upper
branch of the media beneath, and that the two continue in a fused
condition beyond the cell. This, however, is not borne out by the
structure of the distal end of rfT. It appears definitely as if both tin-
veins enclosing d., were branches of the radius, and that the media
only maintains a weak connection with the lower vein by means of
the weak distal side of d^. As this problem can never be definitely
solved in the absence of the possibility of referring to the precedent
wing-tracheatioii, it is preferred to leave these veins unnamed.

MEASUREMENTS : — Total length of wing to apex 20 mm.,
greatest breadth of fragment 11.5 mm.

TYPE : — Spec. 2a (Plate 3, fig. 6). TYPE-COUNTERPART :—
Spec. 26. (B. D. Coll.)

Order PROTOHEMIPTERA.
Genus MESOGEREOX, gen. nov.

Venation, so far as preserved, resembling that of Eugereon as
regards the main veins. Cross-veins excessively numerous, but in
process of reduction, being represented by numerous short transverse
ridges crossing the main, veins, but not proceeding far into the inter-
mediate spaces. Spaces between the main veins, beyond the ends
of the cross-ridges, filled with moderately numerous and very distinct
raised hemispherical tubercles and hollow pits.

Costa, subcosta, and radius uiibranched in the fragment ; media
branched, and probably cubitus also. Cross-ridges absent from the
three first-mentioned, veins.

TYPE : — Mesogereon neuropunctatum, sp. nov.

34

MESOGEREON NEUROPUNCTATUM, sp. nor.
Plate l,figs. 1,2.

This is onl}" a small fragment of what is evidently a large wing,,
the magnification being -75. An underlying irregularity in the rock
has badly broken the line of the costa, subcosta, and radius ; probably
the wing became pressed down just there over some hard plant -
remains. The extraordinary cross-ridges are very clearly shown, and
give the wing an appearance quite unlike anything else known to
me in the Insecta. In the clear areas of the wing it is surprising to
find both tubercles and pits scattered about indiscriminately. The
size of these suggests that the wing itself belonged to a very large
insect.

MEASUREMENTS : — Greatest length of fragment 23 mm., greatest
breadth 17 mm.

TYPE : — -Spec. 19a (Plate 1, figs. 1, 2). TYPE-COUNTERPART :—
Spec. 196. (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — In the absence of the mouth parts, the placing of this
fossil in the Protohemiptera is only provisional. The evidence in
favour of it maybe stated under two main heads — (1) the resemblance
of the venational plan to that of Eugereon, the famous Protohemip-
terid from the Lower Permian of Germany, and (2) the presence of
the tubercles and pits resembling those found on the wings of certain
Palaeohemiptera. The genus, indeed, is distinctly a connecting
link between these two orders, and shows us the evolutionary method
by which the Palseohemiptera (and hence probably also our recent
Hemiptera) were actually derived from the Protohemiptera. It is
doubtful indeed whether the two distinct orders should be any
longer maintained.

Order HEMIPTERA.

Family JASSID^E.
Genus MESOJASSUS, gen. nov.

A small Jassid-like forewing, tapering slightly in width from
close to the base up to the rounded tip. Basal three-fifths of wing
thickened and closely covered with small pits ; distal two-thirds

35

i

much thinner, with only faint signs of pitting. The boundary
between the thickened and thin portions of the wing appears to
run transversely across the wing, not obliquely. Most of the costal
border missing, and venation not easily made out. A typical hexa-
gonal closed cell can be seen towards the middle of the thin area,
and part of a similar cell placed postero-basally to it.

TYPE : — Mesojassus ipsviciensis, sp. nov.

MESOJASSUS IPSVICIENSIS, sp. nov.

Plate 2, fig. 7.

This small forewing may be fairly closely compared with
Archijassus Heeri, Geinitz (Handlirsch, Atlas, plate xliii, fig. 41),
which it much resembles in shape and size. The distal venation is,
however, rather different, as far as it can be made out, and the
transverse boundary separating the two parts of the wing is very
different from the arrangement shown in Archijassus. The latter
insect was found in the Upper Lias of Dobbertin, Mecklenburg.

MEASUREMENTS : — Length 6 mm., greatest breadth 1.7 mm.
TYPE :— Spec. 33 (Plate 2, fig. 7). (B. D. Coll.)

INSECTA INCERT.E SEDIS.

SPECIMEN 4 appears to be a small portion of a wing of
Mesorthopteron locustoides, sp. nov., showing a piece of the radius,
and the origin of several of the branches of the media. The outline
of the preserved portion is deceptively like that of a complete wing
of small size. (Plate 1, fig. 5.) The fragment measures 13.5 mm.
long, 3 mm. wide.

SPECIMEN 6. — A small portion of a large wing, 19 mm. by 2 mm.,
showing two large parallel mam veins, with two short cross-veins.
Possibly part of a large dragon-fly wing, consisting of costa and
subcosta, with two antenodals.

SPECIMEN 7. — A small insect, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, resting
in natural position with wings folded down the back. Probably a
small cockroach. Venation not distinct enough to allow of definite
determination.

36

SUMMARY OF IPSWICH RESULTS.

The following insects from the Denmark Hill beds have been
named and described : —

ORDER.

GENUS.

SPECIE*;,

Blattoidea . . :

Austromylacrites, gen. nov.

A.

latus, sp. nov.

Pro tort hoptera

Mesorthopteron, </<;/. nov. ..

M.

locustoides, sp. non.

i » • •

Mesomantidion, gen. nov. . .

M.

queenslandicum, sp. nov.

Coleoptera

Ademosync, Hinxliirxch

A.

australiensis, sp. nov

»

. .

A.

an gust a, sp. nov.

j

. .

A.

Cameroni, sp. nor.

?

. .

A.

congener, sp. no>\

,

. .

A.

major, Handliwli.

.

,

. .

A.

minor, Handlirsch.

. .

;

. .

A.

obtusa, sp. nor.

,

A.

Olliffi, Handlirsc),.

.

. .

A.

ptmctata, sp. nov.

.

. .

A.

tumida, sp. nov.

. .

Etheridgea, Handlirsrh.

E.

australis, Handlirsch

>

. .

Mesostigmodera, Eth. and

M.

typiea, Eth. unit Olli

Olliff

?

Mesothoris, gen. nov.

M.

clathrata, sp. nov.

?

Ulomites, gen. nov.

U.

Willcoxi, sp. nov.

Odonatu

Mesophlebia, gen. nov.

M.

antinodalis, sp. nov.

Mecoptera

Mesochorista, gen. nov.

M.

proavita, sp. nov.

Lepidoptera . .

Dunstania, gen. nov.

D.

pulchra, sjy. nov.

Protohemiptera

Mesogereon, gen. nov.

M.

neuropunctatum, sp, nov.

Hemiptera

Mesojassus, gen. nov.

M.

ipsvicieiisis, sp. nov.

TOTAL : — Eight orders, thirteen genera, and twenty-two species,
of which seventeen species are new.

OBS. : — Reviewing the above list, the extraordinary range and
diversity of the insect fauna of these beds become at once apparent.
Did we not know for certain that these fossils occurred in one
bed, it would require rather a stretch of the imagination to believe
that such was the case. Some of the forms (e.g. Austromy-
lacrites and Mesogereon) are little removed from certain Carboni-
ferous and Permian insects of the Northern Hemisphere. Others
are scarcely distinguishable from forms existing in South Queens-
land at the present day. Thus the fauna of the Ipswich Trias embraces
within a mere handful of specimens types which range from Carboni-
ferous to recent times !

We may perhaps best comprehend this if we recall the fact that
to-day in Australia Ceratodus and iresh- water Teleosts inhabit the
same stream, with Cycads and Leguminosse growing side by side on
the same hill. How would some geological student of future ages,
versed only in the succession of forms in the Northern Hemisphere,
be able to interpret the fossils that he might find side by side in
strata laid down at the present day ? The Ipswich fossils show that

37

it was the ssme in Australia in the Trias as it is to-day, and that
the Australian fauna then, as now, combined numerous archaic
types with certain highly specialised forms peculiar to the continent.

It is obvious that such an assemblage of forms can be of little
value in fixing the horizon of the strata in which they occur. Their
value lies rather in their application to the phylogeiiy of the Insecta.
In the record of fossil insects so far discovered, the Trias is exceedingly
poor, numbering only a few species of Coleoptera from Sweden and
Germany, and two genera apparently allied to the Megalopterous
genus Chauliodes, together with a few forms, mostly Coleoptera,
already described from Ipswich. Now the record of what we may
call the " Giant Age of Insects," first unearthed by Brongniart in
the magnificent deposits of Commentry in France (Upper Carboni-
ferous), can be followed with scarcely any break into the Permian.
Above this, in the Northern Hemisphere, comes the immense gap of
the Trias. When the insects again come fairly into view, in the
Lias of England and Germany, a very different and considerably
more specialised assemblage of forms is met with. There seems to be
no hope that this gap will ever be bridged by discoveries in the
Northern Hemisphere, since the Trias as a whole appears to be lacking
in fresh-water deposits of the kind in which we are accustomed to
search for insects. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to turn to the
Ipswich beds for evidence that will supply the missing links. How
splendid that evidence may yet prove to be, provided that these
fossils can be diligently searched for and preserved, this small first
haul of treasures amply shows.

The chief general results of the discovery of these fossils may be

«/

briefly stated thus :—

1. Certain insect types characteristic of the late Palaeozoic

in the Northern Hemisphere, and not found in the Mesozoic,
are now shown to have had fairly close relatives in the
Trias of Australia. Such types include Austromylacrites ,
Mesorthopteron, and Mesomantidion.

2. The first known appearance of a true dragon-fly, with

nodus and pterostigma, can now be assigned to the Trias,
instead of the Lias. It was probably an Anisopterid.

3. A Panorpid (Mecoptera), scarcely differing from a form

still alive in Southern Queensland, existed in the Aus-
tralian Trias. This group has already been recorded from
the Lias in the Northern Hemisphere.

38

4. A Lepldopterous insect, a fairly large moth, is present

in the Australian Trias. As the Lepidoptera have not
until now been traced back beyond the Upper Jurassic,
this discovery is of great importance. Also, as this insect
existed in a period long before that generally agreed upon
when flowering plants first appeared (Lower Cretaceous),
it is an interesting cpnestion as to what it fed upon and
what its mouth parts Avere like.

5. A true Hemipterid (allied to the recent Jassidce) existed

side by side with a large insect probably related to
Eugereon, and hence referable to the Protohemiptera.
Jassidce are known from the Lias of the Northern Hemi-
sphere, but the Protohemiptera did not survive beyond
the Permian.

6. The large gap in the Insect Record (Trias) is at last in

process of being satisfactorily bridged over.

3. ST. PETER'S FOSSIL INSECTS.

Order BLATTOIDEA.

Family BLATTIDJE.

Genus NOTOBLATTITES, gen. nov.

Rather large insects with broad oval tegmina. Tegmen with a
strong subcosta reaching nearly to tip of wing and supporting a
broad costal area crossed by simple or once-branched oblique cross-
veins. Costal border only slightly convex. Radius very strong,
parallel with and moderately close to Sc. Radius gives off three
branches posteriad, close together at about one-third of the wing
length ; of these the lowest (most basal) is unbranched, the middle
gives off three branches posteriad, while the uppermost (most distal)
is dichotomously branched. Media with at least three branches
posteriad from main stem. A number of cubital and anal veins and
branches (origins not distinct).

Resting position typically blattoid, with tegmina laid flat along
back ; in position of rest, the insect formed a moderately wide oval
with the sides nearly parallel, only very slightly convex. Tips of
hind wings projected beyond the curved ends of the tegmina.

TYPE : — Notoblattites subcostalis, sp. nov.

39

NOTOBLATTITES SUBCOSTALIS, sp. nov.
Plate 6, fig. 1, and Plate 7, fig. 1.

This species is represented on Plate 6. fig. 1. by a nearly complete
and very wrell-preserved tegmeii (Spec. 24a) and on Plate 7, fig. 1,
by two whole specimens at rest in natural positions (Spec. 25a),
together \vith a portion of another wing. In the well-preserved
individual, Spec. 24a (Plate 4, fig. 1), the nature of the cross- venation
can be fairly well made out. The costal cross-veins were strong
and placed fairly wide apart. At the base, the cross-venation is a
dense network of small polygonal cells, very irregular. This is
figured between Sc and E, but omitted from the anal area, which
is, however, actually covered with a similar network. Further distacl
the venation becomes simplified, tending to develop into simple
series of parallel and slightly oblique cross-veins, as shown in the
figure.

On Spec. 25a (Plate 7, fig. 1), which is a piece of very dark clay
ironstone about 4| by 3| inches, an almost complete individual is
shown in the position of rest, measuring 62 mm. long by 34 mm.
wide ; head, prothorax, and part of the tips of the hi iicl wings are
missing. The position of the head is covered by portion of another
tegmen laid crosswise and projecting away towards the right, where
it is broken off about halfway. This fine individual appears to have
been a female. Just above and to the left of it lies another partially
complete impression measuring, however, only 50 mm. long by 24
mm. wide, and thus probably a male. The main veins and costal
cross-veins in the three individuals are very clear.

MEASUREMENTS : — Spec. 24o. Length 46 mm., breadth 21 mm.
The tip is missing.

TYPES : — Spec. 25a (Plate 7, fig. 1). TYPE-COUNTERPART :—
Spec. 256 (almost complete male and female). CO-TYPE : — Spec.
24a (Plate 6, fig. 1). CO-TYPE-COUNTERPART : — Spec. 246 (right
tegmen). (B. D. Coll.)

•

OBS. : — This insect, which is without doubt a cockroach,
nevertheless approaches the Protorthoptera in the great length of
its subcosta and the comparative straightness of its main veins.
It appears to have been closely allied to several of the numerous
Carboniferous forms, notably Elaphroblatta ensifera, Brongniart,
figured by Handlirsch.*

* Loc. cit. Atlas, plate xix, figs. 17-18.

40

Order PROTORTHOPTERA.
Genus MESOTITAN, gen. nov.

Size enormous ; main veins very strongly built, cross-veins
regularly arranged in single rows, slightly oblique. Radius and
subcosta nearly parallel and moderately close together ; many
radial branches.

TYPE : — Mesotitan yi gain ens. sp. nov.

MESOTITAN GIGANTEUS, sp. nov.
Plate 7, fig. 2.

This large specimen is on a broken block of partly decomposed
clay ironstone and poorly preserved. Both the type and counterpart
are preserved and show very clearly the strong convexity and con-
cavity of the veins. The wings are probably in the position of rest,
slanting somewhat away from what appears to be the long axis of the
body. As the hindwing underlies the forewing at only a small angle
it is impossible to make out the tangle of main veins. The preserved
portion of the insect measures 125 mm. long by 146 mm. wide, and
appears to represent only a small basal portion of the wings. The
forewing when completed was probably at least eight or nine inches
long and three inches wide at its broadest part. If this estimate is
correct this huge insect must have had an expanse of about twenty
inches.

TYPE -.—Spec. 22a (Plate 7, fig. 2). TYPE-COUNTERPART :-
Spec. 22b. (B. D. Coll.)

OBS. : — It is a pity that this gigantic insect is not better pre-
served for comparison with Titanophas-ma from the Carboniferous
of Commentry, with which it very probably had considerable affinity.
The existence of these giant insects in Mesozoic strata in Australia
long after they had become extinct in the Northern Hemisphere is
a point of very great interest, and bears out the view already ex-
pressed, that archaic remnants have always formed' a considerable
part of the Australian fauna.

SPECS. 21a, 216.: — Besides the type specimen, a small portion
of a Protorthopterous wing is represented in Specs. 2la and its
counterpart 216 (B. D. Coll). This individual measures 49 mm. by
12 mm., and shows the cross-veins arranged in regular parallel
rows. Probably this is a small piece of a wing of Mesotitan.

41

SPECS. 23a, 236 : — Another individual and its counterpart (B.I).
Coll.), measures 43 mm. by 15 mm. This is apparently a portion of
a wing similar to that of Mesotitan, but much smaller, probably
not exceeding four or five inches in total length. The cross-veins
are arranged in a single parallel series between two main veins
(possibly Sc and R), but between a number of descending branch
veins they are densely packed, forming a close polygonal network,
as in Titanophasma. The specimen is not sufficiently characterised
to merit a name.

Order COLEOPTERA.

Family ELATERID^ (V).
Genus ELATERITES, gen. nov.

ELYTRON, elongate oval, tapering posteriorly, closely resembling
that of a recent " Click" beetle ; no definite sculpture visible, except
a slight roughness of the surface.

TYPE : — Elaterites wianamattensis, sp. nov.

ELATERITES WIANAMATTENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 5.

ELYTRON, complete cast of right one ; appears to have been
slightly roughened or perhaps pubescent.

MEASUREMENTS :— Length 6.5 mm., greatest breadth 1.8 mm.
TYPE :— Spec. 30 (Plate 3, fig. 5). (B. D. Coll.)

Family MALACODERMIDJE.
Genus METRORHYNCHITES, gen. nov.

ELYTRON, elongate oval, with three strong longitudinal ribs,
one roughly parallel with inner border, and extending to tip, the
other two roughly parallel with outer border and meeting the first
rib at two separate points near apex. Closely resembles elytron of
recent genus Metrorhynchus inhabiting Southern Queensland.

TYPE : — Metrorhync-hites sydneiensis, sp. nov.

METRORHYNCHITES SYDNEIENSIS, sp. nov.
Plate 3, figs. 3, 4.

ELYTRON, nearly complete cast and mould of left one ; besides
the three ribs referred to above, the surface of the elytron appears-
to have been finely granular.

42

MEASUREMENTS : — Length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.

TYPE : — Specs. 28a and 286 (mould and cast) (Plate 3, figs.
3, 4). (B. D. Coll.)

Family CURCULIONID^E.
Genus ETHERIDGEA, Handlirsch.

? Glochinorrhynchus, Etheridge and OllifL* Type : — E. australis,
Handlirsch. | (Triassic, Ipswich.)

ETHERIDGEA PETRICA, sp. nov.

Plate 3, fig. 2.

The specimen is a nearly complete insect, resting with dorsal
surface uppermost ; a small portion of the right side of the pro thorax
and parts of both elytra are missing. The insect is rather broadly
oval in form, the head barely visible, being partly tucked below the
prothorax.

PROTHORAX, wide, massive.

ELYTRA, wide at bases, narrowing posteriorly, very convex.
In sculpture they are roughly tuberculate, the tubercles being
arranged in numerous longitudinal rows close together.

MEASUREMENTS: — Length ]0.5 mm., breadth 4.9 mm.

TYPE :— Spec. 31 (cast) (Plate 3, fig. 2). (B. I). Coll.)

OBS. : — This insect has elytra somewhat larger than that of the
genotype E. australis, but of very similar shape and sculpture, so
that it is unnecessary to differentiate the two genetically. An
examination of the type specimen of E. ttustralis shows that the
tubercles are in thirteen rows, but smaller and somewhat more
regularly disposed than in the present species. On one part of the
elytra the tubercles are set in an open network or areolar structure,
which, however, is not a cast of the exterior sculpture but a mineral
replacement of the chitin. The lower impression, or cast, is simply
tuberculate. The Rhynchophoran affinities of this beetle are
beyond doubt, having regard to its general form, the position of the
head, and the sculpture of the elytra.

Genus MESORHYNCHOPHORA, gen. nov.

ELYTRON, very broad at base, tapering to a fairly narrow rounded
apex ; surface very convex, with four strise converging distally,
separated by wide flat interstices.

TYPE : — Mesorhynchophora Dunstani, sp. nov.

* Loc. cit. t Loc. cit.

43

MESORHYNCHOPHORA DUNSTANI, sp. nov.

Plate 1, fig. 7.

ELYTRON, 15 mm. long, 5 mm. wide. The specimen shows
practically the whole of the right elytron. The five flat interstices
shown in the cast are granulate near the apex, and minutely tuber-
culate on their sides near the base. On the exterior (mould) the
interstices are only faintly impressed. The Rhynchophoran affinities
of this form do not rest upon such sure grounds as those of the
preceding species, but are based solely upon the shape and convexity
of the elytron.

TYPE : — Specs. 21a (Plate. 1, fig. 7) and 276 (mould and cast).
(B. D. Coll.)

INSECT A IXCERT.E SEDIS.

SPECIMENS 26A and 26s (mould and cast). Portion of a roughly
granulate elytron, broken off longitudinally ; length 11.5 mm.
Probably a Curculionid.

SPECIMENS 29A and 29B (mould and cast). Body of an elongate
oval beetle with elytra in situ ; roughened sciilpture. Length 9 mm.,
breadth 4 mm. Too indistinct for classification.

SUMMARY OF ST. PETER'S RESULTS.

The following is a list of the fossil insects named and described
from the St. Peter's beds : — •

ORDER.

GENUS.

SPECIES.

Blattoidea

Protorthoptera

Coleoptera

Notoblattites, gen. nov. . . N. subcostalis, sp. nov.
Mesotitan, gen. nov. . . M. giganteus, sp. nov.

Elaterites, gen. nov. . . E. wianamattensis, sp.

Metrorhynchites, gen. nov. M. sydneiensis, sp. nov.
Etheridgea, Handlirsch . . \ E. petrica, sp. nov.
Mesorhynchophora, gen. nov. M. Dunstani, sp. nov.

Omitting the unnamed fragments we thus have representatives
of three orders, totalling six genera — five of which are new — and six
species.

The evident abundance of Coleoptera within this fauna and that
of Ipswich is a point worthy of note. Our records suggest that at
least seven families were represented in these Mesozoic beds, viz.,
five at Ipswich, and three at St. Peter's, the Curculionidae being
present in both. Records of Coleoptera have so far not been traced
any further back than the Triassic.

44

The most striking point about the collection from St. Peter's is
the occurrence of the gigantic Mesotitan, a form which certainly
links up the insect fauna of this locality with that of Commentry.
Although the Giant Age of Insects ceased in the Permian as far as the
Northern Hemisphere was concerned, yet at St. Peters we have
direct evidence that some at least of these forms lingered on far into-
the Mesozoic in Australia, existing side by side with far more highly
specialised Coleoptera, and closely allied to present-day forms. The
cockroach Notoblattites also may be classed as a representative of a
very archaic group of Blattoidea which attained their maximum
development in the Northern Hemisphere near the end of the
Palaeozoic Age.

4. GOODNA FOSSIL INSECT.

Order NEUROPTERA (PLANIPENNIA).

Family OSMYLJD^E.
Genus EUPORISMITES, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Porismus, but more especially to Euporismus.
A broad elegant fringe of close parallel veins borders the whole
wing. This is formed anteriorly by a large number of closely arranged
costal cross-veins, distally by the parallel branchings of the numerous
primary branches of the radial sector, and lower down by branches
from the media, both main branches of the cubitus, and probably
of the analis also. Subcosta and radius very close and parallel,
but distinct, and with at least two short cross-veins still visible
between thorn. Origin of radial sector missing, but evidently placed
well basad ; at least ten branches pass from below this sector, and
are separated by somewhat regularly arranged single rows of straight
cross-veins. Most of the media, cubitus, and all the analis missing..

TYPE : — Euporismites Balli, sp. nov.

EUPORISMITES BALLI, sp. nov.
Plate 3, fig. 1.

This specimen was found by Mr. L. C. Ball, some miles to the
south of Goodna, in Tertiary beds resting unconformably upon the
Ipswich and Bundamba Series. The wing is clearly visible, and
oiisily studied, owing to its dark colouration.

Two recent Australian Osmylids are without doubt very closely
related to this fossil — viz., Porismus strigaluts, Burm, and Euporismus
albatrox, mihi (MS.).* The former inhabits dry or moderately dry

* The description oi this insect will shortly be published.

45

places, and is a smaller insect than the fossil species. Its wings are
somewhat broader, and their colour is black with rich yellow markings.
It is fairly common in Eastern Australia. Euporismus on the other
hand is exceedingly rare, being only known from the very inaccessible
mountainous region on the Great Dividing Range at the head of the
Condamine River, Queensland, near the New South Wales border.
Also, it is an aquatic insect, resting on rocks bordering the stream.
The wing is closety similar in size and shape to that of the fossil, and
is coloured black with an intricate pattern of whitish bands and
areas. The venations of the two are so closely similar that it is not
unreasonable to believe that the fossil specimen represents one
individual of a species directly ancestral to Euporismus.

The wing appears to be a hindwing, judging by the. shape of the
costal area. Curiously enough, the large distal patch missing from
the specimen corresponds very closely in size and shape with the
large black patch en the hindwing of Euporismus albatrox. The
coincidence suggests that Euporismites also had a patch in this
position, and that the decomposition of the pigment caused the loss
of this part of the wing.

MEASUREMENTS : — Greatest length of fragment 22 mm.,
greatest breadth 10.5 mm.

TYPE :— Spec. 34« (Plate 3, fig. 1). TYPE-COUNTERPART :-
Spec. 34&. (Geol. Surv. Mus. Coll.)

5. DUARINGA FOSSIL INSECTS.

Order ODONATA.
Family LESTID^.

Genus AUSTROLESTIDION, gen. nov.
Plate 1, fig. 6.

The two specimens 20a and 206, obtained from the core of
the Duaringa bore, are counterparts, but are figured together on
Plate 1, fig. 6. The impressions, which are poor and not easy to make
out, are those of two Zygopterid Dragon-fly larvae, one of which lies
obliquely across the other.

The larger of the two larvae as shown in the figure extends from
A to B, the head being clearly seen at A, with considerable remains
of the chitinous exoskeleton. Both the compound eyes (e) are easily
made out, though much crushed. Between these two eyes lie two
elongate pieces of chitin (a) which may represent a detached piece
of the epicraniuni, biit appear to be much more probably the flattened

D

46

basal joints (ecape) of the antennae. If so, this larva had a some-
what elongate scape, intermediate between the usual short form and
the hypertrophied scape, such as still exists in the larva of Synlestes.

The thorax of the larva AB is only poorly outlined, but a small
piece at w pressed obliquely down upon it appears to represent a
wing-sheath. A little further back, to the right, lie the remains of
the right hind-leg (p), showing clearly the femur, tibia, and a small
piece of the tarsus. Below this, and apparently detached from the
rest of the specimen, lie the last six segments of the abdomen, and
two of the caudal gills (g). The anterior abdominal segments, very
flattened out, appear to be just indicated to the right of the detached
portion. The latter is only visible in iSpec. 20«, lying above the
letter B.

One of the caudal gills has its outline fairly well shown (g above
B) and a portion of the chitin at its base is still preserved. The gill
is elongate-lamellar with a well-rounded tip, and appears to belong
undoubtedly to the Lestid type of gill.

The second specimen is represented by CD. The head lies
sideways just below C. It is badly crushed and partly lost. Part
of the chitin of the eyes and labial mask is still visible. The thorax
of this larva is overlain by that of the other, and the two cannot be
definitely distinguished. But the posterior half of the abdomen is
clearly visible, projecting obliquely downwards in both Specs. 20a
and 206. The gills in this specimen are better preserved than in
AB, the outlines of the two of them being very distinct. A large
part of the chitin at the base of one. and a small piece at the tip of
the other, are still clearly visible.

There can be little doubt that these larvae belong to the Lestidse,
and differ very little from those of the present day. As the Lestidse
are chiefly represented in Australia by the large genus Austrolestes,
the name AUSTROLESTIDION DUARING/E is proposed for the two
specimens under discussion.

TYPES : — Specs. 20a and 206 (counterparts) (Plate 1, fig. 6).
(B. D. Coll.)

SUMMARY OF DUARINGA RESULTS.

The discovery of the fossil larvae above described is in no way
remarkable, in view of the admitted antiquity of the Lestidaa. The
most interesting point about the fossils (if the above interpretation
of the parts be correct) is the greater length of the scape of the
antennae compared with that of recent larvae (with the exception
of Synlestes). This bears out the generally accepted belief that, in
the Odonata, the antennae have undergone progressive reduction in

47

correlation with the increase in ths size and efficiency of the compound
eyes. The long scape in Synlestes is to be attributed to hypertrophy ;
our larvae exhibit a scape of intermediate length, which may be
accepted as indicating the ancestral form. The length and narrowness
of the gills is also an interesting point, since it shows us that Austro-
lestes cingulatus, Burm, generally regarded as the most archaic
.iiember of the genus, still possesses gills closest in form to those
found on the fossil larvse.

48

PLATE 1.

Fig. 1. Mesogereon neuropunctatum, sp. nov. .. .. Ipswich. X3

2. Mesogereon neuropunctatum : Restoration of wing X'75

3. Ademosyne Olliffi, Handlirsch .. .. .. Ipswich. XlO

4. Mesorthopteron locustoides, sp. nov. . . . . Ipswich. X 3

5. (?) Mesorthopteron locustoides, sp. nov. .. .. Ipswich. x3

6. Austrolestidion duaringse, sp. nov. . . .. .. Duaringa Bore. X3

7. Mesorhynchophora Dmistani sp. nov. . . . . St. Peter's. X 4- 5

8. Ademosyne Olliffi, Handlirsch . . . . . . Ipswich X 10

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig 3 Fig.8

_^<7''Vv£wiV^^v x 3 /r^'V>'^.»xiihJ

RJ.T. & B.D.AI:

50

PLATE 2.

Fig. 1. Austromylacrites latus, sp. nov. .. .. .. Ipswich. X3

Missing portion of tegmen restored.

2. Mesochorista proavita, sp. nov. .. .. .• Ipswich. X4'5

3. Mesorthopteron locustoides, sp. nov. . . .. .. Ipswich. X3

4. Mesorthopteron locustoides : Restoration of hindwing Xl'5

5. Mesorthopteron locustoides .. .. .. .. Ipswich. X3

6. Mesorthopteron locustoides : Restoration of fore wing Xl'3

7. Mesojassus ipsviciensis, sp. nov. .. .. .. Ipswich. X4-5

8. Ademosyne congener, sp. nov. . . . . Ipswich. X 8

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 2.

Fig. 1.

X.3

Fig. 2.

X 45

Fig. 3.

X 3

Fig. 7. X45

N ' *' ' .' /' .' ,'
•S. . • ,' t • ,

Fig. 8.

RJ.T «,B D-dtl.

52

PLATE 3.

Fig. 1. Euporismites Balii, sp. nov. .. ..

2. Etheridgea petrica, sp. nov.

3. Metrorhynchites sydneiensis, sp. nov. (mould)

4. Metrorhynchitea sydneienais, sp. nov. (cast)

5. Elaterites wianamattensis, sp. nov. (cast). .

6. Dunstania pulchra, sp. nov.

Goodna. X4-5

St. Peter's. X4-5

St. Peter's. X4-5

St. Peter's. X4.5

St. Peter's. X4.5

Ipswich. X4.5

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 3.

Fig. 1

Fig. &,

r>4

PLATE 4.

1 . Ademosyne Cameroni, sp. nov. . . . . Ipswich. X 8

2. Mesophlebia antinodalis, sp. nov. .. .. .. Ipswich. X4-5

With suggested restoration of basal portion of wing.

3. Ademosyne australiensis, sp. nov. . . . . . . Ipswich. X 6

4. Ademosyne angusta, sp. nov. . . . . . . Ipswich; X 6

5. Ademosyne obtusa, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . Ipswich. X 6

6. Mesothoris clathrata, sp. nov. . . . . . . Ipswich. X 5

7. Ulomites Willcoxi, sp. nov. .. .. .. .. Ipswich. X5

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 4.

R..T.T. & B.D. del

56

PLATE 5.

Fig. 1 . Adernosyne major, Handlirsch . . . . . . Ipswich. X 10

2. Mesomantidion queenslandicum, sp. nov. .. .. Ipswich. X3

3. Ademosyne minor, Handlirsch .. .. .. Ipswich. XlO

4. Ademosyne punctata, sp. nov. . . . . . . Ipswich. X 10

5. Etheridgea australis, Handlirsch .. .. .. Ipswich. XlO

G. Ademosyne major, Handlirsch . . .. .. Ipswich. Xl2

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 5.

R.J.T. & B.D. del.

PLATE 0.

Fig 1. Notoblattites subcostalis, sp. nov. .. •• St. Peters. XL'

2. Ademosyne tumida, sp. nov. . . • • Ipswich.

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 6.

R.J.T. & B.D. del.

60

PLATE 7.

Fig. 1. Notoblattites subcostalis, sp. nov St. Peter's. X"75

2, Mesotitan giganteus, sp. nov. .. .. .. St. Peter's. X'75

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 7.

Fig. 1

x -75

Fig. 2.

X T5

fcSv I ; .

x—-* ' ' . *Vfr * . >

E

Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 8.

w

• a, \'' ' &• ' *v' fl^^

.•*'%•.:•>> «JL»J ^^,

\::. : v.
<i ..

M

'

(Queensland Geological Survey.

Plate 9.

ANTHONY JAMES GUMMING^ Government Printer, Brisbane.