he + ¥ rhe ea wi} eeyricy ASA ‘ ah Ot 4 NHN SR oe / 4 a he oy I i rahi! hy y ' tite. i) Wat Abt iit Aree bila " ’ vd ewe i ttarsedienly » eles 4 MY } ; ee bh’ \e rie way ‘ a aa ayy yh Ne M ola coh iu “/ th ” AM) ‘ ; x 4) a } Herat aml nny salty i “ : ilataeery one ives wet Sheek, en pare) oe 4 ' , f +" De ti pte +4 me rete Pitot vai wii Wily: ay if ' pe lAseites ee) it 5 UNL tai nagere 4h r a , oe) ) ohn to: 980 F i by cou P ry Met ike ie ot hens, ‘ ‘ n “ t one g ; ne Aare Cla ehh . ve: a if oh his ht > | “rH rhea Mg, ewe iene a tia , bee ” waive oes ety ye bedi) ee eeemy de tebe te he Ws} ‘ Aimeh he ao mrtenrt ot “ mre an a pads feared hP Pale er yee save | bee ’ dit tan hae pa ateorli pede ped Tae va coe , NPC IneT. Lia pte dare ee SS vn mee 1) tele } “Ae irae satatae iageel barat ta " errs ACY stars Plas pease th 8 Pops de? stat “ t VEG ie} sqnaatey CRAG me Ones Ps " Nig Hie MO? naiehhyy bey vy WHA ite vege aie) Tale parnatiene Dalat piace ( bl . i ‘ ey eM yes Winvartat : : ey 5 pases rye rey) OO A Ns ! ; ; i) aR ts HH Peden eee avr Dain dF ar 4 , ‘ x ne foe iereen oe be fe ; rere Wah had feet Hb ae Vacant aes seed one i Hh taverns! uy) A SR beprereroens tented’ # ao Mf a0 } shy arbbenvepided At HAUT AM 4 op pteeriel | : i: te : . aT Lad sad fyei ten ent ae writs ot Psat ed wy Ney pieres ne piney bbs eve 4 ne yt lias ‘ ie Pee A a yea eerie ehh geet Me weoite) uy NY > a ee ae heh { Tee y ET Pert a Vien ean Le Peni git “ 4 Dyas 4 det +n ia pee i mie vi beer ere oe OTHE at) ie ark } ’ : wy ? P nt: ea eg pera ds iad Site di : worn Al Shin, ? 4: hes rete sab soe thn 7 ' pete uel at) d jes ae er wi wage te M 7 r ove! ig a4!) Bt ad bod era er pa init $y eae eter AiAataaaite hope eee cr WEF af q UE ee) Ue Ae bee r aed Wea sa br in ieneg sted t y ‘ ‘ a ‘ ae prey edit ae } . r ’ ig ba reed did ok 7 Sebel a Hye ee ‘ } ; LOR ee aye ny Wass Bai ft nirg ‘ /! Lhe hy 968 piwh s ’ . ) Fevraauts velba pene day a babtenc at rte hey ay yah att Teco ase x ey y ilite reaver o ' i ‘ : Pe blue rane) wee : 4 ; 4 f } ; ‘ py oe ; f / { 4 ona Ne ee 7 ; 4 . ce gabe aeead Bik eaPl) ‘ Hy vite 4) i ait ’ Al i aan ‘ he vet ‘ Ba yaee by went ny nediwiare wheal’ ‘ Ve “4 a) yy eee y ' 14 Maly hy ’ iQ .geh Hurt vir? :. ) 4 ales Reis ahaa Lt 4 ye ; / espa My 1), “ ew" per ia athe aWete ryt Hy! ti 4 beatin en plaveiel: pee “pedoneeid ihe ‘shignhs) i } Ae is : on y i? eet) it yy ar eR le tit gtetente 6 yang mee " Xoa ai gunned (are! . ate pit ey }: " Sire Wael tah “ty ae iiciich : mR HAZY ; 1 se yt ie its r ilied; ne “itt oe) : ; ‘K ruth saint « Adws A tet nari Ih ty 4 ahs oh a mead a 1H Fay Wh 2b rah “Ah Nd ade 4 i" en Te iaeeeh AW ea) Ny Sets VA] or ’ ite AAR tL india £4 Yet ong Vents Pewee ey rie tried hand 0K168 LLY PRO SCIENT/——~ — SS = PK Poputiaue’ YF * 9 “a yeaa Se \y ‘ x we yy s/h a yA i’ ears Ve) . > 9007 OS 5 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA CONWAY MACMILLAN, State Botanist THE METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY A List oF THE HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE DRAINAGE-BASIN OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER BY CONWAY MACMILLAN REPORTS “OL THE SORVEY BOTANICAL ' SERIES I DECEMBER 29, 1892 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA HARRISON .& SMITH STATE PRINTERS - . MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA | * - LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL |. The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. April 29th, 1892. ea _JouN S. PILLSBURY, _ President of the Board of Regents of the University, ard of Regents of the University of Minnesota, my first ort as botanist of the Geological and Natural History vey of Minnesota. ks I am, sir, your obedient servant, Conway MACMILLAN, State Botanist. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. | The HON. STEPHEN MAHONEY, B. A., Minneapolis, - oh The Hon. SLOAN M. EMERY, Lake City, i . Beek The Hon. KNUTE NELSON, Alexandria, - 3 2 ae The HON. JOHN S. PILLSBURY, Minneapolis, - es tee The HON. OZORA P. STEARNS, Duluth, - = rend ee The HON. WILLIAM LIGGETT, Benson, : : = The Hon. Jor, P. HEATWOLE, Northfield, Lt ae ene The Hon. GREENLEAF CLARK, M. A., St.Paul,’ - as ees The Hon. CUSHMAN K. Davis, M. A., St. Paul, : ea The Hon. WILLIAM R. MERRIAM, 2 é B - Ex-Off The Governor of the State.} : ie The Hon. DAvipD L. KIEHLE, LL. D., St. Paul, S - Bx The State Superintendent of Public Instruction. — hoe Cyrus NortHRoOP, LL. D., Minneapolis, — - : ey es The President of the University. . TABLE OF CONTENTS. A iN S SSE 1 SO a a Nia aierdain ete ofan hanes xi FT ea ya aa eT 78 idisivre tae aeatine Me eats 1 Paes worke ora Hotanical SUrVeY «.... 6465s ob aCes conse ea eo ee oe 1 : Importance of studying a natural area ............ ....eceee 2 The Minnesota valley as a natural area................eceeeee 3 History of botanical investigation in the Minnesota valley... 4 Bibliographical list of publications relating to the plants of AVENTRTT OSU eh preeychcees aes eres rsssi, o's ‘ale. ora, obs vcysvesn tel frye Staite aetsnere et ame ale 5 Gare and identification of material... 2.0 ce... 00. enon cee os 9 Pisanomor herbarium specimens... .. 2s... dence esl ucte haere oe 9 Determination of ranges outside of Minnesota ............... 10 Citation of generic and family ranges. .....................0.. 10 Citation of authors of genera and species...................4- 11 AY, ATIC: ORGROUTAD DY si...» 020, kek bos ee ole giao nk ies 13 Miammomor comers and families: .. 0... cick iecne sete cemumeaccine 15 Generic synonymy and limitation ..................... cece ee 16 Arrangement of families and genera...... 0... .....- eee cee eeee 18 Natural divisions of the vegetable kingdom.................. 18 eharacters of the Metaspermae. .... ss. .ta'a ls tisa.ce device ave oes 22 Sburaevers Of the Archispermae ...«. «cas suvces pc dns tia Pelt 23 PREM UNMPMCEION OL © BECUS s\.. 6 «sence «et inas ROUT aa ye ch Pre Reems 24 The classification of Engler and Prantl ...................... 24 Supdivisions-of the Metaspermae. ...22¢ 6 ds 4: su). ss cemiens Ways oes 27 Literature bearing upon metaspermic polymorphism......... 29 SNC CIBGUASIONS 6.015. < < sia «vie d tase ata aa sietebloss oe oe (ateers 30 LisT OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS (METASPERMAE) NA- TIVE TO THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA............. B53 MURTICELOTICS wes cette 6-2 Ys «a's. -' «0/0 Ree gta eee ue Meee Fees 31 Wee CY DHACEAC si uc. os... . 2k SOE uti ahs ee Ot 31 DMS DATCAMIACEHS . oc. si. . «'s:t:.aca ete tere ate cael aeieig wins 32 eT EOLInGSELORACEAG. .. <. < dércmtoo eee Bab vic nclgmitee ee 33 Vis MAIR ACOA, os oi. vis.c abn roe eiteel oa earths “sare 40 eam WANG ANLOCAG a: 415... «:: cab e eae s toe eee 41 Wile AMIS PIACAAG 6.5.4 52s. 10 Sete em eines ialec en cuore aed 42 Ete eeryarornarttacede ! i: skeet meee ons oat bite wh aalen 45 WT. > Graminede. ....5....2 Pe ee eee eke be Oh nied elec y 47 BE ESCM IE TACEAC 25°." a° , ce' sa thee ae at larch 89 Peete eerOMIEMG sot Ud, vss SN CEES a teet ee on 130 ee OCA ORGS gosh.) alee eR NR crete ber kes shninte 132 Pee MEV TIO ACOROL hos. sce eet e Peer Re cic wiak ooh 135 ew MPIDCNMIACCAG ois. il whe ee ee he te wach cee 135 vi METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Comnielinaceae aso eae een ale eee POntederiaceaes fists lance ocr ken eee ee nee SUNCACCAS il Nii ciha ice tuaclcalosialab ren RRS ae ie eee Liliaceae. os es aoe woes ee hema eee Lee A MAY IMD ACCAE sare Seis y Ee kee ate lal olel o Oiere aie nee ‘DIOSCOPEACEAG Gisreis soe etioie s ake eid eee ae PPLMACCAG Ha: clarcress clalevele ate sae, Cea iale td olele ROR a are ee Ofrehidachaeiss HPs. 056 Ca eee esl eee Dicotyledones—Archichlamyde de .... 6... ccc cece cece cece eee eneee XXII. XXIII. XXIV. Juglandaceae MYTiCACEAG i) 6 Siac 0s PI Me a! Salicaceae iis sar Soe arn tae eee Aa Betilacede: ns cox ora beak oe ela Dee ae od in ee Fee. ae Slaje AW © Ge 6 aie) Wine ec cele 0 o's 20 6 8 cies Where Bue HAG ACCAG. 5,55 ais le Bie ata ob he Serene eciele sce Dnt ae TM ACERS oS ey ee SR AIS en ane ee Moraceae WirbiCaCeae sf Cas Beebe ie caterer ee eee Santalacéaey kc iccn sees cea Ryn, Sacer ee ee IATIStHOLOCHIACCAG a 51 cee rene 5 Se eee POLY FONACEARS, |» 5.) Shite ge eins ore los dae Chenopodiaceae sol) otis terete « ore diw,t d.otes tee ete arene AMATANUTACC AG ec eF.h5 ar bles cree bss 3c /ele Oe eee RGR eee Phy tolaecaceae s 23 sai sale < ake oso! cake) arate a WYChASIIACCAE i... Cakcatd cava josie ele aha, ost wae nee ee IPOTTUIACACEAS ART yan) SNE eee ee Caryophyllacede winks iii en Sta pb yleacene. c's gady dis vo-nk 6 cand cima DA ike RR seve enes saen Ceed sets Su vin usage 60 334 335 336 338 340 344 LXXXlL. LXXXII LX XXIII. LXXXIV. LXxXxXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVITI. LXXXIXx. XC. XCiI. XCII. XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. Cc. Cl. Ci. CIiIl. Summary.. TABLE OF CONTENTS. RPeTACBAG sec too Ons sei ee eieemmameme ae nas DONT M Rt se BalsaMinaceae . 1... nce cee wae cene cece et eeee wer ecets Bay RMD AGCHOo Sars clea Soph epee oie tie Scat GIEHOEHOTACCAG >. + 2 os lon es mare egress ae es Halorrhagidaceae ........----.eeeeeeee teeters set PA AVIA COAG fo as osm «nin 'Sie slnsetelis lalate yeimietnpeicns’s Umbelliferae.......---.s22e005 fans clyntslaatescmgynie cst MIPORYMACEAG dhe... - fyi ini nme ah en ean Asclepiadaceae.....-.-...sssecrneeneereres oss aes Convolvulaceae ......-0-ccs cece seen eter ce test n ries SOLATIBCEAG\< ic. ooiels - os deny oem re puss Scrophulariaceac. ..... 22-6 wen eee odes ewes anes TLentibulariaCeae. «1. os. - dem apilalee selene a cers rincienis OPODANCHACEAC. «5 (oe de ete e ew siclera oie eyalain aa asi onic ciel 8 Plantaginaceae ......... ee ceer ee eee ct eee tee nee IR UT IVTHCOAG sci sic w/e'e =o ieynile oottele etutatal ups) aienetaans misma ays 008 it Caprifoliaceae WA DR CRAG Lic shale a's viaielnle Devetgenteramnt a mans ober bac WalerianaACede ... os... cas aceapeemiasies see teem ste ss OUCUEDIGACEHE so 5s... . Sh le aselmieeleinne Pere le oa ieinne Stel GCampanwlacese 6.6.60.) 2leege rete ema ekeeliy es + CGI AOEISAL UE os oda «a ae eect amare atte aes 92 0938 6 ataterdi.atts! ‘ey aaaile. Copetwion isuelpiey ste MeNaenerrene a. mile) ANG) e ey cb) Bay ae eek ARNE a OR CM ORCL Ch ec OS DCA i ae I tee he Tae VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER....--.--+s-e0-esesrrrees Tiocation Of the valley... 20. .2. ep cei ae eee cle ajeeies ican ee eben General topographical features.... . -. ssserrerrreerese ress Character of the basin CP Eierwic tatele lekelahalishefarriteniasel a teirape/\e viel a'je, We ie.ceho0 (8) 8 Distribution of forest and prairie....-...-. sees eeeee eerste SoS ap ve a aaih Ivey A Reel H's, Sie ce eltsl nts et eFemeteterenenevegsyel wieder *eiexey ure Lovell Sa vill METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. MCBRIDE esc e's: 0's hare w Ace eet ale Mina Giclee Wien omelet are enanae aan it aan 576 Tables of ‘precipitation. ..j.40 wc. sameeren rs Reto 576, 517 Table of: temperatures... 3.5 o.4% sisle ple eto ei ee eee 517 PhaenologicalobservaGions.)2).. 200s eee asia cee eee 578 Geological history of the Minnesota valley................ ... 578 Bibliograplyy’ s\).5 s/2j0% 5 Aven a a ore eiebe teas « mipsuip’ aint a ary ee 581 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE METASPERMIC FLORA OF THE MINNESOTA VA TaLRRY epic cg sd sto wpa c one eserat ose ate Rt eel oe Cored t Resi Ree 582 Statement, of the: problems: 932.0 ja es see ee ee 582 The dynamic inter-relations of plants.................... > ee General features of plant distribution . ..................... 584 The general factors in floral differences....................05. 587 Natural vegetation regions of the earth. ....6..c002 cece eee vend oe 588° GriseDaGhs’. ois05 hisaa sfdw eaeia a stay abd a fa pee ANE Rt Rhee as pee 588 Wer eis oss, ch apa arcahde ares to eg cee p12 ih ae eee 588 Drude: yas Sete as She ed cesce be alah ORT one ad eee 590 General position of the Minnesota valley as a botanical GIST UG Ui eons ier erste ote Soe nS UR war ata nicl Laltegs hol arcak orem ae Sen 591 Greater compositeness of the Northern Realm............ cote BSI T-PESSUTES AAIUO LOMSIONS,» « sie ool ats rid s einisthe a aielescle'e cle meee ce shige es 594 General considerations of equatorial pressure.... ............ 594 Movement of “tensions: 5.255; fissile. ote - cle cee eee Bea) Wluctuation-of ‘hensions... cosf ewes 2. 5 pee eee 596 Influence of equatorial pressure on habitat.... ... ........... 597 secondary longitudinal tensionsic. «..s,. 4). cies ele teres slot eee eles 598 MPINOT -VEMSIONS » 4.5/0.0 wich seh wins ac. -'. len ste ke ee ee 603 'The -post-"Fertiary- Movement. 005 22.5 sds Joey le wies a ee waite 604 Results of the epoch of glaciation... /.........!. 028.06 soe ee 606 Conditions, of the’ present. 262253). coed heed see ee ee 610 SU MA IATY on oh Rae's sen prnk e oe ke Sippel ee oe 610 Bibliography: 7\088 OF. Bike oe he ok ble age ate eel 612 SVATISTICS OF METASPERMIC PLANTS OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 613 Value of statistics .2): 5. ht niece evo Ge ae Re 613 Point of view of statistical compilation ....................-. 614 Points of statistical investigation................ 6... e scene ee 615 I, Examination of families represented in the Minnesota valley.... 624 A. Table illustrating distinctive range of families .......... 618 II. Examination of genera represented in the Minnesota valley ... 624 B. Table illustrating distinctive range of genera............ 624 C. Table illustrating continental development of genera.... 643 Ill. Examination of species represented in the Minnesota valley.... 633 D. Table illustrating general continental range of Minne- sota Moetaspermic specles iiicien ooh vs weve ak \0 cab ue 654 E. List of species and varieties of extra-continental range.. 724 F. Table illustrating range by families and species.......... 736 ~ > ba * ~2 OE, SSE. FRO a » if : . oh i i” te te, tt es ed 3¥ oa 7 = tafe “ees eee TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIV. Examination of physiognomic characters of the metaspermic plants of the Minnesota valley..........0.0 cece cece ence eens G. Table of arboreal Metaspermae:.).. 2... ees eet, im, Table of shrubby Metaspermae )6 oo eo. ofan Das i, table:of aquatic: Metaspermac...'.5. ofan sy eae eben as K. Table of swamp and marsh Metaspermae................ V. Examination of the dominant metaspermic families of the Min- MEG MTUGLTONELERUG f Seka (55 xi Riate wi vo eiad acl 8 epee CR I, MES, aI ts RPC TROT IESI OT OCS bev ct ove !s. 6) o)4 feast arn, 41d Lhe SAG RDS SPS Te LES eee ae Ra Setters INDEX OF THE LIST gele efs6 © v(s.e ues ae 0 ela sis «ae lale aiid! oi eiete at a (alehe (@iatelal(s\'s ERRATA. p. 64. For arundiuacea read arundinacea. p. 343. For presslii read preslit. p. 441: For var. pilosum read var. pilosa. 1x 138 739 740 743 744 752 758 761 PREFACE. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota is established by virtue of an act of the state legislature, ap- proved March 1, 1872. This act is entitled ‘‘An Act to provide for a Geological and Natural History Survey of the State, and to entrust the same to the University of Minnesota.” Under the law, therefore, organising the survey, the Regents of the Uni- versity became its directors and have at different times ap- _ pointed officers to prosecute the different lines of scientific work. The order of carrying on the work is prescribed in the law establishing it. In accordance with such prescription the geological work has been in progress for twenty years, the zodlogical work for four years, the botanical for two years, and the topographical for one year. Originally the separation of these four lines of work was not formally insisted upon by the Board of Regents and certain botanical and zoélogical brochures have up to this time appeared from the office of the State Geologist. More recently, however, contingencies arose that induced the Board of Regents so to classify the work of the survey that each department should be under the charge of a specialist who might be expected to labor toward the ends defined in the organic law, with greater directness than under the unperfected arrangement. The accompanying work, then, is a report of the botanical division of the survey, and the first volume of the botanical series. It is transmitted in the cus- tomary manner. It is necessary to add in this place a word to what is more fully discussed in that portion of the introductory chapter which relates to nomenclature. The action of the Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at the meeting in Rochester, New York, during the month of August, 1892, is a very grateful one to all who have wished for some radical reform in our laws and customs of botanical nomenclature, The rules of the Paris Congress have xii METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ay in general been reaffirmed and the modifications of the code are for the most part improvements. The action of the club cer- tainly marks the end of an unfortunate epoch in the history of American botany, and in the future it may be expected that many and evident benefits will be derived from thé establish- ment of nomenclature upon some other than a personal basis. In accord with the action of the Botanical Club, I should have adopted in this work the 1755 date for genera as well as for species, had not most of the pages been in type when the action was taken. In accordance with the new rule the following changes in generic nomenclature are suggested to persons us - ing this volume. Mariscus HALL. (1742) =Cladium P. Br. (1756). Cyperella CRAM. (1744) = Juncodes ADANS. (1763). Ramium Rumer. (1747)= Boehmeria JACQ. (1763). Stellularia LINN. (1748) = Stellaria LINN. (1758). Leuconymphaea Lupw. (1737) = Castalia SALIsB. (1805). Nymphaea Lupw. (1737) = Nymphaea SALIsB. (1898). Capnorchis LuDW. (1737) = Bikukulla ADANS. (1763). Cracca LINN. (1747) =Colonila ADANS. (1763). Ricinocarpus BURM. (1737)= Acalypha LINN. (1753). Stellaria Lupw. (1737) = Callitriche LINN. (1753). Lappula HAuLu. (1745)= Lappula MOENCH. (1798). Leptostachya Mrrcu. (1748) = Phryma LINN. (1753). Pentagonia Sima. (1737) = Legouzia Dur. (1782). In the spelling of generic names the following are the prefer- able forms: Cypripedium, Pyrus, Pyrola, Pentstemon. In the matter of specific nomenclature the only change that need be made to follow the rules of the Botanical Club is the substitu- tion of the second oldest specific name in the duplicate binomials. Phragmites phragmites ( LINN.) then becomes Phrag- mites vulgaris (LAM.). While the writer is not at all in sym- pathy with this rule of the Botanical Club, which makes an exception to the law of priority of which no exception should under any circumstances be allowed, nevertheless, in accord- ance with his belief that the action of so representative a body of botanists should have its due weight, he suggests that this change be made in the duplicate names of the list. It has been intimated that the position of the Characeae is not apparent in the general scheme of arrangement proposed in the introduction. It seems clear to the writer that this group is to be included among the Sporophyta-Archegoniatae. Whether the sporophytic plant is represented by the so-called pro-embryo! or is altogether suppressed, it would seem proper to include the Characeae, as has been done, among the Sporo- 1. Vines: Journ Bot, (1878). ves ——_— = on r ~~ ‘ a > 7 ; ea eT EN A ee Sue oe PREFACE. Xili phyta. An extended discussion of the point will not be proper here, but it may be noted in passing that the proposition that the pro-embryo of Chara is really homologous with a sporo- phytic plant is not altogether indefensible. Acknowledgements not already made in the introductory chapter may here find an appropriate place. To very many IL am under grateful obligation for assistance and encouragement.. I may name most particularly Dean C. W. Hall, of the Univer- sity of Minnesota; Dr. N. L. Britton, of Columbia College; Prof. E. L. Greene, of the University of California, and Dr. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska. Hach one of these has aided me and I take pleasure in assuring them of my sincere gratitude and regard. Iam also indebted to Maud R. MacMillan, my wife, for no little help in the proof-reading and indexing-work, and to my sister, Bertha McMillan, for similar kindly offices. [extend my thanks to them. The general plan of this volume will be recognised by my professional co-workers as somewhat new, or at least untried. They will doubtless appreciate without any further statements on my part, the many difficulties that confront one who attempts to follow such aplan. I trust they will also bear in mind that the writer is keenly aware of many defects in his work, and doubts not that there are others which have escaped his atten- tention. Oversights, errors and positive blunders are scarcely to be avoided in any work that is made up of such a mass of detail as in the case in hand. I hope, however, that these errors. have been reduced to a minimum, and that such as exist, in spite of what I trust has been a due degree of watchfulness, will not mislead anyone who may use this book. In spite of the onus that to a certain degree rests upon the compiler of a local fiora, I believe that even in such a humble department of botanical science there is opportunity for useful study. Where the present work may have failed, others. it may be hoped, will succeed, and, if directly or indirectly the writer has contributed. a little to the development of our knowledge of the plant popu- lation of the continent, he will feel well repaid for labors which have at times been both arduous and confining. Conway MacMILLAan University of Minnesota December 24, 1892 Site i he ie ere mh eg uae, ‘ i, i ER Ns en tire NS \ “a a wn ) 1h obs Ye AWTIVA V.LOSUNNIW SHL AO WOTHISOg TePUOUTZWO) AHL ONIMOHS dV porpw vp C3 “LSINVLOG 3Lvlis ‘ueypoeyw AeMu0y “V\LOSUNNIW Te) AGAWOAS AUOLSIH TVHIALYN ONY TVIISOTOUS pe ee 4 AF ne SU atee we 4 . . s aii: sama ol ‘ - a ~ vel es ae 7 Sah ooh ei ¥ a \\ “i (J F the Woods ) di( 5 ((( ‘hayjon DJOSIUUT A bo favpunog eee js 20} lo ho opnoy u2ajsva HUI9YINOG eevee « AMTTVA VLOSANNTIC SHL JO NOILISOd 3H SNIMOHS ViLOSUNNIN AO dVW ‘LSINVLOG 3LvVls ‘oeywoew AeMuosd *V. LOSANNIW Efe) a AWAWAS AMOLSIH 'IVHOLVN ONY = 2 P in + : aN oY erry, : SL, m4 aN S s dae) Suen Re) . INTRODUCTION. The work of a Botanical Survey. In the law of March 1st, 1872, providing for a Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, it is directed that an examination of the vegetable productions of the state, embracing all trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses, native or naturalised, shall be included in the said survey. It is furthermore provided that, under the supervision of the Board of Regents, who, by law, are constituted the Directors of the survey, reports shall from time to time be made to the people of the state, and suitable provisions are determined for the distribution of these reports. A task of considerable magnitude is thus laid upon the officers of the survey in whose charge the botanical work is placed. Not only must those conspicuous members of the vegetable kingdom—the flowering plants, pines and ferns—be subjected to examination; but the less prominent and lower forms, such as the fungi, algae, lichens, bacteria, slime-moulds and prob- lematic organisms, must receive what may seem to be their due share of attention. These latter forms from their intim- ate connection with the health, nutrition and activities of man may rightly claim a careful study. But up to the present time very little is known of the lower plant forms as occurring in Minnesota. In the catalogue prepared by A. E. Johnson, and published most fully in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences, there will be found the first serious effort to bring together into a list some information concern- ing the fungi of the state (1). In Bulletin No. 3 of the Geo- logical and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Mr. J. C. Arthur, assisted by Messrs. Warren Upham, L. H. Bailey, E. W. D. Holway and others, presents the results of a brief but fruitful collecting trip in northern Minnesota, together with a number of notes compiled from various sources (2). In this (1). Johnson: Bull. Acad. Sci. Minn., Vol. 1. (1877-78-79). (2). Arthur: Results of Botan. Work in Minn. for 1886. Bull, Geol. and Nat. Hist, Survey, No.3. (1887). 2 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. list there will be found reference to many of the lower plants, but the number here determined can hardly represent more than a small fraction of all which certainly exist within the limits of Minnesota. During the three years of 1889, 1890 and 1891, the collection of data in this comparatively unexplored region has been diligently prosecuted by the Botanical Department of the | University of Minnesota, and the information thus obtained has become the property of the survey. It is intended at some time in the future, barring unforeseen contingencies, to present as complete a list as possible of the fungi and algae of the state. While this reconnoisance has been in progress much labor has been expended upon the enlargement of our knowl- ‘edge of those plant-groups which have already commanded, from their greater prominence, the attention of students of the Minnesota flora. Owing to the changes in nomenclature and the never-finished revision-work which modifies our conception of genera and species as well as of the larger divisions, and in the light of constantly advancing scientific knowledge, there is brought near to us the necessity of re-examining somewhat of the botanical work already done. By such examination it alone becomes possible to present the most modern aspect of such a study as is, under the law, directed towards the vegetable products of Minnesota. In the present volume a mass of revisional and considerable new material bearing upon the plants of Minnesota has been collected. For a proper limitation of the work within bounds a natural group of plants—the higher seed-plants, or metas- permze—has been selected, and these plants have been consid- ered with reference to a limited, but natural portion of the total area of the state. In this way new facts are conveniently grouped and the old facts are brought into a somewhat different angle of vision. The importance of studying a natural area. It is not com- monly the custom of those who compile local floras to select dis- tricts limited by nature rather than by man,as the area for inves- tigation. It is far more usual for some political district to be chosen, such as, for example, a group of states, a single state, a county, a town or a region within a circle drawn with arbitrary radius around some central city, lake or valley. Ina list of local floras published in North America (3), Dr. N. L. Britton enumerates 791 titles of works that have been published since (4), Britton: A list of State and Local Floras, Contr, Col. College Herb. (1890.) INTRODUCTION. 3 the early colonial days. These fall into three classes, political, geometrical and natural, with reference to the areas of which they treat. To political areas 590 titles are referred, upon examination of the whole list; to geometrical, 142 titles and to natural areas only 59 titles. The more popular methods do not, however, afford so good a field for scientific grouping of facts nor do they permit, without a most tedious and pains- taking tabulation and criticism, any particularly useful gener- alisations which might be based upon the facts when properly arranged. For there is, apparently no very close connection between those conditions which govern the boundary-lines of a political district and the distribution of plants within those boundaries. The boundaries of Minnesota are certainly not “accidental, but have-been fixed through the interaction of a complicated series of causes and events, many of them too subtile and elusive to permit of classification. Just as certainly the kinds of plants in Minnesota, their relative abundance or scarcity, their positions in forest, lake or meadow, their general or local distribution are determined by a similarly complicated and interlocking series of causes and events, many of which will also, it is probable, be found to be too difficult and hidden for successful analysis. In the effort to unravel somewhat of the problems suggested, it is necessary that attention should not be diverted to something quite extraneous or superficial and, therefore, just as we should not attempt to interpret the laws governing the action of a constitutional convention, by periodic examinations of a mercury-barometer, no more should we attempt to investigate the laws of plant-distribution in Minne- sota by adhering to the artificial lines which separate it from adjacent commonwealths or divide it into counties, towns or sections. The Minnesota valley as a natural area. When one endeay- ors to divide the state of Minnesota into natural regions for the purpose of prosecuting a botanical survey, the river-valleys at once present themselves as suitable areas. As is well-known Minnesota lies squarely at the crest of the North American continent. Its altitude above the sea is less than that of other places which might be named; but notwithstanding this it is within its borders that the three great river systems of the continent find their head-waters. Flowing northward is the Red river, the principal tributary to Hudson Bay; flowing eastward is the St. Lawrence, the principal tributary to the Atlantic, and flowing southward is the Mississippi, the great 4 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. central river of North America, emptying its waters into the Gulf of Mexico. There may be distinguished then, these three drainage-basins, and each might be asuitable district for study along the lines contemplated in the establishment of a botanical survey. It happens however that the Mississippi drainage-area in Minnesota admits of a natural subdivision. The Minnesota river which joins the larger, but geologically newer stream, at - Ft. Snelling, is in many ways the most interesting portion of the Mississippi basin. As will be shown later, in the special chapter devoted to this valley, the Minnesota is peculiarly central in its location and remarkably interesting, not only from its topography and situation, but on account of its history as well. Occupying the position that it does the Minnesota valley, while a subsidiary drainage-basin, becomes one of first import- ance in Minnesota. It is, therefore, the natural region which has been chosen for study at this time. Later, it is hoped, the other basins to which the superficial area of Minnesota may be referred, will receive attention. Thus a final report of the botanical survey will knit together the data acquired through the consecutive investigation of the different natural districts making up the state. For the purpose of the botanical division of the Geological and Natural History Survey, then, the state of Minnesota may be considered as presenting these divisions: (33). I. Rainy Lake river drainage-basin.............. 11,347'sq. m. Vd. Redriver! drainage- Dasani vices ve ae «isle: elele 18,106 sq. m. III. Lake Superior drainage-basin................. 7,689 sq. m. IV. Minnesota river drainage-basin............... 15,706 sq. m. V.. Rock river drainage-Oae. oo. swe. ewes ee 1,929 sq. m. VI. Des Moines river drainage-basin.............. 1,639 sq. m. VII. Cedar River drainage-basin................2.: 1,206 sq. m. VIII. St. Croix river drainage-basin...............0. 3,669 sq. m. IX. Other tributaries of Miss. below St, Paul..... 6,399 sa. m. X. Central Mississippi drainage-basin............ 16,596 sq. m. Total area of Minnesota.............00 008. 84,286 sq. m. Only the 4th and 10th of these basins are peculiarly Minne- sotan (disregarding the unclassified IX. div.). Of these two the Minnesota is much the older and more interesting area, as will be discussed later. History of botanical investigation in the Minnesota valley. In the earlier published works relating to the plants of Minne- sota it is not possible to determine accurately what references (8%). Hall: Physiographic Conditions of Minnesota. Proc. Hort. Soc. 393 (1884). INTRODUCTION. 5 belong to the valley of the Minnesota. Since no bibliography has yet been published of the district in question or of the state in general—except the preliminary one compiled with much care by Mr. Warren Upham (4)—it seems advisable to introduce at this point such a list as shall cover at least the more promi- nent papers, memoirs and volumes known to the writer. Bibliographical List of Publications Relating to the Plants of Minnesota. In this preliminary and partial list the * is prefixed to such titles as convey information concerning the valley of the Minnesota. Jesuit Relations (1626-1679). Occasional references to food or fuel plants, La Salle: Margry’s Decouv. et Etabl. de France, Am. Sept. (1683). Le Suer: Pennecaut’s Narr. (1705). Carver: Trav. N. Amer. (1779). Observations of Sugar-maple, Vines, Oaks, Pirus, Prunus, Angelica, Apios or Astragalus, Humulus and a number of others, not all of which, perhaps, are to be credited to Minnesota. * Pike: Exp. Miss. and La. during 1805-6 and-7 (1810). Observations of Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Quercus, Acer, Populus, Abies, Larix, Zizania, Thuja and a few others. Torrey: List of Pl. coll. by Capt. D. B. Douglas at the sources of the Mississippi. Sill. Journ., ser. I, vol. IV, pp. 56-69 (1822). *Nuttall and Schweinitz: Say’s Pl. from Long’s Exp., Appx. in Keat- ing Narr., vol. II (1825). 124 species of ferns and spermaphyta, 30 definitely attributed to Minn. *Beltrami: Decouv. Sourc. Miss. et Sanglante (1824). Observations of Maples and Oaks. * Schoolcraft: Narr. Exp. Itasca, pp. 160-165, plants coll. by Dougl. Houghton (1834). 247 sp., 115 attributed to Minn. * Torrey: Geyer’s coll., Nicollet Rep. (1843). Catalogue of 446 sp., 60-65 from Minn., mostof the others from Dakota, Eaton and Wright: Man. Bot. N. Amer., ed. VIII (1841). Some vague references to Minnesota localities. Gray: Man. Bot. N. U.S., ed. I (1848) and succeeding editions. In the first edition vague references to Minnesota localities. * Featherstonehaugh: Canoe-Voy. Minnay Sotar (1847). A few notes of common trees, shrubs and herbs. *Pope: Rep. Pemb. Exp., ex. Doc. 42, 31st Cong., Sess. I. (1851). Notes of common trees and shrubs. *Parry: Syst. Cat. Pl. Minn. and Wisc., Owen’s Rep., pp. 606-622 (1852). *Clark: Hanchett and Clark, Rep. Geol. Surv. (1864). Enumeration of 65-70 native plants and 30 cultivated varieties. (4). Upham: Cat. Fl. Minn. XI. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., (1883). METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. *Lapham: Cat. Pl. Minn., Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc. (1875). 951 species noted as growing in Minn. *Twining, Winchell, Harrington, Sperry, Juni, Roberts, Gar- rison: In vols. I-IX, Ann. Reps. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, N. H. Winchell, State Geologist (1872-1880). : Dawson: Bound. Rep., pp. 351-379 (1875). 289 sp. Phanerogams from Canadian line. Chickering: Pl. Coues, Red river coll., U.S. Bound. Comm. (1878). 96 species from boundary region near Pembina. *Catheart: Ferns of Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. I., 303-304 (1877). 30 species and 3 varieties. Manning: Wild Flowers of Lake Pepin valley, Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc., pp. 83-116 (1884). Catalogue of 504 species. *Upham: Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota; Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Rep. XI (1883); reprinted (1884). 1650 speciesjof flowering plants and Pteridophyta. This very valua- ble work is a complete compilation from preceding papers and contains much additional information. Arthur: Rep. Botan. Work in Minn. for 1886, Bull. 3, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. (1887). Includes work by Holway, Bailey, Upham and others. 750 sp. listed from N. Minnesota. Camp located in 48° N.lat., near Lake Vermil- ion, This list is important, not only as a contribution to our knowledge, but because it is the only list yet published based en- tirely on herbarium material which is preserved by the state. *Upham: Suppl. Minn. Flora, Bull. 3, Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. (1887): *Britton and others: Torrey Bulletin—papers on generic revision often contain notes on Minn. forms. (1884—). *Botanical Gazette papers: Many notes and references to Minne- sota plants are scattered through this publication. (1885—). *MacMillan: E. extension of Pentstemon albidus, Torr. Bull., Oct. (1890). Id. Note ona Minn. species of Jsaria and an attendant Pachybas- ium, Journ. of Mycology, vol. VI, No. 2 (1890). Id. Note on a new species of Actinoceps, B. and Br., Am. Naturalist, Aug. (1890). fd. Notes on some Phanerogams of Central Minnesota, Bot. _ Gazette, Dec. (1890). Id. Salvinia natans in Minnesota, Torr. Bull., Jan. (1891). Id. Some notes on parasitic fungi affecting the leaves of Sarracena purpurea in Minnesota, Torr. Bull., July (1891). *Id. Les Plantes Europeénes introduite dans la valleé du Minnesota, Rev. Gen. de Botan. No, 34 (1891). E. J. Hill: Pinus Banksiana in the West, Torr. Bull , Mar. (1890). Id. Zizania as found by the explorers of the N. W., Torr. Bull., Feb. (1891). Id. Flora of St. Croix region, Bot. Gazette, May (1891). Id. Flora of the Lake Superior region, Bot. Gazette, June (1890), and fol. *Leiberg: Fl. Dak. and Mont., Rep. Minn. Hort. Soc., pp. 361-367 (1884), Trelease: Revision of Epilobium (1891). References to Minnesota material. H : ~~ Se Se ee INTRODUCTION. 6 Id. Revision of Rumex (1892). References to Minnesota material. Wheelock: Genus Polygala in N. America, Torr. Mem. II, No. 4 (1891). References to Minnesota material. Bailey: Study of the Genus Carex (1887). References to Minnesota material. Bailey: Types of the Genus Carex (1889). References to Minnesota material. *Sargent: N. Amer. Silva, vols. I, II, III,—(1890—). References to Minnesota plants. Johnson: Mycological Flora of Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. (1877, 1878, 1879). ; 775 species of fungi, many doubtfully identified. *Arthur.: Some Algae of Minn. supposed to Poison, Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. Appx. (1883). Johnson: Mycological Flora in VI. Rep., Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur- vey (1876). 558 species listed; many doubtful. Gray: Revisional papers in Proc. Am. Acad., (1883-1888). Watson: Revisional papers in Proc. Am. Acad., (1885-1891). Britton: Revisional papers in Trans. N. Y. Acad., (1887—). In all of these occasional references to Minnesota material are to be looked for. Macoun: Flora of Canada, (1883—). References to northern border localities. Upham: Geographic Limits of species of Plants in the Basin of the Red river of the North, Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc. (1891). *Gray: Synoptical Flora (186). Many references to Minnesota. Reports of Minn. Hort. Soc., Forestry Comm., Agric. Soc. and Ex- periment Station. (1870—). Wolle: Algae of Minneapolis, Bull. Torr. Club., X, 13-21 (1883). Enumeration of species new to U.S., collected near Minneapolis by Miss Eloise Butler. 18sp., 8 forms new to science. Wolle: Desmids of U.S. (1884). References to Minnesota localities. Id. Fresh-water Algae of U. S. (1887). References to Minnesota localities. Journal of Mycology, (1885—). Occasional scattered allusions to Minnesota localities and fungi. Houghton: Loc. Plants coll. in N. W., Exp. (1834). *Riddell: Syn. Fl. W. States (1835). References to Minnesota localities. Lapham: Grasses of Wisc. and adjacent States, Trans. Wisc. Agric. Soc., III, 397-488 (1853). Whitney: Flora of Lake Superior Region; Foster and Whitney’s Rep. Geol. Lake Sup. Land Dist., II, 359-381 (1851). Pammel: Weeds of S. E. Wisc. and Minn. (1887). *Leonard: Filical Fl. Minn., Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci. (1877-78). 8 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Doubtless other titles could be added, but the above will in- dicate most of the geographical work that has been accom- plished upon the plants of Minnesota. A large number of local collectors are and have been residing in Minnesota, and to the energy of these is due our information, at present accessible, concerning the plants of Minnesota. To give a list of these would be difficult since they are scattered throughout every | county. Many have but meagre collections, while some have worked long and patiently over the state flora and possess good representative collections from all parts of its domain. Unfortunately, the only excellently complete list of Min- nesota flowering-plants and ferns is not largely based upon an existing herbarium. In the herbarium of the Geological and Natural History Survey,when it came under the charge of the present State Botanist, there were only 621 species of our vascular flora out of about 1,700 known, represented by specimens. Since that time many of the gaps have been filled, while many remain. The Arthur list of 1887 is fortunately based upon a skilfully prepared and carefully preserved _ herbarium and this is on file in the cases of the Survey. Other accessions to the state-flora, as represented in the herbaria preserved at the University have come from time to time through exchange, presentation and personal collection. The principal and most important contributions to the state- cabinets have been made under the present working plan. In June, 1891, Messrs. E. P. Sheldon, C. A. Ballard and B. C. Taylor were commissioned to prosecute field-work in different portions of the Minnesota valley. Mr. Ballard spent two months in the vicinity of the mouth of the Minnesota, working through Carver, Scott and Dakota counties. Messrs. Sheldon and Taylor spent three months in the southern and western portions of the valley. Popeand Douglas counties were specially studied by Mr. Taylor, and the valleys of the Cottonwood, Red- wood and Lac Que Parle by Mr. Sheldon, who also spent some time along the northeast slope of the Ceteau des Prairies, especially in the vicinity of Lake Benton. Through the intel- ligent, energetic and expert endeavors of these, some 20,000 specimens of flowering-plants, vascular cryptogams, mosses, fungi and fresh-water algae were collected, of which number more than 3,000 have been mounted in proper fashion and placed in the herbarium of the survey. The total number includes many exchange plants and duplicates which will be of value in building up weak places in the general herbarium. INTRODUCTION. 9 Care and identification of material. The identification, dis- tribution and arrangement of all the phanerogamic and vascular material collected during the season of 1891 was put in charge of Mr. E. P. Sheldon, whose ability and aptness for the work have been an indispensible assistance to the author. Under the direction of Mr. Sheldon, Mr. W. D. Frost and Mr. A. P. Anderson gave some time to the mounting and arrangement of such plants as were reserved for the general herbarium. This work occupied the entire autumn of 1891 and the winter and part of the spring of 1892. The large collections in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, which numbers not far from 62,000 specimens, afforded excellent facilities for comparison when critical forms were under consideration. A few doubtful forms have been submitted to specialists, but in no cases have the determinations of Mr. Sheldon been modified. Citation of herbarium specimens. Every plant in the herba- rium of the survey is known by its collector’s name followed by a serial number. It thus becomes possible to refer to any plant definitely and decisively. Any mistakes in identification, if such should by chance occur, would thus be easily discovered and corrected by future workers. Under each species in the subsequent list of Metaspermae occurring native in the Minne- sota valley, all the herbarium material at hand is entered. Not only is the Minnesota valley material properly inserted, but all Minnesota specimens receive their place under the appropriate heads. Only such Minnesota specimens as belong to species not known or believed to occur in the drainage basin of the Minnesota river are excluded. In this way a complete account of the status of each species, in the herbarium, is presented to ‘students throughout the state, and gaps or poorly represented species may receive attention from future collectors. In addition to the citation of all Minnesota specimens of Minnesota plants, so far as represented in the herbariums of the University, citations have been made from the personal collections of Mr. Sheldon, Mr. Wickersheim, of Idlewild, Lincoln county, and Judge Moyer, of Montevideo, gentlemen who have kindly contributed by the loan of their herbaria to our knowledge of the limits of species in their districts. The collection of Mr. Sheldon, cited as Herb. Sheld., is principally from the Ft. Snelling district; that of Judge Moyer, cited as Herb. Moyer, from the mouth of the Chippewa river; that of Mr. Wickersheim, cited as Herb. Wéickersheim, from Lincoln 10 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. county and Mankato. With the addition of these, the total number of locality-citations is not far from 6,000. Determination of ranges outside of Minnesota. Curiously enough there is no work accessible to students of the Minne- sota flora in which the complete range of Minnesota plants is given. This can readily be excused in the case of fungal or algal lists, for the ranges of many of these lower forms are very insufficiently known and could scarcely be compiled with- out great labor and uncertainty. In the case of the higher seed-plants, the Metaspermae, there is less difficulty in obtain- ing the intra- and extra-continental distribution, but in manuals, floras and lists published in America it is common for the range, outside of the area arbitrarily chosen, to meet with little or no consideration. This is proper if the list is intended only as an enumeration, but if it is meant to be serviceable to students in any other way, it would seem scarcely out of place to indicate in it the complete range of each species noted. In no other way can the plants of a region be presented logically to the student. This is especially true when the lists are based upon unnatural districts of observation. In any case it seems useful to know the general range. With this in view, the writer has been at considerable pains to compile from the original sources, as far as possible, the American and Old- World distribution of all plants which are considered as native to the Minnesota valley—that is, all plants introduced within its borders by agencies other than the activities of man. Cita- tions of page and number are given of all authorities thus con- sulted. The principal local floras of America have been indexed and certain lists of the Old World, comprising some from both Atlantic and Pacific regions, have been included in this tabula- tion. Under each specific name citations of literature upon which geographical range is based may be found, and reference to such cited works will be sufficient in most cases to fill out the detail of distribution which is suppressed for want of space. Citation of generic and family ranges. The genera and fami- lies are handled in much the same way as the separate species . and varieties. Under each generic name is cited the principal synonymy, excluding most pre Linnean names, and following this a few standard compendia of genera or generic indices. It is thus possible for the student to refer at will to the detailed descriptions of genera found in the cited works, or very readily to come into a knowledge of the literature concerning any genus of his inquiry. The number of species referred to a INTRODUCTION. Ti given genus in different portions of its range is indicated and the general generic range is briefly given. This compilation permits the student to see at once in which portion of its gen- eral range any given genus is preponderantly developed, and to compare the relative development of allied or distant groups. Citation of authors of genera and species. In order to ob- tain stability of nomenclature it is necessary to provide that the name of a plant, the specific name, can not be changed through caprice or whim. Nor can it be changed through ignorance, providing the mistake through which the change was made has been discovered. The refusal to correct mistakes and the dis- inclination to do thorough bibliographical work before publish- ing a new specific name is the cause of most confusion in botan- ical nomenclature. Hence has arisen the so-called international law or law of priority which provides that the earliest pub- lished specific name of any plant must stand providing that name is not antedated by some other similar name applied to a plant belonging in the same genus. Many botanists do not admit the validity of this principle except in the case of species which they may have themselves named and published. With reference to others they are accustomed to insist that ‘‘cus- tom,” ‘‘long-established-habit” and a conservative condition must be maintained. This is to save the difficulty of having to revise their own systems of nomenclature, and serves in many cases to cover inaccuracies or hastiness. With this conservative position, the unthinking and unbotanical are always distinctly satisfied and are accustomed to declare that botanical nomen- clature is purely a ‘practical matter ” and should be taken out of the hands of the botanists altogether and turned over to some unprofessional commission for settlement (5). Objec- tions of this sort are natural, for the changing of names in our accustomed department of science is always a confusing matter. Such criticism is, however, unthinking and unbotan- ical because it fails to recognise that the whole difficulty has originated on account of just such conditions as are extolled and recommended for perpetuation. The only way to obtain a stable nomenclature is by rigidly enforcing the law of priority with reference to specific names. All instability finds its well spring in the disregard of this law, and stability under our present general system of nomenclature can only be obtained by strict adherence to the oldest available specific name, by whomever or wherever it may have been published. (5) Rand: Bot. Gazette, XVI. 318-319 (1891). 12 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The cause of the present upheaval in plant nomenclature, signalised, but not at all initiated, by such a book as that of Kuntze (6), is very easy to discover. Never so much as to-day has botany become world-wide. The multipli- city of periodicals, the facilities for exchange and correspond- ence between different countries, expeditions, congresses, com- munications, the development of new centers of activity in all | parts of the globe, all conspire to make insularity of nomen- © clature impracticable, except for those who do not care to be within the pale of the modern conditions. It was a matter of less importance fifty years ago, if the name Potamogeton pauci- florus was given to one plant in France, by Lamarck, and to quite a different plant in America, by Pursh. There was less danger of confusion, for French botanists and American bot- anists were not then so distinctly interested in each other’s field. The international character of science was recognised long ago in the adoption of an international language—Latin —in which: oriental and occidental investigators can commu- nicate, whatever their native dialect. The law of priority simply carries this recognition farther, and provides that in the department of nomenclature Latin shall be used in the same sense in all countries: In America the rightful implication of the law of priority has been ably expounded by Britton (7) and Greene (8), seconded by many others. Under their leadership most of the younger school of botanists have determined to enlist, but the older men whose life-works have been largely accomplished under the older and insular interpretation, the provincial dis- pensation, as it may be named, have in most cases failed to withdraw from the position of their youth—the ‘‘ position of naming-plants-as-one-pleases ’—and their publications are in consequence marred by the illegal nomenclature. Manuals and handy-reference-floras, most local lists and many mono- graphs have perpetuated the faulty and insular methods and it is but very recently that a concerted attempt is being made to establish this department of botanical work upon the only sure foundation possible without a complete withdrawal from the existant system. The present list, therefore, contains many unfamiliar names, but with these are cited, so far as possible, other post-Linnean (6) Kuntze: Revisio Generum Plantarum (1891). (7) Britton: Papers in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club and Ann. of N. Y, Acad; Contr, Columbia College Herb.(1885 ). (8) Greene: Pittonia, Flora Franciscana, ete. (1885 is INTRODUCTION. 13 names; so that the reader who prefers to maintain the current; though not-to-be-recommended attitude, will ‘‘have no difficulty in choosing a name to suit his taste, or, if he desires, he may establish a name of his own.” Preference has always been given, by the writer, to the oldest unpreémpted specific name and the date of publishing has been determined in every case with as much accuracy as possible. For all names printed, the author, page-number of work and date of publication have been cited and an effort has been made to procure exact biblio- graphic detail so far as conditions would permit. Biblio- graphic works, such as those of Pritzel (9) and Jackson (10), have been of much assistance in determining publica- tion dates of many obscure and inaccessible works while the libraries of the Department of Botany and the Survey, at Minneapolis have been serviceable. In addition, the full collection of books belonging to the University of Nebraska, and the personal library of Dr. Chas. E. Bessey were put at my disposal, and through this courtesy many references that. could not otherwise have been verified were critically exam ined. Furthermore, under the direction of Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. Thos. Morong, bibliographic work on some 250 refer- ences which had proved puzzling was conducted for me in the libraries of Columbia college and in New York. By this kind- ness many gaps have been filled. The Linnaean citations have been worked out with the aid of Richter’s well-known work (11) and revisional assistance has been derived from the notes. in Hitchcock’s Ames Flora (12) and the chapters in Kuntze (13). Besides these a large number of minor aids have been received from numerous sources. I believe full credit is given under each head in the general list, for all sources of information drawn upon. Synonymy and orthography. It is not pretended that a com- plete synonymy is given in any case, although it has been the endeavor to make it as complete as possible. In the old divi- sion Polypetalae, use has been made of the remarkably exact and painstaking bibliographic index prepared by the lamented Sereno Watson (14); in the Gamopetalae the laborious compila- tions found in Gray’s Synoptical Flora (15) have been, in most (9) Pritzel: Thes. Bot.Lit. ed. I. (1851.) (10) Jackson: Guide Lit. Bot. (1881.) (11). Richter: Codex Linnaeus (1835). (12). Hitchcock: Fl. Ames, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei. (1891). (13). Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum, Vol. I, introd. CXXII—CX LVI, (1891). (14), Watson: Bibliographic Ind. N. Amer. Bot. Pt. I (1878). (15) Gray: Syn. Fl. U.S. (1886). 14 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. cases, considered final, while in the Apetalae, so-called, and the monocotyledons the works of Torrey (16), De Candolle (17), Richter (18) and many others have been of prime assistance. In addition to these, a number of other works have been useful, especially in the lower families, where, for an evident reason, the least compilatory labor has been expended by previous workers. In particular cases help has been extended by specialists, e. g., by Morong in Potamogetonaceae, Lamson-— Seribner in Gramineae, Britton in Cruciferae, Coulter in Umbelli- ferae, etc. This is all gratefully acknowledged. The synonymy is in general chronologically arranged and the specific name chosen is in every case so far as the writer knows, the one sanctioned by priority regardless of variance with ‘‘custom” or ‘‘ authority.” As explained above this is at once the most modern and, it would appear, the most logically correct rule to follow. One point which should merit atten- tion, perhaps, is the uniformity with which capital letters are suppressed from specific names, even in the synonymy. It is probable that the writer is fairly open to criticism for sup- pressing such capitals in a synonym, while he might not merit it for the suppression in the particular name he himself is in- clined to sanction. Nevertheless no capitals will be found in specific names whether they are derived from proper nouns or not. This is a practice in line with custom, as may be dis- covered by referring to the older American manuals, and is conducive to regularity and system. The particular practices of different authors in regard to this trivial point may be learned by reference to their pages. Again, ancient spelling has generally been retained in the specific names, even if at variance with a more recent rule. Thus the law of priority is guarded most safely, and personal preferences, are, so far as possible, excluded. It must be noted, however, that the law of priority in plant nomenclature does not contemplate, as generally interpreted, any pre Linnaean work as of importance. An arbitrary start- ing point must be determined for botanical names just as an arbitrary point of latitude or longitude is determined. As there is no natural longitude to be discovered, so there is no natural demarcation-line between the older methods of nomenclature and the newer. Hence confusion arises: some writers cite (16). Torrey: Fl. N. ¥. (1843); Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Am, (1838-41). (17). De Candolle: Prodromus, (1824 Di (18). Richter: Plantae Europeae, Pt. I, (1891). INTRODUCTION. 15 generic authors back to Tournefort, others are inclined to go back to Dioscorides or Pliny (19) with their references. There is ample room for argument in this department of the subject, but apparently no room for dogmatism. It will be generally acknowledged that any starting point is, of necessity, arbitrary, and it becomes a matter of preference, to be determined as far as possible in the light of convenience and custom whether one base-line or another be adopted. The common notion of lay-botanists that Linnaeus was the founder of genera or the inventor of the binomial system of nomenclature, is of course, readily corrected by the facts of history. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is generally admitted to have been the first to reduce nomenclature, specific and generic, to an orderly condition. His work is therefore, for convenience, adopted as a meridian and in these pages specific citations do not go back of the Ist ed. of the Species Plantarum (20), nor generic citations (except in the case of some synonyms) back of the 1st ed. of the Genera Plantarum (21). I am unable to see any gain in citing from the Systema of 1735. Citation of genera and families. It seems clear for apparent reasons that priority should govern in generic names, for in the present condition of botanical science the conception of a genus is relatively stable. This is true whether one adopts a wide or narrow notion of a given genus. Family and ordinal names, are, however, not yet likely to be stable, for they are based upon a more fluctuating foundation. It is probable that the time is not yet ripe for a definite and sharp determination of family or ordinalcharacters. While, then, priority may rightly govern in generic citation, there is no reason to insist upon it in family, ordinal or class citations. But if this should be gainsaid, the position may at least be maintained that the mer- idian here adopted should be the Genera of Endlicher (22). It would appear that any purely intellectual concept like a family of plants, which certainly has no objective existence, but is merely a category in which we are accustomed to group cer- tain quite distinct individual organisms on the basis of sup- posed relationship, abstracted from observed and hypothesised resemblances, should be elastic in name as it is elastic in sig- nificance. The evident objection is that this is true also of genera and species, which are, in like fashion, subjective cate- (19). S. F. Gray: Arr. Brit. Pl. (1821). (20). Linnaeus: Species Plantarum, ed. I. (1753). (21). Linnaeus: Genera Plantarum, ed. I. (1737). (22). Endlicher; Genera Plantarum (1836-40). 16 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. gories rather than objective realities. Admitting the unques- tioned truth of such an objection, it seems nevertheless that the species and genera stand out somewhat less nebulously than the families, classes or divisions. Their boundaries have been more accurately mapped, their highways and by-ways have been more carefully charted and it is more admissible to de- mand for them at least the semblance of a stable nomenclature. — In consequence of such considerations as these it has seemed unwise to insist upon strict priority in the names of families while maintaining it for the names of genera. This position is, however, not unlikely to be erroneous, or at least inconsistent. For reasons outlined above the genera have been determined under the law of priority, but this has not been insisted upon for the families. Under both families and genera, page num- » bers of dated works are indexed, and such works have been selected as should at once put the student who refers to them in a fair way to gain a knowledge of the literature of any plant which might command -his attention. The standard modern works have alone been cited, except in certain cases of peculiar historical or local interest, for, from these, proper references to older works may be compiled. Generic synonymy and limitation. Since there is little uni- formity in the limitation of genera, it is customary in works like the one in hand to follow some recognised authority, se- lecting the authority either at random or under the influence of local conditions. Bentham and Hooker’s monumental work (23) has during the last twenty years served as an authority to the English-speaking races and in less degree to others. In general the lines of generic limitation established in this great work have been adopted by the writer. In particular cases, however, the lines of Baillon (24) and of the monographs col- lected in Engler and Prantl’s not yet completed work (25) have been followed, thus emending the limits as proposed in the older volumes. Synonymy has been quoted to indicate the precise limitations accepted and all this synonymy has been properly referred to its original authors, and the places and dates of publication have been compiled.’ The list serves, therefore, as a partial date-index to Bentham and Hooker, Baillon and the German monographers. Genera proposed prior to the Ist ed. of 23), Bentham and Hooker: Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) . (24), Baillon: Histoire des Plantes (1867—1881——). (25), Engler and Prantl Natuerl. Phlanzenfamilien (1887-1893———.). ’ INTRODUCTION. 17 Linnaeus’ Genera Plantarum unless adopted by him have been regarded as devoid of prior right to consideration. In the Linnaean works, page-numbers and page-positions have been held to establish priority and older generic names have always been maintained over newer. When genera have been com- bined the older names are always retained for the new combi- nations, except in such cases as Stachys—Betonica or Sorbus- Pirus where the newer name received the greater number of species in 1753. This is the rule proposed by Kuntze and it is reasonable. In general the nomenclature adopted is believed to be thor- oughly abreast of the times. To compile this has been a much more difficult task than it would have been to accept unques- tioningly the names as presented in such a book as the Watson and Coulter revision of Gray’s Manual (26). It is believed, however, that in a list like this the eye should be cast forward instead of backward, that the future should receive considera- ation as well as the past. To the complaint, which has much of reason in it, that all changes in nomenclature should be left to monographers and should be carefully avoided by the com- pilers of local floras, only one thing can be said. That is this: there is no honesty in hiding behind some other’s work simply because one’s own work is of humble nature. In local floras as well as in monographs the public has a right to demand the result of the best and truest convictions of its servants. Itis dishonest to put forward anything which one does not believe to be correct, on the plea that some one else will correct it. It is discreditable to conform to a custom that one does not sanc- tion, that one believes is in rightful course of final extinction, With this and other exigencies held in view, the writer has not hesitated to uphold as strict an interpretation of the law of priority as may be possible. It has been a matter of concern, not so much to gratify a conservative instinct in those who may have occasion to use this list, as to keep squarely in the current of progress towards the better botanical nomenclature of the twentieth century. Reforms are not brought about by inanition or conformity. They must be contended for even at the risk of temporary disturbance of the established order. The details of working which must demand attention on the part of the ‘‘nomenclaturist’’ when he considers so wide a field as the names of living or fossil organisms may offer him, have been indicated in many papers and volumes. Nomenclators, (26). Watson and Coulter: Gray's Man., 6 ed. (1890), / —2 18 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. such as those of Pfeiffer (27), Steudel (28) and Kuntze (29) together with the laws of zoological and botanical congresses and papers by distinguished taxonomists, such as Agassiz and A. Gray, have been freely consulted and the basis of nomencla- ture in the case of the Metaspermae has been derived from such critical, historical and bibliographic labors. Those who are interested in the detail may find abundant discussion - in these cited works, which, together with the controversial and argumentative material published from time to time by the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, the Continental and Austra- lasian Gardens and the various botanical periodicals and ephemera that concern themselves with such subjects, will be found to present the questions outlined above, from a wide variety of view-points. With Kuntze, it may well be said that while nomenclature itself is hardly to be named a science, it is certainly an important adjunct of science and as such demands thoughtful attention. Arrangement of families and genera. The arrangement of families and genera follows as exactly as possible the lines laid down in Engler and Prantl’s Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien, which is beyond compare the most important taxonomic summary yet published. for the plant-kingdom. This arrangement is not particularly different from that which has come to be generally recognised within the last ten years. It is similar in general outline to that of Luerssen (30), Drude (31) and Warming (313), and is a clear expression of modern views of the inter relationship and evolution of the flowering-plants. Such an arrangement is preferable to the more ancient ones just in such degree as it is more accurate. The accuracy of the arrange- ment adopted is acknowledgedly incomplete, but it is believed to represent the full research of the times. Natural divisions of the vegetable kingdom. The constant effort of the botanist is to make his classification of plants indi- cate not only resemblance but relationships. Indeed resem- blances are considered of value in taxonomy only in so far as they indicate relationships. For this reason no classification is, or can be stable, since no classification is ever mature or com- plete. The ever-progressing knowledge of plant-anatomy, dis- tribution, physiology and especially of embryology renders the (27). Pfeiffer: Nomenciator Botanicus (1874): (28). Steudel: Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. IL. (1840-41.) (29). Kuntze: Rev. Gen. (1891.) (30), Luerssen: Systematischen Botan, (1878-1882). (31), Drude: Syst. und Geogr. Anordn, Phan, (1890). (31%), Warming: Syst. Botan., Germ. Tran. (1890). INTRODUCTION. 19 grouping of yesterday unscientific and archaic to-day. Popu- lar manuals, wherever they may be published, however pains- takingly and skilfully they may be compiled, are always dis- tinctly in the rear of actual botanical advancement in that group which they propose to elucidate. The well-known and reasonable demand for stability in nomenclature is sometimes accompanied by an unreasonable demand for permanence of classification, but if such a demand could be granted it would indicate absolute stagnation in botanical or zoological science, such as can not, under present intellectual conditions of the race, readily be conceived. While, therefore, the constant shifting from one classification to another is exasperating to the conservative student, it is nevertheless a necessary result of advancing information, and to refuse to consider the new systems which may be put forth in scientific fashion is as unreasonable as it was in those days when the railway carriages were first brought into use for one to insist upon travelling by the old stage-lines of an earlier mechanical era. The vegetable kingdom becomes more and more difficult to arrange in well ordered groups as one’s knowledge of its com- plexities and relationships increases. The old notion, for ex- ample, thatit is possible to divide plants into those with flowers and those without, by an arbitrary demarcation-line, has grad- ually disappeared as more and more information has been col- lecting regarding the life-histories and homologies of such transition types as Selaginella, Isoetes, Cycas, Casuarina or Marsilia. The two divisions seen so clearly by Linnaeus have come to merge into each other and must be defined to-day in far different terms than in 1735. And again the old divisions of the _ Dicotyledones—Polypetalae, Apetalae and Gamopetalae—have been found to be untenable, for they serve to separate into dif- ferent groups, genera which from a preponderance of charac- ters are generally believed to be closely related. Under the stress of renewed examinations the Polypetalae and Apetalae have been combined and in this work the combination-name applied is Archichlamydeae. These serve as examples of changes in nomenclature resulting from changes in view-points under increased knowledge. It will be appropriate to give, in this introduction, a word or two to the later methods of plant-classification. Mention may be made, very briefly, of the basis of such classification. In the first place, a survey of the vegetable kingdom reveals that all the forms known to us may be thrown into two groups 20 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. based upon the presence or absence of sexuality. We have, therefore, the two great divisions: A. PROTOPHYTA: Plants in which sexuality has not been developed and in the ancestral line of which it is believed, from collateral evidence, that there are no sexually complete progenitors. B. METAPHYTA: Plants which manifest sexuality or indicate — by accessory characters that in their ancestral lines there have occurred sexually complete progenitors. These two great divisions are not clearly delimited, owing to the presence of transition-forms which unite the lower group with the higher. Sucha form is the well known Ulothrix zonata in which certain cells function indifferently as spores or gametes (marrying cells). Furthermore, the limits are ob- scured by such reduced forms of the Metaphyta, as undergoing retrograde metamorphosis, have lost their sexual characters and often resemble closely the upward-tending types of the Protophyta, which are acquiring sexual characters, or on the point of acquiring them, one might say. Such intermediate forms, whether rudimentary or reduced, render exact limita tion of the two great divisions quite impracticable. In similar fashion it is possible to arrange the Metaphyta in two subdivisions based upon the development of the fertilised egg. In the lower forms, after fertilisation, the egg proceeds to develop a plant like the parent, which produced the egg; in the higher forms, the egg undergoes a preliminary subdivision, the result of which is the ultimate development of few or very many cells, each of whichis normally capable of producing a plant like one of the parents. We therefore have the two fol * lowing subdivisions: I, GAMOPHYTA: Metaphyta which normally develop sexual plants. from their fertilised eggs without the interpolation of any spore-producing structure. II. SporopHytTa: Metaphyta which normally subdivide the fertilised egg into a cellular structure, capable of growth, al] or part of which consists, when mature, of spores, from which sexual plants are normally produced. Such a cellular structure is called a sporophyte or sporophytic plant. Examples of I. are the lower Zygophyta and Odphyta of Bessey (32), plants like the pond-scum (Zygnema) or the black-mould (Rhizopus, Mucor): examples of II. are too numerous to men- tion, for in this subdivision are all plants inclusive of, and higher ~~ (82) Bensey: Text Book of Botany, 6 ed, (1889). INTRODUCTION. 21 than such algae as Oedogonium. A discussion of the conditions under which the Sporophyta probably originated and notes on their classification may be found in recent periodical literature (83, 34, 35, 36). It may be well to say that all of our subject- matter, in the following list is purely sporophytie. Continuing our classification of the vegetable kingdom, it will be found that we may again divide the Sporophyta into three alliances based upon the manner of development of the egg-organ or archegonium. This organ combines the func- tions of an ovary and uterus as commonly recognised in the mammalia. That is, it produces the egg, during the differ- entiation and maturation of its cellular structure, and it retains the egg as within a pouch, nourishing it through at least its first segmentations after fertilisation in view of which the egg developes as an embryo sporophyte. We may distinguish, then, the three following alliances of the Sporophyta: (1). THALLOPHYTA: Sporophyta in which the egg-organ is not developed as a protective structure about the egg and in which there are no accessory characters that indicate an ances- tral line containing egg-organ-producing progenitors. (2). ARCHEGONIATAE: Sporophytain which the egg-organ is present and functional. (3). METASPERMAE: Sporophyta in which the egg-organ is aborted and no purely vegetative cells are to be found in either the male or female plants. Examples of the Thallophyta, which is here defined in the narrower sense and does not include the Gamophyta or Proto- phyta—as is more customary—are to be looked for among the sea-weeds, fresh-water algae and especially among the higher, spore-fruit-producing fungi, such as the mushrooms, puff- balls, ete. Examples of the Archegoniatae are such algae as Chara and Nitella, the liverworts, mosses, ferns, pillworts, club-mosses, scouring-rushes. Sigillarias, Lepidodendrons, quillworts, cycads, pines and other conifers, and joint-firs. Transitional forms occur in the region of Gnetum, Ephedra and Casuarina leading over to the third and highest class of plants—the Metaspermae. (33) Bowers: Homologous and Antithetic Alternation, Ann. of Bot. iv. 347-370 (1890). (34) MacMillan: Sexual Immobility as a Cruse for the Development of the Sporophyte, Amer. Nat. xxv. 22-25 (1891). (35) Campbell: Relationships of the Archegoniata, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 323-333 (1891). (36) MacMillan: Suggestions on the Classification of the Metaphyta, Bot. Gaz, xvii. 108-113 (1892). 22 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Examples of the Metaspermae may be selected from the great mass of plants which contain their seeds in a closed ‘‘ ovary,” better named carpellum. Such plants range in structure from such lower forms as Salix and Typha to the highly developed Orchidaceae, Umbelliferae and Compositae, including such plants as Listera, Myrrhis and Hieracium. A more definite characterisation of the Metaspermae may be added to the diagnostic limitation given above. Characters of the Metaspermae. The Metaspermae, other wise called Angiospermae, are those Sporophyta which produce constantly polymorphic species-forms, consisting of always bisexual, vegetatively degenerate, parasitic gametophytic plants and always (a) bivalent sporophytic plants, one of which is produced from a close-fertilised egg and develops an endo- — sperm of the seed, while the other is produced from a cross- fertilised egg and develops the embryo of the seed,—which latter, in turn, upon the germination of the seed, normally resumes development and matures into a structure of high vegetative specialisation from which are ultimately developed, either one or both sizes of spores, and from these the sexual plants are respectively produced. The smaller spores or pollen-grains are produced numerously in special spore-cases (sporangia), aggregated upon specially modified foliar or axillary structures called stamens. The larger spores are produced severally or, more commonly, singly, in a special sporangium (nucellus of ovule) surrounded with indusial mem- branes (ovular integuments) and the sorus (ovule) thus formed is borne in a closed foliar or axillary structure called a pisti/. Of this closed pouch the actual seed-bearing cavity (ovary or carpellum) ripens into the fruit.which is always at first a closed structure The seed is a ripened sorus commonly detachable from the structure upon which it was produced. It contains within the modified indusial walls (seed-coats) two sporophytie plants of different valency. One, produced from an egg fertil- ised by the sperm nucleus from the pollen-tube, is alone termed theembryo The other, produced from a close-fertilised egg, is termed the endosperm, and is consumed by the embryo either during the ripening processes of the seed or during the germi- nating processes of the same. It will be interesting to see how the Archispermae or lower seed-plants (Gymnospermae) differ from the Metaspermae. The fact that seeds are such distinct, easily defined bodies, in com (a). Except in some Orchidaceae? INTRODUCTION. 23 mon parlance, has induced many botanists to use them indis- criminately as always of equivalent morphological value. Late research shows, however, beyond reasonable question that the seed of the Gymnosperms so-called and that of the Angiosperms are totally different structures, morphologically and in point of development. The Archispermae is a name given to those Archegoniatae which produce structures similar to the seeds of the Metaspermae. As will be seen this ‘‘seed”’ is another thing entirely and merits a different name, but it will be known here as the Archispermous seed. To show its character it will be well to give a description of the Archispermae, to be placed side by side with the above characterisation of the Meta- spermae. Characters of the Archispermae. The Archispermae, other- wise called Gymnospermae, are those Archegoniatae which pro- duce constantly polymorphic species-forms consisting of always bisexual, vegetatively degenerate, parasitic gametophytic plants, and an always univalent sporophytic plant, produced from a cross-fertilised egg and capable of maturing into.a structure of high vegetative specialisation upon which are developed either one or both sizes of spores, from which the sexual plants are respectively produced. The smaller spores or pollen-grains are produced in special spore-cases (sporangia), aggregated upon specially modified foliar structures called stamens. The larger spores are produced singly in special sporangia (nucellus of ovule), surrounded with an indusial membrane (ovular integument) and the sorus (ovule) thus formed is borne upon a foliar or axillary structure which is not closed around the ovule. The seed is a ripened sorus contain- ing the vegetative portion of a female gametophytic plant (the ‘‘endosperm”) and one or more strictly homologous and analo- gous sporophytic plants, developed from eggs borne in the egg-organs of the female plants and cross-fertilised by nuclei transmitted through the hyphal, vegetative pollen-tube from the endosporous spermary of the male plant. During, ora little before, germination of the seed the female plant is con- sumed by the developing sporophyte which alone is capable of renewal of growth-activity. It is seen by a comparison of these two characterisations that while the seeds of Archispermae and Metaspermae unite in the point of forming sporophytes capable of further development, upon germination, they are utterly unlike in the formation of 24 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. the nutritive tissues indifferently termed endosperm, in which- ever way it is produced. The production of “seeds’”’ Thisis considered by the writer as of less taxonomic importance than the other points which have been mentioned, especially as the ‘‘seeds” are such different structures in the Archispermae and Metaspermae, However, the older botanists considered seeds as structures of great | importance and in consequence the plants which produce seeds have been grouped together under the name of Spermaphyta. Linnaeus recognised this division, but gaye it the name Phaner- ogamia under a mistaken notion that there was an analogy between two such widely diverse phenomena as pollenisation and fertilisation. The confusion brought about by this mistake has lasted until our own day. Later it was proposed to call these plants Anthophyta, or ‘‘plants which produce flowers.” Those peculiar groupings of spore-bearing organs and acces- sory foliar structures which are termed flowers have, from their conspicuous character and high specialisation, always received particular attention and thus easily arose the early classifica- tion of vegetable organisms into flowering and flowerless plants—the Phanerogamia and Cryptogamia of Linneaus. These divisions were based, however, not upon fundamental morpho- logical characters but upon accessory, and have been pretty generally superseded by systems of classification which present a truer perspective by emphasising the more fundamental structural and developmental characters. The classification of Engler and Prantl. In the Natwerlichen Phanzenfamilien Engler and Prantl adopt a classification based upon characters of somewhat different value from those discussed above. They divide the vegetable kingdom into four branches:—I. Mycetozoa, slime-moulds; II. Thallophyta (in the widest sense); III. Hmbryophyta zoidiogama (plants producing ciliated spermatozoids and building up sporophytic embryos); IV. Embryophyta siphonogama (plants producing pollen-tubes and building up sporophytic embryos). It will be seen that in this grouping a much greater merging of characters is permitted than in the one outlined above. In the first place, by way of individual criticism, the writer is inclined to suggest that the Mycetozoa are more properly classed with the animals. The presence of a contractile vesicle alone, need not determine animal rank among those organisms that Haeckel terms Protista; but its presence coupled with the absence of chlorophyll is strong argument. Volvox globator, with its coenobial growth, INTRODUCTION. 25 contractile vesicles and chlorophyll, may perhaps be safely set down as a plant. Chondrioderma difforme, with its plasmodial growth, its adelphotropic swarmspores, contractile vesicles and chlorophylless nutrition, may be as safely set down as an animal. This point admits, however, of extended argument, which would here be out of place, and the impression must not be received that it is proposed to give it an off-hand settlement. With reference to the Thallophyta of Engler it is apparent that this group is a catch-all. Forms widely distinct in phylogeny, physiology and structure are indiscriminately lumped together. Plants which have been limited above as Protophyta,Gamophyta and Thallophyta (in the narrower sense) are here tumbled into one broad and vague category. It is true that a single clue will perhaps never lead one out of the labyrinth, but in the face of the charge, that embryologists are rashly endeavoring to base their classifications upon single and possibly uncertain groups of facts, it is urged that the Thallophyta of Engler has neither coherency nor limitability. It serves to delimit the algae in a manner which throws into low relief the probable relationship between the algae and the higher plants. From Coleochaete to Riccia is not a long step, and it should not be made to appear that a taxonomic chasm separates these forms. Apart from insanities of homologising, such as those of Bonavia (87), there are actual contact points between the *‘sea-weeds” and the lower Hepaticae and a natural classification should recognise these contact-points. The Embryophyta of Engler (and to Engler alone may be ascribed this classification) are very nearly co-extensive with the Sporophyta as limited above. Oedogoniwm and allied forms are, however, omitted and, in our belief, this does violence to the natural arrangement. Provision should be made for the union of these related plants, for in the belief of the writer, next to sexuality, the development of sporophytes is the most funda- mental fact of plant-comparative-physiology. Again the divis- ion of the Sporophyta need not be made upon those struc- tural gametophytic characters employed by Engler when he divides his Embryophyta into two series, based upon the devel- opment of ciliated spermatozoids in the lower and the produc- tion of pollen-tubes in the upper. The researches of Belajeff alone (38) serve to indicate how slight is the actual difference (37), Bonavia: Phil. Notes on Botan. Subj. (1892). (38). Belajeff: ZurLehre von dem Pollenschlauche derGymnospermen. Bericht. Deutsch Botan. Gesellsch. IX. 274-286 (1891). 26 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. between such a condition as that of Azolla caroliniana among the Zoidiogama and Taxus baccata among the Siphonogama. Not only does it seem that the presence of pollen-tubes or of spermatozoids is a matter of secondary taxonomic importance, but itis perhaps hardly advisable to use a purely gametophytie character to limit off a group like the Embryophyta siphonogama which, to-day at least, comprises species described almost solely from sporophytic characters (a), While accepting the general arrangement of families as given in Engler’s great work we cannot then, accept unquestioningly his broad group- ings of the vegetable kingdom. However, it is possible that longer study will bring the classification of Engler into a more acceptable light. For the present it seems preferable to the writer to insist upon the basal importance of the sporophytic segmentations of plant ova and the subsidiary importance of spermatogametic and spermatogonial morphology. There are a number of considerations in this general taxo- nomic summary which demand more complete examinaticn, but enough has been said, it is hoped, to limit intelligibly though, to a certain extent, technically, the group of plants which are studied in the following pages. The Metaspermae are believed to be a natural group of plants properly co-ordinate with the Archegoniatae and Thallophyta(in the narrower sense). Reasons for breaking up the old Phanerogamiae, Anthophyta or Sperm- aphyta of the authors have been brought forward, and it is believed that many could be added. Certainly the wide differ- ence between the seeds of Metaspermae and Archispermae stands squarely in the way of grouping them in the same grand division of the vegetable kingdom. Their separation has been proposed before (39), but not in exactly these terms. The sharp division of Sporophyta and Gamophyta has been proposed elsewhere by the writer (394), with, however, a somewhat different limitation of the terms. Attention is directed partic- ularly, in the preceding pages, to the characterisations of Metaspermae and Archispermae, which have the merit at least of being restatements of facts which are generally to be looked for in scattered corners of morphological treatises. These characterisations are different in essential particulars from those usually given, which are based for the most part upon (a). See division into Protosporophyta, Busporophyta and Metasporophyta in (39%) cited below. (39). Goebel: Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology. Eng. Tran., Introd, (1887). (39%). MacMillan: Suggestions on the Classification of the Metaphyta. Bot. Gaz.(1892), INTRODUCTION. 27 such secondary points as the structure of the carpels. In the lines laid down above it will be seen that the nature of the seed is considered to be of prime morphological importance. This view, I am inclined to think, will repay study, for it serves to clear away some mists which should have been dispelled long ago, had it not happened that ancient terminalogies and conservative taxonomies stood directly athwart the light. Subdivisions of the Metaspermae. The recent researches of Treub (40) have made necessary a new subdivision of the Metaspermae more fundamental than that into the Monocoty- ledones and Dicotyledones. Upon examination of members of that peculiar Australasian genus, Casuarina, it was found that, unlike any other known Metaspermae, they were devoid of - micropylar canals, and that the mature ovules split along the chalazal line and through this cleft the pollen-tube was permit- tedtoenter. Itis then proposed by Treub to divide Metaspermae into two divisions, separating the more Selaginella-like Casuar- inaceae from the rest under the name of Chalazagameae. Plants of this division are comprised under the single rather small genus, Casuarina. All the rest of the Metaspermae unite, so far as known, in having a particular opening, the micropylar canal, penetrating the ovular membranes and permitting the end of the pollen-tube to be appressed against the embryo-sac (megaspore) in which the two eggs are developed which produce respectively the endosperm and embryo of the seed. This division is termed by Treub, Porogameae. The Porogameae are divided into the Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones. In the first division the embryo undergoes a distinct type of segmentation-stages (41) and in most cases developes the apical meristem from two initials instead of from three (42). Moreover there is but one cotyledonary leaf developed. In the Dicotyledones there are commonly three initials for the apical meristem, so that the plerome, dermatogen and periblem layers has each its own mother-cell. The segmentation stages are peculiar and moreover there are two cotyledonary leaves developed. The Monocotyledones do not admit of further subdivisions of higher grade than the orders, as described and limited well by (40). Treub: Ann. Jard. Bwitenz. X. 145-231 (1891). (4L. Hanstein: Entwickelung des Keimes der Monokotylen und Dikotylen. pp. 1—112> taf. 1-13 (1870). (42), Van Tieghem and Douliot: Recherch Comp. Endogen. Member. Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 7, VIII, 1 (1888), and Douliot J. c. 7, XI, 283 (1891). 28 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Luerssen (48) or, not so naturally, by Van Tieghem (44). The Dicotyledones however admit of arrangement in two distinct divisions, based upon the morphological characters of the perianth. These are as follows: (a). Archichlamydeae: Perianth wanting or made up of incoherent leaves owing to the failure of parts in the same foliar circle to undergo fusions. (0). Metachlamydeae: Perianth exhibiting fusions between parts of the same foliar order or indicating, by accessory characters, an ancestral line in which such fusions must have taken place. Under the classification above worked out the plants of the following list are arranged. It must be remembered that the families follow each other in precisely the order laid down in the monographers’ work, in Engler and Prantl. Thus it is believed, a system as natural as available has been adopted, and the arrangement of genera and species is made to conform so far as may be practicable to the general order. It is not improbable that the epoch-marking work of Engler and Prantl may be translated into English, but even if it is not it must for at least a decade stand as the highest and most generally accepted authority. And it is for this reason that I have preferred to follow its arrangement rather than the Benthamian which is steadily and irrevocably losing ground. Some citations of important literature not referred to in the body of the above discussion, are here added to indicate to students where to look for the memoirs and volumes which have done so much to bring to light the four-fold complexity of our common higher plants. It will be seen from a considera- tion of the metaspermic characters adduced above that what we call an oak, the Quercus macrocarpa,. for example, is not an indi- vidual like an animal, but a group of four individuals of which one only is vegetatively important while the other three, com- prising both the sexual plants and one of the two sexless plants, are reduced into acondition of dependence which permits them, in ordinary parlance and in many treatises, to be discussed as organs. This condition might easily arise as a result of high differentiation and polymorphism and something like it, on a much simpler scale, is seen in animals like the copepods, in certain species of which the male is very much smaller than the female and lives parasitically upon the body of the larger crus- (43). Luerssen: Medicin.-Pharmac. Bot., Vol. I, (1882). (44) Van Tieghem: Traité de Botan., Vol. II, (1891). INTRODUCTION. 29 tacean. But it isin the higher plants that such polymorphism reaches its unparalleled development, and in this sense, at least, we find that the higher plants are the most complicated of organisms. Only a partial list of books and memoirs can be: given here. Literature Bearing upon Metaspermic Polymorphism. Hofmeister: Vergi. Untersuch der Keimung (1851). co : Entsteh. Embryo der Phanerogamen (1849). ae : N. Beitr. Kenntn. Embryobild. Phan. (1859-61), Strasburger: Befruchtung und Zelltheilung (1878). « : Kern- und Zelltheilung (1808). 4 : Angiospermen u. Gymnospermen (1879). Hofmeister: Historisch. Beitr., Flora, 125 (1875). Warming: De VOvule, Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, V. 176 (1878). Vesque: Sur Devel. Sac Embryonaire, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, VI. 237 (1879). Mann: Embryo-Sac of Myosurus, Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin. (1891). Farmer: Isoetes, Ann. of Bot. V. 59 (1890). Guignard: Embryogen. Legum., Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, XIT (1881). ig : Sac Embryonaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. Botan., 6, XII, 136 (1882). “2 : Etud. Phen. Morph. Fecund., Act. Bot. Congr. (1889). ae : Nouv. Et. Fecund., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 7, XIV (1891). Strasburger: N. Untersuch. Befrucht. Phan. (1884). Minot: Phenom. of Impregnation in Animals, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX 165 (1877). Balfour: Phen. Matur. Ovum, Q. J. Micro. Sci., X VIII 109, (1878). Van Beneden: Recherch. Matur. Ov. et Fecund., Arch. Biol. (1883). Weissmann: Essays on Heredity, Eng. Tran. (1889). Geddes and Thompson: Evolution of Sex (1890). Schenck: Handbuch Botan. Campbell: Pilularia Globulifera, Ann. of Bot., II, 247 (1887). Be : Isoetes, Ann. of Bot., V, 231 (1891). Hurtog: Problems of Reproduction, Q. J. Micro. Sci., XX XIII, (1891), Berthold: Protoplasmamechanik (1886). Le Monnier: Journ. de Botan., I, 140 (1887). Treub: Recherch. Cycadeae, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 XII, 212 (1881). Warméng: Systematisch Botanik (1890), Deutsch. Ausgabe. Pax: Allgemein. Morphol. der Pflanz. (1890). Strasburger: Coniferen und Gnetaceen (1872). Fischer: Embryosackentn. Angiosp., Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturw.(1880). Mellink: Ontwik. v. d. Keimzak bij Angiosp., Diss. Leid. (1880). Tulasne: Etud. d’Embryogenie Veg., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 3, XII (1849). Hanstein: Entwick. Keimes d. Monocot. u. Dicot. (1870). Hegelmaier: Vergleich. Untersuch. u. d. Entwick. Dicot. Keime (1878). Treub: Embryogenie Orchidaceae (1878). 30 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Many other titles might be added to this list, but those cited will put any student into contact with the general literature. Most of these works do not devote themselves solely to the subject in the caption, but all serve to illuminate it more or less. Works of purely historical value, such as those of Brong- niart, Amici, R. Brown, Schacht, Radlkofer, Karsten, et al., have not been cited, for it is not my intention to give in this place a complete bibliography of the subject, but only to cite enough works to enable readers to come in contact with the original sources. Statistical discussions. The chapters following the list take up in order certain statistical investigations based upon facts collated in the list itself. No complete sta- tistical investigation can be made of even this limited area, the Minnesota valley, in the present advancement of our know- ledge. There are, however, data enough at hand to determine certain characters of our flora. It is believed that the points of view from which the statistics are gathered, and the prin- ciples underlying their tabulation, enable one to present some facts less barren and meaningless than those commonly put forward in such chapters. By keeping steadily in view the facts discussed above, in relation to the difference between natural and artificial districts, and with a constant compre- hension of the indubitable fact that one can not consider even a natural district apart from surrounding districts, the writer has attempted to penetrate to some of the inner facts which become accessible in such a labor as has been undertaken. It is believed that the characters of the Minnesota valley flora thus determined throw some unexpected light upon the general con- ditions of plant distribution in this central region of the conti- nent. And while some of the conclusions may seem simple to trained geographical botanists, it must be recalled by them that this work is not primarily addressed to any coterie of savants in some special line of science, but to the general pub- lic of Minnesota, under whose ultimate sanction, and by whose open-minded comprehension of the value of scientific knowledge in all departments of human activity, this Geological and Na- tural History Survey has been established, developed and directed. EAS ere HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS, (METASPERMZ), NATIVE TO THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA. POROGANMEA, MONOCOTYLEDONES. I. TYPHACEA. Cat Tail Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 241 (1840); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III, 954 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz., 2. I. 183 (1887). Genera: 1. Swamps of tropical and temperate regions. Species: 12 living; 2 fossil. TYPHA Linn. Gen. 707 (1787). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 445. Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1. 186 (Solms); Schenck, Palcophyt. 376. Living species, 12; tropical and temperate regions: Europe, 9; Russian Europe, 5; Russia, 5; N. America, 2; So. Sts., 1; Canada, 2; California, 2; E. Sts., 2; Rocky Mts., 1. Fossil species: 2; Tertiary, France. Samland. (A. Br., Stw7) Typha latifolia Linn. Spec. 971 (1753), T. major Curt. FI. Lond. III, 61 (1777-1787), T. angustifolia Ricu. Tent. Fl. Abyss. II, 350 (1851), T. latifolia var. elongata DuDL. Fl. Cay. 102 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 547; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 69; Coult., Fl. Colo., 359; Chap., Fl. So. St. 443; Webb., Fi. Neb. 98; Watson, FI. Calif. II, 188; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross., [V.1; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit 442; Richt., Pl. Eur. 9; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl.. Nat, Pflanz. II. 1, 186; Wats., King Exp. 337; Cov., Fl, Ark. 227; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 440. Kurope, Asia and N. Africa. North America: all Can. to N. Eng. and Fla., W. to Mts. and Sacramento, Calif. 3? METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; marshes, swamps and edges of lakes. Hers.; Sheldon 247, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 699, Minnesota Lake; Ballard 262, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 408, Janesville; Sandberg 527, Chisago Lake; Herrick 280, Minneapolis; Kasswbe 222, Minneapolis. Il. SPARGANIACEAE. Burr-Reed Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 241 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 955 (1883); Engler in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 192 (1887). Genera: 1; temperate and colder regions of Northern Hem isphere; Australia and New Zealand; swamps and marshes. Species: 6-8 living; 2-83 extinct. SPARGANIUM Linn. Gen. 706 (1737). ¢ Platanaria S. F. Gray, Arr. II. 39 (1821). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 445; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pylanz. 2, 1. 193 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt., 376-377. Living species: 6-8; temperate and colder regions of N hemisphere, Australia and New Zealand. Canada, 6; Calif., 2; EK. Sts., 3. Fossil species: 5-10 described; 2-2 distinct; Tertiary, widely distributed. Sparganium simplex Huns. Fl. Angl, ed. 2, 401 (1762). S. erectum var B. LINN. Spec. 971 (1753). S. erectum WAHL. FI. Suec. 1020 (1824-26). S. simplex var nuttallii ENGELM. Gray’s Man., 5 ed. 481 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 548; Upham, F1. Minn. 135; Watson, Fl. Calif., II. 188; Coult., Fl. Colo, 359; Mac., Fl. Can., II. 70, 367; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross, IV. 4; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 422; Richt.. Pl. Eur. 10; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz., II. 1, 193; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227? Hart, Fl. Scand., I, 440. Europe; Siberia to Dahuria. North America: Sierras to Oregon; throughout Can. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie. Newf. and Vancouver; S. to Minn., Mich., N. J. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. HERB.: Roberts 124, Agate Bay; Sandberg 529, Red Wing; var. jluitans — Bailey 85, Vermilion Lake; MacM. and Sheld. 27, Cass Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3a Sparganium androcladum (ENGELM.) MoRONG, Torr. Bull XV. 78 (1888). S. simplex var. androcladum ENGELM. Gray’s Man. 5 ed. 481 (1867), S. ramosum AUCT. AMER. in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 548; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252; Upham, F]. Minn. 136; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Mac., Fl. Can., I1. 60; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatch- ewan and Vancouver; S. to Colo, Minn., Mo., N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from the S. E. district, rare; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. Sparganium eurycarpum ENGELM. Gray’s Man. 2d ed. (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 548; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 69; Wats., FI. Calif. II. 188; Coult., Fl. Colo. - 359; Chap., Fl. So. St. 443; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Wats., King Exp. 337; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269. North America: Newf., N. S., Ont., Man. to Humboldt River, Nev.;S. toN. Eng., N. J.. Va.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout; swamps, marshes and edges of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 253, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Taylor 1109, Glenwood; Taylor 522, Mud Lake; Taylor 673, Minnesota Lake; Sheldon 991, Cross Lake, Brown Co.; Sheldon 644, Waseca; Ballard 111, Shakopee; Sandberg 528, Red Wing; Holzinger 263, Winona Co. Il. POTAMOGETONACEAE. Pond-Weed Family. Zosteraceae Lindl. Veg. King. 145 (1846) 'p. p. Najadaceae Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1009 (1883); (Excl. Tribus I, Juncagineae. Tribus II, Apogetoneae. Tribus VII, Najadeae); Ascherson in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 194 (1889). Genera: 9 living; 3 extinct; cosmopolitan ; aquatic, principally in fresh water. Species: 75+ living; 20-30 ? extinct. POTAMOGETON Linn. Gen. 92 (1737) Peltopsis Raf. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 101 (1819), Spirillus and Groenlandica J. Gay, Comptes Rendus, Avr. (1854). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1014; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. I, 207; Schenck, Palaeophyt., 381-383. a 34 - METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 50+; fresh and rarely brackish wa- ters; cosmopolitan. Russia, 25; Europe, 38; N. America, 35 (15 endemic); California, 19; Canada, 27; E. Sts., 29; Rocky Mts., 11; Pl. King., 10; Pl. Wheel., 4; S. Sts., 10. Fossil species: Tertiary; numerous forms described but all rather doubtful; 2 sp. clearer than the rest. Oeningen (A. Br.); S. France (Saporta). Potamogeton natans LINN. Spec. 126 (1753). Wats. and Coult, Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 558; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 195; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 81; Coult., Fl. Colo. 362; Nym., Fl..Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 23; Hook., Fi. Gt. Brit. 481; Richt., Pl. Eur. 11; Herd., F:. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II.1 207; Wats., King Exp 337; Cov. Fl. Ark. 228; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 431; Rothr., Alask. 445. Europe; Asia; Australia; Africa. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Owen Sound to Man. and Lake Athabasca; N. to Hudson Bay > and Alaska; Vancouver; S. to Calif., Nev., Utah, N. Mex.; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. Hers.: Ballard, 782, Swan Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard, 587, Crystal Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard, 858, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 276, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 321, Belle Plaine; Ballard 431, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 723, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Ballard 900, Waconia; Taylor 1072, Douglas Co.; Sheldon 273, Duck Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1088, Springfield; Kassube 223, Rocky Lake; Herrick 281, Min- netonka; Holzinger 265, Winona Co.; Bailey 391, Mud Lake; Sandberg 531, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1693, Minneapolis, / Potamogeton fluitans RorH. Fl. Germ. I, 72 (1788). P. natans var. fluitans CHAM, Adnot. 4 (1815). P. petiolaris Pr. Del. Pr. I, 151 (1822). P. natans var. dngustatus M. and K. Rohl. Fl. D. I, 836 (1823). P. oblongus Mey. Chior. Hann. 519 (1836). 2P. lonchites TUCKERM. ‘Am. Jour. Sci. 2, VI, 226 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 560; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 83, 369; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Coult., Fi. Colo. 363; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit., 482?; Richt., Pl. Eur. 12: Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Aeeheraon, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Wats., King Exp. 337; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 481; Webb , Appx. Neb. 22. All Europe: cosmopolitan. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Mex.; also Washington to Nevada. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 35 Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; prob- ably local. Potamogeton amplifolius TucKERM. Am. Jour. Sci. 2, VI. 225 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 84; Coult,, Fl. Colo. 363; Chap., Suppl. So. St. 652; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22. North America: Ont., N. Superior reg., Man. to Van- couver, Oregon and Calif.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of-Ga. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan, Ark., N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district; frequent; lakes and ponds. HERB.: Sheldon 318, Madison, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 599, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 606, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 532, Chisago Co. Potamogeton perfoliatus Linn. Spec. 126 (1753). P. loeselii R. and 8. Syst. III, 508 (1818). Peltopsis perfoliata Rar. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 102 (1819). Potamogeton crispus DARL. FI. Cestr. 23 (1826). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 85; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 197; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit., 434; Nym. Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Richt., Pl. Hur. 13; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Wats., King Exp, 337; Roth., Wheel., Exp. 268?; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 484. Kurope; all Russia and Siberia; N. Africa; Australia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Anticosti, Q., Ont., to valley of Slave river, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Colo. ? Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; ponds and lakes. HERS3.: Ballard 601, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 865, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 67, Elysian; Taylor 140, Janesville; Taylor 1050, Glenwood; Ballard 449, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 440, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Oestlund 185, Minnehaha; Herrick 284, Minnetonka; Roberts 125, Knife river; Herb. Sheld. 1752, Lake Johanna, Ramsey Co. Potamogeton heterophyllos ScHrEB. Spic. 21 (1771). . hybridus PENTAGN. Inst. II, 289 (1787). . gramineus RoTH. Tent. Fl. Germ. I, 74 (1788). . palustris TEESD. Trans. Linn. Soc. V, 43 (1800). . gramineus var. heterophyllos FRteEs, Nov. Fl. Suec. 35 (1828). . paucifolius Op. Bohm. FI. 23 (1823). . proteus f. heterophyllos CHAM. and SCHLECHT. Linn. II, 20] bth (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 257?; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 84; Chap., Fl. So. St- 36 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 446; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 196; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit., 432; Richt., Pl. Eur. 13; Herd., Fl]. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 207; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 270; Roth., Wheel., Exp. 268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 432. Europe; N. Asia. North America: Q., Saskatchewan and Rocky Mts. to Vancouver; S. to Yellowstone and Mono Pass, Calif.; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably W.; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 899, Waconia; Ballard 860, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 859, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Bailey in herb. Morong, Vermilion Lake. Potamogeton gramineus LINN. var. zizii (ROTH.) M. and K. in Rohl. Fl. D. I, 845 (1823). P. zizii RoTH. Tent. Fl. Germ. I. 75 (1788). P. angustifolius Op. Bohm. Gerd. 23 (1823). P. proteus f. zizii CHAM. and SCHLECHT. Linn. II. 201 (1827). P. lucens var. minor UPHAM, FI]. Minn, 136 (18&3). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 561; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 85; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 433; Richt., Pl. Eur. 14; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 370; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 483. Europe; Asia? North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Hin : W. to Minn. and Kan. Minn. valley: N. E. district, rare; ponds and 1siaes HERB.: Herrick 283, Minnetonka. Potamogeton illinoensis MoronG, Bot. Gaz. V. (1880). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 561; Upham, F1]. Minn. 137. North America: W. N. Y. to Ills., lowa and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. edge; ponds and lakes. Potamogeton pusillus LINN. Spec. 127 (1753). P. acutifolius Pr. Fl. Cech. 37 (1819). P. gramineus MER, FI. Par. II, 70 (1836). P. berchtholdii Fres. in Berchth. Fl. BOhm. II, 277 (1839). P. mucronatus Nym. Syll. 387 (1854-55). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 563; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 87; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 198; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit.°435; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 29; Richt., Pl. Eur. 30; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 208; Wats., King Exp. 338; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 435. N. Europe; N. Africa; N. and S. America; N. Asia. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, Prairie region to Brit. Col., lat. 55° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Minn., Mo., Uintah Mts., Santa Cruz and the Tuolumne. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 37 Minn. valley: Througnout; ponds and lakes; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 105, Janesville; Ballard 447, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 285, Minnetonka; Bailey 394, Mud Lake; Bailey 538, Long Lake—var. tenuissimus; Bailey 369, Vermilion Lake, in herb. Morong. Potamogeton rutilus WotrG. Schult. Mant. ITI, 362 (1827). P. compressus SM. Engl. Bot. t. 418 (1796) not Linn. P. pusillus var. major Fries, Nov. Ed. II, 48 (1828). P. friesti RUPR. Ber. Russ. Reh. IV, 42 (1845). P. oederi MEY. FI. Hann. 536 (1849). P. major Moronge in Litt. (1892. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 563; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 88, 371; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 435; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Asch., Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 208; Richt., Pl. Eur. 15. Middle Europe and Asia; N. Africa. North America: N. S., Anticosti, N. Br., Q., N. E. T., Man. and Brit. Col.; S. to W. N. Y., Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: S. and N. E. districts; rare; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Bailey 369, Mud Lake; Cratty, State Line, S. edge, Herb. Morong. Potamogeton pectinatus Linn. Spec. 127 (1753). P. interruptus Kir. in Schultes Ostr. Fl. I, 328 (1794). P. vaillantii R. and S. Syst. III, 514 (1818). P. fasciculatus WOLFG. in Schultes Mant. III, 364 (1827). P. filicaulis Scour. Enum. 633 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 564; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Coult., Fl. Colo. 364; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 88: Chap., Fl. So. St. 445; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 198; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 30; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 436; Richt., Pl. Eur. 15; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 208; Wats., King Exp. 338; Roth. Wheel. Exp. 288; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 437; Webb., Appx.. Neb. 22. Kurope; N. Asia to N. W. India; Australia. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Man., Rocky Mts., Hudson Bay; Brit. Col. and Vancouver; N. to lat. 62°; S. to Fla. and W. to Rockies through U. 8.; also Washington to S. Calif., Nev. and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 104, Glenwood; Sheldon 439, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 643, Minnesota Lake; Sheldon 871, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 186, Minnehaha; Holzinger 268, Winona Co.; Bailey 124, Vermilion Lake. Potamogeton lucens Linn. Spec. 126 (17538). P. serratus WEBB. Pr. Fl. Holst. 16 (1780). P. lucidus GULDENST. It. I. 76 (1787). 38 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. P. acuminatus ScoHuM. Enum. Sill. I, 49 (1801). P, volhynicus BEss., R. and S. Syst. ITI, 509 (1818). P. cornutus Pr. Fl. Cech. 37 (1819). P. caudatus SED. Op. Bohm. Gew. 23 (1823). P. proteus f. luceens CHAM. and SCHLECHT. Linn. II, 197 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 562; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 85: Chap., Fl. So. St. 446?; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 432; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 26; Richt., Pl. Eur. 14; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Hart., Fl. Scand. I 433. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; Australia; W. Indies. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Keewatin; S. to Minn., Ark., N. Mex.; E. to N. Eng. and Fla?.; also California. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1002, Glenwood; Oestlund 184, Minne- haha; Herrick 282, Minnetonka; Ballard 600, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co. Potamogeton praelongus WuLr. Roem. Arch. III, 331 (1803-5). P. lucens WEBB. Prim. Holst. 15 (1780) not Linn. P. flexicaule DETH. Strel. Anz. n 50 (1809). P. flecuosus (SCHL. and) WRED. Meckl. FI. I (1811). P. acuminatus WAHL. FI. Ups. 116 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Richt., Pl. Eur. 14; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 85: Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 483; Nym., Fl. Eur., Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197. Europe. North America: N. S. to Vancouver; S. to Mass., Minn., Iowa. Minn. valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes or sluggish streams. HERB.: Sheldon 319, Madison Lake; Bailey 404, Burnt- side Lake. Potamogeton lanceolatus Sm. Engl. Bot. 1985 (1808). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus ROBBINS, Gray’s Man. 5 ed. (1868). P. perfoliatus var. richardsonii BENNETT, Mac. Fl. Can. II, 370 (1890) in part? Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 562; Coult., Fl. Colo. 363; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 86; Upham, F]. Minn. 137; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 434; Richt., Pl. Eur. 13; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 268?. Europe. North America: Ont. to Rockies and 62° N. lat.; S. to N. J., Fla. and N. Mex.; W. to Pac. coast and Yellowstone basin. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably W.; pond and streams. ' HERB.: Holzinger 266, Winona Co.; Bailey 149, Ver- milion Lake, and Sandberg, Hennepin Co., in herb. Morong. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 39 Potamogeton zosteraefolius Scnoum. FI. Sill. I, 50 (1801). ?P. complanatus WILLD, Berl. Mag. 297 (1809). ?P. cuspidatus SCHRAD. Ex. Sm. Engl. FI. 1, 234 (1824). P. zosterophyllus Dum. FI. Belg. 164 (1827). P. compressus. AuCT. AM., not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 562; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upharic Fl]. Minn. 137; Mac., F). Can. II. 86; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197; Hook., F]. Gt. Brit. 434; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V. 29; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt., Pl. Eur. 14: Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124, 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228: Webb , Appx., Neb. 22. Europe; N. Asia to Baikal Mts. North America: N. Br., Ont., L. Superior region and N. Saskatchewan to 57° N. lat.; Oregon and N. Calif.; N. Eng. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Iowa and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 642 n., Page Lake, Carver Co.; Bal- lard 456, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 598, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 267, Winona Co.; Bailey 545, Long Lake; Bailey 403, Burntside Lake; W. Uphum in herb. Morong, Man- kato. Potamogeton foliosus Rar. Med. Rep. (III), II, 409 (1811). P. pauciflorus PursH, FI. Am. (1814) not Lam. P. purshianus Morone in Litt. (1892). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 563; Britt., Fl. N. J. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 137; Webb.; Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 197; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 86; Chap., Fl. So. St. 446. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Superior reg- ion, Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay; Oregon to central Calif. ; N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Iowa, Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Forest district; ponds and lakes. Hers.: Upham, Mankato, in herb Morong. ZANICHELLIA Linn. Gen. 700 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1016; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 213 (Ascherson). Living species: 9 described; only 1 distinct. Cosmopolitan, but wanting in Australia. Zanichellia palustris Linn. Spec. 969 (1758). Z. geniculata GiLip. Exerc. Phyt. II. 419 (1792). Z. repens BNGH. FI. Mon. Prodr. 273 (1824). Z. major BNGH. Reich. Icon. VIII. 24 (1830). Z. radicans WALLM. Flora, Lit. Bl. 20 (1841). Z. macrostemon GAY, WILLK. and LG. Prodr. I, 26 (1870). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 565; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 259; Mac, FI. Can. II. 90; Webb., Fl. Neb. 96; Wats., Fl. Calif. If. 193; Coult., Fl. Colo. 362; Upham, Fl. Minn. 136; Chap., Fl. So. St. 445; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 437; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt., Pl. Eur. 17; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ, 124; Engl., Asch- erson, Nat. Pilanz. i; 1, 213; Wats., King Exp. 337; Led., Fl. Ross, IV. 22. 40 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Europe; Asia; North Africa; Philippines; Australia. North America: Anticosti, N.'S., Q., Ont., N. E. T., Saskatchewan and Man.; S. to N' J. and Fla.; W. to Oregon, Utah, Calif. and N. Mex. ' Minn. valley: Reported from S. central region; peat bogs; rare. HERB.: ?Sandberg 530, Goodhue Co. IV. NAJADACEAE. Naiad Family. Najadeae (Tribus VII, Najadaceae) Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. IIT. 1011 (1883); Magnus in Eng. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I. 214 (1889) Genera: 1; temperate and tropical regions. Species: 10-12 living; 1-2 extinct. NAJAS Linn. Gen. 701 (1737). Fluvialis MICHEL. Nov. Gen.t.8 1729), and Pers. Syn. II. 530 (1807). Caulinia WILLD. Mem. Acad. Berl. 87 (1798). Ittnera GMEL. FI. Bad. III, t. 4 (1808). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1018; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 217 (Magnus); Schenck, Palaeophyt., 380. Living species: 10-12; temperate and tropical regions: Enu- ° rope, 4; Russian Europe, 3; N. America, 4; rE Sts., 3; Cali- fornia, 2; Canada, 1; So. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel., Fossil species: Upper cretaceous and ter Oe Najas flexilis(WILLD.) RosTK. and Scum., Fl. Sed. 382(1824). Caulinia flexilis WILLD. Act. Acad. Berol. 88 (1798). Fluvialis flewilis Pers. Syn. I1, 530 (1807). Najus graminea RostK. in Link. H. C. I, 287 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 566; Britt., Fl. N. J. 259; Mac., Fl. Can. IT. 91; Uphan, F]. Minn. 136; Chap., FI. So. St. 444; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 191; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 489; Richt., Pl. Eur. 18; Herd. Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Engl. Magnus, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 217; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 404; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22 Great Britain, Scandinavia, N. Germany, Russia, Si- beria; Mexico; W. Indies. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Pac.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Neb.; S. to San Francisco on Pac. coast. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent or locally abundant; lakes, ponds and sluggish streams. HERB.: Taylor 450, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 910, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 264, Winona Lake; Oestlund 183, Minnehaha; Bailey 389, Mud Lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 41 V. JUNCAGINEAE. Arrow-Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 127 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1010 (1883), Tribus I, Najadaceae; Buchenau and Hieronymus in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 222 (1889). Genera: 4 living; 2 extinct; temperate regions to Magellan straits and Australia. Species: 15 living; 2 extinct. TRIGLOCHIN Linn. Gen. 302 (1787). Juncago TOouRN. Inst. (1700). Cycnogeton ENDL. Ann. Wien. Mus. II, 210 (1840). Maundia F. Mutu. Frag. Phyt. Austral. I. 23 (186i?). Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 1012; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 452; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1, 224 (Bucbenau and Hieronymus). Living species: 12; temperate and colder regions. Russia, 4; Europe, 5; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 2; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 2; So. Sts., 1; Rocky Mts., 2; Pl. King, 2; California, 1; Pl. Wheel., 2. Triglochin palustris Linn. Spec. 338 (1753). T. juncea GILIB. Hyxerc. Phyt. II, 501 (1792). Juncago palustris MOENCH, Meth. 644 (1794). Triglochin chilensis MEYEN, Reise I, 354 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 557; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 79; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 199; Coult., Fl. Colo. 364: Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 35; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Richt., Pl. Eur.18; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchanau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 224; Wats., King Exp. 340; Roth , Wheel. Exp.268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 417; Rothr., Alask. 446. Kurope; Asia; Africa; S. America. North America: Labrador, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Little Slave Lake, Bartlett Bay and Alaska; W. to Rocky Mts.; S. to N. Y., Ill, Minn., Dak. and Mont.; in Rockies to N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: S. central district and probably spar- ingly throughout; peat bogs. HERB.: Leiberg 63, 64, Blue Earth Co. Triglochin maritima Linn. Spec. 339 (1753). T. mexicana H. B. K. N. Gen. et Spec. I, 244 (1815). T. elata Nurt. Gen. I, 237(1818). T. salina WALLR. Linn. XIV, 567 (1840). T. maritima var. elata GRAY, Man. ed. V, 491 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 548; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Coult., FI. Colo. 364; Webb.,Fl Neb. 97; Upham,Fl. Minn. 138; Mac.,F1. Can. II, 80; Wats., FI. Calif. II, 199; Hook.,Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Nym.,Fl. Eur.; Led.,FI. Ross. IV, 35; Trautv.,F]. Sib. 113; Richt.,Pl.Eur. 19; Herd.,Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl.,Buchenau Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 224; Wats.,King Exp. 340; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 268; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 417; Rothr., Alask. 446. 492 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Europe; Asia; Africa; S. to Caucasus and Dahuria. North America: Atlantic coast from Labrador to N. J.; also San Francisco to Arctic ocean and Alaska; interior from mts. of Colo. to N. Mex. and E. to the coast in saline places. Minn. valley: Throughout; S. central district, abund- ant; marshes and peat bogs. , HERB.: Taylor 732, Glenwood; Ballard 809, Page Lake, - Carver Co.; Ballard 359, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 624, Chaska; Leiberg 65, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 286, Minneapolis; the rest are var. elatum (Nutt.). Herrick 287, Minneapolis; Bailey 326, St. Louis river; Sandberg 533, Chisago Lake. SCHEUCHZERIA Linn. Gen. 301 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1012; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 453; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 225 (Buchenau and Hieronymus); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 388. Living species: 1; N. temperate and boreal regions. Fossil species: Cretaceous; Lamprocarpites, Greenland ( Heer). Schenchzeria palustris Linn. Spec. 338 (1753). S. paniculata GIL1p. Exerc. Phyt. II, 502 (1792). S. asiatica M1Q. FI. Ind. Bat. III, 248 (18377). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 558; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Coult., Fl, Colo. 364; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 81; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 199; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 37; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 430; Richt., Pl. Eur. 19; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 225; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 416. Middle and N. Europe; N. Asia. North America: N. Br. Ont. to Hudson Bay, Georgian Bay, Keewatin and Rocky Mts.; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Dak., Mont. and Colo.; also Washington to Sierra Co., Calif. Minn: valley: Throughout, but local or rare; peat bogs and wet places in marshy meadows. HeERB.: Taylor 1113, Glenwood; Bailey 305, St. Louis river; Sandberg 534, Chisago Co. VI. ALISMACEAE. Water-Plantain Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 127 (1840) in part; Benth. and Hook. Gen, Pl. III. 1003 (1883), excl. Tribus II, Butomeae; Buchenau, Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz, 2, I, 227 (1889). Genera: 10; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 55+ living; 4-5 extinct. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 43 ALISMA LINN. Gen. 308 (1737). Caldesia PARLAT. Fl. It. III, 598 (1862?). Baldellia PARLAT. Nuovo. Gen. Monoc. 57 (1854). Helanthium ENGELM. Mss. ex. Benth. and Hook. l. c. (1883). Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 1004; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 452; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 230 (Buchenau); Schenck, Paleophyt., 388. Living species: 5-10; Europe; temperate and tropical Asia; tropical Africa; Australia; N. and S. America. Russia, 4; Europe, 5; U. S., 2; 1, continental; 1, Pac. coast. Fossil species: 38-4; Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); Tertiary, Greenland and Spitzbergen (Heer); France (Saporta). All doubtful. Alisma plantago Liny. Spec. 342 (1753). . natans PoLu. PI. Pal. III, 319 (1777). . latifolium Giuis. FI. Lith. V, 222 (1781). . ranunculoides ALL. FI. Ped. I, 234 (1785). . adngustifolium HOPPE, Taschenb. 13 (1797). . plantago var. americanum R and S. Syst. III (1818). . trivialis and parviflora PursH, FI]. Am. 252 (1814). 2A. subcordatum RAF. Med. Rep V, 356 (1809). ?A. odorata RAF. F1. Lud. (1817). 2A. roseum RAF. Ex. Steud. Nom. A. lanceolatum SCHULTZE, Spreng Syst. II, 163 (1825). A. plantago var. triviale B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 554; Britt. Fl. N. J. 255: Coult. Fl. Colo. 361; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 76; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 200; Chap., Fl. So. St. 448; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 427; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led. Fl. Ross. IV, 39; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 1138; Richt., Pl. HBur.19; Herd. Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 230; Wats., King Exp. 340; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 415. Europe; Asia, Australia; N. Africa. North America: Newf. to Rockies and Pac.; S. to N. California and E. to N. Eng. and N. Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; marshes and edges of lakes or shallow edges of slow streams. HERB.: Taylor 220, Janesville; Ballard 821, Page Lake; Ballard 264, Jordan; Taylor 730, Glenwood; Ballard 789, Swan Lake; Ballard 609, Chaska; Sheldon 922, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 609, Minnesota Lake; Kassube 225, Minneapolis; Oestluwnd 187, Hen- nepin Co.; Holzinger 269, Winona Co.; Sandberg 535, Goodhue Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 51, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 229, Montevideo. Po pe Pe Pe pe pe SAGITTARIA Linn. Gen. 723 (1787). Lophiocarpus Micu. D.C. Mon. Phan. III, 60 (1881). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pi. III, 1006; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 452; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 231 (Buchenau); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 389. 44 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 14-17; mostly American, but in all temperate and tropical regions. U.S., 10-12; HE. Sts., 7; So. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; California, 1; Atl. America and Tex., 10. Fossil species: 3-4; Tertiary; Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen (Heer); doubtful. Sagittaria rigida Pursu, Fl. Am. 397 (1814). S. heterophylla PursH, Fl. Am. 396 (1814) not Schreb. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 555; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 449; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 78. North America: St. Lawrence to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of lakes or quiet streams; abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 321, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 814, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 705, White Bear Lake; Ballard 588, Crystal Lake, Scott Co.; Tuylor 444, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Bailey 542, Long Lake; Herrick 289, Min- netonka; Sandberg 538, Centre City; Herb. Wickersheim 117, Ash Lake, Lincoln Co. Sagittaria graminea Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 190 (1808). S. acutifolia PursH, Fl. Am. 397 (1814). S. purshit KUNTH, Enum. III, 160 (1838). S. stolonifera ENGELM. and GRAY, Pl. Lindh. 26 (1845).. S. simplez. AUCT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 555; Britt., Fl. N. J. 256; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 79; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Chap., Fl. So. St. 449; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228. ° North America: Cape Breton, N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., ° N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Forest district; local or infrequent; edges of ponds and quiet streams. HERB.: Ballard 603, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 287, Jordan, Scott Co.; Berseth 1, Minneapolis. Sagittaria sagittaefolia LINN. Spec. 993 (1753). S. minor MILL. Dict. (1768). S. major Scop. Fl. Carn. II, 239 (1772). S. monoica Giuis. Fl. Lith. V, 218 (1781). S. vulgaris GULDENST. Reise Russ. II, 45 (1791). S. latifolia and obtusa W1LLD. Spec. LV, 409 (1805). Vallisneriu bulbosa,Porr. Enc, Meth. VIII, 321 (1806). Sagittaria heterophylla SCHREB. FI. Erl. II, 119 (1811). S. gracilis, hustata and simplex Pursu, FI. Am. II, 396 (1814). S. variabilis EN@ELM. Gray’s Man. ed. 1 (1848). S. longiloba ENGELM. Torr. Mex. Bound. (1858). S. sagittaefolia var. variabilis MtcHeLI, D.C. Mon. Phan. III, 69 (1881). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 45 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.6 ed. 554; Upham, Fl. Minn. 138; Mac., FI. Can. II, 77; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 201; Webb., F]. Neb. 97; Coult., Fl. Colo. 361; Chap., Fl. So. St. 449; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 428; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt., Pl. Eur. 20; Herd., F]. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl. Buch- enau, Nat. Pflanz. II. 1, 231; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 368; Wats., King Exp. 340; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 416. Europe; Asia to N. W. India. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to 60° N. lat.; S. to Calif. and N. Nev.; from Rockies E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout in the various forms; marshes, edges of ponds and quiet streams; abundant. HERB.: Forma gracilis (Pursh), Ballard 897, St. Boni- facius; Ballard 831, Page Lake; F. obtusa (Willd.), Ballard 607, Prior’s Lake; Ballard 731, Benton; F. hastata (Pursh), Taylor 642, Minnesota Lake; Taylor 405, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 22, Elysian; Sheldon 1567, Lake Benton; Ballard 666, Waconia; Ballard 163, Chaska; F. latifolia (Willd.), Sheldon 921, Sleepy Eye; F. angustifolia (Engelm.), Sheldon 1073, Spring- field; Ballard 739, Waconia; Ballard 808, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 830, Page Lake; F. diversifolia, Herrick 288, Min- neapolis; also F. angustifolia, Bailey 151, Vermilion Lake; Sand- berg 5386, Red Wing; F. latifolia, Sandberg 537, Vasa; Oestlund 188, Minnehaha; F. hastata, Bailey 154, Vermilion Lake; Herb. Sheld. 1683, forma angustifolia (Engelm.), Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 230, forma obtusa (Wilid.), Montevideo. VII. HY DROCHARITACEAE. Frog’s - Bit Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 160 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 448 (1883); Ascherson and Girke, Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 238 (1889). Genera: 14; cosmopolitan; 11 in fresh water; 3 in In- dian ocean, African coast waters, Red sea, Australian waters and the Pacific. Species: 60 living; 1-2 extinct?. ELODEA L. C. Ricnw. Mx. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 20 (18038). Udora Nott. Gen. II, 242 (1818). Apalanthe and Egeria PLANCH. Ann. Nat, Sci. 3, X1,75,79 (1849) , Anacharis BAB. and PLANCH. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III, 27 (1852), Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 450; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 383; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 250 (Ascherson and Girke). Living species: 6; N. and S. America; Mid. and N. Europe (introduced); U. S., 1. 46 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Elodea canadensis Ricu. and Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 20 (1808). Serpicula occidentalis PuRSH, Fl. Am. 38 (1814). Udora canadensis Nutt. Gen. II, 242 (1818). Serpicula verticillata MUHL. Cat. (1818). Apalanthe schweinitzii PLANCH. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, XI, 75 (1839). Anacharis canadensis PLANCH. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist. 2 ser. I, 86 (1848), Udora occidentalis KocH, Syn. 771 (1843-45). Anacharis alsinastrum BAB. Ann. Nat. Hist. 81 (1848). : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 496; Britt., Fl. N. J. 229; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 129; Chap., Fl. So. St. 450; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 1; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 382; Richt., Pl. Eur. 21; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 251; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 403; Webb., Appx. Neb. 22. Introduced in Gt. Britain, C. Eur. and Russia. North America: Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and Assini- boia; S. to Oregou and Mendocino Co., Calif.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; abundant; rivers, streams and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 605, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 822, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 823a, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 317, Janesville; Oestlund 189, Minnehaha; Holzinger 270, Winona Co.; Holzinger 271, Winona Lake. VALLISNERIA Linn. Gen. 741 (1737) Em. Mich. Physkium Lovur. Fl. Cochinch. 662 (1790). Nechamandra PLANCH. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, XI, 78 (1849). ?Lagarosiphon HAry. Hook. Journ. Bot LV, 230 (1842) part. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 450, 451; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 383; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I, 251 (Ascherson and Giirke); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 390. Living species: 2; tropical and subtropical regions, extending into temperate N. and S. America. 1 sp. tropical Asia and Isl. of Socotra (African region); 1 sp. circumdiffused. Fossil species: Eocene, Aix (Saporta) 1sp.; Jurassic of Siberia, 1 sp.? (Schenck) ‘Vallisneria spiralis Linn. Spec. 1015 (1753). Physkium natans LouR. Cochinch, 662 (1790). Vallisneria americana Micux. Fl. N. Am. IT, 220 (1803). V. jacquinti SAv1. Oss. 12 (1816). V. spiralis var. americana TORR, Comp. 365 (1824), V. jacquiniana Eicuw. FI. Casp. Cauc. 2 (1831). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 496; Britt., Fl. N. J. 229; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 1; Chap., Fl. So. St. 450; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V, 46; Richt., Pi. Eur. 21; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 124; Engl., Ascherson and Gitirke, Nat. Pflanz. II, 1, 252; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221. = LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 47 S. Europe, Mid. and S. Russia; India; Australia; Is- lands of Mediterranean. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Cottonwood valley and Chippewa; rivers, ponds and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 455, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 290, Minnetonka; Oestlund 190, Minnehaha; Holzinger 272, Winona Co.; Sandberg 539, 540, ‘‘Minnesota.”’ VIII. GRAMINEAE. Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 77 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ITI, 1074 1883); Hackel iw Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 1 (1887). Genera: 800-3825; cosmopolitan; 3-4 extinct. Species: 3500-4000; 3100-8200 (B. and H.); 40-50 extinct? ANDROPOGON Linn. Gen. ed. V, 1014 (1754). Schizachrium Ness, Agrost. Bras. 331 (1829). Heterochloa DEsvx. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Diectomis H. BR. K Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 193 (1815). Homoeatherum Nees, Hook. and Arn. Beech. Bot. 239 (1841). Hypogynium Nees, Agrost. Bras. 364 (1829). Anadelphia Hack. Engl. Jahrb. VI, 240 (1885). Arthostachys DgEsvx. ex Dur. l. c. (1888). Euklastaxon STEuD. Syn. Glum. I, 412 (1855). ? Agenium Ness, Lindl. Introd Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 447 (1835). Sorghum Pers. Syn. I, 101 (1805). Blumenbachia Kort. Gram. Gall. 28 (1802). Vetiveria THovu. ex Vir. Journ. Pharm. I, XIII, 499 (1857). Anatherum P. BEAvuyv. Agrostogr. 128 (1812). Mandelorna Strub. Syn. Glum. I, 359 (1855), Chrysopogon Trin. Fund. Agr. 187 (1820). Rhaphis Lour. Cochinch. 552 (1790). Centrophorum TRIN. Fund. Agr. (1820). Holeus R. Br. Prodr. 198 (1810) in part. Dichantium WIiLLEM. Herb. Maur. in Ust. Ann. Bot. X VIII, 11 (1796). Diplasanthus Dresyx. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Lepeocercis Trin. Fund. Agr. 203 (1820). Cymbopogon SPRENG. Pl. Min. Cog. Pugil. II, 14 (1815). Gymnanthelia and Hyparrhenia ANDERS. Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 299, 300 (1862?). Heteropogon Pers. Syn. II, 533 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1123-1135; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 464; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1, 26 (Hackel). Living species: 200 +; warmer regions; N. America, Asia and temperate Europe. Europe, 8-9; N. America, 24; 48 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. So. Sts., 20; Canada, 3-4; E. Sts., 10; Rocky Mts., 5; Pl Wheel., 6. Andropogon nutans Linn. Spec. 1045 (1753). A. avenaceus Micux. FI]. N. Am. I, 58 (1803). Sorghum nutans GRAY. Man. ed. I, 617 (1848). Chrysopogon nutans B. and H. Gen. Pl. III, 1135 (1883). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 638; Mac., Fl]. Can. II, 185; Webb., Fi. Neb. 105; Coult., Fl. Colo. 406; Chap., Fl. So. St. 583; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 36; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Vas.. Mon. 9. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and S. Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally prairie dis- trict; dry and high places. HERB.: Sheldon 1595, Lake Benton; Taylor 1064, Alex- andria; Sheldon, 1289, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1652, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 17, Brainerd; Sandberg 606, Red Wing; Foote 12, Worthington. Andropogon provinecialis Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 376 (1783). A. villosus var. B. LAM. FI. Fr. ILI, 634 (1778). A. gerardi Virm. Summ. Pl. VI, 16 (1792). A, furcatus MuHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 919 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 637; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 184; Britt., Fl. N. J. 284; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Coult., Fl. Colo. 405; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Chap., Fl. So. St. 581; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 35; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 23; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Vas., Mon. 12. Southern France. North America: Ont.; L. of Woods, Man.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- trict; dry and high places. Hers.: Taylor 1028, Glenwood; Sheldon 1172, New Ulm; Taylor 1071, Alexandria; Sheldon 1130, Springfield; Shel- don 1338, Lake Benton; Sandberg 603, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 604, Red Wing; Foote 10, Worthington; Oestlund 349, Minne- apolis; 350, Minneapolis. Andropogon scoparius Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 57 (1803). A. dissitiflorus Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 57 (1803). A. purpurascens WILLD. Spec. LV, 913 (1805). Pallinia scoparia SPRENG. Syst. II, 832 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 637; Britt., Fl. N. J. 284; Mac., F). Can. II, 185; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Coult., Fl. Colo. 405; Chap., Fl. So. St. 581; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 35; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark, 234; Vas., Mon. 10. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Sas- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 49 katchewan; S. to N. Eng... N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and S. Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in prairie dis- trict; high or dry places. HERB.: Sheldon 1318, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1378, Ver- di, Lincoln Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 13, Brainerd; Sandberg 605, Red Wing; Foote 11, Worthington. PANICUM Linn. Gen. 47 (1737). Thalasium SPRENG. Syst. Cur. Post. 22, 30 (1827). Digitaria RicH. in Pers. Syn. I, 84 (1805). Syntherisma WALT. F1. Carol. 76 (1788). Trichachne NEEs, Agrost. Bras. 85 (1829). Acicarpa RAppI, Agrost. Bras. 31 (1828). Urochloa KuntTH, Rev. Gram. I, 31 (1835). Coridochloa NeExs, Edin. Phil. Journ. XV, 381 (1831?). Eriachne Puiuierl, Sert. Mend. Alt. 49 (1860?). Holosetum, Mesosetum STEuUD. Syn. Glum. I, 118 (1855). Blutfia, Rhynchelythrum Nees, FI). Afr. Austr. Gram. 61, 64 (1841). Thrasya H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 120 (1815). Tylothrasya DOELL. Mart. FI). Bras. II, 2, 295 (1833). ? Dimorphostachys FourN. Compt. Rend. LX XX, 441 (1875). Paractaenium, Urochloa, Echinochloa, Hymenachne BEAUY. Agrostogr. 47, 48, 53 (1812). Streptostachys DEsvx. Bull. Philom. II, 190 (1810). Otachyrium NEEs, Agrost. Bras. 273 (1829). Coleataenia GRISEB. Symb. Arg. 308 (1875). Tricholaena SCHRAD. R. and S&S. Syst. II, Mant. 163 (1824). ? Gramerium DEsyx. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). ? Alloteropsis PRESL, ex Dur. l.c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il], 1100; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 466: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 35, 36 (Hackel); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 384. Living species: 310 +; temperate and warmer regions; Europe, 13; Russia, 10-12; N. America, 67; So. Sts., 48; E. Sts., 22; California, 15; Rocky Mts., 5; Canada, 15; Texas, 41; Pl, Wheel, 5; Pl. King, 3. Fossil species: ? Tertiary of Switzerland (Schenck). Panicum crus-galli LINN. var. hispidum (MUHL.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. II, 424 (1848). P. muriatum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 47 (1803). P. waltert PursH, FI. Am. 66 (1814). P. hispidum Muu. Gram. 107 (1917). Oplismenus muricatus KUNTH, Enum. I, 143 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 634; Britt., Fl. N. J. 282; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 177; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Roth., Wheel: Exp. 295; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 37. —4 50 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Ont., N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and S. W. edges; doubtfully indigenous; boggy places or drier soil. HERB.: Sandberg 600, Red Wing. Panicum dichotomum LINN. Spec. 58 (1753). P. pubescens, nitidum and laxiflorum LAM. Enc. Meth. LV, 749 (1797). P. barbulatum and ramulosum Micux. F1.N. Am. I, 46 (1803). ? P. microcarpon Mun. Gram. 112 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 633; Britt., Fl. N. J. 280; Chap., Fl. So. St. 576; Mac , Fl. Can. II, 178; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Coult., FI. Colo. 404; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 259; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 30. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, Ste. Marie and Thunder Bay; S. to N. Y., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Colo., Calif. and S. to N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably W.; dry fields and along embankments. HERB.: Ballard 8, Chaska; Sheldon 1100, Springfield: Ballard 278, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 520, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 315, Belle Plaine; Ballard 544, Spring Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 637, Chaska: Sheldon 1216, New Ulm; Shel- don 515, Waseca [var. pubescens (Lam.)|; Oestlund 346, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 347, Minneapolis [var. pubescens (Lam.)]; Herb. Sheld. 1709, 1798, Minneapolis. Panicum depauperatum MvuuHL. Gram. 112 (1817). ? P. stricum Pursu, Fl. Am. 69 (1814). P. rectum R.and§8. Syst. II, 457 (1817). P. involutum Torr. FI. U.S. I, 144 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 633; Britt., Fl. N. J. 279; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 177; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Chap., Fl. So. St. 576; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 29. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; dry woods; hillsides, along embankments and shores of lakes. HERB.: Leiberg 104, Blue Earth Co.; ? Sandberg 599, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1797, Minneapolis. Panicum scoparium Lam. Enc. Meth. IV (1797). P. pauciflorum Evi. Sk. I. (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 632; Britt., Fl. N. J. 280; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 180; Coult., Fl. Colo, 404; Wats., FI. Calif. 259; Upham, FJ. Minn. 172; Chap., Fl. So. St. 575; Cov., Fl. Ark. 233; Vas., Mon. 31. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 51 North America: Ont., N. Y., N. J. to N. Car. and Fla. ; W. to Vancouver; S. to Calif., Oregon, Colo., Neb., Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare or infrequent; wet fields and edges of thickets. HERB.: Leiberg 103, Blue Earth Co. Panicum latifolium LINN. Spec. 59 (1753). P. waltert Porn. Ene. Suppl. IV, 282 (1816). P. clandestinum Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I], 235 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 632; Britt., Fl. N. J. 280; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 179; Chap., Fl. So. St. 575; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 33. North America: Q., Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; thickets and damp copses or woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 620, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Ballard 487, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 345, Hennepin Co. Panicum xanthophysum Gray, Gram. I, 28 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 631; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Mac., Fl Can. II, 180; Vas., Mon. 29. North America: Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan and As- siniboia; S. to Maine and Penn.; W. to Minn., Wisc., Iowa and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; sandy soil along embankments or beside ponds or streams. HERB.: Sheldon 555, Waseca. Panicum virgatum LINN. Spec. 59 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 631; Britt., Fl. N. J. 282; Upham, F]. Minn. 172; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 180; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Coult., FI. Colo. 403; Chap., Fl. So. St. 573; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 28; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223; Vas., Mon. 36. ‘ North America: Ont. to L. Huron region, Saskatch- ewan and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially in“‘prairie dis- trict; sandy soil and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon, 1206, New Ulm; Oestlund 341, Minne- apolis; 342, Minneapolis; Foote 9, Worthington; Sandberg 598, Red Wing. Panicum agrostoides MuHL. Gram. 119 (1817). P. multiflorum Porr. Suppl. Enc. IV, 282 (1817). P. elongatum PursH, Fl. Am. I, 69 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 631; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 176; Britt., Fi). N. J. 281; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 28; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Vas., Mon. 35. 52 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Mass. and N. J. to Minn. and Van- couver; S. to Gulf of Mexico and to Sacramento, Calif. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. districts; rare; damp fields and shores of lakes or along streams. Panicum nudum Watt. Fl. Car. (1788). P. dichotomiflorum Micux, FI. N. Am. (1803). P. divergens MuHL. Gram. (1817). P. autumnale Bosc. Mem. (1822). P. fragile KUNTH, Enum. (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 630; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Vas., Mon. 33. , North America: Ill. to S. Minn., Mo. and Tex? Minn. valley: Reported from S. central region; rare or doubtful; hillsides or plains; sandy soil. Panicum eapillare Linn. Spec. 58 (1753). Milium capillare MOENCH, Meth. 203 (i794). ? Panicum strigosum Evu. Sk. I, 126 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 630; Britt., Fl. N. J. 281; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 177; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 258; Coult., Fl. Colo. 403; Webb., Fl.” Neb. 106; Chap., Fl. So. St. 574; Upham, Fl. Minn. 172; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 26; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 470; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 282; Vas., Mon. 33. Introduced in S. Europe and Russia. North America: N.S8., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Pac. coast and S. Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; dry fields and along embankments. Hers.: Taylor 1155, Glenwood; Sheldon 956, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1460, Pipestone; Foote 8, Worthington; Oest- lund 340, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 597, Red Wing; Sheldon 1529, Lake Benton; Herb. Sheld. 1671, Minneapolis. CENCHRUS Linn. Gen. Corr. n. 989 (1787), p. p. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1105; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 467; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 36 (Hackel). Living species: 12; tropical and subtropical regions and in temperate N. and S, America. N. America, 4, So. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 1; California, 1; Rocky Mts., 1; Pl. King., 1. Cenchrus tribuloides Linn. Spec. ed. IT. 1488 (1762). C. carolinianus WALT. Fl. Car. 79 (1788). CO. echinatus MUHL. Gram. 52 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 634; Britt., Fl. N. J. 282; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 181; Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. I. 261; Coult., Fl. Colo. 404; Chap., Fl. So. Sts. 579; Upham, Fl. Minn. 173; Engl. Hackel, Nat. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 53 Pflanz. II. 2, 36; Gris., F]. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 282; Vas., Mon. 39. Africa? Jamaica, Antigua and Hast Indies. North America: N. Eng. to Fla.;,W. to Calif. and Oregon; Ontario, introduced (?). Minn. valley: Throughout; sandy or waste places along streams and roadsides or embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 1190, New Ulm; Leiberg 105, Minne- sota valley; Kassube 275, Minneapolis; Sandberg 601, Goodhue Co.; Oestlund 348, Minneapolis; Holzinger 295, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1706, Minneapolis. ZIZANIA Linn. Gen. ed., II. 863 (1742) em. Hydropyrum Link. Hort. Berol. 1. 252 (1827). Melinum Link. Handb. Nutz. Gew. I. 96 (1829) Zizaniopsis DOELL. and AscH. Mart. FI. Bras. II. 2, 12 (1833?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1115; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 468; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 11. 40 (Hackel). Living species: 2; N. and S. America; N. E. Asia, E. ios. and Can, 1;S. U.-S. and Brazil, 1: Zizania aquatica LINN. Spec. 991 (1753). Z palustris LINN. Mant. II. 295 (1771). Z. clavulosa Micux. FI]. N. Am. I. 75 (1803). Hydropyrum esculentum Link, Hort. Berol. I. 252 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 635; Britt., Fl. N. J. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Chap.,F1. So. St. 549; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 183; Vas. Ag. Grasses U.S. 33; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2.40; Cov., Fl. Ark, 233; Vas., Mon. 41. Siberia and Japan. North America: Newf. N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man.; S. to Penn. and Fla,; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; somewhat local; shallow waters; edges of lakes and narrows between ponds. HERB.: Taylor 222, Janesville; Taylor 1019, Glenwood; Sandberg 554, Red Wing. ( 5 HOMALOCENCHRUS Miksa. ex. Hall, Stirp. Helv. II. 201 (1768). Leersia SwaRtTz, Nov. Gen. et. Spec. 21 (1788). Ehrhartia Wice. Prim. Holst. 63 (1780). Asprella SCHREB. Gen. PI. 45 (1789). Blepharochloa ENDL. Gen. PI. 1352 (1840). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1117; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 468; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 41 (Hackel); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. rari t 54 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 5; America, 3 endem.; Old World, tem- perate regions, 1; tropical regions, 1; U. S., 4; Atlantic States, Bs Ok, 4. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (Linn.) Pott. Fl. Palat., 1 52 (1776). ; Phalavris oryzoides LINN. Spec. 55 (1753). Ehrhartia clandestina Wiee. FI. Holst. 695 (1780). Asprella oryzoides LAM. Ill. 1. 167 (1791). Leersia oryzoides Sw. FI. Ind. Occ. I. 132 (1797). Oryza clandestina A. Br. Asch. Fl. Brand. 799 (1864). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 635; Britt., Fl. N. J. 284; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 262; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 184; Vas. Ag. Grasses U. S. 34; Chap., Fl. So. St. 548; Engl., Hiickel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2, 41; Richt., P). Eur. I. 28; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 471; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V. 466; Cov., Fl. Ark. 233; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 571; Vas., Mon. 41. Northern, Central and Southern Europe; Temperate Asia; N. Africa. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; Oregon to Calif.; Atl. Region to Fla. and W. to Missouri river valley. Minn. valley: Throughout, principally in forest dis- trict; sloughs and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 1159, Glenwood; Oestlund 221-222, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 557, Red Wing. Homalocenchrus virginicus (WILLD.) Brirr. Fl. N. J. 285 (1890). Leersia virginica WILLD. Spec. I. 325 (1797). Asprella virginica R. and 8. Syst. IL. 266 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 635; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Webb. Fl. Neb. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. FE. 184; Chap., Fl. So. St. 548; Vas. Ag. Grasses U.S. 34; Cov., Fl. Ark. 233; Vas., Mon. 41. North America: Newf. to Maine, N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Fla.; W. to Ont., Ott., Minn., Neb., Ark., La. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare or infrequent; low and marshy woodland. HERB.: O¢cstlund 220, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 556, Goodhue Co. PHALARIS Linn. Gen. 38 (1787). Digraphis Trin. Fund. Agr. 127 (1820). Baldingera GAERTN. Mey. et. Schreb., Fl. Wett. (1799). Typhodes Morencu, Meth. 201 (1794). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1188: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 468; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1. 43 (Hackel). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 55 Living species: 10; Europe; Mediterranean region; Canaries; extratropical America. Principally in S. Europe; Europe, 9; Russia, 3; N. America, 5-6; Pac. America, 3; Atl. America, 3; of which 1 is introduced. Phalaris arundinacea Linn. Spec. 55 (1753). Calamagrostis variegata Wirn. Arr. Brit. Pl. 124 (1776). Typho des arundinacea MOENCH, Meth. 202 (1794). Arundo colorata WILLD. Spec. I. 457 (1797). Baldingera colorata GAERTN. Fl. Wett. 99 (1799). Calamagrostis colorata DC. Fl. Fr III. 26 (1805). Digraphis arundinacea TRIN. Fund, Agr. 130 (1820). Baldingera arundinacea Dum. Agr. Belg. 130 (1823). Phalaris americana Torr, Fl, U.S. I. 100 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 639; Britt., Fl. N. J. 285; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 185; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Wats., 1. Calif. II. 265; Coult., Fl. Colo. 406; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 38; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2, 43; Led., Fl. Ross LV. 454; Richt., Pl. Eur. I. 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 472; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 269; Wats., King Exp. 393; Hart., FI. Scand. I, 528; Vas., Mon. 42. Mid. and N. Hurope; Asia to Kurile Isls. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, Man., Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., Mos: Penn. and Va; W. to Minn., Neb:; Colo., G@alif. and Washington. Minn. valley: Throughout; not infrequent; marshy meadows and wet ground. HerRB.: Sheldon 456, Duck Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1519, Lake Benton; Ballard 245, Jordan, Scott Co,; Bailey 446, Mud Lake. HIEROCHLOE Get. F1. Sib. I. 100 (1747). Savastana SCHRANK. Bair. FI]. I. 100, 337 (1789). Disarrenum LABILL. Pl. Nov. Holl, II. 82 (1806). Torresia R. and P. Prodr. Peruv. 125 (1794). Ataxia R. Br. Chlor. Melv. 262 (1824). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pi. II]. 1139; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 2, II. 44 (Hackel). Living species: 13; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 5; Russia, 5; N. America, 4; Calif. and Oregon, 1; Atl. region, 2; Melville’s Isl., 1. Hierochloe odorata (Linn.) WAHL. var. fragrans (WILLD. ) Richt., Pl. Eur, I. 31 (1890). Holcus fragrans W1LLD. Spec. LV. 936 (1805) Hierochloa fragrans R.and 8. Syst. II. 513 (1817). H. borealis and odorata. AUCT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 639; Britt., Fl. N. J. 285; Wats., Fl. Calif. 11. 266; Coult., Fl. Colo. 406; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 187; Upham, FI. 56 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. 171; Engl, Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2, 44; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 473? Trauty, Fl. Sib. 139? Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 269? Wats., King Exp. 393; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 294; Vas., Mon., 43; Rothr., Alaska 458. N. Europe and possibly N. Asia and Kurile Isls. North America: Labrador and Newf to Hudson Bay and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Gt. Lake region and Oregon to Calif. and Washington. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; damp fields and ~ marshy meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 175, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Menzel 7, Pipestone City; Gedge 17, Detroit, Becker Co.; Bailey 541, Long Lake; Sandberg 596, Goodhue Co. ARISTIDA Linn. Gen. ed. V. 88 (1754). Chaetaria, Curtopogon, Arthratherum P.-BEAUy. Agros- togr. 20, 32. (1812). Streptachne HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I. 124 (1815). Ortachne NEEs, Seem. Bot. Her. 225 (1857). Stipagrostis NrEes, Linn. VII. 290 (1833). Schistachne Fic. Er NoTArR. Mem. Ac. Tur. 2, XII. 252 ( ) Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1140; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 45 (Hackel). Living species: 100; warmer regions; few in temper- ate Eur. and Asia; abundant in N. America. Hurope, 2; N. America, 29-30; So. Sts.; 17; HE, Sts, 10; Canada, 3-4; Tex.2m Mex. and Arizona region, 21. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc v. (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 640; Upham, Fl. Minn 164; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 41; Coult., Fl. Colo. 407; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 190; Roth., Wheel. Exp: 286; Wats., King Exp. 381; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234. North America: Brit. Col. and Colo. to Tex.; W. to Great Basin region; E. to Dak., Minn., Iowa, Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley; S., Central and W. districts; sandy or dry localities. HeERB.: Sheldon 1379, Lake Benton; Leiberg 90, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 91, Rock Co. Aristida basiramea ENGELM. Bot. Gaz. IX. 76 (1884). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 640; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 163; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 190; Coult., Fl. Colo. 407; Vas., Mon, 44. North America: Man. to Kan., Colo., Neb., lowa and Ill. Minn. valley: N. E. and S. W. districts; dry, sandy localities; local or rare. HERB.: Upham 3, Minneapolis; Upham 4, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 57 STIPA Linn. Gen. ed. V. 84 (1754). Macrochloa KunTH, Rey. Gram. I. 58 (1835). Aristella BERTOL. FI. It. I. 690 (1833). Streptachne R. Br. Prodr. 174 (1810). Orthoraphium Ness, Proc. Linn. Soc. I, 94 (1841). Jarava R.and P. Prodr. Peruy. 2 (1794). Lasiagrostis Linx, Hort. Berol. I. 99 (1827). Achnatherum PAL.-BEAUy. Agrostogr. 19 (1812). Ptilagrostis GrisEs. in Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 447 (1853). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1141; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1. 46 (Hackel). Living species: 100; tropical and temperate regions; Europe, 12; Russia, 9-10; N. America, 23; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 4; So. Sts. 1; California to Montana and Colo., 15-16; Tex. and N. Mex. region, 7-8. Stipa spartea TRIN. Act. Petr. I. 440 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 641; Upham, Fl. Minn. 163; Webb., Fl, Neb. 104; Coult., Fl. Colo. 408; Mac., Fl. Can. I1. 191; Vas. Ag. Grasses U.S. 42: Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II. 2, 46; Wats., King Exp. 379; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 285; Vas., Mon. 53. North America: Prairie region of Can. from Portage la Prairie to Rockies; S. to Colo. and Upper Missouri region; EK. to Neb., Iowa, Kan., Minn., Ill. and Mich. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in prairie district; dry or high prairies or moister land. HeERB.: Ballard 173, Shakopee; Sheldon 1383, Lake Benton; Sheldon607, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 746, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 272, Minneapolis; Herrick 840, Minneapolis; Sandberg 564, Chisago Co. ORYZOPSIS Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 51 (1803). Dilepyrum Rar. ex. Endl. Gen. 87 (1836). Urachne TRIN. Fund. Agr. 109 (1820). Piptatherum BEAvy. Agrostogr. 17 (1812). Caryochloa SPRENG. Syst. Cur. Post. 22, 30 (1827). Piptochaetium PrEsL, Rel. Haenk. I. 222 (1830). Nassella E. Desvx. in Gay FI]. Chile, VI. 263 (1845). Eriocoma Nutt. Gen. I. 40 (1818). Fendleria STEUD. Syn. Glum. I. 419 (1855), Schousbaea Nicotr. ex. Dur. l. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1142; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1. 46, 47 (Hackel). Living species: 28; temperate regions N. and S., especially S. America. Europe, 5; N. America, 8; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 4; California and Pac. Coast, 6. 58 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Oryzopsis juncea (Micux.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Stipa juncea M1cHx. Fl. N, Am. I. 54 (1803). S. canadensis Pork. Ene. Meth. VII. 452 (1806). Milium pungens Torr. FI. U.S. I. 78 (1824). Urachne brevicaudata TRIN. Gram. Pan. 27 (1826). Oryzopsis parviflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. IL. 236 (1840). O. canadensis Torr. FI. N. Y. II. 433 (1843). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 642; Mac., Fl. Can, II. 192; Britt., Fl. N. J. 286; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Vas., Mon. 55. North America: St. Lawrence, Q., Ont., to Port Arthur and Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. and Rocky Mts.; 8S. to W, N. Eng., N, J.; W. to Penn., Wis. and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge; rocky or gravelly hillsides. Oryzopsis asperifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 51 (1803). Urachne leucosperma LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 94 (1828'. U. asperifolia Trin. Diss. I, 174 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 642; Britt., Fl. N. J. 286; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 192; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Vas., Mon. 55. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col., Rocky Mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. districts, woods, hillsides and shaded banks; local or rare. HERB.: Sheldon 1926, Minneapolis. Oryzopsis melanocarpa MuHL. Gram. 79 (1817). Milium racemosum Sm. Rees, Cyc. (1819?). Piptatherum nigrum Torr. Fl. U.S. I. 79 (1824). Urachne racemosa TRIN. Diss. I, 174 (1828). 2?Oryzopsis asperifolia KUNTH, Enum. I, 176 (1833) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 642; Britt., Fl. N. J. 286; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 193; Upham, Fl. Minn. 1€2; Vas., Mon. 55. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest and N. W. districts; dry or rocky woods. HeRB.: Taylor 949, Glenwood; Herrick 339, Minne apolis. MUHLENBERGIA Scures. Gen. Pl. 44 (1789), Vaseya THuRB. Proc. Phil. Acad. 79 (1863). Podosaemum Desvx. Bull. Philom. II, 188 (1813). Trichochloa BEAuY. Agrostogr. 29 (1812). Bealia ScCRIBN. ex. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469 (1888). Calycodone Nutr. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, 186 (1817). Clomena and Tosagris BEAUYV. Agrostogr. 28, 29 (1812). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 59 Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 11438: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 11, 47 (Hackel). Living species: 60; N. America and Andes of S. America; afew in Japan and the Himalayas. N. America, 37; Canada, 5—6: So. Sts., 7; BE. Sts., 8; California, 4-5; Texas, N. Mex. and Arizona region, 31. Muhlenbergia diffusa ScHREB. Gram; II, t. 51 (1772). Dilepyrum minutiflorum Micux. Fl. Am. I, 40 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 644; Vas., Mon. Grasses 68; Britt., EIN. J. 287; Mac.. FJ. Can. II, 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Vas., Agr. Grasses U.S. 41. North America: N. Eng., Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., lowa and Neb.;S. to Tex. Minn. valley: S. district; dry hills and woods or banks. of streams. HERB.: Leiberg 107, Blue Earth Co. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (WILLD.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Agrostis tenuiflora WILLD. Spec. I, 364 (1799). Cinna tenuiflora LINK, Enum. I, 71 (1821). Muhlenbergia willdenovit Trin. Diss. I, 188 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 195; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 68. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: S. central district and probably W.; local or infrequent; rocky or gravelly woodland and hillsides. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Nicollet Rep. (1841). M. sylvatica var. setiglumis WAtTs. Bot. King. Exp. 378 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 643; Upham, FI. Minn. 161; Vas., Mon. 69. North America: S. Minn. and Humboldt Pass, Nev. at 6,000 ft. alt. . Minn. valley: Shore of Lake Elysian, Waseca Co., Minn.; local, and possibly exterminated. HERB.: Columbia College (type.), ‘‘Lake Okaman,” Nicollet; Harvard College, Wats. 1288; Humboldt Pass, Nev. Mahlenbergia mexicana (Linn.) TRIN. Diss. I, 189 (1828). Agrostis mexicana LINN. Mant. 31 (1767). A. lateriflora MicHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 53 (1803). A. flliformis MuHL. Gram. 66 (1817). A. foliosa R.and 8. Syst. II, 373 (1817). Cinna mexicana LINK, Enum. I, 71 (1821). Agrostis lateriflora var. filiformis Torr. FI. U.S. 1, 86 (1824). Muhlenbergia foliosa TRIN. Diss. I, 190 (1828). 60 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 43; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Coult., Fl. Colo. 409; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 69. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Superior to Minn., Dak., Wyoming; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Neb., Mo., Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue - Earth Co.; low grounds and along streams. HERB.: Bailey 422, Long Lake; Oestlund 325, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 560, Red Wing. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Micux.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Agrostis racemosa MicHx. Fl. N. Am, I, 53 (1803). Polypogon glomeratus WILLD. Enum, I, 87 (1809). Agrostis setosa MUHL. Gram. 68 (1817). Polypogon racemosus Nutr. Gen. I, 51 (1818). Lrichlochloa glomerata and calycina TRIN. Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). Muhlenbergia glomerata TRIN. Diss. (1828). Polypogon setosus SPRENG. Mant. I, 31 (1827). Cinna racemosa KUNTH, Enum. I, 207 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 643; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 194; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Upham, F]. Minn. 161; Vas., Mon. 68. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Saskatche- wan, Brit. Col. and Rocky Mts.;S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and N. J.; W. to Ill., Minn., Dak., Neb. and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; bogs, moist or dry soil, cultivated fields. HERB.: Taylor 11844, Glenwood; Sheldon 1448, Pipe- stone; (var. ramosa Vasey); Taylor 1184, Glenwood; Sheldon 1284, Lake Benton; Sheldon 14784, Pipestone; Ballard 797, Goose Lake, Carver Co.; Leiberg 89, Blue Earth Co.; (all var. ramosa); MacM. and Sheld. 9, Brainerd; Foote 4, Worthington; Sandberg 559, Red Wing; Upham 2, Minneapolis (var. ramosa Vas. ). Muhlenbergia sobolifera (MUHL.) TRIN. Diss. I, 187 (1824). Agrostis sobolifera Muuu. Willd. Enum. 95 (1809). Cinna sobolifera LINK, Enum. I, 71 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 644; Britt., Fl. N. J. 287; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Richt., Pl. Eur. 1,42; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 68. Central Europe. North America: Mass. to Mich. and Minn.; S. to N. J., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. districts ; open or rocky woods. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 61 BRACHYELYTRUM Pat.-Beavuv. Agrostogr. 39 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1144; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 469; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 47 (Hackel). Living species: 1; N. America. Brachyelytrum aristosum (MicHx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Dilepyrum aristosum MicnHx. Fl]. N. Amer. I, 40 (1803). Muhlenbergia aristata PERs. Syn. I. 76 (1805). Brachyelytrum aristatum P. DEB. Agrost. 39 (1812). Muhlenbergia brachyelytrum TRIN. Diss. I, 188 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 644; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 195; Webb., Fl. Neb 104; Chap., Fl. So. St. 553; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 47; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 71. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and north shore of L. Superior; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; rocky woods and copses. HeErB.: Ballard 397, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bailey 397, Mud Lake. ALOPECURUS Linn.’ Gen. 50 (1737). Colobachne PAL.-BEAUV. Agrostogr. 22 (1812). Tozzettia SAvi, Mem. Soc. It. Sci. VIII, 477 (1868). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1140; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 470; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Il, 48 (Hackel). Living species: 20; 40 described; Europe and extra tropical Asia; a few species in N. and S. America and Australia, doubtfully indigenous. Europe, 14; Russia, 11; N. America, 8; California, 8; Rocky Mts., 2; So. Sts., 1; Canada, 4-5; E. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 1-2; Pl. Wheel., 1-2; Pac. coast, 7-8. Alopecurus geniculatus LINN. var. aristulatus (MIcHx.) moro, . Torr Fl U.S. 1, 97 (1824). A. aristulatus MicHx. Fl. N. Am. 48 (1803). A. subaristatus Pers. Syn. I, 80 (1805). A. fulvuus KUNTH, Enum. I, 24 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 645; Britt., Fl. N. J. 285; Webb., Fl. Neb. 105; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Coult., FI. Colo. 407; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 188; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 40; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 38 (spec.); Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 269 (spec.); Wats., King Exp. 375; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 281; Cov., Fl. Ark. 234; Hart., Scand. FI. I, 576 (spec.); Vas., Mon. 87. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Ont., Man., N. W. T., to Columbia and Vancouver; N. to lat. 55°; S. to N. Y., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Calif., Oregon; not 62 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. very abundant south of this range, though occasional even to the Gulf of Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; in wet meadows or ditches, or along edge of ponds. HerRB.: Ballard 265, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 83, Lake Custan, Le Sueur Co.; Sheldon 213, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 688, Waseca; Sheldon 916, Sleepy Eye; Lei- berg 88, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 555, Chisago Lake. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. 169 (1810). Vilfa P. Beauv. Agrostogr. 16 (1812). Agrosticula RADDI, Agrost. Bras 33 (1823). Triachyrum Hocust. Steud. Syn. Glum. I, 176 (1855). Cryptostachys STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 181 (1855). Diachyrium GRIsEB. PI. Lorentz. 209 (1874). Spermachiton LLAN. Frag. Phil. 25 (1851). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1148; Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 470: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 49 (Hackel). Living species: 80; temperate and tropical America; some in warmer Africa; Asia; 1 in S. Europe. U.S., 31; Atl. states, 12; Pac. states, 5-6; Texas and Arizona region, 24; Rocky Mts., 10; Canada, 6-7. Sporebolus cryptandrus (TorR.) GRAay, Man. ed. 2, 542 (1852). Agrostis cryptandra Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. I, 151 (1824). Vilfa cryptandra Trin. Agrost. I, 47 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 646: Mac., F]. Can. II, 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 268; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 391; Wats., King Exp. 375: Upham, Fl. Minn. 160: Vas., Mon. 62. North America: Ont. to Assiniboia and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., Minn., Kan., Neb., Tex., N. Mex.; W. to Colo. and Oregon. Minn. valley: Forest district and S. W.; dry or waste places. HERB.: Oestlund 223, 224, Hennepin Co. Sporobolus heterolepis GRAy, Man. ed. V, 610 (1868). Vilfa heterolepis GRAY, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. III, 233 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 646; Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Mac., F). Can. II, 198; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 62. North America: Ont., Georgian Bay, N. W. Man. and Assiniboia; S. to Conn, N. Y., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Texas. Minn valley: Forest district and westward; infre- quent; dry or sandy places; along railways. HERB.: Sheldon 1368, Verdi, Lincoln Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 63 Sporobolus junceus (Micux.) KuNTH, Enum. I (1833). Agrostis juncea Micux. FI. N. A. I (1803). Vilfa juncea TRIN. Diss. (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 646: Upham, FI]. Minn. 160; Chap., FI. So. St. 550: Vas., Mon. 63. North America: Penn. to Wis., Minn. and Dak.; S. to Fla. and La.; more abundant southward. Tex. Minn valley: Reported from S. central district; rare; dry or barren localities. Sporobolus depauperatus (Torr.) Scris. Torr. Bull. IX 103 (1882). Vilfa depauperata TorR. Hook., Fl. I], 257 (1840). V. utilis Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. V, 365 (1856). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 646: Vas., Mon. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. TI, 197: Webb., Fl. Neb. 104; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160. North America: Brit. Colo. and Rocky mt. region to Arizona and Mexico. Minn. valley: S.c. to W. districts; dry or waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 15614, Lake Benton; Leiberg 108, 109, Blue Earth Co. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Scris. Torr. Bull. IX, 103 (1882). Vilfa cuspidata ToRR. ? Agrostis cryptandra Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. I, 151 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 646; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 160; Coult., Fl. Colo. 411; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 197; Vas., Mon. 60. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan and Rocky mts.; S. to Maine, Minn., lowa, Neb. and Mo.; W. to Colo. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. and S. E. districts; dry or barren localities. Sporobolus vagineflorus (TorR.) Vas. Cat. Grass. U. S. 45 (1885). Agrostis virginica MuUHL. Gram. 74 (1817) not Linn. Vilfa vagineflora Torr. in Gray Gram. and Cyp. I, 3 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 645; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Webb, Fl. Neb. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 198; Cov , Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 60. North America: Maine to Ont. and Minn.; S. to N. J., N. Car.; W. to Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: N. E. district and to S central district; barren or waste places. 64 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. : Sporobolus asper (MicHx.) Kuntu, Enum. I, 210 (1833). Agrostis aspera Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 53 (1803). Vilfa aspera P. DE B. Agrost. 16 (1812). ? Muhlenbergia clandestina TRIN. Diss. I, 190 (1824). Vilfa hookeri TRIN. Agrost. 84 (1840). Agrostis clandestina SPRENG. Syst. I, 32 (1824). Vilfa longifolia Torr. in Gray, Gram. 4 (1834). Agrostis longifolia Torr. FI. U.S. 1, 90 (1824). Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 645; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Cov., Fl. Ark., 235; Vas., Mon. 59. North America: N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; sandy hills, fields, dry places and roadsides. CINNA LINN. Gen. ed. V, 15 (1754). Abola ADANS. Fam. II, 31 (1763). Blyttia Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. II, 2 (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1151; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 50 (Hackel). Living species: 2; N. Europe and N. America. N. America, 2; Europe, 1. Cinna arundiuacea LINN. Spec. 7 (1758). Agrostis cinna LAM. Ill. I, 162 (1791). Muhlenbergia cinna TRIN. Diss. I, 191 (1824). M. pendula Bona. ex. Vas. Mon. 1. c. (1892). Blyttia suaveolens Fries, Mant. II, 2 (1832-42). Cinna latifolia GRIsEB. Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV, 435 (1853). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 649; Britt., Fl. N. J. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 202; Upham, Fl. Minn. 161; Vasey, Ag. Grasses U. S. 47; Chap., Fl. So. St. 552; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pfianz. II, 2, 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 57. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ark., La. and Tex.; N. Rocky mts. to Oregon and Washington. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; woods and swamps. AGROSTIS Linn. Gen. 54 (1787) p. p. Vilfa ADANS. Fam. II, 495 (1763). Trichodium Micux. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 41 (1803). Agraulus P. BEAuY. Agrostogr. 5 (1812). Bromidium Ness, Pl. Meyen, 154 (1835). Didymocheeta STEuD. Syn. Glum. I, 185 (1855). Chamezecalamus MEYEN, PI. Reise I, 456 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1149; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 11, 50 (Hackel). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 65 Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; especially in N. temperate regions. Europe, 38; Russia, 20; N. America, 26; Canada, 15; California, 14; E. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 5; PI. Wheel., 7; Pl. King, 4. Agrostis hiemalis (WALT.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Cornucopia hiemalis WALT. FI. Car. 74 (1788). Agrostis scabra WILLD. Spec. I, 370 (1799). Trichodium laxifolium Micux. Fl, N. Am. I, 42 (1803). T. scabrum MUHL. Gram. 61 (1817). Agrostis laxiflora Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 240 (1840) in part. A. oreophila Trin. Agrost. I], 77 (1841). A. michauazii TRIN. Agrost. II (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 648; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Webb., Fl. Neb., 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 199; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 274; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Wats., King Exp. 377; Roth., Wheel. Bxp. 283; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 75. Siberia. North America: Newf., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. to 60° N. lat., Athabasca and Unalascha; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. throughout the continent. Minn. valley: Forest district, and perhaps throughout; dry or sunny banks and openings in forest. HERB.: Taylor 657, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Shel- don 662, Waseca; Ballard 639, Chaska; Ballard 251, Jordan, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 71, Brainerd; Bailey 129, Vermil- ion Lake; Sandberg 558, Red Wing; Herrick 338, Minneapolis. Agrostis rubra LINN. var. alpina (Oakes). A, canina var. alpina OAKES, Cat. Vermont Pl. (1842). A, pickeringii Tuck. Sill. Journ. XLV, 42 (1843). A, rupestris CHAP. FI. So. St. 551 (1860) not all. A. canina GRAY, Man. ed. V, 611 (1867). A, rubra var. americana SCRIBN. Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 391 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 648; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 198; Wats., King Exp. 377; Upham, FI. Minn. 161. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car.; W. across cont.; Alaska ? Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. edge; high plains and headlands; rare. Agrostis perennans (WALT.) TUCKERM. Gray, Man. ed. V, 611 (1868). Cornucopia perennans WALT. FI. Car. 74 (1788). Trichodium decumbens Micux. Fl]. N. Am. I, 42 (1803). T. perennans Evi. Sk. Car. (1823). Agrostis laxiflora Ricw. Parr. Voy. Appx. (1823). =o - 66 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 648; Britt., Fl. N. J. 288; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 160; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 199; Coult., Fl. Colo. 412; Chap., Fl. So. St. 551; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 269?; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 392; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 283; Cov., Fl Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 76. Kurile Isls. (?) North America: Q., Ont., Ott. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Wyoming, Montana and N. W. coast. Minn. valley: S. W. and S. central districts; probably . throughout; damp and shaded banks or woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 863, Sleepy Eye. DEYEUXIA Crarion in Pal. Beauv. Agrostogr. 43 (1812). Lachnagrostis Trin. Fund. Agr. 128 (1820). Achzeta FouRN. Gram. Mex. 109 (1880). Relchella StEuD. Syn. Glum. I, 101 (1855). Cinnastrum FourN. Gram. Mex. 90 (1880). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1152; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 51 (Hackel . Living species: 120; temperate and colder regions; mts. of tropics; Andes region, 60; U. S., 28; Europe, 13; Pac. America, 23; Atl. America, 7-8; S. Sts., 3; Canada, 24-26. Deyeuxia neglecta (EHRH.) KUNTH, Enum. I, 76 (1838). Arundo neglecta EHRH. Beitr. VI, 137 (1791). Calamagrostis neglecta GAERTN. Fl. Wett. I, 94 (1799). Arundo stricta ‘Timm. Mecklb. Mag. II, 236”; ex Richt., Pl. Eur I, 50 (1890). | Calamagrostis stricta Nutt. Gen. I, 47 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 650; Mac., F!. Can. IT, 205; Coult., Fl. Colo. 414; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 162; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 142; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 428; Vas., Mon. 82; Rothr., Alask. 459. Europe; temperate Asia. North America: N. Br., Q, Ont. to L. Superior region, Assiniboia, Rocky mts. and Selkirks; N. to Hudson Bay and 62° N. lat. and Pac. coast; S. to Calif., Colo., Neb., lowa and Wise. Labrador. Minn. valley: Forest district to S. central district; rocky woods or low meadows. HERB.: Cratty 2, Emmet Co., Iowa; state line. " Deyeuxia canadensis (MICcHxX.) P. DE B. Agrost. (1812). Arundo canadensis Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 73 (1803). Calamagrostis canadensis P. DE B. Agrost. (1812). Arundo agrostoides PursH, Fl. Am. 83 (1814). A. cinnoides Muni. Gram, 187 (1817). Calamagrostis mexicana Nutr, Gen. I, 46 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 650; Mac., Fl. Can, II, 204; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 162; Britt., Fl. N. J. 289; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Vas., Ag. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 67 Grasses U. S. 48; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 279; Coult., Fl. Colo. 413; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 429; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 393; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 285; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 80; Rothr., Alask. 459. Baikal region, Siberia to Unalascha. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay to Sitka, Alaska; S. throughout Can.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Rocky mts. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally forest district; meadows and along streams. HERB.: Ballard 374, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 582, Rice Lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 561, Red Wing; Roberts 262, Agate Bay; Bailey 529, Agate Bay; Bailey 10, Vermilion Lake; Bailey 256, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 562, Chisago Co. AMMOPHILA Host. Gram. Austr. IV, 24 (1809). Psamma P. BEAvuYV. Agrostogr. 143 (1812). Calamovilfa HACKEL in Scrib. Trans. Gram. (1890). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 111, 1153; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phun. 471; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1, 51 (Hackel). Living species: 4 or more?; N. America, 4; N. hemis- phere, 2; Atl. N. America, 4; Pac. N. America, 2. Ammophila longifolia (HooKx.)«B. and H. Gen. Pl. III, 1153 (1883). Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 241 (1840). Calamovilfa longifolia HAcK. in Scrib. and Southw. trans. Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, (Gramin. Hackl.) 113 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 651; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 208; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 162; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Coult., Fl. Colo. 413; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235; Vas., Mon. 84. North America: Prairie region of Canada; S. to Minn., Ill., Neb., Dak., Kan., Mich., Ark., Colo. and Arizona; W. to Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout at lower levels; sandy shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1226, Iberia, Brown Co.; Taylor 838, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 11, Brainerd; Oestlund 526, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 563, Red Wing. DESCHAMPSIA Beavv. Agrostogr. 91 (1812). Campella Link, Hort. Berol. I, 122 (1827). Vahlodia Friks, Bot. Notiz. (1842). Avenella PARLAT. FI. It. I, 244 (1848). Lerchenfeldia Scour. Transsylv. 753 (1866). Monandraira Em. Desy. Gay, Fl. Chile VI, 341 (1845). Airidium and KRytidosperma STEupD. Syn. Glum. I, 423, 425 (1855). 68 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Peyritschia FourN. Gram. Mex. 109 (1880). Campella GRISEB. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1157; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 472; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Il, 54 (Hackel). Living species: 20; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 11; Russia, 7; N. America, 8; California, 5; Canada, 6-7; Rocky mts., 4; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 3. Deschampsia caespitosa (LINN.) BEAuv. Agr. 91 (1812). Aira caespitosa LINN. Spec. 64 (1753). A. breviaristata GiLIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 528 (1792). A. altissima MOENCH, Meth. 182 (1794). OCalamagrostis arundo RorTH. Tent. Germ. II, 88 (1789). O. leersti KOEL. Gram. 107 (1802). Aira ambigua Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 61 (1803). Campella caespitosa Link, Hort. Berol. I, 122 (1827). Avena caespitosa GRIS. K. Schr. 52 (1836). A. stolonifera HAuSM. FI. Tir. 980 (1851-55). A. wibeliana ScHuR. Oe. Bot. Zeit. LX, 326 (1859). A. hartmanniana NyM. Consp. Fl. Eur. 807 (1882). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 652; Britt., Fl. N. J. 290; Mac Fl. Can. II, 209; Coult., Fl. Colo. 414; Wats, Fl. Calif. LI, 297; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 56; Led., Fl. Ross. LV, 421; Engl. Hack- el, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 54; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 483; Trautv., Fl. Sib, 141. Europe and Asia; @osmopolitan. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Peace river val- ley and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. across cont. to California. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; shores of streams and lakes. Hers.: Bailey 424, Fall Lake. AVENA Linn. Gen. 42 (1787). Heuffelia Scnur. Transsylv. 760 (1866). Helicotrichum Besss. Reich., Fl. Germ. Exc. 140 b (1830), Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1160; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 472; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 55 (Hackel). Living species: 50; temperate regions, especially in the Old World. Europe, 39; Russia, 22; N. America, 2-3; Can- ada, 2; California, 1; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1; Pl. King, 2. Avena striata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 73 (1803). visetum purpurascens ToRR. FI. U.S. 1, 127 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J. 291; Mac., F]. Can. II, 213; Coult., Fl. Colo. 415; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and N. J.; W. to Minn. and Colo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUING PLANTS. 69 Minn. valley: Forest district; W. to New Ulm and Cottonwood valley; hillsides and riverbanks. HERB.: Sandberg 595, Washington Co. DANTHONIA DC. ¥'l. Fr. III, 32 (1805) p. p. Streblochaeta Hocust. Pl. Schimp. Abyss. n. 412 (1835?). Pentameris BEAvUY. Agrostogr. 92 (1812). . Triraphis Ness, Pl. Afr. Austr. Glum. 270 (1841). Chaetobromus Ness, Lindl., Ind. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 449 (1835). Monachather STEuD. Syn. Glum. I, 247 (1855). Plinthanthesis STEuD. 1. c. I, 14 (1855). Crinipes Hocust. Flora, 279 (1855). Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. III. 1162; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1, 56 (Hackel). Living species: 100; temperate and warmer regions; more than half are in S. Africa. Europe, 1; N. America, 5-6; California, 2-3; Pac. coast, 1 end. sp.; Canada, 4-5; Rocky mt, 2-3; 5. Sts., 3; E: Sts., 3. Danthonia spicata (Linn.) BEauy. Agr. 55 (1812). Avena spicata LINN. Spec. 119 (1753). A. glumacea Micux. FI. N. Am. I, (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 654; Britt., Fl. N. J. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 170; Chap., Fl. So. St. 569; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov., Fl. Ark. 235. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to N.S., Peace river and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.: W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: Reported from S. central and S. W. districts; rare or local; dry or sandy or gravelly places. SPARTINA ScuresB. Gen. Pl. 48 (1789). Trachynotia Micux. F1]. Ror. Am. I, 63 (1803). Limnetis Pers. Syn. I, 72 (1808). Ponceletia THov. FI. Trist. d’Achun. 36 (1806). Solenache STEupD. Syn. Glum. I, 12 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1108; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 58 (Hackel). Living species: 7; saline localities; 3, Atl. coast re- gions; prairies of N. America, 2; Montevideo, 1; Tristan d’Achuna, Amsterdam, Isl. St. Paul, 1. Hurope, 1 (Mediter- ranean region); N. America, 6; Canada, 6; California, 2-3; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 4-5; Pl. King., 1; Pl. Wheel., 1. Spartina cynosuroides (Liyn.) WILLD. Enum. I, 80 (1809). Dactylis cynosuroides LINN. Spec. 71 (1753). Trachynotia cynosuroides and polystachya Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 64 (1803). 70 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya Pers. Syn. I, 72 (1805). — Spartina polystachya MUHL. Gram. 53 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 627; Britt, Fl. N. J. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Coult., Fl. Colo. 405; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 182;- Webb., Fl. Neb. 106; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 290; Cov., Fl. Ark. 233. North America: N.S., Q., Ont., Man. to Saskatche- wan, Assiniboia and Little Slave lake; S. to N. J. and W. to Neb., Ark., Ind. Terr., Colo. and California. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; banks of streams, moist prairies and low meadows. HERB.: Ballard 531, Cleary’s Lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 786, Swan Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 649, Chaska; Sheldon 1538, Lake Benton; Taylor 1000, Glenwood; Sheldon 741, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld, 10, Brainerd; Sandberg 565, Red Wing; Foote — 5, Worthington; Oestlund 327, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1653, Minneapolis. SCHEDONNARDUS Srevup. Syn. Glum. I, 146 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1167; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfianz. 2, IT, 59. Living species: 1; North America. Schedonnardus paniculatus( Nutr.) Cov. Fl. Ark. 236 (1891). Lepturus paniculatus Nutr. Gen. I, 81 (1818). Rottboellia paniculata SPRENG. Syst. II, (1825). Schedonnardus texanus STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 146 (1855). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 655; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 322; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 215; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 69; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293. ' North America: Assiniboia, Man., Minn. to Ill., Mont., Neb., Colo., Calif., Ark,, N. Mex. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. edge; rare and doubtful; high plains and sterile ridges. HERB.: Leiberg 101, Rock Co., state line. BOUTELOUA Lacasc. Var. Cienc. y. Litt. 141 (1805). Eutriana Trin. Fund. Agr. 161 (1820). Actinochloa WILLD. R. and S. Syst. II, 22, 417 (1817). Chondrosium Desvx. Bull. Philom. II, 188 (1813), Atheropogon Mun. Willd. Spec. LV. 937 (1805). Dinebra DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 104 (1813) p. p. Heterosteca Desyx. Bull. Philom. II. 188 (1813). Aristidium ENpL. Gen. 94 (1836). Triathera Desvx. 1. c¢. (1813). Triaena HBK. Novy. Gen. et Spec. I, 178 (1815), Polyodon HB K. 1. c. I, 174 (1815). Triplathera ENDL. Gen. 94 (1833). ?Corethrum VAnL, Sk, Kiobenh. VI, 85 (1810). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 71 Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1168: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 473; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 59 (Hackel). Living species: 30; plateaus of S. W. United States; a few generally distributed in North America and in S. Amer- ica. Rocky mts., 5; California, 3-4; Canada, 3; E. Sts.,° 3; S. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel., 8; Tex., Mex. and Arizona, 23. Bouteloua curtipendula (MicHx.) Gray, Man. ed, v. 621 (1868). : Chloris curtipendula Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 159 (1803). Atheropogon apludioides MuHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 927 (1805). Bouteloua racemosa LAG. Varied. de Cienc. (1805). Cynosurus secundus PuRSH, Fl. Am. 728 (1814). Eutriana curtipendula Trin. Diss. I, 248 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 656: Britt., Fl. N. J. 292; Webb., FI. Neb. 103; Mac., FJ]. Can. IT, 216: Coult., Fl. Colo. 417; Upham, Fl. Minn 164; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 57; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 59; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 286; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. Peru. 4 North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to Mex. and C. Amer.; W. to Colo. and Arizona; E. to Minn., Neb., Ark., [11., Wisc., N. Y. and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially prairie districts; dry prairies and ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 823, Cottonwood valley, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1129, Springfield ; Sheldon 1376, Lake Benton ; Sheldon 1173, New Ulm; Taylor 735, Glenwood ; Sheldon 957, Redwood Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 12, Brainerd; Foote 6, Worth- ington; Oestlund 328, Minneapolis ; Oestlund 329, Minneapolis; Sandberg 567, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1707, Minneapolis. Bouteloua hirsuta Lac. Var. Cienc. y. Litt. (1805). Chondrosium hirtum H BK. N. Gen. et. Spec. (1815) Atheropogon papillosus ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLVI (1843). Chondrosium foenum Torr. Marcy Rep. 157 (1848). Bouteloua foenu Torr. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 656; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 215; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 32, 288. North America: Alberta to Colo. and Mex.; E. to Tex., Neb., Ill, and Minn. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry or sandy fields and ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 1167, New Ulm; Sheldon 1444, Pipe- stone; Taylor 736, Glenwood; Sheldon 1341, Lake Benton ; Sheldon 1380, Norwegian creek, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1654, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 21, Brainerd; Ballard 24a, a 72 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Zumbrota; Leiberg 93, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 566, Cannon Falls. Bouteloua oligostachya (NuTT.) Torr. Gray’s Man. ed. y. 621 (1868). Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Gen. I, 78 (1818). Chondrosium oligostachyun Torr. Marcy’s Rep. 300 (1853). Eutriania oligustachyum KUNTH, Enum. I, (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 656; Upham, Fl. Minn. 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 216; Coult., Fl. Colo. 416; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 291; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S, 57; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 32, 288; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: Man.. saskatchewan, Assiniboia and Rocky mts.; S. to Tex. and Mex.; W. toS. Calif.; E. to Wisc. and Iowa. Minn. valley: S. central district and S. W.; plains and high meadows. HeErB.: Leiberg 92, Blue Earth Co. BECKMANNIA Host. Gram. Austr. III, 5 (1805). Bruchmannia Nutt. Gen. I, 48 (1818). Joachimea TEN. ex Kunth, Enum. I (1833). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1099; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 474; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 60 'Hackel). Living species: 1; E. and S. E. Europe; temperate Asia and N. America. . Beckmannia erucaeformis (LinNn.) Host. Gram. ITI, 5 (1805). Phalaris erucaeformis LINN. Spec. 55 (1753). Cynosurus erucaeformis AIT. Hort. Kew. I, 105 (1789), Paspalum aristatum MOENCH, Meth. 196 (1794). Beckmannia erucoides BEAUY. Agr. 13 (1812). Bruchmannia erucaeformis Nutr. Gen. I, 48 (1818). ? Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora SCRIBN. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 628; Webb., FI. Neb. 107; Upham, Fl. Minn. 171; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 176; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 264; Coult., Fl. Colo. 403; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 24; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 60; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 453; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 67; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 144; Wats., King Exp. 393; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 295. S. Europe and the Orient to Caucasus, Siberia and Dahuria. North ,America: Iowa, Minn., Neb., Dak. to Calif., Oregon, Wash., Brit. Col.; N. to L. Misstassini, Man. Minn. valley: S. W. and W. districts; near edges of ponds; local or rare. HERB.: Sheldon 1260, Lake Benton; MacM. and Sheld. 8, Brainerd; Leiberg 102, Pipestone quarry; MacM. 21, Morton. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 73 BULBILIS Rar. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sesleria Nutr. Gen. I, 64 (1818) not Linn. Calanthera Nutr. MSS. ex B. and H. 1. c. (1883) not Kunth. Buchloe ENGELM. Trans. St. L. Acad. 432 (1859). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1173; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 474; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1], 61 (Hackel); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 763. Living species: 1; N. America. Bulbilis dactyloides (NutTT.) Rar. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sesleria dactyloides NuTT. Gen. I, 65 (1818). Calanthera dactyloides KuNTH (?), Journ. Bot. VIII, 18 (1856?). Antephora axillifora StTEUD. Glum. I, 111 (1855). Buchloé dactyloides ENGELM. Trans. Acad. St. Louis I (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 657; Upham, Fl. Minn. 165; Coult., Fl. Colo. 417; Upham, Fl. Minn. 165; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 59; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 288. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Iowa, Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.; W. to Dak., Colo., Arizona. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. W. edge; infrequent or exterminated; dry plains. HERB.: Leiberg 94, Pipestone quarry. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agr. 134 (1820) p. p. Arundo BEAvUyV. Agrostogr. 60 (1812). Czernya PRESL, Cyp. et Gram. Sic, 22 (1820). Trichoon RotH, Roem. Arch. I, 3, 37 (1798). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1179; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 475; Engler and Prantl, Nut. Pflanz. 2, 11, 68 (Hackel); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 385. Living species: 3; 1 cosmopolitan; 1 tropical Asia; 1 Argentine Republic. ' Fossil species: 1, cretaceous, N. America (Lesquereauz) ; 1 tertiary, Hungary (Stur.); 1 tertiary, Europe, America, polar regions (A. Br.). Phragmites phragmites (LINN. ). Arundo phragmites LINN. Spec. 81 (1753). A. vulgaris LAM. FI. Fr. III, 615 (1778), A. vulnerans GILis. Exerc. Phyt. II, 541 (1792). Phragmites communis TRIN. Fund. Agr. 154 (1820). Ozernia arundinacea PR. Gram. 22 (1820). Arundo graeca LINK, Linn. IX, 136 (1834). , Phragmites graecus StEUD. Nom. ed. 2, IT,.324 (1841). Arundo aggerum Kir, Linn. XXXII, 309 (1863). Phragmites vulgaris B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 658; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 216; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 418; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 300; Chap., Fl. So. St. 567; Richt., Pi. Eur. I, 71; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 68; Nym., Fl. Eur., Led., Fl. Ross. 74 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 1V, 392; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 487; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 270; Wats., King Exp. 390; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov.,; Fl. Ark. 236; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 514; Upham, FI. Minn. 168. Europe and Asia; cosmopolitan. North America: N.S. to Winnipeg, Athabasca, Brit. Col. and Pac. coast; S. to Fla. and Mex.; W. to S. Cal. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially prairie districts; edges of streams and ponds. HERB.: Ballard 783, Swan Lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 1053, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld. 3, Brainerd. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrostogr. 70 (1812). Macroblepharos PuHitipP!I, Linn. XXIX, 100 (1855). Harpachne Hocustr. A. Rich., Fl. Abyssin. II, 431 (1851). Coelachyrum Nees, Linn. XVI, 221 (1842). Megastachya BEAuy. Agrostogr. 74 (1812). Cladoraphis FRANCH. ex Dur. l. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1186, Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 476; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 69 ‘Hackel). Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; principally in the tropics. Europe, 5; Russia, 4; N. America, 10-12; S. Sts., 10-11; E. Sts., 7; Canada, 1; California, 3-4; Rocky mts. 1; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 3. Eragrostis pectinacea (MICHX.) GRay, Man. ed. V, 622 (1868). Poa pectinacea Micux. Fl. N. A. (1803). P. spectabilis PURsSH, FI]. Am. (1814). Eragrostis spectabilis GRAY, Man. ed. I, 598 (1848). E. pectinacea var. spectubilis GRAY 1. ¢. Poa hirsuia AUCT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt., Fl. N. J, 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Chap., Fl. So. St. 564; Cov., Fl. Ark. Q°7 avi, North America: Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; sandy and barren places. HERB.: Ballard 638, Chaska; Sandberg 582, Red Wing; Oestlund 332, Minneapolis. Eragrostis purshii ScHrap. Linn. XII, 45 (1838). Poa tenella PursH, Fl. Am. (1814). P. caroliniana SPRENG. Mant. I, 33 (1828). P. pectinacea AucT. AMER. not of MICHX. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt, Fl. N. J. 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 219; Coult., FJ. Colo. 419; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563: Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Wats., King Exp. 388; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 291?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 75 North America: Ont., Penn. and N. J. to N. Car.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo , Nev., Ark. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; sandy places and banks of streams. HERB.: Ballard 853, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Leiberg 97, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 580, Red Wing; Sandberg 581, Red Wing; Leberg 98, Pipestone Quarry. Eragrostis eragrostis (LINN.). Briza eragrostis LINN. Spec 70 (1753). Poa multiflora Forsk. Descr. 21 (1775). P. cilianensis ALL. FI. Ped. II, 246 (1785). Briza oblonga MOENCH, Meth. 145 (1794). Poa megastachya KorL. Gram. 181 (1802). P eragrostis SM _Prodr. I, 54 (1806). Eragrostis major Host. Gram. IV. 14 (1809). Megastachya eragrostis BEAUV. Agr. 74 (1812). Eragrostis megastachya Link, Hort. Berol. I, 187 (1827). E vulgaris var. megastachya Coss. and Germ. FI. Par. II, 641 (1845). Poa oblonga BMG. Enum. III, 238 (1846). Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya GRAY, Man.ed. V. 631 (1868). E. multiflora Ascu. Cat. Serb. 10 (1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 660; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 219; Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Upham, Fl Minn, 167; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 315; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 61; Led., F!. Ross. IV. 382; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 73; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 388; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 291; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237. Middle Europe; S. Asia; Africa; cosmopolitan. North America: Ont. ioN. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Man., Minu., Neb., Ark.; also, Pac. coast to Oregon. Minn. valley: Throughout; riverbanks, lake shores, roadsides and railway embankments. HERB.: Ballard 839, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 895, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 579, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 334, Hennepin Co. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Poa hypnoides LAM. Ill. I, 185 (1791). P. reptans MicuHx. FI. N. A. I. 69 (1803... Megastachya reptans BEAUYV. Agr. 74 (1812). Eragrostis reptans NEES, Mart. FI. Braz. I, 514 (1&29). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 660; Upham, F]. Minn. 167: Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Chap., F]. So. St. 563; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 190" Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 314; Gris., Fl. W. 1.; Goy., Fl. Ark. 237. Trinidad to Buenos Ayres. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Man., Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. 76 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; riverbanks and lake shores. HERB.: Sheldon 1207, New Ulm; Sheldon 1089, Spring- field; Ballard 484, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 578, Goodhue Co. EATONIA Rar. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX. 104 (1819). Reboulea Kuntu, Rey. Gram. 341 (1835). Colobanthus Trin. Mem. Acad. Petr. 6, II, 66 (1845). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1184; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 11, 70(Hackel ; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 476. Living species: 8; N. America. E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; California, 1; S. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel., 1; PL King., 1. Eatonia obtusata (MicHx.) Gray, Man. ed. V. 626 (1868). Aira obtusata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 62 (1803). A. truncata MUHL. Gram. 83 (1817). ?Reboulea gracilis KUNTH, Enum. (1833). Koeleria truncata Torr. Fl. N. Y. II, 469 (1843). Reboulea obtusata GRAY, Man. ed. I, 591 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 659; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 218, 394; Coult., Fl. Colo. 419; Wats. Fl. Calif. II, 302; Chap., Fl. So. St. 560; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 70; Wats., King Exp. 383; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 289; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: N. Penn. and N. J. to Fla.; W. to Lake Huron, Minn., Saskatchewan, Oregon and Arizona. 8. to Ark. and N. Mex.. Minn. valley: Forest district and S. W.; dry soil and openings in forest. HERB.: Sheldon 867,Sleepy Eye; Leiberg 96, Rock Co, — Eatonia pennsylvanica (DC.) Gray, Man. ed. V, 626 (1868). Koeleria (?) pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Monsp. (1813). Aira mollis MuHL. Gram. 81 (1817). A, triflora ELL. Sk. I, 154 (1821). ?Reboulea gracilis KuntTH, Enum. (1833). R. pennsylvanica GRAY, Man. ed. I, 591 (1848). 2 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 660; Britt., Fl. N. J. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 218; Webb., Fl. Neb.102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Chap., Fl. So. St. 560; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,70; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 2, 394; Cov., Fl. Ark. 236. North America: N. Br. to Carolinas; W. to Man., Hudson Bay, Brit Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to Neb., Nev., Ark. and Tenn. Minn. valley: Forest district and S. W.; meadows and open, damp woodland. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 77 HeERB.: Taylor 658, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 32, Vermilion lake. KOELERIA Pers. Syn. I, 97 (1805). Collinaria Euru. Beitr IV. 147 (1789). Airochloa Linx, Hort. Berol. I, 126 (1827). Lophochloa RetcH. FI. Germ. Exc. 42 (1830). /gialitis Trin. Fund. Agr. 127 (1820). /Egialina SCHULTES, Syst. Mant. II, 13, 222 (1824). Wilhelmsia C. Kocu, Linn. X XT, 400 (1847). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ITI, 1183; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 476; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 70 (Hackel). Living species: 15; Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa—l of these, N. America, S. America and S. Africa. Principally in Europe; Europe, 16 (Richter); Russia, 4; 1 Patagonia, Sandwich Isls.; N. America, 1. Koeleria cristata (LInN.) PERS. Syn. I, 97 (1805). Aira cristata LINN. Spec. 63 (1753). Festuca cristata VILL. Dauph. II, 93 (1787). Poa pyramidata LAM. Ill. I, 183 (1791). P. cristata WILLD. Spec. I, 402 (1797). Melica gmelint RotH. Tent. Germ. II, 104 (1797). M. hirsuta KOEL. Gram. 144 (1802). Dactylis cristata M. B. FI. 'T. 1, 67 (1809). Koeleria nitida Nuvr. Gen. I, 74 (1818). Koeleria arenaria Dum. Agr. 115 (1823). K. parviflora BERT. Schultes Mant. I], 344 (1824). Airochloa cristata LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 435 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 659; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Wats., F]. Calif. II, 301; Coult., Fl. Colo. 418; Webb., Fl. Neb. 102; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 60; Engl., Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. [1, 2, 70; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 74; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V, 401; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 488; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 138; Wats., King Exp. 383; Cov., Fl. Ark, 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 288; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 506. All Europe; middle Russia to Caucasus mts. and Dahuria. North America: Penn. to Ill., Neb., Kan., Ark.; N. W. to Dak., Minn., Saskatchewan, Athabasca; W. to Vancouver, Oregon and Calif.; R. mt. region. Minn. valley: ‘Throughout; abundant; dry hillsides, railway embankments and roadsides or meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 756, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 656, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 353, Janesville; Taylor 174, Janes- ville; Ballard 96, Shakopee ; Ballard 254, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 184, Jordan, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 57, Brainerd; Sandberg 568, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1758, Minneapolis ; Sheldon 1382, Lake Benton. 78 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. POA Linn. Gen. 55 (1787). Leuconoa GRISEB. Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 383 (1853). Poidium Nees, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 450 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1196; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 73 (Hackel). Living species: 100; cosmopolitan; tropical mts. Eu- rope, 41; Russia, 25; N. America, 40; Canada, 29; Pl. King, 11; Pl. Wheel., 10; Rocky mts., 12; E. Sts., 10; Si) Ste, veee Calif., 10-11. Poa nemoralis Linn. Spec. 69 (1753). Festuca airoides LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 464 (1786). Poa cinerea VILL. Dauph. II, 156 (1787). P. debilis THuILu. FI. Par. 43 (1790). P. nutans GILtB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 532 (1792). P. juncea Sut. FI. Helv. I, 46 (1802). P. glaucantha GAUD. Alp. ITI, 36 (1808). P. gracilescens SCHRAD. Hort. Gott. I (1809). P. glauca BAST. Ess. 39 (1809). Aira elodes BRIGN. FI. For. 10 (1810). Poa palustris DC. Fl. Fr. VI, 272 (1815). Catabrosa elodes R. and 8. Syst. II, 696 (1817). Poa firmula GAuD. FI. Helv. I, 239 (1828). P. caesia AUCT. AMER., not Sm. P. caesia var. strictior GRAY, Man. ed. V, 628 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 664; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 223, 225: Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 421; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 85; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 374; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 492; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 498; Rothr., Alask. 458. Arctic and Northern Europe to Mediterranean; Siberia to Himalayas. North America: Greenland, Labrador, N.S. to Sas- katchewan, N. W. T., Brit. Col. and Rockies; S. to Maine and Vt.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Colo. Ark. ? Alaska. Minn. valley: Forest district; dry and open places; infrequent. HERB.: Bailey 469, Agate Bay; Bailey 434, Basswood Lake; Sandberg 575, Red Wing; Sandberg 576, Red Wing. Poa palustris Linn. Syst. 874 (1759). P. serotina Enrua. Beitr. VI, 86 (1791). P. riparia Wor. Hoffm., Fl. Dan. 42 (1791). P. triflora Grup. Exerc. Phyt. II, 531 (1792). P. fertilis Host. Gram. IIT, 10 (1805). P. hydrophila Pers. Syn. I, 89 (1805). P. angustifolia WAuL. Fl. Ups. 66 (1820). P. exigua Dum. Belg. Agr. 113 (1823). ? P. crocata MicHx. FI]. N. Amer. I, 68 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 79 ? P. effusa Kir. Schultes, Ost. Fl. ed. 2, I, 227 (1814). P. nemoralis PuRsSH, Fl. Am. (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 665; Britt., Fl. N. J. 295; Webb., F]. Neb. 101; Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 226; Coult., Fl. Colo. 442; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 313; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 67; Led., FI. Ross. IT, 375; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 87; Wats., King Exp. 386; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 290. Mid. and S. Europe; N. Africa; Asia Minor to Siberia and the Himalayas. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Mich., Wise., Minn., Man., Neb., Saskatchewan, Colo., Rocky mts. and Washington; N. to Vancouver and Athabasca. Minn. valley: Throughout; meadows and edges of marshes and along streams. HEKB.: Ballard 32s, Belle Plaine; Ballard 325, Belle Plaine; Taylor 227, Janesville; Bailey 510, Agate Bay; Sand- berg 577, Red Wing; Juni 25, Agate Bay. Poa compressa Linn. Spec. 69 (1753). P. muralis Wiss. Fl. Werth. 114 (1799). P. anceps Pr. Cyp. and Gram. 48 (1820). P. planiculmis Pr. Add. (1820). P. polynoda and subcompressa PARN. Brit. Gras. 84 (1845). P. complanata ScHuR. Enum. 770 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 664; Brit., Fl. N. J. 295; Mac., Fl, Can. II, 224; Coult., Fl. Colo. 421; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 65; Webb., FI. Neb. 101; Upham, FI]. Minn. 167; Chap., Fl. So. St. 563; Led., Fl. Ross. DV, 371; Richt., Pl. Eur. 1, 88; Hook., Fl. Gt.: Brit. 492; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 500. Mid. and 8S. Europe; Siberia and Kamtk. North America: Minn. to Neb. and Kan.; N. W. to Vancouver. Introd. E. and S. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; waste places. HERB.: Oestlund 331, Minneapolis; Oestlund 332, Min- neapolis; Bailey 527, Agate Bay. SCOLOCHLOA Link, Hort. Berol. I, 136 (1827). Fluminia FrRizs, Summ. Scand. Veg. 247 (1846). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1197 (sub Graphephorum); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74 (Hackel). Living species: 2; 1, N. temperate regions; 1, Sa- ghalin. Scolochloa arundinacea (LIL. ). Festuca arundinacea Lits. Sy. Fl. I, 47 (1792). Arundo festucacea WILLD. Enum. I, 126 (1809). Donazx festucaceus BEAUV. Agr. 78 (1812). Schenodorus urundinaceus R. and 8, Syst. I1, 700 (1817). 80 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Donax borealis TRIN. Fund. Agrost. 156 (1820), Festuca borealis M. K. Ro6hl., Dan. FI. I, 664 (1823). F. donacina WAHL. Fl. Suec. 64 (1824-26). Scolochloa festucacea LINK, Hort. Berol. I, 137 (1827). Triodia festucacea E1icnw. Sk. 119 (1830). Glyceria arundinacea Fr. Nov. Mant. II, 8 (1832-42). Fluminia arundinacea FR. Summ. I, 247 (1846- 49), Graphephorum festucaceum GRAY, Ann. Bot. Soc. Can. I, 57 (186 ae G. arundinaceum ASCH. FI. Brand. 852 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 666; Mac., #1. Can. II, 229; Upal ham, Fl. Minn. 165; Enel. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. I], 2, 74; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 89; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross.; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 505. Northern Europe and Baikal Siberia. North America: Lake of the Woods and Saskatchewan, throughout the prairie region and to the Peace river country; S. to Emmet Co., Iowa. Minn. valley: W. and N. W. districts and S. edge; edges of lakes or streams. HERB.: Cratty 5, Emmet Co., Iowa, state iine. PANICULARIA Fasr. En. Pl. Helm. 378 (1763). Glyceria R. Br. Prodr. 179 (1810). Hydrochloa HArtTM. Gram. Scand. 8 (1819). Porroteranthe STEuD. Syn. Glum. I, 287 (1855). Exydra ENDL. FI. Posen. 119 (1830). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1197; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 782. Living species: 16; principally N. America; a few Europe and Asia; 1, Australia. Europe, 9-10; Russia, 6; North America, 15; Canada, 14; California, 8-4; Rocky mts , 4; Pl. Wheel., 4; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 4; Pl. King, 3. Panicularia fluitans (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 782 (1891). Festuca fluituns Linn. Spec. 75 (1753). Hydrochloa fluitans Host. Gram. I, 141 (1801). Poa fluitans KoEL. Gram. 204 (1802). Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Prodr. I, 179 (1810). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 307; Vas., Agr. Grasses U. S. 70; Upham, Fl. Minn.*167; Chap., Fl. So. St. 561; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,74; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 90; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 394; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 237; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 501. Cosmopolitan—Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan, _ Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Oregon and Sierra Nevada; E. to Minn., Ark., Tenn. and Atl. coast. Minn. valley: Forest district; shallow water of ponds or sluggish streams, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 81 HERB.: Bailey 20, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 573, Cen- ter City. Panicularia americana (TORR. ). Poa aquatica var. americina Torr. Fl. U.S. I, 108 (1824). Glyceria arundinacea KUNTH, Enum. I, 367 (1833). G. aquatica Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. ITI, 248 (1840). G. grandis Wats. in W. and C. Gray’s Man. ed. VI, 667 (1890). Panicularia aquatica OK. Rev. Gen. II, 782 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 667; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 69. Upham, FI. Minn. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 230; Britt , Fl. N. J. 296; Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 423: Upham, Fl. Minn. 167; Wats., King, Exp. 384; Rothr., Alask. 458. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. Y. and. N. J.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Colo., California; N. to Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col., Vancouver and Sitka, Alaska; S. to Arizona ? Minn. valley: Forest district and probably through- out; wet grounds and meadows along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 480, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 124, Chaska, Carver Co.; Ballard 317, Belle Plaine; Oestlund 330, Minneapolis; Oestlund 331, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 572, Red Wing; B.uley 97, Vermilion lake; Bailey 263, St. Louis river; Ballard 250, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 267, Jordan, Scott Co. Panicularia nervata (WILLD.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Poa nervata WILLp. Spec. I, 389 (1797). P. striata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 69 (18038). P. lineata PERS. Syn. I, 89 (1805). P. parviflora, Pursu, FI. Am. I, 80 (1814). Briza canadensis NutvT. Gen. I, 69 :1818). - Glyceria michauxit KUNTH, Enum. 367 (1833). G. nervata TRIN. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, I, 365 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 232; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 70; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Webb., Fl. Neb. 101; Chap., Fl. So. St. 561; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 307; Coult., F1. Colo. 423; Richt., Pl. Eur. 1,90; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 289; Cov., Fl. Ark 237. Introduced in France. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to W. Fla.; W. to Athabasca, Peace river, Vancouver, Brit. Col., Oregon, Calif., Nev. and Arizona. a Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; moist or marshy fields and meadows or wet places in open woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 558, Rice lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 59, Chaska; Sheldon 955, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 455, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 349, Mud river; Bailey 103, Ver- —6 82 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. milion lake; Sandberg 570, Red Wing; Sandberg 571, Chisago Co. Panicularia elongata (TorR.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Poa elongata Torr. FI). U.S. I, 112 (1824). Glyceria elongata TRIN. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, I, 365 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 296; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 231; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166. North America: N. Br., Q. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn: and mts. of N. Car.; W. in U. S. to Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rare; damp, marshy places in woods. Panicularia canadensis (MicHx.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 783 (1891). Briza canadensis Micuox. Fl. N. Am. I, 71 (1803). Poa canadensis BEAUV. Agrost. 155 (1812). Megastachya canadensis R. and $8. Syst. II, 593 (1817). Glyceria canadensis TRIN. Act. Petrop. ser. 6, I, 366 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 667; Britt., Fl. N. J. 295; Upham, Fl. Minn. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 230; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 69. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and L. Nipigon; S. to N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: N. EH. districts and N. edge; marshes and_edges of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1630, Taylors Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 14, Cass Co.; Bailey 264, St. Louis river; Bailey 273, St. Louis river; Sandberg 569, Chisago Co. FESTUCA Linn. Gen. 41 (1737). Vulpia GmMeEL. FI. Bad. I, 8 (1805). Mygalurus Link, Hort. Berol. I, 92 (1827). Loretia Dur. Jour. Rev. Sci. Nat. II, 2, 38 (1874). Helleria FournN. Gram. Mex. 128 (1880). Schedonorus BEAUyY. Agrostogr. 99 (1812). Amphigenes JANKA, Linn. XXX, 619 (1856). Catapodium Link, Hort. Berol. I, 44 (1827). Micropyrum and Festucaria Link, Linn. X VII, 397-398 (1843). Nardurus Reicu. Godr. Fl. Lorr. ed. 2, II, 458 (1857). Castellia Try. Pl. Rar. Sic. 17 (1846). Sclerochloa Reicu. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 58 (1834). Scleropoa GrIsEB. Spic. Rum. II, 431 (1845). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1198; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 74 (Hackel). Living species: 85; 250 described; temperate and trop- ical (rarely) regions. 129 (Richter), Europe; N. America, 16; Canada, 14; California, 7-8; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 8-10; Rocky mts., 4-5; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 4. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 83 Festuca nutans WILLD. Enum. I, 116 (1809). Poa nutans LINK, Hort. Berol. (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 669; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 234; Chap., F'l. S. St. 565; Upham, FI. Minn. 168: Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N.S. to Ont., N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; rather rare; woods and thickets, sterile soil. HERB.: Ballard 387, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 528, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 130, Chaska; Sandberg 583, Chisago Co.; Ballard 222, Jordan, Scott Co. Festuca ovina LINN. Spec. 73 (1753). Bromus ovinus Scop. Fl]. Carn. I, 77 (1772). Festuca nigra GILis. Exerc. Phyt. II, 533 (1792). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 669; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 235; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 317; Coult., Fl. Colo. 424; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Kngl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 75; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 938; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 350; Hook., Fl]. Gt. Brit. 497; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 134; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 271; Wats., King Exp. 389; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 32, 291, 292; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 491; Rothr., Alask. 458. Cosmopolitan. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man. to Saskatch- ewan, Bear Lake, 62° N. lat., Vancouver; S. to Fla., N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Forest district; frequent; fields and meadows. HERB.: Ballard 240, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 282, Jordan, Scott Co.; Leiberg 99, Blue EHarth Co.; Bailey 489, Agate Bay; Bailey 450, Mud lake. Festuca octoflora Watt. FI. Car. 81 (1788). F. bromoides Micux. FI. N. A. I, 66 (1803). F, tenella WiLLD. Enum. I, 113 (1809). Schoenodorus tenellus R. and S. Syst. I], 727 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 669; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 237; Wats., #1. Calif. Il, 317; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 296; Chap., Fl. S. St. 565; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, FI]. Minn. 168; Coult., Fl. Colo. 424; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 292; Wats., King Exp. 388; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: Q. to Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district and prob- ably W. to Chippewa river; dry or waste places. BROMUS Linn. Gen. 40 (1737). Schedonorus BEAvy. Agrostogr. 99 (1812. Anisantha C. Kocn, Linn. XXI, 394 (1847). 84 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Serrafalecus PARLAT. Pl. Nov. 75 (1842). Libertia LEJEUNE, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 755 (—-). Michelaria Dum. Agrostogr. Belg. 77 (1823). Triniusa STEUD. Syn. Glum. I, 328 (1855). Ceratochloa BEAvy. Agrostogr. 75 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1200; Durand, Ind..Gen. Phan. 478; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1, 75 (Hackel). Living species: 40; cosmoplitan; especially in N. tem- perate regions; a few in tropical mts. and in the S. hemisphere. Europe, 42 (Richter); N. America, 12; Canada, 10; California, 6; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 3; EH. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel, 2588 King., 2. Bromus purgans Linn. Spec. 76 (1753). B. ciliatus var. purgans GRAY, Man. ed. I, 600 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 670: Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Chap., Fl. S. St. 566; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168; Led., Fl. Ross. LV. 361? Cov., Fl. Ark. 238; Webb., Appx. Neb. 25. Kamtschatka and §. America? North America: N. Eng., to Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; river banks, shores of lakes and woodlands. HERB.: Ballard, 214, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 707, Waconia; Sheldon 1594, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1307, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 902, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 558, Waseca; Sheldon 1193, New Ulm; Ballard 509, Prior’s Lake, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 60, Brainerd; Sandberg 586, Red Wing; Oestlund 385, Minneapolis. Bromus ciliatus Linn. Spec. 76 (1753). B. canadensis Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 65 (1803). B. pubescens var. 1, Torr. FI. U.S, I, 129 (1824). B. purgans Hoox. FI. Bor. Am. I, 252 (1833), in part B. inermis var. ciliata TRAuTV. Act. Hort. Petrop. V, I, 135 1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 670; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, FI. Minn. 168; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 237; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 320; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 74; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 358; Wats., King Exp. 390; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 292; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238; Rothr., Alask. 458. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Brit. Col., Vancouver to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; 8. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb., Colo. and Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HerRB.: Ballard 717, Benton, Carver Co.; Taylor 1189, Glenwood; Ballard 846, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 579, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 85 Crystal Lake, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 58, Brainerd; Bailey 5, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 585, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld 1649, Minneapolis, Bromus kalmii Gray, Man. ed. I, 600 (1848). B. ciliatus LINN. in herb. not spec. B. purgans Torr. FI. N. Y. II. 463 (1843), in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 670; Britt., Fl. N. J. 297; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 238; Webb., Fl. Neb. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 168. North America: Ont., Ott. and Man.; S. to N. Eng, N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; dry places, fields and meadows. HERB.: MacM. and Sheld. 59, Brainerd; Sandberg 584, Red Wing; Leiberg 100, Blue Earth Co. AGROPYRUM J. Gaertn. ex. Beauv. Agrost. 101 (1812). Elytrigia DEsvx. Bull. Philom. II, 190 (1810). Roegneria C. Kocw, Linn. XXI, 413 (1847). Anthosachne STEuUD. Syn. Glum: I, 237 (1855). Eremopyrum Lep. FI. Alt. I, 112 (1829). Costia WILLK. Bot. Zeit. 377 (1858). - Cremopyrum ScHurR. Transsylv. 807 (1866). Haynaldia ScHurR. 1. ¢c. 807 (1866). Heteranthelium Hovusr. Jaub. et Spach, Ill. Or. LV, 24 (1855), Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1202; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 479; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Il, 78 (Hackel). Living species: 384; temperate regions. Europe 382; ( Richter); N. America, 10; Canada, 6; Rocky mts:, 5; California, 4; EH. Sts., 5. Agropyrum caninum (LINN.) R. and S. Syst. IL, 756 (1817). Triticum caninum LINN. Spec. 86 (1753). Elymus caninus LINN. FI. Suec. ed. II, 112 (1755). Triticum sepium LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 563 (1786). Festuca nutans MOENCH, Meth. 191 (1794). Bracconotia elymoides GoprR. FI. Lorr. III, 193 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 672; Mac, Fl. Can. II, 241; Britt.. ¥l. N. J. 298; Wats., Fl. Calif. IL. 324; Coult., Fl. Colo. 426; Upham, FI. Minn. 169; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 124; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 503. Kurope; Siberia; Himalayas. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Saskatchewan, Brit- Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Colo., Nev. and Calif. Minn. valley: Probably throughout; principally in forest district; waste or dry places. HERB.: Bailey 42, Vermilion lake. 86 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Agropyrum violaceum (HorRN.) LANGE, ex. Richt. Pl. Eur. T, 123 (1890). Triticum violaceum HORN. FI. Dan. 2044 (1827?). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 672; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 243; Coult., Fl. Colo., 426; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 324; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 123. N. Scandinavia. North America; Q., Man., Assiniboia to Rockies, N.- W. T. and Grinnell Land—81° 44'N. lat.; Greenland; S. to N. Eng. and mts. of N. Y.; W. to Lake Superior region, Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Throughout; forest openings and rail- way embankments; infrequent. HERB.: Sheldon 979, Sleepy Eye; MacM. and Sheld. 2, Brainerd; Bailey 494 Agate Bay. Agropyrum glaucum (DesF.) R. and S. var. occidentale Vas. and SCRIB. A. repens AUCT. in part. Triticum repens var. glaucum VAS. Cat. (1885). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 671; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 425; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 323; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 75; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Engl. Hackel, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 79; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 123 (spec.); Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 504 (spec.); Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 340 (spec.); Trautv., Fl. Sib. 133 (spec.). Species in Europe and Asia. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Arctic sea?; S. to N. J. and Va.; W. to Cal., Oregon and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; fields and sterile places. HeERB.: Ballard 316, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 1377, Lake Benton; Sheldon 463, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Mac. aud Sheld. 17, Brainerd; Bailey 511, Agate Bay; Sandberg 587, Red Wing; 588, Red Wing. HORDEUM Linn. Gen. 45 (1737). Critho E. Mery. Ind. Hort. Regiom. (1848). Zeocriton BEAuY. Agrostogr. 114 (1812). Critesion RaF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 103 (1819). Crithopsis JAun. et SpaAcu, Ill. Or. LV, 30 (1855). Cuviera KorEL. Gram. Gall. et Germ. 328 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1206; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 480; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 86 (Hackel). Living species: 16; temperate Asia, Europe, N. Africa, N. and S. America. Europe, 10; N. America, 5; Canada 3; California, 3; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 2. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 87 Hordeum nodosum Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 126 (1762). H. murinum var. B. LINN. Spec. 85 (1753) H. secalinum SCHREB. Spic. 148 (1771). H. pratense Hups. Fl. Angi. ed. 2, 56 (1778). Zeocriton secalinum BEAUV. Agr. 115 (1812). Hordeum pusillum Nutr. Gen. I, 87 (1818). H. pratense var. nodosum LED. FI. Ross. TV, 329 (1853). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 672; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 426; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 244; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 325; Upham, FI. Minn. 169; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. S. 77; Richt., Pl. Hur. I, 131; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 664; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 293; Wats., King Exp. 391; Rothr., Alask. 458. Europe and Asia; cosmopolitan. North America: Ohio, Ill., Minn., Neb. to Nev., Colo., Utah, Calif., Oregon; N. to Vancouver; S. to Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; rare or local. : Hordeum jubatum Linn. Spee. 85 (1753). Critesium geniculatum RAF. Jour. Phys. 103 (1819). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 672; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Webb., Fl]. Neb. 99; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 325; Mac. FI. Can. II, 243; Vas., Ag. Grasses U. 8. 76; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Richt., Pl. Eur. I, 131; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 132; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 329; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Wats., King Exp. 390; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. Kurope—S. Russia; E. Siberia. North America: N.8., Q., Ont., Ott., Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Peace river, Vancouver, Brit. Col.; N. to Mackenzie and Yukon regions; S. to Gt. Lakes, Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; waste or sandy places. HERB.: Sheldon 176, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 155, Chaska; Foote 6, Worthington; Oestlund 336, Min- neapolis; Kassube 274, Minneapolis ; Bailey 128, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 589, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1801, Minneapolis. ELYMUS Linn. Gen. ed. V, 91 (1754). Sitanion RAF. Journ. Phys. LXX XIX, 103 (1819). Polyantherix NEEs, Ann. Nat. Hist. I, 1, 284 (1838). Benth. and Hlook., Gen. Pl. III, 1206; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 480; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, I1, 88 (Hackel). Living species: 380; temperate regions, except Aus- tralia and S. Africa. Europe, 4; N. America, 15; Canada, 12-13; E. Sts., 6; California, 5-6; Rocky mts., 4; S. Sts., 3; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 4. Elymus elymoides (RArF.) SWEEZEY, Cat. Neb. Pl. (1891). Aegilops hystrix Nutt. Gen. I, 86 (1818). Sitanion elymoides RAF. Jour. Phys. LX X XIX, 103 (1819). 88 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Polyantherix hystrix NEES, Mart. Bras. (1829). Elymus sitanion R. and 8S. Mant. II, 426 (1824). E. hystrix. per legem not Linn. Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 673; Upham, F]. Minn. 170; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 327; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293, 377; Wats., King Exp. 391; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: Oregon to San Diego, Calif.; E. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Arizona, Tex. aud N. Mex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district and - westward; infrequent; river banks and wooded hills. Elymus striatus W1LLp. Spec. I (1797). H. villosus MUHL. Willd. Enum. 131 (1809). E. striatus var. villosus GRAY, Man. ed. V, 639 (1868). * Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J, 299; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 567; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; infreyuent; roadsides and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 842, Sleepy Eye; Herb. Sheld. 1647, Hennepin Co. Elymus canadensis Linn. Spec. 83 (1753). E. philadelphicus Linn. Amoen. Acad. IV, 266 (1759). E. glaucifolius W1LLD. Enum. I, 131 (1809). E. canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr. Fl. Am. I, 137 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 673; Britt., Fl. N. J. 298; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 245; Coult., Fl. Colo. 427; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Vas., Ag. Grasses U.S. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Wats.. Fl. Calif. II, 327; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 664; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 293; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N. S., Q., Ont., Man., Assiniboia to Rocky mts., Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Tex. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; roadsides and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1120, Springfield; Sheldon 9764, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 762, Glenwood; Ballard 389, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 578, Crystal lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 765, Waconia [(var. glaucifolius (Willd.)]; Sandberg 591, Red Wing; Oestlund 338, 339, Minneapolis. Elymus virginicus Linn. Spec. 83 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 673; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 247; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 567; Upham, Fl. Minn. 169; Britt., Fl. N. J, 298; Vas., Ag..Grasses U.S. 77; Cov., Fl. Ark. 238. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Superior region to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Mo. and Ack. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUING PLANTS. 89 Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; banks of streams and lakes. Hers.: Foote 7, Worthington; Sandberg 590, Red Wing; Oestlund 337, Minneapolis; Bailey 265, St. Louis river; Sheldon 1375, Lake Benton [( forma minor (Vas.) ]. HYSTRIX MoeEncu, Meth. 294 (1794). Asprella WILLD. Enum. 132 (1809). Gymnostichum Scores. Beschr. Griis. II, 127 (1772). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1207; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 280; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 88 (Hackel); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. | Lao eg Living species: 4; N. America, 2; Siberia, 1; New Beoaland, 1. N. America,—California, 1; Atl. states, 1. Hystrix hystrix (LInwN. ). Elymus hystrix LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 124 (1762). Gymnostichum hystrix SCHREB. Griis. 47 (1769). Hystriz patula MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Asprella hystrix WILLD. Fnum. I, 132 (1809). A. angustifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 5, 151 (——). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 674; Upham, FI. Minn. 170; Britt., Hi. J. 209; Chap:, Fl. S. St. 567; Mac., Fl. Can. 1h 248; Coy.) Fl: Ark. 238; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. and Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ill. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout, particularly forest dis- trict; woods. HERB.: Sheldon 459, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 128, Chaska; Sandberg 592, Red Wing; 593, Chisago Co.; 594, Red Wing. IX. CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 109 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 1037 (1883); Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 98 (1887). Genera: 65; cosmopolitan; extinct, 1-2. Species: 3000; living; 8-4? extinct. HEMICARPHA Nezgs, Edin. Phil. Journ. XVII, 263 (1834). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1053; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 458; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 105 (Pax). Living species: 3; 1 widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions; 1, California; 1, Atl. N. America, Mexico and Brazil. 90 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Hemicarpha micrantha (VAHL) Britt. Cat. N. J. 266 (1890). Isolepis micrantha VAHL, Enum. (1806). Scirpus subsquarrosus MUHL. Gram. 39 (1817). Hemicarpha subsquarrosa MART. FI). Brazil II, 61 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 583; Upham, F!. Minn. 150; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 220; Chap , Fl. S. St. 513; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230: Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. Brazil and Central America. North America: N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Colo., Calif. and Arizona. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; probably infrequent; sandy lake-beaches. HERB.: Leiberg 78, Le Sueur river, Blue Earth Co. DULICHIUM Pers. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1046; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 107 (Pax). Living species: 1; N. America, Atlantic states. Dulichium spathaceum (Linn.) Pers. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Schoenus spathaceus LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 63 (1762). Cyperus spathaceus LINN. Syst. 84 (1774). Scirpus spathaceus MIcHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 32 (1803). Schoenus angustifolius VAHL, Enum. IT, 225 (1806). Dulichium canadense Pursn, Fl. Am. I, 54 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 573; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Chap., Fl. S. St. 513; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 107; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N.S., N. Br., Saskatchewan and Van- couver; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. edge; possibly S. W.; edges of lakes and marshes. HeRB.: Ballard 833, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Bal- lard 815, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 775, Swan lake, Carver Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 16, Brainerd; Sandberg 5138, ‘‘Minnesota”; Herrick 322, Minneapolis; Leiberg 77, Blue Earth Co. CYPERUS Linn. Gen. 33 (1787). Bobartia LINN. Zeyl. 17 (1747). Mariscus VAunL, Enum. II, 372 (1806). Opetiola GAERTN. Fruct. I, 14 (1788). Adupla Bosc. Jaume St. Hil. Expos. Fam. Nat, I, 65 (1805). Pycreus BEAvyV. Fl. Ow. and Ben. II, 48 (1807). Torreya and Distimus Rar. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 105 (1819). Anosporum and Dichostylis Nees, Linn. LX, 287, 289 (1835), Trentepohlia BorckL. Bot. Zeit. 249 (1858). Sorostachys and Atomostylis SreupD. Syn. Glum. II, 315 (1855). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 91 Galilea PARLAT. Palerm. I, 297 (1845). Papyrus WILLD. Abh. Ac. Wiss. Berl. 70 (1812-13). Borobora STEuD. Syn. Glum. II, 71 (1855). Hydroschoenus Zouu. Er Morr. Verz. Pl. Zoll. 95 (1828?). Diclidium ScHRAD. Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 51 (1829). Torulinium DeEsv. Ham. Prodr Ind. Occ. 15 (1825). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. Pl. III, 1043: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 107 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 383. Living species: 400; tropical and temperate regions. Europe, 24; Russia, 14; Russian Europe, 6; U. S., 60; S. Sts., 41; E. Sts., 25; California, 11-14; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 3; ine, 3:7Pl, Wheel., 7: Fossil species: ? Miocene, Oeningen—Cyperites. Cyperus speciosus VAHL, Enum. II, 253 (1806). C. strigosus LAM. III. I, 726 (1791). C. erythrorhizos Torr. F 1. I, 61 (1824). C. michauxianus Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 339 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 572; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham (C. michauxianus Schultes for Torr.?), Fl. Minn. 150?; Chap., Fl. S. St. 507; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 215; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 214. North America: N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Tex., N. Mex.; Gila and Rio Colorado to Ft. Yuma. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; low and sandy shores. HERB.: ? Sandberg 509, Red Wing. Cyperus strigosus Linn. Spec. 47 (1753). C. flavicomus MicHx. FI. N. Am. I, 27 (1803). C. michauzianus SCHULTES, Mant. II, 128 (1824). C. stenolepis WATs. FI. Calif. II, 215 (1880). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 150; Mac., F). Can. II, 94; Chap., Fl..S. St. 507; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229° Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 211; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: Greenland and N.S. to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Tex. and Pac. coast. Minn. valley: Forest district; not infrequent; damp places along streams. HER3.: Sheldon 1070, Springfield; Herrick 321, Minne- tonka; Sandberg 508, Goodhue Oo. Cyperus strigosus LINN. var. compressus Britt. Torr. Bull. XIII, 211 (1887). Britt., Fl. N. J. 261. N. J. and Penn. to Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. Minn.; damp or drier places. 92 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cyperus esculentus Linn. Spec. 45 (1753). C. phymatodes MuHL. Gram, 23 (1817). C. repens Exu. Sk. I, 69 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Wats., Fl. Calif. IT. 215; Mac., Fl. Can. IT. 93; Chap,, Fl. S. St. 508? Richt., Pl. Eur. 135; Engl. Pax., Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 210. Cosmopolitan. North America: N. Br. to L. Erie; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Yosemite and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; rare; low places along streams. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muni. Gram. (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 571; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., F]. Can. II. 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 512; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 215; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Buli. XIII, 213, North America: W. Ont. to L: 1, N. J., Penn.; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mich. and N. Mex.; also, Rio Colorado to Oregon. Minn. valley: Throughout; rather common; banks. HERB.: Sheldon 880, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 802, Goose lake; Ballard 832, Page lake; Ballard 892, St. Bonifacius ; Taylor 1117, Glenwood; Ballard 274, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1633, Taylor’s Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 29, Brainerd; Sandberg 506, Goodhue Co. Cyperus filiculmis VAHL, Enum. II, 328 (1806). Scirpus cyperiformis MUHL. Gram. 41 (1819). Cyperus mariscoides ELu. Sk. I, 67 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 570; Britt., Fl. N. J. 261; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 511; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII. 216. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.;S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and perhaps W.; dry and waste places. HERB.: Ballard 636, Chaska, Carver Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 25, Brainerd; Ballard 18a, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 76, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 511, Red Wing; 512, Red Wing. Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Cyp. 276 (1836). C. alterniflorus SCHWEIN. Long Appx. IT, 381 (1825) net R. Br. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 570; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 93; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 274; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 207. North America: Ont. to L. of Woods, Qu’Appelle, Assiniboia; S. toW. N. Y. and Penn.; W.to Minn. Neb. and Can. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 93 Minn. valley: Throughout; sandy ridges and shores of streams; abundant. HeRB.: Ballard 260, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 635, Chaska; Sheldon 1056, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1193, New Ulm; Taylor 1149, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 26 Brainerd; Kas- sube 251, Minneapolis; Oestlund 212, Minneapolis; Leiberg 75, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 510, Red Wing. Cyperus aristatus Rorrs. Descr. 23 (1773). C. uncinatus PurRsH, Fl. Am. I, 50 (1814). C. inflecus MUHL. Gram. (1817). CO. confertus CHAPM. FI. S. St. 510 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 570; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 93; Wats., Fl. Calif II, 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Wats., King Exp. 360; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Britt., Torr. Bull XIII, 207, Africa; E. Indies. North America: Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan and Vancouver; S. on Pac. to S. Calif. and Lower Calif.; E. throughout U. 8S. to N. Eng. and Fla.; S. to Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; sandy shores of rivers and ponds. HeERB.: Sheldon 1208, Redstone, near New Ulm; Sheldon 998, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1474, Pipestone; Sheldon 1090, Springfield; MacM. and Sheld. 6, Brainerd; Sandberg 507, Red Wing. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cat. N. Y. 90 (1819). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 569; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Chap., Fl. S. St. 506; Mac., FJ. Can. II. 92; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 214; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Torr. Bull. X1IT, 305; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. Br., Owen Sound, N. Eng.; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Tex. and N: Mex.; Calif? Minn. valley: Throughout; low places and margins of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1052, Glenwood; Taylor 1144, Glenwood; Ballard 834, Pagelake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 1629, Taylor’s Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 22, Brainerd; Leiberg 74, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 210, Hennepin Co.; 2/1 Ramsey Co. Cyperus diandrus Torr. var. castaneus (BIGEL.) Torr. Cat. N. Y. 90 (1819). CO. castaneus BiagEu. FI. Bost. 18 (1814). C. flavescens var. castaneus PURSH, Fl. Am. I, 52 (1814). C. bicolor BARTR. F1. Phil. I, 27 (1818). C. elliotianus R. and S. Mant. II, 100 (1824). ?C. rivularis KuntTH, Enum. I, (18383). 94 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 569; Britt., Fl. N. J. 260; Upham, F]. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can., II. 93; Britt., Torr. Bull. XIII, 205; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: N. Br. to Owen Sound; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Tex.; Sacramento and San Francisco, Calif. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and forest district; banks of lakes, sandy beaches. ERIOPHORUM Linn. Gen. 34 (1737). Linagrostis ADANS. Fam. II, 41 (1763). Trichophorum PeErRs. Syn. I, 69 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1052; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 457; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. II, 111. (Pax). Living species: 13; Europe, extratropical Asia and N. America. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. Amer- ica, 10-11; Canada, 9-10; S. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 7; California, 2; Pl. King., 1. Eriophorum virginicum Linn. Spec. 52 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 588; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Webb., Fl Neb. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 105; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from 8. E. district; doubtful; bogs and marshes. Eriophorum gracile Kocu, Roth. Cat. II, 259 (1800). Linagrostis paniculata var. B. LAM. FI. Fr. III, 555 (1778). Eriophorum triquetrum Hoppe, Taschenb. 106 (1800). E. angustifolium Torr, FI. N. Y. IT, 359 (1843). E. gracile var. paucinervium ENGELM. Gray’s Man. ed. 2, 502 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 583; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 106; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Wats., Fl. Calif. 1I, 220; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Britt., Fl. N. J. 266; Richt., Pl. Eur. 136; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 446; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 255; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 122; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Hart., Fl. Scand. TJ, 450; Webb , Appx. Neb. 24; Rothr., Alask. 457. Northern and central Europe; Siberia. North America: Newf. and N.S. to Hudson Straits, Saskatchewan, Arctic sea and Ft. Wrangel, Alaska; S. to N. J., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; bogs and edges of marshes. : HERB.: Ballard 483, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 519, Mud Lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 114, Chaska; Taylor 87, Elysian ; Sheldon 340, Madison Lake; Leiberg 83, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 522, Chisago lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 95 Eriophorum latifolium Hoppr, Taschenb. 108 (1800). E. polystachion LINN. FI. Suec. ed. II, 17 (1755). E. polystachyon DC. Fl. Fr. III, 131 (1805). Linagrostis paniculata LAM. FI. Fr. III, 555 (1778). Eriophorum vulgare PERS. Syn. I, 70 (1805). Carex alopecurus LAB. Abr. Suppl. 141 (1818). Eriophorum pubescens Sm. Eng). Fl. I, 78 (1824). E. polystachyon var. latifolium GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 583; Richt., Pl. Eur. 136; Mac., F). Can. II, 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Rothr., Alask. 457. North America: Newf. to Alaska; S. to N. Eng. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. district and to Blue Earth Co.; bogs and edges of marshes. HERB.: Bailey 202, Vermilion lake. Eriophorum polystachion Linn. Spec. 52 (1753). Linagrostis polystachya Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, I, 48 (1772). Eriophorum angustifolium Rory. Fl. Germ. I1, 63 (1793). E. vulgare PERS. Syn. I, 70 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 583; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Upham, FI. Minn. 152; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 226; Richt., Pl. Eur. 136; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 445; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111; Wats., King Exp. 275; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 449; Rothr., Alask. 457. All Europe except Greece; N. Asia. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q. to Hudson Straits, Arctic Sea and Vancouver; S. to Oregon and N. Cal. ? W. Col. to Rocky mts. and across continent to N. Eng. and Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; bogs and edges of swamps. HERB.: Taylor 738, Glenwood; Taylor 1108, Glen- wood; Sheldon 208, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 339, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 28, Brainerd; Leiberg 82, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 323, Minneapolis; Sandberg 521, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1715, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 243, Montevideo. Eriophorum vaginatum Linn. Spec. 52 (1753). Linagrostis vaginata Scor. FI. Can. 2 ed. I, 47 (1772). Eriophorum caespitosum Host. Gram. I, 39 (1801). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 582; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 103; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 152; Richt., Pl. Eur. 136; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 445; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 252; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 121; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 111; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 450; Rothr., Alask. 457. Middle and northern Europe; temperate and northern Asia. North America: Greenland, Labrador and Newf. to Hudson Bay, Brit. Col., Vancouver and Yukon region, Alaska; 96 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. to N. S., N. Br., N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Mich., Minn., Dak. and Montana. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; bogs and marshes; rare. HERB.: Leiberg 80, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 81, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 520, Chisago Lake; Kassube 256, Minne- apolis. Eriophorum cyperinum Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 77 (1762). Trichophorum cyperinum PERS. Syn. I, 69 (1805). Scirpus eriophorus VAHL, Enum. II, 282 (1806). S. thyrsiflorus WILLD. Enum. I, 78 (1809). S. cyperinus KUNTH, Enum. II, 170 (1837). S. (Trichophorum) eriophorum Torr, Fl. N. Y. II, 356 (18438). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 582; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 102; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. DL. 2,114; Cov.,| Bl Ark. 230: North America: Newf., Hudson Bay to Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; marshes and swamps. Heres.: Ballard 479, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 454, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 549, Spring lake, Scott Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 65, Brainerd; Leiberg 79, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 164, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1922, Minne- apolis. Eriophorum lineatum (MicHx.) B. and H. Gen. Pl. III, 1052 (1883). Scirpus lineatus MicHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 32 (1803). Trichophorum lineatum Pers. Syn. I, 59 (1805), Scirpus pendulus MuHL. Gram. 44 (1817). Isolepis lineata R. and 8. Syst. II. 117 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 582; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Chap., Fl. S. St. 521; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Mac., FJ. Can. II, 103; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. I. 2, 111. North America: S. W. Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., W. Kan. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; Ft. Snell- ing to Blue Earth Co.; low places along streams and around ponds. SCIRPUS Linn. Gen. 32 (17387). Haplostemum, Aplostemon, Diplarrhenus, Distichmus RAF. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 105 (1819). mp Oxycaryum, Blepharolepis NrEEs, Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 90, 91 829). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. QF Androcoma NEEs, Hook. Jour. Bot, II, 396 (1836). bese) Malachochaete, Hymenochaete Ness, Linn. IX, 292, 293 oO). Nomochloa, Hymenochaeta BEAuy. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 37, 43 (1819). Blysmus Panz. R. and S. Syst. II, Mant. 41 (1824). Pterolepis SCHRAD. GOtt. Gel. Anz. 2071 (1821). Heleophylax LeEstTis. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 41 (1819). acs Hellmuthia, Anthophyllum Sreup. Syn. Glum. II, 90, 160 Ny Elytrospermum C A. Mey. Mem. Sav. Etr. Petr. I, 200 (1841 ?). Desmoschoenus Hook. f. FI. N. Zeal. I, 271 (1867). Eleogiton, Holoschoenus Link, Hort. Berol. I, 284, 293 (1827). Dichostylis BEAvyv. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 39 (1819). Isolepis R. Br. Prodr. 221 (1810). Nemum Desvx. Ham. Prodr. Ind. Oce. 13 (1825). Baeothryon EnRH. Beitr, IV, 147 (1789). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. IIT, 1049; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 457; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 111 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 385. Living species: 200; 800 described; cosmopolitan. Europe, 37; Russia, 20; Russian Europe, 10; U.S., 35-40; Can- ada, 10; S. Sts., 14; E. Sts., 17-19; Rocky mts., 10; California, 12-15; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel., 5. Fossil species: Cyperites? Miocene, Oeningen. Scirpus atrovirens MuHL. Gram. 48 (1817). ? S. polyphyllus VAHL, Enum. II, 274 (1806). S. sylvaticus var. atrovirens GRAY, Man. ed. 2, (1856). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 581; Britt., Fl. N. J. 265, Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, FI. Minn. 152; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 219; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Ind. Terr., Colo. and to Calif. and Oregon. Minn. valley: Throughout; marshes and bogs; abundant. HeRB.: Taylor 763, Glenwood; Sheldon 1303, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1081, Springfield; Sheldon 1042, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 673, Gaiter lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 217, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 634, Minnesota lake; MacM. and Sheld. 41, Brainerd; Sandberg 519, Red Wing; Oestlund 217, Hennepin Co.; Sheldon 252, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co. Scirpus sylvaticus LINN. var. microcarpus (PRESL). S. microcarpus PRESL, Rel. Haenk. I, 193 (1830). S. sylvaticus Hook. FI. Am. II, 230 (1840). S. lenticularis TORR. Cyp. 328 (1836). S. sylvaticus var. digynus BOECKL. Linn. XXXVI, 727 (1862). =i 98 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 581; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 101; Wats., F). Calif. II, 219; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152; Coult., Fl. Colo. 368; Rothr., Fl. Alask. 457; Britt., Trans. N. ¥. Acad. XI, 74-93. North America: N. S., Ont. to Minn., Man., Selkirks and Vancouver; N. to Hudson Bay and Yukon river; 8. to Colo. and Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district; along streams and in edges of marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 275, Madison Lake; Ballard 12a, Zum- brota; Sandberg 611, Red Wing; Ballard 340, Jordan, Scott Co. Scirpus fluviatilis (ToRR.) Gray, Man. v ed. 564 (1868). S. maritimus var(?) fluviatilis Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 354 (1843), excl. syn. ? S. robustus PursH, Fi. Am. I, 56 (1814), in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 581; Britt... Fl. N. J. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. IT. 100: Coult., Fl. Colo. 367. North America: Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to W. Vt., Conn., N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Iowa and Mont. ? Minn. valley; Throughout; but principally in forest district; shallow waters, borders of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 249, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Ballard 54, Chaska; Sheldon 982, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Bailey 21, Vermilion lake; Oestiwnd 216, Minneapolis. Scirpus lacustris Linn. Spec. 48 (1753). S. altissimus Grup. Exerc. Phyt. II, 514 (1792). S. validus PursH, Fl. Am. I, 56 (1814). S. brayi Hoppe, R. andS. Syst. II, 187 (1817). S. orgylis RAF. Am. Nat. (1820). S. andrzejowskii, janii, lithuanicus, manophyllus, wolfgangii Buss. Schultes Mant. IT, 535 (1824). S. glaucus SM. Engl. Fl. I, 57 (1824). Heleogiton glaucum ReicH. FI). Exc. 77 (1830). Scirpus custoris Hee. Fl. Sched. 49 (1840). Schoenoplectus lacustris and tabernaemontant PALLA, Sitzb. Z. B. - G. XX XVIII, 49 (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 580; Britt., Fl. N. J. 264; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 99; Webb., F]. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 520; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 217; Coult., Fl. Colo. 367; Richt., Pl. Eur. 140; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 442; Led., Fl. Ross.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Cov., F). Ark. 230; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 445. Europe; Asia; Australasia; Sandwich Islands. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Lake Winni- peg, Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to Fla.; W. to Rockies and Pac. coast (in var. ) Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of ponds; shallow lakes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 99 HERB.: Taylor 213, Janesville; Ballard 31, Chaska; Sheldon 876, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1083, Springfield; Taylor 410, Lake Elysian ; Bailey 219, Vermilion lake; Kassube 255, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 518, Goodhue Co. Scirpus triangularis (PERs.). S. mucronatus ALL. Fl. Ped. II, 277 (1785). S. triqueter RoruH. N. Beitr. I, 91 (1802). . triqueter var. triangularis PERs. Syn. I, 91 (1805). . americanus Pers. Syn. I, 92 (1805). . pungens VAHL. En. II, 255 (1806), . rothii HOPPE, Sturm Dan. FI. II, 36 (1814). . tenuifolius DC. FI. Fr. VI, 300 (1815). Eleocharis leptophylla Scour. Mant. II, 88 (1824). Heleogiten pungens REICH. F]. Exc. 78 (1830). Schoenoplectus pungens PALLA, Sitz. Z.B.G. XX XVIII, 49 (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 579; Britt., Fl. N. J. 264; Upham, F]. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 519; Coult., Fl. Colo. 366; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 218; Richt., Pl. Eur. 141; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit..442; Roth.. Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230. Central Europe; Mediterranean region ; Australia ; S. America and W. Indies. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay and Saskatche- wan to Vancouver and Ft. Wrangel, Alaska; S. throughout N. Amer. RARNM Minn valley: Forest district and W. ?; borders of lakes, ponds and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 86, Elysian; Kassube 254, Minneapolis; Oestlund 215, Minneapolis. HELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. 224 (1810). Bulbostylis Rar. Bull. Mosc. X, 355 (1813). Limnochloa, Scirpidium, Chaetocyperus, Eleogenus Nees, Linn. IX, 289, 293, 294 (1835). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1047; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 456; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, Il, 112 (Pax). Living species: 80; tropics and N. hemisphere to Arctic regions. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. America, 30; S. Sts., 25; E. Sts., 21; California, 9-10; Canada, 10; Rocky mts., 5; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2. Heleocharis wolfii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X, 77 (1874). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 576; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Britt., wourn. N.Y. Micro. Soc. V, 105. North America: lowa and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from edge of valley; doubtful or local; wet prairies and edges of sloughs. HeERB.: Cratty 20, Emmet Co., Iowa. 100 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Heleocharis acicularis (Linn.) R. Br. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Scirpus acicularis LINN. Spec. 48 (1758). - Cyperus acicularis W1TH. Arr. Brit. Pl. 78 (1776). Mariscus acicularis MOENCH, Meth. 350 (1794). Scirpus trichodes MuuHL. Gram. 30 (1817). Eleocharis costata Pr. Fl. Cech. 11 (1819). Isolepis acicularis SCHLECHT. FI. Berol. 1, 36 (1823). Scirpus chaeta SCHULTES, Mant. II, 272 (1824). Clavula acicularis DuM. Fl. Belg. 143 (1827). Linnochloa acicularis REIcH. Fl. Exc. 78 (1830). Scirpidium acicularis NEES, Linn. LX, 293 (1835). Chaetocyperus urceolatus LEIBM. Mex. Halvg. 243 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 576: Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 369; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 97; Chap., Fl. S. St. 518; Wats. Fl. Calif. II, 221; Richt., Pl. Eur. 143; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 243; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 441; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,112; Wats., King Exp. 360; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275, 376; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; R. and S., Syst. II, 154; Britt., Jour. Mic. Soc. N. Y. V, 104: Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 449. Northern hemisphere to N. W. India and Mexico. North America: N.S., Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Fla. and Mex.; W. to Pac. from Santa Barbara to Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places, borders of marshes and shores of lakes. HerB.: Taylor 1084, Glenwood; Sheldon 817, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 161, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 790, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 281, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bal- lard 79, Chaska; Taylor 74, Elysian; MacM. and Sheld. 52, Brainerd; Bailey 150, Vermilion lake; Kassube 253, Minne- eapolis; Oestlund 213, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 516, Red Wing; Sandberg 517, Chisago Co.; Leiberg 78, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 79, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1848, Minneapolis. Heleocharis tenuis (WILLD.) SCHULTES, Mant. II. $9 (1824). Scirpus tenuis WILLD. Enum. I, 76 (1809). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 97; Chap., Fl. S. St. 517; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Britt., Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 108. North America: N. S. to Lake Nipigon, L. Winnipeg, Assiniboia and Rockies; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; peat bogs and marshes. Hers.: Taylor 29, Elysian; Taylor 640, Minnesota lake; Sandberg 515, Center City, Chisago Co. Heleocharis intermedia (MuHL.) SCHULTES, Mant. II, 91 (1824). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 101 Scirpus intermedius MUHL. Gram. 31 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Up ham F). Minn. 157; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Chap., Fl. S. St. 576; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 373; Britt., Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 110. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J., Penn., Iowa and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; peat bogs and swamps. Heleocharis acuminata (MUHL.) NEES, Linn. IX, 294 (1835). Scirpus acuminatus MuHL. Gram. 27 (1817). Heleocharis compressa SULLIV. Sill. Journ. XLII, 50 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 576; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 151; Coult., Fl. Colo. 369; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 659; Britt., Jour. Micro. Soc. N. Y. V, 108. North America: N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Mo., Colo.; S. to Ga. and Tenn. . Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; swamps and wet places. HERB.: Sandberg 514, Chisago Jake; Sheldon 1847, Ft. Snelling. Heleocharis palustris (Linn.) R. Br. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Scirpus palustris LINN. Spec. 47 (1753). S. baiothryon WAHL. Suppl. 3 (1796). S. reptans THUILL. FI. Par. ed. 2, I, 22 (1799). S. varius SCHREB. in Schw. and K. FI. Erl. 11 (1804). Eleocharis polycaula WEND. Beitr. Hass. 19 (1823). E. uniglumis SCHULTES, Mant. II, 88 (1824). Scirpus melanostachys D’URV. Mal. 29 (1825). Clavula palustris Dum. FI. Belg. 143 (1827). Fimbristylis melanostachya BRoGN. Dup. Voy. &1 (1828). Scirpus glaucescens MER. FI. Par. ed. 3, 44 (1831-34). Wats. and Couit., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 575; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Upham, F]. Minn. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 95; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 518; Britt., Fl. N.J. 262; Coult., Fl. Colo. 369; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 221; Richt., Pl. Eur. 142; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 244; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 441; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 120; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IT, 2, 112; Wats., King Exp. 360; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275, 376; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; R. and §S., Syst. Veg. II, 151; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 448. Europe; Mediterranean region; all Asia; Malay Arch- ipelago; Australasia. North America: Can. throughout to Greenland, Hud- son Bay and Bear lake; U. S. throughout to Fla. and Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; wet meadows, marshes and in shallow water. HERB.: Sheldon 13, Elysian; Sheldon 1411, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 181, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 406 102 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Elysian; Taylor 19, Elysian; Ballard 24, Chaska; Ballard 495, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 620, Minnesota lake; Mac. and Sheld. 53, Brainerd; Kassube 252, Minneapolis; Bailey 19, Vermilion lake; Bailey 535, Long lake; Sheldon, 1620, Ram- sey Co. Heleocharis palustris (Linn.) R. Br. var. glauecescens ( WILLD.) GRAY, Man. ed. v, 558 (1868). Scirpus glaucescens WILLD. Enum. 76 (1809). Eleocharis glaucescens R. and 8. Mant. II, 89 (1824). EH. calua Torr. FI. N.Y. II, 346 (1843). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 575; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Upham, F]. Minn. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 96; Britt., Jour. Micro. Soc. N. Y. V, 103; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. North America: With type east of Minn. and S. of Nipigon river, also in Nebraska. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; infrequent or rare; localities with the typical form. Heleocharis ovata (RotuH.) R. Br. Prodr. I, 80 (1810). Scirpus capitatus SCHREB. Spic. Lips. 60 (1771). S. compressus MOENCH, Meth. 349 (1794). . annuus THUILL. FI. Par. ed. 2, I, 22 (1799). . ovatus RoTH. Cat. IT, 5 (1800). . nutans BERG. FI. Pyr. I, 48 (1803). . soloniensis DuB. Meth. Ort. 295 (1803). . turgidus Pers. Syn. I, 66 (1805). . multicaulis GMEL. F]. Bad. 96 (1805). . obtusus WILLD. Enum. I, 76 (1809). Eleocharis obtusa SCHULTES, Mant. II, 89 (1824). Clavula ovata DuM. FI. Belg. 148 (1827). Eleogenus ovatus NEES, Linn. IX, 294 (1834). Eleocharis diandra Wrieitt, Torr. Bull. X, 101 (1883). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 574; Webb., Fl. Neb. 99; Britt., Fl. N. J. 262; Mac., Fl. Can. 95; Wats., Fl. Calif. 1I, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 518; Upham, Fl. Minn. 150; Richt., Pl. Eur. 143; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,112; Mac., Fl.-Can. II, 372; Cov., Fl. Ark. 229; Britt., Journ. N. Y. Micro. Soc. V, 102; R. and S., Syst. II, 152. Central Europe, Siberia and India. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; Brit. Col. to Oregon, Plumas Co., Calif., and Yosemite. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; in wet places. Hers.: Ballard 439, Prior’s lake, Scott Co. MMDNRRMRNN IRIA Ricu. Pers. Syn. I, 65 (1805). Fimbristylis VAnL, Enum. II, 285 (1806). Abildgaardia VAHL, 1. c. 296 (1806). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 103 Mischospora BorEcKL. Flora. 113 (1860). Gussonea PrEsL, Rel. Haenk. I, 183 (1830). Pogonostylis BERTOL. FI. Ital. I, 312 (1833). Trichelostylis Lestre. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 40 (1819). Oncostylis NExs, Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 80 (1829). Leptoschoenus NEEs, Hook. Journ. Bot. II, 393 (1836). Echinolytrum DrEsvx. Jour. Hot. I, 20 (1808). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 1048; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 457: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II. 113 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 21, (51. Living species: 200; tropical and temperate regions. Hurope, 4; Russia, 2; U. S. 6-7; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; California, 3; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2. Iria capillaris Linn. OK. Rev. Gen. II, 753 (1891). Scirpus capillaris LINN. Spec. 49 (1753). Isolepis capillavis R. and S. Syst. II, 118 (1817). Scirpus muhlenbergii SPRENG. Syst. I, 207 (1825). Fimbristylis capillaris GRAY, Man. ed. I, 530 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 578; Britt., Fl. N. J. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn 152; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 522; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 223; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 275; Cov., Fl. Ark. 230; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. Tropical and subtropical regions. North America: N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Tex., Arizona, Calif. and Oregon. Minn. valley: S. W. district; perhaps S. central and S. E. districts; sandy places. HERB.: Sheldon 1201, Redstone, near New Ulm. MARISCUS Haru. En. Stirp. Helv. 251 (1742). Pseudocyperus SreGu. Pl. Veron, I, 115 (1745). Cladium P. Br. Hist. Jamaic. 114 (1756). Baumea and Vincentia GAUDICH. Freyc. Bot. Voy. 416, 417 (1826). Agylla PuHiuierl, Anal. Univ. Chile, I, 643 (1885). Terobera STEUD. Syn. Pl. Glum. IT, 164 (1855). Trasi BEAUYV. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 32 (1819). Machaerina VAHL, Enum. II, 238 (1806). Trachyrhynchium NEEs, Herb. Meyen. Chapelliera Nees, Linn. IX, 298 (1835). Schoenopsis BEAvuy. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 34 (1819). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1065; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 460; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 116 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 754. Living species: 30; tropical and temperate regions; especially Australia and New Zealand. Hurope, 2; N. America, 8; California, 2; Atl. States, 2; Canada, 1. Mariscus mariscoides (MUHL.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 755 (1891). 104 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Schoenus muriscoides MuHL. Gram. 5 (1817). Cladium mariscoides TorRR. Cyp. 372 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 586; Upham, Fl. Minn. 152: Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 107; Chap., Suppl. 660. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Noga Del., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to S. Minn. Iowa and Ark? Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge; bogs and wet meadows; doubtful. : RHYNCHOSPORA VauHt, Enum. II, 229 (1806). Haplostylis, Morisia, Mitrospora, Diplochaeta, Cepha- loschoenus, Echinoschoenus, Calyptrostylis, Ceratoschoenus, Haloschoenus, Nomochloa Ness, Linn. IX, 295, 296 (1835). Trichochaeta, Ptilosciadium, Calyptrolepis STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 151 seq. (1855). Sphaeroschoenus NEEs, Pl. Meyen. 97 (1835), Pterotheca PRESL, Symb. Bot. I, 55 (1832). Asteroschoenus, Ephippiorhynchium, Ptilochaeta, Nem- ochloa NEEs, Mart. Fl. Bras. II. 1, 134, seq. (1829). Spermodon, Zosterospermon BEAvy. Lestib. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 27, 28 (1819). Pleurostachys Bronen. Dup. Voy. Coq. Bot. 172 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1058; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 459; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 116 (Pax). Living species: 150; tropical and subtropical regions; extending to Canada. N. America, 50; S. Sts., 45; E. Sts., 14; Canada, 4; Europe, 2; Russian Europe, 2; Russia, 2. Rhynchospora setacea (MUHL.). Schoenus setaceus MUHL. Gram. 6 (1817). Rhynchospora capillacea ToRR. Fl. N. Amer. I, 55 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 585; Britt., Fl. N. J. 267; Upham, _ F]. Minn. 152; Mac, Fl. Can. IT, 107. North America: N. Vt. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn.; W. to W. N. Y. and Minn. Minn. valley: S. central district; peat bogs and marshes. HERB.: Leiberg 84, 85, Blue Earth Co. Rhynchospora alba (Linn.) VAHL, Enum. II, 236 (1806). Schoenus albus LINN. Spec. 51 (1753). Mariscus albus Grup. Exerc. Phyt. 11, 512 (1792). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 585; Britt., Fl. N. J. 267; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 152; Mac.,F1. Can. II. 107; Chap., Fl. S. St. 527; Richt., Pl. Eur. 145; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 259; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 446; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 115; Wats., Fl, Calif. II, 213; Cov., FJ. Ark. 230; Rothr., Alask. 457. Northern and middle Europe; Siberia. North America: Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska; 8. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to N. Ind., Minn., Ark. and Oregon. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 105 Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and N. E. districts; rare; bogs and marshes.) HERB.: Bailey 319, St. Louis river. SCLERIA Bera. K. Vet. Ac. H. Stockh. XXVI, 142 (1765). Diaphora Lour. Cochinch. 578 (1790). - Diplacrum R. Br. Prodr. 241 (1810). Diploscyphum LigEpM. Mex. Halvgr. 74 (1849). Schizolepis SCHRAD. Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1, 186 (1829). Sphaeropus BoEcKL. Flora 89 (1878). Hypoporum, Cylindropus Nees, Linn. 1X, 303 (1835). Trachylomia, Mastigoscleria, Chondrolomia, Hymenoly- trum, Ophryoscleria NEEs, Mart. Fl. Bras. II. 1, 173 seq. (1829). Macrolomia SCHRAD. ex. Nees, Mart. Fl. Bras. 1 c. 181 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1070; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II, 120 (Pax). Living species: 100; tropical and subtropical regions, extending N. in Atl. N. America. N. America, 12-13; Canada, 2b Sts. 6; 5. Sts., 12. , Scleria verticillata MunuL. Willd. Spec. IV, 317 (1805). Hypoporum verticillatum NEES, Linn. LX, 303. (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 587; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153: Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Chap., Fl. S. St. 532; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 121. North America: E. Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to S. Ont., Minn., Ill. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. central district; rare; bogs and marshes. HERB.: Leiberg 86, 87, Blue Earth Co. Scleria triglomerata Micux. Fl. N. A. II, 168 (1808). S. nitida WILLD. Enum. II, 350 (1809. S. flaccida STEUD. Syn. 174 (1840). Cladium triglomeratum NEES, Linn. IX, 301 (1835). Trachylomia triylomerata NeES, Mart. Fl. Brazil, I. 1, 174 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 586; Britt., Fl. N. J. 268; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Chap., Fl. S. St. 531; Mac., Fl. Can. I], 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Britt., Rev. Scler., N. Y. Acad. III, 129 (1883-85). North America: Ont., Mass. and Vt. toN J., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. H. edge; infrequent; Swamps and marshes. CAREX Linn. Gen. 705 (1737). Carex, Scuria, Triplima, Triodus Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 106 (1819). Maukschia, Leucoglochin, Callistachys, Genersichia, Cryptoglochin HEuUFFL. Flora, 527, 528 (1844). 106 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pseudocarex Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 146; ex B. and H. Gen; 1. ¢; Schelhammeria MoENcH, Meth. Suppl. 119 (1802). Psyllophora EurRu. Beitr. IV, 146 (1789). Vignea BEAUvV. ex Schur. Transsyly. 696 (1866). Vignantha ScHuR. ex Schur. 1. c. (1866), Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1073; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 122 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 385. Living species: 1000 described; 500 distinct; temper- ate and colder regions, and a few in tropical mts. N. America, 250+; S. Sts., 80-85; E. Sts., 185+; Rocky mts., 90-95; Cali- fornia, 90-100; Canada, 200; Pl. King, 58; Pl. Wheel., 41; Eu- rope, 190-195; Russian Europe, 140; Russia, 200+. Fossil species: ?Tertiary; France, Arctic regions ( Heer). Carex sychnocephala Carey, Sill. Journ. ser. 2, IV, 24 (1847). C. cyperoides Dew. Sill. Journ. ser. 2, III, 171 (1846) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 622; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 121. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to central N. Y. and W. Minn. Minn. valley: Far S. W. districts, and probably N. edge also; rare and local. HERB.: Sheldon 1509, Lake Benton; MacM. and Sheld. 61, Brainerd. Carex straminea WILLD. Schkr. Car. 49, 34 (1801). C. straminea var. minor Drew. Sill. Journ. XI, 158 (1826). C. tenera SARTW. Exsicc. 45 (1848). C. festucacea var. tenera CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). C. straminea var. tenera Boorr, Ill. 120, 384 (1862). C. tenera f. erecta OLN. Exsice. IT, 14 (1871). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 621; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 397; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 378; Wats., King Exp. 367; Bail., Syn. Car. 149. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Utah and Arizona. Minn. valley: Forest district; openings in woods and thicket edges; not infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 13, Elysian; Ballard 5a, Zumbrota; Kassube 262, Minneapolis. Carex straminea WILLD. var. brevior Drew. Sill. Journ. XI, 158 (1826). CO. festucacea WILLD. Spec. IV, 242 (1805). C. straminea ScuKR. Car. Nachtr. 23, 174 (1806). C. straminea var. schkuhrii GAY, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, X, 363 (1838). C. straminea var. festucacea TUCKM. Enum. 18 (1848). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 107 (1882 C. straminea, typica and vars. crawei and meadit Boort, Tis 131 C. foenew Boort, Ill. 118, 376 (1862). (1868) C. straminea vars. hyalina and typica GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 580-581 C. tenera var. suberecta OLN. Exsice. II, 16 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 622; Mac., Fl. Gan. II, 131;.Chap., 2S. St. 535; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. If, 378; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. S., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and Va.; W. to Colo., Neb., Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; openings and thickets. HERB.: Taylor 336, Janesville; Herb. Sheld. 1932, Hen nepin Co. Carex straminea WILLD. var. mirabilis (DEw.) TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 18 (1853). C. mirabilis DEw. Sill. Journ. XXX, 63 (1836). C. cristata var. mirabilis BooTT, IIl. (1862). C. lagopodioides var. mirabilis OLN. Exsicc. (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 621; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Mac., Fl. Can. 11, 130; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238(?): Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Bail., Syn. Car. 150. North America: Ont. to Man. and E. U. S. through- out; Yosemite valley ? Minn. valley: Forest district; abundant; openings and edges of thickets. HERB.: Ballard 434, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 734, Glenwood; Ballard 28, Chaska; Ballard 220, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 847, Page lake, Carver Co.; Bailey 41, Vermilion lake. Carex foenea WILLD. Enum. 957 (1809). C. adusta Auct. Amer. Vet. C. argyrantha TuckMm. Herb. Dietr. (1859). C. albolutescens SCHWEIN. var. argyrantha OLN. Exsicc. I, 9 (1871). C. adusta var, argyrantha Batu. Cat. Car. (1884). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 621; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238(?); Bail., Typ. Car. 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 377; Bail., Syn. Car. 150. North America: N. Eng., Penn., N. J. to Mich., Minn., Man. and Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. districts; rare; rocky or sandy woodland. Carex adusta Boott, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 215 (1840). C. albolutescens SCHWEIN. var. glomerata OLN. Exsicc. V, 10 (1871). C. adusta var. glomerata BAtL. Car. Mon. 149 (1886). 108 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY C. pinguis BAIL. Bull. 3, G. and N. H. Surv. Minn, 22 (1887). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 621; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Britt., Fl. N. J 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Bail., Typ. Car. 24; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Rail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: N. Br., Maine, Mich., Minn., N. W. T. to Brit. Col., Rocky mts. and 57° N. lat.; S. to N. J. Minn. valley: N. E. district, and perhaps forest dis- trict throughout; copses, thickets and barren or rocky wood- land. HERB.: Bailey 6, Vermilion lake; Bailey 530, Agate bay; Bailey 325, St. Louis river; Bailey 7, Vermilion; Bailey 464, Agate bay; Bailey 526, Agate bay; Bailey 283, St. Louis river; Bailey 558, Mud lake; Kassube 261, Minneapolis. Carex scoparia SCHKR. Car. Nachtr. (1801). C. leporina Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 170 (1803). QO. scoparia var minor Boorr. Ill. 116 (1858). C. lagopodioides var. scoparia BoECK. Linn. XXXIX, 114 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 620; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Bail., Typ. Car. 62; Upham, FI. Minn., 155; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 237 in var ; Bail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sas- katchewan and L. Athabasca; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Iowa, Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict; meadows and damp fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1199, New Ulm; Ballard 548, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 523, Mud lake, Waseca Co. (var. minor Boott); Bailey 126, Vermilion; Bailey 301, St. Louis river; Bailey 492, Agate bay; Bailey 60, Vermilion lake; Bailey 8, Vermilion lake. Carex tribuloides WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 145 (1808). C. lagopodioides SCHKR. °Nachtr. 20 (1806). C. scoparia var. lagopodioides Torr. Cyp. 394 (1836). C. lagopodioides var. composita OLN. Exsicce. II, 10 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 620; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 130; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 237; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Bail., Typ. Car. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98 in var.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 148. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Y., N. Eng., Penn., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Dak.; S. in Rockies to N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district, especially eastward; damp, shady places. HERB.: Ballard 16a, Zumbrota; Ballard 2a, Zumbrota; Bailey 270, Vermilion lake; Bailey 92, Vermilion lake; Bailey LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 109 35, Vermilion lake; Bailey 418, Long lake; Bailey 525, Agate bay; Bailey 184, Vermilion lake (all in var. reducta Bail.). Carex tribuloides WaAnHL. var. cristata (SCHWEIN.) BAIL. Syn. Car. 148 (1886). - C. cristata SCHWEIN. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 66 (1824). C. straminea var. cristata TuckM. Enum. Meth. 18 (1843). C. lagopodioides var. cristata Carey, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 620; Bail., Typ. Car. 55; Mac., FI. Can. II, 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Coult., Fl. Colo. 396; Bail., Syn. Car. 148; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to Penn. and N. J.; W. to Minn. and E. Wyoming. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; wet meadows and damp fields. HERB.: Ballard 218, Jordan, Scott Co. (var. reducta Bail.); Taylor 121, Janesville; Sheldon 333, Smith’s mill, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 433, Prior’s lake, Scott Co. (all var. reducta Bail.); Barley 259, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 538, Red Wing. Carex tribuloides WAHL. var. bebbii (OLN.) Batu. Typ. Car. 55 (1889). C. bebbiti OLN. Exsicc. IT, 12 (1870). C. cristata UPHAM, FI. Minn. 155 (1884) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 620; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Mac., FI. Can. II, 130; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278? North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J.(?); W. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. central district; local or infrequent; habitat with the typical form. Carex muskingumensis ScHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. scoparia var. muskingumensis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823), C. arida SCHWEIN. and Torr. Car. Mon. 312 1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed 620; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 129; Bail.. Typ. Car. 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155. North America: Man. to Minn., Wisc., II. and Ohio. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; wet and marshy meadows. HERB.: Sandberg 537, Center City. Carex siccata Dew. Sill. Journ. X, 278 (1826). C. pallida C. A. MEY. Cyp. Nov. 21 (1830). C. liddoni CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 545 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 230; Upham, Fl. Mion. 153; Wats., King Exp. 363; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 276; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 147; Led., Fl. Ross. LV. , Mich. 110 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North-eastern Asia. North America: Ont. to L. Superior region, Man., Saskatchewan, N. W. T., Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng.; W. to Ohio, Mich. and Minn.; Colo., Sacramento valley and Columbia river region. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; rare; dry and sandy places. Carex deweyana SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1828). C. remota RicH. Appx. Frankl. (1823) not Linn. Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 619; Coult., Fl. Colo. 394; Mac., FI). Can. II, 124; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 236; Bail., Typ. Car. 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Bail., Syn. Car. 146. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to Colo., Calif. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district; thickets, dry woodland and river banks. HERB.: Bailey 37, Vermilion lake. Carex trisperma Dew. Sill. Journ. IX, 63 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 122; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 660; Bail., Syn. Car. 144. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Superior and Rocky mis.; 3S.-to N. Eng.,'N. J., Penn. and N: Cara around Gt. Lakes, to Iowa and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; cold Swamps and bogs. HERB.: Juni 21, Put In-Bay; Bailey 91, Vermilion. Carex tenuiflora WaHL. Act. Holm. 146 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 619; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 122; Richt., Pl. Eur. 151; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 146; Bail., Syn. Car. 145; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 473. N. Europe and Siberia. North America: N. Br. to S. Man.; S. to N. N. Eng. and §. Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. district; swamps and cold bogs. HERB.: Bailey 281, St. Louis river; Sandberg 532, Chisago Co.; Herrick 335, Minneapolis. Carex canescens LINN. Spec. 974 (1753). C. brizoides Hups. Fl. Ang]. 406 (1762). CU. elongata LEERS. FI. Herb, 14 (1775). C. cinerea PALL. Pl. Palat. II, 571 (1777). C. richarditi THuimLyu. FI), Par. 482 (1790). CO. curta GOODEN. Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 145 (1792). Vignea canescens REICH, Fl. Exc. 58 (1830). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. TEE V. persoonti ScHUR. Verh. S. V. III, 169 (1852). Carex vitilis var. pallida OLN. King Exp. V, 364 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 618; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 535; Coult., Fl. Colo. 394; Bail., Typ. Car. 64; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 236; Britt., Fl. N. J. 278; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Richt., Pl. Eur. 151; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 452; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 218; Engl. Pax, Nat.. Pflanz, II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 143; Rothr., Alask, 457. Europe; N. Asia; S. Chile. North America: Greenland, Hudson Bay, Mackenzie valley to Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., Penn., N. J.; W. to Minn. and Colo. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; marshes and wet meadows. HERB.: Sandberg 533, Center City. Carex echinata Murr. var. radiata (WAHL.) B.S. P. Cal. N. Y. (1888). Carex stellulata var. radiata WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 147 (1803). . scirpoides SCHKR. Car. 19 (1805). C. sterilis WILLD. Spec. IV, 208 (1805). C. sterilis vars. B. and G. Torr. Cyp. 392 (1836). C. stellulata vars. scirpoides and angustata CAREY, Gray’sMan. ed, I, 544 (1848). C. echinata var. microstachys Borck. Linn. XX XIX, 125 (1875). C. echinata and var. microcarpa UPHAM, F 1. Minn. 155 (1884). C. echinata var. microcarpa BAtL. Coult. Fl. Colo. 395 (1885). C. echinata var. angustata BAIL. Car. Cat. (1884). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 618; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 126; Wats., Wi, -Calit. IY, 237: Bail, Typ. Car. 58; Britt., Fl. N. J.277; Coult., FL Colo. 395; Bail. Syn. Car. 58; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Roth., Wheel. Exp, 277; Cov., Fl., Ark. 237; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2,124. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Fla.; W to Oregon and Colo. Minn. valley: Forest district; marshes and wet places, or Swamps. HersB.: Ballard 153, Chaska, Carver Co.; Sandberg 536, Center City; Bailey 482, Agate Bay. Carex cephalophora Munu. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 617; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 123; Bail., Syn. Car. 141. North America: Ont., Ni YAN. to Fla.: W.. to Minn., Iowa, Mo., Ark. Ind. Terr. and Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; woods and fields. 112 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. : Sandberg 528, Minneapolis; Herrick 324, Min- neapolis. Carex muhlenbergii Scuxkr. Nachtr. XII, 178 (1806), C. pinetorum SCHLECHT. Linn. X, 265 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 617; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Bail., Typ. Car. 62; Upham, FI. Minn. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 140; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. : North America: Ont. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; fields and meadows. Carex rosea ScHKR. Nachtr. XV, 179 (1806). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 616; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98: Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Bail., Typ. Car. 62, 69; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 139. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Owen Sound and Man.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ind. Terr.? Minn. valley: Forest district; perhaps westward; moist woodland and wet fields. HERB.: Sheldon 145, Madison Lake; Taylor 147, Janes- ville; Taylor 202, Janesville; Ballard 6, Chaska; Ballard 7a, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 529, Center City; Kassube 259, Minne- apolis; Herb. Sheld. 1930, Hennepin Co. Carex rosea SCHKR. var. radiata DEWEy. Sill. Journ. X, 276 (1826). C. neglecta TUCKM. Enum. Meth. 19 (1843). C. rosea var. minor Boor, Ill. 81 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Chap., Fl. S. St. 534; Upham, Suppl. inn. 86. aad North America: Ranges with the type and to Ind. Terr., and Mexico. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and S. central district; habitat with the typical form. Carex tenella ScuKr. Car. I, 28 (1801). C. disperma Dew. Sill. Journ, VIII, 266 (1824). D. blytii Nyt. Spic. Fenn. II, 35 (1843-46). C. gracilis GRAY, Sill. Journ. IV, 22 (1847). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 616; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 389; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 235; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, FI. Minn. 154; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 146; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt. Pl. Eur. 151; Wats., King Exp, 364; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 139; Hart., Fl. Scand. IJ, 473. ‘oa LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 113 Northern Europe. North America: Atl. to Pac in Can., and N. to lat. 56° on Peace river; S. to N. Eng., Penn. and N. J.; W. to Oregon, Utah and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district; swamps, and cold peat bogs. Fi HeERB.: Ballard 152, Chaska, Carver Co.; BY 30, Vermilion lake; Kasswbe 260, Minneapolis. Carex sartwellii Dew. Sill. Journ. XLIII, 90 (1868). C. intermedia DEw. Sill. Journ. IV, 343 (1847) in part. QC. disticha SARTW. Exsicc. 71 (1848). C. disticha var. sartwellii DEw. Sill. Journ, XLI, 330 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 114; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 230; Bail., Typ. Car. 8; Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Upham, F1. Minn. 153; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138 ?; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 373; Wats., King Exp. 362; Bail., Syn Car. 187; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. N. E. Asia? North America: Newf,, Ont., C. N. Y. to Minn., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col, and Rockies; S. to Utah and Colo. Minn. valley: N. E. districts; rare or local; dry or waste places and prairies or openings in forest, HERB.: ? Kassube 257, Minneapolis, Carex vulpinoidea Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 69 (1808). . multiflora MunHL. Willd. Spec. V, (1805). . bracteosa SCHRW. An. Tab. (1823). . setucea DEw. Sill. Journ. IX, 61 (1825). . multiflora var. microsperma DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 317 (1826). . vulpinaeformis TucKM. Enum. Meth. 9 (1848). . scabrior SARTW. Dew., Sill. Journ. VIII, 349 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 615; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Bail. Typ. Car. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. If, 115; Upham, FI. Minn. 153: Coult., Fl. Colo. 392; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Bail., Syn. Car. 136. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Nelson river val- ley; S. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Colo., Ark., and E. to N. Eng., Penn. and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout; low meadows; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 515, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 681, Glenwood; Zaylor 381, Janesville; Sheldon 1308, Lake Ben- ton; Ballard 219, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 14a, Goodhue Co. ; Juni 19, Minneapolis; Sandberg 524, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 525, Red Wing. Carex gravida Bait. Typ. Car. 5 (1889). C. cephaloidea SARTW. Exsicc. 75 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 118; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 390; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154. —8 Lp Se I See Bo 8 oe 114 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Ont. to N. Ill., Iowa, S. Minn and Dak. and E. Neb. and Wyoming. Minn. valley: Forest district; low meadows and fields. HERB.; Taylor 169, Janesville. Carex gravida Batu. var. laxifolia Batt. Typ. Car. 6 (1889). Webb., Appx. Neb. 23; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 615. Minn. valley: Forest district; low, wet meadows and moist fields. HERB.: Tuylor 514, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 504, Minnesota Lake. Carex teretiuscula GoopEN. Trans. Linu. Soc. II, 163 (1794). C. diandra ScHKR. Baier. FI. 281 (1789). C. paniculata var. teretiuscula WAnL. Konigl. Acad. Handi. XXIV. 140 (1803). Vignea teretiuscula REICH. Fl. Exc. 60 (1830). Carex teretiuscula var. major Kocn, Fl. Germ. 867 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 614; Mac., F1.Can. II, 116; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140; Richt., Pl. Eur. 150; Trautv. Fl. Sib. 124; Led., Fl. Ross. IV. 76; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 450; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 136; Hart., Fl. Seand. I, 478. Middle and Northern Europe; Asia to Himalaya mts.; N. Zealand. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col. to Vancouver; S. io N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest district, not infrequent; swamps and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 86, Lake Custin, Le Sueur Co.; Sand- berg 523, Goodhue Co. Carex teretiuscula GOODEN. var. ramosa Boort, Ill. 145 (1858). C. paradozxa BootTT, Hook. F]. 11, 213 (1840). C. prairea DEW. Wood’s Bot. 750 (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 615; Mac., Fl. Can. IV, 116; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 153; Bail., Syn. Car. 136. North America: N. Y. to Minn., Saskatchewan, Dak., Man., L. Athabasca, Rocky mts., valley of the Columbia and Vancouver. Minn. valley: Reported from S. and 8. E. districts; infrequent; wet places, swamps or marshes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 115 Carex crus-corvi SHUTTLEW. Kunze, Riedgr. Suppl. 128 (1850). C. siccaeformis Boort, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. V, 113 (1847). C. halei DEweEy, Sill. Journ. Ser. 2, II, 248 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 614; Bail., Typ. Car. 72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 533; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 391; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 135. North America: S. Minn. to Neb., Ind. Terr. and Mex.; E. to Ky., Tenn. and W. Fa. Minn. valley: S. E. and S. central district; swamps and springs in forest. HERB.: Sandberg 526, Red Wing. Carex stipata Muni. Cat. (1805). C. vulpinoidea Torr. FI. N. Amer. (1836). C. stipata var. maxima CHAP. FI. S. St. 533 (1861). C. crus-corvi SomM. Cat. N.S. Pl. (? 1872). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 117; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Coult.,-F1. Colo. 391; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Chap., Fl. S. St. 533; Upham, F]. Minn. 153; Wats., King Exp. 362; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 135; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. in Rockies to Tex. and Mex.; N. Eng., N. J., Penn. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district; abundant; low meadows and fields. HERB.: Taylor 132, Lake Elysian; Ballard 5, Chaska; Sheldon 105a, Elysian; Taylor 21, Elysian; Taylor 161, Janes- ville; Ballard 11a, Zumbrota; Sandberg 527, Center City, Chi- sago Co.; Bailey 621, Agate Bay. Carex conjuncta Boort, Ill. Car. 122 (1862). C. vulpina CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. I, 512 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 614; Upham, FI. Minn. 153; Bail., Syn. Car. 134. North America: N. J. and Ky. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: N. E. district; local; low meadows or fields. HERB.: ? Kassube 258, Minneapolis. Carex stenophylla Want. Act. Holm. 142 (1801). C. juncifolia Host. Syn. 504 (1797). C. glomerata Host. Gram. I, 32 (1801). C. hostii ScuKR. Car. I, 26 (1801). Vignea stenophylla Rricu. Fl. Exc. 56 (1830). Carex duriuscula C. A. MryY. Cyp. Nov. 214 (1831). C. pachystylis GAy, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. X, 301 (1838). C. deinbolliana GAY, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XI, 183 (1839). 116 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 391; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 49; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Richt., Pl. Eur. 148; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 133. Europe (region of the Caucasus mts. and the Carpa- thians). North America: Colo. to N. Mex.; E. to Neb., Iowa; N. to Minn., Saskatchewan and Rocky mts. in Peace river _ valley region. Minn. valley: Reported from S. and N. W. districts; wet prairies. Carex chordorhiza Euru. Linn. f. Suppl. 414 (1781). C. funiformis CLATRV. Man, 287 (1811). Vignea chordorhiza RetcH. Fl. Exc. 56 (1830). Carex fulvicoma DEW. Sill. Journ. X XIX, 249 (1836). 1877 CU. chordorhiza var. genuina TRAUTV. Act. Hort. Petr. V, 123 1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.6 ed. 614; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 154; Herd. Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Richt., Pl. Eur. 148; Trauty. Fl. Sib, 123; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V, 271; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 128; Bail., Syn. Car. 133; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 477. Europe and Russian Empire. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Q., Ont: to Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., lat. 54° N. and Hudson Bay; S. to Vt. and W. to Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; bogs and springs. HERB.: Sandberg 530, Red Wing. Carex polytrichoides MuuL. Willd. Spec. Il, 4 (1802), C. leptalea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 139 (1803). C. microstachya Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 169 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 612; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 64; Bail., Syn. Car. 131; Chap., FI. S. St. 536; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 153; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 276. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Selkirk mts. and Brit. Col. to Vancouver; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to Minn., Col.; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: N. EK. districts and N. edge; rare; low grounds and marshes. HERB.: Juni 18, Little Marais; Bailey 316, Vermilion lake; Bailey 29, Vermilion lake. Carex pubescens Muu. Willd. Spec. IV, 28 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 613; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 161; Britt., Fl. N. J. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Coult., Fl. Colo. 377; Bail., Syn. Car. 127. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ky., and W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. VA7 Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; damp woods and openings; meadows or hills. HERB.: Kassube 267, Ramsey Co. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Enc. Meth. ITI (1789). C. marginata MuHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 261 (1805). C. lucorum WILLD. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 63 (1809) Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 612; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Wats., Fl. Calf. II, 246; Chap. FI. S. St. 539; Coult., Fl. Colo. 374; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 122; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo.; S. to Colo. in mts. and to California (?). Minn. valley: Forest district; common; dry woods and thickets; hillsides and meadows HERB.: Sheldon 55, Hennepin Co.; Sheldon 1619, Min- neapolis; Ballard 17a, Zambrota; Kassube 265, Minneapolis. Carex varia MuHL. Wahl. K.Acad.Handl. XXIV, 159 (1803). . alpestris Dew. Sill. Journ. VII, 268 (1824). . davisti Dew. |. c. X, 279 (1826). . albicans ‘*‘ WILLD. in herb.” Spreng. Syst. Veg. III, 818 (1826). . emmonsii DEw. Torr., Mon. Car. 411 (1836). . novae-angliae var. emmonsii CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 556 (1848). . lucorum var. emmonsii CHAP. FI. 8. St. 539 (1860). . emmonsii var. elliptica Boort, Ill. 97, 287 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 611; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Bail., Typ. Car. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 539; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 375; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 384; Cov., Fl. Ark. 232; Bail., Syn. Car. 123. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to lat. 55° N., Brit. Col.; S. to N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ind. Terr. 2 Sey ea S Minn. valley: Forest district; S. central section; wooded hills and thicket edges. Carex pedunculata Munuu. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 610; Mae., Fl. Can. II, 157; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 120. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Central S. district; woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Leiberg 87, Blue Harth Co. Carex richardsoni R. Br. Appx. Frankl. Narr. 723 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 610; Bail., Typ. Car. 68; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 158; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 246; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Coult., FI. Colo. 376; Bail., Syn. Car. 122. : 118 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Newf., Ont., lat. 54° N., Brit. Col N. W. coast of Can.; S. to W. N. Y., Ill., Minn., Mont. and Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; dry fields or hillsides. HERB.: Kassube 266, Minneapolis; Sandberg 547, Red Wing. : Carex eburnea Boort, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 226 (1840). C. alba Dew. Sill. Journ. VII, 266 (1824). C. alba var. setifolia DEW. Sill. Journ. XI, 316 (1826). C. paupercula TORR. Cyp. 415 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 610; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 157; Webb., Fl. Neb., 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 275; Bail., Syn. Car. 120. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Rocky mts. and lat. 56° on Mackenzie river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. Ky., Ind., Minn., Iowa and Neb. Minn. valley: Central §. district; rocky ledges HERB.: Leiberg 86, Blue Karth Co. Carex aurea Nutr. Gen. II, 205 (1818). C. mutica R. BR. Appx. Frankl. Narr. 763 (1823). C. pyriformis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. aurea var. androgyna OLN. Exsicc. I, 15 (1870). C. concinna OLN. Bot. King Exp. 372 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 610; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 240; Wats., King Exp. 371; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Bail., Syn. Car. 119; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Pelly river, lat. 63° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. in Rockies to Arizona and N. Mex., in Sierras to California, Utah and Nevada. Minn. valley: N. E. district; wet banks and grassy places along streams and around ponds. HERB.: Holway 30, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 218, Min- neapolis. e Carex tetanica SCHKUHR, var. meadii (DEW.) BAIL. Syn. Car. 118 (1886). U. meadii Dew. Sill. Journ. XLITI, 90 (1842). CO. panicea var. meadii OLN. Exsicc. 1, 24 (1870). C. panicea var. canbyi OLN. Exsice. II, 24 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 609; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 152; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 156; Coult., Fl. Colo, 379; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98. North America: R. I. to Minn. and Assiniboia; S. to Neb. and Colo. to Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 119 Minn. valley: N. E. district; woods and river banks. HERB.: ? Kassube 276, Minneapolis. Carex laxiflora Lam. Enc. Meth. III, 392 (1789). C. striatula Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 178 (1803). C. conoidea Mun. Diss. Gram. 248 (1817). C. anceps SCHWEIN. and TurR. Mon. 343 (1825) in part. C. blanda DEw. Sill. Journ. X, 45 (1826). C. anceps var. blanda Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 226 (1840). C. anceps var. striatula CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 554 (1848). C. ignola Dew. Sill. Journ. VIII, 348 (1849). C. laxiflora var. striatula CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 2, 524 (1852), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 607; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 274; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Chap., F1.S. St. 540; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 382; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 114. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; wet meadows; infrequent. HERB.: Sandberg 546, Red Wing. Carex flava Linn. Spec. 975 (1753) var. viridula (MICHX. ) Bait. Typ. Car. 31 (1889). C. viridula Micnx. Fl. N. Am. II, 170 (1808). C. irregularis SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. oeders SCHWEIN. and Torr. Mon. Car. 334 (1825). ?C. demissa HORNEM. Spreng. Syst. III, 822 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 606; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Bail., Syn. Car. 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Richt., Pl. Eur. 164 (spec.); Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 140 (spec..; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 461 (spec.); Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 459 (spec.). North America: Greenland, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col., Vancouver and Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., Penn., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mont. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare; wet places and in rocky soil. HerB.: MacM. and Sheld., Brainerd (var. graminis Bail. ). Carex crawei Dew. Torr., Bot. N. Y. IT, 408 (1843). C’. heterostachya Torr. Sill. Journ. II, 248 (1846). C. crawei var. heierostachya Dew. Sill. Journ. XLII, 4 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 606; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 153; Up- ham, FI. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 110. North America: Anticosti, Ont., Owen Sound and Man. to N. Y., Ill. and Minn. Minn. valley: S. central district; peat bogs and wet places in forest. 120 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Carex granularis MuHL. Willd. Spec. V (1806). C. chalaros STEUD. Cyp. 231 (1855). CO. haleana OLN. Exsicc. III, 14 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 605; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., Fl. S. St. 540; Bail., Typ. Car. 61,70: Bail., Syn. Car. 110. North America: Ont., Q., to L. Nipigon and Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Fla.; W. to Wisc., Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; not infreyuent; wet fields and meadows. HERB.: Taylor 70, Elysian; Kassube 263, Minneapolis; Sandberg 543, Chisago Co. Carex grisea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 154 (1802). OC. laxiflora SCHKUHR, Car. Nachtr. 69 (1805). C. grisea var. minor OLN. Hall’s Pl. Tex. 26 (1873). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 605; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., F1.S. St. 5389; Coult., Fl. Colo. 378; Bail., Typ. Car. 61, 62; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 107. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to 100th Mer. and in S. Utah. Minn. valley: Forest district; low meadows and fields. HERB.: Ballard 339, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 33, Elysian; Taylor 128, Lake Elysian; Taylor 216, Janesville; Bal- lard 20a, Goodhue Co.; 21a, Goodhue Co.; 15a, Goodhue Co. Carex davisii SCHWEIN. and Torr. Mon. 326 (1825). C. aristata DEw. Sill. Journ. VII, 277 (1824). C. torreyana DEw. Sill. Journ. X, 47 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 605; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Chap., Fl. S. St. 5388; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. ee KUIE cual North America: W. Mass. to N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to S. Minn. and lowa. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. districts and west- ward; infrequent; wet grounds along streams and around lakes. Carex gracillima SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). O. digitata ScHWEIN. and Torr. Mon, 324 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 604; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 137; Chap., FI. S. St. 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Typ. Car. 71; Bail., Syn. Car. 106. North America: N.S., Q, Ont. toMan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valléy: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; wet meadows and low fields or prairies. \ Hers.: Kassube 264, Minneapolis; Sandberg 545, Chis- ago Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 121 Carex arctata Boort, Hook. Fl. II, 227 (1840). C. sylvatica Dew. Sill. Journ. X, 40 (1826), not Huds. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 603; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 161; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 273; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Penn., Minn., Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and dry thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 163, Madison lake; Taylor 906, Glen- wood; Bailey 211, Vermilion lake; Bailey 556, Mud lake. Carex castanea WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 155 (1803). C. flexilis RuDGE, Linn. Trans. VII, 98 (1804). C. blepharophora GRAY, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. III, 237 (1836). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 603; Bail., Typ. Car. 60; Mac., FI. Can. II, 162, 386; Upham, FI. Minn. 158. North America: Newf., L. Nipigon to Minn.; S. to Conn. and Mich Minn. valley: N. &. edge; banks of streams; infre- quent. HERB.: Bailey 557, Long lake; Sandberg 619, Vermil- ion lake; Juni 28, Knife river. Carex longirostris Torr. Schwein. An. Tab. (1823). C. sprengelii DEw. Spreng. Syst. III, 827 (1826). C. longirostris var. minor BooTT, Phil. Acad. 78 (1863). C. longirostris var. microcystis BOECKL. Linn. XLI, 241 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 603; Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 162; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Coult., Fl. Colo. 380; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Upham, Fl. Minn. 159; Bail., Syn. Car. 102. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Neb., Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest district; rocky soil and shaded places. HERB.: Sheldon 117, Madison lake; Ballard 126, Chaska; Sheldon 1632, Taylor’s Falls; Kassube 271, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 553, Center City. Carex limosa Linn. Spec. 977 (1753). C. elegans WILLD. Prodr. 34 (1787). C. laxa Dew. Sill. Journ. X XVI, 376 (1834). C. limosa var. prairei Dew. Sill. Journ. XXIX, 71 (1837). C. irrigua Torr. Club Cat. N. J. (1885). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 602; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 150; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Richt., Pl. Eur. 161; Herd, Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 130; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 307; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 456; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn, Car. 94: Hart., Scand. FI. I, 456; Rothr., Fl. Alask. 457. N. and mid. Europe; N. and W. Asia. 122 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col., N. W. T. and Sitka, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Ill. and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; peat bogs and shaded marshes. HERB.: Bailey 294, St. Louis river; Sandberg 541, Red Wing. Carex magellanica Lam. Ene. Meth. III, 385 (1789). C. limosa var. irrigut WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIX, 162 (1803). C. paupercula Micux. FI. N. A. I, 172 (1803). C. lenticularis Dew. Sill. Journ. VII. 273 (1823). C. irrigua Sm. Hoppe Car. 72 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 602; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 150; Upham, F]. Minn. 156; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Coult, Fl. Colo. 387; Richt., Pl. Eur. 161; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142. Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 456; Wats., King Exp. 361; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 94; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 457. Northern Europe to Pyrenees and Caucasus; S. Amer- ica. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., N. ET, Man., Vancouver; S. to Penn., Minn. and Utah. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; peat bogs and low marshes in woodland. HERB.: Bailey 90, Vermilion lake. Carex crinita Lam. Enc. Meth. 393 (1789). C. gynandra SCHWEIN. An. Tab, (1823). C. crinita var. gynandra S.and Torr. Car. Mon. 360 (1824). O. mitchelliana Curt. Sill. Journ. XLIV, 84 (1836). C. crinita var. paleacea DEw. Sill. Journ. X, 270 (1826). C. crinita var. minor BoorT, III. 18 (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 661; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Mac., F]. Can. II, 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Chap., Fl.S St. 536. Chap., Suppl. S. St. 660; Cov., Fl. Ark. 231. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Ott.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and Va. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn valley: Forest district and probably westward; wet ground along streams and around lakes, HERB.: Bailey 107, Vermilion lake. Carex prasina WaHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 161 (1802). C. miliacea Munn. Willd. Spec. V (1806). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 601; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 139; Bail., Typ. Car. 61; Britt., Fl. N. J. 272; Chap., Fl. S.St. 538; Upham, Fl. Minn. 157; Bail., Syn. Car. 87. North America: Ont. and Vt. to N. J. and mts. of Ga; W. to Mich., Wisc. and Minn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 123 Minn. valley: Forest district; wet meadows and along streams. HERB.: Kassube 268, Ramsey Co. Carex aquatilis WaHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 165 (1802). Vignea aquatilis Reicu. FI. Exc. 140 (1830.) Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 600; Mac., FI. Can. 11, 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 155; Coult., Fl. Colo. 388; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Richt., Pl. Eur. 155; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 455; Wats., King Exp. 368; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 277; Bail., Syn. Car. 84; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 466; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Northern Europe. North America: Greenland, N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Hudson Bay, Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; Alaska; S. to N. Eng. and Minn. and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm; infrequent or local; margins of ponds and rivers. Hers.: Bailey 145, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 540, Minnesota. Carex stricta Lam. Enc. Meth. III, 387 (1789). C. acuta PursH, Fl. Am. I, 38 (1814). C. angustata Boort, AHook., Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 218 (1840). C. strictior DEw. Wood, Bot. 755 (1861). C. virginiana var. elongata Boeck. Linn. XL, 432 (1875). C. vulgaris BAIL. Upham, FI. Minn. 155 (1884). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 599; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98?; Bail., Typ. Car. 70, 71, 72; Chap., F1.S. St. 535; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 124; Bail., Syn. Car. 84. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q. Ont., to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn. and Neb.? Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling; to Blue Earth Co.; moist banks of streams and lakes. HeERB.: Ballard 8a, Zumbrota; Ballard 3a, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 263, Minneapolis; Roberts 261, Agate Bay. Carex fusca ALL. Ped. Fl. 2324 (1785). C. buxbaumii Wanu. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 163 (1802). C. canescens Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 216 (1840). Wats. and Coult, Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 599; Upham, Fl. Minn. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Bail., Typ Car. 60; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 134; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 537; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 238; Bail., Syn. Car. 77; Coult., Fl. Colo. 387; Richt., Pl. Eur. 168; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 453; Wats., King Exp. #71; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 463; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Alpine Europe; N. Asia; Alpine Australia. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay and Sitka, Alaska; S. to Arizona and New Mex. in Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn., Ill. and Dak. 124 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: S. central district; peat bogs and shaded marshes in forest. Carex riparia’‘Curt. Fl. Lond. IV, 60 (1821). C. acuta ALL. Ped. FI. 2347 (1785). C. crassa EHRH. Beitr. IV, 43 (1789). C. lacustris WILLD. Spec. IV (1805). C. exaltata PETRM. Flora 340 (1844). : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 164; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Chap., Fl. S. St. 545; Richt., Pl. Eur. 167; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Hook., FI. Gt. Brit. 465; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pilanz. II, 2, 125: Bail., Syn. Car. 76; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 451. Northern, Central and Southern Europe; W. Asia; N. Africa and S. America. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; 8. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; mar- gins of ponds, streams and swamps. HERB.: Sandberg 549, Chisago Co. Carex trichocarpa Mun. Willd. Spec. IV, 302 (1805). C. trichocarpa var. turbinata DEw. Sill. Journ. XI, 159 (1827). C. striata CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. I, 561 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can II, 174; Wats., Fl., Calif. II, 251(in var.); Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98 (in var.). North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Penn. ; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Probably throughout; marshes and wet meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1302, Lake Benton; Sandberg, 617, Center City. Carex trichocarpa MuHL. var. aristata (R. Br.) Batt. Bot. Gazette, X, 293 (1885). C. aristata R. Br. Appx. Frankl. Narr. (1823). C. atherodes SPRENG. Syst. Veg. III, 828 (1826). C. orthostachys C. Mby. FI. Alt. 1V, 231 (1844). O. aristata var. longo-lanceata Dew. Sill. Journ. X VIII, 102 (1854). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 598; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 175; Up- ham, Fl. Mion. 158; Bail., Typ. Car. 70; Bail. Syn. Car. 75. Coult., Fl. Colo., 381; Wats., King Ex. 374; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278, 281; Webb., Appx. Neb. 24. : North America: Ont., Man. and Saskatchewan, Atha- basca, Peace river region, Columbia valley and Rocky mts.; 8. to N. Eng., Wisc., Minn., Neb. and Utah. Minn. valley: ‘Throughout; typical form westward; variety eastward; wet places or edges of streams and ponds. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 125 HERB.: Sheldon 1302, Lake Benton (typical); Sheldon 402, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 46,Chaska; Ballard 44, Chaska [var aristata (R. Br.)]; Ballard 6a, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 550, Chisago Co. Carex filiformis Linn. Spec. 976 (1753). CU. tomentosa Ligutr. FI. Scot. II, 552 (1777). C. splendida Wi1uLp. Prodr. 103 (1787). C. lasiocarpa GAuD. Agr. IT, 125 (1811). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 597; Britt., Fl. N. J.271; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 165; Webb:, Fl. Neb. 98; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 250 in var.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 381; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Richt., Pl. Eur. 167; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 460; Wats., King Exp. 374; Bail., Syn. Car. 74; Engl. Pax, Nat Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 454. Middle Europe and Siberia. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Ont., Man., Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Ind,, Minn., Neb., Dak. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district and extending westward to Granite Falls; peat bogs and swamps. HeErRB.: Bailey 200, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 548, Chisago Co. Carex flliformis Linn. var. lanuginosa (MicHx.) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). C. lanuginosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 175 (1803). C. pellita Mun. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. filiformis var. latifolia Borcky. Linn. XLI, 309 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 597; Mac., Fl]. Can. II, 165; Bail., Syn. Car. 74; Bail., Typ. Car 64; Coult., Fl. Colo. 381; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 250; Britt., Fl. N. J. 271; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Wats., King Exp. 373; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Athabasca and Mackenzie river region; Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn. Mo., Colo., Tex. Mex. and Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district; N. W. districts; swamps and marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 250, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Ballard 34, Carver; Ballard 19a, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 269, Ramsey Co. Carex houghtonii Torr. Cyp. 413 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 597; Mac., F]. Can. II, 164; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Bail., Syn. Car. 74. North America: N.S., Q., Hudson Bay to Saskatch- ewan and N. W. T., lat. 54° N.;S. to Maine and N. Y.; W. to Wisc., Minn. and Iowa. 126 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: _ Forest district to Blue Earth Co,; wet banks and shores. Hers.: Bailey 206, Vermilion lake; Bailey 509, Agate Bay. Carex squarrosa LINN. Spec. 973 (17538). C. typhina Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 169 (1803). O. typhinoides SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). } Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 137; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 537; Cov., Fl. Ark, 231; Bail., Syn. Car. 71; Webb., Appx. Neb. 23. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Neb. Minn. valley: Reported from the S. E. edge; rare; low, wet meadows or swamps. Carex pseudocyperas Linn. Spec. 978 (1753). C. reversa GILIB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 549 (1792). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 270; Richt., Pl. Eur. 166; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 465; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 76; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 455. Northern, Central and Southern Europe; Asia; tem- perate and S. Africa; Australia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., Mich., Wise. and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district and S. W. district; rare; margins of lakes and bogs. Carex pseudocyperus LINN. var. americana HOCHST. Herb. Un. It. (18387). C. furcata Evy. Sk. II, 552 (1824) not Lap. CO. pseudocyperus SCHWEIN. and Torr. Car. Mon. 355 (1825). C. comosa Boorr, Linn. Trans. XX, 117 (1845). C. pseudocyperus var. comosa Boort, Bot. Calif. II, 252 (1880). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 596; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 174; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Bail., Typ. Car. 54; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 543; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 389; Bail., Syn. Car. 70. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and La.; also, Oregon and Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district; abundant; edges of ponds and in bogs. HeRB.: Ballard 781, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 172, Shakopee; Sheldon 992, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Sheldon 341, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 248, Lake Washing- ton, Le Sueur Co.; Taylor 407, Lake Elysian; Ballard 1a, Zumbrota. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 127 Carex hystricina Munu. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. cooleyi DEW. Sill. Journ. XLVIII, 144 (1845). C. georgiana DEW. 1. c. VI, 245 (1848). OC. thurberi DEW. Mex. Bound. 232 (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 596: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 173; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543; Webb., Fl. Neb. 98; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Coult., Fl. Colo. 382; Bail., Syn. Car. 69. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Man., Sas- katchewan and N. of lat. 52° in prairie region; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ind. Terr. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district and westward to Chip- pewa valley at least; wet meadows and margins of lakes. HerRB.: Sheldon 342, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 7, Chaska; Ballard 338, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 75, Elysian; MacM. and Sheld. 62, Brainerd; Ballard 4a, Zambrota; Herrick 336, Minneapolis; Kassube 270, Minneapolis; Sandberg 551, Center City; Wickersheim 135, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Carex schweinitzii DEWrEy, Sill. Journ. IX, 68 (1825). Wats. and Coult. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 595; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 173; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270. North America: W. N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn. and Mich. Minn. valley: Forest district; swamps and borders of lakes. HERB.: Ballard 33, Chaska. Carex lurida WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 153 (1808). . tentaculata Munn. Willd. Spec. IV, 266 (1805). . rostrata WiLLD. Spec. IV, 282 (1805). . gigantea KUNTH, Enum. IJ, 503 (1837). . purshii OLN. Exsicc. I, 30 (1871). . beyrichiana BoEcKu. Linn. XLI, 239 (1876). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 595; Bail., Typ. Car. 10: Mac., Fl. Can. II, 173; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 382; Britt., Fl. N. J. 270; Upham, F]. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 389: Cov., Fl. Ark. 231. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ill., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; infre- quent; wet meadows and bogs. Se om ae Fo Carex retrorsa SCHWEIN. An. Tab. (1823). C. reversa SPRENG. Syst. Veg. III, 827 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 595; Bail., Typ. Car. 71: Bail., Syn. Car. 68; Upham, FI]. Minn. 158. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., Penn., Mich. and Minn. 128 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; margins of lakes and streams; not infrequent. HerRB.: Taylor 905, Glenwood;- Bailey 67, Vermilion lake; Bailey 101, Vermilion lake; Juni 22, Moose lake; Ballard 13a, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 337, Minneapolis; Taylor 1128, Glenwood. Carex tuckermani Dew. Sill. Journ. XLIV, 48 (1845). C. bullata AucT. AMER., not SCHKUHR. C. cylindrica GRAY, Man. ed. I, 566 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 594; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 172, Up- ham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. and W. N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; swamps and borders of lakes. HER3.: Sheldon 149, Madison Lake; MacM. and Sheld. 64, Brainerd; Sandberg 612, 613, Center City; Bailey 104, Ver- milion lake. Carex monile TucKERM. Enum. Meth. 20 (1843). CU. vaseyi DEw. Sill. Journ. XXIX, 347 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s’Man. 6 ed. 594; Britt., Fl. N. J. 269; Bail., Typ. Car. 39; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 251; Coult., Fl. Colo. 353; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Bail., Syn. Car. 67. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., N. E. T.; also Brit. Col. and Calif.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; wet places and edges of ponds or streams. HERB.: Taylor 25, Elysian; Ballard 9a, Goodhue, Co.; 10a, Goodhue Co.; Juni 23, Agate bay; Bailey 423, Fall lake; Bailey 274, St. Louis river. Carex utriculata Boott, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 221 (1840). C. ampullacea var. utriculata CAREY, Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 566 (1848), C. rostrata var, utriculata BAIL. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 67 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 594; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 171; Britt., F]. N. J. 269; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 252; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Coult., Fl. Colo. 383; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 388; Wats., King Exp. 374; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 278; Bail., Syn. Car. 67. North America: Atl.{to Pac. in Can.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo.; S. in Rocky mts. to Colo. and Utah, Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; swamps and marshes. Hers.: Ballard 43, Chaska; Taylor 520, Mud lake, . LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 129 Waseca Co.; Bailey 144, Vermilion lake; Bailey 112, Vermilion lake. Carex oligosperma Micux. FI. Am. II, 174 (1808). C. oakesiana DEW. Sill. Journ. XIV, 351 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 593; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 168; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 159. North America: N. Eng., N. Br. to Bear lake and lat. ’ 66° N.; S. to Penn. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. district; swamps and borders of lakes. HERB.: Sandberg 615, 616, Center City; Arthur 10a, White Bear lake. Carex lupulina Muni. Willd. Spec. IV (1805). C. lurida Batu. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 63 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 593; Bail., Typ. Car. 11; Mac., FI. Can. 167; Britt., FJ. N. J. 269; Coult., Fl. Colo. 382; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543, Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 386; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 63. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ind. Terr. and N. Mex. ' Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Harth Co.; wet meadows, bogs and swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 334, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 697, Waconia; Sandberg 552, Red Wing. Carex lupulina MUBL. var. longipedunculata SARTW. Herb. (1856). C. folliculata LAM. Enc. Meth. III, 391 (1789). C. gigantea KuDGE, Linn. Trans. VII, 99 (1804). C. lupulina MUL. var. pedunculata DEw. Wood, Cl.-Bk. Bot. 376 C. canadensis DEw. Sill. Journ. XLI, 229 (1866), C. lupulina UPH. Fi. Minn. 158 (1884) in part. : C. lurida var. polystachya BAIL. Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 63 (1886) in part. . C. lurida MAcoun, FI. Can. II, 167 (1888) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 593; Bail., Typ. Car. 12; Chap., Fl. S. St. 543(?); Britt., Fl. N. J. 269(?); Mac., Fl. Can. II, 386; Bail., ' Syn. Car. 64. North America: Ont. to Hudson Bay?; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district, especially N. E.; infre- quent; wet meadows and bogs. (1855). Carex intumescens RupGe, Linn. Trans. VII, 97 (1804). C. folliculata WAHL. K. Acad. Handl. XXIV, 152 (1802) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 592; Mac., Fl. Can. I], 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J 269; Bail., Typ. Car. 62, 64, 72; Chap., Fl. —9 a 130 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. St. 554; Coult , Fl. Colo. 382; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 2, 125; Bail., Syn. Car. 62 North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. . Minn. valley: Forest district; S. W. district; probably throughout; wet meadows and bogs or swamps. HERB.: Taylor 50, Elysian; Bailey 68, Vermilion lake; MacM. and Sheld. 61, Brainerd. Carex pauciflora Licutr. Fl. Scot. Il, 543 (1777). C. patula Hups. FI. Angl. 402 (1762) not Host. C. leucoglochin LINN. f. Suppl. 413 (1781). Leucoglochin pauciflorus HEUFF. Flora 528 (1844). Psyllophora pauciflora ScHuR. Enum. 697 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 592; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 111; Richt., Pl. Eur. 145; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 448; Nym., Fl.. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 138; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86; Rothr., Alask. 457. Arctic and Alpine Europe. North America: Newf to Ont., Man., N. W. T. and Vancouver; N. to Sitka; S. to N. Eng., N. Penn., Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. districts; peat bogs and cold marshes. HERB.: Sandberg 614, Center City; Bailey 203, Ver- milion lake. X. AROIDEAE. Arum Family. Orontiaceae LINDL. Veg. King. 193 (1846). Araceae ENGLER, DC. Mon. Phan. II (1875). Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 232 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 955 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, ILI, 102 (1887). Genera: 105 living; 2-3 extinct? Tropical and temper- ate regions. Species: 1000; 92 per cent. in tropics; 8 per cent. in temperate regions. ACORUS Linn. Gen. 296 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 999; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. Engler and Prantl., Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 118 (Engler); Schenck, Palaecophyt. 378. Living species: 2; Japan, 1; temperate northern regions; 1. Fossil species: 2-3, doubtful; Spitzbergen, 1: ter- tiary, (Heer). Acorus calamus LINN. Spec. 824 (17538). A. odoratus LAM. FI. Fr. III, 299 (1778). Calamus aromaticus GULDENST. It. II, 327 (1791). Acorus aromaticus GiL1B, Exerc. Phyt. I, 205 (1792 . A. commutatus Scnuorr. Prodr. Aroid. 578 (1860). ——— COS / LIS’ OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 131 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 551; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Upham, F]. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 74; Chap., Fl. S. St. 442; Webb., Fl. Neb., 98; Hook.. Fl. Gt. Brit. 424; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 112; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 13; Richt., Pl Eur. 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl , Nat. Pfianz. II, 3, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Hart., Scand. Fl. I. 429. Almost all Europe; temperate Asia to China and Japan. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Owen Sound;, L. of Woods and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Iowa, Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: KE. districts to Chippewa valley; margin of swamps and streams. HERB.: Ballard 23n, Chaska; Taylor 10, Elysian; Leiberg 62, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 50, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 524, Red Wing; Sandberg 525, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 4526, Chisago Co.; last two are narrow-leaved forma angustifolia. SPATHYEMA Rar. Med. Rep. X, 173 (1808). Ictodes Braet. Med. Bot. I, 43 (1817). Symplocarpus SALIss. Nutt. Gen. I, 105 (1818). - Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI, 995; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 446; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 743; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 122 (Engler). Living species: 1; Atl. N. America, Japan and Amur- land. Spathyema foetida (LiInN.) Rar. Med. Rep. II, 10,173 (1808). Dracontium foetidum LINN. Spec. 967 (1762). Pothos foetidus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 186 (1803). Ictedes foetidus BiaEL. Med. Bot. II, 41 (1817). Symplocarpus foetidus SALISB. Nutt. Gen. 1, 105 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 551; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Mac., FI. Can. II, 73; Upham, F!. Minn. 134; Chap , F1.S. St. 441; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 3, 122. Japan and Amurland. North America: N. S.; N. B., Q., Ont. to swamps of N. Oar.; W. to Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm; local; bogs and near springs. Hers.: Holzinger 262, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1863, Minneapolis. CALLA Linn. Gen. 697 (1737). Provenzalia ADANS. Fam. II, 469 (1763). _ Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI, 989; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 446; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 123 (Engler). Living species: 1; Europe to Alps and Carpathians; Siberia; Atl. N. Amer. 182 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY / Calla palustris Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 1873 (1762). C. aethiopica GAERTN Fruct. II, 20 (1791). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 550; Britt., Fl. N. J. 253; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 73; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. LV, 11; Richt., Pl. Eur. 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 3, — 123; Hart., Fl Scand. I, 428. Kurope, N. of Alps and Carpathians; Siberia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q , Ont., Man. to Sas- - katchewan and Hudson Bay, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley; N. E. district only; cold marshes and bogs; perhaps N. W. HERB.: Bailey 98, Vermilion lake; Roberts 123, Duluth; Sheldon 2000a, Keegan’s lake; MacM. 107a, Taylor’s Falls. ARISAEMA Mart. Flora, II, 459 (1881). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 965; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III, 150 (Engler). Living species: 50+; mostly temperate and subtropi- cal Asia; 1-2, Abyssinia; N. America, 3-4; Canada, 2; E. sts., 2; S. sts., 3; only in Atl. Region Fossil species: Araceae (see Schenck, Palaeophyt, 377). Arisaema triphyllum (Linn.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. IT (1848). Arum triphyllum LINN. Spec. 1365 (1758) pro parte. Arisaema atrorubens BLUME, Rumphia I, 97 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 549; Britt., Fl. N. J. 252; Chap., Fl. S. St. 440; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 72; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., N. Superior region to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., EK. Kansas and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; rich woodland and shaded river-banks. HerB.: Taylor 432a, Janesville; Ballard 58, Chaska; Arthur 156, Vermilion lake; Herrick 278, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 221, Minneapolis; Sandberg 523, Vasa; Herb. Wickersheim 116, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 227, 228, Montevideo. XI. LEMNACEAE. Duck-Weed Family. Pistiaceae LiInDL. Veg. Kingd. (1846) in part. Endlicher, Gen Pl. 232 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1000 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, II1, 154 (1887). Genera: 2; temperate and tropical regions. Species: 24+; over one-half in tropics. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. chee LEMNA Linn. Gen. 798 (1737). Telmatophace ScHLEID. Linn. XIII, 391 (1839). Spirodela SCHLEID. 1. c. (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pi. III. 1001; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 451; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, III. 163, 164 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 378. Living species: 7; temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 3; Europe, 4; N. America, 6; Canada, 3; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 8; California, 5-6; Pl. King, 4; E. Sts., 6. Fossil species: 2; Oligocene, Spitzbergen (Heer); Samland (Conwentz). Lemna minor Linn. Spec. 970 (1753). : Lenticula ninor Scop. Fl. Carn, 1142 (1772). Lemna vulgaris var. B. LAM. Enc. Meth. III, 464 (1789). Lemna minima Humps. Gen. I, 372 (1815). L. cyclostasa ELL. ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 390 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 553; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 190; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 75; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Chap., Fl. S. St. 442; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 17; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Richt., Pl. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II. 3, 164; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 430. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; S. America. North America: Throughout; continent below 58° N. lat. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably westward; ponds and pools; floating on the surface. HERB.: Ballard 610, Chaska; Ballard 9, Chaska. Lemna perpusilla Torr. N. Y. Hl. IT, 245 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to Mich., Wis. and Minn. Minn valley: Forest district; floating in ponds and pools. HERB.: Sheldon 118, Elysian. Lemna trisulea Linn. Spec. 970 (1753). Lenticula trisulea Scop. Fl. Carn. 1143 (1772). Lemna cruciata Roxs. FI). Ind. III, 566 (1882). L. intermedia RuTHE, ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 391 (1839). Staurogeton trisulcus ScHUR. En. 636 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 254; Upham, Fl. Minn. 134; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 360; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 74; Webb., Fl. Neb. Bi; Wates., Fl. Calif. Il, 189; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Gris., Fl. W. 1.5; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 17; Richt., Pl. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; King] , Nat. Pflanz. II, 3, 164; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 430. Europe; Asia; Australia; South America; Africa. 134 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Atl. to Pac, in Can.; to lat 58° N.; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Neb. and N. Mex., Oregon and Calif. . Minn. valley: Throughout; not infrequent; ponds and pools, floating on the surface. HERB.: Ballard 6/, Chaska; Sheldon 355, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 442, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor - 218a, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Ballard 818, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 680, Waconia Lemna polyrhiza Linn. Spec. 970 (1753). Lenticula polyrhiza LAM. FI. Fr. 189 (1778). - Lemna orbicularis Kir. in Schult. Ostr. Fl. ed. 2, 64 (1814). L. thermalis BEAUV. in Nutt Gen. I, 19 (1818). L. major C. A.M. Ind. Cauc. 11 (1831). L. orbiculata Roxs. FI. Ind. III, 565 (1832). Speirodela polyrhiza SCHLEID. Linn. XIII, 392 (1839). Lemna bannatica KUNTH, Enum. III, 7 (1841). Telmatophace polyrhiza GopR. FI. Lorr. ILI, 18 (1844). T. orbicularis ScHUR. Enum. 635 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 552; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 75; Webb., Fl. Neb. 97; Wats., Fl. Calif. II. 190; Coult., Fl. Colo. 360; Chap., Fl. S. St. 443; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 425; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross IV, 18; Richt., Pl. Eur. 175; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 122; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II. 3, 164; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 368; Wats., King Exp. 336; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 429. Kurope—except Greece; Russia and Siberia; Australia; Madeiras; Central America and West Indies. North America: Same distribution as last. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; ponds and pools; floating on the surface. HERB.: Ballard 441, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 882, Waconia; Ballard 60, Chaska; Sheldon 724, Sleepy Hye. GRANTIA Grirr. Notul. III, 236 (1851) not Boiss. Wolffia HorkeEt, ex. Schleid. Linn. XIII, 389 (1889), not Wulftia Neck. Elem. I, 35 (1790). Horkelia Reicu. ex. Bartl. Ord. Nat. 76 (1830), not Cham. and Schlecht. (1827). Bruniera FRANCHET, Billotia, 25 (1864). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I11, 1001; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 451; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 111, 164 (Engler). Living species: 12; Europe; E. Indies; tropical Africa and America to Canada and Chile. N. America, 2 sp. Grantia brasiliensis (WEDD). Wolffia brasiliensis Wepp. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, XII, 157 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 553; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 76. North America: With G. columbiana. oS LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 135 Minn. valley: Forest district; probably throughout; pools and ponds; floating on the surface. Hers.: Ballard 888, Lake Waconia; Ballard 62 (partly), Chaska, Carver Co. Grantia columbiana (Karst). Wolffia columbiana KARST. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 553; Britt., Fl. N. J. 255; Upham, Fl. Minn. 135; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 76, 368. North America: Ont., Conn. and N. J.; to Minn., Mo. and La. . Minn. valley: Forest district; Waconia to Blue Earth Co.; ponds and pools; floating near the surface. HERB.: Ballard 62, Chaska; Oestlund 182, Minnehaha. XII. XYRIDACEAE. Star-Eyed Grass Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 123 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 841 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1V, 18 (1887). Genera: 2; tropics and N. temperate America; large- ly tropical. Species: 48+; principally in tropical America. XYRIS Linn. Gen. 31 (1737). Schizmaxon STEUD. Bot. Zeit. 391 (1856). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 842; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1V, 20 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 366. Living species: 40; warmer regions, except Europe; principally N. and S. America. N. America, 20+; S. Sts., 18; EB, Sts., 4; Canada, 1. Fossil species: ? Tertiary, W.N. America (Lesquereaua). Xyris flexuosa MuHu. Cat. 5 (1813). ?X. jupicai Micux. FI. N. Am. I,.23 (1803) nom. dub. X. bulbosa KuNTH, Enum. LV, 11 (1843). X. scabra ENGELM. Herb. Columbia Coll. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 537; Britt., Fl. N. J. 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 54; Chap., Fl. S. St. 500; Ries, Torr. Bull. XIX, 37. North America: N.S.. Ont. (in var.?), Mass. to N. J. and Md. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from the N. E. district; rare or doubtful; sandy or peaty bogs. XIIl. ERIOCAULACEAE,. Pipewort Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 122 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1019 (1883); Hieronymus in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 21 (1887). 136 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ‘ Genera: 6; warmer regions and in temperate zones. Species: 340+; 60 per cent. in Brazil. ERIOCAULON Linn. Gen. ed. II, 81 (1742). Randalia, Sphaerochloa, Symphachne BEAvuy. Anon. Sci. Nat. 1, xiii, 47 (1828). Nasmythia Hubs. FI]. Angl. ed. 2, 414 (1778). Leucocephala Roxs. FI, Ind. ILI, 612 (1832). Electrosperma F. Mutu. Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. 1, 23 (1855). Lasiolepis BoECKL. Flora 90 (1873). Chaetodiscus STEuD. Syn. Glum. II, 261 (1855). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1020; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 454; — Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1V, 26 (Hieronymus). Living species: 110; Asia, Africa, Australia, S. Amer- ica, E. N. America, Ireland and Hebrides. N. America, 4-5; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 1; EH. Sts., 3. Fossil species: ? Tertiary, W.N America (Lesquereauz). Eriocaulon septangulare WitH. Bot. Arr. 184 (1776). Nasmythia articulata Hups. Fl. Angl. 415 (1778). Eriocaulon decangulare Hutu, Brit. Fl. 29 (1799). E. pellucidum Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 166 (1803). E. articulatum Morone, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 353 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 567; Britt., F]. N.J. 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 92; Richt., Pl. Eur. 176; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 421; Engl. Hieron., Nat. Pfianz. LI, 4, 27. Ireland, Skye and the Hebrides. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Lake Superior and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J.; W. to Ind., Mich. and Minn. | Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; borders of ponds and lakes. HERB.: Bailey 536, Burntside lake. XIV. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 124 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 844 (1883); Schénland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 60 (1887). Genera: 25; tropics, and a few in temperate regions, except of Asia and Europe. Species: 325; 90 per cent.+, in tropics. TRADESCANTIA Linn. Gen. 277 (1787). Ephemerum Mogencu, Meth. 2387 (1794). Knowlesia HaAssk. Commel. Ind. 5 (1870). Descantaria ScuLecut. Linn. XX VI, 140 (1852). Heterachthia KuNnzE, Bot. Zeit. 1 (1850). Pyrrheima HaAssk. Flora 366 (1869). Mandonia HaAssk. Flora 260 (1871). Le ' | LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVDUCING PLANTS. at Disgrega HAssk. Commel. Ind. 6 (1870), Skofitzia HAssk. Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 147 (1872). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 853; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 435; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, IV, 68 (Schénland); Schenck, Palaeo- phyt. 367. : j Living species: 382; tropical and temperate America. N. America, 5; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: ? Commelinacites, amber (Conwentz). Tradescantia virginica LINN. Spec. 288 (1753). T. cristata WALT. FI. Car. 119 (1788). T. ohioensis RAF. N. FI. &6 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 539; Britt., Fl. N. J. 248; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., Fl. S. St. 498; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 355; Engl. Schonland, Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 68; Wats., King Exp. 359; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 274; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. Mexico to Central America ? North America: N. Y. to Minn., Dak. and Wyoming; S. to Fla. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; meadows and edges of woods. HERB: Sheldon 747, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 176, Janes- ville; Taglor 578, Minnesota lake; Taylor 783, Glenwood; Bal- lard 368, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 58, Chaska; Herrick 319, Minneapolis; Herrick 320, Minneapolis; Kassube 250, Minne- apolis; Holzinger 294, Winona Co.; Oestlund 209, Minneapolis; Sandberg 597, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1711, Minneapolis; Hammond 50, Lake City; Wickersheim 130, Idlewild. XV. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-Weed Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 137 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 836 (1883); Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2; 1V, 70 (1887). Genera: 6; warmer regions, except Europe. Species: 28; principally tropical. PONTEDERIA Linn. Gen. 291 (1787). Unisema Rar. Journ. Phys. LX XXIX, 261 (1819). Reussia ENDL. Gen. 139 (1840). Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2. IV, 78, 74 (Schénland); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 837. Living species: 3-4; N. America, 1; S. America, 3. Pontederia cordata LINN. Spec. 288 (1753). P. mucronata RAF. Med. Rep. XI, 352 (1808). P. angustifolia PursHu, FI. Am. I, 233 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 536; Britt., Fl. N. J. 246; Mac.» Fl. Can. II, 58; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 496; Engl. Schénl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226, 138 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and Sas- katchewan; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. district; forest lakes; local and infrequent. HETERANTHERA Ruiz and Pav. Prodr, 9, t, 2 (1794). Schollera SCHREB. Gen. Pl. II, 785 (1791) not Roth (1788). Leptanthus Micux. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 24 (1803). Buchosia VELLoz. FI. Flum. 33 (1827). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 838; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 433; - Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, 1V,74 (Schonland); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. EE 318. Living species: 9; tropical Africa; N. andS. America. N. America, 3-4; California, 1; S. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; E. Sts., 3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.). Commelina dubia JACQ. Icon. (1768). ‘ Schollera graminifolia WILLD. Nov. Act. Soc. Berl. ILI, 438 (1801). Leptanthus gramineus Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 25 (1803). Heteranthera graminea VAHL, Enum. II, 45 (1806). Schollera graminea BARTR. Fl. N. Am. IT, 54 (1822). S. dubia OK. Rev. Gen. II, 719 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 536; Britt., Fl, N. J. 247; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 54; Upham, FI. Minn, 149; Chap. F1. S. St. 497; Engl. Schénl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 4, 74; Wats., Fl. Calif. 1I, 187; Wats., King. Exp. 359; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. Cuba. North America: Ont. and Ott. to N. Eng., N. J. and © N.-Car.; W. to Minn., E. Kan., Ark. and Tex.; also, Oregon and California. Minn. valley: Throughout; mud beside lakes or streams, or completely aquatic. | HERB.: Sheldon 718, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1430, Lake Benton; Sheldon 813, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1135, Springfield; Sheldon 1508, Lake Benton; Taylor 987, Glenwood; MacMillan 19, Morton; Herrick 318, Minneapolis; Oestlund 208, Minnehaha; Sandberg 596, Belle Creek. XVI. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 130(1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 861 (1883); Buchenau in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 1 (1887). Genera: 7; 2, cosmopolitan; 5, southern hemisphere. Species: 190 +; 5-6, extinct. ; JUNCUS Linn. Gen. 295 (1787) p. p. Tenagaia Reicu. Ic Fl. Germ. 1X, 22 (1847). Cephaloxys Drsvx. Journ. Bot. I, 324 (1808). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 139 Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 867; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 436; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 5 (Buchenau); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 363. Living species: 176 (Buch. Mon.); cosmopolitan. Europe, 45; Russia, 35; Russian Europe, 30; North America, 60; Canada, 37-48; E. Sts., 27-80; California, 28-82; Rocky mts., 4-5; Pl. King., 9; Pl. Wheel., 14; S. Sts., 16-20. Fossil species, 3-4, Tertiary; Greenland and Spitz- bergen (Heer). Juncus tenuis WILLD. Spec. II, 214 (1799). gracilis SM. Comp. FI. Brit. 55 (1800). . bicornis MicuHx. FI. N. Am. J, 191 (1803). parviflorus Por. Enc. Meth. Suppl. III, 160 (1813). macer 8S. F. GRAY, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. II, 164 (1821). . aristatus LINK, Enum. 2948 (1822). gesnert SM. Engl. Fl. II, 167 (1824). chloroticus SCHULTES, R. and S. Syst. VII, 240 (1829). . smithii KUNTH, Enum. III, 349 (1841). . lucidus Hocust. FI. Az. 24 (1848). germanorum STEUD. Syn. Glum. II, 305 (1855). . vacillans STEUD. Syn. Glum. IT, 305 (1855). . compressus X effusus O. KUNTZE, Tasch. FI. Leip. 55 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 542; Britt., Fl. N. J. 250; Mac., FI. Can. I1, 59; Upham, #1. Minn. 148: Chap., Fl. S. St. 493; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 207; Buch., Mon. June. 193; Coult. Fl. Colo. 358; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 197; Richt., Pl. Eur. 177; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 416; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 136; Wats., King. Exp. 493; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 273; Cov. Fl. Ark. 227. Central Europe; Tristan d’Acunha and New Zealand (intro. ?). North America: N. 8., to Hudson Bay, Saskatche- wan, Bear lake and Vancouver; 8S. to Oregon, S. Calif. and N. Mex.; E. to N. Eng., Fla. and W. Indies. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; low marshy or damp places. HERB.: Sheldon 878, Sleepy Hye; Sheldon 1443, Pipe- stone; Ballard 432, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1366, Lake Benton; Taylor 635, Minnesota lake; Herrick 317, Minneapolis; Bailey 125, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 205, Ramsey Co.; Bailey 486, Agate bay; Sandberg, 594, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 67, Brainerd. NNYNNNNNNyyys Juncus vaseyi ENGELM. Rev. N. Amer. Junc. II, 448 (1866). Wats. and Couit., Gray’s Man 6ed. 542; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. Junc. 201; Engl. Buch., Nat. Pflanz. II. 5, 5; Wats., King Exp. 492; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 58. North America: Lake Nipigon to Saskatchewan and ; \ dae \ f ‘ § a 140 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Brandon, Man.; S. to Colo.; E. to Ill., Minn., Mich. and in N. Maine. Minn. valley: Reported from forest district and S. E. edge; infrequent; wet meadows. Juncus balticus WILLD. var. litoralis ENGELM. Rev. Amer. June. II, 441 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 540; Mac., Fl. Gan: II, 56; Upham, —~ Fl. Minn. 148; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 205; Coult., FL Colo. 357; Buch., Mon. June. 215; ? Hook., Fil. Gt. Brit. 415: Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 266?; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 272?; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 420 (spec.); Rothr., Alask. 4572. S. America, Patagonia; Pyrenees mts. (spec.). North America: N. S., Q., to L. Huron and L. Winni- peg; S. to Mass., Penn., Minn., Ohio, and Colo. ? Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; infre- quent; marshes and swamps. HERB.: ? Oestlund 204, Ramsey Co. Juncus filiformis Linn. Spec. 326 (1753). J. arcticus LAP. Abr. 193 (1813). J. trichodes STEUD. Syn. Glum. IT, 306 (1855). J. transilvanicus ScHuUR. Enum. 684 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 540; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 55; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 357; Buch., Mon. June. 224; Richt., Pl. Eur. 178; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 223; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 415; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buchenau, Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 5; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 365; Wats., King Exp. 492; Hart. Fl. Scand. 420. Kurope to Apennines; N. Asia; Patagonia. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Little Slave lake, Bear lake and Brit. Col.; Selkirk summits; S. to N. Eng., Mich., Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare; marshes and swamps. HERB.: Bailey 17, Vermilion lake; Roberts 135, Knife river. Juncus effusus Linn. Spec. 326 (1753). . conglomeratus LINN. Spec. 326 (1753) pro parte. . bogotensis HBK. N. Gen. Et. Spec. I, 285 (1815). . communis var. effusus E. MEy. Mon. June, 20 (1819). . laevis var. effusus WALLR. Sched. Crit. I, 142 (1822). . demulans LIEBM. Mex. Junc. 38 (1850). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 540; Britt., Fl. N. J. 249; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 55; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 498; Buch., Mon. June. 228; Led., FJ. Ross. IV, 221; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 414; Richt., Pl. Eur. 178; Nym.,F1. Eur.; umber Fl. Kur, 266; Herd ,F). Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buch., Nat Pflanz. II, 5, 5; Wats., King Exp. 491; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226; Hart.. Fl. Scand. I, 419- 420, NQNNSNN LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 141 Kurope; Asia; Africa; Australia; Central America. North America: Newf., Hudson Bay to Vancouver; S., E. of Rocky mts., to Gulf of Mex. and Fla. Minn. valley: N. edge; marshy or swampy ground; rare. HERB.: Bailey 520, Agate Bay; Sandberg 593, Chi- sago Co. Juncus nodosus LINN. var. genuinus ENGELM. Rey. Junc. II, 471 (1868). J. rostkovii E. MEy. Syn. June. 26 (1822). J. nodosus Auct. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 545; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Mac., Ff). Can. II, 634—excl. syn.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 149; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Wats., Fl. Calif. I1, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 314, 316; ?Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 235; Wats., King Exp. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Webb., Appx. Neb. 25. S. Russia ? North America: N.S., N. Br., Hudson Bay, Bear lake to Brit. Col. and Saskatchewan; S. to Oregon and Calif.; S. to Minn., Iowa, N. Ind., Neb., Ark.; E. to N. Eng. and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; marshes, swamps and banks. HERB.: Ballard 837, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 896, St. Bonifacius; Taylor 1085, Glenwood; Sheldon 1158, New Ulm; Taylor 639, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1397, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1458, Pipestone; Sandberg 595, Red Wing; Oéest- lund 206, Hennepin Co.; Oestlund 207, Ramsey Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 23, Brainerd. Juncus nodosus LINN. var. megacephalus Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 827 (1843). J. megacephalus Woop, Bot. 724 (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 545; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 63; Upham, FI]. Minn. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358; Buch., Mon. Junc. 316; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 208; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 273. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan, Colo., Oregon, Ney., Arizona, Calif. and Tex.; E. to N. Y., Ohio and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally westward; hab- itat with the type. HERB.: Sheldon 1032a, New Ulm; Sheldon 1071, Spring- field; Sheldon 1462, Pipestone. Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. coarctatus ENGELM. Rev. June. 474 (1868). J. paradoxus AucT. AMER. in part. J. acuminatus AucT. AMER. before ENGELM. not Micha. 142 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 546; Buchenau, Mon. June. 271; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 63; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Coult., Fl. Colo. 358. North America: N.S., N. E. T. and Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district; wet meadows and banks. HERB.: Taylor 85, Elysian; Sheldon 205, Madison Lake; Bailey 276, St. Louis river; MacM. and Sheld. 68, Brainerd; Juni 27, Little Marais. Juncus canadensis J. Gay var. longecaudatus ENGELM. Rev. June. II, 474 (1868). J. paradozus AUCT. AMER. J. polycephalus var. paradozus Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 327 (1843). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 545; ?Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, F]. Minn. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 64; Coult., FI. Golo. 358; Buch., Mon. June. 271; Wats., ming Exp. 495; Cov., Fl. oe 227. Central Amer. to Venezuela ? North America: N. Br., Ont. to S. Ste. Marie and Minn.; E. to Mass. and N.J.; S. to S. Car. and La.; W. to Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; wet places. HERB.: Juni 17, Little Marais; Bailey 276, St. Louis river; Taylor 637, Minnesota lake. Juncus acuminatus MIcHx, var. legitimus ENGELM. Rev. June. IT, 435 (1868). J. acuminatus Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 192 (1803). J. pallescens KE. Mey. Syn. June. 31 . 1822). J. paradozus E. Mry. Syn. June. 30 (1822). J. fraternus KUNTH, Enum. III, 340 (1841). J. debilis GRAY, Man. ed. I], 480 (1856) pro parte. J. pondii Woop, Bot. 724 (1861). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 544; Britt., Fl. N. J. 250; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 62; Buch., Mon. June. 333; Chap., Fl. S. St. 494; Wats., King Exp. 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 226. North America: N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn.; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Kan., Nev.? and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; wet places and meadows. Hers.: Ballard 280, Jordan, Scott Co. CYPERELLA Cram. Tent. Bot. 41 (1744). Juncastrum HeEIsr. Syst. 12 (1748). Ischaemon SCHMIED. Gesn. Hist. Pl. 13 (1759) not Linn. Luzula DC. FI. Fr. ITI, 158 (1805). Juncodes ADANS. Fam. II, 47 (1768). Leucophoba Enru. Phyt. n. 73 (1793). Luciola Sm. Eng. Fl. II, 177 (1824). rh 25 tl q 7 ( - LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 143 Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 436; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 436; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 7 (Buchenau): O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. is Living species: 40+; temperate regions and tropical mts. Europe, 26; Russia, 10; Russian Europe, 10; Canada, 8-10; California, 5; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 3; Pl. King, 4; U. S., 10. Cyperella campestris (LINN.) var. multiflora (EHRH.). Juncus campestris var. G. LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 469 (1762). Juncus multiflorus EHRH. Calam. Exsice (1791). J. intermedius THUILL. FI. Par. Env. 178 (1799). J. erectus PERS. Syn. I, 386 (1805). J. nemorosus Host. Icon. Gram. 97 (1805). Luzula erecta DESV. Mem. Luz. 156 (1808). . multiflora Les. Fl. Env. Spa, 169 (1811). . tntermedia var. multiflora SPENN. FI. Frib. 177 (1825). . pallescens HOPPE, Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. X VIII, 77 (1839). . campestris AUCT. AMER. et VET. ORB. . campestris vars. pallescens and comosa MAC. FI. Can. II, 67 (1888). . campestris DC. var. multiflora L. CELAKOV. Prodr.B6hm,.85(1869). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 546; Buchen., Mon. June. 161; Britt., Fl. N. J. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 493; Wats., Fi. Calif. II, 203; Richt., Pl. Eur. 186; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 216; Hook., FI. Gt. Brit. 420; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 267; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 136; Engl. Buchen.. Nat. Pflanz. II, 5,7; Wats., King Exp. 355; Cov., Fl. Ark. 227; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 426; Rothr., Alask. 456. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; N. Zealand. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Plumas Co., Calif. From N. Eng. to Fla and W. to Minn., Ark. and Texas. Sia SS SoS Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; dry fields and hills. HERB.: Sandberg 592, Chisago Co.; Sheldon 1621, Twin lake, Hennepin Co. XVII. LILIACEAE. Lily Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 133, 139, 152 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 748 (1883); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 10 (1887). Genera: 200; cosmopolitan; most abundant in sub- tropical and temperate regions. Extinct, 6-7. Species: 2500; extinct, 100-150; doubtful. TOFIELDIA Hups. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157 (1778). Heriteria SCHRANK, Baier. Fl. I, 133 (1789). Hebelia GmE.L. FI. Bad. II, 117 (1806. Triantha Nutt. Gen. I, 235 (1818). Isidrogalvia R. and P. Fl. Per. and Chile, III, 69 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 828; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 431; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 20 (Engler). 144 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 14; N. temperate and Arctic regions, and in the Andes. Japan, 5; N. America, 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 3; California, 2; Himalayas, 1; Andes, 1-2. Tofieldia glutinosa (MicHx.) Wi1LLD. Spec. IV (1805). Narthecium glutinosum Micux. FI). N. Am. I, 210 (1805). Melanthium aspericaule Porn, ex Steud. Nom. II, 690 (18137). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 532; Upham,, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., - Fl. Can. II, 44; Wats., FJ. Calif. II, 184; Chap., Fl. S. St. 492; Coult., Fl. Colo. 354; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 211; Rothr., Alask. 456. Arctic Russia, Kamtk. and Siberia. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Athabasca, Hudson Bay, Bear Lake and Alaska; W. to Rocky mts.; S. to California and Oregon; Wyoming; S. to Minn., Mich., Ind., N. Y., Maine and in Alleghenies to Tenn. and N. Car. Minn. valley: N. and forest districts; moist grounds and shaded banks. HERB.: Taylor 733, Glenwood; Herrick 305, Minnea- polis; Herrick 306, Minneapolis ; Sandberg 572, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1755, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 224, Minneapolis. ZIGADENUS Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 213 (1808). Monadenus and Chitonia SAuissp. Fragm. 51 (1822?). Anticlea and Amiantanthium KuntTH, Enum. IV, 179, 191 Amianthium A. GRAy, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 121 (1837). Chrosperma RAF. ex. Engler. |. c. (1887). Endooles SAuissp. Fragm. (1822?). . Stenanthium A.GRaAy, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 119 (1887). Schoenocaulon A.GRAY, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 127 (1837). Asagraya LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 33 (1839). Sabadilla BRANDT, Hayne, Arzneig. XIII, f. 27 (1836). Benth. and Jlook., Gen. Pl. III, 835, 836; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 23, 24 (Engler). Living species: 20; N. America and Mexico, 17; C. Amer., 1; Saghalin, 1; Siberia, 1; E. Sts., 11; California, 3-4; S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 4-5; Rocky mts., 5. Zigadenus elegans PursH, Fl. Am. 241 (1814). Z. chloronthus Ricu. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 177 (1840). Z. glaucus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 178 (1840), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 535; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 52; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., FI. S. St. 488; Coult., Fl. Colo. 353; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 183; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 24; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 271. (1843). North America: Newf., Anticosti, to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Oregon and Behring’s Straits, 62° 45’ N. lat.; S. to Nev., N. Mex., Arizona, Neb., Ill., Minn. and Tex. ? LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 145 Minn. valley: Throughout; common; grassy places, fields, hillsides and meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 744, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 553, Waseca; Sheldon 1539, Lake Benton; Taylor 472, Janesville; Ballard 166, Shakopee; Sandberg 571, Red Wing; Oestlund 198, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 304, Minneapolis; Kassube 240, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1918, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 237, Camp Release, Chippewa Co. MELANTHIUM Linn. Gen. ed. II, Appx. (1742). Leimanthium WILLD. Gesell. Nat. Berl. Mag. IT, 24 (1802). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI. 834; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 24 (Engler). Living species: 3; Atlantic N. America. HK. Sts., 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 1. Melanthium virginicum Linn. Spec. 339 (1753). Helonias virginica Stus, Bot. Mag. 285 (——)? Leimanthium virginicum WILLD. Mag. Naturf. II, 24 (1808). Zygadenus virginicus KUNTH, Enum. IV, 195 (1843). Melanthium hybridum PursH, Fl. Am, 242 (1814). Leimanthium hybridum Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 177 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 533; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 51; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Chap., Fl. S. St. 488; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 24: Cov., Fl. Ark, 226. North America: Ont.? to N. Eng.; S. to N. Car. and Fla.? W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; wet meadows. VERATRUM Linn. Gen. 769 (1787). Acedilanthus Trauty. Midden. Reise, Fl, Okh. 94 (1864?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II]. 834; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 24 (Engler). Living species: 9; forest regions of N. hemisphere. Russia, 4; Europe, 2; N. America, 5; California, 2; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2. Veratrum viride Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 896 (1789). V. album Micux. FI. N. Am. 1, 249 (1803). Helonias viridis Sims, Bot. Mag. 1096 (——)? Veratrum eschscholizii GRAY, in Rothr. Alask. 456 (1867). V. album var. eschscholtzii DAWSON, Bound Rep. 374 (1875). ? V. album var. viridis REGEL, FI. Ussur. 153 (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 534; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Mac., FI. Can. II, 51; Upham, Fl. Minn., 144; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 489; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 182; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 115?; Wats., King Exp. 344; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. WI, 5, 24. =e, 146 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Valley of the Lena river in Siberia? North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col., Vancouver and Sitka, Alaska; S. to Oregon; E. to Mo., Ga. and Atlantic coast. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; swamps and marshes. UVULARIA Linn. Gen. 263 (1787). ye Oakesia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. XIV, 269 (1879), not Tuck. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 880; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 431; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 27 (Engler). Living species: 4; Atlantic N. America. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Exot. Fl. 99 (1804). ?U. lanceolata WILLD. Spec. II, 94 (1799). U. perfoliata var. major MicHx. FI. I, 199 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 528; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., F]. Can. II, 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 487; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. IL, 5, 27; Cov., Fl. Ark, 225. North America: Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Lake Huron; S. to N. Eng., N. Y. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and. Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams. Hers.: Ballard 78, Chaska; Oestlund 199, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 241, Minneapolis; Herrick 308, Minneapolis; Bailey 233, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 575, Goodhue Co.; Ham- mond 42, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 238, Montevideo. Uvularia perfoliata Linn. Spec. 304 (1758). U. perfoliata var. minor MICHX. Fl. Am. I, 199 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 44; Chap., Fl. S. St. 487. North America: Ont.? to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams; abundant. Hers.: Taylor 136, Janesville; Sheldon 144, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 307, Minneapolis; Sandberg 573, Red Wing; Sandberg 574, Cannon Halls; Herb. Sheld. 1893, Min- neapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 123, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Uvularia sessilifolia Linn. Spec. 3805 (1758). Oakesia sessilifolia 8S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. XIV, 269 (1879). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 45; Upham, Fl. Minn, 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 487; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 147 North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict; woods and shaded banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sandberg 576, Black Oak, Goodhue Co.; Sand- berg 577, Goodhue Co.; Holsinger 282, ‘western Minnesota”; Kassube 242, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1706, Minneapolis; 1896, Ramsey Co. ALLIUM Linn. Gen. 294 (1737). Hexonychia, Calliprena, Raphione, Xylorhiza, Berenice, Porrum, Cepa, Phyllodolon, Camarilla, Schoenissa, Butomissa,. Hylogeton, Molyza, Canidia, Julus, Saturnia, Briseis SALIsB. Fragm. Gen. 88-94 (1822?). Schoenoprasum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. I, 277 (1815). Codonoprasum Reicus. Fl. Germ. Exc. 114 (1830). Ophioscorodon WALLR. Sched. Crit. 129 (1822). Moenchia Mepic. Act. Palat. VI, 343 (——). Moly MorencnH, Meth. 286 (1794). Saturnia MaratTri, Diss. Romul. 18, t. 2 (1772). Nectaroscordum LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1912 (1836). Trigonea PARLAT. Occhio, 161 (1839). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. [II, 802; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 427; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 55 (Engler). Living species: 250; S. and Mid. Europe; extra-trop- ical Asia; N. Africa; N. America to Mexico. Europe, 80; Rus- sia, 73; European Russia, 40; N. America, 30-35; California, 25; Canada, 10; S. Sts., 7-8; Rocky mts., 14; E. Sts., 7; PI. King, 8; Pl. Wheel., 6; S. America, 3-4; centers in Himalaya region. Allium canadense Kautm, Linn. Spec. 1195 (1762). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 522; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 36; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Coult., Fl. Colo. 348; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Wats., King. Exp. 487: Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. Eng., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; wet fields and along bases of hills. HERB.: Taylor 518, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 621, Minnesota lake; Ballard 106, Carver; Ballard 355, Helena, Scott Co.; Sandberg 591, Vasa; MacM. and Sheld. 66, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1916, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 242, Montevideo. Allium stellatum Nutr. Gen. I, 214 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 522; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mace., F]. Can. II, 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 348; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Wats., King Exp. 486. 148 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Wy oming, Neb., Dak., Minn., W. Ills. and Mo. Minn. valley: Prairie district and far N. H.; N. edge; high bluffs and headlands. HERB.: Sheldon 1202, New Ulm; Sheldon 1518a, Lake Benton; Sheldon 952, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1472, Pipestone, Sheldon 971, Sleepy Eye; Gedge 16, Tracy, Lyon Co.; Oestlund - 203, Minneapolis. Allium cernuum RotH, Cat. Fasc. II, 2 (1800). ? A. tricorne Porn. Suppl. Enc. Meth. I, 270 (1810). A. stellatum Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 184 (1840) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 522; Upham, FI. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 35; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Coult., Fl. Colo. 347; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269; Wats., King Exp. 486. North America: Lake of the Woods and Souris river to Brit. Col., Vancouver and Nootka; S. to Oregon and N. Mex.; E. to S. Car. and Alleghenies. Minn. valley: Prairie district and N. W. and N. E. a tricts; rather rare; plains and sunny banks. Hers.: Taylor 876, Glenwood; Holzmger 293, Winona; Kassube 249, Minneapolis; Sandberg 590, Goodhue Co. Allium schoenoprasum Linn. Spec. 301 (1758). Cepa schoenoprasum MOENCH, Meth. 344 (1794). Allium foliosum CLAR. Red. Lil. 24 (1802). . acutum SPRENG. Pug. I, 28 1813). . tenuifolium Pont. Tent. Fl. Bohm. II, 10 (1815). . palustre PouRR. in Lag. Pl. Matr. 13 (1816). . sibiricum R. and 8. Syst. VII, 1027 (1829). . sibiricum schoenoprasioides FR. in Kunth, Enum IV, 685 (1841). . schoenoprasum var. alpinum Kocu, Syn. ed. 2, 833 (1845). . punctulatum ScuLecuHtT. Linn. XIX, 401 (1847). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 522; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 35; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 147; Goult, Fl. Colo. 347; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V, 166; Richt., Phebe a he. ba Pl. Eur. 202; Nym., Fl. Ware Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 406: Herd., Fl. Burs Russ. 132; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 56; Wats., King Exp. 485; Hart., Scand. FI. I, 407; Rothr., Alask. 456. All Europe and Siberia to Himalayas and Japan. North America: Labrador to Bear lake and the Yukon at lat. 63° N.; S. to Brit. Col., Oregon and Wyoming; EH. to Dak., Minn., Gt. Lakes, N. Br. and N. S. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; shores of forest lakes and river banks. Allium tricoccum Arr. Hort. Kew. I, 428 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 521; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Upham, Fl. Minn. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 34; ? Wats., King Exp. 485. a ra LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 149 North America: Ont. to N. of Lake Superior; S. to W. N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. and lowa. Minn. valley: Throughout; not infrequent; woods and banks of streams and lakes. Hers.: Taylor 622, Minnesota lake; Ballard 291, Jor- dan, Scott Co.; Taylor 127, Janesville; Sheldon 289, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 698, Waseca; Sheldon 1007, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 316, Minneapolis; Holzinger 292, Winona Co.; Sandberg 589, Vasa. LILIUM Liny. Gen. 258 (1787). Martagon SAuiss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 56 (1822?). Notholirion Botss. Fl. Or. V, 190 (1867). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 816; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 430; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 60 (Engler). Living species: 45; temperate regions, N. hemisphere. Russia, 10; Europe, 7; N. America, 14; Atl. region, 5; Pac. region, $; Rocky mts.. 1; S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 4. HE. Asia, 25+. Lilium canadense Linn. Spec. 3038 (1758). L. pardalinum var. bourgei BAKER, Linn. Journ. XIV, 242 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Upham, ’ FI]. Mion. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Engl., Nat. Pfianz. II, 5, 61; Wats., King Exp. 346. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Ft. Francis on Rainy Lake river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally forest district; moist fields, bogs and marshy meadows. HerB.: Ballard 410, New Prague, Scott Co.; Taylor 261, Janesville; Taylor 718, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 401, Madi- ison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 202, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 248, Minneapolis; Herrick 315, Minneapolis; Sandberg 587, Can- non Falls; Sheldon 450, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. Lilium superbum Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 485 (1762). L. carolinianum Micux. FI. I, 197 (1803). L. canadense var. superbum ELweEs, Mon. Lil. 21 (1878). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 61; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 39. . North America: W. Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; low grounds and meadows. HERB.: AHolzinger 288, Winona. 150 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Lilium philadelphicum Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 485 (1762). L. umbellatum PurRsH, FI]. Am. 229 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 529; Britt., Fl. N. J. 242; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 484; Coult., Fl. Colo. 351; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 269; Cov., Fl. Ark, 225. North America: Ont. to L. Huron, Saskatchewan, prairie region and Rockies and Columbia valley, Brit. Col.; - S. to Colo. in Rocky mts.; E. to Minn., Ark., N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; fields, prairies; forest openings and hillsides; principally forest district. HerB.: Taylor 554, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 640, Wa- seca; Sheldon 697, Waseca; Ballard 263, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bal- lard 460, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 585, Chisago Co.; Kassube 247, Minneapolis; Roberts 134, Split Rock; Leonard 47, Spring Valley; Bailey 386, Mud lake; Sandberg 586, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1695, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 127, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 241, Minnesota valley. ERYTHRONIUM Linn. Gen. 262 (1737). Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. III. 819; Durand, Ind Gen. Phan. 480; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 63 (Engler). Living species: 7; 1, Europe, Russian Asia and Japan; 6, N. America; Canada, 4—5; S. Sts., 2; California, 3-4 (1 en- dem. ); Rocky mts., 1. : Erythronium albidum Nutt. Gen. I, 2238 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt., Fl. N. J. 243; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 41; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 107; Cov. Fl. Ark. 225. North America: Ont. to N. Y., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; low woods, shaded banks and hillsides. HeRB.: Sandberg 588, Vasa; Manning 9, Lake City; Holzinger 290, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 128, Lake Ben- ton; 729,Mankato. Erythronium americanum SM. E. dens-canis var. g. LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 437 (1762). E. lanceolatum Pursu, Fl). Am. I, 230 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 528; Britt.,Fl. N. J. 242; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 41; Upham,F]. Minn. 146; Chap.,F. 8. St. 484; Engl., Nat. Pflaniz. II, 5, 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 151 Minn. valley: Forest district; St. Paul to Blue Harth Co.; thickets, copses and rich woodland. ‘HERB.: AHolzinger 289, Winona Co.; Holzinger 291, Winona. CAMASSIA Linpu. Bot. Reg. t. 1486 (——). Cyanotris RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Sitocodium SA Liss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 27 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 815; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 429: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 66 (Engler). Living species: 8; N. America; Canada, 3; Calif., 1; E. Sieh: ©. ous, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; Pl. King, 4: Camassia fraseri (NuTT.) Torr. Pac. Rep. IV, 147 (1856). Phalangium esculentum Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). Py fraser NUrT.? Scilla esculenta KER Bot. Reg. t. 1574 (1833). S. fraserti GRAY. Man. ed. 5, 553 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 523; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 37; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 147; Hngl., Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 66; Cov., Fl., Ark. 225. North America: Ont. and W. Penn. to Ga.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; local and rare; wet prairies, bases of hills and banks of streams. CLINTONIA Rar. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Xeniatrum SALIss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 58 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl III, 832; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 79 (Engler). Living species: 6; Pac. America, 2; Atl. Amer., 2; Japan and EH. Siberia, 1; C. and E. Himalayas, at Clintonia borealis (Air.) Rar. Atl. Journ, 120 (1882). Dracaena borealis Air. Hort. Kew. I, 5 (1789). Smilacina borealis Pursu, Fl. Am, 232 (1814). Convallaria umbellata Torr. Fl. N. Am. I, 355 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 482; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. IT, 5, 27. North America: Labrador, Newf., N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Oregon?. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W, districts; infrequent; cold woods and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Lugger 1, Vermilion lake; Roberts 132, North shore; Herrick 309, St. Louis river; Arthur 46, Vermilion lake; Bailey 120, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 578, Agate bay. 152 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. UNIFOLIUM Apans. Fam. II (1763). Tovaria Neck. Elem. III, 190 (1790) not Adans. Smilacina DresF. Ann. Mus. Par. IX, 51 (1798). Sigillaria Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Polygonastrum MOENCH, Meth. 637 (1794). Asteranthemum, Jocaste, Medora KuntTH, Enum. V, 148-155 (1850). Neolexis SALIsB. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Majanthemum Wiaee. Prim. Holst. 15 (1780). Sciophylla WIBEL, Prim. Werth. 147 (1799). Bifolium GAERTN. Wett. Fl. I, 209 (1799). Styrandra Rar. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 102 (1819). Maia SALIsB. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 770; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 422; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 79 (Engler); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 717, 718; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 361. Living species: 21; N. temperate regions, 2; Hima- layas, 5; E. Siberia, 1; Japan, 1; W. N. America, 1 (end.); = Mexico and Gautemala, 7; Canada, 6; California, 4; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 4; N. America, 8-10; Europe, 1. Fossil species: ? Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); Ter- tiary, Greenland (Heer). Unifolium bifolium (LINN. ) Convallaria bifolia LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). C. quadrifida LAM. FI. Fr. III, 269 (1778). Majanthemum convallaria Wiec. Prim. F1. Holst. 15 (1780). Evallaria bifolia Neck. Elem. III, 196 (1791). OConvallaria tetrapetala GiL1B. Exerc. Phyt. II, 461 (1792). Majanthemum cordifolium MoENCH, Meth. 638 (1794). Snilacina bifolia DesF. Ann. Mus. IX, 54 (1807). Majanthemum cunadense DesF. Ann. Mus. 1X, 52 (1807). Smilacina canadense PursH, Fl. Am. 233 (1814). Styrandra bifolia RAF. Jour. Phys. LX XXIX, 102 (1819). Smilacina bifolia var. canadense GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 530? (1868). Unifolium canadense GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241: Mac., F]. Can. II, 32; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Chap., Fl. S. St. 481; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 162; Richt., Pl. Eur. 231; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 80; Rothr., Alask. 456. Whole N. temperate zone. North America: Labrador and Newf. to Hudson Bay, Bear lake and Rockies; 8S. through Can. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. W. to Minn., Dak. and Iowa. Alaska. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in forest dis- trict and along streams; damp woods and banks; tamarack swamps. Hers.: Ballard 870, Waconia; Ballard 418, New Pra- gue, Scott Co.; Ballard 68, Chaska; Taylor 948, Glenwood; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 153 Holzinger, 285, Winona Co.; Sandberg 582, Tower; Oestlund 200, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 312, Minneapolis; Bailey 246, Vermilion lake; Kassube 245, Minneapolis; Hammond 46, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1730, Minneapolis; 1710, Ramsey Co. Unifolium trifolium (LINN.) GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Convallaria trifolia LINN. Spec. 316 (1758). Smilacina trifolia DEsr. Ann. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Majanthemum trifolium LINK, Enum. I, 343 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Mac, Fl. Can. IT, 32; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 145; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 79. E. Siberia. North America: Labrador, Newf. to Man., Bear lake and Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Mich., Minn. . Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; bogs and damp woods or darkly shaded banks. HERB.: Sheldon 218, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Roberts 133, North shore; Herrick 311, St. Louis river; Juni 16, Put-in-Bay; Bailey 289, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 581, Chis- ago lake; Herb. Sheld. 1786, Minneapolis; Hummond 47, Lake City. Unifolium stellatum (LINN.) GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, 287 (1888). Convallaria stellata LINN. Spec. 316 (1753). Smilacina stellata DesF. Ann. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Majanthemum stellatum LINK, Enum. I, 348 (1821). Asteranthemum vulgare KUNTH, Enum. V, 152 (1850). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 526; Britt., Fl. N. J. 241; Webb, Fl. Neb. 108; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 30; Coult., Fl. Meo soo, Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 161; Richt., Pl. Hur; 231; Enel., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 79; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 270; Wats., King Exp. 345; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 569. Introduced in Norway. North America: Labrador to Hudson Bay, Saskatche- wan, Assiniboia, Rocky mts. and Oregon; S. in Sierras to Car- son, Nev.; in Rockies to N. Mex.; E. through Ark. and Neb. to Tenn., N. J. and Atl. coast. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; banks, woods and moist copses. HERB.: Sheldon 230, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 135, Madison Lake; Sheldon 882, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 12a, Elysian; Ballard 417, New Prague, Scott Co.; Taylor 166, Janesville; Taylor 212, Janesville; Sundberg 580, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 310, Minneapolis; Holzinger 284, Winona Co.; Kassube 154 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY 244, Minneapolis; Hammond 44, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1895, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 125, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 239, Chippewa valley. Unifolium racemosum (LINN.) Brirr. Torr. Bull. (1888). Convallaria racemosa LINN. Spec. 315 (1753). Smilacina racemosa DesF. Ann. Mus. IX, 52 (1807). Smilacina ciliata PuRsH, Fl. Am, 232 (1814). Majanthemum racemosum LINK, Enum. I, 343 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 525; Britt., Fl. N. J. 240; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn. 145; Chap., FI. S. St.481; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 79; Wats., King Exp. 345; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark. S. to northern Mexico ? Minn. valley: Forest district, and probably through- out; moist woods and banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 904, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 77, Chaska; Sheldon 136, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 12,Elysian; Taylor 135, Janesville; Holzinger 283, Winona Co.; Kassube 243, Minneapolis; Sandberg 579, Cannon Falls; Hammond 48, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1892, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 124, Mankato. POLYGONATUM Apawns. Fam. II, 54 (1763). Evallaria Neck. Elem, III, 189 (1790). Axillaria Rar. Jour. Phys. LX X XIX, 261 (1819). Campydorum SAtissp. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 64 (1822?). Periballanthus FRANCH. ET SAy. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 768; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 421; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 80 (Engler); Schenck, Pulaeophyt. 362. Living species: 23; temperate N. hemisphere. Europe, 6; Russia, 7; Russian Europe, 4;:N. America, 2-3; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 1. Polygonatum commutatum (SCHULT.) DiETR. Ott. Gartenz. 222 (1835). Convallaria canaliculata W1LLD. Spec. IV (1805), ? Polygonatum canaliculatum Pursu, Fl. Am. 235 (1814). Convallaria commutata ScHuLT. Syst. VII, 1671 (1880). P. gigenteum DietTR. Ott. Gartenz. 322 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 525; Britt., Fl. N. J. 240; Upham, F]. Minn. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 28; Coult., Fl. Colo. 350; Wats., King Exp. 346; Cov., Fl. Ark, 224. North America: W. Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Mont., Ark. and N. Mex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 155 Minn. valley: Throughout; common; woods and shady banks of lakes and streams. Hers.: Taylor 118a, Janesville; Ballard 67, Chaska; Sheldon 41, Elysian; Taylor 34, Elysian; Oestlund 201, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 287, Winona Co.; Herrick 314, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 584, Cannon Falls; Hammond 45, Lake City; Herb. Wicker- sheim 126, Lake Benton. Polygonatum biflorum (Wawrt,) Huu Sk. (1828). Convallaria biflora WALT. FE. Car. 122 (1788). C. multiflora Micux. FI. I, 202 (1803). Polygonatum angustifolium, ? canaliculatum, pubescens, ?hirtum, lati- folium and multiflorum PursuH, FI. I, 234-235 (1814). Convallaria parviflora Potr. Suppl. Enc. Meth. IV, 29 (1816). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 525; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 240; Mac., F). Can. II, 28; Chap., Fl. S. St. 481; Upham, Fl. Minn. 146; Engl., Nat. Pflanz, IT, 5, 81; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, Georgian Bay and S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and shady banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Taylor 262, Janesville; Sheldon 116, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 69, Chaska; Holzinger 286, Winona Co.; Herrick 313, Minneapolis; Kassube 246, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 583, Cannon Falls; Hammond, 43, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 240, Carlton lake, near Montevideo. MEDEOLA Linn. Gen. 305 (1737). Gyromia Nutr Gen. I, 238 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 833; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 482; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 83 (Engler). Living species: 1; Atlantic N. America. Medeola virginiana LINN. Spec. 839 (1753). M. virginica LINN. Spec. ed. 2 (1762). Gyromia virginica Nutr. Gen. I, 238 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 530; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Upham, F]. Minn. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 48; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 479: Engl.,Nat. Pflanz FT, 5, 83; Cov:, Fl. Ark. 225. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mid. Fla.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare; rich woodland and banks of streams. 156 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. TRILLIUM Linn. Gen. ed. V, 412 (1754). Delostylis RaF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 102 (1819). Trillidium KuntrH, Enum. V, 120 (1850). Esdra SALIss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 60 (1822?). : Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 833; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 432; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 84 (Engler). Living species: 15; N. America and from Japan to the Himalayas. N. America, 14; Canada, 5-6; S. Sts., 8-10; E. © Sts., 7; California, 4—5. Trillium nivale Ripp. Syn. W. Fl. 93 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 5381; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144. North America: W. Penn. to Ky., Ohio, Iowa and Minnesota. Minn. valley: S. central district; local and rare; rich — woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Leiberg 73, Blue Earth Co. Trillium cernuum Linn. Spec. 339 (1753). T. pendulum Muuu. Willd. Hort. Berol. I, 35 (1816). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 531; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Upham, F]. Minn. 144; Mac, Fl. Can. II, 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478. North America: Newf., N.S., Q., Ont., Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and along | streams. HERB.: Sheldon 202, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 918, Glenwood; Kassube 239, Minneapolis; Sandberg 570, Taylor’s Falls; Leonard 46, Bloomington; Herb. Wickersheim 122, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 236, Montevideo. Trilliam grandiflorum (MicHx.) Sauiss. Parad. Lond. I, (1806 ). T. rhomboideus var. grandiflorum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 216 (1803). T. camtschaticum PursH. Fl, Am. I, 246 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144; Mac., F). Can. II, 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 84. Ont. to Owen Sound; E. to Vt.; S. to N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn valley: Forest district and probably N. W.; rich woodland and shaded river banks. HERB.: Hammond 3, Lake City; Holzinger 281, Winona; Sandberg 569, Vasa. Trillium erectum Linn. Spec. 340 (1753). T. album PursH, FI. Am. [, 245 (1814). T. pendulum Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, II, 328 (1811). T. erectum var. declinatum GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 523 (1858). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 157 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 530; Britt., Fl. N. J. 245; Upham, F]. Minn. 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 478; Mac., Fl. Can. lI, 48; Engl., Nat. Pfianz. II, 5, 84. North America: N.S., Q., Ont., Man.; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; rich woodland and shaded riverbanks. HERB.: Taylor 120, Janesville; Ballard 202, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sandberg 566, Chisago lake; var. albwm (Pursh) =Sandberg 567, Red Wing; Sandbery 568, Red Wing; var. declinatum Gray=AHolzinger 280, Winona; Herrick 302, Minne- apolis; Arthur 103, Vermilion lake; Herrick 303, St. Louis river; Bailey 231, Vermilion lake. Trillium recurvatum Beck, Bot. (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 144. North America: Ohio and Ind. to Ill. Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from Rice Co.; doubtful or _ rare. Trillium sessile Linn. Spec. (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 530; Upham, Fl. Minn 144; Chap., F). S. St. 477; Cov., Fl. Ark. 225. North America: Penn. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; damp woods and shaded banks. SMILAX Linn. Gen. 751 (17387). Nemexia Rar. Med. FI. II, 264 (1830). Coprosmanthus KuntTH, Enum. V, 263 (1850). Parillax RAF. Med. FI. 1. c. (1830). Pleiosmilax SEEM. Jour. Bot. 193 (1868). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 763; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 420; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V,88 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 2, 363. . Living species: 200+; especially in the tropics, but extending to temperate N. America, E. Asia and the Mediter- ranean region. Europe, 3; Russia, 2; N. America, 14; E. Sts., 12; California, 1; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: A large number described, but many doubtful. Tertiary—Kocene and Miocene. Greenland (Heer); S. France (Saporta); W. America (Lesquereaux); Baltic region, amber (Conwentz). Smilax hispida MunHu. Cat. 97 (1813). ? S. rotundifolia WILLD. Spec. LV, 779 (1805). S. grandifolia BuckKu. in Herb. Boiss. 158 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 521; Britt., Fl. N. J. 289; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143. North America: Ont. to Conn., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; thickets and edges of — woods; rather rare. : HerRB.: Sandberg 564, Cannon Falls. Smilax rotundifolia Linn. Spec. 1460 (1753). S. caduca LINN. Herb. Kalm. S. quadrangularis Mun. Willd. Spec. IV, 775 (1805). . ciliata StEUD. Hort. Frank. S. asgera DC. Organ. II, 262 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 520; Britt., Fl. N. J. 239; Chap.,F1. S. St. 477; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 26; Coult., F). Colo. 355; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 89; Cov. Fl. Ark, 224. Central America; W. Indies. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Colo., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably through- out; woods along streams. HERB.: Ballard 87n, Chaska; Sheldon 39, Elysian; Taylor 200, Janesville; Taylor 487, Janesville; Taylor 45, Elysian; Taylor 664, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 563, Cannon Falls. Smilax echirrata Wats. Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 520 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 520. North America: Md. to S. Car.; W. to Mich., Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: S. E. district: moist, wooded banks and damp thickets, HERB.: Taylor 709, Minnesota lake. Smilax herbacea LINN. Spec. 1080 (1753). ? 8S. pulverulenta Micux. FI. II, 238 (1803). ? 8. peduncularis MunL. Willd. Spec. 1V, 786 (1805). Coprosmanthus herbaceus KUNTH, Enum. V, 264 (1850). Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta GRAY, Man. 5ed. (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 520; Britt., Fl. N. J. 239; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can, II, 27; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 88; Cov. F). Ark, 224; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. Japan. North America: N. Br. to Winnipeg, Red, Saskatch- ewan and Assiniboine valleys; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; meadows and river banks. wH LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 159 HerB.: Taylor 945,Glenwood; Sheldon 311, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 819, Glenwood; Taylor 199, Janesville; Taylor 710, Minnesota lake; Taylor 30, Elysian; Sheldon 700, Waseca; Kassube 238, Minneapolis; Juni 15, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 565, Red Wing; and in var. pwverulenta (Michx.); Sheldon 2124, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 382, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1891, Minneapolis; Herb. Wichersheim 120. Mankato; Herb. Wicker- sheim 121, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 235, var. puveru- lenta (Michx.), Montevideo. XVIII. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family. , Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 147 (1840); Benth. and Hook.,Gen. Pl. III, 711 (1883); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 97 (1887). Genera: 70; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 700; principally subtropical. HYPOXIS Linn. Gen. ed. VI, 417 (1764) Janthe, Spiloxene SAutiss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 44 (1822?). Niobea WILLD. Rel. Schult. Syst. VII, 762 (1830). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il], 717; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 415; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 121 (Pax). Living species: 50; tropical regions; Australia; N. America; S. Africa and Mascerene Isls. N. America, 2; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2. Hypoxis erecta Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 439 (1762). H. carolinensis MicHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 188 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 517; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II. 26; Webb., Fl. Neb. 108; Chap., Fl. S. St. 468; Cov. Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Prairie region of Can. from Assini- boia to Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; meadows and hillsides. HerB.: Taylor 347, Janesville; Ballard 277, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 300, Minneapolis; Kassube 235, Minneapolis; Sandberg 560, Cannon Falls; Hammond 40, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1841, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 119, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 232, Black Oak lake, Chippewa Co. XIX. DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 157 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 741 (1883); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 131 (1887). Genera: 9 living; 2 extinct. Warmer regions. Species: 175+; 5-6 extinct. 160 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 4 Py mile: we ’ so DIOSCOREA Linn. Gen. 754 (1737). ~] Borderea Mrecey. hull. Soc. Fr. XIII, 374 (1867). | Epipetrum Puruiperr, Linn. XX XIII, 253 (1859). Helmia KuntTH, Enum. V, 414 (1850). Hamatris SALIss. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 11 (1822?). Botryosychios Hocust. Flora (1844). Merione and Polynome SaAtisB. 1. c. (1822?). Sismondea DELPON. Mem. Tur. 2, XIV, 394 (1854). Strophis and Elephantodon SAtiss. 1. c. 12 (1822?). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 7438; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 420; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 132 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 365, Living species: 150; warmer regions of the earth. Principally N. and S. America and 8S. Africa. U.S., 1. Fossil species. Cretaceous, Kansas (Lesquereaux), a doubtful species. Tertiary, S. France, Bonn, 1-2 (Saporta, Weber). Dioscorea villosa Linn. Spec. 1033 (1753). D. quinata WALT. FI. Car. 246 (1788). D. paniculata Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 239 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 517; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fi. Minn. 143; Chap., Fl. S. St. 474; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 26; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. II, 5, 184; Cov., Fl. Ark. 224. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Kan., Ark. and Tex Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Mankato; infrequent; thickets and edges of woods. XX. IRIDACEAE. Iris Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 164 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I11, 681 (1883); Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 187 (1887). Genera: 57 living; 1 fossil. Species: 800; Mediterranean and African region, and all warmer and temperate regions. Center in Cape of Good- hope region for Old World, and in Central America for New World. IRIS Linn. Gen. 29 (1787). Neubeckia ALEF. Bot. Zeit. 290, 297 (1863). Chamoletta ADANs. Fam. II, 60 (1763). Xyridion and Ioniris KLArr. Bot. Zeit. 497, 513 (1872). Onocyclus Stemss. Bot. Zeit. 706 (1846). Evansia, Diaphane, Thelysia SAuiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 803-305 (1812). Costia WILLkK. Bot. Zeit. 131 (1860). Coresanthe ALEF. Bot. Zeit. 298 (1863). Hermodactylon, Xiphion, Gynandriris PARLAT. N. Gen. et Spec. Monoc. 34 (18397). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 161 Juno TRATT. R. and 5S. Syst. I, 471, 474 (1817). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 686; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 412; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 145 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 364. Living species: 100; temperate and warmer N. hemis- phere; Russia, 38; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 14; N. Amer- ica, 20; California, 6; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 6; Can- ada, 6-7; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Oeningen (Heer); Greenland, Spitzbergen, Grinnell-Land—TJridiwm (Heer). Iris versicolor Linn. Spec. 39 (17538). ? I. hexagona WALT. FI. Car. 66 (1788). I. virginica PuRsH, FI. Am. 29 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 513; Britt., Fl. N. J. 237; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 23; Upham, F1. Minn. 148; Chap., FI. 8S. St. 472; Cov., Fl.Ark. 223; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; marshes and Swamps; wet meadows and edges of streams. HERB.: Ballard 57, Chaska; Sheldon 367, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 299, Janesville; Sheldon 12, Elysian; Kassube 236, Minneapolis; Oestlund 197, Hennepin Co.; Holz- _imger 279, Winona Co.; Bailey 220, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 561, Goodhue Co.; Hammond 41, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 233, Montevideo. SISYRINCHIUM Linn. Gen. 689 (1737). Souza VELLOz. FI. Flum. 273 (1827). Syorhynchium Horrm. ex Durand, l. c. (1888). Bermudiana ApDANs. Fam. II, 60 (1763). Echthronema, Glumosia, Eriphilema HERs. Bot. Reg. Hydastylus SAtiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 310 (1812). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 698; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 413; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, V, 150 (Pax). Living species: 50; Ameriea, especially tropics; ex- tending to Canada and Magellan. N. America, 6-8; California, 3-4; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2-3. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 33 (18038). S. angustifolium AuctT. (in part.) Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 515; Britt., Fl. N. J. 228; Webb., F]. Neb. 108; Chap., Fl. S. St. 474: Coult., Fl. Colo. 345; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 266; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Ranges with S. angustifolium Mill. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. districts; infrequent; hab- itat like that of S. angustifolium Mill. = ll 162 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Bailey 493, Agate bay; Bailey 435, Basswood lake. Sisyrinchium angustifolium MiLu. Dict. (1768). ?S. gramineum LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 403 (1783). S. anceps CAV. Diss. VI, 345 (1790). S. bermudiana Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 38 (1803) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 515; Britt., Fl. N. J. 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 25: Chap., F]. S. St. 474; Coult., Fl. Colo. - 345; Richt., Pl. Eur. 259; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 396; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., F]. Ross. IV, 92; Wats., King Exp. 342; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223; Rothr., Alask. 456. ‘ Introduced? in Ireland and N. Germany. North America: Throughout, except Pac. coast region. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; sea fields and grassy slopes. HerB.: Taylor 175, Janesville; Zaylor 545, Janesville; Leonard 45, Minneapolis; Herrick 301, Minneapolis; Kassube 237, Minneapolis; Kassube 238, Minneapolis; Sandberg 562, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1840, pe ec) Herb. Moyer 234, Montevideo. XXI. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 185 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 460 (1883); Pfitzer in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 52 (1888). Genera: 850-400; cosmopolitan; principally tropical; very few subpolar; abundant in mt. districts, especially in the Himalayas. Species: 10,000; 5000 (Benth. and Hook.); a great number are epiphytic. CYPRIPEDILUM Linn. Gen. 687 (1737) em. Pfitz. (1888). Criosanthes Rar. Jour. Phys. LX X XIX, 102 (1819). Arietinum BeEck, Bot. 352 (1833). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 634: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 404; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 82 (Pfitzer). Living species: 20-25; temperate N. hemisphere to Japan, N. India and Mexico; also Peru? N. America, 10-15; Canada, 8; S. Sts., 4; California, 2-3; E. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 2. Cypripedilum acaule Air. Hort. Kew. III, 161 (1789). C. humile SAuisp. Linn. Trans. I, 78 (1791). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 511; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 22; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 464; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 83. North America: Newf. to Ft. Franklin and through- out E. Can.; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to N. Ind., Mich. and Minn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 163 Minn. valley: N. HE. and N. W. districts; tamarack swamps and swampy forest. Hers: Taylor 1103, Glenwood; Gedge 15, Detroit lake; Sheldon 1620, Lake Calhoun; Sandberg 559, Center City; Herb. Sheld. 1641, Hennepin Co. Ls Saeed spectabile Sw. Act. Holm. (1800)? C. calceolus var. gy LINN. Spec. 1346 (1762). CO. hirsutum Miu. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). C. reginae WALT. FI. Car. 222 (1788). CO. album Ait. Hort. Kew. IIT, 303 (1789). C. canadense Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 161, (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 511; Britt. Fl. N. J. 236; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 21; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 83. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., to Georgian Bay; S. to Maine, W. N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably sparingly throughout; woods and bogs; tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 616, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Herrick 298, Minneapolis; Kassube 234, Minneapolis; Ballard 1004, Zum- brota; Herrick 299, Minneapolis; Uestlund 195, Ramsey Co.; Oestlund 196, Ramsey Co.; Holzinger 277, 278, Winona Co.; Sandberg 558, Cannon Falls; Hammond 38, Lake City. Cypripedilum pubescens WiLtLp. Hort. Berol. I, 13 (1816). O. calceolus WALT. FI. Car. 221 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 511; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 109; Coult., Fl. Colo. 344; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 21; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 81. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay and Lake Winnepegoosis; Saskatchewan to the Rockies; S. to N. J., Va., and W. to Minn., Kan., Neb., Colo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; woods and swamps, per- haps westward. HERB.: Taylor 114, Janesville; Sandberg 556, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 233, Minneapolis; Sandberg 557, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1694, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 118, Mankato. Cypripedilum parviflorum Saxiss. Linn. Trans. I, 7 (1791). C. calceolus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 161 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 511; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 464; Coult., Fl. Colo. 344; Upham, Fl. Minn. - 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 364; Cov., Fl. Ark. 223. North America: Newf., Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Wyoming, Kan., Ark.; Brit. Col. at 3000 ft. alt. = fi 164 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. any Minn. valley: Forest district; to Kasota; N. E. and N. districts; bogs and damp woodland. HERB.: Ballard 16, Chaska; Kassube 232 .Mitinea poles Holzinger 275, Winona Co.; Ballard 1003, Vibro Holzinger 276, Winona Co.; Hammond 39, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1642, Lake Calhoun, Hennepin Co.; 1676, Minneapolis; 1901, Ramsey Co. Cypripedilum eandidum Muni. Willd. Spec. IV, 142 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 510; Britt., Fl. N. J. 236; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142. North America: N. Y., N. J., Penn. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ky. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Pomme des Terre valley; local or infrequent; bogs and wet woods. HERB.: Leiberg 72, Blue Earth Co.; Kassube 231, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 555, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1902, Ram- sey Co.; Herb. Moyer 231, Sparta township, Chippewa Co. Cypripedilum arietenum R. Br. Hort. Kew. V, 222 (1818). Cryosanthes borealis RAF. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 102 (1819). Arietinum americanum BECK, Bot. 352 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 510; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 20; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. I], 6, 88. North America: Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to Maine, N. N. Y., Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. W. district and N. edge; " infr equent or local; swamps and wet forests. HERB.: Taylor 1122, Glenwood; Gedge 14, Riverton. ORCHIS Linn. Gen. 681 (1737) p. p. Traunsteinera RerIcHB. FI. Sax. 87 (1842). Strateuma SAuiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 290 (1812). Barlia PARLAT. FI. It. III, 445 (18627). Loroglossum L. C. Rico. Mem. Mus. Par. LV, 47 (1808). Himantoglossum SPRENG. Syst. III, 675 (1826). Comperia C. Kocu, Linn. XXII, 287 (1848). Anacamptis L. C. Rico. Mem. Mus, Par. IV, 47 (1808). Aceras R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 191 (1813). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 620, 621; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 402; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 88, 89, 90 (Pfitzer); Schenck, Paleo- phyt. 388. ; oe, . Living species: 75-80; Europe; temperate Asia; N. Africa; Canaries; N. America. Europe, 75; N. America, 3; Canaries, 2; Russia, 25; Russian Europe, 25; Atl. N. America: Canada, 3; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1 Fossils: 2 genera of Orchidaceae are described by Massalongo from Hocene of Mt. Bolca. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 165 Orchis spectabilis Linn. Spec. 9438 (1753). O. humilis Micux. Fl. N. Am. IT, 155 (1803). Habenaria spectabilis SPRENG. Syst. IT, 689 (1825). Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 506; Britt., Fl. N. J. 223; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 12; Chap., Fl. S. St. 458; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, FI. Minn. 139; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest and N. W. districts; damp woods and shaded banks. HEeRB.: Taylor 217, Janesville; Sheldon 567, Waseca; Taylor 1166, Glenwood; “Heiberg 66, Blue Harth Co.; Leiberg 67, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1681, Prospect Park, Hennepin Co. HABENARIA Wittp. Spec. IV, 44 (1805). Sieberia SPRENG. Anleit K. Gew. II, 282 (1802). Gymnadenia R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 191 (1813). Nigritella L. C. Ricu. Ann. Mus. Par. IV, 48 (1808). Tinea BIvon. Giorn. Sci. Sic. 149 (1833). Neotinea Reicu. f. Poll. Orch. Comm. 149 (1864). Leucorchis E. Mry. Preuss. Gatt, 50 (1839). Bicchia PARLAT. FI. It. ILI, 396 (1862?) Perularia LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1701 (1835). Deroemeria ReEicu. f. Poll. Orch. Comm. 29 (1864). Peristylis BLUME, Bij. 404 (1826). Gennaria PARLAT. FI. It. III, 404 (18627). Benthamia A. RicH. Orch. Fr. Bourb. 43 (1828). Cybele Fac. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 183c (1846). Coeloglossum Hart. Scand. FI. ed. IV, 283 (1842?). Lindblomia Fries, Lindl. Bot. Not. 131 (18438). Chaeradoplectron SCHAUER, PI. Mey. 436 (1835). Platanthera L. C. Ricn. Ann. Mus. Par. IV, 48 (1808). Lysias SAuiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 288 (1812). Mecosa BLuME, Bij. 403 (1826). Centrochilus SCHAUER, PI. Mey. 435 (1835). Mitostigma BLiumE, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 189 (1856). Ponerorchis Reticu. f. Linn. XXV, 227 (1851). Dissorhyncium SCHAUER, PI. Meyen. 434 (1835). Bilabrella LinDu. Bot. Reg. 1701 (1835). Ate LINDL. Gen. and Spec. Orch. 326 (1839). Barlaea Reicu.f. Linn. XLI, 54 (1867). Macrocentrum PuHIuuiri, Sert. Mendoc. II, 42 (—). Synmeria GRAH. Cat. Pl. Bomb. Add. (1839). Montolivaea Reicu. f. Ot. Hamb. 107 (1879). Roeperocharis Reicu. f. 1. c. 104 (1879). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 625; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 403; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 91, seq. (Pfitzer). 166 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 450-500; temperate and warmer re- gions; especially tropical Asia and America. Europe, 24; North America, 35-40; Canada, 23; E. Sts., 18-20; S. Sts., 17; California, 10-12; Rocky mts., 5; Pl. King., 3; Pl. Wheel., 3. Habenaria psycodes (LINN.) GRAy. Orchis psycodes LINN. Spec. 493 (1753). O. fimbriata Ait. Hort. Kew. III, 297 (1789). O. incisa and fissa MUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 40 (1805). Habenaria fimbriata R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 193 (1813). Orchis grandiflora BIGEL. F1. Bost. 321 (1814). Habenaria racemosa RAF. Ann, Nat. 15 (1820). H. incisa and fissa Torr. Compend. 319 (1826). H. grandiflora Torr. Compend. 319 (182%). Platanthera fimbriata LINDL. Orch, 293 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 509; Britt., Fl. N. J. 235; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 19; Chap., Fl. S. St. 460; Mac., Can. Fl. II, 363; Cov., Fl. Ark, 222. North America: Newf., N. S., Anticosti to Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, Kaministiquia river and S. W. Man.; S. to N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout forest and N. districts; cool bogs or tamarack swamps and sphagnum marshes. HERB.: Bailey 429, Fall lake; Oestlund 192, Minne- haha; Roberts 128, Knife river; Holzinger 273, Winona Co. Habenaria lacera (MicHx.) R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. II, V, 193 (1818). Orchis lacera Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 156 (1803). O. psycodes MuUHL. Willd. Spec. IV, 39 (1805). Habenaria psycodes TORR. Compend. 317 (1826). Platanthera psycodes LINDL. Orch. 294 (1839). P. lacera Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. III, 228 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 509; Britt., Fl. N. J. 235; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 19; Chap., F1.S. St. 460; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. and S. E. districts; rare or local; bogs and damp woodland. HERB.: Sandberg 544, Cannon Falls. Habenaria leucophaea (NuTT.) GRAy, Man. ed. V, 502 (1867). Orchis leucophaca Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II), V, 161 (1887). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 509; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, F]. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. 1I, 19; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N. S., N. B., Q., Ont. to W.N. Y., Ky. and Mo.; W. to Minn. and Neb. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 167 Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; abundant; moist fields and meadow land. HERB.: Herrick 292, Alexandria, Douglas Co.; Lev- berg 69, Nicollet Co. Habenaria hookeriana Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. III, 229 (1836). H. orbiculata GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Jour. VI, 331 (1822). Platanthera hookeriana LINDL. Orch. 286 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 508; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, F]. Minn. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 17. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and L. Superior region; S. to N. J., Minn., Iowa and Wisc. Minn. valley: Forest district and principally N., N. E. and N. W.; local; damp woods and tamarack swamps. _Hers.: Bailey 194, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 543, Red Wing. Habenaria dilatata (PuRsH) Hoox. FI. Exot. II, 95 (1823-27). Orchis dilatata PursH, Fl. Am. 588 (1814). Platanthera hyperborea var. dilatata LINDL. in Beck. Bot. 347 (1833). P. dilatata LINDL. Orch. 287 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 507; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Mac., F). Can. IT. 15; Coult., Fl. Colo. 342; Richt., Pl. Eur. 281; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 71; Wats., King Exp. 340; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 7, 17, 265; Rothr., Alask. 456. Iceland and N. E. Asia; circumpolar. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to Hudson Bay and Yukon region; S. to Conn., N. Y., Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. EH. and N. W. districts; tamarack swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1112, Glenwood; Herrick 291, Minne- apolis; Bailey 324, St. Louis river; Bailey 290, St. Louis river. Habenaria hyperborea (LINN.) R. Br. Hort. Kew. V, 193 (1813). Orchis hyperborea LINN. Mant. I, 121 (1767). O. koenigii Retz. Fl. Scand. 1087 (1779). Gymnadenia hyperborea Link, Handb. I, 242 (1829). Platanthera hyperborea and koenigii, a, LiINDu.Orch. 286-287 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 507; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, F]. Minn. 140; Coult., Fl. Colo., 342; Mac., Fl. Can II, 14; Wats., F1., Calif. II, 134; Richt., Pl. Eur. 281; Wats., King Exp. 310; Roth. Wheel Exp. 265. Iceland. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Ft. Franklin and Alaska; S. throughout Can. and to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J., S. Ill., Iowa, Minn. and Dak.; in mts. to S. Colo, Minn. valley: Forest district, also N. and N. W. _ regions; abundant; damp woodland and swamps. 168 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 1106, Glenwood; Taylor 1107, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1155, New Ulm; Roberts 127, North shore; Kassube 227, Minneapolis; Arthur 18, Vermilion lake; Bailey 43, Vermilion lake; Bailey 384, Mud lake. Habenaria bracteata (WILLD.) R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 192 (1813). Orchis bracteata WILLD. Spec. LV, 34 (1805). Satyrium bracteatum Pers. Syn. II, 507 (1807). Peristylis bracteatus LINDL. Orch. 298 (1846). Platanthera bracteata Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 279 (18438). Habenaria viridis var. bracteata REIcH. DC. Prodr. XIII, 130 (1851). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 507; Britt., Fl. N. J. 234; Upham, Fl. Mion. 139; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 460; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 14; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 71; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26; Rothr., Alask 456. Kamtschatka to the Caucasus’ mts. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Rocky mts., Vancouver, Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Ind. and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably through- out; damp woods and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 434, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 562, Waseca; Taylor 215, Janesville; Kassube 226, Ramsey Co. ; Sandberg 542, Red Wing; Roberts 126, Carlton’s peak; Leiberg 68, Blue Earth Co. Habenaria flava (LInN.) Gray, Man. ed. V, 499 (1867). Orchis flava LINN. Spec. 942 (1753). O. virescens WILLD. Spec. IV, 37 (1805). Habenaria herbiola R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 198 (1813). Orchis fuscescens and herbiola PuRsH, Fl. Am. 587 (1814). O. bidentata Eu. Sk. IT, 448 (1824). Habenaria virescens SPRENG. Syst. III, 688 (1826). H. fuscescens TORR. Compend. 318 (1826). Platanthera herbiola Linpu. Orch. 287 (1846). P,. flava GRAY, Man. ed. I, 471 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 507; Chap., Fl. S. St. 459; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Ont. to Thunder bay and Kaministi- quia river; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare or local; damp woods or swamps. HeERB.: O¢estlund 191, Minneapolis; Sandberg 541, Vasa. Habenaria tridentata (WILLD.) Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II, (1840). Orchis tridentata WILLD. Spec. LV. 41 (1805). ?O. clavellata Micux,. FI. II, 155 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUING PLANTS. 169 Platanthera tipuloides LINDL. Orch. 285 (1846). Gymnadenia tridentata LINDL. Orch. 227 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 506; Britt., Fl. N. J. 284; Upham, Fl. Minn. 139; Mac., F1.Can. IT, 13; Cov., Fl. Ark. 228. North America: Newf. N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron and L. Superior; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ind. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; damp woods and near springs. HERB.: Bailey 10a, White Bear lake. - POGONIA Juss. Gen. 65 (1789). Nervilia GAuD. Freyc. Bot. Voy. 422 (1826). Cordylia BLUME, Bij. 416 (1826). Rophostemon Buiumg, FI. Jav. 6 (1828). Aplostellis THovu. Orch. Ile. Afr. t. 24 (1806). Haplostellis ENDL. Gen. 219 (1838). Cleistes L. C. Rico. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 31 (1818). Triphora Nutt. Gen. II, 192 (1818). Codonorchis LINDL. Gon. et. Spec. Orch. 410 (1840). Isotria and Odonectis RAr. Desf. Jour. Bot. I, 220, 221 (1808). Didymoplexis GriFF. Calc. Journ. LV, 383 (1844). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 615; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 401; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2,V1, 106. Living species: 43; cosmopolitan. N. America, 6; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 4. Pogonia ophioglossoides (LINN.) KER. Bot. Reg. 148 (1816). Arethusa ophioglossoides LINN. Spec. 951 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 505; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., F]. Can. II, 11; Britt., Fl. N. J. 233; Chap., Fl. S.St. 457; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 106. Japan? North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J, and Fla.; W. to N. Ind. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; local, bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Oestlund 193, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 294, Minne- apolis; Kassube 229, Minneapolis; Sandberg 549, Chisago Co.; Sandberg, 550, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1756, Ramsey Co. ARETHUSA Linn. Gen. ed. V, 905 (1754). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 614; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 401: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 107 (Pfitzer). Living species: 2; Japan, 1; Atl. N. Amer., 1. Arethusa bulbosa Linn. Spec. 950 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 504; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Upham, 170 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 10; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 458; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pfianz. II, 6, 107. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Ind. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare; bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sandberg 548, Chisago Co. GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syn. II, 511 (1807). Spiranthes L. C. Ricu. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 50 (1818). Aristotelea Lour. Cochinch. 522 (1790) not L’ Her. Ibidium SAtisp. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 291 (1812). Cyclopogon PREsL, Rel. Haenk. I, 93 (1830). Sauroglossum LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1618 (1835). Synassa LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1618 (1835). Sarcoglottis Prrest, Rel. Haenk. I, 95 (18386). Stenorrhyncus L.C. Ricw. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 59 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 596; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 399; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 113 (Pfitzer). Living species: 75-80; temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 4; Europe, 3; Atl. N. America, 13 (endemic); California, 2: . Sts:, 7; Canada, 4;, E. Sts., 6. Gyrostachys gracilis (BIGEL.) OK. Rey. Gen II, 664 (1891). Spiranthes gracilis BicEL. Fl. Bost. 322 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 503; Britt., Fl. N. J 232; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 8; Chap., Fl. S. St. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatch- ewan; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fl.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district, N. edge and N. W.; woods and hillsides in shaded places. HERB.: Bailey 15, Vermilion lake; Bailey 181, Vermil- ion lake. Gyrostachys cernua (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 664 (1891). Ophrys cernua LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). Neottia cernua WILLD. Spec. LV, 75 (1805). Spiranthes cernua Rico. Mem. Mus. IV, 59 (1817). Neottia tortilis BARTON, Fl. N. Am. JI, 35 (1822). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 502; Mac., F). Can. II, 8; Britt., Fl. N. J. 231; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Chap., FI. S. St. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: N. S., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. tou Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; bogs and low, wet meadows. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. Tk HERB.: Bailey 354, Mud river; Bailey 559, Vermilion lake; Bailey 444, Long lake; Sandberg 547, ‘‘ Minnesota.” Gyrostachys romanzowiana (CHAM.) Neottia gemmipara SM. Engl. Fl. LV, 36 (1828). Spiranthes romanzowiana CHAM. Linn. III, 27 (1828). S. gemmipara LINDL. Syn. Br. Fl. 257 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 502; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Coult., Fl. Colo. 343; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 135; Mac., FI. Can. II, 8; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 84; Richt., Pl. Hur. 285; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 387; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 341; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 17, 265; Rothr., Alask. 456. Ireland, Unalascha, Kamtschatka. North America: Newf. to Vancouver; N. to Alaska and Arctic circle; S. in Sierras to Calif.; in Rockies to Colo.; E. to W. Neb., Dak., Minn., Mich., N. Eng. and Penn. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; bogs and marshes. HeERB.: Taylor 1110, Glenwood; Ballard 894, St. Boni- facius; Ballard 867, Waconia; Ballard 714, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 824, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 794, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Herrick 293, Minneapolis; Kassube 228, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 546, Red Wing. PERAMIUM Satiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 301 (1812). Goodyera R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 197 (1813). Gonogona LINK, Handb Bot. I. 248 (1829). Tussaca RaF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 261 (1819). Epipactis HALL. Enum. Helv. I, 277 (1742) not Crantz. Orchiodes TrREw. Act. Caes. Car. III, 409 (1736). Cionisaccus BREDA, Orch. Kuhl.-Hass. 1 (1827). Cordylestylis FALc. Hook. Jour. Bot. IV, 74 (1841). Leacostachys HOFFMANNS, Preisy. Orch. (1842). Georchis LINDL. Gen. et Spec. Orch. 495 (1840). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 602; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 400; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 117 (Pfitzer); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 674. Living species: 25; N. temperate regions to tropical Asia, N. Caledonia and the Mascarene Isls. Europe and Si- beria, 1; N. America, 3; E. Sts., 2; California, 1; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 8; Rocky mts., 1. Peramium pubescens (WILLD.) SALISB. Trans. Hort. Soc. 261 (1812). Satyrium repens M1cux. Fl. N. Am. 157 (1808) in part. Neottiu pubescens WILLD. Spec. LV, 76 (1805). Goodyera pubescens R. BR. Hort. Kew. V, 198 (1813). Orchiodes pubescens OK. Rev. Gen. II, 675 (1891). 172 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 503; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Mac., F]. Can. II, 9; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 463. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior ~ region and Man.; S. to N. Eng., N J. and Fla.; W. to Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. edge; rare; shaded rich bauks of streams and deep woods. -HERB.: Juni 14, Put-In-Bay; Sandberg 545, Cannon — Falls. Peramium repens (LINN.) SaLiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. 261 (1812). Satyrium repens LINN. Spec. 945 (1753). Serapias repens CHAIX. Vill. Dauph. IT, 53 (1787). Satyrium hirsutum Gitrs, Exerc. Phyt. IT, 484 (1792). Neottia repens Sw. Act. Holm. 226 (1800). Goodyera repens R. Br. Hort. Kew V. 198 (1813). Tussacia repens RAF. Journ. Phys. IV, 270 (1814). Orchiodes repens OK. Rey. Gen. II, 674 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 503; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 9; Chap., Fl. S. St. 463; Upham, Fl. Minn. 140; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Richt., Pl. Eur. 286; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 386; Led., Fl. Ross. IV, 86; Herd , Fl. Eur. Russ. 128; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. IT, 6, 117; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 393. N. and mid. Europe to Alps and Dalmatia; Siberia, Caucasus and Himalayas. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Sas- katchewan, N. W. T., Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie and Pac.; S. to Minn., Mich. N. Eng. and in Alleghenies to mts. of N. Car. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare and local; shaded banks and woods. HERB.: Roberts 129, Cascade river; Bailey 373, Mud lake; Roberts 130, Grand Marais; Holway 29, Vermilion lake; Bailey 177, Vermilion lake; Bailey 300, St. Louis river. ACHROANTHES Rar. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). ? Malaxis Sw. Prodr. 8, 119 (1788). Microstylis Nurr. Gen. II, 196 (1818). Pedilea LINDL. Orch. Sel. 27 (1826). Crepidium BLuME, Bij. 387 (1826). Pterochilus Hook. and ARN. Bot. Beech. 71 (1841). Dienia LINDL. Gen. et Spec. Orch. 22 (1840). Cheiropterocephalus Ropriac. ex Pfitz. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 494; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 130 (Pfitzer); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 672. : Living species: 70; temperate N. hemisphere; trop- ical Asia and America. Russia, 5; Europe, 1; N. America, 2-38; Canada, 2; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel., 1. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. VES Achroanthes unifolia (MicHx.) Rar. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). Malaxis unifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 157 (1803). M. ophioglossoides WILLD. Spec. LV, 90 (1898). Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutr. Gen. II, 196 (1818). M. unifolia B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 498; Britt., Fl. N. J. 229; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 2; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap., #1. S. St. 453; Herd., FI. Eur. Russ, 126. Russia ? North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Winnipeg and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. aud Mo. Minn. valley: S. E. district; rare and local; damp woods or banks of streams. LEPTORCHIS Tuovu. N. Bull. Soc. Phil. 314 (1809). Cestichis THou. Afr. Isls. (1818). Liparis L. C. Rico. Mem. Mus. Par. IV, 52 (1818). Sturmia REICH. Consp. 69 (1828). Alipsa HorrmManse. Linn. XVI, bb. 228 (1842). Empusa LINDL. Bot. Reg. 825 (1836?). Empusaria REICH. Consp. 69 (1828). Ephippianthus Reicu. F. Schmidt. Reise Am. Bot. 180 (——). Platystylis BLUME, Bij. 389 (1826). Gastroglottis BLUME, Bij. 397 (1826). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 495; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 11, 669; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 128, 130 (Pfitzer). Living species: 100; temperate and tropical regions. Few in N. temperate zone. Canada, 1; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1. N. America, 1-2; Europe, 1; Russian Europe, 1. Leptorchis loeselii (LINN. ). Orchis loeseliti LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). ? Ophrys latifolia LINN. Fl. Suec. ed. If, 316 (1755). O. paludosa F). Dan. 877 (1782). O. trigona GitiB. Exerc. Phyt. II, 488 (1792). Cymbidium loeselii Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 76 (1799). Malazis loeselii Sw. Holm. Act. Bot. 2385 (1800). M. correana BART. Prodr. Phil. 86 (1815). Liparis loeselii Ricu. Mem. Mus. LY, 60 (1817). Malazis longifolia BART. FI. Phil. II, 142 (1824). Liparis correana SPRENG. Syst. LI, 740 (1825). Sturmia loeselii REICHB. PI. Crit. LV, 39 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 499; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. Il, 3; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Richt., Pl. Eur. 286; Led., Fl. Ross. 1V, 52; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 384; Herd... Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 397. 174 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. . » Middle and N. Europe to Asia. S. to Italy and Turkey. North America: N. 8., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. J. and Md.; W. to Minn. and S. Ills. Minn. valley: N. E. district; N. edge and N W. dis- trict; tamarack swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1145, Glenwood; Ballard 621, Chaska; Herrick 297, Minneapolis. Leptorchis liliifolia (Linn.) OK. Rey. Gen. II, 671 (1891). Ophrys liliifolia LINN. Spec. 946 (1753). Cymbidium liliifolium WALT. Fl. Car. (1788). Malazis liliifolia W1LLp. Spec. IV, 92 (1805). Liparis liliifolia Ricw. Orch. Eur. 38 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 499; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap., Fl. S. St. 454. North America: N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: N. E. and S. E. districts; rare and local; moist forests and swampy places. HERB.: Sandberg 553, Vasa; Holzinger 274, Stockton. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 209 (1818). Coralliorrhiza Pritz. Nat. Pflanz. 1. c. (1888). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 497; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 131 (Pfitzer). Living species: 12; temperate N. regions. Russia, 3; Europe, 1; N. America, 7-8; California, 5; Rocky mts., 3; EH. Sts., 4; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 3; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. III, 7 (1823). C. innata Nutr. Gen. II, 194 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., F]. Can. II, 5; Coult., Fl. Coio. 341; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 13:1; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Newf. to Selkirks and Vancouver; S. to Wahsatch, Colo. river and San Diego; E. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Mo., N. Eng. and N. J. Minn. valley: N. districts; rare; drier or damp woods HERB.: Arthur 48, Vermilion lake. Corallorhiza corallorhiza (LINn.). Ophrys corallorhiza LINN. Spec. 945 (1753). Epipactis corallorhiza Cr. Stirp. Austr. 464 (1769). Cymbidium neottia Scop. Fl. Carn. 2 ed. II, 207 (1772). Helleborine corallorhiza Scum. F1, Béhm. 79 (1794). Cymbidium corallorhiza Sw. Act. Holm. 738 (1800). Corallorhiza innata R. Br. Hort. Kew. V, 209 (1813). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 175 Oymbidium nemoralis Sw. Veg. Scand. 32 (1814). Corallorhiza halleri Ricu. Mem. Mus. IV, 61 (1817). C. verna Nutr. Jour. Acad. Phil. 135 (1823). C. intacta CHAM. and ScHLEcHT. Linn. III, 35 (1828). C. dentata Host. Fl. Austr. II, 547 (1831). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N. J. 230; Mac., F). Can. II, 4; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 454; Coult., Fl. Colo. 341; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 182; Led., Fl. Ross, IV, 49; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 385; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 126; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. IJ, 6, 131; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 397; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26; Rothr., Alask, 456. Arctic, N. and mid. Europe; all Siberia to Kam- tschatka. North America: Canada throughout; S. to Washing- ton and Colo.; E. to N. Eng. and mts. of Ga. Minn. valley: N. districts; rare; swamps and deep woods. HERB.: Roberts 131, Hoodoo Pt.; Bailey 89, Vermilion lake; Bailey 247, Vermilion lake. CATHEA Satiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. I, 300 (1812). Calopogon R.Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 204 (1813). Limodorum LINN. (1740) ex Kuntze l.c., not Ludw. Helleborive MARTYN, Hist. Pl. t. 50 (1736). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 615; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 665; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 401; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 150 (Pfitzer). Living species: 4; N. America. S. Sts., 4; Canada, a. Sts... 1. Cathea tuberosa (Linn.) Sauiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. bi Le. (1812). Limodorum tuberosum LINN. Spec. 950 (1753). Cymbidium pulchellum WILLD. Spec. IV, 105 (1805). Calopogon pulchellum R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 204 (1813). Calopogon tuberosus B.S. P. Cat. N.Y. (1888). Helleborine tuberosus OK. Rev. Gen. II, 665 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 505; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 10; Upham, Fl. Minn. 141; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 456; Britt., Fl. N. J. 232; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. zs North America: Newf., N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and far N. W.; not rare; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Taylor 1111, Glenwood; Kassube 230, Rocky lake; Ocestlund 194, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 295, Minneapolis; . Herrick 296, Minneapolis; Sandberg 551, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 552, Red Wing. 176 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. APLECTRUM Nutt. Gen. II, 197 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1I, 497; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 386; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 2, VI, 156 (Pfitzer). Living species: 1; N. America. Aplectrum spicatum (WaLrt.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Arethusa spicata WALT. FI. Car. 222 (1788). Cymbidium hiemale Muu. Willd, Spec. IV, 107 (1805). Aplecirum hiemale Nutr. Gen. II, 197 (1818). Corallorhiza hiemalis BART. Fl. N. Am. II, 52 (1822). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 500; Britt., Fl. N J. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 4; Upham, Fl. Minn. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 455; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 342; Engl. Pfitzer, Nat. Pflanz. II, 6, 156; Cov., Fl. Ark. 222. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; local and rare; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HeERB.: Leiberg 70, Blue Harth Co.; Leiberg 71, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 554, Washington Co. \ DICOTYLEDONES. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. XXII. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1125 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II1, 397 (1880); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 19 (1887). Genera: 6; temperate regions of N. hemisphere; with- in the tropics in Central America and the Himalayan region. Tertiary and Cretaceous distribution to the Polar regions. Species: 33, living; 30+, fossil in Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary beds. JUGLANS Linn. Gen. 727 (17387) p. p. Wallia ALEF. Bonplandia, 335 (1861). 3enth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 398: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 379; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 24 (Engler): Schenck, Palaeophyt. cat Living species: 7-8; temperate N. hemisphere and in Jamaica. Europe and mid. Asia, 1; E. Asia and Japan, 2; Russian Europe, 1; N. America, 4-5; E. Sts., S. Sts., Canada, 2; Tex. and N. Mex., 1; California. 1. Fossil species: 10+; Lower Cretaceous—Juglandiphyl- lum, Potomac region (Fontaine); Upper Cretaceous, Nebraska, Greenland (Heer, Lesquereaux); Tertiary, Alaska, Vancouver, Iceland, Spitzbergen (Heer), France (Saporta); Pliocene, Japan (Nathorst); France (Saporta). “I LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 17 Juglans nigra Linn. Spec. 997 (1753). J. nigra oblonga MARSH, Arbust. Amer. 67 (1785). Wallia nigra ALEF. Bonplandia, 334 (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 467; Britt., Fl. N. J. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 434; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 419; Upham, F!. Minn. 125; Coyv.. Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 24. Bolivia. North America: N. of L. Erie to W. Mass. and Toron- to; S. to Conn., N. J. and Fla.; W. to S. Minn., E. Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Redwood and Brown Cos.; rich woods; absent far N. E. HeERB.: Taylor 134, Janesville; Sheldon 807, Sigel town- ship, Brown Co.; Ballard 552, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 623, Wilton, Waseca Co. Juglans cinerea Linn. Spec. 1415 (1753). J. oblonga Miuu. Dict. (1768). J. cathartica Micux. Arb. I, 166 (1810). Carya cathartica BART. Comp. Fl. Phil. II, 178 (1824). Wallia cinerea ALEF. Bonplandia 33¢ (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 467; Britt., Fl. N. J. 219; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 435; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 419: Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. LII, 1, 25. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay, N. Eng., N. J. to mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., E. Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district throughout; dry or damp woods. HERB: Sheldon 379, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 789, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 53n, Chaska; Taylor 88, Ely- sian; Taylor 668, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 214, Winona Co.; Holzinger 215, Winona bluffs; Herb. Sheld. 1864, Minneapolis. SCORIA Rar. Med. Rep. (1808). Hicoria Rar. FI. Lud. (1817). Carya Nutt. Gen. II, 220 (1818). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 398; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 379; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 11, 637; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 25 (Eng- ler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 447. Living species: 10; N. America. S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 7; Canada, 4; Mex., 1. Fossil species: 10-15; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer); Spitzbergen (Unger, Heer); Italy (Bronyniart); France, Hun- gary, Bohemia, Cantal (Saporta, Unger, Godppert, Heer); Wyo- ming and Colo. (Lesquereauz). Sle 178 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Scoria minima (MARSH. ). Juglans alba-minina MARsH. Arbust. Amer. 68 (1785). J. angustifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 504 (1797). J. amara Micux. Sylv. I, 177 (1810). Hicoria amara RAF. FI. Lud. 109 (1817). Carya amara Nutr. Gen. II, 222 (1818). Hicoria minima Brirr. Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125. Minn. valley: Forest district, throughout; damp ~ woods and banks of streams. HeERB.: Sheldon 312, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 88, Chaska; Sheldon 814, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Herrick 274, Minnetonka; Leiberg 59, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 252, Winona Co. Scoria ovata (MILL.). Juglans ovata M1Lu. Dict. (1768). ? J. squamosa LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 504 (1797). J. compressa GAERTN. Fruct. I], 50 (1791). J. alba Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 193 (1803). Carya microcarpa NuTr. Gen. II, 221 (1818). C. alba Nutr. Gen. II, 221 (1818). Hicoria ovata Brirr. Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 468; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 433; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 418; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 25; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125. North America: N. of Lake Erie and to St. Clair river; N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb,, Kan. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Reported from the S. E. edge; rich woodland. XXIII. MYRICACEAE. Sweet-Gale Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 270 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 400 (1880); Engler, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 26 (1887). Genera: 1; temperate and warmer regions except Australia. Tertiary distribution principally European and N. American to Greenland; and Asia to Saghalin. Species: 85+; fossil sp. very numerous. MYRICA Linn. Gen. 744 (1737). Nageia GAERTN. Fruct. I, 191 (1788). Morella Lour. Cochinch, 548 (1790). Comptonia BANKs, Gaertn. Fruct. [I], 58 t. 90(1791). Faya Wess. Phyt. Can. IV, 272 (1847). Gale SpacH, Suit. Buff. XI, 258 (1842), Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 259; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 400; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I. 27 (Engler); Schenck, Palacophyt. 452. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 179 Living species: 30-385; temperate and warmer regions, except Australia. Only 2 species in Europe. N. America, 6; Canada, 4; California, 2; Tex.-Mex., 1; S. Sts., 3; EB. Sts., 3. Fossil species: A large number in the Tertiary of Kurope, Saghalin, Greenland; Cretaceous in N. America. Myriea asplenifolia (LINN.) BatLtu. Hist, Pl. VI, 242 (1877). Liquidambar asplenifolium LINN. Spec. 1418 (1753). Comptonia asplenifolia BANKs, Gaert. Fruct. II, 58 (1791). Liquidambar peregrinum Rricu. ex Steud. Nom. IT, 54 (1840). Myrica comptonia C. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 151 (1864). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.6 ed. 470; Britt., Fl, N. J. 220; Upham, Fl. Minn, 127; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 435; Chap., FI. S. St. 427; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ere, 1:28. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Ind. Minn. valley: Reported from region S. of L. Minne- tonka and along N. edge; rare or doubtful; dry wooded hills. XXIV. SALICACEAE. Willow Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 290 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 411 (1880); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 29 (1887). Genera: 2; N. temperate zone and a few in tropical regions; according to Pax four distributional centers; (1) Behring straits district; (2) central Europe; (8) Himalayas, (4) Pacific N. America. Species: 178; 50-60 fossil, extending in the middle Tertiary from N. polar to N. temperate regions. POPULUS Linn. Gen. 755 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 412; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 35 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 464. Living species: 18; Europe, Asia (Mid., Mount. and N.); N. America and Mexico. N. America, 10-11; Russian Kurope, 9; Canada, 6-7; E. Sts., 5; California, 3-4; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 4; Pl King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 4. Fossil species: Lower Cretaceous, Potomac region, 3 sp. (Fontaine)— Populophyllum; Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); N. America (Lesquereaux); Tertiary—Greenland, Sag- halin, Spitzbergen, Alaska, California, Wyoming, Minn., Europe. 30-40 described, but scarcely so many distinct. Populus monilifera Art. Hort. Kew. III, 406 (1789). P. angulata Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 407 (1789). P. laevigata Att. Hort. Kew. IIT, 406 (1789). 180 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. P. angulosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 2438 (1803). P. canadensis Micux. f. Hist. Arb. III, 302 (1819). P. macrophylla Lopp. Cab. (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 487; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 457; Upham, Fl. Mion. 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 431; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King. Exp. 327; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 242; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 1, 35. Introduced into Russia. North America: Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and Assin- iboia and Rockies; S. to W. N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Colo., Kan., Ind. Terr. and Rocky mts. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods, shores of lakes and banks of streams. Hers.: Taylor 40, Elysian; Sheldon 1580, Lake Ben- ton; Taylor 632, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 449, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 261, Winona Co.; Oestlund 181, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 520, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 226, Lake Park, Becker Co. Populus balsamifera Linn. Spec. 1084 (1758). P. tacamahaca Miuu. Dict. (1768). P. balsamifera lunceolata MARSH. Arbust. 108 (1785). P. candicans ArT. Hort. Kew. III, 406 (1789). P. viminea Bon. Jard. 565 (1845). P. balsamifera var. genwna WESMAEL, DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 329 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 487; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 456; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King Exp. 327; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 242; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 35; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 567, 568; Rothr., Alask. 454. Introduced in Russia and Scandinavia. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Alaska and Mackenzie; N. in Arctic circle; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Mich., Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: N. W. edge and N. E. district; sparingly represented; borders of streams and swamps. Hers.: Bailey 162, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 521, Can- non Falls; Sandberg 522, Agate bay. Populus grandidentata Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 243 (1803). P. grandidentata var. pendula Torr. Comp. Fl. N. St. 3875 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 486; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. 456; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 431. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Car.; W. to N. Minn. and Tenn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 181 Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; dry hills, banks of streams and woods. HERB.: Ovstlund 180, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 2a, Hunt- er’s island. Populus tremuloides Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 248 (1803). P. trepida WiLLp. Spec. IV, 803 (1805). P. atheniensis HoRT. ex Koch, Dendrol. II, 486 (1873). P. tremuliformis EM. Trees of Mass. 243 (18/8). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 486; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 456; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo. 339: Wats., Fl. Calif, II, 91; Wats., King Exp. 327; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 51, 242. North America: Newf. and Labrador to Hudson Bay and Alaska; S. to Sacramento valley and N. Mex.; E. to N. Eng., N. Ky., N. J. and Penn. Minn. valley: Throughout; damp woodland; near lakes and along streams. Hers.: Ballard 227n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 47, Elysian; Taylor 481, Janesville; Bailey 158, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 519, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1770, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 225, Montevideo. SALIX Linn. Gen. 742 (1787). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 411; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 36 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 463. Living species: 160; all regions except Australia, Ma- lay Archip. and Oceanica. Russia, 70; Europe, 60; N. Amer- ica, 70; Canada, 60; E. Sts., 20; Rocky mts., 16; California, 23; S. Sts., 7; Pl. King, 7; Pl. Wheel., 9; Russian Europe, 58. Fossil species: Potomac, lower Cretaceous, 3 sp. (on- taine) Salicophyllum —upper Cretaceous, N. America, Asia and Europe; Tertiary, abundant; Europe, Greenland, California; Diluvial, abundant; peat bogs, etc. (Nathorst, Warming, Steen- strup ), 15-20 sp. Salix myrtilloides Linn. Spec. 1446 (1753). S. arbuscula PALL. FI. Russ. II, 83 (1788). S. elegans Bess. Enum. 77 (1822). S. pedicellaris Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 150 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 485; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 451; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 37; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 613; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 369; Rothr., Alask. 454. Russia and Siberia. North America: N. Br. and Atl. coast to Coast range; 182 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie and Alaska; Arctic circle in Labrador; S. to N. J., Iowa, Dak. Minn. valley: Forest, N. W. and W. districts; absent S. W.; peat bogs and marshy meadows around lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 238, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Sheld- on 325, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 124, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; She/don 527, Waseca; Ballard 445, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1619, Minneapolis; Bailey 317, Vermil- ion lake; Leiberg 61, Blue Earth Co.; Kassube 220, Minneapolis; Sandberg 517, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 518, Chisago lake; Bailey 137, Vermilion lake (var. pedicillaris Carey). Salix cordata Munu. N. Berl. Schr. IV, 236 (1801). S. rigida MunL. Willd. Spec. 1V, 667 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110 in var.; Mac., Fl. Can. 446; Coult., Fl. Colo. 335; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 85; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Wats., King Exp. 324. North America: N. Br. to Vancouver and N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Rockies and W. Colo. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably through- out; low banks and marshes. HERB.: Sandberg 509, Vasa; Sandberg 510, Red Wing. Salix cordata MuHL. var. angustata (PURSH) ANDERS. Monog. 159 (1867), S. angustata Pursu, Fl. Am. 613 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Mac., Fl, Can. I, 447; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; infrequent; low banks and marshes. Salix candida WrLLp. Spec. IV, 708 (1805). S. incana Micux. Fl N. Am. II, 225 (1803). S. tomentosa SCHRAD. in Herb. S. nivea SM. in Herb. Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 484; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Mac., Fl Can. I, 446; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 337. North America: Labrador, Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan and N. W. '[.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Iowa and Minn.; also, to Mont. and Colo. Minn. valley: Forest district; especially N. E. district; banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1613, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 217, Min- neapolis; Bailey 392, Mud lake; Bailey 360, Mud river; Sand- berg 506, Goodhue Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 1838 Salix petiolaris Sm. Linn. Trans. VI, 122 (1802). S. grisea WILLD. Spec. LV, 699 (1805). S. fuscata and rosmarinifolia PuRsH, Fl Am. IT, 612 (1814). S. sericea Muuu. Berl. Mag. IV. 240 (1804). S. pennsyluanica SAL. Wob. t. 95 (—-). S. grisea var. subglabrata Kocu, Comm. 21 (1828). S. petiolaris var. gracilis ANDERS. Sal. Monog. 109 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Mac., FI. Can. I, 453; Upham, FI]. Minn. 129. North America: N. B., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col.; S. to N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn. and Mont. Minn. valley: N. E. and S. E. district; banks of streams and low meadows. HERB.: Bailey 359, Mud river. Sandberg 610, Goodhue Co.; var. gracilis Anders., Sheldon 1929, Lake Harriet; Bailey 143, Vermilion lake; Bailey 361, Mud river. Salix tristis Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 393 (1789). S. longirostris Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. muhlenbergiana WILLD. Spec. LV, 692 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 455; Chap., Fl. S. St. 480; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. North America: N.S. toN. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent or local; river or lake banks. HERB.: ? Holzinger 257, Winona. Salix humilis MarsH. Arbust. Amer. 140 (1785). S. conifera W1LLD. Pursh, FI. I, 612 (1814). S. longirostris MicHx. Fl. N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. muhlenbergiana PursH, FI. Am. I, 609 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 483; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 449; Chap., FI. S. St. 430; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 358; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q. Ont., to Lake Hu- ron region and Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district; dry, sandy places and barrens. HERB.: Sheldon 372, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1615, Minneapolis; Sandberg 507, Red Wing; Bailey 221, Vermilion lake; Bailey 408, Burntside lake; Bailey 130, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 286, Vermilion lake; Kassube 218, Minne. apolis. 184 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Salix discolor Munt. N. Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. IV 234 (1801). S. prinoides PursH, FI. Am. 613 (1814). S. sensitiva BARR. Sal. Am. 8 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt., Fl. N. J. 225; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 447; Chap., Fl. S. St. 430; Upham, FJ. Minn. 129; Cov. Fl. Ark. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and low meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1582, Lake Benton; Taylor 724, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 242, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Herrick 276, Minneapolis; Sandberg 508, Red Wing. Salix rostrata Ricnw. Appx. Frankl. 3 (1823). S. vagans var. rostrata ANDERS. Monog. 8 (1867). S. livida var. occidentalis GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 464 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 453; Coult., Fl. Colo. 337; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. North America: Canada throughout to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Mont. and Idaho; S. to Neb.. Minn. valley: Forest district and at least to Pomme des Terres valley; moist and shaded places or drier ground. HERB.: Taylor 521, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Sandberg 511, Red Wing; Sandberg 512, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 258, Winona; Bailey 212, Vermilion lake; Bailey 284, Vermilion lake; Bailey 334, St. Louis river. Salix longifolia Muni. N. Berl. Schr. IV, 238 (1801), ?8. rubra Rich. Appx. Frank]. Narr. 37 (1828). S. fluviatilis Nurr. Sylv. 89 (1842:. S. longifolia var. pedicillata ANDERS. Kd6nig]. Sven. Acad. Handl. VI, 55 (1858). Wats. and Coult,, Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 482; Britt., Fl. N. J. 227; Upham, F]. Minn. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 450; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Coult., Fl. Colo. 335; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 84; Herd, Fl. Eur. Russ. 120?; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240; Wats., King Exp. 324; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. ELI, 36: Russia? North America: Q., Ont. to Man., Athabasca and N. Brit. Col.; N. to Mackenzie river region; S. to Oregon, Calif., Texas; E. to Md. and Maiue. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; river banks and sandy shores. HERB.: Sheldon 438, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 639 Waseca; Taylor 428, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 6394, 3 LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 185 Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 1350, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 725, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 285, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 641, Minnesota lake; Taylor 792, Glenwood; Sheldon 168, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co,; Sheldon 288, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 515, Red Wing; Holzinger 259, Winona; Leiberg 60, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 516, Wyoming. Salix lucida Muni. Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berl. IV, 667 (1801). S. pentandra Nutt. Sylv. 77 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 481; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Mac., F 1. Can. I, 450; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 36. North America: Canada, east of the Rockies; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 156, Janesville; Sheldon 22, Elysian; Ballard 216n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 277, Minneapolis; Kassube 219, Minneapolis; Bailey 358, Mud river; Sandberg 513, Vasa; Bailey 357, Mud river (var. serissima Bail.). Salix amygdaloides ANDERS. Konig]. Sven. Acad. Handi. VI, 21 (1858). ? S. melanopsis Nutr. Sylv. I, 78 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 481; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Mac., Fl Can. I, 444; Upham, Fl. Minn. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo. 334; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 240. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Minn., Mo. and Tenn.; W. to Neb. and Oregon; E. to C. New York. Minn. valley: Forest district; perhaps throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1618, Minneapolis; Taylor 39, Elysian. Salix nigra MarsH. Arbust. Amer. 293 (1785). S. pentandra WALT. FI. Car. 243 (1788). S. caroliniana Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 226 (1803). S. houstoniana PursH, FI. Am. 614 (1814). S. falcata PursH, Fl. Am. II, 614 (1814). S. ligustrina Mivyx. f. Sylv. II, 212 (1819). S. nigra var. falcata GRAY, Man. 417 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 480; Britt., Fl. N. J. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 451; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Chap., Fl. S. St. 480; Upham, FI. Minn. 130; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 83; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pilanz. ITI, 1, 36. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior reg- ion, Man. and N. W. T.; S., W. of Sierra Nevada and Rockies 186 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. to Gulf of Mexico; E. from Neb. and Ark. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably westward ; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 477, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 514, Cannon Falls. XXV. BETULACEAE. Birch Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 272 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 403 (1880)—Trib. I, II, Cupuliferae; Lindl., Veg. King. 251 (1846)—Corylaceae ; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 217 (1877)—Castaneaceae in part; Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 39 (1887). Genera: 6; N. extropical regions; a few to Bengal and the Argentine Republic; from Himalayan and Cordilleran dis- tribution centers. Circumpolar in Tertiary. Species: 70+, living; 100:+, fossil. CARPINUS Linn. Gen. 729 (1737) p. p. em. Scop. (1760). Distegocarpus Sizp. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Jap. II, 102 (1837). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 255 (part); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 405; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pjlanz. 3, I, 42; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 421. Living species: 12; Middle and S. Europe; C. and EH. Asia; Atl. N. America to Mexico. Europe, 2; Russia, 2; Japan, 4-5; N. America, 1. Fossil species: 25; Tertiary of Greenland, Oregon, Alaska, Spitzbergen, Saghalin, Japan (Unger, Heer, Géppert, ete.). Quaternary, Japan and Canada ? Carpinus caroliniana Watt. FI. Car. 236 (1788). CO. betulus virginiana MARSH. Arbust. 25 (1785). C. americana LAM. Enc. Meth. LV, 708 (1797). O. virginiana Micux. f. Sylv. III, 56 (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Mac., ®]. Can. I, 439; Chap., Fl So. St. 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Cov., Fl. Ark, 220; Engl , Nat. Pfianz. III, 1, 43. North America: N. S.?, Q., Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest and N.W. districts; along streams and around lakes. Hers.: Sheldon 337, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. ; Oestlund 179, Minnehaha; Sandberg 502, Vasa; Herb. Wickers- heim 115, Lake Park, Becker Co. OSTRYA Scop. Fl. Carn. 414 (1760). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 255 (sub Carpinus); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 406; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 43 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 418. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 2 ee Living species: 2; S. Europe and the Orient, 1; Japan, N. America and Mexico, 1. Fossil species: 6 Tertiary, Greenland, Aix, Switz- erland, Japan (Saporta, Heer, Nathorst); O. ostrya (Linn.) in Tertiary of Japan. Ostrya ostrya (LINN.). Carpinus ostrya LINN. Spec. 998 (1753) in part. C. virginiana MILL. Dict. (1768). C. trifora MoENCH, Meth. 394 (1794). C. ostrya var. americana Micux. FI. N. Am. IT, 202 (1808). Ostrya virginica WILLD. Spec. IV, 469 (1805). O. virginiana Kocu, Dendr. II, 2, 8 (1873). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 474; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 480; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Chap., Fl. S. St. 426; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 43. Japan. North America: Cape Breton, N. 8., N. Br., N. Su- perior region to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Wyom., Kan., Ark., and S. to Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout, principally forest district ; rich woods and along streams. HERB.: Ballard 293n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 884, Glenwood; Ballard 396, Jordan, Scott Co.; Holzinger 255, Wi- nona Bluffs; Oestlund 178, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 501, Cannon Falls; Bailey 232, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1740, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 224, Carlton lake, Chippewa Co. CORYLUS Linn. Gen. 730 (1737). Baillon, Hist Pl. VI, 255; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 406; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 43; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 422. Living species: 7; Middle and S. Hurope, the Orient, Central and HK. Asia and N. Amer. Europe, 3; Russia, 1; Russian Europe, 1; N. America, 2; Atl. states, 2; Pac. states, 1; Asia, 4. Fossil species: 13; Tertiary, N. Greenland, Spitz- bergen, Shetland, Africa, Japan, Amurland, Himalayas, China, Saghalin, Grinnell-Land, Alaska, Wyoming, Nebraska (Heer, Lesquereaux, Nathorst, Unger, etc.); Quaternary—interglacial, Hanover. Corylus rostrata Air. Hort. Kew. III, 364 (1789). ?C. avellana LED. FI. Ross. ITI, 588 (1851) in part. C. rostrata var. mandschurica REGEL, Veg. Amur, 489 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 439; Chap., Fl. S. St. 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Coult., Fl. 188 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Colo. 333; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 101; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 355 in var.; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 48. N. Asia; sp. very closely related or identical. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan, Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to Washington and Colo.; K. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn. valley: Far N. W. district; local and rare; thick- | ets and river banks. HeERB.: Bailey 229, Vermilion lake; Roberts 122, French river. ‘ Corylus americana WaT. Fl. Car. 236 (1788). C. humilis WILLD. Berl. Baumz. 108 (1796). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 474; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Mace., F]. Can. I, 440; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 127; Chap., Fl. S. St. 425; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220. North America: Ont. to Man., Selkirks, Assiniboia and Cypress Hills; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; not infreyuent; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.: Taylor 378, Janesville; Sheldon 507, Waseca; Taylor 335, Janesville; Sheldon 324, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 467, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 228, Jordan, Scott Co.; Oestlund 176, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 500, Goodhue Co.; Oestlund 177, Minneapolis. BETULA Linn. Gen. 715 (1735) em. Gaert. (1791). Betulaster Spacu, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 198 (1841). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 254; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 404; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 43 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 409. Living species: 85; boreal and temperate regions of N. hemisphere; Europe; Asia; N. America. 25 (B. and H.); Europe, 12; Russia, 11; N. America, 11; Canada, 9-10; S. Sts., 3; E. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 2; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 2; Cali- fornia, 2. Fossil species: 40; doubtfully in the Cretaceous; abundant in Tertiary of polar regions and in Europe. Betula pumila Linn. Mant. I, 124 (1767). B. grayi REGEL, Bull. Soc. Mose. X VIII, 406 (1866). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 472; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 437; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 45. North America: Newf., Labr., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 189 Q., Ont. to foot-hills of Rockies; S. to Conn. and N. J.; W. to Ind., Ills. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E., N. W. and N. districts; marshy meadows and bogs. | Hers.: Taylor 737, Glenwood; Ballard 145n, Chaska; Ballard 423, New Prague, Scott Co.; Sandberg 504, Chisago Co. ; Sandberg 505, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1796, Minneapolis. Betula nigra Linn. Spec. 982 (1753). B.lanulosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 181 (1803). B. rubra Micux. Arb. II, 142 (1812). B. angulata Lopp. Cat. (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 472; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Webb., Fl. Neb. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Chap., FI. S. St. 428; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 45. North America: Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; local and infrequent; river banks and lake shores. HERB.: Holzinger 256, Winona Co. Betula papyrifera Marsu. Arbust. Amer. 19 (1785). B. papyracea Att. Hort. Kew. III, 337 (1789). B. grandis ScHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gott. 2 (1833). B. canadensis LouD. Cab. (1836). B. latifoka TAuscn, Flora XXI, 751 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 472; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 436; Upham, Fl. Minn. 128; Wats., King Exp. 323; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 45; Webb., Appx. Neb. 26. North America: Throughout Canada (‘‘widest range of any Canadian tree”—Macoun.) to Arctic ocean; S. to N. Eng., N. Penn., N. Ills. and Minn., Dak. and N. Neb. Minn. yalley: Forest district to Renville Co.; rare and local S. W.; but abundant N. E. districts. Woodland along streams. HERB.: Ballard 290n, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 275, Minneapolis; Sandberg 503, Red Wing. ALNUS Gaertn. Fruct. II, 54, t. 90 (1791). Alnaster SpAacu, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 200 (1841). Alnobetula Scour. Transsylv. 614 (1866). Semidopsis ZumAa. FI. Ped. I, 249 (1849). Clethropsis Spacu, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 201 (1841). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 254; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 404; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 45 (Prantl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 414. Living species: 14; Europe; Mid. and N. Asia; N. and S. America, extropical; S. Africa. Europe, 6; Russia, 4; Rus- 190 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. sian Europe, 3; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 4-5; California, 4; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 2; N. America, excl. Mexico, 8. Fossil species: 30; Cretaceous; Alnus and Alnites, Alnophyllum, Nebraska and Colo. (Lesquereaux); Tertiary, N. America (Lesqx.); Tertiary, polar regions (Heer); Europe, (Saporta, Unger); Quaternary and recent, Forest-bed of Cromer, ete. Alnus ineana (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. IV, 333 (1805). Betula incana Linn. f. Suppl. 417 (1781). Alnus glauca Micux. Hist. Arb. IJ, 322 (1812). A. crispa PuRSH, Fl Am. 623 (1814) partly. A. intermedia SCHRAD. Herb. Hort. Gott. A. incana var. vulgaris SpACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 206 (1841). A. incana var. glauca GRAY, Man. ed. I, 423 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 473; Britt., Fl. N. J. 221; Wats., Fl. Calif. 11, 81; Coult., Fl. Colo. 332; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, FI. Minn. 128; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 259, in var.; Herd., F]. Eur. Russ. 120; Wats., King Exp, 322; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 239; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 46; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 378; Rothr., Alask. 454. Northern Europe and Asia to Yezo and Saghalin. North America: Newf. throughout Can. to the Rocky mts.; S to Mass. and N. J.; W. to E. Neb., Minn., Dak. and Colo.; Oregon to Saskatchewan and S. in mts. to Nevada and Mexico; N. to Alaska. Minn. valley: N. Es, and probably N. W. districts; along streams and around marshes. XXVI. FAGACEAE. Oak Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 274 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 403 (1880)—TribusIII, Cupuliferae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V1I,227 (1877), Castanea- ceae in part; Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 47 (1887). Genera: 4; 3 distributional centers according to Prantl, (1) N. extratropical regions (Fagus, Castanea § Eucastanea, Quercus); (2) tropical Asia (Quercus § Pasania, Castanea § Castanopsis): (8) Antartic S. America, New Zealand, S. Aus- tralia (Nothofagus). Species: 850+, living; 200-225; fossil, Cretaceous, Ter- tiary and Recent. QJuercus LINN. Gen. 726 (1737). Cyclobalanus, Cyclobalanopsis, Pasania Orrstr. Liebm. Chénes. Amer. Trop. 19, 20 (1837?). Synaedrys LINDL. Introd. ed. 2, 441 (1835). Lithocarpus BLUME, FI. Jav. Cupul. 34, t. 20 (1832?). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 191 Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 256; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III. 407; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 55 (Prantl): Schenck, Palaeophyt. 433. Living species: 300+; 300 (B. and H.); temperate and tropical regions; especially Europe, tropical and West Asia; N. America; absent from S. America, S. Africa, Australia and Oceanica. Europe, 25; Russia, 10; tropical Asia, 150+; North America and Mexico, 100+; U. S. 50+;E. Sts, 19; S. Sts., 21; Canada, 12-13; California and Pac. U. S., 25; Pl. Wheel., 10; (see W. Am. Oaks, Kellogg, Greene and McDonald). Fossil species: 200+ described; Lower Cretaceous, Quercophyllum, 2sp. Potomac beds (Fontaine); Upper Creta- ceous, Colo., Neb., Kan., Wyoming (Lesquereaux, Ward, New-— berry, Heer); Tertiary, N. America, Australia, Sumatra, Java, Japan, Greenland, Alaska, Spitzbergen, France, Italy ( Saporta, Heer, Ettinghausen, Brongniart, Géppert, Unger, Nathorst; Les- quereaux, etc.) Pliocene and Quaternary, Ohio, Italy, Japan (Newberry, Géppert, Saporta, Nathorst); Amber, Baltic region ( Conwentz). Quercus velutina Lam. Enc. Meth. II, 721 (1789). @. discolor Air. Hort. Kew. IIT, 358 (1789). Q. tinctoria BARTR. Trav. 2 ed. 37 (1791). Y. tinctoria var. angulosa MicHx. Fl. N. Am. II, 198 (1803) Y. tinctoria var. sinuosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 198 (1803). @. coccinea var. tinctoria GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 454 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 477; Britt., Fl. N. J. 244; Mac., F]. Can. I, 443; Upham, Fl. Minn. 126; Chap., Fl. S. St. 422; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 57. North America: S. Maine, W. Ont. to Minn; S. to N. J., Ga., Tex.; W. to Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district throughout; woods and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 475, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 332, Janesville; Ballard 329n, Belle Plaine; Sandberg 499, Red Wing; Holzinger 254, Winona Co. Quercus rubra Linn. Spec. 996 (1753). Y. ambigua Micux. Am. Arb. II, 120 (1810). QY. coccinea var. ? rubra Spacu, Veg. II, 165 (1834). Y.. rubra var. runcinata A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 60 (1864). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 477; Britt.,Fl. N.*J. 224; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn, 127; Chap., FI. S. St. 422; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 442; II, 356; Cov., Fl. Ark. 221; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 1, 56. North America: Q., Ont. to height of land W. of L. Superior, at L. Namakeen; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb,. Kan., Mo. and Ark. 192 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Minn. valley: S. E. districts; rare or doubtful; river banks and low woods. Quercus muhlenbergii ENGELM. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, III, 591 (1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 478; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, FI. Minn. 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220. North America: Mass. to Del. and N. J.; S. to N. Alab.; W. to Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from the S. E. district; doubt- ful; no Minn. specimens seen. Quercus macrocarpa MicHx. Hist. Chénes. 2, 8 (1801). Q. olivaeformis Micux. f. Hist. Arb. II, 32 (1810). QY. obtusiloba var. depressa Nutr. Gen. IT, 215 (1818). Q. alba Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 158 (1840) in part. Q. stellata var. depressa A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 23 (1864). North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Assini- boia; S. to Mass. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; hillsides, knolls and banks of lakes and streams. HeERB.: Ballard 408, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 470, Janesville; Taylor, 692 Minnesota lake; Sheldon 474, Madison Lake; Oestlund 175, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 498, Red Wing; Bailey 63, Vermilion lake; Bailey 534, Mud lake; Herb. Wick- ersheim 114, 115, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 223, Montevideo. Quercus alba LINN. Spec. 996 (1753). ?Q. sinuata WALT. Fl. Car. 235 (1788). Y. alba var. pinnatifida Micux. Hist. Chtenes. IV, 5 (1801). Y. alba var. repanda Micux. Hist. Chénes. IV, 5 (1801). @. microcarpa A. DC. Prodr. XVI, 2, 22 (1864) Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 475; Britt., Fl. N. J. 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 109; Upham, Fl. Minn. 126; Chap., Fl. S. St. 423; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 440; Wats., King Exp. 321; Cov., Fl. Ark. 220; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. EEL, 45°67: North America: Q., Ont., Maine to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan.? and Tex. Minn. valley: S. E. district; wooded hills and banks. Hers.: ? Ballard 485, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 253, Winona’ Bluffs. XXVII. ULMACEAE. Elm Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 275 (1840) — Ulmaceae and Celtideae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl, III, 343 (1880)-—Trib. I, II, Urticaceae; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, 1, 59 (1887). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 1938 Genera: 18; tropical and extratropical. Species: 125+; 50-60 fossil; Eocene to Recent. ULMUS Linn. Gen. 194 (1787). Chaetoptelea LigespM. Vid. Med. Kiob. (1850). Microptelea Spacu, Am. Sci. Nat. 2, XV, 358 (1841). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 184; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 351; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 373; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 62; Schenck, Palaeophyt, 470. Living species: 16; temperate N. hemisphere; mts. in tropical Asia. Europe, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 7; S. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 3; Pl. Wheel., 1; N. America, 6-7. Fossil species: Ulmiphyllum, Lower Cretaceous ( Fon- taine )—Potomac river beds, 3 sp. Ulmus, 80-45 sp. described; Eocene, rare; Oligocene avundant—Grinnell-Land, Greenland, Saghalin, Japan, Switzerland, Alaska, Colorado (Lesquereaua, Saporta, Heer, Unger, Watelet, etc. ). Ulmus racemosa THoMAs, Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 1, XIX, 170 (1831). U. americana PuANCH. DC. Prodr. XVII, 155 (1873) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Mac., Fl. Can. 428; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124. North America: Q., Ont. toS. W. Vt. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Ky. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district to Chippewa valley; infrequent or rare; woods and along streams. HERB.: Moyer 220; Cedar lake, near Montevideo. Ulmus americana Linn. Spec. 226 (1753). U. mollifolia MARsH. Arbust. Amer. 156 (1785). U. americana var. pendula Ait. Hort. Kew. I, 320 (1789). U. pendula WiLLD. Berl. Baumz. 519 (1796). U. alba RAF. FI. Lud. 115 (1817). U. americana var. scabra SpAcH, Ann. Sci. Nat 2ser. XV, 364 (1841). U. americana var. bartramii WALP. Ann. ITI, 424 (1846). U. floridana CHAP. FI. S. St. 416 (1860). U. americana var. aspera CHAP. FI. S. St. 416 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., FL. Neb. 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 428; Coult., Fl. Colo. 329; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 62. North America: Cape Breton, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Winnipeg to 52° N. lat. on Saskatchewan and L. Waswan- apy, N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. and W. to Kan., Neb., Dak., Ark. and head waters of Missouri river. —13 194 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; rich woods and around lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1579, Lake Benton; Sheldon 380, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 171, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 493, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1908, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 219, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Ulmus fulva Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 172 (1803). U. americana LINN. Herb. Banks. U. pubescens WALT. FI. Car. 111 (1788). U. americana var. rubra AIT. Hort. Kew.I, 319 (1789). U. crispa WILLD. Enum. 295 (1809). U. rubra Micux. f. Sylv. III, 138 (1819). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 462; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 427; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Chap., Fl]. S. St. 416; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 357; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 62. North America: Q., Ont., to Georgian bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb , Kan., Ark. | Minn. valley: Forest district and W. at least to Pomme des Terres valley; along streams and in rich woods. HERB.: Taylor 423, Janesville; Sheldon 286, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 209, Winona. Co.; Bailey 237, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 210, Winona Co.; Herb. Moyer 218, Montevideo. CELTIS Linn. Gen. 844 (1737). Solenostigma Enpu. Prodr. Norf. 41 (1833). Mertensia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. II, 30 (1817). Momisia Dum. An. Fam. 17 (1829). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 186; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 354; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 373; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 63; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 474. Living species: 50; temperate regions, especially N. and in the tropics. Europe, 2; Russian Europe, 1; Tex. 4-5; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 1; N. America, 5-6. Fossil species: 12-15 described; Oligocene, Miocene, - Atlantic America, Colorado, Japan, Germany (Lesquereauax, Saporta, Géppert). Celtis occidentalis Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 1478 (1762). C. obliqua MoENcH, Meth. 344 (1794). C. crassifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 138 (1797). CO. pumila Puxsu, FI. 200 (1814). ? 0. canina RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1808?). C. mississippiensis Bosc. Dict. Ag. n. ed. X, 41 (—). C.-alba DO. Prodr:; XVII, 177 (1878). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 195 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 463; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 330; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 429: Chap., Fl. S.St. 417; Wats., King Exp. 321; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 64. Introd. in Europe. North America: Ont. to L. of Woods; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark., Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; woodland and along streams or around lakes. HERB.: Taylor 298, Janesville; Sheldon 1230, Iberia, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1416, Lake Benton; Ballard 388, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 465, Madison Lake; Sheldon 903, Sleepy Kye. XXVIII. MORACEAE, Mulberry Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 277, 286 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 343 (1880);—Trib. IV, V, VI, Urticaceae; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 66 (1888). Genera: 55 living, 2-3 fossil; temperate and tropical regions; largely developed in tropical America. Species: 900+; 66 per cent. in the tropical genus Ficus; fossil species of Ficus from Greenland to S. hemisphere, Cretaceous to Tertiary and Recent; numerous. MORUS Linn. Gen. 711 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 190; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 364; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 375; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 72 (Engler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 476. Living species: 10+; temperate N. hemisphere and tropical mts. N. America, 5-6; Russian Europe, 1; Russia, 2; S. Sts., 2; Canada, and E. Sts., 1; Arizona, 1. Fossil species: 1 sp. in Pliocene of Cantal ( Saporta). Morus rubra Linn. Spec. $86 (1753). M. canadensis LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 380 (1797). M. scabra WiLLD. Enum. 967 (1809). M. rubra var. canadensis Loup. Arb. III, 1360 (1838). M. missouriensis AuUDIB. Jard. Ton. (1853). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 464; Britt., Fl. N. J.217; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 430; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Chap., Fl. S. St. 415; Upham, FI. Minn. 124; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 73. North America: Around L. Erie in Can.; W. N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and to Mexico. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. E. district; rare or local; woods and along streams. 196 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HUMULUS Linn. Gen. 750 (1787). Lupulus GAERTN. Fruct. I. 358 (1788). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 216; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl II1, 256; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 374; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 96 (Engler). Schenck, Palaeophyt. 476. Living species: 2; N. temperate regions. 1, cosmo- politan; 1, China and Japan. Fossil species: 2-38; Pliocene, France (Saporta). Humulus lupulus Linn. Spec. 1457 (1753). Cannabis lupulus Scop. Fl. Carn. II, 263 (1772). Lupulus communis GAERTN. Fruct. 75 (1788). Humulus americanus Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. V, 181 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 464; Britt., Fl. N. J. 216; Webb., F). Neb. 111; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 429; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 414; Coult., Fl. Colo. 331; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 363; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 118; Wats., King Exp. 321; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, 1,97; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 345. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to Man., 53° N. lat., Brit. Col.; S. to N. Mex. in mts.; E. across cont. to N. Eng. and Ga. Introd. in Atl. states? Minn. valley: Throughout; climbing on underbrush or trees; banks of streams and edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 1039, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 302n, Jor- dan, Scott Co.; Kassube 216, Minneapolis; Sandberg 496, Red Wing; Sandberg 497, Red Wing. XXIX. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 282 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI, 348 (1880)—Tribus VII, Urticewe; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, § 98 (1888). Genera: 41 living; 5 fossil; tropics and sparingly without; to Auckland Island and to 4500 m. in Himalayas and Andes. Species: 500+; 83 per cent. New World; 33 per cent. Asia; 14 per cent. Africa; 14 per cent. Oceanica; 3-4 per cent. Europe (Engler). Fossil species, 12-15, Cretaceous and ‘Tertiary. URTICA Linn. Gen. 710 (17387). 3aillon, Hist. Pl. III, 517; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI, 381; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 104 (Eng- ler); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 483. Living species: 380+; temperate regions. Europe, 6; Russia, 5; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 10+; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 2; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel, 4; California, 4. Fossil species: Miocene of Steirmack (Httinghausen). LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 197 Urtica gracilis Air. Hort. Kew. I, 341 (1789). U. dioica Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 112 (1803). U. procera PursH, FI. Am. IJ, 113 (1814). U. dioica var. procera WEDD. DC. Prodr. XVI, 1, 52 (1869). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 465; Britt., Fl. N. J. 217; Coult., Fl. Colo. 330; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 480; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Upham, FI. Minn. 124; Chap., FI. 8. St. 412; Wats., King Exp. 321; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Rothr., Alask. 454 ? North America: N.S. to Saskatchewan and Rockies; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Colo., Neb. and Ark Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; banks of streams, edges of fields and moist banks. HERB.: Taylor 841, Glenwood; Taylor 186, Janesville; Taylor 304, Janesville; Ballard 361, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 862a, Elysian; Sheldon 834, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 214, Minne- apolis; Herrick 270, Minneapolis; Oestlund 172, Minneapolis; Bailey 267, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1700, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 221, Montevideo. LAPORTEA GaupicH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498 (1826). Disocarpus Ligesm. K. Dan. Vid. Sel. Schr. 5, II, 308 (1851). Dendrocnide Miq. Pl. Jungh. I, 29 (1851), Sclepsion RAF. MSS. ex Baillon, 1. c. (1872). Urticastrum Moenur. Hort. Priv. (1736). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 519; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 634; Benth. and Hlook., Gen. Pl. III, 3838; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 106 (Engler). ; Living species: 25; tropical regions and a few in extra- tropical N. America; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; Rocky fos., 1; U.-S., 1-2. Laportea canadensis (LINN.) GAUDICH. Uran. 498 (1826). Urtica canadensis LINN. Spec. 1397 (1753). U. divaricata PursH, Fl. Am. 113 (1814). Sclepsion divaricatum RAF. MSS. Urtica whitlowti MunL. Cat. (1818). Fleurya canadensis B. and H. FI. Nig. 517 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 465; Britt., Fl. N. J. 218: Coult., Fl. Colo. 331; Mac., Fl. Can. 431; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Chap., Fl. S. St. 413; Upham, FI. Minn. 124; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, a North America: N.S., N. Br., Q.,. Ont. to Sault Ste. Marie; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Kan., Neb. and Dak. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; damp and rich woodland and shaded river banks. HERB.: Sheldon 40, Elysian; Sheldon 460, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 854, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 708, 198 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Waconia; Taylor 593a, Minnesota lake; Taylor 305, Janesville; Ballard 292, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 811, Glenwood; Herrick 271, Minneapolis; Kassube 215, Minneapolis; Sandberg 494, Vasa; Herb. Moyer 222, Chippewa river bottoms, near Montevideo. ADICEA Rar. An. Nat. 129 (1815). Pilea LINDL. Collect t. 4 (1821). Dubreueilia GAuDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 495 (1826). Adike RAF. N. FI. 638 (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 524; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 384; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 377; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 621; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 108 (Engler). Living species: 100+; 160 (B. and H.); 175 (Durand); tropical regions, especially American; wanting in Australia. N. America, temperate regions, 2; Canada and EH. Sts., 1. Adicea pumila (Linn.) Rar. An. Nat. 179 (1815). Urtica pumila LINN. Spec. 1395 (1753). U, fasciculate Potr. Enc. Meth. IV, 640 (1797). Dubrueilia pumila GAUDICH. Uran. 295 (1826). Adike pumila RAF. N. FI. 63 (1836). Pilea pumila GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 437 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N. J. 218; Mac., Fl. Can. 431; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Chap., F1.S. St. 413; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 108. North America: N. B., Q., Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Forest district and N W. district; moist woods and shaded banks. Hers.: Taylor 1129, Glenwood; Herrick 272, Minne- tonka; Holzinger 211, Winona; Sandberg 495, Goodhue Co.; Sheldon 1625, Taylor’s Falls. RAMIUM Rumpr. V. 214 (1747). Boehmeria JAcqQ. Stirp. Amer. 246, t. 157 (17—). Caturus Linn. Suppl. (1767) p. p. ex Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Splitgerbera Mig. Comm. Phyt. 133 (1838-40). Duretia GAupicH. Freyc. Voy. Bot, 500, adn. (1826). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 526; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 387; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. 378; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 631; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 111 (Rngler). Living species: 45+; mostly tropical—in N. America and E. Asia, extra-tropical; to Canada and Japan. N. Amer- ica, 1 sp. in Atlantic region. Ramium cylindricum (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 632 (1891). Urtica cylindrica LINN. Spec. 1396 (1753). Boehmeria cylindrica WiLLD. Spec. LV, 340 (1805). B. lateriflovra Munu. Cat. (1813). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 199 Urtica capitata PurRsH, Fl. Am. 113 (1814). Duretia cylindrica GAUDICH. Uran. 499 (1826). Boehmeria cylindrica var. B. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. IT (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N. J. 218; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 432; Chap., Fl. S. St. 414; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 219; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 111. North America: N. Eng., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. W. district; infre- quent or rare; moist woods and shaded river banks. PARIETARIA Linn. Gen. 771 (1737). Freiria and Thaumuria GAuUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot, 502 (1826). Gesnouinia GAUDICH. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 502 (1826). Helxine REQ. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1, V, 384 (1824). Soleirolia GAUDICH. 1. c. (1826). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I11, 534; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 392, 393; ~ Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 378; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 115, 116 (Engler). Living species: 9; temperate regions; scarce in trop- ics; N. America, 2; 1, Atl. region; 1, Pac. region. Parietaria pensylvanica Muu. Willd. Spec. IV, 955 (1805). P. debilis var. pensylvanica WEDD. Monog. 516 (1856). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 466; Britt., Fl. N. J. 418; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 432; Upham, Fl. Minn. 125; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Wats., Fl. Calif, II, 65; Chap., Fl. S..St. 413; Coult., Fl. Colo. 331. North America: Ont. to N. W. T., N. Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; S. to Colo. and N. E. Nev.; E. across cont. to EH. Mass., Vt. and Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; local; banks and edges of woods; not infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 413, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 792, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 407, Jordan, Scott Co.; Holzinger 212, Winona Co.; Holzinger 213, Winona Co.; Herrick 273, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 173, Minneapolis; Oestlund 174, Hennepin Co. XXX. SANTALACEAE. Sandal-wood Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 324, 1378 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 217 (1880) excl. Tribus IV, Grubbieae; Hieronymus in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 202 (1889). Genera: 26 living; 1 fossil; tropical and temperate regions; distributional centers (1) 8S. Africa; (2) Malay Arch- ipelago; (3) S. America and Australia; (4) N. temperate region ; (Hieronymus). Species: 250+ living; 12-15 fossil; Tertiary. 2°00 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. COMANDRA Nort. Gen. I, 157 (1818). Hamiltonia SPRENG. Syst. I, 851 (1825) p. p. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 224; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 358; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 221 (Hieronymus). Living species: 4; Europe, 1; N. America, 3; Canada, 3; BE: Sts., 8; Si Sts. 1; Rocky mts., 2; Pl). King, ie Wheel., 2. Comandra livida Ricn. Appx. Frankl. Journ. 9 (1823). Hamiltonia sarmentosa SPRENG. Syst. I, 831 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 451; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 423; Upham, F]. Minn. 122. North America: Newf. and Labrador, N. S., N. Br., L. Nipigon, L. Winnipeg to Rocky mts., Brit. Col., 69° N. lat. and Arctic circle; S. to N. Vt., Wisc. and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; doubtful; dry hillsides or banks. Comandra umbellata (Linn.) Nurr. Gen. I, 157 (1818). Thesium umbellatum LINN. Spec. 302 (1753). T. corymbulosum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 112 (1803). Hamiltonia umbellata SPRENG. Syst. I, 831 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 450; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214: Webb., Fl, Neb. 133; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 423; Chap., Fl. S. St. 396; Coult., Fl. Colo. 324; Wats., King Exp. 319; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 254; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: Cape Breton, Q., Ont. to Owen Sound, L. Huron, Saskatchewan (N. of 51° lat.) and Rockies; S. to Washington and Californian Sierras; E. across cont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn. valley: Forest district and perhaps throughout; dry ground or edges of meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1168, New Ulm; Holzinger 202, Wi- nona, Co.; Kassube 212, Minneapolis; Sandberg 487, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 203, Stockton; Herb. Sheld. 1861, Ramsey Co.; 1718, Minneapolis. Comandra pallida A. DC. Prodr. XIV, 636 (1856). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 450; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Mace., F). Can. I, 423; Coult., Fl. Colo. 324; Wats., King Exp. 319; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 254 in var. North America: Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to Brif. Col. and Oregon; S. to Minn., Neb., Kan., N. Mex., and W. to Rocky mts. Minn. valley: Reported from W. N. W. edge; doubtful or rare; dry shaded hills. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 201 XXXI. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 344 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 121 (1880); Solereder in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 264 (1889). Genera: 5; warmer and tropical regions; principally S. America, and absent from Australia. Doubtful remains in Cretaceous and Tertiary. Species: 200; 90 per cent. in genus Aristolochia of the tropical and subtropical regions. ASARUM Linn. Gen. 385 (1737). Heterotropa Morr. and DECNE. Ann.Sci. Nat. I, 2, 314 (1834). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 21; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 122; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 345; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 271 (Solereder);: Schenck, Palaeophyt. 707. Living species: 13; temperate regions, N. hemisphere; Europe, 1; Himalayas, 1; Japan, 7; North America, 4; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 3; California, 3. Fossil species: Cretaceous of Nebraska and Europe? Asarum canadense Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 633 (1762). A. carolinianum WALT. FI. Car. 143 (1788). A. latifolium Sauiss. Prodr. 344 (1796). A, villosum MUHL. Cat. (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 445; Britt., Fl. N. J. 212; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 418; Upham, F]. Minn. 116; Chap., FI. S. St. 371; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl. Solered. Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 271. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to 49° N. lat. in Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and W. to Minn. and Dak. Minn valley: Throughout; shaded river banks and moist woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 146, Madison Lake; Ballard 52n, Chaska; Holzinger 193, Winona Co.; Kassube 206, Minneapolis; Arthur 159, Vermilion lake; Leonard 42, Minneapolis; Winchell 19, Minneapolis; Sandberg 475, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1875, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 110, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ARISTOLOCHIA Linn. Gen. 639 (1787). Glossula RAF. ex. Baillon. 1. c. (1888). Pistolochia Rar. ex. Baillon, |. c. (1888). ? Endodeca Rar. ex. Bailion, |. c. (1888). Howardiaand Einomenia KiLorzscy, Monatb. Berl. 607 (1859). Siphisia Rar. Med. FI. I, 62 (1828). Hocquartia Dum. Comm. Bot. 30 (1822). Holostylis DUCHARTRE. Ann. Sci. Nat. 4, II, 38 (1855). Guaco LiEBM. Forh. Scand. Nat. 208 (1844). 202 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 22; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pi. III. 123; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 345; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 272 (Solereder): Schenck, Palaeophyt. 704-709. Living species: 180+; tropical and temperate regions. Europe, 13: Russia, 2; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Calif., 1. The section which is represented in Asia and N. America contains 14 sps. Fossil species: 15-20; Cretaceous and Tertiary, Ne- braska (Heer); Greenland (Heer); Europe (Saporta); Aristo- lochiaephyllum in Lower Cretaceous, Potomac group (fon- taine) 1 sp. Aristolochia sipho L’HEer. Stirp. Novy. Fasc. I, 13 (1784). A. macrophylla LAM. Enc. Meth. 1, 252 (1783). Siphisia glabra RAF. Med. FI. I. 65 (1828). S. sipho KiLorzscu, Monatsber. 602 (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 445; Chap., Fl. S. St. 372; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 116; Engl. Solered. Nat. Pfianz. III, 1, 272. North America: Penn. to Minn. and Kan. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. districi and S. E. edge; rare or local; rich woods and moist river banks. XXXII. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 304 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 89 (1880); Dammer in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 1 (1891). Genera: 380; cosmopolitan; arborescent forms princi- pally in tropical America; herbaceous in temperate regions; shrubby in E. Mediterranean and Inland-sea region of Asia, (Bentham and Hooker). Center of distr. N. temperate zone { Dammer ). Species: 650-700 living; 12-15 fossil. RUMEX Linn. Gen. 300 (1737). Lapathum Morncnu, Meth. 355 (1794). Acetosa Neck. Elem. II, 214 (1790). 3enth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ITI, 100; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 342; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 a, 17 (Dammer). Living species: 150 described; 100+ reduced; cosmo- politan, but largely predominant in N. hemisphere. Europe, 36; Russia, 32; Russian Europe, 20; S. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 5; California, 12-13; Canada, 8; E. Sts., 7; Pl. King, 8?; Pl. Wheel., 3; N. America, 17-20. Rumex verticillatus Linn. Spec. 334 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 438; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Mac., F]. Can. I, 416; Chap., Fl. S. St. 385; Cov., Fl. Ark, 216; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 85. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 208 North America: N. S.?, Q., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Tex. Minn. valley: H'orest district; swamps and wet wood- land or meadow. HERB.: AHolzinger 201, Winona Co.?; Oestlund 164, _ Minneapolis. Rumex. altissimus Woop, Proc. Am. Acad. 177 (18538). R. britannica Metssn. DC. Prodr. XIV, 47 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 438; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 111; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 86. North America: N. Y. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan.; Dak. to Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; habitat like that of hk. britannicus Linn. HERB.: Taylor 180, Janesville; Sheldon 1067, Spring- field; Ballard 27, Chaska. Rumex britannicus LINN. Spec. 334 (1753). R. zcanthorhizos HoFFM. Nachtr. 239, ex. Shultes. R. orbiculatus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 438; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 415, II, 354; Upham, F]. Minn. 120; Wats., King Exp. 314; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Engl. Dammer, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ia, 18; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 87. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Kaministiquia river, Owen Sound and 64° N. lat. in N. W. T.;S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Del.; W. to Minn., Dak, and Kan.; 8S. in Rockies to Nev.; Alaska to Mexico, Minn. valley: Forest and N. W. district; W. to Chip- pewa valley or beyond; moist grounds and meadows. HERB.: Taylor 1162a, Glenwood; Taylor 992, Glen- wood; Ballard 327, Belle Plaine; Roberts 120, Stewart river; Bdtley 328, St. Louis river; Kassube 210, Minneapolis. Rumex salicifolius WEINMANN, Flora IV, 28 (1821). R. verticillatus Rico. Appx. 11 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 438; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 416; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Upham, F1]. Minn. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 317; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 8; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 504; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 98; Wats., King Exp. 314; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 231; Rothr., Alask. 453; Trelease, Rev. Rum. 87; Greene, Fl. Fran. 139. Arctic Siberia. North America: Newf. N. Br., Q. to L. Nipigon, Man., L. Winnipeg, Souris Plain, Great Bear lake, Mackenzie river and Alaska; W. to Rocky mts.; S. to Calif., Colo., Neb., Towa, Gt. Lake region and N. Eng. 204 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairie district, saline or alkaline marshes. HERB.: Sheldon 1569, Lake Benton; Ballard 286, Jor- dan, Scott Co.; Herrick 261, Minneapolis; Bailey 1, Vermilion lake; Herrick 262, Minneapolis; Hammond 36, Lake City; Herb. Moyer 216, Montevideo. Rumex persicarioides Linn. Spec. 335 (1753). kt. anthoxanthum MuRR. Prodr. G6tt. 52 (1770). Rt. aureus WiTH. Arr. 356 (1776). fh. maritimus Auct. Amer. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 439; Britt., Fl. N. J. 211; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 417; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Chap., Fl. S. St. 386; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Wats. Fl. Calif. II, 9; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 348; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 110; Wats., King Exp. 314; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 500; Hart., F]. Scand. I, 338; 'Tre- lease, Rev. Rum. 93; Greene, Fl. Fran. 139. Kurope: Scand. and Brit. to Servia and Mid. Russ. North America: N. Br., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay and Rocky mts.; 8., E. of Sierras, to N. Mex., and E. to Atl. coast and N. Car. Minn. valley: Throughout; marshy or alkaline and saline localities. HERB.: Sheldon 1252, Lake Benton; Sheldon 758, Sleepy Kye; Ballard 654, Chaska; Ballard 500, Prior’s lake, Scott Co. ; Taylor 653, Minnesota lake; Oestlund 165, Minneapolis; Kas- sube, 211, Minneapolis; Herrick 263, Minneapolis; Leiberg 52, Blue Earth Co. POLYGONUM Linn. Gen. ed. V. 445 (1754). Tephis ADANS. Fam. IJ, 276 (17638). Lagunea Lour. FI. Cochinch. 220 (1790). Tovara ADANS. Fam. II, 276 (1763). Antenoron RAF. FI. Lud. 28 (1817). * Ampelygonum LINDL. Bot. Reg. (1838). Echinocaulos Hassk. Flora (1842). Chylocalyx Hassk. MSS. Thysanella A.GRAy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 282 (1847). Bilderdykia DumortT, Flor. Belg. 18 (1827). Pleuropterus Turcz. Bull. Imp. Soc. Mose. 587 (1848). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 342; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 490-491; Engl.-Damm.; Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 25. Living species: 150; cosmopolitan; N. rather than S. Europe, 31; Russia, 31; Russian Europe, 22; S. Sts., 18; Rocky mts., 16; Canada, 29-81; California, 25; E. Sts., 21; Pl. King, 11-12; Pl. Wheel., 11; N. America and Mexico, 50+. Fossil species: Tertiary, Spitzbergen (Heer); Oen- | LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 20 ingen (Heer); Amber (Baltic Sea—Conwentz.); Quaternary or Pliocene, Japan (Nathorst); 6 or 7 sp. See also Saporta. Polygonum acre HBK. N. Gen. et. Spec. II, 179 (1817). P. hydropiperoides PuRsH, F}. Am. 270 (1814). P. hydropiper Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 288 (1803). P. punctatum Evu. Sk. I, 455 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 411; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Chap., FI. S. St. 389; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfl. 3, I a, 38; Greene, Fl. Fran. 136. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn., Dak. and Neb.; S. to Fla., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district; wet places, around lakes and pools. HERB.: Bailey 370, Mud river; Holzinger 197, Wi- nona Co. Polygonum hydropiper Linn. Spec. 517 (1753). P. glandulosum Porr. Enc. Meth. VI, 149 (1804). P. mite Buu. Sk. I (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl, Can. I, 411; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 523; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112: Chap., Suppl. S. St. 645; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 333; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 28. All Europe; Arctic Russia to Caucasus, Siberia and Dahuria. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; S. to Minn., Neb. and Mo.; introd. E. of Mississippi valley; S. to N. Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout: wet ground; shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1477, Pipestone City; Taylor 1153, Glenwood; Ballard 604, Prior lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 661, Waconia; Taylor 828, Glenwood; Ballard 722, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 849, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Roberts 114, Dul- uth; Roberts 115, Stewart river; Sandberg 481, Red Wing. Polygonum hydropiperoides Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 239 (1803). P. mite PursH, Fl. Am. 270 (1814). P. persoonti ENGELM. in Herb. Ledebour. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 411; Chap. Fl. S. St. 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfl. 3, I a, 28. S. America and Australia. North America: N. Br., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. \ 206 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESUTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places, edges of pools and lakes, in the water. HERB.: Sheldon 881, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 257, Minne- apolis; Herrick 258, Minneapolis; Oestlund 159, Hennepin Co.; Oestlund 160, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1674, Minneapolis. Polygonum hartwrightii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. VIII, 294 (1870). ; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 410; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 14; Upham, FI. Minn. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Greene, Fl. Fran. 136, North America: Anticosti, Ont. to Hudson Bay and Owen Sound; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Utah, California and Pac. coast. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist banks and shores and around pools. HERB.: Taylor 224, Janesville; Sheldon 648, Waseca; Sheldon 988, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 161, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 417, Long lake. Polygonum emersum (MicHx.) BritT. Cat. N. J. 209 (1890). . bistorta WALT. FI]. Car. 131 (1788) not Linn. . amphibium var. terrestre WILLD. Spec. II (1799). . amphibium emersum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 240 (1803). . coccinneum terrestre MuHL. Cat. 40 (1813). . amphibium var. (?) muhlenbergit MEISN. Mon. Polyg. (1856). . muhlenbergii S. WATs. Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. XIV (1879). . terrestre B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 441; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Upham,. Fl. Minn. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 410; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 13; Coult., Fl. Colo. 320; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 353; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Greene, Fl. Fran. 137. North America: Prairie regions of Can. to Saskatch- ewan and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Wash- ington, Oregon, Calif. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places; sandy beaches. and shores of streams. Herps.: Sheldon 1192, New Ulm; Sheldon 1396, Lake Benton; Taylor 1073, Glenwood; Leiberg 56, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 259, Minneapolis; Bailey 366, Mud river; Sandberg 482, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 214, 215, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Polygonum amphibium LINN. Spec. 861 (1753). P. purpureum Gitts, Exerc. Phyt, II, 483 (1792). P. amphibium var. aquaticum WILLD. Spec. II, (1799). P. coccinneum Munwu Cat. 40 (1813). Persicaria amphibia 8. KF. GRAy, Arr. II, 268 (1821). ora ey ag LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 207 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 410; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Wats., Fl. Calif. Il, 13; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 320; Miyabe., Fl. Kur. 257; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 620; Nym., F). Eur.; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 100; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 344; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112; Wats., King Exp. 316; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 232; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 332; Kngl. Damm., Nat. Pfianz. 3,1 a. 28; Greene, Fl. Fran. 137. Most Europe to Siberia, Dahuria, China, Japan, Kurile Isls. and Saghalin; W. Himalayas; S. Africa. North America: Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. and Pac. S., E. of Sierras, to Mexico and E. to Atlantic. Minn. valley: Forest district and far N. W.; aquatic; floating in quiet waters. HERB.: Leonard 43, Crystal lake. Polygonum pensylvanicum Linn. Spec. 361 (1753). P. scabrum MOENCH, Suppl. 267 (1802). ?P. bicorne RAF. FI. Lud. 29 (1817), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 208; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Chap., Fl. S. St. 388; Wats., Fl. Calif. IT, 13; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 409. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo. and Sonora, Calif.; E. to N. Eng. and N. J.; S. to Ga. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist soil, river banks, barren shores of lakes and sloughs. HERB.: Sheldon 1047, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 829, Glen- wood; Ballard 613, Chaska; Ballard 622, Chaska; Ballard 848, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 803, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 660, Waconia; Ballard 879, Waconia; Ballard 722, Waconia; Ballard 504, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 156, Minneapolis; Sandberg 480, Cannon Falls; Huntington 13, Rock Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1675, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 111, Lake Park, Becker Co. ° Polygonum incarnatum Evu. Sk. I, 456 (1821). P. nodosum var. incarnatum GRAY, Man, 3 ed. 372 (1852). P. lapathifolium var. incarnatum WATS. and CouLT. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 440 (1890). Mac., Fl. Can. I, 409; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 388; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Mac.. Fl. Can. II, 353; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 521; Nym., Fl. Eur., in var.; Hook., FI. Gt. Brit. in var. 344; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27. All Europe; N. Russia to Ural Siberia—in vars. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont., L. Nipigon to Vancouver; S. to N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark., Mo. 208 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places; meadows, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 15, Elysian; Ballard 784, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Oestlund 157, Minneapolis; Oestlund 158, Hennepin Co.; Winchell 20, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 213, Montevideo. Polygonum tenue MicHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 238 (1808). P. linifolium Muuu. Cat. 40 (1813). P. filiforme BART. Comp. FI. Phil. I, 186 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 408; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., FI. S. St. 390; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 12; Wats., King. Exp. 315: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216. North America: Ont., Saskatchewan, Souris plain, Brit. Col. and Pac. coast; S. in Sierras to Calif., Neb. and Arizona; E. across cont. to N. Eng., and N. Car. Minn. valley: Reported from W. edge aud S. W. dis trict; infrequent; knolls and barren bluffs. Polygonum ramosissimum MicHx. FI. N. Am. I, 237 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., F]. Can. I, 408; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 12; Upham, F]. Minn. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 319; Wats., King Exp. 315. North America: Ont. to L. Winnipeg, Rocky mits. and valley of the Columbia; S. tolower Sierra Nevada; E. across Cont. to Neb., Minn., Mo., N. Eng. and N. J. Minn. valley: Prairie district. throughout; dry or sandy waste places. HERB.: Taglor 1147, Glenwood; Sheldon 1499, Lake Benton; Oestlund 162, Minneapolis; Holzinger 199, Winona Co.; Sandberg 483, Red Wing; Holzinger 200, Winona. Polygonum erectum Linn. Spec. 361 (1753). P. aviculave var. erectum GRAY, Man. 4 ed. 417 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 440; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., F], Can. I, 407; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 11; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 532; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 231; Cov. Fl. Ark. 215 All Russia. North America: Ont. to Rocky mts.; S. and W. to Oregon, Nev. and Calif.;E. through Colo. and Neb. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga. Minn. valley: Forest district and doubtless through- out; shaded banks or woodland districts. HERB.: Sheldon 1729, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 209 Polygonum aviculare LINN. Spec 362 (1753). P. centinodium LAM. FI. Fr. III, 237 (1793). P. geniculatum Potr. Enc. Meth. VI, 147 (1804). P. provinciale Kocu, Linn. XXII, 204 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 439; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn, 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 407; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Coult., Fl. Colo. 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 11; Miyabe., FI. Kur. 257; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 531; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Trautv. Fl. Sib. 101; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 346; Herd., F]. Eur. Russ. 112; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 5, 2380, 373; Wats., King Exp. 315; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 333; Engl. Damm. Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, a, 29; Rothr., Alask. 453; Greene, Fl. Fran. 133. All Europe; all Russia and Siberia to Japan and Kurile Isls. North America: Greenland to Alaska and S. to Calif. and Ga ; indigenous west of the Mississippi. Minn. valley: Throughout; door yards, roadsides, fields and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1558, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1011, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 524, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 482, Red Wing; Roberts 116, Grand Marais; Kassube 208, Minneapolis; Holzinger 198, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1670, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 112, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Polygonum virginianum LINN. Spec. 360 (1753). P. muticum MOENCH, Suppl. 266 (1802). Persicaria virginiana GAERTN. Fruct. II, 180 (1791). ? Antenoron racemosum RAF. F!. Lud. 28 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 209; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pfi. 3, I a, 28. North America: N.S. to Ont.; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn. valley: S. central district; thickets and moist ~ woodland. HERB.: Sheldon 288, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. Polygonum articulatum Linn. Spec. 361 (1753). Polygonella articulata MEISN. Gen. II, 228 (1843). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 443; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. 409; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215. North America: Sault Ste. Marie and N. Superior region to Saskatchewan; S. to Maine, N. J. and Minn.; S. to Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; infre- quent or local; dry and sandy soil. —14 210 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. L Polygonum scandens Linn. Spec. 363 (1753). P. dumetorum var. scandens GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 418 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 443; Britt., Fl..N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 391; Upham, FI. Minn. 120; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 15; Coult., Fl. Colo. 321; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 528; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 112; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215. : Kurope, Asia and India—with P. dwmetorum Linn. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; N. Superior region to N. W. T.; S. to Washington and Montana to Colo.; EK. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist thickets and edges of woods or along shaded banks. HERB.: Zaylor 1163, Glenwood; Sheldon 1563, Lake Benton; Sheldon 427, Ash lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 506, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 630, Chaska; Leiberg 57, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 51, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1793, Min- neapolis. y Polygonum cilinode Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 241 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Chap., Fl. S. St. 391; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Hudson Bay and Peace river valley to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car., and W. to Mich. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare or local; rocky hills and banks. HERB.: Roberts 118, Grand Marais; Roberts 119, Dul- uth; Sandberg 484, Vermilion lake. Polygonum arifolium LINN. Spec. 362 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 28. Asia ? North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; Blue Earth Co.; rare; low, wet woodland. HERB.: Boden 2, Chisago Co. Polygonum sagittatum Linn. Spec. 3868 (1753). P. sagittatum var. boreale MEIsN. Mon. Polyg. 65 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 442; Britt., Fl. N. J. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 120: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 413; Webb., Fl. Neb. 112; Chap., Fl. S. St. 390; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 529; Cov., Fl. Ark. 216; Engl.-Damm., Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 28. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. PAL Asia; Siberia—Baikal and Transbaikal. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Sas- katchewan and Minn.; S. to Fla., Ark., Kan., Neb. and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest district to Cottonwood valley; in- frequent W.; abundant E.; low places and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 209, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co. ; Ballard 657, Waconia; Sheldon 209a, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 498, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 538, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 723, Benton, Carver Co.; Roberts 117, Stewart river; Kassube 209, Minneapolis; Herrick 260, Minne- apolis; Cestlund 163, Minneapolis. XXXIII. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 292 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. IIT, 43 (1880); Moquin-Tandon, DC. Predr. xiii, II, 41 (1849)— Salsolaceae; Volkens in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I a, 36 (1892). Genera: 80; cosmopolitan; many of them composed of halophytes or xerophytes; few in tropics or polar regions. Species: 550+; many widely distributed. CHENOPODIUM Linn. Gen. 191 (1737). Oligandra Less. Linn. IX, 199 (1835). Lipandra Mog. Chen. En. 19 (1840). Gandriloa STEUD. Nom. ed. 2 (1841). Oliganthera ENDL. Gen. Suppl. I, 1377 (1848). Ambrina SpAcH, Suit. Buff. V, 295 (1836). Botrydium SpaAcu, Suit. Buff. V, 298 (1836). Teloxys Mog. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, I, 129 (1834). Blitum LInn. Gen. 14 (1737). Morocarpus MoENCH, Meth. 342 (1794). Oxybasis Kar. and Kir. Bull. Imp. Soc. Mosc. 738 (1841). Agathophyton Mog. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, I, 191 (1834). Orthosporum NEEs, Gen. Germ. Monochl. n 58 (1835). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 166; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 51; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 336; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 491. Living species: 50; cosmopolitan; Europe, 13; Rus- sia, 15; Russian Europe, 12; California, 11-13; E. Sts., 5; Can- ada, 5; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 2; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 6; interior regions, 8-9. Chenopodium rubrum Linn. Spec. 219 (17538). Blitum maritimum Nutt. Gen. Add. (1818). B. rubrum ReEtcus. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582 (1832). B. polymorphum C. A. Mey. FI. Alt. I, 13 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 432; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 400; Britt., Fl. N. J. 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117 and Supp]. Minn. 86; Coult., Fl. Colo. 212 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 308; Wats., King Exp. 288; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 48; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit 338, Europe. North America: Newf. to Assiniboia and Brit. Col.; S. to N. J. and W. to Minn., Colo. and Calif. Minn. valley: S. W. and W. district; low or dry ground; saline localities. : HERB.: Sheldon 1361, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1057, Sleepy Hye lake. Chenopodium boscianum Mog. Chen. Enum. 21 (1840). C. album Bosc. in Herb. Ventenat. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 431; Britt., Fl. N. J. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Chap., Fl. S. St. 376; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Webb., Appx. Neb. 28. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to S. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex Minn. valley: Blue Earth Co. and Lincoln Co.; prairie district S. and S. W.; sandy or gravelly places. HERB.: Sheldon 1555, Lake Benton. Chenopodium capitatum (Linn.) B. and H. Gen. 1. c. (1880). Blitum capitatum LINN. Spec. 6 (1758). Movrocarpus capitatus MOENCH, Meth, 342 (1794). Blitum virgatum var. capitatum Coss. Germ. and Wedd. Pl. Par. 108 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 432; Britt., Fl. N. J. 207; Wats.. Fl. Calif. II, 48; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 400; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Coult., Fl. Colo. 308; Nym., Fl. Eur. Central Europe; Siberia. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to Slave lake and Alaska; S. to Washington, Utah,{New Mex., Minn., Neb. and Tex.; introd. in E. U. S. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; infrequent;. dry or waste places. HerRB.: Holzinger 195, Winona Co.; Roberts 110, Min- nesota Point; Roberts 111, Duluth. CORISPERMUM Linn. Gen. ed. V, 12 (1754). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 175; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. ILI, 57; Du- rand, Ind Gen. Phun. 337. Living species: 5-6: (Baillon); 8-10 (Durand); De- scribed, 15; S. Europe, C. and W. Asia to China; N. America. Russian Europe, 6; N. America, 1. Corispermum hyssopifolium Linn. Spec. 6 (1758). CO. squarrosum VAuUL, Enum. J, 16 (1804). C. patens Fiscu. in R. and 8. Syst. I, 579 (1820). ‘ LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 213 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 434; Wats., Fl. Calif.eII, 57; Upham, Fl. Minn. 117; Webb., Fl. Neb. 113; Coult., Fl. Colo. 311; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 403; II, 352; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 326; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 108; Wats., King Exp. 293; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark, 215; Led., Fl. Russ III, 759; Rothr., Alask. 455. S. Europe to Caucasus, N. W. India, Manchuria and China. North America: Ont. and Gt. Lake region to Red, Saskatchewan and Athabasca valleys; Gt. Slave lake, N. W. T., Alaska to Pt. Barrow; S. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Colo.; Rockies from Brit. Col. to Sierras and Mexico; E. to Ills. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W. districts; local and in- frequent; sandy beaches of lakes and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 1187, Glenwood; Roberts 113, Minne- sota Point. SALSOLA Linn. Gen. 193 (1737). Caroxylon THUNB. PI. Nov. Gen. II, 37 (1782). Halothamnus JAvuB. and SpaAcu, Ill. Or. t. 136 (1844). Kenth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 71; Baillon, Hist. Pl. [X, 186; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 338. Living species: 40+; temperate and subtropical reg- ions. N. America, 1, Atl. states. Salsola kali Linn. Spec. 222 (1753). S. caroliniana WALT. FI. Car. (1788). S. carolina Micux. Fl. Am. I, 174 (1803). S. kali var. caroliniana Nutr. Gen. I, 199 (1818. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 435; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 405; Britt., Fl. N. J. 208: Webb., Fl. Neb. 113; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 110; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 343. Cosmopolitan species. North America: N.S. and N. Br. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: W. and N. W. districts; saline or alka- line places; commonly confounded with Corispermum. Hers.: Sheldon 1196, New Ulm; Taylor 1180, Glen- wood. XXXIV. AMARANTACEAE. Amaranth Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 300 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II 20 (1880). Genera: 50; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 500; many cosmopolitan. ACNIDE Linn. Gen. ed. V, 987 (1754). Montelia A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 369 (1852). , 214 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 200 (sub Amarantus); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 29; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 334. Living species: 4-5; N. America to Trinidad. S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2. Acnide tamariscina (NUTT.) Woop, Bot. 289 (1874). Amarantus tamariscinus NuTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 165 (1837). Acnida tuberculata, rusocarpa and cannabina var. concatenata MoQ.- | Tanp. DC. Prodr. xiii, IL, 277, 278 (1849). Hees Montelia tamariscina var. concatenata GRAY, Man. ed. IV, 413 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 429; Upham, Fl. Minn. 118; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 397; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: Ont. to Ohio, Alabama and La.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Mo. Minn. valley: S. central and S. E. districts; gravelly or sandy shores. HERB.: Sandberg 478, Red Wing; Holzinger 196, Wi- nona. FROELICHIA Moencu, Meth. 50 (1794). Oplotheea Nutt. Gen. IT, 78 (1818). Hoplotheca SPRENG. Syst. Cur. Post. 52 (1827). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 212; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 41; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 335, Living species: 10; America, warmer regions; Minn. to Brazil. S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheelvai: N. Amer. excl. Mex., 4. Froelichia floridana (NuTT.) Mog. DC. Prodr. XIII, 2, 420 (1849). Oplotheca floridana Nutr. Gen. II, 78 (1818). Gomphrema floridana SPRENG. Syst. I, 824 (3825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 430; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Upham, Fl. Minn. 118; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 384; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: S. Minn. to Colo., Neb., Ark., Tex., Fla., Ga., Ills. and Wisc. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent; dry places. HERB.: Sandberg 479, Goodhue Co. AMARANTHUS Linn. Gen. 716 (1737). Amblogyne Rar. F), Tell. 42 (1836). Roemeria MOENcCH, Meth. 351 (1794). Sarratia Moq.-TAND. DC. Prodr. xiii, II, 255 (1849). Glomeraria Coy. Leccion, 319 (1802). Pyxidium MoreNcH, Meth, 358 (1794). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 215 Euxolus RAF. FI. Tell. 42 (1836). Pentreas RAF. 1. c. (1836). Albersia KuntTH, FI. Berol. ed. 2, 144 (1838). Mengea SCHAUER, Pl. Meyen 405 (18427), Scleropus ScHRAD. Ind. GO6tt. (1835). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 200, part; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 28; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 333. Living species: 50+; all warmer and tropical regions. Kurope, 8; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 7; North America, 15; S. Sts., 4; EH. Sts., 8; Rocky mts., 5; California, 9; Pl. Wheel., 6; Pl. King, 3; Canada, 5—introduced. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 273 (1878). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 428; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Mac , F). Can. I, 397; Coult., Fl. Colo. 305; Wats., Fl. Calif. If, 41; Upham, FI. Minn. 118; Greene, Fl. Fran. 163. North America: Mex. to N. Nev., Iowa and Minn.; naturalized in Ont. and on Pac. coast. Minn. valley: W. districts and E. to Mankato; road- sides and waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 1541, Lake Benton; Taylor 877, Glenwood. XXXV. PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 310 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 858 (1865); IIT, 78 (1880); Heimerl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ib, 1 (1889). Genera: 23; tropical and warmer regions. 50 per cent. tropical American. Species: 85+; principally in the tropics. PHYTOLACCA Linn. Gen. 384 (17387). Phytolaca and Sareoea RAF. FI. Tell. 627 (1836), Pircunia Mog. DC. Prodr. x1ut, II, 29 (1849). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1V, 50; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 84; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 340: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 16 (Heimer)). Living species: 11; widely distributed, but absent from Australia. America, 6; Old World, 5; U. S., 1; Europe and Russia, 1. Phytolacea decandra LINN. Spec. 631 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 436; Britt., Fl. N J. 208; Upham, Fl, Minn. 116: Chap., Fl. S. St. 375; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 405; Cov., Fl. Ark. 215; Engl. Heimer], Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 8-10. 216 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. S. Europe; China? North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn,;S. to Fla.; W. to Dak.? Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; infre- quent; low grounds. HERB.: Taylor 552, Janesville. XXXVI. NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o’Clock Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 310(1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 1 (1880); Heimerl, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 14 (1889). Genera: 15-16; tropical and warmer regions; princi- pally America; rare in Australia and almost wanting in Africa, Species: 160+; principally in tropical America. MIRABILIS Linn. Gen. 139 (1787). Admirabilis CLus. Hist. II. 87 (1601). Nyctago Juss. Gen. 90 (1789). Jalapa MoENCcH, Meth. 508 (1794). Quamoclidion Cots. Prodr. 429 n. 2 (18492). Acleisanthes A.GRAy, Brief. Char. Am. Jour. Sci. (II) XV, ‘Grol: ? Nyetaginea Cuois. Mem. Gen. XII (1839). Pentacophrys A. GRAy, Brief. Char. Am. Jour. Sci. (II) XV, (==): Oxybaphus L’HER. ex Vahl. Enum. II, 39 (1806). Allionia LOEFFL. It. 181 (1758). Calyxhymenia OrTEG. Dec. 5, t. 1 (1800). Calymenia Pers. Syn. I, 36 (1805). : Vitmannia TurrA, ex Cav. Ie. III, add. (1794). Palavia and Bruguiera Cay. 1. c. (1794). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 18, 19; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 3, 4; Du- rand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 331; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 24, 25; (Heimerl); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 491. Living species: 80; mostly W. and S. W. N. America, Central America and Chile; 14-15, N. America and Mexico. E. Sts., Canada, and S. Sts., 8; 1 sp. in Himalayas. Fossil species: Doubtful; 1-2 Gen. Nyctaginaceae in Oligocene and Miocene of W. N. America and Bohemia. Mirabilis angustifolius (NUTT.). Calymenia angustifolia Nur. Fras. Cat, (1813). Allionia linearis Pursu, Fl. Am. I, 729 (1814). Oxybaphus angustifolius SweET, Hort. Brit. 567 (1827). Calyzhymenia pilosa ENGELM. and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 293 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 425; Webb., Fl.. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Upham, Fl. Minn. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Wats., King, Exp. 284, 475; Roth., Wheel. Ex. 226; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 217 North America: Milk river, Cyprus hills, 49° N. lat. to Minn., Neb. and Tex.; E. to Iowa, W. to Cent. Idaho. Minn. valley: N. E. and N, W districts; probably almost throughout; dry or rocky ridges. HERB.: ? Oestlund 155, Minneapolis; ? Herrick 256, Minneapolis. Mirabilis hirsutus (Pursn#). Allionia hirsuta PursH, Fl. Am, 729 (1814). Calymenia hirsuta Nutr. Gen. I, 26 (1818). Oxybaphus hirsutus SWEET, Hort. Brit. 567 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 425; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Upham, Fl. Minn.116; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Wats., King, Exp. 475; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 226. North America: N. Saskatchewan and Assiniboia to Colo., Neb., W. Tex., Ark. and Wisc. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant in prairie dis- trict; rocky or dry banks. HERB.: Taylor 870, Glenwood; Sheldon 1342, Lake Benton; Taylor 139, Glenwood; Sheldon 1446, Pipestone—dwarf forma minima; Ballard 376, Jordan; Herrick 257, Minneapolis; Oestlund 254, Minneapolis; Sandberg 477, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 212, Montevideo. Mirabilis nyctagineus (MICHx.). Allionia nyctaginea Mtcux. FI. 1, 100 (1803). Oxybaphus nyctagineus SWEET, Hort. Brit. 537 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 425; Upham, FI. Minn. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 302; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 226; Wats., King. Exp. 475; Cov., Fl. Ark. 214. North America: Souris river and Lake of Woods, Man.; S. to Mont., Tex. and N. Mex.; E. to Wisc., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; rocky or waste hillsides and shaded banks. HERB.: Ballard 370, Helena, Scott Co.; Taylor 592, Minnesota lake; Ballard 762, Waconia; Sheldon 1107, Spring- field; Sheldon 366, Madison Lake; Taylor 340, Janesville; Shel- don 1577, Lake Benton; Oestlund 153, Minneapolis; Holzinger 194, Winona Co.; Herrick 256, Minneapolis; Kassube 972, Men- dota; Sandberg 476, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1743, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer. 211, Montevideo. XXXVII. PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 946 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 155 (1865); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, I b, 51 (1889). 218 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 17; Talinum and Portulaca are in all tropical and subtropical regions; other genera less widely distributed; found in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Species: 150+ ; ay arial in temperate regions approaching the tropics. TALINUM Apans. Fam. PI. II, 245 (1763). Phemeranthus Rar. Specch. I, 56 (1814). ? Kutmon Rar. Atl. Journ. V, 23 (1820?). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 68; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 157; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 56; Gray, Ill. Gem I, 225. Living species: 15+; Cape of Good Hope, 1; trop. Af- rica, 3; the rest in tropical and warmer America; N. America, 8; W. Tex., 4-5; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 1;°Pl. Wheel., 3-4. Talinum teretifolium PursH, Fl. Am. 365 (1814). Phemeranthus teretifolius RAF. Specch. I, 86 (1814). Talinum ciliatum WALP. Rep. II, 934 (1843). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 91; Coult., Fl. Colo. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Chap. FI. 8. St. 44; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 1, 56; Cov., Fl. Ark. 169; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 121. North LAS: Penn, to N. Car.; W. to Ind., Minn., Neb., Colo. and Ark. Minn. valley: New Ulm to Ortonville; edges of gneiss, syenite or quartzite rock; especially in bed of the Warren. HERB.: Sheldon 1446, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1200, Redstone, near New Ulm; Herb. Moyer 41, Montevideo. CLAYTONIA Linn. Gen. 849 (1787). Limnia LINN. Act. Ups. 130 (1746). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 68; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 158; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 b, 57 (Pax); Gray, Ill. Gen. 223; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 56. Living species: 20+; Arctic regions in N. Hemis- phere; especially W. and N. in America and E. in Siberia; possibly 1 sp. in Australia and New Zealand. Russia, 11; N. America, 16-17; Calif., 18; Canada, 15-16; HE. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 5-6; S. Sts., 2; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel., 5; OQentrag Calif., 8. Claytonia virginica Linn. Spec. 204 (1753). OC. acutifora SweET, Hort. Brit. 2 ed. (1830). OC. grandiflora ise de Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. 216 (1831-18388), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 91; Britt., Fl. N. J. 66; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Chap., Fl. S. St. 44; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 82; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 57; Cov., Fl. Ark, 169; Rothr., Alask. 446. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 219 North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont., Man., Saskatch- ewan to Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Ohio, Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; damp woodland and in open groves. HERB.: Sandberg 99, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 13, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 14, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1872, St. Paul; Herb. Wickersheim 25, Mankato. PORTULACA Linn. Gen. 341 (17387). Meridiana LINN. f. Suppl. 248 (1781). Merida Nrck. Elem. 1195 (1790). Lamia VAND. Roem. Script. 116 (1796). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 67; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 156; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 31; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b,59 (Pax); Gray, Il. Gen. I, 227. Living species: 20+; tropical and subtropicai regions, especially N. America and N. Australia. One species cos- mopolitan; one other widely diffused. 16 sp. (B. and H.); Rus. sia, Russian Europe and Europe, 1; North America, 10; W. Wex., 0; Palif., 3;\S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; EH. Sts., .2;° PL King,.1; Pl. Wheel., 1-2. Portulaca retusa ENGELM. andGray, PI. Lindh. 154 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 90; Coult., Fl. Colo. 37; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 74; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Coult., Fl. Tex. 31; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 121. North America: Colo. river to Tex.; N. to Ark.? Kan., Iowa and Minn Minn. valley: West and on higher levels; waste ground along streams. XXXVIII. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 955 (1840); St. Hil., Mem. Plac. Lib. 56 (1816)— Paronychiece; R. Br., Prodr. 413 (1810)—Illecebraceae; De Candolle, Fl. France, 3 ed. IV, 766 (1805)—Alsinaceae; Bartling, Ord. Nat. 305 (1830)— Silenaceae and 300, Scleranthaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I. 141; III, 12 (1865-1880); Pax, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b, 60 (1889). Genera: 70; cosmopolitan in distribution. Species: 1250; many cosmopolitan; principally in N. temperate zone. SILENE Linn. Gen. 372 (1737). Heliosperma Rercu. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 277 (1842). Elisanthe Fenzu. Endl. Gen. 972 (1836-40). Carpophora KuorzscH, Reis. Wald. 139 (1840?). Cucubalus Spacu, Suit. Buff. V, 172 (1838). 220 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 109; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 147; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 29; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Prange: 3, I 6, 70 (Pax). Living species: 800+; 480+ described; 250 (Durand); 31+, N. America; 12-15, S. Africa; the rest in the Mediter- ranean region and extra-tropical Asia. Russia, 70; Europe, 150+; Russian Europe, 37; Calif., 22; Canada, 12-15; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 9; W. Tex., 2; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel., 6; Reels mts., 6. , Silene antirrhina Linn. Spec. 419 (1753). Saponaria dioica CHAM. and ScuHu. Linn. I, 38 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 84; Coult., Fl. Colo. 32; Webb.. Fl. Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 52; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 32; Britt., Fl. N. J. 61; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 63; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 67; Engl. Pax, Nat Pflanz. III, 1, 72; Coult., Fl. Tex. 29; Greene, Fl. Fran. 116; Wats., King Exp. 36, 432; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 106. North America: Ottawa to Vancouver; S. to Calif., Colo., Tex., and E. to Maine and Fla.; Gt. Basin. Minn. valley: Forest region and wooded banks; es pecially E. and 8.; open places in woods. HERB.: Shelton 713, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 476, Janes- ville; Ballard 248, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 589, Crystal lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 42, Mendota; Holzinger 37, Winona Co.; Herrick 50, Minneapolis; Sandberg 92, Cannon Falls. Silene virginica Linn. Spec. 419 (1753) in part. S. catesbaet WALT. FI. Car. 141 (1788). S. coccinea MOENCH, Suppl. 306 (1802). Melandryum virginicum A. Br. Reg. Flora (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 84; Britt., Fl. N. J. 61; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap., Fl. S. st. 51; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 67; Wats., King Exp. 431; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 110. North America: S. W. Ont., W. N. Y. to N. J.; S. to Tenn.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Nev. Minn. valley: Nicollet Co.; local and rare. Silene alba Munn. Cat. (18138). Cucubalus niveus Nutr. Gen. I, 287 (1818). Silene nivea DC. Prodr. I, 377 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Wats., King Exp. 431; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 108. North America: Penn. to Iowa and Minn. Minn. valley: S. and E.; rare; localities like S. stel- lata (Linn.). Hers.: Holzinger 36, Winona Co.; Sandberg 91, Can- non Falls. “LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 221 Silene stellata (Linn.) Arr. f. Hort. Kew. III, 84 (1811). Cucubalus stellatus LiNN. Spec. 414 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31. Webb., His Web: 115;. Britt., Fl. N. J. 60; Chap., Fl. S. St. 61; Mae., Fl. Can. I, 67; Wats., King Exp. 432; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 109. North America: Can. side of Niagara river to R. L, N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and lakes and in woodland. HERB.: Ballard 698, Waconia; Ballard 565, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 792, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 734, Waconia; Sheldon 561, Waseca; Sheldon 990, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1259, Lake Benton; Taylor 616, Minnesota lake; Shel- don 1487, Pipestone city; Holzinger 34, Winona Co.; Herrick 49, Minneapolis; Sandberg 90, Goodhue Co.; Holeinger 35, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim, 23, Lake Benton. STELLULARIA Linn. Syst. ed. VI, (1748) ex. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 52 (1891). Stellaria BENTH. and Hook. Gen. P], I, 140 (1862). Krascheninikowia Turcz. Flora B. b., 9 (1834). Brachystemma Don. Prodr. Nep., 216 (1803). Adenonema BUNGE, Suppl. Alt., 36 (1836). Spergulastrum Micux. FI. Bor.-Amer., I, 295 (1803). Micropetalon Pers. Syn. I, 500 (1805). Larbraea St. Hin. Mem. Mus. Par., II, 287 (1816). Leucostemma BENTH. Royle, Him., 81 (1839). Schizothecium FENZL. Endl. Gen., 969 (1836-46). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 113; Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. I, 149; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b. 79 (Pax); Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 37; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 52. Living species: 80+; 70 (B. and H.); temperate and colder regions, also a few in high mountains in the tropics; Russia, 37; Europe, 16; Russian Europe, 15; North America, 20; Canada, 15; Rocky mts., 7; mid. Calif. 7: S. Sts., 5; E. Sts., 7; Pl. King, 6; Pl. Wheel. 3. Stellularia crassifolia (EHRH.) ASCHERSON, FI. Prov. Brand., 932 (1864). Stellaria crassifolia Euru. Beitr., 111, 360 (1788). S. borealis var. B. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am., I, 95 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 87; Coult., Fl. Colo. 34; Upham, F]. Minn. 32; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 35; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 394; Mac., FI. Can. I, 75, 497; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 383; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Wats., King Exp. 417; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 71; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 111; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 238; Rothr., Alask. 444. N, Europe; N. Asia; Siberia—Baikal region; Kamtk. 229 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Gulf of St. Lawrence, Man. to Alaska; Labrador; N. Br. and Anticosti; S. to Minn, IIL, Ky. and W. to Mont. and Colo. Minn. valley: N. E. district, Ft. Snelling and E. edge; ditches and marshes; rare. HERB.: ? Sandberg 96, Cannon Falls. Stellularia longipes (GOLDIE). Stellaria longipés GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 185 (1822). S. glauca Mey. PI. Labr. 93 (1830). S. crassifolia WATS. King Exp. 35 (1875). S. longifolia Roru. Wheel. Exp. 35 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 87; Coult. Fl. Colo. 34; Upham, F]. Minn. 32; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 68; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 415; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 75; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 386; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., FI. Russ. Eur. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 112; Greene, Fl. Fran. 122; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 237; Rothr., Alask. 444. Altai Siberia, Kamtk., Dahuria, Spitzberg., N. Zem- bla, Iceland. North America: Greenland and N. S. to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Yosemite; E. to Maine, Minn. and Wisc.; Alaska, Labrador and Cape Chudleigh in var. Minn. valley: N. E. and possibly in the whole forest district; rare; grassy places. HeERB.: Ballard 3, Chaska; Sandberg 95, Chisago Co.; Kassube 44, Minneapolis. Stellularia longifolia (MuHL.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 55 (1891). Stellaria longifolia MunL. Willd. Enum. 479 (1809). Spergulastrum gramineum Micux. Fl. Am. I, 276 (1803). Micropetalon gramineum PERS. Syn. I, 509 (1805). Stellaria graminea BiekL. FI. Bost. ed. I, 110 (1814). Micropetalon longifolium EAT. and WrieHtT, Man. 319 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 87; Britt., Fl. N. J. 63; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Coult., Fl. Colo. 34; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 406, 415; Mac., FI. Can. I, 74; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 392; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 221; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Wats , Bibl. Ind. I, 112; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Rothr., Alask. 444, Siberia, Manchuria, Kamtschatka, Saghalin and Ku- rile Isls.; mid. Russia-in-Hurope. North America: N.S. to Pac. and Alaska; N. to lat. 54° and 64°; S. to Oregon; E. to Minn.. N. J. and N. Eng. Minn. valley: Forest district and banks of streams; meadows and grassy places in forest openings. E. and N. HERB.: Tuylor 306, Janesville; Sheldon 130, Madison Lake; Sheldon 555, Waseca; Herrick 52, Minneapolis; Bailey 102, ee LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 223 Vermilion lake; Sandberg 94, Tower; Holzinger 38, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 39, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1720, Minneapolis; Herb. Moger 39, Chippewa river near Montevideo. CERASTIUM Linn. Gen. 376 (1737). Dichodon Barry. Endl. Gen. 970 (1836-40). Moenchia Enru. Beitr. II, 177 (1788). Pentaple Rercu. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, 37 (1842). Dufourea GREN. ex Endl. Gen. 967 (1836-40). Esmarckia Reicu. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, 227 (1842). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 148; Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 112. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I b. 80-81 (Pax); Gray, lll. Gen. II, 39. Living species: 60+; 100 described; 40 (B. and H.); 45 (Durand); Russia, 85; Europe, 39; Russian Europe, 18; 9-11, North America; Canada, 9; mid. Calif., 4; S. Sts., 4; E. ets., 2; hocky mts., 3; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel.,:3: W-. Tex., 2. Cerastium arvense Linn. Spec. 438 (1753). O. pennsylvanicum HORNEM. Hort. Hafn. 435 (1813). CU. elongatum and tenuwifolium PuRsH, Fl. Am. 321 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 88; Pritt., Fl. N. J. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Coult., Fl. Colo. 33; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif, I, 67; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 60; Chap., Fl. S. St. 50; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 444 Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77: Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 66; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 412; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Eur. Russ. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 100; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 1, 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 71; Wats., King Exp. 38; Greene, Fl. Fran. 121. Arctic Europe; N. Africa; Siberia; W. Asia; Patagonia; Chile. North America: N.S. to Vancouver; N. U. S. from Maine to Va.; W. to Minn., Colo., Utah, Nev. and Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; but rare; less common E. than W.; dry or rocky places. HERB.: ?Sandbery 98, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker- sheim 24, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1490, Pipestone city. Cerastium arvense LINN. var. bracteatum (Rar.). C. avvense PuRsSH. F]. Am. 231 (1814). C. villosum MuHL, Cat. 46 (1813). C. bracteatum RAF. Prec. Decouv. 36 (1817). C. pubescens GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. LV, 328 (1821). C. oblongifolium Torr. FI. U.S. 460 (1824). C. pennsylvanicum Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 104 (1833). C. arvense var. oblongifolium Britt. and HOLL. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 88; Upham, F1, Minn. 32; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 445; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 66; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 28; Eng]. Pax, Nat. Pfianz. III, 1, 80: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 101. 224 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Species in N. Eur. and N. Asia to Himalayas and China; variety perhaps in Amurland and Baikal Siberia. Mi North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J., Minn. and fo. Minn. valley: S. E. districts; rare; rocky or sandy banks. HERB.: Holzinger 39, Winona Co. Cerastium nutans Rar. Prec. Decouv. 36 (1814). C. longipedunculatum Muuu. Cat. 47 (1813). C. glutinosum Nutr. Gen. I, 291 (1818). _ C. tenellum FENZL. Ann. Mus. Wien (1835). C. oblongifolium ANDERS. Cat. Pl. Nev. 118 (——). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 88; Coult., Fl. Colo. 33; Webb., Fl, Neb. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 50; Brew. and Wats. FI. Calif. I, 66; Britt., Fl. N.J 63; Upham, Fl. Minn. 32; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 77; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 71, Wats., King Exp. 38; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 100; Hart. Fl Scand. I, 239. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q. to Man., Hudson Bay and Vancouver; S. to Vt.,N. J., Penn. and N. Car., Tenn. and Ark.; W. to Colo., Minn., Neb., Utah, Washington; S. in Rockies to Northern Mexico. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; banks of streams to Chippewa river; moist woods and meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 182, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 68, Elysian; Sandberg 97, Vasa; Kassube 45, Minneapolis; Holzinger 38, Winona Co.; Leiberg 12, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Moyer 40, Montevideo; Herb. Sheld. 1871, Ramsey Co. MOEHRINGIA Linn. Gen. ed. II, 386 (1742). Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1 b, 84 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 113; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 150; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 30; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 35. Living species: 20+; colder regions of N. hemisphere. Moehringia lateriflora (Linn.) FenzL. Ann. Mus. Wien, I, 18, 38 (1835). Avenaria lateriflora LINN. Spec. 423 (1753). A, buaxifolia Porr. Ene. Meth. VI, 362 (1804). Stellaria biflora Pursu, Fl. Am. 317 (1814) Arenaria pennsylvanica Mun. Ind. Fl. Lancaster, 169 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 86; Britt., Fl. N. J. 64; Webb., Fl. Neb. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo.36; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 32; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 70; Regel, FJ. Ost.-Sib. I, 376; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 35; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 73, 497; Miyabe, Fl]. Kur.221; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1, 84; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 72; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 96; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 242; Rothr., Alask, 444. Kamtschatka; Dahuria; Baikal Sib.; Kurile Isls. to Scandinavia. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 225 North America: N.S. to Vancouver, lat. 60° N. and Ft. Selkirk, Alaska; S. to Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn. valley: E. and N. E. districts; shores of lakes and streams. HerB.: Ballard 392, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 512, Waseca; Ballard 51, Chaska; Taylor 280, Janesville; Herrick 51, Minneapolis; Kassube 43, Minneapolis; Sandberg 93, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1890, Minneapolis; 1759, St. Paul. ANYCHIA Ricu. Michx. F). Bor.-Am. I, 112 (1808) p. p. Baillon, Hist Pl. 1X, 122; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 111,16; Engler and Prantl, Nal, Pflanz. 3, 1b, 91 (Pax); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 332 Gray, Jll. Gen. 19. Living species: 2; E. North America from Canada to Texas. Anychia dichotoma (MoeENcH) Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 113 (1803). Queria dichotoma MOENCH, Meth. 351 (1794). Y. canadensis NuTT. Gen. I, 158 (1818). Paronychia dichotoma FENZL. Walp. Rep. I, 262 (1842). Paronychia canadensis Woop, Bot. 262 (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 426; Britt., Fl. N. J. 204; Upham, Fl. Minn. 33; Chap., Fl. S. St. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 81; Wats., Bibl. Ind. e114, North America: Ont.? and N. Eng. to Fla; W. to Minn. and Ark. ? Minn. valley: Doubtfully present. XXXIX. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water-Lily Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 45 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IIT, 77 (1872) excl. Sarracena; Caspary in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 1 (1888). Genera: 7 living; 3 fossil; cosmopolitan; in fresh water and sometimes in mud. Species: 50 living; 10-15 fossil; particularly in sub. tropical S. America. ‘NELUMBO Apvans. Fam. PI. II, 76 (1768). Nelumbium Juss. Gen. Pl. 68 (1789). Cyamus Sm. Exot. Bot. I, 59 (1804). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 101; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 47; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. (Caspary) 3, Il, 5; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10 Gray, Ill. Gen. 97; Schenck, Palaecophyt. 509, —15 226 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 2; North America: to W. Indies and U. S. of Colombia, 1; Japan, warmer regions of Australia and Asia to Caspian sea, 1. Fossil species: 5-6; Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer); S. Europe ( Ettinghausen) Oligocene and Neocene. Nelumbo nelumbo (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX ae Nymphaea nelumbo var. B. LINN. Spec. 511 (1753). Jelumbium luteum WILLD. Spec. II, 1259 (1799). Nelumbo lutea Pers. Syst. (1805). Cyamus pentapetalus PursH, FI. Am. 398 (1814). Cyamus lutea NutTr. Gen. II, 25 (1918). Nelumbium codophyllum RAF. FI. Lud. 22 (1817). Nelumbium jamaicense DC. Syst. II, 47 (1821). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 455; Britt., Fl. N. J. 43; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Chap., Fl. S. St. 18; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31, 484; Gris., Fl. W. 1; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2,5; Coult. Fl. Tex. 11; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 36. U. S. of Colombia; Jamaica. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J.; Fla.; W. to Mich., Minn., Neb. and Tex. on the Rio Grande. Minn. valley: Reported at Mendota and Halstead’s bay, Lake Minnetonka; local, N. E. Hers.: Holzinger 12, Fountain City; Sandberg 44, Red Wing. : BRASENIA Scures. Gen. Pl. 372 (1774). Ixodia SOLAND. Mss. ex Endl. Gen. Hydropeltis L. C. Rrcu. Ann. Mus. XVII, 280 (1811). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. (Caspary) 3, II, 6; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Gray, Ill. Gen. 95; Schenck, Palaeophyt 509 (sub Nymphaeites ?). Living species: 1. In all regions outside of Europe and arctic or subarctic zones. Asia, Africa, Oceanica. America. Fossil species: A number of leaves are referred to the Nymphaeaceae by different authors; some of which doubt- less bear affinities with Brasenia. See Caspary, Monog. Nymph. and Saporta, Untersuchungen. Dawson (Can. Geol. Surv.) reports Brasenia from the Eocene of Canada. It doubtless dates back to the Cretaceous or Jurassic. Brasenia peltata (THUNB.) PursH, Fl. Am. 389 (1814). Menyanthes peltata et nymphoides Tuuns. Nov. Act. Ups. VII, 142 (1746). Hydropeltis purpurea Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 324 (1803). Brasenia hydropeltis Munu. Cat, 55 (1813). Limnanthemum peltatum .GRISEB. Gent. 348 (1839). Brasenia purpurea Case. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II, 256 (1850). Brasenia nymphoides BALL. Hist. Pl. III, 82 (1872). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. py Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 55; Britt., Fl. N. J. 43; Upbam, F]. Minn. 21; Chap., Fl. S. St. 19; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 16; Mac., F]. Can. I, 483; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 36; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 6. K. India; Japan; one station in tropical W. Africa; Australia; Cuba. North America: Local from N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Puget Sound. S. to Tex. and Fla. Absent in lower Miss. valley and Rocky mt. region?; S. in Calif.? Minn. valley: N. localities; principally N. E. in valley; local in lakes and ponds, sometimes abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 704, White Bear; Sheldon 492, Jeffer- son lake, Le Sueur Co.; Ballard 898, Waconia lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 854, Page lake, Carver Co.; Herrick 22, Minneapolis. ‘LEUCONYMPHAEA Lupw. Def. Pl. 69 (1787). Castalia SALiss. Parad. Lond. 14, 68 (1805). Nymphaea LINN. Gen. 653 (1737) Emend. Sm. Prodr. Gr. I, 361 (1808). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11, 7 (Caspary); Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 101; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 509; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 12. Living species: 82; 20 (B. and H.); 25 (Durand); tem- perate regions of Northern hemisphere; Africa, Australia, South America, and a few in tropical waters. 1 sp. almost cosmopolitan; Russia, 5; EKurope, 3; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 6; Canada, 3; E. Sts.. 2; S. Sts., 2; Tex, 3; Rocky mts., 1. Fossil species: Upper Cretaceous, South of France, Tertiary N. Amer, France and Germany (Heer, Lesquerw., Sa- porta, Ettinghausen) 6-10 sp. Leuconymphaea reniformis (DC.). Nymphaea reniformis DC. Syst. I], 55 (1821), N. alba Nutr. Gen. II, 13 (1818). N. maculata and spiralis RAF. Med. Bot. II, 45 (1830). NN. tuberosa PAINE, Cat. Pl. Oneida 184 (1864), Castaha tuberosa GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV, (1888). C. reniformis Coy. Fl. Ark. 164 (1891). Britt., Fl. N. J. 44; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn, 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 9; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 39; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 56. North America: Region around the Great Lakes. Com- ' mon throughout Minn., Wisc., Mich., Ont. and Man. ? Minn. valley: Abundant throughout in lakes and ponds, especially in the forest region. HERB.: Ballard 456, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 248 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 369, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 412, Jodan, Scott Co.; Bailey 138, Vermilion lake. Leuconymphaea ordorata (DRYAND.). Nymphaea alba WALT. FI. Car. 155 (1788). NN. ordorata DRYAND. B. B. (1789). N. odorata A1vT. Hort. Kew. II, 227 (1789). Castalia pudica SALISB. Parad. Lond. 14 (1806). C. ordorata Woopy. and Woop, Rees Cycl. VI, 1 (1819). C. odorata GREENE, Torr. Bull. XV (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 55; Britt., Fl. N. J. 619; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 31; Chap., Fl. S. St. 19; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pfianz. III, 2, 9; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 38. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fia.; W. to Ohio, Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from Lake Crystal, Blue Earth Co., and probably sparingly in E. and S. parts of forest region. Lakes and ponds. HERB: ? Kassube 19, Minneapolis; Sandberg 45, Chis- ago Co. NYMPHAEA Lupw. Defin. Pl. (1737). Nymphosanthus RicH. Anal. Fr. 68 (1808—May). Nuphar Sm. Prodr. Fl. Graec. I, 361 (1808-09). Nenuphar HAYNE, MSS. ex Endl. Gen. (1840). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 102; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 9 (Caspary); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 12; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 103; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 509. Living species: 7; 3-4 (B. and H.); Northern hemis- phere, in arctic, temperate and warmer regions, extra-tropical. Russia, 3; Europe, 8; North America, 5; Canada, 4; Calif., 2; EK. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 1; S. Sts., 2; Pl.. King, 1. Fossil species: Probably several remains are to be placed here. Tertiary and Interglacial; France, England, N. America. See Caspary, Monog., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, VI, 216. Nymphaea advena SOLANDER, v. Bibl. Banks. N. lutea WALT. FI. Car. 154 (1788). N. arifolia SAuIsB. Ann. Bot. II, 71 (1806). Nuphar advena Air. f. Hort. Kew. III, 295 (1811). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 56; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 44; Coult., Fl. Colo. 12; Chap., Fl. S. St. 20; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 32; ?Led., Fl. Ross. I, 84; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 484; Engl. Caspary, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 9; Coult., Fl. Tex. 11; Wats., King Exp. 13; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 37. Eastern Siberia ? North America: Anticosti, Labrador, N. S., N. Br., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 229 Q., Ont. to Brit. Col.; N. to lat. 57°; U.S.,- except Pac. coast reg. and far S. W.—Yellowstone Park to W. Tex.. Minn. valley: Throughout in ponds, lakes and sluggish streams; often semi-terrestrial in flats and sloughs. HERB.: Ballard 457, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 320, Madison Lake; Tayler 81, Elysian; Taylor 315, Janesville; Kassube 20, Minneapolis; Sandberg 46, Vasa. XL. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 415 (1880); Endiicher, Gen. Pl. 267 (1840); Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 479 (1872); Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 10 (1888). Genera: 1; cosmopolitan; except in arctic and ant- artic regions. Species: 38; in standing water, lakes and ponds. CERATOPHYLLUM Linn. Gen. 725 (1787). Hydroceratophyllum VAILL. Act. Par. (1719). Dichotophyllum Dinu. Gen. 91 (1719). kaillon, Hist. Pl. III, 495; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 382; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 382; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632. Living species: 10 described; 3 reduced; perhaps only 1; cosmopolitan. Fossil species: C. vulgaris in Forest Bed of Cromer (Schenck)? Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man 6 ed. 488; Britt., Fl. N. J. 228; Chap., FI. S. St. 398; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 459; Coult., Fl. Colo. 328; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 78; Upham, Fl. Minn. 122;, Led., Fl. Ross. II, 123; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 378; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 52; Wats., King Exp. 319; Coy., Fl. Ark. 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 384; Webb., Appx. Neb. 27; Greene, Fl. Fran. 230. Europe and mid. Russ. to Caucasus; all Siberia to Japan. North America: Ont., Sault Ste. Marie and L. Winni- pegoosis to Washington, S. Calif. and Nev.; HE. across cont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district;Jlakes and ponds. Aquatic. XLI. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 843; ,Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 1 (1862); Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 43 (1888). 230 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 25; cosmopolitan; principally N. hemis- phere. Species: 1,000+; many cosmopolitan. HYDRASTIS Linn. Gen. ed. VI, 704 (1764). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 87; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 7; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 55; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, Ill. Gen. 47. Living species: 2; Northern Japan, 1; subarctic and Atlantic forest region of N. Amer., 1. Hydrastis canadensis Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 784 (1763). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 48; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 11; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 27, 483; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 55; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14. North America: W. Ont. and Niagara river to N. Y., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Ohio, Tenn., Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge, and probably occurring rarely in N. forest region. CALTHA Linn. Gen. 463 (1737). Thacla Spacu, Suit. Buff. VII, 295 (1839). Psychrophila Gay, FI. Chile 1, 47 (1845). Populago TouRN. Inst. 273 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 23 (sub Trollius); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 6; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 56; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 31. Living species: 16+; 9 (B. and H.); 10 species in northern, extratropical regions; 6-8 sp. Andes and Antarctic America, Australia and New Zealand. Russia, 4; N. America, 4-9; Canada, 4-6; E. Sts. 1; Calif., 2; S. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; Russian Europe, 2; Rocky mts., 1-2. Caltha palustris Linn. Spec. 784 (1753). C. arctica R. BR. Parr. lst Voy. Appx. 265 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 44; Britt., Fl. N. J. 38; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 11; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 12; Regel, Fi. O.-Sib. I, 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 23; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 17; Led., F]. Ross. I, 48; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 56; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 8; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 1745 Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe; N. and W. Asia and Siberia to Himalayas and China. North America: Canada throughout and N. U.S. to Md., Ohio, Iowa, Dak. and Mont. Minn. valley: Throughout at lower levels; swamps, sloughs, wet meadows, openings and with tamaracks. HERB.: Sheldon 780, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 36, Can- non Falls; Leonard 3, Minneapolis; Herrick 17, Minneapolis, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 231 Holzinger 9, Winona Co.; Hammond 2, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1828, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 19, Montevideo. ISOPYRUM Linn. Gen. ed. II, 583 (1742). Coptis SAuiss. Linn. Trans. VIII,,305 (1807). Chrysa RAF. Desf. Journ. Bot. II, 170 (1806). Enemion Rar. Jour. Phys. XCI, 70 (1820). Leptopyrum Rericus. F1. Germ. 747 (1833). Chrysocoptis Nutt. Trans. Acad. Phil. VII, 9 (1843). Pterophyllum Nutt. 1. c. (1843). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 85; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 8: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11, 58; Durand, Ind. Phan. 2; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Fl, 3; Gray, Jill. Gen. 35, 37. Living species: 25; arctic and N. temperate regions; E. Asia, Japan and Himalayas; Atl. and Pac. North America; Russia, 6; Europe, 2; Japan, 8; North America, 7; Calif. and Oregon, 4; Can., 5; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 3. Isopyrum trifolium (LinN.) Brirr. Torr. Bull. XVIII, 265 (1891). Helleborus trifolius LINN. Amoen. II, 355 (1750). Coptis trifolia SALISB. Trans. Linn. Soc. VIII, 305 (1798:. Chrysa borealis RAF. N. Y. Med. Rep. V, 350 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 45; Britt., Fl. N. J. 39; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 61; Mac.,. Fl. Can. I, 23; Led., Fl. Ross, I, 52; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 216; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IT], 2, 58; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 12; Rothr., Alask. 442. Iceland; Kamtk. to Mid. Russ., Baikal Sib. and Mid. Japan. North America: Greenland, Labrador, N. S., Newf., N. Br. to Rocky mts; S. to N. Eng., N. J.. Md.; W. to Ohio, Iowa, Minn. and Dak.; Alaska. Minn. valley: Forest region and perhaps in some prairie bogs; principally in tamarack swamps. HERB.: Leiberg 5, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 35, Tower; Roberts 6, Devil’s Neck river; Leonard 2, Minneapolis; Bailey 312, St. Louis river; Herb. Sheldon 1825, Lake Calhoun. Isopyrum biternatum (Rar.) T. and G. Fl. I, 660 (1838). Enemion biternatum RAF, Journ. Phys. II, 70 (18117). Isopyrum thalictroides SHoRT, Pl. Kent. I, 8 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 44; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 9; Regel, F] O.-Sib. I, 62; Mac., Bot. Gaz. XVI, 285; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14. Kamtschkatka. North America: Ont. and Minn. to Ohio and Fla.; W. to Iowa. Minn. valley: Forest region; Ft. Snelling to New 232 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ulm and N. in valley; damp woods and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 178, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Winchell 1, Minneapolis; Sandberg 34, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1831, Minneapolis. ACTAEA Linn. Gen. 427 (1737). Cimicifuga LInN. Am. Acad. VIII, 193 (1755). Botrophis Rar. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Macrotys Rar. 1. c. (1808). Pityrosperma Step. and Zucc. Act. Monac. III, 734 (1843). Actinospora Turcz. Mss., F. and M. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, 1V, 333 (1835). Christophoriana Tourn. Inst. 299 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 88; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 9; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 59; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, Ill. Gen. 49, 51. Living species; 50 described; 10(B. and H.); 12 Du- rand); Russia, 7+; Europe, 2; Asia, 10; North America, 8; Canada, 4-5; Calif., 4; S. Sts.. 4; Rocky mts., 2. Actaea alba (Linn.) Miu. Dict. (1768). A. spicata var. alba LINN. Spec. 504 (1753). A, americana var. A PursH, FI. Am I, 366 (1814). A. brachypetala var. A DC. Syst. I, 385 (1818). A. pachypoda Evu. Sk. II, 15 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 48; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Chap., Fl. S. St. 11; Mac., Fl. Can. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 2; Greene, Pittonia, II, 107. North America: Anticosti, N. S.. N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Coast range in Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Ark., Mo., Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Forest region with dA. rubra (Ait.). Perhaps rather less abundant. HERB.: Taylor 701, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 804, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Ballard 405, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 21, Minneapolis; Sandberg 39, Red Wing; Bailey 119, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 40, Chisago lake. Actaea rubra (Ait.) WiLLp. Enum. 561 (1809). A. spicata var. rubra AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 221 (1789) A. americana var. B PursH, F'l. Am. 366 (1814). A. brachypetala var. B DC. Syst. I, 385 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 48; Coult., Fl. Colo. 11; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Britt., Fl. N. J. 40; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 27; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. I, 21, species spicata; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2,59?; Led., Fl. Ross. I,71; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 10; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 2; Hart., Scand. Fl. (A. spicata), I, 176. ? Temperate and Arctic Europe; Russ. to Caucasus and LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 233 Baikal Sib. and Mongolia; China; Dahuria. Itis not clear that these references belong to the N. American plant which is quite probably distinct and endemic. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Rocky mts. and lat. 60° N.; U. S.; from Atl. to mts. of Colo. and S. to Ohio, Iowa and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest region throughout and wooded banks W. at lower levels; damp and dark groves. HeERB.: Taylor 516, Mud lake, Waseca Co.: Sheldon 860, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 139, Madison Lake; She/don 82, Elysian; Ballard 56, Chaska; Taylor 263, Janesville; Sandberg 38, Can- non Falls; Ovstlund 9, Minneapolis; Herrick 19, Minneapolis; Bailey 291, St. Louis river; Kassube 17, Minneapolis; Herrick 20, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1823, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Moyer 22, Montevideo. AQUILEGIA Linn. Gen. 450 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 84; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 8: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 59; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 39. Living species: 50+ described; possibly only 6-8 actually distinct. Temperate northern hemisphere. Russia, 9; European Russia, 1; Europe, 8; North America, 8; Calif., 2; H, Sts., 2; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 7; Pl. Wheel., 4; fe Kine, 5 Aquilegia canadensis Linn. Spec. 533 (1753). A, variegata MOENCH, Meth. 311 (1794). A. elegans SALISB. Prodr. 374 (1796). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 46; Coult., Fl. Colo. 10; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., F]. S. St. 9; Britt., Fl. N.J. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 24; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 57; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 59; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 6. Russian empire? North America: Q., Ont., Man., Saskatchewan to Rocky mts.; S. E. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and W. in Northern States to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Colo.; S. in mts. to Arizona, N. Mex, and Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout, but principally in forest region; dry, wooded or sunny banks. HERB.: Sheldon 139, Madison Lake; Taylor 799, Glen- wood; Ballard 71, Chaska; Taylor 71, Elysian; Sheldon 934, Redwood Falls; Taylor 143, Janesville; Kassube 15, Minneapo- lis; Sandberg 37, Red Wing; Leonard 41, Washington P. O.; Hammond 4, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1818, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 20, Carlton lake, Chippewa Co. 234 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. DELPHINIUM Linn. Gen. 449 (1737). Delphiniastrum Spacu, Suit. Buff. VII, 336 (1839). Phiedineum SpPAcg, 1. c. 337 (1839). Staphysagria SPACcH, 1. c. 347 (1839). Aconitella SPACH, 1. c. 358 (1839). Consolida LinDL. Jour. Hort. Soc. VI, 55 (1851). Ceratosanthus ScHur. Enum. Transsylv. 30 (1866). Aconitum LINN. Gen. 682 (1737). Nirbisia Don. Gen. Syst. I, 63 (1831). Baillon, Hist Pl. I, 85; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 9; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 59, 60; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 41, 43. Living species: 180+; 58 (B. and H.); 90 (Durand); temperate and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere; Russia, 40+; Europe 28+; Russian Europe, 16; North Amer- ica, 22+; and Delphinium (excl. Aconitum) 5, Canada; Calif., 9; E. Sts., 8; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 83; Pl. Wheel., 4; Pl. King, 4 Delphinium carolinianum Watt. Fl. Car. 155 (1788). D. azureum MicHx. FI. N. Am. I. 314 (1803). D. virescens Nutr. Gen. II, 14 (1818). D. vimineum Don. Sweet, Brit. Fl. I, 374 (1823). D. simplec GRAY, Pl. Wright. IT, 8 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 46; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Coult., F]. Colo. 11; Chap., Fl. S. St. 10; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 26; Coult., Fl. Tex. 9; Cov., Pl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 12. North America: Man., Wis. and Minn; S. to Fla.? and S. and W. Tex.; W. to Neb. sandhills, Colo. and Wyoming. Minn. valley: Prairie region and sparingly in forest openings; rich banks in sunny localities, especially S. HERB.: Oestlund 7 and 8, Minneapolis; Ballard 182, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 633, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 731, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1404, Lake Benton; Sheldon 535, Waseca; Ballard 385, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 771, Glenwood; Herrick 18, Minneapolis; Kassube 16, Minneapolis; Holzinger 10, Winona Co.; Hammond 38, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1783, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer. 21, Montevideo. Delphinium tricorne Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 314 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 46: Chap., Fl. S. St. 10; Upham, F]. Minn. 20; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 14; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. North America: Same range as D. exaltatum Ait. Minn. valley: High, dry prairies S. and far S. W. in some localities. Rare. Delphinium exaltatum Arr. Hort. Kew. II, 244 (1789). D. urceolatum JACQ. Icon. Rar. I, 101 (1781). D. tridactylum Micux, FI. N. Am, I, 314 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 235 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 46; Webb , Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 20; Chap., Fl. S. St. 10; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 13. North America: Penn. to Minn.; S. in Appalachians to N. Car.; W. to Ark. and Neb. Minn. valley: Reported as frequent in the prairie regions. Minn. specimens have not been seen. ANEMONE Linn. Gen. 459 (1737). Syndesmon Horrme. Flora, Bl. 34 (1832). Anemonella SpacH, Suit. Buff. VII, 240 (1839). Barneoudia Gay, FI. Chile I, 29 (1845). Homalocarpus Scuur. Enum. Transsylv. 3 (186). Pulsatilla Tourn. Inst. 284 (1700), Hepatica Dinu. Nov. Gen. Giess. (1719). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 86; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 4, 953; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz 3, II, 61; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1; Gray, Ill. Gen. 1, 17, 19, 21; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 1. Living species: 90+; 70 (B. and H.); 85 (Durand); all extra-tropical regions and mts. in warm parts of the earth. Russia, 30; Europe, 20; European Russia, 14; America, 37; Worth America, 18; Canada, 16; E. Sts., 12; S. Sts., 5: Calif., 4-5; Rocky mts., 8; W. Tex., 1; Pl. Wheel., 4; Pl. King, 2-3. Anemone thalictroides Linn. Spec. 542 (1753). ? Thalictrum carolinianum WALT. FI. Car. 137 (1788). T. anemonoides Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 322 (1803). Anemone thalictroides var. uniflora PuRsSH, Fl. Am. 387 (1814). A. walieri PURSH, 1. c. 387 (1814). Syndesmon thalictroides HoFFMsGe, Flora XV (1832). Anemonella thalictroides SPACH, Hist. Veg. VII, 240 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 39; Chap., Fl. S. St. 6; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 54; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14, 478, II, 295; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 66; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 25; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 237. North America: S. Ontario and N. Eng. to Ga. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and Miss. Minn. valley: Forest region; E. and N. in valley; ex- tending to Blue Earth Co. Probably in N. and N. W. regions. HERB.: Holzinger 3, Winona Co.; Sandberg 14, Good- hue Co.; Herrick 5, Minneapolis; Holzinger 4, Winona Co.; Kassube 7, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1829, Minneapolis. Anemone hepatica Linn. Spec. 758 (1753). Hepatica triloba CHarx, Vill. Dauph. I, 336 (1786). H, triioba var. americana DC. Syst. I, 216 (1818). H. americana KER. Bot. Reg. t. 387 (1819). Anemone americana Nicuw. Gard. Dict. 1, 74 (1884). Hepatica hepatica Brirt. Ann. N. Y. Acad. VI, 233 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 38; Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Upham, 236 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Minn. 18; Chap., Fl. S. St. 5; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14, 478; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 11; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 22: Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 8; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 162; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 61; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 172; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 233; Rothr., Alask. 442. N. Russia and N. Europe to Ural Siberia, China and Saghalin. North America: Q., N. Br., Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Ark.; S. to N. J., Va. and Fla., and W. to Miss. valley; N. W.- to Hudson Strait and Sitka, Alaska. Minn. valley: Forest region; N. and E. portions of valley; doubtless extending to New Ulm. HERB.: Sheldon 79, Elysian; Sandberg 12, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1830, Ramsey Co. Anemone hepatica LINN. var. acuta (PURSH) HITCHCOCK, Fl. Ames 482 (1891). Hepatica triloba var. acuta PuRSH, FI. Am. 391 (1814). H. acutiloba DC. Prodr. I, 22 (1824). Anemone acutiloba LAWSON, Tran. N.S. Inst. III, 30 (1870). A. acuta VAIL, Mem. Torr. Club. II, 42 (1890). Hepatica acuta Brirr. Ann. N.Y. Acad. VI, 234 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 38; Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 3; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 234. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.;_ W. to Minn., Ills., Mo. and Ark. Range more western and probably more northern than the type. Minn. valley: Forest region, with the typical form, but rather less abundant. HERB.: Ballard 198, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 4, eee Kassube 6, Minneapolis; Sandberg 13, Vasa; Holz- inger 2, Winona Co. Anemone quinquefolia Linn. Spec. 541 (1753). A. pedata RAF. Med. Rep. V, 361 (1808). A. minima DC. Syst. I, 206 (1818). A, nemorosa Auct. Amer., not Linn. A. nemorosa and var. quinquefolia A. GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 38 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 38: Coult., Fl. Colo. 4; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 5; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 4; Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Chap., Fl. S. St. 4; Regel, Fl. Sib. I, 15; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 13; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 15; Max., Fl. Amur. 17; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 61 (part); Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 172 (part ?). Russia and Siberia to Kamtk., Amurland and Lapland? not in Europe. China! North America: N. Br. to Brit. Col. and Vancouver; N. to Alaska, Hudson Bay and beyond Arctic circle; N. U. 8.; S. in Appalachians to Va. and Ga.; in Sierras and Coast range aah. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. Dat to Calif.; Rocky mts. to Colo.; outside of mts. extending to Neb. and Ohio. Minn. valley: Forest region and wooded banks; E. N. and S., extending westward on lower levels, but less abundant. HERB.: Sandberg 11, Red Wing; Kassube 5, Minne apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 7, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. Herb. Shel. 1826, Minneapolis. Anemone dichotoma LINN. var. canadensis (LInv.). . canadensis LINN. Syst. 12, IIT, Appx. 231 (1768). . pennsylvanica LINN. Mant. II, 247 (1771). . trregularis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 167 (1783). . aconitifolia Mroux. FI. N. Am. I, 320 (1803). . laemannit STEUD. Nom. I, 96 (1840). . dichotoma Auct. Amer. plur., not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 38; Coult., Fl. Colo. 4; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Trautv., Fl. Bor.- Sib. 9 (spec.); Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 17 (spec.); Led., Fl. Ross. I, 17 (spec.); Mac., Fl. Can. I, 18, 478; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 8 (spec); Wats., Bibl Ind. I, 3; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 227. Eastern Russia and Siberia (the species). North America: Anticosti and N. Br. to mouth of Mac- kenzie and Pac. coast; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn. to Mary- land; W. to Ohio, Minn., Mont., Colo., Neb. and Kan. Minn valley: Principally N., EK. and S., but extending westward on lower levels; woodland and meadow. HERB.: Ballard 536, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 822, Belle Plaine; Leonard 1, Washington P. O.; Herrick 2, Si. Louis river; Sandberg 10, Vasa; Herrick 3, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 4, Minneapolis; Taylor 781, Glenwood; Sheldon 1316, Lake Benton; Sheldon 387, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 271, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 139, Janesville; Taylor 16, Elys- ian; Ballard 7, Chaska, Carver Co. Anemone virginiana Linn. Spec. I, 540 (1753). A, hirsuta MOENCH, Suppl. 105 (1802). Abelemis petiolaris RAF. Herb. Par. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 37; Britt., Fl. N. J. 33; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Upham, FI. Minn. 17; Chap., Fl. S. St. 5; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 13, 478; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Engl.-Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 6; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 223. North America: N. Br. to Rocky mts., B. C., Van- couver; N. to lat. 55°; S. to N. Eng., Va., Ohio, Iowa, E. Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout; forests, forest-openings and sunny banks of streams and lakes. pb fs fa fb pp fp 238 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Hers.: Arthur 163, Vermilion lake?; Sandberg 7, Chisago Co.?; Sandberg 8, Cannon Falls?; Hall 1, Hennepin Co.! There seems to be some confusion between A. virginana and A. dichotoma in the Minnesota collections. Sandberg 9, Red Wing, labelled A. pennsylvanica var. seems to be a de- formed A. virginiana. Taylor 424, Janesville; Hammond 6, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 6, Idlewild, and 7, Ash lake, | Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheldon 1802, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 5, Montevideo. Anemone cylindrica A. GRay, Ann. N. Y. Lye. II, = (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 37; Coult., Fl. Colo. 4; Britt., Fl. N. J. 33; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Mac., Fl. Can. 13; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 56; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 3; Britt., N. Amer, Anem. 2 si North America: Q., Ott. to N. Eng.; W. to Rocky mts.; S. to Colo, Arizona, Neb., Kan., Mo., Iowa, Wisc., Ills. and Ohio; Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Throughout on lower levels; in dry or sandy woodland and on banks of streams or lakes. Hers.: Taylor 780, Glenwood; Ballard 187, Jordan; Sheldon 742, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 363, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1112, Springfield; Ballard 568, Prior lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 3, Minneapolis; Holzinger 1, Winona; Sandberg 5, Goodhue Com Sandberg 6, Vasa; Herb. Sheldon 1803, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 4, Montevideo. Anemone multifida Porr. Suppl. I, 364 (1810). A. commersoniana DC. ex Deless. Ic. I, 4 (1820). A. hudsoniana Ricw. Frank). Journ. ed. 2,Appx. 22 (1823). A. globosa Nutt. ex Pritz. Linn. XV, 673 (1841). A, sanguinea PuRSH, ex Pritz. Linn. 1. c. 672 (1841). A, lanigera GAY, Fl. Chile I, 22 (1845). A. narcissiflora Hook. and ARN. Bot. Beech. 121 (1841) not Linn. Wats. and Coult.,Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 37; Coult., Fl. Colo. 4; Webb., FI. Neb. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Brew. and Wats., Fl; Calif. Mac., Fl. Can. I, 13, 478; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 55; Wats., King Exp. 5; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 4; Britt., N. Amer. Chile to Magellan. North America: Across continent in N. lat.; N. of arctic circle in E. Can.; N. Br.; Hudson Bay; Ft. Selkirk, 62° 45'N., Alaska; Brit. Col.;.S. to N. W. Nebr.; N. E. Maine, Lake Superior region, Minn., Dak., Saskatchewan, Colo., mts. of S. Colo. 11,000 ft. alt., Arizona. Minn, valley: Reported near Mendota on the rocks LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 239 at junction of Minnesota and Mississippi. Probably only far north in valley. Anemone parviflora Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 319 (1803). A. cuneifolia Juss. Ann. Mus. ITI, 248 (1804). A. trilobata Pers. Syn. II, 97 (1807). A, borealis Riuw. Wrankl. Journ. ed. 2, app. 22 (1823). A. cuneata SCHLECHT. Linn. V, 574 (1831). A. tenella BANKS, ex Pritz. Linn. XV, 632 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 37; Coult., Fl. Colo.4; Upham, FI. Mion. 17; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 12, 477; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 16; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 5; Britt., N. Amer. Anem. 221; Rothr., Alask. 442. Eastern Siberia. North America: Lake Superior and Wisc. to mts. of Colo ; N. to Labrador, Hudson Bay, Newf., Cape Chudleigh, Alaska; Isles of Berings Strait. Minn. valley: Reported from Minneapolis and Ft. Snelling. Forest region in N. portions of the valley.? Anemone caroliniana WALT. F'l. Car. 157 (1788). A. tenella PursH, FI. Am. IT, 387 (1814). A. hartiana RAF. Neogen. 2 (1825). A, decapetala AUCT. AMER. plur. not Ard. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 37; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 4; Coult., Fl. Colo. 4; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Coult., Fl. Tex. 8; Prantl, in Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 61; Wats., King Exp. 5; Cov.,, Fl. Ark. 162; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 3: Britt., Ann. N. Y. Acad. VI, 219. North America: Ills., Minn., Neb. to Ga. Alab., La. and Tex. Minn. valley: Prairies and forest openings through- out; most abundant EH. and S. HERB.: Sheldon 1602, Pipestone City; Leiberg 1, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 3, Red Wing; Sandberg 4, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 3, Montevideo. Anemone hirsutissima (PuRs#). Clematis hirsutissima PursH, Fl. Am. 385 (1814). Anemone ludoviciana Nutr. Gen. I1, 20(1818). A. nuttalliana DC. Syst. I, 193 (1818). A. nuttallii Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. 158 (1825). Pulsatilla nuttalaana SPRENG. Syst. II, 663 (1825). Anemone patens Hook. FI. Bor. Am. I, 4 (1830) not Linn. Pulsatilla patens A. GRAY, Ill. Gen. I, 18 (1848) not Mill. A. patens var. nuttalliana A.GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 36 (1867). A. patens var. hirsutissima HircHcock, Pl. Ames. 482 (1891). Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britt. Ann. N. Y. Acad. VI, 217 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 37; Coult., Fl. Colo. 3; Webb, FI. Neb. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 12; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 55; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 5; ?Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 21; Britt., N. Amer. Anem, 217; Rothr., Alask. 442. 240 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Siberia: A. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Trautv. Pl. Sib. Bor. 9=our plant? North America: Man., Mich., Ills. to Mo.; W. toColo., Mont., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., Coast range, Mackenzie, Alaska, beyond Arctic circle; alt. of 10,500 ft. in Colo. Minn. valley; Prairies and fofest openings through- out; most abundant E. and N. HERB.: O6estlund 2, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 2, Good- hue Co.; Kassube 2, Minneapolis; Taylor 745, Glenwood; Shel- don 1188, New Ulm; Herb. Wickersheim 5, Idlewild; Herb. Univ. Hammond 7, Lake City; Herb. Sheldon 1685, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1827, St. Paul; Herb. Moyer 2, Montevideo. CLEMATIS Linn. Gen. 460 (1737). Atragene LINN. Gen. 695 (1737). Navarelia DC. Syst. Veg. I, 187 (1818). Cheiropsis DC. 1. c. (1818). Meclatis Spacu, Suit. Buff. VLI, 257 (1839). Viorna Pers. Syn. I (1805). Viticella MoENcH, Meth. (1794). - Flammula DC. 1. c. (1818). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 87; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 3: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 62; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1: O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 2; Schenck, Paleophyt. 508; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 13, 15. Species: 200+ described; 66 (Kuntze); probably +175; most temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 12; Europe, 8; European Russia, 5; N. America, 25; W. Tex., 5; Calif., 4; S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 8; R. mts., 5; Can., 4; Pl. Wheel., 4-5; Pl. King, 3. Fossil species: Pliocene or Quaternary of Japan (Nathorst); Tertiary of Europe (Eitinghausen, Heer, A. Br.). Clematis virginiana Linn. Amoen. 4, 275 (1755). Clematis cordata Pursu, Fl. Am. I, 384 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 35; Chap., Fl. So. St. 4; Webb., Fl. Neb. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J.33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 17; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 11. Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Wats., Bibl. Ind I, 11. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Winni- peg; S. in E. U. S. to Fla. and La.; W. to E. Neb., Ark. and N. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; Fort Snelling; Shakopee; New Ulm; Morton; Glenwood; Swedes Forest; Morris; river banks, with underbrush. Hers.: Taylor 839, Glenwood; Sheldon 939, Redwood Falls; Ballard 628, Chaska; Ballard 226, Jordan; Sheldon 730. Sleepy Eye; Ballard 750, Waconia; Herrick 1, Minneapolis; ‘ LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 241 Roberts 1, Sawtooth range; Oestlund 1, Minneapolis; Kassube 1, Minneapolis; Roberts 2, Baptism river; Sandberg /, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 1, Montevideo. OXYGRAPHIS Bunce, FI. Atl. Suppl. 46 (1836). Cyrtorrhynea Nutt. T.andG. FI. I, 26 (1838). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 6; Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 39: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I, 63. Living species: 9+; Central and Eastern Asia and N. America. Asia, 7; North America, 3?. Oxygraphis cymbalaria (PURSH) PrRantL, Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 63 (1889). Ranunculus cymbalaria PursH, FI. Am. I, 392 (1814). R. tridentatus HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. V. 42 (1821). R. sarmentosus ADANS. Mem. Mosc. IX, 244 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 41; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Britt., Fl. N. J. 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 7; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I. 7.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 42; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 17; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 14; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 34; Coult., Fl. Tex. 8; Roth, Wheel. Exp. 5, 56, 354; Wats., King Exp. 7; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 18. Europe; Altai and Baikal Siberia; China; S. Asia. North America: N. J., Gt. lakes and S. Ils.; N. through Can.; Minn., Neb. to Colo. and Pac. coast; Rocky mts. far N. and S.; Rio Grande river; in sandhills of Nebraska and frequenting sandy regions along the coast, elsewhere more common in the vicinity of saline or alkaline marshes. Minn. valley: Throughout, but principally in forest region; sandy banks, lake shores and saline grounds. HERB: Taylor 746, Glenwood; Sheldon 442, Buffalo Lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 1186, New Ulm; Taylor 227a, Janes- ville; Sheldon 763, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 638, Minnesota Lake; Ballard 652, Chaska; Sheldon 1356, Lake Benton; Ballard 36, Chaska; Holzinger 8, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 18, Milan, Chippewa Co. RANUNCULUS Linn. Gen. 464 (1737). Batrachium SpacuH, Suit. Buff. VII, 199 (1839). Pachyloma SpaAcu, 1. c. 194 (1839). Cyprianthe Spacu, 1. c. 220 (1839). Ceratocephalus MoENCH, Meth. 218 (1794). Xiphocoma and Gampsoceras STEy. Bull. Mosc. (1852). Hecatonia and Krapfia DC. Syst. Veg. I, 227, 228 (1818). Casalea and Aphanostemma Sr. Hix, FI. Bras. I, 8, 12 (1825). Ficaria DILL. Novy. Gen. Giess. 108 (1719). Baiilon, Hist. Pl. I, 86; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1,5, 953; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Il, 64; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 2; O. Kuntze, ev. Gen. Pl. I, 3; Gray, lll. Gen. I, 29; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 508. —1 6 242 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 250+; 160 (B. and H.); 200 (Durand); cosmopolitan, but richest in northern, extra-tropical regions; Russia, 70; Europe, 91; European Russia, 37; North America, 60+; Canada, 42-47; Calif., 20-24; E. Sts, 18; Rocky mts., 22; S. Sts., 15; W. Tex., 8; Pl. Wheel., 18; Pl. King, 20. Fossil species: 1; Tertiary of Europe (Heer). Ranunculus pensylvanicus Linn. f. Suppl. 272 (1781). R. canadensis JACQ. Misc. 11, 348 (1778). R. trifolius MOENCH, Suppl. 70 (1802). R. hispidus Pursu, Fl. Am. I, 395 (1814). R. hirsutus CurT. Hat. Man. IV, 424 (1825) ? Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 43; Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Chap., Fl. S. St. 8; Coult., Fl. Colo. 8; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 21; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 14; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 22. China. North America: N. S., N. Br., Ont. to Brit. Col. and Pac.; N. in arctic circle; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and Va.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo. Mont.; B. Col. to Oregon. Minn. valley: Forest region, especially E. and N. in © valley; damp woodland and openings. HersB.: Ballard 812, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 695, Waconia; Ballard 737, Waconia; Sheldon 1255, Lake Ben- ton; Taylor 115, Janesville; Ballard 489, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 827, Glenwood; Ballard 532, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 981, Glenwood; Oestlund 5, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 18, Minneapolis; Roberts 4, Grand Marais; Roberts 5, Duluth; Holzinger 7, Winona Co.; Bailey 71, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 28, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer. 12, Montevideo. Ranunculus repens Linn. Spec. 779 (1753). R. prostratus. Porn. Enc. Meth. VI, 113 (1804). R. tomentosus Porn. Enc. Meth. VI, 127 (1804). fi. intermedius EAT. Man. ed. 3, 424 (1822). - R. clintoni BECK, Bot. 9 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 43; Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 9; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 21, 481; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 16; Led., F!. Ross. I, 44, 733; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ., 10; Coult., Fl. Tex. 8; Wats., King Exp. 9; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 22; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 163. Northern Eur. and Africa; Siberia and China. North America: Introduced eastward, but probably indigenous west of the great lakes; Ont. to Brit. Col.; S. to Tex., Arizona, Minn., Iowa, Ohio. Minn. valley: Plants of the true R. repens have been found at F't. Snelling, where the species is possibly indigenous. Habitat like that of A. septentrionalis Poir. This is undoubt- edly arare plant in the Minn. valley. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 248 HERB.: ? Herrick 15, Minneapolis; ? Sandberg 32, Red Wing. Ranunculus septentrionalis Porr. Enc. Meth. VI, 123 (1804). . hispidus Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 321 (1803). R. marilandicus Porn. Enc. Meth. VI, 126 (1804). R. nitidus Mon. Cat. ed. 2, 56 (1818). R. carolinianus DC. Syst. 1, 292 (1818). fi. schlechtendahlii Hook. Fl. Bor,-Am. I, 21 (1833). R. repens LINN. var. hispidus T. and G. FI. I, 658 (1838). R. repens LINN. var. nitidus T. and G. - Fl. I, 658 (1838). FR. repens Auct. Amer. in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 43; Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Coult., FI. Colo. 8; Chap., Fl. S. St. 8; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 8: Upham, FI. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 21, 22; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 44; Griseb., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 9; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 298; Herd., FI. Eur. Ross. 10; Coult., Fl. Tex. 9; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind, f, 23: Europe; Mid. Russ.; Siberia; Kamtk. North America: Anticosti; N. S., N. Br. to Hudson Bay and Pac.; N. to lat. 67°; across the cont. southward; Atl. to Tex. and in Rocky mts. to lat. 52°. It is not clear that the foreign plant is this species. The long confusion with R. repens makes the accurate separation of the two plants a task which can not be undertaken without abundant material from ‘the different regions. Minn. valley: Most of what has passed for R. repens Linn. and all of R. repens Linn. var. hispidus (Michx.) is un- doubtedly this species. Moist and shady places or wet mead- ows; damp woodland and near springs. HERB.: Ballard 174, Shakopee; Sandberg’ 31, White Rock; Kassube 13, Minneapolis; Herrick 14, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 13, Montevideo; 14, Montevideo; 15, Montevideo; 16, Milan, Chippewa Co.; Herb. Sheldon 1774, Ft. Snelling. Ranunculus fascicularis MuHu. Bigel. Fl. Bost. 187 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 43; Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Upham, Fl). Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 18; Coult., Fl. Tex. 9; Wats., King Exp. 9; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 18. North America: Ont. to L. Winnipeg; E. U. S. to Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark., Tex. Minn. valley: Hills and banks in more exposed locali- ties; F't. Snelling and probably westward to New Ulm. HERB.: Sandberg 29, Vasa; Sandberg 30, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1678, Minneapolis; 1822, Minneapolis. 244 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ranunculus recurvatus Porr. Enc. Meth. VI, 123 (1804). R. lanuginosus WALT. FI. Car. 157 (1788). R. saniculaeformis Munu. Cat. 56 (1813). R. leptopetalus RAF. FI. Lud. 83 (1817). R. fascicularis SPRENG. Neu. Entd. I, 228 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 43; Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Chap., Fl. S. St. 8; Upham, Fl. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 19, 480; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 44; Rothr., Wheel. Exp. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 22. ; Arctic islands off the coast of N. E. Siberia. North America: Labrador, N. S., N.._Br., Q, Ont. to L. Winnipeg; S. along Atl. coast; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest region; E. and N. in valley; woods and shaded banks. HerRB.: Ballard 147, Chaska; Sandberg 27, Chisago Co.; Leiberg 3, Blue Earth Co.; Kassube 12, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1819, Ramsey Co. Ranuneulus sceleratus Linn. Spec. 776 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 42: Britt., Fl. N. J. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 19; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 8; Coult., Fl. Colo. 7; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 9; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 19; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 16; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 45; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 10; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 65; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 426; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 57; Wats., King Exp. 8; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 23; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 165. Northern Eur.; N. Asia to India and Bengal; China; Siberia. North America: Maritime provinces of Can. to Brit. Col., Peace river and lat. 67° N.; S. throughout U. S. Minn. valley: Banks of streams; ditches; wet spring sides, N. E. and S. in valley, extending far W. on lower levels. HERB.: Sheldon 701, Waseca—dwarf form; Ballard 47, - Chaska; Ballard 474, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 183, Ha- gle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 506, Minnesota lake; Ballard 324, Belle Plain; Kassube 14, Minneapolis; Herrick 16, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 6, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 33, Vasa; Herb. Moyer 17, Montevideo. Ranunculus abortivus Linn. Spec. 551 (1753). R. nitidus WALT. FI]. Car. 159 (1788). = Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 42; Coult., Fl. Colo. 7; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Britt., Fl. N. J. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 7; Upham, Fl. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 15. North America: Man. to Brit. Col.; in U. S., Atl. coast to Rocky mts. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 245 Minn. valley: Forest region and wooded banks; open- ings and moist soil, especially E. in valley. HerB.: Ballard 125, Chaska; Taylor 275, Janesville; Sheldon 140, Madison Lake; Sheldon 36, Elysian; Herrick 12, Minneapolis; Holzinger 6, Winona Co.; Kassube 11, Minneapo- lis; Sandberg 26, Red Wing; Roberts 3, Black Point; Oestlund 4, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1820, Minneapolis. Ranunculus abortivus Linn. var. miecranthus (NUTT.) GRAY, Man. 5ed. 42 (1867). R. micranthus Nutr. T.andG. FI. I, 18 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 42; Britt., Fl. N. J. 36; Upham, F]. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 18, 480; Cov. Fl. Ark. 162; Wats. Bib!. Ind. 15. i North America: Eastern Canadian provinces? N. shore of Lake Superior to Brit. Col.; Mass. and N. J, to Minn., Dak, and Colo. Minn. valley: With typical form, especially W. and S. W.; apparently less abundant than the type. HERB.: Moyer 11, Montevideo. Ranunculus ovalis Rar. Journ. Bot. 268 (1814). R. rhomboideus Gotpig, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 329 (1822). R. brevicaulis Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 13 (1833). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 42; Coult., Fl. Colo. 7; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. 17; Wats., Bibl. Ind I, 23. North America: Q.to Man. and Brit. Col.; N. in Rocky mts. to lat 52°; S. to Mich., Ills, Wisc., Minn. and N. and W. Neb. Minn. valley: Low prairies and near edges of sloughs; valley throughout; principally N. E. and §.,. HERB.: Sheldon 942, Redwood Falls; Menzel 1, Pipe stone City; Kassube 10, Minneapolis; Leiberg 2, Blue Earth Co.?; Sandberg 24, Red Wing; Sandberg 25, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1679, Minneapolis; 1821, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 9, Montevideo; 10, Montevideo. Ranunculus pedatifidus SM. Rees Cycl. 72 (1819). R. affinis R. BR. Parr. lst Voy. Appx. 265 (1823). R. amoenus LED. FI. Alt. I, 320 (1829). R. auricomus var. affinis LAWSON, Ran. Can. (1876). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 42; Coult., Fl. Colo. 8; Upham, Fl. Minn. 19; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 18; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 37; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 10; Roth., Wheel. Exp. in var. 57; Wats., King Exp. 7 Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 15. Europe; Altai, Baikal and Transbaik. Siberia. North America: Greenland, Melville Isl. to Rocky mts., 52° N. lat., Brit. Col. and N. W. T.;S. in mts. to Colo. and 246 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Nevada; E. from Montana to Minn., Iowa and Canada; Hudson strait. Minn. valley: S. and S. W. invalley; damp woodland and near springs. Rather rare. HERB.: Sheldon 781, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 431, Janes- ville; Sheldon 1568, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1189, New Uln. Ranunculus reptans Linn. Spec. 549 (1753). R. filiformis Micox. FI. N. Am. I, 320 (1803). R. reptans var. flliformis DC.. Syst. 1, 248 11813). R. flammula LINN. var. reptans E. MEYER, PI. Lab. 96 (1830). R. flammula var. filiformis Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am I, 11 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 42; Britt., Fl. N. J. 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 6; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 6; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 17; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 297; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 10; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 56; Wats., King Exp. 7; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 18; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 32; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 9; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 161. Scotland; N. Eur.; Siberia. North America: Greenland and Nova Scotia to Brit. Col. and Coastrange; S. in Calif. at alt. 6,000 ft.; local in Colo.; S. to Minn., Iowa, New Eng., N. J., Penn., Ohio and Ills. Minn. valley: Forest region, especially N. and S. E.; gravelly or sandy beaches of lakes and streams. HeERB.: Sheldon 214, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 102, Elysian; Ballard 829, Page Lake, Carver Co.; Herrick 9, Minneapolis; Herrick 10, Excelsior; Bailey 1000, White Bear lake; Sandberg 22, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 23, Chi- sago Co.; Herrick 11, Minneapolis; Kassube 9, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Ind. N. A. Bot. 16 (1878). ?R. lingua PursH, FI. Am. 391 (1814). R. flammula Pursw, Fl. Am. 391 (1814) not DC. ?R. robinti RAF. FI. Lud. 82 (1817). R. alismaefolius GRAY, Man. 2d ed. 8 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 41; Chap., Fl. S. St. 7; Britt., Fl N. J. 63; Brew. and Wats. FI. Calif. I, 6?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 16, 480; Wats., King Exp. 7?; Wats. Bbl. Ind. I, 16. Europe? North America: N. Eng. to Minn., Dak., Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to N. J., Ohio, Tenn.; southward. Minn. valley: Reported from the lake region of Alexandria and probably N. in valley; rare; in wet mud. Ranunculus lacustris Beck and Tracy, Eat. Man. ed. 3 423 (1822). R. multifidus Pursu, Fl. Am, I, 736 (1814) not Forsk. R. multifidus BieEu. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 228 (1824)? LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 247 R. fluviatilis Breeu. Fl. Bost. 139 (1840) not Willd. R. purshii Ricw. Frankl. Journ. 13 (1823). R. limosus Nutt. T.andG. FI. I, 20 (1838). F869) R. radicans C. A. M. var. multifidus Re@EL, FI. Ost Sib. I, 45 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 41; Britt., Fl. N. J. 36; Webb., Fl. Neb. 116; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Coult., Fl. Colo. 9; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 16; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 65; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif, I, 426; Wats., King Exp. 8; Roth, Wheel. Exp. 57,? Cov., Fl. Ark. 163; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 20; Rothr., Alask. 442. Siberia. North America: Cape Breton Isles.’to Pac.; N.S. to N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., Ohio, Iowa, Mo., Minn: and Colo.; Utah and Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout in ponds, lakes and slug- gish streams. HERB.: Ballard 10, Chaska; Sheldon 437, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 430, Prior’s lake; Sheldon 441, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 257, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Taylor 731, Glenwood; Sandberg 20, Chisago lake; Kassube 8, Minneapolis; Herrick 8, Minneapolis; Sandberg 21, Red Wing; Arthur 95, Vermilion lake; Herb. Wickersheim 9, Norwegian creek, Lincoln Co. Ranunculus lacustris Beck and TRaAcy, var. terrestris (GRAY). ® R. multifidus var. terrestris GRAY, Man. ed. v. 41 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 41; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 16, II, 297. North America: N. Ohio; Ills., Minn., Man. to Sas- katchewan, Dak., N. W. T. and Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Forest district; rooting in mud near pools or ponds. HERB.: Sheldon 10, Waterville, Le Sueur Co.; Bailey 95a, Vermilion lake; Bailey 441, Fall lake. Ranunculus aquatilis Linn. var. trichophyllus (CHAIX.) GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 40 (1867). R. trichophyllus CHAIxX, Vill. Dauph. 1, 336 (1786). R. fluviatilis Pursu, Fl. Am. I, 395 (1814.) F. aquatilis var. capillaceus DC. Prodr. I, 26 (1824). R. hydrocharis trichophyllus HteRN. Seem. Journ. Bot. IX, 101 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 40; Coult., Fl. Colo. 6; Webb., Fl. Web. 116; Britt., Fl. N.. J. 35; Chap., £1. S. St. 7; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 5; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 6; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 16; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 13; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 8; Engl. Prantl, ITI, 2, 65; Wats., King. Exp. 5; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 354; Wats., Bibl. Ind. J, 17; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 167. 248 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Europe; W. Asia; China; Himalayas; Australia; almost cosmopolitan. North America: Greenland to Brit. Col. in Can.; U. S. across the continent; mts. of Utah to 6,000 ft. alt. Minn. valley: Abundant throughout in ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. HERB.: Ballard 170, Shakopee; Sheldon 317, Madison © Lake; Sheldon 1152, New Ulm; Sheldon 1136, Springfield; Shel- don 722, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 277, Jordan; Holzinger 5, Lake Winona; Huntington 1, Rock Co.; Sandberg 19, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 8, Lake Stay, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 8, Granite Falls. Ranunculus aquatilis Linn. var. caespitosus DC. Prodr. I, 26 (1824). R. hydrocharis caespitosus HIERN. Seem. Journ. Bot. LX, 65 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 41; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 17; Mac., Bl. Cany 1,16. North America: Ont. to Ill., Minn., Dak. and Sas- katchewan. Minn. valley: S.and 8. W. districts; pools of stagnant water and rooting in the mud. HERB.: Sheldon 818, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1134, Cottonwood river, Springfield; Sheldon 317, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 354, Lake Madison, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 435, Lake Elysian, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 1452, Pipestone. . Ranunculus circinnatus SrstH. Fl. Oxon. (1794). R. aquatilis Linn. var. stagnatilis DC. Prodr. I, 26 (1824). R. divaricatus Gray, Pl. Wright, I1, 8 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 40; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Coult , Fl. Colo. 6; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 16; II, 296; Wats, Bibl. Ind. I, 17; Wats., King Exp. 6; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 6; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 168; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. W. Europe (local). North America: Man. to Rocky mts. and Brit. Col.; S. to Vt., Maine, Iowa, Dak., Neb., Colo., Nev. and Oregon. Minn. valley; Reported from Mankato and Alexandria; probably local in the forest lakes of the valley. Hers.: Bailey 318, Vermilion lake. THALICTRUM Livy. Gen. 461 (1737). Physocarpum Spacu, Suit. Buff. VII, 287 (1839). Tripterium Spracu, 1. c. (18389). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 87; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 4; Engler and LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 249 Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 66; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 1; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 4; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 23. Living species: 76+; 50 (B. and H.); 70 (Durand); Europe; Asia; Africa; N. and S. America; extra-tropical. Russia, 28; Europe, 26; European Russia, 12; North America, 14-16; Canada, 9; S. Sts., 6; E. Sts., 4; W. Tex.; 8; Rocky mts., 5; Calif., 4; Pl. Wheel., 2; Pl. King, 4. Thalictrum purpurascens Linn. Spec. 546 (1753). T. rugosum AIT. Hort. Kew. 2, 262? (1811). T. pubescens PursH, FI. Am. I, 388 (1814). T. revolutum DC. Syst. I, 173 (1818). T. cornutt T. and G. F1. I, 38 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 39; Britt., Fl. N. J. 35; Webb., FI. Neb. 117; Upham, F]. Minn. 18; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14, 479; 11, 298; Cov., Fl. Ark. 162; Coult., Fl. Tex. 7; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 26. North America: N. S., Anticosti, Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Md.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Mo. and Ark., W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout in forest region and on wooded banks, with T. dioicum; rather more abundant, espec- ially westward. This species has been mistaken for T. poly- gamum. HERB.: Sheldon 1299, Lake Benton; Ballard 373, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 162, Chaska; Taylor 331, Janes- ville; Sheldon 767, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 571, Minnesota lake; Taylor 843, Glenwood; Taylor 1721, Janesville; Sheldon 968, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 6, Minneapolis; Sandberg 18, Cannon Falls; Gedge 1, Glyndon; Herrick 7, Minneapolis; Bailey 460, Agate Bay; Arthur 68, Vermilion lake; Bailey 448, Mud river; Herb Sheld. 1735, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 7, Montevideo. Thalictrum dioicum Linn. Spec. 545 (1753). T. laevigatum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 322 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 39; Britt., Fl. N. J. 35; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 5; Upham, Fl. Minn. 18; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 14, 479; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 66; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 25. North America: N. Br., Anticosti and N. S. to Pac.; N. to lat. 67°; S. to Minn., Ohio, and in Appallachians to N. Car. ; Minn. valley: Forest region, in dry localities, throughout; wooded banks and openings. HERB.: Sheldon 237, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Shel- don 50, Elysian; Taylor 33, Elysian; Oestlund 3, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 15, Red Wing; Sandberg 16, Vasa; Sandberg 17, Can- non Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1824, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Moyer 6, Montevideo, 250 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XLII. BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 852 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 40 (1862); Prantl, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz.3, II, 70 (1888). Genera: 8; principally extra-tropical regions of N. hemisphere and centering on the Pacific coast regions of the Old and New worlds; a few in tropical Asia and the Andes district. Species: 185; 75 per cent. in genus Berberis. PODOPHYLLUM Linn. Gen. 426 (1787). Anapodophyllum Tourn. Inst. 239 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 75; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 45; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 74; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 87. Living species: 5; 2 (Durand); North America and Japan, 1; Himalayas, 1; S. China and Formosa, 2-3. Podophyllum peltatum Linn. Spec. 505 (17538). Anopodophyllum peltatum MoENCH, Meth 277 (1794). P odophyllum callicarpum RAF. FI. Lud. 14 (1817). P. montanum RAF. Med. FI. II, 59 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 54; Britt., Fl. N. J. 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 115; Chap., Fl. S. St. 18; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 30; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2,74; Cov, Fl. Ark. 164; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 35. Japan. North America: N. Eng. and Ont. to Fla; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: S. E. region only; rich woodlands, not common. HERB.: Sheldon7, Faribault; Sandberg 43, Pine Island LEONTICE Linn. Gen. 268 (1737). Bongardia C. A.M. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. (1831). Gymnospermium Spacu, Suit. Buff. VIII, 66 (1839). Caulophylltum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. IJ, 204 (1803). Leontopetalum Tourn. Corr. 484 (1703). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 74; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 43: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 76; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 10; Gray, Il Gen. 81. Living species: 10-12; 5-6 (B. and H.); 10 (Durand) S. Europe, middle Asia, Manchuria, Japan and North America Leontice thalictroides Linn. Spec. 312 (1753). Caulophyllum thalictroides Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 205 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 53; Britt., Fl. N. J. 42; Chap., Fl. S. St. 17; Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 30,483; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 35; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 76; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 251 Japan and Manchuria. North wanerica:.~ N. Br.,.Q.; Ont: to N.-Y.,.N. J, Penn. and S. Car. W. to Ohio, Minn., Neb. and Man. Minn. valley: Throughout in deep woodland, espec- ially along streams and near lakes. HERB. Sheldon 802, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Tay- lor 890, Glenwood; Sheldon 142, Madison Lake; Sheldon 54, Hlysian; Ballard 76, Chaska; Kassube 18, Minneapolis; Leiberg 6, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 11, Winona Co.; Sandberg 42, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1714, Minneapolis; 1862,Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 10, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 24, Carl- ton lake, Chippewa Co. XLII]. MENISPERMACEAE. Moon-Seed Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 825 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 30 (1862); Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 78 (1888). Genera: 56-58 living; 5-6 extinct; tropics and spar- ingly without, especially in the S. hemisphere; in the Tertiary widely distributed over the N. hemisphere. Species: 300 (Miers); 80 (B. and H.); perhaps 150 dis tinct; Cretaceous and Tertiary forms abundant in N. America and Tertiary forms in Europe, where there are now few living representatives. MENISPERMUM Linn. Gen. 107 (1737). Trilophos Fiscu. Ann. Sci. Nat. (1835). ? Selwynnia F. Mutu. Fragm. LV, 153 (1861?). Baillon, Hist. Pl. ITI, 33; Benth. and-Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 37, 962; Du- rand, Ind Gen. Phan. 8; Gray, Ill, Gen. I, 73; Schenck, Paleophyt. 500. Living species: 38. Japan, 1; Centr. and E. Asia, 1; North American Atl. forest region, 1. Fossil species: Menispermites (Lesquerx.) about 10 species from the Dakota, Cretaceous (upper) and 5-6, Eocene: North America. Menispermum canadense Linn. Spec. 340 (1753). Cissampelos smilacina LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1473 (1762). M. angulatum MOENCH, Meth. 277 (1794). M. smilacinum DC. Syst. I, 541 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 51; Britt., Fl. N. J. 42; Webb. Fl. Neb. 115: Upham, Fl. Minn. 21; Chap., Fl. S. St. 16; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 29; Cov., Fl. Ark. 163: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 32. North America: Q., Ont. and Man.; N. U. S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.? W.to Dak., Minn., Neb. and Ark. 252 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; wooded banks of lakes and streams, climbing over shrubbery. HeERB.: Taylor 980, Glenwood; Ballard 102, Chaska; Sheldon 30, Elysian; Sheldon 636, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Taylor 707, Minnesota lake; Oestlund 10, Minneapolis; Sandberg 41, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 23, Montevideo. XLIV. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 854 (1840): Benth, and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 49 (1862); DC. Syst. II, 67 (1821)—Fumariaceae; Prantl] and Kiindig, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 130 (1889). Genera: 28; temperate and warmer regions; princi- pally in N. temperate floral region; centers of distrivution (1) Central and E. Asia; (2) Pacific North America; (3) Mediter- ranean region. Species: 250+; 85 per cent. in genus Neckeria. SANGUINARIA Linn. Gen. 425 (1737). Belharnosia SARRAC. ex Adans. Fam. Pl. (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 141; Benth. and Hlook., Gen. Pl. 1, 53; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 139 (Prantl and Kiindig); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 11; Gray, Ill. Gen, 115. Living species: 1; woodlands of Atlantic North America. Fossil species: (Papaveraceae) Schenck, Palaeophyt. 515, Lignitic in Saxony; doubtful. Sanguinaria canadensis Linn. Spec. 505 (1753). S. acaulis MOENCH, Meth. 227 (1794). S. vernalis SALISB. Prodr. 377 (1796). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 58; Britt., Fl. N. J. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 22; Upham, Fl. Minn. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 34; Engl. Prantl and Kiindig, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 139; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164; Wats. Bibl. Ind. I, 43. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., to Man. and N. Dak., S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest region and wooded banks to Montevideo and Glenwood; rare far W.; open woodland and shady banks. HeERB.: Ballard 86, Chaska; Taylor 129, Janesville; Sheldon 26, Elysian; Herrick 24, Minneapolis; Arthur 157, Ver- milion Lake; Kassube 22, Minneapolis; Herrick 25, Minneapo- lis; Sandberg 48, Red Wing; Hammond 7, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 11, Mankato; Herb. Sheld. 1806, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 25, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRKODUCING PLANTS. 253 CAPNORCHIS Lupw. Defin. Pl. 98 (17387). Bikukulla ADANS. Fam. PI. (1763). Diclytra ‘‘BorkH.” ex Bernh. and DC. Syst. (1818). Dactylicapnos WALLICH, Teut. Fl. Nepal, 51 (1824). Dicentra Bernu. Linn. VIII, 467 (1833). Macrocapnos RoyLez, Lindl. Intro. ed. IT, 439 (1835). Eucapnos Sires. and Zucc. Abh. Ak. Mun. III, 721 (1842?). Perizomanthus PursH, Fl. Am. 462 (1814). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II11, 143; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 55; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 148 (Prantl and Kiindig); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 15; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 119. Living species: 15; 12 (B. and H.); Central, North and East Asia and North America; E. Sts. 3; 8S. Sts., 2; Can- ada, 8; Pac. coast, 4-5. Capnorchis cucullaria (Linn.) O. KuntTze, Rev. Pl. Gen. Lb (1891). Fumaria cucullaria LINN. Spec. 699 (1753). F. pallida SALIsB. Prodr. 377 (1796). Corydalis cucullaria PERS. Syn. II, 269 (1807). Cucullaria bulbosa RAF. Med. Rep. V, 353 (1809). Dicentra cucullaria DC. Syst. I, 108 (1818). Diclytra cucullaria AucT. VAR. After DC. Prodr. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 60; Upham, Fl. Minn. 23; Webb. Fl. Neb. 118; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 35; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 97?; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 45; Engl. Prantl and Kindig, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 143; Cov., Fl. Ark. 164. Kamtschatka? North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian aye. to. N..Wng., N. Y,, N. J., .N. Car; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. ; Minn. valley: Throughout, especially at lower levels; shady banks and damp woodland openings. HERB.: Taylor 98, Glenwood; Herrick 26, Minneapo- lis; Kassube 23, Minneapolis; Holzinger 13, Winona Co.; Sand- berg 49, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld 1866, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wick- ersheim 12, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 26, Carlton Lake. Capnorchis canadensis (GOLDIE) O. KUNTZE, Rey. Gen. Pl. 1 15*( 1891). Corydalis canadensis GOLDIE, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 330 (1822). C. formosa PursH, Fl. Am, 462 (1814) in part. Diclytra canadensis DC. Prodr. I, 126 (1824). D. eximia BECK, Bot. 23 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 60; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Britt., Fl. N. J. 46; Upham, Fl. Minn. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 35; Engl. Prantl and Kiindig, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 143; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 45. ; North America: N.S., Q. and Ont. to Man.; 8S. to N. 254 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. J., Ohio and Neb. Range more northward than that of C. cu- cullaria. Minn. valley: Reported from St. Paul and Blue Earth Co.; with C. cucullaria (Linn. ) but much less abundant. NECKERIA Scop. Introd. 1486 (1777). Corydalis DC. Syst. I], 113 (1821). Bulbocapnos BerRNaH. Linn. VIII, 469 (1833). Phacocapnos BERN. 1. ¢. (1833). Cryptoceras Scuort, ex Walp. Ann. IV, 190(1844-48). Sophorocapnos TurRcz. Bull. Mosq. I, 570 (1848). Cysticapnos BoERH. ex DC. Syst. II, 112 (1821). Ceratocapnuos Dur. Parlat. Giorn. Bot. I, 336. Capnodes MoEHR. Hort. Priv. 22 (1736). ?P seudofumaria Lupw. Defin. Pl. (1737) ex Kuntze. . Baillon, Hist. Pl. ILI, 144; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 55; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 144 (Prantl and Kiindig); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 13; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 123. Living species: 90+; 70 (B. and H.); mostly in Medi- terranean region and Central and N. E. Asia; a few in N. America, Cape of Good Hope region and Himalayas.; N. Amer- ica, 9-10; Calif.-Oregon, 6; E. Sts., 5-6; Rocky mts., 4-5; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 5-6; Pl. Wheel., 1; Pl. King, 1; Russia, 35; Europe, 12; Russian Hurope, 10; (Durand: 100 sp.). Neckeria aurea (MicHx.) Preirr. Bot. Zeit. XV, 649 (1857). Fumaria aurea Micux. FI. N. Am. (1803). Corydalis aurea WILLD. Enum. 740 (1809). C. speciosa MAXIM. FI. Amur 39 (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 61; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118 in var.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 14; Chap., Fl. S. St. 23; Upham, Fl. Minn. 23; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 36; Engl. Prantl and Kiindig, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 144; Wats. King. Exp. 14; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 44. Amurland. North America: Q., Ont., Man., N. W. T. to lat. 64°; S. to Vt. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Colo., Neb., Ark.; in mts. to Ft. Verde, Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout, particularly at higher levels and N. rather than S., although found on 8. edge. Dry places. HerRB.: Sheldon 1603, Ft Snelling; Taylor 897, Glen- wood; Foote 1, Worthington; Roberts 11, Duluth; Bailey 508, Agate Bay; Kassube 24, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 51, Red Wing; Sandberg 52, Tower; Sheldon, 1631, Taylor’s Falls; Herb. Wick- ersheim 13, Mankato; Herb. Sheld. 1865, Ft Snelling; Herb. Moyer 27, Carlton Lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 955 Neckeria micrantha (ENGELM. ). Corydalis aurea var. micrantha ENGELM. in Gray, Man. 5. ed 62 1867). Corydalis micrantha (ENGELM.) WATS. and COULT. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 61 (1890). Upham, FI]. Minn. 23; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 44; Wats., King. Exp. 14. North America: N. Car., Neb., Mo. and Ark. to Iowa, Minn. and Uintah mts. Minn. valley: S. edge, on higher levels; dry places and rocks. HERB.: Sheldon 794, Cottonwood river, Sleepy Hye; Foote 2, Worthington. Neckeria flavula (RAr.) Preirr. Bot. Zeit. XV..649 (1857). Fumaria flawula RAF. Desv. Journ. Bot. I, 224 (1808). Corydalis flavula DC. Prodr. I, 129 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 60; Upham, FI. Minn. 23; Britt., Fl. N. J. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 37, 485; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 44. North America: Ont. to Penn., N. J., Minn. and Ark.; southward. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. and probably on higher levels aloug the N. side; dry banks. HERB.: Herrick 28, Minneapolis. Neckeria sempervirens (Linn.) Scop. Intro. Hist. Nat. 313 (1777). Fumaria sempervirens LINN. Spec. 700 (1753). Capnodes glauca MOENCH, Meth. 52 (1794). Corydalis sempervirens PERS. Syn. II, 269 (1807). C. glauca PuRsH, FI. Am. 463 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 61; Upham, Fl. Minn. 23; Chap., FI. S. St. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 36; Engl. Prantl and Kiindig, Nat, Pflanz. III, 2, 144; Regel., Fl. O.-Sib. I, 147; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 45; Rothr., Alask. 442, Siberia and Kamtschatka. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to Brit Col., Rocky mts., Mackenzie river at lat. 64°; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Man. Minn. valley: N. and N. W.; reported from Benton Co. and the Alexandria lake district. High bluffs and rocky places. HERB.: Roberts 8, Put-in-bay; Roberts 9, Carlton’s peak; Herrick 27, St. Louis river; Roberts 10, Duluth; Bailey 114, Vermilion lake; Bailey 333, St. Louis river; Sandberg 50, Tower. - 256 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XLV. CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 861 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 58 (1862); Prantl, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11, 145 (1890); Baillon, Hist. Pl. PLT ASIST): Genera: 160— 200; cosmopolitan; centers of distribu- tion in boreal region and Mediterranean region. Fossil forms ~ poorly understood; principally old world plants. Species: 2000+; reduced to 1200 (B. and H.); most - numerous in the Orient. THELYPODIUM ENDL. Gen. 4915 (1336-40). Pachypodium Nutt. Torr. and Gray, Fl. N. Am. I, 96 (1838). Macropodium Hook. Bot. Beech. 74 (1841). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 243; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 81; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 155 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13. Living species: 15+; mostly Calif. and Rocky mts. North America, 15; Calif., 10; W. Tex., 5; Rocky mts., 7; Pl. King, 9; Pl. Wheel., 5; E. Sts., 1; Canada, 1; 8S. Sts., 1. Thelypodium pinnatifidum (Micux.) S. Warson, King Exp. 25 (1871). Hesperis (?) pinnatifida Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 31 (1803). Cheiranthus hesperioides T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 72 (1838). TIodanthus hesperioides T. and G. Gen. I, 134 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 72; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 25; Chap., F1.S. St. 25; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 73. North America: Penn. to Ohio and Minn.; S. to Tex. Minn. valley: Only S. E. edge of valley and rare; stony places. HERB.: Sandberg 64, Red Wing. LEPIDIUM Linn. Gen. 527 (1737). Physolepidium ScCHRENK. Enum. 97 (1841-42). Manoploga BUNGE, PI. Preiss. I, 259 (1836). Cardaria Drsvx. Jour. Bot. III, 163 (1810). Lepia Desvx. Jour. Bot. III, 166 (1810). Cynocardamum Wess, Phyt. Can. I, 96 (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 284; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 87; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 160 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 17; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 34; Gray, Ill. Gen. 1, 167; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 514. Living species: 100+; 60-80 (B. and H.); all regions except arctic and alpine. Russia, 20; Europe, 25; European Russia, 9; North America, 17; Pl. King, 9; Pl. Wheel., 5; W. Tex., 4; Canada, 3-7; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2. Fossil species: 1, Upper Miocene, Europe (Heer); doubtful. : LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 257 Lepidium virginicum Linn. Spec. 645 (1753). Clypeola caroliniana WALT. FI. Car. 173 (1788). Thlaspi virginianum Pork. Enc. Meth. VII, 544 (1806). Dileptium diffusum and praecow RAF, FI. Lud. 85 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 73; Chap., Fl. S. St. 30; Britt., Fl. N. J. 52; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 57; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 161; Cov. Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 65. Introduced in Europe. North America: United States throughout, except Pac. coast and N. W.; intro. in N. Eng. and Ontario. Minn. valley: Throughout; along roadsides and rail- way embankments; abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 61, Elysian; Taylor 190, Janesville; Oestlund 14, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 43, Minneapolis; Holzinger 25, Winona Co.; Kassube 33, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 17, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Lepidium intermedium Gray, Pl. Wright, II, 15 (1852). L. ruderale Ricu. Frankl, Journ. 16 (1823) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 73; Coult., Fl. Colo. 26; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 47; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 57, 491; Coult., Fl. Tex. 20; Wats., King. Exp. 29; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 66; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 64; Greene, Fl. Fran. 275. North America: N.S., Ont., Man., B. C. to Hudson Bay and lat. 52°; S. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., Neb., Tex. and in mts. to N. Mexico; W. to S. California and N. along Pac. coast, Minn. valley: N. and W. portions; probably through- out; with L. virginicum Linn., but less abundant. HERB.: Sandberg 71, Cannon Falls; Bailey 132, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 524, Agate Bay; Moyer 245, Montevideo, Chippewa Co. SISYMBRIUM Liyn. Gen. 547 (1737). F868) Velarum, Norta and Arabidopsis Scour. Enum. Transsylv. Pachypodium and Descurainia Wess. Phyt. Can. 75 (1836). Chamaeplium and Sisymbrella (part) Spacu, Suit. Buff. VI, 433 (1839). Hugueninia Rericu. Ic. Fl. Germ. II, 80 (1837-38). Tonguea ENDL. Gen. 4905 (1836-40). Leptocarpaea DC. Syst. Veg. II, 201 (1821). Stenophragma CLARK, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. (1888). Drabopsis G. Kocu, Linn. XV, 253 (1840). Maresia POMEL, ex Durand, I. c. (1888). Alliaria ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 418 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 239; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 77; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 169 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 14; Slee 258 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 30; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 151. Living species: 60+; 80 (B. and H.): 90 (Durand); temperate regions of both hemispheres; tropical (mts.) Africa. Russia, 33; Europe, 31; European Russia, 21; N. America, 11-14; Canada, 9-10; Calif., 6; E. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 3; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 2. Sisymbrium hartwegianum FourN. Sisymb. 66 (1865). S. canescens BENTH. Pl. Hartw. 9 (1836). ?S. canescens var. brevipes T.andG. FI. I, 92 (1838). S. sophia GRAY, Proc. Ac. Phil. 57 (1863) in part. 28. brachycarpum Hook. and ARN. Bot. Beech. 323 (1841). S. incisum var. hartwegianum Wats. Bot. Calif. I, 41 (1873). 2S. canescens var. brachycarpum UPHAM, FI. Minn. 26 (1883). S. californicum WATS. King Exp. 23 (1870) part. Coult., Fl. Colo. 23; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 47; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118 (in part); Greene, Fl. Fran. 271. North America: N. W. T. and Brit. Colo. to Calif., Colo. and Tex.; E. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: N. W. and W. districts; dry banks and sandy shores of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1406, Lake Benton; Zaylor 1044, Glenwood. Sisymbrium multifidum (PuRsH). Erysimum pinnatum WALT. Fl. Car. 174 (1788). Cardamine(?) multifida PuRsH, Fl. Am. 440 (1814). Sisymbrium canescens Nutr. Gen. II, 68 (1818). Cardamine menziesii DC. Syst. II, 267 (1821). Sisymbrium pinnatum GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. II (1887). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 72; Coult., F]. Colo. 23; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 40; Upham,Fl. Minn. 26; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118; Britt., Fl. N.J. 51; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 46; Wats., King Exp. 23; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 64, 355; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 68; Greene, Fl. Fran. 271. North America: Arctic circle, throughout Canada; S. in mts. to Mexico; W. to Calif.; E. to Penn., N. Y. and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout, in waste places and along roadsides or on sandy banks. HersB.: Ballard 136, Chaska; Sheldon 1406, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 307, Madison Lake; Taylor 1044, Glenwood; Hol- zinger 24, Winona Co.; Herrick 41, Minneapolis; Kassube 31, Minneapolis; Sandberg 67, Red Wing; Huntington 2, Rock Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1843, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 31, Montevideo. BARBAREA R. Br. Hort. Kew. IV, 109 (1812). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 232; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 68; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflunz. 3, II, 183 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; _ Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 147. ~ LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 259 Living species: 14; 25 enum. 6 reduc. (B. and H.); temperate and boreal region of N. hemisphere; also Australia. Europe, 9-10; Russia, 6; North America, 1-2. Barbarea barbarea (LINN.) var. stricta (Andrz.). Barbarea stricta ANDRZ. Bess. Pl. Volhyn. 72 (1822). Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. var. stricta REGEL, F1.0O.-Sib. I, 155 (1862). B. praecoe Ricw. Frankl. Journ. 15 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 28 in part; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Wats., King Exp. 50; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 40 in part; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 155; Mac., Fl Can. I, 44: Forbes and Hemsl., Fl. Sin. I, 41 spec.; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 115; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 217; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 50; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 192; Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe: Scandinavia to Italy and mid. Russ.; Siberia; Kamtschatka; China? The species is nearly cosmopolitan, being found in N. hemisphere throughout and in Africa and Australia. It is by no means certain that B. stricta Andrz. is not a good species. ) North America: L.Superior to Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. in mts. to Colo. and N.in Man. THastern forms are probably introduced and adventive from Europe. Minn. valley: Only in N. E. corner and rare; wet grounds and roadsides. HERB.: Roberts 13, Two Harbors; Holzinger 20, Winona Co.; Lackor 1, Hennepin Co. NASTURTIUM RB. Br. Hort. Kew. IV, 109 (1812). Leiolobium ReEIcH. Consp. 184 (1828). Roripa Bxss. (part) ex Gren. and Godr. Fl. Fr. I, 125 (1848). Nasturtiopsis Botss. Fl. Or. 1, 237 (1842). Brachylobus Scour. Enum. Transsylv. 39 (1866). Clandestinaria Spacu, Suit. Buff. VI, 478 (1839). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 232; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 68; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 184 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 12; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 21; Gray, Jll. Gen. I, 131. Living species: 50+; 20 (B. and H,); 25 (Durand); cosmopolitan. Russia, 18; Russian Hurope, 11; Europe, 17; North America, 18; W. Tex., 5; Canada, 8-9; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mits., 5: S. Sts., 8; Calif., 5; Pl. King., 5; Pl. Wheel., 5-6. Nasturtium hispidum (Desy.) DC. Syst. IT, 201 (1821). Brachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. II, 183 (1869). Sisymbrium hispidum Porr. Suppl. XIII, 161 (1817). Nasturtium palustre var. hispidum F.and M. Ind. Sem. Petr. ITT, Al (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Brew. and Wats., F1. Calif., I, 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Regel, 260 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. F]. O.-Sib. I, 151 in part?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 38, 485; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 113 in part?; Wats., King Exp. 16; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 66. Transbaikal Siberia? North America: N. W. T. and Sierras to the Atl. and Gulf of Mexico. Minn. valley: Principally S. W. and W.; with N. palustre (Leys.). HERB.: Sheldon 1512, Lake Benton; Taylor 652, Min- nesota lake. Nasturtium palustre (LEys.) DC. Syst. II, 191 (1821). Sisymbrium palustre Leys. Fl. Hal. (1761). Radicula palustris MOENCH, Meth. 263 (1794). Camelina barbareaefolia DC. Syst. II, 517 (1821). Roripa nasturtioides SPACH, Phan. VI, 506 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Wats., King Exp. 15, 16; Upham, F]. Minn. 24; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 42; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 37,485; II, 300; Forbes and Hems., FI]. Sin. I, 41; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 112; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 66; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 111, 2, 184; Coult., Fl. Tex. 17; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 193; Rothr., Alask. 442; Greene, Fl. Fran. 268. Kurope; N. Africa; N. and temp. Asia. North America: Greenland and N.S. to Alaska, N. W. T. and B. C.; S. to gulf and in Mexico; E. to N. Eng., N. J.and N. Car. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places and marshy meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1398, Lake Benton; Ballard 326, Belle Plaine; Ballard 266, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 671, Waconia; Taylor 862, Glenwood; Sheldon 1093, Springfield; Sheldon 760, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 230, Janesville; Taylor 341, Janesville; Taylor 164a, Janesville; Oestlund 12, Minneapolis; Herrick 29, Minneapolis; Kassube 25, Minneapolis; Herrick 30, St. Louis river; Holzinger 14, Winona Co.; Sandberg 53, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 246, Montevideo. Nasturtium sinuatum Nur. T. and G. Fl. I, 73, 666 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 70; Coult., Fl. Colo. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 67; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 43: Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., King Exp. 15; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31; Greene, Fl. Fran. 267. North America: Sierra Nevada mts. to Mexico; E. to Mississippi valley; N. to Minn, and Dak. Minn. valley: Lower levels, especially E. and N. E.; Ft. Snelling to New Ulm. Hers: Ballard 37, Chaska; Ballard 653, Chaska. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 261 CARDAMINE Linn. Gen. 541 (1737). Dentaria LINN. Gen. 540 (1737), Pteroneuron DC. Prodr. I, 154 (1824). Kardanoglyphos Scuutecut. Linn. XX VIII, 472 (1853). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 234; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 70; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II. 184 (Prantl): Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 21; Gray, 1ll. Gen. I, 135, 137. Living species: 65; boreal regions and to tropics in N. hemisphere; also Peru, Argentine, Brazil (a few species). Meeamerica, 20:.H: Sts., 6; Canada, 12-13:°S. Sts; 10; Pac: coast, 10-12. Cardamine parviflora Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 914 (1762). C. sylvatica LINK. DC. Syst. II, 260 (1821). C. hirsuta var. sylvatica GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 67 (1868). OC. flecuosa Britt. Trans. N. Y. Acad. LX, 8(1889) not With. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 65; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Britt., Hl]. N..J. 49; Mac., Fi. Can. I, 41, 486; II, 302; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., F1. Ross. I, 127; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 171; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 14; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 29; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 53. Northern England to Shetland; N. Asia; Eur. exc. far N. E. and Greece, Turkey and Italy. North America: Range as that of C. hirsuta Linn. Minn. valley: N. E. in valley and extending probably to Blue Earth Co.; drier places and banks of streams; rare. HERB.: Herrick 35, L. Minnetonka, S. shore. Cardamine hirsuta.LINN. Spec. 655 (1753). Cardamine pennsylvanica MuHL. Willd. Spec. III, 486 (1800). ? Sisymbrium nasturtium WALT. FI. Car. 174 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 65; Coult., Fl. Colo. 19; Chap., F1. S. St. 26; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 41; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 43; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 127; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gris., F]. W. I.; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 2, 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 28; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 53; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 189; Rothr., Alask. 443. Shetland; Scotland; England; N. Russ. to Caucasus; N. Asia and China. North America: N.S. to Arctic ocean and Pac. and Alaska: S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. to Dak., Colo. and Mont.; Jamaica. Minn. valley: Forest region from Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; E. and N.; marshy meadows; not common. HERB.: Sheldon 1476, Pipestone; Taylor 1000a, Janes- ville; Sheldon 812, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 279, Janesville; Sheldon 294, Madison Lake; Ballard 113, Carver, Roberts 12, Agate bay; Herrick 33, Minneapolis; Herrick 34, St Louis river; Holzinger 16, Winona Co.; Kassube 27, Mendota: 4 262 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Bailey 405, Burntside lake; Holzinger 17, Winona Co.; Sand- berg 57, Red Wing; Leiberg 8, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Moyer 247, Montevideo. ; These plants are under the C. pennsylvanica of Muhl., which differs somewhat from European C. hirsuta Linn. Cardamine bulbosa (SCHREB.) B.S.P. Cat. Pl. N. Y. (1888). Arabis bulbosa SCHREB. Icon. (1766). A. rhomboidea Pers. Syn. II, 204 (1807). Thlaspi tuberosum Nutr. Gen. II, 65 (1818). Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Syst. II, 246 (1821). ; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 65; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Chap., FI. S. St. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 40; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 54. North America: N.S., Ont., N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Throughout, but more abundant in for- est region; springs; near streams and in marshy meadows. HERB.: Menzel 2, Pipestone; Ballard 29, Chaska; Kassube 26, Minneapolis; Herrick 31, Minneapolis; Herrick 32, Minneapolis; Sandberg 56, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1845, Minneapolis; 1725, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 28, Montevideo. Cardamine laciniata (MuHL.) Woop, Bot. and Fl. 38 (1861). Dentaria laciniata Muni. Willd. Spec. III, 479 (1800). D. concatenata Micox. FI. N. Am. IT, 30 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 64; Chap., Fl. S. St. 26: Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Britt., Fl. N. J.49; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 39; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 56; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to H'la.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Eastern half; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; especially forest region; banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 138, Madison Lake; Sheldon 173, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Powe/l 1, St. Paul; Leiberg 7, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 15, Winona Co.; Sandberg 54, Red Wing; Sand- berg 55, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 14, Mankato. Cardamine diphylla (MicHx.) Woop, Bot. and FL. 37 (1861). Dentaria diphylla Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 30 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 64; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Chap., Fl. S. St. 26; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 39; Wats., Bib]. Ind. I, 56. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont.-to L. Supe- rior region; S. to Maine, N. J., Kentucky and Minn. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rich woodland and banks of streams; rare or local. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANDS. 2638 LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. XV, 249 (1888). Physaria Nutr. T. and GQ. FI. I, 101 (1838) not Pers. Coulterina O. Kunrze, Rev. Gen. II Nachtr., 931 (1891). Vesicaria AUCT. AM. Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 273; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 73; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 187; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13. Living species: 383; Mexico; W. N. America to Green- land and Brazil; especially developed in plateaus of the S. W. W: Tex., 12; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 5; S. Sts. 1. Lesquerella argentea (PURSH). Myagrum argenteum Pursn, FI). Am. 434 (1814). Vesicaria globosa DESVx. Journ. Bot. III, 181 (1814). Alyssum ludovicianum Nutr. Gen. II, 63 (1818). Vesicaria ludoviciana DC. Syst. II, 297 (1821). Physaria argentea MACM. MSS. (1890). Lesquerella ludoviciana 8. WATS. Gray’s Man. 6ed. 69 (1890). Coult.. Fl. Colo. 25; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., F]. Can. I, 54, 490; II, 305; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 75. North America: Minn., Neb., Colo., Wyoming; S. to Arizona’; N. to N. W. T. Minn. valley: S. W. and N. W. portions; rocky banks and high bluffs; rare. HERB.: Sandberg 70, Red Wing. DRABA Linn. Gen. 535 (1737). Erophila DC. Syst. II, 356 (1821). Petrocallis R. Br. Hort. Kew. IV, 93 (1812). Dollineria SAutT. Flora, 353 (1852). Holargidium Turcz. Led., Fl. Ross. I, 156 (1842). Coleonema MAxtm™. ex Durand (1888). Heterodraba GREENE, ex Prantl (1890). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 271; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 74; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 190 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 14; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 159. Living species: 150+; 70-80 (B. and H.); mountain districts in almost all regions; arctic, antarctic and sub arctic regions; principally in Northern hemisphere. Russia, 47; Russian Europe, 19; Europe, 35; North America, 24; Can- ada, 18; Rocky mts, 12: Calif., 9; HB.’ Sts., 6; S. Sts., 5; Pl. King, 7-8; Pl. Wheel., 7; W. Tex., 2. : Draba nemorosa Linn. Spec. 648 (1753). D. nemoralis EuRuH. Beitr. VII, 154 (1792). D. nemorosa vars. lejocarpa and hebecarpa LED. FI. Ross. I, 154 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 17; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 282; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 23; Regel, F]. O.-Sib. I, 198; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 52; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. I, 41; 264 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Led., Fl. Ross., 1. c.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 18; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 2, 190; Wats., King Exp. 22; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 60; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 205; Rothr., Alask. 443. Europe: Sweden to Pyrenees, Hungary, Mid. Russ. and Caucasus; Siberia, Amurland, China, Baikal mts. and Kamtschatka. North America: All western Can. to lat. 66° N.; E. to L. Superior and Montreal; S. through Yellowstone river ~ region to Colo.; E. to Minn. and Mich. Minn. valley: The plants of this region do not seem to be different from the typical D. nemorosa Linn. N. edge of valley especialiy in Leaf Hill district; dry hillsides. HERB.: Gedge 2, Glyndon; Herb. Moyer 248, Monte. video. Draba caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 174 (1788). ? Arabis reptans LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 222 (1783). Draba hispidula Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 28 (1803). D. umbellata Munu. Cat. 62 (1818). Arabis rotundifolia RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 23 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 68; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 50; Chap., Fl. S. St. 29; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 52; Wats., King Exp. 23; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 59. North America: E. Mass. and N: J. to Ga.; W. to Minn. and Neb.; S. Ontario. Minn. valley: Throughoutexcept far N. W.; at higher levels; sandy and dry hillsides or banks. HERB.: Kassube 32, Minneapolis: Herrick 42, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 68, Red Wing; Simmons 7, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 69, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 32, Montevideo. Draba micrantha Nurr. T. andG. Fl. I, 109 (1888). D. caroliniana var. micrantha GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 72 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 68; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119: Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Coult., Fl. Tex. 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 59. North America: Minn., Ill., Iowa, Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark., Tex. Minn. valley: S. edge and infrequent; dry hillsides. Draba verna Linn. Spec. 642 (1758). D. verna var. americana Pers. Syn, LI, 190 (1807). Erophila americana and vulgaris DC. Syst. II, 356 (1821). Erophila vulgaris var. americana DARL. FI]. Cestr. 378 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 27; Mac., FI). Can. I, 53; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 155; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 10; Engl. Nat. _ Pflanz. III, 2, 190; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 29; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 205. Europe: Mediterranean region and Russia. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 265 North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng. and Atl. coast: to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. The absence of this species N. W. in Brit. Amer. is perhaps evidence that it is introduced and not endemic. It is included here owing to a doubt whether this argument is conclusive. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling; roadsides and waste places; only N. E. ARABIS Linn. Gen. 544 (1737). Turritis LINN. Gen. 819 (17387). Stevenia Ap. and Fiscu. Led. Fl. Ross. I, 128 (1840). Arabidium SpAacuH, Suit. Buff. VI, 436 (1839). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 69; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IT, 192 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 13; Gray, Jll. Gen. 141, 148; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 27. Living species: 145 described; 105+ distinct; 65 (B. and H.); 79 (Durand); principally in Europe and Asia; boreal to Mediterranean provinces; also North America and a few in South America, the Orient and Australia. Russia, 30; Europe, 35; Russian Hurope, 138; North America, 21: Canada, 19-20; Calif., 10; E. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 2; Pl. King, 9; Pl. Wheel., 3. Arabis dentata Torr. T.andG., FI. I, 80 (1838). Sisymbrium dentatum Torr. Short and Peter Pl. Kent. 3d Suppl. 338 (1834). Shortia dentata RaF. Autik. Bot. 17 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 67; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 47; Webb., Appx. Neb. 31. North America: N. Y. to Tenn,; W. to Mich., Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; woods and shaded banks; rare. HERB.: Sandberg 59, Red Wing; Mayland 1, Minne- apolis. Arabis lyrata Linn. Spec. 665 (1753). Sisymbrium arabidoides Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 63 (1833). S. humifusum J. VAHL, FI. Dan. XIII, 2297 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 67; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Chap., F). S. St. 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Coult., Fl. Colo. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 41; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 217; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49. Middle and N. Japan to Kurile Islands. North America: E. Can. to B. C. and lat. 68° N.;S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Mont., Colo., Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Only in region of Ft. Snelling and N E. edge; rocky banks and dry places. 266 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. . HERB.: Sandberg 58, Red Wing; Holzinger 18, Winona Co.; Holzinger 19, Winona Co, Arabis confinis S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. XXII, 466 (1887). A. drummondii GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VI, 187 (1863). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 67; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 20; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 43; II, 303; Roth., ~ Wheel. Exp. 62; Wats., King Exp. 17, 18; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. — Ind. I, 47. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Pac., lat. 52°; S. in Rockies to S. Colo.; E. to St. Lawrence river, Conn., Ill. and N.Y: : Minn. valley: N. and E. portions; forest district; dry and stony banks and fields. HERB.: Herrick 38, Minneapolis; Sandberg 63, Cannon Falls; Kassube 29, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1846, Minneapo- lis; Herb. Wickersheim 15, Mankato. Arabis glabra (LINN.) WEINM. Cat. Dorp. 18 Cae Turritis glabra LINN. Spec. 666 (1753). Arabis perfoliata LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 219 (1783). Turritis macrocarpa Nutr. T.andG. FI. I, 78 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 49; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Coult., Fl. Colo. 19; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 27; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 43; Led., Fl. Ross. I. 116; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 160; Wats., King Exp. 17; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 61; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 495 Webb., Appx. Neb. 31; Greene, Fl. Fran. 253. Arctic Europe; temp. Asia to Himalayas. North America: Ont., Hudson Bay to Slave lake, Rockies lat. 64° N. and Brit. Col.; S. in West to San Diego, Cal.; E. to N. Eng. and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare or infrequent; N. and N. E.; rocky and dry places. HERB.: Juni 1, Poplar river. Arabis canadensis Linn. Spec. 655 (1753). Arabis falcata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I. 31 (1803). A. mollis RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1810?). Turritis lyrata RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1810?). Arabis lyraefolia DC. Syst. II, 244 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 28; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. L, 44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 47. North America: Ont., N. Y. and N. Eng.; 5S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn.; W. to Neb., Minn., Dak., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: ‘ Throughout at lower levels and per- haps far westward; wooded valleys and edges of thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 267 HERB.: Sheldon 937, Redwood Falls; Ballard 196, Jor- dan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 611, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sandberg 62, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 13, Hennepin Co. Arabis laevigata (MUHL.) PorrR. Suppl. I, 411 (1810). Turritis laevigata MuuHL. Willd. Spec. ITI, 543 (1802). ? Arabis pendula NutTT. Gen. II, 70 (1818). A, heterophylla Nutr. T.andG. FI. I, 81 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 66; Chap., Fl. S. St. 28; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Minn.;S. to Tenn. and N. Car. Minn. valley: E. and N. region; forest district; local or infrequent. HERB.: Taylor 141, Janesville; Sheldon 564, Elysian; Sandberg 61, Taylor's Falls. Arabis hirsuta (Linn.) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. IT, 835 (1772). Turvritis hirsuta LINN. Spec. (1753). Turvitis hirsuta MuHL. Cat. 61 (1813). T. ovata PursH. FI]. Am. 21, 38 (1814). T. oblongata RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 44 (1810). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 66; Britt., Fl. N. J. 48; Webb.., Fl. Neb. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 27; Upham, Fl. Minn. 24; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 27; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 16; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 32; Regel, Fl. O.- Sib. I, 160; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 42; Forbes and Hems., FI]. Sin. I, 42; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 118; Herd., FJ. Russ. Eur. 14; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 193; Wats., King Exp. 16 in part; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 62?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 165; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 48; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 190; Rothr., Alask. 442. Europe: Scandinavia to Italy, Servia and Mid. Russ. ; N. Asia to Caucasus, Baikal mts. and Kamtschatka. North America: N. Br. to Brit. Col., Pac. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Tenn.; W. to Neb., Minn., Colo. and Ark.; Black Hills. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry banks and rocky places; frequent. HERB.: Sheldon 799, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 42, Elysian; Sheldon 9, Waterville; Ballard 378, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 647, Minnesota lake; Kassube 28, Minneapolis; Herrick 36, Minneapolis; Sandberg 60, Cannon Falls; Herrick 37, Minneapo- lis; Leiberg 9, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheldon 1911, Minneapo- lis; Herb. Moyer 29, Montevideo. Arabis patens Suttiv. Am. Journ. Sci. I, 42, 49 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 66; Upham, Suppl. Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 27; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 49. Penn. to Ohio and Tenn.; local in Minn. 268 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Nicollet Co. Glen five miles above Man- kato. Reported as local. ERYSIMUM Linn. Gen. 545 (1737). Braya S.andH. DC. Syst. IT, 210 (1821). Platypetalum R. Br. Appx. Parr. Voy. 266 (1823). Strophades Botss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2. X VII, 73 (1842). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 240; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 79; Engler ~ and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 193 (Prantl); Durand, Ind. Phan. Gen. 15; Gray, lll. Gen. I, 149; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 27. Living species: 125 described; 80 clearly defined; Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and the Orient; also Central Asia and North America; Himalayas and Mexico; Rus- sia, 30; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 19; North America, 4-5; KE. Sts., 3; Calif. 1; Rocky mts., 4; W. Tex., 1; S. Sts., 1; Can: ada, 3; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 5. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. WATs.). Erysimum parviforum Nurr. T. and G. FI. I, 95 (1838), not Pers. E. lanceolatum Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 64 (1833) not R. Br. E. asperum var. inconspicuum S. WATSON, King. Exp. 24 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 22; Brew. and Wats. FI. Calif. I, 39; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; ‘Mac., Fl. Can. I, 45, 487; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 63. North America: Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and N. W. T.; Alaska 62° 45’ N.; E. to Man. and Minn.; S. to Kan. Minn. valley: Sparingly, throughout; along railway tracks and sandy banks. HeERB.: Sheldon 361, Madison Lake; Upham 1, Minne- apolis; Holzinger 23, Winona; Sandberg 66, Red Wing. Erysimum asperum (Nurr.) DC. Syst. IT, 505 (1821). Cheiranthus asper Nurr. Gen. II, 69 (1818). Erysimum lanceolatum Pursn, Fl. Am 436 (1814) not &. Br. 2 E grandiflorum Nur. ex Greene, Fl. Fran. 269 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 22; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 118 in var.; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Mac., FI. Can. I, 45; Coult., Fl. Tex. 16; Wats., King Exp. 24; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 64; Cov., Fl. Ark. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 62; Webb., Appx. Neb. 30. North America: Saskatchewan and prairie-region of Can. to Calif., Colo., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Tex., Ohio and Minn. Minn. valley: W.andS. W. portions, only; dry sandy prairie at higher levels. Hers.: Sheldon 1407, Lake Benton. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 269 Erysimum cheiranthoides Linn. Spec. 661 (1753). E. parviflorum Pers. Syn. II, 199 (1807). Wats. and Coult., Orns Man. 6 ed. 71; Britt., Fl. N. J. 51; Webb., FI. Neb. 118; Coult., Fl. Colo., 22; Hooks, Fl. Gt. Brit. 31; Upham, Fl. Minn. 25; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 27; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 45, 487; Nym., FI. ‘Eur.: Led., Fl. Ross. I, 189; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 16; Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. HI, 2, 193; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 64; Wats., King Exp. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 63; Forbes and Hems., FI, Sin. I, 46; Cov., FI. Ark. 166; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 186. N. Europe; N. Asia; N. Africa. North America: Can. throughout, east of Rocky mts. ; N. to lat. 67° on the Mackenzie river and in Alaska; S. in mts. to Colo.; E. to Minn, Neb., Ark., Penn., N. J. and Mass. Minn. valley: Throughout; marshy meadows; wooded banks of lakes and streams; edges of thickets. HERB.: Ballard 110, Shakopee; Taylor 857, Glenwood; Taylor 902, Glenwood; Taylor 1006, Glenwood; Ballard 284, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 412, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Shel- don 1092, Sree aa Sheldon 559, Waseca; Sheldon 1408, Lake Benton; Ballard 754, Waconia; Taylor 631, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 883, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 39, Minneapolis; Holzinger 21, Winona Co.; Kassube 30, Minneapolis; Herrick 40, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 65, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 22, Winona Co., Herb. Sheld. 1912, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 16, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; ee Moyer 30, Montevideo. XLVI. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 889 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 103 (1862): Pax, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 209 (1891); Baillon, Hist. Pl. 111, 145 (1872). Genera: 984; (Baillon, 17) and 1 fossil; warmer and tropical regions; frutescent forms strongly American. Species: 3850+; afew fossil, poorly known. \ CLEOME Linn. Gen. 550 (1737). Dianthera KuorzscH, Pet. Mosz. Bot. 160 (1858?). Siliquaria and Roridula Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 35, 78 (1775). Rorida R.andS. Syst. III, 13 (1818). Atalanta Nutt. Gen. II, 73 (1818). Peritoma DC. Prodr. I, 237 (1824). Buhsia BuneGE, Linn. XXX, 752 (1859). Anomalostemon KtLorzscH, 1. c. (18587). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 173; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I. 105; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11, 222 (Pax); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 20; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 175; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 38. Living species: 70+; tropicaland subtropical regions, 270 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. especially in S. America, where they are also subalpine and in Egypt and Arabia. Europe, 2; Japan, 0; North America, 6; Russia, 3; Calif., 8; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 3; Pl. King, 4; S. Sts., 1; HB. Sta, 1. ; Cleome serrulata PursH, Fl. Am. 441 (1814). Peritoma integrifolia Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VIT, 14 (1842). Peritoma serrulatum DC. Prodr. I, 237 (1824). Cleome integrijolia T. and G. FI. I, 122 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 75; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 28; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 59; Roth., Wheel Exp. 67; Wats., King Exp. 32; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 76. North America: Minn., Neb. and Kan.; W. to Colo., Mont. and adjacent Can. Minn. valley: Blue Harth Co. and doubtless W. to Dakota line; local; sandy and waste places. HERB.: Leiberg 11, Mankato. JACKSONIA Rar. Med. Rep. N. Y., V. 352 (1808). Polanisia RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 98 (1819). Corynandra SCHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gott. (1846). Ranmanissa ENGL. Gen. 4988 b (1836-40). Tetratelaia Sonp. FI. Cap. I, 58 (1859). Chilocalyx, Decastemon and Symphyostemon KLOTZSCH, Pet. Mosz. Bot. 154 (1858). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 173; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 106, 968; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 21; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 224 (Pax); Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 181; O. Kuntze, Rev, Gen. I, 38. Living species: 80+; 14 (B. and H.); 15 (Durand); tropical and subtropical regions; 1 sp. in both hemispheres. North America, 4; Canada, 2; W. Tex., 2; S. Sts., 2; H. Sts., 2: King PL, 1; Pl; Wheel:,2. Jacksonia dodecandra (MICHX.). Cleome dodecandra Micux. FEF). Am. II, 32 (1803). Jacksonia trifoliata RAF. Med. Repos. 352 (1808). Polanisia graveolens RAF. Journ. Phys. 98 (1819). Cleome viscosa SPRENG. Syst. II, 125 (1525) in part. Polanisia dodecandra B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. 6 (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 75; Britt., Fl. N. J. 53, Webb., Fi. Neb. 119; Coult., Fl. Colo. 27;Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 59, 491; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 224; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 77. North America: Q., Ont., L. Huron to N. W. T.; 8. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark., Colo. in the west and Conn., Vt., N. J., Penn., Chesapeake bay; region S. of Gt. lakes, Minn. valley: Throughout; sandy and drift covered places; along railway embankments; frequent. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 2 HERB. Sheldon 699, Waseca; Sheldon 490, Madison Lake; Taylor 645, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1217, New Ulm; Sheldon 1268, Lake Benton; Sheldon 803, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 840,Glenword; Ballard 683, Waconia; Ballard 766, Waconia; Leonard 5, Minneapolis; Leiberg 10, Blue Earth Co. ; Holzinger 26, Winona; Oestlund 15, Minneapolis; Kassube 34, Minneapolis; Sandberg 72, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 18, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. XLVII. SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-Plant Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 901 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 48 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 89 (1871)—under Nymphaeaceae. Wunschmann, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Il. 244 (1891). Genera: 38; America; Sarracenia Linn. in Atl. N. America; Chrysamphora Greeue, in Pac. N. America; Heliam- phora Benth., in mts. of British Guiana. Species: 8; 75 per cent. in Sarracenia. SARRACENIA Linn. Gen. 420 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 103; Benth. and Hook., Hist. Pl. I, 48; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 11,251 (Wunschmann); Durand, Ind. Phan. 10; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 107. Living species: 6; 8 (Durand); Atlantic, and forest region, North America; S. Sts., 6; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 1-2. Sarracenia purpurea Linn. Spec. 510 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 57; Britt. Fl. N. J. 44; Chap., Fl. S. St. 20; Upham, Fl. Minn. 22; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 33; Engl. Wunschm., Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 251; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 39. North America: Labrador and Newf. to N. S. and W. to Brit. Col.; N. to Bear lake and Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng. and Fla.?; W. to Ohio and Minn. Minn. valley: Only in N. portions of valley from Ft. Snelling to Glenwood; tamarack swamps; peat bogs and wet _ places. HERB.: Taylor 1136,Glenwood; Bailey 288, Vermilion lake; Kassube 21, Minneapolis; Oestlund 11, Minneapolis; Her- rick 25, Minneapolis; Roberts 7, Duluth; Sandberg 47, Center City, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1682, Minneapolis; 1753, Ram- sey Co. XLVIII. DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 906 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 661 (1865): 272 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 225 (1888); Drude, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 261 (1891). Genera: 6; widely distributed, especially in Australia, Brazil, Cape of Good Hope and S—E. N. America. Species: 100+; 90 per cent. in genus Drosera. DROSERA Linn. Gen. 253 (1787). Sondera LeuM. Pugill. VIII, 44 (1844). Rossolis Tourn. Inst. 245 (1700). Rorella Rupp. FI. Jen. (1718). Esera NECK. Elem. 859 (1790). Baillon, Hist. Pl. [X, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen, Pl. 1, 662; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 120; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 270 (Drude); Gray, Jll. Gen. I, 193. Living species: 90+; 100 (B. and H.); in all regions except Pac. isls.; very abundant in extra-tropical Australia. Russia, 3; Europe, 8-5; N. America, 8; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 5; Calif., 2. Drosera linearis GOLDI£, Edin. Phil. Journ. VI, 325 (1822). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 178; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac. Fl. Can. I, 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 354. North America: Ont., Man. to Rockies; around L. Superior in Mich., Wis. and Minn. Minn. valley: Tar N. E. in valley and perhaps also in N. W.; bogs and mossy logs in deep woods. Drosera intermedia DREv. and HAYNE, var. americana (WiLLD.) DC. Prodr. I, 318 (1824). Species: [D. intermedia DREV. and HAYNE, Abbild. Deutsch Gewach. I, 18 (1794-1801) |. D. foliosa Eu. Sk. I, 376 (1821). D. longifolia LINN. Spec. 282 (1753) in part. Variety: D. americana WILLD. Enum. 340 (1809). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 178; Chap., F1.S. St. 37; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 213; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib I, 258 in part; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 166; Led., . Fl. Ross. I, 262; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gris., Fl. W. I.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ, 22; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pfianz. III, 2, 271: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 354; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 529; Hart, Fl. Scan. I, 227 (spec.). Species in N. Eur.; W. Asia; Kamtk.; Brazil. It is not the D. longifolia of Linn., which is a more comprehensive species, including also D. anglica Iluds. It is, however, the D. longifolia of Michx. F1..I, 186 (1803). North America: Same range as that of D. rotundifolia, except that it extends only to 53° N. lat. and is not reported from the Pac. coast. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 273 Minn. valley: Forest district, far N. W.; not common; peat bogs. HeRB.: Herrick 48, Minneapolis. Drosera rotundifolia Linn. Spec. 282 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 178; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Chap., Fl. S. St. 37; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 213; Upham, Fl, Minn. 30; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 150; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 257; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 165; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 261; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Hur. Russ. 22; Eng]. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. III, 2, 271; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 234; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 227; Rothr., Alask. 444. Arctic, N. and C. Europe; N. and W. Asia. North America: Newf., Labrador, N, S. to Man. and Pac.; N. in arctic circle; S. in mts. to Mendocino Co., Calif.; along N. U. S. to Indiana and N. J.; S. in Appallachians to Florida. Minn. valley:. Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; peat bogs. HERB.: Sheldon 353, marshes S. of Lake Madison, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 1102, Glenwood; Roberts 16, Minnesota Point: Herrick 46, Minneapolis; Oestlund 18, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 41, Rocky lake, Hennepin Co. XLIX. CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 808 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 656 (1865); Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 305 (1872); Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 23 (1890). Genera: 7-18; cosmopolitan; abundant in 8. Africa. Species: 375+. PENTHORUM Linn. Gen. Corr. 957 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 430; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 661; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 119; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 38 (Schonland). Living species: 2; 1, E. North America; 1, China. Penthorum sedoides Linn. Spec. 482 (1753), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 176; Britt., Fl. N. J. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 164; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 151; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 228; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 528; Cov., Fl. Ark. 181; Engl. Schénl., Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 2, 38; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 350. Manchuria; Japan; China. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout at lower levels; open and wet localities. ils: 274 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Ballard 813, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 444, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 611, Chaska; Sheldon 1371, Lake Benton; Ballard 694, Waconia; Sheldon 1197, New Ulm; Herrick 109, Minneapolis; Kassube 92, Minneapolis; Holzinger 78, Winona Co.; Sandberg 201, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 84, Montevideo (a very large-leaved form). L. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 813 (1840); 823—Ribesiaceae; 1186, Philadelpheae; Lindl. Veg. King, 752, 569, 573, 750. 451 (1846) —Hscalloniaceae, Hydrangea- ceae, Brexiaceae, Grossulariaceae. Francoaceae; DC. Prodr. VII, 521 (1838-39); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 629 (1865)—excl. Trib. V, Cunonieae; Bail- lon, Hist. Pl. III, 325 (1872) in part; Engler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 41 (1890). Genera: 60; widely distributed. Species: 450+; mostly ‘‘glacial plants.” SAXIFRAGA Linn. Gen. 368 (1737). Megasea, Antiphylla, Chondrosea, Muscaria, Lobaria, Spatularia, Dermasea, Aulaxis, Robertsonia, Miscopetalum, Leptasea, Hirculus, Ciliaria HAw. Enum. Sax. (1821). Ligularia DUVAL, Pl. Succ. 11 (1819). Kingstonia GrAy, Brit. Pl, I, 531 (1821). Zahlbrucknera ReEIcH. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 551 (1832). Diptera BorkH. ex Baill. Adans. V, 282 (1865). Hydatica Neck. Elem. (1790). Oreosplenium ZAHLBR. ex Baill. Adans. V, 282 (1865). Geryonia Scuur. Transsylv. Enum. (1866). Bergenia MorncH, Meth. (1794). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 424; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 635, 636; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 52 (Engler); Schenck, Palacophyt.617. Living species: 200+; mts. and arctic regions of N. hemisphere; a few widely distributed as glacial plants (Engler). Also, in the Andes of S. America. 160 (B. and H.); 180 (Du- rand). Russia, 57; Europe, 120 (in the Alps, for the most part); Russian Europe, 20; North America, 45; Canada, 35; Rocky mts., 18-20; California, 10; E. Sts., 11; Pl. King, 7; Pl. Wheel., 11; Alaska, 25+. Fossil species: SS. oppositifolia, Quaternary, England and Denmark. Saxifraga pennsylvanica Linn. Spec. 399 (1753). S. semipubescens SWEET, Hort. Suburb. 97 (1818). S. palustris Link, Enum. I, 412 (1821). Micranthes pennsylvanica HAw. Enum. Sax, 45 (1821). Evaiezoa pennsylvanica RAF. FI. Tell. II, 71 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 170; Britt., Fl. N J. 101; Upham, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 275 Fl. Minn. 55: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 523; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III; 2, 56; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 344. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: N. E. district, and probably in whole forest district; tamarack swamps and bogs. HeRB.: Ballard 2, Chaska; Kassube 90, Minneapolis; Holzinger 76, Winona Co.; Bailey 329, St. Louis river; Sandberg 196, Goodhue Co. TIARELLA Linn. Gen. ed. V, 495 (1754). ? Blondea Neck. Elem. 786 (1790). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 426; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 637; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 61 (Engler). Living species: 5 described; 4 reduced (Engler); Him- alayas and Japan 1; North America, 3; Canada, 3; H. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 1; California, 1; S. Sts., 1. The included species (T laciniata Hook. ) is also Canadian. Tiarella cordifolia Linn. Spec. 405 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101, Mac., Fl. Can. I, 156; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 154; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 229; Engl., Nat. Pflanz 3, IL a, 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 348. N. W. Asia and Baikal Siberia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Ind. and Minn., and S. in Appallachians to Miss. Minn. valley: Reported from Blue Earth Co. and probably sparingly throughout the forest district; rare; rocky places in woods. HEUCHERA Linn. Gen, 196 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 426; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 628; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 62. Living species: 24; Atlantic and Pacific N. America and mts. of Mexico. Canada, 7-8; Rocky mts., 10; California, 5; B. Sts., 5; S. Sts., 6; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 1. Heuchera hispida Pursn, Fl. Am. 188 (1814). H. richardson R. BR. Frankl. Journ. 766 (18238). A. lucida ScHLECHT. Ind.Sem. Hal. (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 172; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Mac., ¥F1.Can. I, 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Coult., Fl. Colo., 94; Chap., Fl. S. St. 152; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 325; Wheelock, Torr. Bull. XVII, 198. North Ameriea: Va. and N. Car. to Minn., Neb., Kan.; up Missouri river to Rocky mts., Canada; Saskatch. 276 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. and Man. to Peace river and Hudson Bay; lat. 54° N. to lat. 64° N. Minn. valley: Throughout; common on exposed hill-. sides, rocky ledges and high bluffs or headlands. HERB.: Taylor 859, Glenwood; Sheldon '1174, New Ulm; Sheldon 1485, Pipestone city; Sheldon 785, Sleepy Hye; Ballard 100, Shakopee; Ballard 189, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sand- . berg 197, Red Wing; Kassube 91, Minneapolis; Bailey 431, Basswood lake; Oestlund 56, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1878, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 83, Carlton lake, Chippewa Co. Heuchera americana LINN. Spec. 226 (1753). H. scapigera MoENCH, Meth. 674 (1794). H. cortusa Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 171 (1808). H. viscida PursH, Fl. Am. 187 (1814). H. foliosa RAF. Herb. Torr. HA. reniformis RAF. Herb. Phil. Acad. Sci. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 172; Mac, Fl. Can. I, 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101; Upham, FJ. Minn. 55; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 152; Cov.,® Fl. sArk. 180; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, Il a, 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 324; Wheelock, Torr. Bull. XVII, 195. North America: S. Ont., N. Y., Conn., N. J. to Va. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo.. Ark. and Miss. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E."and E. edge; rare; rocky woodlands. HERB.: Hammond 1, Lake City. MITELLA Linn. Gen. ed V, 496 (1754). Drummondia DC. Prodr. IV, 49 (1830). Mitellopsis MEIssN. Gen. 136 (1848). ? Oreanthus RAF. Ser. Bull. Bot. I, 216 (1830). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 425; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 638; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 617; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 63. : Living species: 7; North America, 6; Japan, 1; Can- ada, 6; Rocky mts., 2; Calfornia, 3; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts. 2; PL King, 2. Fossil species: Amber, Germany? (Caspary). Mitella nuda Linn. Spec. 406 (17538. M. reniformis LAm. Ill. II, 395 (1793). M. cordifolia LAM. I). II, 395 (1793). M. prostrata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 270 (180%), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 171; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 157; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 55; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 200; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 228; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 63; Wats., Bib]. Ind. I, 328. W. and Baikal Siberia; N. and E. Siberia to Amurland. North America: Labrador, N. S., N. B., Newf. to LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. De Brit. Col., Arctic sea and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., Mich., Minn., Dak. and Man. Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; mossy logs and deep woods; with Drosera; rare. HeERB.: Herrick 108, Minneapolis; Sandberg 199, Tower; Roberts 38, Grand Marais; Bailey 388, Mud lake; Bav- ley 88, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 200, Tower. Mitella diphylla Linn. Spec. 406 (17583). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101;° Mac., Fl. Can. I, 156; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 55; Chap., FI. S. St. 154; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 228?; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, Ila, 63; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 328.; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 200. EK. Siberia?. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Mo.; also Calif. and Oregon. Minn. valley: Forest district; rich woods and along - streams. HeERB.: MHolzinger 77, Winona Co.; Leiberg 18, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 198, Vasa; Hammond 20, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1717, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1882, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 50, Mankato. CHRYSOSPLENIUM Linn. Gen. 356 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 425; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 638; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 116; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II a, 64 (Engler); Franchet, Mon. Chrys. (1891). Living species: 54 (Franchet); 40 (Engler); 15 (Benth. and Hook. ); 5, Amurland, 2 of these in Chile and Magellan; 3, N. America; 3, Europe; the rest in Himalayas, China and Manchuria; Canada, 2; Rocky mts. 1; S. Sts., 1; H. Sts., 2. Chrysosplenium americanum Scuwein. Hook. Fl. Bor.- Am. I, 242 (18338). C. oppositifolium WALT. Fl. Car. 140 (1788) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 172; Britt., Fl. N. J. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 154; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. J, 324. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatche- wan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge and from far N. W.; wet places and bogs, with Parnassia; rare. PARNASSIA Linn. Gen. 250 (17387). Pyrola Mor. ex Adans. Fam. Pl. II, 449 (1763). Euneadynamis GESN. ex Adans. |. c. (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 481; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 639; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 117; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, Il a, 66 (Engler). 278 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 19; N. extra-tropical regions, mts. 12 (B. and H.); 14 (Durand); Russia, 9; Europe, 2; Russian- Europe, 2; North America, 6; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 3-4; E. Sts., 4; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2; California, 2. Parnassia caroliniana Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 184 (1808). P. americana and ovata Munn. Cat. 32 (1813). P. palustris PurRsH, I'l. Am. 208(1814). P. rotundifolia, grandiflora, glauca, repanda RAF. Aut. Bot. 41, 42 1836 yee and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 173; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 159, 527; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Chap., Fl. S. St. 38; Cov., Fl. Ark. 181; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 67; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 329. North America: Anticosti, N. Br., Ont. to L. Huron reg. and Man.; 8S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Iowa and Ark. to La. Minn. valley: N. EK. and N. W. districts; bogs and cold marshes; probably also in whole forest district. HERB.: Taylor 1011, Glenwood; Ballard 619, Shako- pee; Oestlund 55, Minneapolis; Herrick 107, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 195, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1665, Minneapolis. Parnassia palustris Linn. Spec. 273 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 17%; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 95; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 143; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 29; Upham, Fl. Minn. 55; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. I, 272; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 262; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 259; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 527; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 234; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 56; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 76; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 330; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 227. Siberia, Corea, Kuriles, Russia to Caucasus and Car- pathian Mts?. North America: Labrador, Newf. and Maritime prov- inces to Arctic sea, Brit. Col., Pac. and Alaska; §. to Mich., N. Minn., Mont. and Wyoming. Minn. valley: N. W. in Chippewa valley and proba- bly sparingly in N. E. district; bogs and springsides. HERB.: Taylor 751, Glenwood; Taylor 1039, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 38, Brainerd. RIBES Linn. Gen. 195 (1737). Grossularia Tourn. Inst. 639 (1700). Botryocarpium Ricn. Elem. II, 487 (1831). Chrysobotrya, Cerophyllum and Coreosma Spacu, Suit. Buff. V1,{148-180 (1839). Calobotrya and Rebis Srpacu, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, IV, 21-26 (1835). Robsonia Beri. Mem. Gen. III, 1 (1823). Baillon, Hist. Pl. III, 446; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 654; Durand, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 279 Ind. Gen. Phan. 119; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 622; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1 a, 88 (Engler). Living species: 50; N. temperate regions, mts. of Central America and Andes to Magellan. 75, (Durand); Rus- sia, 20+; Europe, 6; Russian Europe, 5; North America, 23, Canada, 17-18; Rocky mts., 13-15; E. Sts., 9; California, 12-14; ee pts., 5; Pl.'King, 11; Pl. Wheel., 7; W. Tex: 2. Fossil species: Tertiary?; R. nigrum in Quaternary, marl beds. Ribes rubram LINN. var. albinervium (MICHX. ). R. albinervium Micux. FI. I, 110 (1803). R. rubrum var subglandulosum MAxim. Bull. Acad. Petersb. XIX, 256 (1878). R. rubrum AvcT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 176; Upham, Fl. Minn. 54; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 162; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. (spec.) 144; Trautv., Fl. Sib. (spec.) 57; Led , Fl. Ross. (spec.) II, 199; Nym., Fl. Eur. (spec.); Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 54; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 92 (spec.); Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 336; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 252. Europe and N. and W. Asia to Himalayas (species). North America: Atl. to Pac., Arctic sea and Alaska, in Canada; S. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Ky., Iowa, Minn. and E. Neb. (variety). Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; reported from N. W. district; cold woods and neighborhood of springs. Hers.: Bailey 115, Vermilion lake; Kassube 89, Min neapolis; Roberts 37, Little Marais; Bailey 222, Vermilion lake; Bailey 454, Mud lake; Herb. Sheld. 1883, Minneapolis. Ribes floridum L’Her. Stirp. I, 4 (1784). KR. nigrum var. B. LINN. Spec. 201 (1753). R. nigrum var. pennsylvanicum MArsH. Arbust. 132 (1785). R. campanulatum MoENCH, Meth. 683 (1794). R. recurvatum Micux. FI]. N. Am. 1, 109 (1803). Coreosma florida SPACH, Hist. Veg. VI, 157 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 176; Britt., Fl. N. J. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 163; Upham, Fl. Mian. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Coult., Fl. Colo. 97; Cov., Fl. Ark. 181; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 91; Wats., Bibl. Ind. tS 333. ; South America—Andes mts., 2400 m. alt.; Quito. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to. Man. and lat 54° N.; S. to Va., Ky., Iowa, Minn., Neb., Ark. and Colo.; N. Platte river. Minn. valley: Throughout, common; woods and edges of sloughs. HerB.: Sheldon 1600, Lake Benton; Sheldon 16, Elys- ian; Herrick 105, Minneapolis; Oestlund 54, Hennepin Co.; Hol- 280 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. zinger 75, Winona Co.; Herrick 106, Minneapolis; Bailey 108, Vermilion lake; Bailey 77, Vermilion lake; Kassube 88, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 194, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1880, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 49, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 82, Chippewa river near Montevideo. Ribes oxycanthoides Linn. Spec. 201 (1753). R. hirtellum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 111 (1803). ? Rf. triforum BieEL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 90 (1824). R. saxosum Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 231 (1833). Grossularia oxycanthoides and hirtella SpAcH, Hist. Veg. VI, 175; 180 (1834), RR. irrigquum GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 53 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 175; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Mace., Fl. Can. I, 161; Coult., Fl. Colo. 96; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 206; Wats., King Exp. 97; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 117; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 335; Greene, Fl. Fran. 199. North America: N. S., N. Br., Newf. to California; N. to Brit. Col. and Hudson Bay; S. to N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo., Man.; Sierras to 3000 m. alt. Minn. valley: Reported from E., N. E. and N. W. districts; rare; rocky woods or barren places. Ribes gracile Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 111 (1803). R. niveum LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1692 (1830). Rk. missouriensis NutT. T. and G. Fl. I, 548 (1838). R. rotundifolium var. ——- ENGELM. Pl. Upp. Miss. 193 (1861). R. rotundifolium UPHAM, FI]. Minn. 54 (1884). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 175; Mac. FI. Can. 161; Chap., Fl. S. St. 145; Coult., Fl. Colo. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. 3, II, 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 333; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. North America: Ont?, Mich. to Minn., Neb,, Colo., Tenn., Rocky mts. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Pomme des Terre valley; rocky woods and along streams. HersB.: Ballard 668, Waconia; Sheldon 457, Madison Lake; Sheldon 806, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Herrick 104, Minneapolis; Kassube 87, Minneapolis; Sandberg 193, Red Wing; Holzinger 74, Winona; Herb. Moyer 81, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Ribes cynobasti Linn. Spec. 202 (1753). fh. gracile Torr. Fl. U.S. 269 (1824). Grossuluria cynobasti SpAcH, Hist. Veg. VI, 178 (18384). Ribes oxycanthoides var. G. T., and G. FI. I, 546 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 175; Britt., Fl. N. J. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 161, 527; Upham, Fl. Minn. 54; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Chap., Fl. S. St. 145; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 91; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 332. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 281 North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ky., Mo. and to San Francisco mts. of Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout, but infrequent far W.; woods and waste places along streams. HerRB.: Taylor 273, Janesville; Sheldon 461, Madison Lake; Sheldon 53, Elysian; Taylor 804, Glenwood; Sheldon 856, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 83, Chaska; Kassube 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 192, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1881, Minneapolis. LI. ROSACEAE. Rose Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1240 (1840); Chrysobalaneae Endl. Gen. Pl. 1251; Amygdaleae, Endl. Gen. Pl. 1250; Pomaceae Endl. Gen. Pl. 1236 (1840); Dru- paceae, Sanguisorbaceae Lindl. Veg. King. 559, 561 (1846); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 600 (1865); Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 345 (1869); Focke, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I11, 1 (1888). Genera: 70+; 90 (Focke); 71 (B. and H.); 66 (Baillon); cosmopolitan. Species: 1200-1500; two great distributional regions: (1) Pacific coast and border regions; (2) N. temperate zone. Fossil species known from the Tertiary and Recent and even from Upper Cretaceous of N. America, sparingly. OPULASTER Mepic. Beitr. Pflanzenanat. II, 109 (1799). ‘Physocarpos CAmMBEss. Ann. Sci. Nat. I, 385 (1824). Neillia Don, Prodr. Nep. 228 (1825). Adenileima Bu. Bij. 1121 (1826). Epicostorus RAF. Atl. Jour. 144 (1832), Physocarpa RAF. FI. Tell. (1836). Stephanandra Sires. ET Zucc. Abh. Miinch. Akad. III, 739 Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 470, 471; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 612; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 14 (Focke); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Nachtr. 949; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 674. Living species: 9, in three distinct sections ( Neillia, Physocarpos and Stephanandra); North America; N. Asia to Himalayas; S. China and Japan. North America, 2 sp.; 1, Rocky mts. and Calif.; 1, E. Sts. Fossil species: O. opulifolius (Linn.) in Tertiary of Siberia; also, Alaska? Hungary? (Heer, Unger). Opulaster opulifolius (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. IT, 949 (1891). Spiraea opulifolia LINN. Spec. 489 (1758). S. caroliniana MArsu. Arbust. Amer. 146 (1785). Opulaster bullatus MED. Pflanzenanat. IT, 309 (1799) Physocarpos opulifolius RAF. N. FI. ILI, 73, 74 (1836 Neillia opulifolia B.andH. Gen. Pl. I, 612 (1865). 282 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Upham, F1. Minn. 48; Brew. and Wats., F]. Calif. I, 171: Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Coult., Fl. Colo. 78; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 127; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 289; Wats., King Exp. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 110; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pfianz. 3, III, 14. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; W. to Vancouver in var.; N. England to Fla.; W. to Minn., Kan., Colo., Neb,, Ark., Calif. to Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Forest district, especially N. E.; prob- ably also far N. W.; rocky banks and edges of sloughs. HERB.: Kassube 64, Minneapolis; Sandberg 155, Good- hue Co.; QOestlund 39, Minneapolis; Herrick 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 156, Cannon Falls. SPIRAEA Linn. Gen. 409 (17387). Petrophytum Nourt. ex B. and W. FI. Calif. I, 170 (1880). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 469; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 611; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, lil, 14; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 674. Living species: 40+; temperate Northern hemisphere and a few in mts. under the tropics. Russia, 16; Europe, 11; North America, 4-5; Mexico, 1; E. Sts., 8; Rocky mts., 3; W. coast region, 8; Oregon and Canada, 3. Fossil species: Several described. Oeningen, Tertiary 1 sp. (Heer); Alaska, 2-3 (Heer); Leoben ( EHttinghausen). Spiraea tomentosa Linn. Spec. 489 (1753). S. ferruginea, glomerata, rosea RAF. N. FI. III, 62, 63 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, F]. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 15; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 322. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling and far N. E. in Dakota | Co.; edges of sioughs and forest marshes. HERB.: Sandberg 159, Chisago Co. Spiraea salicifolia Linn. Spec. 489 (1753). S. tomentosa var. alba MArsH. Arbust. Amer. 147 (1785). S. carpinifolia WILLD. Enum. 540 (1809). S. amoena, ciliata, obovata RA¥. N. FI. ILI, 64-66 (1836). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 153; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 322; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 121; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 48; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 116; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 227; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 15; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 15; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 292; Lothr., Alask. 445. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 283 S.and Mid. Russ. to Hungary; all Siberia and Man- churia; China; intro. in W. Europe. North America: Newf., N. S. to Rocky mts.; N. on Mackenzie to Arctic sea; Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places, edges of prairie sloughs and forest-meadows. HerB.: Ballard 508, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 721, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 877, Waconia; Taylor 866, Glenwood; Sheldon 356, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 719, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 920, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 615, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Herrick 87, Minneapolis; Sandberg 157, Red Wing; Kassube 64, Minneapolis; Bailey 95, Vermilion lake; Herb. Moyer 69, Chippewa Co. . PIRUS Linn. Gen. 145 (1737). Sorbus LINN. Gen. 144 (1737). Malus Rupp. FI. Jen. ed. 3, 141 (1745). Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus, Pirus Tourn. Inst. 628, seq. (1700). Torminalis, Lazarolus, Aucuparia and Chamaemespilus MEDIC. Phil. Bot. I, 134-138 (1789). Pirophorum, Apirophorum Neck. Elem. II, 72 (1790). Hahnia MeEpic. Gesch. Bot. 81 (1798). Azarolus BorkH. Handb. Forst. Bot. II, 1224 (1800). Aronia Pers. Syn. LI, 39 (1807) excl. Amelanchier. Aria Hosr. FI. Austr. I], 7 (1831). Cormus SpacH, Suit. Buff. II, 96 (1834). Torminaria Roem. Syn. Monog. III, 101 (1847). Micromeles DECNE. Nouy. Arch. Mus. X, 168 (1861). Chloromeles DECNE. FI. Serr. XXIII, 156 ( ). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 475; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 626: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 114: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 22 (Focke); Schenck, Paleophyt. 671; Sargent, N. Am. Silva LV, 67. Living species: 50-60 or less; temperate N. hemi- sphere, mts. of tropical India. Russia, 20; Himalayas, 22; Europe, 15; Russian Europe, 11; N. America, 7; Canada, 6; E. Siew: s, ote, 4; Mid. Calif., 1; Rocky mits,,.1; Pl. King, 1. Fossil species: Several; Tertiary of Spitazbergen and Greenland (Heer.); Japan (Nathorst); Bilin (LHttinghausen); Cretaceous, Kansas (Newberry); Hurope~ (Unger); Tuscany (Gaud.); Quaternary travertines, Kutschlin (£ttinghausen and Engler). Pirus sambucifolia CHAM. and ScHLECHT. Linn. II, 36 (1827). Sorbus aucuparia var. B. MicuHx. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 290 (1803). S. aucuparia SCHRANK, Pl. Labr. 25 (1880?) in part. 284 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pyrus americana NEWBERRY, Pac. R. R. Rep. VI, 73 (1857). P. aucuparia MEYER, PI. Labr. 81 (1830) in part. Sorbus sambucifolia RoEM. Syn. Monog. III, 139 (1847). S. sitchensis Roem. Syn. Monog. III, 139 (1847). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 164; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 146; Upham, Fl. Mion. 53; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 189; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89; Trautvy., Fl. Sib. 54?; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 99; Wats., King Exp. 92; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 292; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 222; Rothr., Alask. 446; . Sarg., N. Am. Silva LV, 81. Europe?, N. and W. Asia; Manchuria and Siberia to Saghalin, Kurile Isls. and Japan. North America: Greenland and maritime provinces to Man., Brit. Col., N. W. T. and Alaska; 8S. to N. Eng.; W. to L. Superior region and Minn.; S. in mts. to Mexico? and Yosemite valley. . Minn. valley; Reported from vicinity of Ft. Snelling; doubtful; N. E. district; edges of woods. HERB.: Bailey 18, Vermilion lake. Pirus arbutifolia (Linn.) Linn. f. Suppl. 256 (1781). Mespilus arbutifolia LINN. Spec. 478 (1753) p. p. Crataegus pyrifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 83 (1783). Aronia pyrifolia Pers. Syn. II, 39 (1807). Crataegus serrulata Porr. Suppl. I, 292 (1810). Aronia arbutifolia Euu. Sk. I, 556 (1821). Pirus floribunda LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1006 (1830). Aronia depressa SPACH, Suit. Buff. II, 88 (1834). Sorbus arbutifolia WEwzie, Linn. XXX VIII, 65 (1864). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 164; Britt., Fl. N. J.99; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 144; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 25; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 291. North America: Newf., N.S., Q., Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge of valley and from vicinity of Ft. Snelling; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.: Sandberg 189, Chisago lake. Pirus coronaria LINN. Spec. 480 (1753). (1884). Malus coronaria MiLu. Dict. (1768). Crataegus coronaria SALISB. Prodr. 357 (1796). Pyrus coronaria var. iowensis Woop, Cl.-Book. Rey. ed. 333 (1870). Malus microcarpa coronaria CARRIERE, Pom. Microcarp. 133 f. 17 Pyrus iowensis BAILEY, Am. Gard. XII, 473 (1889). Sorbus coronaria MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 164; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98: Coult. Fl. Tex. 106; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 292; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 71. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 285 North America: Ontario to Lake Huron; N. Y. and Penn. to N. Car. and C. Alab.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Ind. Terr., La. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: S. central district and perhaps through- out the forest region; Leaf hills? woods and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 322, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 345, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 659, Waseca; Sandberg 188, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 48, Mankato. AMELANCHIER Mepic. Phil. Bot. I, 185, 155 (1789). Aronia Pers. Syn. II, 39 (1807) in part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 477; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 628; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 115; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 671; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26 (Focke); Sargent, NV. Am. Silva LV, 125. Living species: 6, closely related; N. temperate regions. Russia, 1; Europe, 1; North America, 3; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 1-2; Rocky mts., 1; Calif., 3; Pl. King., 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; also, Mexico 1 other? Japan, 1; Orient, 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Florissant, Colo. (Lesquer- eaux, Newberry); Europe, (Httinghausen), 4-5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 22 (1835). Pirus sanguinea PursH, Fl. Am. 340 (1814). Aronia alnifolia Nutr. Gen. I, 306 (1818). Pirus alnifolia SPRENG. Syst. II, 509 (1825). Amelanchier ovalis var. semiintegrifolia HooKx. FI. Bor.-Amer. I, 202 (1833). . florida LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1589 (1835). . canadensis var. alnifolia T. and G. FI. I, 473 (1838). . canadensis var. pumila T. and G. FI. I, 474 (1838). . pumila RoEM. Syn. Monog. III, 145 (1847). . canadensis var. oblongifolia BENTH. PI]. Hartw. 309 (1846). . diversifolia var. alnifolia TorRR. Frém. Rep. 89 (1858). . canadensis ANDERSON, Cat. Pl. Nev. 120 (——). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 167; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 148, 522; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 190; Greene, Fl. Fran. 52; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 116; Wats., King Exp. 92; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 131. North America: N. Mich., Minn., Neb. to Brit. Col., Vancouver, Charlotte Isls. and Peace river reg.; S. to Calif.; S. in mts. to Colo. and Arizona; N. to Alaska and N. lat. 62° 45’. baa pp Dp Minn. valley: N. E. disirict; thickets and banks of streams. Amelanchier canadensis (LINN.) MEpDiIc. Gesch. Bot. 79 (1783). Mespilus canadensis LINN. Spec. 478 (1753). 286 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pyrus botryapium Linn. f. Suppl. 255 (1781). Crataegus racemosa LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 84 (1783). Mespilus nivea MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 90 (1785). Amelancher canadensis var. prunifolia CAsTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. TI, 293 (1800). Mespilus amelanchier CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. II, 293 (1800). M. canadensis var. cordata Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 291 (1803). Amelanchier botryapium BorkKH. Handb. Forstb. II, 1260 (1800). Aronia botryapium Pers. Syn. IT, 39 (1807). Mespilus arborea Micux. f. Arb. Am. III, 68 (1813). Aronia arborew BART. Comp. FI. Phil. I, 228 (1818). Amelanchier sanguinea LINDL. Bot. Reg. t. 1171 (—-). Aronia cordata RAF. Med. FI. II, 106 (1830). Amelanchier ovalis Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 202 (1833). A. canadensis var. botryapium T. and G. FI. I, 473 (1838). Pyrus bartramiana TauscH, Flora II, 715 (1838). P. wangenheimiana TauscuH, Flora II, 715 (1838). Amelanchier bartramiana and wangenheimiana RoEM. Syn. Monog. III, 145, 146 (1847). Wats., and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 166; Mac., Fl. Can. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 129; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Britt., Fl. N. J. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Wats., King Exp. 92: Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 272; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 127. — North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Huron reg. and L. Superior reg.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1358, Lake Benton; Sheldon 905, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 625, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 945, Redwood Falls; Taylor 409, Janesville; Holzinger 73, Winona’ Co.; Sandberg 190, Red Wing; Herrick 102, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 84, Minneapolis; Bailey 2, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld 1856, Ramsey Co. Amelanchier canadensis (LINN.) MeEpic. var. obovalis (MicHx.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Mespilus canadensis var. obovalis Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 291 (1803). Pyrus sanguinea PursH, FI. Am. I, 340 (1814) in part. P. ovalis Breen. FI. Bost. ed. 2, 195 (1824). Aronia ovalis Torr. FI. U.S. 479 (1824). Amelunchier ovalis DC. Prodr. II, 632 (1825). A. intermedia SpACH, Hist. Veg. II, 85 (1834). A. canadensis var, oblongifolia T. and G. FI. I, 473 (1838). A. oblongifolia RokM. Syn. Monog. 147 (1847). A, spicata DEcN. Mem. Fam. Pom. 135 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 167; Britt., Fl. N. J. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 273; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 128. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 287 North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man., Sas- katckewan, Brit. Col. to Rocky mts. and N. on Mackenzie river; S. to N. J., Va.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HeErRB.: Taylor 6023, Minnesota lake; Ballard 359, Helena, Scott Co.; Sandberg 191, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 192, Cannon Falls; Kassube 85, Minneapolis; Roberts 36, Devil’s Track river; Herrick 103, Minneapolis; Bailey 407, Burntside lake; Herb. Sheld. 1857, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 80, Monte- video; Wickersheim 136, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 249, ' Montevideo. CRATAEGUS Linn. Gen. 404 (1737). Mespilus LINN. Gen. 407 (1737). Oxyacantha Rupp. FI. Jen. ed. 3, 136 (1745). Mespilophora NeEcK. Elem. 724 (1790). Halmia, Anthomeles, Phaenopyrum RoeEm.. Syn. Monog. ITI, 101-103 (1847). Phalacros WENzIG, Linn. XXX VIII, 164 (1864). Timbalia CuLos, ex Dur. Ind. Gen. Phan. 115 (1888). Sportella HANCE, ex Dur. l. c. (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 475; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 626; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 115; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 671; Sargent, N. Am. Silva LV, 83. Living species: 75+ described; 30-40 distinct; N. temperate regions to Japan, Himalayas, Mexico and Hcuador. Russia, 14; Europe, 14; Russian EKurope, 9; N. America, 14-16; Canada, 8-9; S. Sts., 11-12; E. Sts., 10-11; Rocky mts., 4-5; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex., 4; mid. Calif., 2; Mexico, 3; Orient, 6; China and Japan, 3; Himalayas. 2. _ Fossil species: Upper Cretaceous, Greenland (Heer), 2sp.; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer), 4 sp. Crataegus crus-galli Linn. Spec. 476 (1753). C. lucida M1Lu. Dict. (17638). Mespilus crus-galli MARSH. Arb. Am, 88 (1785). M, lucida Euru. Beitr. LV, 17 (1788). Crataegus laurifolia MEpDIc. Gesch. Bot. 84 (1795). Mespilus cuneifolia MOENCH, Meth. 684 (1794). Crataegus crus-galli var. splendens AIT. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, III, 202 (1811). Mespilus watsoniana SpACH, Hist. Veg. IT, 57 (1834).- Crataegus watsoniana RoeM. Syn. Monog. IIT, 117 (1847). C. carrierei CARR. Rey. Hort. 108 (1883). C. lavallei Hort. PAR. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 166; Britt., Fl. N. J. 100; Chap., FI. S. St. 127; Upham, FI. Minn. 53; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 147; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 107; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Eng]. Focke, Nat. Pfianz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 277; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 91. North America: S. Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn.?, Mo., Ark. and Colo. river, Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from E. and S. E. districts; rare or doubtful; thickets and banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 187, Red Wing. Crataegus coccinea Linn. Spec. 476 (1753). Mespilus coccinea MARSH. Arb. Am. 87 (1785). Crataegus rotundifolia MOENCH, Biium. Weiss. 29, t. 1 (1785). Mespilus rotundifolia EHRH. Beitr. III, 20 (1788). M. coccinea var. viridis CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. II, 293 (1790). ? M. maxima Du MONT DE CouRs. Bot. Cult. ed. 2, V, 451 (1811). ? Crataegus viridis Eu. Sk. I, 551 (1821). Mespilus odorata WENDL. Regensb. Flora 700 (1823). ? M. wendlandii Opitz. Reg. Fl. 590 (1834). M. flabellata SPACH, Suit. Buff. II, 63 (1834). Crataegus coccinea var. oligandra Torr. and Gray, FI. I, 465 (1838). C. coccinea var. viridis T.and G. FI. I 465 (1838). Halmia flabellata RozEM. Syn. Monog. III, 136 (1847). Phaenopyrum coccineum and wendlandii RoEM. 1]. c. 156 (1847). Anthomeles rotundifolia RoEM. 1. c. 140 (1847). Crataegus glandulosa var. rotundifolia REGEL, Act. Hort. Petrop. I, 120 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 165; Britt., Fl. N. J. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. 89, in part; Chap., Fl. S. St. 127; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 147, 522; II, 320; Cov., Fl. Ark. 180; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 26; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 276; Sarg., N. Am. Silva 1V, 95. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Rocky mts.; S. to Mass., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Ark. and 8S. W. Colo. Minn. valley: Higher levels; N. edge and far W.; rocky banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1497, Lake Benton; Bailey 449, Mud Lake; Kassube 82, Minneapolis. Crataegus mollis SCHEELE, Linn. XXI. 569 (1847). Mespilus coccinea Scumipt, Oestr. Baumz. LV, 30 (1822). M. pubescens WENDLAND, Flora 700 (1823). M. coccinea var. pubescens TAuscH, Flora II, 718 (1838). Crataegus coccinea var. mollis T. and G. Fl. I 465 (1838). CO. tomentosa EMeRs. Trees Mass. 4385 (1846). Phaenopyrum subvillosum Roem. Syn. Monog. III, 154 (1847). Crataegus subvillosa Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. LV, 86 (1856). C. texana Bucky. Proc. Ac. Phil. 454 (1861). C. tomentosa var. mollis GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 160 (1868). Mespilus tilaefolia Kocu, Dendr. I, 151 (1872). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 53; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 289 F). Can. I, 147; Coult., Fl. Tex. 107; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 207; Sarg., N. Am. Silva LV, 99. North America: Q., Ont. and L. Superior region; S. to Mass.; W. to Mich., Minn., Mo., Tex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: S. central district; habitat that of C. coccined. HERB.: Taylor 703, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1231, Iberia, Brown Co.; Sheldon 358, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 426, Janesville; Taylor 432, Lake Elysian, Waseca Co ; Sheldon 613, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 45, Man- kato. Crataegus tomentosa Linn. Spec. 476 (1758) excel. syn. Gronov. C. leucophaeos MOENCH, Hort. Weiss. 31 (1785). Mespilus calpodendron Euru. Beitr. II, 67 (1788). Crataegus pyrifolia A1T. Hort. Kew. II, 168 (1789). Mespilus tomentosa CASTIGL. Viag. St. Uni. IT, 293 (1790). M. latifolia Porr. Enc. Meth. IV, 444 (1797). Cratae,us latifolia Pers. Syn. II, 37 (1807). Mespilus pyrifolia WILLD. Enum. 523 (1809). M. Wwbhata Pork. Suppl. IV, 71 (1816). Crataegus lobata Bosc. DC. Prodr. II, 628 (1825). Halmia tomentosa and vars. pyrifolia, leucophlaea and calpodendron Roem. Syn. Monog. III, 135-136 (1847). H. lobata RoEM. Syn. Monog. III, 186 (1847). Crataegus tomentosa var. pyrifolia GRAY. Man. ed. 5, 160 (1868). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 166; Britt., Fl. N. J. 99; Chap., F).S. St. 127; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Upbam, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 147, 522; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 280; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 101. North America: Ont. and W. N. Y. to Man.; W. to Mich., Minn., Neb., Mo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; thickets and wooded banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 517, Waseca; Sheldon 1005, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 83, Minneapolis; Holzinger 72, Rush creek, Winona Co., Bailey 57, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 186, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1765, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 79, Monte- - video; Herb. Wickersheim 46, Idlewild; 47, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. RUBUS Linn. Gen. 4138 (1737). Dalibarda LINN. Spec. 491 (1753). Cylactis RAF. Sill. Journ. 377 (1819). Baillon, Hist, Pl. I, 466: Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 616; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 28; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 666. —19 290 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 1500 described, 180-205 distinct. 100 (B. and H.). Cosmopolitan, especially in forests of N. hemi- sphere. Russia, 20; Europe, 56; Russian Europe, 10; North America, 24-25; Canada, 18-20; E. Sts., 11; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 6; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 4; Mid. Calif., 5. Fossil species: Forest bed of Cromer, ‘“Tuffen” Den- mark. (R&. fruticosus Linn. and Rk. chamaemorus Linn.). Rubus repens (Linn.) OK. Rey. Gen. I, 223 (1891). Dalibarda repens LINN. Spec. 491 (1753). Rubus dalibarda Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 708 (1762). Dalibarda violaeoides MicHx. Fl. N. Am. I, 299 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 156; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 129, 514; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pfianz. 3. III, 24; Wats., Bibi. Ind. I, 315. North America: N.S.. N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Huron reg.; S. to Minn., Wisc. and Mich.—N. peninsular. Minn valley: Reported from the N. edge; wooded hillsides and dark, shaded brooks; rare. Rubus hispidus Linn. Spec. 493 (1753). R. obovalis Micox. FI. N. Am. IJ, 298 (18038). R. obovatus Evu. Sk. I, 570 (1824). . Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Chap., F1.S. St. 125; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 131; Cov., Fl. Ark. 1795 Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 315. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga.; W. to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare; woods and thickets; edges of streams. HeERB.: Bailey 182, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 183, Chi- sago Co. Rubus canadensis Linn. Spec. 494 (1753). R. arcticus WALT. F1. Car. 149 (1788). R. flagellaris WILLD. Enum. 594 (1809). R. procumbens Mun. Cat. 52 (1813), R. trivialis Pursu, Fl. Am. 347 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Upham, F]. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 131; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, ia North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; probably to Cottonwood valley; hillsides and barren places. Hers.: Taylor 18, Elysian; Taylor 201, Janesville; Sheldon 451, Madison Lake; Ballard 234, Jordan, Scott Co. ; Kassube 80, Minneapolis: Holzinger 70, Winona Co.; Sandberg 182, Vasa; Herb. Wickersheim 48, Mankato. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 291 Rubus villosus Att. Hort. Kew. II, 210 (1789). R. fruticosus MARSH. Arbust. 137 (1785). R. argutus Link, Enum. IT, 60 (1822). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 155; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94, Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 131, 514; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3,31; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 316. North America: Newf. aud N. S. to Man.; N. U. S. to Ga. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; local or rare; edges of thickets and openings in forest. HERB.: Sheldon 147, Madison Lake; Ballard 446, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Ballard &1, Chaska; Sandberg 180, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 68, Dakota Co.; Kassube 79, Minneap- olis; Oestlund 53, Ramsey Co.; ? Holzinger 69, Rush creek valley; Sandberg 181, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1784, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 42, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Rubus occidentalis Linn. Spec. 493 (1753). R. idaeus var. americanus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 106 (1835). _ Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 155; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Coult., Fl. Colo. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 125; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 130; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 30; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 316. : North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng.; N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo. and Oregon; N. in Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Forest and prairie districts. W. to Pommedes Terres valley; waste grounds and barren woodland. HerRB.: Ballard 469, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 78, Minneapolis; Oestlund 52, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 179, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 77, Montevideo. Rubus strigosus Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 297 (1808). R. idaeus PursH, Fl. Am. 346 (1814). (agi) R. idaeus var. strigosus MAXIM. Bull. Acad. Petersb. XVII, 161 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 155; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Coult., Fl. Colo. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 130, 514; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 53?; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 117; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 228: Wats., King Exp. 82, 420; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 111; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pilanz. III, 3, 30; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 318 N. and W. Europe?, Siberia to Japan, Saghalin and Kurile Isles; N. Africa?. North America: Labrador to Man. and Coast range; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Colo. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; particularly in the forest region; wooded hillsides and banks of streams. 292 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Ballard 207, Jordan, Scott Co.: Sheldon 854, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 43, Elysian; Taylor 133, Janesville; Bai-— ley 170, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 67, Winona Co.; Herrick 101, Minneapolis; Kassube 77, Minneapolis; Sandberg 178, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1852, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 40, Lake Park, Becker Co.; 42, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Rubus triflorus Ricw. Frankl. Journ. 2 ed. 19 (1825). R. saxatilis var. canadensis M1icHx. FI. N. Am. I, 298 (1803). R. saxatilis var. americanus Pers. Syn. II, 52 (1807). Cylactis montana RAF. Ann. Journ. Sci. 1, I, 377 (1820). Rubus saxatilis KiaEL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 201 (1824). Rh. canadensis Torr. Fl. U.S. 488 (1824). RR. aegopodioides SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 565 (1825). R. mucronatus SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 565 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 154; Britt., Fl. N. J. 93; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Mac.,F]. Can. I, 129; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 29; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 318. North America: Labrador to Hudson Bay and Pac. in Can.; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Dak. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. and New Ulm; wooded banks and hillsides. HERB.: Kassube 76, Minneapolis; Holzinger 66, Winona Co.; Sandberg 177, Goodhue Co. FRAGARIA Linn. Gen. 414 (1787). Duchesnia SmitH, Trans. Linn. Soc. X, 372 (1819). Baillon, Hist Pl. I, 465; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 633; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 113; Engler and Prantl, Nal. Pflanz. 3, 111, 33; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 666. Living species: 10; ‘north temperate regions to S. India and Mexico; 1 sp. in Chile. 6 sp. (Durand); 3—4 (B. and H.). Russia, 4; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 4; North Amer- ica, 4; Mid. Calif., 4; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts,, 2; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheeliea: Fossil species: 38-4; Miocene, Hungary (Stwr); Spitz- bergen and Cape Lyall (Zeer). Fragaria vesca LINN. Spec. 494 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J 95; Webb., EF]. Neb. 128; Upham, F]. Minn. 51; Coult., Fl. Colo. 88; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 177; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 185; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 63; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd ,Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 70; Wats., King Exp. 85; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 33; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 282; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 285. Arctic Europe; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas, North America: Canada throughout to lat. 56° N. on LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANES. 2938 Peace river and middle elevations in Sierras; throughout N. U. S. to Arizona and Virginia. Minn. valley: Throughout; forest region and wooded banks of streams; less abundant than F. virginiana var. ili- noensis (Prince). Hers.: Sheldon 853, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 137, Chaska; Kassube 75, Minneapolis; Oestlund 51, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 45, Vermilion lake; Hammond 53, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1858, Hennepin Co. Fragaria virginiana MILL. var. illinoensis (PRINCE) GRAY, Man. V, 158 (1867). F. elatior EAT. Man. 249 (1818) not EHhrh. F. illinoensis and iowensis PRINCE, Treat. Gard. Flush. (1820). F. grayana Vi~m, ex Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 4, VIII, 202 (1857). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 95; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 83; Upham, Fl. Minn. 51; Brew. and Wats., Hi Calif. 1,177; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 135; II, 319; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 33(spec.); Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 283. North America: Ont. to Brit. Col., Coast range and 64° N. lat. in mts.; W. N. Y. to Minn., Mont., Washington and S. E. of Rockies to Colo., Neb., Kan. and Arizona?. Minn. valley: Throughout; common in rich soil and on shaded banks of streams. HERB.: Ballard 175, Shakopee; Taylor 165, Janesville; Sheldon 37, Elysian; Ballard 144, Chaska; Bailey 36, Vermilion lake; Kassube 74, Minneapolis; Sandberg 175, Red Wing; Oest- lund 50, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 176, Tower; Herb. Moyer 76, Montevideo; Herb. Wickersheim 39, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1859, Minneapolis. POTENTILLA Linn. Gen. 415 (1737). Comarum LINN. Gen. 417 (1737). Tormentilla LINN. Gen. 416 (1737). Sibbaldia LINN. Syst. VI, 310 (1748). Trichothalamus Leum. Act. Caes. X, 585 (18347). Lehmannia Trattr. Ros. Monog. LV, 144 (1824). Bootia BieEu. FI. Bost. ed. II, 351 (1824). Dryadanthe ENDL. Gen. 1242 (1840). Dactylophyllum SPENN. FI. Frib. II], 1034 (1829). Horkelia CHAM. and Scuu. Linn. II, 26 (1828). Ivesia Torr. Rot. U.S. Expl. Exp. LI, 4 (1855). Quinquefolium and Pentaphylloides Tourn. Inst. 296 (1700). Fragariastrum Scour. Enum. Transsylv. 137 (1866). Chamaerhodos BunGgs, Led. FI. Alt. I, 429 (1829). Potaninia MAx. Mel. Biol. XI, 214 (1881). 294 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 620; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 113; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 34, 35, 36 (Focke); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 666. Living species: 300+ described; 165 distinct. Boreal | and temperate regions of N. hemisphere, tropical mts. and 2 sp.inS. hemisphere. Russia, 70; Europe, 67; Russian Europe, 43; North America, 52-56; California, 35; E. Sts., 14-15; Can- ada, 80-33; Rocky mts., 16-20; Pl. King, 15; Pl. Wheel., 14; S. Sts., 3. Fossil species: Arctic regions, Tertiary (Heer) Dryas?. Potentilla canadensis LINN. Spec. 498 (1753). P. pumila Potr. Enc. Meth. V, 594 (1804). P. sarmentosa WILLD. Enum. 554 (1809). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Chap., F1. S. St. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141, 518; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 294. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; in dry or sandy soil; especially in forest openings. HERB.: Ballard 252, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 930, Glenwood; Taylor 570, Minnesota lake; Taylor 797, Glenwood; Ballard 416, New Prague, Scott Co.; Oestlund 42, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 70, Minneapolis; Oestlund 43, Hennepin Co.; Her- rick 94, Minneapolis; Herrick 95, Minneapolis; Sandberg 169, Cannon Falls. Potentilla canadensis LINN. var. simplex (MiIcHx.) T. and G. Fl. I, 4438 (1838). P. simplec Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 303 (1803). P. caroliniana Pork. Enc. Meth. V, 595 (1804). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141, 518; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 294. ' North America: With type; more common eastward. Minn. valley: Forest district; N. E. and reported to New Ulm; meadows and damp places along streams. HerB.: Sandberg 170, Chisago Co.; Manning 3, Lake City. Potentilla anserina Linn. Spec. 495 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 86; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 50; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 125; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 180; Mac., Fl. Can, I, 141; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 240; Led., Fl. Ross, II, 44; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, F]. Kur. 232; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Wats., King LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 295 Exp. 89; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 114; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 298; Hart, Fl. Scan. I, 287; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34; Rothr., Alask. 445. Arctic Europe; N. Asia to Himalayas and China; Aus- tralasia and S. America. North America: Greenland; E. Canada to Arctic ocean; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb.; California to N. Mexico. Minn. valley: N. E. districts; N. edge and high levels, W. and S. W.; river banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1492, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1556, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1360, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Kassube 73, Minneapolis; Oestlund 46, Minneapolis; Herrick 97, Minneapolis; Oestlund 47, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 172, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1763, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickershiem, Ash Lake, Lin- coln Co.; Herb. Moyer 75, Montevideo. Potentilla tridentata SoLanp. Ait. Kew. II, 216 (1789). P. retusa MUELL. FI. Dan. V, 799 (1782). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 97; Upham, F). Minn. 51; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 141; Wats., Bibl. Ind. ir North America: Labrador and Greenland; Newf., N. S., N. Br., L. Huron reg., L. Superior to Rocky mts. and 64° N. latin N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N, J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. around Gt. lakes to N. Iowa, Wisc. and Minn. Minn. valley: Far N. W. and N. edge; only in forest district; high ground and exposed places. HERB.: Roberts 33, Grand Marais; Roberts 34, Duluth; ‘Bailey 425, Fall lake; Herrick 98, Northern Pacific Junction; Sandberg 178, N. P. Junction; Builey 513, Agate bay. Potentilla fruticosa Linn. Spec. 494 (1753). P. fruticosa var. americana MArsH. Arbust. Amer. 109 (1785). P. floribunda PursH, FI. Am. 355 (1814). Dasyphora floribunda RAF, Aut. Bot. 167 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl.N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo.86; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 180; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 52; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 141; Forbes and Hems., F]. Sin. 243; Led., Fl. Ross. I], 61; Nym., Fl. Eur; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 230; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Wats., King Exp. 89; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 114; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 296; Hart., Fl. Scand I, 287; Rothr., Alask. 445. N. Europe to Alps and Pyrenees; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas; China and Japan; Kurile isls. North America: Greenland, Labrador and Newf. to Man. and Arctic circle; S. to N. J.; W. to Iowa, Minn, Colo., N. Calif. and S. in mts. to C. Arizona. Alaska. 296 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Higher levels, far N. W.; wet grounds and edges of sloughs. HERB.: Bailey 495, Agate bay; Roberts 31, Grand Marais; Roberts 32, Split Rock. Potentilla palustris (L1inn.) Scop. Fl. Carn. 2 ed. I, 859 (1772). Comarum palustre LINN. Spec. 502 (1753). Fragarvia palustris CRANITZ, Stirp. Austr. 73 (1769). Comarum digitatum and angustifolium RAF. Fl. Tell. II, 55, 56 1838}. ; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 51; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 180; Hook., Fl. Britt. 124; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 53; Britt., Fl. N. J. 97; Mac., Fl. Can I, 140; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 61; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Greene, Fl. Fran. 63; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3,34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 299; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 286; Rothr., Alask. 445. Arctic Europe to Pyrenees; Russia to Caucasus; N. Asia. North America: Labrador and N.S. to Hudson Bay, Puget sound and Alaska; S. to N. J., Ind., Mich., Wisc., II1., Minn.; on Pac. coast to C. California. | Minn. valley: Throughout; bogs and edges of marshes; rather common. HERB.: Taylor 1200, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.: Shel- don 710, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 123, Madison Lake; Ballard 443, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 415, New Prague, Scott Co.; Sheldon 345, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 428, Ash lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 522, Waseca; Ballard 356, Helena, Scott Co.; Herrick 99, Minneapolis; Oestlund 48, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 100, Minneapolis; Oestlund 49, Ramsey Co.; Bailey 142, Vermil- ion lake; Sandberg 174, Chisago Co. Potentilla argentea Linn. Spec. 497 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 160; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Hook., Fl. Brit. 120; Mac., FI. Can. I, 139; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 47; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 517; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 48; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 35; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 293; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 288 Kurope; N. and W. Asia. North America: N.S,N.Br, Q., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Dak. and E. Kan. Minn. valley: N. E. district and E. edge; infrequent; dry fields and hillsides. HERB.: Herrick 96, Minneapolis; osaliile 44, Minne- apolis; Kassube 7/, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1764, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 297 Potentilla hippiana LEHM. Noy. Stirp. Pug. Il, 7 (1880), P. leucophylia Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 197, (1835). P. pensylvanica var. hippiana T.andG. FI. I, 438 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 159; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 137; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 297. North America: Saskatchewan to Rockies and Brit. Col.; N. to 50° N. lat.; S. to Colo., Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Arizona. Minn. valley: Reported from Leaf hill district; doubtful; plains and sunny hillsides. Potentilla pensylvanica Linn. Mant. 76 (1767). P. bipinnatifida Douet. Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 188 (1833). P. pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida T. and G. FI. I, 488 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man 6 ed. 159: Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, F). Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 243; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 40; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 516; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., King Exp. 86, 87; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 300; Rothr., Alask. 445. Ural and Baikal Siberia; Caucasus mts. to Japan. North America: Labrador and Anticosti to Q., Ont., Hudson Bay, Man., Saskatchewan, Rocky mts. and N. W. T.; S. to Maine and N. H.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., N. Mex. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. and S. W. edge; doubtful; meadows and edges of woods. Potentilla pensylvanica LINN. var. strigosa PursH, Fl. Am, 356 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn.50; Coult., Fl. Colo. 81; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136,517; Wats. Bibl. Ind. I, 300. North America: Brit. Col. and Rockies to Mont., Minn., Colo. and Neb?. , Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; more abund- ant W. than E.; dry or rocky knolls. HERB.: Sheldon 442, Pipestone; Taylor 875, Glenwood; MacM. and Sheld. 1, Brainerd. Potentilla supina Linn. Spec. 497 (1758). P. paradoza Nutr. T. and G. FI. I, 487 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 159; Goult., Fl. Colo. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 50; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 245; Led., Fl. Russ. II, 35; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 516, Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Coult., Fl. Tex. 106; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pfianz. III, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 301; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34. Kurope; N. Asia and China; S. America. North America: Ont. to Man. and Gt. lake reg.; S. to 298 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn., Mo., N. Mex. and Rio Grande; E. to Miss. river and Ohio. ‘Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; sandy shores of lakes and dry places. HERB.: Ballard 452, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 98, Minnetonka; Holzinger 65, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 37, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Potentilla millegrana ENGELM. lLehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1849). P. rivalis var. millegrana WATS. Rev. Pot. 553 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 159; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Coult., Fl. Colo. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. 136, 516; Greene, Fl. Fran. 65; Wats., King Exp. 85; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 301. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts.; along E. slope of Sierra Nevada to N. Mex.; S. in prairie reg. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn. valley: Far W. and N. W. on higher levels; prairies; no Minn. specimens seen. Potentilla norvegica Linn. Spec. 449 (1753). ? P. labradorica LEuM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 159; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 83; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 124; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 126; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136, 516; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 36; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ., 46; Wats., King Exp. 85; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 34; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 299; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 289; Rothr., Alask. 445. Mid. and N. Europe and N. Asia. North America: N.S. and Labrador? to N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo., Neb. and Mo?. Minn. valley: Throughout; in fields and along roads or railway embankments. HERB.: Taylor 930, Glenwood; Taylor 570, Minnesota lake; Taylor 797, Glenwood; Ballard 416, New Prague, Scott. Co.; Ballard 663, Waconia; Ballard 238, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 343, Lake Madison; Sheldon 759, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 211, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 1123, Spring- field; Sheldon 518, Waseca; Ballard 451, Prior’s lake, Scott Co., Herrick 91, Minneapolis; Roberts 30, Grand Marais; Oestlund 41, Minneapolis; Arthur 9, Vermilion lake; Bailey 496, Agate bay; Sandberg 168, Red Wing; Herrick 92, Minneapolis; Kas- sube 69, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 73, Montevideo. Potentilla arguta Purso, Fl Am. 6386 (1814). Bootia sylvestris Biaku. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 206 (1824). Potentilla confertiflora Torr. FI, U.S. 1. 499 (1824). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 299 P. pensylvanica var. arguta Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II, 197 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 158; Britt., Fl. N. J. 96; Webb., Fl, Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 50; Coult., Fl. Cclo. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 136, 516; Wats., King Exp. 89; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 293. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col.; N. to lat. 65°;S. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Kan., Neb., Colo., New Mex- ico and Idaho. Minn. valley: Throughout; knolls, high plains and headlands. HERB.: Sheldon 1315, Lake Benton; Ballard 570, Pri- or’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 381, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 188, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 608, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Shel- don 786, Sleepy Eye; MacMillan 13, Glenwood; Taylor 850, Glenwood; Leonard 15, Minnehaha park; Leonard 16, Spring Valley; Oestlund 45, Minneapolis; Bailey 412, Agate bay; Kas- sube 72, Minneapolis; Sandberg 171, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld 1751, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 74, Chippewa Co. GEUM Linn. Gen. 418 (1787). Caryophyllata TourRN. Inst. 294 (1700). Sieversia WILLD. Berl. Mag. V, 39 1804). Buchavea Rk&IcH. Consp. 167 (1828). Adamsia F. and ENDL. Gen. 6384 (1840). Oreogeum SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 553 (1825). Stylipus Rar. Neog. 3 (1825). Waldsteinia WILLD. N. Act. Ber. II, 105 (1802). Comaropsis L. C. Ricu. Nestl. Pot. 16 (1816). Coluria R. Br. Parr. Voy. Appx. 276 (1823). Laxmannia F.andM. Led. FI. Alt. II, 262 (1830). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 619; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 36; (Focke); Durand, md. Gen. Phan, 113. Living species: 44+; temperate and arctic regions of N. hemisphere; a few in S. temperate regions. Russia, 10; Europe, 12; Russian Europe, 6; North America, 16-20; Mid. Calif., 2; Canada, 13; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 10; Pl. Wheel., 4. Geum ciliatum Pursu, Fl. Am. 352 (1814). G. triforum Pursu, Fl. Am. 736 (1814). Sieversia triflorum R. BR. Parr. 1st Voy. 276 (1824). Geum pubescens Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 175 (1883). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 157; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 176; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 134; Greene, Fl. Fran. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Wats., King Exp. 84; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 285. North America: Labrador and Ont. to Brit. Col.; S. to N. N. Eng.; W. to Minn., Mo., Colo.; N. to Alaska and arctic circle; S. in Sierras to Calif. 300 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry land or high, sunny hillsides, and on bluffs and headlands. HERB.: Ballard 186, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 793, Glenwood; Wickersheim 2, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Oestlund 40, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 68, Minneapolis; Sandberg 166, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 167, Cannon Falls; Hammond 15, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1854, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 36, Idlewild; _ Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 72, Carlton lake, Montevideo. Geum rivale Linn. Spec. 501 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 95; Coult., F]. Colo. 82; Upham, F]. Minn. 49; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133, 515; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 23; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 284; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 291. Europe; N. and W. Asia and Australasia to S. America. North America: Labrador, Newf., N.S., N. Br. to Q., Ont., Man. and Brit. Col.; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak Mont., Colo. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from Nicollet Co., doubtful; more certainly in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; wet fields and springs. HERB.: Bailey 350, Mud river. Geum strictum Art. Hort. Kew. II, 217 (1789). G. canadense Murr. Com. Goett. V, 34 (1790) not Jacq. G. ranunculoides SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 551 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 157; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Upham, F]. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 269; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 23; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 229; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanzen. III, 3,37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 285. Mid. Russia; Siberia, China and Kamtk.; Kurile Isls. ; New Zealand; Japan; Corea; S. America. North America: N. S. to Coast range in Brit. Col.; Newf. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Colo. and Arizona Minn. valley: Throughout; damp edges of woods and in meadows. HERB.: Ballard 492, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 674, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 997, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1182, New Ulm; TVaylor 547, Janesville; Ballard 369, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 691, Waseca; Ballard 225, Jordan, Scott Co ; Tay- lor 797, Glenwood; Sheldon 1301, Lake Benton; Herrick 89, Minneapolis; Roberts 28, Duluth; Roberts 29, Grand Marais; Kassube 67, Minneapolis; Herrick 90, Minneapolis; Sandberg 165, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1696, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 301 Geum japonicum THuns. Fl. Jap. 220 (1784). G. macrophyllum WiLLD. Enum. I, 557 (1809). G. strictum var B. Hook. FI. Bor.-Amer. I, 175 (1833), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 156; Upham, FI. Minn. 49; Coult., F). Colo. 82; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 176; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133, 515; Miyabe, F]. Kur. 230; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 23; Greene, Fl. Fran. 61; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 112: Wats., King Exp. 84; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pfianz. III, 3, 37; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 284; Rothr., Alask. 445, Kurile Isls.; Aleutian Isls.; Kamtk.; E. Asia and Japan. North America: N.S.,N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior, Coast range, Selkirks, Queen Charlotte Isls. and Alaska; N. to 51° in N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng. and W. to Minn., Mo., Colo., and S. in Sierra Nevada to Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district and to Chippewa valley; hillsides, high bluffs and banks. HERB.: Ballard 876, Waconia; Taylor 845, Glenwood; Bailey 253, Vermilion lake; Roberts 27, Grand Marais; Herrick 88, Minnetonka. Geum virginianum Linn. Spec. 500 (1753). G. hirsutum Muu. Cat. 51 (1813). G. heterophyllum DrsF. DC. Prodr. II, 550 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 138, 515; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 286. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont., N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. ‘ Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley or beyond; edges of woods and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 429, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 287, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1004, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 462, Madison Lake; Sheldon 862, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 163, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 164, Chisago Co.; Herb. Moyer 71, Montevideo. Geum album GMEL. Syst. II, 861 (1791). G. canadense JACQ. Hort. Viudob. II, 82 (1772) not Murr. G. carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 150 (1788). Caryophyllata alba MOENCH, Meth. 660 (1794). Geum virginianum Murr. Com. Goett. V, 30 (1790). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 156; Britt., Fl. N. J. 94; Chap., FI. S. St. 123; Webb., FJ. Neb. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 133; Coult., Fl. Tex. 105: Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 283. North America: N.S., N. B., Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Ga.; W. to. Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of woods and copses. HERB.: Taylor 892, Glenwood; Ballard 419, New Prague, Scott Co.; Taylor 613, Minnesota lake; Ballard 872, 302 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Waconia; Ballard 294, Jordan, Scott Co.; Kassube 66, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 162, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1748, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 70, Montevideo. AGRIMONIA Linn. Gen. 388 (1737). Aremonia NECK. Elem. 768 (1790). Amonia NEsTL. Pot. 17 (1816). Spallanzania POLL. Veron. 10 (1816). < Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 462; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 622; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 114; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I1, 43. Living species: 10; 20+ described; 6-8 (B: and H.); temperate regions, N. hemisphere; tropical mts. and S. Amer- ica. Russia, 4; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 3; North Amer- ica, 3; Calif., 1; S. Sts., 3; other regions, 1; 1 sp. through Asia, Europe and North America (ours). Agrimonia eupatoria LINN. Spec. 448 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 161; Britt., Fl. N. J. 97; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Upham, Fl. Minn. 49; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Chap., Fl. S. St. 122; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif I, 185; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 142; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 246; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 31; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 518; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 232; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 46; Greene, Fl. Fran. 61; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 115; Cov , Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 43; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 271; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 277. Europe, exc. N. Scand. and N. Russ.; N. Asia and China; Himalayas; N. and S. Africa. North America: Newf., N. S. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Man., Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and N. Mex.; also in Pac. coast reg.; Washington to S. Calif. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley or beyond; edges of thickets and woodland openings. HERB.: Ballard 805, Goose lake; Sheldon 868, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 692, Waconia; Ballard 491, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 941, Glenwood; Sheldon 1183, New Ulm; Bailey 191, Vermilion lake; Arthur 164, Vermilion lake; Roberts 26, Duluth; Sandberg 160, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 167, Cannon Falls; Kas- sube 65, Minneapolis. ROSA Linn. Gen. 412 (1787). Hulthemia Dum. Not. Hulth. (1840). Lowea Linp.L. Bot. Reg. 1261 (1842?). Rhodophora Neck. Elem. 748 (1790). Rhodopsis Lep. FI. Alt. I1, 224 (1830), Baillon, Hist. Pl. I, 461; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 625; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 114; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 46; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 667. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 303 Living species: 600+ described; 100— distinct; 30 (B. and H.); 50-55 (Durand); N. hemisphere to Abyssinia, S. India and Mexico; temperate, subalpine and subtropical zones. Russia, 17; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 16; North America, 20-25; Canada, 18-20; E. Sts., 10-11; S. Sts., 5-6; Rocky mts., 7; California, 8-10; Pl. Wheel., 5-6; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex., 4. Fossil species: Oligocene, Bonn ( Weber.); Rixhoft ( Heer); Florissant, Colo. (Lesquereaux). Rosa humilis Marsu. Arbust. Amer. 136 (1785). ? R. parviflora Enru. Beitr. LV, 21 (1789). R. lucida AucT. AMER. principally. R. caroliniana Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 295 (1803). R. lyonti Pursu, FI). Am. 345 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 163; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Chap., Fl. S. St., 126; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 143; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3. 48; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 311. North America: Newf., N. S., Q., Ont. to L. Huron reg.; S. to Maine, N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark., Ind. Terr. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and E. edge; dry soil or edges of marshes; no Minn. specimens seen. Rosa carolina Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 708 (1762). . virginiana DuRo1, Obs. Bot. 21 (1771). . corymbosa EHRH. Beitr. 1V, 21 (1789). . carolinensis MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 135 (1785). . pennsylvanica Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 296 (1803) in part. . flecuosa RAF. Prec. Decouvy. 35 (1814). . cinnamomea var. gemella SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 605 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 163; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 148, 519; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Engi. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 48; Wats , Bibl. Ind. I, 310. North America: Q.? and Ont. to N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark., Miss. and La. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; low grounds and borders of swamps. Rosa pisocarpa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. VIII, 382 (1882). R. woodsii Linpu. Ros. Monog. 21 (1820) chiefly. ? R. rafinesquii SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 611 (1825) in part. R. fendleri CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 4382 (1880) included. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 163; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Coult., Fl. Colo. 88; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 521; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 313; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 187?. North America: Saskatchewan, Gt. Slave lake and N. W. T. to Alaska?; W. to Rockies and N. to lat. 51°; S. to Minn., Mo., Colo., N. Mex. and W. to Mont. and Calif?. NHN AAD 804 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district, but no Minn. specimens seen. Rosa acicularis LinpL. Monog. Ros. 44 (1820). R. sayi SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. II, Appx. 113 (1825). R. acicularis var. bourgeauiana CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 386, 390 (1880). R. engelmanni S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. XX, 342 (1885). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 162; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Mac., FJ. Can. I, 144, 520, II, 320; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 54 - in var.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 248; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. N. Europe; W. and N. Asia to China. North America: Wisc., Mich. and Minn.; N. to Man., N. W. T. and Alaska; W. to Mont. and Pac. coast, in Oregon and Brit. Col. Minn. valley: N. E. district and N. edge; rare; wood- land openings and banks of streams. HERB.: Arthur 81, Two Harbors; Bailey 84, Vermil- ion lake; Bailey 223, Vermilion lake. Rosa virginiana MiLu. Dict. (1768). R. blanda Arr. Hort. Kew. II, 202 (1789). R. fraxinifolia GMEL. FI. Bad. II, 413 (1806). R. gemella WILLD. Enum. 544 (1809) mainly. R. cinnamomea var. glabella SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 605 (1825). R. blanda var. pubescens CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 394 (1880). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 162; Upham, Fl. Minn. 52; Up- ham, Suppl. Minn. 47; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87?; Britt., Fl. N. J. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 194, 519; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl: Ind. I, 309. North America: Newf., Q. to N. J.; W to Hudson — Bay, Brit. Col?, L. Winnipeg, Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark.; and possibly also in Colo. Minn. valley; Throughout, common; banks, rocks, hillsides and low prairies. HERB.: Taylor 8445, Minnesota lake; Taylor 844, Glenwood; Taylor 272, Janesville; Ballard 21, Chaska; Ballard 223, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1347, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Ballard 89, Chaska; Sheldon 368, Madison Lake; Taylor 15, Elysian; Bailey 34, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 184, Cannon Falls; Sund- berg 185, Cannon Falls: Kassube 81, Minneapolis; Kassube 82, Minneapolis; Holzinger 71, Winona Co.; Hammond 16, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1804, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 44, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 78, Montevideo. Rosa virginiana var. arkansana (PORTER). Rk. arkansana Porr. Fl. Colo. 38 (1874). R. blanda var, setigera CREPIN, Prim. Ros. 394 (1880). R. blanda var. arkansana Best, Torr.-Bull. XVII, 145 (1890). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 305 - Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 163; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Coult., Fl. Colo. 87; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 520; Coult., Fl. Tex. 106; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 115; Cov., Fl. Ark. 179; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 310; Upham. Suppl. Minn. 47. North America: Man., N. W. T. and Rockies of Brit. Col. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex., W. to Arizona, Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably sparingly westward; dry sunny hillsides and banks. HERB.: Ballard 407, New Prague; Ballard 567, Pri- or’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 92, Shakopee; Ryan 1, Goodhue Co.; Roberts 35, Duluth; Heonard 17, Spring Valley. PRUNUS Juss. Gen. 341 (1774) em. Armeniaca Juss. Gen. 341 (1774). Prunophora Neck. Elem. II, 71 (1790). Amygdalopsis CARRIERE, Rev. Hortic. 91 (1862). Prunopsis ANDRE, ex Durand Ind. Phan. 111 (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1, 417, 418; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 609, 610; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. |. c.; Schenck, Palacophyt. 674; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, I11, 51, seq. (Focke). Living species: 20+; temperate regions, N. hemi- sphere; North America. 8-10; Calif., 2; Canada, 3; S. Sts., 6-7; EK. Sts., 2; Rocky mts., 4-5; Pl. King, 2; Russia, 4-5; Kurope, 6. Fossil species: 10-12; Tertiary; Siberia (Heer); Spitz- bergen (Unger); Germany ( Weber); Greenland (Heer); Russia (Heer, Ettinghausen). Prunus americana MarsH. Arbust. Am. 111 (1785). ? P. mississippi MARSH. Arbust. Am. 112 (1785). ?P. spinosa WALT. FI. Car. 146 (1788). P. hiemalis Micux. FI. N. Amer. I, 284 (1803) in part. P. nigra Munu. Cat. 49 (1817). Cerasus hiemalis DC. Prodr. II, 538 (1825) in part. O. nigra Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. J, 24 (1835). C. americana Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 24 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 151; Britt., Fl. N. J. 91; Upham, F]. Minn. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 128; Chap., Fl. S. St. 119; Coult., FJ. Colo. 76; Mac., F]. Can. I, 124; Coult., Fl. Tex. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 53; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 303;Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 19. North America: N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.; W. to Mont., Colo., N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and along banks of streams and by prairie sloughs. HeRB.: Kassube 60, Minneapolis; Sandberg 149, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 34, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb Moyer 67, Montevideo. —20 306 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. CERASUS Juss. Gen. 340 (1774). Ceraseidos §. and Z. Abh. Miinch. Akad. III, 748 (—-). Cerasophora NEcK. Elem. 720 (1790). Tubopadus PomEt, Nat. Atlant. 8 (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1,419; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 609, 610; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 112; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 676; Engler and Prantl, Wat. Pflanz. II1, 3, 54 (Focke); Sarg., N. Am. Silva lV, 8. Living species: 15+; temperate and warmer regions, - N. hemisphere. Fossil species: 2-3; Tertiary, Europe (Unger) and Leoben (Zttinghausen). Cerasus pumila (Linn.) Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 286 (1803.) Prunus pumila Linn. Mant. 75(1767). Cerasus glauca MOENCH, Meth. 672 (1794). Prunus depressa PuRsH, FI]. Am. 332 (1814). P. cuneata RAF. Ann. Nat. 11 (1820). Cerasus depressa SERINGE, DC. Prodr. II, 538 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 152; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Britt., Fl. .N. J. 92; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 124; Gov., Fl. Ark. 178; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 306. North America: Montreal to Gt. lakes and 106th mer.; N. Br. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: S. edge and in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; local; sandy banks and rocky places. HERB.: Sheldon 1484, Pipestone City; Sandberg 150, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 64, Minneapolis; Sandberg 151, Two Har- bors. Cerasus serotina (EHRH.) LOISEL. Nouv. Duham. V, 3, (1814). P. virginiana Miu. Dict. (1768). Prunus serotina EHRH. Beitr. III, 20 (1788). Cerasus virginiana MicHx. FI. N. Am. I, 285 (1803). Prunus cartilaginea LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb, (1833). Padus virginiana RoEM. Syn. Monog. III, 86 (1847). P. cartilaginea RoEmM. Syn. Monog. III, 86 (1847). P. serotina AGH. Theor. Syst. t. 14, f. 8 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 152; Britt., FJ]. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 126, 513; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Coult., Fl. Tex. 103; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 55; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 307; Sarg., N. Am. Silva IV, 45. Peru and Colombia, j North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Ind. Terr., La. and Tex.; also, Arizona, Mexico and C. America (mts.). Minn. valley: Forest region; woods and shaded lake shores or banks. : LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3807 HERB.: Taylor 482, Janesville; Taylor 612, Minnesota lake; Taylor 480, Janesville; Sheldon 100, Elysian; Sheldon 310, Madison Lake; Ballard 346, Helena, Scott Co.; Herrick 85, Minneapolis; Sandberg 154, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1853; Minneapolis. Cerasus virginiana (Linn.) LoiseLt. Nouv. Duham. V, 3, (1814). Prunus virginiana LINN. Spec. 473 (1753) excl. syn. Padus rubra Miuu. Dict. (1768). Prunus nana Du Ror, Harbk. Baumz. II, 194 (1772). Prunus-Cerasus canadensis MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 113 (1785). Prunus rubra Ait. Hort. Kew. II, 162 (1789). Padus oblonga MoENCH, Meth. 671 (1794). Prunus serotina Potr. Enc. Meth. V, 665 (1804). P. hirsuta Evu. Sk. I, 541 (1821). P. obovata BIGEL. FI. Bost. ed. 2, 192 (1824). Cerasus serotina Hook. FI]. Bor.-Am. I, 169 (1833) excl. syn. C. obovata BECK, Bot. 97 (1833). C. micrantha, densiflora, fimbriuta and hirsuta SPACH, Suit. Buff. I, 414-417 (1834). C. virginiana var. B. T. and G. FI. I, 410 (1838). C. duerinckii MART. Sel. Sem. Lovan. (1840). Prunus duerinckii WALP. Rep. II, 10 (1848). Padus fimbriata, densiflora, micrantha, obovata and hirsuta ROEM. Syn. Monog. III, 84-87 (1847). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Coult., Fl. Colo. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 125; Coult., Fl. Tex. 1038; Wats., King. Exp. 80; Engl. Focke, Nat. Pflanz. III, 3, 55; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 307; Sarg., N. Am. Silva “i North America: Labr., Newf., N.S., N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col. and Pac.; N. on Mackenzie river to 62°; U. S. to Ga., Tex. and Mex.; Calif. and Oregon. Minn. valley: Throughout, banks of streams and shores of lakes. HeERB.: Taylor 713, Minuesota lake; Taylor 489, Janes- ville; Sheldon 35, Elysian; Sheldon 384, Madison Lake; Ballard 541, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Bailey 238, Vermilion lake; Her- rick 84, Minneapolis; Kassube 62, Minneapolis; Bailey 419, Long lake; Sandberg 153, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 68, Monte- video; Herb. Wickersheim 35, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1855, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 251, Montevideo. Cerasus pensylvanica (Linn. f.) Lorsent. Nouv. Duham. V, 9 (1814). Prunus pensylvanica LINN f. Syst. ed. 138, Suppl. 252 (1781). Prunus-Cerasus montana MARSH. Arbust. Am. 113 (1785). Prunus lanceolata WILLD. Berl. Baumz. 240 (1796). 308 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cerasus borealis MicHx. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 286 (1803). Prunus borealis Porn. Enc. Meth. V, 674 (1804). P. persicifolia DESsF. Hist. Arb. II, 205 (1809). Cerasus persicifolia LoIsEL. Nouv. Duham. V. 9 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 152; Britt., Fl. N. J. 92; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48; Chap., F1. S. St. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 77; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 125; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 306; Sarg.. N. Am. Silva, IV, 35. North America: Newf., N.S., N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col. and Coast range; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Colo., Tenn. and Kan. Minn. valley: Forest district; in dry woods, hillsides and river banks; N. E. and E.; N. edge. HeERB.: Ballard 347, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 156, Chaska; Sheldon 658, Waseca; Bailey 169, Vermilion lake; Bailey 351, Mud river; Herrick 83, Minneapolis; Sandberg 152, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 250, Montevideo. LII. LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1253 (1840); Lindl. Veg. King. 544 (1846)— Fabaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 434 (1865); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IT, 21 (1869, 1870); Taubert in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IIT, 70 (1891). Genera: 400+; cosmopolitan, except in far antarctic islands and rare in New Zealand; sub-family Mimosoideae cen- ters in tropical America; sub-family Caesalpinioideae, in Brazil; Papilionatae in the steppes of Asia where there are 1250 species of Astragalus (Tragacantha) alone. Fossil genera; 6 doubtful; 1 described; Tertiary and Quaternary. Species: 7500+, 80 per cent.+, in the Papilionatae; all - regions of the earth. ACUANIA Mep. Theod. Sp. Pg. 62 (1786). Desmanthus WILLD. Spec. IV, 1044 (1805) in part, Darlingtonia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, [V, 97 (1824). Baillon, Hist. Pl. Il, 67; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 592; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 109; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 158; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III, 117 (Taubert). Living species: 10; N. and S. America; 1 sp. around the world in tropical regions. North America, 8-9; W. Tex., 8; EK. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1; Pl. Wheel., 2; mostly subtropical. Acuania illinoensis (MicHx.) OK. Rey. Gen. I, 158 (1891). Mimosa illinoensis Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 254 (1803), Acacia brachyloba WILLD. Spec. IV, 1071 (1805). Darlingtonia brachyloba DC. Mem. Leg. 427 (1824). D. brevifolia Rar. N. Fl, I, 42 (1836). Desmanthus brachylobus BENTH. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1V, 358 (1842). D, illinoensis MACM. MSS. (1889). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 209 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 48. North America: Ind. and Ky. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Tex.; also in Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from Swan lakes, Redwood Co. CASSIA Linn. Gen. 347 (1787). Herpetica RumpuH. ex Baillon Hist. Pl. IT, 124 (1870). Bactyrilobium WILLD. Enum. 489 (1809). Cathartocarpus Pers. Syn. I, 459 (1805). Chamaecrista E. Mey. Comm. Afr. Austr. Grimaldia SCHRANK, Miinch. Dst. 103 (1803). Psilorhegma Voc. Syn. Cass. (1837). Macleaya Montz. Mem. Acad. Lyon. X, 199 (1846). Senna GAERTN. Fruct. II, 312 (1791). Xamacrista RAF. Sylv. Tell. 127 (1886). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 187; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 571, 10038; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 106; Schenck, Paleophyt. 697; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, III. 157 (Taubert). Living species: Described, 475; distinct, 380+; all temperate and warmer regions. North America, 20-22; W. tex, 9--S. Sts., 7; H. Sts., 4; Calif., 2; Rocky mts:,1; Pl. Wheel., 5. Center in Middle and S. America. Fossil species: Several described; Cretaceous of Bo- hemia and Greenland (Heer); Tertiary, S. France, Germany, Switzerland (Unger, Heer); Pliocene, valley of the Andes ( Un- ger); North America, Tertiary! Cassia chamaecrista Linn. Spec. 379 (1753), C. pulchella SALISB. Prodr. 326 (1796). C. fasciculata Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 262 (1803). Xamacrista triflora RAF. Sylv. Tellur. 127 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 148; Britt., #1] N. J. 90; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Chap., Fl. S. St. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Colo. 73; Coult., Fl. Tex. 92; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 206. North America: N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., Neb., Ark. and W. Tex. on the Rio Grande. Minn. valley: throughout; especially in prairie dis- tricts; sunny banks, roadsides and along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1213, New Ulm; Sheldon 812, Cotton- wood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 618, Wilton, Waseca Co. ; Kassube 59, Minneapolis; Oestlund 38, Minneapolis; Holzinger 63, Winona Co.; Sandberg 148, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 64, Winona Co. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 733 (1783) in part. Guilandina LINN. Gen. ed. V, 464 (1754) a part. 310 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 175; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 568; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 105; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 695. Living species: 2; North America, 1; E. China, 1. Fossil species: Tertiary of Europe (Saporta); 1 sp. Gymnocladus dioicus (Linn.) Kocu, Dendr. I, 5 (1869). Guilandina dioica LINN. Spec. 381 (1753). Gymnocladus canadensis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 733 (1783). Hyperanthera dioica VAHL, Symb. I, 31 (1790). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 148; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129: Upham, Fl]. Minn. 48; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 123, 512; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 44; Cov., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 222; Sarg., N. A. Silv. IIT, 69. Introduced sparingly in Russia. North America: S. Ont., W. N. Y. and Penn.; W. to S. Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., S. W. Ark.; S. to Tenn. and Ind. Terr. Minn. valley: Forest district, especially S. W. to Cot- tonwood valley and New Ulm. HERB.: Sheldon 778, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 655, Waseca; Sheldon 454, Madison Lake. BAPTISIA VENT. Dec. Gen. Nov. 9 (1808). Crotalopsis Micux. MSS. ex DC. Mem. Leg, 4 (1825). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 349; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I. 466; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 87. Living species: 14; North America; S. Sts., 14; Can- ada, 2; Hi. Sts:, 6. Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. Gen. I, 282 and add. (1818). Podalyria bracteata Munu. Cat. ed. 2, 42 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 126; Britt., Fl. N. J. 80; Webb., Fl]. Neb. 133: Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 112; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 204. North America: Mich. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Ark., Tex. and Ga,; adv. in N. J. and along Atl. coast. Minn. valley: S. edge and extending to N. E. district; absent in most districts; fields, pastures and meadows. HEeRB.: Juni 2, ‘‘Minnesota;” Holzinger 62. Winona Co. Baptisia leucantha T. and G. Fl. I, 385 (1838). Podalyria alba Stms, Bot. Mag. 1177 (1809). Baptisia alba Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 129 (1833) not BR. Br. (1810). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 126; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Chap., F]. S. St. 112; Upham, F]. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 128; Cov., Fl. Ark. 178; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 204. North America: Ont. to Ohio, S. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and La. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 311 Minn. valley: Reported as frequent; W. to Chippewa river, and especially N. EK. and E.; banks of streams. HERB.: Leonard 14, Washington P. O.; Sandberg 147, White Rock. Baptisia tinctoria (Linn.) R. Br. Ait. f. Hort. Kew. IIT, 6 (1811). , Sophora tinctoria LINN. Spec. 373 (1753). Podalyria tinctoria LAM. I]ll.-II, 471 (1793). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 125; Britt., Fl. N. J. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St., 111, Upham. Fl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 123, 512; Cov., Fl. Ark, 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 205. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla. ; W. to Minn., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from Dakota Co. and the vicinity of F't. Snelling; sandy soil and hillsides. HERB.: Manning 2, Lake City. FALCATA GMEL. Syst. 1131 (1791). Amphicarpaea DC. Prodr. II], 383 (1825). Amphicarpa Eu. Jour, Acad. Phil. I, 372 (1828). Cryptolobus SPRENG. Syst. III, 218 (1826) in part. Savia Rar. N. Y. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808) not W. Xypherus Rar. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 260 (1819). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 253; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 529; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 98; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 185. Living species: 7; North America, Japan and Hima- layas; N. America, 2; Canada, 1; S. Sts., 2; EH. Sts., 2. Faleata comosa (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 182 (1891). Glycine comosa LINN. Spec. 754 (1753). G. monoica LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1023 (1762). Anonymus caroliniensis WALT. FI. Car. 188 (1788). Glycine sarmentosa RorH, Catalect. II, 87 (1800. Amphicarpaea sarmentosa Nutr. Gen. II, 114 (1818). A. monoica Buu. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, 373 (1818). A. comosa Ripp. Syn. FI. W.S. 26 (1835). Phaseolus monoicus EAT. and Wr. Man. 353 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb., F]. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. S. St. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 123; Coy., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 188. A closely related species in China. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and riverbanks; common. HERB.: Sheldon 1562, Lake Benton; Taylor 233, Janes- ville; Taylor 333, Janesville; Sheldon 1052, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 312 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 944, Glenwood; Oestlund 36, Minneapolis; Oestlund 37, Henne- pin Co.; Sandberg 146,Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 66, Chippewa river near Montevideo. PHASEOLUS Linn. Gen. 573 (1787). Strophostyles Evi. Bot. Sk. Car. II, 229 (1824). Phasellus MoENCH, Meth. 240 (1794). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 240: Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 538; Durand, ~ Ind. Gen. Phan. 100; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 684. Living species: 150 described; 60 reduced. All temper- ate and tropical regions. Russian Europe, 1; North America, 15; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 4; W. Tex., 9; Canada, 1; Pl. Wheel., 2. Fossil species: Tertiary, old world, (Unger). Doubtful. Phaseolus pauciflorus BENTH. Comm, Legum. Gen. 76 (1837). Strophostyles pauciflorus S. WATSON, Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 145 (1890). Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Coult., Fl. Tex. 90! Coy. Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. North America: Ind. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Ark.; Miss. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported as frequent in forest district; shaded banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sandberg 145, Red Wing. Phaseolus angulosus (MUHL.) ORT. Nov. Pl. 24 (18107). ? P. helvolus LINN. Spec. 224 (1753) in part. Glycine angulosa Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1056 (1802). Phaseolus diversifolus PERS. Syn. II, 296 (1807). Strophostyles angulosa Evi. Sk. II, 229 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed., 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 90; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 129; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 90; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. North America: Q., Ont. to Mass. and N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn. Neb., Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. and New Ulm; sandy fields and shaded riverbanks. Hers.: Leiberg 17, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 143, Red Wing; Sandberg 144, Goodhue Co. Phaseolus polystachyos (Linn.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Dolichos polustachyos LINN. Spec. 726 (1753). Phaseolus perennis WALT. FI. Car. 182 (1788). P. paniculatus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 60 (1803). P. macrostachys Evi. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1, 324 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Chap., FI. S. St. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 250. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 313 North America: N. Eng. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E, district; Ft. Snell- ing; thickets and edges of woods; shady riverbanks. LATHYRUS Linn. Gen. 590 (1737). Clymenum Tourn. Inst. 218 (1700). Ochrus, Aphaca and Nissolia Tourn. 1. c. 396, 399, 656 (17U0). Orbus LINN. Gen. 591 (1737). Cicerella MoENCH, Meth. 63 (1794). Astrophia Nutr. T.andG. Fl. N. Am. I, 278 (1838). Platystylis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 239 (1829). Aneurus E. Mey. Preuss. Gatt. 258 (1839). Cicercula, Navidura, Lastila, Graphiosa ALEF. Bonplan- dia. 126-139 (1861). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 238; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 526; Durand, Ind Gen. Phan. 98; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 692. Living species: 200 described; 120 distinct; temper- ate northern hemisphere and S. America. Russia, 21; Hurope, 36; Russian Europe, 17; North America, 14; Mid. Calif., 10; S. Sts., 3; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 4; E. Sts., 6; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 5. ; Fossil species: Germany; Pliocene (Schenck). Doubt- ful. Lathyrus palustris Linn. Spec. 733 (1753). L. polymorphus GRAY, Ive’s Rep. 10 (1858?) in part. L. lanszwertii KELL. Proc. Cal. Acad. II, 150 (1863 . Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 112; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 45; Coult., Fl. Colo. 73; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 159: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 186; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 686; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 42; Coult., Fl. Tex. 87; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 102; Wats., King Exp. 78, 419; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 230. Europe; N. Asia; Siberia, Dahuria and China. North America: Labrador, N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col.; S. to Washington, Oregon, Los Angeles, Calif. and W. Tex.; from Mont. to N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district and to Pomme des ‘ Terres valley; moist woods, springs and bogs. HeERB.: Taylor 610, Minnesota lake; Ballard 42, Chaska; Oestlund 34, Hennepin Co.; ? Bailey 443, Long lake; ? Bailey 66, Vermilion lake; Kassube 58, Tuttle’s creek, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 140, Chisago Co.; Holzinger 61, Winona Co.; Herrick 82, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 65, Montevideo. Lathyrus palustris Linn. var. myrtifolius (MUHL.) GBAyY Pl. Fendl. 30 (1849). 314 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. L. myrtifolius Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1091 (1802). L. stipulaceus Torr. Cat. N. Y. 92 (1819). L. venosus var. D. T. and G. Fl. I, 274 (1838). L. polyphyllus Wats. King. Exp. 78 (1871). L. pubescens Port. FI. Colo. 32 (1874). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Coult., F |. Colo. 73; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 159; Chap., Fl. S. St. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Wats., Bibl. Ind.I, 230. _ North America: N. Br., Q. to Ont. and Minn.; S. to ~ N. Car.; further range like that of type. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; N. edge; swamps and damp woods. HERB.: Sandberg 141, Wyoming. Lathyrus glaucifolius Beck. Bot. 90 (1833). L. pisiformis Rich. Frankl. Journ. 17 (1823). L. ochroleucus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1833). L, albidus EAT. Man. (1836). Orobus ochroleucus A. BR. Ind. Sem. Berol. (1853). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 229. North America: Ottawa to Coast range of Brit. Col., and N. on Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and W. to Minn., Iowa and Man. Minn. valley: Throughout; hillsides and shores of lakes and streams. HERB.: Ballard 597, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 230, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 160, Madison Lake; Ballard 131, Chaska; Bailey 187, Vermilion lake; Kassube 57, Minne- apolis; Herrick 81, Minneapolis; Arthur 63, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 139, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 33, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Lathyrus venosus Munu. Willd. Spec. ITI, 1092 (1802). L. decaphyllus Hook. F 1). Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1833). Orobus venosus A. Br. Ind. Sem. Berol. (1853). Lathyrus ochroleucus ToRR. Wilkes Exp. 267 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Chap. | Fl. S. St. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo., 73; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 159; Up- ham, F]. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 121; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 231. North America: L. Superior reg. to Pac. and N. lat. 52°; Washington, N. Calif. and Saskatchewan to Penn. and N. J.; S. in mts. to Colo. and Kan.; S. to Minn.; S. to Ga. and Miss. in Appallachians. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1292, Lake Benton; Ballard 593, Pri- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 315 or’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 725, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 212, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 430, Janesville; Kas- sube 56, Minneapolis; Oestlund 33, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 80, Minneapolis; Bailey 186a, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 138, Can- non Falls; Herb. Moyer 64, Montevideo. APIOS MoencyH, Meth. 165 (1794). Cyrtotropis WALL. Pl. As. Rar. I, 49 (1830). kaillon, Hist. Pl. II, 249: Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 532; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 99. Living species: 3; N. America, China and Himalayas; 1 in each region. ; Fossil species: remains of the closely related Glycine Linn. distinguisned in Tertiary of Kumi ( Unger); see Schenck Palaeophyt. 684. Apios apios (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX, (1891). Glycine apios LINN. Spec. 753 (1758). Apios tuberosa MOENCH, Meth. 165 (1794). Phaseolus tuberosus EAT. and WR. Man. 354 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. S. St. 105; Upham, Fl. Minn. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 87; Cov., Fl. Ark. 177; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 189. North America: N. S.,-N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; low woodland and borders of thickets. ie HERB.: Oestlund 35, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 142, Red ing. VICIA Linn. Gen. 587 (1737). Ervum LINN. Gen. 588 (1737). Abacosa, Atossa, Cujunia, Endusa, Hypecusa, Parallosa, Selunia, Swantia, Tuamina, Wiggersia ALEF. Bonplandia and O. Bot. Zsrt. (1858). Coppolleria TopArR. PI. Sic, I, 14 (1845). Cracea RIVIN. T. 52 (1652). Troilia LINK, ex Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 198 (1870). Eryum and Faba Tourn. Inst. (1700). Orobella PREsL, Diss. (1832). Oxypogon Rar. ex Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 198 (1870). Vicilla ScHuR. ex Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 198 (1870). Vicioides Mor~NcH, Meth. 131 (1794). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 237; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 524; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 97; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 678. Living species: 200 described; 100-150 reduced; temperate northern hemisphere and South America; Russia, 316 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 45; Europe, 61; Russian Europe, 22; North America, 10-12; Mid. Calif., 6; Canada, 6; S. Sts., 7; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 3; W. Tex.,' 5; Pl. King., 1; Ph, Wheel, 1. Fossil species: Frvites, (Saporta) Tertiary of Aix. Lower Oligocene. Vicia americana Muuu. Willd. Spec. ITI, 1096 (1802). Orobus diffusus Nutt. Fras. Cat. (1813). Vicia sylvatica NuTT. Gen. II, 97 (1818). V. tridentata Scuw. Appx. Long. Exp. 116 (1825). ; V. sparsifolia and oregana Nutr. T. and G. FI. I, 270 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo. 72; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 157; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 121,512; Greene, Fl. Fran. 3; Wats., King Exp. 78; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 162 in var.; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind: 1, 267. North America: N. Br., Niagara river, N. of Lake Superior, Brit. Col. to Pac. and Alaska; S. to Washington, Oregon, Calif. and N. Mexico; E. to Minn., Ark., Kan., Neb., Ind.,:N. Y. and. N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley; moist woods and banks. HERB.: Ballard 780, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard — 472, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 631, Chaska, Carver Co.; Ballard 363, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 215, Jordan, Scott Co.; . Ballard 109, Carver; Ballard 690, Waconia; Taylor 676, Minne- sota lake; Taylor 270, Janesville; Taylor 69, Elysian; Sheldon 150, Madison Lake; Holzinger 59, Winona Co.; Holzinger 60, Winona; Herrick 79, Minneapolis; Hammond 14, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1899, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 63, Black Oak lake, Chippewa Co. Vicia caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 182 (1788). V. parviflora Micux. FI). N. Am. II, 60 (1803). Oraccea caroliniana ALEF. Bonplandia 1X, 124 (1861). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 148; Britt. Fl. N. J. 88; Chap., Fl. S. St. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120, 512; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 268. . North America: Ont. to N. Y. and N. J.;S. to Ga.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district and probably to Blue Earth Co.; edges of woods and river banks. Hers.; ?Kassube 55, Minnehaha; Herb. Sheld. 1898, Minneapolis. Vicia cracea LINN. Spec. 735 (1753). Ervum cracca TrRavuty. FI. Sib. 46 Act. Hort. Petr. V, 1, (1877). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 317 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 143; Britt., Fl. N. J. 88; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120; Forbes and ‘Hems., Fl. Sin. 184; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 674; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, FI. Kur. 225; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 42; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 268: Hart., FI. Scand. I, 299. Arctic Europe; N. and W. Asia; China; N. Africa; Kurile Isls. North America: Newf. and Greenland; N. S., N. Br., Ont. to N. J.; W. to Minn., lowa and Ky. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and H. edge; rare; edges of woods. LESPEDEZA Micux. F'1. Bor.-Am. II, 70 (1803). Oxyramphis WALL. Cat. 5348 (1828). Campylotropis BuNGE, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, VI, 57 (1836). Philebesporium JuNGH. Reise 346, Flora, 508 (1847). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 318; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 524; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 97. Living species: 85+; N. America, temperate Asia and tropical Australian, mts. Russia, 3; North America, 8-10; E. Sis; 8; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; W. Tex, 2. Lespedeza leptostachya ENGELM. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 57 (1876). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 142, Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 232. North America: Ills., lowa and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. edge; no Minn. speci- mens seen. Lespedeza frutescens (Wi1LLD.) Exu. Sk. IT, 206 (1824). ? Hedysarum umbellatum WALT. Fl. Car. 184 (1788). H., frutescens W1LLD. Spec. III, 1193 (1802). Lespedeza capitata Micux. FI. Am. IT, 71 (1803). L. fruticosa Pers. Syn. II], 318 (1807). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Britt., Fl. N. J. 87; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 120, 511; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bib!. Ind. I, 2382. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J., Fla., Miss. and La.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm and Dak. line; dry and sandy places and shores of lakes. HERB.: Taylor 585, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1203, New Ulm; Sheldon 1501, Lake Benton; Sandberg 137, Cannon Falls. Lespedeza hirta (Linn.) Exu. Sk. II, 207 (1824). Hedysarum hirtum LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). L. polystacha Micux. Fl. Am. II, 71 (1803). Hallia hirta Porr. Suppl. ITI, 3 (1813). 318 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 141; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Upham, F]. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind. {, 232. North America: Ont. to Mass., N. J., Fla. and Miss ; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. and S. central districts; wooded hillsides and sunny banks. Lespedeza reticulata (MUHL.) Pers. Syn. II, 318 (1807). Hedysurum violaceum Linn. Spec. 749 (1753) in part. H, reticulatum Muunu. Willd.-Spec. III, 1194 (1802). Lespedeza sessilifora Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 70 (1803) in part. L. violacea var. sessiliflora DON, Mill. II, 307 (1832). ?L. stuvei var. intermedia S. WATS. Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 141 (1890) in part. Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Mac., Fl, Can. I, 119, 511; Coult. Fl. Tex. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: Ont. and Mass. to Ill., Kan. and Tex?; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. central district; dry woods and edges of thickets. Lespedeza reticulata (MUHL.) PERS. var. virginica (LINN.). Medicago virginica LINN. Spec. 778 (1753). Hedysarum junceum WALT. Fl. Car. 185 (1788). H, reticulatum Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1194 (1802) in part. Lespedeza sessiliflora MicuHx. FI]. Am. II, 70 (1803) in part. Hallia juncea Potr. Suppl. III, 3, (1813). Lespedeza frutescens DC. Prodr. II, 349 (1825). L. angustifolia Hoox. Bot. Mag. I, 23 (1835). L. violacea var. angustifolia MAXIM. Syn. 366 (1837 ?). L. reticulata Wats. and CouLt. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 141 (1890) in part. Britt., Fl, N. J. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Chap., Fl. S. St. 101; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119?; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: Mass. to Minn.; S. to Fla. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. and 8S. central districts; dry woods and thickets. Lespedeza violacea (LiInN.) PERS. Syn. IT, 318 (1807). Hedysarum violaceum LINN. Spec. 749 (1753) in part. H. frutescens LINN. Spec. 749 (1753). Aeschynomene frutescens Porn. Enc. Meth. IV, 451 (1797). Lespedeza divergens PursH, Fl. Am. 481 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 46; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 100; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 233. North America: N. Eng. and N. J. to Fla., Miss. and La.; W. to Minn Kan. and Ark. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 319 Minn. valley: Reported from S. central districts; thickets and copses. Lespedeza repens (LINN.) Bart. Prodr. Fl. Phil. II, 77 (1815). Hedysarum repens LINN. Spec. 749 (1753). H. prostratum Muuu. Willd. Spec. III, 1200 (1802). Lespedeza procumbens Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 70 (1803). Hedysarum lespedeza Porr. Enc. Meth. VI, 415 (1804). Lespedeza prostrata PuRsH, Fl. Am. 481 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 141; Britt., Fl. N. J. 86; Upham, Fl. Minn, 46; Chap. Fl. S. St. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Coult., Fl. Tex. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176: Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 232. North America: Ont., N. Y. and N. Eng. toN. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn, Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. district; no Minn. specimens seen; sandy banks and roadsides. PLEUROLOBUS Sv. Hiv. ex Kuntze, (1812). Desmodium DrEsvx. ex Kuntze, (1813). Dendrolobium BENTH. PI. Jungh. I, 215 (1855). Phyllodium DeEsvx. Journ. Bot. I, 123 (1813). Dicerma DC. Mem. Leg. 326 (1825) p. p. Pteroloma BENTH. PI. Jungh. I, 219 (1855). Catenaria BENTH. Jungh. I, 220 (1855). Ototropis NEEs, Vrat. Sem. (1838). Dollinera ENDL. Gen. 1285 (1840). Cyclomorium WALP. Rep. II, 890 (1843). Nicolsonia DC. Mem. Leg. 311 (1825). Perrottetia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, 1V, 95 (1824). Sagotia Wap. Linn. XXIII, 737 (1849). Oxydium BENN. PI. Jav. 156 (1838). Codariocalyx Hassk. B b. Flora II, 48 (1842). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 313; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I,519; Durand, Ind, Gen. Phan. 96; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 195. Living species: 155+; N. and S. America; Africa; warmer Asia and Australasia. North America, 35; Canada, 10; E. Sts., 20; S. Sts., 20; Pl. Wheel., 6. Pleurolobus canadensis (LINN. ). Hedysarum canadense LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). H. scabrum MoENcCH, Meth. 118 (1794). Desmodium canadense DC. Prodr. II, 328 (1825). Meibomia canadensis OK. Rev. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 85; Webb., Fl, Neb. 130; Chap., F1. S. St. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Neb. 320 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout, forest districts and banks of streams; rare W. of Chippewa valley; dry woods and thick- ets. HERB.: Taylor 555, Minnesota lake; Ballard 533, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 646, Waseca; Ballard 647, Chaska; Sheldon 1116, Springfield; Taylor 767, Glenwood; Bal- lard 787, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 768, Glenwood; Shel- - don 1321, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1110, New Ulm; Ballard 459, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 722, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 772, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 32, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 136, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 78, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 62, Monte- video. Pleurolobus paniculatus (Liny.). Hedysarum paniculatum LINN. Spec. 748 (1753). Desmodium paniculatum DC. Prodr. II, 329 (1825). Meibomia paniculata OK. Rey. Gen. I, 198 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 140; Britt., Fl. N. J. 85; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 119; Coult., Fl. Tex. 85; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 217. North America: Ont, N. Eng., N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. E. districts and Ft. Snelling; thick- ets and edges of forests; rare. HERB.: Holzinger 58, Winona Co. Pleurolobus dillenii (DARL.). Desmodium dillenti DARL. Fl. Cestr. 414 (1827). Hedysarum marylandicum WILLD. Spec. III, 1189 (1802) not Linn. Desmodium marylandicum DC. Prodr. II, 328 (1825). D. boottiti Torr. Curt. Enum. Wilm. (1834), Meibomia dillenti OK. Rey. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Britt., Fl. N. J.85; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 103; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 216. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. edge of valley and infrequent; forest openings and edges of thickets. HERB.: ? Kassube 54, Minneapolis. Pleurolobus canescens (LINN.). Hedysarum canescens LINN. Spec. 748 (1753) part. H, viridiflorum WiLup. Spec. 111, 1192 (1802). H. scaberrimum Evu. Sk. II, 217 (1824). Desmodium canescens DC, Prodr. II, 328 (1825). D, viridiflorum DC. Prodr. IT, 329 (1825) exel. syn. D. aikinianum BecK, Bot. 84 (1833). - LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 321 Hedysarum aikinii EATON, Man. ed. VII, 325 (1836). Meibomia canescens OK. Rev. Gen. I, 195 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 139; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Chap., Fl. 5. St., 102; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; II, 317; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. North America: Ont. to Mass. and Vt.; S. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Nicollet Co. and New Ulm; infrequent; rich woods and damp edges of meadows. HERB.: Ballard 696, Waconia; Ballard 554, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 135, Cannon Falls. Pleurolobus grandiflorus (WaLT.). ; Hedysarum grandiflorum WALT. FI. Car. 185 (1788). H glutinosum WILLD. Spec. ITI, 1198 (1802). H. ucumunatum Micux. FI. Am. II, 72 (1803). Desmodium acuminatum DC. Prodr. II, 329 (1825). D. grandiflorum DC. Prodr. IT, 338 (1825). Meibomia grandiflora OK. Rey. Gen. I, 196 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 139; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 215. Nerth America:.. Q., Ont., No enol ON J: to Pla; Miss. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and banks of streams to Chippewa valley; moist woods and near lakes. HERB.: Ballard 770, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 74, Chaska; Ballard 685, Waconia; Taylor 807, Glenwood; Tay- lor 611, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 889, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 393, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 595, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 686, Waconia; Ballard 352, Heleua, Scott Co.; Ballard 473, Pri- or’s lake, Scott Co; Leonard 13, Spring Valley; Herrick 77, Minneapolis; Oestlund 31, Hennepin Co., Sandberg 134, Cannon Halls; Herb. Sheld. 1747, Minneapolis. Pleurolobus nudiflorus (Linn.). Hedysarum nudiflorum LINN. Spec. 749 (1753). Desmodium nudiflorum DC. Prodr. II, 330 (1825). Meibomia nudiflora OK. Rev. Gen. I, 197 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 138; Britt., Fl. N. J. 84; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Chap., F1.S. St. 102; Mac, Fl. Can. I, 118; Cov., Fl. Ark. 176; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 217. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; dry banks and woods. Sas! 322 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. GLYCYRRHIZA Linn. Gen. Corr. 973 (1787). Liquiritia MoENCH, Meth. 152 (1794). Clidanthera R. Br. App. Sturt. Exp. 10 (18207) Meristotrophis F. and M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. IX, 25 (1842). Glycyrrhizopsis Boiss. Diagn. Or. Ser. 2, V, 82 (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 282; Benth. and Hook., Gen. P/. 1, 508; Durand, Ind, Gen. Phan. 95; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 12; temperate and subtropical Asia; - Mediterranean region; W. N. and S. America; Australia. Rus- sia, 5; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 2; E. Sts., 1; Calif., 1; centers around the Mediterranean. Fossil species: 1-2; Europe, Tertiary (Heer, Unger). Glyeyrrhiza lepidota (NuTT.) Pursu, Fl. Am. 480 (1814). Liquiritia lepidota Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). Glycyrrhiza glabra ToRR. Em. Rep. 408 (1858). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 137; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Upham, Fl. Minn. 45; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 84; Wats., King Exp. 78; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 98; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 222. North America: Lake Erie reg. of Can. to Saskatch- ewan, Assiniboia and Rockies; N. to Hudson Bay; S. to Wash- ington, Calif. and Neb.; in mts. to N. Mexico; EH. to Tex., Colo., Neb., Iowa, Mo., Ark. and Minn. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- tricts; sandy shores of lakes and high prairies. HERB.: Taylor 684, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1272, Lake Benton; Sheldon 773, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1120, Glenwood; Taylor 775, Glenwood; Sheldon 1453, Pipestone City; Herrick 76, Minneapolis; Kassube 53, Minneapolis; fierb. Moyer 60, Montevideo. SPIESIA Neck. Elem. 1311 (1790). Oxytropis DC. Astrag. 24, 66 (1802). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 281; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 507; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 95; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1, 205. Living species: 200+; Europe; Asia; North America; mountainous and colder regions. Russia, 75; Europe, 12; Rus- sian Europe, 11; North America, 14; Canada, 12-138; Rocky mts., 11-12; E. Sts., 3; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 5; W. Tex., 7 Spiesia splendens (DouGL.) O. Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. I, 207 (1891). Oxytropis splendens Doueu. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 147 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 1387; Coult., Fl. Colo. 70; Upham, F]. Minn. 45; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 116, 510; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 97; Wats., King Exp. 447; Wats., Bibl. Ind.I, 246. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. oLo North America; Red valley to N. W. T. and 51° N. lat.; Saskatchewan and W. Minn. to Rocky mts. and N. Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from Chippewa river and Glenwood; W. to Dakota line; high bluffs and prairies. Spiesia lamberti (PURSH) O. KunTze, Rev. Gen. PI. I, 207 (1891). Oxytropis lamberti PursH, Fl. Am 740 (1814). Astragalus lamberti Porn. Suppl. V, 564 (1817). Oxytropis hookeriana Nutr. T. and G. Fl. I, 340 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 137; Webb., Fl. Neb. 130; Coult., Fl. Colo, 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 116; Coult., Fl. Tex. 84: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 42, 97; Wats., King Exp. 447; Wats., Bibl. Ind. [, 245. North America: Red valley and N. W. T. to Alaska; Saskatchewan, Minn., N. Mex. and Tex.; W. to Rocky mts. Minn. valley: Prairie district, E. to New Ulm; high, bare bluffs and prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 1337, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1389, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 832. Glenwood; Taylor 873, Glen- wood; Roberts 25, Hancock; Leiberg 16, Rock Co.; Herb. Wick- ersheim 32, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ASTRAGALUS Linn. Gen. 570 (1787). Phaca LINN. Gen. Corr. 972 (1737). Homolobus and Kentrophyta Nutr. T. and G. Fl. N. Am. I, 350, 353 (1838). Dipletheca Hocust, Flora 595 (1846). Aulosema WALP. Rep. I, 694 (1842). Podolotus Royse, I1]. Him. 198 (1839). Tragacantha Tourn. Inst. 417 (1700). Erophaea Botss. Voy. Bot. 176 (1839). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 280; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 506; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 94; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 210. Living species: 1300 described; 900+ distinct. Cen- ter in Russian Asia, Himalayas and the Orient; Europe, North and South America, S. KH. Africa (1 sp.); wanting in Australia and Cape of Good Hope region. Especially in northern hemi- sphere; Russia, 175; Europe, 125; Russian Europe, 52; North America, 150+; Mid. Calif., 86; W. Tex., 19; all Calif., 50+; Canada, 42; E. Sts., 16; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 66; Pl. King, 40; Pl. Wheel., 30. Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 152 (18383). Phaca lotiflora T.and G. FI. I, 349 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 136; Wats., King Exp. 439; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 36; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 196; Webb., Fl. Neb 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 63; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 112. 324 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Minn., Dak., Wyoming, Neb., Kan., Ind. Terr. and Tex. Minn. valley: Local near mouth of Chippewa; high plains or knolls. HERB.: Moyer 257, Montevideo; Herb. Moyer 258, Montevideo. Astragalus flexuosus DoucLt. Hook. Fl. N. Am. I. 140 © (1838). Phaca flexuosa Hook. FI. N. Am. I, 140 (1833). P. elongata Hook. 1. c. (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 113; Wats., King Exp. 443; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 1983; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 67. North America: Saskatchewan, Brit. Col., N. W. T., Assiniboia and lat. 50°N. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Wyoming. Minn. valley: Local near mouth of Chippewa; proba- bly rare along W. edge; prairies. HERB.: Moyer 254, Montevideo; Herb. Moyer. 255, Montevideo. Astragalus hypoglottis Linn. Mant. II, 274 (1771). A, agrestis DouGL. Hook. FI1.? (1833). A. goniatus Nutr. T.andG. FI. I, 330 (1838). Phaca hypoglottis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 135; Wats., King Exp. 68, 436; Roth., Fl. Alask. 445; Wats., Bibl. Ind..I, 195; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 602; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 111; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Coult., Fl. Colo. 61. Siberia and Kamtschatka. North America: Hudson Bay and Alaska to S. Colo. . and Neb. Minn. valley: Chippewa valley, Glenwood to Monte- video and probably along W. edge; prairies. Hers.: Taylor 743, Glenwood; Moyer 252, Monte- video; Herb. Moyer 253, Montevideo. Astragalus adsurgens PALL. Astrag. 40 (1800). A. larmanni Nutr. Gen. II, 99 (1818). A. striatus Nutr. in T. and G. FI. I, 330 (1838). Wats. and Coult,, Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 135; Upham, F1]. Minn. 44; Webb., ’ Fl. Neb. 131; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 603; Wats., King. Exp. 68, 439; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 36; Coult., Fl. Colo. 61. Siberia and Kamtschatka. North America: Nelson river, lat. 56° N., Saskatche- wan and Assiniboia to Minn., Neb., Brit. Colo. arid Oregon. Minn. valley: W. districts and E. to Chippewa valley; prairies and dry sunny banks. EE LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 325 HERB.: Taylor 872, Glenwood; Sheldon 1381, Lake Benton; Taylor 743, Glenwood; Moyer 1, Montevideo; ?Moyer 2, Montevideo; Holzinger 298, Hancock. Astragalus parviflorus (PURSH). Dalea parviflorus PursH, Fl. Am. 474 (1814). Psoralea parviflora Porn. Suppl. IV, 590 (1816). Astragalus gracilis Nutr. Gen. II, 100 (1818). Phaca parvifora Nutr. T. and G. Fl: I, 348 (1838). P. gracilis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 136; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 62; Upham, Fl. Minn. 44; Wats., King Exp. 438; Roth., Wheel Exp. 94; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 194. North America: Colo. to Neb., Mo. and Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from the 8S. W. district; prairies. : Astragalus canadensis Linn. Spec. 757 (1753). A. carolinianus LINN. Spec. 757 (1758). Phaca canadensis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed.135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 61; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, Fl Minn. 48; Chap., Fl. S. St. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110, 507; Wats., King Exp. 67, 68, 436; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 191. North America, Q., Ont., Hudson Bay and Rocky mts. to N. Y., Ga. and Fla.; W. to headwaters of the Columbia river and the Saskatchewan; S. in mts. to Gt. Basin region; through Colo., Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and sandy prairies. HeRB.: Taylor 685, Minnesota lake; Taylor 751, Min- nesota lake; Ballard 488, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1587, Lake Benton; Zaylor 912, Glenwood; Ballard 767, Waconia; Kassube 52, Minneapolis; Herrick 75, Minneapolis; Sandberg 133, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 56, Winona Co.; Holzinger 57, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1746, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 59, Monte- video; Pomeroy 2, Hennepin Co.; Holtz 15, Hennepin Co. Astragalus plattensis Nutr. TT. and G. Fl. I, 332 (18388). A, mexicanus GRAY, Pl. LINDH. 176 (1845). A. tennesseensis GRAY, Chap. FI. 8. St. 98 (1860). A. plattensis var. tennesseensisGRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. V1,1938 (1863). Phaca plattensis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 60; Chap., Fl. S. St. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 82; Wats., King. Exp. 435; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 199. North America: Minn. and Dak. to Colo., Neb., Ill., Alab. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. district; prairies. 326 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Astragalus caryocarpus Ker. Bot. Reg. II, 176 (1816). A. crassicarpus NuTT. Fras. Cat. (1813). A. carnosus PuRSH, Fl. Am. 740 (1814). A. succulentus RicH. Frankl. Journ. 18 (1823). A. pachycarpus T. and G. FI. I, 332 (1838). Phaca caryocarpa MAcM. MSS. (1891). Wats., and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 60; Webb., Fl. Neb. 131; Upham, FI. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. . 82; Wats., King Exp. 435; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 191. North America: Saskatchewan valley to S. W. Tex.; from Colo. to Minn., Neb. and Iowa; prairies. Minn. valley: Throughout, prairies and forest open- ings. HERB.: Ballard 341, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1608, Minneapolis: Kassube 51, Minneapolis; Ankeny 1, Minneapolis; Sandberg 132, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1897, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 31, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 58, Monte- video; Clark 1, Hennepin Co.; Seward 1, Hennepin Co.; Pome- roy 1, Hennepin Co.; Cross 1, Hennepin Co. AMORPHA Linn. Gen. 604 (1737). Bonafidia NEcK. Elem. 1364 (1790). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 287; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I. 492; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 8; North America especially in south- west. 1sp. introd. in Russia. Canada, 3; W. Tex., 3; Mid. Calif., 2; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel., 2. Fossil species: European Tertiary 1, doubtful ( Unger). Amorpha canescens Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn 43; Chap., Fl. S. St., 94; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 108, 506; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 187. North America: Man. and Red river reg. to 60° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Coio., Ark. and Tex. E. to Ind. and Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies and higher levels; especially abundant in prairie district. HerB.: Taylor 686, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 531, Wa- seca; Sheldon 670, Waseca; Taylor 758, Glenwood; Ballard 256, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 590, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1103, Springfield; Winchell 4, Minneapolis; Kassube 50, Minneapolis; Holzinger 55, Winona Co.; Oestliund 30, Minneapolis; Herrick, 74, Minneapolis; Leonard 12, Minneapolis; Sandberg 130, Good- hue Co.; Sheldon 783, Sleepy Eye; Herb, Sheld. 1651, Minne- apolis; Herb. Moyer 57, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 327 Amorpha microphylla Pursu, Fl. Am. 466 (1814). A. nana Nutr. Gen. II, 91 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Upham, F). Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109, 506; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 188. North America: Assiniboia and Man. to lat. 50° N. on Red river; S. to Minn., Iowa and Rocky mts. Apparently ab- sent or rare in Nebraska where it should be expected. Minn. valley: Blue Earth Co. and W.; entire prairie district; particularly abundant in Chippewa and Cottonwood valleys; dry prairies and forest openings. HERB.: Sheldon 951, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1085, Springfield; Herb. Moyer 61, Montevideo; MacM. and Sheld. 120, Brainerd. Amorpha fruticosa Linn. Spec. 718 (17538). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 132, Britt., Fl. N. J. 82; Webb., F]. Neb. 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Chap., FI. 8S. St. 93; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 44; Coult., Fl. Tex. 76; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 187. Introduced in European Russia. North America: Man. to the Selkirks and N. on Red river to Hudson Bay; S. to Colo., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; E. to Penn., N. J., Fla. and Miss. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and lakes. HeERB.: Tuylor 36, Elysian; Ballard 20, Chaska; Shel- don 58, Elysian; Kassube 49, Minneapolis; Sandberg 129, Can- non Falls; Sheldon 1450, Pipestone; Sheldon 1273, Lake Benton; Sheldon 220, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 30, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 56, Montevideo. Mr. E. P. Sheldon finds that the sectional division of Amorpha, on the basis of the number of seeds in the pod, given by Watson and Coulter does not hold good for Minn. valley specimens of A. fruticosa which are very frequently only one- seeded. CRACCA Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 189 (1747). Tephrosia Pers. Syn. II, 328 (1807). Brissonia Neck. Elem. 1348-(1790). Rienera MoENcH, Suppl. 44 (1802). Xiphocarpus PRESL, Symb. I, 13 (1832). Kiesera REINw. Syll. Ratisb. II, 11 (1823?). Requienia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, [V. 91 (1824). Apodynomene E. Mey. Comm. Pl. Afr. 111 (1887). Pogonostigma Botss. Diagn. Or. II, 39 (1843). Catacline EpGrew. Journ. Beng. Soc. XVI, 1214 (1847). 328 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Balboa LiEpM. Vid. Medd. 106 (1856.) Macronyx DAuz. Hook. Journ. Bot. II, 35 (1835). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 264; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 496; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 93; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1, 173; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 680. Living species: 125+; tropical and subtropical regions. Centers in S. Africa and Australia. North America, 11-18; S. Sts., 8; Canada, '2: HE. Sts.,.3; Pi) Wheel, 4; W: Tex, 1) Fossil species: 1; Oeningen, Tertiary (Heer). Cracca virginiana (Linn.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 173 (1891). Galega virginiana LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1062 (1762). Tephrosia virginiana PERS. Syn. II, 329 (1807). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 133; Britt., Fl. N. J. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 507; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 260. North America: S. Ont. to Minn. and N. J.; S. to Fla., Miss. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. EH. edge; no Minne- sota plants seen. KUHNISTERA Lam. Enc. Meth. III, 370 (1789). Petalostemon Micux. F!. Bor.-Am. II, 48 (1803). (Kuhnia) WALT. FI. Car. (1788). Cylipogon Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 97 (1819) part. Gatesia BERTOL. Misc. VII, 30 (1846). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 286; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 493; Du_ rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 192. Living species: 25+; North America and N. Mexico; S. Sts., 9; W. Tex., 8; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 4; Pl. Wheel., 2. Kuhnistera villosa (NuTT.) O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. Pl. I, 192 (1891). Petalostemon villosus Nutr. Gen. II, 85 (1818). Dalea villosa SPRENG. Syst. III, 326 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 59; Webb., F). Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 248. North America: Upper Missouri valley to Neb ; Up- per Mississippi to Wisc., Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: E. districts to Chippewa valley and Lac Que Parle Co.; more abundant in N. HE. and S. E.; dry plains. | HeERB.: Sheldon 1602, Minneapolis; Herrick 73, Minneapolis; Sandberg 128, Cannon Falls. Kuhnistera candida (WILLD.) O. KUNTZE, Rey. Gen. PI. I, 192 (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUING PLANTS. 329 Dalea candida WiLLD. Spec. III, 1337 (1802. Petalostemon candidus Micux. Fl. Am. II, 49 (1803). Psoralea candida Potr. Enc. Meth. V, 694 (1804). Petalostemon virgatum NEES, Pl. Neuwied 6 (1845?). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 43; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 79; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 247. North America: With K. purpurea (Vent.). Minn. valley: Throughout; dry prairies and forest openings and meadows. HERB.: Ballard 633, Chaska; Sheldon 1327, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1128, Springfield; Sheldon 738 Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 770, Glenwood; Uestlund 29, Minneapolis; Holzinger 54, Winona Co.; Leonard 11, Minneapolis; Kassube 48, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 55, Montevideo. Kuhnistera purpurea (VENT.). Dalea purpurea VENT. Hort. Cels. 40 (1800). D. violacea WILLD. Spec. IIT, 1337 (1802). Petalostemon violaceus Micux. Fl. Am. IT, 50 (1803). Psoralea purpurea Potr. Enc. Meth. V, 694 (1804). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, F]. Minn. 42; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 109; and 507 in var.; Coult., Fl. Tex. 79; Cov., Fl. Ark. 175; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 249. North America: Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to Tex.; W. to Colo. and E. to Indiana; prairies. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry prairies and forest openings and meadows. HERB.: Taylor 688, Minnesota lake; Taylor 835, Glen- wood; Taylor 183, Janesville; Sheldon 1127, Springfield; Shel- don 694, Waseca; Sheldon 972, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 559, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 1372, Lake Benton—(a low form with globose heads)—; Herrick 72, Minneapolis; Leonard 10, Minneapolis; Holzinger 53, Winona Co ; Winchell 3, Minneapolis; Kassube 47, Minneapolis; Sandberg 127, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 54, Montevideo. , DALEA Linn. Gen. Appx. (1737). Cylipogon RAF. ex Endl. Gen. 6523 (1840). Parosella CAy. LElench. Hort. Matr. (1801). Trichopodium Presi, Bot. Bem. 52 (1844). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 285; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 493; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92. Living species: 110+; N., C. and S. America; espe- cially in the tropics; Mexico and C. Amer. 50+; S. America, 12-16; N. America, 40+; W. Tex., 18; California, 11-15; Rocky mts. ¢; 5. Sts:, 2; EH. Sts., 4; Pl. King., 5; Pl. Wheel., 6 330 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Dalea dalea (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX (1891). Psoralea dalea LINN. Spec. 764 (1753). Dalea alopecuroides and cliffortiana W1LLp. Spec. IIT, 1336 (1803). D. linnaeit Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 57 (1803). Psoralea alopecuroides Porn. Enc. Meth. V, 695 (1804). Petalostemon alopecuroides Pers. Syn. II, 268 (1807). Dalea pedunculata PursH, Fl. Am. 474 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Webb.,. Fl. Neb. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 58; Chap., Fl. S. St. 93; Fl. Tex. 77; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 211. North America: Minn. and Dak. to IIl., Neb., Ark., Ala. and Tex.; W. to Rocky mts. from Mont. to S. Arizona and Pecos river valley. Minn. valley: Minnesota lake, westward to Dak. line; rich soil along streams. HerB.: Sheldon 1455, Lake Benton; Taylor 714, Min- sota lake. PSORALEA Linn. Gen. ed. II, 716 (1742). Rhynecodium Prest, Bot. Bem. 54 (1844). Meladenia Turcz. Bull. Mosc. I, 576 (1848). Dorynchium MoencH, Meth. 253 (1794). Ruteria MOENCH, 1. c. (1794). Poikadenia Euu. Sk. II, 198 (1824). Bipontinia ALEF. Jahresb. Pollich. (1866). Munobya Pome., ex Durand, Ind. Phan. (1888). Lotodes Srecess. F |. Petrop. 66 (1736). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 284; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I. 491; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92. Living species: 100+; 40, S. Africa; 30, N. America; 11, Australia; 6, S. America; 10, trop. and temp. Europe, Asia and N. Africa. (B. and H.); W. Tex., 8; Calif., 6-7; E. Sts., 10; Rocky mts. 8; S. Sts., 7; Pl. King., 1; Pl. Wheel., 2; Can- ada, 4; mid. Calif. 5. Psoralea tenuiflora PursH, Fl. Am. 475 (1814). P. floribunda Norr. T. and G. Fl. I, 300, 688 (1838). Lotodes tenuiflora OK. Gen, I, (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Upham, Fl. Mian. 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 56; Fl. Tex. 75; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 98; Cov., F]. Ark. 174; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 254. North America: Upper Missouri valley to Tex. and Arizona; E. to Minn., Neb., Iowa, Kan., Ark, and III. Minn. valley: Reported from prairies of Cottonwood Co. and along the Watonwan valley; hillsides and dry praries. Psoralea esculenta Pursu, Fl. Am. 475 (1814). P. brachiata Dovet. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., I, 137 (1838). Lotodes esculenta OK. Rey. Gen. I, (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. dat Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Coult., Fl. Colo. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 108; Coult., Fl. Tex. 75; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 253. North America: Saskatchewan valley to Brazos and Rio Grande valleys; plains E. of Rocky mts. Minn. valley; W. and S. W. districts; E. to Chippewa valley and New Ulm; high prairies and hillsides. . HERB.: Sheldon 1365, Lake Benton; Wickersheim 1, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Holzinger 52, Cottonwood Co.; Leiberg 15, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 29, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 53, Montevideo. Psoralea incana Nutt. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. argophylla PursH, Fl. Am. 475 (1814). Lotodes ergophylla OK. Rev. Gen. I, (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 42; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Coult., Fl. Colo. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 108; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 252. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts. of Brit. Col.; S. to Wisc., Minn., Neb, Kan. and Colo.; W. to Mont. and Wyoming. Minn. valley: Throughout, at higher levels; dry prai- ries and hillsides; openings in forests. HERB.: Ballard 195, Jordan, Scott .Co.; Ballard 564, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 360, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1114, Springfield; Sheldon 525, Waseca; Sheldon 712, Sleepy Kye; Taylor 379, Janesville; Tay/or 584, Minnesota lake; Taylor 878, Glenwood; Taylor 778, Glenwood; Sandberg 126, Cannon Falls; Kassube 55, Minneapolis; Leonard 9, Spring Valley; Her- rick 71, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1741, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 52, Minnesota valley near Montevideo. LOTUS Linn. Gen. 600 (1737). Tetragonolobus Scor. Fl. Carn. II, 87 (1772). Lotea Wess. Phyt. Car. II, 80 (1842). Anisolotus BERNH. Ind. Sem. Erfurth (1837). Pedrosia Lowk, Hook. Journ. VIII, 292 (1847). Heineckenia Wess. LExs. Car. B. and H. 1. c. (1843?) Hosackia DouGu. Benth. Bot. Reg. 1257 (——). Syrmatium Voe. Linn. X, 590 (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 289, 291; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 490, 491; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 92. Living species: 200 described; 100 reduced; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. and S. America; Australia. N. America, 26— 32; middle Calif., 31; W. Tex., 2; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 2; Beets., 1; 8. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel.,7: 332 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. “ Lotus americanus (NuTt.) BiscH. Hort. Heid. (1839). LL, sericeusPuRSH, Fl. Am. 489 (1814) not DC. Trigonella americana Nutr. Gen. IT, 120 (1818). Hosackia unifoliolata Hook. FJ. Bor.-Am. I, 135 (1833). Acmispon sericeum RAF. N. FI. I, 53 (1836). Hosackia pilosa Nutt. T. and G. Fl. I, 327, 692 (1838). H. purshiana BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1256 ( ). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 131; Webb., Fl. Neb. 132; Upham,- F]. Minn, 42; Coult. Fl. Colo. 56; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 91; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 108; II, 316; Coult., Fl. Tex. 75; Greene, Fl. Fran. 16; Roth., Wheel Exp. 43, 92, 359: Wats., King Exp. 63, 434; Cov., Fl. Ark. 174; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 226. North America: Brit. Col. and Vancouver to Man.; S. to Washington, Calif., N. Mex. and Mexico; E. to Mont., Dak., Minn., Neb., Ark. and N. Car. (local). Minn. valley: Far W., and E. to Redwood Co. and the Chippewa river; dry prairies, gravelly shores and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1439, Dakota line near Elkton; Herb. Menzel 12, Pipestone City. LUPINUS Linn. Gen. 586 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. I], 334; Benth. and Hook., Gen, Pl. I, 480; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 90. Living species: 100+ described; to be considerably reduced. North America, especially westward, to Bolivia and Brazil; a few around the Mediterranean and in tropical Africa. Russia, 3; Europe, 18; North America, 54-60; California, 50+; — Canada 16-18 (Brit. Col. especially); Rocky mts., 138-15; Pl. King, 22; Pl. Wheel., 21; W. Tex., 2; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts. 3. Lupinus perennis LINN. Spec. 721 (1753). L. perennis var. occidentalis WATS. Rey. Lup. 526 (1875). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 128; Britt., Fl. N. J. 80; Upham, Fl. Mion. 41; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 89; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 102, 505; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 240. North America: Toronto to L. Huron reg.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Miss. Minn. valley: N. E. district and perhaps along N. edge; Ft. Snelling to Litchfield; dry or sandy places. HeEeRB.: Sandberg 124, Marine Mills; Holzinger 50, Winona Co.; Kassube 54, Minneapolis; Lewis 2, Minneapolis; Sandstein 1, Lake Johanna. LIIl. GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1166 (1840); Lindl., Veg. King. 365 (1846)— Vivian- iaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 269 (1862)—excl. genus T'ropaeolum, ISTL OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3833 Trib. III, Limnantheae, Trib. IV, Oxalideae, Trib. VII, Baisamineae; Bail- lon, Hist. Pl. V, 1 (1874)—Series I, II, III, IV; Reiche, in Prantl and En- gler, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 1 (1889). Genera: 11; widely distributed over the earth. Species: 360+; 45 percent.in genus Geranium Linn., 2 fossil species from Baltic amber (Conwentz). GERANIUM Linn. Gen. 554 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 35; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 272; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 50; Englerand Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 8 (Reiche); Gray Ill. Gen. II, 127; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 530. Living species: 160+; temperate regions, especially in N. hemisphere, and a few in the tropics; 4 Pac., 3 Atl. Fossil species: 1-2, in amber (Conwentz). Geranium carolinianum Linn. Spec. 682 (1753). G. atrum MOENCH, Meth. 285 (1794). G. lanuginosum JACQ. Hort. Schoenb.II, 8 (1797). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 104; Britt., Fl. N. J. 72; Upham, F]. Minn. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 150; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 90; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 94; Engl., Reiche Nat. Pflanz. III, 4, 9; Coult. Fl. Tex. 50; Wats., King Exp. 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171. North America: N.S. to Pac. and Arctic circle; S. to Maine, N. J. and Fla.; W. to S. Calif. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district, particularly N. E.; barren woods and openings. HeERB.: Taylor 1067, Alexandria; Ballard 525, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 594, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Roberts 20, Duluth; Bailey 199, Vermilion lake; Herrick 56, St. Louis river; Herrick 57, Minneapolis; Sandberg 105, Red Wing; Sand- berg 106, Taylor’s Falls. Geranium maculatum Linn. Spec. 681 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 103; Britt., Fl. N. J.72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 90; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 463?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 151. Ural and Baikal Siberia? North America: Newf., N. S., Ont. to Rainy river; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; edges of woods and along streams. HERB.: Taylor 271, Janesville; Sheldon 132, Madison Lake; Ballard 40, Chaska; Oestlund 20, Ramsey Co.; Holzinger 41, Winona Co.; Oestlund 21, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 104, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1884, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker- sheim 27, Mankato. 334 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. LIV. OXALIDACEAE. Wood-Sorrel Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1171 (1240); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 270 (1862) —sub Geraniaceae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 22 (1874)—sub Geraniaceae; Reiche, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, 1V, 15 (1889). Genera: 7; tropical and subtropical regions, sparingly in temperate zones; center in 8. Africa and S. America. Species: 250+; 90 per cent. in genus Ozalis Linn. OXALIS Linn. Gen. 377 (1787). Biophytum DC. Prodr. I, 689 (1824). Oxys Tourn. Inst. 88 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 41; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 276; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 51; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 19, 21 (Reiche); Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 111; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 530. Living species: 250+; Africa, tropical Asia and America; 8-4 temperate regions; 1-2, tropics of both hemi- spheres, the rest in 8S. Africa and tropical America to S. America. North America, 10-12; W. Tex., 6; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 2-3; E. Sts., 5; Canada, 3-4; California, 2; Pl. Wheel., 1. Fossil species: 2 in amber (Conwentz). Oxalis stricta Linn. Spec. 435 (1758). O. dillenti JACQ. Oxal. 15, 28 (1794). O. florida SALISB. Prodr. 322 (1796). O. corniculata LINN. var. stricta SAV. Lam. Enc. Meth. LV, 683 (1797). O. lyoni PursH, FI. Am. 322 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 105; Britt., Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 45; Chap., Fl. S. St. 63; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 96; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 84; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 92, 503; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 99; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 483; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 153; Nym., Fl. Bur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 34; Engl. Reiche, Nat. Pflanz. III, 4, 21; Coult., Fl. Tex. 52; Greene, Fl. Fran. 100; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171. Middle and N. Europe; N. Asia; China. North America, N.S. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., Fla.; W. to Colo., Tex. and California. Minn. valley: Throughout at all levels; damp or cul- tivated ground; banks of streams and in ravines. Hers.: Sheldon 1111, Springfield; Taylor 586, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 20, Elysian; Sheldon 166, Madison Lake; Sheldon 965, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 122, Janesville; Taylor 747, Glenwood; Ballard 22, Chaska; Ballard 658, Waconia; Ballard 534, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 64, St. Louis river; Rob- erls 22, Beaver bay; Sandberg 110, Cannon Falls; Herrick 65, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1741, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 835 Oxalis longiflora Linn. Spec. 483 (1758). O. violacea LINN. Spec. 434 (1753). O. vespertilionis GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 27 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 105; Britt., Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult.. Fl. Colo. 45; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Chap., FI. S. St. 63: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 81; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. J, 153. North America: N. Eng. to Colo. and S. to N. J., Fla. and Ark. Minn. valley: E. and central districts to Chippewa river; dry or rocky places and in sterile soil. Hers.: Ballard 268, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 745, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 587, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1598, Lake Benton; Taylor 351, Janesville; Huntington 3, Rock Co.; Her- rick 63, Minneapolis; Sandberg 109, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1885, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 46, Montevideo. LV. LINACEAE. Flax Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1170 (1840); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 241 (1862) —excl. Trib. III, Erythroxyleae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 42 (1874)—eael. series III, Erythroxyleae; Reiche, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 27 (1889). Genera: 9-10; tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Species: 120+, 75 per cent. in genus Linum Linn. LINUM Linn. Gen. 254 (1737). Adenolinum, Cathartolinum, Linopsis, Xantholinum Reicu. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 67 (1844). Cliococea BAB. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX, 33 (1855). Radiola GMEL. Syst. 289 (1805). Reinwardtia Dum. Com. Bot. 19 (1822). Macrolinum Rercu. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, 68 (1844). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 63; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 242, 243, 987; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 46; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, IV, 30, 31 (Reiche); Gray, ll. Gen. II, 107; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 530. Living species: 95+; cosmopolitan, mts. in tropics. Russia, 20; Europe, 33; Russian Europe, 14; North America, 18-21; Mid. Calif., 10; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 4; Pl. Wheel., 3; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex., 9; Pac. coast, 14. Fossil species: 1; very doubtful, in Oligocene of Europe ( Conwentz). Linum rigidum PursH, Fl. Am. 210 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 102; Coult., Fl. Colo. 42; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 47; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 77, 78 in var.; Cov , Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 147; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. 236 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Saskatchewan to N. W. T.; S. to Minn., Neb., Ark., S. Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: W. and S. at higher levels; dry prai- ries and meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 1371, Lake Benton; Taylor 1016, Glenwood; Herb. Moyer 43, Montevideo. Linum suleatum RIDDELL, Cat. Pl. Ohio Suppl. 10 (1836). L. striatum Nutr. Gen. I, 206 (1818) not Walt. L. rigidum T. and G. FI. I, 204 (1838) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 102; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35: Britt., Fl. N. J. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 47; Cov., F'1. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 147. North America: Ont. to N, W. T.; S. to Mass., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies; dry meadows and forest openings; common. HERB.: Sheldon 1117, Springfield; Sheldon 1447, Pipe- stone City; Sheldon 824, Cottonwood river near Sleepy Eye; Taylor 791, Glenwood; Herrick 54, Minneapolis; Herrick 55, Minneapolis; Sandberg 102, Goodhue Co.; Oestlund 19, Minne- apolis; Gedge 3, Detroit lake; Sandberg 103, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1704, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 42, Montevideo. Linum lewisii PursH, Fl. Am. 210 (1814). L. perenne var. lewisti EAT.and Wr. Man. 302 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 102; Webb. Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35; Coult., Fl. Colo. 42; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 89; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 146. North America: Man. to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Calif.; in mts. to Colo., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Ark., Neb., Iowa and Minn. Minn. valley: N. W. district and Leaf hills; rare; dry, high prairies and hillsides. LVI. RUTACEAE. Rue Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1159 (1840); Aurantiaceae, Zanthoxyleae, Diosmeae, Endl. Gen. Pl. 1143-1149 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 278 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 373 (1873)—excl. series X, Oneoraceae. Genera: 125+; center in S. Africa and Australia; principally tropical and temperate; almost absent from tropical Africa. Species: 800+, many arborescent. / LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. ook ZANTHOXYLUM Linn. Gen. ed. VI, 1109 (1764). Fagara LINN. Gen. 1109 (1737). Ochroxylum SCHREB. Gen. 826 (1774). Curtisia SCHREB. Gen. 199 (1774. Pohlana NEEs and MArT. N. Act. Cur. XI, 185 (1823). Kampmannia Rar. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Lacaris HAM. ex Wall. Cat. 7119 (1840?). Langsdorfia LEANDR. Act. Monac. 229 (1819). Macqueria COMMERS, ex Juss. Gen. 374 (1789). Pentanoma Moc. and Sxss. Fl. Mex. ex D.C. Prodr. II, (1825). Perijaea TuL. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, VII, 279 (1847). Pterota P. BR. Jam. Hist. 146, 5 (1756). Rhetsa W. and ARN’r. Prodr. I, 147 (1834), Tobinia Desvx. Ham. Prodr. Ind. Occ. 56 (1825). ” Typalia Denst. Hort. Malab. V, 34 (1818). Blackburnia Forst. Char. Gen. 6 (1776). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 468; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 297; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 55; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 147; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 531; Sarg., N. A. Silva I, 65. Living species; 110+; 80 (B. and H.); all tropical and ' warmer regions; very numerous in China; wanting in Europe. North America, 5; S. Sts., 3; W. Tex., 2; HE. Sts.. 2; Canada, 1. Fossil species: 12-15; Tertiary, N. Hurope (Heer); N. America (Lesquereaux)—8 sp. in Californian region; Japan (Nathorst). Zanthoxylum americanum MILL. Dict. 57 (1768). Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium MARSH. Arbust. 167 (1785). Z. fraxineum WILLD. Berl. Baum. 413 (1796). Z. ramifolium Micux. FI. II, 235 (1803). X. mite WILLD. Enum. 1013 (1809). Thylax fraxineum RAF. Med. Bot. II, 114 (1830). Z. tricarpum Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 118 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 74; Webb., F]. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93; Sarg., Silva I, 67, footnote; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 155. North America: Q. to W. Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Del.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa and Pomme de Terres rivers; woods and river banks; common. Hers.: Taylor 26, Elysian; Sheldon 42, Elysian; Shel- don 793, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 378, Madison Lake; Taylor 693, Minnesota lake; Ballard 105, Shakopee; Taylor 1042, Glenwood; Vestlund 23, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 46, Minneapolis; Sandberg 111, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1851, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 47, Montevideo. —22 338 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. PTELEA Linn. Gen. 78 (1787). Bellucia ADANs. Fam. Pl. IT, 344 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. [V, 482; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 301; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 55; Gray Ill. Gen. II, 149; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 534; Sarg. N. A. Silva I, 75. Living species: 7; temperate N. America and &. Mex- ico. > W.. Tex:; 2°) Mid: Caltt, 17S. Sts., 4; BE. Sts: 13 Ca 1; Rocky mts.,(1;-P1..Wheel., 1:5? icine, 1. Fossil species: 7-10; Tertiary; Oligocene, muro (Heer); Greenland (Heer); Sagor (Ettinghausen) ; Hungary (Unger). Ptelea trifoliata Linn. Spec. 118 (1753). P. pentaphylla FABR. Enum. Pl. Helmst. 416 (1759). P. viticifolia SALISB. Prodr. 68 (1796). P. tomentosa RAF. FI, Lud. 108 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 107; Britt., Fl. N. J. 74; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Chap., F1.S. St. 66; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93, £05; Coult., Fl. Tex. 54; Sarg., Silva, I, 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171. North America: S. Ont. and Long Island to Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Cent. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: S. E. districts?; doubtful, but reported from S. E. portion of State. No Minn. specimens have been seen. LVII. POLYGALACEAE. Polygala Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1077 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 134 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 71 (1874). . Genera: 11; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 400; principally small herbs. POLYGALA Linn. Gen. 567 (1737). Solomonia Lour. Coch. Fl. 14 (1790). Psycanthus and Triclisperma RAF. Specch. 116, 117 (1814). Epirhizanthus BLUME, Cat. Buit. 25 (1823). Badiera, Brachytropis, Chamaebuxus, Senega DC. Prodr. I, 321 seq. (1824). Isolophus, Tricolophus Spacu, Suit. Buff. XI, 112 (1842). Semeiocardium Hassk. Hort. Bogor. 227 (1844). Phylace Nor. ex Hassk. 1. c. (1844). Acanthocladus Kiorzscnu, PI. Sell. (1846?). Penaea PLuM. Gen. 22 (1703). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V,87; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 186, 187, 974: Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 27; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 221. : Living species: 275+; cosmopolitan. Europe, 21; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 8; N. America, 36; S. Sts., 26-28; Calif., 3; Canada, 6; E. Sts., 15-17; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 8. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 239 Polygala verticillata Linn. Spec. 706 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 122; Chap., FI. S. St. 85; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Coult., Fl. Colo. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Coult., Fl. Tex. 26; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 93; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 122. North America: Ont. and St. Lawrence valley to Sas- katchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Dak., Neb., Colo., Utah, Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout at higher levels, particu- larly W.; hillsides and dry prairie. HERB.: Sheldon 964, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 816, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1346, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Shel- don 1110, Springfield. Polygala paucifolia WiLLD. Spec. III, 880 (1800). P. uniflora Micux. FI. N. Am. IT, 53 (1803). P. purpurea Ait. f. Hort. Kew. IV, 244 (1812). Triclisperma grandiflora RAF. Specch. I, 117 (18)4). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 120; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Upham, Fl. Minn. 41; Chap., Fl. S. St. 85; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Wats., Bibl, Ind. I, 92; Whee]., Rev. Polyg. 141. North America: N. Br., Ont., L. Superior reg. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and Ga.; W. to Minn, and IIl. Minn. valley: Reported from 8. E. edge; rare; woods and shaded banks. Polygala senega Linn. Spec. 704 (1753). Senega officinalis SPACH, Hist. Veg. VII, 129 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 120; Pritt., Fl. N. J. 59; Chap., Fl. S. St. 85; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 93; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 134. North America: N. Br., Ont., Man. to Rocky mts.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Carolinas and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Chippewa river, in- frequent W.; rocky and dry banks. HERB.: Ballard 92, Shakopee; leh Paes 424, Janes- ville; Sheldon 533, Waseca; Taylor 148, Janesville; Hammond 21, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1877, Minneapolis. Polygala senega LINN. var. latifolia T. andG. FI. N. A. I, 131 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 121; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 135. North America: Md. to Mich.; Penn. to Va., Ky. and Tenn.; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Forest and N. E. districts; shaded 340 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. banks and woodland. HERB.: Ballard 200, Jordan, Scott Co. Polygala cruciata Linn. Spec. 706 (1753). P. cuspidata Hook. Journ. Bot. I, 194 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 121; Britt., Fl. N. J. 59; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Chap., Fl. S. St. 84; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 90; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 117. North America: Maine, N. J., N. Car. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and La. Minn. valley: N. edge and in vicinity of Ft. Snelling; Dakota Co.; low ground and base of hills. | Polygala viridescens Linn. Spec. 705 (1753). P. sanguinea LINN. Spec. 705 (1758). P. purpurea Nutr. Gen. II, &8 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40: Chap., F1.S. St. 83; Britt., Fl. N. J.59; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 66, 494; Cov., Fl. Ark. 168; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 92; Wheel., Rev. Polyg. 127. North America: Ont. and Maine to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Kan., Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ft. Snelling to Chip- pewa river; low or sandy soil; river banks. HERB.: O6estlund 28, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 70, Min- neapolis; Kassube 53, Minneapolis; Sandberg 123, Red Wing; Bodin 1, Center City; MacM. and Sheld. 50, Brainerd. LVIII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1107 (1840); Antidesmeae, Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 287 (1840); Bennettiaceae, Schizl. Icon. t. 172 (1843); Daphniphyllaceae, Miill- Arg., DC. Prodr. xvi, I, 1 (1869); Hippomaneae, Agardh, Theor. Syst. 244 (1858); Stiluginaceae and Scepaceae, Lindl. Vey. King. 259, 283 (1846); Phyl- lantheae Agardh, Syst. Theor.; Pseudantheae, Putranjiveae, Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 288 (1840); Tithymuli Adans. Fam. 356 (1763); Trewiaceae, Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. II, 174 (1836); Tricoceae Linn. Philos. Bot. 42 (1751); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 239 (1883); Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 105 (1874); Pax in Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. III, 5, 1 (1890). Genera: 200-220; cosmopolitan; a large number xero- phytic; principally in the tropics, but very many temperate forms. Baillon recognises 150+ genera. Species: 3500+, including a large number of desert plants especially in S. Africa, and the Malayan peninsula. RICINOCARPUS Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 203 (1737), p. p em. O.. Bali (18015. Acalypha Linn. Corr. Gen. 986 (1737, later). Cupameni ADANS. Fam. II, 356 (1763), LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3841 Linostachys Kuorzscu, Linn, XIX, 235 (1845). Gymnalypha GRISEB. Bonpland. VI, 2 (1858). Caturus LINN. ex Schreb. Gen. Pl. 677 (1792). Galurus SPRENG. Syst. I, 188 (1825). Odonteilema Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. I, 587 (1848). Calyptrospatha Ktorzscu, Pet. Moss. Bot. 96 (1862-64). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 311; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 368; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3. V.60 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, (1891). Living species: 220+; tropical regions; a few extend- ing into the temperate zones. S. Sts., 5-6; Canada, 1; N. America, 10+. Ricinocarpus virginicus (Linn.) OK. Rey. Gen. II, 615 (1891). Acalypha virginica LINN. Spec. (1753). A. caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 238 (1788). A. virginica var. genuing MuuL.-Are. Linn. XXXIV, 44 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 459; Britt., Fl. N. J. 215; Webb.. Fl Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 427; Chap.. F]. S. St. 405; Cov., Fl. Ark. 218; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 5, 62. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; E. and §S.; fields, openings and roadsides. HERB.: Sandberg 492, Red Wing; Manning 8, Lake City; Holzinger 208, Winona Co. : EUPHORBIA Liyn. Gen. 429 (1737). Tithymalus GAERT. Fruct. II, 115 (1791). Anisophyllum Haw. Syn. Succ. 159 (1812). Adenopetalum, Eumecanthus, Leptopus, Dichrophyllum, Tithymalopsis, Tricherostigma, Euphorbiastrum, Arthrotham- nus, Sterigmanthe KiorzscH and GARCKE, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. (1859). Petaloma RaF. FI. Tell. (1836). Alectoroctonum ScHLECHT. Linn. XIX, 252 (1845). Poinsettia Gran. Edin. Phil. Journ. XX, 412 (1840). Anthacantha Lem. III. Hort. (1858). Treissia, Dactylanthes, Medusea, Galarhoeus, Esula Haw. Succ. 131-153 (1812). ? Keraselma and Athymalus Neck. Elem. II, 353 (1790). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 258; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 360; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 103 (Paz); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 594. Living species: 600+; tropical and temperate regions; less abundant in the tropics. Europe, 107; Russia, 70; European Russia, 38; E. Sts., 19-20; Rocky mts., 15; Mid. Galif., 9; all Calif., 15; Canada, 9; S. Sts., 32; Pl. King, 6; Pl. Wheel., 11; N. America, 55-60. 342 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fossil species: Tertiary; Bonn, Bohemia; Euphor- bioides (Wessel and Weber); Euphorbiophyllum ( Ettinghausen). Euphorbia dictyosperma HIScH. and Mery. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 37 (1835). E. arkansana ENGELM. and GRAY, PI. Lindh. I. 53 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 455; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 327; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 75; Greene, Fl. Fran. 90; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 248; Wats., King Exp. 320; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 5, 110. North America: Oregon to Santa Barbara; EK. toTex., Ky., Iowa and Minn. Minn. valley: W. districts; prairies; infrequent or rare. HERB.: Moyer 217; Montevideo. Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. Amoen. Acad. III, 112 (1756). E. cyathophora Murr. Prodr. Gott. (1770). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 454; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123: Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 5, 107. North America: Minn., Ill, Iowa, Neb., Kan., Mo., Ark. and Tenn. ? Minn. valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; sane slopes and sunny banks of streams or lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 797, Sigel township, Brown Co.: Shel- don 941, Redwood Falls; Oestlund 170, Minneapolis; Herrick 268, Minneapolis; Herrick 269, Minneapolis. Euphorbia corollata Linn. Amoen:; Acad. III, 122 (1756). Galarhoeus corollatus HAw. Succ. II, 161 (1812). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 454; Britt, Fl. N. J. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 425; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: L. Huron to Ont. and Mass.; S. toN. Y., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; dry or openand sandy fields. HeERB.: Ballard 644, Chaska; Leonard 44, Fillmore Co.; Holzinger 207, Winona Co.; Herrick 267 Minneapolis; Oest- lund 169, Minneapolis; Kassube 213, Minneapolis; Sandberg 491, Goodhue Co. y Euphorbia marginata Pursu, Fl. Am. II, 607 (1814). E. leucoloma RAF. in Herb. Phil. (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 454; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 327; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 5, 106. North America: Minn., Dak., Colo., Neb., Kan. and Mo.; spreading eastward to Ohio. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 343 Minn. valley: S. W. districts to Franklin township eastward; hills and banks or high fields. Hers.: Sheldon 930, Crow creek, near Redwood Falls Euphorbia nutans Lacasca, Gen. et. Spec. 17 (1816). EH. maculata LINN. Mant. (1767). ? FE. androsaenufolium PRESL, Delic. Prag. 57 (1822). E. presslii Guss. Prodr. Fl. Sicul. I, 539 (1827). E. hypericifolia Plur. Auct. Amer. ? HE. trinervis BERTOL. FI. Ital. V, 37 (1842). E. hypericifolia var. communis ENGELM. Chap.. F1.S. St. 403 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, FI]. Minn, 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 427; II, 354; Greene, Fl. Fran. 92; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 247; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. III, 5, 104. North America: Ont.? and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan. and Ark.; also in upper Sacremento valley and in C. America and Ecuador. Minn. valley: Forest district; not common; open, sterile places or in fields. HERB.: Sandberg 490, Red Wing; Holzinger 206, Dres- bach; Herrick 266, Minneapolis. Euphorbia humistrata ENGELM. Gray’s Man. 3 ed.386 (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, F]. Minn. 123; Greene, Fl. Fran. 92. North America: Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Kan.; also in Calif. and introd. in N. J. Minn. valley: E. edge and S. districts; rare; alluvial soil in shaded places. HERB.: Sandberg 489, Red Wing. Euphorbia maculata Linn. Spec. 21 (1753). E. thymifolia Pursn, FI. Am. II, 606 (1814). E.. depressa 'ToRR. Ell. Sk. II, 655 (1824). E. hypericifolia Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 140 (1840) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 453; Britt., Fl. N. J. 214; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, F]. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 425; Chap., F1.S. St. 403; Coult., Fl. Colo. 326; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IIT, 5, 105. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; N. Eng. to Fla.; W. to Dak., Colo., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; particularly S. W. dis- tricts; banks, fields and roadsides. HERB.: Ballard 526, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 917, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1560, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1285, Lake Benton; Sheldon 986, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Oestlund 167, Hen- nepin Co.; Oestlund 168, Minneapolis; Herrick 265, Minneapo- lis; Holzinger 205, Winona Co.; Sandberg 488, Red Wing. 3844 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Euphorbia glyptosperma ENGELM. Bot. Mex. Bound. I, 187 (1859). E. polygonifolia Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 140 (1848) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 453; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, F]. Minn. 123; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 425; Coult., Fl. Colo. 328; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 74; Wats., King Exp. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 246. North America; Ont., Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. to Pac.; S. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Mo., Ill., Wisc. and Colo. . Minn. valley: Throughout; common; sandy places and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 966, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1557, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1169, New Ulm; Sheldon 1597, Lake Benton; Ballard 161, Chaska; Taylor 784, Glenwood; Sheldon 1102; Springfield; Ballard 527, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 204, Winona Co.; Oestlund 166, Minneapolis; Herrick 264, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 205, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1925, Minne- apolis. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Syn. IJ, 14 (1807). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 453; Webb., Fl. Neb. 1238; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 424; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Wats., F!. Calif. II, 74; Coult., Fl. Colo. 326; Greene, Fl. Fran. 91; Wats., King Exp. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 246; Engl]. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. ITI, 5, 105. North America: Columbia river, Moose mt., N. W.T., Saskatchewan; S. along Pac. to Monterey and Gt. Basin region to Tex. and Mex.; E. to Kan., Neb., Dak. and Minn. Minn. valley; Throughout; frequent; sandy or waste places or embankments. HERB.: Taylov 1152, Glenwood; Herb. Sheld. 1900, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. Euphorbia geyeri ENGELM. PI. Lindh. I, 52 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 452; Upham, Fl. Minn. 123; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. North America: Ill., Wisc., Minn., Kan., Neb. to Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; sandy places or along railway embankments. LIX. STELLARIACEAE, Water-Starwort Family. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 673 (1862)—sub Halorageae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 250 (1874)—sub Euphorbiaceae; Pax in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 120 (1890)—Callitrichaceae; Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 268 (1840)— Callitrichinae. Genera: 1; cosmopolitan in fresh waters; aquatic. Species: 1-2; 25 (Hegelmaier). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3845 STELLARIA Lupw. Defin. 27 (1737). Callitriche LINN. Syst. VI. 82 (1748) ex O. Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 122; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 234, Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 122 (Pax). Living species: 1-2; temperate and colder regions. 25 sp. (Hegelmaier); N. America, 11 (Morong); E. Sts., 4; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; Pac. coast, 6-7; Rocky mts., 4. Stellaria verna (LINN.). Callitriche vernu LINN. Fl. Suec. ed. II, 2 (1755). Stellaria vernalis Wiea@. Prim. Holst. (——). Callitriche heterophylla Pursu, Fl. Am. 3(1814). C. vernalis Kocu, Syn. ed. I, 245 (1837). ?C. asagrayti HEGELM. Mon. Call. 54 (1864). ?C. stenocarpa HEGELM. Verh. Bot. Brand. X, 114 (1868?). ?C. bolanderi HEGELM. Verh. Bot. Brand. X, 114 (1868?). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 182; Britt., Fl. N. J. 106; Coult., FI. Colo. 328; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 399; Upham, FI. Minn. 122; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 152; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 52; Mac., FI. Can. I, 530; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 119; Wats., King. Exp. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V, 122; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 121: Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 382; Greene, Fl. Fran 229. - Europe; all Asia; circumboreal and in S. America. North America: Most abundant in northern and Ca- nadian waters; but occurring throughout the continent. Minn. valley: N. districts; infrequent; aquatic in lakes or pools. HERB.: Bailey 367, Mud river; Roberts 121, Stewart river; Bailey 400, Mud lake. LX. ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1127 (1840); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 415 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 257 (1874)— Terebinthaceae, in part. Genera: 50+; tropical and subtropical regions; spar- ingly in temperate zones; trees or shrubs. Species: 600+; many in Central America. RHUS Linn. Gen. 241 (1737). Anaphreninm E. Mey. Herb. Drége. Heeria MEISSN. Gen. Comm. 55 (1843). Lobadium Rar. Journ. Phys. LXX XIX, 98 (1819). Malosma Nourr. ex Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 321 (1874). Metopium P. Br. Jam. Hist. 177 (1756). Ozoroa DEL. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, XX, 91 (1848). Roemeria THuns. FI. Cap. 194 (1809). Turpinia Rar. Med. Rep. II, hex 2, 352 (1808). Styphonia Nutt. T.andG. FI. I, 220 (1838). Schmalzia DEsvx. Jour. Bot. III, 229 (1809). 346 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cotinus and Toxicodendron Tourn. Inst. 610 (1700). Lithraea Miers. Tray. Chile, II, 529 (1826). Vernix ADANS. Fam. Pl. IT, 342 (1763). Pocophorum Neck. Elem. II, 226 (1790). Melanococea BLUME, Lug. Bat. I. 236 (1833). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 321; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 418; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 86; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 157; Sargent, NV. Am. Silva III, 1, 7; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 543. Living species: 120+; principally at the Cape of Good Hope; also warmer extra-tropical regions, and a few in the tropics. Russia, 2; Europe, 4; N. America, 14; Canada, 7-9; W. Tex., 6; S. Sts., 9; Pl. Wheel., 6; E. Sts., 7; Calif., 4; Rocky mts., 3. Fossil species: 30-40 spec. Cretaceous, N. Amer. (Les- quereaux) and Greenland (Heer); Tertiary Europe (Saporta and others); N. America (Lesgz.) and Asia. Rhus radicans Linn. Spec. 266 (1753). R. toxicodendron var. radicans Torr. FI. U.S. 324 (1824). R. toxicodendron AuCT. AMER, in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 49; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 101; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 224; Coult., Fl. Tex. 68; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 84; Wats., King. Exp. 53; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 183. Saghalin, Japan and Kurile Isls.; intro. from Hast in Germany. North America: N.S. toSaskatchewan; S. toN. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; shores of lakes, low ground and edges of woods; abundant. HERB.: Taylor 131, Janesville; Taylor 179 Janesville; Ballard 190, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 546, Janesville; Sheldon 169, Madison Lake; Ballard 337, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 624, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1468, Pipestone City; Sheldon 884, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 55, Elysian; Ballard 688, Waconia; Kas- sube 47, Minneapolis; Holzinger 45, Winona Co. Rhus vernix Linn. Spec. 265 (17538). Toxicodendron pinnatum MiLu. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). Rhus venenata DC. Prodr. II, 68 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 119; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Britt., Fl. N.J. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100, 505; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 184; Sarg., N. A. Silv. III, 23. North America, W. Ont. and N. N. Eng. to N. J., N. Car., N. Ga. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Ark. and W. La. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling and only far N. E.; swamps and springsides; rare. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 347 Rhus copallina Linn. Spec. 266 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100; Coult., Fl. Tex. 67; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 182; Sarg., N. A.Silva ITI, 19. North America: Thousand Islands, Can. to N. Eng.,N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Rio Grande river; Cuba. Minn. valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rare; hillsides and dry banks. HERB.: ? Sandberg 112, Cannon Falls. Rhus glabra Linn. Spec. 265 (1758). R. carolinense MARSH. Arbust. 129 (1785). R. elegans Air. Hort. Kew. I, 366 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Webb., F]. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 49; Chap., F1. S. St. 69; Upham Fl. Minn. 37; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100, 505; Wats., King Exp. 52, 419; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 84; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 182. North America: N.S. to Ont., Man. and Saskatche- wan?;S. to N. Eng., N. J.. Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Colo., Neb. and Ark.; Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout; rocky and dry situations, especially banks and hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 524, Janesville; Taylor 820, Glenwood; Ballard &4n, Chaska; Sheldon 1513, Lake Benton; Oestlund 24, Minneapolis; Bailey 230, Vermilion lake; Bailey 254, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 44, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1917, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 48, Montevideo. Rhus typhina Linn. Amoen. IV, 311 (1759). Datisca hirta LINN. Spec. 1037 (1753). Rhus hypselodendron MoENCH, Meth. 73 (1794). RR. typhina var. arborescens WILLD. Enum. 323 (1809). RR. typhina var. frutescens WILLD. 1. ¢c. Ff. hirta per legem, not Harv. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 119; Britt., Fl. N. J. 79; Upham, F]. Minn. 37; Chap., Fl. S. St. 69; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 36; Cov., Fl. Ark. 73; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 184; Sarg., N. A. Silva ITI, 15. Introduced in Europe. North America: ,N. 8.?, N. B., Ont., W. of Lake Hu- ron and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car., Alab., Miss.; W. to Mo. and Ark, Minn. valley: KE. portion of valley and N. edge to central region; rocky hillsides and banks. HerRB.: Taylor 448, Janesville; Taylor 4484, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 383, Madison Lake; Ballard 116, Chaska; Holzinger 43, Winona Co. 348 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. LXI. CELASTRACEAE, Staff-Tree Family. Endiicher, Gen. Pl. 1085 (1836-40); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 357 (1862) excl. Hippocrateae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 1 (1877). Genera: 35+; tropical regions and less abundantly in temperate. Species: 250+ living; several (10-15) fossil. EVONYMUS Linn, Gen. 79 (1787). Vyenomus PrEsL, Bot. Bem. 32 (1844). Melanocarya Turcz. Bull. Mosq. XXXI, I, 453 (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 30; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 360; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 65; Gray, lll. Gen. II, 187; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 578; Sar- gent, VN. Am. Silv. II, 9. Living species: 40+; Northern hemisphere to Mexico; Malay archipelago and N. Australia; centers in N. E. India, China and Japan. North America, 6-7; Mexico, 4-5; W. Tex., 1; Calif., 1; E. Sts,, 2;S. Sts., 2; Russia, 6; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3. Fossil species: Greenland and N. Europe; Tertiary. Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Hort. Vind. II, 55 (1772). E. caroliniensis MARSH. Arbust. 43 (1785). E, latifolius MARsH. Arbust. 44 (1785). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 110; Britt., Fl. N. J. 75; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 76; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 95; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 161. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak.. Kan., Ark. and Miss. Minn. valley: Throughout, E. of the Pomme des Terres river; wooded banks and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 221, Madison Lake; Sheldon 622, Wil- ton, Waseca Co.; Roberts 23, Lake Lilian; Herrick 67, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 116, Vasa; Kassube 51, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 50, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. CELASTRUS Linn. Gen. 168 (1737). Denhamia MEISsSN. Gen. 18 (1836). Gymnosporia WigHT. and ARN. Prodr. I, 159 (1834). Maytenus FEUILL. ex Juss. Gen. 449 (1789). Putterlickia ENDL. Gen. 1086 (1840). Catha ENDL. Gen. 5678 (1840). Eucentrus and Polyacanthus Presi, Bemerk. 33 (1844). Scytophyllum S. and Z. Enum. J, 124 (1837). Orixa THUNB. FI. Jap. 3 (1784). Leucocarpon A. Ricu. Sert. Astrol. 46 (1832). ? Hedraianthera F. Mutu. Frag. V, 58 (1882). Cassine HAry.and Sonp,. Fl. Cap. I, 452, 465 (1863). Haenkea R. and P. Prodr. 36 (1798). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 349 Monteverdia Ricw. Cub. I, 346 (1850). ? Moya Gris. Pl. Lorenz. 63 (1874). Maiten FUEILL. Obs. III, 39 (1714). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V1, 46; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 364, 365, 366; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 66; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 185; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 580. Living species: 1385+; 18 (B. and H.); cosmopolitan; centers in tropics. North America: Canada, 1; E. Sts., 1; S. far): S;-Pex., 2. Fossil species: Cretaceous, Upper and Lower (Les- quereaux, Fontaine), N. and S. America, Alaska, Greenland (Heer); Australia (Httinghausen); Tertiary: Celastrophyllum Gippert—Europe; Potomac. Celastrus scandens Linn. Spec. 196 (1753). C. bullatus LINN. Spec. 196 (1753). Evonymoides scandens MOENCH, Meth. 70 (1794). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 110; Britt., Fl. N. J. 76: Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Chap., Fl. S. St. 77; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 94, 503; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 161. North America: Q., Ont., L. Superior region to Man. and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and in thickets; climbing over underbrush; common. HERB.: Taylor 1009, Glenwood; Taylor 898, Glenwood; Sheldon 1488, Pipestone City; Taylor 1165, Glenwood; Taylor 35, Elysian; Taylor 126, Janesville; Sheldon 918, Sleepy Eye; Bal- lard 85, Chaska; Kassube 50, Cedar lake; Bailey 235, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 46, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1771, Ft. Snel- ling; Herb. Moyer 262, Chippewa Co. LXII. AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family. Endlicher, Gen Pl. 1092 (1836-40)—Jlicineae; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Plant. I, 355 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, (1892). Genera: 3-4; principally in tropics, a few extra-trop- ical. Species: 150+; 145 in Ilex. Almost all Central Ameri- can but some extending through all temperate and tropical regions A few fossil leaves from Tertiary of Greenland, re- ferred here. ILEX Linn. Gen. 91 (1737), p. p. Benth. 1. c. (1862). Prinos Linn. Gen. 441 (1737). Paltoria Ruiz and PAv. Fl. Peruv. I, 54 (1798). Macoucoua AUBL. PI. Gui. I, 88 (1775). 3 50 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Chomelia VELLOzZ. Flum. I, 106 (1827). Pileostegia Turcz. Bull. Mosc. XXXII, 276 (1859). Leucodermis PLANCH. Herb. Hook. Byronia ENDL. Ann. Wien. I, 184 (1835). Polystigma MEISSN. Gen. 252 (1 43). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 356; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 65; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 580; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, (1892). Living species: 175+; cosmopolitan. Centers in Brit. Guiana and Brazil; very infrequent in Africa and Australia; — 13-14, E. North America. S. Sts., 12; E. Sts., 9; Canada, 4. Fossil species: Tertiary, Greenland and Alaska ( Heer). Ilex verticillata (LiInn.) GRay, Man. 5 ed. 307 (1867). Prinos verticillatus LINN. Spec. 330 (1753). P. confertus MOENCH, Meth. 481 (1794). P. gronovii Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 236 (1803). ’ Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 109; Britt., Fl. N. J. 75; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Chap., Fl. S. St. 270; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 160. North America: N.S. to C. Ont and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Ill., Iowa, Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from the N. edge but some- what doubtful, low woodland. HERB.: Sandberg 388, Marine Mills; Herrick 188, St. Louis river. LXIII. STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladder-Nut Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1084 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. I, 392 (1862)—sub Sapindaceae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 392. Genera: 2; N. extra-tropical region. Species: 15+; principally in Chinese-Japanese region and E. India. Fossils from Green river Tertiary, Wyoming. STAPHYLEA Linn. Gen. 248 (1737). Bumalda Tuuns. FI. Jap. 8 (1784). Staphylodendron Tourn. Inst. 616 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 392; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl..I, 412; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 83; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 554; Gray, Jil. Gen. II, 181. Living species: 4; 1, Europe; 2, N. America; 1, Hima- layas and Japan; Atl. states, 1; Pac. America, 2. Fossil species: 1, Green river group, Tertiary, N. America (Lesquereauz). Staphylea trifolia Linn. Spec. 270 (1753). Staphylodendrum trifoliatum MoENcH, Meth. 64 (1794). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 351 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 118; Chap., Fl. S. St. 77; Britt., Fl. Neb. 78; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Mac., FI). Can. I, 98; Cov., F]. Ark.173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 181 North America: Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to N. Eng,, N. J., Car. and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest region; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co. and W. to New Ulm; edges of woods and shaded banks. HERB.: Sheldon 313, Stony Point, Lake Madison; An- derson 1, Goodhue Co.; Sheldon 705, White Bear lake; Sheldon 553, Waseca; Sheldon 172, Eagle Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 628, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Holzinger 47, Winona Co.; Sundberg 117, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wiekersheim 28, Mankato. LXIV. ACERACEAE. Maple Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1055 (1840); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. I, 388 (1862) —sub Sapindaceae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 373 (1874)—stb Sapindaceae. Genera: 2; temperate N. hemisphere to Java and N. India. Species: 60+; center in Himalayan region; 55 in Acer. ACER Linn. Gen. 317 (1737). Negundo MoENCH, Meth. 334 (1794). Negundium Rar. Med. Rep. II, V, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 427; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 409; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 199; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 82; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 557; Sar- gent, NV. Am. Silv. II, 79. Living species: 75+; China and Japan, 30+; Hima- layas, 12; Europe and Orient, 12; North America, 9; E. Sts., 6; Pac. coast, 3; Rocky mts., 2; Canada, 9; Pl. Wheel., 4; Pl. King., 4; northern hemisphere and S. to mts. of Java. Fossil species: Greenland and Spitzbergen, Tertiary (Heer); Cretaceous, N. America (Lesquereaux, Newberry); Ter- tiary Europe, 5 sp.; principally Oligocene, few Miocene; Mio- cene of Saghalin; Pliocene in Japan (Nathorst). Tertiary, N. America, numerous. Acer negundo Linn. Spec. 1056 (1753). Negundo aceroides MOENCH, Meth. 334 (1794). Negundium fraxinifolium RAF. Desy. Jour. Bot. V, 170 (1809). Negundo frexinifolium Nutt. Gen. I, 253 (1818). ? N. mexicanum DC. Prodr. I, 596 (1824). N. trifoliatum and lobatum Ra¥F. N. FI. I, 48 (1830). N. negundo Supw. Gard. and For. IV, 166 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed.; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Coult, Fl. Colo. 49; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 108; Chap., Fl. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. B02 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. 40; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 100,504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 66; Wats., King Exp. 52; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 42, 84, 357; Cov. Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 180. : North America: Saskatchewan to Man. and Toronto; N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Mont., Dak., Neb., Colo., Utah and Tex.; Arizona; also on Pac. coast in a well-marked variety; N. Mex., Mexico. Minn. valley: Forest district and along river banks, © throughout; moist woods and shores of lakes. HERB. Sheldon 1099, Springfield; Sheldon 162, Madi- son Lake; Taylor 73, Elysian; Taylor 157, Janesville; Oestlund 26, Minneapolis; Holzinger 49, Winona Co.; Kassube 52, Min- neapolis; Oestlund 27, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 122, Cannon Falls. Acer rubrum Linn. Spec. 1055 (1753). ? A, glaucum MArRsH. Arbust. Amer, 2 (1785). ? A. carolinianum WALT. FI. Car. 251 (1788). A. coccineum Micux. f. Arb. Am. II, 2038 (1810). A, sanguineum SPACH, Ann. Sci. Nat. II, 2, 176 (1834). A. microphyllum and semiorbiculatum PAx, Engl. Jahrb. VII, 181 (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. J18; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Chap, F1. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 176; Sarg., Silva, IT, 107; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: Lat. 49° N. in N. Br., Q. and Ont. to S. Fla., W. Man., Dak., Ark., Ind. Terr. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; reported from Redwood ~ Falls: swampy woodland and river banks. HeERB.: Bailey 186, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 121, Goodhue Co. Acer barbatum Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 252 (1808). A, saccharinum WANG. Amer. Holz. 26 (1787) not Linn. A. saccharophorum Kocu, Hort. Dendr. 80 (1853). A, saccharum Britt. Fl. N. J. 78 (1890) not Marsh. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 176; Sarg., Silva, II, 97. North America: Newf. and N.S. to Man.; S. to Maine, N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Neb.? and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Brown Co. and W. to the Chippewa river; rich woods and along streams. Hers.: Ballard 120, Chaska; Sheldon 297, Madison Lake; Sheldon 808, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 159, Janesville; Holzinger 48, Winona Co.; Sandberg 119, Vasa; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 353 Sandberg 120, Winona Co.; Bailey 225, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1860, Minneapolis. Acer barbatum MicHx. var. nigrum (MIcHx. f.) Sara. Gard. and For. II, 364 (1888). Acer ni rum Micux. f. Arbr. Amer. II, 238 (1810). A. saccharinum var. nigrum T. and G. FI. I, 248 (1838). A. saccharum var. nigrum Britt. Cat. N. J. 78 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 117; Upham, FI. Minn. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 176; Sarg., Silva, IT, 99. North America: Ont., Vt., N. J. to Alab. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from Le Sueur Co., and prob- ably occuring S. E. and S. Acer saccharinum Linn. Spec. 1055 (1753). . saccharum MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 4 (1785). . rubrum LAUTH. De Acer. 11 (1781). . dasycarpum EHRH. Beitr. IV. 24 (1789). . rubrum var, pallidum Arr. Hort. Kew. III], 434 (1789). . eriocarpum Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 253 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Chap., FI. S. St. 81; Upham, Fl. Minn. 40; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 99; Cov., Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 175; Sarg., Silva, II, 103. North America: N. Br. and Ont. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Ind. Terr. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially in forest dis- trict; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB: Sheldon 468, Madison Lake; Bailey 109, Ver- milion lake; Herb. Moyer 51, Montevideo. Acer spicatum Lam. Enc. Meth. II, 381 (1786). A. pennsylvanicum Du Rot, Diss. 61 (1771). A. parviforum Enru. Beitr. LV, 25, 26, 40 (1789). A. montanum Arr. Hort. Kew. ITI, 435 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 117; Chap., Fl. S. St. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 78; Upham, FI]. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 98; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 223 in var.; Wats., Bibl. Ind. {, 177; Sarg., Silv. II, 83. North America: Newf. and N. S. to Man. and Sas- katchewan; S. in Appalachians to Ga.; W. to Minn. and Ky. There is a variety, scarcely to be separated from the type, which occurs from Japan and Saghalin to Manchuria. Minn. valley: Local; bluffs, near Ft. Snelling; lower levels, in woods. HerRB.: Herrick 68, St. Louis river; Roberts 24, Dul- uth; Bailey 228, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 118, Tower; Man- ning 1, Lake City. —23 pe ep ef 354 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Acer pennsylvanicum Linn. Spec. 1055 (1753). A. canadense MARSH. Arbust. 3 (1785). A, striatum Du Rot, Diss. 58 (1771). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 80; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 98; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 175. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to L. Superior; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. Ky., Mo.; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Local; bluffs, near Ft. Snelling. LXV. BALSAMINACEAE. Balsam Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1173 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. 1, 269 (1862)—sub Geraniaceae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 39 (1874)—sub Geraniaceae. Genera: 1-2; Tropical Asia and a few in N. temper ate floral region and in Africa. Species: 225+; center in tropical Asia. IMPATIENS Linn. Gen. 680 (1737). Balsamina GAERTN. Fruct. I], 151 (1791). Hydrocera BLuME, Bijdr. 241 (1826). Tytonia Don, Syst. I, 749 (1831). Baillon, Hist. Pl. V, 39; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 277, 278, 989; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 53; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 133. Living species: 225+; 1385 (B. and H.); North Amer- ica, 2; N. Europe and Asia, 3; Africa and Madagascar, 23; all the others in tropical Asia. Impatiens biflora WaLt. Fl. Car. 219 (1788). I. maculata Mun. Cat. 26 (1813). 1. fulua Nutr. Gen. I, 146 (1818). I, nolitangere var. B. Miocirx. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt., Fl. N. J. 74; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62, 502; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 152. North America: Throughout Can. to lat. 66° N. and Alaska; S. to New Eng. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout, but particularly in the for- — est district; damp places and edges of swamps; springs. HERB.: Sheldon 1043, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 984, Glen- wood; Sheldon 27, Elysian; Sheldon 1311, Lake Benton; Ballard 709, Waconia; Ballard 868, Waconia; Ballard 753, Waconia; Ballard 851, Patterson’s lake; Herrick 59, Minnetonka; Herrick ° 60, Excelsior; Herrick 61, Minneapolis; Oestlund 22, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 62, Minneapolis; Arthur 7, Vermilion lake; Roberts LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 355 21, Beaver bay; Bailey 118, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 108, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 45, Montevideo. Impatiens aurea MuHL. Cat. 26 (1813). I, nolitangere Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803) not Linn. I. pallida Nutr. Gen. I, 146 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 106; Britt., Fl. N. J. 73; Webb., Fl. Neb. 121; Chap., Fl. S. St. 65; Upham, Fl. Minn. 36; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 92; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 152; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 98. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Washing- ton; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co. and W. to the Chippewa river; rich, damp places; springs. HerRB.: Tuylor 277, Janesville; Ballard 896, Waconia; Taylor 1160, Glenwood; Herrick 58, Minnetonka; Sandberg 107, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 44, Montevideo. LXVI. RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1094 (1836-40): Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant I, 371 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 51 (1877). Genera: 40+; tropical and warmer regions. Species: 500+: fossil, 10-12 (Tertiary). CEANOTHUS Linn. Act. Ups. 77 (1741). Paliurus ADANS. Fam. Pl. II, 304 (1763) in part. Forrestia Rar. Med. Rep. II, hex. V, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 80; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 378; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 69;Sargent, N. Am. Silva, II, 41; Gray, Jil. Gen. Il, 181; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 588. Living species: 40+; N. America, western, temperate and tropical. Centers on Pac. coast. 19-22, California; 4, Rocky mts.; Canada, 4;S. Sts., 3; H. Sts., 2; Pl. King, 6; Pl. Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 4; Mexico and Central America, +15. Fossil species: 2; Java, Tertiary (Géppert); Bonn, Germany (Weber), Tertiary. Ceanothus ovatus Desv. Arb. II, 381 (1809). C. ovalis BiaEL. FJ. Bost. ed. 2, 92 (1824). C. intermedius Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 124 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 112; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Coult., Fl. Colo. 47; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 96; II, 314; Coult., Fl. Tex. 60; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 165. North America, Ont. and L. Huron and L. Superior region to N. Eng., Ill, Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Wyoming and W. Tex. 356 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: local; New Ulm; rare; sandy ridges and rocks. Ceanothus americanus LINN. Spec. 195 (1753). C. trinervus MOENCH, Meth. 651 (1794). C. herbaceus RAF. Med. Repos. V, 360 (1808). C. perennis and intermedius PursH, Fl. Am. 167 (1814). C. sanguineus NuTT. Gen. I, 153 (1818). C. officinalis RAF. Med. Bot. IT, 205 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 112; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 39; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122: Chap., Fl. S. St. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 95; Coult., Fl. Tex. 60; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 163. North America: Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J, and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry and open woodland and along river banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1171, New Ulm; Ballard 740, Waco- nia; Sheldon 931, Redwood Falls; Ballard 465, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 734, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 566, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Herrick 66, Minneapolis; Kassube 49, Rocky lake; Sandberg 115, Red Wing. RHAMNUS Linn. Gen. 165 (1737) em. Alaternus Tourn. Inst. 595 (1700). Frangula MoENCH, Meth. Suppl. 271 (1802). Marcorella Neck. Elem. 799 (1790). Cardiolepis RAFIN. Neogen, 2 (1825). Sciadophila Pum. Linn. XXVIII, 618 (1854). Rhamnella Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III, 30 (1857). Microrhamnus MAxtm. Mem. Ac. Petr. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 377; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 74; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 68; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 585. Living species: 70+; temperate regions of Europe, Asia and America; a few in the tropics; absent from Africa, Australia and Oceanica. N. America, 6-7; E. Sts., 3, W. Sts., 3-4, Fossil species: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary; Green- land, W. America, Siberia, Europe, Azores, Switzerland, Java; 15-20 sp. (Lesquereaux, Heer, Géppert). Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Sert. Angl. 5 (1788). R. franguloides Micux. Fl. Am. I, 153 (1803). R. alpinus Ricw. Frankl. Journ. 6 (1823). Girtanneria alnifolia and franguloides RAF. Fl. Tellur. 28 (1836)... Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 111; Britt., Fl. N. J. 76; Wats.,. Bibl. Ind. I, 168; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 122; Upham, FI. Minn. 38. “I LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 35 North America: N. Br., Maine, Ont., N. J., Penn. to Minn., Neb., Mont. and N. W. T. to Rocky mts. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. districts; wooded banks and in forest. HERB.: Sheldon 1928, Lake Calhoun; Bailey 457, Mud lake; Kassube 276, Minneapolis. LXVII. VITACEAE. Vine Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 796 (1836-40)—Ampelideae; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 386; Lindl., Veg. King. 439 (1846). Genera: 12+; temperate and tropical regions, less abundant in America. Species: 260+; fossil species, 35-45-50; Cretaceous and Tertiary. PARTHENOCISSUS Prancw. Monog. Ampel. 446 (1887). Ampelopsis Micux. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 159 (1803) p. p. Quinaria RAF. ex Planch. 488 (1887). Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 70; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 125; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 165; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 594; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 387. Living species: 10; temperate Asia; E. N. America. Fossil species: 1-2, Tertiary, N. America, Greenland? Parthenocissus quinguefolia (Linn.) PLANcH. Monog. Ampel. I, 488 (1887). Hedera quinquefolia LINN. Spec. 292 (1753). Vitis hederacea Eur. Beitr. Bot.I, 17 (1787). V. quinquefolia Lam. Ill. II, 135 (1793). Ampelopsis hirsuta DoN, Cat. Cant. 166 (1796). A. quinquefolia MicHx. FI. N. Am. I, 160 (1803). Cissus hederacea Pers. Syn. I, 143 (1805). Amupelopsis hederacea DC. Prodr. I, 633 (1824). Quinaria hederacea and hirsuta RAF. Med. Bot. II, 122 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 115; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Coult., F]. Colo. 48; Chap., F1.S. St. 72; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl. Minn, 38; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 83; Cov.. Fl. Ark. 173; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 170; Hart., Scand. FI. I, 559. North America: Q. to Man. and Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Kan., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams, climb- ing over shrubbery or on tree-trunks; frequent. HERB.: ? Taylor 812, Glenwood; Ballard 90, Chaska; Sheldon 1581, Lake Benton; Taylor 786, Minnesota Lake; Shel- don 1607, Madison Lake; Sandberg 114, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 49, Montevideo. : 358 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. VITIS Linn. Gen. 161 (1787). Planchon, Mon. Amp. 321; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 387; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 70; Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 163; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 125; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 593. Living species: 80+; northern and temperate regions in both hemispheres. Russia, 1; Europe, 1; N. America, 15; S. Sts., 11; E. Sts., 8; Canada, 38; W. Tex., 8; Calif., 1; Rocky mts., 1; Pl. Wheel., 3. Fossil species: Cretaceous, Europe and N. Amer.; Tertiary, Greenland (Heer); Wyoming (Lesquereaux); France (Saporta and Marion); Pliocene or Quat., Japan (Nathorst); older Tertiary, Japan (Nathorst); 25-80 sp. descr. Vitis aestivalis Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 230 (1803). V. laciniosa MARSH. Arbust. 165 (1785). V. labrusca WALT. FI. Car. 243 (1788). V. palmata VAHL, Symb. I1I, 42 (1794). V. vulpina JACQ. Hort. Schoenbr. IV, 13 (1804). V. virginiana Porn. Enc. Meth. VIII, 608 (1810). V. intermedia and labruscoides MuHL. Cat. 26 (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 113; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, © 504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 83?; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats. Bibl. ind. Ly 17d. North America: Ont. along L. Erie to N. Eng., N. J. and S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss. and Pecos river in Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout but local; reported from Big Stone, Ft. Snelling and Worthington. Vitis riparia Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 231 (1803). V. vulpina LINN. Spec. 203 (1758) in part. V. odoratissima Don, Cat. Cant. 66 (1796). V. incisa JACQ. Hort. Schoenb. IV, 14 (1804). V. cordifolia var. riparia GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 113 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 114; Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Webb., F], Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 71; Upham, Fl. Minn. 38; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97, 504; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 173. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Lake Winnipeg; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; less common than J. cor- difolia Lam.; river banks and thickets. HeRB.: Sheldon 1333, Lake Benton; Ballard 30, Chaska; Sheldon 1485, Pipestone City; Sheldon 34, Elysian; Herb. Moyer 259, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUCING PLANTS. 359 Vitis cordifolia Lam. [ll II, 184 (1793). V. vulpina MunL. Cat. 26 (1813). V. vulpina var. cordifolia REGEL, Consp. Vit. 304 (1873). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 113: Britt., Fl. N. J. 77; Webb., Fl. Neb. 123; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 38; Chap., Fl. S. St. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 172; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 172. North America: S. W. Ont.? to Maine.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Miss. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest region and banks of streams to Pommes des Terres river; river banks and shrubbery; com- mon. HERB.: Sheldon 364, Madison Lake; Taylor 712, Min- nesota lake; Sheldon 1003, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 984, Cross lake, Brown Co.; J'aylor 488, Janesville; Oestlund 25, Hennepin Co. ; Kassube 48, Minneapolis; Sandberg 113, Chisago Co. LXVIII. TILIACEAE. Linden Family. Endlicher, Gea. Pl. 1004 (1835-49); Bantham and Hooker, Gzn. Plant. I, 228 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 461 (1873); Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 8 (1890). Genera: 35; distributed from two centers; (1) S. E. Asia; (2) Brazil (Schumann). Common in tropics; more abund- ant in N. hemisphere than in S. Species: 375+ living; 25+ fossil in Tertiary rocks. TILIA Linn. Gen. 440 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1V, 185; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 236, 986; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan.45; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 8, V1, 24 (Schu- mann); Gray, Ill. Gen. II, 93; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 519. Living species: 10; Northern hemisphere. Russia, 6; China and Japan, 6; Russian Europe, 5; Europe 5; North America, 5; Canada, 1-2; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 3; Mexico, 1; W. Tex., 1; not in California region, Central Asia or Himalayas. Fossil species: 14-18 described from Alaska, Spitz- bergen, Saghalin (Heer), Amur, Europe, Japan (Nathorst), Denmark, N. America (Newberry and Lesquereaux); Tertiary and Interglacial. Tilia americana LINN. Spes. 514 (1753). T. caroliniana Miuu. Dict. VIII, 4 (1768). 17. latifolia SALISB. Prodr. 367 (1796). T. pubescens Nouv. Daham. I, 51 (1801) T. glabra VENT. Monog. Til. 9 (1802). T. canadensis Mtcax. Fl. N. Am. [, 305 (1803). T. stenopetala Rar. FI. Lud. 92 (1817). T. neglecta SPACH, Ann.S:i. Nat. 2, II, 340 (1834). 360 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man 6 ed. 101: Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Britt., Fl. N. J. 71; Chap., Fl. S. St. 59; Upham, Fl. Minn. 35; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 88; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. III, 6, 24; Coult., Fl. Tex. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 171; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 145; Sarg., Silva I, 49. North America: N. B., Q., Ont., Man. to Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially in forest dis- trict, but on banks of streams; W. to Dakota line; rich soil. HERB.: Taylor 485, Janesville; Sheldon 56, Elysian; Sheldon 654, Waseca; Taylor 662, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 800, Glenwood; Ballard 555, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 848, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 389, Madison Lake; Herrick 53, Minneapolis; Holzinger 40, Winona Co.; Bailey 224, Ver- milion lake; Bailey 249, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 101, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wickersheim 26, Liaake Benton. LXIX. MALVACEAE, Mallow Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 978 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 195; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1V, 57 (1873)—eaxel. Sterculiaceae; Schumann in Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V1, 30 (1890). Genera: 30+; cosmopolitan. Species: 650-700; most abundant in tropics. A large number endemic in W. hemisphere. MALVA Linn. Gen. 557 (1737). Callirrhoe Nutt. Jour. Phil. Acad. II, 181 (1822). Nuttallia BART. Fl. Am. II, 74 (1822). Malvastrum DC. Prodr. I, 480 (1824). Malvella JAuB. and SpAcu, Ill. Or. V, 47 (1853). Phyllanthophora Gray, Wilkes Exp. I, 151 (1854), Nototriche Turcz. ex Baill. Hist. 1. c. (1873). Baillon, Hist. P/. IV, 138; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 201; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V1, 40, 41 (Schumann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 38; Gray, ll. Gen. II, 49, 51, 59. Living species: 100+; N. America, 25; rest in Cape of Good Hope region, Europe and Asia and N. Africa. Canada, 1; E. Sts., 4-5; S. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 10; rest Mexican, S-west- ward and Central America. S. America, 15-20 sp. Malva triangulata Leavenw. Am. Jour. Sci. VII, 62 (1828). M. houghtonii T. and G. Fi. I, 225 and 681 (1838). Oallirrhoé triangulata GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 16 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Chap., Fl. S. St. 53; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 133. North America: Ind. to Minn.; S. to N. Car. and Alab. Minn. valley: Prairie region on higher levels; far S. W.; dry and exposed hillsides; rare. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 361 Malva involucrata (NuTT.) T. and G. Fl. I, 226 (1888). Nuttallia involucrata Nutr. T. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 172 (1830). Callirrhoé involucrata GRAY, Pl. Lindh. 159 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 98: Webb. Fl. Neb. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 41; Gov., Fl. Ark. 170; Coult., Fl. Tex. 36; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 133. North America: Minn. to Neb., Colo., Tex. and Ariz. Minn. Valley: Reported from western edge. NAPAEA Linn. Syst. VI, add. (1748). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 139; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 201; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. I, 38; Gray, Ill. Gen. 11, 55; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VI, 41 (Schumann). Living species: 1; North America. Napaea dioica LINN. Spec. 686 (1753). N. scabra Linn. Mant. II, 435 (1774). Sida dioica CAv. Diss. I, 138 (1791). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 98; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Engl. Schum., Nat. Pfianz. III, 6, 41; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 139. North America: Penn. to Va.; W. to Minn. and lowa. Minn valley: S. E. district and to Martin Co.; rare; ravines and hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 100, Vasa. HIBISCUS Linn. Gen. 562 (1787). Lagunaea, Triguera CAy. Diss. 41, 173 (1791). Trionum, Abelmoschus MEpDIc. ex DC. 1, 446 (1824). Bombycodendron Zouu. Hassk. Pl. Java 301 (1848). Paritium St. Hiz. FI. Bras. Mer. I, 295 (1825). Lagunaria Don, Syst. I, 485 (1831). Senra Cay. Diss. II, 83 (1793). Ketmia Tourn. Inst. 99 (1700). Hymenocalyx ZENK. PI. Ind. 8 (1835). Dumreichera Hocust. Flora (18388). Baillon, Hist. Pl. lV, 139; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 207; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 39; Engier and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, V1, 47, 48, 49 (Schu- mann); Gray, Jl. Gen. II, 81. Living species: 165+; principally in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the earth; Russia, 2; Europe, 2; Rus- sian Europe, 2; N. America, 15; W. Tex., 3; S. Sts.,9; E. Sts., 3; . Canada, 2; California, 2—4; Pl. Wheel. 1. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Diss. I, 852 (1791). 7 H. laevis Scop. Del. Fl. III, 35 (1778). H, virginicus WALT. FI. Car. 177 (1778) not Linn. H. hastatus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 45 (1808). H. riparius Pers. Syn. II, 254 (1807). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 34; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Chap., F1.S. St. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 135 362 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Penn. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Va. and Ark. . Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling; E. edge and N. E. dis- trict; rare; river banks and shore of lakes. LXX. HYPERICACEAE. St. John’s-Wort Family: ; Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1036 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 163 (1862): Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 391 (1877). Genera; 8; temperate and warmer regions. Species: 225+; more abundantly represented in N. hemisphere than in 8. HYPERICUM Linn. Gen. 606 (1737). Elodea, Elodes, Triadenia, Adenotrias, Drosanthe, Ere- mosporus, Webbia, Hypericum, Olympia, Campylopus, Psoro- phytum, Androsaemum, Eremanthe, Campylosporus, Norysea, Roscyna, Myriandra, Brathydium SpPAcuH, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, V, 353 (1836). Androsaemum ALL. FI. Ped. II, 47 (1785). Brathrys Mur. ex Linn. f. Suppl. 43 (1781). Sarothra LINN. Gen. ed. V, 344 (1754). Tridia Kortru. Hoev. and De Vr. Tijd. III, 17 (1836). Receveura VELL. FI]. Flum. V, 119, 120 (1826). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 391; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 165; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 33; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 213. Living species: 175+; 160 (B. and H.); temperate and tropical regions; very numerous in N. temperate zone; very rare in S. temperate; Russia, 23; Europe, 41; Russian Europe, 10; N. America, 31; E. Sts., 17; Canada, 11; S. Sts.;25; 2a King, 2; Pl. Wheel, 1; Mid. Calif., 3; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex. 4. Hypericum canadense LINN. Spec. 785 (1753). H. thestifolium HBK. N.G. et. S. V, 192 (1821). H. pauciflorum HBK. 1. ¢. (1821). H. moranense HBK. 1. c. (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 95; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 42; Cov., Fl. Ark. 169; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I. 125; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. North America:' N. Y. to Fla.; W. to Wis., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E district, and probably along N. edge; extending doubtfully to Blue Earth Co.; wet or damp woods and roadsides. HerRB.: Ballard 825, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 856, Page lake; Holzinger 32, Winona Co.; Bailey 428, Long lake. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 363 Hypericum gymnanthum ENGELM. and Gray, PI. Lindh. 4 (1845). AH. mutilum var. gymnanthum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 86 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Britt., Fl N. J. 68;-Coult., Fl. Tex. 35; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 127. North America: N. J., Del. and Penn. to Minn. and Ark.; S. to Tex. Minn. valley: N. E. district; low and shaded localities. HERB.: Roberts 18, Stewart river. Hypericum mutilum Linn. Spec. 787 (1753). Ascyrum crua-andraea LINN« Spec. 787 (1753). Hypericum quinquenervium WALT. FI. Car. 190 (1788). Hi. parviflorum Wiuup. Spec. III, 1436 (1803). H. stellarioides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. V, 196 (1821). Brathrys quinquenervia SpAcH, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. V, 367 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 94; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Chap., Fl. S. St. 41; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 85; Coult., Fl. Tex. 35; Wats., King Exp. 46; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 127. North America: N. S. to L. Winnipeg; E. U.S.; Tex. and Mexico; Minn. to Ark. and Eastward. Not in Neb., Colo. or Pac. coast region. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling and Waconia region; damp woodland. HERB.: Roberts 17, Beaver bay; Sandberg 88, Good: hue Co. Hypericum maculatum Watt. FI. Car. 189 (1788). H. virginianum WALT. FI. Car. 189 (1788). HA. punctatum LAM. Enc. Meth. LV, 164 (1797). H. micranthum Cuots. Prodr. Hyper. 44 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 94; Britt., Fl. N. J. 68; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Chap., Fl. S. St. 40; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 85; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; ‘Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 125. North America: N. S., Q. to Ont.; S. to Maine, N. J., N. Car.; W. to Minn., Iowa, Mo. and Ark. Hypericum prolificum Linn. Mant. 106 (1767). H. foliosum Jacq. Hort. Schoen. III, 27 (1798). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 93; Chap., Fl. S. St. 39; Upham Fl. Minn. 31; Cov., Fl. Ark. 170; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 128. North America: N. J. to Mich. and Minn.; S. to Tenn Minn. valley: S. E. region, but doubtful; cool woods Hypericum ascyron LINN. Spec. 1102 (17538). H. pyramidatum Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 103 (1789). HT. ascyroides W1LLpD. Spec. III, 1448 (1803). H. amplexicaule Lam. Enc. Meth. IV, 147 (1797). H macrocarpum Micux. FI. II, 82 (1803). a 364 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man, 6 ed. 93; Upham, FI. Minn. 30; Britt., Fl. N. J. 67; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 84, 500; II, 312; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 72; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 446; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 128. Altai and Baikal Siberia and China. North America: Montreal, Q., Ont. to plains of the Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., and W. to Iowa, Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley:. Forest district and wooded banks; W. to — Brown Co.; wooded banks of streams and cool ravines. HERB.: Sheldon 1164, New Ulm; Kassube 33, Tuttle’s creek, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1705, Minneapolis. Hypericum virginicum Linn.’ Spec. ed. 2, 1104 (1762). HA, campanulatum WALT. FI]. Car. 191 (1788). HA, emarginatum LAM. Enc. Meth. IV, 154 (1797). Triadenum purpurascens RAF. Med. Rep. V, 355 (1809) Elodes campanulata PursH, Fl. Am. 379 (1814). Elodes virginica Nutt. Gen. II, 17 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 95; Upham, Fl. Minn. 31; Britt., Fl. N. J: 68; Chap., Fl. S. St. 42; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 86; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 124; Webb., Appx. Neb. 32. North America: N.S. to Winnipeg and Hudson Bay; S. to N. Eng. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Man. and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district and banks of streams; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; marshes, swamps and wet woods. HERB.: Sheldon 327, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 817, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 855, Page lake; Ballard 902, St. Bonifacius; Bailey 55, Vermilion lake; Holz- inger 33, Winona Co.; Roberts 19, Duluth; Sandberg S9, Chis- ago Co. LXXI. CISTACEAE. Rock-Rose Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 903 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. I, 112 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 323 (1873). Genera: 4; temperate N. hemisphere and a few in 8. America; especially developed in Mediterranean region. Species: 60 (B.and H.); 200 (described); Mediterranean region, 50; N. America, abundant. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Syst. Il, 75 (1807). Halimium, Fumana, Tuberaria, Lecheoides DUNAL, DC. Prodr. I, 266 (1824). Rhodax, Crocanthemum, Heteromeris, Taeniostema Spacu, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, VI, 360 (1836). Codomia GAuD. ex Durand, Ind. Phan. 23 (i888). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 365 Fumanopsis PoMEL. ex Durand, Ind. Phan. (1888). Cistus LINN. Gen. 673 (1737) in part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 331; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 113; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 23; Gray, Ill. Gen. I, 203. Living species: 27+; 100 (Dunal); 160 (described); principally Mediterranean region to the Punjaub, a few grow- ing throughout Europe; 6 in N. America; 1-3, S. America; Russia, 8; Europe 59? (Nym.); Russian Europe, 3; Canada, 1; California, 1; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel., 1: W. Tex.; 3. Helianthemum majus (Linn.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Lechea major LiInN. Amoen. III, 11 (1751). Cistus canadensis HILL. Veg. Syst. 14 (1769). Helianthemum canadense MicHx. Fl. Am. I, 308 (1803). H. ramuliflorum Micux. FI. Am. I, 307 (1803). H. corymbosum PursH, FI. Am. 363 (1814). H. rosmarinifolium PursH, Fl. Am. 364 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 53; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Chap., Fl. S. St. 36; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 60, 491; Coult., Fl. Tex. 24; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 78. North America: N.S., Ont. and Saskatchewan? S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: E. edge and S. E. districts; dry or sandy places and along river banks. HERB.: Holzinger 32, Winona Co.; Kassube 40, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 85, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 33, Winona; Sand- berg 86, Vasa. HUDSONIA Linn. Mant. 1263 (1767). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1V, 332; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 114; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 23; Gray, Ill. Gen.. I, 207. Living species: 38; North America; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 1; Canada, 2. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Gen. II, 5 (1818). H. ericoides Ricu. Frankl. Journ. 11 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 77; Britt., KF] N. J. 54; Upham, Fl. Minn. 30; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 60; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 79; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: N.S., N. Br,, Q., Ont., Rainy lake to Slave lake; S. to Maine, N. J. and Md.; W. around Gt. lakes to Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Local; Morton; on sandy hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 87, White Rock. LXXII. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 908 (1836-40); Lindl., Veg. King. 365 (1846)— Sauva- gesiaceae; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 114 (1862); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 333 (1873). 266 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Genera: 18-20; cosmopolitan. Species: 250+; cosmopolitan; herbaceous in temper- ate, shrubby in tropical regions. VIOLA Linn. Gen. 679 (1737). Mnemion Spacu, Suit. Buff. V, 510 (1836). Chrysion SPACH, 1. c. 509 (1836). Lophion SpPaAcuH, 1. c. 516 (1836). Erpetion DC. ex Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 170 (1823). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1V, 351; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 117; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 23; Gray, Jil. Gen. I, 185. Living species; 250 described; 150 reduced; 100 (B. and H.); three-fourths in temperate northern hemisphere, rest in southern; almost the whole earth (Durand). Russia, 40+; Europe, 56; Russian Europe, 26; N. America, 35; Calif.,. 15; Canada, 27-30; E. Sts., 17-19; Rocky mts., 8-10; S. Sts., 16; Pl. King, 8-9; Pl. Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 4. Viola sylvestris Lam. Fl. Fr. II, 680 (1772). V. uliginosa MuHL. Cat. 25 (1813). V. debilis PursH, Fl. Am, 174 (1814). V. muhlenbergiana GiInerNns, DC. Prodr. I, 297 (1824). V. muhlenbergii Torr. FI. U.S. 1, 256 (1824). V. canina var. sylvestris REGEL, FI. O.-Sib. 1, 245 (1862). V. canina var. muhlenbergii TRAuTY. FI. Sib. 28 (1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 81; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 56; Mac., F]. Can. I, 63; Led., Fl. Ross: I, 253; Herd., Fl. Russ. Eur. 22; Roth Wheel. Exp. 68; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 82; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 55. Russian Europe; Siberia to Baikals, Amur., Kamtka, China. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. thro. Can. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Dak. and Colo. Minn. valley: N.E. and N. edge; forest region and in tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 1605, Ramsey Co. Viola striata Art. Hort. Kew. III, 290 (1789). V. debilis Micux. FI. I, 150 (1803). V. lewisiana GIne. DC. Prodr. I, 298 (1824). V. ochroleuca Scuw. Am. Journ. Sci. I, 5, 66 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 63; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1 ee oy North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to mts. of Ga.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: N. edge and to the W. edge on higher levels; flat and wooded grounds. ISTL OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 367 HERB:: Bradley 1, Spring Park; Herb. Wickersheim 21, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Viola canadensis Linn. Spec. 936 (1753). V. albiflora LINK, Enum. Hort. Berol. I, 141 (1828). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Webb., Fl. Neb. 119; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Coult., Fl. Colo. 29: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 64; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 254; Roth., Wheel Exp. 68; Wats., King. Exp. 35; Wats., Bib!. Ind. I, 82. Islands in Berings st. off Siberia. North America: Newf., N. Br., Q., Ont., Man. to Brit. Col.; S. in mts. to Wyom., Colo., Utah, Nev. and N. Mexico; E. to Alleghanies and N. Car. Minn. valley: Forest region and wooded banks of streams; W. to Chippewa river; low and damp _ localities; woods. HERB.: Taylor 422, Janesville; Sheldon 290, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1606, Ft. Snelling; Sheldon 256, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Sandberg 82, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 37, Monte- video. , Viola pubescens Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 290 (1789). V. pennsylvanica MicHx. Fl. N. Am. II, 149 (1803). V. uniflora var. pubescens REGEL, FI. O.-Sib. I, 254 (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 34; Britt., Fl. N. J. 57; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 64; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. East Siberia? North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man.; S. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Iowa, Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and shady banks; common; principally in the forest region. HERB.: Ballard 331, Belle Plaine; Bailey 236, Vermil- ion lake; Sandberg 85, Red Wing; Herrick 45, Minneapolis; Kassube 39, Minneapolis; Leonard 8, Minneapolis; Holzinger 31, Winona Co.; Sandberg 84, Cannon Falls; Hammond 10, Lake City; Herb. Sheldon 1834, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 22, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 38, Montevideo. Viola rotundifolia Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 150 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap.. Fl. S. St. 34; Upham, Fl. Minn. 28; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 61; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 248; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. Kamtschatka? North America: N.S. and Maine to N. Car. and Minn Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling and probably Leaf hills district; moist woodland and near cold springs. 868 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Roberts 14, Black Point; Roberts 15, Black Neck river. Viola lanceolata Linn. Spec. 934 (1753). V. attenuata SWEET, Hort. Brit. 37 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 61, 492: Coult., Fl. Tex. 25; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 50. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to L. Superior; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Tex. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling; N. W. and probably along N. edge; damp woods. Viola primulaefolia Linn. Spec. 934 (1753). V. acuta BIGEL. FI. Bost. 100 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 80; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 61; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 86. North America: N. Br., Q., to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. ? Minn. valley:? Ft. Snelling and possibly in Blue Earth Co.; damp woods. Viola blanda WILLD. Hort. Berol. t. 24 (1807). V. clandestina PuRsH, FI. Am. 173 (1814). V. obliqua PursH, FI. Am. 172 (1814) not Hill. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1,55; Regel, Fl. O.-Sib. I, 216, 234; Led., Fl. Ross. I, 247; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 81. Kamtschatka. North America: Newf. and N.S. to Man. and Brit. Col.; Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie river; S. in E. U.S. to N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. edge; woods and damp places; tamarack swamps. HeErRB.: Sheldon 329, Smith's Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 157, Chaska; Herrick 44, Lake Mendoza; Sandberg 74, Chisago lake; Herrick 45, Minneapolis; Bailey 455, Mud Lake; Sandberg 75, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1718, Minneapolis; 1838, Lake Calhoun; Herb. Wickersheim 19, Mankato. Viola blanda WiLLp. var. amoena (LECONTE) B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). V. amoena LeEContTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 144 (1835). V. blanda var. palustriformis A. GRAY, Rev. Viol. Bot. Gaz. (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Wats., 3ibl. Ind. I, 82; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 307. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 369 North America: N. Y., N. J. and Ont. to Del. and W. to Lake Nepigon and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; wet woods and tama- rack swamps. HeERB.: Ballard 366, Helena, Scott Co.; Bailey 105, Vermilion lake; Sheldon 1837, Lake Calhoun. Viola sagittata Ait. Hort. Kew. III, 287 (1789). . sagittaefolia SALISB. Prodr. 130 (1796). . ciliata MUHL. Cat. 25 (1813). . dentata PuRsH, FI]. Am. 172 (1814). . ovata Nutr. Gen. I, 148 (1818). . alleghaniensis R. and 8, “Syst. V, 560 (1819). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 38; Mac., Fl. Can I, 63, 492; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 87. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng. and Minn.; S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn.; W. to Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling to Blue Harth Co.; N. edge of valley to Leaf hill district; drier exposed hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 80, Belle Creek, Goodhue Co.; Kas- sube 37, Minneapolis; Herrick 46, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1680, Minneapolis; 1833, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1930, Minnea- polis. Viola palmata Linn. Spec. 933 (17538). V. heterophylla Muuu. Cat, 25 (1813). V. cucullata var. palmata GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 78 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Webb., Fl. Neb: 120; Chap., Fl. S. St., 33; Upham, F]. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84. North America: Ont. and E. U. S.; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout at lower levels; damp ground; woodland and meadow. Hers.: MHolzinger 27, Winona Co.; Holzinger 28, Winona Co.; Sandberg 73, Vasa; Herb. Sheld. 1832, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 34, Macmillan’s gulch, Montevideo. Viola palmata Linn. var. obliqua (HILL) Hircucock, FI. Ames. 487 (1891). V. obliqua Hitu. Hort. Kew. 316 t. 12 (1768). V. cucullata Air. Hort. Kew. III, 228 (1789). V. papilionacea PursH, FI. Am. 178 (1814). V. asarifolia Pursu, Fl. Am. 732 (1814) not Muhl. V. palmata var. cucul’ata GRAY, Rev. Viol. Bot. Gaz. (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Chap., Fl. S. St. 33; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 62; —24 2 A | 370 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. II, 307; Coult., Fl. Tex. 25; Wats., King Exp. 34; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 83. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Canada; range in U. S. like that of V. palmata Linn.; Texas, Rio Grande river; S. Calif.; Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout on lower levels; banks of streams, wooded hillsides and lake shores. Hers.: Taylor 756, Glenwood; Kassube 36, Minnea- polis; Sandberg 77, Vasa; Oestlund 16, Minneapolis; Leonard 7, Minneapolis; Sandberg 78, Red Wing; Holzinger 29, Winona Co. ; Herb. Sheld. 1825, Minneapolis; 1836, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wick- ersheim 20, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 35, Montevideo. . Viola palmata LINN. var. cordata (WaLT.) B.S. P. Cat. N.. Y.- (1888); . cordata WALT. Fl. Car. 219 (1788). . villosa WALT. F). Car. 219 (1788). . sororia WILLD. Enum. 263 (1809). . barbata Muuu. Cat. 25 (1813). . ciliata R. and 8S. Syst. V, 360 (1819). . cucullata var. cordata GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 78 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 56; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 63; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 83; Chap., FI. S. St. 33. North America: Ont. and E. U. S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Probably throughout, but most cer- tainly in forest region, E. and to Nicollet Co.; exposed hill- sides. ; SNANSS HERB.: Sandberg 79, Red Wing. Viola pedatifida G. Don, Mill. I, 320 (1831). V. delphinifolia Nutr. T. andG. FI. I, 136 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 79; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Webb., Fl. Neb. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 498; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 84. North America: Ill. to Kan., Ark., Neb., Colo., Dak. and Minn.; S. in mts. to Arizona; N. to prairies of Man. Minn. valley: Prairie region throughout; apparently less abundant than V. pedata Linn.; rich meadow land. HerRsB.: Kassube 35, Minneapolis; Sandberg 76, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 36, Montevideo. Viola pedata Linn. Spec. 933 (1753). V. digitata Pursn, Fl. Am, 171 (1814). V. pinnata Ricw. Frankl. Journ. 6 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 78; Britt., Fl. N. J. 55; Chap., Fl. o LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 371 S. St. 33; Upham, Fl. Minn. 29; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 63, 492; Cov., Fl. Ark. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 85. North America: Lat. 53° N. on Saskatchewan; N. Eng. to Minn.; S. to N. J., Tenn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Ft. Snelling to Brown Co. and along N. edge; rich prairies og drift-covered hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 969, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 38, St. Anthony Park; Oestlund 17, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 81, Red Wing; Holzinger 30, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1836, Minnea- polis. LXXIII. CACTACEAE. Cactus Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 942 (1836-40), Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. 1,. 845 (1868); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 28 (1888). Genera: 13; tropical and sub-tropical America; ex- tending to Canada and Central Chile; 1 in Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Species: 1000+; almost all contined to desert places. OPUNTIA MiILu. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). Cactus LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 616 (1764) in part. Tuna DiLu. Hort. Elth. 383 (1774). Consolea LEMAIRE, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 153 (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 40; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 851; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 153. Living species: 200 described; tropical and warmer America, 1 sp. in old world. Perhaps only 30 distinct; W. Tex., 19; E. Sts., 4; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 4; Cali- fornia, 14-17; Pl. Wheel, 18; Pl. King, 11. Opuntia fragilis (NuTrT.) Haw. Syn. Succ. Suppl. 82 (1819). Cactus fragilis Nutr. Gen. I, 296 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Coult., Fl. Colo. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 532; Wats., King. Exp. 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 406. North America: Vancouver to Brit. Col. and S. Man. ;. Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to N. Mex.; E. to Minn, Wisc., lowa, Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: S. W. district; rocks and ledges or dry hillsides, New Ulm? to Dakota line. HERB.: Sheldon 1494, Pipestone City; Sheldon 958,. Redwood Falls. Opuntia missouriensis DC. Prodr. III, 472 (1828). Cactus feroxr Nutr. Gen. I, 296 (1818) not Willd. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Syn. Succ, Suppl. 82 (1819). ® 372 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 197; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 177; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Coult., FJ. Colo. 111; Upham, Fl. Minn.59; Wats., King Exp. 118; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 129; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 407. North America: Colo. and Mont. to Neb., Minn., Kan., Ark., Mo. and Wisc. Minn. valley: S. W. edge; ledges of quartzite or syenitic rock; rare. HeRB.: Sheld. 1495, Pipestone City; Huntington 27, Rock Co. Opuntia rafinesquii ENGELM. Pac. R. R. Rep. IV, 41 (1856). Cactus opuntia Torr. FI. U.S. 466 (1824) in part. Opuntia mesacantha and caespitosa RAF. Bull. Bot. (18380). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 197; Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Coult., Fl. Col. 111; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Coult., Fl. Tex. 135; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 408. North America: Ont. to Nantucket, N. J. and Fla.; Mississippi valley; Mich., Minn. to Neb., Kan., Ky., Ark., Colo. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Central S. district, on ledges of rock in bed of river Warren; New Ulm to Dakota line. HERB.: Sheldon 1204, Redstone, near New Ulm. LXXIV. THYMELAEACEAE. Mezereum Family. Lindl. Veg. King 530 (1846); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 100 (1877); Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 329, 332 (1836-40)—Daphnoideae and Aquilarineae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. ILI, 186 (1880). Genera: 37+; temperate regions, especially abundant in Australia, S. Africa and Mediterranean region. Species: 375+, living; 30-40 fossil in Tertiary rocks. DIRCA Linn. Diss. Chenon. (1751), Gen. V, 487 (1754). Dofia ADANS. Fam. II, 285 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 130; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 191; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 354. Living species: 1-2; E_ U.S. and California. Direa palustris Linn. Amoen. III, 12 (1756). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 448; Britt., Fl. N. J. 213; Mac., F]. Can. I, 420; Chap., Fl. S. St. 395; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Cov., Fl. Ark. 217. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound; 8. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Neb.? and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. edge; banks of streams and low thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 373 HERB.: Sheldon 1611, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 485, Vasa; Herb. Sheld. 1903, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 113, Mankato. LXXV. ELAEAGNACEAE. Oleaster Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 333 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. ITI, 203 (1880); Baillon, Hist. Pl. II, 487 (1870). Genera: 3; temperate N. hemisphere and S. in Asia, Phillipines and to Australia. Species: 16; 12 in Elaeagnus (B. and H.); ?10+ fossil from Tertiary rocks. LEPTARGYRAIA Rar. Am. Mo. Mag. II, 176 (Jan. 1818). Shepherdia Nutr. Gen. II, 240 (later, 1818). ; Benth and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, 204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 356; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 649; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen II, 585. Living species: 3; N. America; 1, mts. of S. Utah; 1, Canada and Brit. Col.; 1, E. Sts. Leptargyraia argentea (NUTT.) GREENE, Pittonia II, 122 (1890). Eleagnus argentea Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). Hippophae argentea PursH, FI]. Am. I, 113 (1814). Shepherdia argentea Nutr. Gen. II, 240 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 449; Webb., Fl. Neb. 127; Wats., F). Calif. IIT, 62; Coult., Fl. Colo. 322; Upham, Fl. Minn. 121; Mac., FI. Can. J, 422; Wats., King Exp. 318. North America: Saskatchewan and Assiniboia to Minn., Neb., Kan., N. Mex. and W. to Sierra Nevada mts. Minn. valley: In small numbers along the extreme W. edge, in Dakota; extending into Minn. near Brown’s valley; high sheltered slough edges and thickets. ELAEAGNUS Linn. Gen. 84 (1737). Octarillum Lour. Cochinch. 90 (1790). Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I1I, 204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 356; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 649. Living species: 27-80 described; 12 reduced; S. Europe; temperate and tropical Asia, Australia and N. Amer- ica. Europe, 1; Russia, 1; N. America, 1. Fossil species: Elaeagnaceae described from Tertiary of Bonn, Spitzbergen and Greenland (Heer). Elaeagnus argentea PursH, Fl. Am. 114 (1814). E. commutata BERNH. Thur. Allge. Gartenz, Il, 95 (1819?). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 449; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 420; Upham, 374 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Minn. 121; Coult., Fl. Colo. 321; Wats., King Exp. 318; Roth., Wheel Exp. 238. North America: Isle of Orleans, Man., L. Nipigon and Assiniboia to Rocky mts.; N. to L. Athabasca and 56° N. lat. to 69° N. lat. in Rockies; Hudson Bay and Arctic circle; S. to Mon., Colo., Utah and E. to Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: Local on the upper Pomme des Terres river; thickets, riverbanks and edges of sloughs. LXXVI. LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1198 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 773 (1862-1867): Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 426 (1877); Koehne, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VII, 8 (1892). Genera: 22; tropical regions, sparingly extended into the N. and S. temperate zones; principally in W. hemisphere. Species: 860; 1-2 doubtful fossils from Pliocene. LYTHRUM Linn. Gen. 387 (1737). Salicaria TouRN. Inst. 253 (1700). Anisotes Linpu. Intr. Nat. Syst. ed. IT, 101 (1835). Pentaglossum Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 11 (1775). Mozula RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 96 (1819). Pythagorea Rar. Jour. Phys. LX XXIX, 96 (1819). Bergenia NECK. Elem. (1790). Middendorfia TrAuty. ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 139 (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 446; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 779; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 139; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 3, VII, 8 (Koehne). Living species: 23: cosmopolitan. Europe, 10; Asia, 10; Russia, 9; Russian Europe, 7; North America, 4 or 5: W. Tex., 3; California, 4; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 8; Pl. Wheel., 1; Africa, 8; all America, 12; Australia, 2. Lythrum alatum PursH, Fl. Am. 334 (1814). Pythagorea alata RAF. Journ. Phys. 96 (1819). Injthrum kennedyanum HBK. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. VI, 194 (1823). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 185; Britt., Fl. N. J. 107; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 175, 532; Webb.,F]. Neb.,127; Chap., Fl. S. St.,134; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Coult., Fl. Tex. 112; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 361. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and S. W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; damp meadows or bases of hills. HERB.: Sheldon 790, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 572, Minne- sota lake; Kassube 97, Minneapolis; Herrick 119, Minneapolis; Sandberg 211, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 88, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 875 LXXVII. OENOTHERACEAE. Evening- Primrose Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1118 (1836-40); Lindl., Veg. King. 724 (1846)—Ona- graceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant, I, 785 (1862-1867); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 458 (1877)—excl. Halorrhagidaceae. Genera: 16-20; temperate regions; rarer in the tropics. Species: 300-850; a few fossil in Tertiary. ISNARDIA Linn. Gen. 842 (1737). Ludwigia LINN. Corr. 943 (1737). Prieuria DC. Prodr. III, 58 (1828). Nematopyxis Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I, 630 (1859). Dantia Tyovu. Gen. Nov. Mad. 49 (1806?). Jussiaea LINN. Gen. 538 (1737). Cubospermum Lour. FI. Coch. 275 (1790). Vigiera VELLOzZ. FI. Flum. II, 73, 74 (1827). Corynostigma PERSL, Epim. 218 (1844). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 491; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 788; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 140; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 250. Living species: 60+; Hurope, Asia, Africa, N. Amer- ica, and most tropical regions. North America, 24; S. Sts., 20; He ts., 10; Canada, 2-3; California, 2. Isnardia palustris Linn. Spec. 120 (1753). Ludwigia apetala WALT. Fl. Car. 89 (1788). L. nitida Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 87 (1803). L. palustris ELu. Sk, I, 211 (1821). Isnardia palustris var. americana DC. Prodr. III, 61 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 188; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 168; Chap., Fl. S. St. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 158; Upham, FI. Minn. 58; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 217; Coult., F1. Tex. 113; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 375; Greene, Fl. Fran. 227. Kurope; 8. Africa; W. Asia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatch- ewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and W. Tex.; also, Sierra Co., Calif., and Oregon. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; swamps and low meadows. Isnardia polycarpa (SHORT and PETER) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 251 (1891). Ludwigia polycarpa S.and P. Suppl. Pl. Ky. IT, 7 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 188; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, F). Minn. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 376. North America: Mass. and Conn. to Mich., Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Ky. 376 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; low meadows and swamps. ; HERB.: Manning 4, Lake City. GAURA Linn. Diss. Chen. 1111 (1751); Gen. ed. V, 425 (1754). Schizocarya SPAcH, Ann. Mus. IV, 325 (1835). Gauridium SpPAcH, Suit. Buff. IV, 379 (1839). Stenosiphon SpacH, Ann. Mus. LV, 326 (1835). ? Heterogaura RorH. Proc. Am. Acad. VI. 354 (1864). ? Gongylocarpus CHAM. and SCHLECHT. Linn. V, 557 (1831). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 493; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 793; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141. Living species: 20-25; warmer N. America and Mexico. W. Tex., 9-10; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 4; E. Sts., 4; California, 2-3; S. Sts., 8; Pl. Wheel., 6-7; Pl. King, 2. Gaura coccinea Nutt. Fras. Cat. (1813). G. marginata LEHM. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 208 (1833). G. glabra LEHM. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 208 (1833). _ Schizocarpa(?) crispa SPACH, Monog. Onag. 58 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 1938; Mac., FJ. Can. I, 174; Coult., Fl. Colo. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 40; Upham, FI. Minn. 57, Suppl. 51; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183. North America: Red and Saskatchewan valleys to Rocky mts., S. to Mont. and Colo.; E. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: W. district from Chippewa valley; high plains and knolls. HERB.: Wickersheim 3, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1384, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 87, Montevideo. Gaura biennis Linn. Spec. 347 (1753). Pleurandra alba Ra¥F. Fl. Lud. 95 (1817). Pleurostemon album RAF. Adn. (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 192; Chap., Fl. S. St. 1388; Britt., N. J. 110; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Coult., Fl. Colo. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 368; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 174, 521. . North America: Ont., N. Y., and N. J. to Ga. and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Idaho and Neb.; S. to Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from 8. E. district, but pos- sibly not in the valley; banks and hillsides. EPILOBIUM Linn. Gen. 319 (1737). Chamoenerium TaAuscu, Hort. Canal. I (1823). Lysimachion TAuscH, 1. c. (1823). Crossostigma SpAcu, Ann. Mus. IV, 328 (1835). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 492; Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 787: Durand, Ind. Gen, Phan. 140. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 277 Living species: 60; all temperate and colder regions; New Zealand. Russia, 20; Europe, 18; Russian Europe, 17; North America, 38; Canada, 26; Pac. region, 34; HE. Sts., 10; Central Calif., 17. Epilobium hornemanni Rcus. Icon. Crit. II, 73 (1824). E. oriyanifolium Lam. Enc. Meth. II, 376 (1786). E. anagallidifolium AucT. AMER. in part. E. alpinum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1869). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 189; Upham, F]. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. I. 169, 530?; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 158; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 219; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 111, 112; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 105; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 361; Wats., King. Exp. 103? in part?; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 365; Hart., F]. Scand. I, 263; Webb., Appx. Neb. 34; Greene, Fl. Fran. 208. Russian Europe to N. W. Asia; Arctic Europe. North America: Greenland, Labrador, Q. to Rocky mts., Selkirks, Alaska and Cape Chudleigh.—to lat. 56° N.; 58. to White mts.; S. to Minn. and Wisc.; 8. in Rockies to Mont., Colo. and Utah; S. in Pac. reg. to Oregon, Calif. and Idaho. Minn. valley: Forest district, Ft. Snelling to Plue Earth Co.; rare; woods and along streams. Hers.: Leiberg 19, Minneopa Falls, Blue Earth Co. Epilobium coloratum Muni. Willd. Enum. I, 411 (1809) E. divdricatum RAF. Prec. Decouy. 41 (1814). E. tetragonum Pursu, FI. Am. 259 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 189: Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Mac., Fl, Can. I, 170, 530; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Chap., Fl. S. St., 140; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 219; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Tre- lease, Monog. Epilob. 93; Wats., King. Exp. 103; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120, 361; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 364. North America: Newf., N. S., N. B., Q., Ont. to Sas- atchewan, N. W. T. and Rocky mts.; S. toN. Eng., N. J.,S. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark. and Dak. Minn. valley: Throughout; high wet places and along streams. HeERB.: Taylor 411, Buffalo lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 119, Chaska; Taylor 847, Glenwood; Ballard 476, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 953, Glenwood; Sheldon 877, Sleepy Eye; Tay- lor 1079, Glenwood; Taylor 698, Minnesota lake; Ballard 752, Waconia; Kassube 94, Minneapolis; Herrick 114, Minneapolis; Bailey 157, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 81, Stockton; Bailey 461, Agate bay; Holzinger 82, Winona Co.; Herrick 115, Minneapo- lis; Oestlund 61, Minneapolis; Bailey 576, Agate bay; Sandberg 207, Goodhue Co. 378 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Epilobium strictum Muutu. Cat. 39 (1813). E. molle Torr. FI. U. S. 398 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 189; Upham, FI]. Minn. 57; Mac., F]. Can. 1, 171; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Trelease Monog. Epilob. 87; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 365. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to L. Athabasca; S. to Maine, N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Va.; W. to Ohio, Ills., Mich., Wisc. and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district; Ht. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; infrequent; bogs and edges of marshes. HERB.: Ballard 798, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 843, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 895, St. Bonifacius; Ballard 724, Benton, Carver Co.; Leiberg 21, Blue Earth Co. Epilobium palustre Linn. Spec. 348 (1753). E. anagallidifolium AuctT. AMER. in part. E. oliganthum Micux. FI. N. Am. 1, 223 (1803) in part. E. palustre var. lineare GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 130 (1852) in part. ? HE. palustre var. oliganthum B.S.P. Cat. N. Y. (1888) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 190; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Britt., Fl. N. J. 108?; Trautv., Fl. Sib. in var. 55; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Mac., Fl. Can.I, 170; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 157; Chap., Fl. S. St. 140?; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 308; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 109; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 88: Hart., F]. Scand. I, 264. Kurope and Asia to Himalayas and India. North America: Greenland and Labrador to N. H., N. J.? and Penn.? W. to Minn., Colo., Alaska, N. W. T. and Washington. Minn. valley: N. W. and W. districts; probably also N. and N. E.; bogs and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 830, Glenwood; Sheldon 1329, Lake Benton. Epilobium lineare Munu. Cat. 39 (1813). E. densum RAF. Desy. Journ. II, 271 (1814). E. rosmarinifolium Pursu, Fl. Am. 259 (1814). EH. squamatum Nort. Gen. I, 250 (1818). E. palustre var. lineare GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 130 (1852)... E. oliganthum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 223 (1803) in part. ? H. palustre var. oliganthum (Micux.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 189; Britt., Fl. N. J. 108; Upham, F]. Minn. 57; Mac., Fl. Can. 1,170; Chap., Fl. S. St. 140?; Coult., Fl. Colo. 102; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 39; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 87, 88; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 265. Norway, Scand., Lapland and N. Russia. North America: Labrador and N. Br. to Man., Brit. Col. and Selkirks to lat. 68° N. on Mackenzie river; S. to N. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 379 Eng., N. J., Del., Penn., Ills., Kan., Neb., Ind. Terr. and Yel- lowstone reg. Minn. valley: N. E., N. and N. W. districts; bogs and marshes. HERB.: Taylor 954, Glenwood; Ballard 842, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Roberts 40, Stewart river; Herrick 113, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 206, Red Wing; Bailey 70, Vermilion lake; Bailey 320, St. Louis river; Leiberg 20, Blue Harth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1664, Minneapolis. Epilobium angustifolium LInN. emend. Spec. 847 (1753). E. spicatum LAM. FI, Fr. 1077 (1778). E. pauciflorum SCHRANK, Pl. Labr. (1820). Chamoenerium angustifolium SPACH, Hist. Veg. IV, 396 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 188; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 168, 530; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 57; Britt., Fl. N. J. 108; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Hook., FI. Gt. Brit. 156; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 54; Chap., Fl. S. St. 139; Coult., Fl. Colo. 101; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 218; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 307; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 105; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 235; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Trelease, Monog. Epilob. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 120; Wats., King Exp. 104; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 366; Hart., FJ]. Scand. I, 262; Greene, Fl. Fran. 210. Temperate and Arctic Europe to Caucasus; N. and W. Asia, all Siberia to Himalayas; China, Japan and Kuriles. North America: Greenland, Newf., Labrador, N. S., N. Br. to Hudson Bay, N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; S. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Kan. and Baker mts., Arizona; S., W. of Rockies to Oregon, Calif. and Nevada; N. Mexico, Arizona and S. Utah. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; rare E. in valley; infrequent N. W.; burnt woodland or barrens. HERB.: Taylor 1036, Glenwood; Ballard 343, Helena, Scott Co.; Holzinger 80, Winona Co.; Leonard 18, Duluth; Winchell 6, Duluth; Herrick 112, Minneapolis; Kassube 93, Min neapolis; Bailey 9, Vermilion lake; Arthur 153, Vermilion lake —(white-flowered form); Sandberg 205, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 30, Brainerd. CIRCAEA Linn. Gen. 9 (17387). Ocimastrum Rupp. FI. Ingr. 366 (1718). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 141; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 793; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141; Schenck, (Onagraceae), Palaeophyt. 630. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere, boreal and temper- ate regions. Russia, 3; Europe, 3; North America, 3; Canada, a. ots, 2: , sts., 2;‘ California, 1: Rocky mts.,- 1; Pl King, 1. 380 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fossil species: Trapa natans is found in Tertiary of Alaska, Colo., Portugal, Japan and Saghalin, and in Quater- . nary at Cromer. Cirecaea alpina Linn. Spec. 9 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 193; Britt., Fl. N. J. 111; Mac., F]. Can. I, 174; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Forbes and Hems., F]. Sin. 310; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 114; Nym., F). Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 235; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Wats., King Exp. 113; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 266. Europe; N. and W. Asia to Himalayas, India, China and Kurile Isls.; N. Africa. North America: Labrador to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Ind. and Minn.; N. to Man., N. W. T. and Alaska. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; deep woods and near springs or bogs. HERB.: Sheldon 269, Madison Lake; Roberts 39, Dul- uth; Herrick 111, Minneapolis; Holway 28, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 204, Chisago Co.; Bailey 207, Vermilion lake. Circaea lutetiana LINN. Spec. 8 (1753). C. lutetiana var. canadensis LINN. Spec. 8 (1753). C. canadensis HILL. Veg. Syst. 10 (1762). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 193; Britt., Fl. N. J. 111: Webb., Fl. Neb. 125; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 175; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Upham, Fl. Minn. 57; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 310; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 113; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 265. Europe; N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to Caucasus, Ural and Altai Siberia and Himalayas to China. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Wyoming and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially in forest dis- trict; damp woods and along streams or near lake shores. HeRB.: Sheldon 1038, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 805, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 940, Redwood Falls; Taylor 886, Glenwood; Ballard 493, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 537, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 672, Waconia; Ballard 857, Page lake, Carver Co.; Sandberg 203, White Rock; Oestlund 58, Minneapolis; Holzinger 79, Winona Co.; Oestlund 60, Minne- apolis; Herrick 110, Minneapolis; Winchell 5, Minnetonka. (ENOTHERA Linn. Gen. 818 (1737). Onagra, Baumannia, Xylopleurum, Kneiflia, Lavauxia, Pachylophus, Megapterium, Calylophus, Godetia, Boisduvalia, Agassizia, Hartmannia Spacu, Suit. Buff. LV, 357 seq. (1839). Meriolix RAr. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 881 Sphaerostigma ENDL. Gen. 1189 (1840). Chamissonia LINK, Jahrb. 186 (1818). Holostigma. Cratericarpum, Blennoderma SPACH, Ann. Mus. LV, 327 seq. (1835). Primulopsis Torr. and Gr. Fl. Am, I, 506 (1838). Heterostemun Nott. ex Endl. Gen. 6113 (1840). - Taraxia Nutt. T.andG. Fl. Am. I, 506 (1838). Chylisma SpPAcH, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141 (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 490; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 789; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 141. Living species: 100+; tropical and temperate Amer- ica; Tasmania, and a few around the world in warmer regions. North America, 80; California, 40-45; Canada, 10; Rocky mts., 19-21; E. Sts., 16-17; Pl. Wheel., 20-25; Pl. King, 20; 8. Sts., 8; W. Tex., 24; 1 intro. in Russia, 1 in Europe. (Enothera albicaulis Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). (EZ. pallida LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1142 (1832). Baumannia nuttalliana and douglasiana SPACH, Hist. Veg. IV, 352 (1838). » Oenothera pinnatifida var. integrifolia GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 44 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 191; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Coult., Fl. Colo. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. 172; Brew. and Wats., Fi. Calif. I, 223; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 122; Wats., King Exp. 106; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 377; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33; Greene, Fl. Fran. 212. North America: Brit. Col. and Saskatchewan to W. Minn., Neb.. Kan., N. Mex.; W. to Mont., Wyoming, Colo., and Sierra Nevada mts. Minn. valley: W. districts, from New Ulm; prairies and high hills. HERB.: Sheldon 1194, New Ulm. (Enothera serrulata Nutt. Gen. I, 246 (1818). Calylophis nuttallii SpACH, Monog. Onag. 17 (1838). Meriolix serrulata WALP. Rep. II, 79 (1843). (Enothera fruticosa GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 44 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 192; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 58; Coult., Fl. Colo. 105; Coult., Fl. Tex. 117; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 385. North America: Wisc. and Minn. to Dak., Neb., Mo., Ark., N. Mex. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially at higher levels in prairie district; high fields, hillsides. HeERB.: MacMillan 12, Glenwood; Sheldon 932, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 731, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1576, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1109, Springfield; Taylor 750, Glenwood; Ballard 179, Jordan, Scotte Co.; Holzinger 84, Winona Co.; Oestlund 63, Minneapolis; Herrick 118, Minneap- 382 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. olis; Juni 3, Wilmar; Sandberg 210, Red Wing; Kassube 96, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1782, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker- sheim 51, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 86, Minnesota valley, near Montevideo. (Enothera pumila Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 493 (1762). CE. pusilla Mticux. Fl. N. Am. I, 225 (1803). (HE. chrysantha Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 225 (1803). Kneiffia pusilla and chrysantha SPACH, Monog. Onag. 47, 48 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 191; Britt., Fl. N. J. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 172; Chap., Fl. S. St. 1389; Upham, F]. Minn. 58; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 384. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., and W. to Minn. and Kan. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge and S. E. dis- trict; infrequent or local. (Enothera rhombipetala Nutt. TT. and G. Fl. I, 493 (1838). Wats. and Coult.. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 190; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Coult., Fl. Colo. 103; Upham, F]. Minn. 58; Cov., Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 384. North America: Ind. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ind. Terr. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district and probably to Blue Earth Co.; sandy or barren soil. HERB.: Kassube 95, Minneapolis; Sandberg 209, Can- non Falls. (Enothera biennis Linn. Spec. 346 (1753). (EH. parviflora LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 492 (1762). Onagra biennis Scop. Fl. Carn. 2 ed. 451 (1772). (Enothera gauroides HORNEM. Hort. Hafn. 362 (1807). ? Onoseris acuminata RAF. Fl. Lud. 96 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 190; Britt., Fl. N. J. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 171; Webb., Fl. Neb. 126; Upham, Fl. Mion. 57; Chap., FI. 8S. St. 138; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 159; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 223; Coult. Fl. Colo. 103; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., F). Eur. Russ. 50; Coult., Fl. Tex. 114; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 121; Wats., King Exp. 106; Cov. Fl. Ark. 183; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 377. Naturalised in S. Africa, India, Australia and W. Europe. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Canada; N. to Labra- dor and N. W. T.; throughout U. S. Minn. valley: Throughout; fields, along roads and on railway embankments; common. HERB.: Sheldon 980, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 511, Waseca; Taylor 726, Minnesota lake; Ballard 249, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 563, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 646, Chaska; Shel- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 383 don 1306, Lake Benton; Ballard 763, Waconia; Taylor 864, Glenwood; Ballard 889, St. Bonifacius; Sandberg 208, Cannon Falls; Bailey 502, Agate bay; Herrick 116, Minneapolis; Rob- erts 41, Grand Marais; Herrick 117, Minneapolis; Holzinger 83, Winona Co.; Oestlwnd 62, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1921, Min- neapolis; Herb. Moyer 85, Montevideo. LXXVIII. HALORRHAGIDACEAE. Water- Milfoil Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 1195 (1836-40); Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 285 (1836-40)— Gunneraceae; Bentham and Hooker Gen. Plant. I, 673 (1865); Baillon, Hist. Pl. V1, 485 (1877)—sub Onagrariaceae, Trib. V, VI, VII. Genera: 6-7; cosmopolitan. Species: 100+ living; almost all aquatic; a few fossil in Tertiary rocks. HIPPURIS Linn. Gen. 1 (1787). Limnopeuce VAILL. Act. Acad. Par. 1 (1719). Pinastella DILL. Nov. Gen. 168 (1719). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IV, 499; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 675; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 122; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632. Living species: 8+; Hurope; Asia; North America; Chile to Patagonia. North America, 3; Europe, 1; Russia, 2; Canada, 8; California, 1; Pl. King, 1; Rocky mts., 1; Pl. Wheel., 1. Fossil species: H. vulgaris in Cromer forest bed. Hippuris vulgaris Linn. Spec. 4 (1753). Limnopeuce vulgaris VAILL. Mem. Par. 15 (1719). Hippuris polyphylla RAF. Fl. Lud. 13 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 182; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167, 529; Coult., Fl. Colo. 99; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 215; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 151; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 292; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 119; Nym., FI. Eur.; Wats., King Exp. 102; Roth., Wheel Exp. 119; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 356; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 266; Greene, Fl. Fran. 228. Cosmopolitan: Europe; Asia; S. America; Australia. North America: Newf., Labrador, N. S. to Hudson straits, N. W. T. aud Alaska; S. to Penn., Ind., Mo., N. Mex. and California. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially in W. districts; local or rare; ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. HERB.: Taylor 1151, Glenwood; Bailey 134, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 202, Red Wing. MYRIOPHYLLUM Linn. Gen. 724 (1787). Purshia Rar. N. Y. Med. Repos. II, 361 (1808). Pelonastes Hook. f. Lond. Jour. Bot. VI, 474 (1846). 384 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pentapterophyllum Diu. Nov. Gen. 7 (1719). Pentapteris HALL. Helv. I, 454 (1768). Enydria VELLOZ. Fl. Flum. IJ, 150 (1827). ? Hylas BIGEL. ex ENDL. Gen. 6135 (1840). Belioukandas CELT. ex Adans Fam. PI. II, 471 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI, 298; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 122; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 632 Living species: 18; cosmopolitan; North America, 12; Russia, 3; Europe, 3; E. Sts., 7; Mexico, 6; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 5; California, 2; Rocky mts., 2; Pl. King., 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Japan (Nathorst); Quater- nary, Radobo (Unger); forest bed of Cromer? Myriophyllites. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 191 (1803). Potamogeton verticillatum WALT. FI. Car. 90 (1788) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 181; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 5¢; Britt., Fl. N. J. 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Coult., Fl. Tex., 111; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 244; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 356. North America: Ont. to Georgian Bay; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark., La. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from ponds and lakes, south- west districts; infrequent. Myriophyllam verticillatum Linn. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 181; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 167; Coult., Fl. Colo. 100; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Chap., Fl. S. St. 143; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit, 153; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 55; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 293; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 118; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Morong, Torr. Bull. XVIII, 242; Wats., King Exp. 102; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 357; Hart., F). Scand. I, 267. Europe; N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to India and China. North America: Ont. to Man. and lat. 52° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. Y., Fla.; W. to Minn., lowa and Colo. Minn. valley: S. central district; deep water in lakes and ponds. HERB.: Sheldon 370, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co. Myriophyllum spicatum Linn. Spec. 992 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 181; Britt., Fl. N. J. 105; Mac., F). Can. I, 166, 529; Coult., Fl. Colo. 99; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 152; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 215; Upham, Fl. Minn. 56; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 293; Led., Fl). Ross. II, 118; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 50; Cov., Fl. Ark. 182; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 357; Morung, Torr. Bull. X VIII, 241; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 267; Greene, Fl. Fran. 228. All Europe and N. Africa; N. and W. Asia to Caucasus and India; China. North America: Newf., N. B., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 385 Selkirks, Bear lake, Alaska and Puget Sound; S. to N. J.; W. to Minn. and Ark.; S. to Colo. in. mts.; S. to California along Sierras and Coast range. Minn. valley: Throughout; rising near the surface of deep water in ponds and lakes. HERB.: Taylor 319, Janesville; Ballard 901, Waconia; Ballard 863, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 602, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 448, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 1049, Glenwood; Sheldon 433, Lake Elysian, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 871, Duck lake, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 57, Minneapolis; Bailey 368, Mud river; Sheldon 316, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co. LXXIX. ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 793 (1836-40); Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 328 (1836-40) —Helwingiaceae; Seem., Journ. Bot. II, 1V (1864-66)—Hederaceae ; Benth- am and Hooker, Gen. Plant..I, 931 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 175 (1880)—Trib. VI, sub Ombelliféres. Genera: 25 (Baillon); 38 (B. and H.); tropical regions, a few temperate and 1-2 in Antarctic islands. Species: 400+ living; 40-50 fossil; Cretaceous (Low- er) to Pliocene. ARALIA Linn. Gen. 251 (1737). Aureliana LAFIT. Mem. Gins. (1718). Dimorphanthus Mig. Comm. Phyt. 95 (1838). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 244; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 936; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 166; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 604. Living species: 35; tropical and EH. temp. Asia; N. America to Mexico. North America, 10; E. Sts., 6; Canada, 5; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 6; California, 1 Fossil species: Lower Cretaceous, Potomac, Virginia (Fontaine—Araliophyllum); Upper Cretaceous, Kansas, Europe (Lesquereaux, Heer); Tertiary (Heer) Greenland; France (Sa- porta); Westphalia (Schimper—Araliophyllum); several species described; many of them doubtful. Aralia trifolia (LIvN.) DEcCN. and PLancH. Rev. Hortic. 104 (1854). Panaz trifolium LINN. Spec. 1058 (1753). P. lanceolatum Ra¥r. N. Fl. LV, 57 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., F). N. J. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Wats., Bibl. » Ind. I, 436. —25 286 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ga.; W. to Ohio and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district, and reported W. to Nicollet Co.; rare; rich, deep woods. HERB.: ? Sandberg 234, Minnesota? Aralia quinquefolia (Linn.) DEcN. and PLANCH. Rey. Hortic. 104 (1854). ; Panax quinquefolium LINN. Spec. 1058 (1753). P. americanum RAF. N. Fl. IV, 58 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 189, 537; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 238: Cov., Fl. Ark., 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436. Manchuria, Japan and Corea. North America: Q., Ont. to Vt., Conn., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Ohio, Wisc., Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm, and possi- bly Chippewa valley; not very abundant; deep woods. HERB.: Ballard 334, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 403, Stony Point, Lake Madison; Taylor 711, Minnesota lake; Holzinger 93, Winona Co.; Sandberg 233, Vasa. Aralia nudicaulis Linn. Spec. 274 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac, Fl. Can. I, 189, 537; Coult., Fl. Colo. 122;,Chap., Fl. S. St. 166; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 435. North America: Newf. to Rockies, Brit. Col, Sel- kirks, Mackenzie river to 64° N. lat.; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn, and Dak. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; moist deep woods and ravines. HerB.: Taylor 813, Glenwood; Ballard 296, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 133, Madison Lake; Taylor 130a, Janesville; Ballard 477, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Leonard 19, Chatfield; Roberts 45, French river; Kassube 107, Minneapolis; Sandberg 232, Goodhue Co.; Arthur 41, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1792, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 55, Idlewild; Herb Moyer 95, Montevideo. Aralia hispida VENT. Hort. Cels 41 (1800). A. muhlenbergiana R. and §. Syst. VI, 704 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mace. , F]. Can. I, 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 166; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 435. ; North America: Newf., Q., Ont. to N. Y., N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Minn. and Dak. —s o ' LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 387 Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; Dakota Co.; local or rare; rocky woods and banks. HERB.: Arthur 47, Vermilion lake; Roberts 44, Dul- luth; Bailey 341, St. Louis river; Sandberg 231, Tower. Aralia racemosa LINN. Spec. 273 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 213; Britt., Fl. N. J. 119; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 188; Chap., Fl. S. St. 166; Coult., Fl. Colo. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Miyabe, Fl]. Kur, 237 in var.; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436; Webb., Appx. Neb. 33. Saghalin and Japan in a varietal form. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. toN Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Wisc., Minn. and Neb.; base of Rocky mts. in Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Forest district and banks of streams, W. to Chippewa valley; rich woodland. HERB.: Ballard 404, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 276, Madison Lake; Sheldon 800, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 814, Glenwood; Kassube 106, Minneapolis; Oestlund 73, Hen- nepin Co.; Sandberg 230, White Rock; Herb. Sheld. 1708 Minne- apolis. LXXX. UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 762 (1836-40); Lindl. Veg. King. 773 (1846) —Api- aceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 859 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 84 (1880). Genera: 100-150; temperate regions, especially in N. hemisphere and old world; rare within the tropics. Species: 1500+; a very few fossils from Tertiary. SANICULA Linn. Gen. 201 (1737). Erythrosava Scum. Max. Prim. Amur. 123 (1859). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 535; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 880; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 156. Living species: 13; Europe; temperate Asia; Sandwich Isles; Azores; N. and S. America; extra-tropical. N. America, 10; E. Sts., 1; W. sts., 9; Russia, 1; Europe, 1; Russian Europe, 1; W. Tex., 1; Canada, 6-7; Rocky mts., 1; California, 8; S. mis. 2. Sanicula marylandica LINN. Spec. 2385 (17538). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 212; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Coult., Hi Colo. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 179, 633; IT, 324: Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Tex. 145; Wats.. Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C. and R, Rev. N. A. Umb. 102. North America: Newf., N. S., N: Br, .@., Ont. te 388 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. — Brit. Col.. Vancouver and Rockies; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga., Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo., Neb., Kan., Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; woods, thickets and copses. HeERB.: Ballard 390, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 73, Chaska; Taylor 625, Minnesota lake; Taylor 993, Glenwood; Sheldon 141, Madison Lake; Zaylor 282, Janesville; Sheldon 189, Janesville; Sheldon 885, Sleepy Hye; Juni 4, Minneapolis; Bailey 216, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 86, Winona Co.; Kassube 94, Minneapolis; Oestlund 66, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 215, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1794, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 89, Monte- video. Sanicula canadensis LINN. Spec. 2385 (1753). Triclinium odoratum RAF. FI. Lud. 79 (1817). S. marylandica var. canadensis Torr. Fl. U.S. 302 (1824). S. marylandica T. and G. FI. I, 602 (1838) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 212; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Webb. Fl. Neb. 124; Upham, FI]. Minn. 60: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 178; Chap., Fl. S. St. 159: Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 533; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C- and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 103. North America: N. Br., Anticosti, Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Tenn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and E. Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout, but infrequent; thickets and edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 983, Cross lake, Brown Co.; Holzinger 85, Winona Co. ERYNGIUM Linn. Gen. 199 (1737). Lessonia BERT. Deless. Ic. Sel. III, 45 (1837). Strebanthus RAF. Ser. Bull. I, 218 (1830). ? Alepidea LARocuE, Hist. Eryng. 19 (1808). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 240; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 878; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 156. Living species: 150+; most regions except S. Africa? and frigid zones. Russia, 9; Europe, 29; Russian Europe, 4; North America, 22; E. Sts., 10; W. Sts., 9, 3 common to both; S. Sts., 8; California, 2-3. Eryngium aquaticum Linn. Spec. 232 (1753). E. yuccaefolium Micux. F1.N. Am. I, 164 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 211; Britt., Fl. N. J. 113; Upham, F]. Minn. 60; Chap. Fl. S. St. 160; Coult., Fl. Tex. 143; Cov., I'l. Ark. 185; Wats., Bib]. Ind. I, 422; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 93. North America: N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and E. Tex. =< LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 3889 Minn. valley: E. districts to Cottonwood and Chip- pewa valleys; dry prairies or banks. HERB.: Taylor 593, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1154, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 471, Janesville; Sheldon 634, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 674, Waseca; Sandberg 216, Cannon Falls. POLYTAENIA DC. Mem. Umbel. 53 (1829). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 207 (sub Tordylium Linn); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 922; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 1; N. America. Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Mem. Umbel. 53 (1829). Pachiloma nuttallii Rar. N,. FL. IV, 33 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 203; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Coult., Fl. Tex. 142; Chap., Suppl S. St. 623; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 431; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 49. North America: Colo. and Minn. to Neb., Ind., La. and EK. Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge; no Minn. specimens seen. HERACLEUM Linn. Gen. 231 (1737). Sphondylium Tourn. Inst. 319 (1700). Barysoma BuNGE, Del. Sem. Dorpat. (1839). Wendia Horrm. Umb. 136 (1814). Tordyliopsis DC. Prodr. IV, 199 (1830). Trigonosciadium Boiss. Ann. sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 344 (1844). Stenotaenia Botss. 1. c. 339 (1844). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 205; Benth.and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 921; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 80 described, 60 distinct (Durand); temperate northern regions of old world; 1 sp. N. America. Heracleum lanatum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 166 (1803). H. spondylium Nutr. Gen. I, 181 (1818). H. panaces SPRENG. Syst. I, 912 (1825) in part. HA auritum Biscu. Del. Sem. Heid. (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 202; Britt., Fl. N. J. 118; Webb., F]. Neb. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 187; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 121; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 271; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 336; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 323; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 236; Coult., Fl. Tex. 141; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 184; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 423; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 48. Altai Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, Saghalin, Kurile Isls. and Kamtk.; Russian Asia, N. North America: Newf. and Labrador to N. J., N. Car. and Ky.; W. to Brit. Col., Alaska, Calif., Washington; S. to Minn., Coio., Neb., Tex. 390 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Minn. valley: Throughout; low damp ground; com- monly along streams. HERB.: Taylor 266, Janesville; Sheldon 839, Sleepy Kye; Sheldon 391, Madison Lake; Ballard 115, Chaska; Taylor 808, Glenwood; Oestlund 67, Minneapolis; Sandberg 217, Vasa; Herb. Moyer 90, Montevideo. PEUCEDANUM Linn. Gen. 212 (1737). Pastinaca, Ferula, Imperatoria, Anethum, and Peuce- danum TourRN. Inst. 316 seq. (1700). Dorema Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. X VI, 601 (1833). Soranthus Leb. FI. Alt. I, 344 (1830). Xanthoselinum, Macroselinum ScHur. Transsylv. 264 (1866). Ormoselenia, Hammatocaulis, TAuscH, Flora (1834-1844). Eleocbytris FENzuL. Ill. Syr. 71 (1843). Cynorhiza, Dregea FE. and Z. Enum. Afr 350 (1837). Bubon, Ferulago Kocnu, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 95, 97 (1825). Alvardia, Uloptera FENZL. Flora, 461 (1834), 312 (1844). Xanthogalum LALL. F. and M. Ind. Petr. VIII, 73 (1841). Taeniopetalum, Scorodosma BUNGE, Rel. Lehm. (1851). Narthex Fac. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 285 (1851). Eriosynaphe DC. Prodr. IV. 175 (1830). Oreoselinum Bries. FI. Taur.-Cauc. III, 200 (1819). Steganotaenia Hocust. Flora 347 (1834). Sciothamnus ENDL. Gen. 780 (1840). Euryptera Nutt. T.andG.Fl. N. Am. I, 629 (1838). Opoidia LINDL. Bot. Reg. (1839). Peucedanoides Boiss. FI. Or. II, 983 (1843). Tommasinia BERT. F]. Ital. III, 414 (1837). Polyeyrtus ScHLECHT. Linn. XVII, 126 (1843). Diplotaenia Botss. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 308 (1844). Pleurotaenia HOHEN. Pl. Kotsch. Galbanophora Neck. Elem. 292 (1790). Pteroselinum ReicuH. FI. Germ. Exc. 453 (1832). Thysselinum Horrm. Umb. 153 (1814). Palimbia Bess. Volhynia, 55 (1821). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 204; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 917, 918; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 163; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 601. Living species: 180- 220; North America, Asia, Kurope, tropical and 8. America, tropical and 8. Africa. North Amer- ica (Western), 43; Russia, 25; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 15; Canada, 15; E. Sts., 3; California, 30?; W. Tex., 2; Pl. King, 15. Fossil species: ?Tertiary (Peucedanites—Heer). Peucedanum nudicaule (PuRSH) Nutr. 'T. and G. Fl. IL, 627 (1838). Smyrnium nudicaule PursH, Fl. Am. 196 (1814). Ferulu nudicaulis Nurr. Gen. I, 183 (1818). Pastinaca nudicaulis SPRENG. R. and S. Syst. V1, 587 (1820). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 391 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 203; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Upham. Fl. Minn 60; Coult., Fl. Colo. 120; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 329; Coult., Fl. Tex. 142; Wats., King Exp. 130; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 429; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 63. North America: Minn. and Iowa to Kan., Neb. and N. Colo.; N. to Souris plain, Man., and S. to N. Tex., Arizona and N. Mex. Minn. valley: S. W. and W. districts; rare; rocky or gravelly knolls and headlands. HERB.: WW ickersheim 52, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. TIEDEMANNIA DC. Prodr. IV, 187 (18380). Arechemora DC. Prodr. IV, 188 (1830). Neurophyllum Torr. andGr. FI. Am. I, 612 (1838). Oxypolis Rar. Ser. Bull. I, 217 (1830) in part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 100: Benth. and Hook., Gen. P/. I, 920; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 164. Living species: 4; N. America; E. Sts., 3; W. Sts., 1; Canada, 1?;S. Sts., 2. Tiedemannia rigida (LINN.) CouLT. and Ross, Rev. Umbel. (1888). Sium rigidius LINN. Spec. 251 (1753). Sison marginatum Micux. FI. I, 168 (1803). Archemora rigida DC. Mem. Umbel. 52 (1829). Oxypolis rigida, denticulata, tricuspidata RAF. Bull. Soc. Gen. (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 202; Britt., Fl. N. J. 118; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Chap., Fl. S. St. 165; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 188; ITI, 330; Cov., FI. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 414. North America: Ont. and W. N. Y, to N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. edge; infrequent; sandy, low places and along shores of lakes. ANGELICA Linn. Gen. 218 (17387). Archangelica HorrmM. Gen. Umbel. 166 (1814). Czernaevia TurRcz. Baik. Dahur. I, 498 (1842). Gingidium Forst. Char. Gen. 41, 21 (1776). Ostericum Horr. Gen. Umb. 162 (1814). Gomphopetalum Turcz. Bull. Mosq. 537 (1841). Callisace Fiscu. Hoff. Umb. 170 (1814). Eustylis Hook. Fl. N. Zeal. 19 (13867). Angelophyllum Rupr. Rev. Umbel. Kamtk. 8 (1859). Levisticum KocuH. Umb. 101 (—-). Porphyroscias Miq. ex Durand Ind. Phan. 1638 (1888). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 207; Benth. and Hook , Gen. Pl. I, 919, 917; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 163. Living species: 35; N. temperate regions; New Zea- 392 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. land. N. America, 16; E. Sts., 4; W. Sts. 12; Canada, 8; S. Sts., 3. Angelica atropurpurea Linn. Spec. 251 (1753). A. triquinata Micux. FIl.N. Am. I, 167 (1803). Archangelica atropurpurea HOFFM. Umbel. 161 (1814). Imperatoria lucida Nutt. Gen. I, 181 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 201; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 185, 536; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 418; C. and R.., Rev. N. A. Umb. 41. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br., An- ticosti, Q., Ont. to N. J. and Del.; W. to S. Man., L. Superior reg. and Minn. \ Minn. valley: N. E. district and E. edge; Dakota Co.; reported from New Ulm; infrequent; low banks and shores. HERB.: Herrick 120, Minneapolis; Sandberg 218, Vasa. Angelica villosa (WALT.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Ferula villosa WALT. Fl. Car. 115 (1788). Angelica hirsuta MunHL. Cat. 2 ed. 30 (1817). A. triquinata Nutt. Gen. I, 186 (1818). Archangelica hirsuta T. and G. FI. I, 622 (1838). Wats. and Coult,, Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 61; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 186; Chap., Fl. S. St. 164; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 414; C and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 41. North America: Ont. to Conn., N. J., Tenn. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from EH. edge, rare; dry woodland and shaded river banks. THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. I, 196 (1818). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 209 (sub Aciphylla Forst.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 913; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 162. Living species: 3; N. America; 2, E.; 1, E. and W. Sts. Thaspium aureum (LINN.) Nutr. Gen. I, 196 (1818). Smyrnium aureum LINN. Spec. 262 (1753). Smyrnium luteum Mun. Ind. Fl. Lance. (1800). Sison trifoliatum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 168 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 204;; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181, 534, II, 325; Britt., Fl. N. J. 116; Upham, FI]. Minn. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 483; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 28. North America: N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Mississippi valley. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist banks and shores of lakes. Hers.: Taylor 952, Glenwood; Ballard 4, Chaska; Sheldon 886, Sleepy Eye; Leiberg 22, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 87, Winona Co.; Kassube 100, Minneapolis; Oestlund 68, Ram- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 393 sey Co.; Herb. Sheli. 1890, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 53, Idlewild. Thaspium aureum (Linn.) Nutt. var. cordatum ( WALT.) B..P. Cat. N- Y. (1888): Smyrnium cordatum WALT. Fl. Car. 114 1788). S. trifoliatum MvuHL. Cat. 31 (1813). Thaspium cordatum T. and G. FI. I, 615 (1838). T. trifoliatum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 195 (1867) in part. T. aureum. var. trifoliatum CouLT. and RosE, Rey. Umbel. (1889). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 204; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181; II, 326; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Coult., Fl. Colo. 117; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 134; Wats., King. Exp. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 433. North America: N J. to Ill. and Minn.; Colo., Mont. to Rockies and Oregon; S. to Ark.; Brit. Col. Minn. vailey: Throughout; woods, banks and copses; gravelly soil. HERB.: Sheldon 943, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1362, Lake Benton; Ballard 571, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sundberg 20, Cannon Falls; Huntington 4, Rock Co.; Kassube 101, Min- neapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 55, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 91, Montevideo. Thaspium barbinode (Micux.) Nutr. Gen. I, 196 (1818). Ligusticum barbinode Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 167 (1803). Smyrnium barbinode MuHu.,. Cat. 31 (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 204; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181, 534; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 434; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 84. North America: S. Ont., N. Y., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: E. and C. districts at least to Lac Que Parle and Pomme des Terres valleys; riverbanks and shores. HERB.: Sheldon 989, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1180, New Ulm; Taylor 957, Glenwood; Taylor 762, Glenwood; Sheldon 791, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 219, Red Wing. ZIZIA Kocu, Nov. Act. Cur. XII, 128 (1825). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 120; (sub Carum Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1,891; (sub Carum Linn.); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159 (sub Carum Linn.). Living species: 2; North America. Zizia cordata Kocu, Umbel. 129 (1825). Thaspium trifoliatum var. apterum GRAY, Man. 5ed. 195 (1868). Carum cordatum B. and H. Gen. Pl. I, 891 (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Mac., 394 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Can. I, 181 in part; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Coult., Fl. Colo. 117 in part; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163 in part; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 435; C. and R., Rev. N. Am. Umb. 127. North America: N. Br. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Sas- katchewan, Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. and S. central districts; possibly throughout E. half; thickets and gravelly banks in shaded places. HERB.: Taylor 348, Janesville. Zizia aurea KocuH, Umbel. 129 (1825). Thaspium aureum var. apterum GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 195 (1869). Carum aureum B. and H. Gen. Pl. I, 829 (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 117; Upham, F]. Minn. 62; Mac.,F]. Can. I, 534; II, 326; Chap., Fl. S. St. 163 in part; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 434; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 127. North America: N. Br., N. Eng., N. J. to Fla.; W. to Peace and Saskatchewan rivers; S. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. W. and W. regions; to New Ulm and B. E. Co.; prairie districts; moist banks and shores of lakes. HeEerRB.: Moyer 92, Montevideo; Oestlund 351, Henne- pin Co. PIMPINELLA Linn. Gen. 236 (1737). Bunium Kocu, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. II, 315 (1848). Sisarum TauscH, Flora, 355 (1834). Acronema EpGEw. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 51 (1851). Lereschia Boiss. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, I, 127 (1844). Reutera Boiss. Elench. 46 (1838). Tragium SPRENG. Prod. Umb. 26 (1813). Ledebouria Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. I, 286 (1821). Chesneya BERTOL. Misc. Bot. I, 17 (1842). Gaytania MunstT. Bot. Zeit. 730 (1843). Gymnosciadium Hocusr. Flora, 20 (1844). Anisum Ecku. and ZeyH. Enum. Afr. 341 (1837). Petrosciadium EpGrew. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX, 51 (1851). - Tragopsis Pome, ex Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159 (1888). Murrithia Zotu. Nat. Neerl. ex Hassk. Flora, 601 (1847). Tragoselinum POMEL, ex Dur. |. c. (1888). Anisometros HAssk. Flora, 602 (1847). Platyraphe Miq. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Heterachaena ZOLL. 1. ¢. (1847). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 119 (sub Carum Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 893; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159. Living species: 75+; N. hemisphere; also, S. Africa and S. America. North America, 3; E. Sts., 2; W. Sts., 2; Russia, 15; Europe, 11?. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 395 Pimpinella integerrima (LINN.) BENTH. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 894 (1862). Smyrnium integerrimum LINN. Spec. 263 (1753). Zizia integerrima DC. Rapp. Pl. Rar. Jard. Gen. III, 7 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 180; Upham, F]. Minn. 62; Chap, FI. 8S. St. 163; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 430; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 109. North America: Q, Ont. to N. Eng. and N. J. to Miss ; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge and S. E. dis- trict; rare and local; rocky hillsides. HERB.: Sandberg 221, Belle creek. CICUTA Linn. Gen. 222 (1737). Cicutaria Tourn. Inst. 322 (1700) in part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 221; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 889; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. I, 158. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere; N. America, 3; 1 only E. Sts.; 1 only W. Sts.; 1 common to both. Russia, 2; Russian Europe, 2; Europe, 2; W. Tex., 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; Pl. King, 1. Cicuta bulbifera Linn. Spec. 255 (1753). Cicutaria bulbifera LAM. FEinc. Meth. II, 3 (1786). Keraskomion bulbiferum RAF. N. FI. 1V, 21 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 208; Britt., Fl. N. J. 114; Mace., Fl. Can. I, 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 62; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 416; C. and R., Rey. N. A. Umb. 130. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Del. and N. J.; W. to Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; ab- sent S. W.; wet meadows, marshes and swamps. HERB.: Ballard 826, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 727, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 677, Waconia; Taylor 1003, Glenwood; Herrick 121, Minneapolis; Holzinger 88, Winona Co.; Sandberg 223, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 89, Winona Co.; Leiberg 23, Blue Earth Co. Cicuta virosa Linn. var. maculata (LINN.) COULT. and Rose, Rev. Umbel. 130 (1889). Cicuta maculata LINN. Spec. 256 (1753). Cicutaria maculata LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 2 (1786). Sium(?) douglasii DC. Prodr. IV, 125 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 208; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 181, II, 326; Upham, Fl. Minn. ¢2; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Chap., FI. S. St. 161; Coult., Fl. Colo. 316; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 260; Britt., Fl. N. J. 114: Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 132; Wats., King Exp. 121; Cov F]. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 416; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 150 (spec.). 396 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Atl. provinces to Coast range of Brit. Col.; Mackenzie river to 64° N. lat.; U. S. throughout to Fla., Miss. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet meadows and bogs; abundant. Hers.: Ballard 372, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 629, Chaska; Ballard 350, Helena, Scott Co.; Taylor 591, Minnesota . lake; Taylor 330, Janesville; Taylor 990, Glenwood; Taylor 276, Janesville; Sheldon 528, Waseca; Sheldon 1290, Lake Benton; Sheldon 752, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 760, Glenwood; Kassube 102, Minneapolis; Bailey 251, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 69, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 222, Cannon Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 40, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1698, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 93, Montevideo. SIUM Linn. Gen. 219 (1787). Berula Kocnu, M. and K. Deutschl. Fl. II, 433 (1826). Sisarum Tourn. Inst. 308 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 222; Benth. and Hook:, Gen, Pl. I, 893; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159. Living species: 6; N. hemisphere and S. Africa. N. America, 2; 1, W. Sts.; 1, E. and W. Sts. Russia, 5; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 3. Sium angustifolium Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 1672 (1762). Berula angustyolia Kocu, Deutsch. FI. IT, 455 (1826). Sium pusillum Nutr. T. and G. FI. I, 611 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Bie? and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 260; Coult., Fl. Colo. 115; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 173; Mac., FI. ra I, 534; Coult., Fl. ex. 148; Led., FI. Boss. II, 258; Wats., King Exp. 121; Roth , Wheel. Exp. 133; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 415; C. and R., Rev. N. Am. Umb. 133; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 154; Webb., Appx. Neb, 33. Europe and Siberia. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., Minn. and Colo.; 8S. to Tex. and Mex., and in Calif. Minn. valley: S. central district; local in region of Mankato and Kasota. HERB.: Sandberg 226, Goodhue Co.; Grant 1, Vicker- man’s spring; Leiberg 24, Blue Earth Co. Sium cicutaefolium K.C. GMEL. Syst. IT, 482 (1806). . suave WALT. F’ Car. 115 (1788). . lineare Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 167 (1803). . lenuifolium Mun. Cat. 30 (1813). . latifolium Braeu. FI. Bost. 69 (1824). S. rugosum RAF. Med. Bot. IL, 264 (1830). RDRADM LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 397 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 207; Britt., Fl. N. J. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 182; Chap., Fl. S. St. 162; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 261; Coult., Fl. Colo. 116; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 260; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 56; Coult., Fl. Tex. 146; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 133; Wats., King Exp. 121; Wats.. bibl. Ind. I, 4383; C. and R., Rev. Umb. 123. E. Russia, Altai Sib. and Dahuria. North America: Labrador and N. Eng. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Peace river, N. W. T., and S. throughout U. S. to Tex. and S. Calif. Minn.valley: Throughout; in edges of sloughs, swamps and wet meadows. HERB.: Ballard 897, Waconia; Ballard 420, New Pra- gue, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1258, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1072, Springfield; Taylor 112, Janesville; Sheldon 1526, Lake Benton; Roberts 42, Devil’s Neck river; Oestlund 70, Hennepin Co.; Roberts 43, Stewart river; Bailey 420, Long lake; Sandberg 224, Vasa; Sandberg 225, Goodhue Co. DEERINGIA Apvans. Fam. PI. II, 498 (1768). ? Alacospermum NECK. Elem. (1790). Cryptotaenia DC. Prodr. LV, 118 (1830). Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. I, 896; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 159; O. ‘Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 266. Living species: 1; N. America and Japan. Deeringia canadensis (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 266 (1891). Sison canadense LINN. Spec. 252 (1753). Sium canadense LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 407 (1783). Cicuta perennans WALT. FI. Car. 116 (1788). Cryptotaenia canadensis DC. Mem. Umbel. 42 (1829). Mesodiscus simplex and proliferus Rar. N. FI. LV, 20 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 207; Britt., Fl. N. J. 115; Mac, Fl. Can. I, 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Webb., FI. Neb. 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 161; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 329; Coult., Fl. Tex. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185: Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 417; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 131. China and Japan. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Saskatchewan?, Minn., Neb., EH. Kan., Ark., Miss. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and edges of woods. HerB.: Taylor 999, Glenwood; Tayloi 274, Janesville; Sheldon 236, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 888, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 208, Jordan; Taylor 666, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 806, Glenwood; Holzinger 90, Winona Co.; Oestlund 71, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 227, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1772, Ft. Snelling. 398 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. MYRRHIS Scop. Fl. Carn. I, 207 (1760). Lindera ADANS. Fam. Pl. II, 499 (1763). Osmorhiza RAr. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, (1819). Uraspermum Nott. Gen. I, 192 (1818) not Scop. Glycosma Nutr. T. andG. Fl. Am. I, 639 (1838). Spermatura REICH. Consp. kaillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 897; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan..160; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 270. Living species: 10; temperate N. hemisphere; S. Amer- ica. N. America, 6; E. Sts., 2; W. Sts., 4. Myrrhis claytoni Micux. FI. N. Am. IJ, 170 (1808). Scandix dulcis MunHL. Cat. 31 (1813). Osmorhiza dulcis RAF. Sp.? (1817). j Uraspermum hirsutum BIGEL. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 112 (1824). Osmorhiza brevistylis DC. Prodr. LV, 232 (1830). O. claytoni B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Uraspermum aristatum var. brevistyle OK. Rev. Gen. I, 270 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 183; Britt., Fl. N. J. 115; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Chap, FI. S. St. 166; Wats, King Exp. 122; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 427; C. and R., Rev. N. A. Umb. 118. Japan?; Asia?. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J., Va. and N. Car.; W. to Rocky mts. in Canada; Dak., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; habitat like that of &. aristata (Thunb. ). HERB.: Sheldon 83, Elysian; Sheldon 174, Kagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sh2ldon 187, Madison Lake; Sheldon 887, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 700, Waconia; Ballard 75, Chaska; Kassube 104, Minneapolis; Oestlund 72, Hennepin Co; Holzinger 92, Winona; Sandberg 229, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1775, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 94, Montevideo. Myrrhis aristata (THUNB. ). Chaerophyllum aristatum THUNB. FI. Jap. (1784), Uraspermum claytoni Nutr. Gen. I, 193 (1818). Myrrhis longistylis Torr. Fl. U.S. 310 (1824). Osmorhiza villosa and cordata Rar. Med. Bot. II, 249 (1880). O. longistylis DC. Prodr. LV, 232 (1830). Uraspermum aristatum OK. Rey. Gen. I, 270(1891) part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 210; Britt., Fl. N. J. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 183, 534; Upham, Fl. Minn. 63; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Coult., Fl. Colo. 116; Cov., Fl. Ark. 185; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 427; C. and R.,Rev. Umb. Ni A we: Japan. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J. and LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 899 mts. of N. Car.; W. to Saskatchewan, N. W. T., Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woodland and river- banks. HerRB.: Ballard 134, Chaska; Taylor 894, Glenwood; Sheldon 431, Janesville; Kassube 103, Minneapolis; Holzinger 91, Winona Co.; Sandberg 228, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker- sheim 54, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. LXXXI. CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 798 (1836-40); HEndlicher, Gen. Pl. 1184 (1836-40)— Alangieae; End licher, 1. c. 288—Garryaceae; Endlicher, 1. c. 295—Nyssaceae: Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 927 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 66 (1880). Genera: 8; temperate regions, especially in N. hemi- sphere. Species: 85+ living; 380-40 fossil in Cretaceous, Ter- tiary and Quaternary rocks. CORNUS Linn. Gen. 80 (1737). Benthamia LINDL. Bot. Reg. 1579 (1833). Microcarpium SpacuH, Suit. Buff. VIII, 90 (1839). Benthamidia Spracu, Suit. Buff. VIII, 90 (1839). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 79; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 950; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 168; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 614. Living species: 25+; Europe; Asia to Himalayas; N. America; Mexico; Peru. N. America, 18; Canada, 13; E. Sts., 9; 8S. Sts., 6; California, 7; Pl. King., 2; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 4; Rocky mts., 8; Russia, 6; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 4. Fossil species: Several descr. from Upper Cretaceous of Greenland (Heer); Tertiary, many spécies, France (Saporta); Greenland, Alaska, Spitzbergen, Wyoming, Saghalin, Switzer- land (Heer, Lester Ward, Lesquereaux, Newberry); Java (Géppert); 380-40 spec. Cornus canadensis Linn. Spec. 117 (17538). C. herbacea var. canadensis PALL. Fl. Ross. I, 52 (1784). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 190, 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Coult., Fl. Colo. 122; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 274; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 344; Led., Fl. Ross. IT, 378; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 237; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 438. Manchuria; Mid. Japan; EH. Corea; Kurile Isls. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; Alaska; S. to N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo. and Calif. Minn. valley: N. W. and N. E. districts; rare or local; cold woods and with tamarack (Larix americana). 400 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 1110, Glenwood; Roberts 46, Poplar river; Oestlund 74, Ramsey Co.; Winchell 7, Duluth; Leonard 20, Duluth; Roberts 47, Duluth; Arthur 15, Vermilion lake; | Bailey 287, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 235, Tower; Manning 5, Mount Pleasant. Cornus alternifolia Linn. f. Suppl. 125 (1781). C. alterna MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 35 (1785). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 215; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191, 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 121; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 437. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to. N. J., Ga., Alab.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Cottonwood and Chippewa valleys; shaded banks and hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 508, Waseca; Sheldon 720, Sleepy — Kye; Ballard 158, Chaska; Holzinger 98, Winona; Sandberg 240, Cannon Falls. Cornus candidissima Marsu. Arbust. Amer. 35 (1785). ?C. racemosa LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 116 (1786). CU. stricta LAM. Enc. Meth. IT, 116 (1786). C. paniculata L’HER. Corn. 9 (1788). C. albida EnRH. Beitr. LV, 16 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 215; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Chap., F1.8. St. 167; Coult., Fl. Tex. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 439. North America: N.S., Ont. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. tu Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout, but rare W. of forest dis- trict and Cottonwood river; thickets, shores of lakes, along streams. ee: HerRB.: Bullard 743, Waconia; Ballard 353, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 97, Shakopee; Taylor 334, Janesville; Shel- don 716, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 260, Janesville; Sheldon 390, Mad- ison Lake; Sheldon 323, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 78, Hennepin Co.; Oestlund 79, Ramsey Co.; Herrick 124, Min- neapolis; Herrick 125, Minneapolis; Holzinger 97, Winona Co.; Moyer 260, Big Spring, Lac Que Parle Co. Cornus asperifolia Micux, Fl. N. Am. I, 93 (1803). CO. sericea var. asperifolia DC. Prodr. LV, 272 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Webb., EF]. Neb. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Coult., Fl. Tex- 150; Cov., Fl. Ark. 186; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 437. ~ North America: Ont. to N. J., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 401 Minn. valley: Reported from forest district and to Blue Earth Co.; rare or local; dry or gravelly places. HERB. Sandberg 239, Cannon Falls. Cornus stolonifera Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 92 (1803). C. sanguinea MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 36 (1785). C. alba LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 115 (1786) in part. ?C. baileyi CouLT. and ROSE, Bot. Gaz. XX, 37 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 214; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 191; Coult., FJ. Colo. 122; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. 1, 440. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; Mackenzie river to lat. 64° N.; W. to Colo., Minn., Neb. and Arizona; S. to N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Cottonwood valley; wet meadows, edges of sloughs and bogs. Hers: Ballard 55, Chaska; Taylor 805, Glenwood; Sheldon 1583, Lake Benton; Sheldon 719, Sleepy Eye; Bailey 12, Vermilion lake; Juni 5, Duluth; Bailey 250, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 77, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 94, Winona; Kassube 109, Minneapolis; Holzinger 95, Winona Co.; Sandberg 838, Good- hue Co.; Holzinger 96, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1886, Minne- apolis. Cornas sericea LINN. Mant. IT, 199 (1767). C. alba WALT. FI. Car. 88 (1788). C. lanuginosa Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 92 (1803°. C. obliqua RAF. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 214; Britt., Fl. N. J. 120; Mac., FI. Can. I, 191; Webb., Fl. Neb. 124; Chap., Fl. S. St. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Coult., Fl. Tex. 150; Wats., King Exp. 132; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 436. North America, N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and E. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet meadows and edges of quaking bogs. HeErRB.: Kassube 108, Minneapolis; Herrick 123, Minne- apolis; Oestlund 76, Hennepin Co.; Bailey 64, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 237 Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1287, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 56, Idlewild. Cornus circinatus L’Her. Corn. 7 (1788). g Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 190; Britt., F). N. J. 120; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 438. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to N. J. and Va.; W. to L. Superior reg., Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets, edges of woods and dry copses. —26 402 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 934, Glenwood; Sheldon 85, Elysian; Taylor 798, Glenwood; Herrick 122, Minneapolis; Sandberg 236, Chisago Co.; Roberts 48, Carlton's Peak; Roberts 49, Duluth; Oestlund 75, Hennepin Co. METACHLAMYDEAE. LXXXII. PIROLACEAE. Pine-Sap Family. Lindl. Veg. King. 450, 452 (1846)— Monotropaceae; Bentham and Hooker, ~ Gen. Pl. II, 681, 604 (1876)—Trib. V, Hricaceae and Monotropeae; Drude in Engler and Prantl, Nat, Pflanz. IV, 1, 2 (1889);*Kaillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 150. (1892). Genera: 10; N. boreal and temperate regions to Orizaba — mt. and Himalayas; especially N. American; N. to Arctic circle. Species: 80+ living; 1-2 doubtful, extinct; Tertiary of Europe and Polar regions? e PSEVA Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXIX, 261 (1809). Chimaphila PursH, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 279 (1814). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 603; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 246; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 8; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 390; Bail- lon, Hist. Pl. XI, 151 (sub Pirola). Living species: 4; Europe, N. America to Mexico; Japan and Corea. N. America, 38; Canada, 3; California, 2; E. Sté., 2:5) Sts. 2; Pl, ones Pseva maculata (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 390 (1891). Pyrola maculata LINN. Spec. 565 (1753). Chimaphila maculata PursH. Fl. Am. 300 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 323; Rritt., Fl. N. J. 163; Chap., FI. S. St. 267; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 306; II, 309; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 45. North America: Ont. to Minn., S. to N. Eng., Ga. and Miss.; W. to Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and N. edge; no Minn. specimens seen. Pseva umbellata (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. IT. 390 (1891). Pyrola umbellata Linn. FI. Dan. 1336 (1757). Chimaphila corymbosa PursH, FI. Am. 300 (1814). O. umbellata Nutr. Gen. I, 274 (1818). Pyrola corymbosa BERTOL. Mise. III, 12 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 323; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1638; Mac.., Fl. Can. I, 306; Chap., Fl. S. St. 267; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 95; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 459; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 212; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. 1V. 1, 8; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 45. N. Europe to Switzerland, Bohemia, Poland; N. Asia to Japan. North America: N.S.,N. Br. Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 402 and Vancouver; S. in Sierras to Mendocino Co., Calif.; to Minn. and Wisc., and E. to N. Eng., N. J., Ga. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge and N. E. dis- trict; dry woods. HerB.: Roberts 85, Minnesota Point; Roberts 86, Devil’s Neck river; Bailey 189, Vermilion lake; Bailey 416, Long lake; Sandberg 386, White rock. PIROLA Linn. Gen. 345 (1737). Moneses SAtiss. S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. II, 403 (1821). Actinocyclus Kiorzscn, Monatb. Berl. 14 (1857). Amelia and Thelaia ALEF. Linn. XXVIII, 18 (1852). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 602, 603; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 245, 246: Engler and Prantl, Nat Pflanz. 4, I, 8 (Drude); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 150. : Living species: 15-25; N. temperate and boreal regions, to Mexico and Himalayas. Europe, 5; Asia, 10; N. America, 8-14; Canada, 7-8; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 6; E. Sts., 6; California, 5; Pl. Wheel., 8; Pl. King, 3. Pirola secunda Linn. Spec. (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 460; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 81 in var.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 256; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 930; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 248; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 84; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 184; Wats., King Exp. 211; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 9; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 46; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 324; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. N. Europe; Scand. to Mt. Olympus and Pyrenees; N. Asia to Manchuria, Japan, Corea and Saghalin. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Mackenzie and Pac.; S. in Sierras to Donner Pass; S. in mts. to Colo. and N. Mex.; S. to Minn., Neb., Mich., Mo. and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district to Redwood Falls; rare; rich, damp woods and banks of streams. HeErRB.: Sandberg 385, Cannon Falls; Arthur 14, Ver- milion lake; Roberts 82, Black Point; Roberts 83, Grand Marais; Roberts 84, Knife river; Bailey 166, Vermilion lake; Bailey 78, Vermilion lake; Bryant 1, Minneapolis. Pirola secunda Linn. var. pumila GRAy, Man. 5 ed. 302 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 324; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 46. Greenland, Labrador to Alaska; S. to L. Superior, Minn. and N. Y.;S. to Colo. and Calif. in mts. Minn. valley: Reported from N. HE. district; no Minn. specimens seen. 404 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pirola elliptica Nutr. Gen. I, 273 (1818). P. rotundifolia Micox. FI. N. Am. I, 251 (1803) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 163; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 304; 563; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 47. Japan. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen sound, S. Man. and valley of the Saskatchewan; S. in Rockies to N. Mex.; S. to Minn., Iowa, N. Eng., N. J. and Ind. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; rich woods and tamarack swamps. Hers.: Ballard 874, Waconia; Ballard 414, New Prague. Scott Co.; Ballard 132, Chaska; Ballard 470, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 402, Jordan, Scott Co,; Ballard 358, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 61/2, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Taylor 382, Janesville; Leonard 31, Fillmore Co.; Kassube 156, Minne- apolis; Herrick 187, Minneapolis; Sandberg 384, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1686, Minneapolis. Pirola rotundifolia Linn. Lam. Ill. 367 (1791). P. rotundifolia var. incarnata DC. Prodr. VII, 773 (1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 324; Britt., Fl. N. J. 162; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 305, 563; Coult., Fl. Colo. 230; Chap., Fl. S. St. 267; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 460. Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 32; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 928; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 81 in var.; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 256; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 211; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 1; Gray, Syn. FI. 11, 1, 47, Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 323. Europe except Greece and Turkey; N. Asia to China, Japan and Kamtk. North America: Atl. to Pac. and Arctic circle in Can. ; S. to N. J. and N. Ga.; S. to Oregon and Calif. and to Minn. and N. Mex. in mts. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W. districts and along N. edge; woods and tamarack swamps. Hers.: Taylor 1114, Glenwood; Juni 10, Duluth; Her- rick 184, St. Louis river; Sandberg 382, Chisago Co.; Sandberg 383, Cannon Falls; Roberts 81, Duluth; and in forma incarnata (DC.); Ballard 143, Chaska; Ballard 413, New Prague, Scott Co. Pirola rotundifolia Linn. var. uliginosa (TorR.) GRay, Man. 2 ed. 259 (1852). P. uliginosa Torn. FI. N. Y. I, 452 (1843). P. obovata BeERtToL. Misc. IIT, 11 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 324; Mac., Fl]. Can. 1, 305; Upham, Fl. Minn. 94; Coult., Fl. Colo. 231; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 184; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 48. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 405 North America; N. Br. to Cariboo mts., Brit. Col.; S. to Minn. and N. Eng. Minn. valley: N. H. district; tamarack swamps and woods. HERB.: Herrick 185, Minneapolis; Herrick 186, Minne- apolis. MONOTROPA Linn. Gen. 315 (1787). Hypopitys Scop. FI. Carn. I, 285 (1760). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 607; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 246; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 10 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 733 Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 152. Living species: 8; N. America to Mexico; Europe; Asia to India and Japan. N. America, 3; 1 sp. endemic. Fossil species: Miocene of Oeningen (Heer), Monotropa uniflora Linn. Spec. 555 (1753). M. morisoniana Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 226 (1803), M. morisoni Pers. Syn. I (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 325; Upham, Fl. Minn. 95; Britt., Fl. N. J. 164; Chap., Fl. S. St. 268; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 307; Coult., Fl. Colo. 231; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 463; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. II, 34; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 10: Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 49; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 254. Asia; Japan to Himalayas and N. India; S. America. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man., Oregon and Rockies; 8S. to Colo. and Mexico; S. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark., Tex., and E. to Miss., Fla. and Atl. coast. - Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; deep, rich wood- and. HERB: Bailey 156, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 387, ‘‘Minnesota”; Lange 5, St. Anthony Park. LXXXIII. ERICACEAE. Heath Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 750 (1836-40); Lindl, Veg. Kingd. 757 (1846)— Vacciniaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 564, 577 (1876)—excl. Pirolaceae and Clethraceae; Drude in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 1, 15 (1889); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 122 (1892) in part. Genera: 65 living; 3 fossil; cosmopolitan. Species: 1850+; rather more abundant in N. than in S. hemisphere; 30-40 fossil; doubtful. LEDUM Linn. Gen. 342 (17387). Dulia ApANsS. Fam. Pl. II, 165 (1763). Benth. and Hook.. Gen. Pl. II, 599; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 245; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 34 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 728; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 130. 406 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 38; 2, N. America; 1, circumboreal. Fossil species: Tertiary, Sagor, Radoboj (Unger); Miocene, Thiiringen (von Fritsch). Ledum latifolium Arr. Lam. Ill. 363 (1791). L. groenlandicum Retz. Scand. (1799). L. palustre var. latifolium Micux. Fl. N. Am. I (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 301; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 94; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 34; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 43. North America: Greenland, Labrador, Newf., N. Br. to Pac.;S. to Minn., Mich., N. N. Eng. and Penn. Minn. valley: Far N. district and possibly N. W.; woods and barrens. HERB.: Roberts 80, Duluth; Bailey 257, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 381, Chisago Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 31, Brainerd. ANDROMEDA Liny. Gen. 344 (1737) em. BENTH. 1. c. (1876). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 587; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 243; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 42 (Drude); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 722; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 131, in part. Living species: 1; circumboreal and to temperate regions. Fossil species: Numerous in Cretaceous of N. Amer- ica; 10-20 (Lesquereaux, Heer, Ward, Newberry); Tertiary, Europe (Saporta, Ettinghausen, Heer, Unger); Switzerland, Spitzbergen, Alaska, Greenland; Tertiary N. America, Alaska, Florissant, etc.; 40-50 spec. described; to be much reduced. Andromeda polifolia Linn. Spec. 393 (1753). A. rosmarinifolia PuRsH, Fl. Am. 291 (1814). A. glaucophylla LINK, Enum. I, 394 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 316; Britt., Fl. N. J. 161; Mac., F]. Can. I, 297; Upham, Fl. Minn. 94; Trautv., F'l. Sib. 80; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 252; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 44; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 31; Hart., Scand. FI. I, 319. Kurope to Tyrol and Hungary; N. Asia. North America: Labrador and Greenland to Pac. and Arctic ocean; S. to Minn., Penn. and N. J. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare; deep, rich woods or barrens. HERB.: Bailey 280, St. Louis River; Bailey 295, St. Louis river; Sandberg 380, Chisago Co. LYONIA Nur. Gen. I, 266 (1818). Cassandra and Pieris Don, Edin. Phil. Journ. X VII, 158-159 (1834), LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 407 ? Aegialea KioTzscH, Walp. Ann. IT, 1113 (1850). Portuna Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. VIII (1843). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 584-587; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 243; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 44; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 133 (sub Andromeda). Living species: 8-18?; N. America, E. Asia and 1 sp. circumboreal. N. America, 7; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 7; S. Sts., 7. Lyonia calyculata (LINN.) Reicn. Fl. Ex. I, 414 (1827). Andromeda calyculata LINN. Spec. 566 (1753). Chamaedaphne calyculata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Cassandra calyculatu Don, Edinb. Journ. XVII, 159 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 318; Britt., Fl. N. J. 160; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 296; Chap., Fl. S St. 262; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 80; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 35. N. Europe and N. Asia. North America: Labrador to N. Br., Q., Ont., Brit. Col. and Alaska at Kotzebue Sound; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn. and Man. Minn. valley: N. EH. district; rare; possibly also N. W.; bogs and edges of swamps. HERB.: Roberts 79, Minnesota Point; Bailey 228, Ver- milion lake; Sandberg 379, Chisago Co. CHIOGENES Satiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. IT, 94 (1812). Phalerocarpus G. DON, Gen. Syst. III, 641 (1834). Lasierpa Torr. FI. N. Y. I, 450 (1843). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il, 577; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; Eng- and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 47 (Drude); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 183. Living species: 1; N. America and Japan. (Some au- thorities regard the Japanese form as distinct. It seems, how- ever, of varietal rank). Chiogenes hispidula (Linn.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. I, 450 (18438). Vaccinium hispidulum LINN. Spec. 500 (1753). Arbutus flliformis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 228 (1783). A. thymifolia A1r. Hort, Kew. II, 72 (1789). Oxycoccus hispidulus Pers. Syn. I, 419 (1805). 612) Chiogenes serpyllifolia SAuissp. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II, 94 (1812). Gaultheria serpyllifolia PurRsH, Fl. Am. 283 (1814). Glycyphylla hispidula RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1819). Phalerocarpus serpyllifolius DON, Syst. III, 841 (1834). Chiogenes japonica GRAY, Syn. FI. II, 1, 26 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 294, 561; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 633; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 1, 47; Gray, Syn. F1. II, 1, 26. Japan. North America: Labrador, Newf., N. S., N. Br. to 408 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. West of Rockies, Selkirks, Columbia river and N. W. T.; S. to Minn., Penn., N. J. and in Appalachians to N. Car. Minn. valley: N. W. and N. E.; tamarack swamps; rare; sphagnum marshes. HERB.: Roberts 76, Devil’s Neck river; Sandberg 377, Center City. ; ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Apans. Fam. PI. II, 165 (1763). Comarostaphylis Zucc. Novy. Stirp. II. 24 (1843). Mairania Neck. Elem. I, 219 (1790). Zerobotrys Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII, 267 (18438).- Daphnidostaphylis KLorzscu, Linn XXIV, 78 (1850). Xylococeus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 258 (1848). _ Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 581; Durand, Jnd. Gen, 242: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 48; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 721; Baillon, Hist. PUTX, A9t: Living species: 18; North America, boreal regions principally; 1 sp. around N. hemisphere. California, 12; Can- ada, 4; E. Sts., 2. Fossil species: A. wva-ursi in diluvial rocksof Europe, Bovey Tracy. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINN.) SPRENG. Syst. Il, 287 (1825). Arbutus uva-ursi LINN Spec. (1753). Arctostaphylos officinalis WIMMER, FI. Sib. 2 (1829). Daphnidostaphylis fendleriana KuLotTzscu, Linn. XXTV, 81 (1850). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 315: Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 295; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Coult., Fl. Colo. 228; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 453; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 251; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 247; Led., Fi. Ross. II, 909; Hérd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Wats., King Exp. 210; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 183; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 49; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 27; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 319; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. Circumpolar; Scand. and Shetland to Montenegro and Bosnia; N. Asia to Kamt., Kuriles, Saghalin, Japan and Da. huria. North America: Greenland and Newf. to Pac. and 64° N. lat.; S. to Calif. in Sierras; S. to N. Mex. in Rockies; E. to Minn., Neb., Mo., N. J. Minn. valley: N. E. districts; rare; sandy or rocky knolls. Hers.: Sandberg 378, White Rock; Roberts 77, Minne- sota point; Roberts 78, Knife river. OXYCOCCUS Lupw. ex O. Kuntze (1787). Schollera Roru, Tent. Fl. Germ. I, 170 (1788.) Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 575; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 409 Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, 1,51 (Drude); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 384; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 718; Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 183. Living species: 3; Europe, Asiaand N. America. Can- ada, 2; HE. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 2; Japan and Siberia, 1; Europe, 1. Fossil species: O. oxycoccus, Interglacial on the Elbe (Schenck). Oxycoecus macrocarpus (ArT.) PursH, Fl. Am. 264 (1814) Vaccinium macrocarpon A1T. Hort. Kew. II, 13 (1789). V. oxycoccus var. oblongifolius Mticux. FI. N. Am. I, 234 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 314; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Chap., Fl. S. St. 259; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 450; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 246?; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 26 and Suppl. II. 396. Kuriles? Intro. in Netherlands. Batavia Isl. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Thunder bay and Saskatchewan to Mackenzie river and Ore- gon? S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district and far N. W. to Glen- wood?; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 180, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Shel- don 326, near Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 542, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 110, Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 372, Chi- sago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1690, Minneapolis. Oxycoccus oxycoceus (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX (1891). Vaccinium oxycoccus LINN. Spec. (1753). Oxycoccus palustris PERS. Syn. 479 (1805). O. vulgaris PursH, FI. Am. 264 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 314; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 293, Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 450: Led., Fl. Ross. II, 905; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 250; Miyabe Fl. Kur. 246; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 25 and Suppl. II, 396; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 318. N. and C. Eur.; Shetland to Turkey; N. Asia to Dah- uria, Japan and Kuriles. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Minn., N. Eng., N. J., Penn. and Puget Sound region. Minn. valley: N. E. and probably N. W. districts; in- frequent; peat bogs and tamarack swamps. HERB.: Bailey 332, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 371, Chi- sago lake. VACCINIUM Linn. Gen. 313 (1737). Batodendron, Pirococcus and Metagonia Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII. 261-262 (1843). Cavinium THovu. Gen. Nov. Madagasc. 11 (1806). 410 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Epigynium Kuorzscnu, Linn. XXIV, 49 (1850). Disterigma Ku. 1. c. (1850). Agapetes DUNAL, DC. Prodr. VII, 554 (1839). Vitis-Idaea TouRN. Inst. 607 (1700). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 573; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 242; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 51; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 719; Baillon, Hist, Pl. XI, 182. Living species: 100; N. extra-tropical regions, Mada- gascar and the Andes mts. Russia, 10; Europe, 3; Russian Kurope, 3; Canada, 16-18; HE. Sts. 12; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 13; California, 6; Pl. King., 4; Pl. Wheel., 1. Fossil species: Tertiary, Alaska (Heer); Florissant, Colo. (A. Br.); Japan (Nathorst); Oeningen (Heer); Aix (Sa- porta). A large number of remains in 15-20 species. Quat- ernary, Madeira, Portugal. Vaccinium corymbosum LINN. var amoenum (AIT.) GRAY, Man. 5, ed. 292 (1867). V. amoenum AIT. Hort. Kew. II, 12 (1789). ? V. corymbosum var. fuscatum Hook. Bot. Mag. 3433 (——). ? V. marianum, grandiflorum and elongatum Wats. Dendr. Brit (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 313; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290; Chap., F1.S. St. 260: Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 560; Cov., Fl. Ark. 200; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51 spec.; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 23. North America: Newf., N. Br. and Ont. to L. Huron; S. to Minn., N. Eng., N. J. and Va. Minn. valley: Reported from N. W. district; rare or doubtful; swamps. HERB.: Sandberg 376, Tower. Vaccinium canadense KauM. Rich. in Frankl. Narr. 2 ed. ed. 12 (1825); (Kalm in Herb. Banks). V. album LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 72 (1783) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 312; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290, 560; Up- ham Fl. Minn. 93; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. FI, a es Be North America: Atl. coast of Can. to Hudson Bay, Rocky mts., Columbia valley, and Slave lake; S. to Minn., TL, Penn. and N. N. Eng. Minn. valley: N. edge; swamps; rare or doubtful. HerRzB.: Bailey 141, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 376, Chisago Co, Vacciniam pennsylvanicum Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 72 (1783). V. myrtilloides Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 223 (1803). V. ramulosum and humile W1LLD. Enum. Suppl. 20 (1813). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 411 V. tenellum PuRSH, Fl. Am. 288 (1814). V. multiflorum Wats. Dend. Brit. 125 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 312; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 290; Britt., Fl. N. J. 159; Upham, FI. Minn. 93; Wats., King Exp. 209; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 22. North America: Newf. to Rocky mts.; S. to Minn., Til., N. J. and Penn. Minn. valley: N. W. district; rare; dry hills and woods. HERB.: Sandberg 373, Black Oak, Goodhue Co.; Sand- berg 374, Moose lake; Bailey 176, Vermilion lake; Bailey 453, Mud lake. Vaccinium stamineum LINN. Spec. 498 (1753). V. album PursH, FI]. Am. 28 (1814). V. elevatum DUNAL. DC. Prodr. VII, 566 (1839). Picrococcus elevatus and floridanus Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. VIII, 260 (1848). Vaccinium kunthianum KwuorzscH, (1850?). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 312; Britt., Fl. N. J. 158; Chap., Fl. S. St. 259; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 290; Upham, Fl. Minn. 93; Cov., Fl. Ark. 200; Engl. Drude, Nat. Pfianz. IV, 1, 51; Gray, Syn. FJ. II, 1, 21. North America: St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers to Minn.;S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La.; W. to Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare or doubtful; no Minn. specimens seen. LXXXIV. PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 729 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. II, 628 (1876); Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 1, 98 (1889); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 305 (1892). Genera: 27; cosmopolitan; principally in N. hemisphere. Species: 350+ living; a few doubtful fossils in Quater- nary. ANDROSACE Linn. Gen. 111 (1787). Aretia LINN. Gen. ed. V, 178 (1754), Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 632; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 249; En- gler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 110 (Pax); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. II, 398 (sub Primula); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 338. : Living species: 62+; temperate and Alpine regions, N. hemisphere. Russia, 15; N. America, 5; Canada, 3; Rocky mis., 4; EB. Sts., 1; Pac. coast; 2; Pl.. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., ‘1. Androsace occidentalis PursH, Fl. Am. 137 (1814). Primula occidentalis OK. Rev. Gen. II, 400 (1891). Aretia occidentalis MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 329; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Mac., Fl). Can. I, 311; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Coult., Fl. Colo. 234; Wats., King 412 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Exp. 213; Cov , Fl. Ark. 201; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 110: Gray, Syn. Wil. TE, 17:60: North America: Rainy river to Pembina mts. and Thompson river, Brit. Col.; lat. 49° N. to N. Mex.; E. to Minn., Ill. and Tenn.?; W. to Neb., Utah and Colo. Minn. valley: S.C. and S. W. districts; high prai- ries or knolls. HERB.: Sandberg 389, Red Wing. LYSIMACHIA Linn. Gen. 121 (1737). Lubinia VENT. Cels. 96 (1800). Palladia MOENCH, Meth. 429 (1794). Coxia ENDL. Gen. 733 (1840). Naumbergia MoOENCH, Suppl. 429 (1802). Thyrsanthus SCHRANK, Denksch. Baier. Acad. 75 (1813), Lerouxia MERAT. F]. Par. 77 (1812). Ephemerum BeicuH. FI. Germ. Exs. 409 (1830). Theopyxis GRISEB. Phillip. and Lechl. (1844). Godinella Lestrs. ex Dur. Ind. Phan, 250 (1888). Anagzanthe and Bernardina BANpbDo, ex Baill. 1. c. (1892). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 635; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; En- gler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 112 (Pax); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 734; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 348. Living species: 60+; temperate and subtropical re- gions of both hemispheres; very few in the S. hemisphere; centers in China. N. America, 5. Fossil species: Interglacial, Elbe river (Schenck). Lysimachia thyrsiflora Linn. Fl. Dan. 517 (1757). L. capitata Pursnw, Fl. Am. 135 (1814). Naumburgia thyrsiflora Retcu. DC. Prodr. VIII, 60 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 331; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 68; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36, Europe; Japan. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Mackenzie and Pac. to Alaska; S. Oregon, Minn., Iowa, Neb., S. Ill., Penn. and N. J. Minn. valley: Throughout; swamps, bogs and wet meadows. HERB.: Sheldon 344, marshes south of Lake Madison; Taylor 443, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Ballard 561, Prior’s lake, Scott Co,; Taylor 48, Elysian; Holzinger 140, Winona Co.; Her- rick 189, Minneapolis; Bailey 421, Long lake; Sandberg 391, Chisago Co.; Herrick 190, Minneapolis; wi la 111, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 159, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 413 Lysimachia terrestris (LinN.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Viscum terrestris LINN. Spec. 1023 (1753). Lysimachia vulgaris WALT. FI. Car. 92 (1788). LL stricta Air. Hort. Kew. I, 199 (1789). L. racemosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 128 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 331; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Chap., Fl. S. St. 280; Gray, Syn. FI, II, 1, 68. , North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Thunder bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. EH. and N. W. districts; low meadows; rare. HERB.: Holzinger 141, Winona Co.; Bailey 11, Ver- milion lake; Ankeny 4, Stillwater; Roberts 90, Little Marais; Bailey 463, Agate bay; Roberts 91, Grand Marais; Sandberg 392 Red Wing. STEIRONEMA Rar. Ann Phys. Brux. VII, 192 (1820). Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; Engler and Prantl], Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 113 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 343. Living species: 4; N. America; 1 introduced in Europe; Pl. Wheel., 2; Pl. King, 1. Steironema quadriflorum (Stms) Hircucock, Fl. Ames. 506 (1891). Lysimachia quadriflora Sims, Bot. Mag. 660 (1803). L. longifolia Pursu, Fl. Am. 135 (1814). LT. revoluta Nutr. Gen. I, 122 (1818). Stetronema longifolia RAF. Ann. Brux. VII, 192 (1820). Lysimachia angustifolia GRAY, Man. ed. 1, (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 330; Chap., Fl. S. St. 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 314; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 62. North America: Niagara river to S. Man.; S. to N. Y. and W. Va.; W. to Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist places, especially around prairie sloughs. HERB.: Kassube 158, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1328, Lake Benton; Herrick 194, Minneapolis; Herrick 195, Minneapolis; Oestlund 112, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 395, Cannon Falls; Oest- lund 113, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1628, Taylor's Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1736, Minneapolis. Steironema lanceolatum (WALT.) GRaAy, var. hybridum =) GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 62 (1876). Lysimachia hybrida Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 126 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 330; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Ee IN. Ji. 165; Webb., Fl. Neb. (spec.) 133: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313; Coult., Fl. 414 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Colo. 235; Roth., Wheel. Exp. (spec.) 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Gray, Syn. Fl. Pe 261. North America: Ont. to Minn. and Dak.;S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Neb., Ark., La. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from E. district; infrequent; wet meadows or edges of marshes. HERB.: Sandberg 394, Red Wing. Steironema ciliatum (LInN.) Rar. Ann. Gen. Phys. Brux VII, 192 (1820). Iysimachia ciliata LINN. Mant. (1767). L. quadrifolia var. —— LINN. Mant. (1767). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 330; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Chap., Fl S. St. 280; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313; Webb., Fl. Neb. 133; Coult., Fl. Colo. 235; Wats., King Exp. 213; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 185; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pilanz. IV, 1, 113; Gray, Syn. El. ties 61; Coult., Fl. Tex. 235. Northern and W. Europe—naturalised. North America: N.S. and N. Br. to Pac.; S. in Rock- ies to N. Mex.; E. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark., N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. Valley: Throughout; low places and edges of swamps or marshes. HERB.: Ballard 569, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 848, Glenwood; Sheldon 726, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 157, Minne- apolis; Arthur 71, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 393, Red Wing; Herrick 191, St. Louis river; Herrick 192, Minneapolis; Hol- zinger 142, Winona Co.; Herrick 193, Minneapolis; Roberts 92, Duluth; Herb. Sheld. 1737; Herb. Moyer 160, 161, Montevideo. TRIENTALIS Linn. Gen. 309 (1737). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 636; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 113 (Pax); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 344. Living species: 2;1in N. Europe, Siberia and N. W. America; 1 in Atlantic and Northern America. Trientalis americana (PERS.) PuURSH, Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. II, 47 (1822). T. europaea Micux. FI. N. Am. I (1803) T. europaea var. americana Pers. Syn. I (1805). T. europaea var. angustifolia Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1 363 (1848), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 329; Britt., Fl. N. J. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 313; Engl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, I, 113; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 61. North America: Newf., Labrador, Anticosti and N. S. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., Va., Ind. and Minn. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; damp woods and peat bogs. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 415 HERB.: Sheldon 229, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Roberts 58, Grand Marais; Roberts 89, Duluth; Bailey 244, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 390, Chisago Co. CENTUNCULUS Linn. Gen. 76 (1787). Micropyxis Duspy, Mem. Prim. 39(1844). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 11, 637; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 250; Engier and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, I, 115; Baillon, Hist. Pl. X1, 345. Living species; 3; temperate and warmer regions. N. America, 2; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 1. Centunculus minimus Linn. Spec. (17538). C. lanceolatus MicHx. FI. I, 93 (18063). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 332; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 315; Chap., FI. S. St. 281; Coult., Fl. Colo. 232; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 469; Upham, Fl. Minn. 97; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 30; Hook., FI. Gt. Brit. 265; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 86; Cov., Fl. Ark. 201; Enyl. Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 1, 115; Gray, Syn. Fl II, 1, 64; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 127; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 256. Europe and N. Asia; Belgium to Montenegro and Bai- kal Sib.; Australia; Brazil; Andes mts. to Chile in S. Amer. North America. Minn., Neb. and Dak. to Saskatche- wan and Oregon: S. to Minn., Ill., Ark., Tex. and E. to N. Car. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. edge; probably sparingly S. and W. and N. W.; low places and around bases of rock-ledges. LXXXV. OLEACEAE. Ash Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 571; Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 570 (1836-40)—Jasmineae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl, II, 672 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 230 (1892). Genera: 18; temperate and warmer regions; absent in boreal regions. Species: 800+; 80+ fossil in Tertiary. FRAXINUS Linn. Gen. 773 (1737). Ornus PERs. Syn. I, 9 (1805). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 676; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 259; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 760; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 251; Engl. Knoblauch, mar, Fang. LV, 2,5. Living species: 389+; temperate and subtropical regions. N. America, 12; Europe, 6; Russia, 3; Russian Europe, 2; Can- ada, 6; E. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 5; Pl. Wheel., 4; California, 2; W. Tex., 6; Rocky mts., 2; Pl. King, 2; especially N. America, E. Asia and Mediterranean region (Knoblauch). Fossil species: Lower Oligocene and Miocene, Europe (Saporta, Heer); Greenland (Heer); Pac. N. America (Lesquer- 416 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. eaux); Pliocene, France (Saporta, Unger). Several (10-15) sp. described. Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. Enc. Meth. II, 549 (1786). fF. nigra MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 336; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 317; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Cov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1. iG: North America: Anticosti to L. Superior reg., Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to Minn., Mo. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ky. Minn. valley: Reported from N. and N. W. districts; rich woods and banks or shores. HERB.: Bailey 346, St. Louis river. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Enc. Meth. IT, 548 (1786). F. nigra Du Rot, Diss. (1771). F. pennsylvanica MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). F.. tomentosa Micux. f. Sylva, 119 (1810). F., oblongocarpa BuckKL. Proc. Acad. Phil. (1862). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 336; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Coult., Fl. Colo. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Upham,. Fl. Minn. 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 370; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1,75; Engl]. Knobl., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 2, 7; Coult., Fl. Tex. 259. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatch- ewan, and 53° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ill., Ohio and EK. U.S. to Fla. Tex.? Minn. valley: N. E. district; local or rare; rich woods and banks of lakes or streams. HERB.: Bailey 56 and 58, Vermilion lake. Fraxinus viridis Micux. f. Sylv. 120 (1810). F. juglandifolia W1LLD. Spec. IV, 1104 (1805). F. concolor Munu. Cat. (1813). F. caroliniana Porsu, FI). Am. I, 9 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Mau. 6 ed. 336; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Upham, Fl. Minn., 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 370; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Coult., Fl. Colo. 236; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 185; Wats., King Exp. 284; Cov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 75; Coult., Fl. Tex. 259. North America: Owen Sound to Man. and Assiniboia; S. to Dak., Neb., Ark., Tex., and E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout to Pommes des Terres and Cottonwood valleys; rich woods and shores or banks. HERB.: Taylor 14, Elysian; ? Taylor 663, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Menzel 6, Pipestone. Fraxinus americana LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1510 (1762). F, alba MArsH. Arbust. Amer. 51 (1785). F. acuminata LAm. Enc. Meth. II, 542 (1786). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 417 F’. canadensis GAERTN. Fruct. I, 122 (1788). F. epiptera Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 256 (1803). fF. discolor Muni. Cat. 111 (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 335; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 316; Up- ham, F). Minn. 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 369; Britt., Fl. N. J. 167; Cov., Fl. Ark. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 74; Engl. Knobl., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 2, 7; Coult., Fl. Tex. 259 in var. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Owen Sound and Minn.; S. to Neb., Kan. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and La. Var. in Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woods and banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Taylor 484, Janesville; Taylor 704, Minnesota lake; Taylor 816, Glenwood; Taylor 526, Mud lake, Waseca Co. ; Ballard 550, Spring lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 855, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1020, Glenwood; Bailey 117, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 152, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 192, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1907, Minneapolis. LXXXVI. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 599 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 799 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 113 (1891). Genera: 45; temperate regions; a few in tropics and boreal regions. Species: 550-600; widely distributed; a few fossil forms from Tertiary rocks. MENYANTHES Linn. Gen. 117 (1737) em. BENTH. 1. c. (1876). Menonanthes HAuu. FI. Helv. 633 (1742). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 144; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl, II, 819; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 278; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 763. Living species: 2; Europe; Asia—mts. and N.; N. America. 1, Europe, Asia, N. America; 1, W. N. Amer. and Russia. N. Amer., 2. Fossil species: 2; Tertiary, Greenland, Lausanne, etc. (Heer); doubtful. Menyanthes trifoliata Linn. Spec. 207 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 353; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 327; Britt., Fl. N. J. 173; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 485- Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 76; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 273; Miyabe, F). Kur. 251; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 88; Wats., King. Exp. 281; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 128; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 102; Webb., Appx. Neb. 40. Iceland and N. Russia to Spain and Servia; Siberia to N. W. India, Japan and Kurile Isls. SAU 418 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Greenland and Labrador to Mackenzie and Alaska; S. to N. S., N. Br., N. Y., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Dak., Iowa and Neb.; S. in mts. to San Francisco,and Nevada. Minn. valley: Forest district and probably to Chippe- wa river valley; tamarack swamps and wet woods. Hers.: Ballard 357, Helena, Scott Co.; Ballard 659, Waconia; Taylor 210, Janesville; Sheldon 122, Madison Lake; Taylor 177, Janesville; Bailey 282, St. Louis river; Kassube 201, Minneapolis; Sandberg 464, Chisago lake; Sandberg 465, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1776, Ramsey Co. NYMPHODES Lupw. Defin. 23 (1737). Limnanthemum GMEL. Noy. Act. Petrop. XIV, 527 (1769). Waldschmidtia Wiee. Prim. Holst. 19 (1780). Villarsia GMEL. Act. Petrop. XV (1791) not Vent. Schweyckerta C.C.GmMeEt. FI. Bad. I, 447 (1805). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 144; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 819; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 278; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 429. Living species: 26 described; 12 reduced; temperate and tropical regions. N. America, 2; S. Sts., 2; 1 other regions except W. of Rocky mts. W. Tex., I. Nymphodes lacunosum (VENT.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 429 (1891). Villarsia lacunosa (VENT.) Choix. 9 (1808). ? Limnunthemum lacunosum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I (1803) Villarsia cordata Evu. Sk. I, 230 (1821). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 353; Britt., Fl. N. J. 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 327; Chap., Fl. S. St. 358; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 128. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Ark., La. and Miss. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; floating in quiet streams or lakes. GENTIANA Linn. Gen. 197 (1737). ids Pneumonanthe and Hippion Scumipt, Roem. Arch. I, 8 96). Ciminalis ApDANS. Fam. II, 504 (1763). Asterias, Coelantha, Dasystephana, Ericoila, Eurythalia and Gentianella Borku. Roem. Arch. I, 23 (1796). Ericala Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII, 511 (1837). Glyphospermum, Selatium, Ulostomaand Eudoxia G. Don, Gen. Syst. IV, 195, 196 (1538). Varasia PuHivuirrl, Fl. Atacam. 35, t. 5 (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 140; Benth. and Hook:, Gen. Pl. IT, 815; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 278. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 419 Living species: 180; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 35; Russia, 45; Russian Europe, 16; North America, 38; Rocky mts., 14; S. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 12; Canada, 27;- California and Oregon, 10-12; Pl. King., 6; Pl. Wheel., 10. Gentiana linearis FROEL. var. rubricaulis (SCHWEIN.). Gentiana rubricaulis SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. Appx. 110 (1825). G. saponaria var. linearis GRAY, Man. ed. V. 389 (1867) part. G. linearis var. lanceolata GRAY, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 123 (1886). G. pneumonanthe AUCT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 351; Britt., Fl. N. J. 183; Mac. F]. Kan. I. 325, 566; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., L. Huron reg., L. Superior reg. and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Y. and mts. of Md.; W. to Ill. and Wisc. Minn. valley: Reported from S. Central district; wet prairies. Gentiana flavida GRay, Am. Jour. Sci. N. Ser. I, 80 (1846). G. alba AucT. not MUHL. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 351; Upham, FI. Minn. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 123; Webb., Appx. Neb. 40. North America: Ont., N. Y. and Penn. to Va.; W. to Minn., Ill., Neb. and Ky. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm; rare or local; wet meadows. HERB.: Sandberg 462, Red Wing; Holtz 5, Cedar lake. Gentiana andrewsii GRISEB. Gent. 287 (1839). Gentiana andrewsii var. linearis Hook. FI. Bor.-Am, IT, 55(1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 351; Britt., Fl. N. J. 172; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324, 566; Gpham: Fl. Minn. 113; Chap., FL. S. St. 356; oe Fl. Ark. 204; Guay, syn. B11, 1, 123. North America: Q., Ont. to Thunder bay; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Ga.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet meadows and banks of lakes and streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1457, Pipestone; Sheldon 1300, Lake Benton; Oestlund 148, Minneapolis; Kassube 200, Minneapolis; Bailey 355, Mud River; Sandberg 463, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1873, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 106, 107, Idlewild, Lin- coln Co.; Herb. Mor yer 198, Montevideo. Gentiana saponaria Linn. Spec. 228 (1753). G. catesbaei WALT. FI. Car. 109 (1788). G. elliottit var. (?) latifolia CuHAapM. FI. 8S, St. 356 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 350; Britt., Fl. N. J. 172; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Chap., Fl. S. St. 356; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 122. 420 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY North America: Q., Ont. and N. Y. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: E edge; moist woodland and river banks or lake shores. HERB.: AHolzinger 186, Fillmore Co. Gentiana puberula Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 176 (1803). G. saponaria var. puberula GRAY, Man. ed. 1, 360 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 350; Upham, FI. Minn. 113; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 324, 566; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Be 22. North America: Red river valley to W. N. Y.; S. to Ohio, Ky., Kan. and Ark.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry prairies and barren places. HERB.: Taylor 1178, Glenwood; Manning 6, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 108, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 199, Montevideo. Gentiana quinquefolia LINN. var. occidentalis (GRAY) Hitcucock, Fl. Ames. 508 (1891). spec. G. quinqueflora LAM. HXnc. Meth. II, 643 (1786). G. amarelloides PurRsH, Fl. Am. 186 (1814). var. G. quinqueflora Hoox. Bot. Mag. 3496 (——) chiejly. G. quinqueflora var. occidentalis GRAY, Man. 1 ed. 359 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 350; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 112; Britt., Fl. N. J. 172 spec.; Chap., Fl. S. St. 355; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 566; Gray, Syn. IME BE ls ue North America: Ont. to Va. and Ohio; W. to Minn.; S. to Tenn., Fla. and La. Minn. valley: Reported from E. district; probably ~ throughout forest district; knolls in woods. HERB.: Sandberg 460, Red Wing. Gentiana serrata GuNN. Fl. Norv. 10 (1766). G. detonsa Rotrrs. Hort. Hafn. X, 254 (1773). G. barbata FROEL. Gent. 114 (1796). G. brachypetala BUNGE, Consp. Gent. 225 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 349; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 321; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 481; Coult., Fl. Colo. 243; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 127; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 88; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 117; Hart, Fl. Scand. I, 99. Scandinavia to N. India, Manchuria and China. North America: Newf. and Anticosti to Saskatche- wan, Rocky mts., N. W. T., Point Barrow, Alaska and Arctic ocean; S. in Sierras to Mariposa Co., Calif.; S. in Rockies to Colo. and Nev.; S. to Minn., Dak., Iowa and E. to N. Y. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 421 Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. district; wet - meadows. \ Hers.: Taylor 1013, Glenwood; Oestlund 147, Minne- apolis; Leiberg 53, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1874, Minne- apolis. Gentiana americana (LINN.). G. ciliata americana LINN. Syst. I, 645 (1756). G. crinita FROEL. Gent. 112 (1796). G. fimbriata ANDR. Bot. Rep. 509 (1797-1804). Gentianella crinita Don, Syst. LV, 179 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man 6 ed. 349; Britt. Fl. N. J. 172; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 321; Chap., Fl. S. St. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 112; Wats., King Exp. 278; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 117. North America. Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and 52° N. jat.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Gt. lakes, Minn., Dak. and Colo. Minn valley: Throughout forest district; swampy places and wet meadows. HeERB.: Holzinger 185, Winona Co.; Sandberg 461, Cannon Falls; Hammond 33, Minneapolis. LXXXVII. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 577 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 681 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 146 (1891). Genera: 127 (Baillon); 103 (B. and H.); tropical reg- ions; a few in temperate zones of N. and 8. hemispheres. Species: 1000+; very few in S. hemisphere; a few fossil from Tertiary, Apocynophyllum ? APOCYNUM Linn. Gen. 187 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 207; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 716; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 264; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 767. Living species: 5; S. Europe; temperate Asia; N America. Russia, 2; Europe, 1; N. America, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2, Canada, 2; W. Tex., 1-2. Fossil species: Apocynophyllum; Tertiary, Portugal, Japan, Australia, East Indies (Heer, Ettinghausen), afew spec- ies; all rather doubtful. Apocynum cannabinum Linn. Spec. 213 (1753). A. sibiricum JAcQ. Hort. Vindob. III, 66 (1776). A. hypericifolium Att. Hort. Kew. I, 304 (1789). A. pubescens R. BR. Wern. Soc. I, 67 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 338; Britt., Fl. N. J. 168; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 358; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 318, 565; Coult., Fl. Colo. 237; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 473; Wats. 492 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. King Exp. 282; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 186; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 88; Coult., Fl. Tex. 262: North America: Same range as A. androsaemifolium; extends also into S. Calif. and E. to Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woods, thickets, river banks and shores; edges of marshes. HERB.: Taylor 337, Janesville; Ballard 93, Shakopee; Taylor 583, Minnesota Lake; Taylor 1025, Glenwood; Sheldon — 1582, Lake Benton; Ballard 507, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 752, Glenwood; Sheldon 975, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 388, Madison Lake; Sheldon 332, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 249, Minneapolis; Kassube 203, Minneapolis; Bailey 214, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 467, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 150, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 250, Minnetonka; Herb. Moyer 201, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Apocynum androsaemifolium Linn. Spec. 213 (17538). ina A. androsaemifolium and var. incanum A. DC. - Prodr. VIII, 412 Mi Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 338; Britt., Fl. N. J. 168; Upham, Fl. Minn. 113; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 317, 565; Coult., Fl. Colo. 237; Chap., Fl. S. St. 359; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 473; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 186; Wats., King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 82; Coult., Fl. Tex. 263. North America: Anticosti and Atl. coast to Pac. and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Sierras and N. Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woods and thickets; banks and shores. HERB.: Ballard 738, Waconia; Taylor 989, Glenwood; Sheldon 425, Madison Lake; Ballard 852, Patterson lake, Car- ver Co.; Ballard 91, Chaska; Taylor 328, Janesville; Herrick 248, St. Louis river; Oestlund 149, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 202, Minneapolis; Bailey 183, Vermilion lake; Bailey 131, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 466, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1692, Minneap- olis; 1731, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 200, Montevideo. LXXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 588 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 728 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 221 (1891). Genera: 190 (Baillon); 146 (B. and H.); tropical regions; a few in temperate zones, especially in N. hemisphere and S. Africa; in the latter region the development is especially abundant. Species; 1500+; 1-2 fossil in recent rocks. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 423 ASCLEPIAS Linn. Gen. 185 (1737). Otaria HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. III, 192 (1818). Gomphocarpus, Xysmalobium, Kanahia R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. I, 37, 38, 39 (1808). Krebsia, Mackenia HAary. Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed.2, 233 (1868). Pachycarpus, Parapodium, Schizoglossum, Aspidoglos- sum, Logarinthus E. Mey. Comm. PI. Austr. Afr. 200-221 (1837). Rhinolobium ARN. Mag. Zo6]. and Bot. II, 420(1838). Canahia SPRENG. Syst. I, 526 (1825). Asclepiodora GRAy, Proc. Am. Acad. XII, 66 (1877). Anantherix and Stylandra Nutr. Gen. I, 169, 170 (1818). Polyotus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 199 (1839). Podostigma and Acerates Ext. Sk. I, 316, 326 (1821). Schizonotus A’. GrAy, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 100 (1886). Funastrum Fourn. Ann. Sci. Nat. 6, XIV, 388 (1882). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 245; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 1, 752-755; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 268; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 770. Living species: 180; cosmopolitan except in polar and sub-polar regions. N. America, 55; S. and E. KE. Sts., 28; S. mis., 00; W. Tex., 21. Fossil species: Tertiary, Japan (Unger); Portugal, Greenland, Rhone, Oenigen (Heer); 5 sp. described. Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. I, 168 (1818). A. nuttalliana TorR. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 218 (1834). Acerates lanuginosa DEcN. DC. Prodr. VIII (1844). A. monocephala LAPHAM, Gray’s Man. ed. 2, appx. (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl, Minn. 115; Coult., Fl. Colo. 242. North America: Mont. to Wisc. and N. Ill.; S. to Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: Blue Harth Co. W. to Dakota line; S. Central, S. W. and N. W. districts; prairies and hillsides. HERB.: Gedge 12; Riverton, Clay Co.; Holzinger 191, Winona; Herb. Moyer 210, Montevideo. Asclepias viridiflora Rar. Med. Repos. XI, 360 (1808). Acerates viridifora Eu. Sk. I, 317 (1821). Polyotus heterophyllus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 522 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 343; Britt., Fl. N. J. 169; Mac., F]. Can. I, 320; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Coult., Fl. Colo. 242; Cov., F!. Ark. 203; Chap., Fl. S. St. 365; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 99; Coult., Fl. Tex. 268. North America: Niagara river to Rocky mts.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry places and banks of streams. HERB.: Type,—Sheldon 1105, Springfield; Sheldon 1387, Lake Benton; Ballard 383, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 424 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 732, Sleepy Eye; Gedge 11, Detroit; var. linearis (Gray)—Sand- berg 474, Red Wing; Holzinger 190-191, Winona;—var. lanceo- lata (Ives); Ballard 272, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 690, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 610, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Leiberg 55, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Moyer 209, Watson [var. lanceolata (Ives). ]. Asclepias floridana Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 284 (1783). A, longifolia Micux. FI]. N. Am. I, 116 (1803). Acerates longifolia Et. Sk. I, 317 (1821). A, floridana Hironcock, Fl. Ames 508 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Chap., F1. S. St. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 565; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 99, Coult., Fl. Tex. 268. North America: Ont. to Minn., Dak. and Neb.; S. to Ohio, Fla., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. and N. W. districts; wet meadows or fields. HERB.: Juni 13, Alexandria; ?Gedge 13, Clay Co. Asclepias verticillata Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 1272 (1762). A. galioides HBK. Nov. Gen. et Spec. III, 188 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 342; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 319; Chap., Fl. S. St. 365; Coult., Fl. Colo. 241; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 368; Wats., King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 97; Coult., Fl. Tex. 267. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., N. Mex., Tex. and Mexico. . Minn. valley: Throughout except N. E. district; hills and fields. HERB.: Sheldon 970,Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1068, Spring- field; Sheldon 815, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 925, Glenwood; Juni ? 12, Glyndon; Herb. Moyer 208, Chippewa Co. Asclepias quadrifolia Linn. Spec. (1753). A. vanilla RAF. Am. Mo. Mag. (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 342; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 114; Chap., Fl. S. St. 364; Cov.,; Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 96. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge; doubtful; no Minn. specimens seen. Asclepias ovalifolia DeEcN. DC. Prodr. VIII, 567 (1844). A. variegata var. a. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 252 (1840). A, nuttalliana GRAY, Man. 2 ed. 352, 704 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 342; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Coult., Fl. Colo. 241; Gray, Syn. F]. IT, 1, 95. or LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 42 North America. Man., Assiniboia and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts.; S. to N. Ill., Wisc., Minn., Iowa, Dak., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Throughout; most abundant S. W. and W. prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 606, Waseca; Taylor 178, Janesville; Menzel 4, Pipestone City; Herrick 253, Minneapolis; Ankeny 5, Stillwater; Roberts 109, White Bear; Kassube 205, Minneapolis; Sandberg 470, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 204, 205, Chippewa Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 109, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Asclepias exaltata (Linn.) Mun. Cat. 28 (1818). A. syriaca var. exaltata LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 313 (1762). A. phytolaccoides PuRsH, Fl, Am. 180 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 342; Upham,F]. Minn. 114; Mac., F]. Can. I, 319; Chap., Fl. S. St. 262; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 92; Britt., FI. N: J. 169. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn,; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; moist woods and thickets HERB.: Ballard 471, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 617, Waseca; Sheldon 617a, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Ballard 205, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 252, Minneapolis; Sandberg 469, Red Wing. Asclepias obtusifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. J, 118 (1808). A, purpurascens WALT. Fl. Car. 103 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 341; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 364; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, J, 91 and Syn. Suppl. II, 401; Coult., Fl. Tex. 266. ; North America: Minn. and Dak. to Colo., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; E. across continent to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. E. edge; doubtful sandy fields or woods. : Asclepias sullivantii ENGELM. Gray Man. 1 ed. 366 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed.341; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 114; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 91. North America: Minn. and Dak. to Neb., Kan. and Ohio. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Pommes des Terres, at least; rich woods and banks of streams. HERB.: Taylor 580, Minnesota lake; MacM and Sheld. 45, Brainerd. 426 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Asclepias syriaca LINN. Spec, ed. 2, 313 (1762). A. cornuti DECN. in DC. Prodr. VIII, 564 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 341; Britt., Fl: N. J. 169; Webb., F]. Neb. 141; Chap., Fl. S. St. 362; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 86; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,91 and Syn. Suppl. II, 401. Russia in Europe; N. Asia. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., and Neb.— spreading throughout continent. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich meadows and edges of thickets or streams. HERB.: Ballard 26m, Chaska; Taylor 579, Minnesota lake; Ballard 258, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1552, Lake Ben- ton; Herrick 251, Minneapolis; Kassube 204, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 468, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1697, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 203, Montevideo. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 218 (1834). A. douglasiti Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 53 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 341; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, F]. Minn. 114; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 475; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 319; II, 341; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 188; 7atan King Exp. 282; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fi. IT, 1, 91. North America: Man. and Assiniboia to Rocky mts., Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Yosemite valley; E. to Utah, Ark., Neb., Minn. Minn. valley: Probably throughout; especially S. and W.; fields and river banks. Hers.: Taylor 727, Wells, Faribault Co.; Herb. Moyer 202, Montevideo. Asclepias incarnata Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 314 (1762). A, pulchra WiLuLD. Spec. I, 1207 (1798). A. amoena BRoNGN. Ann. Sci. Nat. XXIV, t. 13 (1831). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 340; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 114; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 318; Chap., Fl. S. St. 363; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1,90; Coult., Fl. Tex. 265 wm Var. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Saskatchewan and S. Man.; S. to N. J., N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark., La., Tex. in var. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of swamps and marshes. Hers.: Ballard 853, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 568, Minnesota lake; Ballard 757, Waconia; Taylor 777, Glenwood; Sheldon 645, Waseca; Holzinger 188, Winona Co.; Sandberg 471, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 472, Cannon Falls; Her- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 497 rick 254, Minneapolis; Oestlund 151, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Moyer 206, Chippewa Co. Asclepias purpurascens Linn. Spec. 214 (1753). A. amoena LINN. Spec. 217 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 340; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 362; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 320; Upham, FI]. Minn. 114; Britt., Fl. N. J. 169; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203. North America: N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car. to W. Ont., Wisc. and Minn.; S. to Tenn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Forest district to Cottonwood valley; edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 849, Sleepy Eye; Manning 7, Lake City. : Asclepias tuberosa Linn. Spec. 316 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 340; Britt., Fl. N. J. 170; Webb., F]. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 115; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 318; Coult., Fl. Colo. 239; Chap., Fl. S. St. 365; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 188; Cov., Fl. Ark. 203; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 1, 89; Coult., Fl. Tex. 2€5. North America: Ont. and L. Huron region to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Arizona and Texas. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; high knolls, prairies and railway embankments. HERB.: Taylor 558, Minnesota lake; Taylor 380, Janes- ville; Ballard 575, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 342, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 775, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 635, Waseca; Lei- berg 54, ‘‘Minnesota”’; Holzinger 189, Winona Co.; Herrick 255, Minneapolis; Sandberg 473, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1754, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 207, Montevideo. LXXXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning- Glory Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 651 (1836-40); Lindl., Vey. King. 633 (1846)— Cuscutaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 865 (1876)—excl. Nolan- aceae; Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 305 (1891); Peter in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 3a, 1 (1891). Genera: 25-26; temperate and tropical regions; most abundant within the tropics; shrubby climbers, principally tropical America; herbaceous forms widely distributed; center in W. Indies. Species: 950-1000; 300 in Ipomea; 160 in Cuscuta; fossil, 10-12, from Tertiary of Europe and U. S. 428 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. VOLVULUS Mep. Phil. Bot. I], 42 (1791). Calystegia R. Br. Prodr. 483 (1810). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 324; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 874; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 286; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 447; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 776; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36 (Peter). Living species: 7; temperate and subtropical regions. N. America, 3-4; W. coast, 1; Atl. regions, 2; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Convolvulus, Tertiary, Frankfort (Lud- wig). Volvulus spithameus (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. IT, 447 (1891). Convolvulus spithameus LINN. Spec. 158 (1753). Calystegia spithameus PuRSsH, Fl. Am. I, 434 (1814). C. tomentosa PursH, FI. Am. 4384 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 369; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 345; Chap., Fl. S. St. 345; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 215; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36. North America: N.S., Q., Ont., Man. and Saskatch- ewan; S. to Minn. and Fla. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare; dry roadsides and embankments. HERB.: Kassube 194, Minneapolis; Holzinger 178, Wi- nona Co.; Herrick 244, St. Louis river; Holzinger 179, Winona Co. Volvulus sepium (LINN.) JUNGER, Oestr. Bot. Zeit. 133 (1891). Convolvulus sepium LINN. Spec. 218 (1753). Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. 483 (1810). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 369; Britt., Fl. N. J. 179; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 345, 569; Chap., Fl. S. St. 344; Coult., F]. Colo. 265; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 533; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 164; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 284; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 94; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 205 in var.; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 215; Suppl. Syn. II, 435 in var.; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 74; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 292 in var. N. Africa; most Europe; Asia to China and Dahuria; Australia and New Zealand. North America: Throughout Can. to N. W. T.; S. to N. J. and Del.; W. to Utah, Minn., Neb. and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks and thickets, climbing over shrubbery. Hers.: Taylor 22, Elysian; Ballard 501, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1553, Lake Benton; Ballard 344, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 25, Elysian; Sheldon 376, Madison Lake; Ballard 133, Chaska; Ballard 751, Waconia; Herrick 242, St. Louis river; Herrick 243, Minneapolis; Kassube 193, Minneap- LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUING PLANTS. 429 olis; Sandberg 456, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1701, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 196, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. CUSCUTA Linn. Gen. 89 (1737). Epilinella and Engelmannia PFEIFF. Bot. Zeit. 673 (1845). Cuscutina PFEIFF. 1. c. 492 (1846). Monogynella, Cussutha and Succuta DEsmMouL. Etud. Cusc.- 65, 66, 74 (1853). Grammica Lour. FI]. Cochinch., 170 (1790). Pfeifferia BucHine. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, V, 88 (1846). Lepidanche ENGELM. Sill. Journ. XLIII, 343 (1842). Buchingera SCHULTZE, Jahrb. Pharm. (1847), Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 330; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 881; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 a, 38 (Peter). Living species: 160; temperate and warmer regions. N. America, 21; Europe, 12; Russian Europe, 7; California, 8; HE. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 6; S. Sts., 8; Pl. Wheel., 5; Pl. King, 3; W. Tex., 12. Cuscuta paradoxa Rar. Ann. Nat. (1820). C. glomerata Cuotsy, Mem. Geney. (1841). Lepidanche compositarum ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII (1842). : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 372; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Wats., King Exp. 472; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 222; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pfianz. 1V, 3 a, 39; Coult., Fl. Tex. 295. North America: Ohio to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; on Composites, especially Helianthus and Solidago. HERB.: Taylor 849, Glenwood; Sheldon 1309, Lake Benton; Kassube 196, Minneapolis; Sandberg 458, Red Wing; Herrick 245, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 197, Chippewa river, near Montevideo; Herb. Wickersheim 104, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Cuscuta gronovii WILLD. Reliq. in R. and S. Syst. VI, 205 (1820). C. americana LINN. Spec. 124 (1753) as to pl. Gronov. C. umbrosa BEy. Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. IT, 78 (1840) in part. C. vulgivaga ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 338 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 372; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Chap., Fl. S. St. 347; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 347; Coult., Fl. Colo. 267; Upham, F]. Minn. 111; Wats., King Exp. 472; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 221; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. [V, 3a. 39; Coult., Fl. Tex. 295. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Tex. and Ark. Minn. valley: ‘Throughout; on coarse herbs and shrubs; abundant on /mpatiens and Saliz. 420 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB. Ballard 592, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 660, Waseca; Sheldon 717, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1001, Glenwood; Shel: don 1082, Springfield; Sandberg 457, Cannon Falls; Bailey 180, Vermilion lake; Holtz. 40, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co. Cuscuta gronovii WILLD. var. saururi (ENGELM.). C. saurwi ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII (1842). oe C. gronovii var, latiflora ENGELM. Trans. St. L. Acad. I, III, Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 372; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Wats., King Exp. 472; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 222. North America: Mass. and N. Car. to Minn., Man. and Mo. Minn. valley: N. E. district; on Jmpatiens. Cuscuta coryli ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 337 (1842). C. umbrosa BEYRICH, Sched. (1851) in part. C. inflexca ENGELM. Rev. Cusc. 502 (1859). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 372; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 2, 221; Coult., Fl. Colo. 267; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Chap., Suppl. S. St. 641. na North America: N. Eng. to Ark., Neb., Colo. and ak. Minn. valley: W. district; on Ceanothus and Corylus. HERB.: Wickersheim 132, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Cuscuta cephalanthi ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. 333 (1842). CO. tenuiflora ENGELM. Gray’s Man. 1 ed. 350 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 371; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 347; Upham, F]. Minn. 110; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 535; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 220; Wats., King Exp. 278, 471; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 39; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36; Coult., Fl. Tex. 294. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Wisc., Penn. and N. J.;S. to Ark. and Tex.; W. to Utah? and Arizona. Minn. valley: Reported from Blue Earth Co., and probably sparingly throughout forest district; on tall herbs and shrubs. Cuscuta arvensis BeEyricH, Sched. (1851). U. arvensis var. pentagona ENGELM. Gray’s Man.ed. II, 336 (1852). OC. pentagona ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 342 (1842). C. arvensis var. verrucosa ENGELM. Gray’s Man. ed. 2, 336 (1852). CO. verrucosa ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIIT, 340 (1842). C. arvensis var. calycina ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. (1842), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 371; Gray, Syn. Fi. II, 2, 220; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Britt., Fl. N. J. 180; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 347; Mac., Fl. Can. I,346; Coult., F). Colo. 266; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 535; Coult., Fl. Tex. 294. South America. North America: N.S. and Ont. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Mont. and Oregon; S. to Calif., Tex. and La. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 431 Minn. valley: W. district to S. Central district; on small prairie herbs. HERB.: Sheldon 1435, Pipestone; Taylor 1143, Glen- wood; Leiberg 106, Blue Earth Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 56, Brainerd. Cuscuta polygonorum ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLIII, 342 (1842). C. chlorocarpa ENGELM. Gray’s Man. ed. 1, 350 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 371; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Wats., King Exp. 471; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Bl. II, 1. 220. North America: Wisc. and Minn. to Penn. and Del.; S. to Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Blue Earth Co. and perhaps whole for- est district; on Polygonum and other herbs. XC POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 656 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant.II, 820 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 332 (1891); Peter, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 40 (1891). Genera: 8; Mexico and N. America; especially in western portion; a few in Siberia and the southern Cordil- leran region. Species: 200+; 190, N. America and Mexico. PHLOX Linn. Gen. 148 (1737). Armeria LINN. Systema (1735). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 340; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 821; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 279; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. TV, 3a, 46 (Peter). Living species: 80+, North America; 1 sp. in Siberia. Canada, 12; S. Sts., 11; Rocky mts., 8; E. Sts., 11; California and Pac. coast, 6-7; Pl. Wheel., 4; Pl. King, 4; W. Tex., 4. Phlox divaricata Linn. Spec. 217 (1753). P. canadensis SWEET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 221 (1823-1829). P. glutinosa Bucki. Am. Jour. Sci. XLV, 177 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 355; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 328; Webb., Fl. Neb. 134; Chap., Fl. S. St. 338; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., FI. Can. I, 566; Wats., King Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 131; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 47. North America: Q., Ont. toOwen Sound; S. to N. Y., Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies, woods and meadows. HERB.: Taylor 138, Janesville; Taylor 309, Janesville, Sheldon 81, Elysian; Ballard 401, Jordan, Scott Co.; Manahan 1, 432 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Chatfield; Holzinger 177, Winona Co.; Sandberg 454, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1876, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 103, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 195, Montevideo. Phlox pilosa Linn. Spec. 216 (1753). P. avistata Micox. Fl. N. Am. I, (1803). P. cuspidata SCHEELE, Linn. XXIII, 137 (1865). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 355; Britt., Fl. N. J. 174; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Chap., Fl. S. St. 339; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 327; Wats., King. Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 180; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 34,47; Coult., Fl. Tex. 276. North America: Ont. and Saskatchewan to Minn., N. J., Fla., Tex. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies, banks and fields. HERB.: Sheldon 754, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1320, Lake Benton; Ballard 572, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 642, Chaska; Ballard 98, Shakopee, Sheldon 537, Waseca; Taylor 343, Janes- ville; Sheldon 1599, Lake Benton; Sheldon 633a, Wilton, Waseca Co.—w hite-flowered forma albiflora; Taylor 577, Minnesota lake; MacMillan 10, Glenwood; Taylor 833, Glenwood; Taylor 773, Glenwood; Huntington 11, Rock Co.; Kassube 192, Minneapolis; Oestlund 144, Ramsey Co.; Leonard 40, Minneapolis; Oestlund 145, Hennepin Co.; Leonard 41, Spring Valley; Sandberg 453, Red Wing; Hammond 30, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1919, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 102, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 194, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Phlox glaberrima LINN. Spec. 152 (1753). P. revoluta AtK. Eat. Man. (1836). ? P. carnea SIMS. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Chap., FI. S. St. 338; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 180; Wats., King Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204. North America: N. Va. to Ohio, Minn. and Ark.; 8S. to Fla. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district to New Ulm; rare; prai- ries and meadows along streams. Phlox maculata Linn. Spec. 152 (1753). P. pyramidalis Sm. Exot. II, 87 (1804-1805). P. reflexa SweET, Brit. Fl. Gard. 232 (1823-1829). P. pendulifora Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser. 2, 46 (1831-1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 354; Britt., Fl. N. J.174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Chap., Fl. S. St. 338; Gray, Syn. Fl. Il, 1, 129; Wats., King. Exp. 462; Cov., Fl. Ark. 204; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 47. North America: N. J. to Minn,; S. to Fla. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; wet mead- ows and banks of streams. HERB.: TJhuet 1, Dodge Co. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 432 COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. I, 126 (1818). Courtoisia ReicH. Ic. Pl. Exot. III 4, t. 208 (1830). Phlogauthea Cay. ex Peter, 1. c. (1891). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 340; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 822; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 279; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3a, 48 (Peter). Living species: 18; Western N. America and Chile. N. America, 10-11; West Mexico and S. America. S. W. America, 3; N. W. America, 7-8. C. linearis is the only one that comes into Atl. America. Collomia linearis Nutr. Gen. I, 126 (1818). Gilia linearis GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 223 (1882). Navarretia linearis OK. Rev. Gen. II, 432 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 356; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 329; Upham, Fl. Minn. 110; Coult., Fl. Colo. 249; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 487; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 1385 and 408; Engl. Pet., Nat. Pflanz. IV. 3 a. 48; Webb., Appx. Neb. 36. North America: N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Van- couver; N. to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. in Sierras to Calif.; in Rocky Mts. to Colo.; S. to Minn., Dak. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. W. edge and far W. in Dakota; prairies and high knolls. HERB.: Sandberg 455, Red Wing. POLEMONIUM Linn. Gen. 181 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 339; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 823; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 279. Living species: 8-9; Europe, Asia, temperate N. America, Mexico and Chile. Russia, 2; Europe, 1; N. America, 8; Rocky mts., 5; California and Pac. coast, 6-7; Canada, 4; E. Sts., 2;S. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel., 3. Polemonium reptans Linn. Spec. ed. 2, (1762). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 356; Britt., Fl. N. J. 175; Chap., Fi. S. St. 340; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 151; Wats., King Exp. 470; Cov., Fl. Ark, 205. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Alab., Mo. and Ark. Minn, valley: New Ulm to Alexandria and W?; woods and thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 451, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 176, Winona Co.; Hammond 2, Lake City; Sandberg 452, Cannon Falls. 434 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XCI HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 658 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 825 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 397 (1891)—sub Boraginacées, Genera: 15; N. America; a very sparing representation in S. America, Africa and the tropics. Species: 150; N. America; 3-4 around world and S. America or 8. Africa. MACROUALYX Trew. Nov. Act. Cur. II, 330 (1761). Ellisia Linn. Spec. ed. II, Appx. (1763). Nyctalea Scop. Introd. 775 (1777). Encrypta Nourt. Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, I, 158 (1848). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 397; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 827; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 280; O. Kuntze, Rev, Gen. II, 433 (1891). Living species: 3; N. America; 1, Can., Rocky mts., E. Sts.; 2, California. . Macrocalyx nyctalea (LINN.) OK. Rey. Gen. II, 484 (1891). Ipomea nyctalea LINN. Spec. (1753). Polemonium nyctalea LINN. Spec. 2 ed. (1762). Ellisia nyctalea LINN. Spec. 2 ed. Appx. 1662 (1763). E. ambigua Nutt. Gen. I, 118 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 359; Britt., Fl]. N. J. 176; Brew, and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 505; Coult., Fl. Colo. 255; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 322; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 157. North America: Qu’Appele to Saskatchewan and N. W. T.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Dak.,. Neb., Colo. and Arkansas river. Minn. valley: Throughout; grassy places, rich woods. and banks of streams or lakes. Hers.: Ballard 348, Helena, Scott Co.; Taylor 182, Janesville; Ballard 80, Chaska; Taylor 350, Janesville; Sheldon. 672, Waseca; Sheldon 135a, Madison Lake; Foote 3, Worthing- ton; Herrick 241, Minneapolis; Sandberg 450, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 175, Winona; Herb. Sheld. 1766, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 101, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 193, Chip- pewa river, near Montevideo. HYDROPHYLLUM Linn. Gen. 124 (1787). Viticella Mircn. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 220 (1748). Decemium Rar. FI. Lud. 33 (1817). saillon, Hist. Pl. X, 397; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 826; Durand,. Gen. Phan, 279. Living species: 6; N. America; Canada, 5; S. Sts., 4; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 435 E. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 2; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2; Cali- fornia, 3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Micux, Fl. N. Am. I, 134 (1808). Hydrophyllum trilobum RAF. FI. Lud. 33 (1817). Nemophila paniculata SPRENG. Syst. I, 569 (1825). Decemium hirtum Ra¥r. Med. Fl. II, 215 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 358; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 332; Upham, F]. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 155. North America: Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Car., Iowa and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district except far N. E.; woods and rich, shaded banks. HERB.: Sheldon 400, Stony Point, Lake Madison, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 556, Waseca. Hydrophyllum virginianum Linn. Spec. 208 (1753). H. virginicum AUctT. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 358: Britt., Fl. N. J. 175; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 331; II, 343; I, 567; Chap., Fl. S. St. 334; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Coult., Fl. Colo. 254; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 502; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 201; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 154. North America: Q. to Georgian bay and Pac.; Van- couver, N. W. T. and Alaska; S. to Washington and Oregon; S. in mts. to N. Mex.; S. in Mississippi valley to Ark. and La.; along Appalachians to N. Eng., N. Y., Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woods, river banks and lake shores. HeERB.: Taylor 6, Elysian; Taylor 623, Minnesota lake; Taylor 119, Janesville; Sheldon 858, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 41, Chaska; Herrick 239, Minneapolis; Kassube 191, Minneapolis; _ Herrick 240, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1785, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 100, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 192, Montevideo. PHACELIA Juss. Gen. 129 (1789). Aldea R. and P. Prodr. Per. 19 (1798). Eutoca R. Br. Appx. Frankl. Exp. 764 (1823). Cosmanthus NOLTE, ex DC. Prodr. IX, 291 (1845). Microgenetes A. DC. 1. c. (1845). Whitlavia Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 4813 (——). Heteryta Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 101 (1819). Helminthosporium Torr. Herb. Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 398; Benth. and Hook,, Gen. Pl. II, 827; Durand, “Ind. Gen. Phan. 280. Living species: 65+; N. America, Mexico, Andes of Chile; N. America, 55; S. Sts., 5; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 6; 436 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pl. King, 17; California, 40-45; E. Sts., 6; Pl. Wheel., 10; W. Tex.-' 8: Phacelia purshii Bucky. Am. Jour. Sci. XLV, 172 (1844). P. fimbriata Pursu, FI. Am. (1814) not Micha. Cosmanthus fimbriatus A. DC. Prodr. 1X, 297 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 359; Chap., F1.S. St. 355; Upham, Fl. Minn. 109; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 162; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205. North America: W. Penn. to Minn.; S. to Tenn., N. Car., Alab. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge; rare or doubt- ful; woods and shaded banks. XCII. BORRAGINACEAE. Borage Family. Lindl.. Veg. King. 655 (1846); Lehm., Pl. Asp. (1818)—Asperifoliae ; Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 643 (1836-40)—Cordiaceae; Lindl., Veg. King. 653 (1846) —Lhretiaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. II, 832 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 343 (1891)—excl. Hydrophyllaceae. Genera: 75; (B. and H.—68); cosmopolitan; especially abundant in the Orient. Species: 1250+; 3-4 doubtful fossils in Tertiary; Bor- aginites. ONOSMODIUM Micux. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 132 (1803). Purshia SPRENG. Lehm. Asperif. 382 (1818). Osmodium Rar. N. Y. Med. Rep. II, V, 350 (1808). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 384; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 859; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 284. Living species: 6; N. America and Mexico. N. Amer., 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 1; Pl. Wheel., 1: Wy Pex. 2. Onosmodium carolinianum (LAmM.) DC. Prodr. X, 70 (1846). Lithospermum carolinianum LAM. Ill. and Enc. Meth. Suppl. II, 837 (1811). Purshia mollis LEHM. Asper. 383 (1821). Onosmodium molle BECK, Bot. (1883). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 366; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Upham., Fl. Minn. 106; Chap., Fl. S, St. 331; Mac., Fl. Can, I, 342; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 206; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Ont., W. N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Colo. and Neb.; S. to Ga., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Districts E. of Pommes des Terres river; river banks aud edges of sloughs. HERB.: ?Sandberg 443, Cannon Falls; Ballard 185, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 644, Minnesota lake; Herb. Moyer 189, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 437 Onosmodium carolinianum (LAM. ) DC. var. molle (MICHX.) GRAY, Syn. II, 1, 206 (1886). Onosmodium molle Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 133 (1808). Purshia mollis LEHM. Asper. 383 (1821). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 367; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 343; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to 49° N. lat.; S. to Neb., Ill. and Tex.; W. to Colo. and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks and waste places or dry fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1505, Lake Benton; Sheldon 736, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 352, Janesville; Ballard 101, Shakopee; Taylor 810, Glenwood; Leonard 38, Spring Valley. LITHOSPERMUM Linn. Gen. 101 (1737). Rhytispermum Link, Handb. I, 579 (1829). Aegonychon S$. F. Gray, Arr. II, 354 (1821). Batschia GMEL. Syst. II, 315 (1806). Pentalophum DC. Prodr. X. 86, (1846). Margarospermum DeEcNE. Jacq. Voy. Bot. 122 (1844). Lithodora GRIsEB. Spic. Fl. Rum. II, 85 (1844). Gymnoleima DECNE. Jacq. Voy. Bot. 122 (1844). © Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 383; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 860; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 284. Living species: 40+; extra-tropical regions, N. hemi- sphere; also W. S. America and S. Africa; species in S. hem- isphere doubtfully endemic. Europe, 16; Russia, 7; Russian Europe, 4; N. America, 9; S. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 5; Califor- nia, 2; Canada, 5; E. Sts., 4; Pl. Wheel., 8; Pl. King, 4; W. tex.; 5. Lithospermum angustifolium Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 130 (1808). Batschia longiflora PursH, Fl. Am. 132 (1814). B. decumbens Nutr. Gen. I, 114 (1818). Lithospermun longiflorum SPRENG. Syst. (1825). L. breviflrum ENGELM. and GRAy, Pl. Lindh. J, 44 (1845). Pentalophus longiflorus and mandanense A. DC. Prodr. X, 87 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Coult., FJ. Colo. 264; Wats., King Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 205; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Man., Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to 55° N. lat.?; S. to Utah, Arizona, Tex., Ark., Neb., Ill. and ~ Ind. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks and edges of sloughs. 438 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Ballard 379, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 798, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 235, Minneapolis; Kassube 186, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 444, Cannon Falls; Sandberg 445, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 171, Winona Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 98, Idle- wild; Herb. Moyer, 190, Montevideo. Lithospermum carolinense (WALT.). Anonymos caroliniensis WALT. FI. Car. 91 (1788). Batschia carolinensis GMEL. Syst. I, 315 (1805). B. gmelint Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 130 (1803). Anchusa hirta Munu. Cat. (1813). , Lithospermum hirtum LEHM. Asper. 305 (1818). Batschia caroliniana R. 8. Syst. IV, 52 (1819). Lithospermum decumbens Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 225 (1834). L. bejariense DC. Prodr. X. 88 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Chap., Fl. S. St. 352; Wats., King Exp. 238; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 205; Coult., Fl. Tex. 288. North America: Ont. to L. Huron and N. Y.; S. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; waste or barren land. HERB.: Ballard 641, Chaska; Ballard 247, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 696, Waseca; Ballard 202, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 557, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 973, Sleepy Hye; Kassube 187, Minneapolis; Herrick 236, Minneapolis; Holzinger 172, Winona Co.; Holzinger 173, Winona; Sandberg 446, Can- non Falls; Hammond 28, Lake City. Lithospermum canescens (MicHx.) LEHM. Asper. 305 (1818). Batschia canescens Micux. . Fl. N. Am. I, 130 (1803). Anchusa canescens MuuHuL. Cat. (1813). Lithospermum sericeum LEHM. Asper. 306 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 366; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 342; Chap., Fl. S. St. 332; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 107; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Britt., Fl. N. J. 178; Coult., Fl. Colo. 264; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 203; Cov., Fl. Ark. 206; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 204. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to N. Y., N. J., Va. and Alab.; W. to Dak.. Neb., Ark., Arizona and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; waste or gravelly soil and openings in forest. Hers.: Taylor 185, Janesville; Herrick 237, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 447, Red Wing; Sandberg :448, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 143, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 188, Minneapolis; Leonard 39, Fillmore Co.; Hammond 29, Lake City; Herb. Wickersheim 99, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 191, Montevideo. ca LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. - 489 Lithospermum latifolium Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 131 (1803). L. officinale var. latifolium WiLLp. Spec. I, 751 (1798). . L. lutescens Cou. Cat. Fl. G. Rap. 29 (1874). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 365; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 341; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 2083; Webb., Appx. Neb. 37. North America: Ont. and N. Y. to Minn.; S. to Va., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district, especially S.; edges of woods and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 516, Waseca; Taylor 4, Elysian; Shel- don 127, Madison Lake; Taylor 258, Janesville; Sheldon 621, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Kassube 185, Minneapolis; Herrick 234, Minneapolis; Getty 3, Wright Co. MYOSOTIS Linn. Gen. 102 (1737). Exarrhena R. Br. Prodr. 495 (1810). Strophiostoma Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mose. 258 (1840). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 386; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 858; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 284; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 777. Living species: 40+; temperate and cold regions of N. hemisphere, also in S. hemisphere of old world, extra- tropical. Europe, 16; Russian wie 10; N. America, 4; Canada, 4; Rocky mts; 1; California, 2; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; We Tex: | .1. Fossil species: Forest bed of Norfolk and Mandesley M. caespitosa Schultes (Schenck). Myosotis virginica (Linn.). B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. Cais Lycopsis virginica LINN. Spec. 139 (1853). Myosotis verna Nutr. Gen. II, addit, (1818). M. inflexca ENGELM. Am. Jour. Sci. XLVI, 98 (1845). M. stricta GRAY. Man. 1 ed. (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 365; Britt., Fl. N. J. 178; Upham, FI]. Minn. 107; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 341; Chap., Fl. 8. St., 333; Brew. and Wats., ml eCalit. 1, 522: oe Fl. Ark. 206; Mac, Fl. Can. 1, 569 in var; Gray, Syn. Fi. IT, 1, 202: Gales Fl, Tex. 287. North America: Ont. to Man. and to Brit Col. in var.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Oregon, Tex., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. corner; rare; dry or waste places, or on ledges of rock. Myosotis arvensis (LinN.) W1LLD. Spee. I, 747 (1797). M. scorpioides var. arvensis LINN. Spec. 188 (1758). M. intermedia Linx, DC. Prodr. X, 105 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 365; Britt., Kl. N. J. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 340; Upham, Fl. Minn. 107; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 281: Nym 440 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Eur; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 92; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 202; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 77. Northern Africa; Europe; N. and W. Asia to India. North America: N. B. and N.S. to L. Huron, and S. to N. J. and La.; W. to Minn. ? Minn. valley?: N. E. district; fields and waste or gravelly places. HERB.: Herrick 238, Minneapolis. LAPPULA Hatt (1745). ex O. Kuntze 1. ¢. (1891). Echinospermum Swartz, Lehm. Asperif. 113 (1818). Rochelia R.andS. Syst. IV, 11 (1819). Guettardia MANETTI (1751). ex O. Kuntze 1. c. (1891). Cynoglossospermum SIEGEsB. F]. Petr. 40 (1736). Heterocaryum A. DC. Prodr, X, 144 (1846). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 372; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 850; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 283; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 436. Living species: 50+; all temperate regions: S. Africa, Australia. Especially N. hemisphere in old world. Europe, 5; Russia, 10; N. America, 7-8; Canada, 7-8; S. Sts., 3; Cali- fornia, 4; E. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 3-4; Pl. Wheel., 2; Pl. King, os. Wi Dems. 1: Lappula virginiana (LINN.) GREENE, Pittonia IT, 182 (1891). Myposotis virginiana LINN. Spec. 131 (1753). M. virginica LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 189 (1762). Echinospermum virginicum LEHM. Asper. 120 (1818). Cynoglossum morisoni DC. Prodr. X, 155 (1846). Echinospermum virginianum Hircucock, Fl. Ames 509 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 362; Upham, Fl. Minn. 108; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 336, 568; Britt., Fl. N. J. 177; Chap., Fl. S. St. 333; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. Syn. II, 421. North America: N. Br., Q. to L. Superior reg. and ~ Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., La. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry or sandy prairies or waste places. HERB.: Ballard 590, Crystal lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 399, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 625, Chaska; Ballard 673, Wa- conia; Taylor 896, Glenwood; Sheldon 167, Madison Lake; Shel- don 841, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 190, Minneapolis; Holzinger 174, Winona Co.; Winchell 18, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1727, Min- neapolis. Lappula deflexa (WAHL.) GARCKE, var. americana (GRAY). Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 224 (1886). Myosotis defleaa WAnwL. Act. Holm. 1138 (180). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 441 Echinospermum deflexum LEHM. Asper. 93 (1818) in part. Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 363; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. II, 421; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 335, 567; Upham, Fl. Minn. 108; Hart., Fi. Scand. I, 81 (spec.); Webb., Appx. Neb. 38. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Dak., Minn., Iowa and Neb. Minn. valley: S. E. district and far N. W.; dry or waste places. HERB.: Taylor 425, Janesville. Lappula redowskii (HORNEM.) GREENE, var. pilosum (NUTT.) Cynoglossum pilosum NuvrT. Gen. I, 114 (1818). Echinospermum patulum Lenm. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. IT, 84 (1840). E. strictum Torr. Mex. Bound. (1858) not Ledeb. E. pilosum Bucku. Proc. Phil. Acad. (1861). E. redowskii var. occidentale WATSON, Bot. King Exp. 246 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 363; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 336; Coult., F]. Colo. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 135?; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 529; Mac., F!. Can. 1,568; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 158 (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 202; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 189 and Suppl. Syn. II, 422; Coult., Fl. Tex. 285. Species in N. Asia to Dahuria. North America: Man. to Bear lake and along Sierras to Nev. and Tex.; E. to Minn. and Neb.; Alaska; Arizona. Minn. valley: Forest district; probably W. to Cotton- wood and Chippewa valleys; dry plains and waste places. HERB.: Ballard 168, Shakopee; Kassube 189, Minne- apolis. CYNOGLOSSUM Linn. Gen. 100 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. X, 377; Benth. and Houk., Gen. Pl. II, 848; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 282. Living species: 70+; cosmopolitan; tropical mts. Russian Europe, 3; N. America, 6; Canada, 4; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; California, 3; Tex.-Mex., 3. Cynoglossum virginicum LINN. Spec. 193 (1753). C. amplexicaule Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 132 (1803) Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 362; Britt., Fl. N. J. 176; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 335, 567; Chap., F1.S. St. 333; Upham, Fl. Minn. 108; Cov., Fl. Ark. 205; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 188. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man. and Rocky mts.?; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: N. and N. E. districts; rich, deep woods and edges of swamps. ’ HERB.: Sandberg 449, Cannon Falls. 442 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. XCIII. VERBENACEAE. Verbena Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 632 (1836-40); Endlicher, |. c. 689 (Stilbineae); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 1131 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 7& (1892). Genera: 65+; tropical regions; a few in temperate N. and S. hemisphere; S. rather than N. Species: 750-800; 1-2, fossil in Tertiary. LEPTOSTACHYA Mrircw. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 212 (1748). Phryma LINN. Diss. Chen. 1092 (1751). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1137; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 319; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 508; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 82. Living species: 1; Japan, E. Asia and N. America. Leptostachya leptostachya (LINN. ). Phryma leptostachya LINN. Spec. 838 (1753). Leptostachya carolinensis OK. Rev. Gen. II, 508 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 403; Britt., Fl. N. J. 194; Webb., F]. Neb. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 378, 574; Chap., Fl. S. St. 310; Forbes and Hems, FI]. Sin. II, 251; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. BlaDl, 1)°334; Japan to N. India, E. Siberia and Manchuria. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Neb., Ark. and Miss. hig Minn. valley: Throughout; not infrequent; woods and river banks or shores of lakes. HERB.: Ballard 890, St. Bonifacius; Ballard 771, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 821, Glenwood; Ballard 403, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 540, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1095, Springfield; Ballard 425, New Prague, Scott Co.; Sheldon 565, Waseca; Sheldon 890, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 665, Cobb river, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 129, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 421, Cannon Falls; Kassube 177, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 174, 175, Chip- pewa river, near Montevideo. VERBENA LINN. Gen. 834 (1737). Glandularia GMEL. Syst. 920 (1807). Billardiera Morncn, Meth. 396 (1794). Shuttleworthia MeEIssn. Gen. 290 (1836). Uwarowia BuNGE, Bull. Acad. Petr. VII, 278 (1840). 3enth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1146; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 320; jaillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 96. Living species: 80+; 1, almost cosmopolitan, the rest in tropical and extratropical America, principally North; also 1 in Mediterranean region and 1 in Australia. N. America, 15; S. Sts., 9; E. Sts., 7; Rocky Mts., 5; Canada, 4; California, 7-8; Pl. Wheel., 3; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex., 11. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 443 Verbena bracteosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 13 (1808). V. squarrosa Rotu, Cat. Bot. IIT, 3 (1806). V. canescens CHAP. FI. S. St. 370 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 402; Webb., F]. Neb. 139; Upham, F]. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379, 574; II, 349; Coult., Fl. Colo. 291; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 609; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221, 371; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 366; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327; North America: Ont., Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Calif., Arizona and Tex.; E. to Colo., Minn. and Ohio. / Minn. valley: Throughout; waste places or dry soil: in fields or by roadsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1215, New Ulm; Ballard 745, Waconia; Ballard 239, Jordan, Scott Co.; Leonard 34, Minneapolis; Winchell 15, Minneapolis; Herrick 218, Minneapolis; Holzinger 159, Winona Co.; Kassube 176, Minneapolis; Oestlund 128, Minneapolis. The two following are V bracteosa X stricta? (Upham); Sheldon 1218, New Ulm; Upham 2, Minneapolis. Verbena stricta VENT. Hort. Cels. 53 (1800). V. rigens MicHx. FI. N. Am. II, 14 (1803). V. cuneifolia RAF. Med. Repos. XI, 260? (1809). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt., Fl. N. J. 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Chap., Fl. Colo. 291; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211: Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 336; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327. North America: Minn., Dak. and Ohio to Neb., Ark., ‘Tex. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry or sandy places on banks or hills. HERB.: Sheldon 1113, Springfield; Sandberg 420, Good- hue Co.; Herrick 217, Minneapolis; Oestlund 127, Minneapolis; Kassube 175, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1699, Minneapolis; Herb. - Moyer 173, Watson, Chippewa Co. Verbena hastata Linn. Spec. 29 (1758). V. paniculata LAM. Enc. Meth. I (1783). V. hastata var. pinnatifida PuRsH, FI. Am, 416 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Coult., Fl. Colo. 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 609; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov , Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. Fl. iy, 336; Coult.; Fl. Tex. 327. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ark., Tex., N. Mex. and Miss. Sacramento val- ley, Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies, banks, barren places and forest openings; common. 444 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 776, Glenwood; Ballard 726, Benton, Carver Co.; Taylor 515, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 48, Elysian; Taylor 648, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 776, Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 158, Winona Co.; Kassube 173, Minneapolis; Oestlund 125, Minneapolis; Leonard 33, Minneapolis; Herrick 215, Min- neapulis; Sandberg 418, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1734, Min- neapolis; Herb. Moyer 171, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Verbena angustifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 13 (1803). V. rugosa WILLD. Enum. 633 (1809). V. simplec LEHM. Pugill. I, 37 (1828). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt, Fl. N. J. 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Cov., Fl. Ark. 210; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 336. North America: Q. and Ont. to Mass., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district; rare; dry soil or shaded banks. HERB.: Ballard 212, Jordan, Scott Co. Verbena urticaefolia Linn. Spec. 29 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 402; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 194; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Chap., Fl. S. St. 307; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 378; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 608; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 385; Coult., Fl. Tex. 327. North America: N. B., Q., Ont. to Owen Sound; S. to N. Eng. and Fla.; W. to Ark., Tex. and California; S. in Mexico and C. America. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; banks of streams or lakes, woods and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 840, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1575, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1091, Springfield; Ballard 530, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 667, Waconia; Taylor 809, Glenwood; Kas- sube 174, Minneapolis; Herrick 216, Minneapolis; Oestlund 126, Minneapolis; Sandberg 419, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1650, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 172, Montevideo. XCIV. LABIATAE. Mint Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 607 (1836-40); Lindl. Veg. King. 659 (1846)— Lamiaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. IL, 1160 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 1 (1892). Genera: 150+; cosmopolitan; 129 ( Baillon). Species: 3000+; particularly abundant in the Orient; 2-3 fossil in Recent rocks. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 445 STACHYS Linn. Gen. 485 (1737). Betonica LINN. Gen. 476 (1737). Galeopsis MoENCH, Meth. 397 (1794). Zietinia GLEDIT. Syst. 184 (1765). Trixago MOENCH, Il. c. 398 (1794). Tetrahitum Horr. and LINK, FI. Port. 103 (1809). Eriostomum H. and L. 1. ¢. 105 (1809). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pil. II, 1208; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 328: Schenck, Palaeophyt. 778; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 4. Living species: 200 described; 175 reduced. Cosmo- politan; in tropical mts. Europe, 50; Russia, 20; Russian Kurope, 6; North America, 16; S. Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 4; California, 7; Pl. Wheel., 6; several Tex. and Mex. region; W. Tex., 4. _ Fossil species: Interglacial at Mundesley, S. palustris Linn. (Schenck.). Stachys aspera Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 4 (1803). S. arvensis WALT. Fl. Car. 162 (1788) not Linn. S. hispida PursH, FI. Am. II, 407 (1814). S. palustris var. aspera GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 358 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6ed. 422; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 326; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 391; Forbes and Hems., FI]. Sin. II, 301; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 214; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 256 in var.; Cov., Fl]. Ark. 2138; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 387. Japan, Corea, Saghalin, Kuriles, Kamtk. North America: W. Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and S. Car.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Mexico?, Oregon?. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; in- frequent; wet ground. HERB.: Holzinger 169, Winona Co.; Holzinger 170, Winona; Bailey 14, Vermilion lake; Kassube 184, Minneapolis. Stachys palustris Linn. Spec. 580 (17538). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 422; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 390; Upham, F]. Minn. 106: Coult., FJ. Colo. 299; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 606; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 414; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 325; Wats., King Exp. 237; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 224; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 387 and Suppl. Syn. II, 462; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 90. N. Europe to Caucasus mts.; Ural and Altai Siberia to the Himalayas. North America: Newf. to Pac. and Oregon; N. to Ft. Franklin on the Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng. and N. J.; W. across Cont.; S. in Rocky mts. to Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; edges of marshes. HERB.: Ballard 365, Helena, Scott Co.; Taylor 582, Minnesota lake; Taylor 475, Janesville; Taylor 855, Glenwood; 446 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Sheldon 864, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1122, Springfield; Sheldon 362, Madison Lake; Sheldon 762, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 642, Wa- seca; Leonard 37, Minneapolis; Holzinger 168, Farmington; Sandberg 441, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 442, Cannon Falls; Rob- erts 108, Spring Valley; Herb. Moyer 188, Montevideo. PHYSOSTEGIA BentH. Bot. Reg. t. 1289 (1836). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1204; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 45. Living species: 3; N. America. Rocky mts., 1; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; EH. Sts., 2; W. Tex., 2. Physostegia virginiana (LINN.) BentH. Bot. Reg. 1289 (18386). Dracocephalum virgintanum LINN. Spec. 594 (1753). Prasium purpureum and concinneum WALT. FI. Car. 166 (1788). Dracocephalum lancifolium MoENCH, Meth. 410 (1794). D. variegatum VENT. Hort. Cels. 44 (1800). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 419; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Mac., F]. Can. I, 389; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Chap., Fl. S. St. 325; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 383; Coult., Fl. Tex. 342. North America: Q., Ont., Man. to 49° N. lat., Minn. and Dak.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Miss., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. and W. districts and N. E.; proba- bly throughout; wet banks and edges of swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 1253, Lake Benton; Herrick 230, Minneapolis; Holzinger 164, Winona Co,; Oestlund 139, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 434, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 187, Monte- video. BRUNELLA Linn. Gen. 177 (17387). Prunella LINN. Gen. later eds. (1767 etc.). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1203; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 43. Living species: 2-8; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. N. America, 1. Brunella vulgaris LINN. Spec. 887 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 419; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 322; Mac., Fl, Can. I, 388; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 604; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 299; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 392; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 323; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 255; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 477; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 236; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 382; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 87. N. Africa; Australia; Europe to Baikal Sib., Kuriles and China; Andes mts., S. America. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 447 North America: Atl. to Pac. and Alaska; S. to Yose- mite valley; S. to Neb., Minn., Ark., N. J., Fla., Tex. and Mexican mts. . Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; woods and thickets. HERB.: Ballard 364, Helena, Scott Co.; Bailey 188, Vermilion lake; Oestlund 140, Hennepin Co.; Roberts 106, Du- luth; Sandberg 435, Goodhue Co.; Sheldon 1627, Taylor’s Falls. SCUTELLARIA Linn. Gen. 493 (1737). Cassida MorencH, Meth. 413 (1794). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1201; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 327; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 42. Living species: 100+; cosmopolitan; in tropical mts. Europe, 11; Russia, 15; European Russia, 4; North America, 23; S. Sts., 18; Rocky mts., 3; Canada, 5; E. Sts., 11; Cali- fornia, 7-8; Pl. Wheel., 38; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex., 8. Scutellaria parvula Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 12 (1803). S. ambigua Nutr. Gen. II, 37 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 418; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 324; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 388; Upham, FI]. Minn. 105; Gray, Syn. F1. II, 380; Mac., Fl Can.I, 574; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Coult., Fl. Tex. 342. North America: Q., N. S., Ont. to Georgian bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; dry banks and edges of thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 1345, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1050, Iberia, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1540, Lake Benton; Sheldon 953, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1066, Springfield; Taylor 181, Janes- ville; Sandberg 436, Sundberg 437, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 165, Winona Co.; Kassube 182, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1767, Ft. Snelling. Scutellaria galericulata Linn. Spec. 599 (1753). _ Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 418; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 388; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 603; Chap., Fl. S. St. 324; Forbes and Hems., FI]. Sin. II, 294; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 398; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 324; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Miyabe, Fl. Kur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 102; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 237; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 381; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 86; Webb., Appx. Neb. 39. W. Europe to Japan, Kamtk., China and Kuriles to Saghalin; N. Africa; Manchuria. North America: Newf., Anticosti to Pac. and Ft. 448 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Franklin on Mackenzie; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Mont., Colo. and Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; wet places in woods and along banks. HERB.: Ballard 730, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 793, Goose iake, Carver Co.; Ballard 665, Waconia; Ballard 438, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 377, Janesville; Sheldon 1086, - Springfield; Taylor 608, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 554, Waseca; Sheldon 715, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1055, Glenwood; Ballard 586, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Holzinger 166, Winona Co.; Herrick 231. Minneapolis; Sandberg 438, Chisago Co.; Roberts 107, Little Marais; Bailey 76, Vermilion lake; Herrick 232, Minneapolis; Oestlund 141, Minneapolis; Kassube 183, Minneapolis; Sheldon 1256, Lake Benton. Scutellaria lateriflora Linn. Spec. 598 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 418; Britt., Fl. N. J. 201; Webb., F]. Neb. 138; Mac., Fl. Can I, 338; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Upham, Fl. Minn. 106; Chap., FJ. S. St. 324; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 602; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 378. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N.S. to Pac. and Oregon; N. to Athabasca; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Miss., N. Mex. and Rockies. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; wet, shaded banks. HERB.: Ballard 710, Waconia; Sheldon 1212, New Ulm; Taylor 904, Glenwood; Ballard 820, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 976, Glenwood; Sheldon 1037, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 439, Goodhue Co.; Holzinger 167, Winona Co.; Oestlund 142, Minne- apolis; Herrick 233, Minneapolis; Bailey 52, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 440, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1672, Minneapolis. DRACOCEPHALUM Linn. Gen. 481 (1737). Moldavica Mor~ncH, Meth. 410 (1794). Ruyschiana MILu. Dict. (1768). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1199; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 326; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 10 (sub Nepeta). Living species: 30; Asia, 18; Europe, 4; N. America, 1. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutr. Gen. IT, 35 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 416; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Coult., Fl. Colo. 298; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 387; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 378; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 223; Wats., King Exp. 236. North America: Ont. to Pac., Ft. Franklin on the Mackenzie and Yukon river, Alaska; E. to N. Y.; S. to Minn. and Iowa; S. in Rockies to N. Mex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 449 Minn. valley: N. E. district and probably N. W.; dry places in woods or on gravelly banks. HeERB.: Sandberg 432, Tower; Herrick 228, Minneap- olis; Herrick 229, Minneapolis; Bailey 53, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 433, Cannon Falls. VLECKIA Rar. Med. Rep. II, V, 352 (1808). Lophanthus BenTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829) not Adans. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1198; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 326; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 511 (sub Aguslache); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 47. Living species: 6; N. America and HE. Asia; extra- tropical. N. America, 4; S. Sts., 2; Canada, 3; E. Sts., 3; Rocky mits:, 2; Pac. coast, 1; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. mex. 1; Vieckia foenicula (PURSH) Rar. N. FI. (1836). Stachys foeniculum PursH, FI. 407 (1814). Hyssopus anisatus Nutr. Gen. II, 27 (1818). H. discolor DESF. Cat. Par. (1829). Lophanthus anisatus BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Wats. and Coult. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 415; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Coult., F1. Colo. 298; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 602; Wats., King. Exp. 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 376. North America: Man., Athabasca, Saskatchewan to Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie; W. to Rockies; S. to Neb., Dak., Minn. and Wisc. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; prairies and thickets. HERB.: Ballard 453, Scott Co.; Taylor 774, Glenwood; Ballard 791, Swan Lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 33, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 227, Minneapolis; Bailey 10a, Elk River; Oestlund 1:8, Minneapolis; Watson 1, Farmington; Leonard 36, Minneapolis; Bailey 49, Vermilion lake; Kassube 181, Minneapolis; Sandberg 431, Cannon Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 37, Brainerd; Herb. Sheld. 1644, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 97, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 186, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Vieckia scrophulariaefolia (WILLD.) Rar. N. Fl. (1836). Hyssopus scrophulariaefolius WILLD. Spec. III, 48 (1800). Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 415; Britt., Fl. N. J. 200; Upham, Fl. Minn. 105; Chap., F1.S. St. 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 376. North America: Ont. to Vt.;S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; borders of woods or thickets. —29 450 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1319, Lake Benton; Ballard 713, Wa-~ conia; Sandberg 430, Vasa. Vileckia nepetoides (Linn.) Rar. N. Fl. (1836). Hyssopus nepetoides LINN. Spec. 579 (1753). Lophanthus nepetoides BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 415; Britt., Fl. N. J. 200; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 105; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl]. S. St 321; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 376; Coult., Fl. Tex. 340. ; North America: Q., Ont. to Vt.; S. to N.-Car.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: W. district; infrequent; edges of woods or thickets. : HERB.: Wickersheim 96, Lake Park, Becker Co. MONARDA Linn. Gen. 17 (17387). Cheilyctis Rar. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Coryanthus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 186 (1838). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1197; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 326; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 61. Living species: 9; N. America. E. Sts., 6; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 4; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 4. Monarda punctata Linn. Spec. 22 (1753). M, lutea Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 16 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 414; Britt., Fl. N.J.199; Upham, F]. Minn., 105; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 386; Coult., Fl. Colo. 297; Chap., F1.S, St. 320; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 375; Coult., Fl. Tex. 339, North America: Ont.? to N. Y. and N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Central and S. central districts; infre- quent; banks and thickets. HERB.: Scott 1, Beaver. Monarda fistulosa Linn. Spec. 22 (1753). M. oblongata Arr. Hort. Kew. I, 36 (1789). M., longifolia LAM. Enc. Meth. LV, 256 (1797). M., allophylla Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 16 (1803). M. involucrata WEND. Ind. Sem. Marb. (1807). M. varians BART. Prodr. Penn. I, 34 (1815). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 414; Britt., Fl. N. J. 199; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., I]. Neb. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 385; Coult., Fl. Colo. 297; Chap., Fl. S. St. 320; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 222; Cov., Fl. Ark. 212; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 374; Coult., Fl. Tex. 339. North America: St. Lawrence river to Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; borders of woods and thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 451 HERB.: Sheidon 1185, New Ulm; Taylor 772, Glenwood; Ballard 871, Waconia; Sheldon 1334, Lake Benton; Ballard 617, Chaska; Ballard 573, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 180, Min- neapolis; Oestlund 137, Hennepin Co.; Winchell 17, Minneap- olis; Leonard 35, Minneapolis; Sandberg 429, Cannon Falls, var. mollis Benth.; Taylor 880, Glenwood; Herb. Sheld. 1665, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 184, 185, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. IJ, 131 (1807). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1188; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 56. Living species: 12; N. and S. America; N. America, 10; Canada, 2; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel., 2; several in Texas and Mexico; W. Tex., 6. Hedeoma hispida Pursn, Fl. Am. 414 (1614). H. hirta Nutt. Gen. I, 16 (1818). Cunila hispida SPRENG. Syst. I, 54 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 412; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 385; Upham, FI. Minn. 104; Coult., Fl. Colo. 296; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 362. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan; S. to Dak., Neb., Minn., Ill., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry knolls and headlands or ledges of rock. HERB.: Sheldon 1449, Pipestone; Sheldon 819, Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 136, Minneapolis; Sandberg 428, Cannon Falls; Herrick 226, Minneapolis; Kassube 179, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 183, Montevideo. ACINOS Moencn, Meth. 407 (1794). Calamintha MoENcH, 1. c. 408 (1794). Clinopodium Linn. em. Benth. 1. c. 1191 (1876). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1190; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 513: Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 55. Livi-g species: 40; temperate N. hemisphere; Russia, 17; Europe, 9; Russian Europe, 3; S. Sts., 6; Rocky mts., 1; @anada, 2; H. Sts., 3; California, 2; W. Tex., 1. Acinos vulgaris (LINN. ). Clinopodium vulgare LINN. Spec. 821 (1753). Calamintha clinopodium SPENN. FI. Frib. III (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 412; Britt., Fl. N. J. 198; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 384; Coult., Fl. Colo. 296; Herd., FJ. Eur. Russ. 102; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. II, 283 (closely related spec.); Gray, Syn. FI. II. 1, 360; Hart., Fl]. Scand. I, 8. 452 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Northern Europe to Asia, Corea? Formosa? Japan? Manchuria? North America: Ont. to Rocky mts.; S. to Gt. Lakes; introduced from W. Europe further E. in U. S. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare or doubt- ful; borders of woods and fields. HERB.: Bailey 59, Vermilion lake. KOELLIA Moencu, Meth. 407 (1794). Pycnanthemom MicuHx. FI. N. Am. IT, 7 (1803). Brachystemum MicuHx. 1. c. 5 (1803). Tullia LEAVENW. Sill. Journ. XX, 343 (1831). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1184; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 325; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 520: Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 51. Living species: 17; N. America. California, 1; rest EK. and S. 'S. Sts., 10; E. Sts., 10; Canada, 4; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex., 2; 18 (Gray Syn. Fl.) N. America. Koellia flexuosa (WALT.). Nepeta flexuosa WALT. FI. Car. (1788). ? Koellia capitata MoENCH, Meth. (1794). Brachystemum lanceolatum WILLD. Enum. 623 (1809) in part. Pycnanthemum linifolium PursH, Fl. Am. 409 (1814). P. flecuosum B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 410; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Britt., Fl. N. J. 198; Chap., Fl. S. St. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 574; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 354; Coult., Fl. Tex. 334. North America: Ont. to Mass. and Minn.; S. to N. J., Fla., Ark. and Tex. , ; Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; dry woods or thickets. Koellia virginiana (L1Inn.) OK. Rev. Gen. II, 520 (1891). Satureja virginiana LINN. Spec. 567 (1753). Thymus virginicus LINN. Mant. 409 (1767). ? Koellia capitata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). Nepeta virginica W1iLLD. Spec. III, 56 (1800). Pycnanthemum virginicum Pers. Syn. II, 128 (1807). Brachystemum lanceolatum WILLD. Enum. 623 (1809) in part. Pucnanthemum lanceolatum PursH, Fl. Am. 409 (1814). P. virginianum Hirencock, Fl. Ames. 512 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 409; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 198: Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Chap., Fl. S. St. 315; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Coult., Fl. Colo. 295; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 354; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of woods or thickets. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 453. HerB.: Ballard 626, Chaska; Taylor 474, Janesville; Sheldon 772, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 782, Glenwood; Winchell 16, Cedar lake. Hennepin Co.; Oestlund 135, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 427, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1661, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 182, Montevideo. LYCOPUS Linn. Gen. 19 (17387). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1183; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 324: Schenck, Palaeophyt. 778; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 49. Living species: 10 described; perhaps only 2-38 dis- ‘tinct; temperate regions of old world and N. America. Europe, 2; Russia, 3; N. America, 5; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 3; Cali- fornia, 2: Canada, 3;S. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel., 2; Pl. King, 1; W: Tex. , 1. Fossil species: Interglacial at Beeston, ZL. ewropaeus Linn. (Schenck). Lycopus sinuatus Ex. Sk. I, 187 (1821). L. europaeus WALT. FI. Car. (1788). L. vulgaris and angustifolius Nutr. Gen. II, (1818). L. europaeus var. sinuatus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 346 (1867). Wats. and Coult,, Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 592; Coult., Fl. Colo. 295; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Chap, FI. S. St. 313: Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 353; Coult., Fl. Tex. 334. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. to Peace river; S. to Oregon and Calif. and throughout E. U. 8S. to Fla. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; wet places along streams and in woods. . HeERB.: Ballard 687, Waconia; Ballard 785, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 897, Sleepy Hye; Sheldon 1543, Lake Benton; Ballard 720, Benton, Carver Co.; Roberts 105, Baptism river; Oestlund 104, Minneapolis; Sandberg 426, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 163, Winona Co.; Herrick 225, Minneapolis: Herb, Sheld. 1660, Minneapolis; cen Wickersheim 95, Idlewild, a coln Co.; Herb. Moyer 187, Montevideo. Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. obtusifolius (BENTH). L. obtusifolius BENrH. DC. Prodr. XII, 177 (1848). L. lucidus var. americanus GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VIII, 286 (1870). ' Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 408; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139: Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Coult., Fl. Colo. 205; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 592: Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. II, 282 (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 353. 454 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Species ranges in Japan, Siberia and Manchuria to China proper. North America: Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan to Calif., Arizona, N. Mex., Ark. and Neb. Minn. valley: N. W. to W. and S. central district; wet places. HERB: Taylor 1054, Glenwood; Sheldon 1544, Lake Benton; Taylor 1008, Glenwood. Lycopus rubellus MoENcH, Meth. Suppl. 446 (1802). L. angustifolius Nurr. Gen. I, 15 (1818). L. europaeus var. integrifolius GRAY, Man. 5ed. (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 408: Britt., Fl. N. J. 196: Upham, F]. Minn. 104; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 353. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Ga. and Tenn.; W. to La. and Ark. : Minn. valley: N. EH. district; rare; wet places in woods or along banks. Lycopus virginicus LINN. Spec. 21 (1753). L. uniflorus Micox. Fl. N. Am. I, 14 (1803). L. pumilus VAHL, Enum. (1806). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 294; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 382; Chap., Fl. S. St. 318; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 592; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 353. North America: Labrador across Can. in forest reg. to Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to Neb., Ark., Mo. and Fla. Minn. valley: Forest district, particularly N. E.; wet places in woods or along streams. Hers.: Ballard 796, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Roberts 102, Grand Marais; Oestlund 133, Hennepin Co.; Roberts 103, Knife river; Roberts 104, Baptism river; Sandberg 425, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 261, Montevideo. — MENTHA LINN. Gen. 478 (1737). Menthella PERARD, ex Durand l. c. (1888). Pulegium MILL, Dict. No. 8 (1768). Audibertia BENTH. Bot. Reg. 1282 (1829). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1182; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 324; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 48. Living species: 800+, described; perhaps only 20-25 distinct. All temperate and tropical regions. Russia, 9; Eu- rope, 13; Russian Europe, 7; N. America, 1 end. Mentha canadensis Linn. Spec. 577 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 408; Britt., Fl. N. J. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 294; Upham, Fl. Minn. 104; Webb., Fl. Neb. 139; Brew. and LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 455 Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 591; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 381: Roth., Wheel. Exp. 221, 372; Wats., King. Exp. 234; Cov., Fl. Ark. 211; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 352. A very close species (M. arvensis) in China, W. Eur. and Java. North America: Puget Sound to Mackenzie reg. and Atl. coast in Can.; S. throughout continent; rarer southward. Minn valley: Throughout; common; wet places in woods or along streams. Hers.: Ballard 719, Benton, Carver Co.; Ballard 505, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 167a, Janesville; Bullard 615, Chaska; Sheldon 1296, Lake Benton; Ballard 669, Waconia; Ballard 819, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 1004, Glenwood; Ballard 777, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 865, Sleepy Hye; Sheldon 1084, Springfield; Sheldon 179, Eagle lake, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 21, Elysian; Taylox 677, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 751, Sleepy Eye; Herrick 221, Minneapolis; Kassube 178, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 162, Winona Co,; Herrick 222, Minneapo- lis; Bailey 3, Vermilion lake; Roberts 101, Grand Marais; Her- rick 224, Minneapolis; Sandberg 424, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wick- ersheim 94, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 180, Montevideo. TEUCRIUM Linn. Gen. 467 (1737). Leucosceptrum Sm. Ex. Bot. IT, 113 (1805). Poliodendron Nox, Webb, Phyt. Car. III, 106 (1847). Scorodonia MOENCH, Meth. 384 (1794). Scordium Cay. Ic. I, 19 (1791). Chamaedrys MoENcH, Meth. 383 (1794). Polium MoENcH, Meth. 385 (1794). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 1221; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 330; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 75. Living species: 100+; cosmopolitan except in sub- arctic and antarctic regions. Europe, 50; Russia, 9; N. Amer- ica, 4: S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2; Canada, 2; Rocky mts, 2; California, 2; Pl. Wheel., 1; W..Tex., 4. Teucrium canadense LINN. Spec. 564 (1753). T. virginicum LINN. Spec. 564 (1753) Pl. Gronov. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 406; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Upham, Fl. Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 380; II, 349; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 328; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 446; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Cov., FI. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 349; Coult., Fl. Tex. 333. Altai Siberia? North America: N. B, N.S., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Tex. and Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; low banks and edges of thickets. 456 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1542, Lake Benton; Ballard 463, Pri- or’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 982, Glenwood; Taylor 678, Minne- sota lake; Oestlund 132, Minneapolis; Holzinger 160, Winona Co.; Herrick 220, Minneapolis; Holzinger 161, Winona; Herb. Moyer 178, 179, Montevideo. ISANTHUS Micux. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 3, t. 30 (1808). ; Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. II, 1220; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 330; Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 76. Living species: 1, N. America. Isanthus brachiatus (Linn.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Trichostema brachiatus LINN. Spec. 834 (1753). Isanthus caeruleus Micox. Fl. N. Am. II, 30 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 406; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Upham, Fl, Minn. 103; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 379; Chap., Fl. S. St. 327; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. F). II, 1, 349; Coult., Fl. Tex. 332. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J., Tenn. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ill., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; infre- quent; banks and sandy fields. XCV. SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 662 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plant. 11, 882 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 281 (1888); v. Wettstein in Hng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 3 b, 4 (1891). Genera: 75; tropical and temperate regions; center in C. and S. America. N. America, 18 gen.; Europe, 10; Asia, 15 (v. Wettst.). Species: 1500+, many doubtfully of sp. rank; 1-2 fos- sil, very doubtful, Solanites. PHYSALIS Linn. Gen. 144 (1787). Pentaphiltrum ReicH. Nomencl. 4571 (1841). 3aillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 330; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 890: Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 3b, 19 (von Wettstein). Living species: 45; warmer regions of the earth; es- pecially in N. and S. America. Europe, 2; Russia, 1; Japan, 3; Africa, S. Asia and Australia, 1; N. America, 18; Rocky mts., 6-7; California and L. Calif., 6; S. Sts., 5; E. Sts., 7-8; Canada, 4; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 12. Physalis lanceolata Mtcux. F]. N. Am. I, 149 (18038). P. pumila Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. VII, 193 (1841). P. pennsylvanica GRAY, Man. 5 ed, 382 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Webb., Fl]. Neb. 136; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 457 Fl. Can. I, 350; Upham, FI. Minn. 111; Coult., Fl. Colo. 270; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 236; Coult., Fl. Tex. 301. North America: Ont. toS. Man.; S. to N. Y. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., Utah, N. Mex. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; waste places. HERB.: Sheldon 1471, Pipestone City; Ballard 468, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 858, Glenwood; Ballard 180, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 269, Jordan, Scott Co.; Oestlund 146, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 199, Minneapolis; Leiberg 52, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 184, Dakota Co.; Herrick 247, Minneap- olis; Gedge 10, Detroit; Hammond 32, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1805, Minneapolis. Physalis virginiana MILL. Dict. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). P. nyctaginea DUNAL, DC. Prodr. XIII, 450 (1849). P. viscosa GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 382 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 182; Webb., F]. Neb. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Chap., F1. S. St. 350; Coult., Fl. Colo. 270; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 235; Coult.,; Fl. Tex. 300. North America: W. Ont. to L. Huron reg., Minn., Neb., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. J. and Fla., Ark. and Tex. Minn. vailey: Throughout; common; waste places. HERB.: Ballard 269, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 255, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co; Ballard 375, Helena, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1504,-Lake Benton; Sheldon 911, Sleepy Eye; Hunting- ton 12, Rock Co.; Kassube 198, Minneapolis; Holzinger 182, Tracy, Lyon Co.; Holzinger 183, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1750, Minneapolis. Physalis pubescens Linn. Spec. 262 (1753). P. pruinosa LINN. Spec. 263 (1753). P. obscura var. viscido-pubescens Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 149 (1803). P. viscosa Evu. Sk. I, 279 (1821). P, hirsuta DUNAL, DC. Prodr. XIII, 450 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 182; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 541; Coult. Fl. Colo., 270; Chap., Fl. S. St. 351; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 174; Griseb., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 274; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 234; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 30,19; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. China; Barbadoes; Brazil and tropical America. North America: N. Br. to Brit. Col.; S. to Calif., Colo., Tex. and Fla. Minn. valley: S. E. and C. districts; to New Ulm and the Lac Qui Parle valley; low, damp soil. o 458 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Physalis angulata Linn. Spec. 262 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., FJ. N. J. 181; Webb., Fl]. Neb. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Coult., Fl. Colo. 269; Chap., Fl. S. St. 351; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207: Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 234; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. North America: N. J. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Tex. and Fla. ‘‘Widely diffused in the tropics” (Gray). Minn. valley: N. EH. district; infrequent; waste places. Physalis philadelphica Lam. Enc. Meth. II, 101 (1786). P. chenopodifolia W1LLD. Spec. I, 1023 (1797). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181; Upham, Fl. Minn. 111; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. F1. II, 1, 234; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 19; Coult., Fl. Tex. 300. North America: N. J. to Minn.; S. to Ill, Ark. and Texas. Minn. valley: S. central district; Blue Earth valley to Redwood valley; low rich ground in thickets. Physalis grandiflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II, 90 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 375; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 349; Upham, BH], Minn: 11: Gray; syn; Ei Layee: North America: St. Lawrence river to L. Champlain; W. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to Minn. Minn. valley: N. edge; local or rare; clearings and waste in forest. HERB.: Bailey 242, Vermilion lake. SOLANUM Linn. Gen. 145 (1737). Aquartia LINN. Gen. ed. VI, 136 (1764). Normania Lowe, Man. Fl. Mader. II, 70 (1868). Cliocarpus Miers. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2, IV, 141 (1859). Nycterium VENT. Jard. Malm. t. 85 (1804). Androcera Nutr. Gen. I, 129 (1818). Melogona Tourn. Inst. 151 (1700). Pseudocapsicum MoENcH, Meth. 476 (1794). Dulcamara MOENCH, 1. c. 514 (1794). Ceranthera Morencu, Monthl. Mag. (1819). Cyphomanera SENDT. Flora, 162 (1845). Pionandra Miers. Hook. Lond. Journ. LV, 353 (1845). Cyathostyles Scnorr. ex Meiss. Gen. Com. 184 (1843). Pallavicinia DENor. Flora, 162 (1847). Lycopersicum DuNAL, Solan. t. 3, fig. 3 (1816). Psolanum Neck. Elem. 708 (1790). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 327; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 888, 889; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 287; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3b, 21 (von Wettstein); Schenck, Palaeophyt. 777. Living species: 1000+ described; 950 distinct; tropical and subtropical regions; extra tropical north rather than south. Europe, 9; Russia, 8; Russian Europe, 5; N. America, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUVUING PLANTS. 459 15; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 10; California, 5; E. Sts., 6; PI. Wheel., 6; Canada, 3; Pl. King, 2; W. Tex. 11. Fossil species: Solanites, Oligocene—Aix (Saporta). Solanum nigrum LINN. Spec. 266 (1753). S. pterocaulon S. crenato - dentatum DC. Prodr. XIII, 359 (1852). S. ptycanthum : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 374; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181; Upham, F]. Minn. 111; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 348; Chap., Fl. S. St. 348; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Coult., Fl. Colo. 268; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 538; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 171; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 287; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 188; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 94; Wats., King Exp. 274; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 207; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 227; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 103; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 22; Coult., Fl.Tex. 297. Cosmopolitan, temperate and tropical regions. North America: Throughout, except far north. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; low damp and rich soil; shaded places. HERB.: Taylor 903, Glenwood; Ballard 494, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 778, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 1013, Sleepy Eye; Holzinger 180, Winona Co.; Sandberg 459, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 181, Winona; Kassube 197, Minneapo- lis; Herrick 246, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1744, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1673, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 105, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. XCVI. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 670; DC., Prodr. X, 187 (1846)—Personatae, Antir- rhineae, Rhinanthaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 913 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 413 (1888; v. Wettstein in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 3 b, 39 (1891). Genera: 150+, temperate and tropical regions. N. America, 38 gen., 380 spec.; Europe, 30 gen., 430 spec. (v. Wettst.). Species: 2100+; 3-4 fossil, doubtful. SCROPHULARIA Linn. Gen. 494 (1737). Ceremanthe ReicH. Sax. FI. 230 (1842). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il, 937; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 293; Bail- Jon, Hist. Pl. IX, 4380; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 65; Schenck, Palaecophyt. 778. Living species: 114; extra-tropical regions of N. hem- isphere; especially abundant in the Mediterranean region. 460 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Europe, 40; Russia, 21; Russian Europe, 9; N. America, 3; Canada, 3; N. Mexico, 1; California, 1; Pl. Wheel., 2. Fossil species: Scrofularina, 1, Miocene of Oeningen ( Heer). Scrophularia nodosa Liyn. var. marylandica (LINN.) GRAY, Syn. Il. II, 1, 258 (1886). S. marylandica LINN. Spec. 863 (1753). S. lanceolata PursH, F)]. Am. 419 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 380; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 187; Chap., Fl. S. St. 289; Coult., Fl. Colo. 273; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 354; II, 346; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 5525 ~ Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. (spec.) 290; Led., FJ. Ross. (spec.) III, 218; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 94; Cov. Fl. Ark. 207; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 106 (spec.); Engler, v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 }, 65. Species ranges through almost all Europe and Siberia. North America: Q., Ont. to Minn. and Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Colo., Neb., Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; thickets and gravelly banks of streams. HERB.: Ballard 103, Shakopee; Zaylor 588, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 974, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 123, Janesville; Sheldon 51, Elysian; Sheldon 128, Madison Lake; Kassube 160, Minneapolis; Herrick 196, Minneapolis; Sandberg 397, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld, 1904, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 162, Monte- video. CHELONE Linn. Gen. 508 (17387). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 435; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 939; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 293; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, 3 b, 65 (von Wett- stein). Living species: 4; N. America; 1 in Califormia and Washington; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 8; Carolina, 1. Chelone glabra LINN. Spec. 611 (1753). C. alba PursH, Fl. Am. 427 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 381; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 354; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 258; Engl. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 65. North America: Newf., N.S., N. Br. to-S. and W. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minu. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; swamps and marshes. Hers.: Herrick 197, Minneapolis; Winchell 13, Duluth; Bailey 327, St. Louis river; Holzinger 144, Winona Co.; Sandberg 398, Red Wing; Roberts 95, Baptism river; Herb. Sheld. 1668, Minneapolis. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 461 PENSTEMON Mitcu. Act. Med. Cur. VIII, 214 (1748). Pentstemon L’HER. ex Lamb. Linn. Trans. X, 6 (——). Elmigera REICHB. Conspect. 123 (1828). Lepidostemon LEME. III]. Hort. 315 (1844), Dasanther. RAF. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 435; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 940; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 293; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 65 {von Wettstein) as Pentastemon Mitch. Living species: 82-85; N. America, 70; a few in Mexico and N. Asia; Canada, 15; California, 35; E. Sts., 9; S. Sts., 3; Rocky mts., 27-380; Pl. King., 19; Pl. Wheel., 24; W. Tex., 15. Penstemon acuminatus DouGL. Hook., Fl. Am. II, 97 (1840). P. nitidus DoueL. ex Benth. DC. Prodr. X, 325 (1846). P. fendleri GRAY, Pac. R. R. Rep. IT, 168 (1855). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 382; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 263; Mipham, El. Minn. 99; Coult., Fl. Colo. .275; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 355,570: Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 599; Coult., Fl. Tex. 308. North America: Minn. and Saskatchewan to Brit. Col. and Oregon; S. to Colo. and Tex. Mexico. Minn. valley: W. district; high knolls and dry plains or banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1370, Lake Benton. Penstemon grandiflorus Nutr. Fras. Cat. (1813). P. bradburiti PursH, Fl. Am. 738 (1814). Chelone grandiflora SPRENG. Syst. IT, 813 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 382; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Wats., King Exp. 452; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 264; Coult., Fl. ‘Tex. 308. ~ North America: Ill., Wisc., Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan., ex. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; particularly abundant in Renville Co.; banks and dry hills. HERB.: Ballard 243, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 827, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Oestlund 115, Hennepin Co.; Herrick 199, Minneapolis; Richardson 1, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 161, Minneapolis; Sandberg 399, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1889, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 90, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 164, Montevideo. Penstemon teretiflorus Nurr. Fras. Cat. (1813). P, albidus Nutr. Gen. IT, 53 (1818). P. viscidulum NEES, Neuwied App. 18 (——). P. cristatus Mac. Fl. Can. I, 355 (1884). Chelone alba SPRENG. Syst. II, 813 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 382: Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Mac., ¥]. Can. I, 570; Coult., Fl. Colo. 276; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 211; Wats., King Exp. 454; Gray, Syn. FI. LI, 1, 266; Coult., Fl. Tex. 308. 462 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. « North America: Red River prairie, 49° N. lat. to Minn. valley, near Appleton; S. and W. to Dak., Col., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. W. district and probably N. W.; dry banks and knolls. HERB.: Menzel 3, Pipestone; Herb. Moyer 264, Monte-— video. Penstemon gracilis Nutt. Gen. II, 52 (1818). P. pubescens var. gracilis GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. VI, 57 (1862). Chelone gracilis SPRENG. Syst. II, 813 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 382; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 267; Webb., Fl. Neb. 187; Coult., Fl. Colo. 277; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 356; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 86. North America: Minn., Man. and Saskatchewan to Wyoming and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; open places, banks and knolls. HERB: Menzel 8, Pipestone; Ballard 244, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 382, Jordan; Taylor 789, Glenwood; Sandberg 609, Cannon Falls; Herrick 341, Minneapolis; Holzinger 297, Winona Co.; Kassube 278, Minneapolis; Herrick 345, Minne- apolis. Penstemon hirsutus (LInn.) WILLD. Spec. III, 227 (1800). Chelone hirsutus LINN. Spec. 849 (1753). C. pentstemon LINN. Mant. 415 (1767). Pentstemon pubescens SOLAND. Ait. Hort. Kew. I1, 360 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 381; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 356; Upham, F]. Minn. 99; Chap., Fl S. St. 290; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Wats., King Exp. 454; Cov., Fl. Ark. 207; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 268; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3, 65; Coult., Fl. Colo. 309. North America: Ont. toS. Man., Minn. and Iowa; S. to Maine, N. J., Fla. and Tex. Minn. valley: W. district; high dry prairies; also N. EK. and S. E.; open places. HersB.: Sheldon 1566, Lake Benton; Kassube 161, Minneapolis; Herrick 198, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 91, Idlewild; Gedge 20, Moorhead; Wickersheim 136, Lake Benton; 137, Lake Benton (the last two Nos. are apparently intermedi- ate forms between P. feretiflorus Nutt. and P. hirsutus (Linn.), having the foliage of the former and the flowers and pubescence of the latter.—Sheldon. MIMULUS Linn. Act. Ups. 82 (1741). Eunanus Bentu. DC. Prodr. X, 374 (1846). Diplacus Nutr. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1, I, 37(— -). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 462. Uvedalia R. Br. Prodr. 440 (1810). Erythranthe Spacu, Suit. Buff. 1X, 312 (1840). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 450; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 946, 1245; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 294; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 71 (von Wettstein). Living species: 60; W. extratropical America and a. few in S. and E. Asia, Australia and E. Africa. Russia, 2; Europe, 1, introduced; Canada, 8; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel., 12; Pl. King, 12; Rocky mts., 7-8; California, 30; W. Tex: /4. Mimulus glabratus HBK. var. jamesii (T. and G.) Gray, Syn. Suppl. II, 447 (1886). M. jamesti T. and G. Man. 2 ed. 287 (1852). M. glabratus GRAY, Bot. Mex. Bound 116 (1856). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 383; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 357; Coult., F]. Colo. 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 570; Wats., King. Exp. 224; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 276; Coult., Fl. Tex. 309. North America: Ont. to Mich., Ill., Minn., Neb. and Mont.; S. to Tex., Arizona, N. Mex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; N. districts and to Blue Earth Co.; cool rills and springs; aquatic. HERB.: Taylor 757, Glenwood; Oestlund 117, Minne- apolis; Herrick 201, Minneapolis; Herrick 202, Minneapolis; Kassube 164, Minneapolis; Sandberg 401, Cannon Falls. Mimulus ringens Linn. Spec. 634 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 383; Britt., Fl. N. J. 185; Upham. F]. Minn. 99; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137: Chap., Fl. S. St. 291; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 357; Led. FI. Ross. ITI, 223; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 253; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 276 and Suppl. Syn. II, 446; Coult., Fl. Tex. 309. Kurile Islands. North America: Cape Breton to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn.., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 948, Redwood Falls; Taylor 1081, Glenwood; Taylor 739, Glenwood; Ballard 715, Benton, Carver Co.; Sheldon 689, Waseca; Ballard 811, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 670, Waconia; Ballard 612, Chaska; Ballard 497, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 116, Minneapolis; Roberts 96,Stewart river; Holzinger 145, Winona Co.; Kassube 163, Minneapolis; Herrick 200, Minneapolis; Bailey 116, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 400, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1676, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 165, 166, Montevideo; Sheldon 10864, Springfield. 464 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. GRATIOLA Linn. Gen. 833 (1787). Sophronanthe BrenrH. Lindl. Introd. ed. 2, 445 (1835). Nibora RAF. FI]. Lud. 36 (1817). Fonkia Patt. Linn. XXX, 198 (1856). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 448; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 953; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 75 (von Wettstein). Living species: 25; cosmopolitan, but especially in extra-tropical regions. Russia, 1; Russian Hurope, 1; N. America, 13; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts, 1; California, 2; Canada, 3; E. Sts. 5; Pl. King, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 6. Gratiola virginiana Linn. Spec. 17 (1753). G. officinalis Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 6 (1803). G. carolinensis PERS. Syn. I, 14 (1808). G. neglecta Torr. Cat. N. Y. Pl. (1819). G. missouriana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. i, X, 258 (1826). Conobea borealis SPRENG. Syst. II, 771 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 384; Britt., Fl. N. J. 185; Coult., Fl. Colo. 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 99; Chap., Fl. S. St. 292; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 358: Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif.I, 570; Wats., King Exp. 227; Roth, Wheei. Exp. 214; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 281; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3, 75; Coult., Fl. Tex. 311. North America: Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and N. W. T.; S. to Oregon and Calif.;S to Minn., Dak. and Neb. to Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Forest district to Nicollet Co.; wet places, marshes and peat bogs. HERB.: Herrick 204, St. Louis river; Holzinger gt Winona Co.; Holzinger 147 and 148, Winona Co. ILYSANTHES Rar. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). Bonnaya Link and Ort. PI. Sel. 25 (1840). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 458 (sub Torenia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 955; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 461; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3b, 80 (von Wettstein). Living species: 17; tropical regions, and N. America and Australia; S. Africa. N. America, 3; S. Sts. 3; Canada, 1: California, 1; BH. Sts., 1; W. Pex. Ilysanthes gratioloides (Linn.) BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 418 (1846). Caupraria gratioloides LINN. Spec, 2 ed. 876,(1762). Gratiola anagallidea Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 5 (1803). G. dilatata Munu. Cat. (1813). Lindernia pyxidaria Pursu, Fl. Am. 419 (1814). Herpestis callitrichoides HBK. WN. Gen. et Spec. (1818). Ilysanthes riparia RAF. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). ? Gratiola tetragona Evi. Sk. I, 15 (1821). G. attenuata SPRENG. Syst. I, 39 (1825). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 465 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 385; Britt., Fl. N. J. 186; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 359; II, 348; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Chap., Fl. S. St.294; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 571; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. FI). IT, 1, 283; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 6, 80; Coult., Fl. Tex. 311. Naturalized in Europe; E. Asia; S. America. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Minn. and Ore- gon; S. in Sierra Nevada; U. S., east of the Mississippi, throughout. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; wet places and peat bogs. HerRsB.: Ballard 319, Belle Plaine; Herrick 205, Min- neapolis; Holzinger 149, Winona Co.; Sandberg 402, Red Wing; Holzinger 150, Winona. VERONICA Linn. Gen. 10 (17387). Hebe Juss. Gen. 105 (1786). Pygmaea Hook. f. N. Zeal. Fl. 217 (1867). Cymbophyllum F. Mutu. Hook. Kew. Journ. VIII, 202 (1857). Leptandra Nutt. Gen. I, 1 (1818). Diplophyllum LEHM. Ges. Nat. Berl. Mag. VIII, 310 (1803). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 465; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 964; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 297; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 3 b, 85 (von Wett- stein); Schenck, Palaeophyt 778. Living species: 200+; temperate and colder regions; richly developed in mt. districts. Mts. of New Zealand, 59; Europe, 75; Russia, 55; N. America, 11; E. Sts., 8; S. Sts., 6; Canada, 11; Rocky mts., 6; California, 5-6; Pl. Wheel., 4-5; Pl. mine, 5; W. Tex., 1. Fossil species: Veronicites in Miocene of Oeningen ({ Heer ). Veronica peregrina Linn. Spec. 20 (1753). V. marilandica Murr. Comm. Gott. II, 3 (1782). V. caroliniana WALT. FI. Car. 61 (1788). V. «alipensis HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 387; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Webb., Fl. Neb 137; Chap., Fl. S. St. 295; Coult., Fl. Colo. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 362; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 199; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 249; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 215; Wats., King Exp. 228; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 268; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 85; Coult., Fl. Tex. 312. Europe; Asia, Japan, China; S. America—Chile to Patagonia. North America: Throughout continent, from Arctic sea to Mexico and C. America. Minn. valley: Throughout, except far W.; waste ground. —30 466 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Ballard 517, Long lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 430, Janesville; Kassube 168, Minneapolis; Oestlund 120, Ramsey Co.; Holzinger 154, Winona; Herrick 208, Minneapolis; Sandberg 408, Goodhue Co. . Veronica scutellata Linn. Spec. 16 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 387; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187: Mac., Fl- Can. I, 361; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Brew. and Wats., - Fi. Calif. I, 572; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 244; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 302; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 96; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 287; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 111; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 86. Kurope: Arctic to S. Russia and westward; Siberia and N. Africa. 4 North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. and N. to 56° N. lat.; S. to Oregon, N. Calif., Minn., Mont., N. Eng., and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare; bogs and marshes. HERB.: AHolzinger 152, Winona Co.; Bailey 99, Ver- milion lake; Holzinger 153, Winona. Veronica americana SCHWEIN. Herb. Hook., DC. Prodr. X, 460 (1846). V. beccabunga Auct. Amer. Vet. V. intermedia SCHWEIN. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. I, VIII, 268 (1824). V. unagallis Bone. Veg. Sitka (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Mac., F]. Can. I, 360; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 287; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 215; Wats., King Exp. 227; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 86.% North America: Anticosti, N. S., N..Br. to Pac.; N. to Athabasca and Sitka; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Mont., Dak., Colo., N. Mex.; S. in Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; springs, rills and ditches. HERB.: MacMillan 14, Glenwood; Taylor 754, Glen- wood; Ballard 107, Carver; Ballard 627, Chaska; Sheldon 721, — Sleepy Eye; Roberts 98, Beaver bay; Holzinger 151, Winona Co.; Sandberg 406, Cannon Falls; Kassube 167, Minneapolis; Herrick 207, Minneapolis; Oestlund 119, Minneapolis; Sandberg 407, Chisago Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1760, Ramsey Co. Veronica anagallis Linn. Spec. 16 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 187; Webb., F]. Neb. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 460; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Coult., Fl. Colo. 282; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 572; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 287; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 198; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 236; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 302; Herd., Fl. Eur. Ross. 96; Wats., King Exp. 227; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3b, 86; Hart., Fl. Scand. I. 111. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 467 Europe, except arctic reg.; Russ. to Caucasus, Sib., Dahuria, Kamtk. and China; N. Africa; intro.? in S. America. North America: N.S., Q., Ont., Owen Sound, L. Su- perior reg., N. W. T., Rockies and coast of Brit. Col.; S. to Oregon; S. to N. Eng., N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo., N. Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district; springs, rills and ditch- es; aquatic or semi-aquatic. HeErRB.: Ballard 998, Long lake, Scott Co.; Kassube 166, Minneapolis; Sandberg 405, Cannon Falls. Veronica virginica LINN. Spec. 9 (1753). V. sibirica LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 12 (1762). Leptandra virginica Nutr. Gen. I, 7 (1818). L. purpurea RAF. Med. Bot. 59 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 386; Britt., Fl. N. J. 186; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 360; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Chap., Fl. S. St. 295; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. II, 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. F]. II, 1, 286; Engl. Wettst., Nat. Pflanz. LV, 3}, 85. Japan, China and EK. Siberia. North America: Ont. to Man., Minn. and Neb.; S. to Vt., N. J. and Alab.; W. to Kan. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; rich woods and river banks. HERB.: Sheldon 764, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 665, Waseca; Sheldon 1096, Springfield; Sheldon 1348, Lake Benton; Ballard 510, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 985, Glenwood; Ballard 312, Belle Plaine; Ballard 691, Waconia; Taylor 985a, Glenwood; Herrick 206, Minneapolis; Kassube 165, Minneapolis; Oestlund 118, Minneapolis; Leonard 32, Minneapolis; Sandberg 404, Good- hue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1645, Minneapolis. SYNTHYRIS Bentru. DC. Prodr. X, 454 (1846). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 466; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 963; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 296; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 87 (von Wettstein). Living species: 7; mts. of W. N. America; 1, in EK. Sts. Rocky mts., 4; California, 2; Illinois and Minn., 1. Synthyris houghtoniana BentH. DC. Prodr..X, 454 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 386; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 286. North America: Minn. to Mich.; S. to Ill., Mo. and Ind. Minn. valley: N. E. districts; beside springs or edges of bogs; infrequent. Not found on ‘“‘hills or ridges” very often. HERB.: Hollz 4, Cedar lake, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 403, Red Wing. 468 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. GERARDIA Linn. Gen. 503 (1787). Virgularia R. and P. Prodr. Per. 92 (1794). Dasystoma Rar. Jour. Phys. LXXXIX, 99 (1819). Otophylla BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 515 (1846). Bailion, Hist. Pl. IX, 468; Benth. and Hook.. Gen. Pl. II, 972; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 298; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 36, 92 (von Wettstein). ‘ : Living species: 30; N. and S. America, especially in extra-tropical regions. N. America, 23; S. Sts., 10; EH. Sts., 18; Canada, 6; Pl. Wheel., 1; Rocky mts., 2; W. Tex., 8. Gerardia pedicularia Linn. Spec. 611 (1758). Dasystoma pedicularia BENTH. DC, Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 363; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 298; Engl. v: Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 93. North America: Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; thickets and dry woods. HERB.: Herrick 211, Minneapolis. Gerardia grandiflora BentH. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 206 (1835). Dasystoma drummondii BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 389; Upham, FI. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 291; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 93; Coult., Fl. Tex. 314. North America: Wisc., S. Minn., Iowa to Tenn. and Tex.; W. to Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare or doubtful; no Minn. specimens seen. Gerardia virginica (Linn.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Rhinanthus virginicus LINN. Spec. 841 (1753). Gerardia flava LINN. Herb. G. quercifolia PursH, Fl. Am, 423 (1814). G. glauca SPRENG. Syst. II, 807 (1825). Dasystoma quercifolia BENTH. DC, Prodr. X, 521 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 389; britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209?; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 291; Chap., Fl. S. St. 298. North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Ill., Ark.? and La. Minn. valley: Reported from 8. KE. edge; doubtful or rare; no Minn. specimens seen. Gerardia auriculata Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 20 (1808). Seymeria auriculata SPRENG, Syst. II, 810 (1825). Otophylla michauxii BENTH. DC. Prodr, X, 512 (1846), LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 469 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 389; Britt., Fl. N. J.189; Upham, Fl]. Minn, 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 292; Engler v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3b, 93. North America: Penn. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: S. central district; infrequent; low or moist ground near bases of hills. Gerardia aspera DouGL. Benth. DC. Prodr. X, 520 (1846). G. longifolia BENTH. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 208 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 390; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 363; Coult., Fl. Colo. 288; Upham, FJ. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 208; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 292; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 36, 92; Coult., Fl. Tex. 314. North America: Saskatchewan and Red valleys to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex.; E. to Mich. and Ind. Minn. valley: N. W. and W.; damp or dry places on prairie. HERB.: Taylor 10743, Winona lake, Douglas Co.; Sheldon 1363, Lake Benton; Sandberg 410, Red Wing. Gerardia purpurea Linn. Spec. 610 (1758) in part. G. maritima var. major CHAP. FI. S. St. 300 (1860). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 363; Upham, Fl. Minn. 100; Webb., Fl. Neb. 136; Gray, Syn- FI. II, 1, 298; Engl. v. Wetts., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 3 b, 92; Coult. Fl. Tex. 314. North America: S. Ont. and N. Eng. to Penn., N. J. and Fla., also in Cuba; W. to Minn., Neb., Miss. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout on higher levels; level ground or hillsides. HERB.: Taylor 1038, Glenwood; Kassube 169, Minne- apolis; Herrick 209, Minneapolis; Sandberg 409, Red Wing; the following are var. paupercula Gray; Ballard 844, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 807, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1659, Minneapolis. Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, Symb. III, 79 (1807). G. purpurea LINN. Spec. 610 (1753) in part. 2G. erecta WALT. FI. Car. 170 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 188; Webb., F). Neb. 136; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 364, 571; Coult., Fl. Colo. 288; Chap., Fl. S. St. 300; Upham, F]. Minn. 101; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II. 1, 294 and Suppl. Syn. IT, 452. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Mich., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; woods and hill- sides. 470 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HeRB.: Taylor 1066, Winona lake, Douglas Co.; Shel- don 1468, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1564, Lake Benton; Oestlund 121, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 155 Winona Co.; Herrick 210, Minneapolis; Winchell 24, Richfield; Sandberg 411, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 412, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1667, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 167, Chippewa river near Montevideo. Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, var. asperula Gray, Bot. Gaz. IV, 153 (1877). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 390; Gray, Syn. Suppl. II, 452. North America: Mich. and Ind. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge and S. E. dis- trict; dry woods and hills. CASTILLEJA Linn. f. Suppl. 47 (1781). Euchroma Nutt. Gen. II, 54 (1818). . Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 482; Benth.and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 973; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 298. ' Living species: 85-40; N. and S. America and N. Asia. N. America, 25; California, 12-15; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 10; Canada, 6-7; EH. Sts., 3; Pl. Wheel. 7; Pl. King, 5; several sp. in Mexico; only 2 in S. America; 1, Brazil; 1, Andes region; cen- ters in W. N. America; W. Tex., 7. Castilleja sessiliflora Pursu, Fl. Am. 738 (1814). Euchroma grandiflora Nutr. Gen. II, 55 (1818). Castilleja grandiflora SPRENG. Syst. II, 775 (1825). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 391; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 366; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 285; Wats., King. Exp. 457; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 298 and Suppl. Syn. II, 452; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America: Assiniboia to Wisc., Minn., Ill., Dak., Tex., N. Mex. and Mexico; W. to Mont. and Calif. (S. region). Minn. valley: Prairie district, especially W.; high sterile knolls and edges. HERB.: Sheldon 1391, Lake Benton; Taylor 831. Glen- wood; Sandberg 415, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 46, ‘‘Minnesota;” Herb. Wickersheim 92, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 168, Montevideo. Castilleja pallida (Linn.) KunTH, var. acuminata (PURSH). Bartsia acuminata Pursu, Fl. Am. 429 (1814). Castilleja acuminata SPRENG. Syst. LI, 774 (1825). CO. septentrionalis LinpL. Bot. Reg. 925 (1836-46). CO. pallida var. septentrionalis GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1, 573 (1876). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 391; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 365, 572; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 101; Coult., Fl. Colo. 284; Gray, Syn. Fl. IT, 1, 297; Nym., F}. Eur. (spec.); Trauty., Fl. Sib. (spec.) 89; Led., Fl. Ross. (spec.) III, 257; LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 471 Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. (spec.) 96; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 7, 216; Wats:, King Exp. 229, 456. The species ranges through Siberia and N. Europe. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Arctic sea, Rock- ies and Oregon; S. to N. Eng. mts.; S. to Dak., Minn., Mont. ; S. in Rockies to Colo. and Utah. Minn. valley: Reported from Leaf hills district; rare or doubtful; high, sterile knolls. Castilleja coccinea (LINN.) SPRENG. “Syst. I, 775 (1825). Bartsia coccinea LINN. Spec. 602 (1753). Euchroma coccinea Nurr. Gen. I1,.55 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 364; Upham, Fl. Minn. 101; Wats., King Exp. 456; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 295; Coult., Fl. Tex. 315. North America: Ont., Gt. lakes to Man. and Minn.; S. to Maine, N. J., Tenn. and W. to Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare W. of this region; openings in woodland. Hers.: Taylor 345, Janesville; Ballard 257, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 514, Waseca; Ballard 462, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sandberg 413, Red Wing; Sandberg 414, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 122, Ramsey Co.; Kassube 170, Minneapolis; Holzinger 156, Winona Co.; Herrick 212, St. Louis river; Bailey 302, St. Louis river; Herrick 213, Minneapolis; Hammond 26, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1722, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1761, Ram- sey Co. PEDICULARIS Linn. Gen. 513 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1X, 477; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 978; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 299. Living species: 185+; Europe; temperate and N. Asia; N. America; East Indies. Russia, 60; Europe, 45; Russian Europe, 18; N. America, 30; Canada, 19; E. Sts., 3; California, 6; Pl, Wheel., 6; Pl. King, 3; Rocky mts., 8; S. Sts., 2. Pedicularis lanceolata Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 18 (1808). P. virginica Porr. Enc. Meth. V, 126 (1804). P. pallida and resupinata PursH, FI. Am, 424 (1814). P. auriculata Sm. ex Benth. DC. Prodr. x, 577 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 393; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Upham, Fl. Minn. 102; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 369, 572: Chap., Fl S. St. 301; Gray, Syn. mie rd 1, 807. North America: Ont. to Man., Minn., Neb.; S. to Conn., N. J., Va. and N. Car?; W. to Iowa and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially W. and S. W. districts; marshes and swamps. 472 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Hers.: Taylor 958, Glenwood; Sheldon 1036, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1022, Glenwood; Sheldon 1523, Lake Benton; Shel- don 1314, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Kassube 172, Minneapolis; Holz- inger 157, Winona Co.; Leiberg 47, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 124s Minneapolis; Sandberg 417, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1669, Minneapolis. : Pedicularis canadensis Linn. Mant. 86 (1767). P. gladiata Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 18 (1803). P. aequinoctialis HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. II, 332 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 392; Britt., Fl. N. J. 189; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 369, 572; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Upham, FI]. Minn. 102; Coult., Fl. Colo. 287; Chap., Fl. S. St. 301: Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 1, 307; Webb., Appx. Neb. 38. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo. in mts.; S. to Ark. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; banks of streams and edges of copses or woods. HERB.: Sheldon 1313, Lake Benton; Sheldon 523, Wa- seca; Sheldon 650, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Taylor 113, Janesville; Taylor 113a, Janesville; Taylor 769, Glenwood; Oestlund 123, Minneapolis; Herrick 214, Minneapolis; Kassube 171, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 416, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1712, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1906, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 93, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 169, Black Oak, Chippewa Co. MELAMPYRUM Linn. Gen. 507 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 483; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Plant. II, 679; Du- rand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 299. Living species: 10; Europe; most Asia; 1 sp. N. Amer- ica. Russia, 6; Japan, 2; Europe, 6. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Enc. Meth. IV, 28 (1797). M. americanum Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 16 (1803). M. lutifolium Muuu. Cat. (1813). M. brachiatum SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. 115 (1825). M. sylvaticum Hook. FI. Bor.-Ai. II, 106 (1840). M. pratense var. americanum BENTH. DC. Prodr. X, 584 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 393; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Mac., F). Can. I, 372; Upham, Fl. Minn. 102; Chap., Fl. S. St. 302; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 310; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Coast range, Brit. Col.; S. to Minn., Iowa and Ark.; E. to Atl. and mts. of Ga. Minn. valley: Forest district; rare or local; rich woods along streams or near lakes. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 473 HERB.: Bailey 193, Vermilion lake; Roberts 99, Duluth; Roberts 100, Minnesota Point. MONNIERA P. Br. Gist. Jam. (1756). Bramia LAm. Enc. Meth. I, 459 (1783). Mella VAND. Lusit. F). 43 (1788). Septas Lour. Cochinch. 392 (1790). Heptas MEISSN. Gen. Pl. 293 (1836). Mecardonia and Calytriplex R. and P. Prodr. Per. 95, 96 (1794). Caconapea and Ranaria CHAM. Linn. VIII, 28, 30 (1834). Cardiolophus GrirF. Notul. IV, 105 (1851). Anisocalyx HANCE, Walp. Ann. IIT, 195 (1854). Herpestis GAERTN. Fruct. III, 18€ (1805). Ranapalus KeELuL. Cal. Acad. Sci. VII, 113 (1886). Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 449; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 951; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 295; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. IT, 462. Living species: 50+; tropical and subtropical regions and extra-tropical in N. America and Chile. N. America, 6-7; S. Sts., 5-6; E. Tex., 2; California, 1; W. Tex., 4. Monniera rotundifolia Micnx. Fl. N. Am. II, 22 (1803). Herpestis rotundifolia PuRsSH, FI]. Am. 418 (1814). Ranapalus eisent KELL. Proc. Acad. Calif. VII, 113 (1886). - Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 384; Chap.. Suppl. S. St. 635; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 280; Suppl. Syn. II, 451; Coult., Fl. Tex. 310. North America: Ill., Minn. and Mo. to Tenn., Tex., S. Car. and Ga.? Fresno Co., Calif.; Dak. Minn. valley: Local in jive Qui Parle Co.; wet places in prairies. HERB.: Moyer 3 Cerro Gordo, Lac Qui Parle Co.; Herb. Moyer 170, Cerro Gordo, Lac Qui Parle Co. XCVII. LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family. Lindl., Veg. King. 686 (1846); Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 728 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. II, 986 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. XI, 347, Utriculariaceae (1892). Genera: 4; temperate and tropical regions; except in arid districts. Species: 200+; 160+, in Utricularia alone. UTRICULARIA Linn. Gen. 15 (1737). Lentibularia VAILL. ex Durand 1. c. (1888). Akeotra BENJ. Liun. XX, 319 (1846). Diurospermum EpJw. Proc. Linn. Soc. 351 (1847). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 987; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 300; Bail- fon, Fst, Pt, XI, 352. 474 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Living species: 160+; temperate and warmer regions; N. America, 15; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 12; S. Sts., 10; California, 3-4; Pl. King, 2; W. Texas, 6; Europe, 5; Russia, 3-4. Utricularia cornuta Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 12 (1803). U. personata LE CONTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. I, 73 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 397; Britt., Fl. N. J. 192; Mac., F]. Can. I, 376; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Chap., Fl. S. St. 283; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 317 and Suppl. I], 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 317. Cuba and Brazil. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S. to L. Superior reg. and Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Iowa and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and N. edge; forest pools or lakes; floating or rooting in the mud. Utricularia intermedia HAYNE, Schrad. Journ. I, 18 (1799). U. millefolium Nutr. ex Torr. FI. N. Y. II, 21 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 397; Britt., Fl. N. J. 191; Upham, F]. Minn. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 375, 573; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. II, 223; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 2; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 316; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 123. Northern Europe to Alps; N. Asia to Japan and China. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man., Brit. Col., Selkirks and Rockies; S. to Plumas Co., Calif.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J., and to Minn. and lowa. Minn. valley: S. and S. W. districts; rare; perhaps throughout forest district; floating on pools and lakes. HERB.: ‘Sheldon 101, Lake Custan, Le Sueur Co. Utricularia minor Linn. Spec. 18 (1753). U. estacea Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 118 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 396; Coult., Fl. Colo 290; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 586; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 375, II, 348; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 2; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 215; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 315 and Suppl. Syn. II, 455; Hart., Fl. Scand. 1, 123. Europe, except Spain, Greece and Turkey; N. Africa; N. Asia to Ural and Altai Sib. North America: Greenland to Saskatchewan, Brit. Col. and Prince Edward Isl.; S. in mts. to Nev. and Utah; S. to KE. Mass. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; floating on quiet pools and lakes. HERB.: Roberts 94, Duluth. Utricularia vulgaris Linn. Spec. 18 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 396; Britt., Fl. N. J. 191; Upham, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRKODUCING PLANTS. 475 Fl. Minn. 98; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 282; Coult., Fl. Colo. 290; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 375; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 586; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 312; Nym. Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. III, 1; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 84; Wats., King Exp. 214; Cov., Fl. Ark 209; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 315; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 317. Most Europe; Russia; Siberia; Dahuria; N. Africa. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. and far N. on Mackenzie; S. in Sierra Nevada to Calif.; in Rockies to N. Mex. and Tex.; E. throughout U. S. Minn. valley: Forest district and perhaps throughout; floating on still pools or lakes. HeERB.: Ballard 679, Waconia; Ballard 435, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 810, Page lake, Carver Co.; Holzinger 143, Winona Co.; Sandberg 396, Vasa; Oestlund 114, Minneap- olis; Roberts 98, Stuart river; Arthur 62, Vermilion lake; Reed 1, Dakota Co.; Sheldon 346, Smith’s Mill, Blue Earth Co. XCVIII. OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-Rape Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 725 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 980 (1876). Genera: 11-12; extra-tropical regions and a few within the tropics. Species: 175+; Europe, N. Africa, Asia and America. APHYLLON Mritcu. Act. Phys. Med. Cur. VIII, 221 (1748). Gymnoeaulis Nutr. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Anoplanthus ENDL. p. p. Gen. 727 (1840). Anoplon WALLR. ex Durand, 1. c. (1888). Phillipoea Reut. DC. Prodr. XI, 11 (1849) Amer. Spec. Myzorhiza Puiuuier. Linn. X XIX, 36 (1855). Benth. and Hook.,. Gen. Pl. II, 983; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 300. Living species: N. America to Mexico, 10; Canada, 5; California, 6-7; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 4; Pl. King, 2; Wheel.; 2; E. Sts., 3; W. Tex., 3. Aphyllon ludovicianum (Nurtt.) Gray, Bot. Calif. I, 584 (1876). Orobanche ludoviciana Nurr. Gen. II. 58 (1818). Phelipoea ludoviciana WALP. Rep. ILI, 480 (1844-1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 395; Webb., Fl. Neb. 137; Upham, Fl. Minn. 98; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 373; Coult., Fl. Colo., 289; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 313 and Suppl. Syn. II, 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America: Saskatchewan, Assiniboia, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Calif., N. Mex., Arizona and Tex.; E. to Minn. and Il. 476 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Local in Nicollet Co.; root-parasitic in sandy ground. Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutrt.) Gray, Man. ed. 1, 290 (1848). Orobanche fasciculata Nutr. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Phelipoea fasciculata SPRENG. Syst. IT, 218 (1825). Anoplanthus fasciculatus WALP. Rep. III, 480 (1844-1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 395; Coult., Fl. Colo. 289; Upham, . F]. Minn. 98; Webb., Fl. Neb. 138; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 584; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 176, 217; Wats., King xp. 215; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 312. North America: Assiniboia to Brit. Col.; S. to Calif. and Arizona; E. to Minn., Mich. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. W. districts; rooting on shrubs and herbs along ledges of granite; rare. Aphyllon uniflorum (LInN.) GRAy, Man. ed. 1, 290 (1848). Orobanche uniflora LINN. Spec. 882 (1753). O. biflora Nutr. Gen. II, 59 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 394; Britt., Fl. N. J. 190; Webb... Fl. Neb. 138; Coult., Fl. Colo. 289; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 372; Chap., F1.S. St.. 287; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 584; Wats., King Exp. 215; Cov., Fl. Ark. 209; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 312; Coult., Fl. Tex. 316. North America: Newf., N. Br., Ont., L. Superior reg.,. Brit. Col. to Vancouver; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Fla., W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex.; Pac. region to Calif. Minn. valley: N. HE. district; woods; rare; a root- parasite. HeERB.: Kassube 159, Minneapolis. XCIX. PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 346 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 1223 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. LX, 274 (1888). Genera: 8; cosmopolitan. Species: 150-175; all but two in Plantago. PLANTAGO Linn. Gen. 77 (17387). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 11, 1224; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 330; Baillon, Hist. Pl. IX, 279. Living species: 200+ described; to be reduced; cos- mopolitan. Europe, 43; Russia, 27; European Russia, 10; N. America, 15; S. Sts., 10; Rocky mts., 4-5; E. Sts., 10; Canada,. 11-12; Calif. and Pac. coast, 10; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tox... 0: Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. gnaphalioides (Nur. } Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 391 (1886). ~J LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 47 P. gnaphalioides NutTT. Gen. I, 100 (1818). P. lagopus PursH, FI. 99 (1814) not Linn. P. purshii R. and 8S. Syst. IIT, 120 (1818). P. hookeriana F. and M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 424; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 393; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Coult., F!. Colo. 300; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 61% (spec.); Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Wats., King Exp. 213; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 391; Coult., Fl. Tex. 344. North America: Saskatchewan, Assiniboia to S. Brit. Col.; S. to Calif. and Tex.; HE. to Neb., Ark., Ind., Minn. and Ky. Minn. valley: Prairie districts especially in rocky regions; on high, sterile knolls or ledges. HERB.: Sheldon 436, Smith’s Mills, Blue Harth Co.; Sheldon 214, New Ulm; Ballard 241, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 177, Janesville; Sheldon 1445, Pipestone City; Leiberg 49, Blue HKarth Co.: Leiberg 50, Blue Earth Co.; Herb. Moyer 177, Rock Cut, near Montevideo. Plantago rugelii Decn. DC. Prodr. XIII, 695 (1849). P. major Evu. Sk. I, 201 (1821). P. kamtschatica Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. IT, 61 (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 423; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Upham, F]. Minn. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Mac., Fi. Can. I, 392, 574; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 277; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 390; Coult , Fl. Tex. 344. North America: Q., Ont. to Vt., Minn. and Neb.; S. to Ga., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; banks of streams and lakes. HERB.: Ballard 270, Jordan, Scott Co.; Herrick 219, Minneapolis; Leiberg 48, Blue Earth Co. Plantago major Linn. Spec. 1138 (17538). P. major var. minima Drcn. DC. Prodr. XIII, 695 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 423; Britt., Fl. N. J. 203; Coult., Fl. Colo. 299; Upham, Fl. Minn. 96; Webb., Fl. Neb. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 277; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 611; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 391; Led., FI. Ross. III, 476; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 288; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 256 in var.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 106; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 225; Cov., Fl. Ark. 213; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 389; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 132; Coult Fl. Tex. 344. N. Africa; Europe; N. and W. Asia to China?. North America: lL. Superior to Brit. Col.; S. to Minn. and Oregon; intro. from W. Europe in E. U.S. and adventive also in W. Indies, Brazilian and other S. American ports. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist soil, door-yards, roadsides and edges of streams. 478 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HerRB.: Sheldon 875, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 3673, Janes- ville; Taylor 691, Minnesota lake; Taylor 164, Janesville; Bal- lard 518, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 873, Sleepy Hye; Ballard 681, Waconia. (The last two are perhaps var. asiatica Decn.); O0estlund 230, Hennepin Co.; Sandbery 422, Cannon Falls; Oestlund 131, Minneapolis; Bailey 258a, St. Louis river; | Sandberg 423, Goodhue Co.; Ballard 998, St. Paul; Herb. Sheld. 187, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 176, Montevideo. C. RUBIACEAE. Madder Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl, 520 (1836-40); Lindl., Vey. King. 761 (1846)—Cin- chonaceae; Lindl., 1. c. 768 (1846)—Galiaceae; Bentham and. Hooker, Gen. Plant. IL, 7 (1873); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 257 (1880); Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 4, 1 (1891). Genera: 300+; tropical regions; sparingly in temper- ate zones; N. rather than S. and particularly in W. hemisphere; 348 gen. (Schumann); 197 (Baillon); 337 (B. and H.). Species: 4500+, a few temperate or circumpolar. HOUSTONIA Linn. Gen. 70 (1787). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 326 (sub Oldenlandia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 60; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 174; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 4, 27 (Schumann). Living species: 20+; W. N. America and Mexico. EH. Sts., 6-7; S. Sts. 6; W. Tex., 10. Houstonia purpurea Linn. var. ciliolata (ToRR.) GRay, Man. 5 ed. 212 (1867). H. ciliolata Torr. FI. U.S. I, 174 (1824). Hedyotis ciliolata Torr. Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 40 (1827). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 223; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 199; Upham, F]. Minn. 68; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 26; Coult., Fl. Tex. 159? North America: Ont., Niagara river and L. Huron to Minn. and Ky. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; infrequent; woods and banks. HerRB.: ?Sandberg 264, Moose lake; Sandberg 265, N. Pac. Junction. Houstonia purpurea LINN. var. longifolia (GAERTN.) GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 212 (1867). H. longifolia GAERTN. Fruct. I, 226 (1788). H. angustifolia Pursu, Fl. Am. 106 (1814) in part. Hedyotis longifolia Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am., I, 286 (1833), Oldenlandia purpurea var. longifolia CHAPM. FI. 8. St. 2 ed. 181 (1887). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 223; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 125; Mac., Fl. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 479 Can. 1, 200, 540; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Engl. Schu- mann, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 4, 27; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 26; Coult., Fl. Tex. 159°. North America: Ont. to Man. and Assiniboia.; N. W. T.; S. to Maine, N. J, and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn.valley: Throughout; woods and banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1222, Red Stone, near New Ulm; Bal- lard 279, Jordan, Scott Co.; Bailey 474, Agate bay; Gedge 6, Granite Falls; Roberts 56, Kettle river; Sheldon 1622, Taylor’s Falls; MacM. and Sheld. 20, Brainerd, Herb. Moyer 104, Granite Falls; 105, Montevideo. GALIUM Linn. Gen. 65 (1737). Aparine LINN. Gen. 64 (1737). Microphysa SCHRENK. Bull. Acad. Petr. II, 115 (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 259 (sub Rubia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 149; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 186; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 785. Living species: 3800 described; 175 distinct. Russia, 50; Europe, 100; Russian Europe, 20; North America, 35; Can- ada, 15; Rocky mts., 6-7; S. Sts., 9; California, 18; E. Sts., 18; Pl. King, 8; Pl. Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 9; all temperate and warmer regions. Fossil species: 1; Greenland, Tertiary (Heer). Galium triflorum Micux. FI. N. Am. J, 80 (1808). G. suaveolens WAHL. FI. Lapp. 48 (1812). G. cuspidatum MuUHL. Cat. 15 (1813). G. brachiatum PursH, Fl. Am. 103 (1814). G. pennsylvanicum BART. FI. Phil. 83 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Britt., Fl. N. J. 126; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 202; Chap., Fl. S. St. 174; Coult., Fl. Colo. 127; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 284; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 413; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Wats., King. Exp. 135; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 39; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 65. Kurope; Asia to Japan. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; to lat. 58° N. on Peace river; S. to N. Eng., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Colo. and Calif. Minn. valley: Throughout; woods and along river banks; rare far W.; rich woods. HERB.: Ballard 332, Belle Plaine; Ballard 699, Wa- conia; Taylor 822, Glenwood; Taylor 237, Janesville; Sheldon 234,. Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Sheldon 809, Sigel township, Brown Co. ; Oestlund 82, Hennepin Co. ; Bailey 330, St. Louis river; Bailey 210, Vermilion lake; Bailey 505, Agate bay; Roberts 55, Duluth; Bailey 44, Vermilion lake; Sundberg 261, Chisago Co. 480 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Galium asprellum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 78 (1808). G. pennsyluanicum Munn. Cat. 15 (1813). G. spinulosum RAF. Prec. Decouv. 40 (1814). G. micranthum PuRsH, FI. Am. 103 (1814) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Britt., Fl. N. J. 126; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 201; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 63 in var.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 393; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 39. EK. Sib.; Japan; Manchuria. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Man., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; damp thickets or edges of wooded swamps. Hers.: Taylor 234, Janesville; Arthur 72, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 258, Goodhue Co.; Herrick 133, Minneapolis; Bailey 356, Mud river. Galium concinnum T. and G. Fl. II, 23 (1841). 2G. parviforum RAF. Med. Repos. V, 360 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Britt., Fl. N. J. 126; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 38. in North America: N. J., Penn. to Va.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district to Cottonwood valley and N. W. district; dry places in woods or thickets. HERB.: Taylor 626, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 241, Tur- tle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Ballard 299, Jordan, Scott Co,; Sheldon 651, Waseca; Ballard 236, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 439, Janes- ville; Sheldon 296, Madison Lake; Sheldon 747, Sleepy Hye; Herrick 134, Minneapolis. : Galium trifidum Linn: Spec. 105 (1753). G. tinctorium LINN. Spec. 106 (1753). G. claytont Micux. FI. I, 78 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Britt., Fl. N. J. 126; Upham, F1. Minn. 67; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 201, 540; Coult., Fl. Colo. 128; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 284; Chap., Fl. S. St. 174; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 409; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Wats., King Exp. 135; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 138; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 38; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 65; Coult., Fl. Tex. 162. Europe; Siberia, Dahuria and Japan. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can. and N. to 68° N. lat.; throughout U. S. to Fla., Tex. and Arizona; Alaska and Aleutian Islands. Minn. valley: Throughout; swamps and wet woodland regions. ~ ""Herp.: Taylor 1037, Glenwood; Ballard 800, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 674, Waconia; Sheldon 338, Smith’s LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 481 Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 66, Chaska; Taylor 124, Janes- ville; Taylor 146a, Janesville; Sheldon 524, Waseca; Sheldon 291, Madison Lake; Sheldon 245, Turtle lake, Le Sueur Co.; Sheldon $1, Elysian; Leonard 21, Spring Valley; Sandberg 259, Red Wing; Kassube 118, St. Anthony; Bailey 297, St. Louis river; Holzinger 105, Winona Co.; Bailey 75, Vermilion lake; Herrick 135, Minneapolis; Bailey 275, St. Louis river; Sandberg 260, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1713, Minneapolis; 1762, Ft. Snelling. Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr. Fl. U.S. 165 (1824). G. obtusum Brawn. FI). Bost. ed. II, 55 (1824). G. trifidum LINN. var. obtusum (BIGEL.) MacM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Britt., Fl. N. J. 126; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 201; Chap., FJ. S. St. 174; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 38; Coult., Fl. Tex. 162. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak, Neb., Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: N. HE. and N. W. districts; local; swampy ground and wooded marshes. HerB.: Taylor 996, Glenwood; Ballard 84, Chaska, and 165, Chaska. Galiam boreale Linn. Spec. 108 (1753). G. bermudianum MuuHu. Cat. (1813). G. septentrionale R. and 8. Syst. ILI, 253 (1818). G. strictum Torr. Pl. N. Y. 23 (1819). G. rubioides Auct. Amer. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 203; Britt., Fl. N. J.127; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 194; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 285; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Coult., Fl. Colo. 127; Trautv., FI. Sib. 64?; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 412; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 393; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 138; Wats., King Exp. 136; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 38; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 65. N. and C. Europe to Bosnia; Russ. to Caucasus; Si- beria, Dahuria and China. North America: Q., Ont. to Rockies and 68° N. lat.; S. to Maine, N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mont., Colo., N. Mexico, Calif., Oregon and along Pac. coast to Sitka. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; banks of streams and shores of lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 1291, Lake Benton; Ballard 108, Car- ver; Ballard 422, New Prague, Scott Co.; Sheldon 227, Lake Washington, Le Sueur Co.; Sheldon 277, Madison Lake; Shel- don 743, Sleepy Eye; Tuylor 84, Elysian; Taylor 235, Janes- ville; Taylor 576, Minnesota lake; Taylor 116, Janesville; Tay- lor 867, Glenwood; Sheldon 1179, New Ulm; Leonard 22, Wikoft: Leonard 23, Minneapolis; Holzinger 106, Winona Co.; Kassube: azo : 482 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 119, Minneapolis; Holzinger 107, Winona Co.; Sandberg 268, Red Wing; Hammond 22, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1769, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer 103, Montevideo. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Fl. U. S. 168 (1824). G. torreyi BIGEL. FI. Rost. 2 ed. 56 (1824). G. circaezans var. lanceolatum T. and G. FI. II, 24 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 226; Britt., Fl. N. J. 127; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 202; Upham, Fl. Minn. 67; Chap., Fl. S. St. 174; Gray, Syn. es eae ; ‘. North America: Q., Ont., N. Eng. to N. J., Penn., N. Car. and Tenn.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge; rare; woods. HERB.: Sandberg 262, Cannon Falls. Galium circaezans Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 80 (1803). G. brachiatum Mun. Cat. 15 (1813). G. circaeoides R. and S. Syst. III, 256 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 226; Britt., Fl. N. J. 127; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 174; Mac., Fl]. Can. I, 202; Upham, FI. Minn. 67; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 37; Coult., Fl. Tex. 162. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge, but no Minn. specimens seen. Galium aparine Linn. Fl. Dan. 495 (1757). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 226; Britt., Fl. N. J. 127; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 200; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 194; Coult., Fl. Colo. 127; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 284; Nym, Fl. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 419; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 393; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Wats., King Exp. 134; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 36; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 67; Coult., Fl. Tex. 163. All Europe to Caucasus; Sib., Dahuria, China, Japan. North America: N. Br., N. S., Q., Ont. to Vancouver, Alaska and Aleutian Isls.; S. to Calif. and Tex.; E. through- out U. S.; forms E. of the Mississippi are probably introduced from W. Europe. Minn. valley: Forest district and to Chippewa valley; moist woods and copses,. Hers.: Ballard 232, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 49, Chaska; Kassube 117, Minneapolis; Holtz. 25, Minnehaha; Herb. Moyer 102, Montevideo. Cl. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family. Lindl., Veg. King. 766 (1846); Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 566 (1836-40)— Lonicereae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 1 (1873; Baillon, Hist, _ Pl. VII, 497 (1880) —sub Rubiaceae. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 482 Genera: 12; N. hemisphere and Australia and S. Amer- ica; most in temperate regions. Species: 200-250; principally shrubs and small trees. LINNAEA Gronov. Linn. Gen. 525 (1737). Obolaria Sree. Prim. 79 (1736). Abelia R. Br. Clarke’s Abel. Chin. App. 376 (1818). Vesalea MART. and GAL. Bull. Brux. XI, 242 (1843). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 501; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 4, 5; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169, 170. Living species: Two well marked sections, Abelia, 10; Linnaea, 1; N. boreal and temperate regions to the Himalayas, China and Mexico. N. America, 1. Linnaea borealis Linn. Spec. 631 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 219; Britt., Fl. N. J. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 124; Wats., Fl. Calif. 1I, 278; Upham, Fl. Minn. 64; Mac., FI. Can. I, 195, 539; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 63; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 191; Nym., FI. Eur.; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 392; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 13; Forbes and Hems., F]. Sin. 359; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 238; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 136; Wats., King Exp. 132; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 69. W. Europe to C. Asia, Amurland, Corea, China, Japan (Yezo), Kamtk. and Kuriles; N. to Scotland, Lapland and Si- beria. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; N. in Arctic cir- cle; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn., Md.; W. to Minn., Dak., Colo., Mont., Oregon and Calif. Minn. valley: Reported N. E. districts, S. of Lake Minnetonka; doubtless in N. W. district with Cornus cana- densis; mossy woods. HERB.: Roberts 50, French river; Roberts 51, Duluth; Herrick 125, St. Louis river; Bailey 48, Vermilion lake; Juni 6, N. shore, Lake Superior; Sandberg 241, Tower. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Gen. 211 (1789). Symphoria Pers, Syn. I, 214 (1805). Anisanthus WILLD. Rel. R. andS. Syst. V, XIV (1819). Symphoricarpa Neck. Elem. 220 (1790). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 498; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 4; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169. Living species: 6+, N. America and mountains of Mexico; Canada, 3-4; E. Bley 3; California, 4-5; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 3-4; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 3. Symphoricarpos racemosus Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 107 (1803). Symphoria racemosa Pers. Syn. I, 214 (1805). Xylosteum ciliatum var. album PursH, Fl. Am. 161 (1814). 484 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Symphoricarpos elongata PrREsL, DC. Prodr. IV, 338 (1830). S. heterophylla PResL, DC. Prodr. IV, 338 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 220; Britt., Fl. N. J. 123; Coult., Fl. Colo. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 196; Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 279; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 13. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng. N. J, and Penn.; W. to Minn., Colo., Calif. and Oregon, Brit. Col. and Rockies? Minn. valley: N. E. district, and perhaps N. W.; edges of thickets and woods. HERB.: Kassube 111, Minneapolis; Sandberg 243, Can- non Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1689, Minneapolis. Symphoricarpos racemosus MicHx. var. pauciflorus Ros- BINS, Gray’s Man. 5 ed. 203 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 220; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 196, 539; Coult., Fl. Colo. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Gray, Syn. BLA, 2; 14: North America: Ont. to N. W. T., Man., Rockies, Brit. Col. and Vancouver; S. to N. Y., Penn.; W. to Minn., Wisc., Mont., Oregon and Colo. Minn. valley: Forest district to Redwood river; rare and local; edges of thickets and woods. HERB.: Bailey 65, Vermilion lake; Holzinger 100, Winona Co.; Bailey 415, Burntside lake; Herb. Sheld. 1868, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1867, Ramsey Co. Symphoricarpos occidentalis (R. Br.) Hook. FJ. Bor.-Am. I, 285 (18338). Symphoria occidentalis R. BR. Rich. App. Frankl. Journ. (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 220; Webb., Fl]. Neb. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 195; Couit., Fl. Colo. 125; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, lade North America: Man. to Rocky mts. and N. to lat 64°; S. to N. Mich., Wisc., Minn., Ill., Neb., Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of woods and thickets. HERB.: Ballard 313, Belle Plaine; Taylor 759, Glen- wood; Ballard 171, Shakopee; Taylor 619, Minnesota lake; Taylor 759a, Glenwood; Sheldon 1101, Springfield; Sheldon 365, Madison Lake; Sheldon 273, Madison Lake; Sheldon 57, Elysian; Sheldon 774, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 32, Elysian; Her- rick 126, Minneapolis; Oestlund 80, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 110, Minneapolis; Holzinger 99, Hamilton; Sandberg 242, Cannon Falls. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 485 Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XTX, 15 (1892). Lonicera symphoricarpos LINN. Spec. 175 (1758). Symphoricarpos orbiculatus MOENCH, Meth. 491 (1794). S. vulgaris Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 106 (1803). Symphoria conglomerata PERS. Syn. I, 214 (1805). Symphoricarpos glomerata PuRsH, FI]. Am. 162 (1814). S. parviflora DEesF. Cat. (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 220; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Britt., Fl. N. J. 123; Chap., Fl. S. St. 169; Cov., Fl.. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. Fi. I, 2, 18; Coult., Fl. Tex. 156. North America: N. Y., Penn., N. J.; W. to Minn., Dalz, Neb., Ark. and Tex.; N. Car. in mits: Minn. valley: Forest district to Chippewa valley and N. W. districts; banks and rocky woods. Hers.: MacMillan 9, Glenwood; Taylor 438, Lake Helena, Waseca Co.; Oestlund 81, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1745, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 96, Montevideo. LONICERA Linn. Gen. 162 (1737). Capritfolium Tourn. Inst. 608 (1700). Xylosteum ToOuRN. 1. c. 609 (1700). Nintooa Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. II, 255 (1830). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 499; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 5; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 170; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 788. Living species: 100+; temperate and tropical regions of the N. hemisphere. Russia, 15; Europe, 19; Russian Europe, 5; North America, 20; Canada, 11; E. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 4; California, 7; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 2. Fossil species: Upper Miocene of Oeningen (Heer); doubtful. Lonicera glauca Hitt, Hort. Kew. 446 (1768). L. dioica LINN. Syst. Veg. 215 (1774). L. media MurR. Comm. Gott. (1776). L. parviflora LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 728 (1783). Caprifolium glaucum MOENCH, Meth. 502 (1794). C. bracteosum Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, 105 (1803). C. parviflorum PursH, Fl. Am. 161 (1814). C. dioicum R. and S. Syst. V, 216 (1819). Lonicera douglasii DC. Prodr. IV, 332 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 221; Britt., Fl. N. J.124; Mac., Fl. Can.I, 197, 539; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 170; Upham, FI. Minn. 65: Cov., Fl. Ark. 187?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 17. North America: Man., Saskatchewan, Hudson Bay, N. W. T. to Montreal; Brit. Col. and Rockies; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Penn.; W. to Minn. Dak. and Neb. 486 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout and abundant; rocky banks and edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 235, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Ballard 684, Waconia; Taylor 37, Elysian; Sheldon 801, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Taylor 37a, Elysian; Sheldon 509, Waseca; Ballard 229, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 386, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 908, Glenwood; Herrick 127, St. Louis river; Leiberg 25, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 245, Cannon Falls; Hol- zinger 101, Winona bluffs; Sandberg 246, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 57, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 97, Montevideo. Lonicera sullivantii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. XIX, 76 (1883). LI. douglasiti Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 282 (1833). L. flava var. B. T. and G. FI. II, 6 (1841). D. flwwa GRAY, Man. 5ed. 204 (1867) chiefly. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 197; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Chap., Fl. S. St. 170; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 17. North America: Assiniboia and Man. to Minn., Neb., Ill., Ohio, Ark., Tenn. and N. Car. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and H. edge; rare or local; rocky woods or banks. HERB.: Sandberg 244, Vasa. Lonicera ciliata MuHL. Cat. 22 (1813). Vaccinium album LINN. Spec. 350 (1753) sp. Kalm. Xylosteum tartaricum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 106 (1803). X. ciliatum PursH, Fl. Am. 161 (1814). Lonicera canadensis R. and 8. Syst. V, 260 (1819). Caprifolium ciliatum OK. Rev. Gen. I, 274 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 220; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 124; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 197; Upham, F'l. Minn. 65; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 15. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. Minn. valley: Reported from N. EH. district; rare; rocky banks and woods. HERB.: Roberts 52, Duluth; Herrick 128, St. Louis river; Bailey 243, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 247, Cannon Falls. DIERVILLA Linn. Gen. 150 (1787). Weigela Tuuns. Act. Holm. 135 (1780). Weigelia Pers. Syn. I, 176 (1805). Calysphyrum BuNGE, Enum. PI. Chin. 33 (1831). Calyptrostigma Traury. and Mey. Midd. Reise Okh. (1847). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 497; Benth. and Hovuk., Gen. Pl. LI, 6; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 170. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 487 Living species: 7+; E. North America, China and Japan; N. America, 2; Canada, 1: S. Sts.. 2; H. Sts., 1. Diervilla diervilla (Linn.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX, 15 (1892). Lonicera diervilla LINN. Spec. 175 (1753). Diervilla trifida MOENCH, Meth. 492 (1794). D. tournefortii Micox. Fl. N. Am. I, 107 (1803). D. humilis Pers. Syn. I, 214 (1805). D. canadensis WILLD. Enum. 222 (1809). D. lutea PursH, FI. Am. 162 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 222; Britt., Kl. N. J. 124; Upham, Fl. Minn. 65; Mac.,F 1. Can. I, 198, 540; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 18. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Ont. to N. J. and mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Ky.; Hudson Bay to Rockies. Minn. valley: Forest district, infrequent; rocky places. HERB.: Roberts 53, Poplar river; Kassube 112; Min- neapolis; Roberts 54, Duluth; Herrick 129, Minneapolis; Bailey 167, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 248, Cannon Falls; Gedge 4, Riverton; Holtz 16, Hennepin Co. TRIOSTEUM Linn. Gen. ed. V, 211 (1754). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VI1,500; Benth. and Hook , Gen. Pl. II, 4; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169. Living species: 38; 2, North America; 1, Himalayas; Canada, 1; E. Sts., 2: S. Sts., 2. Triosteum perfoliatum LINN. Spec. 176 (1753). T. majus Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 107 (18083). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 219; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 128; Webb., Fl. Neb. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 199, 540; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Chap., FI. S. St. 170; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 12. North America: Q., Ont. to N. Eng., N. J. and Alab.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; woods and shaded banks of rivers and lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 165, Madison lake; Ballard 82,Chaska; Taylor 269, Janesville; Holzinger 102, Winona Co.; Sandberg 249, Center City; Herb. Sheld. 1732, Minneapolis. SAMBUCUS Linn. Gen. 247 (1787). Tripetalus LinpL. Mitch. Three Exp. II, 14 (1839). Phyteuma Lour. FI. Coch. Chin. 172 (1790). Balllon, Hist. Pl. VII, 501; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 3; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 788. Living species: 12+; temperate regions, except Cape 488 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. of Good Hope and mts. of tropics. Russia, 3; Europe, 3; N. America, 5; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 3; S. Sts., 2; California, 2; Pl. King, 3; Pl. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 2. Fossil‘species: Amber; Germany (Conwentz). Sambucus racemosa LINN. Spec. 270 (1753). S. pubens MicHx. FI. N. Am. I, 181 (1803). S. pubescens Pers. Syn. I, 328 (1805). S. pubescens var. B. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 279 (1833). S. pubescens var. arborescens T. and G. FI. IT, 13 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 217; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 193, 538; Britt., Fl. N. J. 121; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 278; Chap., Fl]. S. St. 171; Coult., Fl. Colo. 124; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 338; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 348; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 238; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Wats., King Exp. 133; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2,8; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 55d. Northern and Central Europe; Mid. Russia to Sib., China, Japan, Kamtk and Kuriles. North America: N. S., across Can. to Vancouver and Alaska; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Colo., Dak., Minn.; S. in Rockies to Arizona; S. in Sierras and Coast range to Calif. and Utah. Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and banks of streams. ; HERB.: Taylor 44, Elysian; Taylor 427, Janesville; Herrick 130, St. Louis river; Sandberg 252, Goodhue Co.; Her- rick 131, Minneapolis; Holzinger 103, Winona Co.; Sandberg 253, Tower; Kassube 113, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1869, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 58, Mankato; Herb. Moyer 99, Mon- tevideo. Sambucus canadensis Linn. Spec. 269 (1758). S. nigra MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 141 (1785). S. humilis Rar. Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). S. glauca GRAy, Pl. Wright. IT, 66 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 217; Britt., Fl. N. J. 121; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 171; Coult., Fl. Colo. 124; Wats., King Exp. 134; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 9; Coult., Fl. Tex. 155. North America: N.S. toSaskatchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Iowa, Dak., Ark., Tex., Colo., Utah, Arizona.; Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and banks of streams. Hers.: Sheldon 1166, New Ulm; Sheldon 1098, Spring- field; Sheldon 336, Smith’s Mills, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 729, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 129, Chaska; Ballard 551, Spring lake, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 489 Scott Co.; Sandberg 251, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1688, Min- netonka; Herb. Moyer 98, Montevideo. VIBURNUM Linn. Gen. 245 (1787). Opulus Tourn. Inst. 607 (1700). Microtinus, Selenotinus, Oreinotinus, Tinus OERSsT. Vidd. Kjob. (1860). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 502; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 3; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169; Schenck., Palaeophyt. 789. Living species: 80+; temperate and warmer N. hem- isphere; Andes; Madagascar; W. Indies. North America, 14; S. Sts., 11; Canada, 8; Rocky mts., 1; E. Sts., 12; California, 1; W. Tex., 2. , Fossil species: A considerable number described; Cretaceous (Upper) and Tertiary, America and Europe; Green- land and Spitzbergen abundant ( Heer). The bulk of the species are in W. N. America (Saporta, Ward, Lesquereaux, Heer et alt. ) 75+ species. - Viburnum opulus Linn. Spec. 268 (1753). V. trilobum MARSH. Arbust. Amer. 162 (1785). V. opuloides MUHL. Cat. (1813). V. oxycoccus PuRSH, FI]. Am. 203 (1814). V. edule Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 281 (1833) in part, V. opulus var. americanum T.andG. FI. II, 18 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 217; Britt., Fl. N. J. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 195; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 189; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 384; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 354; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 238; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 10; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 62. Europe; Arctic Russ. to Caucasus; N. and Mid. Asia to China, Japan, Kuriles and Kamtk. North America: Anticosti and N. S. to Red valley and Assiniboia; W. to Brit. Col. and Oregon; 8S. to Minn., Penn. and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; edges of woods and along streams. HeErB.: Ballard 146, Chaska; Taylor 1099, Glenwood; Taylor 940, Glenwood; Taylor 549, Janesville; Taylor 278, Janes- ville; Sheldon 231, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Arthur 174, Vermilion Lake; Kassube 116, Minneapolis; Sandberg 257, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1768, Minneapolis. Viburnum pubescens (Arr.) Purso, Fl. Am. 202 (1814). V. dentutum var. pubescens Atv. Hort. Kew. I, 372? (1789). V. subtomentosum Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 179 (1808) in part. V. villosum RAF. Med. Repos. V, 361 (1808). V. rafinesquianum R. andS. Syst. V, 630 (1819). 490 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 218; Britt., Fl. N. J. 122; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Chap., Fl. S. St. 172; Gray, Syn. 12 ead Lge 1 North America: Q. to Assiniboia; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. tu Minn. and Iowa. Minn. valley: Throughout; rocky places and gravelly banks. HERB.: Bailey 62, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 256, Tower; Herb. Sheld. 1778, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Moyer, 101 Montevideo. . Viburnum dentatum Linn. Spec. 268 (1753). V. dentatum var. lucidum Ait. Hort. Kew. I, 372 (1789). V. dentatum var. glabellum Micux. FI. I, 179 (1803) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 218; Britt., Fl. N. J. 122; Mace., Fl. Can. I, 194, 538; Upham, F]. Minn. 66; Chap., Fl. S. St. 172; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 11. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Cottonwood valley; wet woods and edges of swamps. HERB.: Ballard 237, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sandberg 255, Red Wing; Kassube 115, Minneapolis; Holzinger 104, Ham ilton. Viburnum lentago Linn. Spec. 268 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 219; Britt., Fl. N. J. 121; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 194; Upham, Fl. Minn. 66; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Chap., Fl. S. St. 171; Cov., Fl. Ark. 187; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 12. North America: Q. to Red and Saskatchewan valleys; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and edges of woods. - HERB.: Sheldon 506, Waseca; Sheldon 381, Madison Lake; Taylor 268, Janesville; Sheldon 711, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 43, Elysian; Ballard 231, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1295, Lake Benton; Kassube 114, Minneapolis; Sandberg 254, Red Wing; Herrick 132, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 59, Idlewild, Lin- coln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1777, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 100, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Cll. ADOXACEAE. Adoxa Family. Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 2 (1873)—sub Sambuceae ; saillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 503 (1880)—Adoweae, Trib. XV of Rubiaceae. Genera: 1; N. hemisphere. Species: 1; boreal and temperate region to Arctic cir- cle; around the pole. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 491 ADOXA Linn. Gen. 334 (1737). Moschetallina Tourn. Inst. 156 (1700). Moseatella Corp. Adans. Fam. Pl. II, 243 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 502; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 2; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 169. Living species: 1; arctic and temperate regions, N. hemisphere. Adoxa moschatellina Linn. Spec. 257 (1753). Moschetallina tetragona MOENCH, Meth. 478 (1794). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 216; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 193; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 66; Gault. Hl. Colo. 123; Hook., El. Gt. Brit. 190; Trautv., F]. Sib. 63; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 382; Nym., FI. The Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 347; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 62; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 8, 135; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 8; Hart., Scand. Fl. I, 156. Northern Europe to Pyrenees and Caucasus; Siberia, Kamtk. and China. North America: W. and C. Can., Hudson Bay reg. to Brit. Col. and to 54° and 64° N. lat.; S. to Colo., Minn., Iowa and Wisc. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge; but very doubt- ful; banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 250, Vasa. CIIl. VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 350 (1836-40); Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 151 (1873); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 504 (1880). Genera: 8; N. hemisphere and S. America; principally N. regions. Species: 325+, largely developed in temperate Asia and Europe. VALERIANA Linn. Gen. 21 (1737) emend. Benth. 1. ce. (1873). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 517; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 154; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 187; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 794. Living species: 150+, all temperate and tropical reg- ions except Australia. Russia, 18; Europe, 21; Russian Ku- rope, 8; North America, 8; Canada, 4-5; Rocky mts., 3; E. Sts., 3; S. Sts, 2; California, 1; Pl. King, 2; Pl. Wheel., 2. Fossil species: 1, Valerianites, Oligocene, Aix (Sa- porta). Valeriana edulis Nurr. T. and G. Fl. II, 48 (1841). Patrinia ceratophylla Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 290 (1883). Valeriana ciliata T. and G. FI. II, 49 (0841). Patrinia longifolia MACNAB,» Edin. Phil. Journ. XIX (——). 492 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Valeriana ceratophylla MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 228; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 205; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 68; Wats., King Exp. 136; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 138; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 45. North America: Ont. to Brit. Col.?; S. to Ohio, Iowa, Minn., Colo., Nev., N. Mex. and Arizona. Minn. valley: S. E. districts and perhaps throughout- forest district; rich ground along streams. HERB.: Sheldon 638, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 536, Waseca; Sandberg 266, Goodhue Co.; Holtz 2, Cedar lake; Holz- inger 108, Winona. VALERIANELLA MoeEncu, Meth. 493 (1794) emend. Benth. 1. .e.. (1873). Fedia GAERTN. Fruct. II, 36 (1791). Polypremum ADANS. Fam. PI. II, 152 (1768). Odontocarpa NEcK. Elem. I. 133 (1790). Dufresnia DC. Mem. Valer. 8 (1832). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VII, 515; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 11, 156; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 187. Living species: 55+; centers in the Mediterranean ° region; Europe; N. Africa; W. Asia; N. America. Europe, 22; Russian Europe, 9; Russia, 19; North America, 12-138; Canada, 3: HS is., 0-6; W; Tex, 2 Valerianella radiata (WILLD.) DUFRESNE, Hist. Val. 57 (1811). Valeriana radiata WILLD. Spec. I, 184 (1797). Fedia radiata Micux. FI. N. Am. I, 118 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 229; Chap., Fl. S. St. 184; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 188; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 45; Coult., Fl. Tex. 164. North America: Penn. to Minn., Ark., Tex. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge; doubtful; low, rich ground. Valerianella chenopodifolia (PURSH) DC. Prodr. IV, 629 (1830). Fedia chenopodifolia PursH, Fl. Am. 727 (1814). F. radiata Torr. FI). U.S. 1, 35 (1824). F. triquetra Hocust. and STEuD. Flora (18387). F. fagopyrum T.and G. Fi. IT, 5f (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 229; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Gray Syn. Fl. I, 2, 45. North America: N. Y. to Minn.; S. to Va., Ind. and Ky. Minn. valley: Reported from E. edge; rare; low and rich grounds. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 493 CIV. CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 934 (1836-40); Endlicher, |. ¢. 933 (1836-40)—Nan- dirhobeae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. I, 816 (1862-67); Baillon, Hist. Pl, VIII, 375 (1886); Miiller and Pax, in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 1 (1889). Genera: 80-85; cosmopolitan; most richly developed in the tropics. Old World, 50+; New World, 36-39. Species: 650+; mostly tendril-bearing herbs. SICYOS Linn. Gen. 739 (1737). Sicyoides Tourn. Inst. 103 (1700). Badaroa Bert. Herb. 838 ex Endl. Gen. (1840). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 428; Benth.and Hook., Gen. Pl.1,837; Durand, Ind, Gen. Phan. 150; Engl. Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 37 (Miller and Pax). Living species: 30; warmer America; Pacific islands; Australia. Russia, 1; Russian Europe, 1; W. Tex., 1. Sicyos angulatus Linn. Spec. 1013 (1753). Elaterium trifoliatum LINN. Mant. 123 (1767). Sicyoides angulata MOENCH, Meth. 513 (1794). Sicyos acutus RAF. FI. Lud. 113 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 195; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 176, 532; Chap., Fl. S. St. 149; Britt., Fl. N. J. 111; Led., Fl. Ross. IT, 143; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 52; Coult., Fl. Tex. 125; Cov., Fl. Ark. 184; Engl. Miiller and Pax, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 38; Wats., Bibl. Ind. I, 395. S. Russia and Caucasus mts. North America: Q., Ont., N. H. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. E. district; river banks and near lake shores; climbing over shrubbery. HERB.: Sandberg 212, Red Wing. MICRAMPELIS Rar. Med. Rep. V, 352 (1808). Hexameria T.andG. Rep. Pl. N. Y. 137 (1836). Megarhiza Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. VI, 74 (1857). Marah KE.Lioae, Proc. Cal. Acad. 38 (1876). Echinocystis T.andG. Fl. N. Am. I, 542 (1838), Echinopepon Naup. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, VI, 17:(1866). ‘Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 433; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I, 835; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 150; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 35; O. Kuntze, Rev, Gen. I, 257. Living species: 25; tropical S. America; warmer and temperate N. America. N. America above Mexico 6+ (see Greene, Pittonia vol. IL). Micrampelis echinata (MUHL.) Rar. Med. Rep. 352 (1808). Momordica echinata Munxt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. III, 180 (1793). Sicyos lobatus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 217 (1803). 494 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Momordica lobata SERINGE, DC. Prodr. III, 312 (1828). Echinocystis lobata T. and G. FI. I, 542 (1838). E. echinata B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Micrampelis lobatu GREENE, Pittonia 128 (1890). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 195; Britt., Fl. N. J. 111; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, Fl. Minn. 59; Coult., FI. Colo. 109; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 177, 582; Engl., Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 35; Waite., Bibl. Ind. I, 394. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to - N. Eng., Penn., N. J., Del:; W. to Red, Assiniboine, Saskatch- ewan valleys, Minn., Neb., Colo., Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; less common W. of Chip- pewa valley; rich river banks and damp places near lakes. HERB.: Taylor 1023, Glenwood; Sheldon 1094, Spring- field; Oestlund 64, Minneapolis; Kassube 98, Minneapolis; Oest- lund 65, Minneapolis; Sandberg 213, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 214, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1684, Minneapolis. CV. CAMPANULACEAE. Blue-Bell Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 513 (1836-40); Endlicher, 1. c. 509 (1836-40)—Lobe- liaceae; DC. Prod. VII, 497 (1838)—Cyphiaceae; Mart. in DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 548 (1838)—Sphenocleaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 541 (1876); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 317 (1886)—eaxcl. Goodenieae, Brunonieae, Phyllach- neae; Schonland in Engler and Prantl, Nat Pflanz. LV, 5, 40 (1889). Genera: 55; temperate regions; a few represented in tropical mts.; herbaceous forms widely distributed; shrubby forms principally American. Species: 1150+; abundant in W. Europe and Mediter- ranean region. CAMPANULA Linn. Gen. 129 (1737). Roucela Dum. Comm. Bot. 14 (1822). Erinia Nouu. F1. S.-Pyr. 407 (18387). Depierrea ANON. Linn, XVI, 372 (1842). Medium Tourn. Elem. Bot. I, 90 (1694). Marianthemum Scur. D. R. Ges. I (—-). Quinquelocularia Koc, Linn. XXITT, 630 (1849). Symphyandra A. DC. Mon. Camp. 365 (1830). Adenophora Fiscu. Mem. Mosc. VI, 165 (1823). Floerkea Serene. Anleit. II, 523 (1802). Heterocodon Nurr. Trans. Phil. Soc. VIII, 255 (1842). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 353; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 561; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 240; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 49 (Schonland.) Living species: 250; temperate regions, N. hemi- sphere; especially Mediterranean region; Europe, 100; Russia, 56; Russian Europe, 15; North America, 138; Canada, 11; E. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUUCING PLANTS. 495 Sts., 4; Rocky mts., 4; S. Sts., 5; California, 5; Pl. Wheel., 3; fl. King, b2°W. Lexx ‘2: Campanula americana LINN. Spec. 233 (1753). C. declinata MOENCH, Meth. (1794). C. obliqua JACQ. Hort. Schoenb. 336 (1798). C. acuminata Micux. Fl. N. Am. I. 108 (1803). C. illinoensis FREsS. fide Gray. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 309; Britt., Fl. N. J. 157; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 289; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Chap., FI. S. St. 256; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 14; Engl. Schén., Nat.’ Pflanz. IV, 5, 51. North America: N. Br. and Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Kan., Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; rich woods or thickets and shady banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1096, Springfield; Sheldon 788, Cot- tonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1163, New Ulm; Bal- lard 614, Chaska; Oecstlund 109, Minneapolis; Sandberg 370, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 158, Montevideo. Campanula aparinoides PursH, FI. Am. 159 (1814). C. erinoides MuHL. Cat. (1813) not Linn. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 309; Brit., Fl. N. J. 157; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Chap., Fl, S. Sts. 256; Coult., Fl. Colo. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. Paces: Gray, Syn. Fl. TI,.1, 13. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man. and Sas- katchewan; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and mts. of Ga; W. to Minn., Colo. and Neb. Minn. valley: Throughout; cold bogs, marshes or grassy shores of streams and lakes. HERB.: Sheldon 748, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 693, Waseca; Taylor 525, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Ballard 437, Prior’s, lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 585, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 824, Glen- wood; Ballard 666, Waconia; Ballard 773, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 828, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 718, Benton, Carver Co.; Bailey 272, St. Louis river; Winchell 12, Minne- tonka; Bailey 321, St. Louis river; Roberts 75, Grand Marais; Kassube 154, Minneapolis; Holzinger 138, Winona Co.; Bailey 110, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 369, Red Wing; Holzinger 139, Winona; Herb. Sheld 1687, Minneapolis. Campanula rotundifolia Linn. Fl. Dan. 855 (1857), C. petiolata A. DC. Camp. 279, 338 (1830). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 308; Britt., Fl. N. J. 157; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 288, 560; Upham, Fl. Minn. 92; Coult., FI. Colo. 226; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 447; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 888; 496 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Nym, Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 246: Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 245; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 82; Wats., King Exp. 208; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 183; Engl. Schonland, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 50; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 12 and Suppl. II, 395; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 72; Coult., Fl.Tex. 252. Circumpolar and all Eur. except Lusitania, Corsica, Greece and Spanish Coast; Asia to Himalayas; Kuriles and Saghalin to Japan. North America: Greenland at lat. 64° N. to Alaska; - = in Rockies to Mexico; E. to Minn., Neb., Ohio? and N. J. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W.; probably throughout; rocky banks and gravelly places. HeRB.: Ballard 95, Shakopee; Taylor 861, Glenwood; Leonard 30, Chatfield; Bailey 475, Agate Bay; Kassube 153, Minneapolis; Roberts 74, Grand Marais; Sandberg 368, Red Wing; Hammond 24, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1888, Minneapolis. PENTAGONIA Sisc. Suppl. 14 (1737). Speculum HA. FI. Jen. 215 (1745). Specularia Hersr. Syst. Pl. VIII (1748). Legouzia Dur. FI. Bourg. II, 26 (1782). Apenula Neck. Elem. I, 234 (1790). Prismatocarpus L’HER. Sert. Angl. 1 (1788) p. p. Triodanis RAF. ex Sch6nol. 1. c. (1889). Dysmicodon and Campylocera Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII, 255-257 (1842). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 320 (sub Campanula); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 562; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 240; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. II, 381; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 52 pe uonland). Living species: 10; Middle Kurope, 2; Mediterranean region, 6; North America, 4; Canada, 1; E. Sts., 2; California, 2: 8. Sts.) 2; W. Tex., 4. Pentagonia perfoliata (LInn.) OK. Rev. aoe II, 381 (1891). Campanula perfoliata LINN. Spec. 289 (1753). C. amplexicaulis Micux. Fl. N. Am. I, (1803), Specularia perfoliata DC. Mon. Camp. (1830). Dysmicodon californicum and ovatum Nurr. Trans. Am, Phil. Soe. 2, VIII, 258 (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 308; Britt., Fl. N. J. 157; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, FI. Minn. 92; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 286, 559; Chap., Fl. S. St. 257; Coult., Fl. Colo. 225; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 447; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 183; Wats., King Exp. 209; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Engl. Sch6nl., Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 52; Gray, Syn. FI. IT, 1, 11; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. IT, 381; Coult., Fl. Tex. 252. South America: Chile. North America: Ont. to Brit. Col. and Pac.; S. to Oregon, Calif., Mexico; E. to Atl. coast, Fla. and Tex. . LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 497 Minn. valley: N. E. district; open, sterjle places and dry banks. HERB.: Kassube 155, Minneapolis. LOBELIA Linn. Gen. 678 (1737). Dortmanna, Stooria, Ymnostema, Juchia NECK. Elem. I, 132 (1790). Rapuntium GAERTN. Fruct. I, 151 (1788). Trimeris, Tylomium, Dobrowskia, Mezleria, Gramato- theca PrEsL, Mon. Lob. Prodr. 7-46 (1836). Tupa G. Don, Syst. III, 700 (1834). Holostigma and Parastranthus G. Don, 1. ¢. 716 (1834). Rhyncopetalum FRESEN. Mus. Senk. III, 66 (1845). Diastatea SCHEIDW. Allg. Zeit 396 (1841). Monopsis SAuiss. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. (1812?). [solobus A. DC. Prodr. VII, 352 (1838-39). Sclerotheca A. DC. 1. c¢ 356 (1838-39). Dialypetalum BENTH. Gea. PI. LI, 553 (1876). Palmerella A.GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XI, 80 (1876). Haynaldia Kan. Mag. Nov. Lapok. I, 3 (1877). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 362; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 551, 553; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 238, 239; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 66, 68 (Schénland). Living species: 220; temperate and warmer regions, especially Middle and Eastern Europe and Asia; N. America, 25; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts.,17; E. Sts., 18; Caliifornia, 2-3; Pl. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 8. Lobelia inflata Linn. Spec. 931 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 307; Britt., Fl. N. J. 156; Upham, F]. Minn. 91; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 286; Chap., Fl. 5. St. 254; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Engl. Schonland, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 67; Gray, Syn. Fl. II, 1, 7. North America: Maritime provinces of Can. to Hud- son Bay and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J., N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; especially S.; rare; open places or meadows. Lobelia kalmii Linn. Spec. 929 (1758). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 307: Britt., Fl. N. J. 157; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 92; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 286, 559; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 1, 7. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Brit. Col., Hudson Bay, lat. 60° N. and Saskatchewan; S. to N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn. and Mo. Minn. valley: Forest district; S. to Blue Earth Co.; peat bogs and mossy places. HERB.: Ballard 618, Shakopee; Taylor 753, Glenwood; Bailey 479, Agate bay; Sandberg 366, Red Wing; Roberts 72, —32 498 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Grand Marais; Roberts 73, Agate bay; Kassube 152, Minneap- olis; Leiberg 45, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 108, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 367, Goodhue Co. Lobelia spicata Lam. Enc. Meth. III, 587 (1786). L. claytoniana Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 153 (18038). L. pallida Mun. Cat. (1813). L. goodenioides W1tLLp. Hort. Berol. 30 (1816). L. nivea RAF. Ann. Nat. 15 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 306; Britt., Fl. N J. 156; Webb., Fl. Neb. 141; Upham, FI. Minn. 92; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 286; Chap., F1.S. St. 250% Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. F1. IT, 4, 6. North America: Ont. to L. Huron reg.; S. to N. J. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Ark. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; moist or dry fields or sandy banks of lakes or streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1475, Pipestone; Sheldon 1115, Spring- field; Taylor 550, Janesville; Taylor 563, Minnesota lake; Tay- lor 860, Gleawood; She/don 769, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 766, Glen- wood; Sheldon 633, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Ballard 461, Prior's lake, Scott Co.; Oestlund 107, Hennepin Co.; Leiberg 44, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 783, Minneapolis; Leonard 29, Minneapolis; Holzinger 137, Winona Co.; Sandberg 364, Chisago Co.; Kas- sube 151, Minneapolis; Sandberg 365, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1924, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 89, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. ; Herb. Moyer 157, Montevideo. The last three are var. hirtella Gray. Lobelia syphilitica Linn. Spec. 945 (17538). L. glandulosa Linpu. Bot. Reg. XXXII, t. 63 (1847). LL. syphilitica var. ludoviciana A. DC. Prodr. VII, 377 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 306; Britt., Fl. N. J. 156; Webb., F]. Neb. 141; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 285; Chap., Fl. S. St. 254; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Coult., Fl. Colo. 224; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Engl. Schonland, Nat. Pflanz: IV, 5, 67; Gray, Syn. FI. II, 1, 4. North America: Ont. to Owen Sound, Minn. and Dak.; S. to N. J., Ga. and La.; W. to-Colo., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; low meadows and thick- ets; frequent. . HERB.: Sheldon 1400, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1322, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 1051, Glenwood; Kassube 150, Minneapolis; Huntington 10, Rock Co.; Holzinger 136, Winona Co.; Oestlund 106, Minneapolis; Sandberg 362, Goodhue Co.; Sandberg 363, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1662, Minneapolis. Lobelia cardinalis Linn. Spec. 9380 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 305; Britt., Fl. N. J. 156; Upham, F]. Minn. 91: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 285; Chap., Fl. S. St. 254; Coult., Fl. Colo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 499 224: Coy., Fl. Ark. 199; Engl. Schénland, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 67; Gray, Syn. Wl, I, 1, 3;:Coult:, Wl. Tex. 251. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Owen Sound, Wisc. and Minn.; S. to Colo., Ark., Miss., Fla. and Tex.; E. to Is. and N.J.; N. to Saskatchewan. Minn. valley: N. E. district; near Ft. Snelling; rare and local; deep woods or edges of bogs. HeERB.: Holzinger 135, Winona Co.; Sandberg 361, Goodhue Co. CVI. COMPOSITAE. Composite Family. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 355 (1836-40); Rich.-ex Endl. (1801)—Synanth- erewe; Lindl., Veg. King. 702 (1846)— Asteraceae ; Schultz-Bipontius, Flora 129 (1852)—Cassiniaceae; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. II, 163 (1873); Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 1 (1886); Hoffmann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 87 (1889). Genera: 500+; 400+ (Baillon); 766 (B. and H.); cos- mopolitan. 6, fossil from Miocene (Schimper), doubtful. Species: 10,000-12,000; arborescent forms tropical ; 30+, fossil, doubtful. VERNONIA Scores. Gen. Pl. II, 541 (1774). Baccharoides MOENCH, Meth. 578 (1794). ‘Leichostemma R. Br. Salt. Abyss. App. 65 (1828). Candidia TEN. Att. Ac. Nap. LV, 104 (1822). Hololepis DC. Act. Mus. Par. X VI, 189 (1818). Leiboldia SCHLECHT. ex Walp. Ann. I, 388 (1848'. Ascaricida, Gymnanthemum, Isonema, Distephanus Cass. Bull. Philom. (1817). Lepidoploa, Achyrocoma, Centrapalus, Oligamthes Cass. Dict. IT], VII, XX VI (1826). Acilepis Don, Nep. 169 (1803). Sufrago GAEKTN. Fruct. II, 402 (1791) part. Stengelia, Linzia, Cheliusia Scu.-Brp. Flora (1841). Lysistemma, Ambassa, Xipholepis, Crystallopollen, Pun- duana STEETZ. Pet. Moss. Bot. 345 (1864). Brachyleima R. Br. Salt. Abyss. Appx. 65 (1828). Cyanopis, Webbia, Monosis (part), Chronopappus, Cen- tauropsis, Stilpnopappus, Strophopappus DC. Prodr. V, 62 seq. (1836). Odontoloma, Dialesta, Pollalesta HBK. N. Gen. et Spec. LV, 438, 45, 46 (1820). Polydora FENZL. Flora 312 (1844). Vernonella Sonp. Linn. XXIII, 62 (1849). Strobocalyx, Critoniopsis, Tephrothamnus, Stenocephal- um, Piptolepis, Vanillosma, [odopappus, Proteopsis (MART.) Scu.-Bie. Pollichia (1861 and 1863). Cyanthillium Bu. Bij. 889 (1826). 500 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Claotrachelus ZoLu. Geneesk. Arch. (1847). Llerasia TRIANA, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, IX, 37 (1858). Turpinia LLAV. and Lex. Nov. Veg. I, 24 (1824). Adenocyclus Less. Linn. IV, 337 (1830). Xiphochaeta PorEpp. et ENDL. N. Gen. III, 44 (1845). Lachnorhiza A. Ricw. Cub. FI. II, 34 (1853). Carpophyllus ScHuortr. Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 409 (1828). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 118; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 227; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 139; Schenck, Palaeophyt. 794 (Compositae); Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 124 (Hoffmann). Living species: 500+; America, 250; Africa, 100; Mad- agascar, 50; Asia, 50; cosmopolitan, except Europe. Centers in Brazil, 10-12, U.S. Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 6; W. Tex., 6; more numerous in Mexico and on the border. Fossil species: A few seeds from the Miocene may be referred here with some hesitation. Vernonia fasciculata Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 94 (1808). V. corymbosa SCHWEIN. Keat. Narr. Miss. (1825). V. altissima DC. Prodr. V, 15 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 238; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 141; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 90; Coult., Fl. Tex. 175. North America: Minn., Dak., Colo. to Ohio, Ky., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; meadows, prair- ies and river banks, wet places. HERD.: Sheldon 1351, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1455, Pipestone Co.; Taylor 680, Minuesota lake; Sheldon 1015, Sleepy Eye; Sandberg 266, Goodhue Co.; Oestlund 83, Minneapolis; Herrick 136, Minneapolis; Herrick 137, Hennepin Co.; Herb. Moyer 106, Montevideo: Vernonia noveboracensis (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. III, 1632 (1803). Serratula noveboracensis LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). S. praealta LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). Chrysocoma tomentosa WALT. Fl. Car. 196 (1788). Vernonia tomentosa Eu. Sk. II, 288 (1824). V. praealta Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 304 (1833), Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 288; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 128; Mac., F]. Can. I, 206; Chap., Fl. S. St. 188; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 89; Webb., Appx. Neb. 44. North America: Ont. to Maine and N. J.; S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., E. Kan., Ark. and Tex. : Minn. valley: Reported from forest district; Ft. Snelling to Blue Earth Co.; rare; low grounds and near sloughs. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 501 EUPATORIUM Linn. Gen. 638 (1737). Osmia and Heterolaena Sca. Bie. Herb. Berol. Kerstenia Neck. Elem. I, 81 (1790). Chromolaena DC. Prodr. V, 133 (1836). Praxelis, Gyptis and Coleosanthus Cass. Dict. X, XX, XLITI (1826-1834). Ooclinium, Campuloclinium, Hebeclinium,Conoclinium, Critonia, DC. Prodr. V, 133, seq. (1836). Bulbostyles WAtLpP. Rep. VI, 707 (1847). e Wikstroemia SPRENG. Syst. IIT, 434 (1826). Batschia MoeNcH, Meth. 567 (1794). Ageratiopsis Scu. Bie. Herb. Berol. Disynaphia DC. Prodr. VII, 267 (1838). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 128; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 245; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 192; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 138, Living species: 600+; 400 (Hoffman); 560 (Durand); wanting in most of Africa and in Australia; otherwise cosmo- politan; centers in Central and tropical America; United States, 50+; S. Sts., 28; Canada, 3-4; E. Sts., 18; California, 2; Rocky mts., 4; W. Tex., 19; Europe, 2-3; Russia, 3-4. Eupatorium ageratoides Linn. f. Suppl. 355 (1781). Ageratum altissimum LINN. Spec. 839 (1753). Eupatorium altissimum LINN. Syst. Veg. 614 (1774). E. odoratum WALT. FI. Car. 200 (1788). E. fraseri Porr. Suppl. II, 600 (1811). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 206; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 196; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. 101; Coult., Fl. Tex. 179. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb., Kan., Ark., Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; woods and shaded banks; alluvial terraces and near lake shores. Hers.: Ballard 806, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon 906, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1277, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1209, New Ulm; Taylor 979, Glenwood; Oestlund 88, Minneapolis; Holzin- ger 109, Winona Co.; Sandberg 279, Vasa; Kassube 124, Minne- apolis; Herb. Wickersheim 61, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 111, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Eupatorium perfoliatum Linn. Spec. 838 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 206; Webb.,Fl. Neb. 150; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 196; Coult., Fl. Colo. 142; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 99. North America: N.S., N. Br. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., N. Car. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb., Dak, and La. to Ark. 502 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; low grounds and edges of thickets. HERB.: Taylor 983, Glenwood; Sheldon 293, Madison lake; Taylor 650, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1296, Lake Benton; Ballard 725, Benton, Carver Co.; Herrick 142, Minneapolis; Kassube 123,Ramsey Co.; Sandberg 278, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1666, Minneapolis. Eupatorium altissimum Linn. Spec. 1171 (1753). Kuhnia glutinosa DC. Prodr. V, 127 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 240; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, FI]. Minn. 70; Chap., F].S.St.195; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 99. North America: Penn. to Minn., Neb., Ark., Ky., Tex. YOar: Minn. valley: Forest district; principally S. central portion; dry soil and hillsides; infrequent. HERB.: Leiberg 31, Blue Earth Co.; Sandberg 277, Cannon Falls. Eupatorium serotinum Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 100 (1803). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 239; Chap., Fl. S. St. 196: Upham, F]. Minn. 70; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 97. North America: Md. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Kan., Ark., Tex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Reported from S. edge; infrequent; along banks of rivers and on terraces. Eupatorium purpureum Linn. Spec. 886 (1753). E. trifoliatum Linn. Spec. 836 (1753). E. maculatum Linn. Amoen. Ac. IV. 288 (1759). ? E. fusco-rubrum WAutT. FEI. Car. 199 (1788). E. verticillatum Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 760 (1800). E. faleatum Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 99 (1803). E. punctatum WiLup. Enum. II, 853 (1809). E. dubium Poir. Suppl. II, 606 (1811). E. laevigatum Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. (1819). E. ternifolium Evu. Sk. II, 306 (1824). E. purpureum var. maculatum DARL. FI. Cestr. 453 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 239; Britt., Fl. N. J. 128; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 206, 541; Coult., Fl. Colo. 142; Webb., Fl. Neb. 150; Upham, F]. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. S. St. 194; Roth., Wheel Exp. 139; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 95, 96; Coult., Fl. Tex. 177. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., to Brit. Col. and Rocky mts.; to lat. 57° N.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla. and Miss.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark., N. Mex., Utah and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; low grounds and margins of bogs. Hers.: Ballard 841, Page lake, Carver Co.; Sheldon LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 503 1294, Lake Benton; Taylor 818, Glenwood; Sheldon 1159, New Ulm; Sandberg 275, Cannon Falls; Herrick 140, Minnetonka; Cestlund 87, Minneapolis; Herrick 141, Minneapolis; Arthur 64, Vermilion lake; Kassube 122, Minneapolis; Sandberg 276, Good- hue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1817, Minneapolis. KUHNIA Linn. Gen. ed. VI, 237 (1764). Carphephorus Cass. Bull. Philom. 198 (1816). Anonymos WALT. F1. Car. (1788). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 134; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 248; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 192; Engl. and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142 (Hoff- mann). Living species: 3; N. U. S., 1; Arizona and Mexico, 1; Mexico, 1: W. Tex., 2. Kuhnia eapatorioides Linn. f. Dec. II, 21 (1781). Critonia kuhnia GAERT. Fruct. II, 411 (1791). Kuhnia critonia WILLD. Spec. ILI, 1773 (1803). K. elliptica and pubescens RAF. N. FI. (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 241; Britt., Fl. N. J. 130; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., FJ. Colo. 143; Chap., Fl]. S. St. 193; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 69: Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1, 2, 103; Coult., Fl. Tex. 180. North America: N. J. to Minn. and Mont.; S. to Colo., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; particularly in prairie district; dry or high prairies and fields. HERB.: Sheldon 924, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 923, banks of Cottonwood, near Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1340, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1371, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1179. New Ulm; Leiberg 30, Blue Earth Co.; Oestlund 86, Minneapolis; Sandberg 273, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 110, Montevideo. Kuhnia eupatorioides Linn. f. var. glutinosa (ELL.) HitcH. Pl. Ames, 498 (1891). K, glutinosa Evu. Sk. II, 292 (1824). K. suaveolens Fres. Ind. Sem. Frank. (1838). K. eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. and G. , Fl. II, 78 (1841). Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 241; Coult., Fl. Colo. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 103; Coult., Fl. Tex. 180. North America: Dak., Minn., Ill., to Neb., Alab. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. E. and probably W.; dry prairies and high bluffs. HERB.: Sandberg 274, Red Wing. 504 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. LACINIARIA Hitu. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Psilosanthus Neck. Elem. (1790). Liatris SCHREB. Gen. Pl. 572 (1791). Calostelma Don, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 184 (1838). Baillon, Hist Pl. VIII, 135, footnote; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 248; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 192; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 349; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 142 (Hoffmann). Living species: 15; N. Americaand Mexico. W. Tex., 6; E. Sts., 8; R. mts., 3; S. Sts., 15; Canada, 3. Laciniaria spicata (LInN.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Serratula spicata LINN. Spec. IT, 819 (1753). S. compta DRYAND. Bibl. Banks. Tiatris macrostachya Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 91 (1803). L. spicata WILLD. Spec III, 1635 (1803). L. resinosa Nutr. Gen. II, 131 (1818). L. sessiliflora BERTOL. Misc. V, 10 (1846). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 243; Britt., Fl. N. J. 131; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Chap., Fl. S. St. 192; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 111. North America: Ont. to N. Y., Mass. and N. J.;S. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist and low prairies or meadows; abundant. HERB.: Sheldon 1353, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1535, Lake Benton; Sheldon 765, Sleepy Eye; Sundberg #70, Cannon Falls; Leiberg 28, Blue Earth Co,; Sandberg 271, Red Wing; Kassube 121, Minneapolis. Laciniaria pyenostachya (Micux.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Liatris pycnostachya Micnx. Fl. N. Am. II, 91 (1803). L. brachystachya Nutr. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 507 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Webb., Fl. Neb 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2,110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Ind. to Minn. and Neb., 8S. to Ark., Tex. and Miss. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; rather low or moist prairies, but drier localities than L. spicata (Linn.). HeERB.: Sheldon 647, Waseca; Taylor 569, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1118, Springfield; Taylor 1032, Glenwood; Oest lund 85, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 108, Montevideo. Laciniaria scariosa (LINN.) HiLL. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Serratula scariosa LINN. Spec. 818 (1753). Liatris aspera and sphaeroidea Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 92 (1803). L. scariosa WILLD. Spec. III, 1635 (1803). L. borealis Nutr. Paxt. Mag. V, 27 (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Britt., Fl. N. J. 181: Webb., LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 505 Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 208; Chap., Fl. S. St. 192; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Roth.. Wheel. Exp. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 142; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Saskatchewan to Rocky mts.; N. Eng. to Minn., Neb., Tex., Fla. and Miss. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; dry or high places, prairie districts in particular. HERB.: Sheldon 1536, Lake Benton; Sheldon 978, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1191, Springfield; Sheldon 1270, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1364, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1278, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1344, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 1037, Glenwood; Tay- lor 1070, Alexandria; Sheldon 1586, Lake Benton; Herrick 138, Minneapolis; Leiberg 26, Blue Earth Co.; Leiberg 27, Blue Earth Co.—( proliferated form); Herrick 139, Minneapolis; Oest- lund 84, Minneapolis; Sandberg 268, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 120, Minneapolis; Sandberg 269, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 36, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 60, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1813, Ramsey Co.; Herb. Moyer 107, Montevideo. Laciniaria punctata (HooK.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Liatris punctata Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 306 (1833). L. cylindrica Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IT, 210 (1835). L. resinosa DC. Prodr. V, 129 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Webb., F]. Neb. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 110; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Man., and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts.; S. to Mont., Minn., Neb., Kan., N. Mex. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in prairie district at higher level; dry soil with ZL. scariosa (Linn. ). HERB.: Sheldon 13734, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1373, Lake Benton —(white-flowered form); Sheldon 1264, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1326, Lake Benton; Leiberg 29, Blue Harth Co.; Sandberg 272, Red Wing, Herb. Sheld. 1657, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 109, Chippewa river bottoms, near Montevideo. Laciniaria cylindracea (MicHx.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 349 (1891). Liatris cylindracea Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 93 (1803). L. graminifolia W1LLD. Spec. III, 1636 (1803). L. squarrosa Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 306 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 207; Upham, Fl. Minn. 69; Cov., Fl. Ark. 189; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109. North America: W. Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; not infrequent; dry, bar- ren, sandy or waste places. 506 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Taylor 1031, Glenwood; Herrick 137, Minne- apolis; Sandberg 267, Goodhue Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 35, Brainerd; MacM. and Sheld. 354, Brainerd [ forma solitaria (MacM.)]; Taylor 10313, Glenwood (forma solitaria). Laciniaria squarrosa (Linn.) HiLtu. Syst. Veg. IV, 49 (1762). Serratula squarrosa LINN. Spec. 88 (1753). Pteronia caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 292 (1788). Liatris squarrosa WILLD. Spec. III, 1065 (1802). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Webb., FJ. Neb. 149; Chap., FI. S. St. 191; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 68; Cov., Fl. Ark, 190; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex. 182. North America: Ont. to Penn. and Fla.; W. to Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Repawel as common in all districts; no Minn. specimens seen; dry prairies and meadows. Laciniaria squarrosa (LINN.) HILL, var. intermedia (LINDL.) Liatris intermedia LINDL. Bot. Reg. XX, t. 948 (1825). LL. squurrosa var. intermedia DC. Prodr. V. 129 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 242; Upham, Fl. Minn, 68; Coult., Fl. Colo. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 542; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 109; Coult., Fl. Tex, 182. North America: Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. districts; no Minn. specimens seen; dry prairies and hillsides. GRINDELIA Witup. Ges. Nat. Mag. Berl. 259 (1807). Donia R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V, 82 (1813). Demetria LAGAscA, Elench. Matr. 30 (1816). Aurelia and Astetilia Cass. Dict. XXX VII, 468 (1826-1834). Chrysephthalmum Pun, Linn. X XIX, 9 (1855). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 155 (sub Hysterionica); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 250; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 148 (Hoffmann). Living species: 25; N. America and extra-tropical S. America; S. America, from S. Brazil to Chile and Patagonia, 6-8; N. America, sede W. of the ee California, 10; Canada, 3; Rocky mts., 2; S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 2; Pl. Wheel., 4; W. Tex., 3; numerous in Mexican highlands. Grindelia squarrosa (PURSH) DuNAL, DC. Prodr. V, 315 (1836). Donia squarrosa PursH, FI. Am, 559 (1814). Aurelia umplexicaulis CAss. Dict. XXX VII, 468 (1829). Grindelia subdecurrens DC. Prodr. V, 315 (1836). G. arguta GRAY, Pl. Wright. II, 81 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 244; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANCS. 507 Fl. Can. I, 208; Coult., Fl. Colo. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Wats., King Exp. 163; Roth. Wheel. Exp. 141; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 118; Coult., Fl. Tex. 184. North America: 64° N. lat. in Brit. Col. to Red and Saskatchewan valleys; S. to Colo. and Tex. and Mex.; W. to Sierra Nevada mts.; E. to C. Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. W. and W. districts; prairies, road- sides and fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1433, Pipestone Co.; Leiberg 35, Rock Co. DIPLOGON Rar. Am. Mo. Mag. (Jan. 1818). Chrysopsis Nutr. Gen. IT, 150 (1818). Ammodia, Macronema (part), Pityopsis Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. ser, 2, VII, 321, 592, 317 (1841). Hectorea DC. Prodr. V, 95 (1836). Heyfeldera Scu.-Brpe. Flora 35 (1853). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 155 (sub Hysterionica); Benth and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 252: Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V,5, 149 (Hoffmann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 333. Living species: 20+; North America; 12 (Gray); 13 (Hoffmann); H. Sts., 6; S. Sts., 7-9; California, 4; Canada, 1; NY. Dex:, 3. Diplogon villosum (PuRSH) OK. Rey. Gen. I, 334 (1891). Amellus villosus PuRSH, Fl. Am. 564 (1814). Diplopappus villosus and hispidus Hoox. F). Bor.-Am. II, 22 (1840). Chrysopsis villosa Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. VII, 317 (1841). C. canescens T. and G. FI. II, 256 (1841). C. echioides BENTH. Bot. Sulph. 25 (1844). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 245; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. S. St. 217; Coult., Fl. Colo. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 209; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 141; Wats., King Exp. 164, 422; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 149; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 122; Coult., Fl. Tex. 185. North America: Peace and Saskatchewan regions to Ills. and Alabama; W. to Brit. Col., Calif., Nev. and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry fields, prairies and forest openings. HERB.: MacMillan 7, Glenwood; Sheldon 1369, Lake Benton; Ballard 640, Chaska; Ballard 377, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 181, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 744, Glenwood; Herrick 153, Minneapolis; Sandberg 308, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 134, Minneapolis; Oestlund 93, Minneapolis; MacM. and Sheld. 46, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 78, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 130, Appleton. 508 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY SOLIDAGO Linn. Gen. 651 (1737). Euthamia Nort. Gen. II, 162 (1818). ’ Chrysoma Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 67 (1834). Amphiraphis DC. Prodr. V, 343 (1836) part. Virga-aurea Tourn. Inst. 483 (1700). Doria ADANS. Fam. II, 124 (1763). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 153; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 256; Du. rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 194; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 311 (sub Aster); Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 4, V, 150 (Hoffmann). Living species: 80+; all North America but 3 or 4; Russia, 1-2; Hurope, 1-2; S. America, 2; Azores, 1; S. Sts., 45; E. Sts., 42; Canada, 33; Rocky mts., 14; California, 7; Pl. King, 12; Pl. Wheel., 14; W. Tex., 24. Solidago occidentalis Nutr. T. and G. Fl. II, 226 (1841). Euthamia occidentalis Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 326 (1841). Solidago lanceolata CHAM. and SCHLECHT. Linn. VI, 502 (1831) - not Linn. Aplopappus baccharioides BENTH. Bot. Sulph. 24 (1844). Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Coult., Fl. Colo. 155: Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 318; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 364; Wats., King Exp. 156; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 160. North America: S. Brit. Col. to Mont. and N. Mex.; W. to Pac. coast and S. Colo.; E. to W. Minn. Minn. valley: Local in Nicollet Co.; perhaps also on Coteau des Prairies; S. W.; hills and high plains. Solidago graminifolia (Linn.) Ext. Sk. II, 391 (1824). Chrysocoma graminifolia LINN. Spec. 841 (1753). Solidago lanceolata LINN. Mant. 114 (1767). Euthamia graminifolia Nutr. Gen. II, 162 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 252; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217; Upham, FI]. Minn. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Coult., Fl. Colo. 156; Wats., King Exp. 156; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 160. North America: Gulf of St. Lawrence to Rockies; N. to lat. 64°; S. to Mont., Colo., Neb., Ark.; E. to Atl. coast and Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; prairies, moist fields or hillsides. HeERB.: Taylor 960, Glenwood; Sheldon 1533, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1359, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1461, Pipestone; Ballard 788, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 562, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 960, Glenwood; Sheldon 993, Sleepy Hye; Herrick 152, Minneapolis; Oestlund 92, Minneapolis; Kassube 133, Ramsey Co.; Bailey 255, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 307, Goodhue Co.; Roberts 62, Cascade river; Roberts 63, Two Harbors. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 509 Solidago riddellii Frank. Ridd. Syn. 57 (1835). S. amplexicaulis MART. bull, Acad. Brux. VIII, 68 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 252; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 160. North America: Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Virginia. — Minn. valley: Reported from forest district, N. E. and S. central portions; peat bogs and marshy places. Solidago rigida Linn. Spec. 880 (1753). S. grandiflora RAF. Med. Repos. V, 359 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed 252; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Webb., F]. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 155; Chap., Fl. S. St. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 217, 544; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Upham, Fl. Minn. 7€; Gray, Syn. FI. 1, 2, 159; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Ont. to N. J. and mts. of Ga.; W. to Saskatchewan and N. W. T., Colo., Minn., Neb., Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; prairies and copses or waste hillsides, roadsides and embankments. HERB.: Sheldon 505,Waseca; Sheldon 1451, Pipestone; Taylor 167, Janesville; Taylor 689, Minnesota lake; Taylor 824, Glenwood; Sheldon 1286, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1126, Spring- field; Sheldon 471, Madison Lake; Holzinger 116, Winona Co.; Kassube 131, Minneapolis; Sandberg 303, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1656, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 74, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 124, Montevideo. Solidago radula Nutr. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 327 (1835). S. rotundifolia DC. Prodr. V. 332 (1836). S. scaberrima T.andG. FI. IT, 220 (1841). S. decemflora GRAY, Pl. Lindh. IT, 223 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Upham, FJ. Minn. 76; Wats., King Exp. 155; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 158; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: W. Ill., Minn., Kan., Neb. to N. Mex., Ark., Tex. and W. La, Minn. valley: Reported from S. central and W. dis: tricts and from N. edge; rare; dry hills and high plains. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. III, 218 (1789). . hispida Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 2063 (1803). . conferta Pork. Enc. Meth. VIII, 459 (1808). . cinerascens SCHWEIN. HiIl. Sk. II, 375 (1824). . decemflora DC. Prodr. V, 322 (1836). . puberula DC. Prodr. V, 333 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., F). Neb. 149; Chap., F1.S. St. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 216; Coult., Fl. Colo. 155; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Roth., Wheel, Exp. 149; Wats., King ©xp. 155; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 158; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. MARRAN 510 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Anticosti to Rockies; S. to Fla., Nev., Tex., Mex., Arizona, Utah, Minn. valley: Throughout; more abundant W. than E.; woodland and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 945, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1257, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1473, Pipestone; Sheldon 1354, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1198, New Ulm; Herb. Wickersheim 75, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Sandberg 1214, Red Wing; Roberts 364, Minnesota Point; Oestlund 493, Hennepin Co.; Kassube 1265, Minneapolis; Holzinger 423, Winona Co.; Holzinger 434, Wi- nona Co. Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. mollis (BARTL. ). S. mollis BARTL. Ind. Sem. Hort. GOtt. (1836). S. incana T. and G. Fl. II, 221 (1841) eael. syn. S. nemoralis var. incana GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 197 (1882). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Coult., Fl. Colo., 155; Mac., F). Can. I, 217; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 158; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: N. W. T., 49° N. lat. to Colo.; E. to Dak., Minn., Mont., Neb. and in Mexico. Minn. valley: Far W. district; rare; high or dry prairies. HERB.: Sheldon 1500, Lake Benton. Solidago canadensis Linn. Spec. 878 (1753). S. refleca AlT. Hort. Kew. III, 210 (1789). S. nutans DESF. Cat. 3 ed. 402 (1829). S. longifolia ScHRAD. DC. Prodr. V, 330 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1385; Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., FI. S. St. 214; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 216; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 157; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. Introduced in Russia. North America: Ft. Franklin on Mackenzie to Ari- zona; EK. toN. S., N. J., N. Car. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; borders of woods and along railway embankments Hers.: Ballard 779, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 728, Benton, Carver Co,; Ballard 875, Waconia; Sheldon 1478, Pipestone Co.; Sheldon 1581, Lake Benton; Bailey 533, Mud lake; Roberts 61, Poplar river; Holzinger 117, Winona Co.; Bat- ley 168, Vermilion lake; Herrick 151, Minneapolis; Holzinger 118, Winona Co.; Sundberg 305, Goodhue Co.; Kassube 132, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1727, Minneapolis; 1643, St. Paul; Herb. Wickersheim 77, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 125, Chippewa river, near Montevideo; 126, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. i Solidago serotina Air. Hort. Kew. III, 211 (1789). S. gigantea WILLD. Spec. III, 2056 (1803). S. glabra DEsF. Cat. 3 ed. 402 (1829). S. fragrans DesF. Hort. Par. (1829). S. pitcheri Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 101 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 77; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Mac., Fi. Can. I, 215; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pilanz. TV, 5, 150; Gray, Syn. Fl: 1, 2; 156; Coult., Flt Tex: 190. North America: N.S., N. Br., Ont. to Saskatchewan, N. W. T. and 49° N. lat. on Red river; S. from Oregon to Tex.; E. to Atl. coast and Alabama. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of woods and open places or sunny banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 471, Madison Lake; Taylor 7018, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1268, Lake Benton; Holzinger 119, Winona Co.; Sandberg 306, Red Wing; Sheldon 1527, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 127, 128, 129, Montevideo. Solidago serotina Arr. var. gigantea (AIT.) GRAy, Proc. Am. Acad. XVII, 179, 196 (1882). S. gigantea A1vT. Hort. Kew. III, 211 (1789). S. serotina WILLD. Spec. III, 2056 (18038). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.6 ed. 251; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 216; Britt., Fl. N. J. 135; Chap., Fl. S. St. 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Wats., King Exp. 156; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 156; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Newf., N. S., N. Br. to Pac.; N. to 59° on Peace river; S. to Tex. and Fla.; W. to Nev. on plains. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially W. and N. W.; copses, thickets and embankments on river banks. HERB.: Taylor 986, Glenwood. Solidago missouriensis Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 32 (1834). S. serotina Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 97 (1835). S. glaberrima MART. Bull. Acad. Brux. VIII, 68 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 251; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 215: Coult., Fl. Colo. 154; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 155; Coult., Fl. Tex. 190. North America: Assiniboia to Colo., Neb., Ark., Tex., Wisc., Ind. and Tenn. Minn. valley: Prairie district, especially W.; re- ported from N. E. districts; doubtful; high plains and head- lands. ; HERB.: Sheldon 1441, Pipestone; Sheldon 947, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 1178, New Ulm; Sheldon 1280, Lake Benton; 512 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Taylor 768, Glenwood; Sheldon 1125, Springfield; Huntington . 5, Luverne; Herb. Wickersheim 76, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Solidago juncea Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 213 (1789). S. ciliaris MunL. Willd. Spec. III, 2056 (1803). S. arguta T. and G. Fl. II, 214 (1841). S. arguta var. juncea GRAY, Man. ed. V, 243 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 250; Britt., Fl. N. J. 184; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 215; Upham, FI. Minn. 76; Gray. Syn. FI. I, 2, 155. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Rockies, 44°, 54° and 64° N. lat. and Hudson Bay reg.; 8S. to N. J., Penn. and S. Car.; W. to Tenn. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E. districts; rare further S. in forest district; banks of streams and edges of woods. HeERB.: Bailey 31, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 304, Good- hue Co. Solidago neglecta T. and G. FI. II, 213 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 250; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 154. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont., N. J. to Md.; W. to Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. districts; doubt- ful; swamps. Solidago rugosa MILL. ‘Dict. ed. 8 (1768). S. aspera Att. Hort. Kew. III, 212 (1789). S. altissima AtrT. Hort. Kew. III, 212 (1789). S. rigidula Bosc. Hort. Par. (1808). S. asperata HERB. Banks (Solander), S. hirta WILLD. Enum. 891 (1809). S. villosa PursH, FI. Am. II, 587 (1814). S. humilis DesF. Cat. ed. 3, 402 (1829). S. asperula DESF. Cat. ed. 3, 403 (1829). S. altissima T. andG. FI. IT, 216 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., Fl. N. J. 185; Chap., Fl. S. St. 212?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 76; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 153; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189.. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Thunder bay; S. to Fla., Mo. and Ark.; W. to Minn. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. central district; rare; fields and borders of thickets. Solidago patula Munu. Willd. Spec. ITI, 2059 (1803). S. asperata Purso, Fl, Am. II, 538 (1814). S. angulata SPRENG. in herb. Willd. S. frankii Hocust,. and STeuD. in Dist. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 249: Mac., Fl. Can. I, 214; Gray, Syn. Fl. 1,2, 152; Chap., Fl. S. St. 211; Upham, Fl. Minn.76; Britt., Fl. N. J. 134; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PROVUCING PLANTS. 513 North America: Ont. toMinn.; S. to Ga., Mo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. district; doubtful; swamps and wet meadows. Solidago speciosa Nutr. Gen. II, 160 (1818). S. sempervirens Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 119 (1803) in part. S. petiolaris MUHL. Cat. 79 (1813). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 210; Mac., Fl. Can. IT, 214; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district and W. to Chippewa valley; rare; edges of woods and thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 302, Red Wing; Taylor 946, Glen- wood. Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula T. and G. Fl. II, 205 (1841). ; : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 249; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., FI. Colo. 153; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: Minn., Neb., Colo. to Arizona and Texas. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. districts; doubt- ful; copses and edges of woods. Solidago speciosa Nurv. var. erecta (PURSH). S. erecta PuRSH, FI. Aim. 542 (1814). S. speciosa var. angustata T.and G. FI. II, 205 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 249; Britt., Fl. N. J. 133; Webb., _FI. Neb. 149; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 210; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 152; Coult., Fl. Tex. 189. North America: N. Eng,, N. J. to Fla. and Miss.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. edge; doubtful; copses and edges of woods. ; Solidago latifolia Linn. Spec. 879 (1753). S. flexicaulis LINN. Spec. 879 (1753). S. flexicaulis var. latifolia WILLD. Spec. III, 2064 (1803). S. macrophylla BieEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 305 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 247; Britt., Fl. N. J. 132; Upham. Fl. Minn. 75; Chap., Fl. S. St 208; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 211; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 145. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Mo., Tenn.,Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; edges of woods and along shaded banks of streams and lakes. —33 514 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HeERB.: Sheldon 23, Elysian; Sheldon 656, Waseca; — Sheldon 1276, Lake Benton; Taylor 1043, Glenwood; Sandberg 300, Vasa; Kassube 130, Minneapolis; Herrick 149, Minneapolis; Taylor 1164, Glenwood; Herb. Wickersheim 72, Lake Park, Becker Co., 73, Lake Benton; Herb. Moyer 123, Montevideo. Solidago caesia LINN. Spec. 879 (1753). S. flexicaulis LINN. Herb. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 247; Britt., Fl.N. J. 132; Upham, Fl. Minn. 75; Chap., Fl. S. St. 209; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 211; Cov., Fl. Ark. 190; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2. 145; Coult., Fl. Tex. 188. North America: Ont. to Fla.; W. to Minn., Ill., Ky., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: N. E. district; infrequent; moist woods and banks. HERB.: Sandberg 301, Red Wing; Herrick 150, Minne- apolis. HAPLOPAPPUS Cass. Dict. 56, 168 (1834). Prionopsis Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 329 (1843). Pyrrocoma Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 306 (1833). Homopappus Nutt. 1. c. 330 (1848). Hoorebekia CoRNELIssS. ex DC. Prodr. V, 346 (1836). Stenotus Nutr. 1. c. 384 (1843). Isopappus T.andG. Fl. Am. II, 239 (1841). Chroilema BERNH. Hort. Erf. (1840). Macronema Nutt. 1. ¢c. 331 /1843). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 156 (sub Hysterionica Willd.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl II, 253; Durand. Ind. Gen. Phan. 193; Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 150 (Hoffmann). Living species: 100+; 60 (B. and H.); Western N. and S. America, Canada to Patagonia. Especially abundant in Chile. N. America and Mexico, 50+, E. Sts., 3; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 18; California, 22; Pl. King, 14; Pl. Wheel., 1a; W. Yex., 9 Haplopappus spinulosus (PURSH) DC. Prodr. V, 347 (1836). ° Amellus(?) spinulosus PursH, Fl. Am. 564 (1814). Starkea pinnata Nurr. Gen. II, 169 (1818), Diplopappus pinnatifidus Hoox. Fl. Bor.-Am. IT, 22 (1840). Dieteria spinulosa Nutr. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VII, 301 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 245; Webb., Fl. Neb. 149; Coult., Fl. Colo., 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 209; Upham, F]. Minn. 77; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 143; Wats., King Exp. 422; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 151; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 130; Gray, Suppl. Syn. I, 2, 446; Coult., Fl. Tex. 186. North America: Rockies in Can. to 54° N. lat.; S. to Colo., Neb., Arizona, Tex. and Mex.; E. to Saskatchewan, Dak. and Minn. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 515 Minn. valley: S. W. district; infrequent; plains and high knolls. BOLTONIA L’Her. Sert. Angl. 27 (1788). Asteromoea BLUME, Bij. 901 (1826). Hisutsua DC. Prodr. VI, 44 (1837). Dichaetophora A. GrAy, Pl. Fendl. 73 (1849). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 34 (sub Aster); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl IT, 269; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 196; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 161 (Hoffmann). Living species: 7 in N. America and Malay Archi- pelago to Japan and China; U. S., 4; E. Asia, 8; Canada, 3; E. Siss s. Sts. vo; or rex., 1;°>W? Tex,, 1. Boltonia asteroides (LinN.) L’HER. Stirp. (1788). Matricaria asteroides LINN. Mant. 116 (1767). M. glastifolia H1~tu. Hort. Kew. 19 (1768). Boltonia glastifolia L’HER. Stirp. (1788). . Chrysanthemum carolinianum WALT. Fl. Car. 204 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 254; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 208; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 332; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 166. North America: Man. and Minn. to Neb. and Mo.; E. to Penn., N. Car. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially W. and 8S. W. districts; rich soil and edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 1421, Lake Benton; Taylor 1186, Glen- wood; Juni 8, Alexandria; Oestlund 91, Minneapolis; Sandberg 299, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 71, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 122, Montevideo. ASTER Linn. Gen. 652 (1737). Sericocarpus NEES, Gen. Ast. 148 (1818). Biotia, Heliastrum, Heterochaeta, Arctogeron, Turezan- inowia, Noticastrum, Galatella DC. Prodr. V (1836). Diplopappus, Galatea, Linosyris, Crinitaria Cass. Dict. XIII, seq. (1834). Xylorhiza and Eucephalus Nurt. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VIII, 298 (1841). Symphyotrichum, Machaeranthera, Doellingera, Tripol- ium, Callimeris NEEs, Ast. (1832). Dieteria Nutr. 1. c. 300 (1841). Rhinactina Less. Linn. VJ, 149 (1832). Homostylium Nees, Linn. X VIII, 513 (1844). Bellidiastrum MICHELI, Noy. Gen. 29 (1729). Margarita GAUD. Helv. V, 335 (1829). Hersilea KuLorzscnu, Waldem. Reis. Bot. 75 (18437). ? Psychrogeton Boiss. Fl. Or. III, 156 (1843). Amellus ADANS. Fam. Pl. II, 124 (1763). 516 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pinardia Neck. Elem, I, 5 (1790). Crinita MoENcH, Meth. (1794). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 135; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 270, 271; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 196; O. Kuntze (includes Solidago), Rev. Gen. I, 309; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 161 (Hoffmann). Living species: 350 described, 250 reduced. N. andS. America, Europe, Asia, S. Africa, and closely related forms perhaps to be referred to the genus in Australia. Russia, 20; Europe, 10; North America 150, (124, Gray Syn.); Canada, 60-— 70; Rocky mts., 50; E. Sts., 60; S. Sts., 50; California, 20; Pl. Wheel., 20; Pl. King, 20; W. Tex., 25. Aster ptarmicoides (NEES) T. and G. F'l. IT, 160 (1841). Doellingeria ptarmicoides NEES, Syn. Ast. 183 (1818). Chrysopsis alba Nutr. Gen. II, 152 (1818). Heliastrum album DC. Prodr. V, 264 (1836). Diplopappus albus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 21 (1840). Aster albus EAT. and WRIGHT. Man. 146 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 264; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 228; Coult., Fl. Colo. 165; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 198. aa North America: Ont. and N. Eng. to Saskatchewan, Assiniboia and N. W. T. to 49° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Colo. and Arkansas. Minn. valley: Throughout at higher levels; fields, prairies, high bluffs and rocky headlands. HERB.: Sheldon 1254, Lake Benton; Taylor 1007, Glen- wood; Juni 7, Knife river; Juni 8, Little Marais; Kassube 126, Minneapolis; Bailey 517, Agate bay; Roberts 59, Little Marais; Leiberg 32, Blue Earth Co.; Holzinger 112, Winona Co.; Sand- berg 292, Goodhue Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 19, Brainerd; Herb. Wickersheim 69, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 116, Min- nesota bluffs, near Montevideo. Aster umbellatus Miuu. Dict. ed. 8, 2 (1768). A. amygdalinus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 305 (1788). Chrysopsis amygdalina Nutr. Gen, II, 153 (1818). Diplopappus wmbellatus T. and G. FI. IT, 183 (1841). D. amygdalinus T. and G. Fi. I1, 153 (1841) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 263; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St. 207; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 229; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 196; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to N. J., Tenn. and Ga.; W. to Saskatchewan, Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout, principally W. districts; moist woods and shaded banks of streams and lakes. Hers.: Taylor 991, Glenwood; Taylor 1015, Glenwood; Taylor 1045, Glenwood; Sheldon 1157, New Ulm;—all in var. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 517 pubens Gray: Leiberg 33, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 473, Agate Bay;—Type; Bailey 190, Vermilion lake; Arthur 66, Vermilion lake—also var. pubens Gray. Aster puniceus Linn. Spec. 875 (1753). A. hispidus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). A. amoenus LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 263; Britt., Fl. N. J. 139; Chap., Fl. S. St. 204; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226; Coult., Fl. Colo. 164; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 195; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: Atl. to Pac. in Can.; S. in HE. U. S. to N. Car. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Mont. to Colo. Minn. valley: Especially in W. districts, but probably throughout; low places and edges of swampy woods. HERB.: Taylor 1092, Glenwood; Sheldon 1514, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1554, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Wickersheim 65, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Wickersheim 137, Ash lake, Lin coln Co. Aster puniceus Linn. var. lucidus (WEND.). A, lucidus WEND. Ind. Sem. Marb. (1882). A. puniceus var. vimineus T. and G. FI. II, 140 (1841). A. puniceus var. lucidulus GRAY, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 195 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 263; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Mac., wie Can. IT, 333: North America: E. Q. to N. Eng.; W. to Ills., Wisc. and Minn. Minn. valley: W. and S. W. districts; rare; wet or low places. HERB.: Sheldon 1335, Lake Benton. Aster novabelgii Linn. Spec. 877 (1753). A. serotinus MILL. Dict. (1768). A. floribundus WILLD. Spec. III, 2048 (1803). A. lacus T.andG. FI. II, 134 (1841). A. longifolius GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 233 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 262; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 225, 545; Chap., FI. S. St. 203; Upham, FI. Minn. 72; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 163; Gray, Syn. F1.1, 2, 189. North America: N.S.?, N. Br.? and Bow river reg. to Ga. and S. Car.; N. J. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. central districts and W. to Dakota line; rare; low places along streams and in meadows. Aster longifvlius Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 806 (1783) chiemy. A, paniculatus LAM. in Herb. Par. A. aestivus AIT. Hort. Kew. III, 203 (1789). A. salicifolius WILLD. Herb. A. floribundus WituLp. Herb. Par. (18 14). 518 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ? A. hiemalis NEES, Ast. 77 (1832). A. viryineus NEES, Ast. 88 (1832). ? A, squarrulosus NEES, Ast. 86 (1832). A, laxifolius Hoox. F1. I, (1833). A. longifolius var. villicaulis GRAY, Syn. Fl. 1, 2, 189 (1886). . Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 262; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 188; Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161, portly; Mac., Fl. Can. L, 226. North America: Labrador, N. N. Eng, to Ont., Man. and Great Slave lake; &. to Mont., Minn. and Colo. Minn. valley: N. districts, E. and W.; woods and edges of thickets. HerRB.: Zaylor 1115, Glenwood; Ballard 823, Page lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 795, Goose lake, Carver Co.; Ballard 716, Benton. Carver Co.; Ballard 840, Patterson lake, Carver Co.; Bailey 266, St. Louis river; Sandberg 608, Red Wing; — Oestlund 352, Minneapolis. Aster junceus Att. Hort. Kew. III, 204 (1789). . salicifolius Rico. App. Frankl. Journ. 478 (1823). . bellidiflorus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. IT, 2 (1840). . laxifolius Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. II, 10 (1840). . laxifolius var. borealis T. and G. FI. II, 138 (1841). . laxifolius var. laetiflorus T.andG. Fl. II, 138 (1841). . borealis PROVANCH. FI. Can. I, 308 (1862). . destivus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 233 (1867) mainly. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 262; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1389; Coult., FI. Colo. 161; Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 545; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 188. North America: Saskatchewan to N.S. and Brit. Col. to lat. 64° N. and at Hudson Bay; S. to N. Y. and N. J.; W. to Minn., Ohio and Mich. Minn. valley: Reported as occurring throughout; rare; shaded places and along streams. Aster salicifolius Lam.? Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). ? A. eminens WILLD. Enum. 886 (1809). A. praealtus Porn. Suppl. I, 493 (1810). A, rigidulus DESF. Cat. 122 (1815). A, obliquus NEES, Syn. Ast. 76 (1818). ? A. carneus NeES, Syn. Ast. 96 (1818). A. stenophyllus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 242 (1836). A, lazifolius Hoox. Fl. Bor.-Am, II, 10 (1840) pro parte. A. greenei T. and G. FI. II, 134 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 261; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Coult., F]. Colo. 161; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham., Fl. Minn. 72; Mac., Fl. Can. ae Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 188; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 554?; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196? poe ff fp North America: N.S., Ont., Man. and Saskatchewan to N. Eng., N. J. and W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Neb. and Tex. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 519 Minn valley: Reported in .W. districts, both N. and S.; rare; moist or low fields and meadows. Aster paniculatus Lam. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). . salicifolius SCHOLL. FI. Barb. Suppl. 328 (1785). . salignus WILLD. Spec. III, 240 (1800). . dracunculordes WILLD. Spec. III, 2050 (1803). . simplex WILLD. Enum. 887 (1809). . laxus WILLD. Enum. 886 (1809). . strictus Porn. Suppl. 498 (1810). . carneus NEES, Syn. Ast. 27 (1818). . lamarckianus NEES, Syn, Ast. 100 (1818). . recurvatus WILLD. in Herb. . parviflorus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 11 (1841). . tenuifolius T. and G. FI. II, 131 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 261; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1388; Chap., F). S. St. 203; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 150; Wats., King Exp. 140; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. 187; Webb., Appx. Neb. 43. North America: N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Mont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and La.; W. to Minu., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; principally in W. dis- tricts; shaded banks or edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 1425, Lake Benton; Roberts 58, Stew- art river; Sandberg 290, Red Wing; Batley 217, Vermilion lake; Taylor 1091, Glenwood; Sheldon 925, Sleepy Eye; Herb. Moyer 265, Montevideo. Aster lateriflorus (Linn.) Brirr. Trans. N. Y. Acad. IX, (1889). Solidago lateriflora LINN. Spec. 879 (1753). Aster diffusus Air. Hort. Kew. III, 205 (1789). A. tradescanti Micux. FI. II, 115 (1803). A. miser Nutr. Gen. II, 158 (1818). A. parviflorus DARL. FI. Cestr. 446 (1840). A. divergens Hook, FI. Bor.-Am. II, 11 (1840). A. pendulus Hoox. FJ. Bor.-Am. II, 12 (1840). A. glomerellus T. and G. FI. II, 129 (1841). ° Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 261; Upham, F]. Minn. 72; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203?; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224; Gray, Syn. FI. {, 2, 186; Coult., Fl. Tex. 196. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported as occurring throughout; fields, edges of woods and along streams. HERB.: Sandberg 289, Red Wing; Roberts 57, Beaver eS bay. Aster vimineus LAm. Enc. Meth. I, 306 (1783). A. tradescanti LINN. Herb. Cliff?. or bo Oo METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. A. secundiflorus DesF. Hort. Par. (1815). A, multiflorus Nutr. Gen. II, 155 (1818). A, fragilis NEES, Ast. 101 (1818). A. tenuifolius Euu. Sk. II, 347 (1824). A. diffusus DC. Prodr. V, 242 (1836) in part. Wats. and Coult. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 260; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203?; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 226?, 546; Cov. Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 186. North America: Ont. to N. Eng. and Va.; W. to Minn., Mo., Ark. and Fla. Minn valley: Reported from N. edge and said to ex- tend W. and S.; doubtful; moist banks and edges of woods or marshes. Aster dumosus Linn. Spec. 878 (1753). A. sparsiflorus Micux. FI. II, 112 (1803). A. fragilis LInDL. DC. Prodr. V, 246 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 260; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1388; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 224, 546; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. F]. I, 2, 185; Coult., Fl. Tex. -196. North America: N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn.; S. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and S. central dis- tricts; rare; woods and thickets; banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 288, Red Wing. Aster multiflorus Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 203 (1789). A. ciliatus Munu. Willd. Spec. I1I, 2024 (1803). A. ericoides var. multijflorus PERS. Syn. II, 448 (1807). A. scoparius DC. Prodr. V. 242 (1836). A. hebecladus DC. Prodr. V, 242 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 260; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 223, 544; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Britt., Fl. N. J. 1388; Coult., Fl. Colo. 161; Chap., FI. S. St. 202; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 150; Wats., King. Exp. 191; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 185; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col.? to Mont., Arizona and Mexico; E. to Minn., Neb.. Ont., N. Y., N. Ji, Va, Ga. and Tex. Minn valley: Throughout; dry places, banks of streams, shores of lakes; gravelly or sandy soil. HeRB.: Sheldon 1106, Springfield; Taylor 1068, Glen- wood; Sheldon 1331, Lake Benton; Sandberg 287, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1815, Minneapolis; Herb, Wickersheim 64, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 114, Montevideo. Aster ericoides LINN. var. villosus (MicHx.) T.and G. FL. II, 123 (1841). A, villosus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 113 (1803). A, pilosus WILLD. Spec. LLL, 2055 (1803). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 521 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 260; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 223; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544; Gray, Syn. FI. 2, 184. cc North America: Ont. to Minn. and Iowa; E. to N. Y., Ohio, Fla. and Miss. ? Minn. valley: S. central district and EK. edge; rare; dry places and sunny banks of streams. HERB.: ?Holzinger 710 Winona Co. Aster polyphyllus WiLup. Enum. 888 (1809). A. tenuifolius NEES, Syn. Ast. 119 (1818) in part. Wats. and Coult. Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 216; Chap., Fl. S. St. 203; Upham, Fl. Minn. 72; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 184. 4 North America: N. Vt. to Wisc. and Minn.; S. to N. ar. Minn. valley: Reported from N. W. and S. central districts; low places and along streams. Aster laevis Linn. Spec. 876 (1753). . rubricaulis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 305 (1783). . amplexicaulis MuuHL. Willd. Spec. III, 2046 (1803). . cyaneus HOFFM. Phyt. Blatt. 71 (1803. . pennsylvanicus Porn. Suppl. I, 498 (1810). . glaucescens and impolitus NEES, Syn. 23 (1818). . concinnus Hook. FI. If, 13 (1840). . strictus var. angustifolius Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 13 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 259; Britt, Fl. N. J. 137; Webb., F)]. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 221; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Coult., Fl. Colo. 160; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 183. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Rocky mts. to lat. 58° N.on Peace river; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Minn., Kan., Neb: and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; at higher levels; dry woods and thickets. HERB: Taylor 1124, Glenwood; Sandberg 282, Red Wing; Sandberg 283 Red Wing; Herrick 143, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 68, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 113, Monte- video; Winchell 21, Lake Minnetonka. Aster drummondii Linpit. DC. Prodr. V, 246 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham, mieminn, 71; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 182; Coult., FI: Tex. 195. North America: Ill. to Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from 8. E. district; no Minn. _ specimens seen. Aster sagittaefolius WiLLp. Spec. ITI, 2035 (1803). A, paniculatus Muni. Cat. (1813). A. hirtellus and wrophyllus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 233 (1836). meee Pp 522 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 259: Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Britt., Fl. N. J. 138; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 222; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Coult., Fl. Colo. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 182. North America: N. Br., Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Penn. to Ky. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. edge, N. HE. and N. W. districts; higher levels; dry places and edges of woods. HERB.: Sandberg 286, Red Wing; Bailey 458, Mud lake; Bailey 269, Vermilion lake; Bailey 270, Vermilion lake; Herrick 144, Minneapolis; Holtz 17, Minneapolis. Aster cordifolius Linn. Spec. 875 (1753). A. paniculatus and heterophyllus WiLLp. Spec. III, 2035 (1803). A. paniculatus, heterophyllus and cordifolius NEES, Ast. (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 259; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Britt., Fl. N. J. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 202; Upham, FI. Minn. 71; Cov., Fl. Ark. 191; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 182. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay; S. to Va., Ky., Neb., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout the forest district; woods and thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 285 Red Wing. Aster undulatus Linn. Spec. 875 (1753). A. paniculatus Nutr. Gen. II, 56 (1818). A. sagittaefolius Huu. Sk. II, 362 (1824). A. diversifolius DC. Prodr. V, 234 (1836). Wats. and Couit., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 258; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 222; Chap., Fl. S. St. 201; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 137; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 181. North America: N. Br., Ont. to N. J., N. Car., Fla.; W. to Minn., Ky., Ark. and Neb. Minn. valley: S. central district and N. W.; rare; dry woods and thickets. HERB.: ?Taylor 1014, Glenwood. Aster azureus LiInpDL. DC. Prodr. V, 244 (1836). A. oolentangiensis Ripp. Cat. Pl. W. S. (1835). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 258; Upham, Fl. Minn. 71; Mac., F], Can. I, 221; Chap., Fl. S. St. 201; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 544; Webb., Appx. M Neb. 43; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: Ont. to N. Y.; W. to Minn., Ohio, Mo., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughou'; prairies and borders of woods. HersB.: Sandberg 284, Red Wing; ?Bailey 507, Agate bay; Taylor 1183, Glenwood. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 523 Aster patens Air. Hort. Kew. III, 201 (1789). A. amplexicaulis Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 114 (1808). A. undulatus ELL. Sk. IT, 361 (1824). A. patentissimus LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 232 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 258; Britt., Fl. N. J. 137; Webb., ¥]. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 221; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2,180; Coult., Fl. Tex. 195. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Mass., N. J., Va. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Ark. -Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge and forest dis- trict to Blue Earth Co.; rare; dry places and banks of streams. HERB.: Sandberg 281, Red Wing. Aster sericeus VENT. Hort. Cels. 33 (1800). A. argenteus Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 111 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Upham, F]. Minn. 71; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 220: Chap., F1.S. St. 199; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 179; Coult., FA. Tex. 194. North America: S. Man., Minn., Neb. and Wisc.; S. to Ky., N. Car., Tenn. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; prairies, dry hillsides and banks. HERB.: Sheldon 735, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 742, Glen- wood; Sneldon 1457, Pipestone; Taylor 1097, Glenwood; Sheidon 1323, Lake Benton; Leonard 24, Minnehaha Park; Kassube 125, Minneapolis; Sandberg 280, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 62, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 112, Montevideo. Aster novae-angliae Linn. Spec. 875 (1753). A. amplexicaulis LAM. Enc. Meth. I, 304 (1783). A. spurius WILLD. Spec. IIT, 2032 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 257: Britt., Fl. N. J. 139; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Coult., Fl. Colo. 159; Chap., Fl. S. St. 205; Mac., Fl. Cam. I, 226, 545; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 163; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 178. North America: Man., Georgian Bay and Q. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Colo., Ark., Tenn. and S. Car. Minn. valley: Throughout; abundant; moist woodland, river banks and around lake shores. Hers.: Taylor 955, Glenwood; Sheldon 1503, Lake Ben- ton; Sandberg 291, Red Wing; Herb. Sheld. 1816, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 68, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Aster oblongifolius Nurr. Gen. II, 156 (1818). A, biennis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II, 122 (1834). A, multiceps LINDL. DC. Prodr. V, 2387 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Coult., 524 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Fl. Colo. 160; Upham, Fl. Minn. 73; Cov., FJ. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. FI. I,, 2, 178; Coult., Fl. Tex. 194. North America: Penn. and Va. to Minn., Neb., Dak., Colo., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout, but local; more abundant W. than E.; banks and hillsides. HERB.: Holzinger 111, Winona Co.; Sheldon 14444, Pipestone City; Sheldon 1324, Lake Benton; Herb. Wickersheim 66, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; 67, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 115, Montevideo. Aster macrophyllus Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 1232 (1762). Eurybia macrophylla Cass. Dict. XXX VII, 487 (1826). E. jussiei CAss. Dict. XX XVII, 487 (1826). Biotia schroeberi, latifolia, glomerata, macrophylla DC. Prodr. V, 265 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6,ed. 256; Britt., Fl. N. J. 136; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 219; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 198; Eng]. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. LV. 5, 162; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 175. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district and prob- ably in Leaf hill district; woods and aloug streams. HERB.: Bailey 297, Vermilion Lake; Bailey 462, Agate bay; Bailey 503, Agate bay. Aster asteroides (LINN.). Conyza asteroides LINN. Spec. 861 (1753). Asler conyzoides WILLD. Spec. III, 2043 (1803). A. marilandicus MicHx. FI). N. Am. II, 108 (1803). Sericocarpus conyzoides NEES, Ast. 148 (1832). S. asteroides B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 254; Chap., Fl. S. St. 197; Gray, syns, Hl. 2, 171; Britt.,.Fl. Nea 46: North America: Maine to Ga. and Fla.; W. to Ohio and Minn. j Minn. valley: Reported from New Ulm; S. central reg- ion; local; dry soil and sunny banks. Aster divaricatus Linn. Spec. 8738 (1753). A. corymbosus Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 207 (1789). A. cordifolius Micux. FI). N. Am. II, 114 (1803). Eurybia corymbosa CAss. Dict. XXX VII, 487 (1826). Biotia corymbosa DC. Prodr. V, 265 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 255; Britt., Fl. N. J. 136; Mac., F1. Can. I, 219; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 198; Engl. Hoff- mann, Nat. Pfianz. IV, 5, 162; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 174. North America: W. Q. to S. Man.; S. to N. J. and Ga.; W. to Minn. and Iowa. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 525 Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; rare; wooded banks and in glades. ERIGERON Linn. Gen. 653 (1737). Trimorphoea Cass. Bull. Phil. (1817). Leptostelma Don, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 38 (1829). Stenactis NEES, Gen. Ast. 273 (1832). Woodvillea DC. Prodr. V, 318 (1836). Phalacroloma Cass. Dict. XX XIX, 404 (1834). Polyactis and Polyactidium Less. Syn, Comp. 188 (1832). Conyzella Rurr. Sert. Tsch. 51 (—). Heterochaeta DC. Prodr. V,. 282 (1836). Gusmania Remy, C. Gay, FI. Chil. IV, 12 (1845). Astradelphus Remy, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, XII, 185 (1849). Terranea Cotta, Mem. Acad. Tur. XXX VIII, 11 (1835). Vittadinia A. Ricu. FI. N. Zeal. 250 (1834). Microgyne Lgss. Syn. 190 (1832). Eurybiopsis DC. Prodr. V, 260 (1836). Tetramolopium NEES, Ast. 202 (1832). Brachyactis Lep. F!]. Ross. II, 495 (1846). Lachnophyllum BuNGE, Rel. Lehm. 151 (1848). Nidorella Cass. Dict. XX XVII, 469 (1834). Conyza LINN. Gen. 950 (1737) part. Eschenbachia MoENcH, Meth. 573 (1794). Fimbrillaria Cass. Dict. X VII, 54 (1826). Dimorphanthus Cass. 1.c. XIII, 254 (1826). Laennecia Cass. 1. c. X XI, 91 (1834). Achaetogeron A. GRAy, PI. Fendl. 72 (1849). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 143; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 279, 280, 282; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 197; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164 (Hoffmann), Living species: 200+; 100(B. and H.); 110 (Durand); 150 (Hoffmann); about half of these are in N. America, most of the remainder are S. American. The rest are S. African, Australian, Oceanic and old world. It is not clear what should be the limits of this genus. North America, 80+; Canada, 30; Rocky mits., 35; S. Sts., 10; E. Sts., 10;, California, 25; PI. King, 19-20; Pl. Wheel., 20-21; W. Tex., 11. Erigeron philadelphicus Linn. Spec. 863 (1753). E. purpureum Art. Hort. Kew. III, 186 (1789). E. pulchellus var.a. Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 19 (1840). E. purpureus Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. IT, 19 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 266; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., FI. S. St. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 233: Coult., Fl. Colo. 173; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 217; Coult., Fl. Tex. 198 North America: Calif. and Oregon across continent to Fla. and Tex. and N. to Arctic circle. 526 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist places and in edges of woodland. Hers.: Ballard 35 Carver; Taylor 137, Janesville; Taylor 795, Glenwood; Sheldon 1395, Lake Benton; Taylor 646, Minnesota lake; Taylor 24, Elysian; Taylor 346, Janesville; Sheldon 896, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 292, Madison Lake; Sheldon 526, Waseca; Sandberg 296, Chisago Co.; Kassube 128, Minne- apolis; Herrick /47, Minneapolis; Arthur 65, Vermilion lake; Bailey 285, Vermilion lake; Herb. Sheld. 1807, Ramsey Co.; 1795, Ft. Snelling; Herb. Wickersheim 70, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 117, Montevideo; 118, Montevideo. Erigeron pulchellus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 124 (1803). E. bellidifolius Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1958 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 266; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Chap., Fl. S. St 206; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 233, 547; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Wats., King Exp. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 216. North America: N.S. to N. J., Tenn. and S. Car.; W. to Q., Ont., Man., Minn. and La. Minn. valley: Forest district; infrequent; banks and edges of low woodland. HERB.: Kassube 127, Minneapolis; Herrick 146, Min- neapolis; Sandberg 294, Washington Co.; Sandberg 295, Chisago lake. Erigeron glabellus Nutr. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. asper Nutr. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. puichellus Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 19 (1840) in part. Wats. and ‘Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 265; Upham, Fl. Minn, 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 232; Coult., Fl. Colo. 169; Wats., King Exp. 150; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 209. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. and Alaska; 64° N. lat.; S. to Wisc., Minn., Dak., Mont., Colo. and 8. Utah. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. district; rare or doubtful; fields and dry prairies Erigeron ramosus (WALT.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Doronicum rumosum WALT. FI. Car. 205 (1788). Evigeron strigosus MunHL. Willd. Spec, I11, 1956 (1803). E. nervosum Pursu, FI. Am. II, 148 (1814). E. ambiguus Nurr. Gen. II, 147 (1818). E. philadelphicus BART. Mat. Med. 20 (1820). E. integrifolius BIGEL, Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 302 (1824). Phalacroloma obtusifolium Cass. Dict. XXXLX, 405 (1826). Stenactis ambigua DC. Prodr. V, 299 (1836). E. strigosus var. discoideus ROBBINS, Gray’s Man. 5 ed. 237 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Mac., \ “J LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 52 Fl. Can. I, 234; Webb., Fl. Neb. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 200; Upham, FI. Minn. 74; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Coult., Fl. Colo. 173; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 164; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 219; Coult., Fl. Tex. 199. North America: N.S. to Man., Saskatchewan and N. W. T. to 49° N. lat.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Tex.; W. to Minn., Dak., Mont., Oregon, California, Neb., Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; waste places and fields. Hers.: Ballard 464, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 826, Belle Plaine; Sheldon 1481, Pipestone City; Sheldon 649, Waseca; Shetdon 750, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 354, Janesville; Tay- lor 705, Glenwood; Sheldon 530, Waseca; Sheldon 1124, Spring- field; Winchell 9, Minneapolis; Oestlund 90, Minneapolis. Kas- sube 129, Minneapolis; Holzinger 113, Winona Co.; Bailey 161, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 298, Cannon Falls; Holzinger 114, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 2195, Minneapolis; Herb. Sheld. 1814, Cedar lake; Herb. Moyer 120, Montevideo; 121, Montevideo. Erigeron annuus (LINN.) Pers. Syn. II, 481 (1807). Aster annuus LINN. Hort. Cliff. and Spec. 875 (1753). Pulicaria annua GAERTN. Fruct. II, 462 (1791). Ervigeron heterophyllus Muuu. Willd. Spec. IIT, 1956 (1803). Diplopappus dubius CAss. Bull. Philom. (1817-1818). Erigeron strigosus BiekL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 302 (1824). Phalacroloma acutifolium Cass. Dict. XX XIX, 405 (1826). Stenactis dubia CAss. Dict. XXX VII, 485 (1826). Stenactis annua and strigosa DC. Prodr. V, 299 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 234; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Wats., Fl. Calif. IT, 331; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Eng]. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 219. Introduced in Germany. North America: N. S., N. Br. to W. Ont.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Va.; W. to Mont., Oregon, California, Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. edge and N. E. district; absent elsewhere; waste places and roadsides. HERB.: Sandberg 297, Goodhue Co. Erigeron divaricatus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 123 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 265; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Coult., Fl]. Colo. 174; Upham, F). Minn. 74; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192: Gray, Syn. FI. J, 2, zal: Coult, Fl. Tex. 198. North America: Colo. to Minn., Neb., Ind. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from S. E. and S. edges; rare; doubtful; localities of #. canadensis Linn. \ Erigeron canadensis LINN. Spec. 863 (1753). E. paniculatus LAM. FI. Fr. (1778). 528 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Senecio ciliatus WALT. Fl]. Car. 208 (1788). Erigeron pusillus Nutr. Gen. II, 138 (1818). E. strictum DC. Prodr. V, 289 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 265; Britt., Fl. N. J. 140; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Chap., Fl. S. St. 206; Upham, Fl. Minn. 74; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 235; Coult., Fl. Colo. 174; Wats., Fl. Calif. II, 331; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 205: Gris. Fl. W. I.; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 418; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 487; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 152; Wats., King Exp. 147; Cov., Fl. Ark. 192; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 164; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 221; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 554; Coult., Fl. Tex. 198. Burope to Caucasus; Siberia and i intro, in S. Africa; Malay archipelago?. North America: Throughout continent to Jamaica. Minn. valley: Throughout; waste places, roadsides and railway embankments. HERB.: Taylor 801, Glenwood; Sheldon 1591, Lake Benton; Ballard 758, Waconia; Bailey 271, St. Louis river; Oestlund 89, Minneapolis; Roberts 60, Grand Marais; Herrick 145, Minneapolis; Sandberg 293, Goodhue Co. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Fruct. II, 410 (1792). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 169; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 301; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 200; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 186. Living species: 15-20; Alpine regions, Europe, Asia, N. and S. America and Australia; extra-tropical. Russia, 5; Europe, 4; Russian Europe, 3; North America, 12; Canada, 7; Rocky mts., 7; E. Sts., 1; California, 7; S. Sts., 1; Pl. King, 4; Pl. Wheel.. 2: W. Tex., 1. Antennaria plantaginifolia (LtnN.) Hook. FI. Bor.-Amer. I, 329 (1838). Gnaphalium plantaginifolium LINN. Spec. 882 (1753). G. plantagineum Murr. Syst. 748 (1774). G. dioicum var. plantaginifolium Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 128 (1803). Antennaria plantaginea DC. Prodr. VI, 269 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 267; Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, F]. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 235; Chap., Fl. S. St. 243; Coult., FJ. Colo. 177; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 338; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 238; Coult., Fl. Tex. 202. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Pac.; N. to Slave lake and Hudson Bay; S. to Oregon and N. Mex.; E. to Atl. coast and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; grassy knolls or plains; openings in forest; prairies. Hers.: Sheldon 210, Lake Washington, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 627, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 919, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 218, Janesville; Taylor 9, Elysian; Sheldon 1589, Lake LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 529 Benton; Herrick 171, Minneapolis; Leiberg 42, Blue Harth Co.; Kassube 141, Minneapolis; Bailey 218, Vermilion lake; Sand- berg 343, Red Wing; Holzinger 132, Winona Co.; Holzinger 133, Winona Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1716, Ramsey Co.; 1810, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 82, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 150, Montevideo. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. VI, 271 (1837). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 171; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 186; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 200; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 303. Living species: 30; tropical and temperate Asia; 1 sp. in N. hemisphere throughout, and in N. America (United States). N. America, 1. | Anaphalis margaritacea (LINN.) B. and H. Gen. Pl. I, 3( 3 (1878). / Gnaphalium margaritacea LINN. Spec. 850 (1753). Antennaria margaritacea R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. XII (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 268; Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Mac., F]. Can. I, 237; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., FI. S. St. 243; Coult., Fl. Colo. 177; Brew. and Wats., FI. Calif. I, 341; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 425; Led., Fl. Ross. I], 6138; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 209; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 241; Wats., King Exp. 185; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 186; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 233. N. Asia to Amur., Kamtk., Japan, Saghalin and Kur- iles; in var. to Ceylon. Intro.? in Europe. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S. and N. Br. to Alaska and Pac.; S. to Oregon and Mid. Calif.; E. to Atl. coast, N. Eng. and Del.; S. to mts. of N. Car. Minn. valley: Forest district; local and rare; dry hills, thickets, woods and knolls. HERB.: Roberts 69, Beaver bay; Leiberg 41, Blue Earth Co.; Bailey 160, Vermilion lake; Sandberg 342, Chisago Co.; MacM. and Sheld. 39, Brainerd. GNAPHALIUM Linn. Gen. 645 (1737), emend. Benth. 1. c. (1873). Gamochaeta WEpp. Chlor. And. I, 151 (1855). Euchiton Cass, Dict. LVI, 215 (1834). Omalotheea Cass. 1. c. 218 (1834). Belloa Remy, Gay FI. Chile III, 336 (1845). Lucilia CAss. Bull. Philom. (1817). Merope WeEpp. Chlor. And. I, 160 (1855). } Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 168: Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 305; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 200; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 187(Hoff- mann). Living species: 120; cosmopolitan. Europe, 6; Rus- —34 530 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. sia, 6; N. America, 15; Canada, 10-11; S. Sts., 2; E. Sts., 5; Rocky mts., 4; California, 6; Pl. Wheel., 3; Pl. King, 3; W. = Tex.) ¥: Gnaphalium uliginosum Linn. Fl. Dan. 859 (1757). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 268; Britt., Fl. N. J. 142; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Forbes and Hems., FI. Sin. 428; Nym., Fl. Eur.: Led., Fl. Ross. IT, 609; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 208; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 70; Wats., King Exp. 185; Eng]. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. TNR 5, 187; Gray, Syn. FY. I, 2, 235; Hart., FI. Scand. I, 12. Northern Europe to Sicily and Sardinia; N. Asia to Amurland and China. North America: Greenland and N.S. to Saskatchewan, Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to N. Eng. and N. J., and adventive further south; S. to Minn. and Dak. Minn. valley: N. E. and N. W. districts at higher lev- els; woods and sandy places; rare. HERB.: Sheldon 1610, St. Anthony Park. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, Am. Jour. Sci. I, 380 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 268; Britt., K'l. N. J. 142; Coult., Fl. Colo. 178; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 237; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Cov., FJ. Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 235; Coult., Fl. Tex. 203. North America: N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man., Brit. Col. and Washington; S. to N. ERE. ae N. 3 eWiae ‘Cole Tex. and Mex. Minn. valley: Repaid from S. central district; rare or doubtful; woods and hillsides in sandy soil. Gnaphalium obtusifolium Linn. Spec. 851 (1753). G. polycephalum Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 127 (1803). G. conoideum LAM. Enc. Meth. II, 755 (1786). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6 ed. 268; Britt., Fl. N. J. 142; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 238; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 243; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 234; Coult., Fl. Tex. 203. North America: N.S., Q., Ont. toS. Man.; S. to Minn., Mo., and E. to Atl. and Fla.; Tex. and Mex. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; open woods or thickets, sandy soil; infrequent. HeERB.: Holtz 3, Minneapolis; Sandberg 341, Goodhue Co. ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Mise. I, 19 (1849): Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 239; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, = Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 206; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pitane: IV, 5, 206 Living species: 2; 1, N. America, Japan and Hima- layas; 1, Chile to Magellan. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 531 Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bot. Misc. I, 119 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 269; Upham, Fl. Minn. 70; Mac, Fl. Can. I, 239; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 206; Gray, Syn. FI. 1,2, 237. Himalayas to Japan. North America: N. of L. Superior to lat. 52° N.; W. to Rockies, Cascade range, Brit. Col., Vancouver; S. to Calif. and C. Minn. Minn. valley: Reported from N. edge; rare; moist or deep woodland. - HeRB.: Bailey 296, St. Louis river. POLYMNIA Linn. Diss. Chen. 1181 (1751). Alymnia Neck. Elem. I, 31 (1790). Polymniastrum LAm. Ill. 712 (1793). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 234 (sub Silphium); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 346; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 206; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 217 (Hoffmann). Living species: 10-12; Buenos Ayres to Brit. Col. Canada, 1; BH. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 2; W. Tex. 1. Polymnia canadensis Linn. Amoen. III, 15 (1756). P. canadensis var. discoidea GRAY, Man. 3 ed. 248 (1857). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 269; Upham, F 1. Minn. 78; Chap., Fl. S. St. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239; Cov.,. Fl. Ark. 193, Gray, Syn. Fi. I, 2, 238. North America: Ont. and Conn. to mts. of N. Car.; W. to Minn., Kan., Mo. and Ark. - Minn. valley: S. E. district; rare; ravines, woods and damp edges of thickets. HerB.: Sandberg 309, Red Wing; Holzinger 120, Wi- nona Co.; Sandberg 310, Red Wing; Holzinger 121, Winona Co. ; and in variety radiata Gray, Sheldon 653, Waseca. SILPHIUM Linn. Gen. Corr. 981 (1737). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 234 (incl. Philoglossa DC., Berlandiera DC., Engelmannia T. and G., Schizoptera Turcz., Polumnia Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 350; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218 (Hoffmann). Living species: 12-13; N. America. E. Sts., 6-7; S. Sts., 8-9; Rocky mts., 1; Canada, 2; W. Tex., 6. Silphium perfoliatum Linn. Spec. 2 ed. 1301 (1762). S. connatum LINN. Mant. 574 (1767). S. tetragonum and scabrum MoENCH, Meth. 606 (1794). S. conjunctum WILLD. Enum. 633 (1809). S. hornemanni SCHRAD. Hort. Gott. (1809). S. erythrocaulon BERNH. Spreng. Syst. III, 630 (1826). 532 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Chap., Fl. S. St. 221; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239, 549; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 240. North America: Detroit river to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Ark., mts. of Ga. and La. Minn. valley: Throughout; gullies and ravines, edges of woods and thickets; wet places. HERB.: Sheldon 1298, Lake Benton; Taylor 723, Min- nesota lake; Ballard 391, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 772, Swan lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 702, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 901, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 374, Lake Ballentyne, Blue Earth Co.; Sheldon 768, Sleepy Eye; Kassube 135, Minneapolis; Herrick 155, Minneapolis; Sandberg 312, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 131, Minnesota valley, near Montevideo. Silphium integrifolium Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 146 (1808). S. laevigatum PursH, FI. Am. II (1814). S. speciosum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 341 (1841). S. integrifolium var. laeve T. and G. FI. II, 279 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 271; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, F]. Minn. 78; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 240; Coult., Fl. Tex. 05. ; North America: Mich. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Mo., Ark., Tex. and W. Ga. Minn. valley: Reported from 8S. E. district; rare or local; prairies and hillsides or embankments. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Hort. Vindob. I, 43 (1762). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 270; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 239; Cov., F]. Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 242 North America: Ohio, Mich., Wisc., Minn. and Dak. to Neb., Tex., Ark., Ga., La. Minn. valley: S. central district; rare; prairies and banks. Silphium laciniatum Linn. Spec. 919 (1753). S. spicatum Porr. Suppl. V, 157 (1811). S. gummiferum Evy. Sk. II, 426 (1824). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 270; Webb., Fi. Neb 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78; Coult., Fl. Colo. 179; Chap., Fl. 8. St. 220; Cov., Fl. Ark. 193; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 218; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 242; Coult., Fl. Tex. 205. North America: Minn., Wisc. and Dak. to Neb., Colo., Ark. and Tex.; E. to Alabama. Minn. valley: S. central and 8. W. districts; E. to Waseca; banks, hillsides and prairies. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 533 HERB.: Sheldon 637, Waseca; Taylor 473, Janesville; Taylor 683, Minnesota lake; Sandberg 311, Cannon Falls. PARTHENIUM Linn. Gen. 675 (1787). Villanova Ort. Dec. 47 (1800). Argyrochaeta Cav. Ic: IV, 54 (1797). Bolophyta Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 347 (1841). Partheniastrum Nissou. Act. Par. (1711). Hysterophorus VAILL. Act. Par. 335 (1720). Trichospermum P. BEAuy. ex DC. Prodr. V (1836). Aiolotheca DC. Prodr. V, 508 (1836). Parthenice T.andG. Pl. Wright. IT, 85 (1845). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 233; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 351, 352; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 219 (Hoffmann), e Living species: 11-12; N. America, Mexico, C. Amer- ica and W. Indies; 1 also in S. America and introduged in Mairinns,. UW. S., 0; i: ots,,.17 5. Sts. 2: Pl. Wheel., 1; -W: Mex.) \5. Parthenium integrifolium Linn. Spec. 988 (1753). Wats..and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 272; Chap., Fl. S. St. 222; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 78; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 245; Coult., Fl. Tex. 208. North America: Ind. to Alabama; W. to Minn., Ills. and Texas. Minn. valley: Reported from the S. E. district; rare or local; dry places in edges of woods or thickets. CYCLACHAENA Fresen. Ind. Hort. Frank. (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 287 (sub Iva); Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. II, 353; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 221 (Hoffmann); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207. Living species: 3, W. United States. (Possibly better combined as a separate section with [va Linn.) Cyclachaena xanthiifvlia (NUTT.) FRESEN. Ind. Sem. Hort. Frank. (1836). Iva xcanthiifolia Nurr. Gen. II, 185 (1818). Euphrosyne canthiifolia GRAY, Pl. Wright. II, 85 (1852). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 273; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 78: Coult., Fl. Colo. 179; Eng]. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 221; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 246. North America: Saskatchewan to Idaho and Washing- ton; S. to Minn., Neb. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially S. central and S. W. districts; roadsides, banks and waste places. HeRB.. Sandberg 131, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 1382, Montevideo. 534 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. AMBROSIA Linn. Gen. 718 (1737). Franseria CAv. Ic. II, 78 (1793). Hemiambrosia DELP. Stud. Art. 57 (1871). Hemixanthidium DE Lp. 1. c. 62 (1871). Xanthidium DELP. 1. c. 62 (1871). Hymenoclea T. and G. Pl. Fendl. 79 (1849). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 286: Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 354; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 221 (Hoffmann). Living species: 35+; Mediterranean region, Africa, N. and C. America, Sandwich Isls. U.S., 24; Canada, 6; S. Sts., 4; California, 18; Rocky mts., 7; W. Tex., 5. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr, V, 526 (1886). A. peruviana DC. Prodr, V, 526 (1836). A. coronopifolia T. and G. FI. IT, 291 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 273; Coult., Fl. Colo. 181; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 344; Griseb., Fl. W. I.; Wats., King Exp. 165; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 158; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 250; Coult., Fl. Tex. 210. : North America: 49° N. in N. W. T. and Saskatche- wan to Minn., Wisc., Ill., Neb., Tex. and Mex. to Calif., Nev. and Arizona. Minn. valley: Throughout; habitat as in A. artemis iaefolia Linn. Hers.: Taylor 1146, Starbuck, Pope Co; Sheldon 1522, Lake Benton; Oestlund 95, Hennepin Co.; Sandberg 316, Red Wing. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia Linn. Spec. 987 (1753). A. elatioy LINN. Spec. 988 (1753). Iva monophylla WALT. F1. Car. 233 (1788). Ambrosia absinthifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 183 (1803). A, paniculata Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 183 (1803). A. heterophylla Mun. Willd. Spec. IV, 378 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 278; Britt., Fl. N. J. 148; Webb., F]. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Coult., Fl. Colo. 180; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 344; Griseb., Fl. W. L.; Wats., King Exp. 165; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 222; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 249; Coult., Fl. Tex. 210. Introduced in W. Europe; Brazil and W. Indies. North America: Across continent to Mex. and Hud- son Bay, N. W. T. and Labrador. Minn. valley: Throughout; hillsides, fields, roads, thickets and forest openings. Hers.: Taylor 7534, Elysian; Ballard 891, St. ‘Boni- facius; Oestlund 94, Minneapolis; Oestlund 95, Hennepin Co.; Holzinger 122, Winona Co.; Sandberg 315, Red Wing. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 535 Ambrosia trifida Linn. Spec. 987 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 273; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., F]. Neb. 147, Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Coult., Fl. Colo. 180; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 549; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 158; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 249; Coult., Fl. Tex. 209. North America: Q., Ont. to Man. and Colo.; 8. to Mo., Tex., Ark. and Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; gullies, ravines and thick- ets or along roads. HeRB.: Ballard 845, Page lake, Carver Co.; Taylor 1029, Glenwood; Sandberg 314, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 135, Montevideo. Ambrosia trifida Linn. var. integrifolia (MUHL.) T. and G Fl. Il, 354 (1841). A, integrifolia MuuL. Willd. Spec. LV, 375 (1805). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 273; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 240; Chap., Fl. S. St. 223; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 249. North America: With species; westward; Ills. to N. Y. and Va. Minn. valley: Throughout at higher levels; local or infrequent; habitat with the species. HERB.: Sheldon 1332, Lake Benton. XANTHIUM Linn. Gen. 717 (17387). ; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 287; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 355; Eng- ler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 222; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 207. Living species: 3-4; temperate and warmer regions, around the world. Russia. 38; Europe, 3; Russian Europe, 2; N. America, 3-4; Canada, 1-2; California, 1; Rocky mts., 1; ie pts.,.1—2; W. Tex., 2-3. Xanthium canadense MiLu. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). X, orientale LINN. Spec. (1753) in part. X, carolinense DILL. Elth. II. 432 (1774). X. americanum WALT. Fl. Car. 231 (1788). X, macrocarpum var. glabratum DC. Prodr. V, 523 (1836). X. strumarium var. canadense T. and G. FI. II, 294 (1841). X. strumarium AUCT. AMER. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 274; Coult., Fl. Colo., 182; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 241; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Chap., Fl. S. St. 224; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 159; Wats., King Exp. 166; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 223; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 252; Coult Fl). Tex. 211. North America: N. W. T. to Tex.; W. to Calif. and Ney.; E. to Saskatchewan, Minn., Neb., Ark.? Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially N. E.; sterile places, banks and fields. 536 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. s HERB.: ?Ballard 14n, Chaska; Sandberg 317, Cannon alls. Xanthium canadense MILL. var. echinatum (Murr. ) GRAY, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 252 (1886). | X. echinatum MURR. Comm. Gott. VI, 32 (1792). X. maculatum RAF. Am. Journ. Sci. I, 151 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 274; Britt., Fl. N. J. 148; Chap., Fl. S. St. 224; Mac.,Fl. Can. I, 241; Upham, Fl. Minn. 79; Coult., Fl. Tex. 211. South America: Chile. . North America: N.S., Q., Ont., Man. to Minn.; S. to N. J., Penn. and N.. Car: : Minn. valley: §S. E. and W. edges of valley; roadsides, fields and banks. HERB: Sheldon 1588, Lake Benton; Holzinger 123, Winona Co.; Holzinger 124, Winona Co. HELIOPSIS Pers. Syn. II, 473 (1807). Kallias Cass. Dict. XXIV, 326 (1834). Andrieuxia DC. Prodr. V, 559 (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 220; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 358; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 208; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 226. Living species: 7; N. and C. America, 6; C. America and Peru, ‘1; Canada, 2; “R. mis1;" EH. Sts.,'2; 9S: Ste. ieee Wheel., 1. Heliopsis scabra DuNAL. Mem. Mus. V, 55 (18187). H. laevis var. scabra T.andG. FI. II, 303 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 275; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 242; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 79; Britt., Fl. N. J. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 549; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 255. North America: N. Br.? to Red, Saskatchewan, As- siniboine valleys; N. to 49° N. lat.; S. to N. Y., N. J. and W. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks and thickets or hillsides in woods. Hers.: Ballard 736, Waconia; Sheldon 1590, Lake Benton; Taylor 476, Mud lake, Waseca Co.; Taylor 589, Minne- sota lake; Sheldon 1175, New Ulm; Ballard 197, Jordan, Scott Co.; Taylor 314, Janesville; Ballard 632, Chaska; Ballard 320, Belle Plaine; Taylor 779, Glenwood; Oestlund 96, Minneapolis; Holzinger 124, Winona; Sandberg 318, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld, 1920, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 134, Montevideo. RU DBECKIA Linn. Gen. 669 (1737). Echinacea Morncu, Meth. 591 (1794). Brauneria Neck. Elem. I. 17 (1790). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 537 Helichroa RAr. Neogen. 35 (1825). Obelisecaria Cass. Dict. XX XV, 272 (1825). Lepacbys Rar. Jour. Phys. LXX XIX, 100(1819). Ratibida Rar. 1. c. (1819). Dracopsis Cass. Dict. 1. c. (3825). Centrocarpha Don, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 87 (1832). ? Heliophthalmum Rar. FI. Lud. 72 (1817). ? Bobartia PETIv. herb. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VILI, 218; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 209; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 365. Living species: 380+; N. America to Mexico; S. Sts., Peri. Sts., 11; Rocky mits., 6; Canada, .4;° Calif... 1-2; - Pl. Wheel., 4-5; W. Tex., 8. Rudbeckia columnaris PursH, Fl. Am. 575 (1814). Ratibida suleata RAF. Journ. Phys. LXXXIX 190 (1819). Obeliscaria columnaris DC. Prodr. V, 558 (1836). Lepachys columnaris T. and G. FI. IT, 313 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 277; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 243; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 160 in var.; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 264. North America: N. W. T. and Saskatchewan to Colo., Minn., Neb., Arizona and Tex. Minn. valley: W. district at higher levels; prairies and sunny banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1438, Dakota line, near Elkton; Shel- don 1585, Lake Benton; Taylor 863, Glenwood; Gedge 7, Glyn- don, Clay Co.; Herb. Moyer 737, Montevideo. Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. Hort. Cels. 71 (1800). Rudbeckia digitata WILLD. Spec. III, 2247 (1803). Lepachys pinnatifida Rar. Journ. Phys LXXXIX (1819). L. angustifolia RAF. Journ. Phys. LX X XIX (1819). Rudbeckia tomentosa Euu. Sk. II, 453 (1824) Obeliscaria pinnata Cass. Dict. XLVI, 401 (1825). Lepachys pinnata T. and G. FI. II, 313 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 277; Chap., Fl. S. St. 228; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 263. North America: Minn., Neb., Kan. and Tex. to N. Y. and Fila. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks, hillsides, edges of thickets and along roads. HERB.: Sheldon 641, Waseca; Taylor 649, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 1055, Sleepy Eye; Taylor 561, Minnesota lake; Ballard 774, Swan lake, Carver; Co.; Sheldon 1463, Pipestone; Ballard 539, Cleary’s lake, Scott Co,; Herrick 158, Minneapolis; Oestlund 97, Minneapolis; Sandberg 323, Goodhue Co. 538 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Rudbeckia hirta Linn. Spec. 907 (17538). ? R. gracilis Nutr. Gen. II, 178 (1818). ? R. discolor Evu. Sk. II, 453 (1824). R. serotina Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 80 (1834). fh. strigosa Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 354 (1841). : Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 276; Britt., Fl. N. J. 144; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac.,FI]. Can. I, 242; Chap., Fl. S. St. 227; Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, ~ Syn. Fl. I, 2, 260; Coult., Fl. Tex. 215. North America: Ont. to Saskatchewan and Colo.; S. to N. Y. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry places on hills or, in fields. HERB.: Sheldon 1275, Lake Benton; Taylor 790, Glen- wood; Sandberg 221, Cannon Falls; Leonard 25, Minneapolis; Bailey 303, Vermilion lake; Huntington 8, Rock Co.; Kassube 136, Minneapolis; Herrick 757, Minneapolis; Ankeny 2, Still- water; Sandberg 322, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1923, Minne- apolis. Rudbeckia subtomentosa PursH, Fl. Am. 575 (1814). R. triloba var.a. Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 144 (1808). R. tomentosa Evi. Sk. II, 453 (1824). Centrocarpha triloba Don, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 61 (1826). Rudbeckia odorata Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 78 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 260; Coult., Fl. Tex. 215. North America: Wise. and Minn. to Ill., Mo., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent; prairies or hillsides. Rudbeckia laciniata Linn. Spec. 906 (1753). FR. quinata and digitata Mini. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 276; Britt., Fl. N. J. 141; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 242; Coult., Fl. Colo. 183; Chap., Fl. S. St. 227; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 549; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 160; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 233; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 262. North America: Q., Ont. to Assiniboia and Mont.; S. — to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Colo., Arizona and N. Mex. : Minn. valley: Throughout; thickets and edges of woods. HerRs.; Taylor 802, Glenwood; Taylor 977, Glenwood; Ballard 749, Waconia; Sheldon 1267, Lake Benton; Sheldon 18, Elysian; Herrick 156, Minneapolis; Sandberg 320, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 136, Montevideo. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 539 Rudbeckia angustifolia (DC.) B. and H. Gen. Pl. II, 365 (1873). Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. V, 554 (1836). cist) E. pallida and sanguinea Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 354 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 275; Webb., Fl. Neb. 147; Coult., F1. Colo. 182; Upham, F]. Minn. 80; Chap., Fl. S. St. 226; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 243, 549; Cov., Fl. Ark. 194; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 258. North America: Man to 49° N. lat.; S. to Minn., Wisc., Ill., Neb., Colo., Ark., Alab. and Tex. Minn. valley: W. districts; New Ulm to Stearns Co.; prairies and hillsides. Hers.: Taylor 748, Glenwood; Sheldon 737, Sigel township, Brown Co.; Sheldon 1176, New Ulm; Sheldon 1330, Lake Benton; Taylor 748a, Glenwood; Sheldon 1138, Spring- field; Sandberg 319, Red Wing; Huntington 7, Rock Co.; Herb. Moyer 135, Montevideo. HELIANTHUS Linn. Gen. 668 (1737). Harpalium Cass. Bull. Philom. (1818). Eehinomeria Nurr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 356 (1841). Flourensia DC. Prodr. V, 585 (1836). Diomedea BERT, and Cott. Mem. Tur. XX XVIII, 35 (1835). Linsecomia Buck. Proc. Phil. Acad. 451 (1861). Corona-solis ToURN. Inst. 489 (1700). Chrysis REN. ex Endl. Gen. 2538 (1840). Vosacan ADANS. Fam. II, 120 (1763). Discomela RAF. Neogen. 3 (1825) part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIIT, 201; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 376; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 210; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 235 (Hoffmann). Living species: 55-60; principally N. America; some, C. America; a few in Peru. Canada, 18; Rocky mts., 9-10; EB. Sts., 22-23; California, 5-6; S. Sts., 25; Pl. Wheel., 5; Pl. mine 5; W. Tex., 15. Helianthus tuberosus Linn. Spec. 905 (1753). H. doronocoides T. and G. FI. II, 327 (1841) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280; Chap., FI. S. St. 230; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245, 540; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145: Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 280; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 553. Introduced in Russia and Scandinavia. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to N. J. and Penn. and Mid. Ga.; W. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: Throughout; alluvial soil along streams or around lakes. 540 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1413, Lake Benton; Huntington 9, Rock Co. Helianthus tuberosus var. subcanescens GRay, Syn. FI. I, 2, 280 (1886). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Upham, F]. Minn. 82, North America: Minn., Dak. and Mo. Minn. valley: Reported from prairies of S. W. district. Helianthus decapetalus Linn. Spec. 905 (1758). H. frondosus LINN. Amoen. 1V, 290 (1759). H. strumosus WILLD. Spec. III, 2422 1804). H. tenuifolius Euu. Sk. II, 420 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Mac., Fl. ‘Can. I, 245,550; Chap., FI. S. St. 231; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 280; Webb., Appx. Neb. 44. North America: N. Br., Q., Ont. to Georgian bay and Minn.; S. to Ga. in mts.; W. to Ill., Neb. and Ky. Minn. valley: Throughout; local or rare; thickets, banks of streams or copses. HERB.: ? Herrick 161, Minneapolis; Taylor 928, Glen- wood; Herb. Moyer 141, Montevideo. Helianthus tracheliifolius WiLLp. Spec. III, 2241 (1804). H. prostratus WILLD. Spec. III, 2242 (1804). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 280. North America: Penn.?, Ohio to Minn., Mo. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. district; infre- quent or doubtful; thickets and edges of woods. Helianthus strumosus Linn. Spec. 905 (1758). H. laevis WALT. FI. Car. 215 (1788). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Cov., Fl. Ark, 195; Engl. Hoffman, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 279. North America: Ont. to N. W. T.; S. to Minn., Mo. and Ark.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va. and Ga. Minn. valley: Throughout; rare or local; banks, thickets and ravines. Hers.: ? Kassube /38, Minneapolis. Helianthus hirsutus Rar. Ann. Nat. 141 (1820). ? H. diversifolius Evi. Sk. II, 416 (1824). ? H. hispidulus Evy. Sk. II, 416 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed, 280; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, FI. Minn. 82; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 279. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 541 North America: Ohio to Wisc. and Minn.; S. to Va., Tenn., Ga. and Tex. Minn. valley: W. districts; prairies and sunny banks. HERB.: Wickersheim 79, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. Helianthus divaricatus Linn. Spec. 906 (1753). H. truncatus SCHWEIN. Ell. Sk. II, 416 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 280: Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245; Chap., Fl. S. St. 231; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 279. North America: Ont. to S. Man.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Fla.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Kan. and La. Minn valley: Throughout; local or infrequent; thick- ets and copses. HERB.: Ballard 711, Waconia; Taylor 927, Glenwood; Sheldon 472, Madison Lake; Holzinger 127, Winona bluffs; Her- rick 160, Minneapolis. Helianthus maxmiliani ScHRAD. Ind. Sem. Gott. (1835). H. maxmiliani var. asperrimus GRAY, Pl. Lindh. I, 41 (1845). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 279; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 245, 550; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 277; Coult., Fl. Tex. 219. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Minn., Neb. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. and S. W. districts; also N. E.; local; low places and edges of swamps. HERB.: Sheldon 1454, Pipestone; Sheldon 1251, Lake Benton; Sundberg 327, Red Wing; Oestlund 99, Minneapolis; Oestlund 100, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer, 139, Montevideo. Helianthus giganteus Linn. Spec. 905 (1753). Hi, altissimus LINN. Spec. 2 ed. 1278 (1762). H. gigas Micux. Fl. N. Am. If, 141 (1808). H, tuberosus PARRY, Ow. Rep. Minn. Surv. 614 (1849). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 279; Britt., Fl. N. J. 145; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Chap., FI. S. St. 230; Wats., King Exp. 169; Roth.,Wheel. Exp. 162 in var.; Engl. Hoff- mann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. F1. I, 2, 276; Coult., Fl. Tex. 219. North America: Ont. to Man. and Rockies; S. to _ Minn., Neb. and Mo.; E. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Alab. and La. Minn. valley: N. E. ae iiss rare; woods and thickets or shaded banks. HeRB.: Bailey 456, Mud lake; Roberts 64, Beaver bay; Sandberg 328, Red Wing. Helianthus grosse-serratus Mart. Sel. Sem. Hort. Lovan. eo): 542 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 279; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Coult., Fl. Colo. 187; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2. 76; Coult., Fl. Tex. 219. ' North America: Ohio to Minn., Dak. and Colo.; S. to Texas. Minn. valley: W. and central districts; moist prai- ries and open banks of streams. HERB.: Sheldon 1282, Lake Benton; Holzinger 126, Wi- nona Co.; Sandberg 329, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 140, Monte- video. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Syn. II, 476 (1807). H. atrorubens LAM. Enc. Meth. III, 86 (1789). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 278; Webb. Fl. Neb. 146; Chap., Fl. S. St. 230; Cov., Fl. Ark. 195?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 275. North America: Ohio to W. Ga.; W. to Minn., Dak., Neb., Ark. ? and Tex. Minn. valley: S. central district; dry open places and edges of woods. HERB.: ? Sandberg 326, Red Wing. Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desr. Hort. Par. 3 ed. 184 (1829). Hi. atrorubens Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 140 (1803) in part. H. diffusus Sims, Bot. Mag. 2020 ( ). Harpalium rigidum Cass. Dict. XX, 200 (1826). Helianthus missuricus SPRENG. Syst. III, 618 (1826). H. scaberrimus Eu. Sk. II, 428 (1824). H. missouriensis and crassifolius Nutr. ‘Trans. Am. Phil. Soc- VII, 366 (184). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 278; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, Fl. Minn. 81; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 244; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 274; Coult., Fl. Tex. 218. North America: Saskatchewan to Rockies; E. to Minn and Mich.; S. to Dak., E. Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; fields, banks of streams and roadsides or embankments. Hers.: Sheldon 1336, Lake Benton; Taylor 1021, Glen- wood; Taylor 944, Glenwood; Taylor 1021, Glenwood; Sheldon 1283, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1394, Lake Benton—flowers all ligulate; Kassube 137, Minneapolis; Oestlund 98, Minneapo- lis; Oestlund 99, Minneapolis; Holzinger 125, Winona bluffs; Sandberg 325, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Moyer 138, Montevideo; Sheldon 16014, Minneapolis. Helianthus petiolaris Nurr. Jour. Acad. Phil. I, 115 (1821). H. patens Leno. Ind, Sem. Hamb. (1828). H. integrifolius Nurr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VII, 636 (1841). ~ LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 543 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 278; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 272; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 80; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Mac., Fl. Can. 1, 244; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 353; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Coult., FJ. Tex. 217. North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Neb. and Tex.; W. to Oregon and Arizona. Minn. valley: S. central district and S. W. on prairies or sterile hillsides. HERB.: Sheldon 1191, New Ulm. Helianthus annuus Linn. Spec. 904 (1753). H, tubaeformis Nutr. Gen. II], 177 (1818). H. ovatus LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1828). Hi, lenticularis Doueu. Bot. Reg. XV, t. 1225 (1825). HA. multiflorus Hook. F1. Bor.-Am. I, 313 (1833). H. macrocarpus DC. Prodr. V, 586 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 278; Upham, Fl. Minn. 80; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 248; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Britt., Fl. N. J. 144; Chap., F1.S. St. 232; Coult., Fl. Colo. 186; Krew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 353; Herd., FI. Eur. Russ. 66; Roth., Wheel. xp. 162; Wats., King Exp. 169; Cov., Fl. Ark, 195; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 236; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 272; Coult., Fl. Tex. 217. Introduced in Russia. North America: Saskatchewan to Washington; S. to Nev., Calif., Colo., Tex. and Mex.; E. to Minn., Iowa, Ark., and intro. further E. to Atl. coast. Minn. valley: S. E. district and doubtless N. W.; waste ground. HERB.: Sandberg 324, Red Wing. COREOPSIS Linn. Gen. 670 (1737). Chrysostemma Less. Syn. Comp. 227 (1832). Diodonta and Heterodonta Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 360 (1841). Acispermum NEcK. Elem. I, 34 (1790). Electra DC. Prodr. V, 630 (1836). Tuckermannia Nott. 1. c. 363 (1841). Leachia Cass. Dict. XX V, 388 (1825). Chrysomelea TauscH. Hort. Canal. (1823). Coreopsides Mor~NcH, Meth. 594 (1794). Anacis SCHRANK, Denkschr. Acad. Mun. V, 5 (——). Calliopsis REetcH. Ic. and Descr. 70 (1822). Diplosastera TAuscu. Hort. Can. ex Flora (1824). Prestivaria Scu. Bre. Walp. Rep. VI, 162 (1847). Epilepis BENTH. Pl. Hartw. 17 (1839). Campylotheca and Dolicotheca Cass. Dict. LI, 476 (1826) *’Peramibus RAF. Anon. Nat. I, 14 (1820). Leptosyne DC. Prodr. V, 531 (1836). Agarista DC. 1. c. 569 (1836). Pugiopappus 'lorr. Whipple Exp. 48 (1856). Epilepis BENTH. Pl. Hartw. (1839). 544 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 221 (sub Bidens); Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. II, 385; Durand, Ind. Gen, Phan. 212; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 242 (Hoffmann). i Living species: 70-75; N. and S. America, tropical Africa and Sandwich Islands; N. America, 80+; Canada, 7; Rocky mts., 2; E. Sts., 18; S. Sts., 20; Pl. Wheel., 2; W. Tex., 9. Coreopsis aristosa Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 140 (1808). C. aristata WILLD. Spec. III, 2253 (1804). Diodonta aristosa Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 360 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 295. North America: Ohio to Minn., Mo., Ark. and W. La. Minn. valley: S. central district; rare; peat bogs. Coreopsis trichosperma Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 139 (1808). C. aurea LINDL. Bot. Reg. XV, t. 1228 (1829). Diodonta coronata Nurr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 360 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. € ed. 283; Chap., Fl. S. St. 234; Mac., F1. Can. I, 246 and 550 in var ; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 83; Britt., Fl. N. J. 146; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 295. North America: Detroit river to Mass.; S. to N. Car.; W. to Ill. and Minn. ? Minn. valley?: Reported from N. E. district; doubtful. Coreopsis palmata Nutr. Gen. IT, 573 (1818). Calliopsis palmata SPRENG. Syst. III, 611 (1826). Coreopsis paucifora LEHM. Ind. Sem. Hamb. (1833). C. praecoe FRESEN. Ind. Sem. Frankf. (1838). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 282; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 551; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 298; Coult., Fl. Tex. 223. North America: Man.? Mich. and Minn. to Neb., Ark. and W. Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; hillsides, copses, edges of woods and thickets, or prairies. HerB.: Taylor 170, Janesville; Taylor 556, Minnesota lake; MacMillan 16, Glenwood; Sheldon 643, Waseca; Sheldon 1030, Sleepy Eye—form with upper leaves entire; Sheldon 900, Cottonwood river, near Sleepy Eye; Ballard 384, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sheldon 1132, Springfield; Ankeny 3, Stillwater; Kassube 139, Minneapolis; Herrick 162, Minneapolis; Arthur 1000, Elk river; Sandberg 330, Red Wing; Herrick 163, Minneapolis; Oest- lund 101, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 142, Chippewa Co. Coreopsis tinctoria Nurr. Journ. Acad. Phil. I, 114 (1821). Calliopsis bicolor Reicu. Mag. t. 70 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 282; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 246; Upham, Fl. Minn. 82; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Coult., Fl. Colo. 189; Roth. Wheel. or LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 54 Exp. 164; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 243; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 291; Coult., Fl. Tex. 222. North America: Saskatchewan and lat. 49° N. to Ark. and Tex.; W. to Colo. and Arizona; E. to La. Minn. valley: Reported from moist prairies of S. W. and W. districts. BIDENS Linn. Gen. 641 (1737). Pluridens and Edwardsia Neck. Elem. I, 86, 87 (1790). Kerneria MoENcH, Meth. 595 (1794). Ceratocephalus VAILL. ex DC. Prodr. V, 594 (1836). Delucia DC. Prodr. V, 633 (1836). Adenvlepis Less. Linn. VI, 510 (1832). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 221; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 387; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 212; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 244 (Hoffmann) Living species: 60-90; all temperate and warmer reg- ions, especially in America; Russia, 3; Europe, 4; Russian Hu- rope, 3; North America, 15; E. Sts., 6; Canada, 6; Rocky mts., 5; S. Sts., 5; California, 2; Pl. Wheel., 3; W. Tex., 5. Bidens beckii Torr. Spreng. Neu. Entd. II, 135 (1824). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pfianz. IV, 5, 245; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 298. North America: St. Lawrence, Q., Ont. to Man., Red valley and Porcupine mts.; S. to E. Mass. and N. J., and to Minn. and Mo. . Minn. valley: N. E. district; aquatic, in ponds, lakes and sluggish streams HERB.: Holtz 2, Minneapolis; Herrick 166, Minneap- olis; Herrick 167, Minneapolis; Bailey 541, Long lake. Bidens laevis (LiInN.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Helianthus laevis LINN. Spec. 906 (1753). Coreopsis bidens and perpoliata? WAur. FI. Car. 215 (1788). Bidens chrysanthemoides Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 136 (1803). B. helianthoides HBK. Nov. Gen. et. Spec. LV, 230 (1820). B. quadriaristata DC. Prodr. V, 59% (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Webb., Fl. Neb. 146; Upham, F]. Minn. 83; Chap., Fl. S. St. 237; Coult., Fl. Colo. 190; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 357; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray. Syn. FI. I, 2, 296; Coult., Fl. Tex. 223. North America: N.S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Man. and Calif.; S. to Fla. and Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; swamps and shaded wet banks of streams or by springs. —35 546 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 1470, Pipestone; Winchell 10, Rich- field; Herrick 165, Minneapolis; Holzinger 128, Winona; Sand- berg 333, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 144, Montevideo. Bidens cernua Linn. Spec. 832 (1753). Coreopsis bidens LINN. Spec. 908 (1753). Bidens cernua var. elata T.and G. FI. II, 352 (1841) B. quadriaristata var. dentata Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 368 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 285; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Coult., Fl. Colo. 189; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 357; Forbes and Hems., Fl. Syn. 435; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 210; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 517; Nym., Fl. Bur.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 244; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 296; Hart, Fl.Scand. I, 2. N. Eur. to Caucasus; N. Asia to China. North America: N. S., N. Br. to Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan to Mont. and Oregon; S. to Va., Mo. and Colo. Minn. valley: Throughout; infrequent; wet places or shaded banks near water’s edge. HERB.: Sheldon 1515, Lake Benton; Taylor 1154, Glen- wood; Roberts 65, Stewart river; Leiberg 36, Blue Earth Co. Bidens connata MuuHuL. Willd. Spec. III, 1718 (1803). B. tripartita BiGEL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 294 (1824). B. petiolata Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, 99 (1834). B. connata var. comosa GRAY. Man. 5 ed. 261 (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 284; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247; Upham, F). Minn. 83: Chap., FI]. S. St. 236; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 296. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Nebr.; S. to Ill., Mo., Ga. and Tex. Minn. valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; damp places and near streams ur pools. HersB.: Ballard 712, Waconia; Herrick 164, Minne- apolis; this is the var. pinnata Watson. Sandberg 332, Red Wing. Bidens frondosa LINN. Spec. 832 (1753). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 284; Britt., Fl. N. J. 146; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Chap., Fl. S. Sts. 236; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 247, 551; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Coult., F]. Colo. 189; Cov., Fl. Ark. 196; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 296; Coult., Fl. Tex, 223. North America: N.S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Colo.; S. to Gulf of Mexico, Fla. and Tex. Minn. valley: Throughout; frequent; moist shady places or along roads. HersB.: Sheldon 1414, Lake Benton; Taylor 1082, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 547 Glenwood; Bailey 72, Vermilion Lake; Sandberg 331, Cannon Falls; Herb. Moyer 143, Montevideo. HELENIUM Linn. Gen. 664 (1737). Tetrodus and Dougaldia Cass. Dict. LV, 264, 270 (1834). Mesodetra Rar. FI. Lud. 141 (1817). Brassavola ADANS. Fam. II, 127 (1763). Oxylepis BENTH. PI. Hartw. 87 (1839). Leptapoda Nutt. Gen. II, 174 (1818). Ambliolepis DC. Prodr. V, 667 (1836). Espeletiopsis Scu. Bip. Herb. Cephalophora Cav. Ic. VI, 79 (1801). Actinea Juss. Ann. Mus. II, 425 (1804). Graemia Hook. Exot. FI. 189 (1823). Actinella Nutt. Gen. II, 173 (1818). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 241; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 413, 414; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 216; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV. 5, 216 (Hoffmann). Living species: 380+; N. America, especially west- ward; E. Sts., 2; S. Sts., 4; Canada, 1; W. Tex., 9. Helenium antumnale LINN. Spec. 866 (1753). . pubescens AIT. Hort. Kew. III, 287 (1789). . canaliculatum LAM. Journ. Hist. Nat. IT, 213 (1792). . pumilum WILLD. Enum. Suppl. 60 (1813). . longifolium SM. Rees Cycl. (1817?). . tubuliflorum DC. Prodr. V, 666 (1836). . altissimum and commutatum LINK, Ind. Sem. Berol. (1840). . grandiflorum and montanum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 384 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 287; Coult., Fl. Colo. 196; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 84; Chap., Fl. S. St. 239; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 249, 552; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 393; Roth., Wheel Exp. 172; Wats., King Exp. 175; Coy., Fl. Ark. 197; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 263; Gray, Syn. F]. I, 2, 349; Webb., Appx. Neb. 41; Coult., Fl. Tex. 232. North America: Q. to L. Huron, Arctic circle and Pac.; S. to Oregon, Nev., Arizona, Minn., Ark., Fla. Minn. valley: Throughout; river banks, lake shores and edges of swamps. HeERB.: Taylor 1017, Glenwood: Sheldon 1312, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1464, Pipestone; Taylor 1087, Glenwood; Sandberg 334, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1811, Minneapolis; Herb. Moyer 145, 146, Montevideo. GAILLARDIA FouGer. Mem. Ac. Sci. Par. (1786). Galardia LAm. Enc. Meth. II, 590 (1786). Calonnea BucnHoz. Icon. t. 126 (1786). Virgilia L’HeER. Diss. (1789). Agassizia GRAY and ENGELM. Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. VI, 229 (1850). mek hy 548 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESUTA VALLEY. Guntheria SPRENG. Syst. III, 356 (1826). Cercostylos LEss. Syn. Comp. 239 (1832). Polypteris Less. Linn. VI, 218 (1832). Galorida REuscH. Nom. 251 (1797). Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 414; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 241; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 216; Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 263 (Hoffmann). Living species: 12; N. and C. America to S. America and Patagonia. N. America, 10; S. America, 1; Texas, Ari- zona and Utah, 10; Canada, 1-2; S. E. Sts., 2-3; S. and W.- oex.; 7. Gaillardia aristata PursH, Fl. Am. 573 (1814). G. bicolor Hook. FI. I, 315 (1833). G. bicolor var. aristuta Nurr. Gen. LI, 175 (1818). G. rustica Cass. Dict. X VIII, 20 (1825). G. lanceolata DC. Prodr. V, 362 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 288; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 362; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Coult., Fl. Colo. 197; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 392; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 250; Coult., Fl. Tex. 233. North America: Saskatchewan and Brit. Col. to Oregon and California; S. to Minn., Colo. and Tex. Minn. valley: Reported from N. W. and 8S. W. dis- tricts; rare or local; prairies. HERB.: Gedge 18, Riverton. DYSSODIA Cay. Ann. Cienc. Nat. VI, 334 (1803). Boebera WILLD. Spec. III, 2125 (1804). Clomenocoma Cass. Dict. IX. 416 (1825). Comaclinium SCHEIDW. PI. Serres, 756 (—---). Rosilla Less. Syn. Comp. 245 (1832). Lebetina Cass. Dict. X XV, 394 (1825). Adenophyllum Pers. Syn. II, 458 (1807). Willdenowa Cay. Ic. 61 (1791). Schlechtendahlia WILLD. Spec. III, 2125 (1804). Boebera Less. Syn. Comp. 287 (18382). Hymenatherum Cass. Bull. Philom. (1817). Aciphyllaea A. GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 91 (1849). Gnaphalopsis DC. Prodr. VII, 258 (1839). Thymophylla Lae. Elench. Matr. 25 (1816). Lowellia A. GRAY, Pl. Fendl. 89 (1849). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 253 (sub Tagetes Linn.); Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. II, 408, 410; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 265; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan, 215. Living species: 35+; Central and S. W. N. America; 1 sp., Peru to Patagonia. U. S., 16; all in W. and S. W. region except D. papposa (Vent. ). Dyssodia papposa (VENT.) HircHcock, Fl. Ames. 503 (1891). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 549 Tagetes papposa VENT. Hort. Cels (1800). Boebera chrysanthemoides WiLup. Spec. III, 2125 (1804). Dyssodia chrysanthemoides LAG. Nov. Gen. et Spec. 29 (1816). Boebera glandulosa Pers. Syn. II, 459 (1807). Dyssodia fastigiata DC. Prodr. V, 639 (1836). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 288; Webb., FJ. Neb. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 83; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 2, 251; Coult., Fl. Coie: 197; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 265; Gray, Syn. FI. L, 2, 356; Coult., Fl. Tex. 236. North America: Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Y., Ga., La.; W. to Neb., Colo., Tenn., Ark., Arizona and Mex. Minn valley: S. W. edge; infrequent; banks of streams or cool roadsides. HERB.: Leiberg 37, Rock Co. ACHILLEA Linn. Gen. 661 (1737). Ptarmica NEcK. Elem. I, 15 (1790). Millefolium Tourn. Inst. 460 (1700). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 279 (sub Santolina); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 217; Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 272 (Hoffmann); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 419. Living species: 80+; N. temperate regions, especially in old world. Russia, 20; Europe, 30; Russian Europe, 11; N. America, 3; Canada, 3;S. Sts., 1; E. Sts., 1; California, 1; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 1. Achillea millefolium Linn. Spec. 1267 (1753). A. tomentosa PuRsH, FI. Am. 319 (1814. A. setacea SCHWEIN. Long. Exp. II, 119 (1825). A. millefolium var. nigrescens E Mery. PI. Lab. (1830). A. lanulosa Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII. 36 (1834). A. gracilis and occidentalis DC. Prodr. VI, 27 (1837). Ptarmica borealis DC. Prodr. VI, 27 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 289; Britt., Fl. N. J. 147; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Upham, Fl. Minn. 84; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 251, 552, in var.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 198; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. 1, 400; Chap., Fl. S. St. 242: Forbes and Hems., Fl. Sin. 436; Led., Fl. Ross. IT, 531; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 212; Miyabe, Fl. Kur. 241 in var.; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 66; Wats., King Exp. 179; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 174, 366; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. LV, 5, 272; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 363; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 5; Coult., Fl. Tex. 239. All N. hemisphere in old world; Azores to Manchuria and in tropical mt. ranges; Shetland and Arct. Russ. to Cau- casus; China; Kuriles and Himalayas; Australasia. North America: Greenland to Alaska; S. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; common; hills, fields, edges of woods, shores of lakes. 550 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Sheldon 360, Madison Lake; Sheldon 1187, Lake Benton; Taylor 564, Minnesota lake; Ballard 178, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 735, Waconia; Taylor 868, Glenwood; Taylor 564, Minnesota lake; Roberts 66, Grand Marais; Kassube 140, Minneapolis; Roberts 67, Poplar river; Leonard 26, Duluth; Leonard 27, Spring Valley; Bailey 159, Vermilion lake; Roberts 68, Grand Marais; Sandberg 335, Cannon Falls; Herb. Wicker- shiem 80, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 146, Montevideo. ARTEMISIA Linn. Gen. 644 (1737). Oligosporus CAss. Bull. Philom. (1817). Absinthium GAERT. Fruct. II, 393 (1791). Picrothamnus Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 417 (1841). Baillon, Hist, Pl. VIII, 285; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 11, 435; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 220; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV,5, 281. Living species: 200+ described; 150— reduced (Du- rand); N. hemisphere; S. America; Sandwich Islands. Europe, 50; Russia, 85; Russian Europe, 30; North America, 40; Canada, 22-25; EH. Sts., 11; Rocky mts., 23; S. Sts., 3; California, 14; Pl. King, 18; Pl. Wheel., 10; W. Tex., 8. Artemisia frigida WILLD. Spec. III, 1838 (1803). A. sericea NuTT. Gen. II, 143 (1818). A. virgata RicH. Frankl. Journ. (1823). A. frigida var. gmeliniana Bess. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Arm. 1, 321 (1833). Wats. and Coult , Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 291; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 259; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Coult., Fl. Colo. 201; Wats., King Exp. 184; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176, 217; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 369; Gmel., FI. Sib. 63; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. N. Asia. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Rocky mts. and N. to 58° on Mackenzie; S. to Minn. and Tex.; W. to Idaho, Ney. and N. Mex. Minn. valley: Throughout; banks and hillsides or on rocky ledges and high ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 1480, Pipestone; Holzinger 131, Wi- nona Co.; Herrick 170, Minneapolis; Leiberg 40, Pipestone Co. ; Sandberg 340, Red Wing; MacM. and Sheld. 47, Brainerd. Artemisia biennis WILLD. Phytogr. 11 (1794). A, hispanica JACQ. Ic. Rar. 172 (1781) not Lam. . Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 291; Britt., Fl. N. J. 149; Webb., EF}. Neb. 144: Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 259; Coult., Fl. Colo. 201; Wats., King Exp. 183; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 370. Kamstk. and N. India, fide Gray. North America: Hudson Bay to Mackenzie and Pac. SI LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 551. coast; S. to Oregon and S. Calif.; E. to Minn., Neb., Mo., Tenn. and spreading also to N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Minn. valley: W. districts especially, but probably throughout; sandy or gravelly banks. HERB.: Sheldon 1592, Lake Benton; Sandberg 339, Red Wing; Herb. Moyer 149, Montevideo. / Artemisia gnaphalodes (NutTr.) Gen. II, 148 (1818) emend. A, integrifolia Pursu, Fl. Am. (1814) in part. A. ludoviciana Nutr. Gen. II, 143 (1818) pro parte. A. ludoviciana Nutr. T. and G. Fl. II, 420 (1841). A. purshiana, douglasiana, hookeriana Bess. Abrot. 59 (1834). A. vulgaris vars. ludoviciana and gnaphalodes OK. Rev. Gen. I, 309 (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 291; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 257; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Upham, FI]. Minn. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 202; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 404; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176, 366; Wats., King Exp. 183; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 372; Engl. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 282; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. North America: Red and Milk valleys to Pac. coast and 49° N. lat.; S. in Calif. to Monterey; E. to Saskatchewan, Mich., Minn., [ll., Tex. and Mexico. Minn. valley: Throughout; dry or sterile banks and along sparsely wooded ridges. HERB.: Taylor 720, Minnesota lake; Sheldon 935, Red- wood Falls; Sheldon 1131, Springfield; Sheldon 469, Madison Lake; Taylor 1125, Glenwood; Taylor 834, Glenwood; Gedge 8, Detroit City. The last four are forma glabrata; Sheldon 1511, Lake Benton; Tuylor 145, Janesville; Oestlund 102, Minneapolis; Gedge 9, Moorhead; Holzinger 130, Winona; Sandberg 338, Can- non Falls; Herb. Moyer 147, 148, Montevideo; Herb. Wicker- sheim 81, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Gen. II, 142 (1818). ? A. inteyrifolia PursH, Fl. Am. (1814) in part. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 291; Webb., Fl. Neb. 145; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 202; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 372; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 256. North America: Saskatchewan and Minn. to Neb., Colo. and Mont. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. Minn.; banks and ledges; rare. Artemisia serrata Nutr. Gen. II, 142 (1818). A, ludoviciana var. serrata T. and G. Fl. II, 420 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 291; Upham. Fl. Minn. 85; Gray, Syn. Fl. [, 2, 372. North America: Ill., Minn. and Dak. 5EQ METASPERKMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Minn. valley: Reported from Coteau des Prairies; moist depressions and near sloughs. Artemisia dracunculoides PursH, Fl. Am, 742 (1814). A. dracunculus PurRsH, Fl. Am. 521 (1814). A. cernua Nutt. Gen. II, 143 (1818). A. nuttalliana Bess. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 326 (1833). A. inodora Hook. and ARN. Bot. Beech. 150 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 290; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 255, 553; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Coult., Fl. Colo. 200; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 404; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176; Wats., King Exp. 181; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 369; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. North America: Man. to Rockies, Brit. Col. and Peace river reg.; S. to Minn., Colo., Tex., Arizona and Calif. in Sierras; E. to Ill. and Neb Minn. valley: Throughout; banks of streams, waste places, edges of sandy thickets. HERB.: Taylor 817, Glenwood; Taylor 614, Minnesota lake; Holzinger 129, Winona; Sandberg 336, Cannon Falls; Her- rick 167, Minneapolis. Artemisia canadensis Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 129 (1803). A. peucedanifolia Juss. in herb. A. campestris PuRSH, Fl. Am. 521 (1814). A. desertorum Bess. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 325 (1833) in part. A. commutata Bess. Dracun. 68 (1835). ?A. pacifica Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 399 (1841). ? A. lewisti T. and G. FI. II. 417 (1841) in part. Wats. and Cuult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 290; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 256; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Coult., Fl. Colo. 200; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 176; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197?; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 368 and 369; Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 282; Coult., Fl. Tex. 240. N. W. Asia; jide Gray. North America: Can. throughout to 64° N. lat.; S. to Utah, Arizona and N. Mex. in Rockies; to Washington and to Minn., Colo., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. and N. edges; sandy shores of lakes and streams. Artemisia caudata Micux. Fl. N. Am, II, 129 (1808). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 290; Britt., Fl. N. J. 148; Upham, Fl. Minn. 85; Mac., F). Can. I, 256; Chap., Fl. S. St. 242; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2,368; Coult., Fl. Tex. 239. North America: Ont. and N. H. to N. J. and N. Car.; W. to Minn., Man. and Mich.; S. to Kan. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout; waste or sandy places; edges of thickets and along streams. HEeRB.: Sheldon 1892, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1046, LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 553 Sleepy Eye; Taylor 1142, Glenwood; Herrick 168, Minnetonka; Leiberg 38, Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 169, Minneapolis; Sand- berg 337, Goodhue Co.; Leiberg 39, Rock Co.; Oestlund 103, -Minneapolis. ERECHTITES Rar. FI. Lud. 65 (1817). Neoceis Cass. Bull. Philom. (1820). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 260 (sub Senecio); Benth.and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 443; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 221; Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 291. Living species: 12+; tropical and subtropical Amer- ica; warmer N. Amer.; Australia and New Zealand; introd. in Asia. N. America, 1 sp. Erechtites hieracifolia (L1nn.) Rar. DC. Prodr. VI, 294 (1837). Senecio hieracifolius LINN. Spec. 866 (1753). Cineraria canadensis WALT. FI. Car. 207 (1788). Erechtites praelonga and erecta RAF. FI. Lud. 65 (1817). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 295; Britt., Fl. N. J. 149; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 262; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 396; Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. 1V, 5, 291. S. America; W. Indies to Buenos Ayres; nat. in Mau- ritius. North America: Newf. to Saskatchewan; 8S. to Gulf of Mexico and Fa. Minn. valley: Forest and S. central districts; clear- ings and waste places in woodland or thickets. HERB.: Sandberg 344, Red Wing. SENECIO Linn. Gen. 647 (1737). Cacalia LINN. Gen. 649 (1787) p. p. Cineraria LINN. Gen. 957 (1737). Tephroseris ScHur. Transsylv. 343 (1866). Jacobaea THUNB. Prodr. Cap. (1794). Obaejaca Cass. Dict. XX XV, 270 (1826). Anecio Neck. Elem. I. 28 (1790). Herbichia ZAWADsSK. Enum. Galic. 198 (1835). Farobaea Scur. ex Col. Hort. Rip. App. IV (1828). Eudorus Cass. Dict, XLI, 166 (1826). Aspelina Cass. 1. c. (1826). Sclerobasis Cass. Philom. (1818). Acleia DC. Prodr. VI, 340 (1837). Hubertia Bone. Voy. Afr. I, 334 (—-). Synarthron Cass. Dict. LI, 457 (1834). Cissampelopsis Mig. Ind. Bat. II, 102 (1859). Bethencourtia CHois. Buch. Can. (1819). Pericallis Wess, Phyt. Can. 103, 106 (1838). Mesogramma DC. Prodr. VI, 304 (1837). 554 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Madaractis DC. Prodr. VI, 322 (1837). Doronica WieuT. Ic. 1124, 1129 (1843). Madocarpus WieuT. Ic. 1152 (1843). Brachyrhynecos LEss. Syn. Comp. 392 (1832). Lachanodes DC. Guill. Arch. Bot. I1, 332 (1833). Pladaroxylon ENDL. (Gen. 461 (1840) in part. Traversia Hook. f. Handb. N. Z. F1.-163 (1867). Centropappus Hook. f. Lond. Jour. Bot. VI, 124 (1846). Carderina Cass. Dict. XX XV, 272 (1826). Delaira LEM. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, I, 379 (1844). Dorobaea Cass. Dict. XL VIII, 453 (1834). Roldana LuAy. and LEx. Nov. Mex. Veg. II, 10 (1826). Haplosticha PHILuiPil, Linn. XXX, 193 (1856). Adenotrichia LINDL. Bot. Reg. XIV, t. 1190 (1828). Danaa CoLLA, Mem. Tur. XX XVIII, 27 (1835). Brachypappus Scu. Bip. Flora. 119 (1855). Metazanthus MEYEN, Reise I, 356 (1834). Ligularia CAss. Bull. Philom. (1816). Hoppea Rercu. Ic. Ex. I, 8, 10 (1827). Erythrochaete S.and Z. Fam. Nat. Jap. II, 64 (1843). Farfugium Linpu. Gard. Chron. 4 (1857). Senecillis GAERTN. Fruct. II, 453 (1791). Pericalia, Psacalium, Pentacalia, Aetheolaena Cass. Dict. 1. c. (1834). Pentanthus Hook. and ARN. Comp. Bot. Mag. I, 32 (1835). Odontotrichum Zucc. Baier. Acad. 311 (1832). Sciadioseris KUNZE, Bot. Zeit. 349 (1851). Rugelia SCHUTTLEW. Chap. FI. 8. St. 246 (1860). Syneilesis Max. Prim. Amur. 165 (1859), Pithosilum Cass. Dict. XLI, 164 (1834). Kleinia Haw. Syn. Succ. 312 (1812). Microchaete BENTH. Hartw. 209 (1841). Gynoxys DC. Prodr. VI, 326 (1837). Cladopogon Scua. Bie. Sem. Hamb. (1852). Pterosenecio Scu. Bre. ex. Dur. Ind. Gen. 1. c. (1888). Willkommia SCHULTZE, ex. Dur. Ind. Gen. 1. c. (1888). Cacalianthemum Drut. Elth. I, 54 (1732). Notonia DC. Guill. Arch. Bot. II, 518 (1833). Bedfordia DC. 1. c. 332 (1833). Brachyglottis Forst. Char. Gen. 91 (1776). Gynura Cass. Dict. XXXIV, 391 (1826). Crassocephalum MoreNncH, Meth. 516 (1794). Cremocephalum Cass. Dict. XXXIV, 390 (1826). ? Xenocarpus Cass. 1. c. LIX, 108 (1834). Emilia Cass. 1. ¢c. XIV, 405 (1825). Stilpnogyne DC. Prodr. VI, 293 (1837). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 258; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 446 seq.; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 221; Engl. Hoffm., Nat. Pflanz. IV, 5, 296. Living species: 1250+; cosmopolitan. N. America, 5+; Rocky mts., 21; California, 20; Pl. King, 13; Pl. Wheel., ( (D+ | 17; E. Sts., 10; W. Tex., 7. Principally S. and W. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 555 Senecio ovatus (WALT.). Cacalia ovata WALT. FI. Car. 196 (1788). C. tuberosa Nutr. Gen. II, 138 (1818). C. paniculata and pteryantha Rar. Ann. Nat. 14 (1820). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 294; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 268, 555; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Chap., Fl. S. St. 244; Mac., Fl. Can. II, 335; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 396; Coult., Fl. Tex. 242. North America: Ont. to Lake Huron and Minn.; S. to Neb., Ohio, Ark., Alab., Ga. and Fla. Minn. valley: Forest district; W. to Cottonwood and Chippewa valleys; damp prairies and openings. HERB.: Sheldon 1187, New Ulm; Sheldon 687, Waseca; Taylor 565, Minnesota lake; Sandberg 346, Cannon Falls. Senecio atriplicifolius (Linn.) Hoox. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 332 (18838). Cacalia atriplicifolia LINN. Spec. 835 (1753). (1888) Senecio atriplicifolius var. reniformis Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 332 1 : Cacalia gigantea NEES, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. (1842). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 294; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham., Fl. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 268; Chap., Fl. 8S. St. 244; Cov. Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 395. North America: Ont. to N. J. and Fla.; W. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. Minn. valley: S. E. edge, Rice Co.; rich woodland and moist banks or shores. HERB.: Sandberg 345, Goodhue Co. Senecio reniformis (MUHL.). Cacalia reniformis Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1735 (1803). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 294; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Chap., FI. S. St. 244; Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 395. North America: N. J. to N. Car. and Tenn.; W. to Ills. and Minn. Minn. valley: S. E. edge; rare; rich, deep woods. Heres.: Leonard 28, Sumner. Senecio lugens Ricn. Frankl. Jour. 2 ed. 31 (1825). S. lugens vars. hookeri and parryi HAT. King. Exp. 188 (1871). Cineraria pratensis HERD. Pl. Radd. II, 127 (—-). Cacalia lugens MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 294; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 263, 554; Coult., Fl. Colo. 209; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 413; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 644; Wats., King Exp. 188; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 177; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 388; Coult., Fl. Tex. 242. Circumpolar. North America: Rocky mts., Fraser river, 66° N. lat. 556 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. to Kotzebue Sound and Bon Esperance, Alaska; S. in mts. to Mexico; W. to Calif. and Pac. coast; E. to Minn., Iowa, Neb., Dakota. Minn. valley: W. districts; swampy or moist places in prairie, edges of lakes. HERB.: Leiberg 43, ‘‘Minnesota”; Herb. Wickersheim 84, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 153, Granite Falls. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Gen. II, 165 (1818). Cacalia integerrima MACM. MSS. (1891). Gray, Syn. FI. 1, 2, 388;-Mac., Fl. Can. I, 554; Upham, Fl. Minn. 7. North America: Dak. and Minn. to Saskatchewan. Minn. valley: Reported from S. W. district; doubtful; prairies and ridges. Senecio tomentosus MicHx. FI. Am. II, 119 (1803). Cineraria heterophylla PursH, Fl. Am. 528 (1814). p Senecio integrifolius var. heterophyllus Nutr. Gen. II, 165 (1818). S. aureus UPHAM, FI. Minn. 87 (1883) asto specs. Kassube. Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 293; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 390; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Chap., Fl. S. St. 245. North America: N. J., Del. and Penn. to Fla.; W. to Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: N. EH. edge; open and moist places. HERB.: Kassube 279, Minneapolis; 280, Minnehaha. Senecio aureus LINN. Spec. 870 (1753). S. gracilis PursH, Fl. Am. 529 (1814). S. fastigiatus SCHWEIN. Ell. Sk. II, 331 (1824). Cacalia aweea MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 298; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl]. Minn. 87; Chap. Fl. 8. St. 245; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 411; Coult., Fl. Colo. 210; Wats., King Exp. 189; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 366?; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 391; Cov., Fl. Ark. 197; Coult., Fl. Tex, 242. North America: Newf.?, N. S., N. Br., Rocky mts. and Pac. coast to 49° N. lat.; S. to N. J. and N. Car., and W. to Nev. and Pac. coast of California. Minn. valley: Throughout; moist, marshy or swampy places; abundant. HeRB.: Ballard 18, Chaska; Taylor 47, Elysian; Bal- lard 475, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Sheldon 309, Madison Lake, » Blue Earth Co.; Herrick 173, Minneapolis; Sundberg 348, Cen- ter City; Kassube 142, Minneapolis; Sandberg 349, Tower; Herb. Sheld. 1808, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 83, Idlewild, Lin- coln Co.; Herb. Moyer 152, Montevideo. Senecio aureus LINN. var. pauperculus (MICHX.). S. pauperculus Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 120 (1803). be | LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 55 S. balsamitae MunHL. Willd. Spec. III, 1999 (1804). S. plattensis Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 413 (1841). S. aureus var. balsamitae T. and G. FI. II, 443 (1841). Cacalia aurea var. paupercula MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 265, 554; Chap., Fl. S. St. 245; Upham, FI. Minn. 87; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 412; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 391; Gray, Syn. Suppl. 454. North America: Anticosti, N. S., N. Br., Q., Ont. to Brit. Col. and Selkirk mts.; S. to N. J., Va. and Tenn.; W. to Neb., Tex., Colo. and Oregon. Minn. valley: Throughout; high dry knolls and rocky ledges; headlands and ridges. HERB.: Sheldon 1479, Pipestone City; Ballard 142, Chaska; Ballard 518, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 229, Janes- ville; Sheldon 148, Madison Lake, Blue Earth Co.; Taylor 1156, Glenwood; Herrick 174, St. Louis river; Arthur 50, Vermilion ize; Sheldon 1399, Lake Benton. Senecio aureus LINN. var. obovatus (MUHL.) T. and G. FI. II, 442 (1841). S. obovatus Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1999 (1804). S. aureus var. gracilis Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 333 (1833). S. elliottiti T.and G. Fl. II, 448 (1841). Cacalia aurea var. obovata MACM. MSS. (1891). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 293; Britt., Fl. N. J. 150; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 265; Upham, Fl. Minn. 87; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 391; Coult., FI. Tex. 242. North America: N.S. to Brit. Col.; S. to Minn., Ind. and Georgia. Minn. valley: Throughout forest and N. W. district; drier places and damp prairies. HerB.: Taylor 761, Glenwood; Kassube 143, Min- neapolis. Senecio palustris (Linn.) Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 334 (1833). Cineraria palustris LINN. Spec. ed. 2, 1243 (1762). C. congesta R. Br. Parr. Voy. (1823). Senecio palustris var. congestus Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 334 (1833). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 293; Mac., Fl. Can. 263: Upham, Fl. Minn. 86; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 554; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 219; Trautv., Fl. Sib. 75; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 394; Hart., Fl. Scand. I, 9. N. Europe to France and Austria; N. Asia. North America: N. 8S. and Greenland to Saskatchewan and far N. to Kotzebue Sound and Wainright Inlet, Alaska; S. to Minn., Dak. and lowa. Minn. valley: Forest district and N. W. districts; edges of swamps, streams or lakes. 558 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HERB.: Ballard 519, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Ballard 499, Scott Co.; Taylor 383, Janesville; Taylor 316, Janesville; Sheldon 1064, Elysian; Herrick 172, Sandy lake; Sandberg 347, Center City; Herb. Moyer 151, Stevens lake, Chippewa Co. CNICUS Linn. Gen. 633 (17387). Picnomon ADANS. Fam. II, 116 (1763). Breea Less. Syn. Comp. 9 (1832). Onopordum LINN’ Gen. 927 (1737). Acanos ADANS. Fam. II, 116 (1768). Lamyra, Platyraphium, Ptilostemon, Orthocentron, Lo- phiolepis, Eriolepis, Notobasis Cass. Dict. XX V-XLIV (1826). Echenais Cass. Bull. Philom. (1818). Spanioptilon Less. Comp. Syn. 10 (1832). Xylanthena, Cephalonoplos Neck. Elem. 67, 68 (1790). Chamaepeuce DC. Prodr. VI, 657 (1837). Aneathia DC. Guill. Arch. Bot. II, 331 (1833). Picnocomon and Acarna VAILL. Acad. Par. (1718). Epitrachys K. Kocu, Linn. XXIV, 396 (1850). Ornitrophis Cass. ex Dur. 1. c. (1888). Cirsium DC. FI. Fr. IV, 110 (1805). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 5 (sub Carduus); Benth. and Hook., Gen. PI. II, 468; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 225. Living species: 175+; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. and S. America; extra-tropical. Introduced elsewhere. Europe, 65; Russia, 55; Russian Europe, 22; North America, 35; Rocky mts., 12; Canada, 13; E. Sts., 7;S. Sts., 9; California, 12-14; Pl. King, 5; Pl. Wheel., 8; W. Tex., 6. Cnicus odoratus (MunL.) B.S. P. Cat. N. Y. (1888). Carduus odoratus MunHu. Cat. 70 (1813). Carduus pumilus and var. hystrix Nutr. Gen. II, 130 (1818). Cirsium pumilum SPRENG. Syst. ITI, 375 (1826). Cnicus pumilus Torr. Compend. 282 (1826). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 269; Upham, FI]. Minn. 88; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 401. North America: Maine to Penn. and N. J.; W, to Man. and Minn. Minn. valley: N. E., N. and N. W. districts; dry fields or sparsely wooded ridges. Hers.: Ballard 574, Prior’s lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 1013, Glenwood; Sandberg 351, Cannon Falls. Cnicus muticus (MicHx.) PursH, Fl. Am. 506 (1814). Cirsium muticum Micux. FI. Am, II, 89 (1803). Carduus muticus and glaber (?) Nutr. Gen. II, 129 (1818). Onicus glutinosus BiaeEL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 291 (1824). Cirsium bigelovii DC. Prodr. V1, 640 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Upham, LIST OF HIGHER SEED PRODUCING PLANTS. 559 Fl. Minn. 88: Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 270; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 405. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. S., N. Br. to Saskatchewan and Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J., Va., Fla. and La. Minn. valley: Forest district; swamps and near lake shores. HERB.: Bailey 33, Vermilion lake; Sundberg 350, Goodhue Co.; Taylor 700, Minnesota lake. Cnicus discolor Muni. Willd Spec. ITI, 1670 (1803). Carduus discolor Nutr. Gen. II, 130 (1818). Cirsium discolor SPRENG. Syst. III, 373 (1826). 563) Cnicus altissimus var. discolor GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XIX, 57 (1883). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 296; Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Mac.. Fl. Can. I, 270; Webb., F]. Neb. 144; Upham, FI. Minn. 88; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 404. North America: N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn. and Neb.; , to N. J., H.;.Mo.; Ark. and Va. Minn. valley: N. districts; meadows, fields, copses and low thickets. HERB.: Ballard 761, Waconia; Taylor 741, Glenwood; Herrick 175, Minneapolis; Oestlund 104, Minneapolis; Kassube 144, Minneapolis. Cnicus altissimus (LINN.) WILLD. Spec. III, 1671 (1803). Carduus altissimus LINN. Spec. 824 (1753). Cirsium diversifolium DC. Prodr. V1, 640 (1837). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 296; Britt., Fl. N. J. 151, in var.; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Upham, Fl. Minn. 88; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 270 in var.; Coult., Fl. Colo. 214; Chap., Fl. S. St. 247; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 404; Coult., Fl. Tex. 243. ; North America: Mass. to Minn. and Neb.; S. to Miss., NW. Car., Fla.,. Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. central, S. W., W. and N. W. dis- tricts; fields and borders of thickets or streams. HERB.: Taylor 1026, Glenwood; Taylor 728, Glenwood; Herb. Wickersheim 85, Ash lake, Lincoln Co.; Herb. Moyer 154, Chippewa river, near Montevideo. Cnicus undulatus (NutTT.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X, 42 (1874). Carduus undulatus Nutt. Gen. IT, 130 (1818). C. discolor Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I (1833) in part. C. douglasit DC. Prodr. VI, 643 (1837). C. hookeriamum Hoox. Lond. Journ. Bot. VI, 253 (1854). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 296; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 269; Upham, F]. Minn. 88; Coult., FJ. Colo. 214; Brew. and 560 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 418; Wats., King Exp. 204, 422; Roth., Wheel. Exp. 179; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 403; Coult., Fl. Tex. 243. North America: Man. to Rockies, N. W. T. and Brit. Col.; W. to limit of prairies; S. to Oregon, Gt. lakes, Minn., Kan. and N. Mex. Minn valley: Reported from plains of W. district; doubtful or rare; fields and prairies. HERB.: ?Roberts 70, Grand Marais. LACTUCA Linn. Gen. 622 (1737). : Brachyrampbus DC. Prodr. VII, 176 (1838-39). Phaenixopus Cass. Dict. XXXIX, 391 (1826). Phaenopus DC. Prodr. VII, 176 (1838-39). Cyanoseris ScHuUR. Transsylv. 369 (1866). Pyrrhopappus A. RicH. Abyss. FI. I, 463 (1847). Cicerbita WALLR. Sched. Crit. Halle, 433 (1822). Mulgedium Cass. Dict, X XXIII, 296 (1826). Galathenium Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc, 2, VII, 442 (1841). Agathyrsus Don, Edin. Phil. Journ. 310 (1828-29). Melanoseris DECAISNE. Jacqm. Voy. Bot. 101 (1844). Lactucopsis ScuH. Bre. Vis. and Panc. Fl. Serb. IT, 5 (1870). Cephalorhyncus Botss. Diag. Or. LV, 28 (1859). Dubyaea DC. Prodr. VII, 247 (1838-39). Steptoramphus BunNGE, Rel. Lehm. 205 (1851). Myecelis and Ixeris Cass. Dict. XXIV, 49 (1826). Chorisma Don, Edin. Phil. Jour. 308 (1828-29). Chorisis DC. Prodr. VII, 177 (1838-39). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 115; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il, 524; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 75-100; Europe; Asia; Africa; N. America. Europe, 22; Russia, 17; Russian Europe, 10; N. America, 9; Canada, 7; S. Sts., 1; Rocky mts., 3; California, 1; E. Sts., 8; Pl. Wheel., 1; Pl. King, 1; W. Tex., 4. Lactuca spicata (LAm.) Hircncock, Fl. Ames 506 (1891). Sonchus spicata LAM. Enc. Meth. III, 401 (1786). S. floridanus Arr. Hort. Kew. III, 116 (1789). S. biennis MormncH, Meth. 545 (1794). 3. leucophaeus WILLD. Spec. ILI, 1520 (1803). acuminatus BIGEL. Fl. Bost. 2 ed. 290 (1824). S. pallidus Torr. Compend, 279 (1826). S. multiflorus Dresr. Cat. Par. (1829). Agathyrsus leucophaewum BECK, Bot. 170 (1833). Mulgedium leucophaeum DC. Prodr. VII, 249 (1838). Lactuca leucophaeum GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. XIX, 73 (1872). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 305; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Mace., Fl. Can. I, 281; Coult., Fl. Colo. 224; Chap.,, Fl. 8. St. 253; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 442; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 444. North America: Newf., Anticosti, N. Br., U.S., Q., tt LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 561 Ont. to Brit. Col. and coast region; S. to Oregon and N. Calif.; E. to Minn., N. J., Iowa, Tenn. and N. Car. Minn. valley: Forest district aud W. to Cottonwood valley; low grounds near thickets or along streams. HERB.: Ballard 645, Chaska; Sheldon 1184, New Ulm; Sheldon 894, Sleepy Eye; Bailey 457, Mud lake; Roberts 71, Stewart river; Sandberg 260, Red Wing; Oestlund 105, Minne- apolis. Lactuca floridana (LiInn.) GAERTN. Fruct. II, 262 (1791). Sonchus floridanus LINN. Spec. II, 795 (1753). Mulgedium lyratum Cass. Dict. XX XIII, 297 (1826). Mulgedium floridanum DC. Prodr. VII, 249 (1839). ( ’ Galathenium floridanum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 441 1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 304; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 281; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Chap., Fl. S. St. .253; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 443; Coult., Fl. Tex. 249. North America: Detroit river and Minn. to N. J., Penn., Carolinas and Fla.; W. to Ills., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. and EH. edges; local or doubtful; borders of woods or thickets. Lactuea pulchella (PuRSH) DC. Prodr. VII, 134 (1838). Sonchus pulchellus PursH, Fl. Am. 502 (1814). Lactuca integrifolia Nutr. Gen. IT, (1818). Sonchus sibiricus Ricu. Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 293 (1833). Mulgedium pulchellum T. and G. FI. II, 497 (1841). M. heterophylum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 441 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 304; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 442; Coult., Fl. Colo. 223; _ Roth., Wheel. Exp. 182; Wats., King Exp. 208, 422; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 443. North America: L. Huron throughout C. Can. to 66° _N. lat., Mackenzie river reg. and Alaska; S. to N. Mex. and Calif.; E. to Neb., Minn. and Mich. Minn. valley: Throughout; local or teohietit: prai- ries and edges of woods. HERB.: Sheldon 491, Madison Lake; Ballard 682, Wa- conia; Taylor 415, Janesville; Taylor 1040, Glenwood; Taylor 883, Glenwood; Sheldon 1274, Lake Benton; Juni 9, Lake Car- los; Bailey 4, Vermilion lake. Lactuca ludoviciana (NuttT.) DC. Prodr. VII, 141 (1888). Sonchus ludovicianus Nurr. Gen. IT, 125 (1818). (1841) Galathenium ludovicianum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 433 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 304; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 443; Coult., Fl. Colo. 223; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Upham, Minn. Suppl. 86; Coult., Fl. Tex. 249. —36 562 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. North America: Minn. and Dak. to Iowa, Neb., Ark. and Tex. Minn. valley: S. W. district; local?; thicket edges and borders of woods, or in openings. HERB.: Skeidon 894, Sleepy Hye. Lactuca hirsuta MuHL. Cat. (1818). L. sanguinea BIGEL. FI. Bost. 2 ed. 287 (1824). L. sagittaefolia Exu. Sk. II, 253 (1824). L. elongata var. sanguinea and albiflora T. and G. FI. II, 496 (1841). Galathenium sanguineum and floridanum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 443 (1841). Lactuca canadensis GRAY, Man. 5 ed. (1867). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 304; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 280; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Upham. Fl. Minn. 91; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn.Fl. I, 2, 442; Goult., Fl. Tex. 249. North America: Ont. to E. Mass., N. J. and La.; W. to Minn., Ark. and Tex. : Minn. valley: Forest and W. district; doubtless N. W.; borders of woods and thickets. HERB.: Sheldon 1304, Lake Benton. Lactuca canadensis LINN. Spec. 796 (1758). L. caroliniana WALT. FI. Car. 193 (1788). L. longifolia Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 85 (1803). L. elongata Munu. Willd. Spec. III, 1523 (1803). Sonchus pallidus W1LLD. Spec. III, 1521 (1803). ‘ata Galathenium elongatum Nutr. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 443 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 304; Britt.. Fl. N. J. 154; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 280; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 442. North America: Anticosti to Assiniboia and Sas- katchewan; S. to N. Eng. and N. J. to Ga.; W. to Minn., Neb. . and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; borders of thickets and open places in woods. Herp.: Ballard 616, Chaska; Ballard 744, Waconia; Sheldon 1010, Sleepy Eye; Ballard 580, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Taylor 1021, Glenwood; Sheldon 1181, New Ulm; Bailey 196, Vermilion lake; Kassube 149, Minneapolis; Sandberg 359, Can- non Falls. TARAXACUM Hatu. Stirp. Helv. I, 23 (1742). Leontodon ApDANs. Fam. I], 112 (1763). Lasiopus Don, Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2, 346 (1836). ? Caramanaca TINEO, Pl. Rar. Sic. (1846). Dens Leonis TourN. Inst. 468 (1700). LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 563 Baillon, Hist. Pl, VIII, 110 (sub Leontodon); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl, II, 522; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 40 described; 10 reduced; N. hemi- sphere and a few introduced or rarely indigenous in S. hemi- sphere. Russia, 14; Europe, 10; Russian Europe, 9; North America, 1-4; Pl. King, 3 deser. Taraxacum taraxacum (LiInN.) MacM. Torr. Bull. XIX, 1891). Leontodon taraxacum LINN. Spec. (1753). Taraxacum officinale WEBB. Prim. FI. Holst. 56 (1780). T. dens-leonis DESF. FI. Atl. II, 228 (1800). Wats. and Coult.,Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 303; Britt., Fl. N. J. 154; Upham, Fl. Minn. 91; Chap., Fl. S. St. 252; Coult., Fl. Colo. 222; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 279; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 439; Forbes and Hems,, Fl. Sin. 478; Led., Fl. Ross. II, 812; Hook., Fl. Gt. Brit. 240; Nym., Fl. Eur.; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 558 in var.; Griseb., Fl. W. I; Herd., Fl. Eur. Russ. 78; Wats., King Exp. 206; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 440; Hart., FI. Scand. I, 58; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. All Europe and N. Asia to China and in temperate stations in S. hemisphere (probably adventive). North America: Canada throughout, to Alaska, Baf- fins bay and Greenland; throughout U.S. and in Mex.; forms E. of Minn. are probably introduced from Europe. Minn. valley: Throughout; fields, banks, roadsides and grassy places. HERB.: Taylor 82, Elysian; Taylor 184, Janesville; Sandberg 358, Red Wing; Kassube 148, Minneapolis; Hammond 23, Lake City; Herb. Sheld. 1791, Minneapolis; Herb. Wicker- sheim 88, Idlewild, Lincoln Co. NOTHOCALAIS Greene, Bull. Acad. Calif. IT, 54 (1886). Troximon AUcT. in part. Eutroximon Gray, (Sect.) Syn. Fl. I, 2, 437 (1886) p. p. North America: 4-5; California and Pac. coast region; 1 extending eastward. Nothocalais cuspidatum (PURSH) GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. II, 54 (1886). Troximon cuspidatum PursH, FI. Am. 472 (1814). T. marginatum Nutt. Gen. II, 128 (1818). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 302; Mac., Fl.Can. I, 277; Upham, Fl. Minn. 89; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Coult., Fl. Colo. 221; Gray, Syn. FI. I, a North America: N. W. T. to Dak. and Neb.; E. to Saskatchewan, Minn., Wisc. and Ill. Minn. valley: Throughout; especially in prairie dis- trict; plains and hills or sunny banks. 564 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. HeERB.: Herrick 178, Minneapolis; Sandberg 352, Welsh, Goodhue Co.; Herb. Sheld. 1809, Minneapolis; Herb. Wickersheim 86, Idlewild; Herb. Moyer 156, Montevideo. , AGOSERIS Rar. Fl. Lud. 58 (1817). Macrorhyncus Less. Syn. Comp. 139 (1832). Ammogeton SCHRAD. Cat. Goett. 1 (1833). Cryptopleura and Stylopappus Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soe. ser. 2, VII, 431 (1841). Troximon AUCT. in part. Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII,110 (sub Leontodon Linn.); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I1, 522; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 234; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. I, 304. Living species: 283+ (Greene, Pittonia II, 176); N. America and Chile; all in western and Pac. coast regions. Agoseris glauca (PURSH) GREENE, Pittonia II, 176 (1891). Trozimon glaucum PuRSH, FI. Am. 495, 505 (1814). Macrorhyncus glaucus EAT. Bot. King Exp. 204 (1871). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 303; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 277; Up- ham, Fl. Minn. 89; Coult., Fl. Colo. 221; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 437; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 487. North America: Man. and Saskatchewan to Pac.; S. in Sierras to Calif., Utah, Nev. and E. to Minn. and Neb. Minn. valley: W. edge; infrequent; plains and high ridges or headlands. HERB.: Sheldon 1278, Lake Benton. ADOPOGON Neck. Elem. I, 55 (1790). Krigia SCHREB. Gen. 532 (1791). Cynthia Don, Edin. Phil. Journ. 309 (1828-29). Luthera Scu. Bie. Linn. X, 275 (1836). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 20 (sub Cichorium); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 507; O. Kuntze, ev. Gen. I, 304; Durand, Jnd. Gen. Phan. 282. Living species: 4-5; N. America; S. Sts., 4; E. Sts., 3; Canada, 2; Rocky mts., 1; W. Tex., 3. Adopogon virginicum (Linn.) OK. Rev. Gen. I, 304 (1891). Tragopogon virginicum LINN. Spec. 789 (1753). Hyoseris biflora WALT. Fl. Car. 194 (1788). H. amplexicaulis Micux. Fl. N. Am. IT, 87 (1803). H. prenanthoides W1LLD. Spec. III, 1618 (1803). Oynthia virginica DON, Edin. Phil. Jour. XIT, 305 (1828-29). Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Gen. II, 127 (1818). C. amplexicaulis BECK, Bot. 168 (1833). Cynthia grifthii Nutr. Jour. Acad. Phil. VII, 69 (1834). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 298; Britt., Fl. N. J. 152; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 273; Upham, FI. Minn, 89; Coult., Fl. Colo. 215; Chap., Fl. 8. St, 249; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 412. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 565 North America: Ont. to S. Man., Dak. and Colo.; S. to N. Y., N. J., Conn., Ga. and W. to Iowa, Minn. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout, particularly in the prairie districts; grassy places or sunny banks. HERB.: Sheldon 626, Wilton, Waseca Co.; Sheldon 534, Waseca; Herrick /76, Minneapolis; Holzinger 133, Winona Co. ; Herrick 177, Minneapolis; Kassube 145, Minneapolis. LYGODESMIA Don, Edin. Phil. Jour. 311 (1828-29). Erythremia Nutr. Trans. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 455 (1841). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIIT, 113 (sub Scorzonera); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. 11, 5380; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 235. Living species: 5-6; N. America; especially S. W. Rocky mts., 3; E. Tex. and Fla., 1; California, 2; S. Sts., 1; BE. Sts:, 1; Pl. King, 2; W§ Tex., 3. Lygodesmia juncea (PuRsSH) Don, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 295 (1833). Prenanthes juncea PurRsH, Fl. Am. 498 (1814). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 302; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Coult., Fl. Colo. 220; Mac., Fl. Can. J, 283; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 441; Wats., King Exp. 200; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 435; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. North America: Saskatchewan and Man. to Rockies, 49° N. lat.; S. to Wisc., Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and Nev. Minn. valley: Throughout; sandy and waste places or on gravelly banks. HERB.: Sheldon 950, Redwood Falls; Sheldon 1014, Sleepy Eye; Sheldon 1510, Lake Benton; Sheldon 703, Minne- apolis; Taylor 869, Glenwood; Ballard 255, Jordan, Scott Co.; Ballard 634, Chaska; Sandberg 357, Vasa; Herrick 182, Minne- apolis; MacM. and Sheld. 48, Brainerd; Herb. Moyer 155, Min- nesota valley, near Montevideo. PRENANTHES Linn. Gen. 609 (1737) p. p. BENTH. 1. ¢. (18738). Nabalus Cass. Dict. XXXIV, 94 (1836). Harpalyce Don, Edin. Phil. Jour. (1828-29). Esopon Rar. FI. Lud. 146 (1817). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 116 (sub Lactuca); Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. I], 527; Durand, Ind. Gen. Phun, 235. . Living species: 20+; S. Europe to India and Japan; Canary Isls.; N. America. Europe, 6; rest mostly American; S. Sts., 7; E. Sts., 9; Rocky mts., 2; Canada, 5; Russia, 4; Russian Europe, 1-2. 566 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Prenanthes serpentaria PursH, Fl. Am. 499 (1814). ? Nabalus glaucus RAF. F1, Lud. 57 (1817). NV. fraseri and trilobatus DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1837-1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155; Mace., F], Can. I, 282, 559; Upham, FI. Minn. 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 251; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 434. North America: Newf., Anticosti, Q., Ont. to Minn.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Fla. Minn. valley: Reported from N. E. and N. edges borders of woods and thickets, or shady banks. Prenanthes alba Linn. Spec. (1753) P. rubicunda WiLup. Spec. III, 2537 (1804). P. suavis SALISB. Parad. Lond. 85 (1806-1807). P. miamensis, ovata and proteophylla RipD. Syn.W. PI. (1835) in part. Nabalus albus Hoox. FI. Bor.-Am. II, 294 (1840). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Chap., F1. S. St. 250; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 282, 559; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 434. North America: Newf., Anticosti to Saskatchewan; S. to Ga., Ill. and Ark. Minn. valley: Throughout; borders of thickets and on shaded river banks. HERB. Sheldon 1156, New Ulm; Taylor 1094, Glen- wood; Taylor 1121, Glenwood; Herrick 179, Minneapolis; Win chell 11, Richfield; Herrick 180, Minneapolis; Bailey 481, Agate bay; Bailey 399, Mud lake; Kassube 147, Minneapolis; Herrick 181, Minneapolis; Sandberg 354, Cannon Falls; Herb. Sheld. 1812, Minneapolis. Prenanthes aspera Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803). P. illinoensis Pers. Syn. II, 366 (1807). Chondrilla illinoensis Poin. Suppl. IT, 331 (1811). Nabalus illinoensis DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1837-1839). N. asper T.andG. FI. IT, 483 (1841). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 301; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433; Cov., Fl. Ark. 199. North America: Ohio to Minn., lowa, Neb., Mo. and La. Minn. valley: W. and N. W. districts; dry or sterile fields and prairies. HerRB.: Taylor 1064, Glenwood; Sheldon 1349, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Sheldon 1325, Lake Benton; Sheldon 1437, Dakota line, near Elkton; Sandberg 356, Cannon Falls. Prenanthes racemosa Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803), Nabalus racemosus DC. Prodr. VII, 242 (1887-1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 301; Britt., Fl. N. J. 155; Upham, F). Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. 282, 559; Coult., Fl. Colo. 220; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433. LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 567 North America: Anticosti, Newf., Q., Ont., Gt. lake reg. to Saskatchewan and 49° N. lat.; S. to N. Eng., N. J. and Penn.; W. to Minn., Colo. and Mo. Minn. valley: Throughout, especially west; prairies and borders of sloughs. HERB.: Taylor 1065, Alexandria; Sheldon 13543, Verdi, Lincoln Co.; Taylor 1148, Glenwood; Sheldon 1593, Lake Ben- ton; Sheldon 1305, Lake Benton; Sandberg 355, Red Wing; Herb. Wickersheim 87, Ash lake, Lincoln Co. Prenanthes crepidinea Micux. Fl. N. Am. II, 84 (1803). Nabalus crepidineus DC. Prodr. VII, 241 (1837-1839). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 301; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90; Chap., Fl. S. St. 251; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 433. North America: N. Y. to Penn. and Minn.; S. to S. Car.and Tenn. , Minn. valley: Reported from W. edge; rich, damp soil along streams or in prairie sloughs. CREPIS Linn. Gen. 621 (1737). Catonia and Barkhausia MoENCcH, Meth. 535, 587 (1794). Hostia Morencu, Meth. Suppl. 221 (1802). Lepicaune LAp. Pl. Pyren. 478 (1813). Omalocline, Aethiorhiza, Paleya, Anisoderis, Nemau- chenes, Gatyona, Brachyderea, Intybellia, Phaecasium CaAss. Dict. XVIII, XXXIV, XXXIX, XXIII, XLVITII (1826). Youngia Cass. Op. Phyt. III, 86 (1834). Pterotheca Cass. Bull. Philom. (1816). Sclerophyllum GaAup. FI. Helv. V, 47 (1829). Idianthes Drsvx. F!1. Anjou, 199 (1827). Calliopea and Haplostephium Don, N. Edin. Phil. Jour. 307, 309 (1828). Soyeria, Aracium, Intybella Monn. HUss. Hier. 75 (1829). Derouetia, Psammoseris, Cymboseris Boiss. Diagn. Or. 2, V, 114, XI, 52, 50 (1848). Heteroseris Borss. [l. Or. III, 798 (1870). Intybus Friss, N. FI. Suec. ed. 2, 244 (1828). Geracinum Reicu. Moessl. Fl. Deutsch. (1834). Anthochytrum Reicu. Ic. Germ, XIX, 39 (——). Crepinea Reicu. F!. Germ. Exc. 269 (1830). Anisoramphus, Endoptera, Phalacroderis DC. Prodr. VII, 97, 178, 251 (1838). Barkhausenia Hoppe, Flora 512 (1829). Lagoseris, Borkhausia LINK, Enum. Berol. II, 289, 290 (1822). Billotia Scu. Bre. Flora 707 (1859). Vigineixia Pom. N. Mat. Fl. Atl. 12 (1874). Ceramiocephalum Scu, Bre. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. IX, 284 (——). Crepidiaum TavuscH. Flora 80 (1828). - 568 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Crepidium Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 485 (1841). Psilocaenia Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2, VII, 437 (1841). Berinea Brien. Pl. Forojul. 50 (1810). Trichocrepis Vis. St. Dalm. 19 (1826). Rodigia SPRENG. Neu. Entd. I, 275 (1820) part. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. II, 513, 515, 516; Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 108 (sub Picris Linn.); Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 233. Living species: 160+; N. hemisphere; N. America, 9-10; center in Europe and Asia. In N. America, principally N. and W. repis runcinata (JAMES) T. andG. FI. II, (1841). Hieracium runcinatum JAMES, Long Exp. I, 453 (1825). Crepidium runcinatum Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 436 1841). Crepis biennis var. B. Hoox. FI. I, 297 (1833) not Linn. C. biennis var. americana DC. Prodr. VII, 163 (1837). Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 431; Coult., Fl. Colo. 219; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 274; Brew. and Wats., Fl. Calif. I, 4836; Upham, Suppl. Minn. 47. ; North America: Saskatchewan to Minn., Mont., Colo. and California, Minn. valley: W. to S. W. districts; infrequent; prairies and moist fields. Hers.: Huntington 14, Rock Co.; Wickersheim 131, Idlewild, Lincoln Co.; Moyer 244, Montevideo. HIERACIUM Linn. Gen. 620 (1737). Pilosella Scu. Bre. Flora 417 (1862). Schlagintweitia GrisEB. Comm. Hierac. 76 (——). Chlorocrepis GRISEB. 1. c. 75 (——). Stenotheca Monn. Ess. Hierac. 71 (1829). Mandonia Sou. Bre. Linn. XX XIII, 757 (1859). Crepidospermum Fries, Epic. Hierac. 153 (1848). Heteropleura Scu. Bre. Flora, 434 (1862). ? Apatanthus Viv. FI. Lib. Spec. 54 (——). Andryala LINN. Gen. 915 (1787). Forneum ADANS. Fam. IJ, 112 (1763). Voightia Roru, Roem. and Ust. Mag. IV, 17 (——). Rothia ScHres. Gen. 531 (1791). Baillon, Hist. Pl. VIII, 109; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. Il, 516; Du- rand, Ind. Gen. Phan. 233. Living species: 500 described; 200 reduced (B. and H.); Europe, 185; Russia, 50?; Russian Hurope, 46; N. America, 25; Canada, 15; Rocky mts., 8; E. Sts., 7; S. Sts., 4; Calif., 5-6; Pl. King, 8; Pl. Wheel., 1; W. Tex., 2. Hieracium longipilum Torr. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. I, 298 (1833). H. barbatum Nutr. Journ. Phil. Acad. VII, 70 (1834), LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 569 Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 299; Webb., Fl. Neb. 143; Upham, F]. Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 276; Cov., Fl. Ark. 198; Coult., Fl. Colo. 217; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 426 and Suppl. 455; Coult., Fl. Tex. 248. North America: Ont. and Mich. to Minn., Neb. and lax, Minn valley: Forest district to Blue Earth Co.; rare; openings and damp meadow-land. Hers.: Sandberg 353, Red Wing. Hieraciam venosum LINN. Spec. 800 (1753). H. gronovii LINN. Spec. 802 (1753). A. subnudum FROEL. DC. Prodr. VII, 218 (1837) chiefly. Stenotheca venosa MONN. Ess. Hier. 72 (1829). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 299; Gray, Syn. Fl. I, 2, 425; Webb., Fl. Neb. 144; Britt., Fl. N. J. 153; Chap., Fl. S. St 250; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 276; Upham, Fl. Minn. 90. North America: Ont. and N. J. to Saskatchewan, Minn. and Mont.; S. to Ga., Tenn., Neb. and Ark. Minn. valley: Forest district; and N. W. district; in- frequent; woods and plains. HERB.: Ballard 577, Rice lake, Scott Co.; Bullard 167, Shakopee; Ballard 259, Jordan, Scott Co.; Sandberg 607, Red Wing; Holzinger 296, Winona Co. Hieraciam canadense Micux. FI. N. Am. II, 86 (1803). H. virgatum, fasciculatum, macrophyllum PursH, Fl. Am.504 (1814). Hi. scabriusculum SCHWEIN. Long’s Exp. (1825). H. kalmii SPRENG. Syst. LII, 646 (1826). H. prenanthoides Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. I, 300 (1833). H. helianthifolium FrRoeL. DC. Prodr. VII, 198 (1838-1839). H. corymbosum Fries, Symb. Hier. 185 (1848). H. auratum Fries, Symb. Hier. 181 (1848). Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man. 6 ed. 299; Britt., Fl. N. J. 153; Upham, F]. Minn. 90; Mac., Fl. Can. I, 275; Coult., Fl. Colo. 217; Gray, Syn. FI. I, 2, 425. N. Europe. North America: Greenland to S. Man.; N.S. to N. J.; N. Y., Penn.; W. to Mackenzie, Oregon and Brit. Col.; S. to Minn. and Colo. Minn. valley: N. districts, and perhaps throughout forest district; dry woodland or thickets. HERB.: AHolzinger 134, Hancock; Bailey 522, Agate bay; Kassube 146, Minneapolis. SUMMARY. ToraL NUMBER OF Faminies, - .- 106 TotTaL NUMBER OF GENERA, - - - 407 TotaL NUMBER OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES, Seurs & THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. Location of the valley. The basin occupied by the Minnesota river and its various tributary streams is a tract of country approximately 16,600 square miles in extent, and lying between the 98d and 97th meridians west of Greenwich, and between 43° 20’ and 46° 20’ of north latitude. It comprises portions of the states of Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota, but of its total area 15,706 square miles is within the borders of Minne- sota. It includes in lowa portions of Winnebago and Kossuth counties, and in South Dakota portions of Roberts, Grant, Deuel and Codington counties. In Minnesota it includes the whole of the counties of Swift, Lac Qui Parle, Chippewa, Yel- low Medicine, Redwood, Brown, Watonwan, Nicollet and Blue Earth, together with larger or smaller areas in Big Stone, Stevens, Grant, Pope, Douglas, Otter-Tail, Kandiyohi, Ren- ville, Sibley, Carver, Hennepin, Dakota, Rice, Le Sueur, Wa- seca, Steele, Freeborn, Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Cotton- wood, Murray, Pipestone, Lyon and Lincoln counties. The general outline of the basin is that of a somewhat elongated and bent ellipse, the convexity facing southward, and its greatest diameter is in a direction northwest by southeast. At Brown's Valley, between lake Traverse and Big Stone lake, _ is the divide between Hudson Bay and Gulf of Mexico drain- age. Lake Traverse is one of the head lakes of the Red river of the North, the waters of which, by way of lake Winnipeg and the Nelson river, empty into Hudson Bay. In Itasca county, one hundred and fifteen miles northeast from the north west extension of the Minnesota valley, lies Bow-String lake, of which the waters drain into the Rainy river. Between Bow-String lake and the head waters of the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa rivers, tributaries of the Min- nesota, lie the head waters of the Mississippi. On the south- west of the Minnesota valley, just over the divide in Lincoln county, the streams are tributary to the Missouri river. As an 572 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. area of drainage, then, the valley of the Minnesota is one of central location. Its continental position is no less central. If the 50th meridian west of Greenwich be taken for the eastern boundary of the solid portion of the North American continent and the 140th meridian, passing near Mount St. Elias and cut- ting off the great Alaskan peninsula, for the western, the inter- mediate meridian will be the 95th west of Greenwich, and this meridian passes squarely through the valley of the Minnesota, cutting the counties of Jackson, Cottonwood, Brown, Redwood, Renville and Kandiyohi. Or if the meridian of 20° west be be taken for the eastern boundary of the North American con- tinent, thus including the whole of Greenland, and the merid- ian of 170° west be taken for the western boundary, thus in- cluding the Alaskan peninsula and passing through Berings straits, the intermediate meridian as before is the 95th west. In like manner, if the parallel of 70° north latitude, passing near the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the parallel of 20° north latitude passing near the city of Mexico be adopted as the northern and southern boundaries, respectively, of the solid portion of the North American continent, the intermedi- ate parallel will be the 45th of north latitude and this passes through Hennepin, Kandiyohi, Chippewa and Lac Qui Parle counties of the valley in Minnesota, and through Grant and Codington counties in South Dakota. The same 45th parallel becomes the intermediate one if 80° north latitude be selected for the northern boundary and 10° north latitude for the south- ern. The 95th meridian and the 45th parallel intersect in Kan- diyohi county just at the north edge of the valley. The continental and hydrographic position of the Minnesota basin is seen to be peculiarly central and this adds much to the interest of determining the character of its plant inhabitants. General topographical features. Big Stone lake which is the head lake of the main stream lies at an altitude of 962 feet above the sea. Into the northwestern part of this lake, near the town of Brown’s Valley, the head stream enters after running for about twenty-two miles in a southeastern direction from the Coteau des Prairies of South Dakota. This head stream drains land that lies at an elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea level. The two principal tributaries from the north are the Pomme de Terre and the Chippewa rivers, both of which arise in the high morainic hills of southern Otter Tail county. Some of these hills reach an altitude of 1,750 feet above the level of the sea. Lake Stalker which is the head VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 573 lake of the Pomme de Terre stands at a level of about 1,340 feet. The Leaf hills are in part drained towards the south- west by the Chippewa river and in part towards the northwest by the Red river of the North. Some of these hills reach the altitude given above, of 1,750 feet. On the other side of the Minnesota basin, more than one hundred and twenty-five miles to the southwest, lies the Coteau des Prairies, forming the southwestern boundary of the valley and reaching at different points an elevation of from 1,900 to 1,950 feet above the level of the sea. Lake Benton which is the head lake of the Red- wood river lies at an elevation of 1,754 feet above the sea level. From these extremes of elevation northwestward, westward and southwestward, the basin inclines gently toward the east. At low water the mouth of the Minnesota river, where it dis- charges its waters into the Mississippi at Fort Snelling, lies at an altitude of 688 feet above sea level and the flood-plane at this point is 710 feet. In Hennepin county some of the lands drained by Nine Mile creek, which empties from the north into the Minnesota, near its mouth, lie at an altitude of about 1,000 feet, whiie just across the basin, in Dakota county, the south- ern edge attains in places an altitude of about 1,100 feet. Character of the basin. The main stream of the basin— the Minnesota river—from the head of Big Stone lake to Fort Snelling, runs in a gorge varying in width from half a mile to four miles, and about 230 miles in length. The sides of this gorge rise, with slopes of from twenty to forty degrees, to from one hundred to two hundred and thirty feet above the level of the river, and to the general country level. The river itself is nowhere a large stream and except at a few points does not wash the bases of its bluffs, but flows in a trench through alluvial deposits. From the edges of this trench level country, diversified with many ponds, extends to the bases of the bluffs, broken in many places by exposures of eneissic and gabbroid rocks. Not far from the town of- Morton, a notable diabasic dyke, 175 feet wide, cuts across the gorge. Besides this very large dyke there are upwards of twenty others in the region of the crystalline rocks. In general there are few exposures of rock below the town of Beaver Falls, but above this point the whole floor of the gorge is often broken for miles with the outcrops. The average width of the Minnesota valley is not far from 100 miles. On the north it extends among the morainic hills of the belt which stretches from Lake Minnetonka to Otter 574 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Tail county and sparingly into Dakota. On the south it is bounded by the high land of the Coteau des Prairies. The greater portion of the basin consists of rolling prairies inter- sected by numerous sluggish streams, but along the northern edge and in aconsiderable part of the far northwestern and the eastern and southeastern areas the basin includes the characteristic hills of a terminal or median moraine, and for - the most part these hills are clothed with growths of hard- wood timber. The Minnesota valley lies outside of the great lake belt of the state, which runs just north of its border, but a large number of lakes are found within its limits. These lakes are most abundant in the far northwestern, eastern and southeastern portions of the basin and are least abundant in the western, central western and southwestern portions. Distribution of forest and prairie. The streams of the basin are generally wooded along their courses and the great gorge of the river is heavily timbered as far up as Montevideo. The northern bluffs are much more sparsely clothed with forest than the southern and for long distances between Mankato and Montevideo are either altogether bare of timber or but scantily covered in comparison with the bluffs across the river. The headwater regions of the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa rivers are wooded and the northern edge of the basin shows frequent incursions of the northern forest belt. The only coniferous tree which reaches the valley is the larch or tamarack—Lariz americana—and only a few of the characteristic tamarack swamps occur in the valley. The northeastern and eastern portions of the valley are within the limits of the hardwood forest. Such portions of the basin as lie in the counties of Hennepin, Carver, Scott, Rice, Le Sueur and Sibley are for the most part timbered and a part of the area in Blue Earth, Waseca and Nicollet counties belongs to ~ the same forest belt. This belt extends somewhat more than ten miles southwest of Mankato and up the Le Sueur river be- yond Waseca. It gradually fades out into the prairie regions south and west. Such being the general distribution of forest and prairie it is apparent that the various intermediate conditions will pre- . vail along the demarcation lines between the two main plant physiognomic formations. Meadows, marshes, swamps and bogs are not infrequent, being especially abundant in the bot- tomland of the main stream in that portion lying between Mankato and Fort Snelling. In the prairies of the valley VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 575 sloughs, marshes and occasional swamps break the general monotony. Im spite of the preponderance of the rolling prairie the diversity of conditions in the valley as a whole permits it to maintain a fairly diversified flora. Soils. In view of the lack of any systematic analyses of soils in the Minnesota valley it is possible to speak only in general terms of the various conditions that may be discovered. Practically the whole of the .valley is covered with glacial drift and this consists of a mixture of sand, gravel, clays and boulders. Cretaceous clay is the most abundant component of the soil. This matrix is covered over with a mantle of black soil, resulting from the decay of unnumbered generations of plants, and from six inches to three feet in thickness. Throughout the bottomland of the main gorge the general thickness and fertility of the soil is most noteworthy. In the region of metamorphic rocks above Fort Ridgely this thickness diminishes in places, but to the head of the gorge areas of maximum thickness may be discovered. On the roll- ing prairies the soil is scarcely different in general character, so far as concerns: the growth of plants. The matrix is for the most part of unmodified drift, while in the main gorge and at other points, the substratum often consists of modified or stratified drift. Boulders are very rare in the basin of the Minnesota, their area of frequency being confined to the north- ern and morainic portions. The clays are of the ordinary sort found in Minnesota glacial till. Blue and red clays are predom- inant. In some portions of the valley saline and alkaline soils are found, but such areas are small and are confined for the most part to the western and southwestern areas. No char- acteristic saline or alkaline marsh occurs in the valley, al- though several in which the water is somewhat brackish have been noted. The saline or alkaline areas are commonly marked enough to favor the development of characteristic plants, such as various Chenopodiacew and Polygonacee. The soils are classified by N. H. Winchell into seven groups as follows: (1) Red till soil; (2) gray till soil, timbered; (3) gray till soil, prairie; (4) loam with gravelly subsoil; (5) lami- nated clay soil and subsoil; (6) sandy soil with sand or fine gravel as subsoil; (7) alluvium. This is a geological classifica- tion, but may serve in the absence of any based on other char- acters. From a chemical point of view the data are not at hand to make the classification which would be the most useful to the botanist. Of the groups of soils named above the gray 576 METASPERMAE OF I11E MINNESOTA VALLEY. till soil is the most prominent in the Minnesota valley and oc- curs in both prairie and forest region. It is somewhat more fertile than the red till and second as a subsoil only to the al- luvium. The fertility of any soi] is, however, secondary so far as concerns the subsvil and it is to the layer of loam which covers the till that the productive qualities must largely be re- ferred. The loam varies in its per cents. of nitrogenous sub- - stance, but in general maintains a high average. Climate. Owing to the short time during which meteorolog- ical observations have been made in the valley of the Minneso- ta it is not possibie to get all the data that are desirable for an explanation o: its climate. From the statistics compiled for - the Smithsonian Institution, by Schott, I am able to present the following table of mean annual and seasonal precipitation at certain pciuts of interest. : TABLE OF PRECIPITATION. In this table the figures are means arranged from observa- tions extending over various periods, The precipitation is given in inches and fractions. EXTENT LAT. | LONG. |ELEY.|SP’NG| SUM. | AUT. |WINT| YEAR. OF OBSER’N Wt BAdgely 27... cura 44° 30’ | 94°.45' | 1230 | 6.48 | 9.11 | 5.86 | 4.02 | 25.47 | 13 years Bibs SUOMINE 7s: 2-2-2 5 44° .53' | 93°.10' | 820 | 6.20 10.14 6.40 | 2.57 | 25.31 | 38 years ac QuiiParles....2... \-: 45°.00' | 95°.30' | 946 | 7.78 | 11.84 | 6.47 | 2.98 | 29.07 | 5 years INGWHULWeacpeoc, coach 44°.00' | 949.30’ | 1007 | 6.55 | 11.38 | 5.49 | 2.53 | 25.95 | 10 years Madeliairees oc swestsl-s07 44°.19' | 94°.30' |. 821 | 7.41 | 9.87 | 7.39 | 4.21 | 28.88 | 2years SURE SUDA G coral alates ates. o'cit nicte'= 44°58’ | 93°.03' | 693 | 7.81 | 12.14 | 7.09 | 3.01 | 30.05 | 17 years At Ft. Snelling the maximum annual precipitation during the period was in 1849 when 49.69 inches of water was precipi- tated. The minimum wasin 1852 when 15.07 inches was pre cipitated. The observations extend from 1837 to 1874. At St. Paul the maximum was in 1865 when 38.14 inches fell. The minimum was in 1864 when 14.86 inches fell. The mean yearly precipitation, as indicated upon the iso- hyetal maps prepared by Schott, varies in the Minnesota valley from 20 to 82 inches. Itis greatest in the region around Ft. Snelling and least in the high land of the western boundary. For the spring, summer and autumn the mean precipitation in the delta region of the Mississippi is respectively 18 inches, and for the same region the winter precipitation is 16 inches, iaaking a total mean precipitation of 70 inches. VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 577 Through the kindness of Director Harmon of the Minnesota Weather Service, I have been able to compile from records pre- served on file in his office at Minneapolis the following tables of precipitation and temperature of three important points in the valley of the Minnesota. St. Paul is near the mouth of the main stream. Mankato is in the southern central region. Morris is in the northwestern region. Thus the: points are fairly illustrative. The figures represent averages of monthly means and summations of averages for the average yearly mean. The period covered by the observations is six years. TABLE OF PRECIPITATION. 1886-1891. | Jan. | Feb. |Mar. | Apr.| May |June|July |Aug. |Sept.| Oct. |Nov. | Dec.| Year .58 | 1.09 | .38 | 1.03 | 20 53 .29 | 1.29 | .90 | 1.81 | 23.20 .23 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.82 | 23.04 Morris....| .35 | .38 | .81] 1.55 | 1.81 | 4.00 | 4.12 | 2.43 St. Paul...| 1.13 | .64] .93 | 2.76 | 2.50 | 3.25 | 2.98 | 3.22 Mankato..| 1.46 | 1.05 | 1.16 | 2.80 | 2.94 | 2.74 | 2.91 | 1.87 rw) ww c~) Morris: lat. 45° 30’; long. 95° 58’; alt. 1,129 feet. St. Paul: lat. 44° 58’; long. 93° 03’; alt. 693 feet. Mankato: lat. 44° 06’; long. 94° 01’; alt. 791 feet. TABLE OF TEMPERATURE. | pial 8 a | Morris ....| 6.91 | 7.03 |22.76 |44.76 |55.23 66.58 ace 66.36 |58.16 |44.18 }27.0 |16.75 | 40.47 St. Paul...}10.85 {12.68 |25.48 |46.22 |56 45 |66.96 |71.28 |67.38 [58.98 (46.25 |29.91 |21.55 | 42.83 Mankato..|11 52 |14.75 |27.61 |48.28 |56.90 |68.47 |72.12 |67.40 [59.88 |47.15 |31.66 [23.71 | 44.12 | 1885-1891. | Jan.| Feb.| Mar.| Apr.| May | June July | Aug.|Sept.| Oct. |Nov.| Dec. | Year From these tables it is seen that the range of temperature is somewhat higher in the eastern than in the western portion of the valley and somewhat higher, too, in the southern than in the northern. The precipitation is greater in the north- eastern corner than elsewhere. This is, however, the prin- cipal position of the forest area of the valley. It is probable that forest and rainfall have a reciprocal influence upon each other. So far as the data of prevailing winds have been examined it is impossible to make any valuable generalisations from them except that the shape of the valley produces some diversions in different portions. What these diversions are or what law governs them, I am unable to say. Average cloudiness is unfortunately not a matter of record to such an extent that anything can be done with it. —37 578 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The climate is a characteristic inland North American one. The rainfall has its source almost entirelyin the Gulf of Mexico vapors which extend up the Mississippi valley, precipitating themselves in less and less amount as they pass from the mouth of the Minnesota river to its headwaters. A summer maximum of precipitation is conspicuous. The temperature is, of course, less than that of points on the same parallels in ~ the old world, such as Marseilles, Florence or Odessa. It pre- sents conspicuous summer maxima and winter minima.—40° Fahr. is reached occasionally during the months of January or February, and—30° Fahr. frequently. In the summer, 95° Fahr. is reached occasionally and 90° Fahr. during almost every summer. The variations are more excessive in the western and prairie regions than in the eastern and forest regions, where the range of maxima and minima is least. The shelter- ing effects of the forest, the lower altitude, and possibly the smaller width of the valley, by interfering with cold or hot winds, have much to do with this difference. The snow-fall is greatest in the northwestern portion. The first frosts usually occur near the middle of September, and the ice breaks up in the streams late in March or early in April. Phaenological observations. No reliable phaenological ob- servations have been made in the valley of the Minnesota. In general, as elsewhere in the northern hemisphere, the plants of the northern range are first to flower, and those of most southern range last. The time of flowering of any species is a useful indication of its history, andobservations along this line are muchneeded. The first shrub to put forth leaves is usually Artemisia dracunculoides, the first trees to flower, the various species of Salix. In the autumn a characteristic composite- flowering is seen in the golden-rods, asters and sunflowers of both prairie and forest region. The mid-summer season finds — the prairies gay with the purple of Laciniaria and Astragalus or Spiesia. The oaks are usually among the last trees to drop their leaves, and the cottonwoods among the first. Among herbaceous plants chlorophyll persists the longest in the grasses. Geological history of the Minnesota valley. The Minne- sota river of today occupies an ancient gorge which was evi- dently formed previous to the Cretaceous period, for Creta- ceous clays are found in eroded hollows of the Shakopee lime- stone in Le Sueur, Nicollet and Blue Earth counties and Cre- taceous sandstones, clays and shales in the Cottonwood and VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER. 579 Redwood valley districts, and near Fort Ridgely. This indi- cates that some ancient stream had cut a gorge in the Lower Magnesian rocks and had drained northern Minnesota into the great Cretaceous Mediteranean. Since no Tertiary deposits are found in Minnesota it may be concluded that they, with most of the Cretaceous strata, were torn up by the ice-sheet of the first glacial epoch. In this way the ancient gorge was filled with debris and while this does not consist altogether of unmodified drift, it is in some part of such nature. The pres- ence of beds of sand and gravel deep in the till indicates that streams must have carried on their work during the subsi- diary interglacial epochs and doubtless vegetation re-estab lished itself during some or all of these interglacial periods, for vegetable debris is found in the lower forest beds of the till. By this ploughing up before the first great ice-sheet of the Quaternary age, the Cretaceous deposits and the Tertiary, if any existed, were mingled together into a layer of till from 265 feet thick,in places,down to somewhat less than a hundred, on higher levels. This layer of till persists over most of the Minnesota valley to the present time. During the epoch of the deposition of this first layer of till the ice-sheet extended south to Cincinnati and northern Kentucky, and into Missouri. Almost the whole of Minnesota was covered by it. As re- cession began, exposing the surface of the country once more, the melting ice and snow sought out the gorge of the Minne- sota and it served as a drainage-trough for vast quantities of water. In this epoch it was the outlet channel of a large glacial lake which occupied the valley of the Red river and must have been somewhat similar in extent and character to the later glacial lake Agassiz. During this period excava- tion of the till which had filled the gorge was carried on and doubtless a large river occupied the present bed of the Minne- sota. Later a second principal encroachment of the ice began and extended south to Des Moines, Iowa. During its recession it piled up the Leaf hills moraine which bounds the Minnesota valley on the north. As the ice retreated from the morainic area the valleys of the Red and Saskatchewan were occupied by the glacial lake Agassiz and from the southern boundary of the lake its waters were drained through lake Traverse, Brown’s Valley and Big Stone lake along the present gorge of the Minnesota river. Under the erosive energy of this large stream, which filled the gorge from bluff to bluff, 580 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. much of the glacial till of both epochs was washed away thus exposing the older crystalline rocks of the upper region as they are now seen protruding from the floor of the valley. In this region of the crystalline rocks it is easy to imagine how turbulent must have been the river Warren, as Upham has named it, in its flow. When the ice finally retreated beyond Hudson Bay the drainage of the lake Agassiz region set - towards the north, as it remains to the present. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 617 It will be necessary to observe one or two points in this division. In the first place it must be recognised that not all of the families in any of these groups are of equivalent distri- bution. In Group A, for example, have been included such families as are represented in both tropical and extratropical regions of both eastern and western hemispheres. . USS Bo RRB OnenEe enoer Lythraceae...... Bah wi aides hak ly acteyalos sre 010) PREMIO MIEVAGrs: cas oes sistell os wielse ee es etre Sea Pe see Bae F srels adel OAR TERR Se ahha fave Pirolaceae See ite oth cic al nS Re aortas See sail erase SP SARE Aeneas ee PGI ACCAC I: 6.c + sie TAN Sei eke Me Ree seve SP a8s as rata te ee nore iol ho. -c5 Sie thvare eee 3h oe [ose e eects eee crete eee eres BPP at coh 72 e Aa Taieiatie/eeie-6 Sal, OlCMONTACEAG a. ersiat eera sites eres Oy eh Bihari efoeras sucrose sae $ Hydrophyllaceae...... fiydrophy tiacéae.. aysiataly MMAE REG AGE AC. a ose 'os7e.02's]'neiaa 1 ea bre Waynes Br DASA eon Sal tenes Ba eet POMUNS ACE yrrenci > aye chee ise ti olovai['n. o olu a nle,ag'hetstbtaye wtelere tere salt ee ee eee ee wee wns ey i eee wee . ee ey see eeeee eae see aap © Oe bs Be #0 5'6 6 «0.6 O10 0) cs & a6 6:6 8 6 hee eee 4 810 «18 © 01m es lic,» 6 ae ee eee o- re ee ee ay Ci Wa ee eat Side Sy ee . . en a Uis sa oa ow ee 8 © Edw eee ve Fel. eo 8 6 8 Oe 86 00's 6 6 66 Bue £6 0)6.6)\c oe 0 ow 6p 0's 06.6 0 6 neu 6s) BiG @ CC ee ir | ee er ary eee cerns Ft ower eens eveen Ce i OO ee a) eeernesee ee ee Je’ 6(a als! oie) mim were wes e rete ese ees et sees slreeesese reese seeessens « . ee ee ewww wee Pewee ee sree eee eeseseeerseesesiza see seee sense essseseesees:ieeesveesses cosseeses . Si iscureaace «| 6a e's 6 ee's.¢ 6 8 60.0 | 0.0 ee 0 6 6.0 = 0.0.6 6 6,6 60m Bees a = | pion 6)’ ee - 622 METASPERMAE OF ‘i1HE MINNESOTA VALLEY. From the facts of distribution compiled above it is possible to present the following numerical statistics. 2. Statistics of Families.—Numeriecal. No. Extratrop- subtropical. No. W. Hemis- tropical. . N. Ameri- No.tropieal and No. N. extra- No. Cosmopoli- AS a i= re ° a = > iS x cS) S) Zz Z MetachlamyGew- fico eit 3 sae ee ee kare Totals The significance of the above figures will not be fully appre-— hended unless the various percentages are kept in mind. To put these before the eye in a separate table will perhaps be useful. In the following tabulation the relation of the various range-elements to the taxonomic groups and the analysis of each taxonomic group according to range are presented. Such a table indicates more exactly than the one previously con- structed just what influence may be credited to the different taxonomic groups in the general distribution of the families. 3. Statistics of Families.—Percentages. ’ ' Q =] 1 1 = =) : I =] i) D A“ ol ein S = a5 10 oO Oo Oo |e os] 2 Jo A a 5 SV 1m |a& 1a eh, FPO. te aes y o gs out : ° emt Pon te a SN = al 2 =| aa oa aa | se lw 4 o ae IDO 2 > a =) H = (o} 2 we wet /On |] gy lS len 5 2 ae jas l/Oa |Sa oF joy ~ o |OCL 16 a, a a3 a0 1/50 40 | "a, [ys A B= Ml (aa Re =, Dew | oe | ee 68 eS SS Sea 2/98 1S [=o le Ouraie a lq 'San | ja? |e8 22 182 /aPisg-ije- ig 96/95 ,3 21/95 198 [238 [2S] .2 Jos KS ZS OS jog [OS | & [OH JOL |Z JEO [ae lee ime je wo lee 1K ae ee % +e [oo co) ® | 7) oA lor |O8 olor joao joo xO oe 2 -9o -o ee ion Baila f& jD WM IH | a 4 Monocotyledones..........| 23.6) 16 | 21.4 22.2] 0.0} 0 0) 61.9) 14.2) 28.5) 9 5) 0.0) 0.0 Archichlamydez.......... 52.7| 77.7] 40:al 55.5| 76.4] 50.0} 48.3] 23.3) 21.6] 8.3] 21.6) 1.8 } | bese Metachlamydew.......... 24.6) 5.5) 32.1] 22.2) 23.5) 50.0) 52 0] 4.0) 36.0} 8.0) 16.0] 4.0 | Examination of the two tabulations preceding will serve to indicate the principal characters, by families, of the meta- spermic population of the Minnesota valley. Of the 106 families, 55 are of cosmopolitan range, 90 are extratropical, 83 tropical. Of the 90 extratropical families, 55 are also in the tropics, while of the 83 tropical, 55 are also in the extratrop- STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 623 ical regions. Of the 90 extratropical, 18 are extratropical in both northern and southern hemispheres, while 17 are extra- tropical only in the northern hemisphere. The character of the families represented in the valley may then be summed up as generally extratropical, modified by tropical. The families indicate that the Minnesota valley is first of all an extratrop- ical region. For their number, the Metachlamydeae contri- bute the most of the distinctively tropical modification, and the Archichlamydeae the least. For their number, the Monocoty- ledones contribute the most of the distinctively cosmopolitan element and the least of the endemic. For their number the Archichlamydeae contribute the most of the distinctively extra- tropical modification. These facts are in unison with the notion that the Metachlamydeae, as a group, are the most recent, and the Monocotyledones, as a group, the most ancient. The Monocotyledones having had a longer time of development have become more widely scattered and: their families are’ therefore more generally cosmopolitan. Of the total monoco- tyledonous families in the valley 61.9 per cent. are of cosmo- politan range, while only 48.8 per cent. of the archichlamy- deous families are of such range. Thus in the distribution of its families we find the Minnesota valley adds to the evidence already derived from other suurces—that the Metachlamydeae are comparatively recent and the Monocotyledones compar- atively early in their respective emergences. The archichlamydeous families are par excellence the extra- tropical families. Of all distinctively extratropical families represented in the valley they form the large percentage of 77.7— the largest percentage in the table. And of the northern: extratropical they form 76.4 per cent. For their number, too, they are equally conspicuous as distinctively extratropical. In the three great taxonomic divisions, then, we find three marked distributional characters peculiar to the families. The older group of the Monocotyledones is distinguished for the cosmo- politan range of its families; the younger group of the Archi- chlamydeae is di#tinguished for the extratropical range of its families, while the youngest group, the Metachlamydeae, is characterised by its tropical and subtropical range. The meta- chlamydeous plants, then, of the Minnesota valley belong to families, in general more centrally than distally located on the surface of the earth; the archichlamydeous plants belong to families, in general more distally tuaa centrally located, and the monocotyledonous plants belong to families, in general 624 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY widely dispersed over both distal and central regions. Mono- cotyledones and Metachlamydeae, therefore, characterise the central family-element of the Minnesota valley, and Monoco- tyledones and Archichlamydeae the distal family-element of the valley. This seems to be the most useful generalisation that can be made from the statistics of families. Il. EXAMINATION OF GENERA REPRESENTED IN THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. The total number of genera represented in the valley of the Minnesota is 407. Of these 105 or 25.8 per cent. are monoco- tyledonous; 174 or 42.7 per cent. are archichlamydeous; and 128 or 31.2 per cent. are metachlamydeous. The following table presents these points in acondensed form. 4. Representation of Genera. Perct. of all/Average no. of tis of gen. gen.inval.| gen. per family. Monocotyledones .... ...... | 105 25.8 5.00 Archichlamydeae.... ...... 174 42.7 2.90 Metachlamydeae............ 128 31.2 5.12 Total no. of genera...... 407 ence Gen. average no. per family, 3.84. B. Table Illustrating the Distinctive Range of COSMOPOLITAN. EXTRATROPICAL. TSR SUBTROPICAL. EDV PUVA. oie od nie ate wis sidings o 0||(Clote See eve his eet Rafe ete ele! aip'e'al| cone fare ee ha Riche ae eee POtTAMOGELON. «cine ceed chly) talc grabere Pekeeets Ata yove.s 6) ocsiatatSre oT his, area ANNA COUT Tokai. osocs w. w’ocsw ols | skece we cts cape Slap orate eta hete sore, Wal ie oR agate. of che dey eee INATHSHe chiecibesclemiccteciarl im oe Peers tases ale aie ailete tie:| ¥ % afo\s 6, e°byee: aye sg eee Pees ete tie ciate dks od Simei soe TrigloCHi Dy. vis. oa €) occ |e + s'e.0)9,0 0 0s is 6:5 een POC it: eee eee CEA OMA AMET TOE EOE BRUCE ian a6. 25410 2c 0 aieh's win alg. 0’ 0d a sinls:s. 0 6'dor eu nf

\e\s's\| « «dele ale wed ea sa. aiid ia bedate ve. cve 5.a (a) a igaie dl oi hal ae a aie aOR Rian Be he has Heleocharis; ..-s).seee Lh UE ee ICRn CO OMeTice tiene | omenncta: Dieraislelsis ei-te 0)4\e0'| a, oe dtoee ce nte ee eeann Brice MATISCUB 5.0% cc baies o/h .el| da catenrersrstetele wie Sie cvalaie =e [bus Sco 0. 31g ere : Gaia ims Aa eon dieh ahah hai shatiota' al fla, wcai| cvalalct AePeae Setahatstarcecyel ele 6 -»-| Rhyncospora.......ume Hai ata Aolsictohel wish aid arovel sich. cai + ltd ete tefoleteieteteetse cre cists, sa Scleria....:...4 dds 5a GYAN coc sities sdb ddele sleeve sands obi ddysces'e os 0] dcisvn view cle ¢ enn DAMS IT ALES Ada Aa saeh aegle pNP a AE deisel te he, tteeNals eiae pie" Xyris....i. isons MOTUOCAUWION sc iAda gs oars aie bis sid pe ddelsisis sista £524 bs.0'o] on seis ott ae ane fa Hetaranthens oi 655i .6s5s|s01 5s 0n300n0bid ap t.e+edecee 3s eke nnn PS UMCUB Hs oi5.6 55.5 0 once e] oa od 55.6.5 UEsewelaeiolame: voles o'6 svi od ditt dant ann RP CYPOPGM Gs 65 oss cdos os were] vcdvste edb adaw bbs bd ad oe’ +s 6.50 oe a een : STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 627 Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.— Continued. NORTHERN EXTRATROPICAL. Rigen HEMISPHERE.| NORTH AMERICA, BEN Ss" Ga ic’ gis cre cat ings Deke 2 Muhlenbergia ...... HAS RA Oe ERE cies 5 so swinih wre teee ols Rn bo pe ereee apmsn|, rack yely trim sito sk EPC TINUE Miilaiss Sa es ee ath vis wk veeete dp oh ae eee Pram lae ee stolae sete siete RRB pe sore bre rossnenice Sporobolus: » 2 -..20s que Mase eee he ke cocaine CHITA SRR Aira) ea ge Ot Le gc eS RC a oe AL Ok: 4 A teed Ne eR oa MMMUMMLEDENIN ULE 5 aiShy-a oie 8's, a8.| nin S'n’s 90's 0:6 Dens moi eihle MIR ieee Sea ee hha lai peters = cues Ae ecg ROO a a ee Schedonnardus........ BE odie 309 inne ce eees sas Bouteloua..... eas sed ne oR GOR OO OSAG mabe: sas Lane PEMENED LAD ee ena ceic och 9 Sis [isis oy aia Uotlnl ove lar etd sreverahe Strafarere | Renee a ee eee eee tier BRE a ee orate hors [nic alcin slaw ocak wrecola terete Bulbilighy-ceoceeeer eee MEME ef oi ne ch crete aya ee [ioe eo. wiA oi seo o ata ceiioleeeion Matomian cs: cece ue SAMAR ELT (hcLOM see Vso jos, oreo [es here cio wie cha Son.e Slarober Sheva Rte Gl PUREST ETE Ste lal Screed aes LP ES DECC gee Rt one | ee ee a RCS AAs Sy Lets Pa Aa Eee ; Seen Cheon Seer Dwlichivimsygaesseee MEMBER ot code oe oS | a6 a's, 5:5 j0/0, Be aia, niu myavearaeera ee seear anete ae tr te eerie EMC M ATS oo -. sejs.se-els ao [cists as.e%s aiatwesan ote ePeacoveteteh a ata | aun itor reat aerate eee 2 LOTTELD. Ae oy aaa ee eae nee | PSI ree raed [ne Uae de Da ei Aiea od IETS tra 2 03 peo Coo 0g 9 Vai ny*, 0, 3,3, «'«, 9 &:ns0 79 SPAN UG Let eae ceria een alla +, 540 BRNO ORE RPT eect Spe Oe ET et berbiciee: sii MEIETCRENIS NUP Coa ons, visa ove cashiove dhe ieveroce dials: 6)o 18 ones rena eR nae Ie areas Ue nee eee I SANA o os 5.5. Sie, o's YTS.’ 2.05 be eetgaere Uae ea ora ea oo a eee MAYS oa. o 5 0 Pace cetccews Tradescantilar sc la cachltaderos code ele a ee oS SeREeeenee ne Pontederiay Je 2 eae oa aa ee eee BIDS oo wot latas c Galcu doce oo pate ee OIE ee re eS PETS 5550, 5/5 5, = «carb heclishayessy « 9 Sa’y agate eta nia e eke ZAGACSWUS? 2..\/- ==, «cleats Uae oo 8 55 ari Dab los Naan boa wooed oes Mela GMLIM scan eae F PEM ULITUG SS cutis a'srsicthe nw ail'e cage ns seigeeetee ee de eeine BW clatetate st tctae rete dels saiestele 628 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. B. Table Illustrating the Distinctive Range of | TROPICAL AND COSMOPOLITAN. EXTRATROPICAL. SUBTROPICAL, He es Sane Pee Ce EES eer c > 0 oo) od OR [octet tet teat eee eee jidoton jibe caectenes ets lolol.) EM MMRMiS Oe) o... 1 | Srdtlaxeennn BE CANE TG Aeron iT to) EER nites ty ni 4 epee Hypoxis...2: 2) ose Say Sere Ra teh io: Siege Pool Nta, bre bre felliatd Sarsee Ee Eanes itor Diosc0reai). 22s pbk EDINA a SS RN 2 ea bt see oy ors Tris ... 0.0 oes oe ee BES Ace Vays ccna tattand Pakse OOS 2 aE oes atts Sisyrinchium® .... as DEE Con ET RA ER CR et el a Cypripedium). .2...+..|....p.: +... eee Habenaria......:...-...+-|./:ssscesseetsd.es......| Babenaria: saan ft) 40) 0: er res 8 Gyrostatbye..s6. 0:25:00] cs6 00s SRER es Ls wn. «|e eer vabechblsbssssslutsugesnvslecacesboelbbeessrsss.0..|- AChTOND Geist Lepborebiss sic soc. e i wicen|e ds Enc CREE ES tle ss one |e nts cle voy nen Salix’ fuck back yesuskeccle cee eeeeMtes oe. c1...\ 5. 5 eee Diyrica®.. 45) Ck FO eee es ibeih sontsdavnssbankciceds| JA MURRR MERRIE etc. 1:. 5) 54g ATT) ch) |: ALAC ers ken TAPAS I eft nt: RR eB AA aia GOO ROO ERA MOIS Tee ehakchemubath bs bic te dl CEUROBLEN ERR RE RE n nis o/s uaus.ccy een RATAN ISAS A ANAT AAAS, Eat 1 ISL ROE Laportea...... 02s Talat Ghelob lala be teh cf eivle's vi Adlai wuletteadehtee eae eh). x 'v-0:e AdiCeQ. . ....... Su ene buhnjesicch leek tlsh uh oh «tidal ete he MOREE BRA les <0 Ramium.. w.senee one FAN a Aad La es oP PATiCGARIA Wiss \.% sve 0e Pete tee teen ee ee teen ee AATIBGOLOCHIAs.).245)024 cil the lo btacleh Boletus sat vewsdiiesh+ah oh Cee nn PERK ERELASL ANS GLY SA 4227 Ah AS EAR MRED sof Rumex.....:.s cnn - POV ROU * 55% '.' inc 5 5 0/'e'vle'e ln 'hs 0,4 n/0'a b's 10's fo la'o ins vs |'s% 4 ines hte pe ke a Chenopodium...) '.'.:.5. 52s} ..n. sn eeilelee as eeleieceedselo'ciecice sate nhs sit an . SEGOMY o4 fis vs Sonics vibe basnaten cosh AGnisnren tiv ds ben anuehee an ; “nihseitabidaeda vile beedadilpestslreceaaumntieelnads oa]! A006 tn chalalatatalate!olaln's! stetalolelsls¥%otaty J bE eloleta tole eletalelafelelelelobeleleretsls & 6 Amaranthus'.: Sivvenes A STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE 629 Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.—Continuwed. NORTHELN EXTRATROPICAL. Be cai eed Lilium Simiele Oke © eee Saat e eF avee emilee tncecccec ee seeeewecectenses MESO) 6 © 018 6.5 0 6 aes See cess testes e sec ereeeese core oeneceass Ce RRUEMEa eS Bie: 6 Qcd:Ge ac. cide ce OCC ele rt en cence sees ecce seas a ane BUCEMLCEGlGla eles. 6 nee 6 016 cee meiceleeseieeeesececesneeecense scene BUGESECEG) OL @ eywle| © wo ae) 0 © ce) s 6.66 0.5 Oh ee eicice6 oe ee eee es 00 6 8 eas BRMEOTEPSl Ole G0 6 $666 am 0.0 OS. 6.6, FF e eho eseoeceesicosancden tues sees BUaralesel e001, = 6.00.0) © vee. 0/0. ¢. 8 0) ec 0,0, 6.00.0 60 640 0 0068 Ce 0 6 Hie ROME Mit Gi'ele @ 0. <.6 we ec 6,006 ee a wedi|lasve ceca case eeusense so oe Rimi eee eS SPs a se ese es te easc co atalasnecesecueve es ereecsaesaee se MmiMiw Gee mS a ceecgecenaseecseceicoevecvesecoss ener eneceesece I PFs Ca et re a sin so en epee Ostrya Corylus IM PP oy. we sielivacc cea. cs Seema eee hwasrne HEMISPHERE NORTH AMERICA, Erythronium Camassia Mid] s6.'9, 6 aselélel ore pis! os pe Ale wie) ke 0/08 wi eleele Medeola Trillium Pacig ty MRC A Wy er creepy bays erp Cf 0 a 6 a pla elie wa, 4,0 «wed be oie a a =o 86,4 © em a6). 0 © 0, e018, Sielam 6 @ ee, 6) 8, G8) 6) 0, 0,6 vu le alu e: 6 as ae sts eS Sy 0) S10, de 0) 6, 6,6 a 6 8) ae, 9 6 0) eae. 816 os 6, e) ©) La, 0,0 8 6) elese @ @ gee le. a.ae aya) Gee, 6, a, «) ee) @, ©) ea) oe cle 6) eeu) & ©, ©, 6, 0; 0,0, 0) 0) 6,0) 6, a) myo, oa eneG © 6,01 ole J,.d, OL dy OL, 6) 0, 0. a, #4, Lal's wy ug) oh e..0 «ae al ef Qi 0] a ¢, ©, 0} ahs, @ x) af el aL v. cei woe) ama) fs ad; ele, 0, «, 6) 6, 0) ef 9) 6 ¢, oj s10), = ole so ater eS Cathea ga = 0,6) 0 eo, 06, eielane ala ©, &) Shel mw, wha so) ¢, #) © soja 4 & o/m eel a) @ eG Caw war ela, 6 6.06, a, 0) sol dial ere, v6 ae ee) hehe sale ghea 6 of a 0.0.6 sin oem 2 Ad aa aie. a ¢ a alg cid wig, ge bs arn a8 sya, 0 © 6a) 10 6) 6 q Aen a 6 olale 6) cereale TASTE aid'e, 6 x bu of 6) 0% a Hah he a 68 06 6 816 Ole oe ete ole el Ss samiliowein! wal btre ote lel tote Minlere.e us ie) suetete omandra Asarum EM aa, ase ha 2g AN whoo oc oe err ote sie Ripa er od Ree tiie ae A AES Boh ae Dee es has sg an aOR oe waa Lee ee CP ORL MOSH RA OLED SS 66)» > ps Fw wtb s mb ae #6 sible S 6.6 wis CCC MN de Uae se eele bos 62 FCW AI se SP Ww lae ele ghee 66) ow 616 01) be wie) ole ola ae MMiniG Da S Bee e ce ne ee ee enen sel seep eee s sess HFEF ESOS HEROINE SEO TH ODES DE SOSH HBOS BMC D MMS © Coes ne ce eet ec ee acnean sess cncesees cece eset aneves Bese seer ee see eee eee see ee eee se | BRAIIULIVALLG coer eros sanseloeres esses vee se eens eevescsens 630 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. B. Table Dlustrating the Distinctive Range of COSMOPOLITAN. EXTRATROPICAL. TROP Ee SUBTROPICAL. Phytolacess 0.6250 oo. occ cS seca tee Bree Gielen c's ici] o/c ous bk alee enn Se Meee a AE A PIC ate k Liesl CER RR EI ROE cis Grelee Talinum:.... 52.0 PEA ee ead ae SI le Abas PR 2 08 2) ory 4 OAS Portuluca. ...oeseeeeee ORS ee BRNO poRee MaRS IAER FPP sy ahah YS aie = Ronee) Ce See eR eae sang seee Seahhte Stell Maria ie wine ee ece leone eee e ss 9 ee INe@lumMbO.6 oe kek Reso s Sad ee es Ce AeA eRe Rees beac eee Soe eo IBTASCTUMA Gao ook eA CA cc eel CEO Sorte RETO ON fe metal carole eB et eee PL ALR pee Racer ae cee eeeote Leuconymphaea ......|.:..++:.ds-s6 een Oeratophyllum. s 0. 6. sd.cllcms chewable te gtiseea|s..<..us eh: enn Role fore ie mie fee eels @i ede. ee lone Calithaererhee cee can wee «00 ves ine 0%. © ln 68 eee a Ls Pe aE PE Po I Cl OEE OM eee a Sou 0! le SEE PEC ARLES EEE EHR ERE AMNO@MOMNG. feet oui. ls cede Cees ee eee Clomaitist: CEG a cc bs hicd Dba Ee eee Gieie 6 invaie o|ais cues ine eee eer RAMON GUIS: Aer neces lbeEere A LETT AT ETA NAS, Lees MF TE AIC HTUMI. 6 6 cic w]e ae ce eee ee ee PELE CECE RE Ce ern tae ING@CROTIAN Gece 12 biais olete o |'a ote .yaie-ocrerele wie er Lepidiumn.... si... ences a [ee eienleee beteininnw ces cine |eee sees sn seen PEL MERCI CELE Risreek en rhb SUSY IMDM ere referees jexe, 2 ai. «0-0 00pe 0 IV ASG GLUT: /-10scf.1 Users cele c lam terete Seo eee xa SR ee ee eae Card amine sy ci jcvewisce ele icsacslelercee eee eee Tea os AMAA ee DraDad. ci nhkGoui sie heamcleaie teed «en's be ee Sea e tah Ae Tre oe A TEDISE eis atl res te (6/0 12 8 wie [ls vere 078 too )s a oe a BLO CMV ene e LL cients Mt eoteate ie RRAURITER Teh ses Cleome...... ..:agnee Per os ke 8, BHM eee AeA ac. TDi fo ts sn cies Jacksonia..... sane EMTS STEW ote cP dectarincal ot he deccoraras all otade als Cane he habbo befateharexetenove'’e + [hattens (¢Foreme ’ ee ena CeO ee ee oe eet ee eee see rere sere seeee ee eseee sees seer seesseeetoesse sees ereeersesnes sense ee Terre errr ere eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee rrr rm rt my ot reer ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee rm rr) | Ce ee ee ee ee rr re STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. : 631 Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.—Continued. NORTHERN EXTRATROPICAL. WESTERN HEMISPHERE LSB ODER EREE EEE CBA BBE EE NEITADWIS (settee aces _ ERE RE UR DRE EEC EB EERP erie MPaliMumMisn sete taaetes Riatatato slale) «60s su a'e ce 66.0 6 o)u e @ 6') 6 06 9 ele 06 6)e) 6.0 cue 6.0 Cae eS eo MIMRGEG: 5 0c! 6 ae" 6, 0 ee 616) oe ce 'e) 6.5 6 sé Wills ele.6 4 ene ele sit 0'we 6 © 660 60 8.0 © SBE AGUILAS Ree clctdlivtees| os lacadasaataa ld nacelrse ANG PAEETO AN AAG coins 6 al ail chal | eral toich or Achchatnccr eatalae dekars mMetelataiee |e mis? .ale ols! « a'9(6\ 6.66 60 us) s)|\c © = ee)» lo lsie'e 8) 6 o sin 6 ude) esis) s)'s Mudtm mG .0lele Ale’ o.0 «)e also ele 8.0 « 6:6 |\0 0 se wip ee 0 0's 0 61 @ 6 aes) (2 es 6 Bistatul ene) cs) c..0 ¢)s 0.6 » pe 6 «6, 6..6 60/6 | ss 0's 6 '0)0)'0'0, 8 @ 6 ¢ ie os 01s a is; u.6 REAL@iat@ lel mid sls eee 0s 2 ee els BUS oe olelesae secant wtesvrenesueees we MUMMUUCRTNG es oot ae ior. Salto cgiet oie e cies’ o Dutt e dalla? JUSED SCS REE BBB BE > SEEERO EH ESSE BRB OEABBOBRES Eco hoc PERMMMU ML OG1D. y chet cl ost .t.fatetste tee Sillshel tat oe othe aot ated slavatel cretel cesta & STEN EENEV MULTI! 2 2) star.' xt dhakalctct ort || oteleletotclotalo’otcbeustel ohetabetahtehans Piatbisielole cea sic ascececee ss ca@ailicecisicwcesneecscevun eens cena Migin ae aie Diese Co cewe wes oleca cession cesevesceceseescovasesveus NORTH AMERICA. pra e b) he) 6 wae ©) 66.4 a8) 6, 0) eee. « (6.9 ee Sig, @' es 4.6) ae os) « oem 0° 6 e400 6) a) se pe] 015) 2410 /9| vein 0, ahe)ele! 6 siete’ 6) eee Sisies).4) 0) se 0,6 0101 ea 'e)e\e! 2/6160) 6 elene gie|v eMe} oe 6) © 66 67 ¢ 0 6's ae, 66) 6 eats a ee CeCe ur tr Ce det Car yu mat Yet De ae alee =e © eases @,0 0 feo 6's cs ele) 6 © eale @ 6 =) lease o aia @ a oly ees «ele © ¢ 6 ele 6 6 ea se avis ayes mieje la nies ean a als sls eee, 00, 8.6 éiel@ls) ses ee 6 a 6 ae \a'a\ 8/0016) 0,6) .6\\4/ 6) ¢ 16) 0.6) 67 en8 0 e) 8) © 6) 6s) se) v.86 « se use| 6)a 6 6/616) male) ©. Pisleie wlohe 06) of 4d.) elle) s/s alveles sie tens We eg oa) a 6 4 16 10)-0) mene endl = 818) 6 e16re 8 a) elec a de) a) 6 610.10) ode) /o stain wiene:s eae (sa ee) elu 6 6-6, «1 0.eh0) 06) e wleieee aneleratte! se aiene,@)0 @ 6s, ae mete (helene a ele ss 0 e «6 0) «ee 'e ae 6 © sle,ee 6 © ee) ete nec 0 6c a ee 0 « a 010) Se vid ae ere Sica Cla) a) aa) we) @ ee) a 0 ce 0 ¢ os 0.6 (8 v8 6 )f'e ce © 0.0 cc 6.0 6 616 @ 6 6 eC @lsle ee 6 @ fie 6 we 6 4 0 6 a wel 0 eee s\vimes ee ele RPM ROREAPRM AN ELIID 5 55 (. 2) ot stots on uf oi a)ch alot o)-: Suet eho’ af aha chat Nahata Satstehed a hclat o! otahat oh emt aretha MOND L ALE 5) oanal gs Se has oa patals oieiet dictate! ot iabehabsleratat al ctahges Patiatel tad hatchet Ath oat aes MBP POE SILELIIG (2) oii. 5.cl 03 ts ep atets! o's 2 stele @ labeled de elma enh aa tale Ad dell daa t eh eee oo CODE Eo hie DPR RReE APPEAR reamed DPA ROP ARP URRY Sry tA) (oJ SEMCAISOTICA 4 RFS) 0s) crc wok ease ai[lciehele’ o! ea loict duet i chohaityalatotetste all ahchetel Shel er ctetchonat stchacae ae area Statsial eis sa clu cca Seve sees co eciiasceceeesaewtesrensesevdew aie Sislels Sle sawsaadciocciasiscawaacecetiovneccrentecreeoeeeevioescseivecsescecoces cn ae Batsiidse@ Sieididiateleald«-s e¢ cecilia sp oO sies acacia feaaceecaiscuaecedselio Coden ecehesencd C6 ¥ «se 6 eve «ue = wiv 6 @, Siniateteia'\ala ele e's ce a'c oe 6.0 e\s'e 6 ca elec 60 06 0 6 see 6 5 5 608 € 6 6 Os Celle 6 6 6 56 0 6,6 0.8 966 6 6 a 6 oa 6 «ae DEMi@islalsle sla g@eecvecece sce eee ec entleoscece sc oseceteussaeseeoessne « BABD IIS Sect fey chen a: Shs bate nb claraels [leiclebalel st alelete! abot anata ahauetatetet tals || oletabal staal Mal al?ol ofekater tl hey seietere EMT INTS INS 2050-42556. ohate? shal df a shal eer he's! alg’ dnl eietat atah atalalatavarh hatetate ch Act ant ctl otal ale) St cay Aaa Siwidisiets Slap elieicecece seaeleeoesesfloance ee onecesese CACHES SS wae d 6s oe we 6 80 © cae s ote ee 6 o ae Eintaiahata sis'ele cs coca s SP cee ec cee stews e vase SCRE OSE OV See ale «le 6 6 Seely © a6 06s 0 0s 6c a « Diaiwidie @elelse os een. eocecsceccleceen cence es sense eonveceese MMiwigisie «eee ceececct® coonecccsfeccecerecsce eee atesen ewe svfeneaaceeseswtusaumavieece wa EET UP SET OO TULYIA! = ch obs) oi of ars) check chad aifig) ci shot’a’ is) Guatet of Chatotct SLAM EM Tat eratck al a taketh rere eee a MPEP, Sash c'e) gain oh cheng 23 |e din's! « ot ola wicto! nuchal lah canted daha abhabalel otodel batat wa Ash Apa chalet Sete BMRA D955 bo) aNcs chclnt chancel dct Natghdtarote! otutctahogatel hotale te eidtnas at Aa aRRal keh wets AA tot taker ae ach eR MISINEDe poh Gh 2 osat S84 ak Me rete as oS ae HWracariaeausccta cess os Fp oe EO Tae Pee ad AGTIMONIA. =e. es sia pp he ool eee he REE RR RE aes ot 1 Dlr Ce RS bare rl a eae ee WsOraleavcha cc bes Soe ot ee On ee ee GIYVCYTTAIZS «x5 2S ves pep cae eae ER CREE eens) % Pledrolobusi:. Mosse coe hone ee eRe roel Desnedeza... ok seats see se leas Seca bay ee SNA AN A WS AES, tie evans eS WiClarteeorere cis ce Set SAME tee Oc fot 6 Wathiynusteepecwe sss. on PH ASCO LIS hs i eicdwld asic et! | Ec OD nee cn ate lev ce NAA 8 cache eae Geranium eee eteeeee ORBLIS scan aces ce Oe soo alee ees oe TAMU be oe oe aoe ee eee ic Poly Palais 2.3). ss ocsws's ovdklages es oeRe Rk SEER BE pe eis MUphOryia so. es wae ae oleae es ates pete ease er eteeee Bid hee Ae TIRE Nea een wih Stialilamiaiere wre orate ons Peeing ey AE Ae e eeebaER Te IRDUBK ee eee perches COLASTTUS”. 5s ches 6 ata tauths [Nea cS IE Ene arr WOR saci ee elke cote ee eee LE pees Se nee er ere eae aye Sisko pe aoe eat: Tm patiens:socvrs ey eo SOE ge th ats curiae a che see WAGIS: cue eee meres re Ee an ead Vs a Ph ae | MSI V82..cts pete ne Ey Peri ry cies ais tow atpmiv'a lel tweety eteaeleke ea en i 2 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL. ROSA. 2s. ..6) eee ee Cerasus....... ssa ACU@NI@ . .. sin seen Dalea:.. =... 25a x Cracea...\<.. 2.5. Eee A Astragalus... - 2m ; Zanthoxylum......... 2 Ricinocarpus.. . ss. diss Euphorbia ...,..>>emm HYONYMUS.:4)...en eee ACOCL.. 0. iss coy see Hibiscus. .... 16 /eysct See AT CHIC UAT ta ee Bike Sail eats eo he SE Ene Sail cileiasks ae 7 Pla ntagO.vxcciechs casas alo. © mclalana eee Me icrt| Sjcraie hie 0 Sys na te Oh ae CSET ULI Scho e oyisvn ce fave stem ela asa Paso lace JOE Pec RENEE EHC SPR Total ts punt css cise taba gett eee a TjOW ICCTA: toie.aveFe.gid is seven iaswellingeicshox evel figs k aera REREEA ERS TRIER icin Sie cocesf cstv la Gare ocnsee sosnspennessoveeees SA TD UCU sac ecto cote eivie'l cyevs ia > alle) nse\'a choad oie MW TPU UE a ial einstein sve | fecal nk ete 6 ert etneToretea ee ie neeveierae oc eee ae VW RETA M Wied ces ion aise Wik. tsts| coarse aire Se cORy Ws Fae sacs, =| 0's [00001 a t KO cer fede aon ee SICYOS. o..5 «sb sda iath [onae’ ven ns ow nn 1 Ts) 0y:) 6 C: ee eer re ee (re Lem ee Se RSs Vernoniaie) 3 sfsive ten adios all ieGcice ovata eee ERE phd anne wee an DUpsatoriuM: .i.caeis5,~ bass [ends oe opine & Aten emia kon cia een Tas STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. / 637 Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.-—Continued. NORTHERN : ee TOA: WESTERN HEMISPHERE! NORTH AMERICA. TG OtOSUAGMVA s..c% sous actes |actaheraess J Wy sian aeerleiliela edie tec hides AC ik bre GIP AVOTIOGI Aa Pic, chers! sie sie naiehae VGrbenais ne ACenek eit ees et cate eee MITES SER Re OST dhs ailicinsaly Sigid Uaioe aka Bree a mae IESE WGA OSS aA apoeeeee & ote PEMONNELSI > ee eaiad ow vie'|> as Sakis o Anas eee eb sacar nee ee eee ne a chor Ree WS Edin by atvidcio sade iaiemiclateife s sats « Siase.c p vaabetinie.s wens Kioelilian a iets sae. AN ONG) 2) ft toi GPR CRC Rae CIRCE MICE RAR Mera eoi craic Cte: fo eal| aes fees OM ecePIE ovaree re IIC Beare meters bers hv edatars'| > ET CCLO OMA: Gi cin ote eres keteroere eine teks Ea Be Aiea clase ncn cetemeccetecslescccencees seseceresens NOnNarGa: Beene "AIEEE Lah ee aOR AO are ets tor Aaro || Doe LSE es Aaa ho coe CPST UUDEIN 5/2 5:6 Via s oxcin'|,c'b wie ds ne vit's.'s aa be md males arelliotape whet a eRe a eee ae Soca oS eee Use cnet abc stev dove tabaiy'| a aiviasayae card 2a, eie.o eleva satara steels Physostegiass... arte. LL TSG A aE ee ol A er ioe eliar paras irs 3 A eed Ik anes NN ME Lp Pain oleicnc SINS allie ola: o ajnin Sree Ava ISR eee Chelone: 246-7 pene PT ce ce: bc deci fresarerd Aelllaisin so gc sock, ecannih ace Mtetore ela Penstemonn.. terres ois Op RO CRETE CIALIS U STOICA) (eee eee ott oueae bones eas SYMEMVIIS <>. = tpuksees: Scat ae teases ceases neds Gerardia. .. hai dato Rene heer eee ee BE ies Sart cca a ye 6 ilo e dalo' se wny ee ING Seta INO [Ole he ae cee PO CICUMATIS: sr.ce2ecekerete «. | Te eee eee ic et AS Se Saget hale! cone Melanipyrum :.:...+.06- Hie a Bidia.n.W We a'e ain Sahu Wete ko Shatin EP els Caan Ny. tn seen ee EN Sea iiele e hie is fa. cis lays ole-o «ero o's trp PoeearORN SS Aphyllonic.ce.sneeeeee MS RK yn) SoiNsrcy thal sie, oys0e 2! |\n'o' oa: aie ia. # cae eoetalatabete eeeiaets FIOUSTOMIas. soccer ee eee RETA CO se ciara rerio e wo are Ge | ead a.» oob.d) oe oleae eee RST ne eee ee nett ee BMS iis a fh eascaicie2 0 Selo. 2 2 2 [a avers. o gjouk 9.8 heaton MPAA Symphoricarpos ...... BREST ROINURUCS scat or ocete ac sche Sictars, [tie aca dus e, 3. DapelaTane RCA tara tee (ere Sateen oe OR ae at ta Bee TT LAY Oi 20 On ee ee) PR Re nad S| a a A en WOMERTOS MTS ce Soy belek at so aro ar eels els oils ss wab) occa. ere Ctontas eda a re Cera [eset Sipe eas Sek Ee a AM ETIAMC ayy och crac oasis |e maaae aan Sema seee Vana wich’ seo clc cet eee _ 2 ESOL ETO TOR ONC Caer Micramipelishi. cosmcclnan sine chronic he eee ee WAMpPANUla .....- 6.0. e lees see ceresercscen Cia stains oe cee bB.s a oke eae REED OPN i ste fas ko: 6 | Scoops eon ewe Fal PER EONS RICE wd jc /A cha a atoriets Bee i 65 SN re RT ear a I TOT Cee Cnr el GN Oh CHE en Eee ae eee gies eVZ\ A ATT FPL orc Pices ch: Ocaciohas aeackcaeee aciniarian.c..see eee 638 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. B. Table [Illustrating the Distinctive Range of TROPICAL AND COSMOPOLITAN. EXTRATROPICAL. pa Be ae AR OG at days Ae a are NSE aad Soe ar Cee Boltonia ....coseeeeee AN SST oa eroras es a chs ae eactalesavaie di acagaye deters, otenete. cla/wvae'averla,s, erates! |» ccapasar’e yo taver 5) ene PRSETRETOWE creer diate wt seicis: sii | ’atya sev gres lade eisiay'afoce.e, sia,e/0,4:8%e sil aieleperoretece tevaeeal elena eam Gt See ee ee jeieval| AGA GOMINATEAL .s)averaie d'e-d.0 2] a.nre 0, eherepelerete ert See ater etee cinema c-cvate, aerate iy [eta elelevelaaavelereiresicas ose «| ANADDaIIS tae Reg AUR UNOALVUANIN, ¢ «ss cisco Grits eie a) fale eaten ale am can 80% we, wal an ew cap hah oe dese Sn NA no 9 os a cE AGenoCawloms i. .% 6.6 esis as os eters er Faia ea racor a DRG A SPR Rte rs [tariarat cece Percvapetey tere vars oS AMbDrosiai..\. 72.20 eeee ATI DOU seem aoe terete Aisidajeva vere cvacen Mare eeu eiarelene a aiche'llatevsielctssacchecst Ota tee aa OPTEOTSIS 5 c5 Fees Mesa cw a 5 iniere Oe Recetas Sa ews [a Dim eae ara ees 1 biG (25 0\: eae eS A IRE a Seer I AeA Git, lo ONG EMER Se onus cc doc es |: SE Oe CH Eee Orit Mrechthitesis a2 -cs.oc oc. | sec chi acct Cette One) 0001-1 Sa cer anal Pere recy Aa he ee ORE ST 5110276) (0 Renee eas ce my [een get Eo ey ERR EE Pb Se] mS Seg Cone ee ae GMiGUs s:.coieiwetitis o> ss silos 5 s: 0:60 eine dre eee Bidet ee meres tanya a teraz atehee hohe IGT RAE An Soe REIMER Ghose Esc evstevere wisi cla he sity wre ster the ticral| iotacee eta chare tee eon eE Ree ete Taraxacum... .seeeee Bi jn\o.e%e.oYoiy araidval aan ible Bure ose’ all uate Sete teyecle ieee Omran nee Crepis....s..». «ste eee eee rere ee eee ee eeeeseeees|sessesreeesseeeeseeeeesese sessile ee eeeseeeese eee eesesese The facts of distribution compiled in the foregoing tabulation will be better apprehended if presented separately, by groups, and such separation and grouping of the statistics is indicated in the following six tables. I have named the group of genera for which a distinctive range has been determined a ‘‘generic element.” The six generic elements of the preceding tabulation are now considered in succession. The numerical statistics and the two groups of percentage statistics are displayed side by side. The tables, then, show the number which each tax- onomic group furnishes to the generic element, the percentage that this number is of the whole generic element and the per- centage of the taxonomic group that may be considered as be- longing to each generic element. These generic elements may STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. Genera Represented 639 in the Minnesota Valley.—Continued. ee hey ta aa WESTERN HEMISPHERE] NORTH AMERICA. WM eects extn un sy aievohta hore Grind elias Vso Seecll Sete eet ie tale teeta areas MIP at alate Gaye cialis ania ta ative aiatere libs ta [ere SIO Chak ore eersyelartemetne Diplegons «ise oi nasiead NER oa Soha. c eax aire MEGS DOLE es © ae Aviom nee OMA Q Os sewers sede rants 2.0. OS RIE EPICS Ha plO Pap Puss sheen wavs aie eo aitiererceate cee wah beets BESCOU Ti (OERECH ict cracaivberciay owe aha’ o' el oll cietadsey sie eid ateca-areterelelerrereteteca litters hecareretetereicte-ai tare aterepeenrar PATIVELIDEVULIS arches cto toreic: ccduare ale | Gacevas'e oi lecogavalratatascvaroteletapenaate | Hie ereveterckcte MPa ce letersi eenn aretstane Pe eres lee we wis cus POLY MNase Ses [eee eee cote eieeieoc creeds RE AN Hoon) Sei Sia Sif'S\, 5 009 216, 550 FS 4 atere Slaten SMW 52 ac ae ae LO NERVOUS CO RIGEISC Dee mee Parthenium~.2.. 2. eee ea oneness ee ONCE Nie teitscke ake, axe & o,S.ns0)| tele tie nina 3 Bisverelw le. Bete, eaters Cyclachaena re. dec PAGEAR SEC) a ey cel tha occcs etavate ic [\o's layai-eie aye, >. o'0.0!ctjone¢ avtaNe Geng] chore aitae tetatatete oho Matehteiarat mate EE Ta See cre eie-a) weletel Gere a Poa ERGVIODSIS. <7 nisicnctere water orl ae tres eee reielaeere kere erate PEAT Tastee ies sersiats or cte ante” [keys siO’e's 'o A 8-0! oserelestareasrelereheke Rud DeCkilaeers ote -relets Pe ei che Paictew haha 't ols ceierse cia Se Helianthus. s3.nostacs le onecon opener nae eee _ 2 Con ROBBIE BOCES COOGEE Cal HEC ee corre sar ss Helenium: .g.sc freee: MOM eo fare oid wie) sis 0.0. ie esos s Ga Ard tay. .e,scerrart Yoel veisiecat Teele chevenalereo enero EPSPS sic useless x) Jae de wets POV SSOGLA: « «ach Meal eek |e eterete aloe ek etea eit erate AMO PUM EN hie orca, co 0: rolelereveraie aon ld ore’ S%m ors «aga ob apey SU Paka leverans eae er oisitand tale steers ea Meer ERA STEN Np stale avon ce atosswraie ©i];sre'o © l'o Gee: 6. otavarctere le revnrprace tal cll rane eugater a tars oreo inet Cane ER Neto 25. 5) Fake Mise maiene:s late ses 4 ns sis is ole 2 wlan aia ousta) NN) DLLUNGEL AAI ee a oiheea a Beate tna tonite, ieakee Bis tan coree nce tcetate teats ..| Schedonnardus.. ‘ DLL) Schedonnardus... IN lor taped cbtawstoe ine sleoe ee Bouteloua . Boutelona........... case eu dais ¢ meme Aen een Beckmannia. sje. ceacn « Beckmannia.........|. Beckmannia.. ...... SCL PGE cis slntewitoincice Bulbilis:.(¢..:/2ce0c,) Balbilis:.............] |e me ole aslelaclouroeecrecieerere Agropyrum., ery HOrmnean. tose ccc ne Bail leiatece ons WRE See ONE | EE Ronis xe cre sie wca's ches “Hordeum .. ieenes BL GAMA S esc tie cic cree aids cdl S nanan cere eters seen RTI VAVANIS cme nic « 6b 0 cin'si| ow'wale renee shaleclaeeentee Ply Stree Sacisce ates. ae sags clan cteuteeGan Hystrix se coe e “Cyper|aceae. Sa dn aostind cee ea Berweicierars Hemicarpha........ Hemicarpha........ Hemicarpha........ MS Suet tas actee sean hate kee Dulichiuni. Veco sel WOU Ch IMM) 3o4 cite Slieee) weemeenes veer Sols cuieratooianete Sain el ducterst om ote OY PCPS... occ) seaviea | OF DEEUSs. .<.00:00505000] ow oc cians cincee enna Eriophorum occ e cae eee esti ULIODMOPULM......<00)es, ovine seine oe slic on india wlomte omisa ets ‘Bolepile..:) ccc sees SCITPUS . vscece ccccc|scccatcette svete Sesddavtaredey ere cehee Heleocharis.... ....| Heleocharis. . oo0,|\00.ne/c ates eats Sane aan LY do's otic nufdatste ta tae Ponlsite THIS. 5 ocecaccongsccnede{PUlbiedee’ cos sscces coss|'cteoess cane eee aint wh kendo ewe hemes tls Mariscus ............| Marisous ............| Mariscus.< Soosceeee .-| Rhyneospora........ PERV NCOSPOLA. «os alcie alles ».\bie we ty ane ee ote PPO i Pear Loohe eo | SOLOri a... odes coe as ci CPOE Gc ose sc cape cicwa| se ste bien heidciee Rien OBTOX... 05 eas a eine hob nddll oan ocean oid aaiee eee cea ATOR 6 siclenesjsisten se ssi) seeds wsleot a hs ace ane Aroi deae. PEGORUUB wiisc a ciate dee tie nal leroasaciac oaineiiaiscisnetereie GOTO o: wikicie ig 055s |'as'e.5.5 dh nn cae SPAthyY OMB so. ccc we deis'e||ccccvicevecu dale snsleelee seed] | SRMUMY ORIG sya «aicnnn!| acne nips eins 5 ein Oa cs eet iaiai'ss un 53's ad tee Sollee a torment were Calla.. éoarecacn| ee sveicdesitele tian Oud be te phe Cede oe Ue aloes “Arisaema.. « acaeif UATMBION BOE. ..0<. 00.00 |scoscnos erence ”*Lemniaceae. Fue S Seakecup awe tans LOmN@)..s oveieve'etels iene evateifoisrelay ne OOPYITIS castes ere =o leaj neces «ccieeacteraamenn BARAAICE LCA Sol eiata'ctals'alo'a srcie: |{ stare bvedyoieie oss ujo.s. sive e.e.le,s Betula........0. Woh en ale awe atersan te tod Gegereteterte tee Urtic| aceae. EE a vavweeecios cosh) OLCUMCA:ss ve'ciecicecee nr salliedeunainte maaiataien t BM Sadeie Meese | RCURGE a. \s viaiclomecities Actaea ..... aan oh Aquilegia. .. Aquilegia.. aa = Delphinum.. - Anenione,:......- :. Sen'|| PARMLCTO ONO (0 cicicc slo. 0 | yoclaleete a ee nena Oxyeraphis cec.cceseos Oxygraphis..... so Ran uUneOu lus ak de ae desest| ccc l cis ces ores wa anette eel letsiniasslg a vicleieww\ sis e'e)a:e-s.ehe,e -| Ranuneculus....... rig UUet ght pel Ebene copier Re OP ARNG AD cis wacicatic’ Mb alictrum.....ss<00s|02- 52 eesseeeeeenee ee, Berber\idaceae. ache etn peices s-.»| Podophyllum:,-.:..-.| Podophyllum.....<..)..... 0.00. cestimen eee GOWER oe ety aeao in ointeios] sisisiclers'o lose pele MOORE EEE WUCOMTICE, «22... .00:2.0!|'s's ociereee ee eee ee wee Menispe|rmaceae, WMrenis perma oe ais iercte:c|\a0caaenisiecisiclace oremear Moenispernum ...... }|-...0csescsseee icwalnee Papavijeraceae. Sanguinaria 2.544. siccsslec so cece ew veactpes tees TSA UIMATIA.S. .. .00'< cane cone Sane CADMOTCHAS eee aiccice sicinall creis os olejaiote ctsteie sinte)stataraieall ptetetete tela sis) slaltd.'x. oovs| SAXILLACA woe cee TIA POLI in njs-o'» auinie vsveers oi] 0:5 cif whale eaten aca iplchegll Mana RR RAEORERSS Ratt aso Tiarelle i. .ssusspeee MALGIIG 2 0% ocise.w Jenene bl cheeses osu bo daeeaeeretae Rei ae ass c's ade ecw Mitella .....scssennen FLOUCH OND pic oe oa id! p saigs'| os vc.e'e.0s wivle's y'ee6 mina sie lieel ch SR eCR RU aDae es & sails Heuchera..... ewthes a4 Ubalen eden boar nen ats Chrysosplenium Chrys0splenium .....).... 00.5 cseset selene P'GYNASGIO © doccvswus vaccines s cease acciieleeannt gu) cr RID OG 3b ed en's Nae boc Ved vel biez.ov oevvy ace uviaWutld WalepeeeHENeneN as Thala sey RiDGS 2. sce eee STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 647 C. Table Illustrating Continental Development of Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.— Continued. NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. EASTERN. WESTERN. Rosa\ceae. MISUULASTOT Ss, fo oc. aardata secs Wien ahicslaacleeteuaten ¢ Opulaster........... Opulasteracsnectecs RRTMETIEN CS PuTIOG c ouassicn. schon 's dai flte wrcveteision ae ere cee a Spir@eaincnoce cece Bpirece Tokeetlene sere Pirus. WG a RRA See) et Oe Piva ss ttacce Phasl| ereceh- Pa is nya ein ovo aketeis eae Amelanchier ....... Sl aaroapate: war duteta eel cates eoele ste Aime lamehierasccrnis she |sissntee icioispicbancteer tar io sie ais cates os cueee Oratnerus.: 2-2 crafts OTA UE OR INES rare stoiaratalel|lsieteisreisincreisiaisintettie a cle ates LEER) ea ie ee eae ee eee bs stavetes bea a 2c] MEO LL IDI arsere te cy aeeitistets llewtetnisens eis pre» sizorecdarer hens Fragaria . RoW nk ee a llosae cidhet eaters weicarters mend lle sec oak oeettee eeoe te GAP aN atccs soeeeee Potentilla.. ete he eta ctl stalclarcteiche, «) Pimelate veteictenssals [ene eb mnaiciale Beate eee eto Potentilla, 2 t..ce Geum.. Aes Cee Sea oe WGI cies Adare ras Gaisibicclocewaciic’ watitiaces ~ 2 Se eons “Agrimonia . nom tistele ce\|p NERDADLOR LE Suter ntetsistel lem cisearen mates aie eeoaciae NSS Ie ae yale sleTotcje con Sum Be ROSY ox bee scien fe che cert MEMOSD cit icin icmin ares avaey nee din eieiaavce eerie inte _ 2 ee GOPACOR eanice bee sised « Anatase tae cif so ehcredaereieitersinter ime tra ante 2 BETA) DICE 1S i TS Oe een ES (Ada So ae eee Astragalus.......3.. OES 3S ae ee ol pg Se Ep rea| een IA ee thar phd tb cet ae SDICSIONe eee eee Tic avin late, -Sis\ero a Seveic as Glycyrrhiza. 23.25...) (Gly cyrenizaaes.ccs ese be ee see ee aoe eayeris s clciwjtacdece eas iz... | (Pleurelobus...... << Pleurolobussss 2. oe 25|levccncronceee a oneeee ee Biss le acs! chats MeESPedeza... ers... Tesped OZattits sn. 2 alas sotmstan etre sees mode > 3 APSE SRA eee WMIGIB eect secs ses VITA) Seep acetal nua one eae arth EE Canals Aol eicinieseiticiavs-e/eie PUPA TELS. Ssvenrdee sail ereee Se esac sat Se ctediae hy i Sthstctatnd I Ie tolriane: Soles eracies'| PR PLOS. opie side a wisissns ere Anpios . Bee ott Ae Bifoieiel RAIN 33! O)CDSES DERE Oe eree PHAascolusis.ccecs.- Phastatabicyies. «. [estan nears ee eicte. eee ECE ers acide bia | AL CHED. ssicicic'cc csi sipel) ULC ADA a comes tees. csslaesa' ene scien Gee reo Me a ona) S Poleielzese.d oo. NOBADtistaies 3 Ss so cines.o. || FSAPOISL Aire ctacers ote sche | auto sare even antec saneertoers ‘Ger ani acede, ae See aya aseserearende a's Geranium coe: 2. cle astiecseet ree eee een oe | 2 re RANTLE Urn ve sere cee ; Oxalid aceae MPa te ioe santos dcwince eisec ORONB i. oshs< scree | MORASS eet eae tee cico ate caace aR eeaed Lina ceae. BS acta to ores oi GMMR TIN Sle bieetne = oie ee lessauesebe: See eaot as ° Ruta ceae, Zanthoxylum....... Zanthoxylum tele ash. «cient oee PLOle ais Sages cuca lh sents Polan laceae. Enea deus tae scsi ne -2oe aE OLY Zale ~ sccs | Polya nis cease seal sce aacreinces cae eae Euphor biaceae. Pete boss, "eee esiee| micinocarpus - BicinoOcar pus oocssclomane setiese eke eae eran Ue Huphorbia 2.2% 22.4. | PLU PUOLDIAp ae ac cess sailecnuleweee aes ae cee aeenee Stellar iaceae. MMMISE io siauin'd,oisie's.cc'clc. nos Stellaria ......... seis} a: ops lah sivjoiololelace tie ste ties: (ie POLICES Ohare eree erent Anacar diaceae. _o- 4 See MUS 5 oe ace I BMS eee td eel hee gee eee ‘Celast raceae. do eee VOM YANUB |. o aN cievad pietaiar saainte: sotorert Ciaiate TAL Aces acc du een OOM ACN svowc ccc c0cecece sc |'sancja viele nlatceere nanan Pimpinella.......... PAM DINO. os. ov) Fie REA so Jor citeyp visto bis bic Biceauatole peraletae Oleutal, cco. sasntce ete | MO LCILUDs varie once's, ses,c | \OICULEE e PERE D Ee # Be Pee OG AB ne SUI. Soee we ae eee eal eaeetie nics slo's ale love ounie ofa [UA ULI 2 Jo SIs Beenie eee Dore eres Deeringias sc. .cseste Deeringia.. Pe ro te BERR Co aeeee er peccopbcricce Myrrhis............-+ ee leeeseceritsececesc. | MY DIDIS... cece Corn aceae. a MSO 5 0! cee ae oceanic il (ncierararteeion eee aes TPAC QDVIEN csicreis’s'bip'n's:s'e 00) |: cose oa cnceres ean aa Pirol\aceae. Pseva.. RSMAS VIA ote Veidina. oc ae ss. WIT OU ate. oan ciate sere da | Mewes otean sale ab outros POM actnee ac a+ Det MM OTOGTOD av aln’eso: rst acetal ol) pre slcie(ae\s-s jn mutha ot akere enorme | tlaaeatenetala ter Eric\aceae. WON Rees sot rome terslayel ect hieray-sevatetns iat : )Bicfol ohh e eins eee AMGTOMCO Ree Tecate ael|Cs acae cebeawle gets Andromeda. ....... tS Lise ed Wemtoetreionie auret Dyonia.. ¢ cues scvceise | MUMONUD: opie Pe « .daefataleeneen OHIOSENES soca oo sell aa Gb Lame testes enema GID ZONES a. Ac ste. 0 s.010| adiarenau.s AYGCOSHAPDY IOS, 5 50\2i010:0)2'] care wie els olvwialslecpeiselt nl l|luetiaetene Sm xiaiaia’ + Rp miele ne > ORVCOCOUSS fan be Save aests] cece cctea ces ahs ana weeeeiere Oxycoccus.. Vis er inilwmicss Good totes ewnaiestcenaien Anse eee Vaccinium.. Primu|laceae. ATIGVOSACO:soisied esau dl dvcecaaciec ce scones helen Gl aeeeepneree srs Kv Saved ; aia Ceeetdiesed Pra lpiaies Wincaplater’ g Lysimachia.........| Lysimachia... ......]....c.ceseeeseenn anges 6 sie area inte wed aretowtat oir StelrONeMa.: oc. 2 sev. | MCCITONOMIB . 50. ac:ccee [sone 550k ny sgn os en ated so RAT aR aa a Aaa stds Trientalis .........-.| Lrientalis............| Trientalis. cones sipiha fale th mix eearar pias Centunculus..:. <.-«| CONbUNCHIUS. «00. .00|s.0. .ceccnes a eh omen Sddsie idewe cabtlna coaeeciaae Olea\ceae. et a A eae Fraxinus............| Fraxinus d Gentia|naceae. Men y anthesis. oso soc callin dee visnnis bus ona bee Ve el PRES mae Sos « pmies cs Menyanthes.. ET POT Lh Oris cy CRT Nymphodes.........| Nymphodes.. sei Pn Gentil amnas re ess bine UE) Zoae 000s LS cewek | Mm arraals Ne 80518 8 « “Gentiana........... ‘ Apocyniacede. POCO cee OEE Apocynum..........| Apecynum..... ....| Apocynum.........- Asclepia daceae. a san sp esVC LADO RG emRETS Bee Asclepias .... ....-+| ASCIOPIAS............ | ccc cecccccecscccsessass Convolv|ulaceae. o Fienusie tame nabeee weeny Volvulus's....suisess<2| VOLVEUIUS 54.5 4 ere pa'od Sihutpcnieh beats Mayen OCuUusCute vc dvccede coset CUBCUGN » ccknunee bebe 0s owen cue.s.o aie STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 649 €. Table Illustrating Continental Development of Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.— Continwed. NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. EASTERN. WESTERN. Polemonijiacece. DRE Tio in'n.cla: ais la Wiese «slots steiets PRIOR ee ae. osoceks face | DIOR wace seneel a eeallls Boy: OEM UVERTNA POD sic cra rel wate ieee” [lei ota’n. acctare ohare ace slatelnlee civtae's Breve thei Oollomia .., 4a PPEESETI COTVL ET EVA WM. cra oo stu @\|'o ich cyalacrahetawe!S:wiolesatctoveia: chorale | ctane otavowheeneyete mtaio tne eteiisiates« Polemonium........ Hydroph | yllaceae. ECE actos nc c's Wlanie wales oety MAGHOCaLY Xi. unk Jonnie concen eosee nee met oat |p ACHOCALY,K:.1.;. «sisters BEEPS selon ste iciep oicicis s’ciw'e we Hydrophyllum... Hydvou by an : aiacers BO ae actos’ oni eto:srastowsenices PHaceliguassese aa. \aPhacelia .....ctscne Borrag inaceae. BISA scicsa! tater a ata’'icie'yarwigne ee Onosmodinmice +. 5. LOnosmod tiniest lfeadcc ac Uc. dcacles cette slats eet vtacrecie vesicle lw ten weiss Lithospermum OLtTMOS PS RMU sera ||ereterste ale'e, oii-teipretsisictaiaie sine) Myosotis ecient tated ote awiel| (a) Pieteiatalaleisrdisiwaiciebal vettas aale Mrosotts sap wae besiotnel (te ss Re MMOPIOSSULED Mle ae othe ae ci clewinIale minis b'awiaine on Goa sane Lvigtdepsiate Cynoglossum . aoe Verbe|naceae. ot ...| Leptostachya....... LGEptosta chy aes ce aa lei ses cnisatam steeohltelaaieis ents BE Seeeme Nee (eee ce vane Vier ben dies c. cacas asc [h MORDOM Gs. Satecte tees ll etieretaea's sathesaertars everest Labij\atae. PREIS TELY ELC asco alain Ais c's scp aeceeeee Solan acede. MOR R ee. Siac ccc ed ox Physalis.. Physalis 3 Mere etasctce aces snvees Solanum ............] Solanum . are Scrophulariaceae. ie STS VNR UTIL CLT AR 3: ers colette oil rateielo'e Sta ale, stale « e'o,aleiarw-crssaisi| ettle sus cl Oalstoe amie Memon ome Scrophularia........ Bees cols ceases weacsnses @helone:-.. 2.2.6 CHELONA Fis ossc lave e ote cas ten ateetined ae SaeePISUCHIOTE AW oe cee eiaioss lois Be Saline ae alee ace dia eaie'|\ PUT omaeiaeaueeeese Penstemon.......... Petey as Mimulus Mimuilusijaeecceecn Mims: ce chen eee 3 Gratiolaiccecc cose Gerablolass cay Sew ceva fnss aise cess Rae cisiels eles Bere Sct reclelacta aieieWs wine TLySanthes <..<..5:.../||,LlySanhhesiseysie a 75) (sects sree etree ceca SERESTTS EMA CGSa hx Ra) Nora ase sere soci] a aie bre slo wale SIhie vida Ae pe 8,5 Vi GPONIGA Mac teatecsaletccseeccuuen ence comeee Men eae pie tin cio clare haste SY OtHy Tis ....c22%.eccel cee ace ceca ecm acute ee ay ell MOON ELLLM LS) cet arctan Bere eit ctierde Seine eawetee Gorardia osc seae sn} ROTANGUA Ts .ccrcvc ob stemal|(siscles ote tem stele neraeeea BE cia aka c/ceceplaess| \CASULICTE ..ccc ec nee Reoe Castilleja. . Me ERRVELPOT SS Pitas oe arate lle sine. ss o.0 icreid'm sieves win 6'a13 500 | lore, Lage cratots w orrantaraor neice Pedicularis. .. .... Melampyrum.......... Babe ahah ais vie ates wel oiay'c cide: aiminye hetatetroratoue Sic ib ier ine: Melampyrum Ghee 5a ave d aces. wace vskees Monniera.. -oss2...|| Monnieran-c sha. ce ces |seeceanoeccmaeneneneeeeee Lentibul|ariaceae. - oi SSCS SOROS SS CeaOS Uy ao eh) Ce aeeene ne el Biumeke rile pn eaomcisqaa) poccaeaonncn oaeoose Orobanc\haceae. NRE PRRMIUUGD Fler See ctvslat=(- cain al] (oeTeicin! slats s|~ wtevs areiascinere-« ns «|| Meaclommenanvemateenelwerteres Aphyllon. . esisccent Plantag\imaceae. > 33 Gr ce Sees pee soci PLAMHALON.. sss, 0a28| | DLAULALO ceed tess |e On TAS Oneronteeenes Rubia|ceae. Mesias acib ass alssdcscs Houstonia cecas lepaetsatation seieetiels wad deule)/t CLOUSTODTES oes eneeee SIM BETTI Pe Arte nat | Gecko sickle seeeee ve dines Galiumcts te setae: Galtuim =: -22a- Caprifo|liaceae. IREMET FUSE RP Nice 015 cf ectal| Wea ave a eT alee g hes matwntetes TANNR6al each feeaes Dinnaeay ses. ee eee OMEPEER TLS T) OSs p asiccte'ss|h orcticiciwe.oc.ns Se os cetcissoo||taele cerejstactaremitinate erctstere Symphoricarpos MMRPEEIAES TELS eric are) ves Saree pets cieeiwiete co's dicle aint weve ec MONIC OT alec uedceeaiciilatcuecicee. toethes eae ener ER coe one nie.c sajea’acciawtee Diervillay oc. oc ncele WISMVLN eee tele MMM e ce occ clwesecs cca’ Triosteum: sc<.2.. 6-5), EIOSTOUIM Sa. beac c le -ersmen ce dele ctseas eens BEPMEANIMITCMS each o ds cisccsllly cacinnreG woosaces come ceeal tenet e ete nea niee Sambucus: 05sec. ade BSS ee Noloprhyehihr arene lorie} ebayotes ly Arlee mera Adoxa) ceae. MOT ia a td vie dhafave.te:0 a ststs'| Wine Cb ecole ken « ooisianesieere | memerccee toe anette elem ale Adoxa ‘ Valeria|naceae. PEW cicte. ocin's¥.os< oe Valeriana Sept WAS STL ALNN Biiarererssert Nsiove: || na wales pateiain’> Wislare eicelseeree PRIMO «dyke Seawall zacinsieane beltsecwaas ean VALOTIANG As verccccclllcinnic, ses oie%s semeclepineteisre Cucurb|\itaceae. Seisis's Sicyos. Bal Sikes fovea dao icc cosa tone | Heameco Cacosbiuanauctidauc ME Sad Naicia dic asian, kei fatt ee Micrampelis.. Soe win Nolefemioiciercn nelaiaets s Micrampelis.... .... Campan ulaceae. MOTUPIUD DTU LG do sac pala Percel|lsisasce- close o’cs sate One Melmaeis Campanula ......... Oampanula....cssecs ‘ ededebeaes Pentagonia... Pentagonia.......... Pentagonia.......... ...! Lobelia.. ee es WiODOT aise ceisce stares ce 650 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. C. Table Illustrating Continental Development of Genera Represented in the Minnesota Valley.— Continued. NORTHERN. SOCTHERN. EASTERN. WESTERN. } Comp|vsitae. é Wernonia.2. sete ee WeErnonia o-.cccsc.. vcc]| s« + o1s.0 10051) «ae - Eupatorium......... Eupatorium....... oleate © alginate ee ; WUabniac 2. jh caseteplacke ds ccc- cece wees secs cs| MUD g eee ee Salento ce dawenss 02 2p) LUACIMIATI As sce mee Ge MIA « i.00 50s t's ~ suse gee ae ane sab idle da Caer iteeeee ate Grindelia...... PERE bloc cheniaets o's / Sense Grindelia.. Pei Diposon acres ihe be, ok DYGIGHORG. 6... ye os.ce | oan renee Helenitm) stesso leseees Helenium ........... Gaillardia. -c-ssueee Dyssodia Achillea Gaillardia. Dyssodia ‘Erechthites.... 0... Achillea Meee er Brechthites ......... “ Aptenisings. 1! ess ele Sea! sce ee Artemisia ..-...-...- SS ee ose at ene Senecio... seewelsicecrsstsceNecees.| SONECIO. cos ae OHICUS Ss cwreeca ved. Soeetee | a be canine owls > « SOS be a Dren MIMIee ae atinals awe cheiae OnicuS..«..:..c.ees—mee Vide bas sade tess Soe oF linealc Sedation slolineter wee ae WUSOTNEOR de hiss celpaiee fe . Pde dniate a Rasta O askig Aa emETS TAT AX ACUI, cal Gece e bees wake oclecla cies ele ao Taraxacum ......... EP hsicbrel civ deca ee a ears ce Nothocalais)...0 ee lepenae tee Nothocalais........- diaiatalaintgiosnwrel alee bra eiaaleisleslenain AZOSOLIB:).cscutiacaecatlc Perens Agoseris. ..:...0.0sum Sareea ee saws aaa. AGoOnorvon:-ctecoeeeee Adopogon........... cane one 030 een Molalbiainw wots febrra va seena ne Lygodesmia........ |. Se eee: Lysodssmis =e a ioutwe nadeeds tua Prenanthes..........| Prenanthes.. ....... Crepis.. gM ain SU) perce nas cinj oa, ngtiwia' Klelaranginn coheed Pte EREenE: wish aatece air]s\s S06 Crepis.......sasqsaeem Hileractim 2 3c cc cos al coe cinie coe eee eh si ia58 Hieracium.,...> < ss s From the preceding table,statistics may be compiled as from the table of general generic range. Four range-elements may be discovered in the genera of the Minnesota valley and the mutual relations of these range-elements to the taxonomic groups may be determined, as before, by percentages. The four range-elements are as follows: A. The Northern generic element. B. The Southern generic element. C. The Eastern generic element. D. The Western generic element. Each of these may be examined in turn STATISYTICS OF METASPERMAE. 651 11. The Northern Generic Element. No. of |Per cent. of all} Northern per genera.| Northern. cent. of each. Monocotyledones............ 50 30.6 47.6 Archichlamydeae ........... 67 41.6 387.9 Metachlamydeae............ 46 2B Ae 35.9 PEOtADINOPUHOID::.... 26. 2s: TGS ee \eccrelecchsreden sottcerei alert en pervs leorc iets c Northern per cent. of all genera...... BOD: een POR kids drars ccle eechevsage: See ee ae Sagittaria rigida..........:.. BR Se ak oc, tha Ne cane tate a ae a Sagittaria graminea..... .... Sagittaria sagittaefolia........}............ onesevwns site Hydrochi\aritaceae. Elodea canadensis ............ Elodea canadensis......... 3nd Ee de Maeda Stem cgeitrta Gor ts setts ee Vallisneria spiralis........... Gramineae. bclaBece wfatesttoia’ = ee rexets cr eict sti een ae Andropogon nutans.......... iia ate oe, iviaveraik cae os acu at ea Andropogon provincialis..... PR Ae OIE ne ein eta aes ce a Andropogon scoparius ....... Panicum crus-galli var. hispi- piece geiantete Sev vnbhe cei. yonee GUM... ......%..420n Sahota Sepa ed Pos bop Rae © aris ce sie ee Panicum dichotomum........ Panicum depauperatum.......| Panicum depauperatum...... Cees Gases be dalewre¥eeeaetlv ool Ee RMCHIM SCOPATUM aca be TAG tara Ps te ts ate loen: iar elo, Saha ae am Panicum latifolium .......... Panicum xanthophysum. ..... 00] \ suv. se © +1500 a ois» a pin we Boh ata ek ME eee Charrette beeaioe Panicum virgatum.......sc0e TE ee Ee ceese cance cess] CeIGUM, NUGUIMN . .. <.ee Panicum capillare............. Panicum capillare......<. same Sig Son sige loyade Sapte apa ne a aoe ec Cenchrus tribuloides......... Sa ot anne a ards DS ha ohh ot ieee Zizania aquatica........ssseee Homalocenchrus oryzoides..... Homalocenchrus oryzoides... iy aes ee S ecvccvccsvcsseee} ELomalocenchrus virginicugeer Phalaris arundinaced. ... i scciwele conc siwyelee ch oc s oe sie se - Hierochloé odorata var. fra- QTADS. 05 005d sie. cies. sn alee anie 84] SIRS a eo o's rd ie ae » ‘wiahohy bdo nerbaatelh Ais negra baa eee Aristida purpurea............ Aristida basiramea............ Aristida basiramea........... Stipa spartea..........5...0e Stipa spartea.../.+...:0ssam ‘ OLY ZOPSIS. JUNC. i060 04:0 used Unie a @ Rpee n)sys wide S «)6 5 o.ninhnie an ; OryZOpsis ASPeLifOlid. ..0. cc csclenmnes ce caeeesssce ene ey ie STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 657 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species. —42 EASTERN. WESTERN. Potamogeton praelongus...... Potamogeton praelongus..... Potamogeton lanceolatus...... Potamogeton lanceolatus..... Potamogeton zosteraefolius....| Potamogeton zosteraefolius. .. Potamogeton foliosus.......... Potamogeton foliosus ........ Zanichellia palustris........... Zanichellia palustris......... - Naja\daceae. AR MOUNTS Os tb aac ce oe eee 3 Najae thoxahis. veers os are Junca\gineae. Triglochin palustris...... ['o-«' aw, al ope anata roger ole adhe step : Sagittaria sagittaefolia........ Sagittaria sagittaefolia...... ; Hydroch aritaceae. Elodea canadensis............. Hlodea canadensis............ 07) LE SNEVETIE EY ey tri 1 SO a al reenact ere EE CC Gram ineae. nS [OEY TOMA TAYE ING wets a's «ss «| -%a. 0:0, sep eye ejeneeie lm eee ele eget eias PMMIUEPOZON PTOVINCIBIUS .-: 2... |... «heels be jedionldedseis ay ohah eke itor RMD ZO SCODATIUS: 5... s1x,<'llnn suede oration ale tere erecta ds ania. Panicum crus-galli var. hispi- PURPORT co ct Sin ha, u's 6 5, 5:0, Vimea so or ee eL OMA aR Ae ol cama heh eerie tl od Panicum dichotomum.......... Panicum dichotomum ....... : Peete CSA PSravUM. ... . ..-.'.|'s,«,< Oryzopsis juncea............. Oryzopsis asperifolia.......... Oryzopsis asperifolia......... 658 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. ’ { D. Yable Illustrating General Continental Range e% NORTHERN. SOUTHERN a Oryzopsis melanocarpa....... .| Oryzopsis melanocarpa....... csc tahe eR eRRE ON Ei sane a oh Muhlenbergia diffusa......... — sie se ETAL ARR Ne. dusts gE a's Muhlenbergia tenuiflora......— vie nc balebee ge Ta RANE Ramey oben re whe Muhlenbergia ambigua....... ee Deep vaccine k IMS LL cetera Muhlenbergia mexicana..... >. Muhlenbergia racemosa....... Muhlenbergia racemosa...... PR okey be aoe eeies boo op Sa hatchery Ree ete Muhlenbergia sobolifera. .... PR ee Pe Seek as Brachyelytrum aristosum..... Alopecurus geniculatus var.| Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus......... WOKS bats aristulatus'. 7° 24 Slee a este GCS Pal EE Rie ae Dia oer Sporobolus cryptandrus...... Pei a err Pee ee ee ey, Sporobolus heterolepis....... ry Sas lohe'c bs ook 0s Gis oR OE: ee Sporobolus junceus........... eo uelken ind hs REAR Eek eee ee Sporobolus depauperatus..... Sporobolus cuspidatus......... Sporobolus cuspidatus........ chicts cw Mel roa Ma ee Bd wee oa Sporobolus vaginaefiorus..... Chita ote eae ee ae tina pL ee Sporobolus asper...........<. Cinna arundinacea............ Cinna arundinacea......... + Agrostis hiemalis............. Agrostis hiemalis......... oe ‘s Agrostis rubra var. alpina..... Agrostis rubra var. alpina.... ‘ Agrostis perennans........... Agrostis perennans........ He Deyeuxia neglecta .... si... seiabebn wes secs. te dee A Deyeuxia canadensis... c.sdfpune gu tves ss scones oe oon hese Pach iets eMC a uae viele ag he ee Ammophila longifolia........ Deschampsia caespitosa...... Rigas inks Soe e's Beas | Avena. striata. 5 6.605 Gee encase). OS My Danthonia spicata............. Danthonia spicata......... ve Spartina cynosuroides......... Spartina cynosuroides...... Pte SE bie eee deeceeesseeseees-s+| BChedonnardus paniculatus... | ie paseo bes hes tne chee 5s eee Bouteloua curtipendula....... ib ec nhehew ersten wehbe aeeee ee Bouteloua hirsuta............ ss Fava able wi eS avdbie ee wid eee Bouteloua oligostachya.......- Beckmannia erucaeformis. 25.6) ...n 2th nei e se see tees oe cee Sno Wisc ape Oem re ah eke GN eee Bulbilis dactyloides..........— Phragmites phragmites........| Phragmites phragmites...... EE TS a Pee eA as Eragrostis pectinacea........ ee Ira ee ETAT Eragrostis purshii........... digs ale o,8'0: te ETE eu eae Eragrostis eragrostis......... Veletod Mena beWee tel eto a yee Eragrostis hypnoides ........— co cenpw alee amb a Gis a ey seein eamam Eatonia obtusata..........06. Katonia pennsylvanica........ Eatonia pennsylvanica..... af Koeleria cristataw..0. Cie cceedeleds hw ihe ies cassia ste cee . Se Pos nemoralis. 200. ile i vissleseseaetbse tilts it ee a Poa palostrisi.. 528... SE Seen e606 8 00 ss see a Poa COMPressa ci.) eile eo pes eet TP URER EER Ck. Tan STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 659 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Beaopsis melanocarpads i sv isa}ssccc cee bore wey 1d Se Pe STORMS GITUCA. 6d. chs een ea cepa ee aaa ie Ne : Pig Men DSL Ma TONUINOFAL ....20 soi Notas 4 any bee PRE a aed Poa conipressa. 4... Soe se 660 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Scolochloa arundinacea........|....- A die 3° bisa a Ba” PANG WISE AIGA i oo es Since sleet p eee ene oe Pe Panicularia americana..... SSI eerie oda a'y wietele Gc10nnneeen Panicularia nervata........... Panicularia nervata...... ‘cats Pameuiaria Clone atasic sags a] so vie nual de wd slot ee ac Paniciiaria Canadensis: \si5 02%). o+ ss des ove Uae oe Cemteats hoe Bid p ses Ree re ree Festuca natans............00 WGRdICAr OVINE! Ade oka ok.s siete Festuca ovina... ..... Si. Cots sekleaseu ce ewseasievesssce| Pestuca octofiora. .. ). 7: aan FG eats thie ae erie’ seectuacaese.| DIOMUS PUTZAaNS. .. toe Bromus ciliatus HES Scart bp hee ce Rae SN dae 'o Path vn Skt: ce oft a lecate Sere) s0yr ictal: Uy 000 eee eg a Bromus kalmii......... “Tee Agropyrum caninum.......... Agropyrum caninum......... Agropyrum violaceum.........|.--+..... Dens eee 02 eo Agropyrum glaucum var. 0c- ClIGONTAlIS i. Debs e oes 2s alae eae 2h: ula 0 + 0/2 oe er eR: Hordeum nodosum......... :..| Hordeum nodosum.......+.. « a Hordeum jubatum...... sus GR as ae vies!’ sk on Eee aly eed ete, thee ery, Elymus elymoides ........... htt 2 es Be I Ce ORs co ca SU ee .| Elymus striatus. . eer Elymus canadensis......... ...| Elymus canadensis.........+6 Hlymus:vVirginicus...... 6.6.2.8 Kilymus virginicus .::..235ge , Hystrix hystrix. side mere cee Hystrix hystrix. .........3gee Cypera'\ceae. oe a AIDA edn Se Pes ite Hemicarpha micrantha....... Dulichium spathaceum whe tee Mr Dulichium spathaceum....... ike tion BOER Eee tas ...ves.| Cyperus Speciosus ... .ciaeeam Cyperus strigosus. . ity Leltatiage Cyperus strigosus......2 aa Cyperus strigosus var. com- Scaiks eee oa oie eee Mes es oe as iene a PUP REGRSMS . . ss Sx ore + owe a CP eves Ee Reb seeeveeessue} Cyperus esculentus.../.onamm ee BN ey ......-| Cyperus erythrorhizos....... 1 pt Re RE ee .| Cyperus filiculmis. ...... 3mm Cyperus schweimitaii..........[ecee cece eee eee ees 7 ae eae Merrie br ii ei nh, a rhsteae Oyperus ‘aristatus.. . ee ae aed cree ict a.acal'e pleob ain ee soe hght ne Nano diandrus..... «saa Cyperus diandrus var. casta- PPR Ee hr eter ey a er NOUS:....0...5 «oss ee Eriophorum virginicum...... .| Eriophorum virginicum...... Kriophorum gracile. . bitte sae Rip ees 's 0 6 0 6 aes wie eee Eriophorum Tatifolium, ¢:ay.cid| degen thease a Eriophorum polystachion . ese aa eID (yee. wea ge Ss So Hriophorum vaginatum.....e..|eeee rece rece eee ere teres ar Hriophorum Cyperinum.......+)eseeeeee cece eee recs ee. aie ba eee ais Sees dM Sut Eriophorum lineatum, ype STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 661 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.—Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. on a ARES pA OES SEO a are) Aare Scolochloa arundinacea....... Panicularia fiuitans............ Panicularia fluitans........... Panicularia americana......... Panicularia americana........ Panicularia nervata............ Panicularia nervata.......... pmraieetl bag teh “LOMB bel. o\)""~'s's, <3 | ain of ne, oe Re ete Ain iss eee a a ema T FA h | CARIUMOTISIS os 0s 4. | o fi ath am ara: siaeeteonty SE Oe hate i she eae a esUDG eh TILT ELIE Sa) sora es "e we! Was» Satu ecm sapere elalavwvgr gue ot ol exere’ Such si st ue LP GIS LG iS a HestucacOwinds cis). vatatetes 5 hee Festuca octoflora.... ......... Festuea octoflora. 2... .... 26a emmRR EDS WE VCA TENG 20 Soe os. ws 5 S's, Gwe Pateverern enka SES we heise tee SSROMUS GUA GUS... oe Sa cee Bromus: Guiatus yosr5 3 5. (2 EE ASE a a rd Pe Cairi Mri crn ae racy « 6 ASropyrum caninum.......... Agropyrum caninum......... PETEINAE WITT NUOLAGOUIM. 6/5) 62s. ~ . |. 25:4 oped area omelet race alin aah ee taleh aia he Agropyrum glaucum var. oc-| Agropyrum glaucum var. oc- 1) SUNS aE ee Cid enitalis: U.d Foe a stesteeeatcnns Rage Kg aia SS wo lets Hordeum nodosum........... oe AE ot 0 er Hordeum jubatum............ el ea ar Ee eae Aare oe oie LUL YES ely mOIdes cease ee MIEN ES Tlie ee 68 5S i ks | orducs dee aeatermnahata ale Qi chi ne) seckeee eens Elymus canadensis............ | Elymus canadensis........... CIES WLATIA ALR eee. 5% 4. «| «A ape Stain eben aay mentee choke Pen amee PM EMCR LAT SUID SEE Jee Shc Sos) «F450 |.s'arece ahagatiengucoey ween ust chalaeapuenl bse emer sieee Cyper|aceae. Hemicarpha micrantha........ Hemicarpha micrantha....... Dulichium spathaceum........ Dulichium spathaceum....... NE ARIES EPIC LOSTIASS foo 2fa5. cig seme a's pene aaromigeu Shatabehanevereeade ooee RISuC rey cae ae perus StrigOsus.............. Cy perus strigosus... .): 7viw ese Cyperus strigosus var. com- Mate TEs LM Ho RNP fea 2 bie bruce «| Sete mts ere felahet earache Rit ae Satan eanenmee Cyperus esculentus............ Cyperus esculentus........... Cyperus erythrorhizos........| Cyperus erythrorhizos....... EMSS AULT OULLINIIS «5d ra, itd aterm 0/0. 6-5 |ora-afe ere eeniarntn = Se siete ak Sc ee een ES SCN WELMUAILY 5.0... 2.2 syn etiasimetatewenbiae pa eo ee eee Syperus aristatus............. ‘Cyperus aristatus............ NE SEG LTET, CEL ATRUTOUUIS 5 5 joc ig se:'s sn «4 -n)hycclrasls Sletwvate ons tanee aes Ghat, lag ake eran eee Cyperus diandrus var. casta-| Cyperus diandrus var. casta- BM hey tials 2 cle k ial acere(s TIGUB AA, yo aretang en cians he ea ee meas CPOE VER GUUS, 2.2 7./s||/n\5 oon iac ein eave ob) to neat abe aera ee 3 Eriophorum gracile............ Eriophorum gracile.......... Eriophorum latifolium......... Eriophorum latifolium........ Eriophorum polystachion...... Kriophorum polystachion..... Eriophorum vaginatum........ Eriophorum vaginatum....... PRTRSTIMTE TIO EV POTUNUIN: |, (0-5. crdcl sinitivvapa sp iste iansn Banat Slate mete. bore age Eriophorum lineatum.......... Eriophorum lineatum......... 662 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESUTA VALLEY. D. Table Lllustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Scirpus atrovirens............| Scirpus atrovirens........ Ps. Scirpus sylvaticus var. micro- CAP DUR SS iso's brs eitesh ak TIE Ns is ovals nok su Tet «2° Se SLE CT MARE pe: SING SRR ae ge Ma] en a .. J Scirpus lacustris... 2... «| SCiITpUs lacustris. .......sesse Scirpus triangularis........... Scirpus triangularis. . - a Se 5 8 EA A Ae ne, ey gad Heleocharis wolfii......+.s+0- * Heleocharis acicularis......... Heleocharis acicularis........ Heleocharis tenuis............| Heleocharis tenuis ......., sah Heleocharis intermedia........ Heleocharis intermedia....... soe ine ati ia tact tee weeeeeeeeee.| Heleocharis acuminata ....... Heleocharis PALDSUTISH Soi o co ye Heleocharis palustris. ..... ates Heleocharis palustris var. Oe aie us elias Wik MRR vee och glaucescens...; ... 2. See Heleocharis ovata.......:..... Heleocharis ovata...... aie kone oie he eed asa ade ma bianie ssh sel kia Caplllaris:. ..< sian w iw ios in el Bc doce LS Ta age on ee Mariscus mariscoides....... ihe Rhyncospora setacea ......... Rhyncospora setacea......... Rhyncosporaalba........... ..| Rhyncospora alba..........+. sad Seen eae oe sseeeeeceenee cape] MCLETIA Verticillata:s...aennn Ae Rap 7 ..eeceeee| OCleria triglomerata.. 2 yi Carex sychnocephala. a haNeae ....| Carex sychnocephala......... Pn Gk Binh Oe LE Bee drhe ig Gas eee Carex straminea .’. :. 2. Carex stranimea var brevior..| Carex straminea var. brevior. SS eis eaten) See he syaeeseeee-| Carex -straminéa var, Mifasue Carex feenea::S 6:2)s 5 eisai PS Ce Ree ss OL wae CaLex ACURA ons ic «ica setae RSS No. 3)020s ae a: ae Carex scoparia............ .. i.e Carex scoparia . ivan ‘Taken Carex tribuloides: .5 220)... eee Carex: tribuloides.....::.te8 Be Carex tribuloides var. cristata.| Carex tribuloides var. cristata Carex tribuloides var. bebbii...| Carex tribuloides var. bebbii. . Carex muskingumensis........ Carex muskingumensis....... Carex: S1CCOTA v's\s5-.'s 6 cto so > a 2 2 lwo ark co kta 2 Ela tind Carex deweyana.............. Carex deweyana........wae y Carex trisperma tis ss. kis sw ciate PEP ales « bis vi +s Gita snl a on Oarex tenuiflora 5. 65505 soutee AMO ch patc: x atk W bol cee «o's cet Carex canescens .).\c. e2escndess ee ee od ee Carex echinata var. radiata.... Carex echinata var. radiata: .. Carex cephalophora ......... Carex muhlenbergii SOR tht a Carex muhlenbergia.......... Carex roseticis sch nivieeecawnt, Carex TOSeCa: .:. 5... in dee Svs Carex rosea var. radiata mee nee Carex rosea var. radiata...... Carex tenella inst iicsic ido Bok sive tee eeee les & clet oy eee Carex Sartwollil 36... ccis's beet Leet SATO dite sista STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— 663 Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Scirpus atrovirens............ Scirpus atrovirens........ mb. Scirpus sylvaticus var. micro- ye ee ere ae ; carpus. . YER ae 3 ws Scirpus fluviatilis. ikcnste CERN Bebhtios rete OF ar nips Seirpus JACUSiTIS. .!). 5). eos ete: Scirpus TAC UIP IG ois, oi d's sy eae _Scirpustriangularis...... :4')..| ELE pES triangularis. . Berne ye} BR oa re che eet Rhy, S15, anaie aia cela E Heleochoris wolfii..... eS Heleocharis acicularis........ .| Heleocharis acicularis....... : Heleocharis tenuis........... a Poe araen entry Pe eet A545 Heleocharis intermedia........|..... ctr gan pees Sees ts sara J. PeelePocharis acuminata... .<..b.s.saseu4 4 sad calaees afm ove Raalee Heleocharis palustris.......... Heleocharis palustris Kid teeta Heleocharis palustris var. glaucescens....... aby dpe Gate 5S" od» 4'| cara lta boeiagt al a ae ee eee ar a etias Be feleocharis Gvata........... ++ Heleocharis ovata. ine: RCP ATIS. isc a as see 4 Iria capillaris.. saucer ieee Mariscus mariscoides.......... Mariscus mariscoides...... nae PEMCOS NOFA SCLICCE Ds jab iss). - |e cee care be esas e's «aaa ats cae -Rhyncospora alba............. iat 2a ia alba ss ccRe oars mSeleria verticillata,........... seis RP ioie bean a » lalaeee eran Scleria triglomerata.........../....... Sareea a 5 ohne ee Same Sted BatoomavennOvepAalda.:. sce: as i|sasecadSeqvessaandnss asa asa a Carex straminea........,.. sti. s| Cave: StrdimMin@anc oo a cra ’ Parex straminea: var: DEVION. |... 262 dete e es ane ie aes out ‘arex straminea var. mirapilis|....... ..)., si <.06 eee sle's ree: ¢ S iawox TOCNECA, cde hiss ee tee .| Carex foenea: .... #aiece- sate Reds re AUISHAL,. cede yan Carex adusta...... eee ree mee SCOPAMA iss cstss cc vaa'des| cere « ca wa gene mate eyeed av caer : Marex bTiDUlOIdeS.,...... 4260+ Carex tribuloides. . { oewenkh Carex tribuloides var. cristata) Carex tribuloides var. cristata Carex tribuloides var. bebbii...|....... : sig tan opaberiertes ae sca Carex muskingumensis..... «|| Beate een eee tS tf eee Benrex SICCAtA...........++000- 4 Carex siccata Seasadta cha ae fotos Carex deweyana.............. Carex deweyana......... oped. Carex trisperma.... eet Bele gece See aiana sits -ee Re ET OES SAA arOx TONUILOTA, «scars sy-0 sels ete AEN Rt kt ee ce Carex canescens. Carex canescens He wereh ae aeioke Carex echinata var. radiata... Carex echinata var. radiata Carex cephalophora.........../.....0- iitjastedia elie aE Carex muhlenbergii...........}. eigeunhemtogst 2a3 eer ore » Men TOSCH. oo. scorns oy ke Rng ate a Pees Peery yo bi ath gel Ae Bearox TOSGA Vari. Tadiatar i6'i2i|..encceaneese ce eet Rp 2 Beree Ss tONCM A. ces ena cases ss Carex Hanglia.cc.csde eae PAP OX SATCWOLIT, once... ce etecieldes Carex sartwellii......... sgiede iarex Vulpinoidea: ic, beats tly sas secs a ok ve SAR tls Zeb aee METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range 664 NORTHERN. Carex: gravida). 02). 0. eek. Carex gravida var. laxifolia... Carex teretiuscula SOUTHERN. Carex gravida...... ee Carex gravida var. laxifolia.. ee ee Carex teretiuscula var. ramosal|............. 80S See em OS Sm at eee peer Laces cevwdeeul Garex Crus-Corvi.. 72. ope Carex stipata ............s0.s.| Carex stipata..... 5.05 i6 ada a Vaitalaat'aie ig o's, ope cheats anne Carex conjuncta........... root Carex stenophylla. . Jiev..s.| Carex stenophylla..caaa «ate Carex chordorhiza . BRE Ate ATR RR one vals) gs «>a 5a''s?ave he els, oe .2 Carex polytrichoides. . atigmntteren ..| Carex pol ytrichoides, iy ts et 2 Carex pubescens..... aioot ie he PPSNGir cia’ slarstc so oe 0 ae Sn «ae Cabex Memmi yamisina ci ae eae alee ale' a fafoin avs ov ale HRA oc (ATOR VAIO <. & sine ee ees nOaAres Varia: <...c oe ue oe Carex pedunculata............| Carex pedunculata... 2) (SarOX TACK AMO SOM se te Sve tes ollodiciers ouce'an’ ews o SRS ee 3 Vee Varex GbUTheR ses tease... Sake a » eee ae Carex: alrGA so. oo see 2 o0 eee aaa hato hetatrat sts Puasa Civletisis sieheleherataic’. eae Carex oracwlima:. csi. seu et Carex gracillima......... aa Cares Arteta. . ion sc. be See Carex arctata......... ae Carex ‘Castanea. so. cc dese AE tiiee Lass «<3 a atc ene «ae Carex longirostris........... ..| Carex longirostris. .... Jean ; WAPOS MMOS esis ceils de eee 5 ee Reo. i Carex magellanica............).- Meas ov werd ula ee oo ea Carex crinita..... efeierimatatats hiker oe Carex erinita. :. J 2aNceka ieee CATORPEASB ee bs. cirpje's wacate . «| Carex prasina. ..... 0. hae os BPs ars ert: hte er nAEe | Ve Oi, MRE a os vie. uie vaca: od ye) Pe Carex monile.... ..°.. he Ree Warex.monile..:. ite . A Carex Utricn atari: ..cdvtece eee Carex utriculata ...... epee Wavex \OL LOS PCY isnlack Mek ERR ewe © lawions ors anid iit Carex Jupulinad.cn.20e eee Carex lupulina...... 2° Spee Carex lupulina var. longiped- eRe ELUTED Riko ioes Ge de ee unculata......\.. 200g. Oarex intimescens wii sheen Carex intumescens. .... 00 Carex paucilora::)4) Shit. oe 2 ene eames ods 3. < eee ie ae » eae Aroi deae. Acorus calamuss 9... 22 eeeeke | Acorus calamus...........- BA Spathyema foetida........ ... Wok ducheigtoiw so: <2» -o.0iece ae eee mk Gallas palusbris .;. o20s:.5-s te see eieeeiesa. ss. « un» aha Sie Arisaema triphyllum..... .....| Arisaema triphyllum..... ~vahe Lemn|aceae. Liemis TIMOR ATG < Soba eee Lemna minor. ..... .:.2).eeeeee Lemna perpusilla............. Lemna perpusilla,........... Lemma tris ulcers J. Gsceci. renee Mmemna, trisulean « 2s 0 wee AlinmM tricoccuM,.... ..... «sane Allium: tricoccum «5 .s.a eee ch gibeatel ink rcaAiso eiceice A VeMe te uel: Seka Lilium canadense........0... Sig Er eee bre cher ae ene Se ie ieee Lilium superbum ....:. ie Lilium philadelphicum..... Lilium philadelphicum ...... Erythronium albidum.......... Erythronium albidum........ Ieee se brea mathe peace RE ERE Erythronium americanum.... LL Se LN ages ty hai pee Camassia fraseri.....'.. ae Clin Gonna DOr ali oa. i as cos eyo Peete anced 6: wc sce he Unitolium: bifelinn, , <.\. oe Dees @ soe te - Unifolium: trifolium. ;..:.:... 2:5 cial as > a's el ae Unifolium stellatvm 2 55 o:.c0< ahelpieeie eis tee 6) 's! Se ase HA a Wig ei deadh dive eos, bh ole aie a) STD Unifolium racemosum........ Fae bon cele BRT es Je Be WR Ae rae Polygonatum commutatum... rev ntoh eta eebecesseutoussouae ef eOnreonuatum biflorunmvy aes PAP ser as RU CR Mth SW gear ie des Medeola virginica............ si w''s sega esis ERE yee ee ea Trillium nivale. ......6. oe Trillinm ec6rnwuMm....3)..0.0 220k Trillium cernuum....... eee Trillium grandiflorum......... Trillium grandiflorum...... pe Trillin Grecpum: ji.s'h) 4548 ke Trillium erectum........ tse ied Ob ie COE Ea alee Re rand Re Trillium recurvatum .......s. od nce dtd inva WIG ore Whee, he dae wd Re Trillium sessile. ..... cise cwcdly Care aera RETA ie Tee Hee Smilax hispida......./. gama ot aaa one. pik wees wd ica Gale SR Smilax rotundifolia.........3. Pe eee ee Pe ree te) Smilax echirrata.........s086 POTEET een? Oe Smilax herbacea .......%s0mae Amaryllidaceae. 64.98 26 6.6.08) 0 P10 0 9 6)9. 6 8'3'5 9 oe eee ele Hypoxis erecta STATISTICS OF of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— EASTERN. Juncus canadensis var. longe- JCOUPCRCTT UAL eeeilhny gaa ae Pas Sa he Juncus acuminatus var. legiti- Cyperella campestris var. mul- tiflora ie ee ae ee) Oye e ae, Cre ee ee (om ete 2 METASPERMAE. 669 Continued. WESTERN. a ‘te fe eid BG) es (ee (ele “a ‘eo. '6)/e/ ae) jes te “e) 0) @ 2 ie eee le: Cyperella campestris var. mul- tiflora se ewe eee ee eee eee ewe e ee Lili aceae. Tofieldia glutinosa Zigadenus elegans..... Melanthium virginicum Veratrum viride. .... Uvularia grandiflora Uvularia perfoliata............ Uvularia sessilifolia Allium canadense Oi/wite,"e ete te je)"e tetas ave cs a ee sin) 6) 6, © 6) 0-e Shae tele ie Ja 6) ®ve see ee wee eeee owas) w6)'S* es! wi 6 "ee ee ee ewe ewee SealGists @ & © ele Gece eaececeee ea ecateneeceae eee eee eee ee eee Allium schoenoprasum Allium tricoccum wig @ee em) .@) 6. 6))e\¢ (ate “ae Param. superbum. ...-.% 20.005. Lilium philadelphicum Erythronium albidum.......... Erythronium americanum Camassia fraseri.............. Clintonia borealis............. Himsolium bifolium............ Unifolium trifolium e106 ote iid) a areola e anh aia oie a. ere en ere our uw etatetars) Polygonatum commutatum... Polygonatum biflorum Medeola virginica BPM ALVIS «02-205 -c ole wrens enim COrNUUM...:......%..- Trillium grandiflorum Meemiium Crectum. .°.. 0... 0.6.0 Trillium recurvatum Trillium sessile 0 ONES Sai Ty a 0 beh Smilax rotundifolia...... Smilax echirrata Smilax herbacea site) ‘6 "se “sie o 18 wa fe e's (ee) ee .u eee ‘We + ea we oe oe 8 awind «4 vin ne Wiehe, #6," = © @ aird «ere BEY POXIS CTechay. . os. cies welawrete Tofieldia glutinosa Zigadenus elegans ee ee ee ee ee ee ae ee a.0 « we ad © 8 60 eeoere tee eereeeeeeeseeseesee eee eevee eee eee ere ere e eee eee eee eee ee re eee 6 ce ela 6 8 soe 6 « 6 6 6 ae @ 66 ea) BS) ee 4): i | eee ee ewe see eee © 0,6) © 0 0) 6s « @-6 68 @ 6 ree 6 6.0 8 6 ae 8 «10 6) « oie iss w 6s ole io) 8 me fo7.6 & (ea) we) oe 8 eee) oe) ON ele @ 6: Ger ele (e)e,elete la ste v € 6) 6 sion 2 esse? .e Suara em ©)\é> eth e:4 oe) 8) ee e186" (a ate, o6) Se wee a) 6 ie) 8) & eene eee eee eee @))8 Se" 6. Stes) We eterte) @ ee ers 06, ' 016) 6 8 (we 1a ter here ©, 0,0) 0) 0) a0) a) 86108 6 0) ow 6) 6 wee) 0.6) vi 61h 81a Se) © 0S.) 6 sie eel eis eee |} wie ee ate 16 (o)'a eves seyer Cle 4 6 pl elend ia 6.4 (65 916 68 S's 6) 8 © 6 08 6 21S he erates 4 2 2 0 Oi es ue) B66 wee) 6 ie 0 6 8 2 8) 6 ae (68) sO ee eae 2.9: 0 'O* 66, '8 0° 0 le. (ie fales a) 646s 8) 6) u Cle! (2 a) @ ie) Shanes e 6 ele 0 asl 6) Creilets) wa © Gio 206 oe e) so, 6 « were es o'e “ole #2 af tele 618) 'e & a die €\e)@ia) 68) 8 @ 6.2 ow ee eo 6, 8 alae ee ese ais: ue 'e 6 Ne. we eel ae 670: METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Dioscor|\eaceae. PS eee OR tots its Wis Bi hin' .»| Dioscorea villosa. . ...< eee Trida\ceae. ener teen ae Bg 2 fees Iris: versicolor. -: . ;. 35 were Sisyrinchium mucronatum..... Sisyrinchium mucronatum.... Sisyrinchium angustifolium.. .. Sisyrinchium angustifolium .. Orchi|\daceae. Cypripedilum acaule Cypripedilum spectabile....... Cypripedilum spectabile..... Cypripedilum pubescens....... Cypripedilum pubescens..... Cypripedilnm -parvillOmum yar filets watis weiss be jams cee enn ; Cypripedilum candidum........ Cypripedilum candidum..... : Cypripedilum arietinum ;. |....05 viene cp soto a» ee Ue serene : Habenaria bracteata. .5..:.\iaeclegeeavewe> > +> aid ates nn : Habenaria flava. sisi s.aanzked Habenaria flava.............. Habenaria tridentata........... Habenaria tridentata......... Pogonia ophioglossoides...... Pogonia ophioglossoides ..... Arethuss, bulbosay,....... «a5 c.nn| Coe oto >> ool nen : Gyrostachys. eracilis: + .0.2 ih iis pean sk o> > -'o-sie Sele kigts ; Gyrostachys cernua. ......... Gyrostachys cernua.......... Gyrostachys: rOMANZOWIANAL ....). 6 joes sie eG ewe seis se : Peramium pubescens.......... Peranium pubescens........ : Peravilum, LOPeCus «6. oi six» sd | oo eae ll le oh (ets, ea tela : Achroanthes unifolia.......... Achroanthes unifolia........ f Leptorchis loeselil. 2.0). 4. si ss,05/sdamiinls plemnitiels’s sa’ Nee ea a Ped Scie sabia Sees teal wie pha Witela altace Leptorchis liliifolia.......... Corallorhiza. multiflora... . ..:...|jaseuwe kth oa S's > slentkis sen Corallorhiza,corallorhiza....... <5); Pep wees * is p's. ath ld oleae ‘ Cathed TMHALORA. 5 sie pin ee mop Cathea tuberosa............ , Aplectrum spicatum........... Aplectrum spicatum......... Juglan daceae. Py Te ee ee are Juglans nigra. ..... ii. ese Jug@ians Clveres. osc'asecavse ree Juglans cinerea..........ss06 8 Eee men ec Ohnah ne ORae .»| Scoria minima... ..i i+. cae Vensubeaewnenn ooo We. 000 so an» coal) CCRAELE OV OEE» 5 Jot is nae Myric aceae Myrica asplenifolia ........... Myrica asplenifolia......... . Salic aceae Populus monilifera............| Populus monilifera........ wa STATISTICS OF of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— METASPERMAE. 671 Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Dioscor eaceae. COV GUMS say. a0 1210.53 Lone ninnieeeier ine asces ue «aig oe Trida\ceae. MTEL SOLE AG jot aie acb ont =a al acetals SME Ue ao mPOA CaM are POEM CHININY NTACKONGLUM. |. |, vis; «cut cil deren a emeeta eta bt! Huamulne: dupmlus. 5... 5... ken Urticjaceae. MTICA CTACLIS. 2). 0.5. bs sl 2 0 Uriieweraciisic. vss r.o% cent SeeEnIStOd CURAIGUSIS:. 2. ...5\. -)Jje250em Polygonum hydropiper........ [Siejewicte s tieig wis. 2 clea 2h eee oe 6m es owe oo fe 0 ic «es 6 be O10 we 6) een ere ee 6<0 (010 6 a S ate o's a 16,8 8 (= ‘age ‘eo fe 2 167" = ‘eis eve 0, \e' 6) 1,0 a inte Polygonum incarnatum Polygonum. tenue,. ...\...\:.. 2b. Polygonum ramosissimum see ee be oO. tole bere e/a is wa 2 6 ¢ S efe’ sale wb Se Sele 0> ss 8) = sere 0, 3.0.1e we 6) 0816, 5 ¢ € 0g s&s & w b6 Sh @te Nema ee © 6) 6 ede ee a's te s,s" 6 ‘gia jee £9 te: 0 “ee (ets ‘o o,\e eidtes = pis Tele Polygonum cilinode...... Polygonum arifolium o'p 6 ws 2 2/6 6.0 = mig'e aie te 5 0 bie ps o Sip we esnge Chenopodium capitatum....... Corispermum hyssopifolium. .. Salsola kali Polygonum hydropiperoides.. Polygonum hartwrightii Polygonum emersum......... Polygonum amphibium....... Polygonum pennsylvanicum. . Polygonum incarnatum Polygonum tenue............ Polygonum ramosissimum.... | Polygonum erectum.........4 Polygonum aviculare......... Polygonum virginianum | Polygonum articulatum | Polygonum scandens eee ewer Polygonum arifolium......... Polygonum sagittatum diaceae. ae ee bie fe ec ecw ce ve ss © 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 mee Chenopodium boscianum Chenopodium capitatum i] emwewseevne one ece sve vee 0 0 b.0 8 @ een eee © 8 e 0 © 0:6 © 5) 5) pe eee Amaran\|taceae Aor ya te ie a Oe ee ee ey ee | 66 66°F be bs ata Re we te ee Re a ee Acnide tamariscina Froelichia floridana Amarantus blitoides 890 6 wee eueee Phytolac\caceae. "hi ak dt oe ee ie et oe Ok ee A ey a Phytolacca decandra Nyctaginaceae, Ph en ay oe ae a a ee el ee a a Ae Mirabilis angustifolius STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 675 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Santalaceae. Comandra livida....... Comandra livida............. Comandra umbellata.......... Comandra umbellata......... BE cies cpopemnitene nse sins aff tes wae Comandra pallida............ Aristoloc|hiaceae. PEGI CATAGOUEG.. ws... bide hotel oy nlc tee Samara tala ane DOr ele = JE CEN OU OSES) 0 6) én ene! be ee ing Minky re gee eon ghey 0 CoRR Tr Polygon\aceae. UMIMOR VOT UICEIIEEUS. «00 se! 0:8 io asl piece a aca opip Cee terete Meee otoiamtee Rumex altissimus...... Rumee Altissimus.,... 7. ene Rumex britannicus............ Rumex britannicus........... Rumex salicifolius.......... Rumex:salicifolius:. ue. Rumex persicarioides......... Rumex persicarioides........ Ue PSPEVTU TENE MCT > cmc a<'oks o5.c s+ « «|| s nin a bop elie Oh aha lel hha shee iiohal a Chae. Polygonum hydropiper........| Polygonum hydropiper....... Rorvronuns: hydropiperoides: .«|nainee vatee.< Sttia slagow wl lnrmeemtun. Polygonum hartwrightii....... Polygonum hartwrightii...... Polygonum emersum.......... Polygonum emersum......... Polygonum amphibium........ Polygonum amphibium....... Polygonum pennsylvanicum...| Polygonum pennsylvanicum.. Polygonumincarnatum........ Polygonum incarnatum....... Fooly ZOnum tenue.s. 1. see's. 2 Polygonum tenue............ Polygonum ramosissimum..... Polygonum ramosissimum.... Polygonum erectum..........., Polygonumerectum.......... Polygonum aviculare.......... PERS PCR SP eae Pee OOM UA VIF SIMIAT WIN... 2. yo. ap pesue ha ete wie RON sh a en Peep aimryArtiCulaturn:... ..\. 0's) acelee Mages core Sik nel eee eee Polygonum scandens.......... Polygonum scandens......... reer ROTO CLINOAS F< oo. 2 Sao agents wal tas wiarater SRG waka nae eae OMIT AMILOUIT 535.6 85 1. 2/12 asetn ce gunttinae ail Pan onder Seereonum sagittatum... .. ... .| eves ay sie awe eats «alin ORDER Chenopo\diaceae. Chenopodium rubrum......... Chenopodium rubrum........ mEHOpOOIUIn bOSCiaNUM: ... .).2| spss cee ae a whan otc ecate ene Chenopodium capitatum.......; Chenopodium capitatum...... Corispermum hyssopifolium.... Salsola kali Be ee eveta © Ota ones wes Pin iw Amaran menige tamariscina.........5. Froelichia floridana............ Phytolac Phytolacca decandra.......... Nyctagi Corispermum hyssopifolium.. RA6.9 O48) eo) @ O16 06) \P Orn a of 6/6 6.6 0 eS eBoy 6 ere oe Oe, oa en ee, s Cre 1810.6 6.0) 2.60 (8 le wanes as Be 8 p ree 2 6 8 6, 8 8\ 8 0 bs 6 6 0 = 4 2 oe Bele a) w& sig ae Cog mo. naceae. Mirabilis angustifolius 676 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. a os Tah oat alee ea eee Men Se A ae ee Mirabilis hirsutus...... [S338 J hh EGA AOR ke rae I ste Mirabilis nyctagineus.. ...... Portula\caceae. 43 he atee deen SERS tele Gide “coed Mee Talinum teretifolium......... Claytohia Vif 2inica: .|.\5. Perea gels oes ss 30 oe be 1 aD ee Ae be Portulaca retusa. :.: ~/.5 see Caryoph\yllaceae. SMe Shas a aie al boyd Suet c ial he other ee ere a Silene antirrhina.. ... ...ee Sse ele aoa wi daha, edlta Sc aee al aeeenO Silene virginica. ..... 703s a istaldiabstiareie-vl dG hake atte ne TRIE ha es eee Silene alba. .. 2. c.:.is . cee dich ok me tlk GAM Reig Gach Silene stellata .........neee Stellularia crassifolia vc.) lcslince cece ss sce ss chee Siellularia don@ipes . ../..isi epee da oe t's os ee eo ann 2% Stellularia longifolia; . occ. cs elie cats ole oes ca us ee be Cerastium arvense. cee cetera wie ees eeu 5 ase Cerastium arvense “var. brac- Pea GWA ed eae esc fied Ce eee atadag ane al cw bs “ol Sar te Cerastium ‘nutans... .0).4.. Cerastium nutans........een Moehbringia lateriflora.:.. 0.2.0.5) sanecs se. ee eee oan Anychia dichotoma.......... Nymphajeaceae. C18, Mieue ee a] 6a eye) 6 66 a ee a's a 18 (ee wee ae, ee 6.0 @ eee se Be ee 6 6 we es 8 ee 5 ee SS We es woe 6:6 ‘o1d pe 6 ef 6m, 6 ie 6 ie 8a 6 ele. Ss 6 st 6a ofa ae eee ewww renee Nelumbo nelumbo............ Brasenia peltata............. Leuconymphaea reniformis. .. Leuconymphaea ordorata..... Nymphaea advena........... Ceratoph\yllaceae. Ceratophyllum demersum.... Ranuncu\laceae. Field Wet Ce Os Ce 6 6 Oe ee ae ee) ee ee Caltha palustris, o.0% 5 asco eaaer Isopyrum trifolium. 2... cack wit Moan € £7a"e OO ETS fs eo 86 6 be) See ey eee ete id Ge Vee 8) tL Se pakee aus ie o 6. eS p's 676 BaD Ord TS Vee iv bp 6 OOO, 8 SY fe Se, Oe oF eS 6 OOO 6 6 ee 2 a Odie e 8 eee ae @ Ge DS bo) oe ox 6 FS 6.0m. Oe Boo ays Om Oe Oe SS PEC OF C60 Kile ow 61s FF wl ers dis oye Se Ce iF Oe em oan 2 © 46.6 6 0G 66 b.O 6 6.8 R86 6 6 6a fe ee Anemone hepatica Anemone hepatica var. acuta.. Anemone quinquefolia......... Anemone dichotoma var. adensis Can- so 68 See WS 6, 8 Rye PC ew eS wre Hydrastis canadensis......... enpmoeoveeseeeceeeweeen 8 ee B28 6 8 8 Oe Delphanien chrolinianiin vd Delphinium tricorne.......... Delphinium exaltatum........ Anemone thalictroides........ Anemone hepatica Anemone hepatica var. acuta. . eeeeeeewaeseecvusenees £06 6 Oe Oe eee / STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 677 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. EE a oe on Freres yA ratase erate Mirabilis hirsutus.. 3/0323 Bema WeSterc- silat cone boy ervey tr wrap ohn sacuangu s/s Mirabilis nyctagineus........ Portula\caceae. Talinum teretifolium .........| Talinum teretifolium......... Claytonia virginica............ Claytonia virginica........... as on tne eta (OV UUl AGA FeOtusarseess suse ose Caryoph\yllaceae. Silene antirrhina.............. Silene antirrhina...... ...... Pwene ViIPSINICA.. 2... vos hed. Silene virgmican si. Wo..2e) BESENES, USER oro os ashy oe yrce. vaso! eon, even} oboe) otibtaveureer tin sao aT TEER Ciaier hala ee eremie Btellata: csi. .s cee eats Silene stellata..:............. Stellularia crassifolia.......... Stellularia crassifolia......... Stellularia longipes............, Stellularia longipes.......... Stellularia longifolia.......... Stellularia longifolia.......... Cerastium arvense ............ Cerastium arvense........... Cerastium arvense var. brac- MITER EN 2 xe Vola ade i kr cist aun «mia |'9: 6, oe ene ee RioeS. Aue) ait amen Cerastium nutans..:........... Cérastium: nutans® (229252406 Moehringia lateriflora......... Moehringia laterifilora........ Pench CIC DOLONMIL Yo , 5 5 os, «ccs lis w'n oem letengey wromeewene al e's 2 ete Siete Nymphajeaceae. PUR SRRTINIO) TIO VUNG © 252 aac. ci oda. | o tale tehare cathe ao mtee ome ania) are ae Brasenia peltata.............. Brasenia peltata............. Menconymphaeca reniformis. .....|.. .. sides caw oe hieiec ee beeen Meeconyurplaed OFGOrata. .... .| 5 ssiadeados cnidien bd me selela's noaeae Nymphaea advena............. Nymphaea advena............ Ceratoph\yllaceae. Ceratophyllum demersum...... Ceratophyllum demersum.... Ranunculaceae. Perris CANAGONBIG >... 2... |< ina ot: egal ebra ae ke dS hulaue ad ff Caltha palustris....... ....... Caltha palustris.............. sopyrumtrifolium............ Isopyrum trifolium........... SE TTT DOLLOP NAIM... .,. 5.) 1. sew a alee wagons Anetra nas are aia ees ESS 0: Agtaea- alas jews. cn ale vie MEBME TS TUDTA sek odes aw sears AGUSSS TUDIAL 2% sos. calecetane Aquilegia canadensis.......... Aquilegia canadensis......... Pe CATOLINIAN UM |, .-.'. sciis’s heme eiereret o's alata kterisn eyo ele kel goatee Bee TenTOTN AICOTNG....< 5)... s)5 ws ‘||. eae Sher tetee aeons to teeta ee Peer Gxaltatwum: .... << <|lsa «nappa a Saceestntd skies ele abe hci Seeetione tHALICITOIMES |... .'s 4. <|2d sa alae caper eee eiea seers olan ate SEATEIOTLG LLC ALMICE Wc) 55.) «cou ee Oe ; Ranunculus pedatifidus.. .. 2.0.10. sis. cee ee ee ae er Ranunculus réeptans ... 3 Viwvecnelempeeence Ranunculus aquatilis var. caes- pitosus. ... Ranunculus circinnatus Bees ame Thalictrum purpurascens...... Thalictrum dioicum.... os oe 6 we a wie Kt So Berberi Podophyllum peltatum........ Leontice thalictroides.......... Menisper Menispermum canadense.. Papave\r Sanguinaria canadensis Capnorchis cucullaria.......... Capnorchis canadensis ........ Neckeria aurea..... Neckeria micrantha.......... : Neckeria flavula.... 66.9) 6. et etels S | tri-| Ranunculus pennsylvanicus.. . Ranunculus repens. . See aseanese .; Ranunculus septentrionalis. Ranunculus sceleratus. Ranunculus abortivus. . Tweed Ranunculus abortivus var. mi- cranthus... Ranunculus ovalis...... Ranunculus pedatifidus Ranunculus reptans Ranunculus ambigens Ranunculus lacustris......... Ranunculus lacustris var. ter- restric). . of ausee eke Ranunculus aquatilis var. tri- chophyllas als. 14.5.5. Ranunculus aquatilis var. caes- pitosus..... Sate Ranunculus circinnatus a @ 0 4) e 6 = ioe a & eee eee ae @) @ 66 ea @ 8 6m 6 6.6 se 6 6 in (04 0 8 eh 6 Se alee a ee © 6 (2 8" 0 98 4 exe a ates ewe « 6 6(8\e. 6,604 en Oe Se @ 8a. 6 e g6 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. 680 D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Cruci ferae. =f ote Sing ad oa SNR ENS ARE EARLE at Thelypodium pinnatifidum.... eee erie Pei) At Red Pape ae ee Lepidium virginicum....... Lepidium intermedium........ Lepidium intermedium....... Sisymbrium hartwegianum....; Sisymbrium hartwegianum. .. Sisyoibrivm Mul) GAGUM So. Fe. sete os aes Vee oe oh de Barbarea barbarea var. stricta,..|.. 0... 20... eee. dane eee Nasturtium hispidum.......... Nasturtium hispidum......... Nasturtium palustre .......... Nasturtium palustre.......... See Seas cat these hl eae teal Nasturtium sinuatum....... a Cardamine parviflora.......... Cardamine parvifiora....... : Cardamine hirsuta ............ Cardamine hirsuta ........... eee HA tAcaaes 3 ts gorse ben ein oha late colo: aretaneveh Cardamine bulbosa........... Ped Ope Se ata ts | Te arcane Ieee be Cardamine laciniata.......... Cardamine diphylla........... Cardamine diphylla.......... Lesquerella argentea.......... Lesquerella argentea......... Draba nemorosa...........-..- Vi eibiclacia\le er: eh 6! © an w ofettalbiite we Ee tat aletehetar toe Seka th Aa aan oe ee Draba caroliniana.......... Eidnapavials Sa ISAATE apc MEN coats viet ond tae nee Draba micrantha............. avovatens RGR seh e Caste cake ork let note CieeE Draba verna.....:. 2... a0 sehen gngereres soo eashiknadate Aleta Marans eens iia Arabis dentata............... Arabis lyrata....... ti G ee SRR ea ah Seaetiat wo! woo sw 5. denne eee Arabia confinise..'../2) eos “Arabis confinis............++: Arabis Qlabran.. wre. ce Pirus sambucilolia. .\s.. -.:2'.s22 eet ea so o's « ee : Reg OG vitae PUG ete 2 wheis Uae bteie's's's ote al eebmsearbutifolia:.. 2..cceeeeeee Serrano bested hiicec stn ton dhe isl) Alaa Pirus coronaria... 2.2.2 .neeee Amelanchier:alnifolia. . 22... ss {oem ae's <2 so ws oe vice a ee sth Pett abe waknlpPanethmntenetehegelous aud eee Amelanchier canadensis...... Amelanchier canadensis var. DROWALIS: | o's 0 02 elo AS tee pre 6. e@le eretelele: eo abe: 6) 8) x6) Oy ee. ep! she, 0: oHe. 0: ere o%s' 2! 2) 2.0 o:18, \s 9) alee) ao) ata el eee we Sie te 18 tees Le © © @ ©) © 00! ©) &: © B) OF aie) By ah ore) 2 OF OK d thee 8 0 Dia 8 hubus crepes ciit ais Pee Rubus hispidus.... Rubus canadensis .. Hragarie Weatay os. aie aes os Fragaria virginiana var. illi- NOGUSIA sas FRR E A Goa Pd aoe Potentilla canadensis.......... Potentilla canadensis var. sim DISET SH ae hee bint Leap St Potentilla anserina............ Potentilla tridentata........... Potentilla fruticosa@...........% Amelanchier canadensis var. aeeesrceeecnenveeeee 6 @ 20 8 » 0 * Sen pie ee me gw 0 ® 00 0 6 0 8 6 e 6,0 s @ Oh S88 oe eee aenes © © © oe BD © « 0's 0 6.6 6 Oe 6 6 6S OE eee ee re ee Cees Ce enoneveet a6 e 6 6 ve a» 66 6 eee CG RO BAAR eseepeee ee © 8 8S 08 6 e eee o—~sce eee sees eee 0 6 0 6 0.0 6 & 88) eee 0. 6 6 0 ee, 60 ee 6 8 8 eo 8 so 8 « 66 8) ye) areeee Sees eesveteovR wneeees 0 6s 16% Oe eee Potentilla palustris............ lites wc .w otal diw'lein oe wf ethata al. hina STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— 683 Continued. | EASTERN. WESTERN. ed | Beri Chorale ig le 2 a oath 5S H4 wee gina heen ateueie iw 2 OTR edas wi ailabs ROOMS Heuchera, hispida.............. Heuchera hispida............ PEeHCNeT A AINOCICHAA . |. oils lod oe eee se Sak Move wld eae 1 EDECTIEMEES Ts SRS a EP a Mitella TRU aie oiae Waive SP > Mitella diphylla............... Mitella diphyJla.............. Pele yaospleninm AMErICAN WM: ~.),\. 4:4 sdicalaua eles Oa ele odie pO cy ig 0 SEE 1 ae eae Re meee CEL ey ANU DAD pat ape Parnassia palustris............ Parnassia palustris .......... Ribes rubrum var. albinervium MeO HOLILUM, 2.6.2 ei. ses oe ok Ribes oxycanthoides.......... MPR PTL 50. yctsca ve lalna nse. s e #4 -s\5 Ribes cynobasti.............. Rosa Opulaster opulifolius.......... Spiraea tomentosa Spiraea salicifolia............. Pirus sambucifolia Pirus arbutifolia Pirus coronaria Dre aa) wld, 8. ©) 6, ey & eh oh wt By S: e @ & pl 9) 6 © We! 6 61 6).6 OS 6.46 Oi.0 6/0) 6: n) ©) 0) 6) eee Rubus occidentalis............ Rubus syrieosts 5.1.6 204 ee Rubus triflorus Brae arian VOSGan. i. oo oasis Fragaria virginiana var. illi- noensis CeCe De ae Ler CGS et WC Pa) 6) Byes Oe) OG. O16) wl 8. 0) oe Oe BH OO ee Oo Ol 6) a HS) Eww 6 ei ws) ae! OS ee aa! wwe) Ge Oe eee Potentilla tridentata .... Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla palustris 684 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Potentilla argentea............ Potentilla argentea. .......... Potentilla penmsylvanica 4.02. |)... 66 et ees eel le a Potentilla pennsylvanica var. Soe noe cm hs Re TRG Be a ie Ses » Riss ee - oe oe Oe ei as Get hone! cud aars elves Potentilla supina............. Potentilla millegrana.......... Potentilla millegrana......... Potentilla norvegica.......... Potentilla norvegica.......... Potentilla arguta ............. Potentilla arguta............. Creum Cilia bu.. 65 Seal bo harder A Fee alse lees wee oo crn (Oun, TIVBIG.) 62 cides Ses ye Re Geum rivale......... 3a Geum stricto. 16200607 2 Cote ae be oon o 2 o's 2 otk GUM Japomicwms . 0.52% ieee aes wie lem ole = “+A wes Geum virginianum............ Geum virginianum.........7. ope Ne COST RS tay i Eo el Geum album. ..... 2. s/s Agrimonia eupatoria.......... Agrimonia eupatoria......... Osa DUMB. Ooo. sic ias oe od ee Rosa humilis... .:. 1... ge SH PAG RRR eRe Perea! Rosa carolina... .......3 seen Rosa pisocarpa Waal dd SES cea Rosa pisocarpa ............6. Rosa acicularis 2.) os. s oc Fe Se ee ae cs « ec eee Rosa *Viroiniana.«; .... 5. 6 os» ste Sele aii ees ws = = oe epee BE ots ahs Pile taln Seat tatne Lint otek ee Rosa virginiana var. arkansana PL Pe ATS Prunus americana, ....J,.sms Cérasus’ pamilace. yi ies Cerasus pumila ....5:° ca dih nn 70 0 hg Lathyrus venosus. Lathyrus venosus............ eee mA i we ee ee ee ek Me we | Apios aplos.... 2. 0 ase Vicia americana...) ... eee STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 685 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. MeBReRTELUA NER ERE ONILOG. Foc eco nihete) a6, Tehsire he fea did es 60a) a 8p eee es a ne e@ lese, a ea, ern tases kal eile op FT Se pia we St eh « sa pe sia» Sus a NE ak op 8S ei tee ene prods fi. 2 ee Kuhnistera purpurea. . Rae TES I ieee es Dalea dalea S0.6 6 66 ©) s&s 6G wlalalelst = Cee sn WO ame oe 0 a's ea wt id alae B00 e 6 ew eas oem ee 6) Pe, ee ic ave ume versie Gerani\aceae. Geranium carolinianum....... .| Geranium carolinianum rerariiuin: Hae le GreIM. ..... coy Oe Tees Hives Meret ee tere ang Oxalid aceae. a Sve inllm ie Peles \< S09. eee whole ee os) /e ‘what eG in wo) Oho sie 688 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Lllustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Lina'ceae. Linum rigidum: .... copa cs ha Reb aatols IRM are to teeter eee Linum sulcatum ......:2::..6 Tinww oO Wwisih.,...\4 5.0 secs Linum lewisil .):.:) ....23@3eee Ruta\ceae. Zanthoxylum americanum..... Zanthoxylum americanum .... PA shedeke' dsc cw pep alias bea bere DA lay Siebel hea PEN TE CL SAT EV DELTED 8b td Pn cc’ Lia oc dees Ea oa a ee rire inthe ae —44 690 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. 6 B'S (ee, 0 6) wala e 8 6 wre) 6.ee ee) 0 eee 2 8 a wie 8 Acer spicatum Acer pennsylvanicum Si eu.6) «) 6) (0. wie 66) = ep e)/e) 6 ei] sw ee (8! 25) 6 8 6 & 6) bie vee ears SOUTHERN. Acer barbatum var. nigrum... Acer saccharinum Acer pennsylvanicum Balsami\naceae. Impatiens biflora Impatiens aurea Rhamniaceae. eA ER SER ote Cit cl etna hs aS Pal ae the se Semen nee Etta ene Vita Be Ave asp he's, Ausra 6b oe ate ee eee eee UCI R eae Eee MOP Per eae ex a 0 6 © © ec 8 66 6 ©6462 6 @ 00 es) 0 Hyperi 06 © 5 6 (6's. S 20 @ oo a0.) ae 0, 6 .6J0, se, \e peel mel em Bute) 0-2) wie Hypericum ascyron Hypericum virginicum 6.16 .She(5!\0 6.5 atate eee ewer a a ie es ie ee BC) A oe ec Me BR en es we ful oY) Viola BYIVESiNIS. 6.6 6k es aces N4018 BUTIGGA oie edges Viola canadensis... ; .....222.% a8 6 OT O.T 8 Oe Rw 18 669.0 oP EE ee 0 © 0's 6 6 6 wre ee © ou 2 2 C10 ereve 6 8 8 Soe D ¢'s Bt Ure F sie Se ee €.6 © Stes BG Otte 6 e:kla ew wae bye DOS ee © 2 6,86 6 \8, 0 oe Re 6 9 ore OLE eS. om ae Impatiens aurea.......... vad e Ce ceae. Parthenocissus quinquefolia. . Vitis aestivalis Vitis riparia.......... eee Vitis cordifolia ceae. Tilia americana ceae Malva triangulata Malva involucrata ........... Napaea dioica.........sss 0am Hibiscus militaris.. caceae. Hypericum canadense.. Hypericum gymnanthum..... Hypericum mutilum.......... Hypericum Hypericum Hypericum ~Hypericum ceae. Helianthemum majus......... Hudsonia tomentosa ceae. ee 0 66 6 6 @ 8 6S Sree eS eon eo = 6 6 @ eterele e ee 6 2 so 6 6 B16) 8) eeune prolificum. 8| 5/8 6ne 692 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table [llustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. ore eal RR EM te yd Ota es ee ate Viola palmata............5ee Viola palmata var. obliqua ....| Viola palmata var. obliqua... okt ARI eg EE DAN harry 'ace SOR gab eso Viola palmata var. cordata. oe AS esate Xe Nee -.--| Viola pedatifida......t).aceee Viola pedatar. .)). i455 anes = “Viola pedata .... ....02, eee Cacta|\ceae. Sab M see o is Caso Wikebive Sue eae Opuntia fragilis. .. 7) eee aN er Ghs. ai oases wie thee st ered ey tea ee Opuntia missouriensis........ Rees Soy MoM rhe LE, is NE Bite Opuntia rafinesquii........... Thymelajeaceae. SEF pees oth tie So pa nk Rie Dirca palustris. ....... gee EHlaeag|\naceae. Leptargyrria argentea. ...... Leptargyrria argentea........ Mlasagnus argentea.:...,.-iseefeacaercce cscs sess ee enn Lythra\ceae. Se SE ee Renate ta Meg aad Wet ee! Lythrum alatum......... te Oenothe\raceae. Isnardia palustris............. Isnardia palustris............ Sanita aia eke SNe Ths Ruexcuae ae ao Isnardia polycarpa .......... GauracOeCings,..« v6. aioe Gaura coccinea........ anu eeE ex hs Reape MB Gaura biennis. ...:.. 2. 02uene Epilobium hornemann! .....52 0) seme ome ss was ss oe en Epilobium coloratum.......... Epilobium coloratum......... Hpilobium strictum |. ..32...s2 saleas pees s 2% on. Ss os oe Epilobium palustre........ 2. .-pajereee wails 2s. se ne on Epilobium lineare. » 2... 0.52050 |iee ngs wees e+e ba en Epilobium angustifolium ...... Epilobium angustifolium..... Circaew alpina, ...).. 0.0. 64 ietveetieks fee... - 2 0c nnn Circaea lutetiana............. Circaea lutetiana...........,. PVE Bie eee: Veal tcain gh ne Meee Oenothera albicaulis......... ade entty EAS SRI A oo 0) tk teal eee Oenothera serrulata.......... Ocnothera: pumila. ..).'s <'.caMal a pnen eae! hp: 0's bse Zou an ee) oe ee eed Oenothera rhombipetala...... Oenothera biennis............. Oenothera biennis............ Halorrha\gidaceae. Hippuris vulgaris: : . 0.30 oo ae Hippuris vulgaris... .. . joe BR le eR ER ES Myriophyllum heterophyllum 5's SoA cots URI hwo ole a alee nS Gia eee Myriophyllum verticillatum.. Myriophyllum spicatum....... Myriophyllum spicatum...... Araliceae. ATaMAtPITOUA: 39% 6: oe alee Aralia trifolia. ... <2... ee Aralia quinquefolia............ Aralia quinquefolia .......... Aralia nudgicaulis: . 0.0.0. sas belle bien ves oss sos vn Aralia Rispide visi 's/0 01. Fas ate Aralia hispida... ....0. nam ‘ Araliss racemosa.’ 5 i.'2: snaneeke Aralia racemosa... ..i.../seae STATISLICS OF METASPERMAE. 693 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species .— Continued. Aralia racemosa EASTERN. WESTERN. PERF AAINL GE Soe, asa es = 5: gfe Penk eed hatha aa CSS eyes ao eee Viola palmata var. obliqua..... Viola palmata var. obliqua. . Viola palmata var. cordata....|.... 0.5 bese te weet es eee duel ut Eo Beer 5 2 ete eer Viola pedatifida.............. EMH TIDY 55. Oia suse \p ia bn v Se haha bat gee Re RAC AMEN Kee «it ates Cacta\ceae. 6, RE OE RE Re Seen ree Opuntia fragilis, 2.2 msi ace NT loeb Reais «vials ie ince acres » Opuntia missouriensis........ eRe PAN DOSE UL. eS. 3 yg so s.0] soe bie eo avin o sueley nine ehemeirape are Thymela|eaceae PM RARIEULIPSOEUIS, dt ale io: nth’ c. oo ba Sig f Kee ete Sees hia cine Hlaeag naceae. a he ee ee ee Leptargyraia argentea........ MPSS BU SP MDC sob ices o's d a o:0ioy aia apupeteseos's Dare “ata aiel esos whenaletecs Lythr aceae BELT AA EAN “CUCU AUIDEL, Pha saioce oo kin po,» «|| = 0te acta eye hdlvie. dare mo) Ma tale beh eve metets Oenothe raceae. Isnardia palustris............. Isnardia palustris............ PERE N REC: POL YCAT PAs a. chat e's) «5. sbo'| safes midhebcer nes mh ato se lave letete fares pate on SRS en ae GAaUra COCCINOE, . cs. - ios cmeree etter DICTNIS Hoo 2 ice ais o'e cow Gaura DIGRHISy Fh eae Epilobium hornemanni........ Epilobium hornemanni........ PP MERENIT GOMOPAGUIN. Non 6-5 cc we} s ane ove strate eee ie laren) eed Win avo p ie aie MEAP SIC UUEN: ©), <0 of cs a | a’ oe aes he ee eee eee yee Epilobium palustre............ Epilobium palustre........... Epilobium lineare............. Epilobium lineare............ ’ Epilobium angustifolium .. Epilobium angustifolium...... eA A AIDING cia. viet vs ie ois ae Cirgaea. alpina. 6. seneiieee. MMR SAMUS LANDA 556.4 frase, 2.) «'# vbles aw of bluse oe ateherel au ete erat mae mate SS Ga eer Oenothera albicaulis ......... RE Sia oer 2 oh cratdl a Tal) van 6 mal abe Oenothera serrulata.......... MERTEN PULILIS ah fat k oo, 0) ‘sv shale ase she atolls rele ietwin bo moe acy: eos cake ena I 28S aie foe te aps 2.4% o,0i nts Oenothera rhombipetala...... Oenothera biennis............. Oenothera biennis............ Halorrha gidaceae. Pappuris vulgaris. ............ Hippuris vulgaris 5: i inte Remersory iin heterophyllum |... 2s tiie dane ataye ete pl ed tee merroony lium Vverticillatum®: «.|.. vcr. et sek aeons ae peer eprale ROMY et SpICahuml: © .'. >. .0f < dau cies oe, Od nib ej eee eibad pes Ale eae Aralijaceae RPM eR GTA LOT | Me ce ae2' «os a's! ao Sate « fcc Rte Ree aoe ae MT ahs wit are ar Rae MEE FEUs CALL INCE TRO GOUUED 6 os. gm oa. 0 He din fia: staer one ala ale gha a oy nein os poner of bea mech Peet MNUGICHU]IS . 26:66 62k oe o's Aralia nudicaulis............. SMA a\ FUISIISTCA press acc e aa G0 GEE arate whe Pete gana Lote eas Aeneas seu @ © adele we 46 pus oe ou Ge 6 6 ei Babee) Ss \sueun METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range 694 NORTHERN. Umbell Sanicula marylandica...... us Sanicula canadensis........... Heracleum lanatum............ Angelica atropurpurea Oe iaee ws, a/0_e pele ‘oe 6 Sw 6.6 ve, 659 eeee sees tum . © fe 2 2 le 6 ab) ede Bee jee 6.0.40 © ae ns Ail BNITOR. 3: 5 ee Cle : Cicuta bulbifera.. . OTN Keck at Cicuta virosa var. maculata. . Sium cicutaefolium PREY Sead EET 5 Deeringia canadensis.......... Myrrhis aristata........ nse Corna Cornus canadensis ............ Cornus alternifolia... ... 65.4555 Cornus’ stoloniféra -s..¥..2...4 Cornus circinatus Be ain alee ieee ee Pirola Pseva umbellata... Pirola secundae. 263 0s eae Pirola secunda var. pumila.... Pirola elliptica................ Pirola-rotundifolia.. os oc0. eso Monotropa uniflora............ Brica Ledum latifolium......... stale Andromeda polifolia.......... SOUTHERN. iferae. Sanicula marylandica....... L Sanicula canadensis.......... Eryngium aquaticum........ ; Polytaenia nuttallii........ oh Heracleum lanatum.......... Peucedanum nudicaule..... a3 Tiedemannia rigida.......... Angelica villosa. .... . sesame Z Thaspium aureum.......... be Thaspium aureum var. corda- UE. Pot. os bed « ou a Bes Thaspium barbinode........ : Zizia cordata. .-...: o-eaenne oe Zizia aurea ...... we een Pimpinella integerrima ...... Cicuta virosa var. maculata. : Sium angustifolium.......... Sium cicutaefolium. ..../ yea" Deeringia canadensis....... ve Myrrhis claytoni..:°4 ..eee Myrrhis aristata. .. 5... 7) ccoue ceae. ° Cornus alternifolia: -.-.. /. 73a Cornus candidissima...... eh Cornus asperifolia ........... Cornus sericea sae ofa tele ne Zs Cornus circinatus.......+.)2ae ceae. Pseva maculata. ..... 5. cee Pseva umbellata...... scum wet Pirola elliptica. ...... (5 aie . Monotropa uniflora. .... Pe ceae. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 695 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. Umbell Sanicula marylandica Sanicula canadensis........ Eryngium aquaticum Polytaenia nuttallii Heracleum lanatum Po 2 (mp! sr a) eee wee eee Sel ee 6). 16.0.6, «6 @ ef 0 @ Ps -e'6 Bee S Seema e 6 ips OS 2) ie oe 6.6.5) es we & 26 6a, 8 88 (6 Tiedemannia rigida Angelica atropurpurea Angelica villosa Thaspium aureum Thaspium aureum var. corda- tum Thaspium barbinode Zizia cordata Zizia aurea Pimpinella integerrima Cicuta bulbifera Cicuta virosa var. maculata.... Sium angustifolium Sium cicutaefolium...... Deeringia canadensis Myrrhis claytoni Myrrhis aristata oie se e080 nee ee ws Sie @ wee. si @ «66 6) 0 @ Pia @ ee isis ey si 6 @ 9 feo Cele =» 6 9. 0 w/e_Dielia «0; 6), 6. 6 ore whe or a és) 96 ae efs, 8 6 0 € ee veri ie) ee) 6 seis e €:0 6 Rieiw: Ss [k (0) 6's 8.848 e oe ee wee eeee dja ane (eo 9: 6 6.6 ¢ «6 0 Cornus canadensis ‘ Cornus alternifolia...... Cornus candidissima Cornus asperifolia Cornus stolonifera Cornus sericea Cornus circinatus Pseva maculata Pseva umbellata Pirola secunda Pirola secunda var. pumila.... Pirola elliptica Pirola rotundifolia Pirola rotundifolia var. uligi- MOET L< LA pense AS EL te Py oles we 6 fea) @ aos fos ae GA Ufa4es O.eLeKd, 6 6 ee 6/5 8 Ledum latifolium Andromeda polifolia 6 # ae cies @ 8 6 0 8 | WESTERN. ‘iferae. Sanicula marylandica......... Polytaenia nuttallii....... zits Heracleum lanatum.... ..... Peucedanum nudicaule........ © ee) a) 6, ©) 6G (0 » ee 'w (a6) 18) (60! © O46 6° @ fa) Ue» clu: a8 6) 6) 8. @ (aye joie) oo) 8) Bi eel bl She ade lee Sp 2 it @.9 0 6.8100 ae) (os 0/0 0) 0 aie ‘ae s/s Je @ lee © Se a8 6.6.6 (=e, 85,20) © 010 0 5,6 0 (ew Stele we) ee t © 8 > © @ 6.u+ 66 a's eo 8 seme 0 ¢ \e)\6, @ ale 6 Sin o's Cicuta virosa var. maculata... Sium angustifolium...... Sium cicutaefolium 2 a)e' a a): a) 6, 8) see 640, @ Oa) Of fe ovale (e.¢ ee (6.0) 6. 6 6-8 2 ee siiw es oe) ela 0.36 ele) eLprere ave, 61610) 616 Oud © es) 6 ss) ene! 6 2) 16 eh0 1G) 8 @. oe lene ceae. Cornus canadensis os) bya) 3m a eye) @ a0) 06 a .el.a sale eg) 6 nie) .e) s) 6.) ai ee) ewe Jee la: 8, © [eo Oye © (0) 6 0 6 BiG eye ee « ea. 0) 0s). cth €.€ 8 6 88 Geta! (6) or 606) 00). 5 Oe me 6) Ola ie: o's) 6 Bie e weal el mem oi). 0) 0. in) eo Weta ee © (6 (a) 8 Ble (6.6) 616.6 © © (0) =,» 6b) a6 Che 6 Be 0) eS Le ote .ec0 Le. e) es we. 8.6) 8) 6 a 0 46 0) 6 We Sow) Uielinhaleny 2), 0) 6 6 Bele 2 8e.e #8 vee © 6 8 se ae) w Pa a) me ea Gye eas © ele Sysrie Ss Pirola secunda Pirola secunda var. pumila... Pirola elliptica Pirola rotundifolia 2. 6G 78 af eee © Ure 6 ae ey S/e, @. 0 Cee (ele 6 (s,s «0S 6) © 6.6 (eye) 8 ie ove #0 8 6 8 “isles ceae. Ledum latifolium Andromeda polifolia S66. 8, © 6. CL ELY 696 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. aa a] D. Table; Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. Lyonia calyculata. . 2...) 6). nelieme ws ss ss’. . 1s ds bee Chiogenes hispidula. \. 2) 02.. ikeds Wve ooh 0. Arctostaphylos uva-Ursi. 2... ys). .e et cee eee. es ee Oxycoccus macrocarpus.......|..... Wale sc. u's oe BP Oxycoccus Oxycoccus........ ; Vaccinium corymbosum var. amoenum. Vaccinium canadense. . _ Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. . eeeeeeee ee ee » 6 0 0c tour en re a ; savevecsscsedes seczaef Gentiana flavida. )7...saeee Wen eR A pe RY Gentiana andrewsii.......... PPL Toa re eR ott Gentiana saponaria......... oc ).8 apa AEN NS Roar eA me ae a Gentiana puberula........... Gentiana quinquefolia var. oc- Piknieed uw Oe fee tte ken cidentalis ..-.:. . sauce Gentiana OTP O Us 6 Oty visie dk Warnill oa Lo wistslove’s. ss s'o sae Ce ptedek Gente: AMOCTICANE. 6.5.5 Fi |e ecg wb ee oc 0 oe ow Whe a Apocyn\aceae. Pn ee es a be et ae ee ee ee a ee a er pe A Re) Ge UD, Oe Woe eed ols as SE eee ee oe Apocynum cannabinum....... Apocynum androsaemifolium . Asclepia\daceae. ©.@ Ure 6b» 6.68.4 6)8 B46 Oe OG 8 8 CLS ee Oe ore Asclepias lanuginosa........ ‘ Asclepias viridiflora......... ‘ Asclepias floridana ......... , ao: « cise STATISTICS OF of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— EASTERN. METASPERMAE. 697 Continued. WESTERN. Lyonia calyculata ‘Chiogenes hispidula. .. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi...... Oxycoccus macrocarpus. Oxycoccus oxycoccus. Civ fe! a Wid 6 Se etene! 616 es Asclepias floridana .| Lyonia calyculata .| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Chiogenes hispidula SON Oxycoccus macrocarpus...... Oxycoccus OXYCOECUS.....'. + ...2 Vaccinium corymbosum var. TRS IRS haya gr uhals ors) S Passio e aye Sar ee eee sbicAonn tienes ee Vaccinium canadense........../....... tha! Goe es Rt ele ak ceaaie Lees : Vaccinium pennsylvanicum....|...... : RET Seems Vor Ae teiieie Vaccinium stamineum....... 4 ail Sateen nea se pense atest kites ene Prim wl aceae. RA a fs Androsace occidentalis....... Lysimachia thyrsiflora........ Lysimachia thyrsiflora.. .. Lysimachia terrestris.......... Acie ee Cant oi oe otadth peed ane aoe Eich Ch MARCOTTE 6 ss. | Sols af ath abe & cetaleog Sante weaned ee Steironema lanceolatum var. hybrid um). 25 ).53)s%. ae Ee ay PT a Ae Tone Om Tere a eye a Steironema ciliatum........... Steironema ciliatum.......... Trientalis americana..... Ae kcal eee aiid hep eae lhe bk nee ee Centunculus minimus.......... Centunculus minimus Si aiean aati Olea\ceae. Fraxinus sambucifolia......... Fraxinus sambucifolia. . RECA STDS INS 5. os 55) 6 2 0| nis deere nla oly wien ateran oes Fraxinus viridis....... a Joye! ache pS oe eee aon nee pte ee ca aie MINT TR OCR ITN A CSEMINEY 215. 2.05 6 aca yn 0'f cin sateen, Sve died na. savals, dueaeg st « eto aaee . Gentian\aceae. Menyanthes trifoliata.......... Menyanthes trifoliata........ Nymphodes lacunosum........ Sepa e alee ota teres Sauter acts Fas Gentiana linearis var. rubri- MMATUUEEH bers septate c's Relist aneie atl ghd geen G scbaehis at aiteticx 9/6 Ree Liageuee em Meme TIVE TCL g 5 5s u's METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range | SOUTHERN. Asclepias verticillata........ ¥ Asclepias quadrifolia........ 2 Asclepias ovalifolia.......... 8 Asclepias exaltata .......... Asclepias obtusifolia......... ; Asclepias sullivantii......... = Asclepias syriaca ............ Asclepias speciosa........... Asclepias incarnata.......... Asclepias purpurascens ...... Asclepias tuberosa...........- Convolv\ulaceae. 2.6 Salmo he a) o's e.1eQe) 0s )0) 6) p) Bes, we) = ee enn te Se D. 0.0 0.0 0 oa me US Be 8 8) 0) 8 & 8) elle 6 bl Sm eis ia)-o. (ete e)'¢, ve ie) (8) © 0) O48 )e) wo, vce) 6. e\e\-o) Seve mL 2 6.9 8)\0 046 (0.08.6, 0.0 @ © © Ue ve © aero ee, ew @ Ss CS ls 658 6b 2.6, 6 (26 08 Dione bw pve o* 6 ayn ual wre Volvulus spithameus........- Cuscuta paradoxa...........- \ Cuscuta gronovil ...\...4dpeeee 3 Cuscuta gronovii var. saururi. Cuseuta-coryli.. ...... 7a Cuscuta cephalanthi.......... Cuscuta arvensis......a/aeee Cuscuta polygonorum....... 5 Polemon\iaceae. e5'e » 6 « & 2 8.0 © 3 © 6 ee Ses 6 5 ey) 6 eee ie oe ale' ete @fe) 6,9 8 fig a8) 815) © 6 te i Sle serena oe O.8 © © a0) asses 2S she. 6 fee 6 Sa 0 6 6 Sue 2m pists Phlox divaricata. 1.7 3eee Phlox pilosa ........-. 0c. Phlox glaberrima........ me Phiox maculata........ seen Polemonium reptans......... Hydroph yllaceae. Macrocalyx nyctalea....... 6.6 Be eB. e, 5 o0 ODO? 9 6) w) 6) 60 6 a pe ele ee Macrocalyx nyctalea......... Hydrophyllum appendicula- Hydrophyllum virginianum... Phacelia purshii: ..: o.saem : Borragi naceae. os ote 98s 6 © On & Bad Olen bo DP Ole 6 Se ee eo 6: Md. 610 16 .0)8.0 2 bm Ae WU SIRO Wiss 24e eLe ee o 9's & BY O.6 a eis Bel ae BPS e a0 ts Ges Blom 6 et 6 Oe Sas we 8G 8 8 Ss 6s go @ ote Ss & B10 Be SOR Se OLOlD Sve 00 0.0.0°6::6.8 6 8 aah eo Oe 6 Gs ee Grae 0.8008 8 Onosmodium carolinianum.... Onosmodium carolinianum var. Lithospermum angustifolium Lithospermum carolinense ... Lithospermum canescens..... Lithospermum latifolium..... Myosotis virginica........... Myosotis arvensis..........+: Lappula virginiana.......... s STATISTICS OF | METASPERMAE. 699 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Asclepias verticillata.......... Oy SAR ose. PIRES law aod piv ae ee a Asclepias quadrifolia.......... eee a RP OME Ae: 8 Git ibiog oie soars had RN RO ure area Sear Asclepias ovalifolia.......... Re IILAG OR DRL kiero se 3 Foo Sis |stecwoe a Se ORY wow bo oc bem. Ys eee VLA LTO MEENA. bi Lahore «il =e arniacs Sepa aac Kins Sie & lk le 0i> ie mee rites wats selbst pte ete sv te one Asclepias sullivantii.......... RAEI TLR CCR ee ace So ty 11h 2 , rae Weyer ait BR RA oe pee Collomia. linearis en: ied thao Polemonium reptans.......... aa’ lgearb: opeha Mralarely* 258 gba MR ataMeiid de Reratiae Hydroph\yllaceue. Macrocalyx nyctalea.......... Macrocalyx nyctalea......... Hydrophyllum appendicula- Hydrophyllum virginianum.... Phacelia purshii........ Borragi Onosmodium carolinianum Onosmodium carolinianum var. molle be @ Sie else 6 «8 a 0 ce ow 6 ¢ 8 © 68 Lithospermum carolinense Lithospermum canescens Lithospermum latifolium Myosotis virginica ............ Myosotis arvensis Lappula virginiana Sve 6.6 5) se 9.0514 = ey a 2 ele. ma eee le eee 88 Ce ace 6. S Ree a eee nacede. oe beth eben eset) 6 BG 8 © Be © 8 ©) SS) ape) Cur Sore bigesias @ @ & 0 6.0.» ehiela s 66 ¢ 9 2 06s. 6 w 8 'a78 eaves © we 010 (6 lee wn -6y.8(e th ee te One, 6) we nen Pan e618 @ Bae el evel® ise se 0 © 8 P32 6.0.0 %s eese ie ne 22 0, Ore (ete Ge 5/8) 8) # 6.8) 20) OR O16, Ane Cae Cans 700 NORTHERN. Lappula defiexa var. ameri-| Lappula deflexa var. METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range SOUTHERN. ameri- | CRAs Shaver geste sid Seictaie sae Gana. ...... .. 3. ake Lappula redowskii var. pil-| Lappula redowskii var. pil- MIRE ie tory wiacess da ane tale eae OSaii..).. 2.4). .islew ote MPR OMCs Tae spies Ty tia, Sie -4S aha Cynoglossum virginicum..... Verben\aceae. Eda pec avnyaie, Gi aue ial sel dowha as asthe eae Leptostachya leptostachya... Be reco oid 5 age ie ied tee oe eee Verbena bracteosa........... eile Rik.esecvia. 5. gohmnya cncaetgmnaianepeiate seme Verbena stricta... .. ... S.aae Sore Hoes sis Peake Mieikt Pes, reed, Srp ee ee Verbena hastata............. Verbena angustifolia.......... Verbena angustifolia......... Uae aoe Fuhe eves vis, oi epee oe Verbena urticaefolia.......... Labiatae. Give Re Lie Sha oe pte Mateo Stachys aspera........ oem Stachys palustris............. Stachys palustris...........4 “See ae Seeaeeecsseustcce cess! Pb ysostegia Virginiaiens aia Brunella vyulearis.? 2 lichen Brunella vulgaris.........oem Sear eee Ce ieee ee ee ee)? Scutellaria parvula........... Scutellaria galericulata?.... cs} in ee cys ses dus Soe ee nn Scutellaria laterifloray: o.'... 02 |Me ie es es Co se ee Dracocephalum parviflorum. ..).0. 0... ei... ees ee so Visckia foenicula. ...'s.': Ops laiemee w= 6 a+ +5 on een Karn arb inisi sein taletelt a era tau ceen Saree Vieckia scrophulariaefolia.... SF ne Ee re EE TS Vieckia nepetoides........... Sr igate’ aia & a tose Ge sh la a teA tala Minted Mee Monarda punctata............ feo pinta nied at stank Riana aso xs oe ae Monarda fistulosa............ cance Dilek Ng RS Rll td he ae Hedeoma hispida............. ACINGS. VUIBATIS, 6.0): 5. ieee tre t RPE cba dorare once) aad DY ee RG SLANE EME EF oe ate ee eee Koellia flexuosa.... .. ..escumm Si Tiats Sense a: Wee Ne Gh ied tn a nit cidht sheen Koellia virginiana............ Lycopus sinuatus............. Lycopus sinuatus ............ Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi| Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi- TOUS. Sete atelier ernere TOUS: . ...... ss oe ON TT er Ke Liycopus rubellus..... 300 Lycopus virginicus............| Iaycopus Virginicus. ...... 0595 Mentha canadensis .. o. oe U8 eho tant We hinls's sss w claw 9 oe nn S isle dtata so mtd Wak re ake Sp. RE 8S CE Teucrium canadense.......... Isanthus brachiatus........... Isanthus brachiatus.......... Solan\aceae. sae KAS Eee wane, Ota Ee ane Physalis lanceolata.......... o a's, waaay he mold le oh iia a aang Physalis virginiana.......... ok d's odSpok phat ofe tata ee ae eat Physalis pubescens.......... ap o's doin aaah, Wide, Wa etal Meters Physalis angulata.......-..... $29 86 Dee 5 Ge U6) t' a Ob e Cwe.4 Ow OP eS © 8 oe Physalis philadelphica....... eeonpoeeseteeoesd 0008 8 6 6818 Us 6) eee STATISTICS OF of Minnesota Valley Metasper EASTERN. ere le © Ge Ce « ¢ be 6 8 & 6 © © 0.0, 4 @ Ue le ec « 0 eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eeee Verben Leptostachya leptostachya.... Waist S Ce 6 8 0 6 6 6 © 0 © erm ee © 0 eee 6 ee ele METASPERMAE. mic Species.— Continued. WESTERN. Lappula deflexa var. ameri- acede. G0 (6) BL Rie ‘ee eh ele 6» a Verbena hastata.............. Verbena hastata.............. SURREAL EP SII PTR... oS oes in oi|'e ain Sse s0"s atulejelars py ow Nea Oh at Verbena urticaefolia.......... Verbena urticaefolia.......... Labijatae. REIT SCIOM ot. 8 CLS dk 5 oie 85 |e hears Easels hee a SS Re ee Stachys palustris.............. Stachys palustris............ SMA OS DS 1a VITSUNTAIA. 5. ks 5 so |'s «oxic ik ateeie alow ons Sister eae ae feunells vulgaris.............. Brunella vulgaris............ ULE ek ANCL VW Ecg a 5, § douse 5 4 «|e whet Be gle weer are: ed Wiel eee, WIS Scutellaria galericulata........| Scutellaria galericulata....... Scutellaria lateriflora.......... Scutellaria lateriflora......... Dracocephalum parviflorum....| Dracocephalum parviflorum.. . 3 ES eo Vieckia foenicula............ Pee ets Seropnulariaciolia.. ., | 6c sca k ee eydieaincae sae se a bls Daa ne EMAL GUIOS oe oe. ||. were ee BA eS wae Re oa Be eee EMU TA: (MULCH GDS, Fog 50s 0 Lf oe eer ov es wise s OF bin ns has RO Monarda fistulosa.............| Monarda fistulosa............ 2 BARE SS Foe Fe Hedeoma hispida............. SS VU ATIS. se cee oe ACINOS VUIGAarisnnce os wa on oe NPE TIEIIOR EL Ch rcis 5 ss vss o's ba 'aw pis heen ee Wlermn rele wan, oe ep ee MUON EEUIEC Rel 290,00 a ois «| were Geue kite ee my See ORAS, OUD RE Syeopus Sinuatus.......... 2.05 LLycopus sinuatus...'. veo aoe Lycopus lucidus var. obtusi- SBR Oe LOWMOS:.n sien os. <4 os RIES OUNGE). 29,5 Seis sw d's vie epee aa ste wea ere nln 2 6 slah ae Lycopus virginicus......... os'e|) LAYCOPUS VIPEIMICUS. i244 ssa oe Mentha canadensis............ Mentha canadensis........... Pe TAFT, CANACUENSO.»,. °F .-.55 vis)es |siwsve ooh ae ee ROR No a ea cee 5 ORE MARNIE PCAC LAL UGS. 6 5.is wo So Afiedetgeeter a WANs, 2,8 01 be ean satel ase ane ae Solan\aceae. Physalis lanceolata............ Physalis lanceolata........... REAL VAC PURIANLG 5 3. ss ilacs ereifie hn abi'a/ ein aoe Cece sl wan le ote WN Physalis pubescens............ Physalis pubescens........... EES BIE te V4 2 SR od i Oh A arene ewe aU Th Eernalis PRAM oUplbica.:.... Wolo, hes gts so Mia dee yay 5 oS Cham Physalis grandiflora eo ae eo Se PS; Oe ero) Ss 6 ee. > 0.6, 6 lin mim) ane re - 702 il _>-- s om 4 “ METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table [llustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. Solanum nigrum.. Scroph ula as buie jeter iebe is a Wivie ©, 6) = we 6 sel ase eae se 4 e atahmreley ere @ 4) © 10.4.8. 0 2 8 9 est erage ix =») Bie g'eks wv, oye! es». (6)e%0:"s).0.8, S| “a, 0) wl, «ae ee m oyalel es) «ae 6; ae © ee a 6.6 en@ a 6 1s Ole. 0) ayy eue eel ele » @ @ =e @ @ «jp aes ae ale, a ie, aloes) ee ee ee sw 6). 0) 6 wee 6 ea. @ 16) 06) 0 6.0 88. 6) Wrath a eee sce .a re 6. os» 6 0 e'S, ye) eS 6) ae Sy) ov eee eo 6) 6 ee. 6 8 © 80 © 0h © fo @ OFS, \s)0 2 0) a) a 6, eo Ge ee a au 0) 6) 06) © 6) (wis librg, 4a. @ 'e ee) B) 6s) «a ae Veronica peregrina Veronica scutellata.......... Veronica americana Veronica anagallis ates) aynye wt mleeeee 5 2 ae 8s ie) > we "wo wee. 6 © yee @, pe are a\a‘o «ef qe eq) s, 2) 4. 8 ¢ 0.000 a) 8) Sale ane 6.6) Sata am te) 6 € OC, eae ase a) .8) Ae 00a, & eerie © TT et ae re, 6,e ae cia) me 6.4.0. /67@) Be) ao) Ome nata.. P aoe lanceolata......... Melampyrum lineare..........|. Lentibula\riaceae. Utricularia intermedia. . Utricularia minor Utricularia vulgaris Orobane|haceae. SOUTHERN. Solanum nigrum..... Tee riaceae. Scrophularianodosa var. mary landica.. . .....:., |. « © (6s 6, 6) B) (nee) ests) © 6 ee; me a le eo 8) le) 6 0 eee OLe ©) (6) Ge Be) 6, 10 @, |@ \G) 8 6 0) @ ols |p (ea 4,6 @ O16 6) 6, 0-8 « = 9 Oha eG) vw eR mee) wwe) aelie) ai, 6. ae Claw .@ tee) 6. © ae © 8) ¥) "a et a) wile © .¢ Ouin, @\ke\ ere: ei 0! (0) @ 6? oe) 6 640 we ete) a. wale) 6 SEO 2 le) 6) 6) Ge) ss 6 © @ 1 0 a (Oe etenm ceae. Adoxa moschatellina nacede. Valeriana edulis ay ore) 8 ane oe OL \ a, mie Spe a6 e e @) MWh Le hele a) Oa. €)'e) me 66° 6. € 016) 6 me) 8 taceae. . 706 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. Micrampelis echinata..... ee SOUTHERN. Micrampelis echinata. Campan\ulaceae. Campanula rotundifolia ©.4 8 @ 6 w 6.0 66-0 (0 s eyefe « oe @/elele ¢, mer ere Se) 0,0 Pew Gye 8) Ph Delgo Oe oC ee 8h a let Gene emer S alee Cais 6: 6 eee ods ee) se) 2, © Be) 6) ie) peeve le oe. Diw Dh 6) 6 ‘ove oa .e © ele Lele eNR ¢ wle (8 (0.8 8) 8 ae het ish «2S hee ..| Campanula americana........ Campanula APArinoides: 27st sees mails os.) ee ch ee .| Campanula rotundifolia. Pentagonia perfoliata........ Lobelia inflata. ..... .. epee ‘Lobelia spicata........ 2... Lobelia syphilitica........... Lobelia cardinalis............ Compo|sitae. ates © == ws Sa wte. 0) = = 1a. ‘e ob) dle eS ® sere ee ee eee ee eves «© #616 a tee “6 hace tee fot 5 ce wl ewe) SB) epee Grindelia squarrosa......... He Diplogon, yillosams.....eneee ote 0 0-0 \6.@)8, 8e. a o. Bre @ See) ottivg Wien aR Se See © 0 6S et) «28a eo © éuw's' 2 o g.a) @ 6 .&) 6. 1919 Ae o. 8 648 8) BS 6 Var 0 628 @ o.¢0, 97 6°en sla ips! a amie es diuta'sae 8 Solidago serotina var. gigantea 2 0 6 © Oe 60 46 ew Oe oe Pe Te ee Ie ee eee Vernonia fasciculata .. , Vernonia noveboracensis..... Kupatorium ageratoides...... EKupatorium perfoliatum...... Eupatorium altissimum ....... Kupatorium serotinum........ Kupatorium purpureum....... Kuhnia eupatorioides......... Kuhnia eupatorioides var. glu- fANOSA... ... 0s. sce er Laciniaria spicata........... oe Laciniaria pycnostachya..... ; Laciniaria scariosa . Laciniaria punctata........... Laciniaria cylindracea....... ; Laciniaria squarrosa. . Laciniaria squarrosa var. termedia..........5..)0eanee Grindelia squarrosa.......... Diplogon villosum Solidago occidentalis. .... 2 2.» & e866 a eee Solidago rigida ... ‘Solidago radula... Solidago nemoralis........... Solidago nemoralis var. mollis Solidago canadensis.......... Solidago sevotina Solidago serotina var. gigantea Solidago missouriensis. Solidago JUNCEB.:. os ie ne Vee fae sae ES les 0p» as ee ee Solidago neglecta..... sia: 9, 00, 2]'s 2 sye g.a.0:0 s\s\ 6 wena eee eee eee STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 707 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Micrampelis echinata.......... Micrampelis echinata......... Campan|\ulaceae. MERE CUAIIVIL EMORRE AINA 2 15 NC eoS alls ce cn wl eho he cle vss sO Gok age Memmpatiuia: aparine@ides:: 0. ..:5.| 05652 eee yale ee lee seen ase bleee Campanula rotundifolia........| Campanula rotundifolia....... Pentagonia perfoliata......... .| Pentagonia perfoliata........ Habelia inflata.>.........255. severest ad's he eo tneane ee itary ote SLA LA Peebelia IAlMl i. ce). cs Lobelia: kali see oe een 2 NMA MUNMMUMERE CBDR Ce SNCS CEI C5. S112 a | ys stale ate wl cdle Se Oo mbie en ones oN one em mareemmmeminnieme nas aid lalso't4s oe nee eee as Se ae oa, Few PUM MT AVETICRITS: 2. 5). sw a oes nw wi ele ole alae oh ealdel Saeed ae Compo! sitae. ' SSR. ee ....; Vernonia fasciculata.......... Vernonia noveboracensis..... [ss 2 {REN At A pee eg eee geeees PMU RUN PO PMGOUIOR. y's | cs ow cc ae og hed a 6 ote seinen apes Eupatorium perfoliatum...... a pacieiees udinlads soe 2 oes pin nals tekd ah ees Eupatorium altissimum....... BP rir ec iro melanin by cue for ATE THIT)SOVOUNIMINIA 2. 85005. | 5 oa ole i 4s oin wine: beds Slate ava meat cl agomeees Eupatorium purpureum....... .| Eupatorium purpureum...... ee SSE ES ee a .| Kuhnia eupatorioides......... Kuhnia eupatorioides var. glu- EIS iy Se TINOSAL wists a Ava tides cue Laciniaria spicata.............).... ORAL Gao RS eis gnc ch aatee ASE Laciniaria pycnostachya...... esa Thee CTW ES 8S a's | ows en. 0 nce of wee PRE Ged ak O Alsi daha See ee Laciniaria punctata.......... Laciniaria cylindracea......... Laciniaria cylindracea........ MRR AUL ALONE PONTE 2555 dilale/ o's ass encom orn blake woe ole abn Fiemme Ney Laciniaria squarrosa var. inter- eS IAS ST Scilly, |/+ 5. soetviely mugiesx ieteteheiens owes y ha a etm a ea Grindelia squarrosa.......... RN ele LS afign ls bold ov deals Diplogon villosum........ Seed a a ne eee Solidago occidentalis......... Solidago graminifolia.......... Solidago graminifolia......... molidaco riddellii.............. Solidago riddell... *,.% 5 e0gees Solidago rigida......... vee. | Solidago: Tigidanac:3i3 ete Reet Ss hae er Solidago ragula’ se. nis vs cs eee Solidago nemoralis ........... Solidago nemoralis........... ES OP? SARI OS Yah s. sty n'a e Solidago nemoralis var. mollis Solidago canadensis........... Solidago canadensis.......... Solidago serotina.............. Solidago serotina............ Solidago serotina var. gigantea) Solidago serotina var. gigantea Rs. oa Pee ale dase dS: Solidago missouriensis........ Solidago juncea........ RES BAP Siok me OME ty Set? eae Ch ERR 9 ‘Solidago neglecta............. Ve shetty Sle Wat alin ado ki gas od 708 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. 6g of 6 B06 G16 \e be © 26's 0) 6 6m) ete wre ne euwae @.¢ oss 6 Byun me wre 6 6 seve Se. © 4 eo « 6 © 6 Sele re ee eee ain't ge Od et wt Oe 6 6 2 aes «6,0 Ghee Si Wies B'6 6b, 6 © ee Ue ee cee Se See a ee we OOO 6 6.0 0 6 a's bE ee cw oe 0 se 6 Cop Ue en eLere Sod @¢ a's 6 6 ale oe = 6 6. 8 aie © @ bia "ys eels wire ve os 0 © 6 @ 6 8).0 8 \p,m @ie:.e 6) .6 = ales S =. e) ce) ae) ave) C¢ 6 6 6 Ble 0 0 ee dis o via Re © a 6% e 0 6s wee Aster ptarmicoides Aster umbellatus Aster puniceus Aster puniceus var. lucidus... Aster longifolius Aster junceus Aster salicifolius Od Sistas «o's + @ 2 es ve 6,0 fe a) t bs B CW fae ere oe bw ee 8 e's ee es) 6 ls a oe (Get lw © ie olga e) ee « o ew) eo) oo" 6 6) et @ ers jeu ote oe Cay e @ a ee abe 68: s 6/8 6.re' a 5 eee Cle lwee = vee ew wis o ote es wi eso Wi 6 sem. 6a, ele oe w of 6,0 ea) se ele) 6 6 6 a) .0V8) © e's te we, rere, ae 5,60 etal a aS dd Cie 6 @ 6 @ ww) atpt a) we aah wge yea Aster polyphyilus:.... 02244958 Aster laevisies 360s). ow Asin aw wie vas a Pee ets sate S&B eo (6 Be Je We eeu i's @ ye bC Bw CO 6 Ee VK ww ow oe) Oe ie Aster macrophyllus..........., Rost .|-Aster asteroides.......... ee | Aster divaricatus .......)ne Aster divaricatus . .. Erigeron philadelphicus....... Erigeron pulchellus........... Erigeron glabellus............|. Erigeron canadensis .......... SOUTHERN. Solidago rugosa. Solidago patula Solidago speciosa............ Solidago speciosa var. rigidius- cula Solidago speciosa var. erecta. Solidago latifolia Solidago caesia Haplopappus spinulosus Boltonia asteroides Se ee 6s 6s a)» eee eee eee we eee ewe eee ee ae «* « » ee Stee eee ee eee eee ene seeee Aster puniceus. ..... 0s ae Reelin GRICE oe ote ose oa heed < l'ols wh oe asl cee ROT ath Lar Pee IsIONS {rONGOSS: 6 )x os... ee Bl Niene Htiigeins. Si That yey eee Se Helenium autumnale ........ “€ Helenium autumnale .......... a ire peepee Poni sl. ti ic Se ha'ar dnt A ia aristatars, domes ae Dyssodia papposa. Se eT ee ae Dyssodia papposa......-..... Achillea millefolium .......... Achillea millefolium ......... “bs ee A OS oe Artemisia frigida..... 2.5... 2. mrtemisia biennis............. Artemisia biennis............ ee Metis s.8's + SAE ee DEA Artemisia gnaphalodes. .. ete’... Mpe Me goths ooi« os «a os e| LE CSMISta LOD OMOlIOgS sera mrvemisia Serrata.............. Artemisia serrata. ...000 5.2: MPT Ger eR er de Ms .| Artemisia dracunculoides..... Artemisia canadensis MOR os A 15 Artemisia canadensis......... Ma SEPaT IPS 42 ALC CE Lee eee est. an os Shae, ods eieln cabetelvin watdanis NOE Bele Erechthites hieracifolia ...... kl sree Wee SE Gia ree ae 9 ie) 2 A aa EOI REG TRONS en a a Se Ree Oe Oe ee eemeneNES ALUPUPUCLEOLIGIS oss. ss % «a's 2 hod ere Shoe eatare erg weno ee Senecio reniformis........... = Lc eal hg a TA a i ee ere brs 2h ors mg Senecio HUTS oi aas tee «ee 2 Soa See ee Mog Cee Senecio integerrimus......... Senecio tomentosus........... ONT ans Ov en ons a eee emecioaureus............-5.- Senecio MULOUSL INT netrage ae Senecio aureus var. aa Senecio aureus var. pauper- OTS re ea CULES ee: Sai Sse ie eee Senecio aureus var. obovatus. Sees URE Sac eho aan’ (Sate eta ay Oe aan Senecio palustris... Senecio Palustris <0: dicate MELO OT isis ss... oo hs ho cleo ese Saas fare Oe eee MITIGATE IGUS oo e0 cla c'< ¢ ost lode swat hale bichelt ee Mie oer. titty 7. imicus Giscolor.............. < odhedeat:« lah e Stk wikis ee ene ae MMPS eR ASSES oS «cs: wie et peace re ease ev aberrant eae Me eee as ose oe . | Grieus undiletuse so eee Lactuca spicata.............. .| Lactuca spicata RIESE LOU AN hed. oc wn bbw tas lS eeee Ce ROR Oman TES Aas pee Lactuca pulchella............. Lactuca.pulchella............ Rinse mae Alek latin roca Lactuca ludoviciana....*..... < Lactuca hirsuta 1, EOE eee a Fete tk Ae Ris | Pe eae By Men Oe . LO SCAR IG Ce) 3 11 Ba ee] |p RN al Tae Aho ie ren ok A ae ID Taraxacum taraxacum .... Taraxacum taraxacum....... LSE GPa ae mee oT Nothocalais cuspidatum...... AGOSCTIS SAUCE. oo. 5 sje on see 714 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. D. Table Illustrating General Continental Range NORTHERN. SOUTHERN. ; : « wivhaite gra wists nee Rea er «hs en ee Adopogon virginicum........ Lygodesmia juncea...... .....| Lygodesmia juncea........... Laie ay HORE SIR eg REE COR Re Prenanthes serpentaria ...... Prenanthes’ alba. si... Prenanthes alba .. 2.0) 25220 wyatellie ? athsrai) 4, a8 5 iat iol oleh et eee Prenanthes aspera........... Prenanthes racemosa......... Prenanthes racemosa......... oe eae rae he a Prenanthes crepidinea........ Cirepis sruncinata i, 2670 078gk Pi. a bah aims Uae RE PAAR Ot shat AMON CMA Hieracium longipilum........ Hieracium VenosuMt... 000 Hieracium venosum. ......... Hidracium canadense. 0.0). 6 a Vaewcades «2 lees des ea) Cn Before proceeding with the range statistics, a table of gen eral statistics is herewith presented: 15. Representation of Species. No. of Per cent. of all |Av. no. of species species. species. per genus. Monocotyledones...... 334 28,4 3.15 Archichlamydeae . See 459 39.1 2.63 Metachlamydeae. . “ences 381 32.3 2.97 General ay. no. per genus...... 2.87 ‘Total no. val. species..| A174. |. wae seecweteness 5 os The larger average per cent. of species to the genus in the Monocotyledones is due to the influence in that group of the genus Carex, among other conditions. In addition, the general dispersion which has been supposed to mark the taxonomic group of the Monocotyledones in particular, has doubtless its influence on the average number of species per genus. Passing next to the statistics condensed from Table D, we isolate first the four principal range elements. These are: (1) The Northern Specific Element. (2) The Southern Specific Element. (3) The Eastern Specific Element. (4) The Western Specific Element. ‘STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 715 of Minnesota Valley Metaspermic Species.— Continued. EASTERN. WESTERN. Adopogon virginicum......... Adopogon virginicum........ BRIE S roea th aie Was aNeve ots acs .....| Lygodesmia juncea .......... Prenanthes serpentaria. .......).. 0... cece ee ee eee eee eee eee RereaPa EEN A ENCORS, UU eS as 2g Sa scieya & A liepe esate wistoRmlore deci oy 24. The North-South-West Specific Element. No. of | Per cent. of N.S. W. per species.| all N.S. W. | cent. of each. Monocotyledones.............. 5 12.8 1.5 Archichlamydeae............. 15. | 38.4 3.2 Metachlamydeae.............. 19 48.7 4.9 SNEED CNY sais eu siais- che ble aay SO hl anie's oe cia eadealey ete ee hes LEE NER N.S. W. per cent. of allspecies B.. Bl ache site taeele [a sla SSE le eee ae 2 eee ee 25. The North-South-East-West Specific Element. | No. of |Per cent. of all/N. S. E. W. per species.| N.S. E. W. cent. of each. Monocotyledones............... 62 41.3 18.7 Archichlamydede. ©... .......... 54 36.0 11.7 Metachlamydeae................ 34 221 8.9 ares Me Sa BANG o cin west) SABO Teo ae Rae bean ee [ee N.S.E.W. per ct. of allspecies...| 12.8 hate ee tea Seca 2) J oll y Pc ee METASPERMAE OF "“.L[E MINNESOTA VALLEY. 720 26. The South-East Specific Element. No. of | Per cent. of ali | S. E. per cent. species. S. E. of each. Monocotyledones.............. 69 19.7 17.5 Archichlamydeae............- 141 40.2 30.5 Metachlamydeae ............. 140 40.0 36.8 MotaleSs Wa ek. Js sec SHOU esses ices bac sce s ts se) coe S. E. per cent. of all species...) 32/6'|.-2)......-..-..|..... nnn 27. The South-West Specific Element. No. of | Per cent. of all species. S. W. S. W. per cent. of each. Monocotyledones ............. 11 12.6 323 S. W. per cent. of all species. . oe ee eee 28. The South-East-West Specific Element. No. of | Percent. of all} S. E. W. per species. | SER AVY. cent of each. Monocotyledones ...........-- | 22 | 22.0 6.6 Archichlamydeae...... ...... | ar | 27.0 5.8 Metachlamydeae ............. | 51 | 51.0 | 13.1 Lotaten Ww. Wes Gas aes WeSbee TV ac th oak ee S, E. W. per cent. of all sive ea BED! | ils averse a vidneve © are Os 0 ciate eee eee Jeanne eee een SS STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. Fina | From the nine tables preceding it will be observed that the SE. element, forming 32.5 per cent. of the total species, is the largest numerically, while the NE., with but 2.3 per cent. of the total species, is the smallest. The NEW. element, form- ing 16.7 per cent. of the total, is larger than the SEW. element, which forms but 8.5 per cent. of the total. General east and west ranging is more characteristic, then, of the northern than of the southern element, and this fact is quite in accord with the greater dispersion of the northern floral elements. Of the NE W.element the actual percentages of Mono- cotyledones and Archichlamydeae are in excess of the Metach- lamydeae percentages, while in the SEW. element the re- verse is the case. These range-elements form similar per- centages of the taxonomic groups. Of the Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae, respectively, 21.4 per cent. and 17.2 per cent. are placed in the NEW. element, while of the Metach lamydeae only 11.5 per cent. are so enrolled. On the other hand, in the Metachlamydeae 13.1 per cent are entered as _SEW., while of the Monocotyiedones and Archichlamydeae re- spectively 6.6 per cent. and 5.8 per cent. are so entered. The Archichlamydeae with 27.0 per cent. form, however, a larger portion of the total SEW. element than do the Monocotyle- dones with 22.0 per cent. The two vertically distributed groups are somewhat more difficult to understand. The NSE. isin distinct preponder- ance over the NSW., having 13.6 per cent. of the total against 3.5 per cent. This is on account of the general eastern preponderance over western. Of the NSE. element the Metachlamydeae with 19.8 percent. are behind the Monocoty- ledones with 36.6 per cent. and the Archichlamydeae with 40.9 per cent. Of the NSW. element, the Metachlamydeae are ahead with 48.7 per cent. against 38.4 per cent. of Archich- lamydeae and 12.8 per cent. of Monocotyledones. This differ- erence between the two vertical elements is probably to be re- ferred to the lateral influence of the mountain ranges east and west of the Minnesota valley and to the angle made by the two principal continental trenches-—the Mississippi valley and the the lake-region valley of Canada and the boundary. It has been easier for Metachlamydeae to move north and south in the western part of the continent, for the general movement has been from the south to the north; it has been easier for Monocotyledones to move south and north, in the eastern part —46 722 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. of the continent, for the general movement has been both north and south and the lake-region trench with the Appallachian | system has favored their movements in the east rather than the west. Between Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae on the one hand and Metachlamydeae on the other, the topog- raphy of the continent, considering the points of greatest dis- tinctive pressure for each group, would seem, perhaps, to tend towards the establishment of a general diagonal tension-line running in a direction north-west by south-east. On the south and west the upward movement of north-bound plants would | be easier than on the north and east, while on the north and east the downward movement of south-bound plants would be easier than on the south and west. Under such conditions the preponderance of the Metachlamyceae—which are distinctively centraland north-bound-—would be rather to the west than to the east, while the preponderance of Archichlamydeae—which are distinctively distal and south bound—would be rather to the east than to the west. In the Monocotyledones, since they are the most generally distributed, if this were a just explanation, we should expect to find such a difference strongly marked and such is actually the case, for of the NSE. element the Monocotyledones form 386.6 per cent. while of the NSW. ele- ment they form but 12.8 per cent. Evidently in the regions of the secondary longitudinal tensions their percentages would vary to the extent of complete reversal, in many cases. It is only in a region comparatively uninfiuenced by longitudinal tensions that the diagonal tension could be recognised. Whether or not the above paragraph indicates the true ex- planation of the different composition of the NSE. and NSW. range-elements, it is an interesting fact to note that in this central basin of the continent the NSE. species are pre- ponderantly Monocotyledones and Archichlamydeae while the NSW. species are preponderantly Metachlamydeae. The NSEW. element with its preponderance of Monoco- tyledones and slight representation of Metachlamydeae, offers no difficulties. By it, a further indication of the general ranges of Monocotyledones, as a group, and the special ranges of Metachlamydeae, as a group, is given. Asin other similar cases the Archichlamydeae are seen to occupy the intermediate position. The four binary elements, NE., NW., SE., SW., are — similarly simple of explanation, with the exception, possibly of the NW. element. In the NE. element the Monocotyle- a. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 723 dones are preponderant and the Archichlamydeae intermediate. In both the SE. and SW. elements the Metachlamydeae are preponderant and the Archichlamydeae intermediate. These facts are seen to be exactly in line with the rest that have been given. In the NW. element which is numerically the smallest of all the combination elements, the Archichlamydeae are pre- ponderant while the Monocotyledones and Metachlamydeae; for their respective numbers, contribute about equally to the element. This is probably to be attributed to two facts. First, the Siberian and the N. W. T. influence would be felt most strongly in the NW. element and this influence would consist principally of monocotyledonous and archichlamydeous forms. Second, the Monocotyledones of this influence would be generally more widely distributed in North America than the Archichlamydeae, so that they would be probably entered either in the NEW. or NSEW. elements. The Metach-— lamydeae then through their endemic and north-bound char- acteristics and the Monocotyledones through their general and south or north-bound characteristics have either failed, on the one hand to make the N. W. rauge or, on the other have ranged beyond and are inthe more general categories. The inter- mediate condition of the Archichlamydeae is then, after all, the cause of their preponderance in the NW. element. Ap- parently, too, if the existence of the diagonal tension, dis- cussed above, were borne out by further examination it would be possible for such a condition to appear in no other ele- ment than the NW. For in the NE. the Monocotyledones would have their greater ease of distribution to increase their preponderance while in the SE. and SW. the Metachlamy- deae would in varying ratios predominate. In general, then, the combination elements serve to add to _ the weight of evidence in favor of considering the Metachlamy- deae, Archichlamydeae and Monocotyledones of different and more or less definite meaning as components. The two special cases are the NSW. and the NW. and an attempt, probably imperfect although, it is hoped, suggestive, has been made to show how in their case special topographical or geographical conditions have served to modify the more. general biological conditions. Of the 1.174 species and varieties considered as indigenous to the Minnesota valley, 317 are of extracontinental range. This number is quite exclusive of the 130 species and varieties which have been introduced into the Minnesota valley during 724 _METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. the last fifty years, by the agency of man. It is intended also to be exclusive of such North American species as have been distributed abroad by other than the so-called agencies of nature. The group of 317 species and varieties may be known as the Extra-Continental specific element and may be isolated for examination. In the following list the countries of extra-— continental distribution are noted for each species, and pre- ceding each entry are given the letters which indicate the intra-continental range of the species. The list is herewith appended: E. List of Species and Varieties of Minnesota Valley Metas- taspermae which are of Extra-Continental Range. Monocotyledones. nsew. Typha latifolia. Eur., Asta, N. AFRICA. new. Sparganium simplex. EuR., SIs. nsew. Potamogeton natans. Hur., As., AUST., AFR. nsew. Potamogeton fluitans. Eur., As., AUST., AFR., S. AMER. nse. Potamogeton perfoliatus. HEur., As., AFR., AUST. new. Potamogeton heterophyllos. Eur., As. nse. Potamogeton gramineus var. zizii. Eur., As. nsew. Potamogeton pusillus. Eur., AFR., AS.,S. AMER. new. Potamogeton rutilus. Eur., As., AFR. nsew. Potamogeton pectinatus. HEur., As., AUST. nsew. Potamogeton lucens. Eur., As., AFr., AUST., W. INDIES. new. Potamogeton praelongus. Eur. nsew. Potamogeton lanceolatus. Eur. new. Poatamogeton zosteraefolius. EuR., As. nsew. Zanichellia palustris. Eur., As., AFR., PHILLIPINES, AUST. nsew. Najas flexilis. Eur., As., W. INDIES, new. Triglochin palustris. Eur., As., AFR., S. AMER. new. Triglochin maritima. EurR., As. AFR. new. Scheuchzeria palustris. Eur., As. new. Alisma plantago. Eur., As., AUST. AFR. new. Sagittaria sagittaefolia. Eur., AS. nsew. Elodea canadensis. Tur., AS. se. Vallisneria spiralis. Hur., As., AUST. se. Andropogon provincialis. FRANCE. sew. Cenchrus tribuloides. Arr., E. AND W. INDIEs. se. Zizania aquatica. S1iB., JAPAN. nsew. Homalocenchrus oryzoides. Eur., As., AFR. mew. Phalaris arundinacea. Eur., As. new. Hierochloé odorata var. fragrans. Eur., As. se. Muhlenbergia sobolifera. Eur. nsew. Agrostis hiemalis. As. msew. Agrostis perennans, As.? nw. Deyeuxia neglecta. Eur., As. new. Deyeuxia canadensis. Srp. new. new. rw, NSeW. sew. sé. new. new. new. nw. nr. new. nsew. sé. nsew. ne. new. Nsw. nw. sew. sew. sew. new. new. new. nsew. nsew. nsew. nsew. nsew. sew. NnSew. new, ne. new. new. new. new. nsw. née. new. new. new. nNSsew, nse. new. né. we. nse. ne. née. nsew. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 725 Deschampsia caespitosa. Eur., As., AUST., AFR., S. AMER. Bouteloua curtipendula. PERU. Beckmannia erucaeformis. EuR., Sis. Phragmites phragmites. Eur., As., AFR., AUST., 5S. AMER. Eragrostis eragrostis. Kur., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. Eragrostis hypnoides. W. INpD., S. AMER. Koeleria cristata. Eur., As. Poa nemoralis. Eur., As. Poa palustris. Eur., AFR., AS. Poa compressa. Eur., SIB. Scolochloa arundinacea. Eur., Srp. Panicularia fluitans. Hur., As., AFR.. AUST. Festuca ovina. Eur., As.. AustT., S. AMER., AFR. Bromus purgans. S. AMER.?, AS. Agropyrum caninum. EuvrR., St. Agropyrum violaceum. HuR Agropyrum glaucum. EurR., AS. Hordeum nodosum. Eur., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. Hordeum jubatum. EHur., Sr. Hemicarpha micrantha. BRAZIL. Cyperus esculentus. Eur., As.. AFR., AUST. Cyperus aristatus. AFR., E. INDIES. Eriophorum gracile. Hur., Sis. Eriophorum polystachion. Eur., As. Eriophorum vaginatum. Eur., As. Scirpus lacustris. Eur., As., AUST., SANDWICH ISLs. Scirpus triangularis. Eur., Aust., S. AMER., W. INDIEs. Heleocharis acicularis. Eur., AS. Heleocharis palustris. Eur., As., AFR., MALAY ARCH., AUSTR. Heleocharis ovata. Eur., AS. Tria capillaris. TROPICS. Rhyncosporaalba. EHur., As. Carex siccata. As. Carex tenuiflora. HEurR., AS. Carex canescens. Eur., As., CHILE. Carex tenella, Eur. Carex sartwellii. As. Carex teretiuscula. Eur., As., N. ZEAL. Carex stenophylla. Hur. Carex chordorhiza. HuR., As. Carex limosa. Eur., As. Carex magellanica. Eor., S. AMER. Carex aquatilis. Eur. Carex fusca. EuR., AS., AUST. Carex riparia. Eur., As., AFR., S. AMER. Carex filiformis. Eur., AS. Carex pseudocyperus. Eur., As., AFR., AUST. Carex pauciflora. Eur. Acorus calamus. EuR., AS., CHINA, JAPAN. Spathyema foetida. JAPAN, AMURLAND. Calla palustris. Eur., As. Lemna minor. Eur., As., AFR., AUST.,S. AMER. 26 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. nsew. nNSewW. se. ne. . Heteranthera dubia. CUBA. . Juncus tenuis. Eur., N. ZEAL., TRISTAN D’ACHUNA. . Juncus balticus. S. AMER., PATAGONIA, SPAIN. . Juncus filiformis. Eur., As., PATAGONIA. . Juncus effusus. Eur., As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. . Juncus nodosus. As. ? . Juncus canadensis var. longicaudatus. S. AMER. . Cyperella campestris. Eur., As., N. AFrR., N. ZEAL. . Tofieldia glutinosa. N. As. . Veratrum viride. Srp. . Allium schoenoprasum. Eur., Srp., JAPAN, HIMALAYAS. . Unifolium bifolium. Eur., As. . Unifolium trifolium. As. . Unifolium stellatum. NORWAY. . Smilax rotundifolia. W. INDIEs. . Smilax herbacea. JAPAN. . Sisyrinchium angustifolium. Eur. . Habenaria dilatata. N.As., N. Eur. . Habenaria hyperborea. ICELAND. . Habenaria bracteata. ASIA. . Pogonia ophioglossoides. JAPAN.? . Gyrostachys romanzowiana. Eur., As. . Peramium repens. N. Eur., N. As. . Achroanthes unifolia. Russta.? . Leptorchis loeselii. Eur., As. . Corallorhiza corallorhiza. N.Eur., N. As. Lemna trisulca. Eur., As., AusT., AFR., S. AMER. Lemna polyrhiza. Eur., As., AusT., W. INDIES. Grantia braziliensis. BRAZIL. Eriocaulon septangulare. IRELAND, SKYE, HEBRIDES. Archichlamydeae. . Juglans nigra. S. AMER. . Salix myrtilloides. Eur., AS. . Salix longifolia. AsIA.? . Ostrya ostrya. JAPAN. . Corylus rostrata. N. E. AsIA. . Alnusincana. N. Eur., N. As. . Rumex salicifolius. N. As. . Rumex persicarioides. Eur., As.? . Polygonum hydropiper. Evur., As. . Polygonum hydropiperoides. S. AMER., AUST. . Polygonum amphibium, Eur., As., 8. Arr., JAPAN . Polygonum incarnatum, Eur., As. . Polygonum erectum. Evur., As. . Polygonum aviculare. EurR., AS., JAPAN. . Polygonum scandens. Eur., As. . Polygonum arifolium. As.? . Polygonum sagittatum. As. . Chenopodium rubrum. Eur. . Chenopodium capitatum. Eur., As. . Corispermum hyssopifolium. Eunr., As., MANCH., CHINA, a neé. new. new. nw. nsew. nse. NSEW, new. new. new. new. NSew, new. Sé. NSE. né. NSew. new. nw. nSew. NSEW. NSEW. nsew. nw. Sé, new, nw, NEW, STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. Salsola kali. Eur., As., AFR... AUST., S. AMER. . Phytolacca decandra. Hur, CHINA.? . Stellularia crassifolia. N.Hur., N. As. Stetlularia longipes. CrIRCUMPOLAR, Eur, As. Stellularia longifolia. N. As., MANcH., Eur. 72 . Cerastium arvense. Eur., N. AFR., AS.,S. AMER., PATAGONIA. . Cerastiurs arvense var. bracteatum. AMURLAND, SsB.? . Moebringia lateriflora Eur., N. As. Nelumbo nelumbo. W. INpDIgEs, S. AMER. CUBA. . Nymphaea advena. E. SIB.? Ceratophyllum demusum. Eur., As.. JAPAN. Caltha palustris. Eur., As., CHINA. . Isopyrum trifolium. ICELAND, N. AsIA, JAPAN. Isopyrum biternatum. KAMTSCHATKA. Actaea rubra. Eur., As., CHINA. . Aquilegia canadensis. N. E. Sr.? . Anemone hepatica. Eur., AS., CHINA. . Anemone quinquefolia. N. As., CHINA. . Anemone dichotoma. Hur., SIB. . Anemone multifida. CHILE, MAGELLAN. Anemone parvillora. E. Srp. Anemone hirsutissima. KH. SiB.? Oxygraphis cymbalaria. Eur., As., CHINA. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus. CHINA. Ranunculus repens. N. Eur., N. As., N. AFR. Rananculus septentrionalis. Eur., As. Ranunculus recurvatus. N. E. Sis. Ranunculus sceleratus. N. Eur., As., CHINA. Ranunculus pedatifidus. Eur., As. Ranunculus reptans. N. Eur., Srp. Ranunculus ambigens. Eur.? Ranunculus lacustris. Sr. . Brasenia peltata. JAPAN, HE. INDIA, TROP. AFR., AUST., Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllos. EKur., AS., AUST., AFR. Ranunculus circinnatus. Eur. Podophyllum peltatum. JAPAN. Leontice thalictroides. JAPAN, MANCHURIA. Capnorchis cucullaria. KAMTSK.? Neckeria aurea. AMURLAND. Neckeria sempervirens. Srp., KAMTSK. Barbarea barbarea var. stricta. Eur., As., CHINA. Nasturtium hispidum. SIB.? Nasturtium palustre. Eur. N. AFR., As. Cardamine parviflora. N. Eur., N. As. Cardamine hirsuta. N. Eur., N. As., CHINA. Draba nemorosa. N. Eor., N. As., CHINA. Draba verna. S. Eur., RUSSIA. Arabis lyrata. JAPAN, KURILES. Arabis glabra. N. Eur, As. Arabis hirsuta. Eur., As. ‘ 728 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. nsew. Erysimum cheiranthoides. N. Eur., N. As., N. Arr. new. Drosera intermedia. Eur., As., S. AMER. new. Drosera rotundifolia. Eur., As. se. Penthorum sedoides. MANCH., JAPAN, CHINA. nse. Tiarella cordifolia. N. W. Asta, BAIKAL SIB. new. Mitella nuda. Sis., AMURLAND. nsew. Mitella diphylla. HE. Srp.? new. Parnassia palustris. Eur., As. new. Ribesrubrum. Eur., As. nse. Ribes floridum. ANDES, S. AMER. new. Spiraea salicifolia. Eur., As., CHINA. new. Pirus sambucifolia. Eur., AstA., JAPAN. new. Rubus strigosus. Eur., As., JAPAN, N. AFR.? new. Fragaria vesca. Eur., AS. new. Potentilla anserina. N. Eur., As., CHINA, AUST., 5S. AMER. new. Potentilla fruticosa. N. Eur., As., CHINA, JAPAN. new. Potentilia palustris. Eur., As. nse. Potentilla argentea. Eur., As. new. Potentilla pensylvanica. Sis., JAPAN. se. Potentilla supina. Eur., As., CHINA, S. AMER. nse. Potentilla norvegica. Eur., As. nse. Geum rivale. Eur., As., AUST., S. AMER. new. Geum strictum. Hur., AS, JAPAN, N. ZEAL., S. AMER. new. Geum japonicum. H. AS., JAPAN. nsew. Agrimonia eupatoria. Eur., As., N. AFR., S. AFR. nw. Rosaacicularis. N Eur., As., CHINA. se. Cerasus serotina. S. AMER., ANDES. nsew. Lathyrus palustris. Eur., N. As., CHINA. ne. Vicia cracca. Eur., AS., CHINA, N. AFR. nw. Astragalus hypoglottis. Srsp., KAMTSK. nw. Astragalus adsurgens. Sis., KAMTKSK,. nse. Geranium maculatum. SIs. sew. Oxalis stricta. N. Eur., N. As., CHINA. nsew. Stellaria verna. Eur., As., 8S. AMER. se. Rhus radicans. N. E. As., JAPAN. P nse. Hypericum ascyron. S1s., CHINA. new. Viola sylvestris. EuR., Sis., CHINA. new. Viola canadensis. N. EH. ASIA. nw. Viola pubescens. N. E. ASIA. ne. Viola rotundifolia. KAMTSK.? new. Viola blanda. KAMTSK. nsew. Isnardia palustris. Eur, 8S. AFr., W. As. new. Epilobium hornemanni. Eur., As. new. Epilobium palustre. Eur., As. new. Epilobium lineare. N. Eur., N. As. nsew. Epilobium angustifolium. Eur., As., JAPAN. new. Circaea alpina. Eur., As.. CHINA, N. AFR. nse. Circaea lutetiana. Eur., As., CHINA, N. AFR. nsew. Hippuris vulgaris. Eur., As.. AFR,, AUSTR., S. AMER, se. Myriophyllum verticillatum. Eur., As., CHINA, N. AFR. nse. Myriophyllum spicatum. Eur., As., Carna, N, Arr. nse. Aralia quinquefolia. MANCH,, JAPAN, COREA. nse. NSew. Sew. nsew. sew. Se. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. (29 Aralia racemosa. SAGHALIN, JAPAN. Heracleum lanatum. As., JAPAN. Sium angustifolium. Evur., Sis. Sium cicutaefollum. EurR., Sis. . Deeringia canadensis. CHINA, JAPAN. . Myrrhis claytoni. JAPAN. . Myrrhis aristata. JAPAN. Cornus canadensis. MANCH., JAPAN. Metachlamydeae. Pseva umbellata. Eur., As., JAPAN. Pirola secunda. Eur., As., JAPAN. Pirola elliptica. JAPAN. . Pirola rotundifolia. Eur., As., JAPAN. . Monotropa uniflora. As., JAPAN, S. AMER. . Andromeda polifolia. Hur., As. . Lyonia caiyculata. Eur., As. Chiogenes hispidula. JAPAN. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. N. Euii., N. As., JAPAN. Oxycoccus macrocarpus. KURILES.? Oxycoccus oxycoccus. EurR., AS., JAPAN. Lysimachia thyrsiflora. Eur., JAPAN. Centunculus minimus. Eur., As., AUST., BRAZIL, ANDES, CHILE. Menyanthes trifoliata. N. Hur., N. As., JAPAN. Gentiana serrata. Eur., AS., CHINA. . Asclepias syriaca. EuR., AS. Volvulus sepium. Eur., As., Aust., N. ZEAL... N. AFR., CHINA. Cuscuta arvensis. S. AMER. Myosotis arvensis. Hur., As., N. AFR. Lappula redowskii. As. Leptostachya leptostachya. E. Sip., JAp., INDIA. Stachys aspera. JAPAN, KAMTSK. Stachys palustris. Eur., As. . Brunella vulgaris. Eur., As., N. AFr., AUST., S. AMER. . Scutellaria galericulata. EurR., As., JAPAN, N. AFR. . Acinos vulgaris. Eur., AS., JAPAN. ? . Lycopus lucidus. JAPAN, SIB. . Teucrium canadense. SIB.? . Physalis pubescens. CHINA, BRAZIL, BARBADOES. Physalis angulata. S. AMER., AFRICA. Solanum nigrum. Eur, As., AFR., AUST., S. AMER. . Scrophularia nodosa. EurR., Sip. . Mimulus ringens. KURILEs. Veronica peregrina. Eur., As., JAPAN, ANDES, 8S. AMER. Veronica scutellata. Eur., As., N. AFR. Veronica anagallis. Eur., As., CHINA, N. AFR., S. AMER. . Veronica virginica. JAPAN, SIB. Castilleja pallida. Eur., Sis. Utricularia cornuta. CUBA, BRAZIL. Utricularia intermedia. Eur., AS., JAPAN. 730 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. new. Utricularia minor. Eur., As., N. AFR. nsew. Utricularia vulgaris. Eur., As., N. AFR. sew. Plantago major. Eur., As., CHINA?, N. AFR. nsew. Galium triflorum. Eur., As., JAPAN. nse. Galium asprellum. As., JAPAN. nsew. Galium trifidum. Eur., As., JAPAN. new. Galium boreale. Eur., As., CHINA. nsew. Galium aparine. Eur., As., JAPAN. new. Linnaea borealis. Eur., As., JAPAN. new. Sambucus racemosus. EuvurR., AS., JAPAN. new. Viburnum opulus. Eur., As., JAPAN. new, Adoxa moschatellina. Eur., As., CHINA. se. Sicyos angulatus. S. Eur.,S. As. nsew. Campanula rotundifolia. Hur., As.. JAPAN. sew. Pentagonia perfoliata. CHILE, S. AMER. nsew. Erigeron canadensis. Eur., As., CHINA, S. AFR.? J new. Anaphalis margaritacea. Hur.?, N. As., JAPAN, CEYLON. new. Gnaphalium uliginosum. HurR., As., CHINA. nw. Adenocauloun bicolor. JAPAN, HIMALAYAS. nse. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. BRAziL, W. INDIES. nse. Xanthium canadense var. echinatum. S. AMER., CHILE. nsew. Bidens cernua. EuR., AS., CHINA. ; nsew. Achillea millefolium. Eur., As., N. AFR., AUST., AZORES. nsw. Artemisia frigida. ASIA. ? new. Artemisia biennis. KAmTsk., N. INDIA. nsew. Artemisia canadensis. N. W. ASIA. se. Erecthtites hieracifolia. S. AMER., W. INDIEs. nsw. Senecio lugens. N. As., N. EuR. new. Senecio palustris. N. Eur., N. As. nsew. Taraxacum taraxacum. EHur., As., CHINA, S. AMER., AUST., AFR. new. Hieracium canadense. N. Eur. From the list the following tables may be compiled: 29. The Extra-Continental Specific Element. No. of |Per cent. of all/E. C. per cent. species. E.G; of each. Monocotyledones.............. 116 36.5 34.7 Archichlamydeae............. Metachlamydeae .............. Total Extra-Continental.... E. C. per cent. of all species... STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 731 30. Distribution of Extra-Continental Species. | Mpipos: [Aretileh [Metesio |: 71 lor mxeres dones. | deae. | deae. aie BEMIS TAG Gre dn dim Sangeet oles ek 89 78 46 213 67.1 OS NARI Dice esd Ran ee 88 121 63 272 85.7 Manchuria, Japan, China.... 6 54 40 100 31.5 PASISL Seta tein oy ote alics oft So: Sree, shavers foyd 28 17 14 59,» 15.4 ISUPALASLA. ii). oS occ aw 0 - Ooh ieee 8 6 42 13.2 VSS TEMG GS cles Sigcielsvcadle aie a 8 1| 4 13 4.1 SEPA MIOTICAS « 3) lice oa « os 22 15 14 51 16.0 | 31. Intra-Continental Distribution of Extra-Continental Specific Element. IN S. E. W. |Not N./Not E. Monocotyledones .... 86.2 47.4 93.9 ye 13.8 6.1 Archichlamydeae.... 83.1 50.0 93.0 70.7 16.9 7.0 Metachlamydeae .... 76.1 Dine 92.9 80.2 23.9 fel Total element ..... 85.9 50.7 93.3 75.4 14.1 6.7 In the first table there appears in the third column of figures a further verification of the statements previously advanced regarding the relative extent of distribution of the Monocoty- ledones, as a group, and of the Metachlamydeae. While 34.7 per cent. of all monocotyledonous species are of extra-conti- nental range, 28.3 per cent. of the Archichlamydeae, and but 18.6 per cent. of the Metachlamydeae are of such range. The Archichlamydeae, from their absolute numerical preponderance, form the largest percentage of the extra continental element. The Metachlamydeae, both absolutely and according to their number, form the smallest percentage. A comparison with the table which gives the general taxonomic-group percent- ages of the total valley species will be instructive. While the Monocotyledones form 28.4 per cent. of the total species they ian METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. form 36.5 per cent. of the extra-continental species; while the Archichlamydeae form 31.9 per cent. of the total species they form 41.0 per cent. of the extra-continental element, and while the Metachlamydeae form 32.3 per cent. of the total flora, they form but 22.5 per cent. of the extra-continental element. This element shows, when compared with the general flora, a fall- ing off in Metachlamydeae and a concurrent increase of Mono- cotyledones and Archichlamydeae. The increase is greatest among the Monocotyledones. In the second of the last three tables the distribution by countries of the extra-continental element is indicated. The percentages are fairly exact except in the case of the West Indies. Of this region access has been had only to Grisebach’s Flora of the British West Indies. The percentage is probably somewhat too small, but would in any event be likely to be the smallest of the series. It is seen that the extra-continental ele- ment is preponderantly Asiatic, and of the Asiatic group the Manchurian-Japanese forms a considerable percentage. Sub- tracting this percentage from the total Asiatic percentage gives 54.2 per cent. as the approximate Siberian element. This divis- ion of the Asiaticelement is a proper.one and the two groups of extra-continental species thus isolated would be interesting in detailed comparison. Such comparison would, however, be a little removed from the purpose of the chapter. A glance at the table will show several curious facts that may be noted. The Siberian group furnishes a larger percentage of Monocoty- ledones and smaller percentage of Metachlamydeae, compara- tively, than the Japanese-Manchurian. The African element is almost as large as the South American or Australasian, and for the most part consists of the same plants. In all three the preponderant taxonomic group is the Monocotyledones, and of these it is especially the aquatic or marsh forms that are thus widely distributed. In these three distant elements the mono- cotyledonous percentage is somewhat in advance of such gen- eral percentages of the whole extra-continental element. Especially in the most distant element, the Australasian, are the Monocotyledones predominant. Of this element they form 66.6 per cent. Of the European element the Monocotyledones form a larger percentage than of the Asiatic, while of the Asiatic element the Archichlamydeae and Metachlamydeae form each a larger percentage than of the European. Of the Man- churian-Japanese element the Archichlamydeae and Metach- lamydeae each form a larger percentage than of the Siberian or total Asiatic. STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 733 The third table of the series showing the North Ameri- can range of extra-continental Minnesota valley metas- permic species and varieties presents some interesting per- centages. Of the total element 85.9 per cent are northern and 50.7 per cent southern in North America. Comparing with the general tables of the entire flora, we find that 55.6 per cent of the species are northern while 76.1 per cent are southern. This indicates the predominent northern character of the extra continental specific element. Its presence in the Min- nesota valley is therefore principally to be referred to the influence of the Conifer region of Engler or the Northern of Drude, which lies just above the latitude of the Minnesota valley. Of the extra-continental element 93.3 per cent. is eastern and 75.4 per cent. western. Comparing again the tables for the entire metaspermic flora we find that 87.2 per cent. are eastern and 51.4 per cent. western. The difference be- tween the general percentages is therefore greater than be- tween the extra-continental percentages. This indicates a more general latitudinal distribution of extra-continentally ranging species than of the average species of the valley. Since, however, this extra-continentai element is so preponder- antly northern the longitudinal distribution is not equal to the average longitudinal distribution. The extra-continental ele- ment is therefore distinctively lateral rather than vertical in its charactistic inter-continental distribution. Besides the comparison of totals, the comparative distribu- tion of the three taxonomic groups will be worth a moment’s attention. Of the total specific elements the Monocotyledones run 68.2 per cent.northern,69.1 per cent. southern, 93.6 per cent. eastern, 53.1 per cent. western. Of the extra-continental ele- ment the Monocotyledones run 86.2 per cent. northern, 47.4 per cent. southern, 93.9 per cent. eastern, 76.7 per cent. western. These figures indicate for the extra-continental Monocoty- ledones an increase in average northernness and a decrease in average longitudinal equality of distribution, together with an increase of lateral equality of distribution. Of the total specific elements the Archichlamydeae run 55.9 per cent. northern, 75.1 per cent. southern, 86.1 per cent. east- ern, 49.6 per cent. western. Of the extra-continental specific element the Archichlamydeae run 83.1 per cent. northern, 50.0 per cent. southern, 93.0 per cent. eastern, 70.7 per cent. west- ern. These figures preserve an exact parallelism with those of the Monocotyledones, but with varying internal ratios. The 734 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. east and west distribution of the Monocotyledones of the extra- continental element indicated by the figures 93.9 and 76.7 is moreeven than that of the Archichlamydeae of that element, indicated by the figures 93.0 and 70.7. On the other hand the north and south distribution of the Archichlamydeae of the ex- tra-continental element is more even than that of the Monoco- ~ tyledones, as indicated respectively, by the relations between the figures 83.1—50.0 and 86.2—47.4. But in comparison with the general specific elements we see, as for the Monocotyle- dones, an increase in average northernness, a decrease in aver age longitudinal equality of distribution and an increase of lateral equality. Of the total specific elements the Metachlamydeae run 41.6 per cent. northern, 83.9 per cent. southern, 82.9 per cent- eastern, 51.9 per cent. western. Of the extra-continental ele- ment they run 76.1 per cent. northern, 57.7 per cent. southern, 92.9 per cent. eastern and 80.2 per cent. western. Of the three taxonomic groups, then, the Metachlamydeae show the greatest evenness of longitudinal distribution. In other words, this group is least concerned in the northern-region influence. Further the Metachlamydeae are most evenly distributed east and west, of the extra-continental groups. As before, however, but with diminished ratios, the Metachlamydeae, in comparison with the Metachlamydeae of the total specific elements, show an increase in average northernness, a decrease in average longitudinal equality of distribution, an increase in average lateral equality of distribution. These three indices of extra- continental ranging in its relation to intra continental distribu- tion reduce themselves to this: The extra-continental element is more widely distributed intra-continentally than the general intra-continental element. It is more evenly distributed laterally and less evenly distributed longitudinally. The three taxonomic groups are in any case of different value in relative cosmopolitan or endemic distribution. These differences per- sist and are accentuated in the extra-continental element. Since the endemic character is at once preponderantly metachlamy- deous and also of the Central element, it happens that the lon- gitudinal distribution of extra-continental Metachlamydeae is more even than that of the other two groups, for the general southern and specific northern influences are best able in this group to neutralise each other. From the above condensed account of the extra continental specific element it will be seen that every figure, in comparison STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 735 or alone, is able to cast some additional light on the general problems of metaspermic history. Many other comparisons might be made and some of them would prove of definite value, but enough has already been brought forward to lay the found- ation of our understanding of the relations between the extra- continental element in its outside and inside ranging and in its connection with the general flora. The combination-ranges have not been worked out for the extra-continental element, but one or two facts are evident from the general survey of table EK. For example the SE. range is particularly noticeable in the Manchurian—Japanese element and the NEW. range, in the Siberian or European ele- ment. The SW. range is not unprevalent in the South Am- erican element. The wider extra-continental ranges are generally coédrdinate with the wider intra-continental ranges, and vice versa. The explanation of the SE. preponderant-range of the Japanese-Manchurian element has been given as follows: The North American species which are found also in Japan, Manchuria and China were originally northwest in their Am- erican distribution. During the glacial period they were forced southeast along the lake-region trench of Canada and the boundary, thus reaching the Atlantic coast in the vicinity of New York or Delaware. Those which were pushed more directly south or west were destroyed through their inability to acclimate themselves at constantly higher altitudes. Only those which moved down the trench, and consequently south- east, were able to survive. The plants across Berings Straits were similarly induced to move southward into the unglaciated island of Japan, or into China and the Amur. There was thus brought about a division of the original northwest ele- ment in such a way that part of it became southeastern in North America and the rest eastern or north eastern in Asia. The relation between the Japanese-Manchurian region and the eastern North American is therefore to be explained from Tertiary and post-Tertiary wanderings, from glacial disper- sions and from topographical peculiarities of the two con- tinents concerned. All this has been ably discussed by Gray, Miquel, Nathorst, Saporta, Engler, Heer and others. A general table of range may now be presented; it is com- piled from Table D. and gives the number of species in each family that range north, east, south and west, and the total number of species in each family. This table will serve as a termination of this line of statistical enquiry and following it the physiognomic elements will briefly be examined. 736 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. F. Table Illustrating the Range of Minnesota Valley Metas- permae, by Families and Species. Monocotyledones. WP RHACEAG css sa oles basco Seas tinice SPATSaTACeAG oye es suse hee Potamogetonaceae............. WU AIARACHAG 55. bless sie sus Slit eevee DHEA MCAS oi. 5 hc ois siesta Sues ANISTIVACCAC S28 soa eeciain ehehae ever Hydrocharitaceae.............. Gramineae....... Lave ig pas hege ie tae Gy Peracene.? . LiMo Nur anee aoe AT OIGCAS: o)c wna Sng tcgneiy ees aad | DuGMiNACCAR s. Seto bree ee Myhidacedeiseacepewl wee eee ee TIOGAULACCAGs: Serevoncte sine eases Commelinaceae =: & .q<6 see Wontederidceae..s 22 sions. een SD UINCACCHOS oaks acts, ernie alwlaes WPANIACCAGs An etee Ree tee Amaryllidaceae.c:.. ois. <2 s'-alete DIOSCOLCACEACS i sui co -uckoew sae AVIGACEAG eee cia cece ce i Orchidaceae 475. 8. ik Ae Archichlamydeae. JTS LANGACCHOR. sears crstels, cel he ore ors MYTICACEAC adi. 555 Sa oe te SAIGACEAG. ayo os euels, Ae eee BetmlachaGuca cite womee cs pete TH AGPACEAC. 2126 nacro seal areneko erste WIMACHACY nance caucaohcen ae Urticacese:... oi Se. De Bk) a MOTACEAGN se rice Anes SAN pALACEAAN chase clues i "ATISHOLOCHIACEAC. te08 nce ct ecileiee Poly POHACEAE .. ss d).d)00. wilde ee ee Chenopodiaceae.:..............- AM Aran baceae, 2 \ectec stg sissies Phy tolaccacede't.... css cue anon Nycitaginacenec..; )s.. POTTULACACEAC@ oe ea cic d Caryophyllaceae...............- NYMPHACACONB pine uxt vines >is en0 Ceratophyllaceae............... Ranunculaceae........... se BerDeGridaCeade icine .| % HABITAT-ELEMENTS. a |] g = || ¢g & | Sle Tee ay >| Sis 8/3) 2]/4)8/8)/3}4]/8]/8) 38] 4 s/2/S!i38] 38/4! 8| 2] 8/8/1813 OU keralie! lene at ue Of) o.ihoe 2S one alal/alatltald] ala = q/| a = Northern species.........| 26 | 10 5 | 41 |119 [52 (38 [204 81 195 |121 {397 Southern species.........| 25 | 14 5 | 44 || 82 |86 {84 [152 | 122 |294 |280 |696 Eastern species...........| 32 | 17 8 | 57 |141 [64 (51 [256 | 137 |315 |257 |709 Western species..........| 23 | 10 5 | 38 | 80 |41 (32 |153 | 73 |178 |161 |412 Percent.of all northern.| 63.4] 24.3) 12.3/100. || 58.3/25.4/16.3/100. | 20.4) 49.1) 30.5)100. Per cent. of all southern.| 56.8} 31.8) 11.4/100. || 53.9/23.6/12.5|100. 17.5) 42.2} 40.3/100. Per cent. of all eastern...| 56.1| 30.0] 13.9|100. || 55.0]24.6]10.4|100. || 19.3) 44.4] 36.3/100, Per cent. of all western..| 60.5) 26.3) 13.2/100. || 52.2/26.7/21.1/100. | 27.7) 43.2] 39.1/100. North’rn percent ofeach} 81.2| 58.8) 62.6} 71.9) 82.0)80.0 61.1) 77.2) 51.5] 51.7| 37.8] 47.7 Southern per cent.of each} 78.1) 82.3) 62.6) 77.1) 56.5 oat 57.5] 77.7] 77.9) 87.7) 81.5 Eastern per cent. of each|100. |100. |100. |100. 3 nin eae 96.9] 87.2) 83.5) 80.5) 83.1 55.1 Western percent. of each| 71.8] 58.8] 62.6) 66.6 63.0.59.2] 57.9] 46.4) 44.5) 50.4) 48.1 145 65 54 (264 | 157 [3877 [319 [853 Total species. ).ci.c.s.. 32. | 17 8°} 57 From the above table it is seen immediately that the aquatic plants are more general in their continental distribution than the marsh and swamp plants and these in turn more generally distributed than the drier-soil plants. The aquatics, however, are strongly eastern, presenting indeed their total number in this range; the marsh and swamp plants are only less eastern while the easternness of the drier-soil plants is the least of the three. The marsh-plants lead in northernness while the drier- soil plants excel in southernness. In westernness the ratios are similar to those of easternness, owing to the differences of general distribution. Comparing each element with the total flora we may note first the aquatics. The aquatic element exceeds the total flora in all four ele- ments of range. This indicates, in an accurate and instructive manner, the widely distributed character of aquatic plants. The southern per cent. of aquatic Metachlamydeae is, however, less than the southern per cent. of all Metachlamydeae, while the northern per cent. is considerably greater. Again there is STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 751 necessity of explaining such a fact by the tension-lines and the law of ejections, and reciprocally the fact of distribution is of value as evidence of the soundness of the law. The marsh-plants exceed the total flora in northernness easternness and westernness, but fall behind in southernness. Not yet fully distributed as are the aquatics, they indicate bet- ter the influence of the continental tension. Marsh plants in a given region of the northern hemisphere may be expected to present distal rather than central characters, for as has been discussed above, the tendency to adopt the morassic habitat is a distal or tension-line phenomenon. As might be expected where different forces are acting to determine the percentages one will often partly neutralise another. It is seen, for exam- ple, in the table,that the northern and southern percentages of the metachlamydeous marsh-plants are very close together, while the eastern and western percentages are not so close. This is just the reverse of the condition among the Metachla- mydeae as a group, in the Minnesota-valley flora, and indicates the selective influence of habitat upon range. In the drier-soil element, on the other hand, the condition of the total flora re- appears and is accentuated. The drier-soil plants lead the total flora only in southernness, while in northernness, easternness and westernness they fall behind. Of the element,the Archichlamydeae lead in northern- ness, the Metachlamydeae in southernness, the Monocotyle- dones in easternness and the Metachlamydeae in westernness. The Archichlamydeae of the drier-soil are less northern, more southern, less eastern and less western than in the total ele- ment. The Metachlamydeae of the drier-soil are less northern more southern, less eastern and less western than in the total element. ‘The Monocotyledones do not differ from the two groups mentioned, in this particular. That both the eastern- ness and westernness of the drier-soil element should be de- creased in all taxonomic groups indicates the wide east and west distribution of the two elements the removal of which leaves it as the residuum. In general the study of the tables which indicate the range of the physiognomic elements will add weight to the belief that the three taxonomic groups are of different and distinct mean- ing in the distribution. Space scarcely permits as exhaustive an analysis as might be useful but enough has been noted in pass- ing to show how a further and more complete analysis should properly proceed. Careful examination of the tables and com- & 752 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. parison of their data throughout, with those in the general tables in the section preceding will serve to bring before the reader many kindred facts not mentioned in detail in these pages. Vv. EXAMINATION OF DOMINANT METASPERMIC FAMILIES OF | THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Such families as contain a relatively large number of species may be known as the dominant families of the district. Thir- teen such families, each with twenty-two species in the valley, or more than twenty-two, may be recognised. The dominant families furnish 217 genera or 53.5 per cent. of all genera in the valley, and 727 species or 61.0 per cent. of the total valley species. In order of their importance they may be arranged as follows: Gen. Spec. OTS BULA iow ood Sete took ere seme eee to Sama oaniete 4333355 eeu 173 YDETACERE. S25 sipFojtih eaelajeica sts pree Mee dee vnc ee GE i eee o's LS Gramineae..... SE ETRE SRA SG Bert Oe Cr Ree Se Bae .. 89 HeeNGINORAE WF. ce es LaPeer s bee etek ae rl RE ie 55 UONA CEA Cig Beit bets Set ait ah ci eet ee eb oblate Sak sic abt 13 iis cichoatoeee 54 VANIUMCULACCAC as Bali aero ee eee oe sie cen sle eee Lik See .42 TEMNTACEREr ee ene oe toes ee es RAR eos eee arte 2 TDS kee 25 200 HETOHNTIaMALCeAS ”.’.ohacl es nto Lt eercn ae eee ca ee 13. 2h. sana 32 MTCHIDACCAC I sO Oe eer nde eee ee ae 12). cco Sca0) OT GIVET eye Vora ei, IES SaaS a Se A Rae ae ee oe 10.36. ee 30 LURAY EAR YO SH 38 IE NOIAP Oe OE PRETE ERIC Sie Be ea oan es Bar bE err Fs 5 24 EON ORG -raltlet ty ow hors 8 One Lind trans ee epee ee 2 ovo: a acetate 23 Wri Dellitenaeten |. sees acit: hekce hres ieee whereas 1850 3. 22 Each of these families is represented in the valley by a group of species of a definite distributional and physiognomic charac- ter. To present these characters is the office of the two tabula- tions following. In the first, the generic statistics are compiled, in the second, the specific. 40. STATISTICS OF THE DOMINANT FAMILIES. Generic. tra trop. gen’ extratrop. gen. trop. gen. mop. gen. gen. No. extratrop. gen. gen. No. of genera No. cosmop. gen. No. trop. and sub- No.N.extratrop. gen. No. W. Hemisphere No. N.American gen. Per cent. of all cos- Per cent. of all ex- Per cent. of all trop. Per cent. of all N _ _ Sore ame-1 — _ Gramineae........ = -_O I aS —— = oo oocooco Polygonaceae.... Ranunculaceae... tS = Leguminosae..... Umbelliferae.... LE DIGtRO). cds aioe Scrophulariaceae Com positae....... Total Dominant.| 217 Ge . ae * VWAMOSSCHKCSS SHwSCKHBSOOW FD oie] SOSCKeINeEnArwuw Nore COW OOCNAH OSCR RMI COOMD ER Com OPPO OR OOH OA) Crrecrococoecocem j 8 5 0 4 I 2 2 1 8 3 5 1 0 So #t-. ee coca = a = —) STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 8°€S | P88 | F'8E 2°98 | G8L | S82 8éo | SF8 | 1°08 €es | $06 | 6 Gy8 | 788 | S19 0'0% | 0°OF | 0°09 G 7s | 1 8l | 818 0 0°0S ; 0°0S 9°16 | €°8¢ | 9°99 0°08 | 0°09 | 0°0F 7G | TSE | OOF | 818 | ISt G6 | © & | 8°69 | 8'€s | 8°ES vu — ica Nn 7 —@ on oP | el} co aig a ET pat id aN AS | Tie 49|85|/85 | 65] Se =o - 4 - 3 « © . o es 5 5 4 4 c= re rg 5 =] oc Ko] uo] Mle | on | 8 ® i) ic] fe} ° ° = © © o © 09 5 5 =} 5B oO st ct st st 5 ° ° ° ° . 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Jv “queulmog [vIOy trees -oRqIsOdulog avoorlielnydor9g treeeeeees ORIBIQUT +s 9RrasITTOquUQ, +?" “-oRpsouluInsey tet ee e8e9* QBQORSOM Tes *e*e°ORTOTIOND } “**9vpooRl[nounney “*** 9RpooRuoSA[Og “t#** “gRaoBpIYoIO FeeeeeeeQRaoRITIT ‘s999* opgoesed AQ sees oRpgQUlMmBdy "OID *SATTINV J INVNINQ(] AHL LO SOLLSILV IS *paniujuog—'0F —48 mo oo Oo 6 OF —) n *M “NJO*ON “H “S JO ‘ON | SOON, SS Rey eeeaigr. 2% et ean *M ‘S JOON ‘qove Jo"yued ted "MA | *soroods *sotoods *sotoeds *soroods u Sh €°F8 G18 ¥°S6 619 018 0°04 6°96 0° 00L 0° 00 6 16 £°86 8°62 ‘qova jo"yua0 Jed "Wf 9°92 €°16 £8 bs 7 6 06 406 6 6S 9°92 G GP £°98 £°&S Lhd 419 1 7 ‘yore Jo quae ded ‘sg 1°86 0°96 0° 0S 0° 0S 6°08 0 FL 0°09 T92 | | | | | | | ‘qove jo judo Jed "Nv ‘N 118 jo ‘yu00 10d | eee "Ss [Le Jo ‘que. tod | I soeroeds Tt seroeds RA UI SoToeds *£OT[@A Ul sotoeds ‘AOT[VA UW "| [lB jo "ya00 10d *Ao[[Va U “M [1B JO 4ue0 10d ‘£OTL ‘9Suvd "MM Jo sooods | Ned ie rat le tee ‘asuel "N jo soroodg | ates ‘oSuRi m jo soroedg ‘asuei‘g Jo saroedg oF g% teereeeoeoes-aOBUTMIOd [BIO Re tN cme o, Paghs a a aeraer aeaec ete een anette Hoes Prairies: mmeiedasaia bt isath v++ s+ 09+ gggouyuIN SE] Fee Elan ee rs eae Be een Se cor ee aes ANG een aens toe mee ees ety ae bree note ne eee Gu ares eo ithe A oaienis ee ee -gReulMmRIy "AO[[BA ut seroeds jo ‘ON AOT[BA [[B JO 4U90 19g saywadg ‘SAVIIRV GY INVNINKOG aHL AO SOLLSILVIS a § 7 755 STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. jo ‘yuao aad ‘q‘N yo "quad tod "MN 68 Ter LST D rm T8 0°ST Ger er SaF) 816 “qoRe Jo ‘quad zed "MQ 'S P96 6 IE jo ‘yuao aed "G's £719 0° Or *AO[[VA UL SoToeds “ACH S‘N ITP “40 tod 9°8S | #99 | 6 SS | OTF | F8L | 08S | 8°19 | BFS | G6 | SIT | cz OF | 9S | Ter] FE | GFL | OTe | 864 | HSE! SE | 8 or Grou | eeGen|.us 0 OPE ODD Seiya | RO ahaa oe 4 T SiGesleSacee| eos 0 OFS ORES SEE Scas) (br g T 0 (ep oe ibe lee 8 OS OSS a eas heel hecate a | ae 0 0. ae Ger | 9 Jia ae Se | BO esl eeres ea | iap evs T G Bde ORS 1059 S1h58 1 re OF Oa ete yeaa ieo FT 1% S| Pauon | Beak 0 | 2°0r OF nF 820i Gayo & T 0'Or OPS Ge he abes sOnr OS A0ror 184 0¢ | 0 OT OF Sires eek 0 ;0¢ | 5 Pati 6 0 ooP OF secon | eee 0 0 OS £ 6 0 OF |Ge | XE 0 0 0 Oh Galke 8 is PEL} Se | OSL} AE) SE | OOF} TEL | TS | 06 | 9 | T Ves 0-1 S56 |-eS | S20] OOk | PEE LAS \St | FE |0 Flee lad ae [ae af oe les 1 212 2 So ee |ee [es jes |ee les leas |e) 2 | © Go |Ge|Se (Se (Ser ieo ifs lee) 2) a] PEPE |PE|PQ IER [PEER lea) & | 3 |S = = Ls < ae 4 a szleziazi[se lsh jse7 [se isk io 131% SHloel|smis2z\s2zieP evler|S 2) 2 “2["4 |" |" | 2|"4|"3 [Fel 2 | 2 |? 68 8T I i € aN om vw OR ri i) + id G'S'N ON | “ *soroeds * GG ~ G = of} I | | ‘aN ON ‘soroods see Ave sis-ee sp ee ness 63° ORO ORIENT eeeee he ieee serie <7 OBOD ULM AL) esas GUVETO MAT ci ae so QRBTaTTT[eq Ur) aRsoullunsa'yT Foe wale tra vee on whaleee +t595s*gRaQ0RBSOI soo99*> QBrazIONID ‘avooRNoUNUeYy eee re teee seeeesopag0RUO0SA[Og ee “qu RUlMog [e107 coccv ee sereeeeeeess OpqTsOdmog ec cece te tees *-9Re0RlIe[NYydoiog "+ ++ 9RaDBPIYOIO Siereie'e)sivioie secere soeseeQROUTUIGIy) “oyvads ‘SUITINV YG] DNVNINO(G aHL dO SOILSILVLS “panuyyuog—lF > eee hale, Les) SO wee oe <) Ck ; . fc g j ees PASE PR el A BC UE Oey | wg | | oL : F a LN iia ee a rf < 69 0°Ss ., $°66 ¢ 0 6'9L *, ——|—- -— VG 6 SI 0g ee ee es > eee eal ‘O0r] 0 ; OP eS he Ore rer6s "0" Fa; ee Te 0 Joss) o fae fo fo | “oor sige Weeelye ie tew Sc ona Age cme eecicp ecg a o |rsr| o fF. jo ls Ei eT 2a Bs eee eh oa @}ee js |re jost}re lt shea . ; 0 * .s - f sete ee wees a eS PB hook ea ee ee Be oor, O | O} FS | 0} O | %- JO res} es |. | oor} sos | ae ft Ree ee : 8°26 - ‘ 0 aie F eee revccccsces ceo sece is 0 |oe) 0 }9% jo |e | aso ek IS a ea peel Pot ar Rad Patino se 3 ‘or | T° ; : . teeeeees eons 5 ofee| ofstlole |: [Hse jor te jester) a lore ee EP Bailes fe 76 |Th |os | TTF 18 dP sl ect dh et Re Sd 6 T)riejes jar | rim) esei|oe | I cal tna = ; “OO : 0 9° : = A Or = os loorlse |re le lo - 0 0 ltF " gal easel ole |i looloorlee jor evaovsoy d “O01 “ ° me sete ae eeeeeesace ce, 0 jo} 0 | 98 \o | | Oy a.a|Eaeslonoy Wenge ee sig) fed sade ik rea lia asl ee aa SPIATODE) G . . tee ee tees ) 0 |99r, 0 | es jo }9 OUT RUP ee [cee ate ar eee oe Te oe eee ES) Cee. 1 Or aS. pi a net mos ; c't6 q : 0° 1:0" ig Seah fa'spauieuwe's a Bee eGo Le eh ee ; v9 0 | se | OT o |# Mal = 86 | 6 O'OL , 0°08 he oe ae x cea = Ts aa oor; =O 0 | en 0 é 60 | S'3 -| 8 og |eeln 5 ** @ROOBPIQIIO Z LT “Oot ‘ SIL 0 0 see 1 G “3 ee es cy >| 2|_~| cla 0 }48 | 0 | 0 [os jo lo 6 | os | oor] ow |e fos oneOSHFI ce * s = Se Wee : Pe Ts ee eeece 2 me | 39/8 g \4s3 Se | > ee ee —'— v6 | oe | ser} aret| 0 [octet eapesen eg ee : S ae E Z * ° Oo ta | ry i aay d tte eee eens < 22/92) 23 (23/2 [2° g2 | 22 | 82 gs"/22" age a2 la8o! of lced oZla™lezlezl ovouymuip = BY | 25 | oF [Pes Ele, | 08 | oe gs |*sals2q =38| SF e°le° oS EIS) 2° | 2 Z| 4 = S/S) 2. er] 3/92 |o |e $/"g_| S| 85) | ¥ ee, | el 8) 3] 3 e CL iin Bl Pe ot Dee 2| 3/8 ay Sle =e e| ¢ SOLLSILV.Lg ‘ . 2 * 8 5 = B panurjuoyn— IF ~ STATISTICS OF METASPERMAE. 157 The statistics of the species in dominant families may be compared with the similar statistics for the total range ele- ments. The northernness of the dominant family-element, ex- pressed by the figures 54 8 is somewhat less than, the northern- ness of the total species, expressed by the figures 55.6. On the other hand the southernness of the same element, expressed by tke figures 76.6 is slightly in excess of the southernness of the total specific group. The dominant family-element is in like manner characterised by easternness less than is the total ele- ment (85.1—87.2) and by westernness more than is the total element (54.0—51.4). These differences are due in great part to the influence of the Compositae, Leguminosae and Gramineae. In extra-continental range the dominant families fall behind the total specific element, expressed by the figures 24.3-—27.0, while in NSEW range they are approximately identical with the total element. In physiognomic characters it may be noted that the dominant families fall behind in arboreal percentage (1.9—4.7) and in shrubby p2rcentage (3.3—8.8), but lead in herbaceous percentage (94.8—86.6). Again in the habitat ele- ments a similar variation is to be discovered, for the dominant families furnish, in comparison with the total element a smaller per centage of aquatics (1.9—4.0), a slightly larger percentage of marsh and swamp species (23.9—-22.5) and an approximately equal percentage of drier-soil species. These variations from the general averages for the entire floral element are explica- ble through the more marked endemic quality of the dominant family species. The highly endemic character of the Leguwm- inosae and Compositae, contributing more than two hundred species to the dominant family element, is thus reflected in the general result of the dominant family tabulations. It is pre-° cisely the two dominant families most distinctly of southern range that thus become emphasised as peculiarly endemic. The connection of this fact with earlier statements regarding the preponderantly northern intra-continental range of extra- continental species will be apparent. Of the dominant family element, 272 species are monocoty- ledonous, 226, archichlamydeous and 229, metachlamydeous. Of this element, thez, the Monocotyledones furnish 87.4 per cent., the Archichlamydeae 30.8 per cent. and the Metachlamydeae 31.8 percent. Compared with the total floral element, this shows a falling off in Archichlamydeae (39.1—30.8), a slight reduction in Metachlamydeae (32.3—31.8) and a proportional gain in Monocotyledones (28.4—87.4). The strong development of the 758 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. genus Carex is one of the apparent causes of the variation from the general percentages, but it is interesting tosee that itis the ‘‘mean” taxonomic group—that of the Archichlamydeae which suffers by reduction, to the greatest degree. While multi- plicity of species is often a sign of comparative newness in a genus this multiplication may arise either in older or newer families. The monocotyledonous and metachlamydeous herbs, in their relation to the general and special tensions, have been explained in outline above. A similar explanation must be offered of the reduction of the Archichlamydeae from the domin- ant family position. Atonce in the oldest and in the youngest of the three taxonomic groups have been working the causes which tend to multiciplicity of genera in excess of reduction, for these two groups are peculiarly exposed under the law of ejection. Hence they become relatively plastic and specific modifications are frequent. The third group, however, undergoes the series of changes which tend to reduction of species in excess of mul- tiplication, and, with this reduction, the tendency is towards greater solidarity of formations and movement toward the shrub- by or arboreal habit. Thus in the percentages of the dominant families further evidence concerning the difference in meaning ~ of Archichlamydeae, Metachlamydeae and Monocotyledones, in the distribution over a limited area, is discovered. VI. CONCLUSION. The statistical investigation of the Metaspermae indigenous to the valley of the Minnesota having now been completed as far as the limits of this work may permit, it remains to offer some brief summary and explanation of the more important facts believed to have been determined in the preceding pages. It has been shown that while the valley of the Minnesota is geographically central in the North American continent, it is © by no means botanically central, but on the contrary, strongly southern and eastern, This particularly important fact needs explanation. Upon examination it would appear that two sets of factors must be conceived as having interacted to bring about this result. These factors may be grouped as physical (in the narrow sense) and biological. Under the first head it must be observed that while geographically central, the Min- nesota valley is not central in point of elevation, climate, pre- vailing winds, and drainage. The line of mean elevation lies to the west of the valley, the continental climatic mean, so far as concerns temperature, lies to the north of it. The winds of STATISYICS OF METASPERMAE. 759 the summer are pretty generally southern in their character, and there is no drainage towards the valley from the far west- ern regions of the continent, Geologically, too, the valley has belonged, since the very early ages, to the Atlantic North American continent. Before the union of the eastern and western halves of the continent, Minnesota and much sur. rounding territory was formed as a portion of the eastern area. The present topography of the continent is such that a district situated as is that of the Minnesota valley must perforce receive its population of plants from the east and from the south, rather than from the west or north. It, appears, therefore, that the geographically central position of the valley does not by any means counterbalance its geological, topographical, hydrographical southeasternness. This southeasternness is reflected in a preponderantly southeastern metaspermic flora. From another point of view it will be seen that the equa- torial pressure of plant population tends to crowd into the valley species of southernrange. This biological phenomenon may be deemed of importance scarcely second to the physical phenomena named above, as a determinant of the southeastern- ness of the Minnesota valley plant inhabitants. Not only does the equatorial pressure tend to inject southern forms into the valley area, but it tends also to fill the valley with species strong on account of their southernness. As has been seen it is particularly the newest and most vigorous group of plants— the Metachlamydeae—that is characterised by a general north- bound movement. Thus, doubly, the biological conditions of plant immigration favor an extensive movement from the south rather than from the north, More plants and stronger plants may be expected from that direction than from any other. The various modifications of this general movement have already been discussed. The two groups of causes for the southern and eastern char- acter of the Minnesota valley plant-population will, upon an- alysis, be found adequate to explain the preponderance of species. In conclusion the following tabulation is presented as a sum- mary of the characters peculiar to each of the three taxonomic groups represented in the valley of the Minnesota. The num- erals indicate the order of the importance of each group in the character in question. For example, the Monocotyledones show a larger percentage of aquatic plants than the Archich- lamydeae and these a larger percentage than the Metachlamy- 760 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. deae. Therefore the Monocotyledones column contains the- figure ‘‘1,” the Archichlamydeae column, the figure *‘‘2”’ and the Metachlamydeae column, the figure ‘‘3,” onthe line of ‘‘aquatic plants.” Thus, in the several entries, the positionof each taxonomic group is indicated. North-south-east species..... 2 ee g\/s|s | o gq 2 o SNe i. C {Se 42. SUMMARY OF S| satee 42, SUMMARY OF 3 |g i OHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC | 3,| 3 | 3 | CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC | 3| 3 | § GROUPS. 2elilsgic GRoups. Slseic ° 73) a fo} 3} a > — ) 2 = ° Sola) 3a Slals ts ees ei es Sees ° rH oO jo} ms oO 2/4 |= a | |e | No. Of families: Asie scc.0cee Bu] edie | MN W=Si=WeSDeGleGs..5.. 2. snastee 3:12 Pau Cosmopolitan families.......] 1] 3] 2) N.-S.-E.-W. species............ 1 | 23) ee Extratropical families....... 2{ 1); 31] South-east species...........] 3] 2] 1 Tropical families..............| 2] 3] 1] South-west species............] 3] 2] 1 7 W. hemisphere families...... 1} 2) 31 South-east-west species...... 2 | Se] ale ae N. extratropical families... | 3] 1] 2) No extra-continental species} 2| 1] 3 N. American families........ 3) 1662s] Spee PUT ODO! . 2. b+. kc sence es coe Ll 2a ING. Of SONESTAs ses oo oe cons os heal elO t | BALC| oud | PARAL ae oe cn ots. .snk oe ieee aoe eee 2] 1) 3 Cosmopolitan genera ......... 1} 3) 2] Manchuria-Japan. ... ue 2.'|, bole Extratropical genera......... 2A | SH Africas... ks sc sslaces nbloeseceaee| ea enn } Tropicalieenera. -. ce scsse'e as 5 fy |) (Qe Shi ANisiralasia: 3... ooo. aces el Liege 3 N. extratropical genera...... Bu Wespindies....°0..0% eseneeeete 1\| Santee wil W. hemisphere genera....... 2| 3] 11 South America......... ...c..0)) ku} eee N. American genera.......... 1| +3] 21 Northernextracont........... 1-2 Northern genera.............. 1} 2) 3] Southern extracont........... 3-/¢ 2\] 2 Southern genera.............:| 3] 1] 2] Eastern extracont... ........ 1} 2) 3 : Eastern genera.........-.-..+: 1| 2] 3] Western extracont............ 2; 3] 1 Western genera .............. 241 3] 1) Not-N. extracont..........2.. 8 °| Bae INO; Of SPECloss< 2355 ts). fae Go's 8]. sl). G2 Noten. Sxtracont.. :.. 162 Ais 5) OR .2 3 cod ee 551 —americanum BECK...... 164 Arthratherum BEAUV........ 56 ANISAEMOL NEA BT ne sina ok asine eels 132 Arthrostachys DESvx....... a Arisaema atrorubens BLUME.. 132 Arthrothamus Ku. andG..... 341 Arisaema triphyllum (LINN.).. 1382 Arum triphyllum LINN....... 132 Aristella BERTOL.< (45 2% <4 by: (Arundo BEAU'V..\. . :cscesenenee 73 ATISHOO: LINN, 3c fecticee eceite 56 ——aggerum KIT........... 73 Aristida basiramea ENGELM... 56 ——agrostoides PURSH ..... “66 —purpurea NUTT.........- 56 ——canadenesis MICHX..... 66 Aristidium ENDL............. 70 ——cinnoides MUHL........ 66 Aristolochia LINN:..... ..0ces- 201 —colorata WILLD......... 55 Aristolochia macrophylla —festucacea WILLD...... 719 Lia Maa ottionmasnten etek: 202 ——graeca LINK............ 76 Aristolochia sipho L’HER...... 202 ——neglecta EHRH...... 5 hae Aristolochiaceae........... 201 —phragmites LINN....... 73 Aristolochiaephyllum.... ..c.0. 202 —stricta TIMM............ 66 Aristotelea Poor: RSE RISE 170 ——vulgaris LAM........... 73 Armeniaca JUSS..........000- 305 —-vulnerans GILIB........ 13 VATMePia . LGN Ncw ct wic cc erettaatere 431. Asagraya LINDL...., J. .ee cess 144 AW OTA ERC i ore orate eeloen ioc eae 180 . Asarum, LINN »...53. se 00enene 201 Aronia! PHA A ees «ik tae 283, 285 ——canadense LINN......... 201 —alnifolia NUTT.......... 285 Asarum caroliniaum WALT... 201 ——arborea BART........... 286 —latifolium SALIsB....... 201 —arbutifolia ELL......... 284 —villosum MUHL......... 201 ——botryapium PEkRs....... 286 Ascaricida OASS..;..5...nceume 499 ——cordata RAF............ 286 Asclepiadaceae............ 422 ——depressa SPACH......... 284. Asclemas LINN.......isetewaen 423 ——ovalis TORR............ 286 ©Asclepias amoena BRONGN... 426 pyrifolia PERS.......... 284 —amoena LINN..........- 427 Arte mista LaDNN oi isie ese ok bins ee 550 —cornuti DECNE....... ge ¢ 426 biennis WILLD.......... 550 douglasii HooK......... 426 Artemisia campestris Pursu. 552 Asclepias exaltata (LUNN.)...... 425 Artemisia canadensis Micux... 552 -floridana LAM..... te wos 424 -—caudata MICHX......... 552 ~=Asclepias galioides HBK..... 424 Artemisia cernua NUTT...... 552. = Asclepiasincarnata LINN...... 426 Asclepias lanuyinosa NUTT... Asclepias longifolia MICHX.. —nuttalliana GRAY....... —nuttalliana ToRR...... Asclepias obtusifolia MICHX.... —ovalifolia DECNE ........ Asclepias phytolaccoides PUBSHE Siig unre sss Asclepias purpurascens LINN... Asclepias purpurascens WALT. —pulchra WILLD ......... Asclepias quadrifolia LINN..... — speciosa TORR.........-- —sullivantii ENGELM...... —syriaca LINN...........- Asclepias syriaca var. exaltata Asciepias tuberosa LINN......-. Asclepias vanilla RAF........ —variegata var. a. HOOK.. Asclepias verticillata LINN..... —viridiflora RAF.......... Asclepias viridiflora var. lan- P12 cedlata (VES)... -'.... ——viridiflora var. linearis PAR PEEY Jit iota wrote aivle waidee Asclepiodora BE Grays se visa. Ascyrum crux-andraea LINN.. Mmapelina OASS.....7...0. 2.6. Asperifoliae LEHM............ Aspidoglossum E. MEY....... Aspreila SCHEEB..:....5..... —oryzoides LAM.......... —virginica R. andS...... Asprella WILLD. .3.5..2..,.... —anogustifolia NUTT...... —hystrix WILLD.......... RBI ESA TE Tan's ales « eis.sey e's ae's o's PURDODRICIENGDZ 2 cick «cess a'sce BREET oy) soley cle w'o.c oss a o's 0 Aster aestivus AIT............ ——aestivus GRAY.......... — albus HAT. and WR..... —amoenus LAM........... —amplexicaulis LAM...... —amplexicaulis MICHX... —amplexicaulis MUBL.... —amygdalinus LAM...... —annuus LINN............ —argenteus MICHX....... Aster asteroides (LINN.)........ Aster bellidiflorus Hook...... —hbiennis TORR........... —hborealis PROVANCH..... —carneus NEES........... ——carneus NEES........... —ciliatus MUHL.......... —concinnus HooK.... ‘ —conyzoides WILLD....... Aster cordifolius LINN......... Aster cordifolius NEES........ —corymbosus AIT......... —cyaneus HOFFM......... —diffusus AIT ........... INDEX. 767 423 “Aster difitusus DCs iin... « 520 424 —divergens HooKk........ 519 424 Aster divaricatus LINN. .. . 524 423 Aster diversifolius DC........ 522 425 —dracunculoides WILLD... 519 424 Aster drummondii LINDL...... 521 —dumosus LINN........... 520 425 Aster eminens WILLD........ 518 427 ——ericoides var. multiflorus 425 1S oh) Saar pp rn ie ie 190 Sr 520 426 Aster ericoides var. villosus 424 (MINCHEX) (SG 25 520 426 ° Aster fragilis LINDL.......... 520 425 —fragilis NEBS..:........ 520 425 —floribundus WILLD...... 519 —floribundus WILLD 425 Herbs 20" Baie teste 517 427 —glaucescens NEES....... 521 424 —glomerellus T.andG.... 519 424 —-greenei T. andG........ 518 424 —hebecladus DC........... 520 423 —heterophyllus NEEs..... 522 —heterophyllus WILLD... 522 424 —hiemalis NEES.. ....... 518 —hirtellus LINDL......... 521 424 —hispidus LAM........... 517 423 —impolitus NEES......... 521 3635) \AISCERNGUNCCUS ATE ol i chterserst stents 518 553 —laevis LINN........... ee PAL 436 Aster lamarckianus NEES.... 519 423 Aster lateriflorus (LINN.)...... ay Old 58 Aster laxifolius Hooxk........ 518 . 54 —laxifolius var. borealis 54 Pe and) Gavsor ae A ae 518 89 —laxifolius var. laetiflorus 89 ee ARG Geka ca OA 518 89 —laxus T. andG.......... 517 515 —laxus WILLD............ 519 508 —longifolius GRAY....... 517 515 —longifolius var. villicau- 517 es Gia Muos eda dee or 518 518 Aster longifolius LAM.......... 517 516 Aster lucidus WEND.......... 517 517 Aster macrophyllus LINN...... 524 523 Aster marilandicus MICHX.... 524 523 —miser NUTT............. 519 521 —multiceps LINDL........ 523 516 Aster multiflorus AIT.......... 520 527. + Aster multiflorus NuTT...... 520 523 Aster novae-angliae LINN...... 523 521 —novabelgii LINN......... 517 518 Aster obliquus NEES......... 518 523 Aster oblongifolius NUTT....... 523 518 Asteroolentangiensis Rrpp... 522 518 —paniculatis LAM. Herb.. 517 519 Aster paniculatus LAM......... 519 520 Aster paniculatus MUHL...... 521 521 —paniculatus NEEs...... 522 524 —paniculatus Nurv...... 522 522 —paniculatus WILLD..... 522 522 —parviflorus DARL....... 519 524 —parviflorus HooK....... 519 521 °° Aster potens. AIT...) o.cd eee 523 519 Aster patentissimus LINDL... 523 768 Aster pendulus Hook........ 519 —pennsylvanicus Porr.... 521 —pilosus WILLD.......... 520 Aster polyphyllus WILLD...... 521 Aster praealtus Pork ... .... 518 Aster ptarmicoides (NEES)..... 516 —puniceus LINN........--- 517 Aster puniceus var. lucidulus GIBAWS aac eoted hae 517 Aster puniceus var. lucidus CWUIENID a )Fosts shce eects arere e 517 Aster puniceus var. vimineus LEE ATG hyn pe eco ae oP 517 —recurvatus WILLD...... 519 —rigidulus DESF....... .. 518 —rubricaulis LAM........ 521 —sayittaefolius ELL...... 522 Aster savittaefolins WILLD..... 521 —salicifolius Lam ........ 518 Aster salicifolius RICH ...... 518 —salicifolius SCHOLL..... 519 — salicifolius WILLD..... 517 —salignus WILLD... ..... 519 —scoparius DC........... 520 — secundiflorus ........... 520 Aster sericeus VENT .......... 523 Aster serotinus MILL......... 517 —-simplex WILLD......... 519 ——squarsiflorus MICHX..... 520 ——spurias WILLD.......... 523 —squarrulosus NEES...... 518 ——stenophyllus LINDL..... 518 ——strictus POIR .......... 519 —strictus var. angustifol- NUS EL OO KS vajata eaters 521 —tenuifolius ELL ........ 520 —tenuifolius NEES....... 521 —tenuifolius TandG..... 519 —tradescanti LINN....... 519 —tradescanti MICHX...... 519 Aster i mb: Wlutus MILL......... 516 Aster undulatus EDL......... 523 Aster undulutus LINN... ...... 522 Aster urophyllus LINDL...... 521 Villosus /MICH&K. <.. cieteles' 520 Aster vimineus LAM........ee0. 519 Aster virgineus NEES...... Ae OS ASCTACCH EG .iiidicwirs *nlelh leone. 499 Asteranthemum KUNTH...... 152 — vulgare KUNTH......... 143 Astertas: BORKE okies» od 418 Asteromoea (BU cis epics ser 6 515 Asteroschoenus NEES......... 104 AStEUTILIAN CAGE tire ssi ieid's old ot 506 Astradelphus REMY.......... 525 Astrugalus LINN .....scsceess 323 —udsuryens PALL......-. ve yous: Astragalus agrestis DoUGL... 324 Astragulus canadensis LINN.... 325 —carnosus PURSH.......+. 326 Astragalus carolinianus LINN, 325 Astragulus curyocarpus Kir... 326 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Astragalus crassicarpus NuTT. 326 Astrayilus flauosus DOUGL., 322, 324 Astragalus goniatus NUTT.... 325 —vracilis NUTT........... 325 Astragalus hypoylottis LINN.... 324 Astragalus lamberti Porr.... 323 —laxmanni NUTT......... 324 Astragalus loliflorus Hook..... 323 Astragalus mexicanus GRAY.. 325 —pachycarpus T.and G.. 326 Astragalus purviflorus (PURSH). 325 plattensis NUTT......... 325 ’ Astragalus plattensis var, ten- nesseensis GRAY...... 325 striatus NuTT ...c2eeeee 324 —succulentus RICH....... 3262 —tennesseensis GRAY..... 325 Astrophia NUTT... 3... eee 313 Atalanta lINUrr 2k... 269 Ate LIN Dies: sss 5 cscs eee 165 Atheropogen MUHL........... 70 —apludioides LAG.. ..... TL —oligostachyum NuTT.... 72 —papillosus ENGELM..... 71 Athyiamus NECK; . cs .ctneeee 341° Atomostylis STEUD........... 90 Atossa ALEF:” 3. 22540: 315 Atragene, LINN: s ons scenes 210 Aticuparia: MED... :i0% ss) aeeee 283 Audibertia BeNTH............ 454 Avlaxis Haw. .:2.%. Sees 274 Aulusema WALP.......acenen 323 Aurantiaceae ENDL.......... 336 AwtireliavGAass:. 32: 2. 4a 506 amplexicaulis CASS..... 506 Aureliana.LAFIT.. 09. 385 AVENGALNINN .....0% (0s deen 68 Avena Caespitosa GRIs....... Me >, —glumacea MICHX........ 69 —hartmanniana NyM..... 68 — spicata LINN........... 69 —stolonifera HAUSM...... 68 Avenu striuta MICHX.......... 68 Avena wibeliana SCHUR...... 68 Avenell# PARLAT:........ 000008 af Axillaria RAF. . 2: snares 154 Azarolus BORKE *. jf. sous 283 B Baccharioides MOENCH....... 499 Bactyrilobium WILLD........ 309 Bagaroa BER. .\.scksc epee » 493 Badiers) DC... .......550-5 eee 338 Baiothryon EHRH...........e08 97 Balbod LIEBM.. /....'. cee 328 Baldeliia PARLAT... ..s.ccneeee 43 Kaldingera GAERTN.......... 54 —aurundinacea DuM....... 655 colorata GAERTN....... 55 Balsamina GAERYIN.......... . 854 Msalsuaminaene.. .......... 354 Balsamineae (| Zrib.) B. and H.. 333 ESOUDLISIGAN HIB ey. 6 obo sauna ew de Baptisia alba HOOK........... Baptisia leucantha T. and G... —leucophaea NUTT........ —tinctoria (LINN.)......... Petrbared Bh. BR.o soe. ee cee ee —-barburea (LINN.) var. stricta (ANDUZ ).v.c..- Barbarea praecox RICH....... — stricta ANDRZ.......... -—vulgaris var. stricta RE- Rarkhausenia HOPPE......... Barkhausia MOENCGH......... et aea, ELBICH) f.:.205' os tees sk Pee OAT IVAT: Oc che cclecne c's WeATNCOUCIA GAY ..oti..c. cs oe wes Bartsia acuminata PuRsH.... —coccinee LINN.......... Barysoma BuNGe#............. Katodendron Nurtv........... ipatrach tin SPACH...2.%..5.5 Bats@hiayGMED. 1.2. lo. eseaee —canescens MICHX....... —-caroliniana R and §&.... —decumbens NUTT....... —wzmelini MICHX......... — _longiflora PURSH........ eatschia, MOENCH. «..<< so cs.0s Bauniannia SPACH............ — douglasiana SPACH..... —nuttalliana SPACIL...... Baumes, GAUDIGH....4....... B alia SCRIBN Beckmaniia HOST...........-. — -erucaeformis (LINN.)..... Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora SCRIBN.-< ...c. ORC Cy KC iC Te Tak me Ja} EIU CVAEEO WN. |s.0'cic'chcicecik'c vase 0% TECHUINGIAOADANS.-<.0s\. 200 v0 oes Bennettiaceae ENDL.......... imentihamia A. RICH........... Benthamia LINDL Beuthamidia SrPacd.......... Berberidaceae ............. Berenice SALISH coe ere eeees Rerlandiena BAILD: +. ....c0.. Bermudiana ADANS........... Berna: dina BANDO..... ...... TD, IC OCH fon ic cee cee ——angustifolia KocH...... Rethencourtia CHo!s.. SPEC MICS, Lal NNics c's « ovc’ese oo» vloce 0 Ae nS ps te i oe ae ae —49 INDEX 769 310 Betula canadensis Loup...... 189 310 ——grandis SCHRAD........ 189 310 —yrayi REGEL............ 188 310 ——incana LINN............ 190 311 ——lJlanulosa MICHX........ 189 258 ——latifolia TAUSCH........ 189 Betula nigra LINN .. ores. ksie es 189 259 SHetula papyracea AIT......... 189 259 Betula papylifera MARSH...... 189 259 ——pumila LINN............ 188 Betula rubra Micux. f,..... e189 959. Betnlaceae........ 20.0005 de8 196 567 - Betulaster SPACH.........:..- 188 56; oe DICCHLa DAR TAM... task toe cite 165 165)0) -BIGense BIbbik «2c. sekereeccles 544 164 oe Bidens ISINNi che cee eee er 545 235 —beckiti TORR............. 545 470 ——cernua LINN.......-..06. 546 471 Bidens cernua var. elata T and S8Or ates. tee > Gisd Olt Rea oe . 546 409 —chrysanthemoides 241 MORO HEX Sion HE Res 545 437 Bidens connata MUHL......... 546 438 Bidens connata var. comosa 438 GRAY. Qaccteeeetaes oe 546 438 Bidens frondosa LINN......... 545 437 Bidens helianthoides HBK... 545 438 Bidens laevis (LINN.).......... 545 438 Bidens petiolata NUTT ...... 546 501 ——quadriaristata DC...... 545 380 ——quadriaristata var. den- 381 baba NUN Dee. cess 546 381 ——tripartita BIGEL........ 546 103 “BifoliumyGAERTN adseeeeeenc 152 58) LBikukuwllacA pans: eecaseetna 253 (PAP ARE VON RATE AD] Gn oy 6 win es 165 12 Bilderdykiae Dwmssin eee: 204. Billardiera MOENCH......... 442 ioe 2BillotiasGHe- Bibl’ son hee 567 12. biopbytuiny DC. ase cee 334 554 Biutian DO... cs eee 515 252 ——corymbosa DC.......... 524 384 ——glomerata DC........... 524 BY I) ——latifolia DO... bi fk ces 524 529 ——macrophvlla DC........ 524 338 ——schroeberi DC........... 524 SHO) Pee WON DID) PAGER: enn es Cee 330 (65-e"Blackburniay HORST. eee 337 399 Blennoderma SPACH.......... 381 399 Blepharochloa ENDL.......... 53 250 Blepharolepis NEES........... 96 1477 SS BiitoMVInININe.. wenticicte socio vA) 274 capitatum LINN........ 212 374 —maritimum NoutTtv...... 211 568 ——polymorphum C. A.MEY 211 531 — rubrum REICH.......... 211 161 —virgatum var.capitatum 412 COSS ee nae lars 212 396 4blondea NECK... Soak Boltonia L’ HER —asteroides (LINN.).......- —-glastifolia L’HER....... Bombycodendron ZOuu........ BONANGTA NECK. <2 urs aeachens Bongardia C. A. MEY......... Bonnaya LINK and OTT. ..... HO0tia BIGHESs see ae, cate toi — sylvestris BIGEL........ Boraginaceés BAILL.......... BOTAGiUUES oo ine Chee kee oh Borderca Minna. fe c5 ee ete Borobora STEUD.......... Sate Borraginaceae .:........... BGLTOD DISC AR s 5s inp sao Rd ner be Botrydium SPACH............. Botryocarpium RICcH.......... Botryosychios HOCHST........ Bouteloua LAGASC............. —curtipendula(MICHX.).... Bouteloua foena TorRR........ Bouteloua hirsuta LAG@...... .. —oligostachya (NUTT.)..... Bouteloua racemosa LAG...... Bracconotia elymoides GopR.. IBlTAChyACtIsS; LBDs. et eatcn ak See Brachyderea CASS... .02+.s000 Brachyelytrum BEAUV......... Brachyelytrum aristatum TSEEAU Vivien tasd, ce catele patte Brachyelytrum aristosum CUDMINCHESA) i. an tsins ob ete Brachyglottis ForsT.......... Brachyleimavn. BR si: entacinctos Brachylobus SCHUR........... ——hispidus Dmsy.......... Brachypappus Scu.-Brr....... Brachyramphus DC........... Brachyrrhynecos LEss......... Brachystemma Don Brachystemum MICHX........ —lanceolatum WILLD..... Brachytropis DC.............. Bramia Liam, sess a5. bette er Brasenia hydropeltis MUHL... nymphoides BAILL. .... Brasenia peltata (THUNB.)..... Brasenia purpurea CASP...... Brassavola ADANS.........+:- METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Brathrys MovtT......- \ aceon —quinquenerviaSPACH... 363 Brathydium SPACH........,.. 362. Brauneria NECK..... A vate 536 Braya 8. and Hi... . cis eee 268 IBYeeasLUESS, 275.2 36 Sales eee 558 Brexiaceae LINDL... -:.... sake 274 Briseis SALISB. ....4 0). 00). .o. semen 147 Byronia ENDL... «3. %s. teen 350 C Cacalia LINN... ..%. ..c: ee 553 —atriplicifolia LINN :.... 555 —aurea MACM............ 556 —aurea var. obovata MAOM.,. ...c% se cee 557 —aurea var. paupercula ‘ MACM.. . is .sussauee —-gigantea NEBS.......... 555 ——integerrima MACM..... 556 —lugens MAcCM........... 555 of @acalia ovata WALT. 3. sss. « —paniculata RAF......... —pteryantha RAF........ ——reniformis MUHL....... Caconapaea CHAM............ PAC CACOAC ies fe. Sesion ales BPUGL TIS ULILNING Suva, ciotarcteoscreieacosle-e —ferox NUTT............. —fragilis NUTT........... —opuntia ‘TORR.......... Caesalpinoideae............ Calamagrostis arundo Rorua.. —canadensis BEAUV...... ——colorata DC...... ....0. ——I@OPrsil) KOBL. «sc... de .c6 —IMewIGANaNNUTT jis... —neglecta GAERTN....... ——stricta NUTT........... —variegata WITH......... Calamintha MOENCH......... —clinopodium SPENN.... OTAGO VIOLA FLACK «016.6 die setae Calamus aromaticuSGULD.... Oalanthera NUTT. -\ 2.0.0. 0660. ——dactyloides KUNTH (?).. Malesia PARDAT. 6/05 .< 5 sis eet MATLULUGOEXUNING os jcnto(s. css ciel siatsie’si 0's ; Calla aethiopica GAERTN..... Calla palustris LINN......... @allimeris: NEES. 6. 6. ce. es SRRITONEA DOM. wcciaqsictecsesces SeODSIS TEICH..\<65 0.00.5. ——pbicolor REICH........... ——palmata SPRENG....... Calliprena SALISB............ @allircrhoe NUTT. .0.6508ce05» —involucrata GRAY...... Callirrhoe triangulata GRAY... MO plisace HISCH. «ce. s.ces cea: Callistachys HEUFFL......... Callitrichaceae ENGL. and IEPRMACNT ON Nat rises rcv akereterntie'sss)« MOMNTETICOS LINN... ses oes o:0je's —asagrayi HgG.... ....-. " ——-polanderi H&G.......... —heterophylla PursH.... —-stenocarpa HE@........ ~s—= Gi ae is eee VT OPNAliS: WOCH . “Canina D scat cere 40 186 —flexilis WILLD.......... 40 186 Caulophyllum MICHX ........ 250 187 —thalictroides MiIcHxX.... 250 Caviniiniel rows secede ter 409 187 Ceanothus IGENINee tree ee 355 187 Ceanothus americanus LINN.... 356 186 Ceanothus herbaceus RAF.... 356 187 —intermedius Hook...... 855 219 ——intermedius RAF....... 356 500 —officinalis RAF.......... 356 393 —ovalis BIG... 0.0.02. ceo. 355 394 Ceanothus ovatus DESV........ 355 393 Ceanothus perennis PURSH... 356 Zhe —sanguineus NUTT....... 356 178 —trinervus MOENCH...... 356 178 Celastraceae............... 348 iT > (Celastrophyllann (3 0c aoe a ot 349 WSs | Cetasirus Tunnel aes 348 57 Pullatus WINN. otsee 849 219 Celastrusscandens LINN...... 349 299, 1 Oeltidede HNDI.sasecsneusens 192 SOE. Y Celtis Nine ees ert telsteae ents 194 2415 *-Celtis'albavD Osan coe vacant 194 407 —canina RAF............. 194 309 — crassifolia LAM......... 194 809 —miississippiensis Bosc... 194 309 Celtis occidentalis LINN...... .. 194 309 —obliqua MOENCH........ 194 447 —pumila PURSH.......... 194 348 se Cenchrus TUNIS) oo faeces eee 52 499 —ccarolinianus WALT..... 52 227 —echinatus MUHL..... .. 52 228 Cenchrus tribuloides LINN...... 52 Centauropsisn DOs. sae-oeee 499 228 . Centrapalus CASS............. 499 228 Centrocarpha Don...........: 5387 227 ——triloba Don............. 538 - 227 Centrochilus SCHAUER........ 165 190 Centropappus Hook. f....... 554 190 Centrophorum TRIN.......... 47 82: . Centunculus LINN: ..% 5.2.6 e we 415 470 Centunculus lanceolatus 470 WY OCG 3 > SR enn 471 Centunculus minimus LINN.... 415 776 Copa GARIABS . ..\.3 Su sae eta ——schoenoprasum MOENCH Cephalonoplos NECK.......... Cephalophora CAV............ Cephalorhyncus Borss..... .. Cephaloschoenus NEES....... Cephaloxys DEsvx Ceramiocephalum ScH.-BIPe... Ceranthera MOENCH.......... Ceraseidos S. and Z........... Cerasophora NECK............ Cerastium LINN. — arvense LINN............ —arvense var. bracteatum (RAF ) Cerastium arvense var. oblong- ' ifolium Britt & HOLL Cerastium arvense PURSH..... —bracteatum RAF........ —elongatum PURSH...... —-glutinosum Nutt —longipedunculatum MINE OR ie ech ecek Cerastium nutans RAF.. Cerastium oblongifolium ANDERS ee een eee —-oblongifolium Torr... -—pennsylvanicum HooKk.. —pennsylvanicum Horn.. — pubescens GOLD........ —tenellum FENZL... : —tenuifolium PURSH..... —villosum MuU@L......... Cerusus DUSK eset ce cece Cerasus americana, HooK,..... — borealis MICHX......... — densiflora SPACH........ —depressa SER............ — duerinckii MART....... —fimbriata SPACH........ —-glauca MOENCH........ —hiemalis DC............ — hirsuta SPACH....... ae — micrantha SPACH...... —nigra HOOK............. —obovata BECK, Cerasus pennsylvanica (LINN. f.) Cerasus persicifolia LoIs...... Cerasus pumvilu (LINN.)... —serotina (EHRH.)......... Cerasus serotina HooK........ Cerasus virginiana \LINN.)..... Cerasus virginiana var. B. T. and G virginiana MICHX....... Ceratocapnos DUR............ Ceratocephalus MOENCH.,..... Ceratocephalus VAILL........ Ceratochloa BEAUV........... Ceratophyllaceae .......... Ceratophyllum LINN.......... — demersum LINN.... is Ceratosanthus SCHUR......... Ceratoschoenus NERS......... see wee eae ee METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. @ercostylos LESS: seis eee Ceremanthe R#ICH........... Cerophyllum SPacH...... .... Cestichis THOU.........5.. seem Chaeradoplectron SCHAU..... Chaerophyllum aristatum "THUNB: js, i052 ee Chaetobromus NEES.......... Chaetocyperus NEES.......... —urceolatus LEIBM....... Chaetodiscus STEUD..... .... Chaetoptelea LIKBM.......... Chamacebuxus DG... oe Chamaecrista E. MByY.-....... Chamaedaphne calyculata MOENCH: ...)s.apenteee Chamaedrys MOENCH......... Chamaemespilus MED........ Chamaepeuce DC Chamaeplium SPACH......... Chamaerhodes BUNGE Chamissonia LINK Chamoenerium TAUSCH...... —angustifolium SPACH... Chamoletta ADANS....... .... Chapelliera NEES. ... oasjsmeean Cheilyctis RA... ...< esse Cheiranthus asper NUTT...... —hesperivides T and G.. Cheiropsis DO... 3). 2... Cheiropterocephalus RopRIe. Cheliusa SCu.-Bip. :.. ose Chelone LINN.. ae Chelone alba PURSH.......... — alba SPRENG. Chelone glabra LINN. .......... Chelone gracilis SPRENG...... —- grandiflora SPRENG .... —hirsutus LINN —pentstemon LINN....... Chenopodiaceae. Chenopodium LINN..........-- Chenopodium album Bosc.... Chenopodium boscianum Mog .. —capitutum (LINN.)......- — rubrum LINN.... .....4- @hesneya BERT. ;.\... ct Se beeee Ghilocalwx Kin: :..... /..0ceen eee Chimaphila PursH.... corymbosa PURSH ...... —maculata PURSH........ umbellata NuTT........ Chiugenes SALISB.........s0206 hispidula (LINN.).....+. Chiogenes japonica GRAY .... ——serpyllifulia SALISB..... Chitonia SALISB Chloris curtipendula MUAL... Chlorocrepis GRISEB.......%.. Chloromeles DECN. Chomelia VEL....... Chondrilla illinoensis Porr. see eee eee ee wwe eee Chondrolomia NEES.... Shoudrosea FEAW: .. 2). 05.0085 62's Chondrosium DESvxX......... ——foenum TORR —hirtum HBK.......... —oligostachyum ToRR... TUS 62 RRP Rae aan ee Chorisma Don Christophoriana TOURN...... Chrowema REWNH 6. 5.)2.) 066. Ohromolaena DO! os. ses. ok. Chronopappus DC...... ..... Mhrosperma RAY... .......0.5 PIV UAT Sey cwie elo aiecc's was ——borealis RAF............ Chrysamphora GREENE Chrysanthemum carolinianum VT a i a ee 1 WS RS? \ 0): WTIEWSISPIGIONG 2 ocean's se cis viscc'e'es Chrysobalaneae ENDL.... .... Chrysobotrya SPACH.......... Chrysocoma graminifolia LINN ——tomentosa ELL Chrysocoptis Nutr Chrysomelea TAUSCH......... BAPEVGOINA NUTT. s on c's veteccss Chrysopogon TRIN............ PTR FS) 6) mt Ge ar a eee Chryscphthalmum PHIL...... Simeyaonsis NUTT...52.. 25.025. aOR. fog ty UR Res eee ——amgdalinus NUTT..... —canesceus T. and G ——echioides BENTH...... : — villosa NUITT............ Chrysosplenium LINN.......... ——americunum SCHW....... Chrysostemma LESS.......... enviisma SPACH.............. Smviocalyx HASSK..:... .....% Baeeroita WALLER... .00....% Cicerella MOENCH............. Berea ALBE 260055 oe ke e's Mrcnonium BAG. 20 s2..<.5 PET MAUNIN » xz,sicle'e lee iiscs sees -—bullifera LINN........... Cicuta maculata LINN........ —pereunans WALT...... ; Cicuta virosa var. maculata MIGUNIN Gs Siu bictetstetens arn ose)sts icutaria TOURN..» «2. .-2ss000% —bulbifera LAM.......... —maculata LAM.......... MURINE TA ELCA Wit /os wocie sieictavers bo BICITUGA LINN. .2 see ce es GCininalis ADANGS:.... 62.062. 2% Cinchonaces LINDL..... .... Mrmeraria LINN... ce ee oe oe — canadensis WALT .. . . —congesta R. Br.......... -s—heterophylla PURSH.... —palustris LINN.......... ——pratensis HERD......... ey ey INDEX. 1050 Cin ETN Ne cece ee ee 274 —— arundinacea LINN....... 70 Cinna latifolia GRISEB........ 71 ——mexicana LINK.......... qa! —racemi.sa KUNTH....... 72 — sobolifera LINK......... 560 —tenuiflora LINK......... 560) .Cinnastrindck OUI, -2-faaiecie 252), ACIOMISACCUS) DREDA Shs. aoe a NOU COCALO ING fiche Se oh oea or eeebaveh ela te 501 alpingd LN. ..cint sis -oik e 499 Circaea canadensis HILL...... 144. Circaea lutetiuna LINN......... 23t Circaea lutetiana var. cana- 231 Geusis! LINN sells 2 sleet Zire) @irsiam AWC). cists te eeleestoeeers —bigelovii DC............ 515 discolor SPRENG......... 366 ——“(LVErsitOllmm oO reeiaa 539 —muticum MICHX........ 281 ——pumilum SPRENG....... 278 Cissampelopsis MIQ........... 508 Cissampelos smilacina LINN.. 500 Cissus hederacea PERS........ 28l - Cistacezes. oss eee ele 543), OIStusS GENINes: So ceces ae cect arte 508 ——_ Canadensis Hitbin ..4.-n- AT \ '@ladiumy-PeB RAS. 48 ——mariscoides TORR...... 506 ——triglomeratum NEES... 507 Cladopoyon ScH.-BIP......... 516 Cladoraphis FRANCH......... 516 ~=Clandestinaria SPACH......... 507 .eeee 169 Coreopsides MOENCH........- 543 Goreopsts LINN .....-3: Jee qe 543 Coreopsis aristata WILLD..... 544 Coreopsis aristosa MICHX ..... 544 Coreopsis aurea LINDL........ 544 —hbidens LINN............ 546 —pidens WALT .......... 545 Ooreohsis palmata NUTT....... 544 Coreopsis pauciflora LEHM.... 544 —perfoliata WALT........ 545 —praecox FRES... ....... 544 Coreopsis tinctoria NUTT....... 544 —trichosperma MICHX..... 544 Coreosma SPACH...... 05. eke 278 —florida SPACH........... 279 Coresanthe ALEF..... ... errs) | Corethrum VAHL........ mer 4!) Coridochloa NEES... ..» 2. daeeuee Corispermum LINN ..........+- 212 —hyssopifovum LINN...... 212 Corispermum patens Fiscn... 212 —squarrosum VAHL...... 212 Cormus|SPACH .. :..../ Porsenna 283 COFNACEAC . . ..:.. 520. Ceeedaee 399 COTrnus LINN. -\« s.'v see eeaeeeien 399 Cornus alba LAmM...... 401 —— oracle 225 ——lutea NUTT..........5.- 226 ——pentapetalus PURSH.... 226 Cyan ATMS Teese rte acces seve 499 Oonnopis- DCo odes Sdoraetaes: 499 CVANOSErisiSCHUB. eelceclanitas. 560 Cranpiris «RAR 528 oseatee ass ¢ 151 Cyathostyles SCHOTT.......... 458 Oybele WALC ais cost eeenis 165 Cyclachaena FRES...........++ 533 — canthiifolia (NUTT.)..... 538 Cyclobalanopsis OERST....... 190 Cyclobalanus OEBRST.......... 190 Cyclomorium WALP........%.. 319 Cyclopogon PRESL.........,.. 170 Cycnogeton ENDL.......... .«- 41 Cydonia. LOURN: cross vp 84 283 Ovlactis TRA. yas vatete cistron 289 —montana RAF........... 292 Cylindropus NEBS............ 105 Cylipogon RAF. .328, 329 Cymbidium corallor hiza Sw.. 174 —hiemale MUHL.......... 176 —liliifolium WALT....... 174 —loeselii Sw ....... tte fs) —nemoralis Sw........«.- 175 —neottia SCOP............ 174 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Cymbidium pulchellum WILLD Cymbuphyllum F. MULL...... Cymbopogon SPRENG......... Cymboseris Boiss............. Cynocardamum WEBB.. ...... Cynoglossospermum SIKG..... Cynoglossum LINN.........++4. Cynoglossum amplexicaule MiIcHx —morisoni DC............ —vpilosum NuTT.......... Cynoglossum virginicum LINN.. Cynorhiza E. and Z Cynosurus erucaeformis AIT... secundus PURSH........ Cynthia Don.. : ——amplexicanlis "BECK. —grittithii Nurr. —Virginica DON .:.n oer @yperaceae..< 3. ..:,4> +> eae Cuyperella CRAM. ~..... <0. 5067s Cyperella campestris var. multi- lore (HECREL.) 3s vier. sete Caperites yo ie os seca 2 Cyperus: LINN). ise sia ieee Cyperus acicularis WITH...... —alterniflorus SCHWEIN.. Cyperus aristatus ROTTB....... Cyperus bicolor BARTR...... om -——castaneus BIGEL........ —confertus CHAPM....... Cyperus diandrus TORR........ —diandrus 'TORR. var. cds- taneus (BIGEL.)........ Cyperus elliottiapus R and Se Cyperus erythrorhizos MUHL.. Cyperus erythrorhizos Torr.. Cyperus esculentus LINN....... Cyperus filiculmis VAHL Cyperus tlavescens var. castan- @uSs PURSE... ce. —flavicomus MICHX...... ——inflexus MUHL. —mariscoides ELL... .... —michauxianus SCHULTES —michauxianus TORR.... —phymatodes MUMAL..... ——repens ELL ——rivularis KUNTH........ Cyperus schweinitzit TORR..... Cyperus spathaceus LINN..... Cyperus speciosus VAHL......+- Cyperus stenolepis WATS..... —strigosus LAM.......... Cyperus strigosus LINN.....++++ — strigosus var. compressus BRITT. Cyperus uncinatus PURSH.... Cyphiaceae DO.. .......avenu pum Cyphomanera SENDT......... Cyprianthe SPACH........ <.. Oypripedilum LINN em, PFITZ. ——acaule AIT. .....0e0e2 sees Cypripedilum album AIT..... ee twee ee tenes eteee serene ee ee a 175 INDEX. 781 Cypripedilum arietinum R. BR.. 164 Delphiniastrum SPACH....... 234 Cypripedilum calceolus Micw. 163 Delphinium LINN..... .....-.. 234 ——calceolus var.G. LINN.. 163 Delphinium azureum MICHX.. 234 —calceolus WALT......... 163. Delphiniumcarolinianum WALT 234 —canadense MICHxX....... 163 —exultatum AIT........... 234 Cupripedilum candidum MuUHL. 164 Delphinium simplex GRAy... 2:4 Cypripedilum hirsutum MILL. 163 Delphinium tricorne MICHX.. 234 —humiie SALISB.......... 162 Delphinium tridactylum Cypripedilum parviflorum ny (CC § 9 CORE tes A 234 SVAVRTEB ee taicepiye eitinne jose 163 —urceolatum JACQ....... 234 pubescens WILLD... .... 163 —vimineum Don. ....... 234 Cypripedilum reginae WALT.. 163 —virescens NUTT......... 234 Cypripedilum spectabile Sw.... 163 Delostylis RAF....... ........ 156 Cy pripedium see Cypripedilum. Delutin DOs os wot onesens oes 545 Cysticapnos KOEHR........... ht Demetria WAG: <\resees'siets re 506 Wertetropis WALL.........26. 315° Dendrocnide Mig saeco. cnn 197 Czernaevia TURCZ............ ,3891 Dendiolobium BENTH.... .... 319 MORIN PERSE ss.c0s soe. oer 73 Denhamia MBISSN............ 348 Czernia arundinacea PR...... 73 Dens-Leonis TOURN.......... 562 D Dentarta LIN: (223 Se teed 261 —concatenata MICHX..... 262 Dactylauthes Haw........... 341 —diphylla MICHX........ 262 Dactylicapnus WALLICH...... 253 —laciniata MUHL......... 262 Dactylis cristata M. B....... 7 oe Depierrea- AWGN 10S sea loniaaee 494 —-cynosuroides LINN...... 69. Dermaséa: HAW. 72. acces sper a 274 Dactylophyllum SPENN....... 293 Dero-meria REICH. f.......... 165 SS SCX er 399° “Derenehia BOISs< 372s 567 Dalea alopecuroides WILLD... 339 Descantaria SCHLECHT....... 136 — candida WILLD......... 329 Deschumpsia BEAUV........... 67 ——cliffortiana WILLD...... 330 —caespitosa (LINN.).....-. 68 Dalea dalea (LINN.)........... 930) DescuraingyayWilbeeat ee eter ae 257 Dalea linnaei MICHX......... 830. «> Desiid nt hus WILLD cis sales 308 ——parvitflora PuRSH....... 325 — brachylobus BENTH..... 308 ——pedunculata PURSH..... 330 illinoensis MACM....... 308 — villosa SPRENG......... 398° Desmodium: -DESVX. 6662s. sea. 319 POM DATa a LUINN. «. 0c cc. s wees 288 acumioatum DC...... 32 —repens LINN............ 290 — aikinianum BECK....... 320 ——violaeoides MICHX...... 290 —)hoottii TORR..... ...... 320 PER COLD nic colin outs a'e be ce ve 5a4 —canadense DC.......... 319 NS 9) 6 a ee 69 ——canescens DC........... 320 —- spicata( LINN.).......... 69 ——(irllenit’ DARIs se aaeaic 320 UE HOU. 0 ay conics cencece 375 ——grandiflorum DC..... .- 32 Daphnidostaphylis Ku........ 408 ——marylandicum DC...... 320 — fendleriana KL......... 408 ——nudiflorum DC.......... 321 Daphniphyllaceae MULL..... 340 ——paniculatum DC........ 320 Daphnoideae ENDL.......... 372 ——viridiflorum DC......... 320 Marlingtonia DC....)........+- 308 Desmoschoenus Hook. f..... 97 —hbrachyloba DC......... 308) ¥ Deyeuria CLARA IS 4) - 0. ces hth 66 —brevifolia RAF.......... 308 ——canadensis (MICHX.)..... 66 Dasanthera RAF.............. 461 ——neglecta ‘\EURH.)......... 66 Dasyphora floribunda RAF.... .295 Diachyrium GRISEB.......... erin ty7< Dasystephana BORKH......... ASP. PDialesta ELE KOees Wee ane Gharcietebers 499 RAMBUS LOMIAIUAE (is. sacs cle a c'sc 468 Dialypetalum BENTH......... 497 ‘Dasystoma drummondii Dianthera BGs... .%.)'. 4; Me aidiaiteae PTET. 5 fie Salas s o's 0 468 Diaphane SALISB..... ........ 160 —pedicularia BENTH..... 463° © Diaphora, LOUB: .1:4.%.65. cee 105 — quercifolia RENTH...... 488 Diastatea SCHEIDW........... 497 Datisca hirta LINN........... 347. Diventra BREN S..2) 6260s a 253 Mecastemon KL.... ....ces005 270 —cucullaria DC........... 243 mecemium KRAP.... c.c.csccce. 434 —eximia BECK............ 253 —hirtum RAF.... ........ ASH) SIPICOTMIB ALI). sien att ica «dale sidew bal 319 Deeringia ADANS. ...... seeeee 397 Dichaetophora A. Gray.. besea 515 — canadensis (LINN.)......-- 397 Dichantium WILLEM.......... 47 Delaira LEM..... oe aes chia 654°. ‘Dichodon BARTh.2 5 3 sire eke Dioscorea paniculata MIcHX.. ——quinata WALT.......... Dioscorea villosa LINN......... Dioscoreaceae. .............- Diosmeae ENDL.... .......... Diplacrum ik: UDR. tae ees DINIACUS NUMER ices thie es Diplarrhenus RAF............ Diplasanthus Desvx.......... Diplochaeta NEES......... .. DP PDLOGON TRARY, 5 oR a clad iach state § ——villosum (PURSH) ........ Diplopappus CASS...... ....-. ——albus HOOK ............ ——amygdalinus T. andG.. ——dubius CASS.... ........ —hispidus HooKk......... —pinnatifidus Hook...... —umbellatus T.andG.... ——umbellatus var. pubens GRAY .G.ceindot « se) cmroaate ——villosus Hook.......... Diplophyllum LEHM.......... Diplosastera TAUSCH......... Diploscyphum LIEBM......... se eeee ee METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Diplotaenia Borss.... ........ Diplotheca HOCHST. .......... Diptera ,BORKH:. ss... ..0 onan Dirca: LINN 23h se ——palustris LINN...... ...- Disarrenum ‘LABWGH.)). .ee eee Discomela RArss..s3 ore 2 FS Disgrega HASSK. .:). is: scene Disocarpus, LIEBM. i. esers Dissorhynchium SCHAUER.... Distegocarpus S. and Z....... Distephanus CASS...... ...... Disterigma KL. >...) Sc -neeeee Distichmus RAF:...\..cseaneee Distimus RAF. +... oc ocee eee Disynaphia DC. ..:. jc aeeee Diurospermum EDJwW......... Dobrowskia PRESL........... Doellingera NEES............. ——ptarmicoides NEES. .... DORs ADANS 2... 250 ccee Bete Dolichos polystachyos LINN.. Dolicotheca CAss..::... essen Dollineéra HNDL.:>...... soos Dollineria SAUT:.«... cen Donax borealis TRIN..... .... ——festucaceus BEAUV .... Donia RS -BR. so. se eee ——squarrosa PURSH....... Dorema: DON. /.../\s! ee one Doria ADANS. >... 2) .24-cheeee DorobaeaiCass.. .. cee eee Doronica WIGHT ..<.:.. 2 seeere Doronicum ramosum WALT... DPortmanna NECK... 2 yeecree Dorynchium MOENCH......... Dougaldia Cass. %.\..ccnsecear DDO AGININ «5.3 sje stele eee een ——caroliniana WALT....... Draba caroliniana var. micran- tha GRAY ... 2 Sees ‘ ——hispidula MIcHX....... Draba micrantha NUTT....... : Draba nemoralis EHRH... ... Draba nemorosa LINN........- Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa GUED....° scscuir eee Draba verna LINN.... -..-.0+. Draba verna var. americana 3 IPERS. ..:... 5 «0 seein ——umbellata MUHL....... Drabopsis G. Koc8. <....s canes Dracaena borealis AIT........ Dracocephalum LINN.... «+++. Dracocephalum — lancifolium MOENCHE.....<. aE Oe Ta aT Geert s ores enters Waropaeats GER jes clehecsins ciate HAV AU VVIEBBS (sain celseice sumer MediatG ABR UN sivas elvis tse clevete ——chenopodifolia PuURSH.. ——fagopyrum T. and G.... ——radiata MICHX......... ——radiata TORR........... ——triquetra H. andS...... Hendleria STEUD io .:% . ae csns Roerala "POURN t2feses areas ——nudicaulis NUTT... .... ——villosa WALT........... Herulago KOCH sss moisss sixties PEStUCH LITION S ih icdehs fon ncteien ie Festuca airoides LAM. —-— arundinacea LILJ....... —hborealis M. K........... ——bromoides MICHX...... ——cristata VILL........... ——donacina WAHL.. ...... —fluitans LINN........... —nigra GILIB............. ——nutans MOENCH........ Festuca nutans W1LLD ——octoflora WALT.......... Festuca ovina LINN. —tenella WILLD... ...... Festucaria LINK... i.sci sss. ee ed METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. IMIGATIC: DIDRD soci ete oe eee Bambrillaria CAss : 23 See Fimbristylis VAHL. ——capillaris GRAY......... ——melanostachya BRONGN. Mlammula DGC.. *... sae Fleurya canadensis B. and H. Floerkea SPRENG............- Hlourensia DC: .....o..eeeeee Eluminia FROGS... ..cic6 see ——-grundinacea ER soem Pluvialis Mich. ..:... <22ehgee ——“fiexilis: PERS... i/o eee Ronkia PHI... .. s. sae Forneum):ADANS. «2 ).5.cseneee FOrreStiavHiAR os: . cic eee Fragaria LINN... 0. 4 Fragaria elatior EAT..... .... ——grayana VILM.... ...... ——illinoensis PRINCE...... —jowensis PRINCE....... 3 ——palustris Cr Fragaria vesca LINN.... ....+. —virginiana var. illinoensis (PRINCE)...%.05 aes Fragariastrum SCHUR........ Francoaceae LINDL........... Frangula MOENCH........... i Franseria CAV ......0 Sanaa Frawinus LINN ...2-...0cee000e Fraxinus acuminata LAM..... — alba MARSH.....: Jeecee Frazinus americana LINN. .... Fraxinus canadensis GAERTN. —caroliniana PURSH..... —concolor MUHL...... ... — discolor MUHL.......... —epiptera MICHX......... ——juglandifolia WILLD.... —nigra DUROI............ —nigra MAKSH........... —oblongocarpa BUCKL.... —pennsylvanica MARSH.. Fraxinus pubescens LAM......- ——sambucifolia LAM........+ Fraxinus tomentosa Micux. f. Fraainus viridis Micux. f...... Freiria GAUDICH, «20s. ses Froelichia MOENCH............ -—/Jloridana (NUTT.)....... FUMaNa DUN... 's, os oc eee Fumanopsis POMEL........... Fumaria aurea MICHX..... .. ——crcullaria LINN: osc asa ———favula RAK. .\..snp seen —pallida SALISB.......... —sempervirens LINN...... Fumariaceae DC Funastrum FOURN........... G Gaillardia FOUGER..... .....- =O yIstolid PURSH, «ss. ee ete Gaillardia bicolor Hoox...... Gaillardia bicolor var. aristata —rustica CASS............ MeL ATOM PAM seied hee dole Actes hs GalarhoeusHAW.... ....... ; —corollatus HAw........ Sela beds CASH Ks oi sswsictis ile vcscics Me UCL IA Out et s tment es xo aie Galathenium NuTtv........... —elongatum NUTT....... —floridanum NutTt..... 561, —ludovicianum NuttT.... —-sanguineum NuTT Galbanophora NECK.......... RICISPA CHEN sis hoe eee alc Galega virginiana LINN....... Galeopsis MOENCH ae COdG WIN DD: 6.50055... PUNCH PIPA RAT co: ce lowe so t's “Cy WIG DTN aS ee —aparine LINN....... .... —asprellum MICHX........ Galium bermudianum MuuHL. Galium boreale LINN........... Galium brachiatum MUHL....’ —brachiatum PURSH..... —circaeoides R.andS.... Galium circaezans MICHX...... Galium circaezans var. lanceo- latum T. and G —claytoni MICHX......... Galium concinnum T.andG... Galium cuspidatum MUBL.... Galium lanceolatum TorR. .... Galium micranthum PuRSH.. —obtusum BIGEL......... —parviflorum RAF........ —pennsylvanicum BART.. —pensylvanicum MUHL... —rubioides AucT. AM .... —septentrionale R. and S. —-spinulosum RAF —strictum TORR...... ... — suaveolens WAHL —tinctorium LINN. ..... —torreyi BIGEL........... Galium trifidum LINN... ...... —trifidum var. latifolium DIG ER Ast ys cacao a so s.c's Galium trifldum var. obtusum ESL Hine) Wecctitem es Sat Galium triflorum MICHX....... aloriad REUSCH, ....6. 2.1... relrus SPRENG oe 6.56.66. 6. Gamochaeta WEDD........... Gam psoceras STEV ieanariloa STEUD..:....0..... Garryaceae ENDL Gastroglottis BLUME... ...... SRLCSIA BER TOI. 0. 0 oneecs sss 0 VATA, COAG yoo oe ood oan. 0 wees Gaultheria serpyllifolia SALISB Gaura LINN..... Ree ieda avers ee a ee ee INDEX. Gaura biennis LINN............ 548 —coccinea NUTT........... 548 Gaura glabra LEHM........... 548 —marginata LEHM........ 547 Gauridium SPAGH ............ 341. Gaytania MUNST............. 342 Genersichia HEUFFL......... SIS) Gennanadeaniat.y. sc seco 51D: Gentiana InN. ~;.'.0).oneesn cle 560 Gentiana alba AUCT.......... 562 —amarelloides PuRSH .... 562 Gentiana americana (LINN.) ... 561 —andrewsii GRISEB........ 562 Gentiana andrewsii var. linearis 390 HOOKS 2 ste iee ae 178 —barbata FROEL.......... 328 —pbrachypetala BUNGE... 445 —catesbaei WALT.... .... 478 —ciliata americana Linn. 91 —crinita FROEL.......... 479 —detonsa ROTTB... ...... 482 ——elliottii var. (?) latifolia 480 CHAR RSHAC Ee ue Puasa a 481 —fimbriata ANDR........ 481 Gentiana flanda GRAY........ 482 Gentiana linearis var. lanceo- 479 lata GRAY. tees 482 Gentiana linearis var. rubricau- 482 lis (SCHWEIN.) ........ Gentiana pneumonanthe AuctT 482 5 eee) eae a pe te 480 Gentiana puberula MICHX.... . 480 Gentiana quinqueflora Hook. 479 —quinqueflora LAm ...... 482 —quinqueflora var. occi- 480 dentalis GRAY........ 481 Gentiana quinquefolia var. occi- 480 dentalrsi(GRAN,) se. terse 479 Gentiana rubricaulis ScHwEIN 480 Gentiana saponaria LINN...... 481 Gentiana saponaria var. line- 481 ALISLGR AV sa tea ee 480 ——saponaria var. puberula 481 RAW curat cralets aerate ae 479 Gentiana serrata GUNN........ 480 Gentianaceae............... 482 Gentianella BORKH.........:. 480 —crinita DON............. Georchis IAINDE sot ac conten 481 Geracium REICH.............. Geraniaceae................ 481 Geraniaceae BAILL. ........334, 479 Geraniaceae B. and H...... 334, 548 Geranium LINN............... 341 Geranium atrum MoENCcEH.... 529 Geranium carolinianum LINN... 241 Geranium lanuginosum Jace@ 211 Geranium maculatum LInnN.... 399). Gerdr dra oEN Nt. ait oe us wee 173 ——aspera DOUGL........... 328 —auriculata MICHX....... 567 Gerardia erecta WALT........ 407 mm AVA volts ba A ois cee 376 Gerardia glauca SPRENG ..... 419 354 333 333 333 788 Gerardia grandiflora BENTH... Gerardia longfolia BENTH.... ——maritima var. major OHA Pict Mion natenk Gerardia pedicularia LINN..... ——purpurea LINN.......... Gerardia purpurea LINN...... —quercifolia PURSH...... Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL...... ——tenuifolia var. asperula GRAVE Gib eicn is cae - Gerardia virginica (LINN.)....- GeOry Oia BOHM Ss 2s hs nie Seine Gesnouinia GAUDICH......... GEANTAGENEN 33, 85 5 distevetelstavebacete ev: — album GMEL...........-- Geum canadense JACQ........ —canadense MURR........ —carolinianum WALT..... —heterophyllum DEsF.... —hirsutum MUBL......... Geum japonicum THUNB....... Geum macrophyllum WILLD.. —ranunculoides SER...... Geum rivale LINN...........--- ——strictum AIT......-s00e. Geum strictum var. B Hook.. Geum virginianum LINN....... Geum virginianam MuRR..... Gilia linearis GRAY........... Gingidium Forst. ........... Girtanneria alnifolia RAF. ... —franguloides RAF........ Glandularia GMEL............ Glomeraria COV......:..... 5046 GilGsSIla UAE Set ehos ote ht eee Glumoesia, HER Bit vegeta es Se Glyceria B, BR. yc 62.3 is es ne —aquatica HooK.......... ——arundinacea FR......... —arundinacea KUNTH.... —canadensis TRIN........ —elongata TRIN.......... —fluitans R. BR.......... —grandis WATS........... —michauxii KUNTH...... —nervata TRIN........... Glycine anguluosa MUHL..... —apios LINN........0.-++- —comosa LINN........:.-- —monoica LINN.......... sarmentosa ROTH....... Glycosma NUTT.... .........- Glycyphylla hispidula RAF.... Glycyrrhiza LINN.....-. Rods oe Glycyrrhiza glabra TORR...... Glycyrrhiza lepidota (NUTT.)... Glycyrrhizopsis BoIss......... Glyphospermum G. DON....... Gnaphalium LINN ....-- sees Gnaphalium conoideum LAM.. Gnaphalium decurrens IVEs.... Gnaphalium diocum var. plan- taginifolium MIcHx.. METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY, Gnaphalium margaritaceaLINN 529 Gnaphalium obtusifolium LINN. Gnaphalium plantagineum MURR 4 o.o).20: Cela —plantaginifolium Linn. —polycephalum MICH... Gnaphalium uliginosum LINN. . Gnaphalopsis DC. :..:....2.2aee Godetia-SPACH..%..% 2 nee eaeas Godinella LEST........ 2a Gomphocarpus R. BR......... Gomphopetalum TURCZ Gompbrena floridana SPRENG. Gongylocarpus CHAM. and SCHLECHT....:. 3. scene Gonogona LINK.......... ...: Goodenieae BAILL........... Goodyera R. BR...) «0a. —pubescens R. BR........ ——repens R. BR...... ..... Graemia HOOK... ..3-45.en cee Gramineae: »\....02- 4. is.al seek Grammica LOUR............. Grammatotheca PRESL....... Grammerium DESVX...... .. Grantia GRIFF: 05... ssi ekeee —brasiliensis (WEDD.)..... —columbiana (KARST.).... Graphephorum arundinaceum ASCE. te.0i0/08: t's eee ——festucaceum GRAY...... Grapbiosa ALEF........ .:a90N Gratiola LINN. Gratiola anagallidea MicHx.. —attenuata SPRENG...... —caroliniensis PERS...... —dilata MUHL............ —neglectaTORR.......... ——officinalis MICHX....... —tetragona ELL.......... Gratiola virginiana LINN...... Grimaldia SCHR....... ..cseeee Grindelia WILLD...........0- Grindelia arguta GRAY....... Grindelia squarrosa (PURSH)... Grindelia subdecurrens DC... Groenlandica J. GAY.......... Grossularia TOURN........... ——cynobasti SPACH........ —hirtella SPACH.......... —oxycanthoides SPACH... Grossulariaceae LINDL....... GPUDDICHGS 6:0 0. .ue be cee Guaco IDTEBM........ 0 deweeueee Guettardia MAN.............. Guilandina LINN...... ...... ——(Migica LINN ........s0es Gunneraceae ENDL.... ...-.+. Guntheria SPRENG..... ...... Gusmania REMY..........%.. Gussonen LR... .\.%.s. kunnin Gymnadenia R. BR....... .... —hyberborea LINK........ 530 — Gymnadenia tridentataLINDL. GymnalyphaGRis............. Gymnanthelia ANDERS....... Gymnanthemum CaAss........ Gymnocaulis NUTT........... Gymnocladus LAM............. Gymnocladus canadensis LAm. Gymnocladus dioicus (LINN.)... Gymnoleima DECN........... Gymnosciadium Hocust...... _ Gymnospermium SPACH...... Gymnosporia W. andA....... Gymnostichum SCHREB....... — hystrix SCHREB......... Gynandriris PARLAT.......... OS 5 | Sa ae LAY SINS Se a ee OT YS a ee Syromia NUTT.:......... Are —Virginica NUTT......... Berostachys PERS......55...... —cernua (LINN.)........... —gracilis (BIGEL.)......... —vromanzowiana (CHAM.).. H Habenaria WILLD........... : —bracteata (WILLD.)....... —dilatata (PURSH)......... Habenaria fimbriata R. Br.... [NSISE Wal bo 24 ee ee Habenaria flava (LINN.)....... Habenaria fuscescens TORR... — grandiflora TORR........ -—herbiola R. BR.......... Habenariahookeriana TorRR.... —/yperborea R. BR........ Habenariaincisa ToRR.. .... Habenaria lacera (M1IcHX.).... —ieucophaea (NUTT.)....... Habenaria orbiculata GOLDIE. —-psycodes'(LINN.)......... Habenaria psycodes Torr.... —racemosa RAF........... —spectabilis SPRENG..... Habenaria tridentata (WILLD.). Habenaria virescens SPRENG.. —viridis var. bracteata POCA. Clie hs. « esenices Ry: and PP... 2.0... 2% MTT VEIGD . 2c be chee To ce ole Halimium DuN Meera airta POU. +. sists oo + oc —juncea Poir............ mealimia RORM....:..... 2... — tomentosa var. calpo- dendron ROEM........ —tomentosa var. leuco- phaea: RomM:. 6: .%....: —tomentosa var. pyrifolia Halorageae B. and H......... INDEX. 789 Halorrhagidacez...... .... 383 Halorrhagidaceae BAILL...... ot Haloschoenus NEES........... 104 Halothamnus J.andS........ 213 Hamatris+SALISBi oo sco na tees 160 Hamiltonia SPRENG.<:........ 200 —sarmentosa SPRENG.... 200 —umbellata SPRENG...... 200 Hammatocaulis TAUSCH...... 360 Haplopappus CASS............ 514 — spinulosus (PURSH.)..... 514 Haplostellis ENDL........... 169 Haplostemum RaAF........... 96 Haplostephium DoNn.......... 567 Haplosticha PHILIP........... 554 Haplostylis. NEES. 30..o%. <0: 104 Harpachne HOcHST..........- 74 Harpalium:Cass,.s2 3572.5 te2: 539 —rigidum CASSs............ 542 Harpalyce DON i247... 23.6 F65 Hartmuannia SPACH........... 380 Hay nal darnkeanren meas scrertacte e 497 Haynaldia SCmmR..3: 2s. <: 85 Hieber Jtisss a. hes area eae 465 Hebeclinium' DG ie. joenenee 501 Hebelia Gayirt. oseeaes eons 143 Hecatonia wD Ors ese 5 eee 241 Hectorea DOs) ose eae 507 ‘Hedeonid. PRS eee 451 Hedeoma hirta NUTT......... 451 Hedeoma hispida PURSH....... 451 Hedera quinquefolia LINN.... 357 Hederaceae SEEM... .......... 385 Hedraianthera F. MuLL...... 348 Hedyotis ciliolata ToRR...... 478 —longifolia HooK........ 478 Hedysarum acuminatum METRES) uacarciaretenek the 321 Se AIK INIA TS tcc) e emer 321 —-canadense LINN........ 319 —canescens LINN......... 320 —frutescens LINN........ 318 —frutescens WILLD....... Shy —-g]utinosum WILLD...... 321 —-grandiflorum WALT..... 321 —hirtum LINN....... .... 317 —junceum WALT.. ...... 318 lespedeza POIR.......... 319 —marylandicum WILLD .. 320 —nudiflorum LINN. ...... 321 paniculatum LINN...... 320 —-prostratum MUHL..... Slo —repens LINN..... ...... 319 —reticulatum MUHL...... 318 —scaberrimum ELL...... 320 —-scabrum MOENCH....... 319 —umbellatum WALT. .... 317 —violaceum LINN ...... he he) —viridiflorum WILLpD..... 320 Hiearia. MiRISSN fcc e wow nla ae 345 Heineckenia WEBB. .... 331 Helanthium ENGLM.......... 43 Heleniumv GIN oi... c. soe 547 Helenium altissimum LINK... 547 Helenium autumnale LINN..... 547 790 Helenium canaliculatum LAM. —commutatum LINE..... ——grandiflora NUTT. ...... ——longifolium SM......... ——montanum NUTT.. .... —-—pubescens AIT.......... —pumilum WILLD........ —tubiflorum DC......... Heleocharis R. Br. —acicularis (LINN.).... ... —acuminata MUHL........ Heleocharis compressa SULLIV. Heieocharis intermedia (MUHL.) —ovata (ROTH.)............ —palustris (LINN.)......... ——palustris var. glaucescens A WTI DID: ist ater ctisa warars —tenuis(WILLD.).......... — wolfit GRAY.........006- Heleogiton glaucum REICH... —pungens REICH..... ... Heleophylax LEsTIB.......... Heliamphora BENTH. ......... Helianthemum PERS........... Helianthemum canadense MTORR hy. car see Ses —corymbosum PURSH..... Helianthemum majus (LINN.)... Helianthemum ramuiiflorum MIG Ss croc ict ease See —rosmarinifolium PURSH. Heltanthus GIN: s0)iclessieclecs Helianthus altissimus LINN... Helianthus annuus LINN....... Helianthus atrorubens LAm.. ——atrorubens MICHX....... —crassifolius NUTT....... Helianthus decapetalus Linn .... Helianthus diffusus Srms...... Helianthus divaricatus LINN... Helianthus diversifolius EL. —doronicvoides T. and G.. —frondosus LINN......... Helianthus gigantea LINN...... Helianthus gigas MIcHx...... Helianthus grosse-serratus MART. —hirsutus RAF. ..........- Helianthus hispidulus Ext... —integrifolius NuTT...... Helianthus laetiflorus Pers..... Helianthus laevis LINN....... LACVIS WALT car usenisnets —lenticularis DOUGL..... — macrocarpus DC........ Helianthus maanilianiSCHRAD. Helianthus maxmiliani var. asperrimus GRAY..... ——missouriensis NUTT..... —missuricus SPRENG..... —nmiultiflorus HooK....... —ovatus LEHM............ —patens LEHM............ Helianthus petiolaris NUTT..... Helianthus prostratus WILLD. METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Helianthus rigidus (CASS.)...... Helianthus scaberrimus ELt.. Helianthus strumosus LINN..... Helianthus strumosus WILLD. —tenuifolius ELL......... Helianthus tracheliifolius WILLD. Helianthus truncatus SCHWEIN. «).. osseous —tubaeformis NUTT...... Helianthus tuberosus LINN...... —tuberosus var. subcanescens GRAY: 2.7. . 43. poe Helianthus tuberosus PARRY. Heliastrum DC Heliophthalmum RAF........ Heliopsis PERS: ...::. : <0 eee Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. Heliopsis scabra DUN.......... Heliosperma REICH.......... Helleborine MARTYN......... —corallorhiza SCHM.. .... —tuberosus OK........... Helleborus trifolius LINN..... Helleria FOURN.:..../).s0iee Hellmuthia STEUD.........:. Helmia KUNTH. .<.2i2.neaeeee Helminthosporium TorR..... Helonias virginica SIMS....... — viridis SIMS............. Helwingiaceae ENDL........ Helxine REQ. .« ...:.:.0.0 eee Hemiambrosia DELP.......... Hemicarpha NEES...... 0.0 —micrantha (V AHL.) Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Hepatica DILuL.......* j. seamen ——=$ACUta BRITT... <\.0 nee ——acutiloba DC....3.. 5. —americana KER......... —hepatica BRITT... ..... —triloba CHAIX.... 0.250% —triloba var. acuta PuRSH | mT be var. americana Heptas MBISSN........ «gmawene Heracleum LINN.... ...-..5 0. Heracleum auritum BIscH.... Heracleum lanatum MICHX..... Heracleum panaces SPRENG.. —spondylium Nurv...... Herbichia ZAWADSK.*.0..s0.06 Heriteria SCHR... ... 5: tenes Hermodactylon PARLAT...... Herpestis GAERTN..........-. —callitrichoides HBK.... —rotundifolia PURSH..... Herpetica Rumph...... ....+- Hersilod Bets ....°. cdc ade “ee ve, * Hesperis pinnatifida MIcHx.. Heterachaena ZOLL.:..... sc. Heterachthia KUNZE. ........ Heteranthelium Hocnst..... Heteranthera R. and P......... — dubia (JACQ.). .... Heteranthera graminea VAHL Heterocaryum A. DC Heterochaeta DC........... 515, Heterochloa DESVX........... Heterocodon NuT?........... Heterodonta NuTT........... Heterodraba GREENE......... Heterogaura ROTH....... .... Heterolaena ScuH.-BIP......... Heteromeris SPACH........... Heteropleura SCH.-BIP........ Heteropogon PERS............ Heteroseris Bolss.............. Heterosteca DESVX........... Heterostemum NUTT......... Heterotropa Mork and DECNE BOE V UA EUAT i. gc.c6. dene neces JET O Cyt Pel D1 iy rr LIGDLET OY Find bY eee Heuchera hispida PURSH...... Heuchera lucida SCHLECHT.. —reniformis RAF......... —richardsonii R. Br...... —scapigera MOENCH...... —viscida PURSH.......... TVGMILO AUS OHURS tach alec c sas Hexameria Tl. andiG.:.:.:.... Hexonychia SALISB........... Heyfeldera ScuH.-BIir.......... BEPRIIBGIS VIGTNUN s fod 2 oo (s0sie scien e Hibiscus hastatus MIcux..... —laevis SCOP........... : Hibiscus militaris CAV......... Hibiscus riparius PERS........ —virginicus WALT........ RAIL A AEWA -,.5 Sic acteciec'so.nss ¢ eT WA) a eee ces it ois — minima BRITT.......... —ovata BRITT............ ReraCiiuN WINN... ..0c-ce.. os Hieracium auratum FR....... —hbarbatum NUTT........ Hieracium canadense MIicux... Hieracium corymbosum FR... —fasciculatum PURSH.... —gronovii LINN..........- —helianthiifolium FROEL —kalmii SPRENG......... Hieracium longipilumTorr.... Hieracium macrophyllum 12a CH 4e1e Gen ely I ——prenanthoides Hook. .. ——runcinatum JAMES...... —scabriusculum SCHW EIN —subnudum FROEL....... Hieracium venosum LINN...... INDEX. 791 256 MHieracium virgatum PuRSH.. 569 aos) iterochioe GMEL. |. i 37.).leas 5" 55 136 Hierochloa borealis AUCT..... 55 85 —fragrans R. and s....... 55 138 ——odorata AUCT........... 55 138 Hierochloe odorata var fragrans 138 GYD LAD )iSavastanccosnaste cee 55- 40 Himantoglossum SPRENG..... 164 520) LELUD DIOP SCHUM: 2.5 a2 ies eeyes 7. 418 47. Hippomane AGH, os... se. scm as 340 494 Hippophaeargentea PURSH... 373 543) Beppuris LUNN... «.. «0 /aan Hes cede 383 263 Hippuris polyphylla RaF...... 383 316 Hippuris vulgaris LINN........ 383 DOE si re a VA a 5 oa aha whe aye ia usr 274 3646) > SELNSTIGS Ua Ose. ecto sbie celts Santo SES LOCH UAL bla DWIM «acme sale art 201 47 Holargidum’ TURGZ%...). ...<.\.5). 263 667+ VELoleus RB ot sass alesere ate 47 70 ——fragrans WILLD......... 55 esl + ololepis: DGn. das eshene tease 499 201. Holoschoenus LINK........... 97 435° Holosetum SPUD... 1: i... 49 275 Holostigma G. DON........... 497 276. Holostigma SPACH ./50.. 3.6: 381 276 Holostylis DUCHARTRE....... 201 276 Homalocarpus:‘SCHUR......... 235 275 Homalocenchrus MIEG......... 53 275 ——oryzoides (LINN.)......-, 54 276 ——virginicus (WILLD.)...... 54 275 Homoeatherum NEES......... 47 216). HOMO DOS NUT So eenise as 323 216 Homopappus, NUvrT. .306'.4..0 <6 514 68 Homostylium NEEs........... 515 493 Hoorebekia CORNEL.......... 514 147 Hoplotheca SPRENG.......... 214 507: | Hoppe HRC He's s ohscn deepa phs)'s) rans 504 S61. orden LENIN” ast. cae cuss ho oe 86 361 ——jubatum LINN........... 87 361 Hordeum murinum var. B 361 TENN ctectaerores erated, scents 87 361 Hordewm nodosum LINN....... 87 361 Hordeum pratense HupDs...... 87 177 ——pratense var. nodosum 178 FED ac dhavahacetel wes arehe elyapsiata 87 178 ——pusillum NUTT......... 87 178 ——secalinum SCHREB...... 87 568 HorkeliaCHAM.andSCHLECHT 293 569 orkel ia mI CH odes acs sa stiches 134 668": sbbosackig: DOUG Lai. 20 ahaa 331 569 ——pilosa NUTT............ 332 569 ——purshiana BENTH....... 332 569 ——unifoliolata Hook ...... 332 569... Hostia MOBNCH...... 2. Jeece 567 589 Howstonia LINN. «64 <0 ones oe 478 569 Houstoniaangustifolia PURSH 478 568 ——ciliolata TorR.......... 478 ——longifoliaGAERTN...... 478 569 Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata 569 PEO eit ad or sthe cia: wtare 478 568 —purpurea var. longifolia 569 (CEATERUTN, )i cies ls afarensis 478 569 Howardia KLorzscH........ 201 B69: 4) ubertia, BONGs'. Fonte incn aes 553 792 Hudsonia LINN... 06 ee eile Hudsonia ericoides RIcH...... Hudsonia tomentosa NUTT..... Hugueninia REICH........... Hulthemid DUM: ore set Bumulus GIN aso eee ee Humulus americanus NUTT... Humulus lupulus LINN........ Hydastylus SALISB............ Hydatica Neen iis... .s5 ees. Hydrangeaceae LINDL........ Pe iig eo Pics. She ar —canadensis LINN.... .... Hydrocera, BLUME. 22.03)... - Hydroceratophyllum VAILL. . Hydrocharitaceae.. .. .... Hydrochloa HARTM........... —fluitans HoOsT........... Hydropeltis L. C. Ricw....... -——purpurea MICHX........ Hydrophyllaceae........... Hydrophyllaceae BAILL....... Hydrophyllum LINN.......-+++ —appendiculatum MIcHx... Hydrophyllum trilobum Rar. ea reni yam virginianum Hydrophyllum virginicum AUCR. os os Ae Nee Hydropyrum LINE.........- moe ——esculentum LINK....... Hydroschoenus Zou. et MORR My lag RIG. ...3s sieas seat Hylogeton SALISB............. Hymenachne BEAUV.......... Hymenatherum CASS......... Hymenocalyx ZENK........... Hymenochaeta BEAUV........ Hymenochaeta NEES.. ....... HymenochloaT.andG........ Hymenolytrum NEES......... Hyoseris amplexicaulis MIcHx ——hbiflora WALT........... ——prenanthoides WILLD... Hyparrhenia ANDERS......... Hypecusa AGE. wi). .2 505. Hen Hyperanthera dioica VAHL... Hypericaceae............... Hypericum: SPACH 6.2% 1% «40a Hypericum LINN... 3.5.0 s2.2 ee Hypericum amplexicaule LAM. —ascyroides WILLD....... Hypericum ascyron LINN....... Hypericumcampanulatum WAU: is Hypericum canadense LINN.... Hypericum emarginatum LAM ——foliosum JACQ......-.... Hypericum gymnanthum EN- GELM and GRAY....... Hypericum macrocarpum MYOR ees aati sh stone Hypericum maculatum WAL. .. Hypericum micranthum CHois 363 363 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Hypericum moranense HBK.. 362 Hypericum mutilum LINN...... 363 Hypericum mutiltm var. gym- nanthum GRAY....... 363 — parviflorum WILLD..... 363 — pauciflorum HBK..... 362 Hypericum prolificum LINN.... 363 Hypericum punctatum LAM.. 363 - -——pyramidatum AIT....... 363 —quinquenervium WALT. 363 —stellarioides HBK.. .... 363 —thesiifollum HBK....... 362 —virginianum WALT..... 363 Hypericum virginicum LINN.... 364 Hypogynium NEES........... 47 Hypopitys ‘SCOP... .3.% se. 405 Hypoporum NBEES............. 105 —verticillatum NEES..... 105 Hypoxis LINN. ; 22323. ot pane 159 Hypoxis carolinensis MICHX.. 159 Hypowis erecta LINN.........05 159 Hyssopus anisatns NUTT...... 449 — discolor DESF...... oe —nepetoides LINN........ 450 —scrophulariaefolius WILLD ...\32s).). oe 449 Hysterionica BAILL....506, 507, 514 Hysterophorus VAILL......... 533 Hystric MOENCH.. .. \2.aeeaeee 89 —hystrix (LINN.).......... 89 Hystrix patula MOENCH. .... 89 I Tbidium SALISB... .\...... cess 170 Ictodes BIGEL.........¢.cmmee 131 —foetidus BIGEL.... ... ae 3! Idianthes’ DESVx ~....Jsonene 567 Tes: PASI: |S. <.., - «2 es se Sea 349 —verticillata (LINN.)......- 350 Llicineae ENDL....:.... cseees 349 Tllecebraceae’:.. .... 5. CS 219 Iljsanthes RAF... . 22.23. ae 464 gratioloides (LINN )...... 464 Ilysanthes riparia RAF....... 464 Impatiens LINN. .....6.0ca0 eae 354 —auret MUHL............ 855 —biflora WALT.........05 B54 Impatiens fulva NUTT....... 354 —maculata MUHL........ 354 —nolitangere MICHX..... 355 ——nolitangere var.B.MIcHx 354 —pallida Nurr........... 3856 Imperatoria TOURN.......... 390 —lucida NUTT............ 392 Intybellia. ‘CASS........csnaieee 567 Intybellia MONN. ..........+. _ 567 ITnty Dis DR ss ooo oc e's cane 567 | Todanthus hesperioides T. and Sere 256 Iodopappus SCH.-BIP......... 499 Toniris GATT. .)..:...5 ae . 160 FIpomead LAN. .. ....'.. Scone 427 Ipomea nyctalea LINN........ 434 Tria RICHy .i65.:.... . 5 ..0cwe pai Tria capillaris (LINN.)........4- Lridaceae tt) eS eseteiicod PPE OR MMM, on sa mdse wees Iris hexagona WALT.......... ' Tris versicolor LINN...........:. Iris virginica PURSH.......... Isanthus MICHX............... — brachiatus (LINN.)....... Isanthus caeruleus MIcHx.. Ischaemon SCHMIED.......... Isidrogalva R.and P.......... TERONOU TUENIN ee dc! !5. S86 oe vices ——palustris, LINN.......... Isnardia palustris var. ameri- cana DC Isnardia polycarpa (SHoRT and PETER) Isolepis R. Br.. —acicularis SCHLECHT.. —capillaris R. and § —lineata R.and 8... .... —micrantha VAHL........ Ue 0] 0 a BAOIODUA SPACH 2.05 2.0.0005. 06% MOI A CASS. 5. kkk ae cee Isopappus T. and G..... BS Nth Tsopyrum L — biternatum (RAF.).. Isopyrum thalictroides SPACH Isopyrum trifolium (LINN.)..... 0 ISDS aS a —monophylla WALT...... —-xanthiifolia NUTT...... Loatic (4 Word os ar LAE UNG: es BROSONEC EVAR. asc cues decsscs ——dodecandra (MICHX.)..... Jacksonia trifoliata RAF...... Jacoebaea THUNB............ Wala pa MOENCH. 15. ce. le esse SAIN Me) SATISB.:\'. onc ees chews Jasmineae ENDL.............. mocaste IKCUNTH.....00.0.0-.2% oacwimesa TEN is. 6.25... 68 ETMTAVINILOK:. 6% os kc ode nine eee Juglandaceae.............. Juglandiphyllum Font MUMS. LAIN icine, cece ces ccess Juglans alba MICHX.......... —alba minima MARSH.... —amara MICHX........... ——angustifoiia LAM....... —cathartica MICHx Juglans cinerea LINN.. ) Juglans compressa GAERTN.. Juglans nigra LINN............ Juglans nigra oblonga MARSH. INDEX. 103. Juglans oblonga MILL... 160 —ovata MILL....... ..... 161 —squamosa LAM.......... NGOn, AUIS SADISBS? aexeclre trees 161 Juncaceae........ 2... ce cess 161 Juncagineae.. .. Broa achate 161 Juncagineae (7 ribus) . ae: eet 456 Juncago TOURN.............. 456 -—palustris MOENCH..... 456. (JURCASbIUM: EPMISTss solace ce 142° *SuncodessADANSi aces este es VA Sh)? PU CUS AUTEN sctas oto, Seteteleloiete efelged 375 Juncus acuminatus AUCT. AM, 375 —acuminatus MICHX..... Juncus acuminatus var. legitinvus 375 FINGEGMU Se coir Juncus aemulans LIBB........ 375 —arcticus LAP............ 97 —aristatus LINK.......... 100 Juncus balticus var.littoralis EN- 103 GELIM SY. y sateSteeele Sencar 96 Juncus bicornis MICHX....... 90 ——bogotensis HBK........ 497 ——campestris var G. LINN. 338 Juncus canadensis J. GAY, var. 499 coarctatus ENGELM.... 514 ——canadensis var. longecaud- 231 atus ENGELM......... 231 Juncus chloroticus SCHULTES. 231 —communis var. effusus E. 231 BYHG3s 1d Stealth eee 169 ——compressus « effusus OK 40 ——conglomeratus LINN.... 533 —debilis GRAY............ 534 Juncus effusus LINN............ 5383 Juncus erectus PERS.......... 293 Juncus filiformis LINN.. ...... 560 Juncus fraternus KUNTH..... 226 —germanorum STEUD.... —gesneri SM.............. —-gracilis SM.............. 270 — intermedius THUILL.. 270 —laevis var effususWALLR. 270 —lucidus HOcHsT........ 553 —macer S. F. GRAY....... 216 ——megacephalus WooD.... 159 —miultiflorus EHRH....... 57 —nemorosus Host........ 415 —nodosus AUCT........... 152. Juncus nodosus var. genuinus 12 UNGER ME oslo econo e 497 —nodosus var. megacephalus 176 FAO OV Re Rech, tac hads beet oh etch 176 Juncus pallescens EH. MBy.... 176 —paradoxus AvCT. 178 AMIN Fase peta & 141, 178 ——nparadoxus E. MEY...... 178 — parviflorus Porr...... .. 178 —polycephalus var. para- 177 GoxiscLORR secu WO —pondii Woop............ 178 —rostkovii E. Mpy....... 177 —-smithii KUNTH......... Lit. Juncus ‘tenuis WILLD... 6. 4% 794 Juncus transylvanicus SCHUR. --—trichodes STEUD........ —vacillans STEUD......... Juncus vaseyi ENGELM......... JUNOLL RATS vt oe eee hae JMSSiSAa) LININGS esos ce aerate Kallids OAss ccceanwics em teins, otic Kampmannia RAF............ Kanahia whine re Kardanoglyphos ScuHu........ Kentrophyta Nutr Kerakosmion bulbiferum RAF. Keraselma NECK.............. ee ee) ee WOieSCTA HAIN Wis ne ordib eine cies web Kingstonia GRAY............. 1 est ae eS 0 Geer eS ee —-chrysantha SPACH...... —pusilla SPACH........... Knowlesia HASSK............. DCOGIETIELAEERS vhs ono s ik ok era's Koeleria arenaria Dum. Koeleria cristata (LINN.)....... Koeleria nitida NuUTT......... —parviflora BERT......... —(?) pennsylvanica DC... —truncata TORR... ...... Koellia MOENCH........ ...... Koellia capitata MOENCH..... Koellia flexuosa (WALT.).... —virginiana (LINN.).. . .. WTA pia WO, oe canis Aeeteehs Krascheninikowia TURCZ. TA DSTA VEVARV sce eee os ee Krigian SOMREB. 5 Acc7 scwidie aslo’ —amplexicaulis NUTT .... Wubi TaN 3) tek. tose needles wee —elliptica RAF............ Kuhnia eupatorioides Linn. f .. Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa ToRR and GAY. sa esteiemele hon Kuhnia eupatorioides var. gluti- NOR (Mss) 2s os paver ee oe Kuhnia glutinosa DC......... —-glutinosa ELL —pubescens RAF.......... — suaveolens FRES........ (Kuhnia) WALT FSUNTIASTON CG TAM do sence (oe scaleistares —candida (WILLD.)... purpurea (VENT.). —villosa (NUTT.).......... L Liabiatae hres Ce ee ata oe Lacaris HAM! Jaye ik. eae Arie Lachanodes DG. #i..4..h82% o's 140 140 139 139 161 375 536 337 423 261 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Lachnagrostis TRIN .......... Lachnophyllum BUNGE...... Lachnorhiza A. RICH......... Laciniaria Hib. «3%. 237% aeean — cylindracea (MICHX.) .... —cylindracea forma solitaria (MAcM.) —punctata (HOOK.)........ —pyenostachya (MIcHXx. des — -scariosa (LINN.).. : — spicata (LINN.).. —-squarrosa (LINN. ee -——squarrosa Var. intermedia (LINDL) 3c: eeneenen Lactuca: BAILL: . sa s0) 9 aoe Lactuce, INN). ’.'. <2i2. serene Lactuca canadensis GRAY .... Lactuca canadensis LINN ...... Lactuca caroliniana WALT.. — elongata MUHL.. —elongata var. albiflora T. and G —elongata var. sanguinea T. andG Lactuca floridana (LINN.)...... —hirsuta MUHL... ........ Lactuca integrifolia NUTT... —leucophaea GRAY. ...... ee werce, OW ve 6.0 ween a re —longifolia MICH......... ; Lactuca ludoviciana (NUTT.). . —pulchella (PURSH)........ Lactuca sagittacfolia ELL.... -—~Sanguinea BIGEL....... . Lactuca spicata (LAM.)........ Lactucopsis SCH.-BIP....... i Laennecia CASS... . «3. ane Lagarosiphon HARY.......... Lagoseris LINK....<.:.sse5ne Lagunaea OAV ....'..s.'sheeile Lagunarila DON........s seen Lagunead LOUR. . .). .s.. <6 eee Lamia -VAND:. ......42\xeene Lamiaceae LINDL............ Lampracurpites .....¢...060 eee Lamyra OASS. ;... ..-«istae sane Langsdorfla LEANDR......... Lapathum MOENCH..........- Laporiea, GAUDICH ...0s.00 vee — canadensis (LINN.)......- Loppula HAL... ..:-ssans neue —defleca (WAUHL.).. —redowskii var. ‘pilosum CNUTT?): :5:3..%: 26 eee —virginiana (LINN.)....... Larbraea ST. HIL.. i..seeenen Lasiagrostis LINK............ Lasierpa -LORR.......0 ahannn Lasiolepis BOECKL........... Lasiopus DON...,.2.+.ssssnuens Lastila AGP... .. os: sengeee Lathyrus LINN Lathyrus albidus EAT........ —decaphyllus Hoox...... Lathyrus glaucifolius BECK.....- » Lathyrus lanszwertii KELL... — myrtifolius MUHL...... —ochroleucus Hook...... Lathyrus palustris LINN....... —-palustris var. myrtifolius L seme wee ee wee ee ee ee phe GRAY et ——polyphyllus WatTs....... —pubescens PoRT........- —stipulaceus TorR...... Lathyrus venosus MUHL........ Lathyrus venosus var. D. T. and G MaAVvaUxia SPACH 3.60. oc eck Paxmannia w. and Me... 2... : Lazarolus MED.......... Boe US LES USS le MeGetIna OARS: P0005. ew Lechea major LINN........... pea uoldes 150. RSA eee edepouria’ LINK.....3...... CT POLATNUN : © aig as inte dives owes Ledum groenlandicum RETz . Ledum latifolium AIv.......... Ledum palustre var. latifolium WTCGES gee Ae ie eae heersia SWARTZ..........0--60- —oryzoides Sw.......... Ws —virginica WILLD........ Legouzia DuR Mecuminosae......6...6..... Lehmannia TRATT........... Leiboldia SCHLECHT.......... Leimanthium WILLD......... —hybridum Hook........ Leimanthium virginicum ORO @ ac i Mier Ret | Leiolobium REICH............ Lemna LINN........ ois Deen ae ——cyclostasa ELL.......... —— intermedia RUTHE...... - ——majorC.A.Mny........ —— minima Hump......... Lemna minor LINN............ Lemna orbicularis Kit. ...... —orbiculata ROXB........ Lemna perpusilla TorRr........ —polyrhiza LINN.......... Lemna thermalis BEAUV..... Lemna trisulea LINN........... ——polyrhiza LAM.......... ——trisulea SCOP............ ECONTCE LIENIN vn se ots bee 00 od wl 3% —thalictroides LINN........ Leontodon ADANS............ ——taraxacum LINN........ INDEX. 313 Leontodon BAILL..... let tates 314 Leontopetalum TouRN....... ol4° “Lepachys RAR et. Sc. aee ee 313 —— anyustifolia RAF....... ——columnaris T.andG.... 313 — pinnataT. andG....... 314 Lepachys pinnatifida RAF.... ala *. Wepeocercis. ERIN ...\. 2730 say.c S14. SSIS PRB CRIEA VER « las Sy0inis octaves wees S14, ~Lepicane Iga P 6)... 4b sada ole 314 Lepidanche ENGELM..... .... 314 —compositarum ENGELM. Denidiuim LINN. doin csc het 314 —intermedium GRAY...... 380 Lepidium ruderale Ricu...... 299 Lepidium virginicum LINN..... 288. Lepidoploa CASS,....:.:....:. 543 Lepidostemon LEME.......... 548 Leptandra NuTT............. 365 ——purpurea RAF. .. ...... 364 — virginica NUTT. ....... 394 Leptanthus MICHX........... 405 —gramineus MICHX.. . 406 Lheptapoda IN wr. sey ees 406 Leptargyraia RAF.....:....... —argentea (NUTT.)........ 406 Leptasea HAw..... ..... .... 53 Leptocarpaea DC............. 54 Leptopus KL. and G...... ee 54 Leptopyrum RwICH........... 496 ~. .Leptorchis: PHOU® 212 baiwihkes es 308 —liliifolia LINN. ........ 293 —loeselii (LINN.)..........- 499 Leptoschoenus NEES...:...... 145 Leptostachya MITCH.......... 145 Leptostachya carolinensis OK. Leptostachya leptostachya (LINN.) 145 Leptostelma DON............. 259 Leptosyne DC.\............... 133 Lepturus paniculatus Nutt.. 134 Lerchenfeldia ScHUR......... 1a3°- bereschia (BOSS AS cee. Gas 1383)> Gerouxia® MRAP. 205) 0 ls aoe 133, Lespedesa MIGHX 2722.) Sedge teh 134 Lespedeza angustifolia Hoox. 133 —capitata MICHX......... 133 —divergens PURSH. ...... 134 —frutescens DC.......3.. 134 Lespedeza frutescens (WILLD.).. 133 Lespedeza fruticosa PERS..... 134 Lespedeza hirta (LINN.)........ 134 leptostachya ENGELM.... 1338 Lespedeza polystachya Micux, 133 procumbens MICHX..... 132 —prostrata PURSH........ 473 Lespedeza repens (LINN.)....... 473 —-reticulata (MUHL.)....... 133 —-reticulata var. virginica 134 (LINN) sense Vets wae 133. Lespedeza reticulata WATs. 250 AND COULD Name's ys ve) ce 250 — sessiliflora MICHX ..... 562 —stuvei var. intermedia S. 563 AUD Sl dreinn ciensshbetahentae 796 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Lespedeza violacea (LINN.)..... Lespedeza violacea var. augus- tifolia’ MAX. Sonu). —violacea var. sessiliflora Lesquerella S. WATS..........- —argentea (PURSH)........ Lesquerella ludoviciana WATS. Messoniaxe PRs ase kts ees ss Leucocarpon A. RICH......... Leucocephala ROXB....... .. Leucodermis PLANCH......... Leucoglochin HEUFFL........ Leuchoglochin paucifiorus Leuconymphaea LuUDW......... —ordorata (DRYAND.)..... —veniformis (DC.)......... Leucophoba EHRH............ Leucopoa GRISEB............. Leucorchis Ei} My -........5.. Leucosceptrum SM............ Leucostachys HOFFM......... Leucostemma BENTH...:..... HSvVIShICUM KOCH. «02.5 252 ase DPAtris SCIUBEB:. io acuemew ck ns —aspera MICHX......... —borealis NUTT.......... —brachystachya NuTT.. —cylindracea MICHX...... —cylindracea TORR....... —-graminifolia WILLD.... —intermedia LINDL....... ——miacrostachya MIcHx... —punctata HooK......... —pycnostachya MICHX.... —resinosa DC... 2.2 n0655 —resinosa NUTT.......... —scariosa WILLD......... —sessiliflora BERTOL..... —-sphaeroidea MICHX..... —spicata WILLD.......... —squarrosa HOOK.... |... —squarrosa WILLD....... —squarrosa var. interme- Cia DO oe ee cedex LAperbias Lier soetieicss ston aes Ligularia CAss...... ......... Dignlaris DU Viiitoie sheets foes Ligusticum barbinode Micux. Ba aAceaes Pes sss eS Lilium canadense var. super- PUM GT Woes | crcl aise ree carolinianum MICHX.... pardalinum var. bourgaei BSN cise tend eraul orsttreteas a Lilium philadelphicum LINN.. Lilium umbellatum PursH... Limnantheae (Zvib.) B.and H. Limnanthemum GMEL....... —lacunosum MICHX...... ——peltatum GRISEB....... superbum LINN.......... Limnetis PERS ...0x ease ee —cynosuroides PERS...... —polystachya PERsS....... Limnia LINN....... Hees Limnochloa WEES. . J.) sense —acicularis REICH........ Limodorum LINN............. —tuberosum LINN....’.... Limnopeuce VAILN......... e —vulgaris VAILL......... LiInaAC@ae .......06 0 Yel eects Linagrostis ADANS. Tee —paniculata Lanse ——paniculata var. B. LAM. ——polystachya SCOP....... — vaginata SCOP.......... Lind blomia ER. ©.\2.()-). eee Lindera, ADANS.).:..e4-eee Lindernia pyxidaria PURSH.. Tannaea GRONOV.......-seeeee — borealis LINN... .2.. 2.026 Linopsis REICH. ...... >a. eeere Linostachys Ku........-...++- Linum perenne var. lewisii BAT. and Wik. oeaeee Linum rigidum PURSH......... Linum rigidum T. and G..... — striatum NUTT......... Linum sulcatum RIDD...... +++ Linzia Scu.-Bip....: 25..cesee Lipandra Moq. «......:'. dssidvaee Liparis Li. ©. Rick. !.) ogee —correana SPRENG....... —liliifolia R1icH.......:... —loeselii RICH............ Liquidambar —asplenifolium WRENN |. o's. s'sjcia ee —peregrinum REICH...... Liquiritia MOENCH........... —lepidota NUTT.......... Lithocarpus BLUME.........-. Lithodora GRISEB...........- ; Tithospermum LINN......-..+-- —angustifolium MIcHX.. Lithospermum bejariense DC. —breviflorum ENGELM and Lithospermum canescens( MICHX) —carolinense (WALT.)....-+ Lithospermum carolinianum TAM ees cx Ce arate en — decumbens TORR....... ——hirtum LEM >’... oven Lithospermum latifolium Micux Lithospermum longiflorum SPRENG:. vi iu. ona —lutescens Cok... ie.ss ie — officinale var: latifolium WILLD: 3.54% aemenae sericeum LEHM......... ——polycarpa S. and P.:... 375 INDEX. 797 LAG HRACAMLEERS .. < s.c\0.c%:d:0 oie e's Stee Rupes: LUNN. «35 cade pie dae ous 332 MletetsiayD SVAN AT... oc fuse a vite 500 —perennis LINN... .... ... 332 MeO eATy RAW a. te esi ie ote 345 Lupinus perennis var. occiden- POUATHIVEEAW os ccs 000 tVceaes 274 talis WATE os ois h ae eals 332 MOCO LATION ose. . i giaks Shale ba 0% 497 “Qu puIUs Gaertaas sclie cess se 196 —cardinalis LINN.....-... 499 —communis GAERTN..... 196 Lobelia claytonia MICHX...... 498 . Luthera SCH.-BIP. v.80 ci. cesta 564 —glandulosa LINDL....... 498 US Luz ilas DC g suing bicteriae ke eaten 142 —goodenioides WILLD.... 498 ——campestris AucT. AM... 148 Lobelia influta LINN........... 497 ——campestris var. comosa —hkalmii LINN............ 497 DRAGT v v)n cls whl ted piace seer 143 Lobelia nivea RAF............ 498 —— campestris var. multi- —pallida MUBL....... Sie eOD flora La@BLAKs 52h. 143 Lobelia spicata LAM............ 498 —- campestris var. pallescens —syphilitica LINN......... 498 NEAC 3. Sisk hioaeiemis acre 143 Lobelia syphilitica var. ludo- ——erecta DESV...... ...... 143 WAC AIO. |. oi. ae 0's 498 ——intermedia var. multi- Lobeliaceae ENDL............ 494 flora SPENN........... 143 Logarinthus E. MEY.......... 423 ——multiflora LEJ.......... 143 TAN LAIN 3).0 ccc wesc snes 485 ——pallescens HOPPE....... 143 Lonicera canadensis R. and S. 486 lLycopersicum DUN........... 458 Lonicera ciliata MUHL......... 486 Lycopsis virginica LINN ...... 439 Lonicera diervilla LINN....... AST’ Dajeqyrits) TOUN DD ect e's aiden ae 453 —douglasii DC............ 485 Lycopus angustifolius Nutr C —douglasii HOOK......... ASE: Phir SRS ieee sts te aie te ete aa 453, 454 —dioica LINN............. 485 Lycopus europaeus LINN....... 453 —flavaGRAY...........6.. 486 Lycopus europaeus var. sinu- —flava var. B.T.andG... 486 AOUSIGRAW Aces sees 453 Lonicera glauca H1ILn ......... 485 ——europaeus var. integri- Lonicera media MURR........ 485 fokius GRAY \i.5. ge sox 454 — parviflora LAM.......... 485 ——europaeus WALT........ 453 Lonicera sullivantii GRAY...... 486 ——lucidus var. americanus Lonicera symphoricarpos (RAY chee athe atteten 453 WATNIN we etaene etictertirtls shel 485 Lycopus lucidus var. obtusifolius Lonicereae ENDL............. 482 CBEENITED) ister ian cisteveise ae 453 Lophanthus BENTH........... 449 Lycopus obtusifolius BENTH.. 453 —anisatus BENTH......... 449 ——pumilus VAHL.......... 454 —nepetoides BENTH....... 450 Lycopus rubellus MOENCH...... 454 —scrophulariaefolius diycopus sinuatus ELL.......... 453 NUIT ashe here's ech (26 e,.evae 449 Lycopus uniflorus MIcHx..... 454 Lophiocarpus MICH........... 43 Lycopus virginicus LINN....... 454 Lophiolepis CASS.............. 558 Lycopus vulgaris NuTT....... 453 Mphions SPACH. ...5\..05. 25605 366. Bygodesmia DOWN). ohio stiles 565 Lophochloa REICH.......... ; 77 ——juncea (PURSH).......... 565 POSED YERER( Ue aya sheled bls oa winaes 82.2) Lyonig NUIT es arses 407 Loroglossum L. C. Ricu....... 164 —calyculata(LINN.)........ 406 Teoteda. WEEB.... ..c0cee ec eese Sak. METAS SARISB Melis a aac alee 165 MOGOR STEG... 25. aise scl en's oe 330. Lysimachia LINN.... ......... 412 —argophylla OK.......... 331 Lysimachia angustifolia GRAY 413 —esculenta OK........... 330 —capitata PURSH......... 412 —tenuifloraOK.........+. 330 —cCiliata LINN............ 414 TTT TTITIN s,ojc1-).s.0 vi oe\tla oia's ow sie’ 331 —hybrida MIcHx.... 413 ——americanus (NUTT.)...... 332 —longifolia PURSH...... «, 413 Lotus sericeus PURSH......... 332 —quadriflora Sms. ....... 413 MMTV CAR IUIN DT scscia'sin's siele 6 + cje0 cuss 302 —uadrifolia var. LINN... 413 Lowellia A. GRAY............ 548 —racemosa MICHX....... 413 MII VENT oi. 0c. sence ee. 412 —revoluta NUTT.......... 413 HLA SAGE Yi wien ated e ca va ow we 529 —stricta AIT........ a dias? SS 0S) Se 142 Lysimachia terrestris (LINN.)... 413 pod wigia LINN:..4..46......5.. 375 —thyrsiflora LINN..... .... 412 ——apetala WALT........... 375 lLysimachia vulgaris WALT.... 413 ——nitida MICHX........... 375 Lysimachion TAUSCH......... 376 —palustris ELL........... 375 lLysistemma STEETZ.......... 499 798 Lythraceae. ..5. 065 tessa. es 374 Lythrum ViGn oc. oes es 374 —alatum PURSH.......... 374 —kennedyanum HBK..... 374 M Machaeranthera NEES........ 515 Machaerina VAHL............ 103 Mackenia HARV...... mee 42S Macleaya MONTZ.......-..:-<: 309 Macoucouwla AUBLos... cece... 349 Macqueria COMMERS.......... 3387 Macroblepharos PHIL: PPI..... 7 Macrocalyx TREW............ 434 —nyctalea (LINN.).... .... 484 Macrocapnos ROYLE...... weet 2oo Macrocentrum PHILLIPPI..... 165 Macrochloa KUNTH........... 57 Macrolinum REICH........... 335 Macrolomia SCHRAD.......... 105 Macronema NU®MT.... bi. oa. 507,514 Macronyx: DATA ..3% ie ae sant 328 Macropodium Hook.......... 256 Macrorhyncus LESS........... 564 —glaucus HAT............ 564 Macroselinum SCHUR......... 390 MBCLOLYVE RA. 2% oe ete Nslew tas 232 MAGaTAGHIS DG ie eeth enclose 554 Madocarpus WIGHT.......... 554 Maia SAbisB oc dsieis vilstios oe 152 Mairania, NEOK. sos ee one 407 Mai Lenel OMUUGis versie aicarlate 349 MajanthemumWIGG.......... 152 —canadense DESF.... .... 152 — convallaria WIGG....... 152 —cordifolium MOENCH.... 152° —racemosum LINK....... mesg! =———§ tel lati mm EN Ke te «srt tc 153 TOLL LEN Kir, oie eylelees' 153 Malachochaete NEES....:..-. 97 Malaxis Sw.......<.. tera Sate tense 172 =———(OTICANA DAR Tote \s oats fae 2's 1i3 ——jiifolia WOLLD..,......5 174 aS OESOLIL SW crta ets cae) csikicve 173 —longifolia BART......... 173 —ophioglossoides WILLD.. 173 STINT Oli a eG Ho) one eras 173 Malosina NiO@D. ince... eee 345 MalnseRUPP) ic. vitesse at eeaees 283 Malus’POUBN 2) canine bith sos a 283 a —COTORALIA WUT. 1. bidesicels 284 —microcarpa coronaria Coa cers iti td eae 284 Diding: SIN biviictadens bods 360 Malva houghtonii T. and G... 360 Malwa involucrata (NUTT.)..... 361 —triangulata LEAVENW... 360 Malwacede . soc eee stamina Malvastrdm:.DO..6i Fa. os tates 360 Malvella: J3,and Bis in a . 9360 Mandelorna STEUD...........- 47 Mandonia Hasek. stasis ewed 1386 Mandonia ScCH.-BIP........... 568 Manoploga BUNGE............ 256 METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Marah KEL. cee ease tee Maresia POMEL. .o:000 00 Sake Marcorella. NECK. 22...) 52788 Margarita 'GAUD......<.aowe Margarospermum DECN...... Marianthemum SCHR......... Mariscus FEAT.» fein. os eee Mariscus acicularis MOENCH.. albus GUUIB. .2G..neee eee Mariscus mariscoidés (MUHL.).. Mariscus) V-ABLE: 3.2) nace Martagon SALISB.......-..... Mastigoscleria NEES.......... Matricaria asteroides LINN... —glastifolia HILL........ Maukschia HEUFFL.......... Maundia F. MULL. .........: Maytenus FEUILL.... 0 c.ismeen Mecardonia R. and P......... Mecosa’ BLUME. < os: up cere Meclatis SPACH,:: + )e Medeola. LINN: 2. 3.280 bien —virginiana LINN......... Medeola virginica LINN Medicago virginica LINN..... Medium 'TOURN .-. «4...seuee Medora KUNTH, «...2%. 4s sume Medusea Haw..." 2... shee Megapterium SPACH.......... Megarhiza TORR. .’..<.3.c-a0a8 Megasea HAW........~s.cumane Megastachya BEAUV.......... —canadensis R. and S.... —eragrostis BEAUV....... —reptans BEAUV.......... Meibomia canadensis OK.319, —dillenii OK............. —-grandiflora OK.......... —nudiflora OK............ —paniculataOK.......... Meladenia TUROZ....... 2200 Melampyrum LINN........06 Melampyrum americanum MICH. «.:..«. semanas r —brachiatum SCHWEIN... —latifollum MUHL........ Melampyrum lineare LAM...... Melampyrum pratense var. americanum BENTH.. —sylvaticum Hook....... Melandryum virginicum A. BR Melanocarya TURCZ.......... Melanococca BL.....:.. eineen Melanoseris DECNE........... Melanthium LINN...........-- Melanthium aspericaule Porr. —hybridum PURSH....... Melanthium virginicum LINN... Melica gmelini RornH........ : —hirsuta KOEL........... MelinumaLink....../..9eancae Mella Vi AND cil.'s .:...s' setae Melogona ET OURN. ..../sce ein Mengea SCHAUER..«.........6- c am - ? a — wy ES ae Fee NO ee a ye ee at ae hoe) Menispermaceae........... Menispermites LESQ........... Menispermum LINN ..........- Menispermum angulatum IVER EEINICED chece oars, ote Saie's) 3 Menispermum canadense LINN. Menispermum smilacinum DC Menonanthes HALL........... Mentha LINN...... BGP cist ie aie ——arvensis LINN ........... — canadensis LINN....... : Menthella PERARD........... Menyanthes LINN.............. Menyanthes nymphaeoides BIDEN teitorclh cess a'siste 6 —peltata THUNB.......... Menyanthes trifoliata LINN..... MVE EGL AA INTEC KS. a's sft s!cisio rit so ave'e MeridianatuINNet ...0.0.65. 66. MCHMOVERUICA TE. ccayee se cine ees cee —serrulata WALP........ MITOGEN A DISB: |<.) o.isen sles as Meristotrophis F.and M...... Merane WEDD). 2.50... .006505 Mrertensia HBK .2.... 6.0.60. MIGNOCOCTA AI. .<..00 cela e ses Mesodiscus proliferus RAF.... —simplex RAF. Mesogramma DC............. Mesosetum STEUD............ Mespilophora NECK........... oS as er —amelanchier CASTIGL... —arborea MIcHX.f....... —arbutifolia LINN........ —calpodendron HHRH..... —canadensis LINN........ ——canadensis var. cordata I OTC) B:3k BN peeseas Pamir —canadensis var. obovalis REO EUR evra cornte velar eley sats —coccinea MARSH........ —coccinea var. pubescens IPAS OEE fa siarilereieve.> ete “CUAGT Ca De See ha aeeeee ——coccinea SCHMIDT....... —crus-galli MARSH. ...... —cuneifolia MOENCH..... —flabellata SPACH........ = GITOMAPOIR }.6 2. dees 0s eNO MALA OLR ob ehenccint bes —Iucida EHRH........... — maxima Du MONT DE — nivea MARSH........... ——odorata WENDL......... —pubescens WENDL...... —pyrifolia WILLD........ — rotundifolia EHRH..... ——tiliaefolia KOCH........ — tomentosa CASTIGL..... —watsoniana SPACH...... = wendlandii OPIZ........ INDEX. 799 METACHLAMYDEAE.......... 402 Metagonia NUTT.... ... ae Ba: 409 Metazanthus MEYEN......... 554 Metopiim Pa Bite rvs shes seals 345 Mezleria PRESL. w2.oo.e so) ok 497 Michelaria DUM i.) sis sinus site 84 Micrommpeltis: BAR? |). ono. ee 493 —echinata (MUBL.)........ 493 Micrampelis lobata GREENE.. 494 Micranthes pennsylvanica 1a UNA ig Beene ee ot are toa 274 Microcarpium SPACH.... .... 399 Microchacte BENTH.......... 554 Microgenetes A. DC.......... 435 Microgyne [UNSS® : 2 v.Wakec--. 525 Micromeles DECN........ .... 283 Micropetalon PERS..... ...... 221 —-cramineum PERS....... 222 —longifollum Eat. and WIR. Miyeetnne clan aaetee 222 Microphysa SCHRENK.. ...... 479 Microptelea ‘SPACH............ 193 Micropyrum DENK..2. 2:0.) 82 MicropyxiSmDUBY Emcee ete 415 Microrhamnus MAX..... .... . 356 Microsby lis IN Warsi enc tairers 172 —ophioglossoides NuTT... 173 —unifolia BSP............ 173 Microtinus. ORRST .....5 oo e.§ 489 Middendorfia TRAUTV........ 374 Millefolium DOuURN ee cea: 549 Milium capillare MOENCH.... 52 —pungens TORR.......... 58 ——racemosum SM.......... 58 Mimosa illinoensis MICHx..... 308 Mimosoideae ............... 308 Manlius MAININ. 2. Lise e tes tei ohe aie 462 Mimulus glabratus GRAY..... 463 Mimulus glabratus var. jamesit ET ain Gi Gree raetieeters ate 463 Mimulus jamesii T. and G.... 463 Mimulus ringens LINN......... 463 MG DUIS TSENG 1s: orotate; #ie\s evan) fests 216 angustifolius (NUTT.).... 216 —hirsutus (PURSH)......... 217 —anyctagineus (MICHX.).... 217 Mischospora BOEKCL......... 103 Miscopetalum HAw........... 274 GTC LLG WL TEN IN sate aeie eae orate ore there 276 Mitella cordifolia LAM........ 276 Mitella diphylla LINN.......... 277 — nuda LINN............4- 276 Mitella prostrata MICHX...... 276 —reniformis LAM......... 276 Mitellupsis MEISSN........... 276 Mitostigma BLUME........... 165 Mitrospora NEES............. 104 NimeminneSPAGH ster stasis, 366 Moehringia LINN ...........6.. 224 —lateriflora (LINN.)........ 224 Moenchia, HHRH.. 6. ....05 5. 223 Moanchidv Win piGiig cakes tte 147 Moldavica MOENCH .......... 448 Moly MONO: )... «. Micolsenta "DG vs 40 atic eee Miatuhex WABC Ss. .c..2....... 300 Nidorella CASS. U.5 . ecees oh Nasmythia.Hups............. 136 =©Nigritella L. C. Ricw......... ——articulata Hups........ 136>) NINnGOOa SHED: ) sits 435 Nymphodes Lupw.... ....... emu DESVX........ ...20% 97 —lacunosum (VENT.)...... Nenuphar HAYNE............ 228 Nymphosanthus RICH........ MMSICOIS OARS. suisse vccie sean ee 553. Nyssaceae ENDL.............. Meolexis SALISB.<.... ........ 152 ‘Neotinea REIcu. f............ 165 oO Neottia cernua WILLD........ T70' * Oakesla WATS. to. Jocabetes —-gemmipara SM ......... 171 ——sessilifolia S. WATS. .... —pubescens (WILLD.)..... V7 -*Obaejaca- CASS: 0%)... : Me nccts —repens SW...... ........ 172 Obeliscaria CaAss..........%... ——tortilis BART........... 170 —columnaris DC.......... 802 Obeliscaria pinnata CASS..... QOholaria: SLEG: eee ewe Ochroxylum SCHREB.......... Ochfue LTOURN-A-ye eek oss Ocimastrum, RUPP ie ss). o3.. Octarillum LOURieae stent. ce MGONECEHIS) EVAR. eyerecgysthe anaearo' oe. Odonteilema TURCZ...,...... Odontocarpa NECK........... OdontolontaseEhaaas:. s/s cate Odontotrichum ZUCC.....-... Oenothera LINN ......2..-+.000- —albicaulis NUTT......... —hbiennis LINN... 2.2... Oenothera chrysantha MIcHx. —fruticosa GRAY......... —gauroides HORNEM...... — pallida LINDL........... —parvifiora LINN......... —pinnatifida var. integri- TOA GaRVAIWe ucteres oletes, «= Oenothera pumila LINN........ Oenothera pusilla MICHX..... Oenothera rhombipetala NUTT. . —v*serrulata NUTT.......... Oenotheraceae............- Oldenlandia BAILL........... oe eee var. longifolia Oleaceae 22). 0.0.0. doe wees Oligandra, LESS. :......-26..5. Oliganthera ENDL...........- Olizganthes CASS... 0.22.60 0. Oligosporus CASS............- Olympia SPACH...........+6+- OmAlOCIME CASS! Sas soe vicg sit Omalotheca CASS. ...... 066+ Ombellifere¢és BAILL........- Onagra SPACE 5) fois sais srs wh aie biennis SPAGH.......... Onagraceae LINDL..........-.- Onagrariaceae BAILL........- Oncostylis NEES.......%.. ee Onocyclus SIEMSS.......-.++6 Onopordum LINN...... -.+.-- Onoseris acuminata RAF...... Onosmodium MICHX.......... ——carolinianum LAM...... Onosmodium carolinianum var. molle (MICHEX)........ Onosmodium molle BECK..... —molle MICHX..........-. OsclininmDe.. ovis vec aw eae Opetiola Gaertn.... ......++.- Ophioscordon WALLR.......-- Ophryoscleria NEES.......... Ophrys cernua LINN.... .....- —corallorhiza LINN.:.%..- ——latifolia LINN... 000% ———— {i folia LINN: «9%. eden —paludosa OCD..........-. trigona, GIOIB We eb. Fees @ Oplismenus muricatus KUNTH Oplotheca NUTT.......+.. «+ METASPERMAE OF ‘ILE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Oplotheca floridana NuTT..... 214 Opoidea, LINDL. 2... 4/2. 390 Opulaster MED “2.2 Un wee 281 Opulaster bullatus MED...... 281 Opulaster opulifolius (LINN.)... 281 Opulus TOURNY.:.:.4..0.5 eee 489 Opuntia: MILL. +: .:..3. 03 eee 371 Opuntia caespitosa RAF....... 372° Opuntia fragilis (NUTT)........ Sian Opuntia mesacantha RAF..... STZ Opuntia missouriensis DC...... es 7 fb Opuntia polyacantha Haw.... 371. Opunati rafinesquii ENGELM... 372 Orbus; LINN ©)... 232 eee 313 Orchidaceae..............-% 162 — Orchiodes TREW......3+. sa0e 171 —pubescens OK........... 5 yg —repens OK.............- TZ Orchis JsINN.. 22.2 se eee vey GES Orchis bidentata ELL........ » “168% «. — bracteata WILLD........ 168 —clavellata MICHX....... 168 > -——dilatata PURSH....... PELGTE —fimbriata AIT...... .... ¢66 4 fissa MUHE.. S.2%)4. eee 166 — ——flava, LINN. ~.3 o.c scene 168 —fuscescens PURSH....... — 168 —grandiflora BIGEL....... 166s ais) —herbiola PURSH......... 168 ~ —humilis MICHX........ ¢/ > GDRs —hyperborea LINN.... ... 463). *-2, —incisa MUBL............ —«166 —koenigii RETZ........... Bay fase ——lacera MICHX.....:...08 - 166 ——leucophaea NUTT...... -\ OG —=loeselii LINN: {ivanmeme at etee ——psycodes LINN.......... 166 ——psycodes MUHL......... 166 Orchis spectabilis LINN......-- (165 Orchis tridentata WILLD..... 168 oe ——virescens WILLD.......- 168 3" Oreinotinus OBRST..........- 489 Oreanthus RAF... :3)sheneee Ree Ys) 0 Oregeum.SER......:. $4) saaeeee 299. Oreoselinum BIEB.... ......+. 390 Oreosplenium ZAHL.... ....-- 274 Orixa: THUNB: .. ocx ence eee 348 Ormoselenia TAUSCH......... 390 Ornitrophis CASS.....05 :saume 558° 4 Ornus PERS. |....% J+. saan ee 416.04 Orobanchaceae ........ ...+ AID SS Orobanche biflora NUTT ...... 476 —fasciculata NUTT.......% 476 —ludoviciana NUTT ...... 475 — uniflora LINN. ........0. 476 Orobella PRESL. ...%.. vicic ce cece —denticulata RAF........ —rigida RAF.............. —tricuspidata RAF....... Oxyramphis WALL............ BaP DOU vr i8 dene send sen esc BEOPETODIS) DO. ise cs dneces'e INDEX. 54 Oxytropis hookeriana Nutrr.. 57 —lamberti PURSH......... 58 —splendens Dou.e........ 5S) 7 OZOLOAL DHIUa eerie, ae ye oe 58 P 58 58 Pachiloma nuttallii RAF..... 58 Pachycarpus E. MEY......... 501 Pachyloma SPACH..........:. 436 Pachylophus SPACH........... 398. = Pachypodium Nutr.:./.2221% 398 Pachypodium WEBB ......... 398 Padus cartilaginea ROEM..... 398 densiflora ROEM........ 398 —fimbriata RoEM......... 398 —hirsuta ROEM........... 398 —nmicrantha ROEM........ 391 ——oblonga MOENCH........ 186 —obovata ROEM.......... 187 ——rubra MILL............. 187 —serotina AGH........... 187 virginiana ROEM........ 49°.° ‘Palavia OAV cence tee ee 423: Paleya CASss 5) ori tainame esa atate 468° + Palimbias BESsiivecesueees suet 468 Paliunus' ADANSI i tics oc es 319. , Palladia, MONCH? 2. wae. sc 334 Pallavicinia DENOT.......... 333 Pallinia scoparia SPRENG..... 334. “Palmerella: Gra... .2 22.32% Paltoria R. and P..... he Pave a 334 Panax americanum RAF...... 334 —lanceolatum RAF........ 334 —quinquefolium LINN.... 335 ——trifolium LINN.......... Jot SPOnicularng HABR.» ates. to. 334 —americana (‘TORR.)...... 335 Panicularia aquatica OK..... 335 =©Panicularia canadensis (MICHX.) 287 ——elongata (TORR.)......... 216 fluitans (LINN.).....+.... 216 ——nervata (WILLD.)........ ZTE OIC ITD LGLININ tial ste set ered aiatale 217 ——«agrostoides MUHL........ 211 Panicum autumnale Bosc..... 96 ——barbulatum MICHx..... 408 Panicum capillare LINN....... 407 Panicum clandestinum Hook. 409 Panicum crus-galli var. hispidum 409 CVITIENEG) Sic '0 aloha c Sitaveretars 409 ——depauperatum MUHL..... 409 Panicum diehotomi florum 319 MIT CEE RG Cer oth cine oe 241 Panicum dichotomum LINN.... 241 ——dichotomum var. pubescens 547 CEOs sc cies anle’ acces 315 Panicum divergens MUHL..... 391 ——elongatum PURSH....... 391 ——fragile KUNTH..... rar 391 ——hispidum MUHL......... 391 ——involutum ToRR........ 317 Panicum latifoliwum LINN...... 334 Panicum laxiflorum LAM..... 322 —microcarpon MUHL..... 804 METASPERMAE OF Panicum multiflorum Porr... —muriatum MICHX....... —nitidum LAM........... Panicum nudum WALT.......- Panicum pauciflorum ELL.... —pubescens LAM......... —ramulosum MICHX...... —rectum R. and S........ Panicum scoparium LAM Panicum strictum PURSH..... —strigosum ELL.......... Panicum virgatum LINN......- Panicum walteri PoiR........ —walteri PURSH.......... Panicum canthophysum A. se ewer Papaveraceae.............- Papilionatae...3.....)......0. Papyrus: WILD sve c 5 nerse lt Paractaenium BEAOV......... ParTallosagAUBEy Ss cileck cel sss Parapodium EE. Many. .....:.. 5. Parastranthus G. DON........ Parietaria LINN... 2... e0 see. Parietaria debilis var. pennsyl- VATICA AWAD Did a:<3 eines = Parietaria pensylvanica MUHL. PANU UAW sees ss ais checrateshete PAT ST! CELLLs - oo.-pohieee ems Parnassia LINN. 0.2.66 s.0c8008 Parnassia americana MUHL... Parnassia caroliniana MIcHXx.. ——sglauca RAF..........+-. —grandiflora RAF......... —ovata MUHL....). 2.0. 250. Parnassia palustris LINN...... Parnassia palustris PURSH.... —repanda RAF...........- —rotundifolia RAF. PATOWY CHIGAC Teac ben iain tos Paronychia canadensis Woop. —dichotoma FENZL....... PATOSELIANO AY Facet wtteohe eraiatole Partheniastrum NISSOL,...... Parthenice T. and G.......... Parthenium LINN...........+- —inlegrifolium LINN......-. Parthenocissus PLANCH........ — quinquefolia (LINN.)..... Pasania OBRAW ic. bus ctianen Pasania (Sect.) Paspalum aristatum,MoENCH Pastinaca TOURN...«........+: —nudicaulis SPRENG..... Patrinia ceratophylla Hook... — longifolia MACNAB..... Pedicularis LINN......<..20s%- Pedicularis aequinoctialis HBK see eee Pedicularis auriculata SM..... Pedicularis canadensis LINN... Pedicularis gladiata Micux... Pedicularis lanceolata MICHX.. Pedicularis pallida PURSH,.... THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Pedicularis resupinana PURSH — virginica PoIR.......... Pedilea LINDL. 22 fc chee Pedrosia LOW B-.% ..obcccnleee Pelonastes, HOOK. £2... ieee Peltopsis RAW .:< << st.) ane — perfoliata RAF.......... Penaea, PLUM. sc dccn neni Penstemon MITCH.........2:.. ——acuminatus DoUGL...... Penstemon albidus NurtT. ——pbradburii PURSH........ ——cristatus MAG... eens ——fendleri GRAY.... ssseu Penstemon gracilis NuTT...... ——grandiflorus NUTT...... ——hirsutus (LINN.)......... Penstemon nitidus DoU@L.... ——pubescens SOLAND...... ——pubescens var. gracilis Penstemon teretiflorus NUTT.... Penstemon Viscidulum NEES.. Pentacalia CASS. .....2. 2sseee Pentacophrys GRAY.........\.4 Pentaglossum FORSK......... Pentagonia SthG......5.0.) ame — perfoliata (LINN.)....... Pentalophus DC: ....23.veeneee —mandanense DC......... —longiflorus A. DC....... Pentameris BEAUY. ;...cseasse Pentanoma Moc. and SEss.... Pentanthus Hoor. and ARN.. Pentaphylloides TouRN...... Pentaphiltrum REICH........ Pentaple REICH. ..:.. casessee Pentapteris HALL.....) vsseme Pentapterophyllum DIL1L..... Pentastemon WETTST........ Pentreas RAF... .. 2... .neeeee Pentstemon L’HER........... Peramibus RAF.:....sa0eeeee Peristylis BLUME. ........se08 ——hbracteatus LINDL....... Peritoma: DO...) ..3, sane ms! ——integrifolia NUTT....... ——serrulatum DO. .v.eseene Perizomantbus PURSH........ Perrottetia DO..’.. ...Jcneuene PersicariaamphibiaS F. GRAY —~—virginiana GAERTN..... Personatae DC; ....: ven eee San Pernlaria LINDL.:: .. .sdoreanee Petaloma RAF... ..i.nwesweeen _ for) _ fh SS qe — Se ee Oa ae ee _NDEX. 805 Petalostemon MICHX......... 328 Phelipaea ludoviciana WALP 475 —-alopecuroides PERs..... 330 Phemeranthus RaF........... 218 ——candidus MICHX........ 329 ——teretifolius RAF........ 218 ——villosus NUTT........... 328 Philadelphieae LINDL.. ..... 274 ——virgatum NEES......... oao) “PDI ipoed Re Waele sn 4. 2 oe 475 Petrocallis R. BR...:... bed 263 Philoglossa BAILL............ 531 Petrophytum NutTtv...... .... 282 PhlebosporiumJUNGH........ 317 Petrosciadium EDGEW........ 394 Phledineum SPACH........... 234 Peucedanites HEER............ 390 Phloganthea CAV............. 433 Peucedanoides Bolss.......... 390! °Y PRIOBRVaNG Nae ss:2%baecins ea see 431 Peucedanum LINN............. 390 Phlox aristata MICHX........ 432 —nudicaule (PURSH)....... 390 ——canadensis SWEET...... 431 Peucedanum TouRN.......... 390 —carnea SIMS............. 432 Peyritscia FOURN............ . 68 ——cuspidata SCHEELE..... 432 PERO PONT AMIS UCL tersiscshn sve vos o's 429 Phlox divaricata LINN......... 431 MARIO ENING oigic hic Sete soca ss as 323 —-glaberrima LINN......... 432 ——canadensis MACM....... 325 Phlox glutinosa BUCKL....... 431 ——caryocarpa MAcM...... 326 Phlox maculata LINN.......... 432 ——elongata HOOK.... ..... 324 Phlox penduliflora Sw......... 422 — flexuosa Hook.......... 324 Phlox pilosa LINN............. 432 —gracilis MACM.:........ 325 ——pilosa forma albiflora..... 432 ——hypoylottis MACM...... 324 Phlox pyramidalis Sm......... 432 —lotiflora T. andG....... 323 —reflexa SW.............24. 432 ——parviflora NUTT.... .... 325 —revoluta AIK............ 432 ——plattensis MAcCM ....... 325). SE RAGMites SUR IN catego 73 EEE. DIISS sw onic seas a'ie ee. 435 Phragmites communis TRIN.. 73 Phacelia fimbriata PuRSH.... 436 -—graecus STEUD.......... 73 Phacelia purshii BUCKL........ 436 Phragmites phragmites (LINN.). 73 Phacocapnos BERNH.......... 254 Phragmites vulgaris BSP..... 73 mhaecasium CASs.....°....... 567: . PHTying Tor,’ 0'.2 cpiaw. tao aise 44 Phaenixopus Cass........ .... 560 —leptostachya LINN...... 442 oo TIE Oe a 560. ~ (PRylAGe INR ac? Ao dats vote setae: 338 Phaenopyrum ROEM.......... 287 Phyllachneae BAILL.......... 494 ——coccinium ROEM........ 288 Phyllantheae AGH........... 340 —subvillosum ROEM...... 288 Phyllanthophora GRAY....... 360 —wendlandii RoEM....... 288 Vehyllodinme DES Wk ce elec): 319 maalacroderis DC............. Dov EbyllOdOmiS SLISBS stain sit. te 147 Phalacroloma CAss........... 525...” PRYSGUS TIEN |<. otis sess nis,6 oss 456 ——obtusifolium CASs...... 526 —angulata LINN.......... 458 —acutifolium CASS. ...... 527 ——orandiflora HOOK........ 458 eRelaACrOs WENZ.....5....+.0- 287 Physalis hirsuta DUN......... 457 _Phalangiumesculentum Nutr 151 Physalis lanceolata Micux..... 456 . —fraseri NUTY............ 151 Physalis nyctaginea DUN..... 457 ON OTS bo 6. ee 54 -—obscura var. viscido- Phalaris americana Torr..... 55 pubescens MicHx ..... 457 Phalaris arundinacea LINN.... 55 pennsylvanica GRAY.... 456 Phalaris erucaeformis LINN... 72 Physalis philadelphica LAM.... 458 —oryzoides LINN.......... 54 Physalis pruinosa LINN....... 457 Phalerocarpus G. Don........ 407 EE oat NOPD SacnW ae 456 —serpyllifolius Don ..... 407 Physalis pubescens \UINN....... 457 Phasellus MOENCH............ 312° Physalis:viscosa ELL.......:.. 457 epaarolus LINN..2s.....0.+5-- 312 Physalis virginiana MILL...... 457 Phaseolus angulosus (MUHL.)... 312 Physalis viscosa GRAY........ 457 Phaseolus diversifolius Pers. 312 Physaria NUTT............... 263 —helvolus LINN.......... 312 —argentea MACM......... 263 ——macrostachys ELL...... SIZ MP Hy Skim OTR 01S crete thes 46 ’——monoicus HAT. and Wr. 315 —natans LOUR............ 46 —— paniculatus MICHXx..... Bia.) SDV ROGLEME VEOAR Tits Wiles ors ai. 281 Phaseolus pauciflorus BENTH... 312 Physocarpos CAMBESS,........ 281 Phaseolus perennis WALT.... 312 —-opulifolius RAF......... 281 Phaseolus polystachyos (LINN.). 312 Physocarpum SPACH ......... 248 Phaseolus tuberosus EAT and Physolepidium SCHRENK..... 256 Wikee esteem pe cc ssa es 315 Physostegia BENTH............ 446 Phelipaea fasciculata SPRENG 476 —virginiana (LINN.).....- 446 806 METASPERMAE Phyteuma LOuR.............. Phytolaca RAM. \ciereee es Phaytotacce uunn.. sy gaeaw ess « —decandra LINN.......... Phytolaccaceae............. IPICHOCOMONS VAT ee eee PichOMon ADANS ieee cee ens PICTIS) BAT: svcd bee re se Picrococcus eleyatus NuT?... —floridanus NuTtT........ Picrothamnus NuTT.......... Pieris BY OS ¢ Psat wet eae Se Lay Meee a — pumila GRAY........... Pileostegia TURCZ............ Pilosella SCH.-BIP............ Pimpinella LINN... 2 ..,..%....- --—integerrima ,LINN.)...... Binardia NBO .coeweused ods Pingasbella; (Ora wich cevecn see Pionandra MIERS............. Piptatherum BEAUY. —nhigrum TORR..........- Piptochaetium PRESL........ Piptolepis SCH.-BIP.......... Pircunia Moq ITOCOCCUS MINIT Titec shes wreclae Pirola LINN. —elliptica NUTT........... Pirola obovata BERT......... Pirola rotundifolia LINN....... Pirola rotundifolia var. incar- Mahe, I ses rah —-rotundifolia var. uligi- NOsai(TOBRA) ac ccseeee —rotundifolia MIcHx..... Pirola secunda LINN.......... —secunda var. pumila GRAY Pirola uliginosa ToRR..... .. Pirolaceae oo oe ocuk be chin «clea ed CC ee rd Pirophorum NECK............ EE A718 A SENENG = eye tena cs tdants Ete Pirus arbutifolia (LINN.)....... Pirus botryapium LInn. f.... Pirus coronaria LINN ER yee ab and Pir us sapeaigeds 7 CHAM. SCHLECHT Pirus sanguinea PuURSH ...... Pirus NOTHRIN s Sie eats Rikers Pithosilum CASS... .....5...... Pityopeis NOE 4 a hninsb tases Pityrosperma S. and Z........ Pladaroxylon ENDL........... Plantaginaceae............ Plantago LAMY icine cmiss Vere Plantago gnaphalioides Nurvr. —hookeriana F.andM.... —kamtschatica Hook .... —lagopus PURSH.......... OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Plantago major HLL.......... Plantago major LINN.......... *: Plattago major var. minima Wink 2. DEON Soo iii ura ee 413-0) rae Plantago patagonica var. one Bars. halioides \Wurr.). 476 y Plantago purshii R. and 3). 4 ae Plantago rugelii DEON......... ATT oa Platanaria 8. F. GRAY....... , oo ae Platanthera LINDL. .......... 165s —bracteata TORR......... 168, aly —dilatata LINDL......... bi Bete —fimbriata LINDL........ 166 pee —fiava GRAY “se 0 ORE x —herbiola LINDL......... 168 | —hookeriana LINDL...... 16ia2%e3 ——hyperborea var.A. LiInpL 167 —hyperborea var. dilatata < LINDL: . so. Scae eee 147s Sa —koenigii var. A. LINDL . 1672 —lacera GRAY............ 166 —psycodes LINDL......... 166) —tipuloides LINDL....... 109, * pare Platypetalum R. Br.......... 2683) tan Platyraphe MiQ....«.< sss, . | BOGRiaG Platyraphium CAss.... ....... 558 8 Sten Platystylis BLUME... 2..\..0en 173 “it Platystylis SWEET............ 313 Ai: Pleiosmilax SEEM ........ .... 150 eee Pleurandra alba RAF:... ..... 376 ved Pleurolobus ST. Hit. «.../50 seen 319.4 — canadensis (LINN.) .....- S19, A ae —canescens (LINN.)........- 320 rac —dillenii(DARL.). ........ 3820 77 7 —-grandiflorus (WALT.).... 321 —nudiflorus (LINN.)....... 321. Sey ——paniculatus (LINN.)...... 320. 8 Pleuropterus TURCZ.......... 204 2s Pleurostachys BRONGN....... 104 : Pleurostemon album RAF .... 376 Pleurotaenia HOHEN..... .... 390 Plinthanthesis SreuD........ 69.2 Pluridens NECK... .°..... 3 seeee » SD Aaa Pneumonanthe SCHMIDT...... 418. yo POG TAU iis iiss os 0: -a0'nvu phe 186 fous Poa anceps PR..../..+..06 eae Le —angustifolia WAHL ..... 78 Re —- aquatica var. americana ke TORR ...:'cveeelenaee 81 Has ——caesia AUCT...... 2.26. 18S —caesia var. strictiorGRAY 78 — —canadensis BEAUY...... 824 —caroliniana SPRENG.... 74 ay —cilianensis ALL......... Thy —cinerea VILL............ 78 s —complanata SCHUR..... 79 e Poa compressa LINN,.......... 9 Poa cristata WILLD. .....¢ccnkne Te a —crocata MICHX.......s..) slGmnnnae debilis“THUILL.. cideaeen 1S te —effusa KIT..........0.. «. AOSTA —elongata TORR.......... 82 = —eragrostis SM............ 15 ) ——exigua DUM..........0.: yc Rac _ Poa ferfilis Hosr...... Preise .— eke Prunus-Cerasus canadensis Punduana STEETZ.<....22,.908 vin MARSH: 520 ease eeeae JON. PUDSRIAMRAR, 3 2°00. as ——montana MARSH........ 307. Purshia SPRENG.........5.555 ; ae Pascalinm CASS oo. ets 08 Per 554 —mollis LEHM.......... 436, 437. Peaming “BER 6a. esse a 67 Putranjiveae ENDL........... 840 Psammoseris BOIss..........- 567 Putteriickia ENDL............ Pseudantheae ENDL.......... 340 Pycnanthemum MICHX....... Pseudocapsicum MOENCH.... 458 —flexuosum BSP....... .. Pseudocarex MIG sae. c2 sire 106 —lanceolatum PURSH..... Pseudocyperus SEGU ......... 103. +. ——linifolium PuURS#....... Pseudofumaria LuDW........ 254 —virginianum Hitcn..... PSQOOM RAD $k Se Sot ae Maas 402 —virginicum PERs........ — maculata (LINN.)........ 402... Pycreus).BEAUYV..... «.s’s.icseaies —umbellata (LINN.)........ 402" Pygmaea Hook. f. 2°. - 2% keene PailecacBia Nurriy. 2 ads cou 8 568. -Pyrolaysee Pirola..... .2..0cumen Pallorneg ma." ViOG ji5 Sexe viv ao wie 309° Pyrola MOrk;.... ..°. 0... 2S Psilosanthus, NECK..:........ 504 —corymbosa BERT... 2.0.05 Psolanum: INHGK fi... Us dons alt 458 — maculata LINN......... PSOTALED TIUNIN cic Beirne nade Seats 330 —umbellata LINN......... Psoralea alopecuroides Pork... 330 Pyrrheima HAssk............. argophylla PURSH...... 331 Pyrrhopappus A. RICH......... —brachiata DOUG Tse Lats ote 330 ‘Pyrrocoma HOOK. ......ischgee —candida Porr.......... 329°. Pyrisisee Pirus’..... . .is0shaiaenn —dalea LINN............. 320 —americana NEWB....... Psoralea esculenta PURSH...... 330 —aucuparia MBY......... Psoralea floribunda Nurr.... 330 —hbartramiana TAUSCH... Psoralea incana NUTY......... 331 —coronaria var. iowensis Psoralea parviflora Porr...... 325 MOOD .'s'«\0-+ 0p SCR Psoralea tenuiflora PuRsH..... 330 —-jowensis BAIL.......... Psorophytum SPACH.......... 362 —ovalis BIGEL............ PSY CATITHUS Pudi. t oecs fe aleaars 338 —wangenheimiana Psychrogeton Bolss........... 515 Wy of-(0) RE Psychrophila GAY............ 230 —-sanguinea PURSH....... ; Psyllophora EHRA........... 106 Pythagorea RAF......... ee pauciflora SCHUR....... 130 — alata RAF.........sseeen 37 Ptarmicachincias. faecis.1 ten 549 Pyxidium MOENCH........... boreslis-DO)).dawet ts eves 549 Ptélen, Talia sstade ests ecole 338 Q ; Ptelea pentaphylla Faspr..... 3388 «=Quamoclidion CHols.......... tomentosa RAF......... 338 Quercophyllum.........seceeees Ptelea trifoliata LINN.......... 338. Quercus LINN. .........008ene Quercus alba HooOK........... Quercus alba LINN...........-- Quercus alba var. pinnatifida WET GEER Nose ore cre ecln cs —alba var. repanda MIcHxX —ambigua MICHX......... -—coccinea var. ?rubra SPAGH s oeieiatie cree ste ——coccinea var. tinctoria Ce RR ASVaNt. haf Hadise ite sox dre ——<(discolor AIT............ Quercus macrocarpa MICHX.... Quercus microcarpa A. DC.... Quercus muhlenbergit ENGELM. . Quercus obtusiloba var. depressa NUTT........ — olivaeformis MIcHX. f... Quercus rubra LINN... . ....-- Quercus rubra var. runcinata A ee re —tinctoria BARTR........ ——tinctoria var. angulosa : MVETOE RS Se sale GE ——tinctoria var. sinuosa ; ER CHUNG tore tetera ards evs Quercus velutina LAM.......... ~ Queria canadensis NUTT...... - —-dichotoma MoOENCH.... BURP EL IAT EVAR > os thes cuca doaees —hederacea RAF.......... —hirsuta RAF..... Bein cetccuia TOURN uinquelocularia KocH....... R Radicula palustris MorncH. EMINENT Gy WCET ie cdc e siciece se a's = Ramium RUMPF.............. ——cylindricum (LINN.)...... >) banapalus KELL....... ...... ; ——eiseni KELL............ MPM MATIG ORAM. 2.205 Seve. sess Randalia BEAUV............. Ranmanissa ENGL............ Ranunculaceae ............ Franunculus LINN... .......... _ —abortivus LINN.......... ——abortivus var. micranthus. Ranunculus affinis R. Br..... ——alismaefolius GRAY..... _ Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Ranunculus amoenus LED.... Ranunculus aquatilis var. caes- PPRCOSTIS DIG eaca ce: ‘sis 5 <'« 5 Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus DC... .... ——aquatilis var. stagnatilis DC see eee Ranunculus aquatilis var. trich- ophyllus (\CHAIX.)...... INDEX. 192 Ranunculus circinatus SIBTH . 192 Ranunculus clintoni BECK. . ——cymbalaria PURSH...... 192 ——divaricatus GRAY....... 192 Ranunculus fascicularis MUL . 191 Ranunculus fascicularis SERENG LAM sticae tate 191 —-—filiformis MICHX........ —ftlammula PURSH. ...... 191 —flammula var. reptans KE. 191 IVINS Sie bc te Sic wg aaa 192 ——fluviatilis BIGEL........ 192 ——filuviatilis -PURSH. ...... 192 —hispidus MICHX......... ——hispidus PURSH........ 192 ITSM OUR Tisch ets! 2.06 192 —hydrocharis caespitosus 191 EDL HNFNGs 2c ene, Naaeatoae —hydrocharis_ trichophyl- 191 TSS EDIONNERINGS 2506 wets ors 192 GE LIC M abe A Lester ielalels Ranunculus lacustris B. and 'T. 192 ——_lacustris B. and T: var. 191 terrestris (GRAY).....-- Ranunculus lanuginosus WALT 191 —leptopetalus RAF....... NL ITLOS US NUE Dy chs eiraiatnaere 191 ——lingua PURSH........... 191 —miarilandicus Porr .. 225 = IMICraAnbHUS NULL «sx \c 225 ——nmultifidus BIGEL....... Sol ——_multifidus PURSH....... 357 —multifidus var. terrestris 357 GuRVAWae se Se ErS idole ceteltes 293 ———nitidus MUHEL...3...2..- 494 ——yitidus. WALT......./0.. Ranunculus oralis RAF......-+- ——-pedatifidus SM.........-- 260 ——pensylvanicus LINN. f.... 335 Ranunculus prostratus Porr.. 198 —-purshii RIciI...........- 198 —radicans var. multifidus 473 PERIGEE Talsetena. «ar «bid of reve miere 473. Ranunculus recurvatus POR... 473 Ranunculus repens AUCT..... 136 —repens var. hispidus T. 270 UTNE Graite tas df owclerh ayotel athe 229 —repens var. nitidus T. 241 ATAU Gree ae aes Arne ga 244 —repens LINN...........- 245 Ranunculus repens LINN....... 245 —reptans LINN......-++++5 246 Ranunculus reptans var. fili- 246 FORMS WC) esreee ante 245 ——rhomboideus GOLDIE.... ET ELIVIGEC AREY ti ctaiele sda elie ae 248 -——saniculaeformis MUHL.. ——sarmentosus ADANS.... 247 Ranunculus sceleratus LINN.... Ranunculus schlechtendahlii 248 ET OOR Sh Jelena aoneedees Ranunculus septentrionalis Porr. 247 Ranunculus tomentosus Porr. —trichophyllus CHAIX.... 812 Ranunculus auricomus affinis LAWS ——pbrevicaulis Hook....... ——canadensis JACQ........ ——carolinianus DC........ ——tridentatus HBK....... —trifolius MOENCH....... Raphione' SAWMISB aise. ooo. Rapuntium GAERTN.......... abl DIG aA feerteterste os 12s eyeve:e —sulcata RAF............. eEDIS/SPAGH a attalseee =| siaievale sce Reboulea KUNTH —-gracilis KUNTH — obtusata GRAY......... —pennsylvanica GRAY.... Receveunra) Vib blurs cei wie 101s Reinwardtia DuMm............ Relechella STmuDir, ty cta-s ss. Requieniai DOs. 5 nie tes. ia 5s HE USS1AM HINGD IE ct Galena nous aieiaveeia Reuters: JBOIRS eke. oleteladice e's -0 ys Rhamnaceae................ bam nella Mit np. sic ia larele e's TEROPRTOUSNUTNN ny spies a cic hese tie > —alnifolia L’HER.......... MHAMOGUS Alpi US. 3-2 es ses oie —franguloides MIcHx..... BAAD Wis: LOWE Res 28 2 nx ej. x Rhetsa W.and ARN........... Bhinactina DuUBSS iiss. «sels cae Khinanthaceae DC..........% Rhinanthus virginicus LINN. . Rhinolopiumy ARNE «swine RROdAR SPACHt oicsh. cae cine ves Rhodophora NECK............ Bhodopsls Leech ayea.ateces TERRE LATIN: 3 oc) sates eoaiote,« hip wes Rhus carolinense MARSH...... Rhus copallina LINN........... Rhus elegans Art 20%, ..i6 scien: Rhus Glabrae. LNW es 5 chee PSUS EDT alse ate eueatnartara eee —-hypselodendron MOENCH. Rhus radicans LINN........... Rhus toxicodendron AUCT.AM, toxicodendron var. radi- CANS LOB Risso dace Rhus typhina LINN............ Rhus typhina var. arborescens WV TTD fists siaked tee bho —typhina var. frutescens WETS deans ethane sit attanise ——venenata DC............ Rhus vernix LINN..........00- Rhynchelythrum NEEs....... Rhyncodium PRESL.......... Rhyncopetalum FREs......... Rhynchospord VAWL. 6.0 .cee ees alba (LINN.) var. see eww eens ee Rhyuchosporacapillacea TorRR. Rhynchospora setacea (MUMIL.). Rhytispermum LINK.......... Rethes LUNG sca so vind eels ava tae METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Ribes albinervium MIcHx.... —campanulatum MoENCH Ribes cynobasti LINN.......... —/loridum L’HER......... — gracile MICHX........... Ribes gracile TORR........... ——missouriensis Nutt... Ribes nigrum LINN..... rin. Ribes nigrum var. B. LINN.. ——nigrum var. pennsylva- nicum MARSH........ —niveum LINDL.......... Ribes oxycanthoides LINN...... Ribes oxycanthoides var. G. TORR and GRAY...... —recurvatum MICHX..... —rotundifolium UPH..... —rotundifolium var. ENGELM: » oo)cjc\sc aeteee —rubrum AUCT........... Ribes rubrum var. albinervium (MICHIX: i. otc eee Ribes rubrum var. subglandu- Joswim. “MEA Kiri. Gees Ricinocarpus BURM............ —virginicus (LINN.)....... Rienera -MOENCH...: 2.00. «peu Rodigia SPRENG...........0.. Roegneria C. KoOcH........... Roemeria MOENCH............ Roemeria) THUNB ....2320 exeee Roeperorchis REICH. f........ Roldana LLAV. and LEX....: Rophostemon BLUME........ i Rorella@ RUPP... ib. ..k eee Rorida/ Rand §:.\..:ve5 eee Roridula HORSE «.. 0 i eee Roripa -BESS....... 2.50.0 sane — nasturtioides SPACH.. Rosa LINN a cie's 5.00 ale Rosa acicularis var. bourgeau- 12nd. CREP... ..sne ae ——arkansana PORT.:.....5 -—planda ArT... 7) Heer -——blanda var. arkansana IBEST. «4... 05k) OREP.. «3 ssw. oot OBER s «cars wie ete Rosa carolinensis MARSH..... ——caroliniana MICHX..<.. —-cinnamomea var. gem- CUAaSER......csemnnein INDEX. 813 Rosa cinnamomea var. glabella Rudbeckia angustifolia (DC.).. 539 ren Le oh a 304 —columnaris PURSH..... 537 —corymbosa Enru....... 303 Rudbeckia digitata MILL..... 533 —engelmanniS. WATsS.... 304 ——discolor BLL... ...353.. 537 —fendleri CREP........... 303 ——eracilis NUDT 3332/2 4..4: 538 —flexuosa RAF............ 303 Rudbeckia hirta LINN... ...... 538 —fraxinifolia GMEL....... 304 ——laciniata LINN. 2.3.0.6 .4 588 —-gemella WILLD......... 304 Rudbeckia odorata Nurt..... 538 Rosa humilis MARSH.........- 303 Rudbeckia pinnata VENT...... 537 Rosa lucida AUCT. AM.... ... 303. Rudbeckia pinnatifida Rar... 537 —lyonii PURSH............ 303 —quinata MILL.......... 538 ——parviflora EHRH......... 303 -——Serotina .N UTM e io. 2 went 538 ——pennsylvanica MIcux... 303 —Strigosa NUTT.......... 538 Rosa pisocarpa GRAY.......... 303 ~ Rudbeckia subtomentosa PursH. 538 ——rafinesquii SER.......... 303. Rudbeckia tomentosa ELu..537, 538 ==—sayi SCHWHIN........... 304 —triloba var. a. MicuHx.... 538 —virginiana DUROI!....... 303 RugeliaScHUTTLEW.......... 554 Rosa virginiana MILL......... Ba". guess LLM sa) a a ee a 202 ——virginiana var. arkansana —altissimus WooD.. ...... 203 MERE ed ects aiale ses a 304 Rumex anthoxanthum Murr. 204 ——woodsii LINDL.. ....... 303 —aureus WITH............ 204 BROSACCAC. 2.2... oie ce 281 —britinnica MEISSN...... 203 Pee yna SPACHY.. a... 5. ...5 5% 362 Rumesx britannicus LINN ...... 203 NPT TIGSS ln Sad ae oe we 548 RumexmaritimusAucT. AMER 204 MARONS DOURN.. 02/05.) +... <- 272 —orbiculatusGRAY....... 203 Rothia SCHREB...:.... ...... 568 Rumex persicarioides LINN.... 204 Rottboellia paniculataSPRENG 7 — salicifolius WEINM ...... 203 MCN DUNE oS var tics tense - 494 —-verticillatus LINN........ 202 La 697.0 0 Oa 479 Rumex verticillatus RicH..... 203 MRIMDIAGCAC... 5.6.2... s eee 478 —xanthorhizos HOFFM.... 203 Rubiaceae BAILL.......... 482, 490 Rutaceae............0...053 336 ES Oa 289. Ruteria MOENCH....... ...%.. 330 — Rubus aegopodioides SER..... 292. Ruyschiana MILL... ...5.....% 448 ——arcticus WALT......... 290 Rytidosperma STEUD......... 67 —argutus LINK........... 291 Rubus canadensis LINN........ 290 S Rubus canadensis Torr...... 292, Sabadilla BRANDT.......0..4. 144 Rubus chamaemorus LINN. .... 290 Sagittara LINN............... 43 Rubus dalibarda LINN........ 290 Sagittaria acutifolia PuRsH.. 44 —flagellaris WILLD....... 290 ——gracilis PURSH.......... 44 Rubus fruticosus LINN......... 290 Sagittaria graminea MICHX,... 44 Rubus fruticosus MARSH..... 291 Sagittaria hastata PURSH..... 44 Rubus hispidus LINN:......... 290 —heterophylla Pursn.... 44 Rubus idaeus PuRSH......... 291 —heterophylla SCHREB.... 44 —idaeus var. americanus —latifolia WILLD... ..... 44 Ly eyes CRN he eae a 291 —longiloba ENGLM........ 44 —idaeus var. strigosus —major SCOP............. 44 INIPAENG Fs ae eRe eyes: s 12/0 severe 291 mem T MLN OT,” MNT Tass cicic viet setae 44 —montanus SER.......... 292 -—monoica GILIB.......... 44 —obovalis MICHX......... 290 —obtusa WILLD.......... 44 -—obovatus ELL........... 290 ——purshii KUNTH......... 44 Rubus occidentalis LINN....... 291 Sagitturia rigida PURSH....... 44 Rubus procumbens Muuu.... 290 —sagittaefolia LINN. ... 44 Rubus repens (LINN.).......... 290 —sagittaefolia f. angustifolia Rubus saxatilis Bria@en........ 292 (PNGEM, essen oe 45 —saxatilis var. americanus —-sagittaefolia f. diversifolia 45 1 ROSS oo Oe eee 292 —sagittaefolia f. gracilis —saxatilis var. canadensis (PURSH)/ 0. stn Gare 45 Wire be ea 292 —sugittaefoia ft. hastata Rubus strigosus MICHX........ 291 (PURSE). 2 ici tewtiamueee 45 —triflorus RICH........... 292 ——sagittaefoia f. latifolia Rubus trivialis PuRsH........ 290 (WILLD)! og. sca wees 45 HLUbUS VILLOSUS! ATT. 20... 62s es 291 sagittaefolia f. obtusa Rudbeckia LINN............... 536 (WILLD: ) acces enone 45 814 Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. variabilis (ENGLM.)... —simplex AUCT........... —simplex PURSH......... —stolonifera ENGLM. and GRAYS eee ate te —variabilis ENGLM....... —vulgaris GULDENST..... Sacotia WAP eitaate Getic cele SaliCaceae- as) age ss dace se Salicaria. TOURNi as eéaides sss Salicophyllum SUG SLIENEN.. < sogecn wtueite hick wis 'o —amygdaloides ANDERS... Salix angustata PURSH....... — arbuscula PALL......... Salix candida WILLD.......... Salix caroliniana MICHX...... —conifera.WILLD......... Salix cordata MUHL.........-. ——cordata var.angustata (PURSH) — discolor MUHL........... Cr ee ed — grisea WILLD........... —vrisea var. subglabrata KROGH 15 vie beets. eta —houstoniana PURSH.... Salia humilis MARSH.........- Salix incana MICHX........... —ligustriana MICHX. f.... —livida var. occidentalis CORA Sones See Salix longifolia MUHL......... Salix longifolia var pedicillata AUNTS or crise .aclavernince —lonvirostris MICHX..... Salix lucida MUHL..........+. Salix lucida var.serissima BAIL —melanopsis NUTT....... Salix muhlenbergiana PuRSH. —muhlenbergiana WILLD. Salix myrtilloides LINN........ Salix myrtilloides var. pedicil- laris CAREY. Salix nigra MARSH............ Salix nigra var. falcata GRAY. —nivea SM..... ..scessess —pedicillaris Hoox....... ——pennsylvanica SAL...... —pentandra NuTYT........ —pentandra WALT........ WALL PEHOLATIS: SM oss wis oo valele sie'e Salix petiolaris var. gracilis A —prinoides PURSH........ Tigida MUBD ives v5. chews —rosmarinifolia PURSH... Salix rostrata RICH ....... 0s... Salix TUDE RICH GAs aie eerctiare METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY Salix sericea MUHL....-..2... —tomentosa SCHRAD...... Salita. tristis AGT ss2 sen oOo eee Salix vagans var. rostrata’ ANDERS: ..\s Use ties ’ Salsola: LINN 2 «tec eee Salsola carolina MICHX....... —caroliniana WALT....... Salsola Kali LINN...) . <2 sereeaeeee Salsola kali var. caroliniana NUDD. le See oes ‘ Sambucéae Biand Hye saeecene Sambucus LINN ...-..0..s0c0e8 Sambucus canadensis LINN..... Sambucus glauca GRAY....... ——humilis) RAW? sees ——nigra MARSH..........+. ——pubens MICHX.......... ——pubescens PERS......... —pubescens var. arbores- cens T.and..G. 2c.) ae ——pubescens var. B. Hook Sambucus racemosa LINN...... Sanguinaria LINN....... ++4. Sanguinaria acaulis MOENCH. sanguinaria canadensis LINN.. Sanguinaria vernalis SALISB.. Sanguisorbaceae LINDL....... Sanicula, LINN’. 3.'.).,.\5 aise ere ——canadensis LINN..... w-- ——muarylandica LINN......- Sanicula marylandica var. can- | adensis TORR.. ...... —marylandica T. and G... Santalaceae. .....6...senuee Sapinduceae BAILL.....:....5 Sapindaceae B. and H...... 350, Saponaria dioica CHAM. and SCHLECHT Sarracena TOURN...:/!..4 ane Sarracenia LINN.........+.6. —purpured LINN.......ee Sarraceniaceae... ..... Sate Sarratia (Mog... . 2.0.) ee Sarcoce tUAk...... ..\...s Ss are ees alls = — minima (MARSH.)........ — ovata (MILL.)............ Scorodonia MOENCH.......... Scorodosma BUNGE..........: Scorzonera: BAUME aces hee. % Scrofularina HEBER: 2..>..s'.... Scrophularia LINN......:....- Scrophularia lanceolataPURSH ——marylandica LINN...... Scrophularia nodosa var. mary- landica (LINN.)........ Scrophulariaceae.......... SCUMA EUAN, 3 F2 wea fen doe Mr Scutellarza LINN... 2. e0 esses Scutellaria ambigua NuTT.... Scutellaria galericulata LINN... —lateriflora LINN......... —-parvula MICHX.......... Scytophyllum S. and Z........ Selatram'G. DON. sis. conse e Selotinus OBRST 822. osese Selunia‘ ABW ideo. a ee soe Selwynnia F. MuLL........... Semidoupsis ZUM...... ........ Semeiocardium HASSK........ Senecillis GAERTN............ SBEneCio BAIL) jec a deaesteaewee ERECIO ISIN .oelawh seieceneecees —atriplicifolius (LINN.).... Senecio atriplicifolius var. ren- Morris HOR 2 oa, c's sis e Senecio aureus LINN..........- Senecio aureus var. balsamitae MD rrr Grind wie yes Aeieiecalete Senecio aureus var. gracilis POOR cperee at) eatietie tks Senecio aureus var. obovatus {UL EE Lit) Heinze wielb roi ateelote le —aureus var. pauperculus (MTORR 4s Sed tees hon Senecio aureus UrpH ——fastigiatus SCHWEIN.... ——gracilis PURSH.......... ——hieracifolia LINN....... Senecio integerrimus NUTT..... Senecio integrifolius var. het- erophyllus NuTT...... OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. gs Senecio lugens RICH........... C) Senecio lugens var. hookeri rte: AD incts atakts Sik, ae 556 ee ——lugens var. parryi EaT.. 555 ——obovatus MUHL......... 557 aarees Senecio ovatus (WALT.) ........ 555 ——palustris (LINN.)......<- 551 >a Senecio palustris var.congestus = HOOK *s.0).5 5. 5ST taker ——pauperculus MICHX..... 556 are ——plattensis NUTT........ SBT iy eee Senecio reniformis (MUBL.).... 555 ——tomentosus MICHX....... 566 Senega DO. ...:+. 1.0050 ee 358 tae ——officinalis SPACH........ 339 Senna GAERTN..........s.es- 309% a Senra CAav..d. 4c 4. ee 361 Seok Septas LOUR . ...~.. 2.5 oa 413+ Rory Seymeria auriculata SPRENG. 468. Serrafalcus PARLAT.......... 84-0 SF Serapias repens CHAIX........ - Higaatse Sericocarpus NEES..........«. sagen pty ——asteroides BSP......... 524 ai ——conyzoides NEES........ 524 Serpicula occidentalis PuRsH. 60 , _ —-verticillata MUBL.... 2% ; Serratula compta DRYAND.... ——noveborarensis LINN.... ——praealta LINN.......... ——scariosa LINN........... —spicata LINN............ —squarrosa LINN......... Sesleria NUET ...2..s. case —dactyloides NUTT....... Shepherdia. NUTT... clea —argentea NUTT......... Shortia dentata RAF......... Shuttleworthia MBISSN....... Sibbaldia INN ......3..%¢anae Sicyoides, TOURN.. .. .. ..S.eaee _—-angulata MOENCH...... Sicy0s) TAIN, o's 6. 2 sina 2) le Sicyosiacuous: RAF :. .4. eee Sicyos angulatus LINN.........- Sicyos lobatus MICHX......... Sida’dioiea CAV... .:.i.. seem Sieberia SPRENG.... 2... ..0.-5 Steversia WILLD). ..: 2 csseceut Sigillaria.nRAar. ...i.oseeeeeee Silenacede.< i... sis Me eee Silemev INN, «0. . << os ae ete —albu MUHL...... fo ate ——antirrhina LINN........- Silene catesbaei WALT....... : ——coccinea MOENCH....... ——nivea DC..........ese0- Silene stellata (LINN.).........- " ——virginica LINN.........- NF Siliquaria ForsK............. - | 269. eas Silphium BAILL.......... * .00) BOL eae Silphium LINN........s01ss.00 OGL Silphium conjunctum WILLD. 531 ——erythrocaulon BERNH... 53L —gummiferum ELL....... 5382 ——hornemanni SCHRAD.... 5381 — 4 Silphium integrifolium Micux. 5382 Awe : a < re is « we Siphisia RAP. Pesaro DOURN:. 6c... 48 ~Silphium integrifolium var. laeve T. andG..... es - Silphium laciniatum LINN..... Silphium laevigatum PurRsn.. Silphium perfoliatum LINN.... Silphium scabrum MOENCH. ——speciosum NUTT........ ——spicatum Porr.......... Silphium terebinthinaceum JACQ. Silphium tetragonum MOoENCH ed —clabra RAF. ............ —sipho KLorzscu Sisarum TAUSCH....... Phe Sismondea DELPON........... . Sison canadense LINN........ —-marginatum MICHX.... —trifoliatum MIcHx. .. Sisymbrella SPACH.. Sisymbrium LINN.. Sisymbrium arabidioidesHook —brachycarpum H.and A. —californicum WATSs..... —canescens BENTH. . : — canescens var. brachycar- j S101) TV Yh cls Uae ee ah am —canescens NUTT —canescens var. brevipes T. and G. ——dentatum TorR........ Sisymbrium hartwegianum FOuURN. Sisymbrium hispidum Porr... —humifusum J. VAHL.. —incisum var. hartwegia- num WATS Sisymbriwun multifidum (PuRSH) Sisymbrium nasturtium WALT. eee ewww ne iS im vote 6p ©, 8)'e 6 ¢ 0 oe ed —palustre LEYS......... —pinuatum GREENE..... —-sophia GRAY............ Sisyrinchium LINN......... Sisyrinchium anceps CAv.. angustifolium AUCT. in part Baye ‘inchium angus meet ium MILL one 016 O16 Sistmlain | a 6 the ic WG) 3 Bebe phe 2 ae —-gramineum LAm. Sisyrinchium mucronatum MIcHx Sitanion RAF.. —elymoides RAF.......... _ Sitocodium SALIsB........ . Sium LInN..... < — angustifolium ICANN 2. 5c. Sium canadense LAM......... _ Sium cicutaefolium K. C, ana ~Sium (?)douglasii DC . os ——latifolium BIGEL. sav AR —lineare MICHX.......... —d52 INDEX. 395 396 396 Sium pumilum Nurr......... —rigidius LINN. —rugosum RAF suave WALT . _ ——tenuifolium Mun, Skofitzia HASsk... Smilacina DEsF. — bifolia DEsF —hbifolia var. GRAY ——borealis PuRsH . ——cCanadense PURSH....... ——Ciliata PURSH........... Stellatay DESk: sees...) Smilacina trifolia DESF....... Saiiloa NiNinnen, on scares Smilax aspera DC..... caduca LINN............ —ciliata SrEUD Smilax echirrata Wats ... Smilax. grandifolia BUCKL Smilax herbacea LINN Smilax herbacea var. pulveru- lental Gian. pase ——herbacea var. pulveru- lentia (MIGHES. ) Ae :aerce Smilax hispida MUHL......... Smilax peduncularis MUHL... ——pulverulenta MiIcHXx.... ——quadrangularis MUBL.. Smilax rotundifolia LINN...... Smilax rotundifolia WILLD... Smyrnium aureum LINN...... —hbarbinode MUHL. : ——cordatum WALT........ ——integerrimum LINN. —luteum MURL....... at sss 6 0:'6 6)” wie’ p mie eee Solanaceae OLANUHES...- 25 eo Solanum LINN. Solanum crenato-dentatum DC Solanum nigrum LINN Solanum pterocaulon DC..... ——ptycanthum DC......... soleirolia GAUDICH.......-...% Solenachne STEUD... Solenostigma ENDL..... SOMA OL MONTZE so 7s0. sca Solidago LINN. .s Svlidago altissima AIT........ altissima T. andG...... —amplexicaulis MART.... angulata SPRENG....... —arguta T. andG......... arguta var. juncea GRAY ——aspera AIT...........5.. —asperata PURSH.. ...... asperata SOLAND........ asperula DESF....3 5.5 Solidago caesia Linn........ —canadensis LINN. ..... eo Bees ee ee cele e 818 METASPERMAE Solidago ciliaris MUHL........ ——cinerascens SCHWEIN... —conferta POIR........... decemflora DC.......... —decemfloraGRAY........ —erecta PURSH........... —flexicaulis LINN. ame ——flexicaulis var. latifolia WIE GO eeasone rc terete a —flexicaulis LINN. herb.... —fragrans DESF.......... —frankii Hocusr. and SLM atest. Se Sihiis — gigantea AIT............ —vigantea WILLD...... ¥, ——glaberrima MART....... PiADTR DESK cyclen dses is Solidago graminifolia (LINN.).. Solidago grandiflora RAF...... ——hirta WILLD............ Solidago hispida MUHL —humilis DESF........... —incana T. and G........ Solidago juncea AIT........... Solidago lanceolata CHAM. and SCuLEOHT 0 tk. ccayen —lanceolata LINN —lateriflora LINN... ... . Solidago latifolia LINN........ Solidago longifolia SCHRAD. —nmacrophylla BIGEL..... Solidago missouriensis NUTT... Solidago mollis BARTL....... ve Solidago neglecta T. and G..... ——nemoralis AIT........... Solidago nemoralis var. in- CATa GRAN. cise aon Solidago nemoralis var. mollis BART) baste neces Solidago nutans DESF........ Solidago occidentalis NUTT..... ——patula MUHL.........:- Solidago petiolaris MUBL..... ——pitcheri NuTT......... ——puberula DC...... adi Solidago radula NUTY......... Solidago reflexa AIT........... Solidago viddellii FRANK, ..... ——vrigida LINN............- Solidago rigidula Bosc........ ——rotundifolia DC..... : Solidago rugosa MILL.......... Solidago scaberrima T. and G. ——sempervirens MICHX.... Solidago serotina AIT......... Solidago serotina var. gigantea CORTES Ni on Sosa ot Wig ew eros Solidago serotina Hook....... serotina WILLD......... Solidago speciosa NUTT........ Solidago speciosa var. angus- tata T.andG......... Solidago speciosa var. erecta (PUREED ise a fuente te 512 A09 509 509 509 513 513 als 514 511 OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Solidago speciosa var.rigidiuscula T. apd’ Gi 02.4 513. Solidago villosa PursH....... ; Solomonia LOUR.............% 338 Sonchus acuminatus BIGEL... 560 — —hbiennis MOENCH........ , B60, ee —floridanus AIT......... ee Nik —floridanus LINN........ 561° 9) —leucophaeus WILLD..... 560: /8% —lTIudovicianus NuTT..... ‘HOL eta —multifiorus DESF....... 5600 —pallidus Torr.......... 5605 *2% ——pallidus WILLD......... 5628" ——pulchelius PURSH....... soln es —sibiricus RICH........5. 6 leas —spicatus LAM........... 560 Sondera LEHM.. jv. .5)4.4000 972 Sophora tinctoria LINN....... Slistsu Sophorocapnos TURCZ........ 25 Ais Sophropanthe BENTH...... .. 464 Soranthus LED: : . 2.2.00: 2eme 390 a Sorbus LINN... .i.ces0e ba 28e- ta —arbutifolia WENZ....... 284 9% —aucuparia SCHRANK.... 283 — —aucuparia var. B. MIcHx 283) ~~ — coronaria MACM........ 284i -—sambucifolia ROEM. ..... 284. > —sitchensis ROEM.. .:.... 284 9 Sorbus’ TOURN.. »\:'.-45 ae 288 > Sorehum PHS... =. wae 2 ee 47 —nutans GRAY........... 48 ae Sorostachys STEuUD...... . > 200 Souza VELLOZ.....< .¢:2)eaeeee 161 ee Soyeria MONN ... . 2.3) ou 567 ue Spallanzania POLL............ 302° | Spanioptilon Less............ 558 Sparganiaceae....... 07g 5 ye Sparganium LINN... .....2..: a Pn > —androcladum’ (ENGLM.).. 33 Sparganium erectum WAHL.. 32 — —erectum var. B. LINN... Ae va Sparganiumeurycarpum ENGLM 33 Sparganium ramosum AUCT.. ° 33 | Sparyunium simplec Hups .... 388 | Sparganium simplex’ var. 958 androcladum ENGLM.. 33 simplex var. nuttalii te, ENGELM ...)/s cur enetns . oe Spartina SCHREB............+. a —cynosuroides (LINN )..... es Spartina polystachya MunL.. 170° Spathyema RAF......... 02000: ‘Tai. ——foetida LINN ...... ..seeun 13d ae Spatularia Haw.... .....stspun 4 feats Specularia HIST. .... . 2s eae 496 perfoliata DC. ...iic2.ee 496 Speculum HALL. «...:,.s00me 4960 Spergulastrum MICcHX........ 22245 —ygramineum MICHX ..... 228. Spermachiton............ 2005 O27 Spermatura REICH ......... 5 ae) SAUD Se Spermodon BEAUY...... ape 104 Sphaerochloa BEAUY.......-. 6 0 ces Sphaeropus BOECKL......... : “by Sphaeroschoenus NEES....... Sphaerostigma ENDL.......... Sphenocleaceae MART........ Sphondylium TourRN......... BUEHAI IN KCOH e's na 08 assid v wes Spiesia lamberti (PURSH)..... i —splendens (DOUGL.)...... Spiloxene SALISB........... iy DPE. MLAENIN ©). cock miksae oasis Spiraea amoena KAF.......... ——caroliniana MARSH..... —carpinifolia WILLD...... ——ciliata RAF....... eth ie ——ferruginea RAF......... —sglomerata RAF.......... -——obovata RAF............ ——opulifolia LINN......... —rosea RAP........... tt Spiruea salicifolia LINN........ —tomentosa LINN........--- Spiraea tomentosa var. alba UATE: IS ena ei Spiranthes L.C. Ricu......... —cernua RICH............ —gemmipara LINDL...... ——gracilis BIGEL — —romanzowiana CHAM.... SUT CDEUR G07. qe Spirodela SCHLEID........... —polyrhiza SCHLEID..... Splipeerbera Mig..'.:......... EPLODOLUS Foo BR isc cae ose —asper (MICHX.).......... —cryptandrus (TORR.)..... —cuspidatus (TORR.) —depauperatus (TORR.).... —heterolepis GRAY......... —junceus (MICHX.)........ —vaginaeflorus (TORR.).... Bportella. HANCE............. Stachys LINN. Stacnys arvensis WALT....... Stachys aspera MICHX......... Stachys foeniculum PURSH. .. 5=—hispida PURSH.......... Stachys palustris LINN. ........ Stachys palustris var. aspera GHAY....: Wee Prapeyled INN. «coeds os... —trifolia LINN............ Staphyleaceae....:......... Staphylodendron ToukNn..... —trifoliatum MOENCIL .:. Stapbysagria SPACH.......... Starkea pinnata Nurr........ Staurogeton trisulcus SCHuR. Steganotaenia Hocusr....... mretronema RAF. ......2.4..... —ciliatum (LINN.)......... —lanceolatum var.hybridum (OVIInG Fr) hea act cies was _ Steironema longifolia RAF...: Steironema quadriflorum (Sims. ) MATIC LDUIIW, occ wlg's ce cave INDEX. 819 104 §=Stellarta verna (LINN.)........ 345 381 Stellaria vernalis WiGG....... * 345 fon Sbellaria Iv And, Hiv. 2c tad 221 389 ——hbiflora PURSH .......... 224 322 ——hborealis var. B.... ..... 221 323 —— crassifolia EHRH........ 221 322 —-—crassifolia WATS..... 222 159 ——glauca MEY ........... 222 282 ——graminea RIGEL........ 222 282 ——longifolia MUHL........ 222 281 +——longifolia ROoTH........ 222 282 ——longipes GOLDIE........ 222 282; Stellariaceae.............../ 334 DOM anMISIEL PULTE. LTININ 20.0. cicise taper. 221 282 ——crassifolia (KHRH.)...... 221 282 = Stellularia tongifolia (MUHL.).. 222 281 ——longipes (GOLDIK)....... 222 Der Peeena hiss NMS. gcse /ocve bees DED 282 ——ambigua DC..... ...... 526 282 === ay Ue sl Wi Coetecrpare eer ee 527 ——dubia CASS.............. 527 282) 3. -——strigosa "DC... ea. es. + 527 170 Stenanthium A. GRAY........ 144 0) |. Stengelia.SCH)-BIP....).. 25... 499 171 Stenocephalum Scu.-Biev..... 499 170 Stenophragma CLARK........ 257 171' Stenorrhynecus L. C. Ricw ... 17 33: SLenOsiphow SPAOH | 7). w.gs.t. 376 123..> Stenotaénia Borss. . 570.2... 2: 389 134 Stenotheca MONN.....:....... 568 198 —venosa MONN. ......... 569 G2 Pe LEMOLUS INGLIS: ear cretyshtie cess Rae) 64 Stephanandra S.and Z........ 281 62 Steptoramphus BUNGE....... 560 63 Sterculiaceae BAILL.......... 360 63 Sterigmanthe KL. and G.. 34] 62 Stevenia AD. and FIscu ..... 265 63 Stilaginaceae LINDL.......... 340 63... stilpnogyne DC. sows) ens 554 287 Stilpnopappus DC............ 499 A amen UP Ce GTINON occ ere a snip otaahare dS lee 57 445 Stipa canadensis Poir........ 58 445 ——juncea MICHX....... jo tS 449 Stipa spartee TRIN..........- 57 Ae tl par rostissNHES. 9.9.0 Anu. 56 Shy ear CUNO TA IN SOCK: 2.) fais east epwdaro base bes 497 SUA Ula A DIS. se ciete wa eke 164 445° Strebanthus RAF.............. 388 350 Streblochaeta Hocusv........ 69 350° Streptachne HBK..........:.. 56 300, Streptachne BR. BK ....:...%. 57 350 Streptostachys DESVX........ 49 350 ‘Strobocalyx ScuH.-BIP......... 499 234. Strophades Rulss...........--. 268 514. Strophiostoma TURCZ......... 439 Le Teee SULOD MIS SA LISBs wis pisysi>ce its ers 160 390 Strophopappus DC............ 499 413. Strophostyles HLL............ 312 414 ——angulosa ELL.........-- 312 ——pauciflorusS. Watrs.... 312 eee Sl CIA LOE | ogee clae ayers alate 173 413 =| QPSClIi, REICH. Jt... + 2 a 173 413 Stylandra NUTT........... 423 345 » Stylipus RAF............. 299 820 METASPERMAE Stylopappus Nurr Styphonia Nurt.. Styrandra FAP 2. aww. «3 —— )bifolia RAF.... ....... Succuta DESM ti Xian eee cee Sufrago GABRTN..\)0...4...5-. Swantia ALEF Symphachne BEAUV Symphoria PBERS.............. —conglomerata PERS..... — occidentalis R. Br..... —racemosa PERS.......... Symphoricarpa NECK......... Symphoricarpos JUSS. ......... Symphoricarpos elongata Py RE RUION To tea eham tats Lave —glomerata PURSH....... —heterophylla PRESL..... Symphoricarpos occidentalis (lati) 5294) RN eh pe Symphoricarpos orbiculatus MON GE Sedenante ae see — parviflora DESF......... Symphoricarpos racemosus MITCHEL Arnie at Bem heats —vacemosus var. pauciflorus FOB BME reieictene sleet’ —symphoricarpos (LINN.). . Syiuphoricarpos vulgaris IMT CHSC see Symphyandra A. DC.......... Symphyostemon KL Symphyotrichum NEEs....... Symplocarpus SALISB......... —foetidus SALISB......... Synaedrys LINDL...... _Synanthereae RICH. Synassa LINDL Syndesmon HOFFMNSGG...... ——thalictroides HoFFMGG. SY MEUESIS) MAK. sca s set) Synmeriai GRAM. ord. = weer Syntherisma WALT........... Synthuris BENTH. ss 55 5-d0.50 5. ——houghtoniana BENTH .... Syorhynchium HoOrrM........ Syrmatium Voga............ F Seem 6) duals Khe a0 'o 8 ed © 0 ewe pele ees se m8 Taeniopetalum BUNGE....... Taeniostema SPACH........... Pagotes BALA Avs cos ch eee papposa VENT.......... TalUnum ADANS, =. ceteris ss cent Talinum ciliatum WALP...... Talinum teretifolium Purnsu.... Toraxacum HALDL:.....«. Taraxacum d2ns-leonis Dresr. ——officinale WEBB......... Taraxacum taracacum (LINN.). Taraxia NuTYr . Teichostemma R. BR......... Telmatophace SCHLEID....... ——orbicularis SCHUR....... OF THE MINNESOTA Abrias og” Ve Telmatophace polyrhiza Gor Teloxys Moq.. Tenagia REICH. MEME eE GS Tephis ADANS ci Sty eae tae Tephroseris SCHUR........ res, Tephrosia: PERS. .....0... cae es +: ——virginiana PERS....... Tephrothamnus ScuH.-BiP.... Terebinthaceae BAILL....... TeroberaiSTEUD se cee aenee Terranea:‘COLLA. tivation r- Tetragonoloba SCOP......... Tetrahitum HorrM. and LINK ‘ Tetramolopium NEES.... .. Tetratelaia SOND... /o vase Tetrodus Cass i Teucrium LINN.......- Mes Ce, . —canadense LINN......-. Teucrium virginicum LINN... Thaela, \SPACGH:): 5.28 Ssan eae Thalasium SPRENG.......... Thalictrum LINN: 323 222. venien Thalictrum anemonoid és. t MICHX. —carolinianum Wis —cornuti T. and G.. "Thalictrum dioiewm LINN. Thalictrum MICHX.. 4 —poly gamum “Coll. Nom.. Thalictrum purpurascens Linn: Thalictrum Bape S: De oe rugosum AIT. Thasptum: NUTT .....ieeenae 28 aureum (LINN.).. are Thaspium aureum var. ‘apte- weviatum ies ek aa rum GRAY... ¢ «seme é Thaspium aureum var. corda- — twin WALT). 2% sche bibs Thaspium aureum var. trifoli- atum C. and R. Thaspium barbinode (Micux, De Thaspium cordatum T. and G: —trifoliatum GRAY . Ce i) ——trifoliatum var. apte- rum: GRAY wei enee Be Thaumuria GAUDICH.......:. Thelala cA... ec he Thelypodium ENDL..........+¢ gi ——pinnatifidum (MICHX.) . Thelysia SALISB ... ts ces aoe Theopyxis GRIS........ bas : Thesium corymbulosu mn MICHX,. . + sat ae ——umbellatum LINN ...- Thlaspi tuberosum Nurr.. ——virginianum POIR....... 2 Thrasya. HBK... ..:. <2. Thylax fraxineum RAF....... — Thymelaeaceae...,...... he tae Thymophylla LAG@.... Nea Thymus virginicus LINN..... ThyrsanthusScHh.......... ne Thysanella GRAY....../.4 Fh Thysselinum HOFFM.......... Tiarella LINN...: ——cordifolia LINN..... fe es. Tiarella laciniata HooK...... TREAEMURMO DOW Sees he by ees ——rigida (LINN.)........... PUBIC TATINUNG Ay Pette a ictsver bas, se —— americana LINN..... Tilia canadensis MICHX... ——caroliniana MILL. ——glabra VENT...... — latifolia, SALISB.......:. ——neglecta SPACH. . ——pubescens Nouv. DUHAM ——stenopetala RAF Tiliaceae ne Pinata CLOS ete ec. Tinea Biv PUUIISPORRS Too. slices c 6 ones Tithymalopsis KL. and G..... Tithymali ADANS. Tithymalus GABRTN.......... OMIA IIHS V Xen. SoA. vie ae I ETOL ER TIDES i269 3.0 se sabe aes ——glutinosa (MICHX). . MommMasinia, BERT. 2 :2))\0.. ei MTonguea ENDL... 6.2.0: ae, POTATO PSISMD G:.4)5\. asad 5 ee Sia Mie ete Sas alwiwie © se! bis (ss aide sl vis sey Mond y lito BAT. 2242). << . (Tragacantha) Tormentilla LINN Torminalis MED Torminaria ROEM .... MPorresia RK. ands. 20%. Tosreya RAF...... Porulinum D#sv....:..... ; Tosagris BEAUV (ovara ADANS:):.f5. 24's Tovaria NECK Toxicodendron TOURN.. ——pinnatum 1) 0 eee Se? BPOAZEDDTASAWILs faci uel. -' : Trachylomia NEES.. ——triglomerata NEES Trachynotia MICHX . fe —cynosuroides MICHIX.... —polystachya MICHX..... Trachyrhynchium NEEs Tradescantia LINN....... Tradescantia cristata WALT... —ohioensis RAF.......... Tradescantia virginica LINN... Tragacantha TOURN......... sete we wee Cie! aialele sre e' €* i¢ 0 ets) .¢ Mracium SPRENG...5.226....: Tragopogon virginicum LINN. MUpaAvODSIS POMEL). 6 i. .vs sca. Tragoselinum POMEL .... SR TAS RAUL ait Uo kim esse Traversia Hook. f...... Traunsteinera REICH Treissia HAWw.... Trentepohlia BOECKL.... Triachyrum HOCHST....-...... Triadenia SPACH..... INDEX. 821 390 Triadenum purpurascens RAF. 364 CATR item Ul ite NEV 0 2 Ni Sl CS CRN Rene Oke eet) Hip, Drianp hay NWR... ee cee le 143 Save Lt heLalAl HS eRe nen. neice 70 39l Trichachne NEEs.. : 49 391 =‘Lricherostigma KL. and G. 341 399 Trichochaeta SCE UD aaa eee 104 Soo “nicChochlog tBEAU Wee wanes 58 359 Galycind, SUR INN 4-0. 20th 60 359 slomerata TRIN........ 60 DOr MUL TIGHOCKE DIS) VIS sate athe an 568 SOM cD rr eohOakiinl MIG Hee fh seek 64 359 —decumbens MICHX ..... 65 359 —laxifolium MICHX ..... 65 359 —pevennans En. .. ... > 65 359 SCA TUM OM Hie os eae 65 287. .Tricholaena SCHRAD........ 49 ODM Mer iCh OOM OWE ne kine ee a ans 73 poe St richopnorum: PERS 3... eic ye NGF 341 —— cyperinum PERS........ 96 340 ——lineatum MUHL.. ...... 96 341. Trichopodium ‘PRESL......... 329 337 Trichostemma brachiatus 143 SiN Sa eens pA Bienacic take 456 142 Se riehostylis GEBSTrB ys. 2 O05. 103 390 =$'Trichothalamus LEHM 293 257 ~=6'Triclinium odoratum Rar 388 389 Triclisperma RAF.... . 338 389 ——vgrandiflora RAF.. ners) ZOOS, TalTIGOGCCAGEDNIN(.© 0.40 Went nate 340 283s eriCOlOphUS SPACE.) ser. 2\42 ,oas 203° 8 Ca ORES ace yh Sse 362 55 8©6©Trientalis LINN. rere tI Le 90 ——americana (PERS.). a tage os ete 91 Trientaliseuropaea Micux ... 414 58 ——europaea Var. americana 204 PENIS tee aad Be, tae es 414 152 ——europaea var. angusti- 346 OLA POR. etais wand 414 Sao) riglochi pr bIN Ne <2 6). eens 41 61 Triglochin chilensis Mey..... 4] 105 SOAS INIUIE, bie eyelw'e ds cvyare 4] 105 ——juncea GILIB...... Peer ny day) 69 Triglochin maritima LINN. 41 69 ‘Triglochin maritima var. el ita 69 (GRD AS EI Hel elect ra 41, 42 103 ——mexicana HBK......... 4] 186 Triglochin palustris LINN. . 4] 1387.) ‘Triglochin salina WALLR. 4] Reaver OOM as xAUR TVA T's ery sabcee 147 137. ‘Trigonella americana Nurr 332 320° »Trigonosciadum Borss.....:..- 389 S00 ee PIOUE ra OAV sent es 361 Soo Eriiidivum KUNTe. 6! 3. 156 64 SLAP UUUELOTTORMLGNOM INS ta asec, ah tonsil 156 394. - Trillium album Pu RSH. et SEG 394 camtschaticum PuUrsiu. 146 103) Trillium cernuum LINN. . 156 554 ——erectum LINN ee ete 15) 164. Trillium ereetum var. declina- 341 tum GRAY.... SG 90 Trillium grandiflorum (Micttx.) 156 62 ——nivale RIDD. ....... Cea alle 362 Trillium pendulum AIT...... 156 822 Trillium pendulum MUHL.. Trillium sessile LINN......... ‘ —vecurvatum BECK ....... Trillium rhomboideus var. grandiflorum MicHx.. Trilophos\ FISGH ?52..:..% NOR AR ‘Primeris! PRESiec see acer tee ‘TrimorphoesGAss taser. =.55 Driniwusa. STHUDHs ese 6 ee "Prigdanis HAE tasers 2 tain Triodia festucacea ELICHW ... Prion! NEED 3.5 tsa ae Triosteum LINN.. Triosteum majus MICHX..... Triosleum perfoliatum LINN. .. Tripetalus LINDL...... Brisas Pr O TaN NATIT crea ae AS ee PRR La herad AHNDO eos cere ker bye Triplima RAF Tripolium NEES....... DRripterinnys PACH. 2.553. done Triraphis NERS...... A ‘Trisetum purpurascens Torr. Triticum caninum LINN...... ——repens var. glaucum VAs ——sepium LAM ——violaceum HorNn........ Trewiaceae LINDL...... Trixago MOENCH. : BR OUAME TING: Mia Oca trefers, Gites Trollius BAILL Tropaeolum BENTH.and Hook Troximon AuCcT ——cuspidatum PURSH.... ——vlaucum PURSH.. .... ——marginatum Nurr...... SPADE et ARSENE re seebeet ~.. Tuberaria DUN. irhopadus: OMG estes: oe. Tuckermannia Nurr. Tullia LEAVENW. Tuna Dit. Cah ee Cra TOON in. os Riven Bi TurczaninowiaDGsn, 2.8... 022 Turpinia LLAV. and LEx..... Turpinia RAF Lee Nase EPL ETA CIS UN Ngee tects Rs, so cia ——glabra LINN ——hirsuta LINN. ——hiruta Mi alas jes ot ——laevigata MUHL ——lyrata RAF....... ——macrocarpa Nurr ——voblongata Rar —~—OVata PURSE . TTUBSAGHA-TVA Wat ie ielhirtng « ——repens RAF Tylomium PRESL, +3... dsp Tylothrasya DOBUL: -i0..0. 7.0. Tynarthron CAS....... 5 Typalia DENTS....... Typha LINN...... Typha angustifolia Ricu..... Typha latifolia LINN...... wAdie ele = « e) ee sae ee sesee niaier Shih anes 563, METASPERMAE OF THE MINNESOTA VALLEY. Be 156 157 157 156 251 497 525 84 496 80 361 487 487 i Typha latifolia var. elongata, DUDA ee tek ae ee ——major CURT. ...........— Typhaceaeinisk: oan Typhodes MorNcu he ie dae ——arundinacea MorNcn.. hag Ty toniaaWONeeners cee oes aa Kagt Deis MG Udora Nutr.. : omar ‘ ——canadensis Nurr. vee Viola palmata var, cucullata GRAY... °......) ene Viola palmata var. obliqua (i: 80 6:7) I Pe at? Viola papilionacea PursH..., 36! Viola pedata LINN. ......2.5.. —pedatifida G. DON........ Viola pennsylvanica meee : —-—pinnata RicuH.......... Viola primulaefolia LINN. dl ae Viola pubescens AIT......... Ley — rotundifolia MICHX...... Viola sagittaefolia SALISB.... INDEX. 825 Viola sagittata AIT......-+++- ie 369". Weigela PERS’... tosh. ate. - ae 486 Viola sororia WILLD.........- SOA OW endid LOREM .s.s-cmee meio 389 Viola striata AIT ..........00+- 366), -Whitlavia HOOKY. =... —cordata KOCH..........5— Zizia integerrima DC......... 3 Zosteraceae ........ die a Zosterospermon BEAUYV......- Zygadenus see Zigadenus...... 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