.o?'^'»s^ i863' DATE DUE 1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY S 73 no,601-780 1939-53 CORRECTED COPY Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 601 January, 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1939 C. 1. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude 72° 31' 10" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ^^■ Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature. Maximum Minimum. 33 45 28 26 29 I 39 7 '43 8 41 9 45 10 52 U ,46 12 33 13 28 14 25 15 35 16 32 17 32 18 28 19 2'i 20 27 21 27 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 A 12 m 0 A 12 1 3 3 3 0 A 12 m 2 p 4 p 3 p 3 P 1 24 28 15 14 19 29 34 30 28 35 39 21 19 17 11 ^ 39 1 p 23 3 p 37 3 p 32 8 A 16 4 p 22 3 P 34 3 p! 43 0 A 34 10 ^ 24 4 p 8f 12 p 8p 8 a 6 A 0 A 1 A 3 A 2 A 0 A 8 A 12 p 7 A 12 p 8 A 6 A 4 A 7 6 8 7 12 7 0 12 A A A A P A A P 8 A 7 A 7 A 2p 12 p 8 A Wind. 3l/, O ^ mi? E or a) 4) 3 zee 28.5 36.5 21.5 20.0 24.0 34.0 38.5 35. o 36.5 43.5 42.5 27.0 23.5 21.0 20.0 21.5 24.5 20.0 17.5 18.5 18.0 23.0 11.5 25.5 19.0 S.O 9.0 19.5 36.0 26.0 20.5 57 i 56! 75, 89: 88^ 97! 81 j 5o j 63 i 72 60 57 53 31 66 83 57 62 67 78 92 83 45 84 60 46 50 63 73 91 84 6.8 I 6.81 0.0 i 3.8 1 0.0 i 4.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 4.0 6.4 8.7 6.5 4.8 9.4 6.8 9.C 7.8 6.5 8.8 6.5 3.6 9.7 4.0 6.8 9.0 8.8 90 2.3 0.0 8.7 Precipitation. W W nw n nw nw s nw nw s nw nw n n w w nw n s nw 136 242 194 153 72 122 110 223 103 191 :249' 2851 1251 151! 55 25 187 171 143 69 34 212 389 116 217 262 108 145 179 179 232 18 40 20 15 7 13 11 32 8 14 40 32 15 U 8 3 22 14 11 7 6 44 32 10 32 25 ,13, l2U U4 [32 1 18 11-30P Oa 12 p .03 12 M 1.31 0 A 8 a .01 3 A 2 A ^30p 6a 1 A 4 a 4-30 P 8p 12 p .25 11 A .12 1.00 .031 .051 .53i .131 T .25 T 2.25 1.00 'Rased on least time required to blow one mile. NJll PP. — l^pjinninrr \T a mi^— ijataiaJ- i uf^ U ii'lfUfcy )'' hased on readinp-s taken at 8 A. M.. )ON,aii i S H". 4. Piior to tliat time idadinii^s were taken at 8 a. m. aJife:! 8 p. m 1 P A PV^. W. WhitteIore, Ohserrer time m\ • f'\/ ■••• r' l^ AMHEP^T MASS. Monthly Summary January I9;i9 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.52, 4th Minimum 29.20, 22nd Mean semi-daily 30.041 Range 1.32 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 52, 10th Lowest -4, 27th Mean 24.9 Monthly range 56 Highest mean daily 43.5, 10th Lowest mean daily 8.0, 2r)th Mean maximum 33.0 Mean minimum 10.7 Greatest daily range 32, 22nd Least daily range 7, 11th, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.21 Snow 4.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 1.34, 5th, 6th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 5079 Greatest daily movement .... 389, 23rd Least daily movement 25, 16th Mean hourly velocity 6.8 Maximum velocity 44, 22nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 10 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 7 Southwest, days 0 West, days 4 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 17 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 4 Number hours bright sunshine ....189 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64.3 Thunder and lightning 22n(l 30.701 29.20 1 30.07 1.5l| ! 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 I 3.61 L3.24 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33,1898, 1923; 1.75, 11 5055; 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 6.8 32.7 WNW 47, 1938 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 78, 1932; 37, 1908 16, 1932; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931; 4, 1920 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on ob- servations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during January was pleasant, with less rain and snow than usual and with more sunshine than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 24.9 degrees which is .7 degrees higher than normal. The lowest was -4 degrees on the 27th. The average low temperature for January is -7.1 degrees, and the extreme was -26 degrees in 1904. The domestic heating load for the month was 1245 degree-days, the normal for January being 1265 degree- days. The total heating load for the season is 3541 degree-days, the normal being 3814 for this period. Only 4.75 inches of snow fell in January, while the normal is 13.24 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 2.21 inches compared to a normal of 3.61 inches. There were 189 hours of bright sunshine, with 17 days classified as "clear". The normal hours of sunshine for January is 137 hours. A wind velocity of 44 miles per hour occurred on the 22nd and there was thunder and lightning on that afternoon. NoTF,: The weather observatory completed 50 years of records with the December 1938 bulletin. A new set of normals has been calculated based on records from 1889 to 1938 inclusive. Two errors were made in the December bulletin. The rela- tive humidity on December 1 should read 52 percent mak- ing the mean monthly humidity 73.3 percent, and the max- imum barometer for December was 30.67 inches on the l6th. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 602 February 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c >> n! n E > V c E a > E X a c 01 M T3 •o C C >> Q 1) 5) Q E Q (LI 5= o c C/3 1 34 4 p 2 8 A 18.0 77 10.0 nw 82 11 0 A 3 A .02 T 2 24 12 p 14 3 A 19.0 94 0.5 nw 53 9 0 A 12 P .02 T 3 34 9 p 24 0 A 29.0 97 3.3 nw 55 15 0 A 12 P T 4 32 2 p 16 12 p 24.0 61 9.0 nw 282 48 0 A 4 A .02 .50 5 31 5 P 11 8 A 21.0 65 10.1 s 83 9 6 29 3 P 9 6 A 19.0 80 6.3 w 51 6 10 P 12 P .16 1.50 7 34 4 p 25 12 p 29.5 89 5.8 n 105 9 0 A 1 P .28 3.00 8 41 3 p 15 7 A 28.0 80 8.4 s 108 15 9 40 3 p 20 12 p 30.0 >48 10.3 nw 198 18 10 32 12 p 18 8 A 25.0 95 0.0 n 129 9 7 A 12 P .41 U 35 8 A 17 12 p 26.0 64 7.7 nw 202 39 0 A 8 A .10 12 32 3 p 10 6 A 21.0 54 10.3 s 162 18 13 50 3 p 28 12 p 39.0 46 9.8 s 162 13 14 38 4 p 27 2 A 32.5 91 6.5 sw 50 7 15 56 2 p 29 3 A 42.5 92 0.0 nw 144 32 7 A 9 P .45 16 30 0 A 4 12 p 17.0 43 10.6 nw 433 48 17 31 11 p 0 7 A 15.5 73 3.2 s 147 20 18 46 3 p 26 5 A 36.0 57 8.0 nw 225 25 19 38 2 p 30 7 A 34.0 85 0.0 sw 111 8 2 p 9 P .27 20 62 4 p 34 5 A 48.0 83 7.5 n 120 20 21 35 4 p 30 11 p 32.5 77 9.0 n 173 11 10 p 12 P .03 22 28 9 A 17 12 p 22.5 74 3.8 n 257 32 0 A 8:30 A .17 1.00 23 28 2 p 9 7 A 18,5 49 10.8 nw 141 12 24 39 4 p 15 1 A 27.0 68 3.3 s 204 22 25 35 3 p 16 7 A 25.5 58 9.5 se 115 9 26 34 8 p 30 6 A 32.0 96 0.0 nw 101 8 6:30 A 9 P .97 27 42 3 p 28 12 p 35.0 62 9.3 nw 144 25 28 38 7 p 25 5 A 31.5 94 0.0 nw 60 13 12 M 9 P .72 ^ Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY February 1939 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.68, 16th, 17th Minimum 29 . 26, 15th Mean semi-daily 30. 104 Range .' 1.42 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 62, 20th Lowest 0, 17th Mean 27.8 Range 62 Highest mean daily 48, 20th Lowest mean daily 15.5, 17th Mean maximum 36.7 Mean minimum 18.9 Greatest daily range 32, 1st Least daily range 4, 26th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3 . 62 Snow 6 . 00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. . 0 . 97, 26th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 4097 Greatest daily movement 433, 16th Least daily movement 50, 14th Mean velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 48, 4th. 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 5 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 6 Southwest, days 2 West , days 1 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73 .3 Mean cloudiness, percent 59 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 173 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.4 Thunder and lightning 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50, -7, 23 58 3 13 19 99 10 4776 7 31 1 7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 48, 1934, 1937 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 17, '19, '24; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during February was warmer than usual, with many rainy days. The walks and roads were either slushy or icy throughout most of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 27.8 degrees, the normal being 23.7 degrees. On the 20th the temperature reached 62 degrees, a temperature exceeded only twice in February during the last 50 years. The lowest temperature was zero on the 17th. The heating load during the month was 1042 degree-days, compared to a normal of 1156 degree-days. The total heating load for the season up to February 28 is 4583 degree-days, while the normal for this period is 4970 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 3.62 inches, compared to a normal of 3.19 inches. Only 6 inches of snow fell, the average snowfall for February being 14 inches. The total snowfall for the winter up to the present time is 27.25 inches, compared to a normal of 38.35 inches for this period. The total wind movement during the month was 4097 miles, the normal being 4776. High winds reaching 48 miles per hour were recorded on the 4th and 16th. There were 173 hours of bright sun- shine, the normal being 158 hours. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 603 March 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum * c a >, a n c . M || > u c E a > ^1 E •<< a c a M 0) 03 •a T3 c c Q M 1) Q E M Q E o c 1 44 9 A 33 12 p 38.5 54 3.5 nw 139 40 1 A 2 A .03 2 32 4 p 22 12 p 27.0 45 11.2 nw 291 28 3 44 4 P 16 7 A 30.0 63 11.2 s 116 20 4 48 1 P 31 0 A 39.5 76 5.8 s 211 20 5 44 1 p 36 7 A 40.0 96 0.0 w 52 12 T 6 55 4 p 36 12 p 45.5 82 1.0 s 170 25 4 A 9-30 A .49 7 36 0 A 20 12 p 28.0 48 9.8 nw 478 48 8 30 2 p 12 7 A 21.0 35 11.5 nw 307 22 Q 25 2 p 20 4 A 22.5 88 0.0 n 89 10 7 A 8 p .60 6.0 10 33 1 p 11 12 p 22.0 52 11.6 n 198 32 11 24 3 p 4 7 A 14.0 70 8.5 nw 119 22 4 p 12 p .16 2.0 12 32 12 M 22 0 A 27.0 87 1.2 nw 154 17 0 A 12 p .73 8.0 13 35 2 p 25 8 A 30.0 78 6.5 n 378 39 0 A 8 A .31 2.0 14 39 3 p 26 6 A 32.5 57 11.8 n 261 25 15 37 2 p 17 6 A 27.0 79 8.2 n 66 32 4 p 12 p .83 16 39 2 p 25 12 p 32.0 83 4.5 nw 125 25 0 A 5 A .19 17 35 12 M 19 7 A 27.0 60 11.8 nw 136 20 T 18 32 1 p 13 7 A 22.5 57 100 n 126 20 19 29 2 p 12 6 A 20.5 49 12.0 n 93 14 20 40 5 p 18 2 A 29 0 88 1.0 s 135 32 T 21 33 4 p 22 7 A 27.5 58 12.1 nw 280 32 22 35 4 p 16 6 A 25.5 57 12.1 nw 137 22 23 42 3 p 13 6 A 27.5 62 9.5 sw 58 8 24 59 3 p 28 6 A 43.5 68 11.2 n 56 11 25 52 4 p 31 7 A 41.5 77 8.0 n 107 22 26 47 4 p 35 4 A 41.0 96 3.2 se 93 8 1:30 A 8 A .13 27 45 12 M 34 12 p 39.5 75 0.0 w 72 13 8 A 9 A .03 28 36 4 p 27 11 p 31.5 93 5.7 n 175 13 1 A 11 A .53 1.5 29 43 4 p 22 6 A 32.5 42 12.5 nw 109 13 30 35 4 p 31 5 A 33.0 97 0.0 se 126 9 3.30 A 6 p .46 0.5 31 45 2 p 34 0 A 39.5 71 1.6 w 137 12 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY March 1939 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.56, 8th, 19th Minimum 29.41, 6th Mean semi-daily 30 078 Range 1.16 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 5\ 24th Lowest 4,11th Mean 30.^ Range 55 Highest mean daily 45.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 14.0, 1 1th Mean maximum 38.9 Mean minimum 23.0 Greatest daily range 31, 24th Least daily range 4, 30th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.49 Snow 20.0 Max precipitation in 24 hrs.. 1.02, I5th 16th Number of days with 01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 4994 Greatest daily movement 478, 7th Least daily movement 52, 5th Mean velocity 6 7 Maximum velocity 48, 7th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 10 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69 1 Mean cloudiness, percent 48 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 9 Number hours bright sunshine 217 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58 Thunder and lightning 30.57 29.24 30 00 1 34 63.8 6 1 34 4 57 6 3 70 7.47 11 5944 7 7 31 2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1014; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936;3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4, 1895, 18)7,1936 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — -The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during March was cold and wintry with snow on the ground throughout most of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 30.9 degrees, the normal for March being 34.4 degrees. It is interesting to note that the mean temperature for February of this year was 27.8 degrees while the mean temperature during March is normally 10.7 degrees higher than in February. The domestic heating load for March was 1057 degree-days while the normal for March is 949 degree-days. The total heating load for the winter to the end of March is 5640 degree-days, the normal for this period being 5919 degree-days. A total of 20 inches of snow fell during the month. The storm on the 11th, 12th, and 13th was generally recognized as the heaviest snowfall in March since the great storm of 1888. Twelve inches of snow fell during the days mentioned and this was preceded with 6 inches on the 9th. The total precipitation during the month was 4.49 inches, the normal being 3.70 inches. There were 217 hours of bright sunshine which is well above the average of 199 hours. A high wind velocity of 48 miles per hour was recorded on the 7th. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 604 April 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1939 C. I. GUN NESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature c of Wind Precipitation Maximum | Miniiinim * 7) C M _ c jj >. Q M Q c V a a; 2 4J ^' cfl n! E x:a > V ra > H2 >< ^ S c ID C c t/3 1 59 12 M 34 6 A 46.5 52 7.8 n 118 14 2 61 1 P 36 6 A 48.5 51 8.0 n 92 8 3 59 1 P 38 6 A 48.5 52 3.5 n 197 20 4 68 4 p 43 5 A 55.5 48 6.0 n 220 22 5 70 2 p 51 3 A 60.5 57 4.3 nw 168 25 6 82 4 p 41 6 A 61.5 59 14.1 sw 67 9 7 89 3 p 55 12 p 72.0! 50 14.1 nw 180 28 1 8 75 4 p 45 6 A 60.01 73 7.0 se 110 14 9 67 5 p 57 4 A 62.0 96 0.0 se 178 15 10:30 A 8:30 p .23 10 79 3 p 54 5 A 66.5 46 14.4 w 154 18 11 71 4 p 55 12 p 63.0 43 9.3 nw 212 21 12 63 4 p 42 6 A 52.5 54 9.3 nw 195 17 13 55 4 p 37 6 A 46.0 64 0.5 sw 98 11 14 66 4 p 32 5 A 49.0 56 5.5 sw 69 10 15 67 2 p 36 6 A 51.5 45 14.0 se 132 18 16 66 4 p 32 5 A 49.0 47 14.4 se 98 15 17 73 3 p 33 6 A 53.0 51 13.5 sw 65 10 18 63 6 p 46 12 p 54.5 46 14.6 nw 172 20 19 80 4 p 35 6 A 57.5 66 11.5 s 118 13 20 79 3 p 52 7 A 655 52 10.5 n 132 13 21 74 3 p 55 6 A 64.5 60 60 nw 88 9 T 22 57 0 A 51 12 p 54.0 97 0.0 ne 71 6 6 A 4 p .46 23 60 5 p 50 4 A 55.0 85 0.0 se 64 9 6:30 p 7 p .06 24 72 5 p 48. 5 A 60.0 71 10.0 n 126 10 25 81 6 p 49 4 A 65.0 66 8.0 w 83 8 26 78 3 p 56 5 A 67.0 46 14.6 s 81 10 27 81 3 p 55 6 A 68.0 72 9.6 se 149 18 28 89 1 P 65 1 A 77.0 76 9.4 se 183 39 2 p 11 p 1.40 29 82 3 p 60 12 p 71.0 67 14.4 nw 159 25 30 82 3 p 55 5 A 68.5 75 14.9 w 135 18 T 31 89 4 p 64 4 A 76.5 53 14.8 n 93 12 'Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY Mav 1939 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.30, 13th Minimum 29.43, 9th Mean semi-daily 29.960 Range 0.87 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 7th, 28th, 31st Lowest ; 32, 14th, 16th Mean 59.7 Range , 57 Highest mean daily 77, 28th Lowest mean daily 46, 13th Mean maximum 72.2 Mean minimum 47.2 Greatest daily range 45, 19th Least daily range 6, 22nd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.15 Snow Max. precipitation in 24 hrs 1.40, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 4007 Greatest daily movement 220, 4th Least daily movement 64. 23rd Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 39, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 7 Northeast, days 1 East , days 0 Southeast, days South, days 2 Southwest, days 4 West , days 3 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 60 5 Mean cloudiness, percent 55.2 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 284 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 62.7 Thunder and lightning 9th, 21st, 28th Last frost . . Mav 16 30.39 29.51 29.96 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 Mav 12 30.62, 29.10, 94.5, 1896, 24.0, 1936 1938 1911 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 5946, 1907; 2180, 1903 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901; 30, 20, 1923; 0, 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 334, 1922; 137, 1923 1927 1923 1922 1927 June 8.1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during Ma^' was warm and dr>-. The mean temperature for the month was 59.7 degrees compared to a normal of 57.1 degrees. This is the highest mean temperature for May since 1922 with the exception of 1933 when it was 60.5 degrees. The highest temperature was 89 degrees which occurred on three days: the 7th, 28th, and 31st. The lowest temperature during the month was 32 degrees on the 14th and 16th. The total heating load for the month of May was 166 degree-days, making the heating load for the season 6481 degree-days, the normal being 6743 degree-days for this period. The total rainfall for the month was 2.15 inches; the normal, 3.60 inches. In 1931, 7.44 inches fell in May and in 1903, .48 inch. There was a heavy thunder- storm with high wind on the 28th, 1.40 inches being recorded. The total pre- cipitation since the first of the year is now 17.03 inches, compared to a normal of 17.45 inches for this period. Four days of rain were recorded during the month, which is the least number of rainy days on record for May since 1889. Only one day of rain, the 9th, was recorded from April 29 to May 20. There were 284 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 252 hours for May. The mean humidity for the month was nearly normal. The last frost occurred on May 16, the normal date being May 12. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology- Department makes the following report on vegetation: "Vegetation made rapid progress during May and apple trees were in full bloom on about May 18-22, approximately one week later than normal. Slight frost did some injury to early blooming strawberries and tender plants, but the amount of injury was insignificant. Some winter injury has been noted on nursery-grown apple trees of tender varieties, probably from the unusual cold of late November. Raspberry canes were badly killed, probably from the same cause. This will, in many plantations, severely' reduce the crop. "The weather during the blooming period of tree fruits was favorable. Mcin- tosh apple trees bloomed hea\'ih- and should have a good crop. Other varieties were variable. "Most of the month was rather dry but heavy showers toward the end of the month renewed the water supply and trees will have water enough to meet their needs for some time." goodell library mass. st ate college amherst. mass. ^^ ^^ Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 606 June 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure a ol Wind 'recipitation Maximum Minimum * s 3 ro £ 1^ 2a 1-2 > (U >< 5 M -a 0) ■a c a c '3 M a; c '6 V c 1 77 3 p 56 5 A 66.5 59 8.0 11 112 8 1 A 2 A .08 2 77 5 p 49 5 A 63.0 50 12.5 w 92 13 3 77 3 p 46 5 A 61.5 55 13.8 s 106 12 4 76 5 p 51 3 A 63.5 80 6.1 w 130 17 7:30 A 10:30 A .17 5 81 4 p 48 6 A 64.5 49 12.2 w 127 20 6 68 7 A 54 12 p 61.0 55 10.0 n 255 32 7 79 5 p 42 6 A 60.5 56 13.3 \v 86 9 8 83 4 p 52 5 A 67.5 82 4.5 sw 82 11 7 P 10 p .43 9 88 5 p 65 6 A 76.5 76 11.4 svv 82 20 T 10 85 3 p 62 5 A 73.5 77 6.7 3\V 58 10 T 11 90 5 p 67 5 A 78.5 71 15.0 s 117 13 T 12 82 1 p 63 12 p 72.5 59 14.3 \v 156 14 13 80 3 p 56 5 A 68.0 60 10.6 sw 72 8 10 P 12 p .12 14 74 2 p 58 12 p 66.0 76 2.5 n\v 158 17 0 A 4:30 p .63 15 77 4 p 49 4 A 63.0 57 10.0 sw 118 13 T 16 76 5 p 61 4 A 68.5 53 14.1 n\v 261 20 T 17 58 4 p 51 12 p 54.5 91 0.0 nw 101 48 2 A 8 A .80 18 73 4 p 46 4 A 59.5 63 90 w 57 9 19 75 3 p 47 5 A 61.0 67 9.5 s 119 13 20 79 3 p 62 8 A 705 95 0.6 s 71 6 7 A 9:30 A .05 21 84 3 p 62 6 A 73.0 54 15 3 nw 154 15 22 81 3 p 55 5 A 68.0 52 11.7 s 86 7 23 73 6 p 57 4 A 65.0 84 0.5 se 102 17 2:30 A 4:30 p .20 24 79 3 p 50 5 A 64.5 64 10.3 s 71 14 11:30 p 12 p .01 25 70 5 p 57 6 A 63.5 87 4.3 n 103 17 0 A 8 p .20 26 70 3 p 59 5 A 64.5 82 1.5 n 83 10 6 A 8 A .01 27 80 5 p 57 4 A 68.5 08 12.5 w 45 7 28 79 4 p 58 5 A 68.5 80 6.8 s 79 8 29 83 2 p 64 5 A 73.5 79 6.8 s 149 14 T 30 78 4 p 67 0 A 72.5 92 0.2 s 211 11 1:30 A 11 p .51 'Based on least time required to blow one mile. J F. Hanson, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY June 1939 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.26, 3rd, 27th Minimum 29.63, 30th Mean semi-daily 29.980 Range 0.63 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 90, 11th. Lowest 42, 7th, Mean 66.7 Range 48 Highest mean daily 78.5, 11th Lowest mean daily 54.5, 17th Mean maximum 77.7 Mean minimum 55.7 Greatest daily range 37, 7th Least daily range 7, 17th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.21 Snow Max precipitation in 24 hrs 80, 17th Number of days with 01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 3443 Greatest daily movement 261, 16th Least daily movement 45. 27th Mean hourN; velocity 4 8 Maximum velocity 48, 17th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East , days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 9 Southwest, days 5 West , days 7 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69 1 Mean cloudiness, percent 60 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 254 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.6 Thunder and lightning. .1, 11, 13, 17, 24, 25 Last frost May 16 Normal Extremes 30.30 29.55 29.94 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51 3 3 51 11 3585 50 24.6 WSW 66 9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 May 12 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922;4, 1908 4571, 19.:8; 1409, 1906 40, 1932 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1927 23,1912;4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 June 8,1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during June was very nearly normal in most respects. The month generally was considered dry, but apparently there were a number of local showers which gave more rain at the weather observatory than at nearby points. The total rainfall for the month was 3.21 inches which is .30 less than normal. This rain fell on 12 days. In addition, there were traces of rain with a fall of less than .01 inch on 6 additional days. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 20.24 inches; the normal for this period is 20.96 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 66.7 degrees which is one degree higher than normal. The highest temperature was 90 degrees on the 11th and the lowest, 42 degrees on the 7th. The domestic heating load for the month was 40 degree- days, compared to a normal of 69 degree-days. The total heating load for the season was 6521 degree-days and the normal, 6812 degree-days. There was a heavy windstorm on the 17th, with considerable damage to trees. The maximum velocity recorded was 48 miles an hour. There were 254 hours of bright sunshine which is 3 hours less than normal. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports that "all fruit plants made normal progress during June. Tree fruits have set fair to good crops. Strawberries produced fair to good crops but raspberries and blackberries will be light due to winter injury to the canes. Rainfall has been rather short but timely showers have thus far prevented real injury to fruit crops. Scab control on Mcintosh apple trees has not been as difficult as last j'ear because of fewer humid periods, and thorough and timely spraying has been effective in control of the disease." GOODELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. lO 37 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 607 July 1939 Meteorological Observations JULY 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure V c o'-S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum * .a 1 c 2 0! nj E . Ml OX ij '5 o > (U 1)1- £,0 c E — 0) 03 > E x' c M v CQ T3 CI C c '3 >. Q M v Q B H M Q E 0 c 1 81 3 p 61 12 p 71.0 65 15.0 w 170 13 2 74 4 p 52 5 A 63.0 58 13.5 nw 179 20 3 81 4 P 45 5 A 63.0 60 15.2 nw 71 10 4 89 5 p 51 6 A 70.0 63 14.5 se 66 9 5 90 2 p 67 4 A 78.5 68 5.9 se 122 12 6 83 2 p 68 4 A 75.5 75 5.8 se 151 17 7 93 3 p 69 4 A 81.0 72 9.0 se 108 9 T 8 93 1 p 61 12 p 77.0 71 5.7 s 124 22 2:30 p 3 p .17 9 90 5 p 68 5 A 79.0 66 11.7 w 62 "5 10 86 2 p 66 12 p 76.0 56 8.8 nw 123 18 11 80 4 p 56 5 A 68.0 60 14.9 n 141 17 12 79 4 p 54 4 A 66.5 60 7.5 n 13-t 25 T 13 74 12 M 46 4 A 60.0 54 7.0 sw 101 11 14 82 1 p 67 0 A 74.5 72 6.4 s 123 13 3.30 A 2 p .76 15 76 4 p 54 12 p 65.0 51 13.3 nw 160 18 16 73 3 P 47 5 A 60.0 59 3.1 n 87 11 17 74 3 p 52 5 A 63.0 62 4.8 nw 130 18 18 80 6 p 47 5 A 63.5 59 13.7 w 48 6 19 81 6 P 53 5 A 67.0 52 11.0 nw 98 8 20 83 3 p 52 5 A 67.5 55 13 7 nw 68 13 T 21 83 4 p 54 6 A 68.5 60 94 sw 57 5 22 81 4 p 53 5 A 67.0 64 14.0 se 78 11 23 85 3 p 49 5 A 67.0 58 13.0 nw 59 11 24 90 4 p 55 5 A 72.5 63 13.0 sw 49 8 T 25 92 1 p 68 6 A 80.0 66 8.5 n 91 15 T 26 92 3 p 65 5 A 78.5 73 6.9 s 67 9 27 84 2 p 68 5 A 76.0 86 1.4 s 74 7 2:30 P 12 p .14 28 86 4 p 69 12 p 77.5 74 6.3 s 102 13 0 A 2 A .07 29 88 3 p 67 5 A 77.5 74 3.5 e 77 13 3 P 8 p .64 30 82 3 p 68 1 A 75.0 82 1.0 se 69 9 3 p 6 p .18 31 84 11 A 72 4 A 780 80 5.5 se 83 18 11:30 A 1:30 p .34 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1939 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.28, 21st, 22nd Minimum 29.58, 14th Mean semi-daily 29.971 Range 0.70 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 93, 7th, 8th Lowest 45, 3rd Mean 71.2 Range 48 Highest mean daily 81, 7th Lowest mean daily 60, 13th, 1 th Mean maximum 83 5 Mean minimum . .58 8 Greatest daily range 38, 4th Least daily range 12, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.30 Snow Max. precipitation in 24 hrs 76, 14th Number of days with 01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 3072 Greatest daily movement 179, 2nd Least daily movement 48. 18th Mean hourly velocity 4.1 Maximum velocity 25, 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 7 South, days 5 Southwest, days 3 West , days 3 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 65.1 Mean cloudiness, percent 50 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 4 Number hours bright sunshine 283 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.3 Thunder and lightning. . .7, 8, 14, 24, 25, 31 30.27 29.59 29.96 .68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 .97, 1892; .47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890 ,1898 14 51, 18)7; .70, 1929 20, 1915;4, 1924 5,097, 1909; 1,109, 1894 44, 1936 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24,'09,'21;5,'89,'23,'28,'36 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during July was very dry until the last few days of the month. Only .96 of an inch fell until July 27. This light rainfall in July with a deficiency of 1.45 inches in May and .30 in June made a dry growing season with consid- erable damage to crops. The total rainfall for the month was 2.30 inches com- pared to a normal of 4.10 inches. The least rainfall we have had in July was .70 inch in 1929. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 22.54 inches. The normal precipitation for this period is 25.06 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 71.2 degrees, the normal being 70.8 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 93 degrees which occurred on the 7th and 8th. The lowest was 45 degrees on the 3rd. The total wind movement during the month was 3072 miles, the normal being 3422 miles. The maximum velocity was 25 miles on the 12th. There were 283 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 268 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report: "The period of dry weather, which began in June, continued until July 27 with only one or two showers. During the last few days of July there were several showers, bringing sufficient water to relieve conditions for a week or two. The drouth did not become severe enough to do great damage to fruit crops though it must have interfered with the development of full size on early varieties ripening in late July and early August. Lawns and shallow-rooted crops suffered more or less severely. If timely rains come during August, there will be, on the whole, little drouth injury to fruit crops during this season. The dry weather has made weed control easier and has been unfavorable to the development of diseases and certain insects, and should favor the development of fruit buds for next season's crop." GOODELL LIBRARY MASS. STATE COLLEGE AMHERST, MASS. 10 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 608 August 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Femperature c 1 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum *_ £ a; ni cfl t SoSK '" r- CO fj > il c V B >i a n to M m •o (U ■a c W c '5 OS >. a Q 1 M Q c Q E o c 1 87 3 p 65 12 p 76.0 62 14.5 w 165 17 2 85 4 p 55 6 A 70.0 56 14.5 se 58 8 3 88 4 p 66 4 A 77.0 78 10.3 se 169 17 6 p 10:30 p .23 4 78 10 A 65 12 p 71.5 94 1.3 sw 73 14 10:30 A 4:30 p 2.00 5 83 3 p 61 6 A 72.0 68 12.0 nw 79 13 6 88 3 p 54 6 A 71.0 63 14.3 sw 43 8 7 87 4 p 63 5 A 75.0 71 10.1 w 64 8 8 86 2 p 63 6 A 74.5 70 10.5 sw 110 10 9 88 1 p 69 2 A 78.5 82 5.0 s 146 12 3 P 4 p .04 10 83 3 p 62 5 A 72.5 63 14.2 lUV 124 17 11 87 3 p 58 5 A 72.5 69 14.1 nw 51 8 12 86 2 p 58 5 A 72.0 75 11.1 s 108 10 13 85 4 p 69 12 p 77.0 91 3.9 s 189 25 6 P 7 p .43 14 85 3 p 63 12 p 74.0 75 14.0 nw 83 10 0 A 1 A .07 15 89 3 p 60 6 A 74.5 62 14.0 s 51 7 16 87 1 p 65 6 A 76.0 73 10.6 se 134 28 T 17 88 4 p 64 4 A 76.0 73 10.2 se 67 6 18 88 4 p 60 5 A 74.0 74 10.0 nw 74 9 19 84 1 p 72 4 A 78.0 73 8.1 nw 124 10 20 84 2 p 67 6 A 75.5 90 28 s 178 18 2 A 4 p .87 21 87 1 p 75 6 A 81.0 86 2.7 s 112 11 1:30 p 2:30 p .09 22 89 2 p 67 12 p 78.0 73 10.7 sw 103 10 23 86 3 p 60 6 A 73.0 64 12.0 sw 50 5 24 88 3 p 59 6 A 73.5 72 10.5 sw 72 11 25 80 12 M 66 5 A 73.0 85 2.4 s 74 5 12 M 5 p .16 26 82 2 p 64 12 p 73.0 67 8.9 n 122 14 27 82 3 p 58 6 A 70.0 71 9.9 n 122 10 28 82 2 p 56 5 A 6>.0 66 10.0 e 111 11 29 73 11 A 56 6 A 64.5 69 10.2 ne 118 13 T 30 76 4 p 60 5 A 68.0 67 3.4 n 192 20 T 31 70 3 p 63 7 A 665 77 0.8 n 169 14 'Based on least time required to blow one mile. J F. Hanson, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY August 1939 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.30, 12th Minimum 29.73, 9th Mean semi-daily 29.989 Range 57 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 15th, 22nd Lowest 54, 6th Mean 73.5 Range 35 Highest mean daily.. 81, 21st Lowest mean daily 64.5, 29th Mean maximum 84.2 Mean minimum 62.7 Greatest daily range 34, 6th Least daily range 7, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.89 Snow Max. precipitation in 24 hrs. . 2 23, 3rd, 4th Number of days with .01 or more Wind, in miles Total movement 3335 Greatest daily movement 192, 30th Least daily movement 50. 23rd Mean hourly velocity 4.5 Maximum velocity 28, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 4 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 4 South, days 7 Southwest, days 6 West , days 2 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 21 Number of fair days 3 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 287 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 66.9 Thunder and lightning. . .3, 4, 9, 13, 16, 17 18, 21, 25 30.32 29.61 30.00 .71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4 08 11 3127 4 2 22.7 SW 70 2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 30.50, 19.34 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 8 40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 35, 1915 67, KOI; 27, K23 17, 1921,1936;0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912;5, '93, '33, '36 18, 1901, '28; 2, '10, '23 317, 1921; 152, 1915, 1929 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during August was considerably warmer than usual with a mean temperature of 73.5 degrees. This is the highest mean for August in Amherst beginning in 1837. In August 1937 the mean was 73.3 degrees. The normal mean temperature for August is 68.6 degrees. Not only was the temperature unusually high but it was accompanied with high humidity on many days. The mean relative humidity for the month was 72.9 percent compared to a normal of 70.2 percent. The mean temperature for the three summer months June, July and August was 70.5 degrees. This has been exceeded only three times since 1837: in 1870 the mean temperature for the three months was 71.7 degrees; in 1876, 71.8 degrees; and in 1937, 70.6 degrees. The last three years have had the hottest summers since ob- servations have been taken at the State College, beginning in 1889. The rain fall during the month was 3.89 inches, the normal being 4.08 inches. Most of the rain fell in the form of local showers which were accompanied with an unusual amount of thunder and lightning. There were 287 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 237 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report: "The weather during August continued reasonably favorable for fruit development. Timely showers prevented serious drought, and midseason and later varieties are sizing up well and developing good color. Probably due to the dry weather of late June and July, considerable internal cork is developing in certain varieties of apples and will cause serious losses in some orchards. The crop of Mcintosh in the College orchard will be heavy and that of most other orchards fair to good. It is quite free of diseases but many apples show hail marks from the hail storm of earlv summer." Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 609 September 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1939 C I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum * c rt c3 E . M Zoa ll £5 c a — V rt > E c a M V ca •o V ■a c U '3 Q i V Q 4) E H 1) c B H 1 1 82 3 p 54 5 A 68.0 68 10.3 se 95 9 2 86 3 p 61 6 A 73.5 78 7.4 s 128 28 3 p 3:30 P .39 3 80 3 p 61 1 A 70.5 88 4.8 s 114 11 T 4 81 3 p 61 5 A 71.0 79 8.2 s 145 10 5 76 3 p 56 12 p 66.0 82 4.4 s 183 21 9 A 12 p .30 6 69 3 p 49 6 A 59.0 52 10.5 nw 190 25 7 74 4 p 51 0 A 62.5 57 12.8 n\v 142 18 8 60 10 A 51 0 A 55.5 87 0.0 sw 55 13 9 A 5 p .51 Q 74 4 p 46 7 A 60.0 71 11.0 n 81 12 10 67 6 p 56 12 p 61.5 84 0.0 s 104 32 11:30 A 4 P .38 11 67 4 p 47 12 p 57.0 61 7.9 nw 220 25 12 69 12 M 42 4 A 55.5 65 7.0 nw 78 9 13 76 3 p 44 6 A 60.0 69 12.4 vv 57 8 14 79 3 p 48 6 A 63.5 65 12.5 se 133 11 15 87 3 p 59 6 A 73.0 67 12.5 se 112 8 16 91 2 p 62 6 A 76.5 70 12.2 se 114 11 17 74 12 M 48 12 p 61.0 70 5.0 n 228 25 T 18 67 5 p 41 12 p 54.0 62 12,2 n 157 14 19 71 3 p 35 5 A 53.0 68 10.0 se 89 12 20 74 3 p 45 4 A 595 85 73 s 114 13 7 p 9:30 p .12 21 66 3 p 45 12 p 55.5 70 6.0 n 103 11 22 73 3 p 37 6 A 55.0 72 9.7 sw 61 9 23 82 2 p 48 6 A 65.0 67 10.0 sw 175 17 24 76 4 p 48 7 A 62.0 75 7.5 ne 57 8 25 76 2 p 54 3 A 65.0 80 2.8 s 161 20 26 65 8 A 42 12 p 53.5 82 0.0 n 181 22 12 M 11 p .11 27 46 8 p 41 7 A 43.5 97 0.5 n 104 25 3 A 10 p 1.08 28 69 5 p 44 7 A 56.5 83 8.0 nw 60 8 29 65 3 p 48 1 A 56.5 82 0.0 s 98 9 30 82 2 p 56 0 A 6;.o 80 5.1 se 188 13 9 p 10 p .08 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. J, F. Hanson, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY September 1939 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.56, 19th Minimum 29.62, 10th Mean semi-daily 30.038 Range 94 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 16th Lowest 35, 19th Mean 61.4 Range 56 Highest mean daily 76.5, 16th Lowest mean daily 43.5, 27th Mean maximum 73.5 Mean minimum 49.3 Greatest daily range 36, 19th, 22nd Least daily range 5, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.97 Snow Max precipitation in 24 hrs 1 .08, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3727 Greatest daily movement 228, 17th Least daily movement 55. 8th Mean hourly velocity 5 2 Maximum velocity 32, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 8 Southwest, days 3 West, days 1 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 47 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 218 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.4 Thunder and lightning 10th, 27th Frosts None First Frost Normal Extremes 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 33 2 61.7 54.5 4.26 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 736 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 30 65, 1924 28 41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14 55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4 686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 4, 1908, 1916 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during September was nearly normal in most respects. There was less rain than usual, with 2.97 inches, the normal being 4.26 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 29.40 inches compared to a normal of 33.40 inches for this period. The mean tem- perature for the month was 61.4 degrees, while the normal mean temperature for September is 61.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 16th and the lowest, 35 degrees on the 19th. There have been no killing frosts at the thermometer shelter, although there have been frosts on low ground in Amherst. The total wind movement for the month was slightly higher than normal and the highest wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 15th. There were 218 hours of bright sunshine which is 17 hours more than normal. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department gives the following report: "The weather during September has continued to be favorable for fruit development and ripening. Rainfall was rather deficient but not seriously so. Apples have sized up well where trees were not overloaded and are developing good color. No general frosts have occurred. The peach crop has been practically all harvested and was good on the few trees that survived the severe winters of a few years ago. Our Baldwin apple trees have not borne well since the cold winter of 1933-1934. Winter injury is probably responsible, at least in part, for the short crops." <300DELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 610 October 1939 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 262.3 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure 4; Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum .c c re .>-c rt M C ScKW Ex . M ZCQ || re u > V c i) E — (V a > ^1 — E !«: re c re M v •o ■V c W c 're a Q (Li 01 (U Q E H OJ M U Q 1) E P o c 1 62 12 M 48 12 p 55.0 76 1.0 n 183 18 2 p 3 p .03 2 61 2 p 45 7 A 53.0 60 1.5 n 230 17 T 3 54 1 p 48 12 p 51.0 75 0.0 n 193 13 9 A 5:30 p .42 4 69 4 p 48 12 p 58.5 77 6.5 n 123 10 5 76 3 p 46 6 A 61.0 87 6.8 sw 44 7 T 6 75 2 p 54 12 p 64.5 90 4.5 se 117 13 6 p 7 P .50 7 70 3 p 48 6 A 59.0 72 11.5 nw 116 14 8 66 3 p 43 7 A 54.5 80 0.0 sw 53 10 11 p 12 p .12 9 78 2 p 56 7 A 67.0 77 5.0 nw 112 22 0 A 1 A .08 10 89 4 p 55 7 A 72.0 68 10.8 s 106 32 U 68 0 A 45 12 p 56.5 63 6.0 nw 228 22 12 58 3 p 40 4 A 49.0 78 0.5 sw 74 8 13 64 4 p 40 7 A 52.0 62 11.0 w 93 13 14 56 3 p 40 4 AJ48.0 69 5.0 nw 184 32 T 15 50 4 p 29 12 p 39.5 54 11.0 nw 227 20 16 64 4 p 24 7 A 44.0 61 11.0 se 92 8 17 56 12 M 32 7 A 44.0 74 3.3 nw 199 28 18 48 4 p 26 6 A 37.0 47 10.0 nw 187 18 19 68 3 p 32 0 A 50.0 64 7.8 se 228 18 20 70 3 p 40 12 p 550 63 80 w 165 17 21 75 4 p 34 7 A 54.5 77 3.8 s 98 20 9:30 p 12 p .38 22 64 3 p 42 12 p 53.0 86 0.0 s 145 28 0 A 11 A .17 23 49 1 P 34 12 p 41.5 58 3.0 nw 267 32 24 44 4 p 28 7 A 36.0 47 10.5 nw 309 28 25 52 3 p 24 6 A 38.0 65 5.5 s 113 11 9 p 12 p .09 26 55 4 p 45 0 A 50.0 95 0.0 n 52 5 0 A 8 A .03 27 53 12 p 46 7 A 49.5 97 0.0 s 54 7 8 A 12 p .12 28 64 8 A 34 12 p 49.0 73 4.7 vv 275 39 0 A 9:30 A .37 29 47 3 p 26 12 p 36.5 56 10.3 nw 240 25 30 45 4 P 23 5 A 34.0 87 0.0 nw 60 8 5 p 12 p .49 31 44 12 M 42 8 A 43.0 93 0.0 nw 225 18 0 A 12 p 1.75 ^Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY October 1939 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.41, 18th Minimum 29.28, 3lst Mean semi-daily 30 018 Range 1.13 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 10th Lowest 23, 30th Mean 50.2 Range 66 Highest mean daily 72, 10th Lowest mean daily 34, 30th Mean maximum 61.1 Mean minimum 39.3 Greatest daily range 41, 21st Least daily range 2, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.55 Snow Max. precipitation in 24 hrs 1 75, 31st Number of days with 01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 4792 Greatest daily movement 309, 24th Least daily movement 44. 5th Mean hourly velocity 6 4 Maximum velocity 39, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 5 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 5 Southwest, days 3 West, days 3 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 47.0 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 12 Number hours bright sunshine 159 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.6 Thunder and lightning 6th, 8th First Frost Oct. 15 Jormal Extremes 30.53 30.68, 1929 29.42 29.00, 1926 30.06 1.11 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 79.4 90.5, 1908 23.4 17, 1936 50.5 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 56.0 69 0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 9 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 4074 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 29 5 42, 1937 W 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17. 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, '23, '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The weather during October was seasonable in most respects. The mean temperature for the month was 50.2 degrees, the normal being 50.5 degrees. The lowest temperature was 23 degrees on the 30th. The first frost of the season occurred on October 15 which is the latest date for first frost recorded at this station. The normal date for the first frost is September 21. The domestic heating load for October was 460 degree-days. This, together with 155 degree-days in September, makes the heating load for the two months 615 degree- days. The normal for this period is 604 degree-days. There was a deficiency in rainfall during each of the summer and fall months, beginning with May. As a result many wells went dry and town water supplies were threatened. This shortage of water continued through October until the 25th. Only 1.70 inches of rain fell in October until that date. Rains during the last week brought the total for the month to 4.55 inches. The normal rainfall for October is 3.29 inches. There were 159 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 175 hours. The highest wind velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 28th. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the following comment: "The month of October marks the close of the 1939 season for fruits. The season has been generally favorable for the crops. The apple crop was very heavy, especially of Mcintosh, and that of other fruits, fair to good. While the rainfall was deficient at times, causing some injury to shallow-rooted crops, fruits suffered but little from lack of water. There were no unseasonable spring or fall frosts. Hail caused damage in some orchards. The fruit grower should be well satisfied with the season of 1939, except in the very important matter of prices which are discouragingly low." G'OODELL LIBRARY MASS. STATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 611 November 1939 Meteorological Observations NOVEMBER 1939 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 262.3 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Teniperat ure V c "o'l Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum * c >■ c *-■= a a c ■Ms '5 o > s 7 Number hours bright sunshine 158 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.9 Thunder and lightning First snow No\^ 9 30.59 30 87, 1932 29.30 28 73, 1904 30.05 1.29 1.84, 1904; .94, 1905 66.0 75, 1938 12.9 -4, 1938 38.9 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 53.0 3.41 2.34 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 8 64, 1927; 63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921;2, 1904 5 978, 1906; 2 589, 1889 44, 1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900, 1911.1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 19:)3; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. REMARKS The outstanding features of November weather were the large amount of sunshine and the lack of precipitation. Only .98 inch of precipitation was recorded during the month, the normal for Novem- ber being 3.41 inches. In the storm on the 5th, .93 inch of rain fell. This is the least precipitation ever recorded in November at this station, with the exception of November 1917, when .63 of an inch fell. No snow fell during the month, with the exception of a trace on the 9th and the 13th. The normal snowfall for November is 2.34 inches and the normal date for first snow is November 6. Last year 13.50 inches fell in November, which was the heaviest on record for November. The mean temperature for the month was 36. 8 degrees, the normal being 38.9 degrees. The lowest temperature was 18 degrees on the 14th, compared with a normal minimum of 12.9 degrees for No- vember. The domestic heating load for November was 846 degree-days; the normal, 783 degree-days. The load for the heating season thus far is 1461 degree-days, while the normal for this period is 1387 degree-days. There were 158 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for November being 128 hours. Only three other years since 1889 had more hours of sunshine in November, viz., 1936, 161 hours; 1917, 170. and 1903, 182. (^ODELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. ^^ ^^ MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 612 December 1939 Meteorological Observations DECEMBER 1939 C. I GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42= 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72" 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 262.3 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure c ■of Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum m B ="c c Q 60 Q B a cm V Q 19 c c c »-•= a ci c SoSK 1=^ Z.ca -.2 > u 01 E — u 5 > — E >< a 2 c M V oa ■o IV •a c W c a: 1 c 1 53 2 p 1 7 a; 36.0 74 9.3 W 42 5 11 P 12 p •03 2 53 12 P 37 2 A 45.0 100 0.0 w 35 9 3 A 12 p 1.46 3 53 0 A 40 5 p 46.5 84 0.5 sw 170 22 1 A 5 p .09 4 43 0 A 33 7 P 38.0 66 0.0 nw 317 22 5 40 1 p 30 5 A] 35.0 55 3.0 nw 164 15 6 42 12 M 27 11 p 34.5 74 1.0 sw 46 5 7 45 1 p 27 6 A 36.0 86 0.5 s 220 22 8 43 0 A 23 12 p 33.0 57 3.8 nw 473 39 T 9 36 3 p 21 4 A 28.5 68 1.3 se 290 22 10 44 12 M 33 2 A 38.5 80 0.0 s 64 8 3.30 p 12 p .23 11 38 0 A 16 12 p 27.0 89 0.0 nw 258 28 0 A 2 p .19 0.25 12 32 4 P 15 8 A 23.5 69 9.1 n 284 25 13 37 2 p 17 4 A 27.0 83 0.0 s 70 9 11 A 10 p .28 1.50 14 34 6 A 18 12 p 26.0 74 5.5 nw 163 20 15 30 2 p 5 7 A 17.5 86 9.0 n 74 5 16 40 12 M 13 0 A 26.5 73 1.2 s 143 14 17 39 10 p 30 6 A 34.5 100 0.0 s 64 6 10 A 11 A .11 18 43 2 p 30 12 p 36.5 73 0.0 nw 140 17 1' 19 38 1 p 26 7 A 32.0 91 2.0 n 62 5 20 38 6 P 32 6 A 350 100 00 n 135 14 0 A 6 p 1.23 21 41 11 A 30 11 p 35.5 81 2.0 w 191 15 T 22 31 0 A 21 8 A 26.0 59 30 nw 375 28 T 23 31 12 M 16 12 p 23.5 56 9.0 nw 376 39 24 26 3 p 12 6 A 19.0 68 90 w 256 25 25 32 2 p 19 1 A 25.5 62 50 nw 253 32 T 26 26 2 P 8 12 p 17.0 54 9.0 nw 300 22 27 19 3 p 1 7 A 10.0 67 0.0 n 167 18 28 31 3 P 5 8 A 18.0 47 9.2 nw 144 13 29 25 8 P 9 5 A 17.0 76 0.0 w 42 4 30 35 2 p 16 12 p 25.5 97 5.6 nw 63 13 1 A 9 A .27 3.00 31 33 2 p 14 11 p 23.5 84 2.0 s 138 17 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. VVhittemore, Observer. MONTHLY SUMMARY December 1939 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.45, 15th Minimum 29.27, 7th. 8th Mean semi-daily 29.831 Range 1.18 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 53, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Lowest 1, 27th Mean 28.9 Range 52 Highest mean daily 46.5, 3rd Lowest mean daily 10.0, 27th Mean maximum 37. 1 Mean minimum 20.7 Greatest daily range 34, 1st Least daily range 6, 20th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.89 Snow 4.75 Max. precipitation in 24 hrs. . . 1 48, 2nd, 3rd Number of days with 01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 5519 Greatest daily movement 473, 8th Least daily movement 35. 2nd Mean hourly velocity 7 4 Maximum velocity 39, 8th, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 5 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 6 Southwest, days 2 West , days 5 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 75.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 56 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 1 Number hours bright sunshine 100 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 35.3 Normal Extremes 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 -19 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 30.96, 1889 28 85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 - 22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922,1933 16,'09;4,'89,'30,'31,'36,'38 '23, '33; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual 1939 Norma! Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.68, Feb. 16 and 17 Minimum 29.20, Jan. 22 Mean semi-daily 30.004 Range 1-48 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 93, July 7 and 8 Lowest - 4, Jan. 27 Mean 48.0 Range 97 Highest mean daily 81, July 7, Aug. 21 Lowest mean daily 8, Jan. 26 Mean maximum 58.0 Mean minimum 37.7 Greatest daily range 45, May 19 Least daily range 2, Oct. 31 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 38.82 Snow 37.50 Max. precipitation in 24 hrs. 2. 23,. Aug. 3, 4 Number of days with .01 or more 110 Wind, in miles Total movement .^- • .51,734 Greatest daily movement 478, Mar. 7 Least daily movement 25, Jan. 16 Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Max. velocity, 48, Feb.4,16, Mar. 7, Junel? Wind, direction Prevailing direction V\ N\\ North, days 71 Northeast, days 7 East , da>-s 3 Southeast, days 35 South, days 63 Southwest, days 33 West, days 45 Northwest, da\s 108 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 54 Number of clear days 155 Number of fair days 123 Number of cloudy days 87 Number hours bright sunshine 2511 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 56.4 Last frost May 16 First frost Oct. 15 Last snow April 9 First snow Nov. 9 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 58 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2353 52.8 Mav 14 Sept. 21 Apr. 15 Nov. 6 31.05, 1920 28.41, 1938 2.47. 1938; 1.38, 1933 104 1911 - 26, 1904 49.8, 1921; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 80,1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 169, 1936; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2838, 1924; 1864, 1902 Apr. 23, '04; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Mar. 14, '10; Mav 11, '07 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1938. Gt)ODELL LIBRARY MASS. STATE COLLEGE AMHERST, MASS. ^^ . MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 613 January 1940 Meteorological Observations JANUARY 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72^ 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 262.3 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, 75th Mer. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperat ure Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 4) * Is 1 ^^ t^j V Q E M Q 1) S ta ri c 1) I. £(5 M > ^1 >< 2 M pa x> c c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 77 82 92 30 31 25 2 p 7 21 11 A 11 31 2 p 18 26 2 p 8 22 1 p 3 28 3 p 11 25 3 p 3 19 3 P 12 32 4 P 5 28 3 p -3 31 3 P -1 30 3 p 22 35 6 P 29 37 2 p 33 42 6 A 32 31 1 A 11 15 4 p 3 18 8 P 4 18 0 A 4 22 2 p 0 33 2 p 9 30 3 p 14 28 4 p 2 22 6 p 13 26 1 p 17 22 2 p 10 21 2 p 4 25 2 p 9 32 2 p 4 32 4 p 4 34 4 p 7 8 A 4 A 0 A 12 p 4 A 12 p 7 A 0 A 12 p 6 A 7 A 0 A 0 A 7 11 12 7 7 12 7 7 12 X 4 8 12 7 A 8 A 8 A 11 c cd > c 2 c a M V m ■o •o n w as Q P 5) v Q 34 - 7 8 Maximum velocity 40, 14th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 9 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days. 2 Southwest, days 0 West , days 6 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77 8 Mean cloudiness, percent 54 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 9 Number hours bright sunshine 161 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.4 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 31 05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0 62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 48, 1934, 1937 66, '90, 27; 31, 1905 17, '19, '24; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939 REMARKS The month of February was warmer than normal and was marked by a severe blizzard on the 14th when 9 inches of snow fell and much drifting was caused by high winds. In the Boston area and other eastern parts of the state 14 inches of snow fell which drifted badly and caused serious traffic tie-ups. The mean temperature was 26.7 degrees, while the normal is 23.7 degrees. The maximum temperature of 46 degrees occurred on the 12th and the minimum was —6 degrees on the 27th. The normal maximum temperature for February is 50.5 degrees and the normal minimum temperature, —7.4 degrees. The total precipitation of 2.72 inches was under the normal of 3.19 inches. A total of 15.50 inches of snow fell as compared to the normal of 13.99 inches. The heating load for the month was 1112 degiee-days. The normal load for February is 1156 degree-days. The heating load thus far is 5133 degree-days: and the normal load for this same period is 4970 degree-days. The total wind movement was 5459 miles. The normal for February is 4776 miles. This marks the largest wind travel for February since 1933 when 6029 miles were recorded. February 1918 had 5632 miles of wind travel. The maximum wind velocity of 40 miles per hour was recorded on the 14th, the day of the blizzard. A total of 161 hours of bright sunshine was slightly higher than the February normal of 158 hours. GOODELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. 10 <3 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 615 March 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Heights of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used E. S. T, Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation >> C3 Q e 3 B S e '3 S 3 a a 3 o o 1 > o S 3 S d ■a o c o m 1 33 2 p 18 12 p 25.5 63 6.5 n 127 14 T 2 35 4 p 5 6 A 20.0 64 11.2 w 80 7 3 36 5 p 29 7 A 32.5 87 0.0 w 55 5 5 p 12 p .21 .50 4 33 0 A 29 12 p 31.0 91 0.0 n 147 15 0 A 12 p 1.37 3.00 5 38 5 p 28 3 A 33.0 94 2.2 nw 194 13 0 A 8 A .44 1.00 6 39 4 p 31 12 p 35.0 89 0.0 sw 97 8 3 A 8 A .05 .50 7 39 1 p 28 7 A 33.5 82 5.3 w 133 15 3 A 8 A .02 .25 8 40 1 p 26 7 A 33.0 73 8.0 w 85 11 T 9 43 1 A 22 6 A 32.5 75 8.5 nw 190 18 10 30 12 m 19 12 p 24.5 66 10.0 nw 326 28 11 26 2 p 14 7 A 20.0 64 11.6 nw 384 32 12 31 4 p 11 7 A 21.0 57 11.6 n 346 28 13 41 4 p 13 7 A 27.0 61 11.6 n 140 15 14 41 3 p 17 7 A 29.0 72 3.3 w 49 15 9:30 p 12 p .06 15 41 9 A 29 12 p 35.0 86 0.0 nw 270 20 0 A 11 A 1.42 T 16 34 3 p 24 6 A 29.0 77 5.5 sw 195 15 17 37 3 p 25 6 A 31.0 61 8.0 w 156 17 0 A 2 A .03 .25 18 39 4 p 20 6 A 29.5 73 7.5 nw 103 8 19 47 4 p 30 4 A 38.5 88 6.5 nw 123 15 2:30 A 8 A .18 20 45 3 p 27 7 A 36.0 71 8.5 s 193 18 8 p 10 p .05 21 37 4 p 23 12 p 30.0 60 10.3 nw 226 25 22 36 1 p 19 12 p 27.5 85 2.0 w 150 28 5 A 1 p .34 3.50 23 22 4 p 11 6 A 16.5 51 11.5 nw 354 32 24 24 3 p 10 5 A 17.0 57 10.5 nw 337 22 25 28 2 p 15 6 A 21.5 57 8.4 nw 255 28 26 39 4 p 23 1 A 31.0 62 12.3 nw 263 20 27 34 4 p 25 3 A 29.5 79 0.5 sw 131 9 T 28 46 4 p 28 7 A 37.0 65 12.3 n 87 11 29 44 4 p 32 6 A 38.0 96 0.0 s 71 8 T 30 43 11 p 36 4 A 39.5 100 0.0 nw 50 6 0 A 12 p 1.23 31 59 3 p 38 12 p 48.5 75 5.4 w 176 28 0 A 2 A .18 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.59, 2nd Minimum 29.39, 31st Mean semi-daily 29.925 Range 1.20 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highe.st 59,31st Lowest 5, 2nd Mean 30.1 Range 54 Highest mean daily 48.5, 31st Lowest mean daily 16.5, 23rd Mean maximum 37.4 Mean minimum 22.7 Greatest daily range 30, 2nd Least daily range 4, 4th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.58 Snow 9.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.48, 15th, 16th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 5493 Greatest daily movement 384, 11th Least daily movement 49, 14th Mean velocitv 7.4 Maximum velocity 32, 11th, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 5 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 54.4 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine 199 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.6 Thunder and lightning 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17,1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 4,1895, 1897, 1936 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS March was much colder than normal, with more rain and snow than usual. The only warm, pleasant day was the last day of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 30.1 degrees, com- pared to the normal of 34.4 degrees for INIarch. This was the coldest ]\Iarch since 1926 when the mean temperature was 29.4 degrees. Last year the mean temperature for ]\Iarch was 30.9 de- grees, with the month almost identical in character with March of this year. The highest temperature was 59 degrees on the 31st and the lowest, 5 on the 2nd. The mean temperature for the winter months December through March was 26 degrees compared to a normal of 27.5 de- grees for this same period. The lowest temperature recorded during the winter was -6 on February 27. The domestic heating load for March was 1082 degree-days, compared to the normal load of 949 degree-days. The total load for the months September through ]\Iarch is 6215 degree-days, while the normal for this same period is 5919 degree-days. The total precipitation was 5.58 inches, while the normal for March is 3.70 inches. The snowfall for the month was 9.00 inches, compared to the normal of 7.47 inches. The total snowfall for the season thus far is 35.00 inches; the normal for this period is 45.54 inches. The total hours of sunshine were 199, which is the normal for March. The wind velocity was 5493 miles for the month, compared to the normal of 5944 miles. GOODELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE MAs^yam^sE'Erss . Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 616 April 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation B s >, fl c E & 3 B C3 tt) a 3 s E a c la c o 6 o > o 3 E 1 a -a 1 O p § P § H S K 3 a s § m w ^ a 01 1 47 1 p 34 12 p 40.5 67 10.3 nw 390 32 2 52 4 p 27 6 A 39.5 59 12.7 w 122 15 3 52 3 p 29 6 A 40.5 61 9.0 nw 90 13 10 p 12 p .05 4 42 4 p 32 8 A 37.0 100 0.0 nw 82 8 0 A 12 p .66 5 49 2 p 33 11 p 41.0 67 6.5 nw 256 28 0 A 1 A .07 6 51 2 p 30 4 A 40.5 59 12.9 nw 339 40 7 55 3 p 34 3 A 44.5 44 13.0 nw 18.-) 17 8 47 2 p 36 3 A 41.5 87 0.0 se 97 15 8 A 12 p .83 9 58 2 p 41 6 A 49.5 85 2.6 nw 156 22 0 A 4 A .51 10 55 3 p 33 12 p 44.0 47 13.1 nw 269 20 11 62 2 p 27 5 A 44.5 51 11.3 s 143 17 12 53 3 p 33 12 p 43.0 94 0.0 s 220 18 4 A 12 p 1.33 .50 13 33 4 p 24 12 p 28.5 60 8.4 nw 374 32 0 A 8 A .32 2.00 14 40 2 p 20 5 A 30.0 50 11.0 sw 180 15 15 53 2 p 23 6 A 38.0 55 10.5 s 146 15 16 46 4 p 40 1 A 43.0 95 0.0 se 131 8 8 A 8 p .05 17 58 2 p 41 6 A 49.5 76 4.5 e 129 17 18 43 0 A 37 7 A 40.0 94 0.0 n 78 8 3 A 8 p .74 19 50 1 p 37 3 A 43.5 55 9.5 nw 157 17 20 42 11 A 37 12 p 39.5 89 0.0 ne 158 15 7 A 8 p .85 21 39 12 M 32 12 p 35.5 82 0.0 n 288 22 0 A 12 p .22 1.50 22 38 2 p 32 2 A 35.0 90 0.0 n 349 25 0 A 8 p .66 2.50 23 49 2 p 34 4 A 41.5 69 6.5 n 311 25 24 51 2 p 37 5 A 44.0 63 1.5 n 79 9 8 p 12 p .03 25 57 3 p 33 12 p 45.0 71 6.5 n 97 25 8 A 8 p .05 26 60 1 p 30 5 A 45.0 60 9.5 n 106 15 T 27 58 3 p 32 5 A 45.0 56 9.8 e 138 25 T 28 64 4 p 31 3 A 47.5 40 13.8 n 173 18 29 71 4 p 31 5 A 51.0 46 14.0 s 90 9 30 74 2 p 39 5 A 56.5 48 10.1 se 164 17 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY April 1940 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.38, 29th Minimum 29.40, 22nd Mean semi-daily 29.951 Range 0.98 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 74,30th Lowest 20, 14th Mean 42.1 Range 54 Highest mean daily 56.5 Lowest mean daily 28.5, 13th Mean maximum 51.6 Mean minimum 32.6 Greatest daily range 40, 29th Least daily range 5, 20th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.37 Snow 6.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.66, 12th, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 5497 Greatest daily movement 390, 1st Least daily movement 78, 18th Mean hourly velocity 7.6 Maximum velocity 40, 6th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days Northeast, days East, days 2 Southeast, days 3 South, days Soutliwe.st, days West, days Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 52 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine 207 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.5 Thunder and lightning Last snow Apr. 22 Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71, 1911 28.99, 1907, 1929 1.52, 1930; .72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 52, 1921; 41.2, 1926 6.89, 1929; .76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909, 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The past month was one of the coldest and wettest Aprils on record at this station. The mean temperature for the month was 42.1 degrees, com- pared to the normal of 45.7 degrees. It was colder than this only twice since 1889, the year the station was first established, viz., 41.2 in 1926 and 41.7 in 1907. In 1917 it was also 42.1 degrees. The highest temperature was 74 on the last day of the month, and the lowest, 20 on the 14th. The lateness of the season was indicated by the fact that the winter ice on the college pond remained until the 10th. The domestic heating load for the month was 686 degree-days, while the normal for April is 579 degree-days. The total heating load for the season thus far is 6902 degree-days, compared to the normal of 6498 for this period. The precipitation for the month totaled 6.37 inches, the normal being 3.35 inches. This is the heaviest for April since 1929 and was exceeded only three times in the past 50 years. A total of 6.50 inches of snow fell, compared to the normal of 2.00 inches for April. The snow fell in two storms ; the last one totalling 4 inches occurred on April 21 and 22. This is the heaviest snowfall on record at such a late date. The total snowfall for the season was 41.50 inches com- pared to the normal seasonal fall of 47.71 inches. The sunshine and wind travel for the month were very nearly normal. GOODELL LIBRARY i,i A o j • o 1 /i r E COLLEGE Mass^MMtWss. Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 617 May 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Heighi of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation a 1 a a ^ 3 a § ■■S c > i a '3 a a 1 2 1 1 05 00 0 1 o Q ^ H § H § a ^ ■q S S « w ^ tg 1 71 3 p 43 6 A 57.0 68 6.5 s 75 20 T 2 62 2 p 55 6 A 58.5 91 0.0 se 226 17 0 A 12 p .54 3 70 4 p 53 12 p 61.5 79 2.0 s 184 10 0 A 8 A .40 4 54 8 A 49 10 p 51.5 91 0.0 n 140 17 8 A 7 p .95 5 68 6 p 48 2 A 58.0 56 13.0 n 175 15 6 70 2 p 40 5 A 55.0 47 8.3 s 115 11 7 69 4 p 49 5 A 59.0 40 13.6 nw 314 40 8 69 4 p 43 5 A 56.0 42 11.6 IIW 94 10 9 68 3 p 45 5 A 56.5 39 11.3 n 134 18 10 67 4 p 34 5 A 50.5 47 14.4 n 112 11 11 78 2 p 33 5 A .-7.0 61 6.0 sw 92 20 12 63 5 P 40 12 p 51.5 51 8.5 nw 207 14 13 69 3 p 33 6 A 51.0 54 9.3 nw 66 10 14 67 6 p 43 6 A 55.0 69 2.2 sw 38 4 15 82 3 p 48 5 A 65.0 57 13.0 e 131 17 16 67 5 p 51 5 A 59.0 93 0.0 s 114 18 7 p 8 P .13 17 68 2 p 48 12 p 58.0 80 1.5 se 246 18 0 A 8 A .51 18 63 4 p 43 4 A 53.0 70 5.5 nw 65 20 T 19 75 5 p 41 6 A 58.0 58 14.0 sw 95 9 20 77 5 p 56 5 A 66.5 84 4.4 s 141 14 T 21 70 4 p 55 8 A 62.5 88 2.0 se 107 20 2 A 5 p .10 22 68 4 p 54 12 p 61.0 79 1.5 e 94 9 1 A 12 p .04 23 54 0 A 49 9 p 51.5 90 0.0 ne 173 14 0 A 1 p .29 24 60 1 P 50 0 A 55.0 82 0.2 ne 167 13 T 25 62 1 p 50 4 A 56.0 83 0.3 ne 130 8 T 26 65 5 P 51 3 A 58.0 85 0.1 ne 131 7 T 27 76 5 P 56 6 A 66.0 83 8.3 s 87 11 0 A 4 A .05 28 68 4 p 54 12 p 61.0 91 1.0 s 71 15 11:30a 1 p .04 29 66 4 p 49 5 A 57.5 69 8.5 e 145 11 3 A 4 A .04 30 75 4 p 38 5 A 56.5 58 15.0 se 76 10 31 57 7 P 45 3 A 51.0 95 0.0 nw 96 11 5:30 A 9 p 2.58 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. F. W. Whittemore, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1940 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.27, 30th Minimum 29.49, Src' Mean semi-daily 29.913 Range 0.78 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 82,15th Lowest 33, 13th Mean 57.2 Range 49 Highest mean daily 66.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 50.5, 10th Mean maximum 67.7 Mean minimum 46.7 Greatest daily range 42, 11th Least daily range 5, 4th, 23rd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.67 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2,58, 31st Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 4041 Greatest daily movement 314, 7th Least daily movement 38, 14th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 40, 7th Wind, direction Prevailing direction EFE North, days 4 Northeast, days 4 East, days 3 Southeast, days 4 South, days 7 Southwest, days 3 West, days 0 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 70 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 15 Number hours bright sunshine 182 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 40 Thunder and lightning 3rd Last frost May 13 Normal Extremes 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 Mav 1- 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901;5, 19C3 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922; 137, 1927 June 8, 1632; Apr. 23,1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The weather during May was marked with rain above normal and less sunshine than usual. The total rainfall for the month was 5.67 inches. The rainfall during the storm on the 31st was 2.58 inches. The normal rainfall for May is 3.60 inches. This makes a total rainfall of 17.62 inches for March, April and May. This has been exceeded only once in the 50-year history of the station. In 1901 there was a total rainfall of 18.52 inches in these three spring months. There were only 182 hours of bright sunshine compared to the normal of 252 hours. Most of the deficiency occurred in the latter half of the month. Only three times during the last 50 years has there been less sunshine in May than the past month. In 1927 there were 137 hours; in 1916, 181 ; and in 1901, 159. The tempera- ture for the month was nearly normal with a mean of 57.2 degrees. The normal mean temperature for May is 57.1 degrees. There were no heavy frosts, the lowest temperature being 33 degrees on the 13th. The highest temperature was 82 degrees on the 15th. The domestic heating load was 242 degree-days, the normal being 245 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is now 7143 degree-days, the normal for this period being 6743 degree-days. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the following report : "Although the past winter was a severe one, fruit plants came through with little injury. Peach fruit buds survived and the bloom was abundant. Raspberry canes suffered much less injury than in the previous winter. Apple varieties blossomed moderately or heavily, especially considering the heavy crop of last year which might be expected to limit fruit bud formation. Quite likely the dry sunny weather of last June favored fruit bud formation. The season of bloom was nearly a week later than the average and, because of much cold, cloudy weather, was much prolonged. There were a few sunny days favorable to bee flight and pollination. It cannot yet be said how well apples have set. The abundance of wet weather during the early season of growth favored scab infection and made scab control difficult." u 1 Dr\Ht\ I MASS. STATE COLLEGE AMHERST. MASS. 10 37 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 618 June 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1940 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Heighi of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation 0) Q S a a a 3 a 1 a 'a a a a 0 u Q a > 0 a 3 a 1 4) m 1 00 1 79 4 p 56 5 A 67.5 80 10.2 sw 85 9 2 79 3 p 59 12 p 69.0 63 14.0 w 106 10 3 85 4 p 53 5 A 69.0 63 15.1 nw 83 13 4 89 2 p 61 5 A 75.0 69 12.5 w 77 8 5 89 4 p 63 6 A 76.0 70 11.5 sw 79 11 T 6 82 5 p 59 12 p 70.5 53 15.2 nw 269 28 7 86 6 p 49 7 A 67.5 66 15.2 n 118 13 8 75 4 p 56 6 A 65.5 63 7.7 se 1.53 13 9 80 1 p 59 12 p 69.5 89 3.4 s 107 22 7 A 6 p .10 10 57 3 p 54 12 p 55.5 96 0.0 ne 107 10 4 A 12 p .34 11 63 8 p 52 5 A 57.5 96 0.0 n 40 4 0 aI 6 P .06 12 77 6 p 61 5 A 69.0 92 2.6 s 52 8 13 88 12 m 66 12 p 77.0 66 6.9 w 210 28 1 p 2 p .05 14 79 4 p 53 5 A 66.0 55 15.3 nw 135 13 15 83 4 p 58 2 A 70.5 83 2.5 w 170 28 7 A 5 p .22 16 75 5 p 57 6 A 66.0 60 12.5 n 132 12 17 77 4 p 50 6 A 63.5 69 15.0 s 116 13 18 78 1 p 54 5 A 66.0 72 7.5 s 178 14 19 83 4 p 60 4 A 71.5 65 12.5 nw 161 14 12:30p 2 p .12 20 65 4 p 48 12 p 56.5 51 13.8 nw 268 32 21 64 4 p 43 5 A 53.5 66 6.2 nw 160 20 T 22 70 5 P 39 5 A 54.5 64 12.0 nw 107 17 23 74 4 p 42 5 A 58.0 49 15.3 w 143 18 24 62 9 A 50 4 A 56.0 90 0.0 sw 57 9 11 A 12 p .48 25 59 6 p 50 6 A 54.5 94 0.0 n 71 7 7 A 8 A .01 26 62 7 A 52 12 p 57.0 91 1.2 w 83 10 5 A 7 P .45 27 73 1 p 48 5 A 60.5 65 9.1 w 129 18 1:30 p 3 p .19 28 76 2 p 48 5 A 62.0 72 9.6 s 125 14 4 p 12 p .14 29 79 12 M 58 12 p 68.5 79 5.8 nw 173 25 0 A 2 A .19 30 74 4 p 55 4 A 64.5 65 8.4 w 197 20 9:30 p 10:30p .11 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY June 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.30, 17th Minimum 29.47, 29th Mean .semi-daily 29.903 Range 0.83 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 4th, 5th Lowest 39, 22nd Mean 64.6 Range 60 Highest mean daily 77, 13th Lowest mean daily 53.5, 21st Mean maximum 75.4 Mean minimum 53.8 Greatest daily range 37, 7th Least daily range 3, 10th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.46 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 49, 24th, 25th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 3894 Greatest daily movement 269, 6th Least daily movement 40, 11th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 32, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 4 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days South, days 5 Southwest, days 3 West, days 8 Northwest, days Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 8 Number hours bright sunshine _ 261 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57. 1 Thunder and lightning 4th, 5th, 13th, 15tli, 19th, 27th, 28th, 29th. 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.54, 1889 29.24. 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1,1927 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The weather during June was in reverse seasonal order. The first seven days were warm and clear, with a mean temperature for the week of 70.6 degrees as compared to the normal of 62.4 degrees for that week. This period was followed by several days with nearly normal temperatures but with many showers, the month closing with a ten-day period of some of the coldest weather on record for this time of the year. The mean temp'erature for the month was 64.6 degrees, the normal for June being 65.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 89 on the 4th and 5th; and the lowest 39 on the 22nd, which is an unusually low reading for the last part of June. The precipitation totaled 2.46 inches, compared with the normal of 3.75 inches for June. Rain was recorded every day from the 24th to the 30th. The total precipitation from January 1 to June 30 is now 25.43 inches, while the normal for this period is 21.20 inches. There were 261 hours of sunshine, the normal for June being 257 hours. The total wind movement was 3894 miles, which is 309 miles greater than the normal for June. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department reports: "While the precipitation during June was below normal, there were no dry periods sufficient to noticeably check the growth of vegetation. There were several rainy periods favorable for apple scab infection, and on trees not well sprayed much scab developed. The straw- berry harvesting season was at its peak at the end of the month when frequent showers favored good size of berries but caused some decay. In spite of much unfavorable weather during apple bloom, there was a satisfactory set of fruit and there is promise of a good crop though less than last year." SOODELL LIBRARY MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST .MASS. Massachusetts lo 37 Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 619 July 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1940 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 11' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Heighi of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation S a >t a c E 03 3 B ■a 0) a S '3 a a '■B a 1 a a > 0 3 a OJ C3 C4 1 P S H S H S X 5 s s S ffl W ^ 1 69 2 p 50 4 A 59.5 67 6.0 nw 164 25 2:30 p 3 p .03 2 73 2 p 48 5 A 60.5 68 8.5 nw 91 20 T 3 76 2 p 46 5 A 61.0 68 9.8 s 70 9 10 p!12 p .14 4 68 6 p 55 12 p 61.5 89 1.0 nw 96 11 0 A S:30a .48 5 78 2 p 50 5 A 64.0 74 9.9 nw 84 25 6 82 6 p 49 5 A 65.5 61 15.1 nw 81 13 7 85 4 p 50 5 A 67.5 64 15.2 sw 56 7 8 88 4 p 56 5 A 72.0 61 15.0 s 93 11 9 89 2 p 59 5 A 74.0 74 7.5 w 105 28 3:30 p 4 p .49 10 86 2 p 59 5 A 72.5 70 11.4 w 67 10 11 82 2 p 57 12 p 69.5 82 2.5 n 64 9 3 p 8 p .13 12 61 4 p 55 7 A 58.0 92 0.0 n 109 12 0 A 1 p .27 13 75 4 p 49 12 p 62.5 67 14.0 n 99 12 14 79 3 p 47 5 A 63.0 62 14.7 sw 62 7 15 82 3 p 47 4 A 64.5 61 12.5 s 150 10 16 77 4 p 57 4 A 67.0 82 6.0 s 134 8 8:30 A 9 A .07 17 82 2 p 56 4 A 69.0 75 11.5 s 65 5 18 85 4 p 67 5 A 76.0 85 4.5 s 73 IS 6:00 P6:30p 1.18 19 88 4 p 64 4 A 76.0 75 10.0 nw 78 8 20 83 2 p 66 6 A 74.5 93 2.1 sw 59 5 5:30 A 8:30p .29 21 87 3 p 70 6 A 78.5 90 5.0 nw 74 12 3 A 6 p .54 22 86 3 p 63 12 p 74.5 85 6.3 w 60 17 3 p 5:30p .32 23 84 5 P 61 7 A 72.5 86 7.5 .sw 59 7 24 83 4 p 68 8 A 75.5 85 5.8 B 130 10 T 25 84 3 p 63 4 A 73.5 91 2.9 S 136 10 2 A 3:30a .02 26 94 3 p 72 5 A 83.0 88 5.0 S 121 13 1:30 a 7 P .28 27 91 1 p 70 5 A 80.5 72 10.0 nw 73 10 28 91 4 p 70 5 A 80.5 70 12.5 nw 54 5 29 89 2 p 67 5 A 78.0 76 5.0 s 82 10 3p 10:30p .33 30 93 2 p 71 0 A 82.0 81 7.3 sw 118 17 3:55 p 4 p .12 31 85 2 p 58 12 p 71.5 72 14.5 nw 162 18 •"Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1940 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.34, 6th Minimum 29.73, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.029 Range 0.61 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 94, 26th Lowest 46, 3rfl Mean 70.6 Range 48 Highest mean daily 83, 26th Lowest mean daily 58, 12th Mean maximum 82.4 Mean minimum 58.7 Greatest daily range 35, 7th, 15th Least daily range 6, 12th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.69 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.18, 18th Number of days with .01 or more 15 Wind, in miles Total movement 2869 Greatest daily movement 164, Is; Least dai.y movement 54, 2fth Mean hourly velocity 3.9 Maximum velocity 28, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction \\ North, days 3 Northeast, days C East, days C Southeast, days 0 South, days IG Southwest, days 5 West, days 3 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 61 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 259 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 56.1 Thunder and lightning 1st, 91 h 11th, LSth, 22nd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 29(h 30th. Normal Extremes 30.27 29.59 29.£6 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28, '36 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; ISO, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The weather during the first two weeks in July was cold, while the last half of the month was unusually hot. As a result, the aver- age temperature for the month was practically normal, the mean being 70.6 degrees. The normal mean temperature for July is 70.8 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 94 degrees on the 26th. The normal maximum for July is 93.9 degrees. The weather during the last 10 days was made uncomfortable by the high humidity which accompanied the relatively high temperature. The mean relative humidity for the month was 76.3 percent, com- pared to a normal of 68.4 percent. A similar spell of hot weather was experienced from the 4th to the 11th day of July in 1937. The temperature was higher during that period than during the hot days in the past month, but the humidity was not as high. There was rain on 15 days during the month but many of these rains were light showers. A very heavy rain of 1.18 inches fell in half an hour on July 18. The total rainfall during the month was 4.69 inches, the normal for the month being 4.10 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is novv? 30.12 inches, the normal for this period being 25.30 inches. There were 259 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 268 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 2869 miles. This is considerably less than normal, as the average wind movement for July is 3422 miles. goodell library ma33.state college ,^ amherst. mass. Massachusetts ^" ^' Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 620 August 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1940 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. MONTHLY WEATHER SUMMARY Temperature Wind Precipitation Q E B d B e s a 13 (U >> 3 c a o Q c s > o £ 3 s a V m T3 0 Si 1 1 1 77 3 p 54 5 A 65.5 66 9.0 n 155 18 2 79 3 p 54 5 A 66.5 61 14.0 ne 123 12 3 81 4 p 50 5 A 65.5 62 14.4 se 85 9 4 83 4 p 51 4 A 67.0 75 10.6 s 122 12 5 85 4 p 65 5 A 75.0 77 2.8 s 163 12 6 87 3 p 68 5 A 77.5 83 6.6 se 176 9 4p 11 P .50 7 83 6 p 65 12 p 74.0 74 8.5 n 106 13 8 85 5 p 58 6 A 71.5 69 14.2 nw 65 7 9 86 4 p 56 5 A 71.0 72 14.2 nw 51 6 10 89 3 p 58 5 A 73.5 66 12.0 se 50 6 11 87 3 p 61 6 A 74.0 73 14.1 se 70 8 12 84 3 p 60 6 A 72.0 73 10.0 s 120 10 13 84 12 m 66 12 p 75.0 80 4.0 s 120 9 1 p 1:30p .06 14 82 4 p 57 12 p 69.5 71 14.0 n 105 12 15 83 4 p 53 6 A 68.0 65 14.0 se 79 8 16 81 2 p 53 6 A 67.0 69 12.0 s 99 10 17 86 3 P 55 5 A 70.5 72 10.3 s 95 9 18 82 12 m 69 4 A 75.5 80 1.0 se 91 11 2 p 5 P .10 19 84 3 p 59 12 p 71.5 85 1.5 se 115 9 0 A 12 P .60 20 72 4 p 48 12 p 60.0 64 6.5 n 182 22 21 74 4 p 43 5 A 58.5 71 13.7 n 59 10 22 76 4 p 46 5 A 61.0 70 9.7 s 66 7 23 77 3 P 51 12 P 64.0 74 3.3 nw 141 14 5 a 6:30a .13 24 63 4 P 40 12 p 51.5 65 9.5 nw 161 20 25 70 3 P 34 6 A 52.0 62 7.5 s 60 10 26 71 4 p 49 12 p 60.0 71 6.0 w 91 10 27 72 3 p 41 6 A 56.5 62 7.0 w 74 4 28 67 12 m 45 6 A 56.0 84 2.0 w 45 6 29 78 4 p 45 5 A 61.5 66 8.0 se 109 11 IOp 12 P .04 30 76 4 p 59 4 A 67.5 95 0.5 nw 103 9 2 a 11 P .12 31 84 2 p 68 3 A 76.0 84 2.1 s 138 15 4 A 5 A .01 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.45, 1 Itli Minimum 29.60, 19th Mean semi-daily 30.114 Range 0.85 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 10th Lowest 34. 25th Mean 66.9 Range 55 Highest mean daily 77.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 51.5, 24th Mean ma.ximum 79.6 Mean minimum 54.2 Greatest daily range 36, 25th Least daily range 13, 18tli Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.56 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.60, 19th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3219 Greatest daily movement 182, I'Otl; Least daily movement 45, 2Sth Mean hourly velocity 4.3 Maximum velocity 22, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction ^' North, days 5 Northeast, days East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days 9 Southwest, days 0 West, days Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 45 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days Number hours bright sunshine 163 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.3 Thunder and lightning 6th, 13th, 23rd Fiist Frost 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 30.50, 1934 28.87. 1930 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892,1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 35, 1915 67, 1901; 27, 1923 21, 1939; 0,1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, '10, '23 317, 1921; 152, 1915,1929 Aug. 22,'94,'95; Oct 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The weather during August was colder than usual with a mean temperature of 66.9 degrees. The normal mean temperature for August is 68.6 degrees. The lowest temperature w^as 34 degrees on the 25th. This is the lowest August temperature recorded at this station. The nearest approach to this minimum was 37 degrees on August 22, 1894 and August 29, 1908. There was frost on August 25 on low land in town, particularly in South Amherst, with damage to tobacco, corn and other crops. The highest temperature was 89 degrees on the 10th. Rainfall was considerably less than normal, being 1.56 inches. The normal rainfall for August is 4.08 inches. There were 263 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 237 hours. The wind movement was 3219 miles which is slightly above normal. The mean relative humidity for August was 70.2 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the fol- lowing report: "Apples are gaining size somewhat slowly due to cool weather and perhaps in some cases lack of abundant rains. Some varieties are a week or more later than the average. These conditions, especially cool nights, have favored color development in red varieties so that early and mid-season varieties are showing much better color development than usual. Early peach varieties have matured good crops and later varieties are coming on well though somewhat later than normal. Pears are making a heavier crop than usual. The blueberry crop is about over and the yield was rather light due to winter injury to the plants. The frost ol August 25 that caused much injury to tender crops did not harm fruit crops." goodell library Agricultural Experiment Station ^° Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 621 September 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '-3 E > 3 S o S t-CO 11 Wind Precipitation Maxi DQUm Minimum c ll ■3 0 > a to c E n S3 -0 a c ■3 >. a) Q 0) 1 S 1 82 2 p 72 11 P 77.0 82 1.3 s 182 20 T 2 78 5 p 66 12 p 72.0 84 2.7 n 83 18 7 p!7:30p .13 3 78 2 p 60 12 p 69.0 75 6.9 nw 85 22 1 4 75 3 p 51 6 A 63.0 67 8.9 n 94 22 5 75 3 p 50 6 A 62.5 70 11.9 n 120 32 6 72 3 p 45 6 A 58.5 67 10.7 n 85 25 7 65 2 p 45 6 A 55.0 64 9.3 n 129 20 8 74 4 p 42 6 A 58.0 68 12.5 sw 66 9 9 60 12 m 55 6 A 57.5 94 0.0 nw 66 6 1 P 2:30P .08 10 66 2 p 51 12 p 58.5 98 0.5 s 58 10 8 A 1 P .43 11 65 3 p 44 5 A 54.5 77 10.5 se 80 10 12 68 12 m 41 6 A 54.5 76 7.5 nw 74 11 13 67 2 p 45 6 A 56.0 84 6.4 nw 58 13 14 75 4 p 42 5 A 58.5 77 10.0 w 40 5 15 72 3 p 44 6 A 58.0 76 10.0 e 104 17 16 71 3 p 46 5 A 58.5 79 10.1 n 166 18 17 73 3 p 50 2 A 61.5 76 8.1 nw 120 22 18 80 3 p 50 6 A 65.0 76 12.4 nw 71 9 19 81 2 p 47 6 A 64.0 81 9.5 w 33 6 20 84 4 p 49 5 A 66.5 79 7.7 se 43 8 T 21 85 1 p 63 6 A 74.0 91 3.1 sw 89 10 7:30 A 8 P .10 22 76 1 p 52 12 p 64.0 75 12.2 n 228 25 23 76 3 p 44 5 A 60.0 79 12.1 sw 65 8 24 77 2 p 57 5 A 67.0 92 0.0 s 218 17 25 70 0 A 40 10 p 55.0 96 1.1 n 226 22 1 A 6 p .79 26 55 4 p 35 12 p 45.0 75 11.0 nw 182 32 27 66 3 p 30 6 A 48.0 76 12.0 sw 84 12 28 72 3 p 33 6 A 52.5 82 11.9 w 56 8 29 75 3 P 35 7 A 55.0 82 10.5 n 54 12 30 65 4 p 43 12 p 54.0 83 8.2 n 132 9 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.43, 30th Minimum 29.48, lOlh Mean .semi-daily 30.032 Range 0.95 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 85, 21.-t Lowest 30, 27th Mean 60.1 Range 55 Highest mean daily 77, 1st Lowest mean daily 45, 26th Mean maximum 72.6 Mean minimum 47.6 Greatest daily range 40, 29th Least daily range 5, 9th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1 J3 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.79, 25th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 3091 Greatest daily movement 228, 'J 2nd Least daily movement 33, 19th Mean hourly velocity 4.3 Maximum velocity 32, 5th, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NVV North, days 10 Northeast, days •. 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 3 Southwest, days 4 West, days 3 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79 Mean cloudiness, percent 47 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sun.shine 239 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64.1 Thunder and lightning 21st First frost .Sept. 27 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.26 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 4, 1908, 1916 255, 191G; 106,1934 Aug. 22,'94,'95;Oct 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the weather for September was the small amount of rain. The total for the month was 1.53 inches, as compared to the normal for September of 4.24 inches. Only three times in the past 52 years has the rainfall for September been less. In 1926, only 1.50 inches fell; in 1916, 1.37 inches; and in 1914, .52 inch. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 33.21 inches, compared to a normal of 33.62 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 60.1 degrees, the normal being 61.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 85 de- gress on the 21st. The lowest was 30 degrees on the 27th, and this was the first killing frost of the season at the observatory. There have been earlier frosts, however, on low ground in the town of Amherst. There were 239 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 201 hours. The mean humidity was 79 percent, while the normal mean humidity is 73.6 percent. The wind movement was very nearly normal, with no high winds. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the fol- lowing report ; "The retarded development of apples and other fruits noted last month continued through September, and all va- rieties are more or less late in coming to maturity. There is much less pre-harvest drop of apples than usual and the fruit has colored well. A general frost on the night of September 27 killed late tender crops but did no harm to fruit crops. Coming later than usual, the frost did no more damage to field and garden crops than usual." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 622 October 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■5 B a > 2pi i.s l-a IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a o 1-2 '3 u c H a > H<5 a 05 bO -a v -a 0 W 1 (5 a 0) S. Q a o a 1 60 4 p 38 7 A 49.0 88 0.4 n 107 10 2 69 2 p 46 3 A 57.5 87 2.0 n 140 15 '1^ 3 68 4 p 50 7 A 59.0 78 6.5 n 136 20 4 62 3 p 38 12 p 50.0 79 12.5 n 148 14 5 69 3 p 30 7 A 49.5 81 13.0 s 72 8 6 69 4 p 50 4 A 59.5 86 6.5 s 194 13 7 76 4 p 58 6 A 67.0 86 6.5 s 201 17 '1' 8 63 5 A 53 12 p 58.0 95 0.0 .s 108 9 8 a 9 p .36 9 64 3 p 42 12 p 53.0 79 11.4 n 123 13 10 65 5 p 36 6 A 50.5 82 11.3 n 101 13 11 70 3 p 33 6 A 51.5 83 10.1 sw 54 7 12 76 3 p 40 7 A 58.0 81 11.0 s 69 9 13 72 1 p 46 12 p 59.0 78 7.5 nw 182 20 14 71 3 p 36 7 A 53.5 77 11.1 s 73 10 15 71 12 p 39 12 p 55.0 94 2.0 s 240 28 3:30 p 6 p .15 16 53 4 p 29 12 p 41.0 65 11.1 nw 94 18 17 52 4 p 23 5 A 37.5 88 5.0 nw 74 13 18 47 1 p 27 5 A 37.0 87 1.1 nw 144 32 T 19 42 1 p 25 7 A 33.5 49 7.5 nw 208 15 20 49 4 p 28 7 A 38.5 57 10.9 n 121 13 21 43 2 p 26 12 p 34.5 62 6.3 nw 214 25 T 22 47 3 P 19 7 A 33.0 65 10.8 nw 96 13 23 61 2 p 26 1 A 43.5 63 6.7 sw 192 17 T 24 66 2 p 36 12 p 51.0 54 10.7 nw 180 20 T 25 53 3 p 30 5 A 41.5 80 0.1 sw 36 7 T 26 53 12 M 28 12 p 40.5 67 7.5 n 164 25 27 47 12 m 22 4 A 34.5 73 10.5 nw 1-18 17 28 46 2 p 19 6 A 32.5 62 6.3 n 127 18 29 56 4 p 21 7 A 38.5 70 9.8 n 43 5 30 40 8 p 32 0 A 36.0 98 0.0 n 36 10 7 a 12 p .31 31 52 2 p 36 4 A 44.0 85 3.9 n 148 12 0 a' 2 a .22 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.44, 5tli Minimum 29.67, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.081 Range 0.77 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 76, 7th, 12th Lowest 19, 22nd, 28th Mean 46.7 Range 57 Highest mean daily 67.0, 7th Lowest mean daily 32.5, 28th Mean maximum 59.1 Mean minimum 34.3 Greatest daily range 39, 5th Least daily range 8, 30th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.04 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.53, 30th 31st Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 3973 Greatest daily movement 240. 15th Least daily movement 36, 25th, 30th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity 32, 18th Wind, direction Prevailing direction X\V North, days 12 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days . . .0 South, days 7 Southwest, days 3 West, days 0 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76. Mean cloudiness, percent 41 . Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 220 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64.5 Thunder and lightning First frost Sept. 27 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 29.5 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 30.68, 1929 29.00. 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15,1913; 1,1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, '23, '38; 91,1913 Aug. 22,'94,'9o; Oct 15,'39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The weather during October was clear, cool and dry. Rain in excess of .01 inch fell on only 4 days, although there were traces of rain on 7 additional days. The total rainfall for the month was 1.04 inches, the normal rainfall for October being 3.29 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 34.25 inches. The normal for this period is 36.91 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 46.7 degrees, the normal being 50.5 degrees. This is the coldest October since 1925 when it was 43.5 degrees. The highest temperature was 76 degrees on the 7th and 12th. The lowest temperature was 19 degrees on the 22nd and 28th. Only twice during the last 52 years has the temperature been lower than 19 degrees in October. In 1936 it fell to 17 degrees and in 1904, to 18 degrees. The domestic heating load for October was 566 degree-days. There were 183 degree-days in September. The total for September and October is, therefore, 751 degree-days. The normal for these two months is 604 degree-days. There were 220 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 175 hours. There were no unsually high winds. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Department of Pomology gives the fol- lowing report : "Sub-normal temperatures continued through Octo- ber and there were several sharp freezes during the last half of the month. Some apples remained on the trees during one or more of these freezes and those going through more than one or two of them must have been injured. The total amount of such fruit was small. Late varieties did not size up well. The leaves were frozen prematurely and this was not favorable for the trees and makes them less able to withstand severe freezing if such should occur this winter. Rainfall was also below average and unless abundant rains occur before the ground freezes, the trees will go into the winter under somewhat unfavorable conditiolns." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No, 623 November 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2S3.S ft. Lleight of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature o.S Wind Precipital ion Maximum Minimum ^fl c Q so Q a) B 0) to 0) Q a a si 0) > IS .S o C3 o 1% CI M ra m T3 T3 W 1 1 55 3 p 28 7 A 41.5 80 5.8 w 52 8 2 48 4 p 39 12 p 43.5 99 0.0 nw 131 15 3:30 a 6 p 2.25 3 53 2 p 38 1 A 45.5 70 2.6 nw 262 32 T 4 66 1 p 36 6 A 51.0 62 10.3 sw 148 14 5 61 4 p 41 4 A 51.0 78 0.0 86 55 10 6 57 0 A 38 10 p 47.5 63 1.1 nw 245 25 3:30 a 5 A .04 7 43 11 A 33 12 p 38.0 65 1.5 nw 238 18 8 47 2 p 32 2 A 39.5 70 4.6 nw 231 25 9 51 2 p 28 12 p 39.5 67 8.6 n 214 18 10 45 3 p 27 3 A 36.0 80 0.4 nw 31 5 11 58 12 p 41 6 A 49.5 80 0.0 s 112 17 T 12 60 4 A 44 12 p 52.0 95 0.0 s 265 28 Oa 8 p .82 13 44 0 A 37 12 p 40 5 96 0.0 n 102 17 Oa 12 p .32 14 42 2 p 37 0 A 39.5 97 0.0 n 173 15 0 A 12 p .86 15 45 2 p 39 6 A 42.0 92 0.0 n 126 10 0 A 8 A .45 16 43 0 A 29 12 p 36.0 77 0.0 nw 148 17 T 17 43 2 p 28 6 A 35.5 76 1.2 sw 158 14 18 40 1 P 32 12 p 36.0 65 0.2 nw 269 25 19 47 2 p 24 7 A 35.5 74 8.0 s 130 13 20 54 3 p 36 0 A 45.0 75 1.1 s 250 17 21 54 3 P 28 8 A 41.0 74 4.7 s 86 10 22 69 3 P 43 2 A 56.0 76 5.3 s 225 28 T 23 49 11 A 39 12 p 44.0 73 0.8 se 170 14 24 44 4 p 37 4 A 40.5 89 0.0 se 119 14 5:30 A 9 A .04 25 37 0 A 20 12 p 28.5 57 7.3 n 288 28 T 26 34 2 p 16 7 A 25.0 64 6.5 n 87 14 10 p 12 p .29 2.50 27 29 2 p 23 4 A 26.0 96 0.0 n 157 14 Oa 7 A 1.01 8.50 28 29 2 A 14 10 p 21.5 58 6.6 nw 249 25 29 32 12 p 11 7 A 21.5 89 0.0 s 66 8 11 A 8 p .05 .50 30 36 1 p 28 11 p 32.0 73 4.4 nw 199 28 8p 12 p .18 1.50 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY Nov mber 1940 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.63, 19tli Minimum 29.64, 27th, 28th Mean .semi-daily 30.086 Range 0.99 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 69, 22nd Lowest 11,29th Mean 39.4 Range 58 Highest mean daily 56, 22nd Lowest mean daily 21.5, 28tli, 29th Mean maximum 47.2 Mean minimum 31 Greatest daily range 30, 4th Least daily range 5, 14th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.31 Snow 13.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.25, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4986 Greatest daily movement 288, 25th Least daily movement 31, 10th Mean hou ly velocity 6.9 Maximum velocity 32, 3rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 7 Northea.«t, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 7 Southwest, days 2 West, days 1 Northwest, daJ^s 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77 Mean cloudiness, percent 67 Number of clear days 4 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 19 Number hours bright sunshine 81 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 27.6 First Snow Nov. 16 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 30.87, 1932 28.73. 1904 1.84, 1904; .94, 1905 75, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44, 1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900,1911,1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1939. REMARKS The outstanding feature of November weather was the high rain and snowfall. The total precipitation for the month was 6.31 inches. Of this amount, 2.25 inches fell as rain on the 2nd and 1.30 inches fell as snow on the 26th and 27th. A total of 13 inches of snow fell during the month, the storm on the 26th and 27th giving 11 inches. This heavy snowfall in November has been exceeded only once i'n the history of the station. A total of 13.50 inches of snow fell in November 1938. On the 24th and 25th of November of that year there was a fall of 11.50 inches. The total precipita- tion since January 1 is now 40.56 inches, the normal for this period being 40.32 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 39.4 degrees. The normal mean temperature for November is 38.9 degrees. The highest temperature was 69 degrees o'n the 22nd and the lowest, 11 degrees on the 29th. The domestic heating load for the month was 769 degree-days, the normal being 783 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is 1520 degree-days, the normal for this period being 1386 degree-days. There were only 81 hours of bright sunshine, whereas the normal for November is 121 hours. The total wind movement for the month was 4986 miles, the normal being 4531 miles. The highest wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 3rd. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 624 December 1940 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1940 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 2 S3. 5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 'a a M > as 3 lU 0.2 Wind Precipitat ion Maximum Minimum a a a a — . a) .1* a 1 ■a Q 1 s Q 1 a > t-OJ IS ;§.2 > .Bo '5 o > a) (1,0 i — 0) a T3 a W a 1 o a to 1 38 3 p 5 8 A 21.5 76 9.8 nw 71 8 2 29 3 p 21 0 A 25.0 93 0.1 nw 30 4 8 A 8 p .03 1.00 3 30 2 p 18 8 A 24.0 75 7.8 n 207 20 4 34 2 p 17 12 p 25.5 70 7.2 n 286 25 5 40 3 p 2 6 A 21.0 74 10.1 nw 59 7 6 36 2 p 2 7 A 19.0 81 8.2 nw 44 11 7 46 9 p 27 4 A 36.5 93 0.0 nw 127 25 8a 11 p 1.39 8 44 0 A '31 7 A 37.5 61 8.5 w 249 22 9 35 1 p 12 12 p 23.5 60 8.7 sw 287 22 10 28 3 p 4 8 A 16.0 60 10.3 n 108 11 11 40 3 p 9 7 A 24.5 75 10.4 w 49 9 12 38 4 p 15 6 A 26.5 80 10.4 n 74 12 13 39 3 p 19 4 A 29.0 85 4.3 S3 57 13 14 39 3 p 32 6 A 35.5 94 0.0 n 77 9 T 15 38 2 p 24 12 p 31.0 74 5.3 nw 226 40 0 A 6 A .11 T 16 28 3 p 15 12 p 21.5 54 10.6 nw 382 32 17 30 2 p 12 6 A 21. 0; 72 8.4 &w 99 12 8 p 12 p .02 .25 18 2S 1 p 17 7 A 22.5 66 8.8 nw 192 25 19 26 4 p 18 7 A 22.0 65 7.5 nw 328 28 20 31 1 p 19 6 A 25.0 67 7.3 nw 367 28 21 35 5 p 24 3 A 29.5 68 7.1 nw 308 28 22 37 2 p 25 12 p 31.0 69 6.6 nw 178 17 23 37 2 p 25 12 p 31.0 65 8.1 nw 299 22 T 24 32 2 p 19 7 A 25.5 60 10.9 nw 303 25 25 41 3 p 13 6 A 27.0 67 8.0 sw 69 25 26 31 4 p 17 7 A 24.0 58 11.0 nw 341 28 27 39 4 P 12 6 A 25.5 59 11.1 n 127 22 28 26 3 p 14 7 A 20.0 69 5.5 n 357 22 8 p 12 p .04 1.00 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY February 1941 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea leyel) Maximum 30.38, 10th Minimum 28.91 , 7th, 8th Mean semi-daily 29.868 Range 1 .47 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 46, 7th Lowest 2, 5th, 6th Mean 25.8 Range 44 Highest mean daily 3.75, 8th Lowest mean daily 16.0, 19th Mean maximum 34.8 Mean minimum 16.7 Greatest daily range 38, 5th Least daily range 8, 2nd, 19th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1 .59 Snow 2.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.39, 7th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 5301 Greatest daily movement 382, 16th Least daily movement 30, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 7.9 Maximum velocity 40, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N W North, days 7 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 0 Southwest, days 3 West, days 2 Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.1 Mean cloudiness, percent 43 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 3 Number hours bright sunshine 212 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 71.6 Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15,'93, '20;4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 48, 1934, 1937 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 17, '19, '24;2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16, 1894; 2. 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS The weather during February was marked with less rain and snow than usual, a large amount of sunshine and higher mean temperature than usual. The total precipitation for the month was 1.59 inches compared to a normal of 3.19 inches. The snowfall was 2.25 inches, while normally we get 13.99 inches of snow in February. This is the least snowfall for February on record here at the station with the exception of 1937 when one-half inch fell during the month. There were 212 hours of sunshine, the normal being 158 hours. This has been exceeded only three times at the station, viz., 1919, 1920 and 1924. It will be noted that two of these years were leap years with 29 days in February. The mean temperature for the month was 25.8 degrees. The normal mean temperature for February is 23.7 degrees. The do- mestic heating load for the month was 1099 degree-days, the normal being 1156 degree-days. The total heating load for the current season is 5081 degree-days. The normal to this date is 4970 degree- days. The average wind velocity for the month was 7.9 miles per hour, the normal being 7.1 miles per hour. The highest velocity was 40 miles per hour on the 15th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 627 March 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Maximum Minimum 3 S :z:m Wind pt(Q S Precipitation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 38 40 44 41 32 35 35 31 31 37 32 33 41 43 47 39 40 16 26 34 39 42 54 42 43 44 48 51 49 35 48 22 27 31 18 17 20 14 25 25 19 17 21 9 9 13 33 14 6 15 21 17 21 24 29 33 33 31 25 33 25 24 30.0 33.5 37.5 29.5 24.5 27.5 24.5 28.5 28.0 28.0 24.5 27.0 25.0 26.0 30.01 36.0' 27.0 11.0 20.5 27.5 28.0 31.5 39.0 35.5 38.0 38.5 39.5 38.0 41.0 30.0 36.0 78 51 58 80 58 65 56 93 98 67 94 84 66 66 66 91 71 58 66 61 61 65 61 83 83 53 59 59 54 61 48 6.3 11.2 1.0 2.2 11.3 11.3 9.5 0.0 0.0 11.6 0.0 85 11.7 11.8 11.5 1.3 6.8 9.9 9.7 11.0 12.1 12.2 12.2 2.5 2.5 12.3 11.5 10.8 8.4 12.5 12.4 n 395 25 nw 266 22 s 134 11 n 269 25 nw 312 25 nw 203 20 n 102 8 n 176 22 n 159 10 nw 123 15 n 112 15 ne 182 18 w to 7 nw 95 13 jj 67 9 ST 97 8 nw 309 32 nw 454 48 nw 549 40 nw 304 22 nw 217 22 nw 215 22 w 69 10 sw 37 9 n 125 18 nw 383 28 nw 191 13 nw 124 13 n 152 20 nw 296 25 nw 257 18 0 A 8 A 7a 8 p 8 A 4 A 4 p 12 p 12 p 8 A 8 Pl2 p .67 .09 .65 .50 T 6.00 2.00 7.00 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March 1941 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.47, 7th Minimum 29.36, 4th Mean semi-daily 29.917 Range 1.11 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 54, 23rd Lowest 6, 18! h Mean 30.3 Range 48 Highest mean daily 41, 29th Lowest mean daily • 11, 18tl Mean maximum 39.0 Mean minimum 21.6 Greatest daily range 34, 14th, 15th Least daily range 6, 8th, 9th, 16th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.63 Snow . . . ., 15 50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .67, 8th Numher of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 6449 Greatest daily movement 549, 19th Least daily movement 37, 24th Mean hourly velocity 8.7 Maximum velocity 48, 18th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NV\ North, days 8 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days ] South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 2 Northwest, days 16 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 43 Number of clear days 20 Number of fair days 3 Number of cloudy days 8 Number hours bright sunshine 256 Pt>rcent of possible hours of bright sunshine 69 Normal WNW 64 2 51 8 11 10 10 199 53 6 Extremes 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 19C6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0,1921 11 17,1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 5944 8182, 1896; 3006. 1905 77 31.2 48, 1932, 1939 22 1924; 3 19 I 17, 1900; 4. 1895, 1897,1936 21. 1901: 1 , 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1910. REMARKS The weather during March was clear, cold and windy. The mean temperature was 30.3 degrees, the normal mean being 34.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 54 degrees on the 23rd and the lowest, 6 degrees on the 18th. The domestic heating load was 1074 degree-days compared to a normal of 949 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is now 6155 degree-days, the normal for this period being 5919 degree-days. There were 256 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 199 hours. The total precipitation was 1.63 inches where as the normal precipitation for March is 3.70 inches. The snowfall was 15.50 inches. Normal snowfall for March is 7.47 inches. The total snowfall for the winter is now 58.50 inches, the normal for this period being 45.62 inches. The total wind movement for the month was 6449 miles, which is well above the average for March. The highest velocity was 48 miles per hour on the 18th, Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 628 April 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 'b 3 > 0 S O " IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c a> PL,Q a B c3 > H<5 c3 M m P 'i Q bO P a a 0 a 1 47 1 p 28 5 A 37.5 75 3.3 n 68 12 2 49 2 p 33 6 A 41.0 61 6.0 n 275 20 3 57 4 p 31 5 A 44.0 54 12.8 n 246 22 4 60 3 p 29 5 A 44.5 53 12.8 nw 88 10 5 50 2 p 29 6 A 39.5 81 4.0 nw 75 8 1 p 12 p .14 6 56 3 p 34 12 p 45.0 52 10.7 ne 249 25 7 55 3 p 30 6 A 42.5 34 13.0 n 213 25 8 62 3 p 30 5 A 46.0 39 13.0 n 221 18 9 65 2 p 28 4 A 46.5 51 13.0 s 64 9 10 66 4 p 32 6 A 49.0 46 13.1 11 108 17 11 65 2 p 31 5 A 48.0 48 13.2 se 113 13 12 67 3 p 31 5 A 49.0 59 13.2 s 77 12 13 64 1 p 34 6 A 49.0 56 10.4 se 201 18 T 14 75 4 p 45 6 A 60.0 76 8.2 nw 172 18 15 86 2 p 53 6 A 69.5 56 12.0 nw 131 25 16 74 4 p 53 12 p 63.5 57 13.4 nw 181 18 17 74 3 p 49 8 A 61.5 83 7.0 s 198 25 6a 9 A .11 18 76 5 p 48 4 A 62.0 54 12.5 nw 162 17 19 83 3 p 52 6 A 67.5 60 11.1 s 117 14 1 A 3 A .04 20 90 2 p 53 5 A 71.5 73 10.3 s 187 25 21 67 3 P 50 11 p 58.5 57 13.6 nw 305 30 22 56 3 p 37 5 A 46.5 52 13.7 nw 290 20 23 61 3 P 28 5 A 44.5 50 12.1 s 155 17 11 p 12 p .04 24 57 2 p 38 12 p 47.5 74 7.5 nw 175 20 0 A 4 A .22 25 62 1 p 32 6 A 47.0 66 12.6 e 145 13 26 56 4 P 34 4 A 45.0 68 11.3 ne 144 12 27 60 4 p 37 1 A 48.5 56 6.7 e 214 28 T 28 77 5 p 52 6 A 64.5 39 12.1 n 313 25 29 81 3 p 37 6 A 59.0 35 14.0 ?e 156 22 30 82 2 p 48 2 A 65.0 55 12.4 nw 206 20 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY April 1941 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.43, 12th, 23rd Minimum 29.62, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.071 Range 81 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 90, 20th Lowest 28, 1st, 9th, 23rd Mean 52.1 Range 62 Highest mean daily . . .71.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 37.5, 1st Mean maximum 66.0 Mean minimum 38.2 Greatest daily range 44, 29th Least daily range 16, 2nd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 55 Snow Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .26, 23rd, 24th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 5249 Greatest daily movement 313, 28th Least daily movement 64, 9th Mean hourly velocity 7.3 Maximum velocity 30, 21st Wind, direction Prevailing direction N North, days 7 Northeast, days 2 East, days 2 Southeast, days 3 South, days 6 Southwest, days 0 West, days 0 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 57.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 35 Number of clear days 23 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 1 Number hours bright sunshine 329 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 818 Last Snow March 17 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54 7 Apr. 15 30.71, 1911 28.99, 1907, 1929 1.52, 1930; .72, 1919 88.5, 1896 8.5, 1923 52, 1921; 41.2, 1926 6.89, 1929; .76, 1892 11, 1891; 0, 1910,1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 19, 1911; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 3, 1899, 1924 296, 1911; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS April weather was unusual in many respects, being dry, warm and sunny. The rainfall during the month was only .55 of an inch. This is the least rainfall in Amherst for April since 1836. Other dry Aprils were in 1844 and 1892 when .57 and .76 of an inch respectively were recorded. The normal rainfall for April is 3.35 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is 5.98 inches while the normal for this period is 13.85 inches. The most serious results from the dry spell have been the disastrous forest fires throughout the state. The mean temperature for the month was 52.1 degrees com- pared to a normal of 45.7 degrees. This is the highest mean April temperature in Amherst since 1837 except for the year 1839 when a temperature of 52.2 degrees was recorded. The week beginning April 14 was the most unusual period. A mean temperature of 65 degrees was recorded during that week. This has never been equalled during April since 1889 and has been exceeded only three times during the month of May. The highest temperature recorded was 90 degrees on April 20. The heating load during the month was 399 degree-days, the normal being 579 degree-days. The total heating load during the season is now 6554 degree-days, compared to a normal of 6498 degree-days for this period. There were 329 hours of bright sunshine, which is the highest number of hours recorded in April. The normal is 220 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw, Research Professor of Pomology, makes the following comments: "Most fruit plants came through the winter in good shape except raspberry canes which were badly killed back, perhaps by the severe cold of December 10. Peach buds survived the winter without excessive killing. March was cold with sub- normal precipitation but in early April there came an excessively warm period which caused rapid development of foliage and flower buds. Colder weather followed, causing some injury to flower buds of apples, killing many pistils. The extent of this injury is not yet known but apple orchards in low frosty locations have probably suffered severe damage. No serious injury to peach, pear, and plum buds has been observed. Rarely has vegetation been so far advanced at the end of April. There remains a danger period of two or three weeks during which damage from cold is very possible. April was very dry. Fruit plants have not suffered yet but if heavy rains do not come in May, growth will be severely checked." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 629 May 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10"W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■V E 3 2 o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum g'a c Q a i Q B 0) > 03 c3 ■cJS IS .2 o 03 > c3 I. a d M m -o •a a a 1 a 03 1 58 5 p 44 2 A 51.0 90 5.8 ne 55 10 6 a 11 P .17 2 56 1 p 32 12 p 44.0 80 2.5 n 153 20 T 3 61 5 p 31 5 A 46.0 67 14.1 n 204 18 4 72 4 p 30 5 A 51.0 49 12.6 nw 124 18 5 66 5 p 45 12 p 55.5 62 6.9 nw 130 14 6 79 5 P 35 5 A 57.0 52 14.3 sw 68 9 7 79 2 p 56 6 A 67.5 71 10.3 s 191 18 8 74 5 p 58 6 A 66.0 89 5.8 s 109 9 3 a 11 A .31 9 66 1 p 52 8 p 59.0 81 3.3 n 110 13 2-30 p 12 p 1.28 10 65 12 M 42 12 p 53.5 67 9.7 n 261 20 Oa 7 A .27 11 64 4 p 36 5 A 50.0 53 14.3 nw 101 15 12 64 1 P 33 5 A 48.5 58 12.5 sw 68 11 13 68 4 p 32 5 A 50.0 56 12.9 sw 48 8 14 69 2 p 36 5 A 52.5 55 12.0 nw 86 11 15 75 4 p 40 5 A 57.5 51 14.6 nw 128 18 16 82 4 P 39 5 A 60.5 56 14.6 g 53 7 17 78 12 m 52 4 A 65.0 76 8.0 s 131 22 1 p 11 p .05 18 65 4 p 45 12 p 55.0 48 12.1 nw 359 22 19 75 2 p 38 5 A 56.5 48 14.7 nw 172 25 20 83 5 p 40 5 A 61.5 55 14.8 n 70 14 21 86 3 p 48 4 A 67.0 62 12.5 s 116 10 22 89 3 p 55 5 A 72.0 72 12.8 sw 90 14 23 87 2 p 59 12 p 73.0 61 12.3 nw 115 20 8p 10 p .06 24 64 9 A 40 12 p 52.0 79 7.5 n 246 25 12 m 1 p .24 25 66 5 p 37 6 A 51.5 51 12.0 nw 246 28 26 79 3 p 53 3 A 66.0 53 11.5 w 155 15 27 81 4 p 55 4 A 68.0 73 7.0 nw 158 18 T 28 79 4 p 53 4 A 66.0 90 8.5 s 69 8 7 a 9 p .49 29 72 3 p 50 12 p 61.0 61 10.1 n 251 25 30 69 3 p 38 6 A 53.5 54 15.0 n 152 22 31 75 3 p 1 37 4 A 56.0 60 13.0 sw 31 8 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1941 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.18, 20th, 21st Minimum 29.40, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.905 Range 0.78 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 22nd Lowest 30, 4th Mean 57.9 Range 59 Highest mean daily 73, 23rd Lowest mean daily 44, 2nd Mean maximum 72.5 Mean minimum 43.3 Greatest daily range 44, 6th Least daily range 14, 1st, 9th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.87 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.55 9th, 10th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4250 Greatest daily movement 359 18th Least daily movement 31, 31st Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity 28, 25th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 8 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 6 Southwest, days 5 West, days 1 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 63.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 46 Number of clear days 20 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 2 Number hours bright sunshine 338 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 74 . 6 Thunder and lightning 23rd Last frost May 13th 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 May 14 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48,1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901, 1902; 30, 1923 20, 1923; 0, 1927 17,1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 3, 1903, 1922 334, 1922; 137, 1927 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS The weather during May continued dry but in other respects was quite normal. The rainfall during the month was 2.87 inches, the normal for May being 3.60 inches. There was only one good rain during the month, on the 8th, 9th and 10th, hence the drouth has continued to the end of the month. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 8.85 inches, while the normal for this period is 17.45 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 57.9 degrees which is 0.8 of a degree higher than usual. The highest temperature was 89 degrees on the 22nd and the lowest, 30 degrees on the 4th. A tem- perature of 32 degrees on the 13th brought the last frost of the month near the observatory, although there were later frosts in the low part of the town. The domestic heating load during the month was 247 degree-days. The normal for May is 287 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is now 6801 degree-days, while the normal for the period is 6785 degree-days. There were 338 hours of bright sunshine which is the largest number of hours ever recorded in ^Nlay. No high winds were recorded. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research professor of Pomology, makes the fol- lowing report : "The month of ^lay was characterized by a con- tinued deficiency of rainfall. This has not as yet caused any ap- parent injury to fruit trees which are still making good growth, but there will be a short hay crop even if there should be ample rain soon. It also sets the stage for more severe damage should rainfall continue to be low. Fruit trees bloomed ten days or more earlier than normal. Frosts killed a few apple blossoms but not enough to interfere with the crop unless it may be in orchards in frosty locations. Considerable cool weather has delayed the progress of vegetation somewhat but it continues to be more advanced than normal. There were few wet periods favorable to apply scab infec- tion, and scab control should be easier than last year. Strawberries are beginning to ripen a week or more earlier than normal. We may expect a light raspberry crop because of cold injury which probably was caused by the cold of December 4 and not on the 10th as stated last month." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 630 Juiie 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10"W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature i.s -a^ IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a a 1.8 '3 o -•^ a J* S ft a m a) a W a '3 Q Q 0) a a 0 a m 1 62 2 p 55 9 A 58.5 92 2.3 S3 106 10 7a 11:30.\ .12 2 78 5 p 55 5 A 66.5 70 11.5 n 81 8 3 82 3 p 47 5 A 64.5 65 15.1 w 44 7 4 68 12 m 52 5 A 60.0 78 5.7 se 65 12 5 p 12 p .25 5 58 6 p 55 1 A 56.5 89 0.0 n 176 17 0 a 5 p .87 6 76 5 P 52 5 A 64.0 65 13.8 n 162 17 7 84 4 p 47 5 A 65.5 69 12.2 .s 71 6 8 88 1 p 61 12 p 74.5 67 12.7 w 200 28 9 72 4 p 53 5 A 62.5 57 15.2 nw 443 32 10 72 2 p 50 4 A 61.0 48 14.5 nw 312 32 11 70 2 p 45 4 A 57.5 64 15.2 n 227 25 12 72 2 p 44 5 A 58.0 65 12.0 s 89 11 6 p 7 p .01 13 60 3 p 53 6 A 56.5 88 0.0 s 90 9 4 a 12 p .40 14 71 4 p 53 0 A 62.0 94 2.4 s 38 7 0 A 12 p .37 15 78 2 p 57 5 A 67.5 80 11.0 s 100 18 0 a 12 p 1.84 16 71 4 p 58 12 V 64.5 89 6.0 s 52 9 Oa 8 a .27 17 82 3 p 53 5 A 67.5 81 11.4 w 50 8 7p 8 p .20 18 78 1 p 55 12 p 66.5 81 7.8 nw 74 12 19 88 5 p 53 5 A 70.5 66 15.3 IIW 69 14 20 93 3 p 63 5 A 78.0 60 15.3 sw 66 11 21 91 1 p 63 5 A 77.0 61 15.3 w 60 5 22 93 4 p 62 4 A 77.5 58 15.3 nw 114 14 23 67 6 p 51 12 p 59.0 80 1.4 ne 120 13 2a 12 m .80 24 83 4 p 48 5 A 65.5 68 13.0 w 95 12 25 76 4 p 55 6 A 65.5 50 15.3 nw 145 15 26 88 3 p 54 5 A 71.0 67 15.3 se 164 17 27 94 3 p 65 4 A 79.5 61 15.3 se 176 13 28 93 2 p 68 5 A 80.5 68 14.0 s 195 17 29 91 4 p 70 12 p 80.5 70 113 se 147 12 '|- 30 89 2 p 65 5 A 77.0 71 12.4 n 108 11 7p 8 p 1.00 *Base(l on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY June 1941 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.21, 12th, 13th Minimum 29.64, 8th Mean semi-daily 29.954 Range 0.57 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 94, 27th Lowest 44, 12th Mean 67.2 Range 50 Highest mean daily 80.5, 28th, 29th Lowest mean daily 56.5, 5th, 13th Mean maximum 78.9 Mean minimum 55.4 Greatest daily range 37, 7th Least daily range 3, 5th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.13 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.11, 14th, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3839 Greatest daily movement 443, 9th Least daily movement 38, 14th Mean hourly velocity 5 Maximum velocity 32, 9th, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 7 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 6 Weatlier Mean relative humidity, percent 70.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 22 Number of fair days 3 Number of cloudy days 5 Number hours bright sunshine 328 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 718 Thunder and lightning 14th, 15th, 17th 23rd, 30tli 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4,1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908; 1, 1927 23, 1912; 4, 1895, 1903 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS June weather was warmer than usual, with more precipitation and sunshine than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 67.2 degrees, gDm- pared to the normal for June of 65.7 degrees. The highest temper- ature was 94 on the 27th and the lowest, 44 on the 12th. Two warm spells occurred during the month, the first from the 19th to the 23rd and the second from the 26th to the end of the month. Most of the daily maximum temperatures during these warm spells ranged in the 90's. While these periods were very warm, they were not as prolonged and as humid as the 8-day heat wave of June, 1938, and the 10-day period in 1933. The domestic heating load for the month was 60 degree-days. The normal for June is 69 degree-days. The total load for the heating season was 6861 degree-days, while the normal for the period is 6854 degree-days. The total rainfall during the month was 6.13 inches which reduced to some extent the large deficiency in rainfall which has prevailed since the first of the year. The normal for June is 3.75 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 14.98 inches, while the normal for this period is 21.20 inches. There were 328 hours of sunshine. This record has been exceeded only twice in June — 360 hours in 1923 and 362 in 1908. The normal for June is 257 hours. The total wind movement for June was slightly higher than normal, although the four-day wind travel from the 8th to the 11th was unusually high and steady. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, gives the following re- port on the progress of vegetation : "A few timely rains maintained soil moisture and increased the hay crop above the prospects in early June. Yet there was not enough continued wet weather for extensive apple scab development, so that control was much easier than last year. Apples set well and the Mcintosh crop promises to be good, but Baldwins are reported a light crop due to light bloom. The strawberry harvest is about over and the crop was average. The progress of vegetation during June was not far from normal." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 631 July? 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10"W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature B w > 03 03 •S3 3 » o.S ■si IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a OS 1 c B c3 M a m 13 0 !3 a '3 Pi >■ a B B 0 a CD 1 91 2 p 69 6 A 80.0 84 5.0 s 112 18 3p 5p .02 2 93 1 p 69 12 p 81.0 66 14.4 nw 149 18 1 p 2 p T 3 79 2 p 59 5 A 69.0 61 11.0 s 103 8 10 p 12 p T 4 69 6 p 61 5 A 65 0 84 1-0 8W 69 6 0 A 8 A .04 5 83 4 p 59 6 A 71.0 69 11.5 8 71 8 6 83 12 M 57 6 A 70.0 67 15.2 se 146 12 7 82 3 p 63 0 A 72.5 82 4.5 s 194 17 2 a 3 A .01 8 85 1 p 66 12 p 75.5 76 9.6 s 195 15 1 a 5 A .32 9 76 3 p 61 5 A 68.5 73 7.3 nw 135 20 10 86 4 p 57 5 A 71.5 52 15.1 8W 102 9 11 83 4 p 61 4 A 72.0 70 9.6 .-e 163 14 12 83 1 p 69 4 A 76 0 87 4.9 s 117 8 3-30 a 3 p .63 13 81 5 p 63 12 p 72.0 80 9.3 n 77 12 4 p 5 P .01 14 82 3 p 56 5 A 69.0 64 150 e 113 12 15 82 4 p 52 6 A 67.0 62 14.8 se 95 10 16 82 4 p ,^3 6 A 67.5 69 15.(i s 86 8 17 73 5 p 63 12 r 68.0 93 0.^ s 114 11 7 a 12 M .50 18 81 4 p 52 5 A 66.5 71 13.5 s 95 10 T 19 83 5 p 65 12 p 74.0 82 8.7 s 224 15 T 20 76 3 p 55 12 p 65.5 63 14.9 nw 143 17 21 82 3 p 49 5 A 65.5 62 14.5 w 69 10 22 81 2 p 54 5 A 69.0 62 11.0 s 71 8 23 86 5 p 62 6 A 74.0 72 9.4 w 45 4 T 24 92 3 p 67 6 A 79.5 67 10 4 .s 70 14 25 91 2 p 64 6 A 77.5 76 10.0 s 125 25 7p 9 p .44 26 86 4 p 62 12 p 74.0 68 14.0 n 128 13 27 84 5 p 55 5 A 69 5 60 12.3 nw 59 7 28 73 4 p 61 12 p 67.0 91 0.0 nw 81 20 8 a 9 P 1.90 29 82 3 p 59 6 A 71.5 74 14.6 n 109 6 30 72 6 p 61 1 A 66.5 92 0.4 .se 106 9 6-30A 8 p .17 31 78 4 p 67 4 A 72.5 80 2.1 e 81 7 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1941 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.24, 14tli Minimum 29.62, 28th Mean semi-daily 29.936 Range 0.62 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 93, 2nd Lowest 49, 21st Mean 71.2 Range 44 Highest mean daily 81, 2nd Lowest mean daily 65, 4th Mean maximum 82.0 Mean minimum 60.4 Greatest daily range 33, 21st Least daily range 8, 4th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.04 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.90, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3447 Greatest daily movement 224, 19th Least daily movement 45, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity 25, 25th Wind, direction Prevailing direction 8 North, days 3 Northeast, days 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days 4 South, days 13 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 5 Number hours bright sunshine 300 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64 . 9 Thunder and lightning . Ist, 2nd, 8th, 12th 13th, 25th, 28tli Normal Extremes 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 sw 68.4 50.9 10 14 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1S92;0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097,1909:1109,1894 44. 1936 69, 1911; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 5, '89, '23, '28, '36 IS, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS The weather during July was very near normal in most respects. The mean temperature for the month was 71.2 degrees, the normal being 70.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 93 degrees on the 2nd and the lowest, 49 degrees on the 21st. The rainfall during the month was 4.04 inches which is .06 less than normal. The heaviest rainfall of the month was 1.90 inches on the 28th. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 19.02 inches, while the normal for this period is 25.30 inches. There were 300 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 268 hours. The mean relative humidity was 72.9 per cent while the normal for July is 68.4 per cent. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports as follows : "The weather during July continued to be favorable for the development of fruit plants. Timely showers supplied ample soil moisture for growth of both trees and fruits. A heav}^ shower accompanied with high winds on July 28th damaged a few trees and blew over some corn and tobacco. The dry spring was followed by sufficient precipitation and seems to have given conditions very favorable to growth. Apple trees have grown much better than last year. High temperatures in early spring which brought trees in bloom very early still show their effect in unusually early maturity. The blueberry crop ripened nearly three weeks earlier than last year." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 632 August 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1941 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■B 'e w (1) > o.S ??^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a 1 11 c e U n -a .Si c 0) is >. Q G CD 0) Q 0) S o X 1 88 5 p 65 3 A 76.5 75 9.0 nw 68 7 2 A 5 A .08 2 86 4 p 67 5 A 76.5 61 13.5 n 112 14 3 83 2 p 58 3 A 70.5 62 13.8 n 135 18 4 84 6 p 55 5 A 69.5 68 14.2 nw 50 4 5 86 3 p 57 5 A 71.5 68 14.2 nw 99 18 1 6 85 2 p 57 6 A 71.0 65 14.3 nw 73 10 7 86 4 p 53 6 A 69.5 62 14.3 nw 77 10 8 91 2 p 53 6 A 72.0 62 14.2 w 63 9 9 85 5 p 57 3 A 71.0 73 6.8 s 54 8 T 10 78 4 i> 52 12 p 65.0 51 14.2 n 205 25 T 11 80 2 i> 46 6 A 63.0 56 10.6 s 92 13 11-30 p 12 p .01 12 83 1 p 53 12 p 680 59 11.1 nw 267 40 0 A 12 30a .04 13 68 2 p 45 5 A 56.5 51 13.2 nw 254 32 14 74 2 p 46 5 A 60.0 57 10.7 sw 123 12 15 75 11 A. 59 3 A 67.0 77 1.9 s 177 15 12 M 12 p .06 16 80 3 p 60 12 V 70.0 74 8.0 nw 160 17 2-30 A 3 A .17 17 71 3 V 49 12 p 60.0 55 13.9 nw 243 22 0 A 2 A .17 18 80 3 p 41 6 A 60.5 64 12.0 w 78 8 19 70 3 p 60 4 A 65.0 93 00 s 151 11 3-30 A 10 A .47 20 78 3 p 52 12 p 65.0 67 13.7 nw 145 14 21 79 3 p 47 6 A 63.0 67 13.2 s 62 6 22 79 3 p 57 3 A 68.0 71 7.2 s 147 13 23 84 1 p 56 12 p 70.0 68 10.4 sw 117 13 4- 24 81 3 p 47 6 A 64.0 63 12.4 svv 82 10 25 70 12 M 59 5 A 64.5 91 0.0 s 127 10 9 a 6 p .34 26 89 4 p 67 5 A 78.0 72 11.8 w 156 17 27 75 2 p 53 12 p 64.0 53 13.5 nw 244 25 28 70 3 P 45 6 A 57.5 54 12.9 nw 155 22 29 75 5 p 42 6 A 58.5 63 13.5 w 64 9 T 30 88 3 p 60 0 A 74.0 68 11.0 sw 144 12 T 31 80 11 A 61 12 p 70.5 86 2.5 se 106 10 1-30A 12 I' .45 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August 1941 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.36, 29th Minimum 29.49, 12th Mean semi-daily 29.920 Range 0.87 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 8th Lowest 41, 18th Mean 67.1 Range 50 Highest mean daily 78, 26th Lowest mean daily 56.5, 13th Mean maximum 80.0 Mean minimum 51.2 Greatest daily range 39, 18th Least daily range 10, 19th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.79 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 0.47, lOtl Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 4030 Greatest daily movement 267, 1 2th Least daily movement 54, 9th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 40, 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 3 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 7 Southwest, days 4 West, days 4 Northwest, days .12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 47.6 Number of clear days 23 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 4 Number liours bright sunshine 332 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 89 Thunder and lightning. . . 10th, 17th, 23rd, 31st First f ro.st 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 sw 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 34, 1940 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 10, 1892, 1933; 4,1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 35, 1915 67, 1901; 27, 1923 21, 1939; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, 1910, '23 317, 1921; 152, 1915, 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS August was slightly cooler than normal, had less rain than usual and had an unusually large amount of sunshine. The mean temperature for the month was 67.1 degrees which is 1.5 degrees cooler than normal. The highest temperature during the month was 91 degrees on the 8th and the lowest 41 degrees on the 18th. The mean temperature for the three summer months, June, July and August, was 68.5 degrees, while the normal mean temperature for these months is 68.7 degrees. The highest temperature during the summer was 94 degrees on June 27. The total rainfall during August was 1.79 inches, the normal being 4.08 inches. The total rainfall since January 1st is 20.81 inches while usually we get 29.38 inches during this period. There were ?)?>2 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 237 hours. This is the largest amount of sunshine ever recorded in August at this station. The nearest ap- proach to this high amount was 317 hours in 1921. The mean rela- tive humidity was 66.3 per cent, the normal being 70.2 per cent. The total wind movement was 4030 miles. The normal wind move- ment for August is 3127 miles. The highest wind velocity was 40 miles per hour on the 12th. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following report : "The progress of vegetation during August has been about normal. The effects of the early start in the spring are still seen in the early ripening of most varieties. There are still some signs of a low water supply but not more than in most seasons. Apple scab is less prevalent than usual, partly because of little weather favorable to infection last spring. Vegetative growth of most fruit plants through the sea- son has been better than usual. This suggests that a dry spring fol- lowed by adequate summer rainfall is favorable to fruit plants, if not for the hay crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 633 September 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> '■5 S S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1 3 o S "■a c a3 ■• i-m ;§.2 o> 5 3 Q i Q a Q c > IS '5 a > o E II <5 o St, M Is ^ 1) a H d ^ 15 O a ■a 1 89 1 p 60 3 A 74.5 74 10.4 nw 196 28 Oa 8 A 2 04 2 74 2 p 59 12 p 62.0 62 13.1 nw 187 11 3 78 3 p 44 5 A 61.0 64 13.0 aw 68 7 4 76 2 p 46 4 A 61. n 82 3-8 8 76 10 5 83 3 p 64 6 A 73.5 86 3.4 s 135 9 6 86 3 p 64 12 r 75. iJ 62 13.0 nw 202 22 0 A 8 A .01 7 79 1 p 55 12 p 67.0 49 12.9 nw 252 28 8 72 3 p 51 6 A 61.5 64 12.9 nw 153 14 9 75 3 p 48 5 A 61.5 80 8.0 .-e 83 9 10 91 3 p 66 4 A 78.5 79 5.5 s 141 14 8p 12 p .78 11 70 1 p 52 12 p 61.0 57 11.2 nw 128 28 0 A 1 A .01 12 68 3 p 42 6 A 55.0 63 12.7 nw 144 20 13 71 3 p 38 6 A 54.5 69 12 6 nw 58 6 14 79 2 p 42 5 A 60.5 71 12.6 .-w 118 14 15 86 2 p 55 6 A ;o.5 67 12.5 sw 162 12 16 91 1 p 65 3 A 78.0 67 11.2 se 1(6 10 17 84 3 p 64 6 A 74.0 55 11.4 nw 224 25 18 78 2 p 54 12 p 66.0 52 12.4 n 173 15 19 70 4 p 42 7 A 56.() 67 12 3 nw 105 10 20 71 4 p 34 7 A 52.5 62 12.3 .-< 64 8 21 80 4 p 34 7 A 5~.0 68 9.7 s 85 7 22 86 3 p 49 6 A 67.5 73 88 s 84 7 23 86 2 p 46 7 A 66.0 70 10.0 n 101 13 24 78 3 p 50 12 p 64.0 64 12.0 n 148 11 25 74 4 p 42 5 A 58.0 70 7.8 s 73 10 26 71 3 p 48 12 p 59.5 59 11.9 nw 203 20 27 71 3 p 37 7 A 54 0 71 12.0 s 54 4 28 75 4 p 38 5 A 56.5 80 10.7 s 109 13 T 29 59 5 p 33 12 p 46.0 60 3.9 n 240 25 ^ 30 60 12 p 28 5 A 44.0 64 3.0 s 73 17 1 1 -.30 p 12 p .04 31 *Based on It-ast time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1941 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.43, 20th Minimum 29.58, 6ih Mean ,semi-daily 30.087 Range 0.85 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 10th, 16th Lowest 28, 30th Mean 62.5 Range 63 Highest mean daily 78 5, lOi h Lowest mean daily 44, 30th Mean maximum 77.0 Mean minimum 48.0 Greatest daily range 40, 23rd Least daily range 18, 1 Itli Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2 88 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.04, 1st Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 3945 Greatest daily movement 252, 7th Least daily movement 54, 27tl Mean hourly velocity 5.5 Maximum velocity 28, 1st, 7th, 1 Ith Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days .4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, day.s 10 Southwest, days 3 West, days 0 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 36.0 Number of clear days 23 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 3 Number hours bright .sun.shine 307 P.Tcent of possible hours of bright sunshine 82.3 Thunder and lightning 1st, 10th First frost Sept 30 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 33.2 61.7 .'•)4.5 4.26 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73 6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 ept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14..^5, 1938; .52, 1914 10, 1933; 3, 1903 4,086, 1896; 1,414, 1894 SO, 1938 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 4, 1908, 1916 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except tliat humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS The weather during September was dry, warm and clear. The total rainfall during the month was 2.88 inches compared to a normal of 4.26 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 has been 23.69 inches, while the normal rainfall for this period is 33.62 inches. This deficiency of almost 10 inches has resulted in acute water shortage in wells and reservoirs. The rainfall since April 1 has been 18.26 inches or 4.85 inches less than normal for that period with some damage to crops. The mean temperature for the month was 62.5 degrees, the normal being 61.7 degrees. There was a light frost on the 20th on nearby lowland and a heavy frost on the 30th with a temperature of 28 degrees at the observatory. The normal date for the first frost is Sept. 21st. The domestic heating load for the month was 149 degree-days, which is normal for September. There were a total of 307 hours of bright sunshine, which is the largest amount of sunshine ever recorded at this station in September. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the fol- lowing report : "The weather during September has been very dry. Leaves are dropping from some apple trees prematurely. This may result in poor foliation in the spring. Unless there are abundant rains soon, fruit plants will go into the winter in poor condition. The lack of rainfall has not interfered with the crop of this year and plenty of sunshine has favored good color development. The apple crop is of very good quality, but not large. There seems to be good fruit bud formation for next year's crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 634 October 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 10" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 0.3 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum g'fl p ^ i-i ^m 3.2 Q) ^ ^ Q Q a 0) Ui Q B a > IS '5 o > > Q S. Q hi o a 0) a > C'J3 ■5 0 £5 H<5 P< 0 .t-r< c to 1) 41 □ 0 a m 1 46 8 p 42 8 A 44.0 93 0.0 nw 77 15 0 A 12 p 2.06 2 56 2 p 44 7 A 50.0 82 0.6 w 84 15 0 A 4 a .03 3 58 2 p 38 12 p 48.0 65 6.6 w 169 17 4 60 3 p 29 7 A 44.5 69 8.8 s 82 13 5 63 3 1- 40 7:30a 51.5 75 3.3 se 68 6 6 51 7 p 42 6 A 46.5 93 0.0 n 81 9 7 A 12 p 1.06 7 57 2 p 43 12 P 50.0 88 0.6 n 127 18 0 A 3p .49 8 55 2 p 36 7 A 45.5 74 2.0 s 116 10 'r 9 51 2 p 30 6 A 40.5 76 2.5 s 81 9 5p 12 p .29 10 51 1 p 32 12 p 41.5 77 4.2 nw 72 10 11 45 11 A 29 6 A 37.0 71 0.5 w 80 13 12 44 2 p 26 12 p 35.0 60 7-6 nw 246 32 T 13 40 2 p 24 2 A 32.0 69 0.0 nw 49 5 14 58 3 p 27 6 A 42.5 74 1.6 sw 66 11 15 59 2 p 35 7 A 47.0 77 4.2 s 75 11 16 57 12 m 34 12 p 45.5 62 5.0 nw 214 39 1 p 1:30 p .04 17 48 4 p 25 7 A 36.5 64 9.7 n 168 15 18 62 2 p 28 0 A 45.0 58 5.7 se 150 13 19 74 3 p 37 7 A 55.5 67 6.9 .-e 89 9 20 72 1 p 45 7 A 58.5 78 0.0 s 176 20 21 48 12 M 35 9 p 41.5 54 7.8 nw 340 40 22 47 4 p 27 7 A 37.0 68 8.2 sw 101 15 23 46 7:30p 30 0 A 38.0 88 0.0 IIW 42 18 5 A 12 m .32 24 42 1 P 26 12 p 34.0 57 7.8 nw 30!) 32 25 44 2 P 19 7 A 31.5 70 9.1 s 118 11 26 49 1 P 32 0 A 40.5 60 2.8 s 201 22 T 27 52 1 P 32 12 p 42.0 58 4.3 s 183 28 28 51 2 p 26 5 A 38.5 63 9.4 nw 131 20 29 64 2 p 25 3 A 44.5 64 8.8 s 93 12 30 51 0 A 28 12 p 39.5 68 7.0 n 214 25 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY Xoven.ber, 1941 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.54, 28th Minimum 29.40, 7th Mean semi-daily 30.025 Range 1.1-1 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 74, 19th Lowest 19, 25th Mean 42. S Range 55 Highest mean daily 58.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 31.5, 25th Mean maximum 53.4 Mean minimum 32.2 Greatest daily range 39, 29th Least daily range 4, 1st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.29 Snow Trace Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.06, 1st Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 4002 Greatest daily movement 340, 21st Least daily movement 42, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 5.6 Maximum velocity 40, 21st Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 9 Southwest, days 2 West, days 3 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 47 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 12 Number hours bright sunshine 135 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.1 Thunder and lightning Normal Extremes 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .94, 1905 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978,1906; 2,589,1889 44, 1938 72, 1900 1927; 34, 1917 15,1903; 1, 1900,1911,1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905,1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made dui-ing the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 193S, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. REMARKS The weather during November was warmer than usual, more sunshine than normal, and heavy rainfall during the first part of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 42.8 degrees, the normal being 38.9 degrees. This is the warmest November at Amherst since 1889, except for four years. It was equalled in 1934 and exceeded in 1927, 1931, and 1935 with mean November tem- peratures of 43.9, 44.1 and 43.4 degrees. The highest temperature was 74 degrees on the 19th, which was the highest temperature ever recorded so late in the season at this station. The lowest temperature was 19 degrees on the 25th. The domestic heating load for the month was 667 degree-days, the normal for November being 784 degree-days. The total degree-days for the season is now 1223 degree-days compared to a normal of 1389 for that period. There were 135 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for November being 121 hours. The total rainfall for the month was 4.29 inches, whereas the normal for November is 3.41 inches. Of this amount, over 2 inches fell on the first day of the month and 1^ inches on the 6th and 7th. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 30.11. The normal being 40.32 inches. Snow flurries were seen on the 12th and 26th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 636 December 1941 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1941 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature E 3 S O " Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M „ p ■r. OJ uITj . Q 2 (D s c 03 > C3_c3 11 3.2 > QJ £5 E ^ O a oi to -a c 0) 'a (■ c a 1 36 3 p 17 7 A 26.5 53 8.8 n 125 9 2 47 4 p 32 0 A 39.5 103 0.0 se 86 9 4 A 12 p 0.20 3 50 3 p 33 11 P 41.5 10 >) 2.7 nw 26 4 4 42 2 p 33 0 A 37.5 100 0.2 sw 25 4 5 50 8 p 39 0 A 44.5 100 0.2 nw 31 4 1 P 12 p 0.24 6 51 12 m 31 12 p 41.0 72 7.3 nw 212 32 7 34 1 p 21 12 p 27.5 61 5.7 nw 417 28 8 39 3 p 17 6 A 28.0 67) 5.1 se 98 12 9 41 12 M 29 6 A 35.0 63 5.4 nw 239 25 10 42 2 p 25 12 p 33.5 63 4.7 nw 258 28 11 26 2 p 12 12 p 19.0 54 9.1 tiw 267 22 12 26 2 p 8 7 A 17.0 63 6.2 n 126 15 13 37 8 p 20 0 A 28.5 78 0.0 nw 107 14 11 A 12 p 0.92 1.00 14 41 12 m 33 10 A 37.0 78 3.1 nw 334 28 0 A 9 a 1.20 15 36 1 p 29 8 A 32.5 62 4.5 nw 306 28 16 45 3 p 31 1 A 38.0 58 4.7 s 184 12 17 45 1 1^ 28 11 P 36.5 60 6.2 nw 186 20 18 44 2 p 25 4 A 34.5 73 3.7 s 143 18 19 46 2 p 32 12 p 39.0 60 8.2 nw 193 25 20 40 10 A 10 12 p 25.0 58 5.6 n 271 32 21 25 2 p 5 8 A 15.0 55 9.(1 nw 189 20 22 30 4 p 7 8 A 18.5 56 8.2 nw 88 9 23 34 12 p 19 5 A 26.5 72 0.0 nw 34 3 5 ]■ 12 p 0.15 24 56 2 p 34 0 A 45.0 87 0.0 s 186 8 0 A 6-30 p 1.00 25 45 12 m 30 12 p 37.5 63 8.1 nw 285 20 26 35 3 p 24 7 A 29.5 75 4.0 nw 72 11 T 27 42 3 p 30 3 A 36.0 81 3.4 nw 103 25 '! 28 40 3 p 28 7 A 34.0 68 7.8 n 196 22 8 p 12 p 0.10 1.00 29 29 12 M 19 12 p 24.0 74 2.0 n 134 15 Oa 1 A 0.01 T 30 32 3 p 9 7 A 2n.5 69 9.1 n U8 15 31 27 3 p 8 4 A 17.5 79 2.0 nw 11 2 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1941 Noi-mal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Headings i-educed to sea level) Maximum 30.67, 12t!i Minimum 29.34, 24th Mean semi-daily 30.054 Range 1 .3.") Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 56, 24(h Lowest 5, 21st Mean 31.1 Range 51 Highest mean daily -15, 24th Lowest mean daily 15, 2Ist Mean maximum 39.1 Mean minimum 23.2 Greatest daily range 30, 20tli Least daily range 7, 15th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.S2 Sno\y 2.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.12, 13th, 14th Number of days with .01 or moi'e S Wind, in miles Total movement 5080 Greatest daily movement 417, 7th Least daily movement 11, 3 1st Mean hourly velocity 6.8 Maximum velocity 32, 6th, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 6 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 0 Northwest, days .19 Weather Mean relative humidit}^, percent 70.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 63 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 9 Number hours bright sunshine 145 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.2 Thunder and lightning 30.66 29.27 30.00 1.38 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.0 1, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694,1925; 3,239,1918 48, 1938 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15,1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09;4,'89 '30, '31, '36. '38 23, '33; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The .second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1940. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual 1941 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.67, Dec. 12 Minimum 28.91, Feb. 7-8 Mean semi-daily 29.997 Range 1 .76 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 94, June 27 Lowest -9, Jan . 30 Mean 48.5 Range 103 Highest mean daily 81, July 2 Lowest mean daily 4.5, Jan. 30 Mean maximum 59.7 Mean minimum 37.3 Greatest daily range. . . .44, April 29, May 6 Least daily range 2, Jan. 18 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 33.93 Snow 42.50 Max. precipitation in 24hrs.2.12, Dec. 13,14 Number of days with .01 or more 90 Wind, in miles Total movement 54,931 Greatest daily movement 549, Mar. 19 Least daily movement 11, Deo. 31 Mean velocity 6.3 Maximum velocity .-. 48, Mar. 18 Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 71 Northeast, days 5 East, days 4 Southeast, days 24 South, days 69 Southwest, days 27 West, days 24 Northwest, days 141 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 49.0 Number of clear days 217 Number of fair days .77 Number of cloudy days 71 Number hours bright sunshine 3,038 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 68.2 Last snow April 17 First snow Dec. 13 Last frost May 13 First frost Sept. 30 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.8, 1921; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1S94 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 169, 1936; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910 2838, 1924; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14, '10; May 11, '07 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Apr. 23, '04; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95;Oct. 13,'09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 637 January 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature a S.E Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum K "o s "c c a t-X' .So Si *:? 3 >1 Q 0) 6 <0 c > 1:3 (^3 £ <5 o a a to a fa c o a 03 1 38 12 p 22 0 A 30.0 86 0.0 n 13 8 6:30p 12 p .13 .25 2 56 9 A 34 12 p 45.0 67 3.1 n\v 327 32 0 A 8 p .52 3 37 3 I' 27 10 p 32.0 53 8.2 nw 274 32 4 29 1 A 23 11 p 26.0 90 0.8 n U8 15 2 A 5 p .36 5.50 5 34 2 p 13 10 p 23.5 86 4.7 w 42 8 6 16 3 p 0 10 p 8.0 63 9.2 nw 128 14 7 14 2 p 0 7 A 7.0 59 8.0 nw 234 22 8 15 3 p -13 7 A 1.0 57 9.3 sw 49 7 9 19 2 p -10 5 A 4.5 63 4.9 •S 111 13 10 20 12 m 15 8 A 17.5 69 7.1 nw 168 22 5 a 8 A .03 .50 11 17 4 p -10 4 A 3.5 68 0.0 se 151 15 12 32 12 p -1 8 A 15.5 74 0.0 s 170 18 13 32 4 A 8 11 p 20.0 55 9.4 nw 263 28 14 40 4 p 3 4 A 21.5 69 7.2 s 174 18 15 40 2 A 24 7 p 32.0 65 7.1 nw 252 32 16 29 4 A 3 12 p 16.0 52 9.5 nw 348 35 T 17 32 4 p -4 7 A 14.0 65 9.5 s 121 12 18 47 3 p 24 5 A 35.5 66 5.8 se 165 11 19 44 1 A 35 6 A 39.5 92 0.0 nw 100 9 8:30a 9p 1.41 20 40 2 p 33 5 A 36.5 76 4.3 nw 190 25 21 36 4 p 23 12 p 29.5 60 7.0 nw 221 20 22 39 3 p 17 7 A 28.0 74 5.3 w 58 8 23 45 3 p 22 6 A 33.5 73 4.2 sw 132 15 24 47 2 p 32 7 A 39.5 71 5.6 nw 139 18 25 34 2 p 27 S A 30.5 67 2.7 n 136 13 T 26 32 1 A 27 12 p 29.5 70 0.0 ne 154 13 27 44 3 p 25 3 A 34.5 82 7.1 s 84 19 2 A 8 a .02 .25 28 36 1 p 22 12 p 29.0 74 0.0 n 163 25 29 2.-) 3 p 11 12 p 18.0 47 9.9 n 475 32 30 33 4 p 6 7 A 19.5 48 9.1 n 194 22 31 34 7 r 22 2 A 28.0 79 0.0 .■^e 105 13 12 m 12 p 1.07 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1942 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.51, 17tl Minimum 29.28, 2nd, 31st Mean .semi-daily 30.055 Range 1.23 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 56, 2nd Lowest -13, 8th Mean 24.1 Range 69 Highest mean daily 45, 2nd Lowest mean daily 1 , 8th Mean maximum 33.4 Mean minimum 14 Greatest daily range 37, 14th Least daily range 5, 10th, 26th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.54 Snow 6 50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.41, 19th Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 5289 Greatest daily movement 475, 29th Least daily movement 13, 1st Mean liouily velocity 7.1 Maximum velocity 35, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 6 Northeast, days East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 9 Number hours bright sunshine 159 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.1 Thunder and lightning 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.50,'08 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 7770,1908; 2896,1895 47. 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 18, 1941; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923. 1931; 4,1920, 1939 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during January was very near normal except that there was less snow than usual. Only 6.5 inches of snow fell during the month while we get an average of 13.32 inches of snow in January. The snowfall for the current season thus far is only 8.5 inches, while the normal for this period is 24.16 inches. The total precipitation dur' ing the month was 3.54 inches, the normal for January being 3.61 inches. The mean temperature during the month was 24.1 degrees compared to a normal of 24.2 degrees. The lowest temperature was -13 degrees on the 8th. The domestic heating load during the month was 1267 degree-days, the normal for January being 1265 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of January is 3539 degree-days, while the normal for this period is 3817 degree-days. There were 159 hours of bright sunshine which is well above the aver- age of 137 hours. The mean relative humidity was 68.4 per cent, the normal being 70.1 per cent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 638 February 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >, '■3 a o.B Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M ^ c rzi u (U UW So Si ^ 3 a bO Q a a > '5 o a a c3 bO a ■a -a □ o a «3 1 36 12 M 22 12 p 29.0 83 0.3 w 204 22 2 22 0 A 7 12 p 14.5 72 10.0 nw 364 25 3 17 3 p 0 7 A 8.5 59 10.0 nw 264 22 4 24 5 P 0 6 A 12.0 59 7.1 nw 70 7 5 27 12 p 14 0 A 20.5 93 0.0 nw 8f) 8 0 A 12 p .56 6.5 6 34 2 p 27 0 A 30.5 88 1.2 n 2on 13 0 A 2 A .04 0.5 7 39 4 p 28 7 A 33.5 83 0.0 n 202 25 10.. 5 !• .32 8 38 12 M 17 12 p 27.5 76 3.4 nw 293 25 0 A 8a .05 9 25 3 p 10 8 A 17.5 63 10.3 nw 360 25 10 34 4 p 10 7 A 22.0 61 7.5 n 136 15 11 34 4 p 15 7 A 24.5 57 6.8 n 120 14 12 24 1 p 9 7 A 16.5 61 10.4 nw 220 28 13 24 4 p 9 2 A 16.5 53 8.5 nw 387 32 14 34 3 p 13 1 A 23.5 55 8.5 nw 361 25 T 15 41 1 p 23 7 A 32.0 66 10.2 nw 145 17 16 37 4 p 17 6 A 27.0 83 3.0 nw 74 12 5p 12 p .21 17 44 3 p 33 4 A 38.5 82 1.2 nw 168 28 0 A 6 A .45 18 43 3 p 26 12 p 34.5 56 10.6 nw 213 25 19 26 1 p 16 12 p 21.0 61 8.9 nw 216 25 5 A 8 A .03 1.00 20 20 2 p 7 7 A 13.5 65 8.7 nw 279 28 21 18 2 p 8 0 A 13.0 57 7.8 nw 401 32 T 22 33 3 p 13 4 A 23.0 64 6.8 nw 368 28 23 34 3 p 16 12 p 25.0 62 3.3 nw 271 25 T 24 38 1 p 14 7 A 26.0 62 10.9 n 153 18 25 37 2 p 20 7 A 28.5 64 9.5 nw 224 17 26 35 2 p 20 7 A 27.5 61 9.6 nw 311 30 27 36 3 p 23 7 A 29.5 59 9.5 nw 260 20 28 43 2 p 29 5 A 36.0 74 6.9 n 187 20 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ; 30.46, 4th Minimum 29.28, 1st Mean semi-daily 29.831 R ange I.IS Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 44, 17th Lowest 0, 3rd, 4th Mean 24.0 Range 44 Highest mean daily 38.5, 17th Lowest mean daily 8.5, 3rd Mean maximum 32.0 Mean minimum 15.9 Greatest daily range,. . . .24, 4th, 10th, 24th Least daily range 7, 6th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.66 Snow 8.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 0.56, 5th Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 6531 Greatest daily movement 401, 21st Least daily movement 70, 4th Mean hourly velocity 9.7 Maximum velocity 32, 13th, 21st Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 6 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 0 Southwest, days 0 West, days 1 Northwest, days 21 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.1 Mean cloudiness, percent 43 Number of clear days 17 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 190 Percent of possible hours of bright • sunshine 64.2 Thunder and lightning Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4770 7.1 31.7 WNW 31.05, 1920 28.50, 1895 ), '00, '08; .88, '13 '31 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445,1896; 3438,1892 48, 1934, 1937 66.6 50.9 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 10 19, 1941; 2, 1927 8 16, 1920; 2,1936 10 16, 1894; 2 1920 158 221, 1924; 110,- '27, '38 53.4 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during February was marked by the small amount of rain and snow, the high wind, and the large amount of sunshine. The temperature was very near normal, with a mean temperature of 24 degrees, the normal being 23.7 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was 44 degrees on the 17th and the lowest 0 on the 3rd and 4th. The normal low temperature for February is -7.4 degrees. It may be interesting to recall that the lowest temperature ever recorded at the station was -22.5 degrees in February, 1918. The domestic heating load for the month was 1149 degree-days, the normal for February being 1165 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is 4688 degree-days. The normal heating load to the end of February is 4982 degree-days. The normal heating load for Feb- ruary is based on the 50-year record including 11 leap years and hence is high compared with years which are not leap years. The total precipitation for the month was 1.66 inches, while the normal for February is 3.19 inches. It is interesting to note that the precipitation in February, 1941 was 1.59 inches. The total pre- cipitation for January and February of this year is 5.20 inches whereas for the same period in 1941 it was only 3.80 inches. Only 8 inches of snow fell in February compared to a normal of 13.99 inches. The total snowfall for the winter is 16.50 inches, while the normal to the end of February is 38.15 inches. There were 190 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 158 hours. The total wind movement during the month was 6531 miles which is the highest ever recorded in February. The nearest to this record was 6445 miles in 1896. The normal for February is 4776 miles. The highest wind velocity was Z2 miles per hour on the 13th and 21st. The wind blew from the northwest on 21 days. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 639 March 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature S a X > 3 S O - £■31 IS Wind Precipitation Maxi mum Minimum a Hi "5 0 > (U c E a c3 bO T3 -a a a a a Q a 1 bt Q 1 1 a CO 1 45 3 p 31 7 A 38.0 63 4.9 n 65 8 2 46 4 p 32 7 A 39.0 63 6.3 sw 68 10 3 43 2 p 32 6 A 37.5 91 0.0 ne 271 48 2a 12 p 1.82 2.00 4 43 3 p 32 12 p 37.5 69 4.1 nw 253 25 5 55 3 p 27 4 A 41.0 58 9.0 s 136 17 6 39 5 p 34 12 p 36.5 83 0.0 nw 151 20 6 a 3 p .27 T 7 50 5 p 28 6 A 39.0 56 11.5 s 184 15 8 63 3 p 31 7 A 47.0 73 10.7 s 145 17 8p 12 p .03 9 62 9 A 37 12 p 49.5 81 3.0 sw 358 35 0 A 4 p 1.37 10 43 3 p 32 5 A 37.5 43 5.5 w 436 32 11 54 4 p 29 7 A 41.5 47 11.6 s 202 12 12 48 2 p 34 12 p 41.0 80 1.8 nw 170 32 3 a 11 A .13 13 52 5 p 28 7 A 40.0 52 11.7 nw 138 13 14 36 2 p 31 7 A 33.5 73 0.0 a 77 6 2a 12 p .50 3.25 15 38 1 p 30 6 A 34.0 89 4.6 n 146 10 16 47 4 p 31 5 A 39.0 87 7.3 w 61 10 6:30P 12 p .67 17 38 2 p 33 3 A 35.5 99 0.0 nw 89 13 0 A 10 30P 1.17 18 53 3 p 35 5 A 44.0 80 5.6 nw 92 18 19 42 5 p 37 8 A 39.5 60 6.3 w 332 40 20 50 4 p 28 6 A 39.0 49 12.1 nw 283 25 21 52 2 p 27 3 A 39.5 69 7.4 se 128 15 5 P 12 p .87 22 47 4 p 33 12 p 40.0 74 6.3 w 280 40 Oa 6 30a .82 T 23 40 2 p 30 4 A 35.0 66 5.6 nw 252 25 r 24 43 3 p 28 5 A 35.5 62 6.3 nw 207 25 25 46 5 p 28 6 A 37.0 59 11.7 nw 235 32 26 52 2 p 32 4 A 42.0 60 10.0 n 226 25 27 59 4 p 26 6 A 42.5 61 12.4 w 83 13 28 59 3 p 31 6 A 45.0 60 9.2 e 169 18 29 51 2 p 26 6 A 38.5 52 9.0 e 180 28 10:301 > 12p .01 30 43 4 p 30 6 A 36.5 83 3.1 n 215 27 0 A 8 a .14 2.00 31 53 1 p 30 6 A 41.5 66 8.0 se 142 15 5 P 10 p .09 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1942 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 28tli Minimum 28.96, 3rd Mean semi-daily 29.890 Range 1 .44 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 63, 8th Lowest 26, 27th, 29th Mean 39.4 Range 37 Highest mean daily 49.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 33.5, 14th Mean maximum 48. 1 Mean minimum 30.7 Greatest daily range 33, 27tl Least daily range 5, 6th, 14th, 17tl Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 7.89 Snow 7.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.82,3rd Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 5774 Greatest daily movement 436, 10th Least daily movement 61, 16th Mean hourly velocity 7 Maximum velocity 48, 3 rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 2 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 55 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 205 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.2 Thunder and lightning 9th, 17th 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 30.96, 1904 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914 ; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.13, 1899; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936;3, 1915 8182,1896; 3006,1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 3, 1941 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during March was warmer than usual, with a large amount of rain. The mean temperature during the month was 39.4 degrees which is 5 degrees warmer than usual. The highest temperature was 63 degrees on the 8th and the lowest 26 degrees on the 27th and 29th. This is the highest minimum for March ever recorded at this station. The nearest was 21 degrees in March, 1889 and the next 19 degrees in 1903. The College Pond was clear of ice on March 20. This is about 10 days earlier than usual. The domes- tic heating load for the month was 792 degree-days. The normal is 950 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of March is 5480 degree-days, while the normal for this period is 5932 degree-days. The total precipitation during the month was 7.89 inches. This is the greatest precipitation ever recorded at this station during March. The nearest to this record was 7.13 inches in 1899. The nor- mal for ]\Iarch is 3.70 inches. The total for the three-month period beginning at New Year's is 13.09 inches while the normal for this period is 10.50 inches. The total snowfall during the month was 7.25 inches which is slightly less than normal. The total snowfall to the end of March was 23.75 inches while the normal for that period is 45.62 inches. During the winter of 1936-1937 the total snowfall was 23.25 inches. There were 205 hours of bright sunshine which exceeds the normal value by 6 hours. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 640 April 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1942 C. 1. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Loni^itude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer alcove ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS 1 'emperature >i o 2 Wind Precipitat ion Maximum Minimum ►t^ — c ^ o ■X v z S V a Q 5) P bo Q H ;2« V u £5 bi •a 03 1? o 1 45 6p 32 6 A 38.5 69 1.4 w 237 -> 7 2 63 4p 30 5a 46.5 53 12.4 sw 163 20 3 65 3p 47 6a 56.0 49 9.3 n 132 8 4 54 3p 40 12 p 47.0 70 6.6 n 135 13 2 a 5 A .05 5 67 4p 31 6a 49.0 73 5.2 s 115 13 6 78 3p 36 6a 57.0 53 12.9 s 142 17 7 65 12 m 44 12 p 54.5 67 4.8 nw 113 13 8p 12 p .15 8 55 4p 40 Up 47.5 54 8.9 n 223 20 9 44 5p 35 3 a 39.5 42 2.0 n 132 10 10 38 Oa 30 12p 34.0 94 1.0 11 105 15 3 a 8p .43 4.00 11 41 2p 29 4a 35.0 81 5.4 nw 111 11 Oa 8 a .11 1.00 12 46 2p 31 10 p 38.5 68 3.9 nw 274 22 6p 6 :30 p .01 T 13 51 3p 30 6a 40.5 62 9.3 nw 162 20 12 :30 p 1 p .01 T 14 60 3p 26 6a 43.0 47 6.6 sw 106 15 15 70 5p 44 Oa 57.0 63 2.4 se 181 20 8p 12p .08 16 67 5p 44 12 p 55.5 68 9.8 n 149 13 Oa 2a .12 17 70 3p 39 4a 54.5 63 6.9 .se 191 17 T 18 52 11a 38 12p 45.0 62 6.0 nw 273 22 19 53 3p 35 1a 44.0 62 4.1 nw 261 25 20 49 3p 38 12p 43.5 71 5.4 n 185 15 T 21 52 3p 38 6a 45.0 64 6.9 11 220 7> 22 68 5p 29 6a 48.5 48 13.5 n 163 20 23 77 4p 36 6a 56.5 43 13.7 sw 56 14 24 82 4p 38 5a 60.0 47 13.8 se 87 12 25 85 3p 41 6a 63.0 51 13.8 se 85 13 26 78 1p 49 12p 63.5 45 13.8 se 119 17 27 70 5p 36 6 a 53.0 35 12.5 se 123 17 28 65 3p 39 5 a 52.0 59 9.5 s 161 13 29 78 6p 40 4a 59.0 64 10.3 s 123 13 30 84 3p 47 6a 65.5 48 12.9 nw 113 18 31 *Baseci on least time required to IjIuw one mile. Sol Kriminetskv, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY Api-il 194i Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches ( Readings reduced to sea level ) Maximum 30.36, 9th Minimum 29.55, 11th, 12th Mean semi-daily 30.013 Range 0.81 Air Temperature, in degrees F. H ighest 85, 25th Lowest 26, 1 4th Mean 49.7 Range 59 Highest mean daily 65.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 34, 10th Mean maximum 62.4 Mean minimum 37.1 Greatest daily range 44, 24th, 25th Least daily range 8, 10th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 0.96 Snow 5.00 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.43, 10th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4640 Greatest daily movement 274, 12th Least daily movement 56, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity 25, 19th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 9 Northeast, days 0 East, days ..— - 0 Southeast, days . —.6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 3 West, days — — 1 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 59.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 52 Number of clear days -—13 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 245 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.9 Last snow April 1 1 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 30.71, 1911 28.99, 1907, 1929 1.52, 1930; .71, 1919 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921 ; 41.2, 1926 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940 75,1901 : 34, 1925, 1927 2.3, 1941 ; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2. 1894, 1901 21, 1901 ; 1, 1941 329, 1941 ; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907 Note — Tlie first colunui in the above summary gives oljservations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during- April was dry and warm, quite simihir to April 1941 although not quite as extreme. The mean temperature for the month was 49.7 degrees, the normal heing 45.7 degrees. Last year, April had a mean temperature of 52.1 degrees. The domestic heating load of the month was 458 degree-days, compared to a normal of 579 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of April is 5938 degree-days whereas the normal for this period is 6511 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was .96 of an inch. Last year only .55 of an inch of rain fell in April. Five inches of snow fell during the month. The normal rainfall for April is 3.35 inches. The total precipitation since January 1st is now 14.05 inches, the normal for these four months heing 13.85 inches. There were 245 hours of bright sun- shine. The normal sunshine for April is 220 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw, Research Professor of Pomology, makes the following comments: "The past winter was not severe, yet there was some injury to fruit plants. The hardier varieties of jK-aches came through with ]:)lenty of live fruit buds, hut those of tender varieties, such as Elherta. were all killed. The amount of killing will vary with different orchards; therefore, the peach crop will be small and spotty depending on the site and varieties. Raspberry canes show considerable winter injury, especially among the more tender varieties. As last year, this season is now far advanced and with little rainfall. Vegetation is at just about the same stage as it was a year ago. Last year was, on the whole, very favorable to fruit plants. If, as last year, we escape a too prolonged drought and spring frosts, fruit crops, except peaches and raspberries, should be good. Apple trees are beginning to bloom plentifully. Frost in- jury to blossoms and young apples is unusual in this area, but the earlier the bloom, the more danger of frost injury. Mcintosh trees are especially full of bloom." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 641 May 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. e DAILY RECORDS Temperature £ o S Wind Precipitat ion Maximum Minimum m ><-. c bB .tj ^* c C c • -I u OJ OJ > . C/J ■^ o B Si -d ^ o c C*-^ ^x '5 " ^ V •W p V > Q u Q H bD Q 4J £ > rt 1- til ■a c W o c 1 78 1p 51 12 p 64.5 49 10.2 SW 72 13 2 77 2p 48 5a 62.5 48 11.3 S 169 13 3 86 4p 55 6a 70.5 73 7.6 s 119 12 4 81 12 m 58 12 p 69.5 65 9.3 s 169 15 12-30 p 1-30 p .02 5 64 12 m 43 11a 53.5 54 14.2 nw 265 22 6 68 3p 35 6a 51.5 56 10.8 SW 82 8 8p 12 p .03 7 50 5p 44 6a 47.0 94 0.0 n 103 7 Oa 6p .72 8 61 4p 45 6a 53.0 79 7.3 n 64 9 9 56 1p 49 6a 52.5 84 1.3 s 96 8 10 63 5p 42 12 p 52.5 63 9.0 n 180 17 T 11 64 4p 31 5a 47.5 50 13.8 se 82 11 12 70 1p 43 5a 56.5 78 6.3 se 171 25 6p 12 p .43 13 85 4p 57 6a 71.0 73 11.0 se 123 8 Oa 1a .11 14 75 5p 55 6a 65.0 76 8.9 se 106 13 15 77 3p 57 5a 67.0 78 7.4 se 154 13 16 77 1p 56 5a 66.5 76 4.9 se 196 15 17 63 2p 55 12 p 59.0 87 0.3 n 150 17 Oa 11a 1.19 18 66 3p 52 6 a 59.0 79 4.0 n 140 15 19 72 2p 59 5a 65.5 80 4.2 s 86 9 T 20 69 2p 58 6 a 63.5 85 1.8 s 77 7 T 21 62 11a 56 7a 59.0 89 1.2 n 108 9 2-30 a 9p .27 22 75 1p 57 5a 66.0 82 3.6 se 135 15 1p 2p .01 23 75 5p 61 5a 68.0 82 10.2 s 119 11 8-30 A 9a .01 24 74 4p 55 5a 64.5 70 10.6 SW 72 11 25 74 5p 49 6a 61.5 67 12.0 nw 69 10 T 26 77 3p 48 4a 62.5 66 10.8 w 48 6 27 75 4p 51 12 p 63.0 58 14.0 n 149 20 T 28 76 4p 42 4a 59.0 50 15.0 nw 82 10 29 83 3p 46 5a 64.5 64 15.0 se 128 14 30 87 3p 61 3a 74.0 68 15.0 nw 195 20 31 70 5p 58 8a 64.0 77 7.0 nw 90 10 Oa 7a .19 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Sol Kriminetsky, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1942 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.31, 6th Minimum 29.77, 23rd Mean semi-daily 30.050 Range 0.54 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 87, 30th Lowest -- ......31, 11th M ean 6 1 .4 Range 56 Highest mean daily ....74, 30th Lowest mean daily 47, 7th Mean ma.ximum 71.9 Mean minimum 50.9 Greatest daily range 27, 29th Least daily range 6, 7th, 21st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.98 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.19, I7th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3799 Greatest daily movement 265, 5th Least daily movement 48, 26th Mean hour velocity 5.1 Maximum velocity 25, 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 7 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days .7 Southwest, days 3 West, days 1 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days ...8 Number hours bright sunshine 258 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57 Thunder and lightning 4th, 12th, 13th, 31st Last frost May 11 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 May 14 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901, 1902; 30, 1923 20, 1923, 1941 ; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 338, 1941; 137, 1927 June 8, 1932; Apr. 23, 1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during May was normal in most respects except that the temperature was higher than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 61.4 degrees, while the normal is 57.1 degrees. This mean temperature has been exceeded only twice in May since 1889, in 1911 and 1918. In 1911 the mean was 62.5 degrees and in 1918, 62.2 degrees. The highest temperature was 87 degrees on the 30th and the lowest, 31 degrees on the 11th. These are normal ranges of temperature for May. The last frost of the month occurred on May 11. The domestic heating load for the month was 144 degree- days as compared to a normal of 287 degree-days. The total heat- ing load for the season is now 6082 degree-days compared to a normal of 6798 degree-days. In other words, the heating load dur- ing the current year has been only 90 percent of the normal value. The total precipitation for the month was 2.98 inches, the normal being 3.60 inches. This brings the total precipitation since January 1 to 17.03 inches which is 0.42 less than normal for that period. There were 258 hours of bright sunshine which is 6 hours higher than the average. There were no high winds during the month. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following state- ment regarding the progress of vegetation : "Weather during May was seasonable and fruit plants have made normal progress. The bloom of apple trees was very early, about the same elate as last year. Bloom was very heavy. Many trees, especially Mcintosh, that produced a good crop last year bloomed heavily. Conditions for pollination were good and set of young apples seems to be heavy. Some frost injury was reported from low-lying orchards but indications now point to one of the heaviest apple crops in recent years. The peach bloom was better than anticipated but varieties tender in bud show little or no bloom. Strawberries are beginning to ripen the first of June. The prospects are for a good blueberry crop but raspberries may be a short crop owing to winter injury to the canes." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 642 June 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS T emperature '1 o S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c > O 3 E.5f ho c c 'n tj > '^ o c bo OJ M -a T3 c W u OJ c V s u o g 5 o c t/5 1 68 12 m 50 12 p 59.0 74 4.0 S\V 64 7 3p 12 p .12 2 62 12 M 49 2a 55.5 69 3.4 se 84 11 Oa 6a .10 3 61 5p 48 4a 54.5 91 0.0 inv 53 6 2 a 6p .03 4 64 4p 56 4 a 60.0 91 0.0 s 64 11 6r 12 p .06 5 n 4p 57 12 p 67.0 65 12.8 IIW 172 25 6 82 6p 50 5 a 66.0 63 15.2 s 83 10 7 n 5p 62 6a 69.5 86 z:i s 85 12 9a 12 p .36 8 83 7p 64 7 a 73.5 11 15.2 n 84 11 Oa 4a .12 9 85 5p 53 7a 69.0 65 15.2 s 59 9 10 86 6p 54 7 a 70.0 63 15.2 s 113 10 11 88 3p 67 2a 77.5 n 10.0 ,s 135 12 12 88 4p 71 6 a 79.5 84 8.4 s 147 15 5p 7p .34 13 90 3p 68 4a 79.0 83 12 se 68 11 14 82 2p 61 12 p 71.5 87 5.9 s 80 20 4p 11 p 1.40 15 11 3p 59 5p 66.0 69 14.0 11 iZl 28 16 75 1p 57 4a 66.0 11 9.2 n 201 18 T 17 68 3p 55 5a 61.5 75 7.8 e 101 12 Up 12 p .05 18 78 4p 52 6a 65.0 84 8.4 nw 58 20 5:30p 6p .10 19 84 4p 50 5 a 67.0 68 11.0 \v 76 15 20 83 4p 59 5 a 71.0 63 15.3 nw 108 15 21 67 6p 57 5 a 62.0 92 0.0 11 \v 38 4 7 a 2p .35 22 76 3p 60 4a 68.0 12 13.6 w 63 7 23 79 5p 59 2a 69.0 74 8.1 sw 63 15 2 a 6 :30 p .60 24 74 6p 53 5a 63.5 63 15.3 nw 141 18 25 74 2p 50 6a 62.0 59 14.6 w 139 20 26 81 3p 51 6a 66.0 62 12.7 s 64 9 27 83 2p 56 5a 69.5 67 10.0 sc 67 10 28 79 3p 55 5 a 67.0 79 7.0 s 57 7 T 29 87 3p 63 6 a 75.0 11 10.0 s 62 8 30 85 2p 65 3 a 75.0 66 11.7 sc 177 17 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY June 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) M aximum _....„ 30.32, 2nd Minimum 29.58, 14th Mean semi-daiily » - 29 .963 Range „ „ „ 0.74 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest ~ - 90, 13th Lowest - - 48, 3rd Mean — - 67.5 Range 42. Highest mean daily ~ 79.5, 12th Lowest mean daily - 54.5, 3rd Mean maximum _ „ 78.0 Mean minimum _ - 57.0 Greatest daily range _ _ - 34, 19th Least daily range _ 8, 4th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation - 3.63 Snow Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 1.40, 14th Number of days with .01 or more „ 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 3043 Greatest daily movement 327, 15th Least daily movement 38, 21st Mean velocity _ - 4.2 Maximum velocity 28, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days _ 3 Northeast, days - - - 0 East, days ~ 1 Southeast, days - 4 South, days _ ~ 1 1 Southwest, days — _ — 2 West, days — 3 Northwest, days - 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 65 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days „ 11 Number of cloudy days „ 6 Number hours bright sunshine 285 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _.... 62.4 Thunder and lightning 7th, 12th, 13th, 14tli, 18th, 19th, 23rc Normal 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 WSW Extremes 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 3.75 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 11 17, 1922; 4, 1908 3585 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 5.0 24.6 48, 1939 66.9 51.1 71, 1903; 28. 1908 10 22, 1908, 1941; 1, 1927 12 23. 1912; 3, 1941 8 22, 1903; 1, 1923 257 362, 1908; 102, 1903 54.0 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS June was a good growing month in Amherst. Rainfall was very near normal. Temperature was higher than usual and there was more sunshine than normal. The total precipitation for the month was 3.63 inches while the normal is 3.75 inches. This brings the total precipitation since January 1 to 20.66 inches, the normal for this period being 21.20 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 67.5 degrees compared to a normal of 65.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 90 degrees on the 13th. The domestic heating load for June was 42 degree-days the normal being 68 degree-days. The heating load for the season is 6124 degree-days while the normal is 6866 degree-days. Amherst residents should therefore have burned 1 1 percent less fuel than normal during the past winter. There were 285 hours of bright sunshine. The normal for June is 257 hours. There was slightly less wind than normal with a total movement of 3043 miles. There were no high winds, the highest being 28 miles per hour on the 15th. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following com- ment regarding vegetation: "Progress of vegetation during June has been normal. There has been sufficient rain to keep plants growing well. Nights have been rather cool for best growth of warm Iweather crops. The hay crop is good and grass has started well towards a second crop. There has been a heavy June drop of Mc- intosh, but in most orchards enough apples remain to make a good crop. Considerable scab appears in some orchards, but those sprayed thoroughly and at the right time are quite free from it. The straw- berry crop was generally disappointing. There was some rot, and berries failed to set and develop well. Peaches and raspberries will be short due to winter cold. Blueberries promise a good crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 643 July, 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >^ 1:: V o 5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum ffi 14- a O 3 C C c ^* Q V Q V be Q 1 c n V > ^ ■*-■ — .2 > V "i > c be -a c W I? o 1 80 5p 65 3a 72.5 82 3.5 se 148 13 7p 12 p 1.13 2 72 4p 65 7a 68.5 90 0.3 s 45 8 Oa 12 p .45 3 84 4p 64 5a 74.0 78 9.8 nw 96 10 Oa 3 a .26 4 87 1p 65 4a 76.0 72 9.2 se 125 13 T 5 83 4p 68 4a 75.5 74 11.5 w 70 10 Oa 1 A .08 6 85 2p 63 12 p 74.0 72 9.6 nw 120 25 4p 7:30p .54 7 74 2p 53 5a 63.5 53 15.2 w 139 14 8 76 11a 50 5 a 63.0 64 9.7 w 113 18 12 M 1p .05 9 77 3p 47 5a 62.0 66 15.1 w 83 17 10 78 3p 50 5a 64.0 66 12.0 se 87 10 11 68 6p 53 4 a 60.5 90 0.4 se 85 10 2 a 1 p .43 12 82 6p 57 7a 69.5 67 15.1 nw 146 22 13 88 3p 55 6 a 71.5 68 15.0 s 74 ~8 14 91 1p 58 5a 74.5 63 14.9 vv 167 25 15 77 3p 57 12 p 67.0 53 10.7 nw 255 25 16 78 2p 50 5 a 64.0 67 11.5 nw 58 11 17 79 2p 59 6a 69.0 66 6.4 nw 64 8 18 80 5p 66 3a 73.0 89 7.5 se 90 7 0 a 10 A .55 19 93 3p 67 5a 80.0 83 8.0 se 71 10 4:30p 5:30p .02 20 89 3p 69 4a 79.0 77 11.2 nw 136 13 21 85 4p 65 4 a 75.0 65 12.5 nw 119 12 22 85 2p 60 12 p 72.5 57 14.9 ne 88 13 23 82 5p 54 5 a 68.0 66 12.0 nw 68 8 24 87 3p 57 5 a 72.0 71 12.8 sw 47 7 25 90 4p 66 6 a 78.0 71 9.6 vv 45 3 26 87 1 p 64 5a 75.5 75 9.9 se 94 17 T 27 67 4p 64 12 p 65.5 99 0.0 nw 49 6 4 :30 a 9p 1.32 28 86 3p 64 Oa 75.0 86 9.0 w 52 5 29 88 3p 62 5 a 75.0 80 8.0 sw 48 9 30 72 3p 57 12 p 64.5 87 3.1 n 111 10 31 71 1p 55 2 a 63.0 86 2.6 s 57 8 1p 6p .12 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum „ 3*^ .M 2'''th Minimum 29 f)5 6th Mean semi-dail\ 29 970 Range 0 66 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest „ 93, 19th Lowest 47, 9th Mean 70.5 Range _ 46 Highest mean daily - - 80, 19th Lowest mean daily _ 60.5, 11th Mean maximum _ 81.3 M ean minimum 59.6 Greatest daily range 33, 13th. 14th Least daily range 3, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _ _ 4.95 Snow _ Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 1.32, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement „ J950 Greatest daily movement _....255, 15th Least daily movement 45, 2nd, 25th Mean hour velocity _ 4.0 Maximum velocity 25, 6th, 14th, I5th Wind, direction Prevailing direction „ W North, days _ 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days „ 0 Southest, days 7 South, days „ „ 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days „ 7 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 59 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days „ 6 Number hours bright sunshine .291 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63 Thunder and lightning 1st, 4th, 6th, 19th Normal Extremes 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20; 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 193) 68.4 50.9 69, 1914; 31. 1924 10 22, 1923; 0, 1915 14 24, '09, '21 : 5, '89, '2: '36 , '28, 7 18, 1889; 0, 1910 268 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first colunm in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during July was very near normal in most respects. The mean temperature for the month was 70.5 degrees, the normal being 70.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 93 degrees on the 19th and the lowest 47 on the 9th. The rainfall during the month was 4.95 inches which is .85 more than normal. The greater part of this rain fell in two storms: on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd, 1.84 inches was recorded and on the 27th, 1.32 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 25.61 inches while the normal for this period is 25.30 inches. There were 291 hours of sunshine compared to a normal of 268 hours. The mean relative humidity was 73.6 percent while the normal for July is 68.4 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw reports as follows : "The progress of vegeta- tion during July continued to be normal. Timely rains have favored growth and practically all fruit plants grew well. Ripening dates are yet a week or more earlier than usual, reflecting the early bloom. The peach crop will be rather light especially that of varieties having fruit buds tender to winter cold. Apples, especially Mcintosh, con- tinue to promise crops above normal. The blueberry crop is larger than usual and pears and plums seem about normal." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 644 August, 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitudf, 42° ZZ' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■5 'e 3 S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum W v. c O 3 be c c c ^* V v.^ 'X ° % i s Q u u bo Q E u u be V E 11 ^ E_bJ) > 11 _ c 5 > His ^^ o Ik c e -0 c W o a in 1 85 4p 64 5a 73.5 70 10.8 W 124 13 2 79 2p 55 6a 67.0 75 6.5 se 66 7 T 3 82 3p 59 12 p 70.5 48 14.4 w 189 22 4 79 4p 52 5a 65.5 58 11.9 w 175 22 5 75 2p 52 6a 63.5 63 14.3 nw 104 10 6 74 2p 48 5a 61.0 62 10.7 nw 94 14 7 81 3p 47 5 a 64.0 65 13.6 sw 32 6 8 81 3p 50 5a 65.5 73 11.3 sw 47 8 9 67 5p 61 7a 64.0 92 0.0 se 72 7 6 :00 a 10 p .50 10 75 4p 62 6a 68.5 88 1.3 se 94 10 T 11 85 4p 64 6a 74.5 77 8.9 w 65 10 12 83 2p 59 6a 71.0 81 7.2 w 38 3 13 74 1p 64 4a 69.0 90 0.0 nw 40 5 12 m 12 p .31 14 82 3p 68 6 a 75.0 92 5.0 nw 71 10 Oa 8p 1.82 15 85 2p 71 4a 78.0 84 7.0 s 104 10 16 83 2p 72 12 p 77.5 85 5.8 s 158 12 7 :30 p 12 p .02 17 86 3p 70 12 p 78.0 76 8.4 s 101 8 Oa 1:30 a .03 18 82 2p 59 12 p 70.5 70 13.5 nw 50 6 19 84 3p 54 6 a 69.0 75 13.0 sw 43 7 20 86 2p 58 6a 72.0 71 9.5 se 117 8 21 90 1 p 67 4a 78.5 76 13.5 w 83 9 22 91 2p 70 5a 80.5 79 9.0 sw 75 14 T 23 84 10 a 65 12 p 74.5 70 5.0 w 144 15 T 24 71 1p 48 12 p 59.5 63 10.5 nw 143 17 25 71 4p 42 5a 56.5 64 13.5 n 92 9 26 73 6p 41 6a 57.0 70 13.5 nw 40 9 27 78 3p 47 6a 63.5 70 13.5 se 91 8 28 79 4 p 56 4a 67.5 79 5.1 se 104 6 T 29 76 2p 59 12 p 67.5 80 6.1 ne 108 13 Oa 5a .25 30 80 3p 55 5a 67.5 74 11.9 e 78 8 31 84 4p 47 5a 65.5 71 13.3 s 48 7 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum „ 30.45, 26th Minimum 29.71, 2nd, 3rd Mean semi-daily „ 30.048 Range 0.74 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 22nd Lowest 4 1 , 26th Mean 68.9 Range 50 Highest mean daily _ 80.5. 22nd Lowest mean daily 56.5, 25th Mean maximum 80.2 Mean minimum 57.6 Greatest daily range 37, 31st Least daily range 6, 9th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.93 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 2.05, 13th, 14th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles T otal movement 2790 Greatest daily movement „ 189, 3rd Least daily movement 22, 7th Mean velocity 3.8 Maximum velocity 22, 3rd, 4th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days _ 1 Southeast, days 6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 4 West, days 7 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 52 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 3 Number hours bright sunshine 288 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 67.1 Thunder and lightning 14th, lf)th, 17th, 22nd First frost Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 34, 1940 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, 1941 67, 1901 ; 27, 1923 23, 1941 ; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28:2. 1910. '23 332, 1941 ; 152, 1915. 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMA'RKS The weather during August was very near normal in most re- spects. There was more sunshine and less rain than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 68.9 degrees which is 0.3 of a degree higher than normal. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 22nd and the lowest 41 degrees on the 26th. The rainful during the month was 2.93 inches, the normal for August being 4.08 inches. The total rainfall since January 1st is 28.54 inches compared to a normal of 29.38 inches for this period. There were 288 hours of bright sunshine while the normal for August is 237 hours. The mean relative humidity was 73.9 per- cent. The normal for August is 70.2 percent. Total wind move- ment for the month was 2790 miles which is 337 miles less than normal. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following report on the progress of vegetation : "The season continues to be nearly normal in all respects. There has been sufficient rain to permit vegetation to progress well. Towards the end of the month there were cool nights that noticeably improved the color of Mcintosh and other red varieties of the same season, though a clear atmos- phere that is likely to accompany cool nights may be the real reason. Rainfall was deficient towards the last of the month, but at this season there is little danger of injury to crops from dry weather. The promise of good crops of all fall-ripening fruit con- tinues." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 645 September 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 2i' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Lleight of Ixironietcr above ground, 2G ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Heigbt of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for Inilletiiis should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS T emperature -a 's o H Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum K o B c n! Q bo Q S Q E > \^ o > "2 w •EC c ■d u ^ Q n S S o o bo ■a c5 ':$■ o c 1 68 2 p 40 4 A 54.0 74 8.9 se 102 9 2 63 3 p 38 12 p 50.5 53 11.7 n 145 18 3 64 3 p 34 6 A 49.0 71 11.7 nw 94 11 4 66 2 p 32 6 A 49.0 77 5.6 s 73 11 T 5 72 1 p 55 0 A 63.5 82 2.0 se 151 10 9:30 p 12 p .04 6 63 2 p 45 12 p 54.0 72 2.9 w 171 20 0 A 4 A .62 7 71 1 p 40 6 A 55.5 67 8.8 se 123 12 8 7i 3 p 36 6 A 54.5 64 11.5 s 85 9 9 76 3 p A6 4 A 61.0 81 4.8 w 74 7 10 72, 3 p 46 12 p 59.5 71 11.3 nw 79 8 11 72 4 p 37 7 A 54.5 64 11.3 nw 58 9 12 66 2 p 40 12 p 53.0 67 11.3 nw 143 10 13 68 4 p 34 6 A 51.0 77 11.2 w 47 6 14 62 4 p 36 7 A 49.0 84 2.0 w 22 6 15 72 1 p 50 4 A 61.0 80 4.3 sw 48 6 T 16 64 4 p 51 12 p 57.5 72 0.0 nw 72 12 T 17 65 2 p 47 5 A 56.0 68 4.9 n 78 13 5:30 p 12 p .78 18 61 2 p 44 4 A 52.5 79 3.1 nw 118 15 0 A 6 A .44 19 56 2 p 38 12 p 47.0 70 5.6 w 182 28 20 55 5 A 35 3 A 45.0 83 22 w 61 8 21 57 6 p 29 6 A 43.0 94 0.0 w 40 11 3 p 12 p .44 22 72 3 p 55 1 A 64.0 86 5.3 se 191 17 T 23 68 1 p 47 12 p 57.5 81 0.5 se 149 17 T 24 63 2 p 40 12 p 51.5 63 5.2 n 43 5 25 62 1 p 39 3 A 50.5 71 5.0 nw 98 10 26 54 2 p 40 12 p 47.0 90 0.0 nw 72 20 10 A 9 p .95 27 49 2 p 2,2, 12 p 41.0 57 8.5 sw 196 15 28 56 1 p 30 6 A 43.0 62 10.5 sw 105 7 29 62 3 p 26 6 A 44.0 70 9.9 se 66 11 30 67 2 p 2,7 6 A 52.0 79 7.6 se l-!8 14 31 72 2 p 52 5 A 62.0 75 7.4 se 173 13 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October, 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.66, 13th Minimum 29.42, 26th Mean semi-daily „ 30.085 Range 1.24 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 76, 9th Lowest - 26, 29th Mean _ „ 52.7 Range „ - - — - 50 Highest mean daily „ 64, 22nd Lowest mean daily „ _ 41, 27th Mean maximum 64.9 Mean minimum „ 40.4 Greatest daily range Zl , 8th Least daily range „ 13, 16th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _._ _ 3.27 Snow _ „ — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 1.22, 17th, 18th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement _ 3209 Greatest daily movement 196, 27th Least daily movement 22, 14th Mean vel oci ty _ - 4.3 Maximum velocity 28, 19th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 3 Northeast, days .0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days _ 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 7 Northwest, days ~ 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent li^ Mean cloudiness, percent 51 Number of clear days _ 14 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days ....„ 9 Number hours bright sunshine 195 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - - 57.2 Thunder and lightning — First frost Sept. 29 Normal 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 29.5 W Extremes 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; :i(i, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67. 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938 17. 1924 19, 1896 1, 1911 3, 1938 3, 1924 lil, 'IZ, '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22, '94, "95 ; Oct. 15, '39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. REMARKS The weather during October was unusually pleasant, being warm and clear. The mean temperatvire for the month was 52.7 degrees as compared to a normal of 50.5 degrees. The highest temperature was 76 degrees on the 9th and the lowest, 26 degrees on the 29th. The domestic heating load for the month was 382 degree-days as compared to a normal of 456 degree-days. The total for September and October is 520 degree-days, the normal being 605 degree-days. The heating load for September and October represents 7.6% of the total heating load for the season. The rainfall during the month was 3.27 inches which is .02 less than normal. The total rainfall since January 1st is now 35.75 inches while the normal for this period is 36.91 inches. There were 195 hours of bright sunshine during the month. The normal for October is 175 hours. There were no high winds dur- ing the month and the total wind movement was 3209 miles com- pared to a normal of 4074 miles. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 647 November 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253,5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS T emperature Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1^ O 3 Elf ~ o > u £5 S. > o ° to -a ■a c W 1.12 >> Q Q B 1) Q V c o c 1 65 11 A 39 12 p 52.0 u 1.0 \\ 141 32 1 A 8 A 2 58 1 P 32 5 A 45.0 72 2.9 S 137 14 3 47 2 p 32 11 p 39.5 80 2.9 n 188 22 0 A 10 A .84 4 46 3 p 26 12 p 36.0 51 10.2 n 214 20 5 52 3 p 21 7 A 36.5 67 8.4 s 74 10 6 57 1 p 41 12 p 49.0 79 0.0 se 127 12 T 7 56 2 p 33 12 p 44.5 77 7.5 n 59 7 8 43 4 p 32 6 A 37.5 88 0.0 nw 32 9 9 54 2 p 30 6 A 42.0 71 5.5 sw 72 8 10 63 4 p 35 1 A 49.0 79 0.0 se 290 40 4:30 p 8 p .24 11 44 11 A 29 12 p 36.5 57 2.5 w 271 18 12 40 3 p 27 1 A 33.5 68 2.5 w 103 20 T T 13 51 12 m 28 12 p 39.5 65 4.0 w 260 32 2 .\ 8 A .09 T 14 28 2 p 21 12 p 24.5 59 4.5 nw 362 25 15 39 2 p 17 7 A 28.0 47 7.0 se 166 11 16 55 3 p 27 6 A 41.0 61 3.0 se 123 9 17 58 3 p 25 7 A 41.5 76 7.7 w 52 9 18 60 3 p 36 12 p 48.0 87 5.3 nw 101 15 0 A 11 A .41 19 58 4 p 36 7 A 47.0 57 9.3 nw 67 14 20 68 2 p 36 0 A 52.0 68 2.5 w 131 10 21 43 1 p 27 12 p 35.0 85 0.0 n 137 14 4 .\ 12 M .52 22 37 2 p 20 12 p 28.5 61 9.5 nw 157 15 23 41 3 p 15 6 A 28.0 73 9.5 w 33 5 24 37 12 p 28 0 A 32 5 93 0.0 nw 99 17 2 .\ 12 p .8J 25 46 12 p 37 0 A 41.5 92 0.0 llvV 277 22 0 .\ 12 r 1.45 26 49 2 p 43 12 p 46.0 84 0.0 se 128 11 10 F 12 I .01 27 43 0 A 30 12 p 36.5 75 3.0 nw 199 22 0 A 10 .\ .]6 T 28 34 1 p 28 12 p 31.0 59 9.3 w 320 22 29 34 2 p 24 5 A 29.0 79 3.(1 nw 89 "g 3 r 9 p .40 30 43 2 p 27 12 p 35.0 73 9.0 nw 138 10 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Obscnj^r MONTHLY SUMMARY November, 1942 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.61, 5th Minimum ....,._ 29.39, 13th Mean semi-daily 30.048 Range 1.22 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 68, 20tii Lowest — - — - 15, 23rd Mean .....__ 38.8 Range 53 Highest mean daily ....52, 1st, 20th Lowest mean daily 24.5, 14th Mean ma.ximum 48.3 Mean minimum 29.4 Greatest daily range 33, I7th Least daily range — 6, 26th, 28th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.07 Snow T Ma.ximum precipitation in 24 hrs. — 1.45, 25th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement - 4547 Greatest daily movement 362, 14th Least daily movement 32, 8th Mean hourly velocity 6.3 Maximum velocity 40, 10th Wind, direction Prevaihng direction WNW North, days 4 Nortiieast, days 0 East, days — 0 Southeast, days 5 Soutli, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 8 Northwest, days 10 Weather Alean relative humidity, percent 72.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days - 7 Number of cloudy days 13 Number hours bright sunshine 130 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ... , 44.4 Thunder and lightning — First snow Nov. 27 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 Extremes 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .94, 1905 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 19.38 44.1, 1931 ; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44,1938 72. 1900, 1927; 34. 1917 15,1903; 1, 1900, 1911. 1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32. '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25 ; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941 REMARKS We had a large rainfall during November, the total for the month being 6.07 inches. The normal for the month is 3.41 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is 41.82 inches while the normal for this period is 40.32 inches. Only traces of snow fell during the month. There were traces of snow in the air on the 12th and 13th but a heavier trace on the 27th is reported as the first snow of the season. The normal date for the first snowfall is November 6 while the latest date for the first snowfall previ- ously observed is November 27. In spite of 11 days of rain the total hours of bright sunshine was 130 which is well above the average of 121 hoiixs. The mean temperature during the month was 38.8 degrees, the normal being 38.9 degrees. The lowest temperature was 15 de- grees on the 23rd. The domestic heating load was 784 degree- days which is the normal for November. The total heating load for the season to the end of November is now 1304 degree-days or 19 percent of the normal heating load of the whole season. The normal heating load to the end of November is 1389 degree- days. The mean relative humidity was 72.2 percent. The highest wind velocity was 40 miles on the 10th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorogical Series Bulletin No. 648 December 1942 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1942 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 3 « o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum K O 3 bo a — « rt O V u be o V p V u Q g c 1 > si ^.2 £5 V B B > o ° §1 a u be -o c W u o a 1 48 11 P 23 8 A 35.5 90 0.3 nw 54 28 11:30 A 12 p .74 1.50 2 53 6 A 22 12 p 37.5 63 3.1 w 179 48 0 A 7 A .72 T 5 31 8 A 20 1 A 25.5 61 2.3 \v 340 28 T 4 34 2 p 21 8 A 27.5 57 7.7 w 264 25 5 36 1 p 29 7 A 32.5 62 9.2 w 257 22 6 38 3 p 28 8 A 33.0 61 9.2 \v 245 25 7 37 2 p 26 11 p 31.5 61 9.2 w 205 18 8 37 2 p 19 12 p 28.0 68 9.1 nw 104 10 9 27 4 p 17 4 A 22.0 78 1.0 nw 125 20 10 40 2 p 25 1 A 32.5 72 0.0 se 92 9 11 43 2 p 29 12 p 36.0 88 0.5 se 105 9 12 40 12 m 27 7 A 33.5 83 1.0 nw 77 11 13 27 4 p 17 12 p 22.0 85 0.0 nw 134 28 7 A 7 1' .31 4.00 14 25 12 p 7 7 A 16.0 62 0.5 nw 244 32 15 35 2 p 24 5 A 29.5 70 0.0 s 158 8 16 27 0 A 18 12 p 22.5 54 9.0 nw 245 40 T 17 23 2 p -7 8 A 8.0 58 7.8 sw 115 10 8 p 12 p .04 .50 18 26 1 p 7 11 p 16.5 62 8.3 nw 146 18 0 A 4 A .08 1.00 19 14 12 m -8 12 p 3.0 53 9.0 w 240 40 20 5 3 p -15 8 A -5.0 57 7.6 nw 222 15 21 15 3 p -15 7 A 0.0 65 9.0 nw 57 8 22 34 12 p -8 6 A 13.0 73 3.4 se 173 20 5 p 12 p .14 23 35 3 p 30 5 A 32.5 90 1.4 nw 95 9 24 36 4 p 32 5 A 34.0 82 0.0 se 81 8 25 47 1 p 25 12 p 36.0 81 8.2 w 46 6 26 28 8 A 15 12 p 21.5 65 9.0 n 177 22 27 27 12 p 11 5 A 19.0 72 2.0 nw 94 8 10 p 12 p .07 28 33 2 p 27 0 A 30.0 95 0.0 nw 97 ^ 10 0 A 12 p .97 29 32 0 A 28 9 p 30.0 95 0.0 n 101 7 0 A 12 p -.63 30 38 2 p 30 0 A 34.0 95 0.0 n 135 12 0 A 8 p 2.33 31 35 0 A 27 8 A 31.0 65 7.2 w 360 40 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.90, 27th Minimum _..._ 28.57, 2nd Mean semi-daily 30.027 Range -____ 2.33 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest _53, 2nd Lowest -IS, 20th, 21st Mean _ ..__._ 24.8 Range 68 Highest mean daily 37.5, 2nd Lowest mean daily -5, 20th Mean maximum „32.5 Mean minimum ,,__..17.1 Greatest daily range 42, 22nd Least daily range 4, 24th, 29th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _. 6.03 Snow - 7.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ._. 2.33, 30th Number of days with .01 or more .10 Wind, in miles Total movement 4967 Greatest daily movement .__ 360, 31st Least daily movement 46, 25th Mean hourly velocity — 6.7 Maximum velocity 48, 2nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days — 3 Northeast, days ...0 East, days 0 Southeast, days ..4 South, days 1 Southwest, days : 1 West, days 9 Northwest, days .13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent ...71.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 2 Number of cloudy days ...15 Number hours bright sunshine 135 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47.7 Thunder and lightning 2nd Normal 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Extremes 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 1j1, 1901 ; .87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938 71, 1929; '39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09 ; 4, '89 '30, '31, '36, '38 23, '2>Z ; 7, '09, 'ZZ 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1941. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual 1942 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.90, Dec. 27 Minimum 28.57, Dec. 2 Mean semi-daily 30.004 Range 2.33 Air Teniperalure, in degrees F. Highest ___--_ 93, July 19 Lowest -15, Dec. 20, 21 Mean ._ 48.8 Range - 108 Highest mean daily 80.5, Aug. 22 Lowest mean daily —5. Dec. 20 Mean maximum „. 59.1 Mean minimum 38.6 Greatest daily range 44, Apr. 24, 25 Least daily range 3, July 27 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 47.85 Snow 33.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 233, Dec. 30 Number of days with .01 or more 112 Wind, in miles Total movement 50,246 Greatest daily movement 475, Jan. 29 Least daily movement — -13, Jan. 1 Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity „. 48, Mar. 3, Dec. 2 Wind, direction Prevailing direction — -W North, days 50 Northeast, days — 4 East, days 4 Southeast, days 1— 58 South, days -_.. 49 Southwest, days 28 West, days 56 Northwest, days 116 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 55 Number of clear days . 165 Number of fair days 102 Number of cloudy days 98 Number hours bright sunshine 2605 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.5 Last snow _ Apr. 1 1 First snow Nov. 27 Last frost — May 11 First frost Sept. 29 Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 Extremes W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 31.05, 1920 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.8, 1921 ; 44, 1904 43.70 47.78 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1908 1919 124 144, 1902; 96, 1924 SZ22i 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 5.8 39.5 80, 1938 60, '98, '01. '02; 41, '08, '24 217, 1941; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941 ; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14, '10; May 11, '07 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 23, '04; June 8, 'Z2 Aug.22, '94, '95;Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 649 January 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 'b o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum w O 3 c ^ c Q V V u M V Q B H bo Q V > ~ o > Zi _E 3 > rt u c P5 •a ■o c W o n 1 33 11 P 27 7 A 30.0 82 0.8 s 151 25 T T 2 29 3 p 14 7 A 21.5 50 9.1 w 211 25 3 32 1 p 20 8 A 26.0 59 8.8 w 158 17 4 22 0 A 10 12 p 16.0 79 3.7 nvv 144 28 0 A 5 p .54 4.50 S 18 4 p 7 12 p 12.5 57 6.3 n\v 268 25 6 22 4 p 2 8 A 12.0 61 9.2 w 209 22 7 29 3 p 4 8 A 16.5 67 9.2 w 121 17 8 28 3 p -4 7 A 12.0 81 9.3 w 46 7 9 23 5 p -3 7 A 10.0 74 9.3 nw 146 25 10 30 3 p 4 4 A 17.0 75 9.3 !1W 41 3 11 34 12 p 0 6 A 17.0 80 5.0 s 76 17 12 35- 12 M 21 12 p 28.0 70 3.7 nw 202 22 T T 13 25 2 p 14 8 A 19.5 58 9.4 nw 246 22 14 32 12 p 9 8 A 20.5 73 7.7 se 108 9 11 P 12 p .02 15 41 2 p 24 12 p 32.5 75 4.8 se 203 17 0 A 4 A .07 0.25 16 29 4 p 19 12 p 24.0 90 2.0 nw 83 10 6 A 12 M .17 1.50 17 29 7 A 19 0 A 24.0 79 0.0 nw 124 14 18 31 2 p 28 0 A 29.5 87 0.0 nw 120 10 8 A 8 p .17 19 35 4 p 14 12 p 24.5 88 0.8 nw 175 32 5 A 4 p .70 T 20 16 4 p 9 11 p 12.5 68 8.4 w 344 28 21 12 4 A 1 12 p 6.5 61 6.3 nw 233 25 22 20 2 p 0 5 A 10.0 57 8.6 nw 140 14 23 32 12 p 8 8 A 20.0 75 4.5 s 116 11 4 p 7p .10 24 35 4 p 25 8 A 30.0 80 8.3 nw 83 25 25 39 5 p 31 0 A 35.0 95 4.1 s 63 12 T 26 39 4 A 25 12 p 32.0 69 0.0 nw 181 14 12 m 1 p .04 .50 27 29 4 p 18 12 p 23.5 63 7.0 nw 180 16 4 A 5 A .01 .25 28 24 12 m 17 4 A 20.5 83 0.0 nw 173 17 11 A 10 p .93 9.00 29 35 4 p 19 0 A 27.0 66 8.4 nw 224 15 30 23 3 p 19 1 A 21.0 84 2.9 nw 158 10 2 p 12 p .17 3.25 31 42 2 p 21 0 A 31.5 86 7.1 nw 147 12 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J, F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.65, 29th, 30th Minimum 29.36, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.066 Range .1.29 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest .......42, 31st Lowest , -4, 8th M ean __ ...2 1 .4 Range — 46 Highest mean daily _.— — 35, 25th Lowest mean daily _.. _— 6.5, 21st Mean maximum .__. 29.1 Mean minimum - 13.6 Greatest daily range : 34, 11th Least daily range ...2, 18th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation — - 2.92 Snow 19.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs.^..-0.93, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4874 Greatest daily movement _. 344, 20th Least daily movement 41, 10th Mean hourly velocity 6.6 Maximum velocity — - -32, 19th Wind, direction Prevaihng direction WNW North, days 0 Northeast, days - 0 East, days — - 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 0 West, days - -6 Northwest, days 19 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.3 Mean cloudiness, percent .-63 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days .9 Number of cloudy days — -.7 Number hours bright sunshine ......174 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - 59.2 Thunder and lightning Normal 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24 2 58^2 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 Extremes 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 3.61 13.32 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 11 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 5055 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 6.8 32.7 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 18, 1941 ; 2, 1914 18. 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931 ; 4, 1920, 1939 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except tliat humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during January was more severe than usual. The mean temperature during the month was 21.4 degrees, while the normal mean temperature for January is 24.2 degrees. It should be noted, however, that the mean temperature during January, 1940 was 18.5 degrees and in 1941 it was 21.2 degrees. The low- est temperature was -4 degrees on the 8th and the highest 42 degrees on the 31st. The domestic heating load was 1352 degree- days compared to a normal of 1265 degree-days. The total heat- ing load for the season to the end of January is 3902 degree-days which is slightly more than 2 percent higher than the normal of 3817 degree-days for this period. The heating load for the current year to the end of January is 57 percent of the normal annual load. There was a total snowfall of 19.25 inches during the month. The normal snowfall during January is 13.32 inches. The total precipitation during January is 3.61 inches. The mean humidity during the month was 73.3 percent compared to a normal of 70.1 percent. The total wind movement during the month was 4874 miles, the normal being 5055 miles. The highest wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 19th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 650 February 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T, Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum K O 3 c ^* Q v V he V Q B H V u V a V H c a V > — o ii5 E 5 > o o c CD •a V •a c W o C C/3 1 40 2 p 26 0 A 33.0 74 4.8 \V J 66 28 5 A 11 A .14 .50 2 30 2 p 16 12 p 23.0 61 10.0 W 361 28 3 36 2 p 1 7 A 18.5 70 9.5 se 87 11 4 39 8 p 28 0 A 33.5 88 0.0 se 204 15 8 A 8 p .03 5 45 4 p 27 12 p 36.0 71 10.1 \v 129 18 6 35 3 p 24 4 A 29.5 95 0.0 inv 62 11 7 A 12 p .37 7 38 11 A 30 12 p 34.0 88 5.0 sw 189 18 0 A 1 A .03 8 31 1 p 25 12 p 28.0 58 6.0 inv 356 32 9 31 4 p 17 12 p 24.0 65 10.3 n\v 259 18 10 26 12 p 10 7 A 18.0 83 5.4 IIW 67 12 T 11 36 3 p 23 12 p 29.5 86 0.0 n\v 92 32 1 A 7 p .63 T 12 28 1 p 15 12 p 21.5 66 9.0 \v 275 20 13 25 10 p 8 6 A 16.5 88 0.3 n\v 72 14 10 A 12 p .32 4.00 14 25 3 A 0 12 p 12.5 64 10.5 w 247 28 0 A 3 A .04 0.50 15 -8 2 p -19 8 A -13.5 59 10.5 nw 352 35 16 16 4 p -23 7 A -3.5 61 10.6 n\v 69 8 17 27 3 p -7 4 A 10.0 75 5.5 s 114 18 18 23 5 p 7 8 A 15.0 58 10.0 nw 190 17 19 37 4 p 18 6 A 27.5 61 6.5 se 84 8 20 55 3 p 23 6 A 39.0 71 9.2 se 127 13 21 52 3 p 32 12 p 42.0 64 10.8 nw 103 10 T 22 55 4 p 25 7 A 40.0 68 9.0 s 48 7 23 58 3 p 28 7 A 43.0 73 10.9 se 82 13 24 47 12 m 33 12 p 40.0 83 0.5 se 147 20 12 m 3 p .07 25 35 11 A 17 12 p 26.0 60 11.4 nw 265 20 26 28 4 p 11 7 A 19.5 72 5.4 nw 98 10 T 27 34 1 p 19 7 A 26.5 72 11.2 w 158 18 28 45 12 p 23 0 A 34.0 63 6.6 s 269 28 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. J. F. Hanson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY p-ebruary, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.50, 18th Minimum 29.27, 7th Mean semi-daily 29.947 Range 1 .23 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 58, 23rd Lowest -23, 16th Mean 25.1 Range - -81 Highest mean daily —43, 23rd Lowest mean daily -13.5, 15th Mean maximum 34.6 Mean minimum 15.6 Greatest daily range 39, 16th Least daily range ..— 6, 8th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.63 Snow .^ _ - 5.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. - 0.63, 11th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4672 Greatest daily movement 361, 2nd Least daily movement 48, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 7 Maximum velocity 35, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 0 Northeast, days — 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days - _ _ 6 South, days - — 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 6 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent — 71.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days —5 Number hours bright sunshine 199 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 67.2 Thunder and lightning — Normal 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW Extremes 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13 '31 65.0, 1930 -22.5, 1918 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 48, 1934, 1937 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19, 1941 ; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16,1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in tlie above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during February was extreme in many respects. There was less snow than usual but alternate periods of warm and cold weather produced more icy walks than normal. The snowfall during the month was 5 inches, while the normal snow- fall during February is 13.99 inches. Only three years since 1889 has there been less snow in February. The total precipitation during the month was 1.63 inches, the normal being 3.19 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 25.1 degrees compared to a normal of 23.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 58 degrees on the 23rd. This has been exceeded only three times since 1889. The lowest temperature was -23 degrees on the 16th. This is the lowest temperature ever recorded at this station in February. Only twice have lower temperatures been recorded since 1889, -26 degrees in January 1904 and -23.5 in January 1907. The mean temperature on February 16 was -13.5 degrees which is the lowest mean daily temperature recorded at this station. The domestic heating load for the month was 1117 degree-days, the normal for February being 1165 degree-days. The total heat- ing load for the season to the end of February is 5019 degree-days. The normal for this period is 4982 degree-days. The heating load for the season is therefore less than one percent higher than normal. The total wind movement was 4672 miles, slightly less than normal, and the highest wind velocity was 35 miles per hour on the 15th. There were 199 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for February being 158 hours. The mean relative humidity was 71.3 percent compared to a normal of 66.6 percent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 651 March 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum V V > si O 3 In V u £(5 a V S 5 > c a Q 11 CO Q V B H Q H 5 o c 1 37 4 p 26 8 A 31.5 58 9.2 W 136 22 T 2 29 4 p 21 8 A 25.0 55 8.0 nvv 198 20 3 29 3 p 7 12 p 18.0 81 0.0 nvv 259 25 2 A 6 p .17 2.25 4 21 4 p 1 4 A 11.0 61 11.3 nw 232 25 5 40 1 p 20 0 A 30.0 54 11.3 se 315 25 6 31 8 p 18 8 A 24.5 95 0.0 nw 177 15 6 A 10 p .84 5.25 7 28 3 A 15 12 p 21.5 57 11.5 w 284 28 8 24 2 p 8 7 A 16.0 54 11.5 nw 180 22 9 26 4 p -7 7 A 9.5 68 11.6 w 55 ^6 10 44 9 p 18 3 A 31.0 86 1.0 nw 67 14 T 11 49 4 p 40 2 A 44.5 92 2.5 se 124 10 6 p 12 p .12 12 50 3 p 32 12 p 41.0 84 2.0 nw 144 17 0 A 8 A .26 13 38 1 p 28 3 A 33.0 83 0.0 nw 69 5 T 14 50 4 p 25 5 A 37.5 67 11.8 w 87 14 15 56 4 p 27 7 A 41.5 68 11.8 se 119 17 16 40 0 A 31 8 p 35.5 95 0.0 nw 114 8 5 A 8 p .62 17 37 7 p 30 7 A 33.5 95 0.3 nw 77 11 4 A 5 p .19 18 60 3 p 32 5 A 46.0 66 12.0 se 218 22 T 19 45 2 p 33 4 A 39.0 60 0.5 nw 105 14 5 p 12 p .83 20 48 5 p 32 2 A 40.0 84 3.8 nw 106 25 0 A 1 A .01 21 40 3 p 29 7 A 34.5 68 9.6 nw 299 20 22 41 2 p 30 7 A 35.5 38 10.6 nw 222 25 23 40 4 p 26 5 A 33.0 38 11.1 nw 384 28 24 50 5 p 24 6 A 37.0 45 9.7 s 119 14 25 54 3 p 41 3 A 47.5 50 11.8 w 277 25 26 68 4 p 30 6 A 49.0 47 11.7 sw 137 18 27 53 1 p 38 8 A 45.5 41 9.8 nw 221 25 28 44 2 p 26 12 p 35.0 40 12.5 nw 360 25 29 40 3 p 20 6 A 30.0 39 12.5 nw 155 7? 30 34 9 p 24 0 A 29.0 72 0.0 se 78 '8 T 31 38 4 p 31 2 A 34.5 85 0.6 se 62 9 0 A 12 M .03 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Joseph T. Jodka, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 31.05, 9th Minimum ___.29.43, 6th Mean semi-daily .__ 30.164 Range 1 .62 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest ■_ 68, 26th Lowest .-7, 9th Mean _ 32.9 Range -— - 75 Highest mean daily 49, 26th Lowest mean daily 9.5, 9th Mean maximum -41 .4 Mean minimum 24.4 Greatest daily range 38, 26th Least daily range 7, 17th, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation ■. 3.07 Snow 7.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. — .84, 19th, 20th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 5380 Greatest daily movement ...384, 23rd Least daily movement 55, 9th Mean hourly velocity _. 7.2 Maximum velocity 28, 7th, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction __._ ..WNW North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days _ ,_ 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days _1 Southwest, days 1 West, days —.5 Northwest, days ...18 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 65.4 Mean cloudiness, percent ...51 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days ...1 Number of cloudy days . -._ 11 Number hours bright sunshine 220 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ _ 59 Tliunder and lightning I7th Normal Extremes 30.57 30.96, 1904 29.24 28.47, 1914 30.00 1.34 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 63.8 79.5, 1907, 1921 6.1 -7.5, 1906 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 3, 1941 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during March was somewhat colder than usual but near normal in other respects. The mean temperature for the month was 32.9 degrees while the normal for March is 34.4 de- grees. The lowest temperature for the month was -7 degrees on March 9. Only once has there been a lower temperature in March since the station was established in 1889. A minimum of -7.5 degrees v/as recorded on March 24 in 1906. The low tem- perature of -7 on March 9 this year was accompanied with the highest barometer ever recorded at this station, a reading of 31.05 inches, corrected to sea level. The domestic heating load for the month was 995 degree-days, the normal being 950 degree-days. The total heating load of the season to the end of March is 6014 degree-days compared to a normal of 5932 degree-days. The heating load to the end of March represents 88 percent of a normal year's total heating load. The snowfall during the month was 7.50 inches which is very near the normal snovv'fall for March. The total snowfall for the season is 38.75 inches v/hile the normal snowfall to the end of March is 45.62 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 3.07 inches, the normal being 3.70 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is 8.31 inches. The normal precipitation for that period is 10.50 inches. There were 220 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 199 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following statement regarding vegetation: "The minimum temperature of the past winter was unusually low. As a result we may look for more winter injury to fruit trees than usual. The peach fruit buds in Massachusetts were practically all destroyed. More or less browning of the wood indicates wood injury. We shall have to wait until growth starts to tell hov/ severe this will be. The more tender varieties of apples also show wood injury, while the hardier varieties show little or none. How severe this may be, also remains to be seen. The covering of snov/ at the time of the severe cold should have prevented injury to roots and low-grow- ing plants. A few warm, days in the latter half of the month have caused some bud swelling in early leafing trees and shrubs, but the month closed v/ith colder weather, checking the development of vegetation." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 652 April 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Te mjiera tine 5 > O 3 2:5 Wind Precipit ation Maximum M ininuini r; — s > OJ S S g 5 M tj Z Q 5) H 5 A 36.5 66 6.7 se 165 32 2 r 10 I .44 13 58 2 p Zl 5 A 47.5 48 9.3 w 245 22 9 p 12 I .31 14 41 4 p 30 3 A 35.5 66 11.8 w 305 25 0 A 4 .' .23 .50 15 40 4 p 2i 5 A 31.5 54 13.3 w 22Z 22 16 44 1 p 22 5 A 33.0 56 8.8 se 173 18 T 17 52 2 p 39 1 A 45.5 63 0.3 se 2\2 17 3 A 4 A .01 18 58 5 p 28 5 A 43.0 42 13.5 w 114 17 19 47 11 A 35 12 p 41.0 12 0.5 n 171 22 12 m 12 p .74 T 20 49 4 p 35 1 A 42.0 86 4.7 n 157 11 0 A 9 .\ .20 21 43 11 A 36 12 p 39.5 '^2 0.0 ne 82 11 12.M 1(1 r .26 22 57 5 p 35 3 A 46.0 76 6.6 nw 12 12 3 .\ 4 .\ .01 23 69 4 p 29 5 A 49.0 54 13.7 w 80 11 24 70 3 p 39 6 A 54.5 46 11.5 se 189 17 25 12 4 p 39 5 A 55.5 58 8.5 sw 147 ?y T 26 63 2 p 48 6 A 55.5 47 13.8 w 331 32 27 62 2 p Z2 5 A 47.0 54 9.5 se 149 28 4 p 12 p 28 28 60 11 A 39 12 p 49.5 IZ l.Z w 256 39 0 A 3 .\ .52 29 59 2 p 34 5 A 46.5 39 13.8 w 247 35 30 52 6 p 38 5 A 45.0 83 0.0 s 179 32 11 A 8 p .45 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Joseph T. Jodka, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY April 1943 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum - 30.42, 18th Minimum ._-28.98. 14th Mean semi-daily 29.955 Range -.1.44 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 12., 25th Lowest 19, 4th, 6th, 7th Mean 41.0 Range 53 Highest mean daily 55.5, 25th, 26th Lowest mean daily 24.5, 6th Mean maximum 51.0 Mean minimum 30.9 Greatest daily range 40, 23rd Least daily range 7, 21st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.66 Snow 1 .75 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. . 0.94, 19th 20th Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 6200 Greatest daily movement 481, 6th Least daily movement 62, 1st Mean velocity 8.6 Maximum velocity 39, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 2 Northeast, days — - .— 1 East, days - 0 Southeast, days - ___. .5 South, days __. 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days 10 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 59.4 Alean cloudiness, percent ..55.7 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 247 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ..,- 61.4 Thunder and lightning 27th, 28th Last snow April 14 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 30.71, 1911 28.99, 1907, 1929 1.52, 1930; Jl, 1919 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921; 41.2, 1926 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; U, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853. 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940 61.6 51.8 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 11 n, 1941 ; 3, 1898, 1902 9 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 10 11. 1901 ; 1, 1941 220 329, 1941 ; 103, 1901 54.7 Apr. 15 M ar. 14, 1910; May 11 1907 Note — The first column in the aliove summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, excc])t that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during April was very cold with a mean tem- perature of 41 degrees. This is the lowest mean temperature for April recorded at this station since it was established in 1889. The normal mean temperature for April is 45.7 degrees. The low- est temperature was 19 degrees which occurred on the 4th, 6th and 7th. This is not unusually cold for this month. The domestic heating load for the month was 721 degree-days compared to a normal of 579 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is now 6735 degree-days while the normal heating load to the end of April is 6511 degree-days. The total precipitation during April was 3.66 inches; the normal precipitation is 3.35 inches. The snowfall was 1.75 inches, the normal being 2.17 inches. The total snowfall for the past winter was 33.50 inches. The normal snowfall to the end of April is 36.95 inches. There were 247 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 220 hours. The total wind movement was 6200 miles, while the normal for April is 5404 miles. The highest wind velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 28th. A very low barometer of 28.98 inches, corrected to sea level, was recorded on the 14th. This is the lowest barometer recorded at this station in April. Dr. Shaw comments as follows: "Rarely has a month of April passed with so little advance in vegetation as in April, 1943. Buds have enlarged and grass has become green at the close of the month, but the stage of development is at least two weeks behind that of the corresponding date of last year. There is as yet no indication of severe winter injury to fruit plants. There will be no peach crop in Massachusetts. There is some tree in- jury, but at present there is no indication that it will prove to be severe. The wood shows some brown discoloration and the branch tips are killed in some cases. Unless there is unseason- ably warm weather in early May, blooming dates of all fruits will be later than the average. This is likely to make harvesting dates later than usual, but the danger of injury to blossoms and young fruits from spring frosts will be decreased. Apple fruit buds are swelling and indicate a light bloom which would be expected considering the heavy crop of last season." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 653 May 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the ^ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 1 Wind Precipit itioii Maximum Minimum ffi o 5 ™ o V ^ t- >> u be OJ bo V % > 3^ -•-' 3'C "a tj > D V u V- • — z > X 1> 1 u o Q G t^ Q p 55 5^1^ ^m PhQ HS ^ C. ra K ^ •7; 1 44 2 p 32 12 p 38.0 50 14.0 nw 459 32 T 2 62 3 p 31 4 A 46.5 44 12.8 se 184 18 3 55 6 p 42 5 A 48.5 91 0.0 se 208 17 0 A 4 p .78 4 53 12 m 40 12 p 46.5 62 4.6 nvv 214 20 5 68 4 p 34 5 A 51.0 42 13.7 nw 223 2>^ 6 66 4 p 37 6 A 51.5 63 4.8 se 81 13 7 p 9 p .03, > 7 81 1 p 46 5 A 63.5 65 10.7 sw 146 17 6 p 8 p .04 8 80 3 p 52 12 p 66.0 75 8.8 nw 108 32 4 p 9 p .42 9 72 3 p 47 5 A 59.5 48 14.4 nw 109 18 10 55 5 p 47 3 A 51.0 90 0.0 nw 80 11 5 A 12 m .08 11 52 4 p 48 5 A 50.0 94 0.0 e 57 12 0 A 12 p .81 12 54 6 p 47 4 A 50.5 98 0.0 nw 65 13. 0 A 7 p .57 13 71 1 p 46 5 A 58.5 54 12.5 nw 221 28 14 68 3 p 44 5 A 56.0 40 14.5 nw 139 22 15 72 5 p 34 5 A 53.0 44 14.6 nw 119 20 16 67 3 p 47 1 A 57.0 69 4.8 se 164 14 17 84 3 p 59 2 A 71.5 76 9.7 se 244 39 6 p 8 p .09 18 77 6 p 62 4 A 69.5 86 7.2 se 78 13 8 p 12 p .65 19 79 3 p 63 5 A 71.0 67 7.8 nw 100 13 0 A 12 p .17 20 70 5 p 53 5 A 61.5 88 8.3 nw 106 10 0 A 8 A .29, 9 21 56 8 A 52 5 A 54.0 91 0,0 e 113 11 8 A 12 p .75 22 62 6 p 47 1 A 54.5 80 6.8 n 192 18 0 A 8 A .17 23 77 3 p 40 5 A 58.5 67 14.8 sw 120 14 24 77 1 p 49 5 A 63.0 61 13.7 se 126 11 25 72 2 p 48 5 A 60.0 69 13.7 se 139 14 26 68 12 m 58 3 A 63.0 95 1.0 se 206 14 2 A 8 p .72 27 79 1 p 52 12 p 65.5 67 8.3 s 71 12 3 p +-30 p .05 28 75 3 p 51 5 A 63.0 62 12.4 nw 91 20 29 72 3 p 51 5 A 61.5 73 12.7 nw 123 14 T 30 77 3 p 47 4 A 62.0 57 12.4 sw 51 6 31 80 3 p 52 5 A 66.0 57 15.0 s 83 7 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Joseph T. Jodka, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.54, 16th Minimum ..29.54, 1st Mean semi-daily ..30.039 Range _ 1 .00 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 84, 17th Lowest 31, 2nd Mean 57.8 Range 53 Highest mean daily 71.5, 17th Lowest mean daily 38.0, 1st Mean maximum 68.5 Mean minimum 47.0 Greatest daily range 38, 15th Least daily range 4, 11th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.62 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 0.92, 21st, 22nd Number of days with .01 or more 15 Wind, in miles Total movement 4420 Greatest daily movement 459, 1st Least daily movement 51, 30th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 39, 17th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days _ 2 Southeast, days 9 South, days ....2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 0 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 60 Number of clear days ...14 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 274 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.5 Thunder and lightning 3rd, 8th, 12th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 27th Last frost May 5 Normal 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 Mav 14 Extremes 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901, 1902; 30, 1923 20, 1923, 1941; 0, 1927 17, 1907. 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 338, 1941 ; 137, 1927 une 8, 1932; Apr. 22, 1904 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The outstanding feature of May weather was the large number of rainy days, with the rainfall considerably above normal. Rain fell on 15 days whereas the normal number of days of rain dur- ing May is 12. The total precipitation during the month was 5.62 inches, the normal for May being 3.60 inches. The total precipita- tion since January 1st is 16.90 inches, while the normal for this period is 17.45 inches. The mean temperature during the month was 57.8 degrees com- pared to a normal of 57.1 degrees. The highest temperature was 84 on the 17th and the lowest temperature 31 on the 2nd. The domestic heating load during the month was 243 degree-days, while the normal for May is 267. The total heating load for the winter season is 6978 degree-days and the normal for this period is 6778 degree-days. There were 274 hours of bright sunshine, the normal for May being 252 hours. The total wind movement for the month was 4420 miles compared to the normal for May of 4504 miles. The highest wind velocity was 39 miles on the 17th. The last frost occurred on May 5. The normal date of last frost is May 14. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following state- ment on the progress of vegetation: "At apple blossom time, the season, as measured by the date of full bloom of the Mcintosh apple, was two weeks later than those of 1941 and 1942. The progress of all vegetation has been delayed by cool weather and frequent rains. Planting has been delayed by bad weather and wet soils. Conditions have favored the development of apple scab and made control difficult. Peach bloom was entirely wanting in our orchards and nearly so in all northern peach areas. Peaches will be scarce this season. Apple bloom was light on trees that bore heavily last year. The apple crop will be less than the heavy crop of last year. Peach trees were more or less injured by the severe winter cold and other tender or half-hardy trees show some injury, but at present, no material loss of trees is in- dicated. There is an abundant water supply in the soil and if warm sunny weather comes soon, fruit trees will progress rapidly." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 654 June 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -5 1 s.s Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum V O 3 C C •^ g a *: 3 V OJ V c > •2-S a tl -1 '^ o c n3 V ^ Q a s H 2 M IS > o ii5 2 > X rt 1- <5 O. 6C •a w a o c 1 62 1 P 55 5 A 58.5 96 0.0 se 93 10 9:30 A 8p .54 2 85 3 p 58 5 A 71.5 87 9.3 s 119 17 6:30 A 8a .05 3 90 5 p 63 4 A 76.5 63 15.1 nw 104 13 4 94 2 p 69 5 A 81.5 70 12.8 se 93 13 5 81 3 p 68 5 A 74.5 50 15.2 nw 237 25 0 A 0:30a .08 6 76 1 p 49 5 A 62.5 63 12.9 nw 99 12 7 61 0 A 48 4 p 54.5 88 0.0 nw 97 8 7 A 5:30p .48 8 73 2 p 50 2 A 61.5 62 14.6 nw 68 8 9 75 1 p 52 5 A 63.5 64 11.4 se 61 6 10 73 1 p 49 5 A 61.0 74 8.7 se 141 15 7 p 11:30p .16 11 78 4 p 55 0 A 66.5 66 15.2 nw 146 13 12 82 3 p 49 5 A 65.5 66 15.3 w 83 11 13 85 1 p 64 3 A 74.5 82 8.5 s 166 13 6:30 p 7p .46 14 83 5 p 59 5 A 71.0 75 15.1 n 105 13 15 82 5 p 61 5 A 71.5 78 13.1 se 191 12 16 84 2 p 68 1 A 76.0 79 13.7 nw 201 18 17 75 12 A 54 4 A 64.5 81 8.5 se 104 11 6:30 p 11:30p .28 18 81 2 p 60 0 A 70.5 71 15.1 w 195 25 19 81 3 p 61 4 A 71.0 70 12.2 w 114 17 20 91 3 p 62 5 A 76.5 72 11.5 sw 105 32 5:30 p 6p .14 21 88 1 p 63 5 A 75.5 72 12.3 se 75 10 2 p 3p .16 22 92 3 p 63 5 A 77.5 75 11.9 se 163 15 23 8^ 5 p 60 5 A 73.0 71 15.3 nw 100 10 24 90 4 p 56 5 A 73.0 76 15.3 sw 103 13 25 94 2 p 66 6 A 80.0 68 15.3 w 158 i; 26 95 2 p 68 5 A 81.5 74 12.6 sw 100 18 7:30 p 8p .01 27 93 2 p 74 3 A 83.5 76 15.3 w 94 11 28 95 1 A 71 2 A 83.0 78 9.2 s 155 15 9 p 9:30p .02 29 78 1 A 64 12 p 71.0 85 6.5 s 116 11 T 30 68 1 p 54 5 A 61.0 77 14.1 nw 223 18 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum _- 30.22, 9th Minimum .29.46, 2nd Mean semi-daily 29.942 Range .-- 0.76 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, 26th, 28th Lowest - 48, 7th Mean — - — - 71.1 Range 47 Highest mean daily 83.5, 27th Lowest mean daily 54.5, 7th Mean maximum 82.4 Mean minimum 60.0 Greatest daily range 34, 24th Least daily range .— 7, 1st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.38 Snow — ■ — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. __ .___ _ .....59, 1 st, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3809 Greatest daily movement 237, 5th Least daily movement 61, 9th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity 32, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction _ .WSW North, days ..— 1 Northeast, days _ 0 East, days _ 0 Southeast, days — — South, days — 4 Southwest, days . _ .- _ -.3 West, days 5 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 52 Number of clear days _ —22 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 2 Number hours bright sunshine 356 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 77.9 Thunder and lightning 1st, 5th, 13th, 17th, 20th, 26th, 28th 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW Extremes 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101. 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409. 1906 48, 1939 71. 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908, 1941; 1, 1927 23. 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1. 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during June was unusually hot with less rain than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 71.1 degrees which is the highest mean temperature for June recorded at this station. The normal mean temperature is 65.7 degrees. The nine days of June 20th to June 28th had maximum temperatures in the nineties except for two days when the maximum was 86 and 88. The highest temperature was 95 degrees which occurred on the 26th and 28th. In spite of the high temperatures throughout the month, there were 8 days when the mean temperature was less than 65 degrees. The heating load for the month was accordingly 33 degree-days. This brings the total heating load for the season to 7011 degree-days. The normal heating load for the year is 6846 degree-days, so the past season was 2.4 percent colder than normal. The rainfall during June was 2.38 inches compared to a normal of 3.75 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 19.28 inches, the normal for this period being 21.20 inches. There was a total of 356 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 257 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, gives the following state- ment regarding vegetation: "The cool, wet weather of this spring came to an end for the last ten days of June and was succeeded by an unusually hot period with little or no rain. The sudden change to hot, sunny days caused shoots of succulent foliage to wilt and even show dry, dead areas. However, the injury is not enough to affect crops. Most fruit crops continued to make normal progress. The strawberry crop was a little late and below normal. Raspberries will also be light due to winter injury to the canes. The wet, cool spring favored a heavy hay crop and so far, har- vesting weather has been favorable. Fruit trees show consider- able wood injury from the severe cold of last winter, yet few have been entirely killed. The wood of peach trees in the nursery is almost completely dead, but most of the trees are growing vigor- ously. Evidently the cambium layer was not injured and plenty of rain enabled the trees to start a good recovery. The same is true of many varieties of sweet cherries, but recovery is not so good. While cold injury is rather more severe than usual, no great damage is yet apparent except for the loss of the peach crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 655 July, 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum > O C P be 1^ c c — .2 > v £5 5 -a U a Q bo Q fc/) Q V o c ■jZ 1 73 2 p 46 5 A 59.5 80 15.2 nw Ul: 20 2 80 2 p 43 5 a' 61.5 76 15.3 nvv 41 8 3 81 2 p 49 4 A 65.0 75 13.7 se 113 13 4 78 3 p 61 4 A 69.5 89 7.6 se 153 12 T 5 74 4 p 66 2 A 70.0 96 2.1 .se 213 18 0 A 9:30 A .77 6 84 3 p 61 5 A 72.5 76 13.7 nw 106 13 T 7 73 11 A 58 5 A 65.5 80 6.1 n 141 15 6 p l8 :30 r .03 8 82 2 p 61 3 A 71.5 81 10.2 nw 125 13 9 86 4 p 65 5 A 75.5 82 10.5 nw ^? 7 10 92 2 p 66 5 A 79.0 79 12.? \v 70 9 11 88 1 p 67 5 A 77.5 90 7.2 s 6) 7 4:30 p 5 r .02 12 90 12 m 72 0 A 81.0 84 10.1 s S2 13 12:30p I p .0" 13 85 4 p 70 12 m 77.5 94 7.3 s 8' 9 10 :30 a 12 i: .09 14 83 12 m 68 4 A 75.5 92 7.2 se 69 17 1:30 p 5:30p .26 15 86 6 p 64 12 p 75.0 81 12? w^ n.^ 15 16 83 3 p 64 0 A 73.5 75 15.'^ w 205 IS 17 87 3 p 53 5 A 70.0 76 13 2 se 39 14 18 87 1 p 64 !2p 75.5 78 1.11 nw 15.' 15 19 81 3 p 57 5 A 69.0 75 15 0 nw 1-'~ 18 20 86 2 p 49 3 A 67.5 79 11.7 s or^ 12 5 p 9 p .92 21 87 4 p 60 5 A 73.S 80 13 7 s 6' Q 8 p 12 r .17 22 83 3 p 64 12p 73.5 91 6.3 se _ ]rfi 18 0 A 6 p 1.05 23 84 5 p 62 2 A 73.0 80 14.8 nw 101 13 24 87 5 p 58 4 A 72,5 78 14 8 s\v 46 5 25 84 2 p 6^ 3 A 74.0 86 13.0 se 61 11 10:30p 12 r .45 26 82 5 p 64 4 A 73.0 92 11.6 nw 60 5 0 A 12:30f .06 27 88 3 p 62 3 A 75.0 81 10.6 s 60 18 8:30p 10 r .51 28 86 3 p 65 12p 75.5 82 14 5 sv.- 5^ 5 8 p 8 :30 p .01 29 67 5 p 62 3 A 64.5 99 or) nvv ■!8 8 9 A 12 p 1.40 30 81 5 p 6] 12p 71.0 86 11.8 nw "70 8 0 A 1 A .01 31 84 5 T' 56 5 A 70.0 85 \2 2 s fP. 25 5:30p 8 r .39 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1943 Normal B^ronielcr, in inches (Readings reduced ta sea level) Maximum - . 50.58, 2nd .Minimum ._. 29.67, 30:h Alean semi-daily 29.962 Range -- 0.71 Air Temperaliiic, in degrees F. Highest - 92, 10th Lowest 43, 2nd Mean 71.8 Range — - 49 Highest mean daily 81, 12th Lowest mean daily — 59.5, 1st Mean maximum 83.0 Mean minimum 60.7 Greatest daily range ^ 2>1 , 2nd, 20th Least daily range 5, 29th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.18 Snow - — Alaximum precipitation in 24 hrs.- 1.40, 29th Number of days with .01 or more 16 Wind, in miles Total movenient —2966 Greatest daily movement ... 1 213, 5th Least daily movement ■. 39, 17th Mean hourly velocity -_ . 4.0 Maximum velocity 25, 31st Wind, direction Prevailing direction _. WSW North, days 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days . : .^0 Southeast, days .-. —7 South, days .7 Southwest, days 2 West, days ....-_.._ 3 Northwest, days -....■..- 11 Weather Mean relative humudity, percent 83.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 70 Number of clear days 20 Number of fair days -- . - 9 Nun^ber of cloudy days .— 2 Number hours bright sunshine .- 342 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine . 74 Tiiunder and lightning 11th, 13th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 27th, 31st 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 Extremes 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921 ; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 69, 1914; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0. 1915 24, '09, '21 ; 5, '89, '23, '28, '36 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180. 1931 Note — The first column in the above sumn:ary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1958, exccrt that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1958. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS July weather was slightly warmer than normal, with heavy showers during the latter part of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 71.8 degrees compared to a normal of 70.8 for July. It will be recalled that the mean temperature for June was 71.1 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 92 degrees on the 10th and the lowest, 43 on the 2nd. The rainfall during the month was 6.18 inches while the normal for July is 4.10 inches. Only one other year since 1928 had greater rainfall in July. In 1938, 7.45 inches was recorded and in 1928, 6.23 inches. The total rainfall since January 1 is now 25.46 inches compared to a normal of 25.30 inches for this period. There were 342 hours of bright sunshine during the month, while the normal for July is 268 hours. Twenty days classified as "clear", nine as "fair" and two as "cloudy". Thunderstorms occurred on seven days. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the follow- ing report : "Vegetation made good progress during July. Dry weather during the early part of the month checked the progress of shallow-rooted plants, and excessively drained lawn soils showed dry, brown areas of grass. Frequent showers during the latter part of the month corrected this deficiency and the month closes with the soil well supplied with moisture. A hail storm did considerable damage to toljacco and fruit crops in a limited area in Amherst. "The strawberry crop was below normal and winter injury to raspberry canes has reduced the crop. The blueberry crop is aljout normal. Apple scab on unsprayed Mcintosh is very severe owing to frequent rains while the foliage was expanding. Jt was well con- trolled on properly sprayed trees but there is likely to be more scabby Mcintosh than usual." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 656 August. 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground. 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments. 67 feet. Time used. E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -a S > Wind ^recipit ation .Vlaxiniuni M iniiiuim rt 5) C^ s o O 3 Is CO to £5 • 5 S, > f* o c W u 1 87 5 p 57 4 A 72.0 81 11.2 SVV 46 6 , 2 92 2 p 62 6 A 77.0 75 14.5 se 101 11 3 89 2 p 70 6 A 79.5 88 9.4 s 161 11 4 p 8 r .67 4 81 4 p 69 5 A 75.0 83 5.4 se 124 11 5 75 0 A 61 12p 68.0 82 9.5 nw 135 13 0 .V 1 A .08 6 81 2 p 55 6 A 68.0 12 14.3 nw 114 2Z 7 75 12 m 51 5 A 63.0 72, 9.0 sw 55 14 9 :30 p 11 p .04 8 82 5 p 61 5 A 71.5 84 10.3 sw 40 4 9 82 3 p 61 5 A 71.5 7i 12.4 nw 53 10 10 68 11 A 60 12 p 64.0 92 0.0 e 52 7 6 A 10 A .32 11 79 3 p 60 5 A 69.5 89 7.8 s 68 12 4 p 5 V .07 12 l(i 2 p 64 5 A 70.0 87 3.7 se 87 12 9 p 12 p .75 13 80 2 p 65 5 A 72.5 89 2.8 se 141 14 0 A 2 A .16 14 89 3 p 67 11 p 78.0 85 10.9 w 169 13 4 :30 A 5 :30 A .29 15 79 3 p 58 12 p 68.5 76 14.0 w 162 18 16 78 1 p 54 5 A 66.0 84 5.4 se 102 13 T 17 78 4 p 61 5 A 69.5 75 '13.9 w 123 13 18 75 12m 54 5 A 64.5 75 13.8 nw 133 02 19 75 4 p 49 5 A 62.0 74 13.8 nw 84 12 20 82 3 p 46 5 A 64.0 69 13.7 sw 38 6 21 83 2 p 53 5 A 68.0 63 10.0 se 46 6 22 83 3 p 58 5 A 70.5 65 8.4 se 64 6 T 23 89 3 p 55 6 A 72.0 67 13.6 se 69 7 24 85 3 p 55 5 A 70.0 78 6.2 se 98 12 11 p 11 :30p .06 25 85 2 p 63 7 A 74.0 73 13.5 nw 62 10 . 26 76 1 p 60 5 A 68.0 60 13.5 nw 168 18 27 67 12 m 45 5 A 56.0 74 5.6 nw 39 7 2:30p 12 p .04 28 74 5 p 57 5 A 65.5 82 8.6 nw 87 10 ^ 0 A 0 :30 A .01 29 11 5 p 48 7 A 62.5 78 8.3 e 54 8 T 30 80 5 p 54 7 A 67.0 80 10.2 sw 70 6 31 83 5 p 55 6 A 69.0 73 13.3 w 74 12 *Based on least time required to blow one m''e. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY Ar.oust, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.15, 29th ^Minimum 29.51, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.910 I^ange 0.64 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 92, 2nd Lowest 45, 27th Mean 68.9 Range 47 Higliest mean daily ._ 79.5, 3rd Lowest mean daily 56.0, 27th Mean maximum _..: _• 80.2 Mean minimum 57.7 Greatest daily range 36, 20th Least daily range 8, 10th Precipitation, in inches Prccipitatiion ._ 2.49 Snow . . — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 91, 12th, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 2819 (Greatest daily movement 169, i4th Least daily movement 38, 20th ]\[ean hourly velocity ,.,-3.8 Afaximum velocity 22, 6th,' 18th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W Noi th, days .__...____._. _.0 Northeast, days 0 East, days--..:...-..— .'. .. 2 Southeast, days .— -. , 9 South, days -. ,-: . —- . 2 Southwest, days -....-—-_ ._._.__...... ^.-....5 West, ' days '.:...—..., : —:..:'.'. __:.4 Northwest, days ■ - .9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent '...- -.77.4 Mean cloudiness, percent ...56 Number of clear days 18 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 3 Number hours bright sunshine 307 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ...-71. 5 Thunder and lightning ..3rd, 12th First frost -. - - — - — Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22 7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 37, 1894, 1908 34, 1940 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4. 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, 1941 67, 1901; 27, 1923 23, 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, 1910, '23 332, 1941 ; 152, 1915, 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during August was very near normal in most respects. The rainfall was less than usual with a total precipita- tion of only 2.49 inches, while the normal for August is 4.08 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 27.95 inches, the normal for that period being 29.38 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 68.9 degrees. The normal mean temperature for August is 88.6 degrees. There were 307 hours of bright sunshine which is well above the average, the normal for August being 237 hours. Wind travel was slightly less than usual, with only 2819 miles. No high winds were recorded. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following re- port on vegetation: "The weather during August was character- ized by much cloudy, humid weather for the early part of the month. This resulted in some rotting and other disease injury to fruit and vegetable plants. The weather later in the month was less humid with many fair or clear days. The moisture sup- ply continues ample. The appearance of dried out areas in lawns is one of the first signs of lack of rainfall. Except for a period in early July, lawns have presented a good appearance all sum- mer. With the approach of shorter days and cooler weather and consequently a lessened demand for water by vegetation, there can be little damage from drouth this year. The apple crop is sizing and coloring fairly well, and the prospects are for a crop considerably below the unusually large crop of last year but not above the average of recent years." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin. No. 657 September 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48^' W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -a Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a P V a 1) Q H C3 V > o s be c a — ° a V- -a o c 1 83 5 p 59 5 A 71.0 87 6.4 se 40 6 7 A 8a .11 2 69 2 A 58 12 p 63.5 80 0.3 ne 85 13 T 3 65 12 m 56 5 A 60.5 82 0.6 nw 104 7 4 70 4 p 59 5 A 64.5 84 3.5 nw 79 16 5 79 4 p 64 6 A 71.5 91 3.4 se 52 8 T 6 88 3 p 70 2 A 79.0 83 7.2 se 117 8 T 7 91 3 p 69 12 p 80.0 85 6.6 se 106 13 3:30 p 6p .78 8 73 2 p 58 12 p 65.5 77 2.4 nw 75 10 9 81 3 p 54 7 A 67.5 83 3.6 sw 52 22 6 p 9 :30 p .15 10 73 4 p 53 7 A 63.0 67 8.6 nw 105 11 6 A 8 a .06 11 74 3 p 44 4 A 59.0 70 10.5 sw 72 11 12 68 3 p 40 6 A 54.0 67 12.7 nw 105 12 13 71 5 p 38 7 A 54.5 79 12.6 w 56 7 14 76 2 p 41 7 A 58.5 80 8.6 e 70 12 15 75 5 p 56 6 A 65.5 86 8.3 nw 123 13 0:30 A 4 a 1.26 16 80 1 p 54 4 A 67.0 80 4.6 se 108 22 17 67 1 p 46 12 p 56.5 74 8.6 nw 118 17 18 64 4 p 38 7 A 51.0 66 12.4 nw 128 17 19 72 3 p 34 6 A 53.0 70 10.3 se 50 7 20 75 2 p 35 6 A 55.0 74 6.1 s 83 8 21 73 3 p 48 6 A 60.5 81 10.3 nw 69 9 22 71 2 p 52 7 A 61.5 82 7.3 nw 111 10 T 23 76 1 p 54 12 p 65.0 71 9.6 nw 116 17 24 69 2 p 47 12 p 58.0 71 6.4 nw 93 13 25 63 2 p 42 7 A 52.5 62 9.2 nw 154 13 26 62 3 p 34 5 A 48.0 59 12.0 w 111 7 27 74 4 p 39 6 A 56.5 56 12.0 s 120 13 28 82 3 p 39 7 A 60.5 71 11.9 s 47 7 9q 69 2 p 52 7 A 60.5 59 11.7 nw 141 13 30 57 3 p 45 1 A 51.0 79 0.3 nw 177 17 12 M 9 :30 1 .04 *Based on least time required to blow one mi'e. Stanley Kisiel, Ubserver MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.55, 29th Minimum --- 29.78, 7th Mean semi-daily - 30.123 Range .0.77 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 7th Lowest - - --34, 19th, 26th Mean - 61.1 Range 57 Highest mean daily 80, 7th Lowest mean daily 48, 26th Mean maximum 73.0 Mean minimum 49.3 Greatest daily range 43, 28th Least daily range 9, 3rd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.40 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs..., 1.26, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2867 Greatest daily movement 177, 30th Least daily movement 40, 1st Mean hourly velocity 4.0 Maximum velocity 22, 9th, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 0 Northeast, days 1 East, days - - 1 Southeast, days — 6 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 75.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 61 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 228 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.1 Thunder and lightning ....7th, 9th First frost — Extremes 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 61.7 54.5 4.26 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4.686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; H, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13. '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second colunm gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS The weather during September was sHghtly cooler than usual, with less precipitation than normal. The total precipitation for the month was only 2.40 inches, and half of this amount fell in one storm on the 15th. The normal for September is 4.26 inches. August also had less rainfall than normal, with 2.49 inches recorded during that month. The total rainfall since the first of the year is now 30.35 inches. The normal for this period is 33.62 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 61.1 degrees com- pared to a normal of 61.7 degrees for September. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 7th and the lowest, 34 de- grees on the 19th and 26th. The domestic heating load for the month was 163 degree-days. The normal for September is 149 degree-days. There were 228 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 201 hours for September. The total wind movement was 2867 miles, while the normal is 3271 miles. No high winds were recorded during the month. Dr. Shaw's report on vegetation states: "The month of Sep- tember is the final month of the season of vegetation. Perennial plants later go into the winter rest period. No general severe killing frost has occurred, but there was enough just after the middle of the month to partially or completely kill tender vege- tation, the severity of injury depending on the location of the plants. "The month has been dry. Coming so late in the growing season, it has not done much damage; but unless we have more abundant rains during the next two months, there will be a marked deficiency of soil moisture this winter. "The spring was late which, combined with heavy precipita- tion, delayed planting. No severe drouth periods have occurred. The season has, on the whole, been quite favorable to most crops." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 658 October 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ture >> o.S Wind ^recipita ion Maximum Minimum be C C ^ o c V ^ J- ^ :3 V V 4^ _S ^ o •ffi c T3 u Q H be Q H fi5 "5 > Id c W > 1 65 3 p 52 0 A 58.5 92 0.2 nw 132 10 4:30 p 11 P 22 2 71 4 p 53 12 p 62.0 87 3.5 nw 55 15 4:30 A 9:30 A A7 3 58 1 p 48 12 p 53.0 67 2.3 nw 208 14 4 57 11 A 41 12 p 49.0 68 2.4 n 168 13 5 56 1 p 32 6 A 44.0 73 6.6 nw 105 17 6 70 3 p 28 7 A 49.0 59 11.5 s 58 13 7 78 3 p 37 4 A 57.5 50 11.5 nw 132 18 8 75 4 p 42 7 A 58.5 69 11.4 se 64 7 9 80 2 p 44 6 A 62.0 63 11.4 w 109 28 10 54 3 p 29 12 p 41.5 54 11.3 nw 252 18 11 61 3 p 23 6 A 42.0 64 11.3 sw 33 8 12 70 4 p 26 7 A 48.0 62 11.3 sw 44 4 13 75 3 p 32 6 A 53.5 55 11.2 sw 44 9 14 74 2 p 47 5 A 60.5 68 4.3 se 145 11 IS 74 2 p 61 6 A 67.5 77 3.4 se 102 15 4 p 12 p .64 16 69 1 p 61 7 A 65.0 95 0.3 e 147 25 0 A 12 p .69 17 68 0 A 42 12 p 55.0 64 6.3 w 211 18 1 :30 A 8 A .38 18 54 11 A 39 3 A 46.5 68 2.0 se 112 10 19 51 12 m 38 6 A 44.5 68 3.4 w 110 18 4 A 5 A .03 20 52 3 p 37 3 A 44.5 67 0.8 nw 165 18 T 21 59 2 p 46 7 A 52.5 60 5.5 nw 236 77 22 57 1 p 45 7 A 51.0 65 4.0 nw 104 13 23 54 1 p 44 12 p 49.0 70 0.7 w 63 10 24 51 1 p 38 9 p 44.5 67 6.4 nw 147 12 T 25 46 1 p 34 5 A 40.0 72 1.9 n 130 13 26 46 12 p 41 8 A 43.5 89 0.0 n 206 17 6 A 11 p .85 27 53 2 p 45 0 A 49.0 90 0.0 nw 228 25 5 :30 A 8 A .78 28 57 6 p 48 6 A 52.5 87 0.0 nw 168 25 12 M 9 p .12 29 55 2 p 47 3 A 51.0 59 1.9 sw 294 25 30 59 2 p 47 7 A 53.0 49 1.7 w 208 22 31 52 1 p 38 3 A 45.0 60 10.5 w 231 22 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) JVIaxinnim 30.53, 11 th Aliiiimum _ 29.15, 4th Mean semi-daily 29.971 Range 1.38 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 80, 9th Lowest 23, 1 1th Mean _.....51.4 Range 57 Highest mean daily 67.5, 15th Lowest mean daily 40.0, 25th Mean maximum 61.3 Mean minimum 41.5 Greatest daily range 44, 12th Least daily range 5, 26th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation .....3.88 Snow 0 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1 .63, 26th, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 4411 Greatest daily movement 294, 29th Least daily movement 33, 11th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity 28, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 3 Northeast, days ...- 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 4 South, days 1 Southwest, days 4 West, days 6 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 64 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 14 Number hours bright sunshine 159 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.6 Thunder and lightning 27th First Frost Oct. 6 Normal 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 Extremes 4074 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3. 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, '23, '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 15, '39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS October was slightly wanner than usual, with more precipitation than normal. There were many pleasant days the first part of the month. The dry spell which prevailed in September continued until the 15th of October, and only half an inch of rain was recorded during the period from September 15 to October 15. However, heavy rains during the latter part of the month brought the total rainfall for October to 3.88 inches. The normal for October is 3.29 inches. The total rainfall since the first of the year is now 34.23 inches, which is 2.68 inches less than normal for this period. The mean temperature for the month was 51.4 degrees, which is .9 degree warmer than normal. The highest temperature was 80 de- grees on the 9th, and the lowest, 23 on the 11th. The domestic heating load for October was 422 degree-days, and the total load for September and October is 585 degree-days. The normal heating load for September and October is 605 degree-days. The first killing frost was late this year, October 6 being the date at this station. The normal date for first frost is September 21 and last year it occurred on September 29. There was less sunshine and more wind than normal. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 659 November 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42^ 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 3 h Wind Precipitat ion Maximum Minimum D O 3 bo c c c C/^ in '^ u ■S 3 Q bo Q bo Q H c nl > > n <■ o ■ffi c bo u -t3 T3 C w 1 60 2 p 27 7 A 43.5 67 10.3 se 63 8 2 55 1 p 42 0 A 48.5 90 0.0 se 144 11 1 P 6:30p .34 3 54 12 m 36 12 p 45.0 60 5.5 w 172 20 T 4 53 1 p 34 3 A 43.5 72 2,.7 w 72 13 5 55 2 p 34 6 A 44.5 7?, 1.8 se 72 13 11:30p 12 p .04 6 63 1 p 2>7 12 p 50.0 69 0.0 s 131 14 0 A 2 A .16 7 61 2 p 32 6 A 46.5 69 7.5 sw 53 8 8 64 12 p 38 1 A 51.0 96 0.0 nw 62 22 8 A 12 p .97 9 66 4 A 38 12 p 52.0 72 0.0 w 244 28 0 A 10 A 1.63 10 48 1 p 31 7 A 39.5 65 6.7 nw 104 12 11 42 1 p 31 12 p 36.5 68 0.0 nw 190 22 T 12 45 2 p 30 7 A 37.5 45 9.1 w 236 18 13 48 11 A 34 8 A 41.0 65 5.1 w 111 18 14 39 1 p 28 7 A 33.5 57 9.5 w 237 25 15 35 8 p 24 7 A 29.5 80 2.6 se 114 10 1:30 p 6 p .07 1.00 16 38 2 p 32 8 A 35.0 94 0.0 nw 84 10 0 A 8:30 A .25 17 38 2 p 23 7 A 30.5 55 9.7 nw 150 13 18 45 3 p 23 0 A 34.0 63 9.7 se 72 6 19 58 2 p 27 3 A 42.5 79 6.7 se 135 13 20 44 3 p 28 7 A 36.0 88 0.0 nw 39 4 21 50 2 p 25 7 A 37.5 62 7.2, w 47 13 11:30p 12 p .06 22 40 0 A 30 12 p 35.0 100 0.0 nw 273 70 0 A 9 p 1.07 3.50 23 32 3 p 28 6 A 30.0 87 0.2 nw 407 25 12:30p 6 p .05 0.50 24 43 3 p 27 6 A 35.0 61 8.0 nw 204 14 25 50 3 p 28 7 A 39.0 67 9.5 nw 119 15 26 57 3 p 27 8 A 42.0 58 9.4 se 60 11 27 47 3p 31 8 A 39.0 78 1.3 w 89 22 28 26 1 p 22 12 p 29.0 53 6.0 nw 271 25 29 34 2 p 16 8 A 25.0 66 9.2 n 62 11 30 39 3 p 21 8 A 30.0 56 9.2 nw 115 11 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY November, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.48, 7th Minimum 29.59, 9th Mean semi-daily 30.070 Range 0.89 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest _. 66, 9th Lowest - 16, 29th Mean ._. 38.7 Range — 50 Highest mean daily _ 52, 9th Lowest mean daily -25, 29th Mean maximum _ .48.0 Mean minimum — 29.5 Greatest daily range 33, 1st Least daily range 4, 23rd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.64 Snow 5.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. __ ..___. .„._2.60, 8th, 9tb Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 413s Greatest daily movement _407, 23rd Least daily movement —.39, 20th Mean hourly velocity — .....5.7 Maximum velocity .28, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction ..._ WNW North, days _. _— 1 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days — _. _ 1 Southwest, days 1 West, days 8 Northwest, days .,. 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.5 Mean cloudiness, percent.— 61 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days _ ...12 Number hours bright sunshine 148 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ...50.5 Thunder and lightning — First snow .. .I5th Normal 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW Extremes 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .94, 1905 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921 ; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44,1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900, 1911, 1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24. 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 iOct. 10, '25; Nov. 27. '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. REMARKS November had more rain and snow than usual, although the month as a whole was normal. As in October, there were many pleasant days during the month and the fall season has been an enjoyable one in most respects. The first snow of the season occurred on November 15, although a light trace was recorded on the 11th. The normal date for first snowfall is November 6, and last year only a trace was recorded in November. The snow- storm on the 22nd and 23rd, in which 4 inches was recorded at Amherst, was accompanied by high winds and although the storm was not considered too severe in this section, in many parts of New England it developed into one of the worst storms of the season in many years. The total snowfall for the month was 5.00 inches and the precipitation, 4.64 inches. The normal snowfall for November is 2.34 inches and the normal precipita- tion, 3.41 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 38.7 degrees, while the normal for November is 38.9. Last year the mean was 38.8 degrees. The domestic heating load was 788 degree-days for November, and the normal for this month is 784 degree-days. The total load for the season through November 30 is 1373 degree- days compared to a normal of 1389 for this period. There were 148 hours of bright sunshine for November, while the normal for this month is 121 hours. Sleet fell on the 15th, and the roads were icy on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorogical Series Bulletin No. 660 December 1943 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1943 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ture E 3 §.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum o 5 be ■_£ o c "- u Q Q g > c n its C2 T3 u a t/2 i 42 1 P 22 4 A 32.0 77 2>.2> nw 55 11 2 45 3 p 25 5 A 35.0 77 1.3 s 46 9 3 40 2 p 31 12 p 35.5 89 0.0 s 41 5 T 4 41 1 p 27 8 A 34.0 72 6.7 se 81 9 T 5 44 12 M 23 12 p 33.5 48 9.2 w 283 28 6 34 6 p 22 1 A 28.0 64 0.7 nw 82 8 6 r 11 p .23 7 38 12 m 24 12 p 31.0 82 4.1 nw 124 18 8 39 12 p 19 8 A 29.0 78 5.5 se 57 8 9 50 11 A 33 7 A 41.5 60 3.2 w 205 ?>2 0 A 8 A .03 10 42 1 p 31 8 p 36.5 65 2.3 w 187 25 T 11 13 2 p 6 12 p 9.5 52 7.0 w 513 39 T 12 34 3 p 6 0 A 20.0 50 0.2 se 178 15 13 32 0 A 8 12 p 20.0 56 7.8 w 318 28 14 23 4 p 5 3 A 14.0 70 0.0 nw 44 8 T 15 18 4 p 4 8 A 11.0 66 9.1 nw 129 12 16 25 3 p -1 7 A 12.0 74 9.0 nw 60 9 17 34 2 p 3 4 A 18.5 7^ 3.4 s 82 13 18 38 12 M 20 7 A 29.0 65 3.0 w 116 13 19 45 1 p 23 4 A 34.0 6,^ 2.3 se 97 12 • 20 36 10 A 20 12 p 28.0 57 1.5 w 276 48 21 43 6 p 20 0 A 31.5 46 0.0 s 260 25 22 34 0 A 16 12 p 25.0 56 4.0 w 195 18 23 16 0 A -1 12 p 7.5 54 9.0 w 185 18 24 23 3 p -6 8 A 8.5 65 9.0 nw 28 11 25 2,7 2 p 5 7 A 21.0 55 5.7 se 93 13 26 36 2 p 10 7 A 23.0 75 1.8 nw 18 7 7 p 12 p .22 ' 27 50 3 p 30 0 A 40.0 89 i.7 nw 124 18 0 A 8 A JO 28 43 1 A 13 12 p 28.0 47 8.0 nw 331 28 29 25 3 p 6 6 A 15.5 52 9.0 nw 142 12 30 29 4 p 7 6 A 18.0 55 6.2 nw 52 8 31 34 3 p 8 8 A 21.0 79 9.0 nw 9 2 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.55, 25th Minimum 29.36, lOtli Mean semi-daily 30.05 1 Range 1.19 *Air Tenjperature, in degrees F. Highest 50, 9th, 27th Lowest --6, 24th Mean 24.9 Range - 56 Highest mean daily 41.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 7.5, 23rd Mean maximum 35.0 Mean minimum .._. 14.8 Greatest daily range - 32, 25th Least daily range 7, 11th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 58 Snow T Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 32, 26th, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 441 1 Greatest daily movement ___. ..—513, 11th Least daily movement 9, 31st Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 48, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days ...O Southeast, days — 5 South, days 4 Southwest, days ....0 West, days 9 Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 64.9 Mean cloudiness, percent .46 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine 145 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.2 Thunder and lightning — Normal 30.66 29 27 30'.06 1.38 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Extremes 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .87, 1896 26.50, '02; t, 1891 17, 1902; 4, 1892 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09 ; 4, '89 '30, '31, '36, '38 23, '33; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1942. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1943 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum _.-31.05, Mar. 9 Minimum 29.15, Oct. 4 Mean semi-daily 30.017 Range 1 .90 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, June 26 and 28 Lowest -2Z, Feb. 16 Mean 47.3 Range 118 Highest mean daily 83.5, June 27 Lowest mean daily -13.5, Feb. 16 Mean maximum ■_ 57.3 Mean minimum Z7 . 1 Greatest daily range 44, Nov. 12 Least daily range 3, Jan. 18 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 39.45 Snow 38.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ._._ 2.60, Nov. 8 and 9 Number of days with .01 or more 124 Wind, in miles Total movement 50,963 Greatest daily movement 513, Dec. 11 Least daily movement 9, Dec. 31 Mean hourly velocity 5.8 Maximum velocity 48, Dec. 20 Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 9 Northeast, days 2 East, days 6 Southeast, days 74 South, days ZZ Southwest, days 24 West, days 64 Northwest, days 153 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 58.0 Number of clear days 178 Number of fair days 102 Number of cloudy days 85 Number hours bright sunshine 2799 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 62.8 Last snow .— ___ Apr. 14 First snow —Nov. 15 Last frost .— Apr. 14 First frost ... . Oct. 6 Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.8, 1921 ; 44, 1904 43.70 47.78 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1908 1919 124 144, 1902; 96, 1924 52,223 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 5.8 39.5 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217, 1941 ; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14, '10; May 11, '07 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 23, '04 ; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 661 January 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 'h > §.5 O 3 £ bo Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum n) 60 — o > v £5 c S " > 2 ^ ^ o 03 1- S C. c a bo T3 c w P V u Q s 1) be V Q H ^ g w 1 37 12 M 15 12 p 26.0 54 7.1 nvv 135 22 2 32 2 p 7 8 A 19.5 57 6.7 nw 47 6 3 36 12 p 15 8 A 25.5 73 0.0 nw 32 10 4 37 4 p 33 12 p 35.0 62 0.0 nw 274 20 5 38 2 p 31 6 A 34.5 77 0.0 ne 160 13 6 38 10 A 30 12 p 34.0 92 0.0 nw 194 28 4 A 8 p .80 2.25 7 30 12 M 20 12 p 25.0 55 9.2 nw 353 25 8 19 1 p 8 12 p 13.5 70 9.3 nw 232 7'^ 9 19 3 p 3 4 A 11.0 64 9.3 nw 122 22 10 32 3 p 16 12 p 24.0 62 9.3 nw 152 22 11 33 4 p 5 7 A 19.0 80 8.3 s 14 "3 12 29 2 p 17 0 A 23.0 61 6.9 w 193 28 13 27 2 p 18 4 A 22.5 57 9.4 nw 241 28 14 38 2 p 22 4 A 30.0 55 6.7 w 156 14 15 37 2 p 9? 7 A 29.5 76 7 2 se 55 13 16 30 0 A 7 12 p 18.5 47 S.7 nw 22^ 22 17 33 2 p -2 8 A 15.5 74 9.5 sw 18 "s 18 35 3 p 9 8 A 22.0 86 9.5 sw 3 1 19 33 2 p 13 2 A 23.0 92 2.8 nw 48 10 2n 42 2 p 28 8 A 35.0 80 9.6 s 27 6 21 41 2 p 22 8 A 31.5 87 8.7 se 117 17 22 46 2 p Tz 0 A 39.0 61 7.8 w 154 25 23 36 10 p 29 7 A 32.5 85 0.0 nw 53 11 9:30 a 2 :30 p .29 2.50 24 41 3 p 14 12 p 27.5 59 6.9 w 145 25 25 35 11 p 8 7 A 21.5 72 5.3 nw 5 1 8 p 9 :3() p .02 26 37 2 p 32 6 A 34.5 87 0.0 se 16 5 5 p 8 p .03 27 49 4 p 34 7 A 41.5 84 0.0 se 72 19 28 42 0 A 30 8 A 36.0 68 9.9 n 61 6 29 42 11 A 31 7 A 36.5 68 4.2 w 156 20 0 A 4 A .10 1.00 30 33 0 A 11 12 p 22.0 59 9.9 w 389 32 31 31 8 p 9 8 A 20.0 65 3.8 se 66 11 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.59. I7tli Minimum 29.52, 31st Mean semi-daily 30.098 Range 1.07 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 49, 27th Lowest -2, 1 7tli Mean _ 26. 7 Range 5 1 Higliest mean daily 41.5, 27th Lowest mean daily 11.0, 9th Mean maximum 35.1 Mean minimum 18.4 Greatest daily range 35, I7th Least daily range 4, 4th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.24 Snow 5.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 0.80, 6th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 3914 Greatest daily movement 389, 30th Least daily movement 3, 18tli Mean hourly velocity .__- .__- 4.1 Maximum velocity 32, 30th Wind, direction Prcvaihng direction WNW North, days 1 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days _ —. 5 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days .__ _ _14 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70 Mean cloudiness, percent 54 Number of clear days _____ __. 20 Number of fair days ____.3 Number of cloudy days 8 Number hours bright sunshine 187 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.6 Thunder and lightning — 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW Extremes 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 31.00, 28.55, 1927 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 18, 1941 ; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916 22, 1923, 1931 ; 4, 1920, 1939 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during tlie month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. Tlie third cuhmm gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during January was somewhat warmer than usual with very Httle snow. The mean temperature for the month was 26.7 degrees, while the normal for January is 24.2 degrees. The temperature dropped below zero on one day, the 17th, when the thermometer reached 2 below zero. The heating load during January was 1186 degree-days whereas the normal for this month is 1265 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of January is 3803 degree-days, the normal for this period being 3817 degree-days. The snowfall during the month was 5.75 inches, while usually we get 13.32 inches during January. The total precipitation for the month was only 1.24 inches, the normal being 3.61 inches. The total snowfall for the winter to the end of January is 10.75 inches, the normal for the period being 24.16 inches. There were 187 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 137 hours. Total wind movement was only 3914 miles, while the normal wind movement for January is 5055 miles. The highest wind velocity was 30 miles per hour on the 30th. The mean relative humidity was 70 percent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 662 February 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, A2° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Maximum Minimum Wind w-S O 3 be c c c ■^j: S-- > V <• o c a be m T3 C w o c 1 34 2 p 16 12 p 25.0 52 11.2 nw 484 32 2 27 1 p 10 6 A 18.5 2>7 11.2 nw 338 25 3 35 2 p 15 3 A 25.0 69 6.0 se 53 7 T 4 27 4 p 10 12 p 18.5 40 8.0 nw 173 17 5 35 4 p 5 7 A 20.0 36 11.4 nw 241 28 6 47 3 p 8 7 A 27.5 36 9.5 s 173 13 7 40 3 p 30 2 A 35.0 93 0.0 se 106 13 0 A 1 p .83 1.50 8 43 2 p 27 12 p 35.0 55 10.3 sw 206 20 9 31 12 m 18 12 p 24.5 48 11.6 w 292 25 10 30 4 p 14 7 A 22.0 55 10.0 w 181 17 11 38 1 p 11 7 A 24.5 62 11.7 se 115 14 12 57 1 p 27 6 A 42.0 51 9.5 se 154 17 10 p 12 p .06 13 51 4 p 33 12 p 42.0 86 0.0 nw 108 32 0 A 10 :30 a .42 14 46 3 p 26 7 A 36.0 43 11.8 nw 346 32 15 38 12 m 31 7 A 34.5 66 0.3 se 93 8 12 M 12 p .25 1.00 16 i7 1 p 33 0 A 35.0 99 0.0 se 43 5 0 A 12 p .46 17 42 2 p 35 0 A 38.5 89 0.0 se 79 15 0 A 2:30p .35 18 44 1 p 19 12 p 31.5 50 5.6 w 279 28 19 25 9 p 9 6 A 17.0 43 9.0 nw 238 28 9:30p 12 p .04 .50 20 28 12 m 18 5 A 23.0 88 5.0 nw 195 18 0 A 8 p .30 5.00 21 46 1 p 20 5 A 33.0 65 9.8 nw 121 12 22 44 2 p 16 6 A 30.0 47 12.2 nw 89 8 23 40 9 p 29 6 A 34.5 90 0.0 se 64 5 9 A 10 p .78 T 24 50 4 p 34 2 A 42.0 50 9.3 w 255 32 25 63 3 p 28 6 A 45.5 61 12.4 se 126 17 26 51 3 p 35 12 p 43.0 47 12.4 w 270 25 27 49 12 m 34 0 A 41.5 64 1.4 se 60 15 12:30p 5:30p .36 28 46 2 p 32 12 p 39.0 45 11.7 nw 245 40 29 48 12 m 27 5 A 37.5 51 4.7 e 119 20 8 p 12 p .11 .25 30 ?>7 4 p 32 1 A 34.5 100 0.0 nw 146 10 0 A 10 p .39 31 45 1 p 29 12 p 37.0 69 10.0 w 146 20 7 p 8 p .01 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Ubserrer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.73, 22nd Minimum ._ 29.43, 23rd Mean semi-daily 30.099 Range 1 .30 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 63, 25th Lowest 5, 5th Mean 32.0 Range 58 Highest mean daily 45.5, 25th Lowest mean daily 17.0, 19th Mean maximum 41.1 Mean minimum 22.9 Greatest daily range 39, 6th Least daily range 4, 16th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.36 Snow 8.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 83, 7th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 5538 Greatest daily movement 484, 1st Least daily movement —.43, 16th Mean velocity 7.4 Maximum velocity -_— 40, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 10 South, days 1 Southwest, days -1 West, days 6 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 60.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days — 8 Number hours bright sunshine 226 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.9 Thunder and lightning _ 27th Normal 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 1.1 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 79.5, 1907, 1921 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 n, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901 ; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19v38. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during March was nearly normal in most re- spects. It was slightly colder than usual and there was more rain and more sunshine than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 32 degrees, the normal being 34.4 degrees. The lowest temperature was 5 degrees on the 5th. The normal minimum for March is 6.1 degi^es. The domestic heating load for the month was 1022 degree-days compared to a normal of 950 degree-days. The heating load for the season to the end of March is 5959 de- gree-days, the normal for this period being 5932 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 4.36 inches, with 8.25 inches of snow. The normal precipitation for March is 3.70 inches and the normal snowfall 7.47 inches. The total precipita- tion since January 1 is 7.94 inches, while the normal for the three months is 10.50 inches. We have had a total of 26.50 inches of snow during the winter, the normal snowfall to the end of March being 45.62 inches. There were 226 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 199 hours. The highest wind velocity was 40 miles per hour on the 28th. Dr. J. K, Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following statement: "There has been no severe cold during the past winter but snowfall was deficient and the ground bare most of the time. We should look for no material winter injury to tree fruits and few peach fruit buds have been killed. Therefore, a good peach crop is to be expected as spring frosts rarely kill the flowers or young fruits in Massachusetts. The absence of a snow cover is not good for strawberry plants but well-mulched beds should not suffer. The present state of vegetation is somewhat retarded, and we do not expect an early spring. Resumption of growth depends on 'future rather than past temperatures and a few days of warm weather will bring a normal stage of progress." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 664 April 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 45" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ture ■5 'e 3 1- OJ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum O 3 bo c c c TZ i_ >1 Q 11 1) Q Q 4J s 1) > E bo IS — .2 > u 11 E 2 > His c to V pa -a -a c W u o c 1 51 3 p 26 6 A 38.5 52 10.4 sw 181 18 2 52 12 m 32 12 p 42.0 50 6.1 w 194 20 3 43 3 p 28 6 A 35.5 42 12.3 nw 231 17 4 40 12 m 22, 6 A 31.5 56 8.3 w 67 8 5 41 5 p 26 6 A 33.5 63 2.9 nw 80 9 6 48 6 p 25 4 A 36.5 49 12.5 w 159 20 7 59 3 p 34 6 A 46.5 42 13.0 w 256 28 8 42 6 p ?,?> 5 A 37.5 89 0.0 nw i2 6 8 A 1 P .29 9 64 4 p 32 6 A 48.0 74 9.3 se 56 10 10 54 2 p 36 12 p 45.0 87 1.8 nw 130 28 0 A 3:30 a .06 11 53 12 m 30 4 A 41.5 65 7.6 e 97 13 4 p 9 p .23 12 40 4 p 35 8 A 37.5 100 0.0 nw 94 8 4 A 2 p .34 13 50 4 p 34 12 p 42.0 42 8.0 w 364 39 14 49 4 p 28 5 A 38.5 n 13.3 w 357 il 15 43 2 p 30 2 A 36.5 59 0.8 nw 67 U 2 p 12 p .74 16 43 4 p 34 0 A 38.5 96 0.0 nw 89 8 0 A 9 p .38 17 50 4 p 38 8 A 44.0 70 4.7 nw 125 20 18 59 3 p 34 5 A 46.5 40 13.5 w 192 20 19 66 4 p 29 5 A 47.5 41 13.5 w 85 13 20 71 4 p 30 5 A 50.5 50 13.6 w 61 13 21 47 0 A 2>7 12 p 42.0 99 0.0 n 86 8 5:30 a 9 p 22 22 60 5 p Zl 3 A 48.5 59 13.6 nw 139 13 23 58 1 p 32 5 A 45.0 53 9.0 s 115 11 8 p 12 p .11 24 44 1 p 35 2 A 39.5 81 0.0 nw 95 17 0 A 10:30p 1.23 25 56 5 p 39 4 A 47.5 88 0.1 w 124 17 9 A 10 A .01 26 55 4 p 42 12 p 48.5 83 1.9 w 100 20 0 A 2 A .05 27 55 5 p 35 5 A 45.0 (^ 3.5 nw 125 18 28 57 3 p 36 5 A 46.5 45 13.8 nw 324 28 29 70 4 p 31 5 A 50.5 38 13.8 nw 173 25 30 74 1 p 38 5 A 56.0 34 12.7 w 108 18 31 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY April, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ._._ 30.41, 22nd, 23rd Minimum 29.37, 12th Mean semi-daily 29.996 Range 104 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 74, 30th Lowest 23, 4th Mean 42.9 Range _ 51 Highest mean daily 56, 30th Lowest mean daily ^31.5, 4th Mean maximum 53.1 Mean minimum _ 32.6 Greatest daily range 41, 20th Least daily range 5, 12th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.66 Snow ^ 0 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .1.23, 24th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4306 Greatest daily movement -364, 13th Least daily movement Z2, 8th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity 39, 13th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 1 Northeast, days ___0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 1 South, days _.. ...1 Southwest, days — 1 West, days 12 Northwest, days ._._13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent i61.7 Mean cloudiness, percent - 58 Number of clear days „_..:... 13 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 11 Number hours bright sunshine 220 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.7 Thunder and lightning 16th, 24th Last snow March 29 Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71. 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; .72, 1919 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921 ; 41, 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941 ; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during April was cold with a mean temperature of 42.9 degrees. The normal mean temperature for April is 45.7 degrees. The lowest temperature was 23 degrees on the 4th and the highest, 74 degrees on the 30th. The domestic heating load for April was 664 degree-days compared to the normal of 579 degree-days. The total heating load for the season is now 6623 degree-days while the normal heating load to the end of April is 6511 degree-days. The total precipitation during April was 3.66 inches. There was no snowfall. Normal precipitation for April is 3.35 inches; normal snowfall, 2.17 inches. The total snowfall for the winter was 23.50 inches compared to the normal of 47.79 inches. Last winter's snowfall was 40.50 inches. There were 220 hours of sun- shine. The normal is also 220 hours. The total wind movement was 4305 miles, while the normal is 5404 miles. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments: "Vegetation made slow progress during April because of much cold weather. The month closes with early leafing trees showing only tiny leaves just breaking from the bud. Apple buds have not shown any color. The season is a week or more later than average. The rainfall will help to restore the depleted water reserves of the soil, and the later the buds break the less danger from spring frosts. Severe winter injury has become apparent in blueberry plants, and raspberry canes have been injured. No winter injury to tree fruits is yet apparent, and we can feel quite confident that none will appear. Apple and peach fruit buds are evident and there is promise of a heavy bloom. Some evergreen trees show winter injury. The ground froze deeply and was hardly com- pletely thawed out at the end of the month. This condition to- gether with winds may have been factors in causing winter injury. Except for late planting, the crop season of 1944 starts off fairly well." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 665 May 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature j5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum Q H p H a V > a ^ "o 3 M a c > V s 3 > So. a to •T3 V •a u o c If} 1 76 2 p 50 12 p 63.0 46 14.0 n 100 13 2 62 2 p 44 5 A 53.0 71 5.1 s 112 13 3 81 4 p 43 3 A 62.0 68 9.3 se 157 13 4 90 3 p 49 5 A 69.5 59 13.3 se 126 14 5 91 3 p 52 5 A 71.5 53 14.2 s 131 14 6 83 3 p 57 5 A 70.0 64 14.2 se 169 18 7 79 1 p 56 12 p 67.5 75- 8.5 se 280 28 5 p 10 p .14 8 65 4 p 44 12 p 54.5 59 14.3 nw 211 18 9 n 4 p 39 5 A 55.5 56 5.6 se 84 11 10 78 3 p 49 5 A 63.5 53 14.4 se 112 9 11 80 3 p 51 5 A 65.5 61 14.4 sw 65 6 12 83 4 p 54 4 A 68.5 52 14.5 sw 72 10 13 85 2 p 53 5 A 69.0 70 13.0 s 121 20 7 p 8 p .46 14 73 4 p 57 12 p 65.0 56 14.5 w 216 20 15 79 4 p 49 5 A 64.0 64 12.0 s 94 14 4 :30 p 5 p T 16 75 1 p 49 5 A 62.0 76 9.0 sw 60 8 17 82 4 p 46 5 A 64.0 64 14.6 sw 62 9 18 65 0 A 37 12 p 51.0 41 14.7 n 233 2^ 19 67 4 p 30 5 A 48.5 38 14.7 w 136 17 20 73 5 p 35 5 A 54.0 56 14.7 w 126 20 21 82 4 p 38 5 A 60.0 47 13.7 sw 88 17 22 65 1 p 58 0 A 61.5 91 0.8 ne 120 18 8:30 a 6:30p .55 23 61 1 p 54 0 A 57.5 83 3.7 e 73 11 8:30p 10 p T 24 61 12 m 53 6 A 57.0 91 2.0 nw 36 6 O A 8 p .20 25 70 2 p 54 5 A 62.0 72 5.0 se 72 10 26 72 4 p 58 5 A 65.0 83 4.7 s 113 10 27 88 3 p 61 5 A 74.5 78 11.7 s 124 15 28 84 5 p 62 5 A 73.0 45 15.0 s 112 14 29 88 5 p 52 5 A 70.0 48 15.0 nw 50 8 30 87 3 p 52 5 A 69.5 55 15.0 se 112 11 31 93 3 p 57 5 A 75.0 54 14.4 nw 130 13 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Stanley Kisiel, Obsenrr MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1944 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.46, 11th Minimum - -29.65, 22nd Mean semi-daily 30.089 Range - 0-81 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest . 93, 31 st Lowest 30, 19th Mean __-..63.4 Range 63 Highest mean daily 75, 31st Lowest mean daily 48.5, 19th Mean maximum 77.1 Mean minimum . 49.8 Greatest daily range 44, 21st Least daily range 7, 22nd, 23rd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.35 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs 55, 22nd Number of days with .01 or more — - .— 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 3697 Greatest daily movement 280, 7th Least daily movement ___.36, 24th Mean hourly velocity 5.0 Maximum velocity 28, 7th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 2 Northeast, days .1 East, days — 1 Southeast, days 8 South, days 7 Southwest, days 5 West, days 3 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 62.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 53.1 Number of clear days 21 Number of fair days 1 Number of cloudy days — -3 Number hours bright sunshine 350 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 11 .Z Thunder and lightning _ _... 13th, 15th 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 Extremes 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180. 1894 45, 19J5 70, 1901, 1902; 30, 1923 20, 1923, 1941 ; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 338, 1941; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.38. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS May of this year was the warmest, sunniest and very nearly the dryest May on record here at the station; and yet on the morning of the 19th a killing frost occurred which caused serious damage to crops in this section. The mean temperature for the month was 63.4 degrees, com- pared to a normal of 57.1 degrees. This is the highest mean temperature for May recorded at this station in 56 years. The nearest approach to this record is a mean temperature of 62.5 degrees recorded in 1911. Ihe highest temperature was 93 de- grees on the 31st and the lowest, 30 degrees on the 19th. The first and last weeks of the month were exceptionally warm. The domestic heating load for the month was 112 degree-days, the normal for May being 2o7 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of May is 6735 degree-days while the normal for this period is 6778 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 1.35 inches, which is 2.25 inches less than normal for May. Rain fell on only four days. The total precipitation since the first of the year is now 12.95 inches, while the normal for this period is 17.45 inches. The outstanding feature of May weather last year was the large number of rainy days, 15 in all, with a total rainfall of 5.82 inches. There were 350 hours of bright sunshine compared with a normal of 199 hours. There were no high winds during the month. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following in- teresting comments regardmg the progress of vegetation: "At the end of April the development of vegetation was a week or more behind normal. During the first half of May there were many days when the temperature was unusually high and the date of bloom of fruit plants was two or three days earlier than normal. Warm weather continued through the blooming period, bees were active and prospects were for a heavy set of fruit. Both apples and peaches blossomed heavily. On May 17 the maximum temperature was 85 degrees. On the afternoon of the 18th the temperature rose to 58 degrees and then fell to a mini- mum of 30 degrees on the morning of the 19th. This caused severe damage to tree fruits and injiired tender vegetation. Orchards on high sites with good air drainage apparently escaped injury but those on low sites or in "frost pockets" suffered complete loss of the setting fruits. Some soft, tender new shoot tips were killed and there was injury to all tender vegetation that had been encouraged by the warm days preceding May 18. This is the second time in 37 years that there has been extensive spring frost injury in our orchards. Rainfall during the month was de- ficient. While the month closes with no serious drouth injury, shallow-rooted plants will soon suffer if rains do not come early in June." MASS. ST ATS CQLLLU'^ 10 3 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 666 June 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 U V - Wind 'recipitat ion Maximum Minimum ffi O 3 c :^*_ L/) (/: V . C/} — .2 leri 5 o u B c'-" •S-^ S o _ 1 c •V u ^ o E H 03 « 2 > be cq •o c (3 o c a. 1 80 3 p 62 4 A 71.0 81 8.7 nw 77 17 2 89 4 p 59 5 A 74.0 60 15.1 nw 45 5 3 76 8 p 52 12 p 64.0 59 11.0 nw 231 22 4 70 5 p 47 5 A 58.5 47 15.1 se 93 8 5 74 3 p 45 5 A 59.5 56 15.2 se 199 15 6 83 3 p 55 5 A 69.0 67 11.6 se 240 15 7 73 2 p 48 12 p 60.5 63 10.9 w 200 20 1 A 3 :30a .03 8 74 4 p 40 5 A 57.0 53 15.2 w 93 11 9 79 3 p 46 5 A 62.5 53 13.1 sw 79 13 10 66 0 A 54 12 p 60.0 94 0.0 se 87 10 8 A 9 p .81 11 78 4 p 54 2 A 66.0 69 10,6 nw 211 15 12 80 3 p 50 4 A 65.0 60 13.4 w 117 17 13 77 3 p 55 4 A 66.0 48 14.6 n 155 18 14 71 11 A 47 4 A 59.0 60 8.0 se 103 9 15 68 5 p 52 5 A 60.0 93 0.0 se 130 7 2:30a 6:30a .22 16 90 2 p 62 0 A 76.0 74 6.0 se 103 39 17 86 3 p 60 4 A 73.0 65 13.9 w 188 13 18 81 11 A 58 5 A 69.5 63 10.0 nw 128 18 19 62 4 p 56 7 A 59.0 91 0.0 se 99 9 5 A 12 p .44 20 64 8 A 53 12 p 58.5 97 0.0 nw 94 18 1 :30 a 8 p 1.12 21 64 4 p 53 4 A 58.5 96 0.4 nw 116 9 8 A 9:30p .19 22 81 6 p 55 3 A 68.0 74 11.1 s 71 14 4 A 6 A .05 23 85 3 p 57 5 A 71.0 74 8.9 se 74 11 24 70 0 A 60 12 p 65.0 94 0.0 ne 173 18 3: 30 A 10:30p 1.84 25 68 12m 60 0 A 64.0 87 0.3 nw 220 20 26 80 6 p 59 4 A 69.5 70 7.7 nw 90 17 27 90 3 p 58 4 A 74.0 74 15.3 se 59 7 28 92 3 p 66 5 A 79.0 72 15.3 se 112 8 29 95 3 p 67 5 A 81.0 71 12.5 s 111 13 30 82 3 p 62 12 p 72.0 59 15.1 nw 188 20 31 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernanb E. Bartlett, Obserz'er MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum J0.28, 5th, 9th Minimum .29.41, 24th Mean semi-daily 29.896 Range 0.87 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest _ _...95, 29th Lowest „ 40, 8th Mean _.._. ,.. 66.3 Range 55 Highest mean daily _ 81, 29th Lowest mean daily 57, 8th Mean maximum 77.6 Mean minimum 55.1 Greatest daily range .— 34, 8th Least daily range 6, 19th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _.4.70 Snow . — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs.— 1.84, 24th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement -- 3886 Greatest daily movement 240, 6th Least daily movement 45, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 39, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 1 Northeast, days — .__ 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 11 South, days _ 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days . 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 61.3 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days .....6 Number of cloudy days _ 8 Number hours bright sunshine . 279 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.1 Thunder and lightning 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd. 24th Last frost May 19 Normal 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 Extremes 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34. 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71. 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908, 1941, 1943; 1, 1927 2^, 1912; 3. 1941 12. 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during June was near normal in all respects. The mean temperature for the month was 66.3 degrees which is only 0.6 of a degree higher than normal. The highest temperature was 95 degrees on the 29th and the lowest 40 degrees on the 8th. The domestic heating load during the month was 64 degree-days which is 4 less than normal. The domestic heating load for the 1943-44 season was 6799 degree-days while the normal is 6846 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 4.70 inches, the norma] for June being 3.75 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is now 17.65 inches, while the normal for this period is 21.20 inches. There were 279 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 257 hours. The mean relative humidity was 70.8 per- cent, the normal being 66.9 percent. The highest wind velocity was 39 miles per hour on the 16th. Dr. J. K. Shaw gives the following report: "The dry period of May continued into June. Light rains on June 7th, 10th and 18th kept matters from growing worse, and during the period from June 19 to June 24, abundant rains removed any danger of drought injury for some time to come. The dry weather delayed germination of newly-planted seeds and plant setting, and in- jured shallow-rooted plants. The early hay crop was very short. The heavy rains came in season to increase growth of later fields and encourage a better second crop. Tree fruits did not suffer from lack of water. "Further reports of the frost of May 19 indicate serious losses of the apple crop. Injury was confined to low frosty locations, while orchards on higher sites escaped any injury. Other tree fruits seem to have suffered but little. The crop of cultivated blue- berries was very seriously injured and strawberries were ex- tremely scarce." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 667 July, 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level. 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments. 67 feet. Time used. E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 g.s ffi-g Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum K O 3 c cm Q V u M li Q 1 a V > E M 3 u ZCQ — .2 > V £5 V E « > His c a M V T3 -a c W u o B t/3 1 83 4 p 53 5 A 68.0 49 15.3 nw 117 14 2 83 5 p 57 5 A 70.0 47 15.3 nw 122 10 3 84 2 p 51 5 A 67.5 60 8.8 sw 56 10 4 83 1 p 57 4 A 70.0 67 7.7 sw 71 11 2 A 10:30p .56 5 89 3 p 56 5 A 72.5 69 12.5 sw 67 14 6 88 3 p 64 4 A 76.0 62 13.2 nw 109 U 7 91 2 p 60 4 A 75.5 66 15.2 s 59 8 8 93 3 p 64 5 A 78.5 63 15.2 se 93 7 9 93 2 p 70 5 A 81.5 64 15.1 s 110 10 10 92 1 p 66 5 A 79.0 67 10.7 se 91 11 T 11 92 1 p 66 4 A 79.0 74 7.9 se 88 15 2:30 p 3 p .06 12 88 12 m 71 3 A 79.5 72 7.8 se 188 18 8 p 11 p .22 13 86 3 p 62 12 p 74.0 63 15.0 nw 141 14 12 :30a 4 A .08 14 86 5 p 59 5 A 72.5 61 14.0 nw 40 4 15 87 4 p 61 5 A 74.0 67 8.4 sw 58 7 16 87 1 p 60 12 p 73.5 77 5.6 se 139 32 3 p 4 p .45 17 79 4 p 55 12 p 67.0 58 15.0 nw 119 11 T 18 81 4 p 52 5 A 66.5 61 15.0 nw 53 6 19 82 1 p 54 4 A 68.0 63 11.6 se 112 17 20 79 3 p 61 3 A 70.0 84 3.6 se 90 10 5:30 A 12 p .27 21 77 1 p 55 12 p 66.0 68 7.2 w 114 18 0 A 3:30 A .15 22 82 6 p 50 3 A 66.0 57 14.9 w 113 15 23 86 4 p 57 5 A 71.5 5H 14.8 nw 55 10 24 90 3 p 61 5 A 75.5 65 14.8 s 79 12 25 83 5 p 65 12 p 74.0 69 10.8 nw 121 14 2 A 2:30 A .04 26 90 3 p 57 5 A 73.5 58 11.5 s 70 17 10 p 10:30? .01 27 76 5 p 67 12 p 71.5 95 1,4 nw 62 15 2 A 8 p 1.24 28 87 2 p 65 4 A 76.0 7^ 4.6 se 34 6 29 80 12m 65 6 A 72.5 79 3.4 s 78 15 1 p 3 p .57 30 86 3 p 68 2 A 77.0 81 4.3 se 65 25 12 M 5 p .23 31 86 6 p 62 5 A 1 74.0 73, 14.4 sw 33 6 i *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.29, 3rd Minimum - 29.57, 27th Mean semi-daily 29.969 Range .0.72 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 93, 8th, 9th Lowest _— .50, 22nd Mean 72.9 Range 43 81.5, 9th .-66, 21st, 22nd 85.5 60.4 Highest mean daily Lowest mean daily Mean maximum Mean minimum Greatest daily range 33, 3rd, 5th, 26th Least daily range 9, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.88 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ...1.24, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 2747 Greatest daily movement 188, 12th Least daily movement 33, 31st Mean hourly velocity 3.7 Maximum velocity 32, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days . 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 9 South, days 5 Southwest, days 5 West, days 2 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 53 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 6 Number hours bright sunshine 335 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine .... 72.5 Thunder and lightning 4th, 11th, 16th 20th, 21st, 2Sth, 27th, 29th. 30th Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 58 Extremes 30.50. 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921 ; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 68.4 50.9 70, 1943; 31, 1924 10 22, 1923; 0, 1915 14 24. '09, '21 ; 5, '89. '23. '28 '36 7 18. 1889: 0, 1910 268 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made durino' the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during July was warmer than usual, with more sunshine and less wind than normal. Eight heavy thunderstorms during the month brought much needed rainfall. The mean temperature for the month was 72.9 degrees, the normal for July being 70.8 degrees. The highest temperature was 93 degrees on the 8th and 9th, and the lowest 50 degrees on the 22nd. A 21-day period beginning June 26 and ending July 16, when the maximum temperatures were in the 80's and 90's every day without a break, made a rather uncomfortable warm spell. In 1911 there was a 29-day period when the daily maximum temperatures, with the exception of one day, ranged from 80 de- grees to 104 degrees. On three consecutive days during that period the afternoon temperatures reached 102.5, 104, and 101.5 degrees respectively. Other warm Julys were recorded in 1921 and 1935. The total precipitation was 3.88 inches, compared with the normal for July of 4.10 inches. The total precipitation since the first of the year is now 21.53 inches, while the normal for this period is 25.30 inches. There were 335 hours of sunshine, the normal being 268 hours. The total wind movement was 2747 miles as compared to the normal for July of 3422 miles. Dr. Shaw makes the following comments: "The progress of vegetation during July was about normal. There were hot periods and, at times, lack of rain threatened to cause drought conditions. However, timely showers relieved the situation, and the month closed with enough moisture in the soil to maintain normal growth of crops for a week or more. Early varieties of apples matured somewhat earlier than normal. Hail on July 30 damaged crops a little to the north of us. The hay crop was generally small and there has not yet been enough rain to grow a very heavy second crop." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 668 August. 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground. 36 ft. Above sea level. 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >< •5 3 ffi-g Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum W O 3 be C C c .-S* V V V i iJ s > 1-^ — .2 5 o B r< o c •o CI ^ rl Q M Q Q 3'n V 1- s > §0. •a c o t/5 1 89 2 p 60 5 A 74.5 70 10.9 w 30 4 2 85 3 p 68 5 A 76.5 84 6.2 se 55 10 3 85 5 p 67 12 p 76.0 82 8.7 ne 97 12 7 :30 A 9:00 A .16 4 96 4 p 64 3 A 80.0 78 10.8 s 26 5 5 94 2 p 70 5 A 82.0 67 7.0 sw 89 12 6 81 3 p 70 7 A 75.5 77 6.4 nw 122 13 7 71 1 p 62 5 A 66.5 80 0.7 nw 124 10 2 :30 A 3:00 a .02 8 81 5 p 57 6 A 69.0 58 14.2 nw 134 14 9 85 5 p 49 6 A 67.0 61 14.2 sw 43 4 10 93 4 p 57 5 A 75.0 68 14.2 sw 81 10 11 97 3 p 63 6 A 80.0 66 14.1 s 66 10 12 99 3 p 68 6 A 83.5 66 14.1 se 126 11 13 96 2p 72 6 A 84.0 83 10.3 se 109 8 14 94 12 m 74 4 A 84.0 87 3.7 e 97 36 1 :00 p 4 :30 p 2.18 15 93 5 p 67 4 A 80.0 82 10.7 e 55 7 T 16 95 3 p 73 6 A 84.0 79 6.4 e 88 10 17 94 1 p 70 4 p 82.0 79 8.7 e S7 25 2:00p 10:00? 1.72 18 88 5 p 59 12 p 73.5 71 9.3 w 134 25 6:00 A 6 :30 a .02 19 75 3 p 50 6 A 62.5 67 13.8 nw 1.-; 17 20 79 4 p 45 6 A 62.0 53 13.7 se 62 7 21 85 2 p 58 5 A 71.5 65 7.7 se 153 13 10:00p ll:30p .04 22 83 4 p 65 6 A 74.0 8.^ 5.3 se 132 9 0 A 3 a .04 23 80 3 p 60 6 A 70.0 62 9.0 sw 107 2^ 11:30p 12 p .03 24 73 3 p 56 6 A 64.5 79 3.5 nw 156 17 2 A 4 p .12 25 72 3 p 45 5 A 58.5 64 13.5 nw 84 12 T 26 74 2 p 43 6 A 58.5 64 13.5 nw ■ 101 15 27 79 3 p 47 5 A 63.0 58 13 5 nw 107 11 28 80 3 p 45 5 A 62.5 59 8.8 sw 50 5 29 77 1 p 59 5 A 68.0 68 4.5 sw 128 13 T 30 79 4 p 52 5 A 65.5 67 13.3 sw 150 18 31 86 3 p 54 5 A 70.0 67 10.3 sw 51 7 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.36, 20th Minimum 29.63, 17th Mean semi-daily 29.986 Range 0.73 Air Temperature, in Highest — - Lowest Mean Range - Highest mean daily 84, Lowest mean daily Mean maximum Mean minimum Greatest daily range Least daily range degrees F, -99, 12th 43, 26th 72.4 -.56 13th, 14th, 16th _58.5, 25th, 26th 85.1 ..59.6 ..-.-..36, 9th, 10th 9, 7th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.33 Snow - — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs.— .2.18, 14th Number of days with .01 or more _-.9 Wind, in miles Total movement 2978 Greatest daily movement 156, 24th Least daily movement -.26, 4th Mean hourly velocity ._ „ 4.0 Maximum velocity . 36, 14th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days .— .0 Northeast, days 1 East, days 4 Southeast, days 6 South, days 2 Southwest, days 8 West, days 2 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 55 Number of clear days 1 17 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 3 Number hours bright sunshine 301 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ 78.7 Thunder and lightning 14th, 17th, 22nd First Frost .— — Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100. 1918 37, 1894, 1908 34, 1940 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16. 1892, 1933; 4. 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40. 1941 67, 1901 ; 27, 1923 23, 1941; 0, 1915. 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, 1910, '23 332, 1941; 152, 1915, 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.38. The third coknnn gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during August was marked with several ex- tremes. The first three weeks were very warm with 10 days on which the temperature exceeded 90 degrees, the hottest being 99 degrees on August 12. This has been exceeded only once in August in the history of this station. This was in 1918 when the maximum temperature was 100 degrees. The weather cooled off during the last week in August so that the mean temperature for the month was 72.4 degrees. This has been exceeded only twice since 1889; in 1937 when the mean for August was 73.3 degrees and 1939 when it was 73.5 degrees. The mean temperature for the three summer months of the past season was 70.5 degrees. This equals the previous record for hot summer months which was reached in 1939. The rainfall during the month was 4.33 inches. Of this amount 2.18 inches fell on the afternoon of the 14th. During part of this storm rain fell at a greater intensity than had previously been recorded at this station. A total of 2.02 inches fell in one-half hour and 1.10 inches fell in 10 minutes. The rain on the 14th was followed by another heavy rain on the 17th when 1.72 inches fell. There were 301 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 237 hours. The mean relative humidity for the month was 70.8 percent. The highest wind velocity was 36 miles per hour on the 14th. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments: "The weather during August was characterized by extremely hot periods and it was on the dry side much of the time. The month closes with the soil pretty dry. Timely rains broke the drought before disas- trous results took place but many crops suffered injury. Fruit plants stood the dry weather with little injury; and apples, peaches, and other fruits are sizing and coloring well. Except in orchards on low, frosty sites, where the freeze of May 19 was disastrous, all tree fruits promise good crops of excellent fruit." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 669 September 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •a 'i 3 Im 4j Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum V a Q s V > O 3 c c 5 1! > V OJ g 3 c d bo m -a c W o 1 83 12 M 65 5 A 74.0 81 2.7 se 69 7 5 p 11:30p .16 2 89 1 p 65 11 P 77.0 69 9.8 w 87 13 9:30 p 10 p .35 3 81 3 p 61 12 p 71.0 66 13.1 nw 158 15 0 A 2:30 A .05 4 79 12 M 53 5 A 66.0 72 8.4 sw 59 8 5 76 1 p 62 12 p 69.0 90 1.9 sw 55 8 2:30 p 3p .22 6 81 3 p 58 4 A 69.5 76 5.6 se 62 12 7 77 1 p 53 12 p 65.0 65 12.9 w 185 20 8 71 3 p 51 5 A 61.0 64 7.2 w 191 22 9 67 2 p 49 12 p 58.0 73 2.6 w 81 10 10 76 3 p 44 6 A 60.0 71 12.8 w 49 7 11 81 1 p 45 6 A 63.0 67 12.8 sw 39 8 12 70 1 p 50 5 A 60.0 80 0.4 nw 54 8 5:30 p Up .49 13 63 4 p 57 0 A 60.0 98 0.0 nw 109 8 4 A 10 p .54 14 76 3 p 62 0 A 69.0 98 0.0 ne 205 55 1 A 12 p 2.66 15 84 1 p 61 12 p 72,5 74 6.5 w 191 48 0 A 1 A .07 16 80 2 p 55 5 A 67.5 78 6.4 nw 40 10 17 82 3 p 56 5 A 69.0 72 12.6 e 75 8 18 71 4 p 58 12 p 64.5 81 6.4 e 49 8 19 72 2 p 53 3 A 62.5 92 1.0 sw 35 5 20 74 1 p 64 5 A 69.0 89 0.0 se 38 4 21 78 2 p 61 12 p 69.5 88 0.8 se 126 13 10 P Up .41 22 69 4 p 47 12 p 58.0 57 11.2 w 226 28 23 59 2 p 36 12 p 47.5 66 12.1 nw 183 20 24 64 2 P 33 6 A 48.5 74 12.1 sw 50 7 25 67 3 p 34 5 A .SO. 5 66 9.0 e 55 8 26 74 1 p 44 5 A 59.0 71 7.A e 105 9 27 74 2 p 52 6 A 63.0 78 9.4 se 70 9 28 68 1 p 60 2 A 64 0 93 0.0 se 131 12 1 P 11 p .31 29 65 0 A 41 12 P 53.0 71 12.0 w 281 25 0 A 12:30 A .05 30 66 3 p 36 6 A 51.0 67 9.9 nw 94 12 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ...30.53, 18th Minimum 29.13, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.029 Range 1 .40 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 2nd Lowest ^ 33, 24th Mean 63.0 Range 56 Highest mean daily 77.0, 2nd Lowest mean daily 47.5, 23rd Mean maximum 73.9 Mean minimum 52.2 Greatest daily range 36, 11th Least daily range 6, 13th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.31 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs.... 2.66, 14th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3152 Greatest daily movement 321, I5th Least daily movement 35, 19th Mean hourly velocity , .... 4.4 Maximum velocity 55, 14th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, clays 0 Northeast, days - 1 East, days 4 Southeast, days 6 South, days 0 Southwest, days 5 West, days _ — 8 Northwest, days 6 "Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76.2 Mean cloudiness, nercent 56 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days .- 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine 207 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - - 55.5 Thunder and lightning 1st, 2nd, 21st First Frost Sept. 21 Normal 30.45 29.57 30.06 .88 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW Extremes 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2. 1907, lO'S 19, 1908: 3, 1889 20. 1934: 3. 19J1 255, 1916: 106, 1934 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13. '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except thait humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The hurricane on the 14th and 15th was the outstanding fea- ture of the weather during September. The storm was much less severe in Amherst than the hurricane of 1938 and comparatively- little damage was done in this section. The highest wind veloc- ity was 55 miles per hour at 10:45 P. M. (E. S. T.) on the 14th. The direction ranged from north to northeast. The barometer reached its lowest reading of 29.13 inches at 10:30 P. M. The total rainfall from the 12th to the 15th was 3.76 inches. The mean temperature during the month was 63 degrees while the normal mean temperature for September is 61.7 degrees. The lowest temperat\ire was 33 degrees on the 24th. There were no killing frosts during the month, although there were light frosts on low ground on the 24th and 25th. The domestic heating load during the month wcs 122 degree-days compared to a normal of 149 degree-days in September. The rain fall during the month was 5.31 inches, the normal being 4.24 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 is 31.17 inches, while the normal precipitation for this period is 33.62 inches. There were 207 hours of bright sunshine which is 6 hours more than normal for September. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following com- ment: "While the hurricane on September 14 was by no means so severe as that of 1938, it ruined some shade and orchard trees and blew off from 20 to 50 percent of the Mcintosh apples remain- ing on the trees. Later varieties suffered less but some of these fell. The taller farm crops still in the field were injured. Com fields were much disturbed. Hurricane damage was worse in the eastern part of the state where a loss up to 75 percent of the Mcintosh still on the trees was reported. Otherwise, the progress of vegetation was about normal. Most fruits ripened a little earlier than usual, perhaps due to abnormally warm weather during the summer." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 670 October 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 4) O 3 bo c c ~ o V Q V V u O V B H 1) Q H > £5 n) I- n a V •a W CO 5 o c 1 67 3 p 38 7 A 52.5 72 11.8 nw 114 12 2 63 1 p 39 6 A 51.0 67 11.7 nw 209 25 3 64 4 p 33 12 p 48.5 58 2.2 nw 104 13 4 67 3 p 29 5 A 48.0 70 11.6 e 55 6 5 72 2 p 35 6 A 53.5 76 11.6 se 62 5 6 67 8 p 57 0 A 62.0 97 0.0 se 132 11 8 A 2 p .36 7 85 2 p 59 12 p 72.0 76 7.0 se 109 13 8 77 3 p 49 12 p 63.0 78 7.3 sw 52 10 2:30 A 3 A .04 •9 71 2 p 43 3 A 57.0 81 5.0 se 38 5 10 70 3 p 49 12 p 59.5 76 6.2 sw 69 9 11 68 2 p 39 7 A 53.5 78 7.7 sw 67 9 12 69 3 p 35 6 A 52.0 79 7.5 s 51 7 13 58 4 p 43 4 A 50.5 91 0.0 sw 44 5 14 59 2 p 50 12 p 54.5 97 1.0 w 77 28 10 A 10:30 A .26 IS 49 1 p 31 12 p 40.0 62 8.9 w 306 28 16 56 1 p 27 5 A 41.5 63 3.8 s 119 13 17 64 4 p 37 2 A 50.5 64 11.0 w 98 14 18 76 4 p 35 6 A 55.5 65 11.0 se 66 8 19 64 9 A 34 12 p 49.0 58 7.9 nw 233 25 20 53 1 p 29 6 A 41.0 74 2.1 nw 59 10 10 :30 p 11:30p .05 21 46 7 p 41 5 A 43.5 96 0.0 nw 256 17 0 A 9 p 1.03 22 51 3 p 34 12 p 42.5 56 7.3 w 243 20 23 62 4 p 29 7 A 45.5 63 10.8 se 107 12 24 64 3 p 36 6 A 50.0 71 4.3 se 123 9 25 65 3 p 43 2 A 54.0 92 4.2 e 81 10 26 62 2p 42 12 p 52.0 73 10.6 w 135 18 27 47 3 p 35 12 p 41.0 61 10.6 nw 326 25 28 54 3 p 30 7 A 42.0 45 10.5 nw 342 22 .29 47 2 p 38 12 p 42.5 60 10.5 w 431 32 30 S3 1 p 30 12 p 41.5 51 10.5 w 214 20 31 58 3 p 24 7 A 41.0 70 10.4 se 74 11 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October, 1944 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.66, 31st Minimum 29.50, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.064 Range 1-16 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest * 85, 7th Lowest 24, 31st Mean 50.0 Range 61 Highest mean daily 72, 7th Lowest mean daily : 40, 15th Mean maximum 62.2 Mean minimum 37.8 Greatest daily range 38, 4th Least daily range 5, 21st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1 .74 Snow — ■- — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 108, 20th, 21st Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 4396 Greatest daily movement 431, 29th Least daily movement ■_, 38, 9th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 32, 29th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days .-..- ^ 0 Northeast, days 0 East . days 2 Southeast, days — - 8 South, days 2 Southwest, days 4 West, days -_ 7 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent ___71.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 53 Number of clear days _ 16 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days ^ 6 Number hours bright sunshine 225 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 66 Thunder and lightning 7th, 8th, 9th First frost ...Oct. '4 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W Extremes 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67. 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3. 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, '23, '38; 91, 1913 Aug.22,'94, •95;Oct. 15,'39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The ^cond column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1943. REMARKS The weather during October was dry and clear, with the temperature very near normal. Rain fell on only five days, with a total fall of 1.74 inches, whereas the normal for October is 3.29 inches. The rainfall during the past three months — August, Sep- tember and October — was 11.38 inches, while the normal rain- fall for this period is 11.61 inches. There were 225 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 175 hours. The mean temperature for the month was 50.0 degrees. The normal mean temperature for October is 50.5 degrees. The high- est temperature was 85 degrees on the 7th and the lowest, 24 degrees on the 31st. The domestic heating load was 472 degree- days, the normal for October being 456 degree-days. The total heating load for September and October this year was 594 degree- days, while the normal for these two months is 605 degree-days. The total wind travel during the month was 4396 miles, the normal for October being 4074 miles. A maximum velocity of 32 miles per hour was recorded on the 29th. The mean relative humidity was 71.6 percent, while the normal for October is 69.0 percent. Correction: A typographical error on page 3 in the September bulletin gives September 21 as the date of the first frost in 1944. There was no frost at this station in September. The date "Sep- tember 21" should appear in the "Normal" column. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 671 November 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Te tnperature •S 's 3 5.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum bo Ji* c c c V u U Q E H u bo V Q E H V > n in — .2 > OJ is e M bo V pq U o B t/) 1 66 4 p 45 3 A 55.5 84 8.7 se 99 11 2 66 3 p 42 12 p 54.0 86 8.0 se 50 5 3 68 4 p 39 1 A 53.5 88 8.1 se 36 7 T 4 64 3 p 46 7 A 55.0 91 4.5 sw 56 6 5 54 1 p 36 12 p 45.0 62 10.0 w 222 22 6 39 2 p 33 9 A 36.0 76 0.1 nw 341 22 10:30 A 2 p .04 .25 7 46 2 p 33 7 A 39.5 56 9.3 nw 335 20 8 50 11 A 28 12 p 39.0 66 3.8 nw 92 15 9 43 3 p 25 3 A 34.0 83 2.1 w 13 1 10 50 9 p 41 0 A 45.5 97 0.0 w 11 1 3 A 6 p .73 11 52 10 A 32 12 p 42.0 72 0.3 w 174 25 7 A 8 A .02 12 45 3 p 28 12 p 36.5 60 9.9 nw 253 20 13 49 3 p 22 7 A 35.5 63 9.9 s 67 17 14 53 3 p 23 6 A 38.0 63 9.8 w 60 13 15 42 3 p 28 2 A 35.0 75 0.7 w 25 4 11 p 12 p .03 16 39 3 A 32 5 p 35.5 93 0.0 nw 129 15 4 A 9 p .90 .50 17 44 3 p 32 0 A 38.0 76 0.7 nw 239 14 !8 40 1 p 34 12 p 37.0 59 0.0 n 131 10 19 48 3 p 27 12 p 37.5 67 9.G nw 104 13 20 43 7 p 23 7 A 33.0 84 1.7 n 20 7 21 42 0 A 36 11 p 39.0 79 0.0 n 297 22 7 p 8 p .01 22 38 1 p 29 12 p 33.5 90 0.0 nw 224 18 6 A 1 p .03 T 23 40 3 p 24 12 p 32.0 66 7.0 sw 88 17 24 39 2 p 19 7 A 29.0 78 4.7 nw 133 22 25 38 2 p 28 12 p 33.0 59 3.7 nw 288 25 26 52 3 p 23 7 A 37.5 68 9.3 w 131 22 27 46 9 p 24 1 A 35.0 95 0.0 se 76 11 6 A 12 p .70 28 50 11 A 29 12 p 39.5 73 5.1 nw 134 20 1 A 1:30 A .02 29 33 12 p 28 1 A 30.5 8^ 0.0 nw 124 9 8 A 12 p .05 :?o 31 39 1 p 30 12 p 34.5 85 0,0 s 278 28 0 A 2 p 1.68 *Rased on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY November, 1944 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.56, 2nd Minimum -28.87, 30th Mean semi-daily 30.005 Range 1 .69 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 68, 3rd Lowest 19, 24th Mean 39.0 Range - 49 Highest mean daily 55.5, 1st Lowest mean daily 29.0, 24th Mean maximum .__47.3 Mean minimum 30.6 Greatest daily range 30, 14th Least daily range 5, 29th « Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.21 Snow 0.75 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ._ .. 1.73, 29th, 30th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4230 Greatest daily movement 341, 6th Least daily movement 11, 10th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 28, 30th "Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 3 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days — 4 South, days ^ 2 Southwest, da5'^s 2 West, days 7 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent .75.8 Mean cloudiness, percent .68 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days ..._ 5 Number of cloudy days 14 Number hours bright sunshine 127 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ... . 43.3 Thunder and lightning — First snow — .-. 6th Extremes 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .89, 1943 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 190] 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50. 1938 22, 1921 ; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44. 1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900, 1911, 1927 16, '12; 4. '89, '30, '32. '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 21, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second cohunn gives tlie averages based on obscrvntions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on obtscrvations made from 1929 to 1938. Tlie third column gives extremes ohser\od fom 1SS9 to 1943 REMARKS The weather during November was near normal in most re- spects. The mean temperature for the month was 39 degrees which is one tenth of a degree higher than normal. The highest temperature was 68 degrees on the 3rd and the lowest was 19 on the 24th. The normal minimum for November is 12.9 degrees. In 1938 the temperature dropped to -4 degrees in November. The domestic heating load for November was 782 degree-days compared to a normal of 784 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of November is 1376 degree-days, while the normal for the period is 1389. This represents 20 percent of the normal year's heating load. The total precipitation during the month was 4.21 inches. Of this amount, 1.73 inches fell during the storm on the 29th and 30th. This storm which was quite severe on the coast gave only mod- erate wind velocities at this station. The highest velocity recorded was 28 miles per hour. It was accompanied with a very low barometer. The minimum v/as 28.87 inches on the 30th. The normal precipitation for November is 3.41 inches. The first snov/ of the season fell on November 3 when 0.25 of an inch fell. This is the normal date for the first snov/. Again on the IStli, 0.50 of an inch of snow fell. The normal snowfall for November is 2.34 inches. There were 127 hours of bright runshine. the nom. 1 being 121 hours. The mean relative humidity was 75.8 percent, while the normal for November is 70.3 percent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorogical Series Bulletin No. 672 December 1944 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1944 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >-> •5 E 3 ffi-g Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum s O 3 60 S B c ^\. X> u^ « ^ "5 3 n Q o be V Q J bo Q > 1^ > *= O S a •a -a c w o c 1 33 11 A n 4 A 30.0 69 0.8 s\v 409 22 2 27 0 A 12 12 p 19.5 55 4.4 nvv 269 22 3 26 2 p 11 4 A 18.5 54 9.3 nw 263 20 4 i7 2 p 14 7 A 25.5 54 9.2 nw 225 18 5 49 2 p 18 5 A 33.5 54 9.2 nw 44 5 6 39 1 p 18 6 A 28.5 76 3.7 w 7 1 7 49 3 p 20 7 A 34.5 76 8.4 n 17 7 8 49 9 p 29 0 A 39.0 83 0.0 ne 96 25 1 p 11:30p .27 9 44 0 A 30 12 p 37.0 69 2.7 \v 210 22 1 A 2 A .05 10 41 12m 30 0 A 35.5 64 0.0 w 229 20 11 40 1 p 22 7 A 31.0 79 6.8 \v 64 14 12 40 9 A 28 12 p 34.0 90 0.0 se 260 28 2 A 8 :30 p .22 .25 13 31 12m 22 12 p 26.5 69 0.0 w 316 25 14 Z2> 3 p 17 7 A 25.0 n 9.2 w 118 17 15 38 2 p 18 6 A 28.0 72 9.2 se 131 12 16 42 2 P 29 0 A 35.5 72 2.8 se 163 25 17 42 2 p 31 3 A 36.5 57 3.8 sw 262 25 18 34 0 A 20 12 p 27.0 47 4.3 nw 188 15 19 20 0 A ] 12 p 10.5 7^ 2.0 nw 179 13 4 A 1 :30p .13 2.50 20 29 2 p -3 1 A 13.0 69 5.1 se 135 17 21 2,i 8 A 12 12 p 22.5 48 5.7 w 270 25 22 12, 3 p -6 7 A 8,5 61 9.0 se 69 13 22, 26 3 p -1 3 A 12.5 81 0.0 se 34 6 24 38 3 p 21 8 A 29.5 79 0.0 s 22 5 25 38 9 p 28 8 A 33.0 92 0.0 se 30 5 3 A 10 p .49 .50 26 ii 2 A 12 12 p 24.5 42 9.2 w 314 32 27 18 3 p 1 8 A 9.5 69 2.7 w 47 12 6 p 12 p .40 2.00 28 31 11 A 16 12 p 23.5 53 9.2 w 331 48 0 A 4 A .32 4.00 29 19 3 p 4 7 A 11.5 47 9.2 nw 150 18 30 28 2 p 0 7 A 14.0 52 9.1 n\A' 44 6 31 32 8 p 20 0 A 26.0 80 0.0 w 29 5 9 A Up .20 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Ff.rnand E. Bartlett. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.71, 27th Minimum ...._29. 1 7, 1 3th Mean semi-daily 30.084 Range _- 1 .54 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 49, 5th, 7th, 8th Lowest -6, 22nd Mean 25.3 "Range 55 Highest mean daily 39, 8th Lowest mean daily 8.5, 22nd Mean maximum 34.4 Mean minimum 16.2 Greatest daily range 32, 20th Least daily range 6, 1st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.18 Snow — 9.25 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .. 72, 27th, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4936 Greatest daily movement _ .409, 1st Least daily movement 7, 6th Mean hourly velocity 6.6 Maximum velocity 48, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days :. 1 Northeast, days __ __ ..1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days __ 1 Southwest , days — —.2 West, days 11 Northwest, days — 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent — .—.66.7 Mean cloudiness, percent ....54 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days . .13 Number hours bright sunshine ...145 Percent of possible hours of bright sunsliine _ _,. 51.2 Normal Extremes 30.66 29.27 . 30.06 1.38 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1. 1917 3.39 8.50 7.77. 1901 : .58, 1943 26.50, '02; t, 1891, 1943 10 17. 1902; 4, 1892. 1943 4710 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 6.3 31.4 48, 1938, 1943 WNW^ 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 71. 1929; 39, 1919 15. 1890; 2. 1922. 1933 16, '09 ; 4, '89 '30, '31. '36. '38 23. '3?, ; 7, '09, '23 172. 1896; 63, 19.33 45.2 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19,38, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 194.3. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1944 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.73, Mar. 22 Minimum 28.87, Nov. 30 Mean semi-daily 30.031 Range 1 .86 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 99, Aug. 12 Lowest -6, Dec. 22 Mean 48.4 Range 105 Highest mean daily 84.0. Aug. 13. 14. 16 Lowest mean daily 8.5, Dec. 22 Mean maximum 59.0 Mean minimum - ci7 .7 Greatest daily range 48, Feb. 14 Least daily range 2, Feb. 27 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _ 39.30 Snow . 31.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 2.66, Sept. 14 Number of days with .01 or more 107 Wind, in miles Total movement 48,557 Greatest daily movement 484, Mar. 1 Least daily movement 3, Jan. 18 Mean hourly velocity ; 5.5 Maximum velocity ...55, Sept. 14 Wind, direction Prevailing direction .- W North, days 9 Northeast, days ....6 East, days 13 Southeast, days 82 South, days . 25 Southwest, days :._ ...37 West, days .76 North we.st, days 118 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent ....68.3 Mean cloudiness, percent ..56.5 Number of clear days ....189 Number of fair days .....79 Number of cloudy days 98 Number hours bright sunshine 2772 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 62.2 Last snow ...Mar. 29 First snow ....Nov. 6 Last frost ...May 19 First frost Oct. 4 Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 31.05, 1920, 28.41, 2.47, 1938; 1.38. 1943 1938 1933 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 104. -26, 49.8, 1921 ; 44. 1911 1904 1904 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2.353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 59.00. 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96. 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 80, 1938 60, "98, '01. '02; 41, '08. '24 217, 1941 ; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64. 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 30.38, 1941 ; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14, '10; May 11, '07 Oct. 10. '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43; June 8, '32 Aug.22. '94. '95;Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 673 January 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 43" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■5 £ 11 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a H be Q H c > o = 2:ca be c c — o > t 5 > c re bi CO w 1 55 5 p 30 0 A 42.5 84 0.0 w 151 25 0 A 12 p 1 .05 2 34 0 A 12 12 p 23.0 48 6.7 \v 295 32 3 26 3 p 7 8 A 16.5 52 3.6 se 127 15 4 38 3 p 21 1 A 29.5 71 0.2 se 75 9 8 A 11 A .06 1.00 5 27 0 A 11 12 p 19.0 43 9.3 w 229 22 6 \7 3 p 4 8 A 10.5 40 9.2 nw 261 18 7 19 12 p 6 7 A 12.5 80 0.0 nw 159 17 4 A 8 V .38 4.50 8 32 2 p 19 0 A 25.5 8.^ 3.0 w 7(- 17 9 32 1 p 6 12 p 19.0 7?, 3.0 nw 117 18 10 12 3 p -4 12 p 4.0 45 9.3 w 190 18 11 19 2 p -8 3 A 5.5 62 6.2 sw 29 5 12 2,2, 8 p -5 2 A 14.0 71 0.0 se 189 20 3 p 5 p .01 T 13 35 1 p 16 12 p 25.5 69 0.1 nw 135 14 14 20 12 p 13 8 A 16,5 81 0.0 nw 285 20 6 A 12 p .38 6.00 15 31 3 p 6 7 A 18.5 81 7.0 nw 184 13 T 16 2?, 12 p 17 1 A 20.0 83 0.0 nw 253 22 5 \ 8 .\ .34 3.50 17 24 3 A 14 12 p 19.0 61 4.8 nw 2i7 22 18 31 3 p 5 9 A 18.0 52 9.5 nw 145 17 19 32 3 p 10 12 p 21.0 51 9.5 n 8" 14 20 38 3 p 0 7 A 19.0 57 9.6 nw -18 R 21 32 3 p 2 7 A 17.0 66 6.2 s .'8 4 22 29 2 p 7 7 A 18.0 79 40 w 4.- 8 2 V 8 p .15 1.50 23 36 4 p 14 1 A 25.0 67 7 8 w 158 25 24 27 12m -3 12 p 12.0 62 60 w 288 45 25 8 3 p -10 7 A -1.0 49 9.7 nw 316 32 26 14 3 p -4 5 A 5.0 43 98 nw 269 28 27 27 1 p 6 3 A 16.5 47 98 nw 336 25 28 Z7 2 p 6 7 A 21.5 49 8.6 se 112 20 29 29 1 p 18 12 p 2.^5 77 4.2 w 164 25 0 .A 11 A .70 7.00 30 28 3 p 13 7 A 20 5 57 10.0 w '?X> 25 31 22 1 p 9 6 A 15.5 59 9.9 w 150 90 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.44, 3rd Minimum 28.98, 1st Mean semi-daily _, 29.998 Range _, 1.46 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest ._..__ __ 55, 1st Lowest -10. 25th Mean . : 17.8 Range .. . _ 65 Highest mean daily _.: 42.5. 1st Lowest mean daily -1.0, 25th Mean maximum 28.0 Mean minimum . . 1 j Greatest daily range 38, 12th, 20th Least daily range .. 6, 16th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.07 Snow ._. 23.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. _ 1.05, 1st Numher of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 5471 Greatest daily movement , ZZl , I7th Least daily movement ...__ 29, 11th Mean hourly velocity . 7.4 Maximum velocity 45, 24th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 1 Northeast, days ._ ._ 0 East, days '. 0 Southeast, days __ __ 4 South, days 1 Southwest, days __.._ .._..l West, days . H Northwest, days 13 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 62.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 51.8 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 1. 10 Number of cloudy days '. 7 Number hours bright sunshine 177 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.2 Thunder and lightning . 29th Normal 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 3.61 13..32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 Extremes 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97. 1896 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 .34.2, 1913; 13.9. 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 17>, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '9.3, '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 19.' 78. 19.32: .37, 1908 20. 1944: 2, 1914 18. 1890. 1926; .3, 1916. 1944 22. 1923. 1931 ; 4. 1920. 1939 214. 1920: 74, 19.32 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.38. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944 REMARKS January produced severe winter weather. The mean tempera- ture was 17.8 degrees which is the coldest January since 1920. In that year the mean temperatiu^e in January was 15.2 degrees. In only four other years since this station was established in 1889 has January been colder than the present year On six days the temperature dropped below zero and on only 8 days was the maximum above 32 degrees. The lowest temperature was -10 degrees on the 25th. The heating load was 1462 de- gree-days whereas the normal for January is 1265 degree-days. The total heating load for the season to the end of January is 4070 degree-days, the normal being 3817 degree-days. The heat- ing load for the season to the end of January is nearly 7 percent higher than normal. The snowfall during the month was 23.50 inches compared to a normal of 13.32 inches. The snowfall for the winter is 33.50 inches; the normal to the end of January is 24.16 inches. The heavy snowfall in January was egualled in 1904 and has been exceeded only 3 times since 1889. The total precipitation was 3.07 inches, the normal being 3.61 inches. There were 177 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 137 hours. The highest wind velocity was 45 miles per hour on the 24th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 674 February 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 4S" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 3 K V > p U 1, Wind Precipit£ ition Maximum Minimum Q M V Q H rt V O 3 3'C 60 c c — .2 > (U £5 £ 5! 3 n! I- c a m T3 T3 C w o c 1 23 3 p 5 7 A 14.0 52 10.0 nw 226 28 2 21 3 p 11 7 A 16.0 53 10.0 w 351 28 3 32 3 p 5 8 A 18.5 59 10.0 nw 196 18 4 33 2 p 3 8 A 18.0 60 6.8 svv 48 / 9 p 12 p .09 1.00 5 33 4 p 6 12 p 19.5 75 8.2 nw 179 18 0 A 8 A .21 3.00 6 37 4 p -1 7 A 18.0 75 10.1 se 31 7 7 .39 3 p 2 4 A 20.5 71 7.2 nw 80 12 8 32 4 A 23 12 p 27.5 87 0.0 nw 213 20 8 A 10 p .35 7.00 9 44 3 p 22 7 A 33.0 77 8.0 n\\- 212 22 10 38 4 p 19 0 A 28.5 78 2 5 e 24 9 11 43 3 p 28 10 p 35.5 57 10.4 w 154 20 12 39 3 p 23 8 A 31.0 56 5.5 w 124 18 13 25 4 p 14 7 A 19.5 68 0.0 nw 94 13 14 26 3 p 21 11 p 23.5 80 2.1 nw 177 13 6 A 4 p .05 1.00 15 38 3 p 18 4 A 28.0 78 3.4 .se 65 11 8 p 12 p .09 1.00 16 42 11 A 30 0 A 36.0 57 7.0 w 232 28 0 A 8 A .41 3.00 17 35 1 p 17 12 p 26.0 51 4.0 w 200 28 18 29 11 A 4 7 A 16.5 66 10.6 w 121 20 19 29 3 p 5 7 A 17.0 65 10.7 A\- 133 12 20 30 3 p -1 5 A 14.5 73 3 5 n 59 7 21 39 4 p 10 7 A 24.5 73 8.0 e 86 11 8 1- 12 p .09 T 22 38 12 p 28 1 A 33.0 97 0.0 se 90 20 0 A 2 p 1.31 23 42 3 p 34 8 A 38.0 75 3.0 w 126 20 4 A 7 A .02 24' 37 1 p 31 6 A 34.0 60 5.4 w 274 32 25 41 3 p 23 12 p 32.0 - 53 11.0 w 240 22 26 43 12 p 20 3 A 31.5 89 0.0 sw 50 11 12:30p 9:30p .62 27 43 0 A 28 8 p 35.5 54 4.2 w 341 40 2 A 5 :30 A .05 28 42 3 p 20 7 A 31.0 52 9.4 SP 151 22 9:30 p 12 r .04 0.50 ''Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Ohscrvci- MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum „.. _.-.30.55, 25th Minimum 29.59. 27th Mean semi-daily ._..... 30.085 Range 0.96 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 44, 9tli Lowest -1, 6th, 20th Mean 25.7 Range 45 Highest mean daily 38, 23rd Lowest mean daily ...-. 14, 1st M ean maximum „_.35.5 Mean minimum 16.0 Greatest daily range 38, 6th Least daily range 5, 14th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.33 Snow 16.50 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. - 1.40, 21st, 22nd Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement v 4277 Greatest daily movement 351, 2nd Least daily movement 24, 10th ]VIean hourly velocity .._ .___ 6.4 Ma.ximum velocity 32, 24th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 1 Northeast, days -— 0 East, days 2 Southeast, days ; __ 4 South, days 0 Southwest, days :.._. ._ 2 West, days 11 Northwest, days ! 8 Weather Mean relative liumidity, percent 67.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days __ _ _12 Number of fair days _... 6 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine .— 171 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine . 57.8 Tlunider aufl lightning _ — Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 5'3.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -23, 1943 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50. 1937 15, '93. '20; 4. 1901 6445. 1896; .3438, 1892 48. 1934, 1937. 1944 66.6 50.9 66. '90. '27; 31. 1005 10 19. 1941 , 2. 1927 8 16. 1920; 2, 1936 10 16. 1894; 2. 1920 158 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19,38. The third colunm gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS The weather during February was wanner than normal with a mean temperature of 25.7 degrees. The normal for February is 23.7 degrees. It was quite cold during the first week of the month, about normal for two weeks, and then warmer than normal during the last week. The mean temperature for the three winter months of December, January, and February was 22.9 degrees while the normal for that period is 25.1 degrees. The domestic heating load for the month was 1100 degree-days, making the total for the season 5170 degree-days. The normal for February is 1165 degree-days and for the season to the end of February the normal is 4982 degree-days. The heating load to the end of February is therefore about 4 percent higher than normal. The snowfall during the month was 16.50 inches com- pared to a normal of 13.99 inches. The snowfall for the winter is now 50.00 inches, the normal for the period being 38.15 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 3.33 inches. The normal for February is 3.19 inches. There were 171 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 158 hours. Total wind movement was^ 4277 miles while the normal wind travel for February is 4776 miles. The maximum wind velocity was 32 miles per hour on the 24th. The prevailing direc- tion was west. Mean relative humidity was 67.5 percent, the normal being 66.6 percent. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 675 March 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 D K > U aj Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum « Q V V u u Q V E H V V u bo Q V S H c O D n c — .2 > O 3 S M ZD3 C C > v Pki5 c u _ E 2 > ^ 0 % a c be 0 s in 1 71 4 p 45 5 A 58.0 53 12.7 w 313 28 2 61 6 p 52 5 A 56.5 84 0.0 se 189 15 9 A 12 p .41 3 69 3 p 48 12 p 58.5 1?, 11.7 n\v 211 28 4 48 0 A 39 12 p 43.5 87 0.0 e 197 14 8:30 p 12 p .06 5 49 6 p i'h 12 p 41.0 n 4.5 w 272 40 0 A 12 M 1.13 6 51 6 p 31 3 A 41.0 44 13.0 vv 366 20 7 61 2 p 27 7 A 44.0 57 13.0 se 187 28 8 71 3 p 36 7 A 53.5 66 13.0 se 166 13 9 16 4 p 35 6 A 55.5 66 13.1 se 80 7 10 81 4 p 2>1 7 A 59.0 65 13.1 se 82 11 11 80 5 p 47 7 A 63.5 79 8.5 se 92 10 12 82 4 p 56 6 .A. 69.0 n 8.0 se 118 12 13 86 4 p 54 6 A 70.0 80 9.0 se 105 14 "^ 14 75 2 p 49 12 p 62.0 55 10.7 w 22^ 25 15 57 4 p 36 6 A 46.5 46 13.3 nw 154 11 16 S3 11 A 36 1 ^ 44.5 64 1.9 se 113 11 17 67 5 p 44 5 A 55.5 96 0.0 se 132 17 1 :30 A 12 p .50 18 67 3 p -12 12 r 54.5 50 12^ w 179 Z2 ■19 52 5 p 35 12 p 43.5 51 13.5 vv 275 ?? 20 63 1 p 34 5 .* 48 5 64 7.0 se 185 20 21 63 3 p 38 5 .^ 50..^ 70 10.0 se 79 17 4:30 p 7:30 1 .26 22 48 5 p 38 12 p 43.0 54 9.Q nw 484 1^2 23 56 6 p 26 5 A 41.0 42 137 nw 119 13 24 62 3 p 30 5 A 46 0 61 6 9 se 72 9 25 55 12 M 42 11 p 48.5 93 0.0 nw 83 9 12:30p 11:30 p 2.83 26 68 3 p 43 0 A 55 = 79 12.J nw 224 17 9 p 12 p .05 27 57 12 M 41 8 p 49 0 16 0 5 w 178 28 O A 7 A .06 28 57 4 p 39 5 A 48 0 63 12.0 nw Z2^2 25 29 61 1 p 40 5 ,A 50.5 76 7.0 nw 90 9 30 60 3 p 45 6 A 52.5 81 7.0 w 70 13 5:30 A 12 p .13 31 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Barti.ett, Observer REMARKS The warm weather which started in March continued through the first half of April but the latter half of the month has been near normal. The mean temperature for the month, however, was 51.8 degrees which is 6.8 degrees higher than normal. The high mean temperature of 51.8 degrees has been exceeded only once in April since 1889; that was in 1941 when the mean was 52.1 degrees. The highest temperature was 86 degrees on the 13th, The lowest tem- perature was 26 degrees on the 23rd, causing general damage to the fruit crop. The domestic heating load was 406 degree-days compared to a normal of 579 degree-days. The heating load for the season to the end of April is 6221 degree-days, the normal for that period being 6511 degree-days. The rainfall during the month was 5.43 inches with no snow. The normal precipitation for April is 3.35 inches with 2.17 inches of snow. There were 258 hours of bright sunshine which is 38 hours more than normal. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following report on the progress of vegetation: "The fear of cold injury expressed last month proved well founded. Temperatures appropriate to March came along in April and there has been severe damage to fruit crops. Apple bloom was not as heavy as expected but there was enough for a good crop. We had a narrow escape on April 6 and 7 when tem- peratures approached the danger point but caused little if any in- jury. Then on the morning of April 23 there was severe and wide- spread damage. There was less difference in orchards on different elevations than there was from the freeze of May 19, 1944. Injury was more general and more severe. From 80 to 90 percent of the flowers on all tree fruits in our orchards were killed. This seems to include all that were open at the time. Some of the unopened buds were killed and others survive. Ordinarily such buds do not pro- duce much good fruit but being relieved of the competition from the earlier openmg flowers they may mature good fruits. The continued low temperatures that prevailed through April are unfavorable to bee flight and to fertilization of the blossoms. From one to three weeks must pass before we can tell how many of these flowers will produce fruits. The little embryonic peaches have not swelled fol- lowing bloom as they usually do. This may be only a delay due to continued cold weather or they may be ruined. In some parts of this state more injury is reported to have occurred on April 24 but in Amherst the temperature was about 4° higher and little if any additional injury took place. Apparently in Amherst orchards as much or more than in any other section of the state there is still a danger period of 2 or 3 weeks ahead of us. "Open strawberry flowers were killed but these were too few to materially affect the crop. No distinct injury to bush fruits and grapes has yet been determined. "The apple blossom period was the earliest and most prolonged of any in the past 40 or more years and fully three weeks ahead of normal. Last year the blooming period of all tree fruits lasted scarcely over a week; this year it has continued for nearly a month and some apple blossoms had not opened at the end of April. "Two successive years of cold damage to fruits has never be- fore occurred in Massachusetts within the memory of the present generation. There may be a good many bushels of apples and other tree fruits in Massachusetts in 1945 but the crop must be re- duced 50 percent and probably more — perhaps much more." BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 677 May 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42^ 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 3 « 5.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1 Q M Q £ Q c X V > EM z« c c — 2 <^5 c V _ E 2 > c n ■o I' ■c c V is o 1 52 4 p 43 12 p 47.5 96 0.0 e 97 15 7 A 11:30 a .25 2 60 3 p 38 5 A 49.0 77 6.0 se 66 9 4 p 5 p .04 3 60 1 p 42 6 A 51.0 83 6.3 e 133 18 5:30p 12 p .50 4 48 2 p 42 0 A 45.0 97 0.0 nw 162 14 1 :30 A 9 p .58 5 63 1 p 46 0 A 54.5 72 7.9 se 152 18 6 61 1 p 39 5 A 50.0 79 8.8 w 120 15 2 p 3 p .04 7 68 4 p 40 5 A 54.0 66 14.2 se 47 8 8 60 2 p 41 6 A 50.5 74 2.2 se 88 18 1 p 3 :30 r .25 9 58 3 p 39 12 p 48.5 49 13.5 w 206 22 10 46 11 A 36 3 p 41.0 86 0.0 nw 79 15 11:30 A 12 p 1.07 .75 11 55 5 p 31 1 A 43.0 57 10.1 nw 341 32 0 A 6 A .46 .25 12 66 3 p 39 3 A 52.5 53 7.7 se 89 10 13 61 1 p 48 12 p 54.5 86 1.5 nw 62 20 1 r 6 r .54 14 77 3 p 41 5 A 59.0 59 11.8 w 88 12 15 80 3 p 51 4 A 65.5 77 10.7 se 175 18 8 p 12 p .61 16 64 3 p 51 6 A 57.5 85 4.6 nw 86 12 • 0 A 12:30 a .10 17 66 12 p 52 5 A 59.0 95 1.1 w 42 6 7 p 12 1- .14 18 70 4 P 56 11 p 63.0 97 2.8 se 92 10 1 :30 A 4:30 p 1.04 19 58 2 A 45 12 p 51.5 92 0.0 nw 145 18 8 A 5 p .35 20 71 5 p 36 5 A 53.5 52 0.0 n 125 17 21 71 3 p 46 3 A 58.5 75 3.7 se 95 12 22 80 3 p 50 3 A 65.0 85 6.8 s 124 17 ll:30r- 12 p .05 23 63 11 A 46 12 p 54.5 61 6.5 w 358 -?? 0 A 1 A .04 24 65 4 p 40 5 A 52.5 54 12.5 w 167 18 25 72 7 p 37 5 A 54.5 64 7.5 se 65 8 26 81 2 p 41 5 A 61.0 59 13.5 se 71 7 27 60 4 p 48 5 A 54.0 92 0.0 se 57 8 9:30 A 12 :30 p .06 28 64 2 p 45 1 A 54.5 89 0.0 se 140 17 1 A 9 p .U 29 74 5 p 56 12 P 65.0 58 88 nw 215 17 0 A 1 :30 A .06 30 64 1 p 48 11 p 56.0 52. 9.5 w 301 2"^ 1 A 4 :30 A .13 31 60 3 p 42 12 p 51.0 • 48 12.0 w 391 35 1 ^Based on least time required to hlmv Z, 7th Least daily range 7, 19th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 7.67. Snow -— — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs.- 2.25, 17th Number of days with .01 or more 17 Wind, in miles Total movement 2805 Greatest daily movement 279, 27th Least daily movement 30, 13th Mean hourly velocity 3.9 Maximum velocity - - - 32, l5th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 5 Northeast, days ._. 0 East, days 4 Southeast, days 6 South, days 2 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days ...9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 7 Number hours bright sunshine 242 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine .. ... 53 Thunder and lightning 11th, 15th, 17th, 18th, 25th, 26th Last frost April 24 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 Extrei 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922; 4, 19U8 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48. 1939 71, 1903; 28 1908 22. 1908, 1941, 1943; 1. 1927 23, 1912; 3, 1941 21, 1903; 1, 1923 362. 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 "e a Wind Precipitation Max mum Minimum K o s C C c Q u u M a B V u M U Q E 2 > s2 — .2 > V 5 > o ° c n ta V n c o B 1 64 5 p 37 5 A 50.5 46 10.0 w 241 22 2 61 12 m 39 0 A 50.0 71 3.0 n 41 5 3:30p 5 p .06 3 57 2 p 46 8 A 51.5 89 3.1 n 68 10 6 A 8 A .08 4 62 1 p 46 6 A 54.0 64- 4.3 e 71 11 5 57 3 p 44 5 A 50.5 88 5.0 n 110 12 1 A 10:30p .22 6 65 5 p 45 5 A 55.0 67 9.0 nw 109 20 0 A 2 A .05 7 70 2 p 37 5 A 53.5 58 9.3 nw 86 17 8 72 3 p 43 5 A 57.5 64 12.6 n 77 22 9 78 1 p 46 5 A 62.0 64 7.2 se 40 6 10 67 2 p 55 5 A 61.0 88 1.0 se 79 9 12 :30 p 12 p .21 11 81 3 p 59 0 A 70.0 98 6.6 e 113 18 0 A 8 p .68 12 81 3 p 58 12 p 69.5 67 13.0 n 89 13 1 A 1 :30 A .01 13 78 5 p 52 5 A 65.0 76 9.0 w 30 5 12:30 A 1 p .01 14 90 1 p 58 5 A 74.0 82 10.6 se 54 7 15 92 11 A 64 5 A 78.0 85 6.0 se 106 32 1 p 12 p 1.85 16 87 6 p 66 0 A 76.5 86 7.2 e 37 11 5 A 6 A .13 17 88 1 p 67 7 A 77.5 85 8.5 sw 93 12 1 :30 A 10 p 2.25 18 88 2 p 67 12 p 77.5 85 5.0 se 91 17 8:30p 9 p .22 19 72 5 p 65 12 p 68.5 89 2.1 nw 58 18 7 :30 p 12 p .09 20 75 7 p 58 6 A 66.5 87 6.7 nw 125 20 0 A 8 A .73 21 79 3 p 52 5 A 65.5 85 8.5 s 79 20 6:30p 10 p .58 22 82 5 p 60 5 A 71.0 65 15.3 nw 81 12 23 84 5 p 56 3 A 70.0 54 14.0 nw 181 22 24 84 5 p 54 5 A 69.0 64 9.2 s 55 7 6 p 6:30p .04 25 90 3 p 62 5 A 76.0 72 12.0 se 87 8 26 72 0 A 58 12 P 65.0 88 0.0 nw 141 14 0 A 4 p .46 27 79 4 p 59 5 A 69.0 65 11.6 nw 279 22 T 28 86 4 p 61 5 A 73.5 64 10.0 w 45 4 29 89 2 p 63 5 A 76.0 72 9.6 e 50 22 30 92 3 p 68 5 A 80.0 66 12.6 nw 89 17 31 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fern AND R. Rarti-ETT, Observer REMARKS The outstanding feature of June weather was the excessive rainfall. Rain fell on 17 days with a total of 7.67 inches. This rainfall for June has been exceeded only three times since the station was established in 1889: In June 1903 with a rainfall of 7.79 inches, in 1922 with 9.68 inches, and in 1938 with 8.45 inches. Only once was this June rainfall exceeded during the period from 1836 to 1888. In 1862 the June rainfall in Amherst was 11.69 inches. The normal rainfall for June is 3.75 inches. The normal total rainfall for April, May and June is 10.70 inches. This year the rainfall for these three months is 19.55 inches. This has never been reached since records have been taken since 1836. Nor- mally rain falls on 34 days during the three spring months. This year rain fell on 46 days. The mean temperature for the month was 66.1 degrees, the normal being 65.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 92 degrees on the 15th and 30th. The lowest temperature was 37 degrees on the 1st and 7th. The heating load during the month was 105 degree-days compared to a normal of 68 degree-days. This brings the total heating load for the season to 6664 degree- days, the normal being 6846 degree-days. The heating load for the season was therefore slightly less than 3 percent below nor- mal. There were 242 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 257 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following statement: "Excessive rainfall continued through June but with a change to hot, humid weather. The hay crop is heavy but freguent rains have de- layed harvest and injured guality. Peaches and pears have set a good crop, but a severe local hailstorm on the afternoon of June 15 caused injiiry and broke a large percentage of our green- house glass, although there was little or no hail damage a mile or two away. The strawberry crop was good but suffered from rot because of wet weather. The raspberry crop will be good but blueberries will be short. Some varieties of apples set well from late bloom in spite of April freezes but, in our own orchards, suffered from hail damage. Mcintosh, our main variety, failed to set well from the uninjured blossoms and the crop will be very small. Few of our mature trees will yield a bushel each. The apple crop in this vicinity will be the smallest in many years and of poor quality because of scab, frost russeting, and, in our own orchards, hail damage. Last month's estimate of half a crop was over optimistic, largely because of a poor set of Mcintosh. Present indications suggest a quarter of a crop is a more reason- able expectation." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 679 July, 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72" 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 "i 9 m Wind Precipitation Max mum Minimum X O 3 C3 B c •Z'u c U^ — 0 "S s m V i V Q V B V V u M a B h a V > si *''Z 15 CI u E <^ o M c be tl 05 -a •T3 C o a 1 92 2 P 63 5 A 77.5 73 12.3 se 76 28 3:30p 4 p .58 2 82 1 A 60 12 p 71.0 80 5.0 s 47 13 4 p 9:30p .26 3 77 4 p 53 12 p 65.0 62 15.2 nw 168 20 4 79 2 p 50 5 A 64.5 65 14.2 se 87 11 5 84 3 p 60 5 A 72.0 69 11.7 se 146 13 6 83 1 p 58 12 p 70.5 66 9.0 nw 145 25 1 A 2:30p .34 7 81 4 p 52 4 A 66.5 61 15.0 w 90 18 8 83 3 p 55 2 A 69.0 61 14.0 se 74 12 9 86 2 p 57 3 A 71.5 76 9.0 s 112 13 8:30p 9:30p .04 10 79 1 p 56 12 p 67.5 84 5.2 se 200 17 2 p 3:30p 1.24 11 69 5 p 51 3 A 60.0 49 14.0 w 222 21 12 76 4 p 46 5 A 61.0 53 13.5 se 101 10 13 77 4 p 56 5 A 66.5 67 10.0 se 162 14 14 82 2 p 61 7 A 71.5 76 9.5 se 116 12 11:30p 12 p .13 15 76 11 A 68 12 p 72.0 89 0.0 se 227 18 0 A 7 p \n 16 79 5 p 64 12 p 71.5 81 8.0 nw 94 6 17 75 1 p 61 5 A 68.0 77 4.3 nw 56 6 9:30p 11:30p .06 18 83 1 p 66 6 A 74.5 82 8.0 se 75 8 1:30 a 6 A .69 19 80 11 A 70 9 p 75.0 86 3.2 se 93 9 9 A 6 p .11 20 80 5 p 69 0 A 74.5 86 6.0 se 115 12 11 A 12 M .03 21 85 2 p 69 4 A 77.0 69 10.0 nw 121 10 22 78 11 A 66 12 p 72.0 76 2.0 e 71 13 4 :30 p 6:30p .27 23 81 4 p 64 3 A 72.5 72 10.0 se 47 6 4 A 6 A .01 24 79 5 p 64 5 A 71.5 82 9.0 e 59 5 25 87 2 p 65 2 A 76.0 79 7.0 se 108 9 26 88 1 p 68 12 p 78.0 73 9.2 nw 95 10 6 A 6:30 a .04 27 81 3 p 57 12 p 69.0 57 10.0 e 123 10 28 77 2 p 5,^ 4 A 65.0 75 7.0 e 46 5 6:30p 12 p .91 29 77 5 p 65 8 A 71 0 80 .18 nw 64 5 0 A 12 p .93 30 84 3 p 66 6 A 75.0 76 109 se 53 6 31 81 4 p 63 12 p 72.0 76 8.9 e 77 7 *Rased on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand R. Barti.ett. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.37, 17th Minimum 29.67, 10th Mean semi-daily _ 30.024 Range .-_-. .-- _ 0.70 Air Temperature, in degreea F. Highest -92, 1st Lowest - — 46, 1 2th Mean — - 70.6 Range 46 Highest mean daily - 78, 26th Lowest mean daily — 60, 11th Mean maximum 80.7 Mean minimum 60.5 Greatest daily range 30, 12th Least daily range 8, 15th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation .— - -7.36 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .-1.85, 14th, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 16 Wind, in miles Total movement 3270 Greatest daily movement -_ —227, 15th Least daily movement —46, 28th Mean hourly velocity — ' 4.4 Maximum velocity 28, 1st Wind; direction Prevailing direction — SE North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days —5 Southeast, days -.15 South, days .2 Southwest, days '. .....0 West, days 2 Northwest, days .7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.1 Mean cloudiness, percent .60 Number of clear days .9 Number of fair days 17 Number of cloudy days 5 Number hours bright sunshine 275 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine . 59.5 Thunder and lightning 1st, 6th, 10th, 18th Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW Extremes 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921 ; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109. 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21 ; 5, '89, '23. '28, '36 18. 1889; 0. 1910 371. 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19.^8. except thait humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 19.38. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS The outstanding feature of July weather was the continuation of the heavy rainfall which started in April. Rain fell on 16 days in July and the total was 7.36 inches as compared to a normal of 4.10 inches. This heavy rainfall has been exceeded only three times in July since 1889: 10.52 inches fell in 1889; 14.51 in 1897, and 9.13 in 1915. Much of the rain occurred as heavy showers. The total rainfall since April 1 is now 26.91 inches, the normal for this period being 14.80 inches. The heavy rainfall has been disastrous for many crops and has made haying particularly difficult. The mean temperature for the month was 70.6 degrees which is only 0.2 of a degree less than normal. In spite of the frequent rains, we had 275 hours of bright sunshine while the normal for July is 268 hours. There were no high winds and the average humidity was 73.1 percent. Professor J. S. Bailey of the Department of Pomology makes the following comments: "July has been another month of hot, humid weather and excessive rainfall. A prospective good raspberry crop turned out to be very light because so many berries became too soft or molded on the bushes. The blueberry crop, b»th culti- vated and wild, has been cut heavily by mummy berry disease. Apple scab has been the worst in years. Mcintosh orchards that were not frequently and thoroughly sprayed are heavily infected. Scab carry- over for next year will h% heavy. "Light crops and abundant water have resulted in rapid sizing of fruit with prospects of many oversized apples of poor keeping quality. Several very heavy rains have increased the difficulty of in- sect control by washing off arsenical sprays. Severe erosion during the heavy rains re-emphasizes the need for erosion control in many places. Late blight of potatoes appeared early and is very severe in many Connecticut Valley fields. Many other diseases of both fruits and vegetables have been unusually severe." MASS. ST ATE COLLEGE AMHERST, MASS. 10 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 680 August, 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1945 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft Above sea level. 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURia EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> '•B 'b 3 g.s Wind Precipitation Max imum Minimum 0} X "o 3 c Ji» V V Q E V V u V Q s c V > 3"C — .2 HI; c a bo V PQ -a c o c 1 75 5 p 60 6 A 67.5 79 6.7 se 67 6 2 81 2 p 64 5 A 72.5 71 8.5 se 81 9 3 86 1 p 62 12 p 74.0 57 13.0 nw 170 18 4 76 12 M 55 5 A 65.5 57 9.2 w 159 20 5 78 4 p 50 5 A 64.0 60 13.0 w 139 17 6 62 12 m 52 4 A 57.0 91 0.0 w 51 13 10 A 12 p 1.05 7 67 5 p 58 5 A 62.5 87 0.8 nw 146 13 8 80 4 p 57 5 A 68.5 74 8.7 nw 56 10 9 80 12 M 57 5 A 68.5 70 9.7 sw 48 10 12:30p 1 p .25 10 84 2 p 53 5 A 68.5 78 6.1 sw 37 5 11 88 3 P 56 6 A 72.0 72 14.0 w 40 3 12 87 1 p 59 5 A 73.0 71 9.0 s 36 7 13 85 3 p 66 5 A 75.5 72 10.1 se 120 7 14 84 1 p 67 3 A 75.5 76 7.8 se 157 11 15 81 2 p 57 12 p 69.0 71 5.0 nw 213 20 16 77 4 p 47 5 A 62.0 62 12.9 se 58 7 17 79 3 p 50 5 A 64.5 67 10.0 se 64 8 18 82 3 p 52 5 A 67.0 71 13.8 s 60 5 19 84 2 p 54 5 A 69.0 64 11.5 e 59 6 20 87 3 p 53 5 A 70.0 69 11.0 se 51 5 21 91 3 p 61 6 A 76.0 75 10.7 se 100 11 22 85 3 p 66 12 p 75.5 64 12.2 nw 100 11 23 75 3 p 58 12 p 66.5 66 7.0 nw 101 28 24 69 11 A 52 12 p 60.5 95 o.n nw 53 7 6:30 a 12 p .91 25 61 5 p 51 4 A 56.0 97 0.0 nw 88 8 0 A 8:30p .09 26 70 12 M 57 3 A 63.5 77 5.0 w 121 18 27 74 5 p 53 6 A 63.5 62 12.0 w 125 15 28 84 4 p 51 4 A 67.5 63 8.9 se 90 10 29 90 4 p 61 6 A 75.5 67 11.0 s 97 11 30 84 4 p 62 4 A 73.0 82 8.9 w 53 11 6:30 a 7:30 A .20 31 86 1 p 62 6 A 74.0 84 6.5 s 37 8 6 A 9 p .29 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.27, 24th Minimum 29.66, 26th Mean semi-daily 30.004 Range - 0.61 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest Lowest Mean Range Highest mean daily 91, 21st 47, 16tli 68.3 44 _.-_76. 21st Lowest mean daily 56, 25th Mean maximum 79.8 M ean minimum 56.9 Greatest daily range 34, 20th Least daily range — 9, 7th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.79 Snow — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.05, 6th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement ,2777 Greatest daily movement 213, 15th Least daily movement —36, 12th Mean hourly velocity ZH Maximum velocity 28, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days — _. 1 Southeast, days 9 South, days 4 Southwest, days 2 West, days * 7 Northwest, days _. 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 12.() Mean cloudiness, percent 50 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days .— _.,.14 Number of cloudy days A Number hours bright sunshine 263 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ _. _ 61.3 Thunder and liglitning _/30th, 31st Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 First frost ^ .___ — Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 2>1, 1894, 1908 34, 1940 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, 1941 (n, 1901 ; 27, 1923 23, 1941 ; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, 1910, '23 332, 1941; 152, 1915. 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19.38, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS The weather during August was near normal in most re- spects. The mean temperature was 68.3 degrees, the normal being 68.8 degrees. The rainfall was less than normal. The total rainfall was 2.79 inches, the normal being 4.08 inches. There were 263 hours of bright sunshine as compared to a normal of 237 hours. The mean relative humidity was 72.6 percent, the normal being 70.2 percent. There were no high winds. The following report is given by Dr. J. K. Shaw: "The exces- sive rainfall which has prevailed since spring came to an end with August, but the soil is still well supplied with water and we can be quite sure that the summer of 1945 will be one with no injury from dry weather. Hot, humid periods interspersed with cool weather prevailed during the month. The weather has been bad for potatoes for the vines grew well during the wet weather and were unable to stand the hot, sunny weather which followed. Consequently, we may expect a poor crop in this vicinity. "The apple crop will be the smallest in many years, and of very poor quality in the College orchards because of injury by hail. Apple scab is more prevalent than usual because of 'scab weather' and the fact that many growers did not spray as thor- oughly as usual on account of the lack of a crop. The peach crop is good both here and over the whole country. Pears will make a fair crop but plums are few. Plenty of rain insured a good second crop of hay, which should be plentiful next winter although much of it will be of poor quality owing to wet weather which delayed harvest." Dr. A. B. Beaumont makes the following comments on clovers: "This has been one of the best 'clover' years observed by local agronomists. Tame and wild clovers have grown luxuriantly. Red and alsike clovers have been abundant in new hay seed- ings, and red clover has reappeared in many old mowings. The rowen crop now being harvested contains a high proportion of clovers. Wild white clover and the giant white cultivated clover (Ladino ) have grown especiallv well in fertilized pastures. Sweet clover and rabbit-foot clover have been much in evidence along roadsides and in waste places. Abundant rains during the early part of the season are thought to have been responsible for the abundance of clovers this year." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 681 September 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1945 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft Above sea level. 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Tune used. E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature jo 'e MM 0 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimiun 3 tt tc O 3 c c C V u'^ ■^ 0 V •S 3 A a V u M V Q 11 tx Q 5 c rt > > V 5 > >< o a a o n •a T3 a u o c 1 85 2 p 66 3 A 75.5 80 5.5 se 162 18 2 73 12 m 58 12 p 65.5 83 2.0 n 125 14 0 A 10 A .19 3 75 3 p 52 12 p 63.5 63 12.0 nw 66 10 4 76 3 p 45 6 A 60.5 71 10.6 w 34 12 5 83 4 p 51 7 A 67.0 72 10.6 se 65 6 6 87 3 p 57 7 A 72.0 73 9.0 e 63 5 7 91 3 p 60 6 A 75.5 72 10.8 e 66 6 8 91 3 p 58 6 A 74.5 77 9.3 se 47 6 9 85 2 p 63 3 A 74.0 82 6.3 sw 100 13 10 81 2 p 66 2 A 73.5 90 4.0 sw 66 9 1 A 7 p .16 11 76 1 p 68 12 p 72.0 87 0.7 sw 74 12 3:30p 4:30p .20 12 77 I p 56 12 p 66.5 66 10.0 ne 98 12 13 77 3 p 50 5 A 63.5 73 10.2 n 50 8 14 66 11 A 57 5 A 61.5 95 0.1 n 32 5 8 A 10:30p .39 IS 74 6 A 61 12 p 67.5 89 0.0 s 121 14 2 A 9:30 A 1.97 16 63 2 p 46 12 p 54.5 62 9.3 nw 142 18 17 56 2 p 41 4 A 48.5 67 0.0 nw 105 7 18 61 1 p 47 3 A 54.0 82 0.0 n 136 12 3 A 12 p .19 19 72 2 p 54 12 p 63.0 76 6.5 nw 150 14 12:30 a 4 A .37 20 63 3 p 53 6 A 58.0 81 0.0 se 88 9 21 74 3 p 51 12 p 62.5 51 9.4 w 178 28 22 67 3 p 42 5 A 54.5 61 10.7 n 136 17 23 64 3 p 37 6 A 50.5 81 3.3 se 41 6 24 71 5 p 56 0 A 63.5 86 0.0 s 117 9 25 83 1 p 65 0 A 74.0 84 5.0 se 158 12 26 78 1 p 66 12 p 72.0 78 6.0 nw 140 11 27 72 2 p 48 7 A 60.0 76 6.7 w 43 5 28 75 4 p 61 7 A 68.0 93 0.6 se 109 11 29 81 11 A 67 7 A 74.0 81 4.6 nw 221 18 12 M 12:30p .10 30 57 4 p 36 7 A 46.5 64 10.8 nw 185 20 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand K. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1945 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ....30.61, 30th Minimum 29.69, 1 1th Mean semi-daily 30.156 Range 0.92 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 7th, 8th Lowest ...36, 30th Mean 64.6 Range 55 Highest mean daily 75.5, 1st, 7th Lowest mean daily 46.5, 30th Mean maximum .- 74.5 Mean minimum 54.6 Greatest daily range _ 33, 8tli Least daily range - 8, 11th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.57 Snow -.-.- — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ..1.97, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3118 Greatest daily movement 221, 29th Least daily movement ._ ..32, 14th Mean hourly velocity ... 4.3 Maximum velocity 28, 21st Wind, direction Prevailing direction ....WNW North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 2 Southeast, days 7 South, days 2 Southwest, days , 3 West, days ....3 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent ...76.5 Mean cloudiness, percent - 54 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number hours bright sunshine .174 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ...46.6 Thunder and lightning First frost 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941 •255, 1916; 106, 1934 Oct. 13; Aug. 22 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS The weather during the month of September was very pleasant, with higher temperatures than normal and slightly less rainfall. The total precipitation for the month was 3.57 inches, while the normal for September is 4.24 inches. The mean temperature was 64.6 degrees, the normal for September being 61.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 91 degrees on the 7th and 8th and the lowest, 36 degrees on the 30th. There has, therefore, been no frost in September this year. The normal date for the first frost is September 21st. The domestic heating load for the month was 110 degree-days compared to a normal of 149 degree-days. There were 174 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 201 hours. There were no very high winds during the month, the highest being 28 miles per hour on the 21st. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comments: "Cool weather interspersed with hot, humid periods characterized the weather of September. The Mcintosh apple harvest was completed. Not only was the crop the smallest in many years, but the quality was poor owing to unusual prevalence of scab in some orchards. Other later varieties are partially harvested. A few, mostly the later blooming varieties, will yield good crops, but the total crop in Massachusetts will not greatly exceed one-fourth of a normal crop. It will be less than that in this immediate vicinity. Probably the short Mcintosh crop is due as much to cold, wet weather following bloom as to the spring frost during the remarkably early blooming period. These conditions interfered with adequate fertilization of the flowers. Enough Mcintosh blossoms survived the frost to make a fair crop in many orchards if fertilization had been effective. Other tree fruits matured fair to good crops. The potato crop in this vicinity will be poor owing to the wet spring and unfavorable weather in August. The onion crop in the Valley is considerably below average." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 682 October 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instrximents, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 's s Is Wind Precipitation MaxiTnum Minimum M S O 9 M *-» JS* K a M Q V Q V s V > n t' c c — .2 > V s V 2 > h2 a u V «• * o B t/3 1 59 12 p 35 5 A 42.0 97 0.0 s 31 8 9:30 a 8:30p .35 2 69 9 A 50 12 p 59.5 79 0.0 sw 244 20 2 A 1 p .23 3 50 0 A 30 12 p 40.0 48 9.0 w 336 39 4 55 3 p 25 6 A 40.0 59 10.0 se 66 10 5 67 3 p 34 5 A 55.5 70 8.7 se 119 11 6 68 12 M 50 6 A 59.0 81 2.3 se 77 10 1 p 7 p .07 7 67 4 p 56 12 p 61.5 91 1.1 nw 54 11 5 p 5:30p .01 8 75 3 p 48 7 A 61.5 59 9.7 se 121 14 9 55 1 A 38 12 p 46.5 78 2.3 w 153 18 6:30 a 11 A .63 10 58 2 p 32 6 A 45.0 68 8.5 nw 46 8 11 55 3 p 33 12 p 44.0 67 6.0 nw 54 5 12 59 3 p 31 3 A 45.0 90 4.7 se 67 15 8 A 12 M .17 13 57 1 p 41 12 p 49.0 63 3.0 w 188 18 14 49 1 p 32 6 A 40.5 84 1.0 nw 49 10 15 50 2 p 32 1 A 41.0 72 4.8 nw 97 13 16 51 5 p 37 12 p 44.0 77 0.0 s 127 22 5 p 5:30p .02 17 65 3 p 28 7 A 46.5 70 7.2 se 84 11 18 77 3 p 37 7 A 57.0 72 7.5 sw 50 5 19 81 3 p 41 7 A 61.0 67 8.4 se 85 10 20 68 3 p 44 12 p 56.0 67 9.4 w 141 15 21 71 3 p 36 7 A 53.5 61 9.2 se 63 8 22 73 2 p 41 5 A 57.0 81 4.4 se 136 17 23 62 0 A 43 12 p 52.5 76 0.0 nw 187 17 I0:30p 12 p .14 24 48 3 p 40 6 A 44.0 83 0.0 nw 190 13 0 A 5 A .25 25 51 3 p 41 4 A 46.0 95 0.0 se 62 8 2 A 12 M .25 26 50 12 M 40 11 p 45.0 87 0.0 sw 66 18 1 p 4:30 p .06 27 50 2 p 38 1 A 44.0 57 5.4 w 302 32 T 28 54 3 p 31 7 A 42.5 68 5.0 nw 120 18 29 59 4 p 27 7 A 43.0 79 1.9 se 72 9 30 64 2 p 45 7 A 54.5 59 7.3 se 68 9 31 71 1 p 42 12 p 56.5 67 2.2 se 175 18 T *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fern AND E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October, 1945 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum .-„. 30.54, 1st Minimum ._....„ 29.55, 2nd, 9th Mean semi-daily 30.004 Range 99 Air Temperature, in degree* F. Highest 81, 19th Lowest 25, 4th Mean 49.5 Range 56 Highest mean daily 61.5, 7th, 8th Lowest mean daily 40.0, 3rd, 4th Mean maximum 60.9 Mean minimum 38.0 Greatest daily range 40, 18th, 19th Least daily range .8, 24th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.18 Snow - - — Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. -.__.63, 9th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3630 Greatest daily movement 336, 3rd Least daily movement 31, 1st Mean hourly velocity 4.9 Maximum velocity 39, 3rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days .- 13 South, days 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 5 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72>.2) Mean cloudiness, percent 52 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days — 10 Number of cloudy days ___.14 Number hours bright sunshine 139 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ _.40.8 Thunder and lightning _... 12th First frost Oct. 4 i Sept. 21 Normal 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Extremes 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3. 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, '23, '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 15, '39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS The weather was near normal in most respects during October. The mean temperature for the month was 49.5 degrees, the normal for October being 50.5 degrees. The highest tempera- ture was 81 degrees on the 19th. The lowest was 25 degrees on the 4th, which is the first frost of the season. The normal date for the first frost is September 21st. The heating load during October was 482 degree-days, the normal for October being 456 degree-days. The total rainfall during the month was 2.18 inches. Normal precipitation for October is 3.29 inches. The total precipitation since January 1 to the end of October is 44.01 inches which is 7.10 inches above normal. There were only 139 hours of bright sunshine during the month compared to a normal of 175 hours. There were high winds on the 3rd and 27th, with a maximum of 39 miles per houi on the 3rd. Dr. J. K. Shaw states: "The month of October concludes the crop season of 1945. The summer was unusual in some respects. It was unseasonably warm in March and early April. Then came cold nights with seriously damaging frosts and generally cool weather that counteracted the effect of the early warm weather. The season as a whole was wet, especially in May; there were few, if any, periods when crops or lawns suffered from drought. These conditions favored injury from many fungus diseases, but there was a bumper hay crop. Apple scab was prevalent be- cause the spring frosts and ensuing cool weather resulted in the smallest apple crop in many years, and many growers thought it not worth while to spray their orchards. "Conditions that injure some crops are favorable for others. On the whole, the season of 19-15 was neither bad nor especially good. ' Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 683 November 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1945 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time vised, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■5 'e 3 : Hours tishine Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum n m a bg Q V Q B c V > O 3 li IS c c — .2 M O > V c c 5 > "^ 1- c rt be V m -o c •1 o c 1 54 4 p 31 11 P 42.5 63 8.7 nw 83 13 2 58 2 p 32 6 A 45.0 81 0.7 se 60 12 3 63 3 p 44 12 p 53.5 87 0.0 nw 103 18 5:30p 6 p .01 4 44 0 A 38 7 p 41.0 86 0.0 nw 108 14 5 A 7 A .06 5 47 2 p 28 12 p 37.5 59 8.0 nw i 139 15 12 M 12:30p .01 6 55 3 p 24 6 A 39.5 70 7.3 s ; 30 5 7 59 3 p 30 5 A 44.5 92 0.0 se i 59 12 8 70 1 p 53 0 A 61.5 75 4.3 se 180 12 9 71 1 p 54 4 A 62.5 76 3.6 se 203 17 10 59 0 A 40 12 p 49.5 74 0.0 nw 156 14 8 A 8 p .10 11 40 0 A 36 8 A 38.0 85 0.0 nw 102 15 9 A 12 p .20 12 44 8 p 37 0 A 40.5 99 0.0 nw 105 14 0 A 12 p .24 13 61 3 p 43 0 A 52.0 98 0.0 se 135 20 1 A 11:30p .27 14 67 0 A 40 12 p 53.5 75 0.0 nw 150 13 4 A 12 p .10 15 51 1 p 32 11 p 41.5 47 5.0 nw 395 32 4:30 a 5 A .01 16 43 8 A 32 0 A 37.5 58 3.6 w 235 28 17 41 1 p 29 4 A 35.0 87 1.2 nw 38 4 6 p 6 :30 p .02 18 53 2 p 38 12 p 45.5 77 2.5 w 171 22 8 A 8:30 A .03 19 47 1 p 30 7 A 38.5 79 6.0 se 97 12 8 A 12 p .71 20 42 0 A 30 12 p 36.0 67 3.2 nw 353 28 0 A 6 A .55 21 41 1 p 24 7 A 32.5 71 7.8 w 115 15 22 49 3 p 29 0 A 39.0 87 0.8 w 131 25 6 A 12 M .93 23 35 3 p 24 11 P 29.5 72 3.2 sw 95 12 24 37 3 p 18 5 A 27.5 63 7.4 se 73 9 25 40 1 p 26 12 p 33.0 72 6.1 se 91 12 26 41 3 p 23 5 A 32.0 67 6.8 nw 44 6 27 41 3 p 16 7 A 28.5 75 8.3 sw 29 6 28 42 3 p 25 1 A 33.5 78 0.0 nw 90 15 11 p 12 p .05 29 35 2 A 25 9 p 30.0 88 0.0 n 298 20 11 A 12 p .07 .25 30 33 1 p 25 2 A 29.0 73 0.5 nw 390 22 2 A 6 A .18 2.75 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY November, 1945 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.65, 11th Minimum 29.54, 19th Mean semi-daily -— — - 30.048 Range 1.11 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest --71, 9th Lowest 16, 27th Mean 40.3 Range 55 Higliest mean daily 62.5, 9th Lowest mean daily -27.5, 24th Mean maximum .._.48.8 Mean minimum 31.9 Greatest daily range 31, 6th Least daily range 4, 11th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation — 3.54 Snow 3.00 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. 1.26, 19th, 20th Number of days with .01 or more 17 Wind, in miles Total movement 4258 Greatest daily movement 395, l5th Least daily movement _._._■___ 29, 27th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity -32, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days - .._. 1 Northeast, days ..— ....O East, days 0 Southeast, days .-_.8 South, days — _ 1 Southwest, days _ ....2 West, days 4 Northwest, days ., ....14 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76 Mean cloudiness, percent 64 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days ..8 Number of cloudy days . 15 Number hours bright sunshine 95 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 32 Thunder and lightning — First snow Nov. 29 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 Extremes 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .89, 1943 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921 ; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44, 1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1. 1900, 1911,1927 16, '12 ; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9. 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Nov. 27, '31 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944. REMARKS November weather was near normal in most respects. The snowstorm on the 29th was not very severe at Amherst, with a fall of only 3 inches, but was a severe storm in the eastern part of the state. It was the first snow of the season. It was the latest date for the first snow since the station was established. The normal date for the first snow is November 6 and the normal snowfall in November is 2.34 inches. The total precipitation for the month was 3.54 inches, normal being 3.41 inches. The mean temperature for the month was 40.3 degrees whereas the normal mean temperature for the month was 16 degrees on the 27th. The domestic heating load for the month was 740 degree-days, normal being 784 degree-days. The total heating load to the end of November is 1332 degree-days. The normal heating load through September, October, and November is 1389 degree-days. There were 95 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 121 hours. There were no high winds, the highest velocity being 32 miles per hour on the 15th. The mean relative humidity was 76 percent, the normal being 70.6 percent. 1/'AS3.STATE COLLEGE AWHERST.MASS. 10 : Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorogical Series Bulletin No. 684 December 1945 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1945 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•5 'e 3 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum ■ 1 K O 3 a c e £* Q Q V u u Q a V V > EM 3 C ~.2 > V 5 > o ° c M o « ■o c o B 1 35 1 P 23 12 p 29.0 62 3.6 nw 325 22 2 37 2 p- 13 8 A 25.0 69 7.6 nw 88 14 3 36 8 p 18 5 A 27.0 88 0.0 se 53 6 10:30 a 11 A .01 0.3 4 37 1 p 26 12 p 31.5 85 0.0 nw 102 12 5 29 3 p 17 7 A 23.0 39 5.0 nw 104 12 6 37 3 p 22 2 A 29.5 92 0.0 nw 172 14 5 A 12 p .83 0.2 7 41 2 p 34 0 A 37.5 99 0.0 nw 234 13 3 A 4:30p .70 T 8 49 1 p 31 11 p 40.0 68 8.0 w 185 17 9 46 2 P 24 8 A 35.0 89 6.2 se 81 13 10 36 0 A 28 11 p 32.0 67 0.0 w 116 12 11 30 2 A 12 12 p 21.0 49 8.0 nw 354 28 12 21 1 p 7 7 A 14.0 39 8.0 w 325 32 13 26 1 p 9 8 A 17.5 44 5.0 w 163 20 14 25 1 p 10 12 p 17.5 91 1.6 w 9 2 2 A 8 A .23 5.8 15 17 6 p 4 6 A 10.5 94 1.0 w 0 0 16 19 2 p 3 3 A 11.0 69 4.0 sw 102 20 17 21 3 p 1 5 A 11.0 61 6.6 sw 123 17 18 25 2 p 5 7 A 15.0 56 7.3 sw 54 8 19 16 8 p 5 2 A 10.5 87 0.0 nw 114 15 11 A 12 p .21 5.3 20 21 1 p 7 10 p 14.0 79 6.9 nw 124 17 O A 2 A .03 0.2 21 20 3 p 3 6 A 11.5 74 6.6 w 66 15 22 22 2 p -1 12 p 10.5 59 4.6 w 44 28 23 22 2 p -3 1 A 9.5 62 8.0 nw 212 28 24 26 3 p 9 8 A 17.5 60 8.2 nw 208 15 25 34 12 p 4 3 A 19.0 96 0.0 w 24 7 7 p 12 p .40 T 26 45 3 p 34 0 A 39.5 87 2.0 w 99 14 0 A 5 A .51 27 36 0 A 20 12 {> 28.0 61 4.3 w 238 28 28 35 3 p 14 8 A 24.5 71 7.0 sw 21 6 29 29 9p 21 0 A 25.0 92 0.0 nw 117 14 4 A 12 p ,56 7.0 30 33 11 p 13 8 A 23.0 95 2.5 s 43 9 0 A 12 p .23 31 37 4 p 27 12 P 32.0 100 0.0 w 26 9 9 A 4 p .20 ♦Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.43, 24th Minimum -— ....29.26, 31st Mean semi-daily 30.004 Range — 1.17 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 49, Stii Lowest -3, 23rd Mean _ -.. 22.3 Range . .. 52 Highest mean daily 40, 8th Lowest mean daily 9.5, 23rd Mean maximum 30.4 Mean minimum 14.2 Greatest daily range 30, 25th Least daily range 7, 7th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.91 Snow 18.8 Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. ---. --_ ._ .-0.91, 25th, 26th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3926 Greatest daily movement 354, 11th Least daily movement 0, I5th Mean hourly velocity — 5.3 Maximum velocity 32, 12th Wind, direction Prevaihng direction WNW North, days 0 Northeast, days .— 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days — _. 1 Southwest, days 4 West, days 12 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent IZ.'i Mean cloudiness, percent 56 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 13 Number hours bright sunshine 122 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 43.1 Thunder and lightning — Normal Extremes 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 l.n, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, "02; t, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938, 1943, 1944 71, 1929; 39. 1919 15, 1890; 2. 1922, 1933 16,'09;4, '89'30, '31.'36,'38 23. 'Z7>; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The tirst column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second Column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1944 ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1945 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.69, Apr. 7 Minimum _.28.98, Jan. 1 Mean semi-daily 30.017 Range — l.T'l Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 92, June IS, 30 ; July 1 Lowest . -10, Jan. 25 Mean 47.9 Range 102 Highest mean daily 80, June 30 Lowest mean daily — -1, Jan. 25 Mean maximum — — - -—58.6 Mean minimum - 37.5 Greatest daily range - . 44, Apr. IC Least daily range ..— 4, Mar. 22; Nov. 11 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 51.46 Snow 65.30 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.83, Apr. 25 Number of days with .01 or more ..— 146 Wind, in miles Total movement 47,44S Greatest daily movement — -484, Apr. 22 Least daily movement -0, Dec. 15 Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity — 45, Jan. 24 Wind, direction Prevailing direction — W North, days 16 Northeast, days - - - — 1 East, days .....20 Southeast, days 101 South, days 16 Southwest, days -20 West, days 80 Northwest, days - 11 1 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 56 Number of clear days — 132 Number of fair days 121 Number of cloudy days 112 Number hours bright sunshine 2332 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52.4 Last snow May 11 First snow ...Nov. 29 Last frost Apr. 24 First frost Oct. 4 Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05, 1920, 1943 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.8, 1921 ; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 144, 1902; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217, 1941; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14, '10; May 11, '07 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43 ; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 685 January 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -5 'e 3 S.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum Q u u Q g u as Q E u > O 3 1^ bo c c — 2 > «; V i~ CMC c E a > °£ rt u c m •a c o a 1 27 0 A 17 12 p 22.0 56 6.0 W 281 20 2 21 1 P 5 12 p 13.0 50 9.1 nw 218 18 3 29 3 p 1 7 A 15.0 70 7.7 se 39 6 4 39 3 p 23 7 A 31.0 70 4.0 se 47 7 5 46 3 p 31 1 A 38.5 79 4.0 se 120 9 6 50 3 p 41 0 A 45.5 90 0.2 sc 198 12 7 49 3 A 40 12 p 44.5 94 0.0 s 55 7 8 44 2 p 28 12 p 36.0 65 6.0 nw 57 10 11:30 A 12 M .01 9 35 7 p 27 1 A 31.0 88 0.0 w 17 6 1 p 12 p .40 10 43 11 A 32 0 A 37.5 62 3.8 w 206 25 0 A 1 A .02 11 42 3 p 32 8 A 37.0 50 8.0 w 175 25 12 39 6 p 32 5 A 35.5 86 0.0 se 70 12 3 A 8 A .15 0.6 13 36 0 A 18 12 p 27.0 48 7.0 w 341 40 2 A 2:30 A .03 14 24 12 p 12 8 A 18.0 49 5.3 svv 242 22 15 31 12 M 11 12 p 21.0 59 3.0 nw 150 18 T T 16 18 3 p 0 8 A 9.0 49 9.5 n 117 20 17 26 4 p 1 8 A 13.5 66 5.7 w 9 2 18 30 4 p 17 3 A 23.5 70 3.4 w 57 32 7 A 8 A T T 19 27 4 A 1 12 p 14.0 46 9.0 w 375 32 1 A 2 A .03 T 20 16 12 p -4 8 A 6.0 47 4.0 nw 151 20 21 32 12 p 14 2 A 23.0 92 1.8 nw 195 15 5 A 12 p .53 7.0 22 33 3 A 9 12 p 21.0 60 6.3 w 216 25 0 A 4 A .10 23 28 3 p -7 7 A 10.5 70 9.3 se 48 9 24 29 11 p -3 7 A 13.0 89 0.8 w 39 8 5 p 12 p .37 3.7 25 35 2 p 26 7 A 30.5 68 0.8 sw 226 28 0 A 2 p .40 4.0 26 36 10 A 12 12 p 24.0 53 5.1 nw 254 25 27 22 3 p 6 7 A 14.0 47 8.0 w 111 22 28 30 3 p -8 7 A 11.0 67 5.7 se 56 13 29 31 3 p 10 12 p 20.5 52 9.5 nw 270 32 30 17 12 p 6 5 A 11.5 73 0.0 nw 48 8 2 p 12 p .52 5.0 31 25 12 p 17 0 A 21.0 98 0.0 nw 33 9 1 A 6 p .16 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Ferdinand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum _..30.70, 20th Minimum 29.41, 31st Mean semi-daily 30.118 Range 1.29 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 50, 6th Lowest .-8, 28th Mean 23.2 Range 58 Highest mean daily 45.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 6.0, 20th Mean Maximum 31.9 Mean Minimum 14.4 Greatest daily range 35, 23rd Least daily range -—7, 12th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation — 2.72 Snow 20.3 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs..._-0.77, 24th, 25th Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement ,-. 4421 Greatest daily movement 375, 19th Least daily movement 9, 17th Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 40, 13th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 1 Northeast, days — 0 East, days .-. 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days 11 Northwest, days .9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent — ...66.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 58 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days -9 Number hours bright sunshine 143 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 48.6 Thunder and lightning — Normal Extremes 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 66.0, 1932 -26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 3.61 13.32 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 2,i, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 11 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 5055 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 6.8 47, 1938 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 L'7 78, 1932; Z7, 1908 20, 1944; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916. 1944 22, 1923,1931; 4, 1920,1939 214, 1920; 74, 1932 46.7 Note — The first column in the above sunmiary gives observations inadc during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. REMARKS The weather during January was sHghtly colder than normal and there was more snow than usual. The mean temperature was 23.2 degrees while the normal mean temperature for January is 24.2 degrees. The lowest temperature was -8 degrees on the 28th and the highest, 50 degrees on the 6th. The average mini- mum temperature in January is -7.1 degrees. The domestic heat- ing load for the month was 1296 degree-days as compared to a normal of 1265 degree-days. The heating load for the season to the end of January is 3952 degree-days, the normal for this period being 3817 degree-days. The total snowfall for the month was 20.3 inches. Usually we get 13.32 inches of snow in January. The total precipitation for the month was 2.72 inches, the normal being 3.61 inches. There were 143 hours of bright sunshine as compared to a normal of 137 hours. There were high winds on January 13, the maximum being 40 miles per hour. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 686 February 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Max mum Minimum u ID V c V 5 « H Q H X E 3 K-5 K O 3 u u^ C •" •S'S S la;« ■zm Wind M C C c > »J a > PhQ HS w 279 se 183 w 291 nw 143 w 98 nw 56 w 224 w 164 ■s 44 nw 206 nw 147 se 80 se 178 se 232 w 383 se 303 w 125 w 297 nw 82 w 329 w 499 se 130 nw 38 nw 64 nw 363 se 80 nw 108 nw 204 2 a Precipitation 1 31 3 p 22 12 p 2 38 1 p 14 7 A 3 20 0 A 4 12 p 4 25 2 p -8 7 A 5 28 4 p -4 7 A 6 44 9 p 13 0 A 7 38 0 A Z2> 12 F 8 Zi 3 p 12 8 A 9 Z7 3 p 10 1 A 10 36 3 p 17 12 p n 2,2 4 p 7 8 A 12 39 2 p 18 6 A 13 39 4 p 25 1 A 14 51 2 p 31 12 p 15 31 0 A 7 12 p 16 24 12 p 4 7 A 17 43 1 p 24 0 A 18 29 3 A 13 12 r 19 21 8 p 4 7 A ?.o 31 3 p 18 1 A ?A 21 0 A 7 9 A ?7. 29 3 p 2 7 / ?.?, 41 3 p 18 7 A ?A 33 3 p 21 1 A ??5 31 1 p 9 12 p ?6 22 12 p 1 6 A ?7 28 8 p 22 0 A 28 36 4 p 21 12 p 26.5 26.0 12.0 8.5 12.0 28.5 30.5 22.5 23.5 26.5 19.5 28.5 32.0 41.0 19.0 ,14.0 33.5 21.0 12.5 24.5 14,(1 15.5 29.5 27.0 20.0 11.5 25.0 28.5 52 5.0 55 8.0 56 10.1 56 9.5 ^55 9.5 89 0.0 67 1.7 52 10.2 73 0.0 52 10.3 68 10.3 56 10.4 77 0.0 84 0.5 49 4.2 51 9.0 59 7.0 43 10.7 51 3.0 83 4.5 51 10.8 61 7.0 67 9.5 75 2.5 53 9.3 78 0.0 91 0.0 69 11.0 28 25 28 13 8 22 25 18 7 22 15 13 13 22 48 40 12 32 9 50 40 17 6 9 28 25 13 » A 0 A 5 p 3 p « p 0 A 9 A 0 A 0 A 12 p 12 M 12 p 3:30p 12 p 1 p 12 p 12 p 7 A .49 .03 .20 .11 .02 1.13 .30 .79 .45 0.30 13.00 3.00 1.50 0.50 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Ferdinand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1946 Barometer, in inches (, Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum .-... 30.61, 5th Minimum _......_ _ ___.._ 29.23, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.019 Range „_..__ _ -.- 1.38 Air Temperature, in decrees F. Highest --. - --. 51, 14th Lowest -S, 4th Mean 22.6 Range ^. 59 Highest mean daily 41, 14th Lowest m.ean daily 8.5, 4th Mean maximum 32.5 Mean minimum 12.7 Greatest daily range 33, 4th Least daily range 6, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation — 3.52 Snow _...^... .18.30 Maximum precipitation in^ 24 hours 1.13, 20th Number of days with .01 or more .. 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 5330 Greatest daily movement .499, 21st Least daily movement 38, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 7.9 Maximum velocity 50, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 0 Northeast, days _ 0 East, days ._ 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 1 Southwest, days 0 West, days 10 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 63 Mean cloudiness, percent .50 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 174 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ...58.8 riiunder and lightning _ — Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 M.04 l.o8 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.S 14.S 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 '00, '( 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -23, 1943 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50. 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 48, 1934, 1937, 1944 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19. 1941 ; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16. 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. REMARKS February was a severe winter month. The mean temperature was 22.6 degrees, the normal being 23.7 degrees. This makes the month the coldest February since 1936. The lowest tempera- ture was -8 degrees on the 4th and the highest, 51 degrees on the 14th. The heating load during the month was 1187 degree- days, the normal being 1165 degree-days. The total heating load from September to the end of February is 5139 degree-days as- compared to a normal of 4982 degree-days. The snowfall during the month was 18.30 inches. The normal snowfall for February is 13.99 inches. The total snowfall for the season is now 60.4 inches. The normal snowfall to the end of February is 38.15 inches and the normal snowfall for the year is 47.78 inches. There were 174 hours of bright sunshine. This is well in excess of the 158 hours which is normal for February. The relative humidity was 63 percent compared to a normal of 66.6 percent. There were high winds on the 15th and 20th. On the former date a velocity of 48 miles per hour was recorded and on the 20th the maximum was 50 miles per hour. Massachusbtts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 687 March 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Pcnipe ratuie -Q ^.5 Wind Precipita tion Maximum Minimum ^ 0 3 — .2 ■y. c a W a si 'C 'r. '■Z, 0 1 39 2 p 8 7 A 23.5 76 11.2 s 51 10 2 36 10 A 32 0 A 34.0 89 0.1 n\v 113 14 2 p 7 J .12 3 44 11 A 30 12 p 37.0 69 8.7 w 146 39 T 4 58 5 p 28 6 A 43.0 55 9.5 s "^1 8 5 50 4 p Z1 7 A 43.5 70 5.0 inv 40 11 5 p 5 :30 p T 6 55 5 p 34 7 A 44.5 65 9.1 e 110 22 7 48 2 p :<] 7 A 42.5 90 1.2 se 126 13 3 p 9 I .29 8 51 3 p 31 7 A 41.0 83 9.7 w 44 6 7 p 12 1 .24 9 56 11 A 32 12 P 44.0 59 4.8 svv 250 2^2 0 A 8 .• .22 10 40 3 p 26 12 p 33.0 48 11.6 n\v 327 32 11 39 3 p 21 7 A 30.0 62 7.8 nw 138 13 5 V 5:30p T 'J 12 47 3 p 21 5 A 34.0 62 11.7 .s 147 13 13 70 3 p 35 7 A 52.5 57 9.5 se 209 20 14 75 4 p 39 7 A 57.0 62 8.0 w 122 15 15 58 0 A 2^2, 12 p 45.5 88 0.0 n 97 11 8 A 11:30 A .03 16 61 5 p 29 6 A 45.0 71 11.9 w 43 5 17 57 3 p 30 6 A 43.5 67 1.2 e 78 9 18 57 3 p 28 6 A 42.5 58 12.0 c 136 13 19 55 4 p 27 6 A 41.0 64 12.0 e 105 9 20 63 3 p 24 7 A 43.5 57 12.1 nw 88 13 21 69 4 p 27 6 A 48.0 58 12.2 s\v 11 8 22 12> 4 p 31 7 A 52.0 54 10.5 s 128 11 '22^ 51 3 p 30 7 A 40.5 57 12.3 nw 342 28 24 65 4 p 25 5 A 45.0 59 10.5 se 92 11 25 60 4 p 40 8 A 50.0 87 5.5 e 116 17 3 A 10 A .51 26 71 3 p Zl 7 A 54.0 82 8.0 s 125 18 8 p 10 p .19 27 67 4 p 48 4 A 57.5 44 12.5 vv 222 32 28 79 3 p 46 7 A 62.5 52 12.5 w 206 2^ 29 83 3 p 47 7 A 65.0 57 12.6 se 156 YJ 30 60 3 p Zd 12 p 48.0 49 10.8 nw 262 20 31 45 1 p 28 5 A 36.5 39 12.7 nw 254 ?0 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Barti,ett. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1946 Barometer, in inches 1 Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.46, 12th Minimum _.. 29.44. 9th Mean semi -daily 30.073 Range ....__ L. 1.02 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 83. 29th Lowest . - 8, 1st Mean . ._ _. 44.5 Range _ 75 Highest mean daily 65, 29th Lowest mean daily 23.5. 1st Mean maximum . .57.8 Mean minimum 31.5 Greatest daily range 42, 21st, 22nd Least daily range 4, 2nd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation ....1.60 Snow .. T Maximum precipitation in 24 hrs. .0.51, 25th Numher of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 4437 Greatest daily movement ....342, 23rd Least daily movement 40, 5th Mean hourly velocity . 6.0 Maximum velocity 39, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days ...1 Northeast, days 0 East, days — 5 Soutlieast. days .....4 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 64.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 36 Number of clear days — 21 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 3 Number of hours bright sunshine 283 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 76.2 Thunder and lightning — Normal 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10. 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 29th -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27. 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932. 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901 ; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. REMARKS The weather during March was unusually warm, with much sunshine, very little rainfall and only a trace of snow. The mean temperature for the month was 44.5 degrees which exceeds the all-time record for March set last year by one-tenth of a degree. The normal mean temperature for March is 34.4 degrees. The maximum temperature was 83 degrees on the 29th and the lowest, 8 degrees on the 1st. Last year the maximum temperature in March was 85 degrees which also occurred on the 29th, and this is the highest reading ever recorded in March. The college pond was clear of ice on March 20. The heating load during the month was 636 degree-days, while the normal for March is 950 degree- days. The total load for the season to the end of March is 5775 degree-days, the normal for this period being 5932 degree-days. The total precipitation was 1.60 inches, all of which fell as rain except for a light snow sguall on the 11th. Normally we get 7.47 inches of snow, with a total precipitation of 3.70 inches. The total snowfall for this winter to the end of March is 60.40 inches, which is the heaviest seasonal fall since the winter of 1925-26 when 61.00 inches was recorded. The normal for the same period is 45.62 inches. There were 283 hours of sunshine, compared to a normal of 199 hours; and 21 days were classified as clear. The mean rela- tive humidity was 64.2 percent, while the normal for March is also 64.2 percent. High winds were recorded on the 3rd, 9th, 10th and 27th. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following report on the progress of vegetation: "The temperature this month has been slightly higher than it was during the abnormally warm March of 1945. Vegeta- tion has advanced to about the same stage and our comments of a year ago can now be repeated. 'The extremely high tempera- tures in March have advanced vegetation so that it is about as far along as it was a month later last year. Grass is green and leaves are developing on many shrubs. Forsythia is in full bloom at the last of the month. It is, so far, the earliest spring in many years.' The month closes with cooler weather; if this persists, it could delay bloom of fruit trees until danger of frost injury is de- creased. It would require a temperature around 20 degrees or possibly a little lower to cause serious injury to fruit buds at the present stage of development. We can be quite sure that bloom will be earlier than normal and that there will be a decreasing probability of cold injury until late May or even early June. We can hope to escape cold injury this year, but we may as well admit that the fruit crop of 1946 is in great danger. "Fruit trees came through the winter in good condition. No winter injury has been observed, and most fruit trees are full of flower buds. Few peach fruit buds were killed and the prospect is for a heavy bloom. The fruit crop of this year hangs in the balance. If it escapes cold injury, there will be a big crop. If cold comes, it may be reduced even to destruction." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 688 April 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. MONTHLY SUMMARY April, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.50, 1 st Minimum 29.29, 26th Mean semi-daily 29.956 Range 1.21 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest _._- 78, 23rd Lowest 19, 1 st Mean 45.0 Range 59 Highest mean daily 59.5, 24th Lowest mean daily 27.5, 1st Mean maximum 55.7 Mean minimum 34.2 Greatest daily range 43, 23rd Least daily range 7, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation —2.16 Snow . 1.50 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 82, 26th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 5630 Greatest daily movement —.408, Sth Least daily movement 63, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 7.8 Maximum velocity 35, 2nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction .-. _ W North, days — _ _ 2 Northeast, days - 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days — -— _ 10 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 64.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 53 Number of clear days — - _13 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine -228 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine — 56.7 Thunder and lightning ._ .2nd, 3rd Last snow April 8 Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; n, 1919 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921 ; 41, 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1945 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941 ; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1-910; May 11, 1907 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ."3 H 3 O C WIS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum W O 3 bo^ *j u* u'^ S3 G .— o 5 >1 Q Q 1) s <5 > c.5f > V £5 a •a a W u V o c r 36 12 M 19 6 A 27.5 66 4.9 se 117 12 2:30p 12 p .15 0.50 2 65 4 p 32 0 A 48.5 64 7.6 w 158 35 0 A 12 p .53 1.00 3 55 9 A 33 12 p 44.0 69 4.7 nw 289 32 0 A 1 A .15 4 45 3 p 30 3 A 37.5 94 0.0 se 177 20 5 47 1 p 35 10 p 41.0 69 2.0 w 408 28 6 48 2 p 30 5 A 39.0 61 3.3 sw 257 20 7 48 3 p 31 12 p 39.5 52 13.0 nw 292 20 8 49 4 p 24 6 A 36.5 68 9.6 se 104 17 7:30p 9:30p .07 T 9 49 3 p 33 0 A 41.0 88 3.6 w 140 22 10 47 3 p 32 12 p .^9.5 59 9.4 w 322 25 11 50 1 p 28 6 A 39.0 52 10.0 nw 212 20 12 49 5 p 29 5 A 39.0 56 8.6 n 116 15 13 49 2 p 33 6 A 41.0 65 7.0 w 65 7 14 64 3 p 34 5 A 49.0 55 13.0 sw 120 10 15 63 6 p 42 0 A 52.5 76 0.0 se 230 18 11 A 8 p .10 16 51 0 A 39 9 p 45.0 55 13.2 w 390 32 17 61 4 p 28 4 A 44.5 40 13.4 w 95 14 18 66 1 p 28 6 A 47.0 58 8.6 se 204 22 19 58 5 p 40 5 A 49.0 47 10.6 w 241 22 20 54 10 A 40 12 p 47.0 64 7.2 nw 330 32 3 A 4 A .03 21 61 1 p 35 7 A 48.0 42 13.6 nw 168 18 22 68 4 p 36 5 A 52.0 55 12.6 s 63 13 23 78 5 p 35 5 A 56.5 55 12.0 w 80 13 24 73 3 p 46 6 A 59.5 64 7.9 n 118 14 3 :30 A 6 A .05 25 70 2 p 38 5 A 54.0 74 9.3 se 96 11 26 54 0 A 46 12 p 50.0 97 0.0 nw 182 18 1 A 2 p .82 27 43 7 A 36 12 p 39.5 91 0.0 nw 178 18 6 A 12 M .11 28 53 4 p 36 0 A 44.5 52 11.3 w 259 20 29 48 11 A 36 3 A 42.0 80 0.0 nw 78 7 3 p 9p .15 30 70 4 p 41 0 A 55.5 70 11.6 se 141 12 31 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer REMARKS The weather during April was dry and shghtly cooler than normal. The precipitation during the month was only 2.16 inches, normal for April being 3.35 inches. The snow fall during the month was 1.50 inches, the normal snowfall for April being 2.17 inches. The mean temperature during April was 45.0 degrees. This is only half a degree higher than the mean during March this year. The normal mean temperature for April is 45.7 degrees. The lowest temperature was 19 degrees on the 1st. The domestic heating load for the month was 602 degree-days compared to a normal of 579 degree-days. The heating load for the season is 6377, the normal to the end of April being 6511 degree-days. There were 228 hours of bright sunshine which is 8 hours more than normal. Mean relative humidity was 64.6 percent, the normal being 61.6 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following report on the progress of vege- tation: "While March 1946 was very similar to March 1945, the month of April 1946 was distinctly cooler than April 1945. As a result, vege- tation advanced very slowly. At the end of the month most apple varieties were in the pink stage of bloom and will be in full bloom with two or three warm days, probably about two weeks ahead of normal instead of three weeks or more as last year. On the morning of April 1 there was considerable cold injury to fruit buds. In our orchards no serious crop damage occurred. In other orchards about the state, there was more injury. Possibly some low lying orchards suffered enough to reduce or ruin the crop, but it seems very un- likely that the crop over the state was much reduced. We have had several narrow escapes since, but we believe that there has been no further damage. "Practically all fruit trees in our orchards show extremely heavy bloom. Rarely and probably never have we seen our orchards so full of flowers in all our experience of nearly 40 years. The season of 1945 must have been very favorable for fruit bud formation. The crop loss was one reason, but there must have been others. "While every day brings us nearer the time when we can feel assured of a good crop, there is still danger of cold injury. A min- imum temperature of 27° or 28° would cause heavy damage. The next two weeks will be the critical period. While injurious cold may occur after the middle of May, it is not probable." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 689 May 194S Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. Wind Precipitation ■5 Maximum Minimum 3 ffix c V S > >»- c O 3 ^ u c c — .2 > V £5 a > u X ... c « pa •a c W >> « Q V u be Q V u Q e o c 1 72 5 p 41 5 A 56.5 47 14.0 w 159 14 2 66 4 p 36 5 A 51.0 44 14.1 nw 202 22 3 57 3 p 30 5 A 43.5 44 14.1 nw 270 13 4 57 2 p 31 5 A 44.0 56 11.0 se 111 13 5 49 6 p 40 12 p 44.5 99 U.O n 129 10 2 A 12 M .35 6 69 3 p 37 2 A 53.0 57 8.0 w 233 32 7 59 1 p 40 5 A 49.5 60 6.0 s 126 20 3 p 12 P .23 8 56 1 p 40 12 p 48.0 55 5.0 nw 159 17 0 A 6 A .17 9 67 1 p 32 5 A 49.5 36 8.8 w 164 32 3 p 3:30 P .06 10 65 5 p 40 5 A 52.5 41 14.3 w 241 22 11 62 7 p 41 3 A 51.5 75 0.6 se 85 12 7:30 A 12 M .14 12 61 11 p 50 12 p 55.5 77 0.9 sw 81 10 3 A 9:30 P .29 13 69 5 p 41 5 A 55.0 41 14.5 sw 140 20 14 71 1 p 41 6 A 56.0 48 9.0 se 115 15 10:30 p 12 P 113 15 68 7 p 48 2 A 58.0 75 4.8 nw 104 9 0 A 7:30 A .58 16 65 5 p 51 1 A 58.0 74 1.6 se 97 8 10:30 p 11 P .06 17 65 11 A 53 6 p 59.0 79 1.9 nw 136 13 6:30 A 9 P .93 18 55 0 A 44 12 p 49.5 81 0.0 ne 129 9 0 A 11 P .26 19 69 5 p 43 4 A 56.0 75 9.2 w 102 13 20 73 3 p 43 5 A 58.0 61 10.6 se 72 8 21 75 3 p 52 12 p 63.5 86 4.0 se 185 22 6 A 5.30 P .57 22 70 6 p 48 12 p 59.0 51 14.8 nw 161 17 23 79 3 p 41 4 A 60.0 53 14.8 se 83 12 24 80 4 p 45 6 A 62.5 54 14.9 se 118 10 25 86 2 p 55 5 A 70.5 70 8.4 se 177 17 7 p 7:30 P .05 26 78 12 M 60 12 p 69.0 78 7.3 nw 131 10 27 66 12 M 52 11 p 59.0 91 0.0 n 97 12 1 :30 A 12 P 1.47 28 54 2 A 46 1^ P 50.0 74 0.0 n 252 18 0 A 5 A .12 29 71 5 p 45 2 A 58.0 49 11.2 nw 170 20 30 82 3 p 40 4 A 61.0 56 15.0 w 108 17 31 84 5 p 55 5 A 69.5 5U 15.2 sw 134 25 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum -. _____.30.41, 14th M inimum .__....- 29.62, 8th Mean semi-daily ... - 29.969 Range . - - 0.79 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 86, 2Sth Lowest . — 30, 3rd Mean 55.8 Range - -56 Highest mean daily 70.5, 25th Lowest mean daily _„ 43.5 3rd Mean maximum 67.7 Mean minimum ?r-?r-v ^"^-^ Greatest daily range \^.'Si..-L.::. 42, 30th Least daily range ..-_:.... 8, 28th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.41 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 1.47, 27th Number of days with .01 or more 15 Wind, in miles Total movement - 4471 Greatest daily movement 252, 28th Least daily movement 72, 20th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity 32, 6th, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction ....: : W North, days ^ 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days — — : ...—•. 0 Southeast, days _. ^ . 9 South, days 1 Southwest, days .- 3 West, days _ —6 Northwest, days ...-..:-.......: '.'. .8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 54.8 Mean cloudiness, percent — 55 Number of clear days - 12 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days . 9 Number of hours bright sunshine — 254 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ^ 56.1 Thunder and lightning .-. — Normal 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 Extremes 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 30.62. 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 70, 1901, 1902; 30. 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5. 1923 20. 1927; 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. REMARKS May weather was colder and wetter than normal but neither as wet nor as cold as May, 1945. The mean temperature during the month was 55.8 degrees, the normal being 57. 1 degrees. May of last year was 54. 1 degrees. The lowest temperature was 30 degrees on the 3rd. The 3rd and 4th are the only days on which the temperature fell below freez- ing. The highest temperature was 86 degrees on the 25th. The domestic heating load was 298 degree-days, the normal being 267 degree-days. The heating load for the season is now 6675 degree-days, the normal for the year to the end of May being 6778 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 5.41 inches as com- pared to a normal of 3.60 inches. The rainfall in May, 1945 was 6.45 inches. The precipitation since January 1st is now 15.41 inches, while the normal for this period is 17.45 inches. Rain fell on 15 days. Rain fell on 20 days in May, 1945. There were 254 hours of bright sunshine which is two hours higher than normal. Relative humidity was 54.8 percent, the normal being 60.7 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw comments as follows on the progress of vege- tation: "The early part of May this year was cooler than May, 1945 and the relatively slower development of vegetation of April continued. Full bloom of apples occurred dviring the first week in May, about two weeks ahead of normal. As in 1945, the blooming period was much longer than usual. At the end of May, development was fully back to normal. All tree fruits produced a remarkably heavy bloom. "Cold injury during April varied in different orchards from none to severe. There were three mornings in May when the temperature was dangerously low. These were May 3, 4 and 9. On May 3 there was some further injury to apple blossoms. We can, at the end of the month, feel fairly sure that the fruit crop is past danger from cold. Contrary to common belief, peaches are more resistant to spring cold than apples and a good crop is probable; there was little or no killing from mid-winter cold. The apple crop will be much larger than that of 1945 and may be up to normal. The set of fruit of some varieties is rather poor and there may be further loss as the 'June drop' is not yet com- pleted. "Rainfall in May was heavy and a good crop of strawberries is assjared if wet weather during June does not cause the berries to rot. The blueberry crop was somewhat reduced by cold." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 690 June 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1946 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.33, 16th Minimum _..__ 29.66. 18th Mean semi-daily _ 30.023 Range — 0.67 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 92, 27th Lowest 39, 3rd Mean 65.0 Range .— 53 Highest mean daily 79.5, 27th Lowest mean daily 46,5, 2nd Mean maximum _-_ 78.0 Mean minimum _ 52.0 Greatest daily range Zl , 23rd Least daily range - —7, 2nd Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.30 Snow — - — Maximum precip, in 24 hrs. 1.26, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement — - 3362 Greatest daily movemnt 308, 9th Least daily movement 42, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 4.7 Maximum velocity -^- 47, 11th Wind, direction Prevailing direction S North, days 2 Northeast, days - 1 East, days - — 0 Southeast, days _ - 12 South, days ^ - 4 Southwest, days — 6 West, days - 3 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 42 Number of clear days - 17 Number of fair days - _10 Number of cloudy days ._ 3 Number of hours bright sunshine — 331 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - — 72.4 Thunder and lightning - ..._8th Normal 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 Extremes 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9,68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908,1941,1943;!, 1927 23, 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. DAILY RECORDS Tempe rature 3 o C k:c Wind Precipitatic n Maximum Minimum O 3 be C C ^ o c V V* in 3 en at Q u Ji P V a to V p E H a > si E M £5 B His bo •a u c W V rt o c 1 66 0 A 45 1 P 55.5 84 0.0 ne 110 12 8:30 A 3 p .17 2 50 6 p 43 12 p 46.5 92 0.0 n 83 10 3 A 12 p 1.26 3 73 3 p 39 4 A 56.0 63 13.6 sw 52 5 4 69 1 p 49 12 p 59.0 61 14.1 se 80 8 1 A 4 A .07 5 67 2 p 44 5 A 55.5 72 13.3 nw 100 22 1 P 5:30 p .12 6 72 3 p 41 5 A 56.5 60 10.0 sw 83 15 7 79 1 p 52 5 A 65.5 67 10.0 se 92 13 8 90 2 p 61 5 A 75.5 79 7.0 sw 99 40 7:30 p 8:30 p .47 9 72 12 M 47 11 p 59.5 44 15.3 w 308 28 10 72 3 p 4:1 5 A 57.5 43 15.4 w 142 13 11 78 3 p 51 1 A 64.5 72 8.5 se 159 47 4 p 5:30 p .58 12 82 5 p 60 12 p 71.0 74 8.3 s 133 12 4 A 8 A .27 13 80 3 p 51 12 p 65.5 71 7.4 nw 113 14 14 73 4 p 43 5 A 58.0 56 15.3 s 80 7 15 75 5 p 46 4 A 60.5 60 14.8 se 60 7 16 79 3 p 47 5 A 63.0 56 15.3 se 116 10 17 80 3 p 51 4 A 65.5 52 11.3 se 166 11 18 75 12 m 55 12 p 65.0 78 4.5 n 185 22 4 A 10 A .21 19 73 6 p 45 6 A 59.0 47 15.3 sw 85 10 20 73 1 p 46 5 A 59.5 59 11.8 se 128 11 21 77 3 p 59 3 A 68.0 80 8.0 se 123 7 22 78 2 p 53 12 p 65.5 67 11.0 w 130 15 23 85 5 p 48 6 A 66.5 63 15.3 sw 42 6 24 89 4 p 56 6 A 72.5 59 15.3 sw 70 8 25 91 3 p 62 5 A 76.5 58 15.3 se 82 9 26 91 3 p 63 5 A 77.0 67 12.0 s 109 13 27 92 3 p 67 5 A 79.5 68 12.5 se 144 12 28 89 2 p 63 5 A 76.0 79 8.0 se 85 22 4 p 6 p .07 29 88 1 p 61 5 A 74.5 78 13.8 s 83 13 4 p 4:30 p .08 30 83 3 p 68 5 A 75.5 80 8.6 se 120 11 31 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fern AND E. Bartlett, Observer REMARKS June weather averaged near normal, the rainy first half of the month being offset by the hot, dry spell the last half of the month. The mean temperature for the month was 65 degrees, the normal being 65.7 degrees. The maximum temperature was 92 degrees on the 27th, with the daily maximums for the last eight days ranging from 83 to 92. The minimum temperature was 39 degrees on the 3rd, the normal minimum for June being 40 degrees. The domestic heating load for June was 100 degree- days, the normal for this month being 68 degree-days. The total heating load for the past season is 6775 degree-days as compared to the normal of 6846 degree-days. The total rainfall for the month was 3.30 inches, while the normal is 3.75 inches. The total precipitation since the first of the year is now 18.71 inches, compared to the normal of 21.20 inches for the same period. There were 17 clear days this month, whereas during the month of June last year precipitation fell on 17 days. There were 331 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 257 hours. The maximum wind velocity on the 11th was 47 miles an hour. Dr. J. K. Shaw makes the following comment on the progress of vegetation: "The first part of the month of June was character- ized by excessive rainfall and much cloudy, humid weather. This, together with the heavy carry-over of scabby leaves, re- sulted in one of the worst apple scab years for a long time; there will be a lot of scabby Mcintosh this fall. The set of apples was fair and a crop nearly or quite up to average is indicated at present. In some orchards on frosty locations the crop of apples will be light or none. The crop will not come up to the promise made by the remarkably heavy bloom. Peaches generally es- caped blossom killing and there should be a good crop. Weather for strawberries was favorable, plenty of rain during the growing period and drier weather during harvest. Available supplies are restricted by the reduced area devoted to this crop. The month closes with a hot period with little rainfall. Conditions have favored a good hay crop and harvesting conditions have been good so far." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 691 July, 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level. 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. MONTHLY SUMMARY July, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.29, 16th Minimum ^ 29.79, 12th, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.040 Range 0.50 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest Lowest . -95, 19th .46, 16th Mean 70.2 Range — .49 Highest mean daily 81.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 62.0, 16th Mean maximum 82.3 Mean minimum 58.0 Greatest daily range 39, 18th, 19th Least daily range 10, 22nd, 23rd, 31st Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.30 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 3.46, 23rd Number of days with .01 or more. 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 3229 Greatest daily movement .204, l5th Least daily movement -.48, 28th Mean hourly velocity 4.3 Maximum velocity 28, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 1 Northeast, days . 0 East, days ....1 Southeast, days 11 South, days 3 Southwest^ days _^ ... 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days ..1 . 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 53 Number of clear days 21 Number of fair days 4 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 319 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 69 Thunder and lightning _....30th Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 Extremes 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921 ; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109. 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21 ; 5, '89, '23, '28. '36 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >% Wind Precipitation •5 3 o C Maximum Minimum a •si be « 4^ *J > V £5 B a > c rt M •a c W u o t/1 1 82 1 P 70 4 A 76.0 78 7.6 se 196 17 2 82 5 p 63 12 p 72.5 70 11.2 nw 174 14 2 A 8 A .58 3 81 6 p 57 12 p 69.0 57 15.2 nw 104 11 4 82 4 p 51 5 A 66.5 71 15.2 nw 77 n 5 84 3 p 52 5 A 68.0 57 15.2 se 74 11 6 86 2 p 54 5 A 70.0 63 12.6 s 106 9 7 87 1 p 61 12 p 74.0 60 14.6 nw 151 15 8 82 3 p 53 5 A 67.5 63 12.9 se 73 7 9 79 2 p 65 5 A 72.0 89 3.8 se 134 10 10 88 4 p 67 6 A 77.5 63 11.6 e 90 12 11 78 5 p 63 12 p 70.5 77 5.8 se 68 7 12 78 4 p 62 1 A .70.0 80 2.5 se 96 5 13 85 3 p 61 5 A 73.0 57 14.5 nw 75 9 14 89 2 p 56 5 A 72.5 64 11.8 s 106 20 15 75 4 p 51 12 p 63.0 52 13.2 n 204 25 16 78 5 p 46 6 A 62.0 55 14.8 nw 88 8 17 84 6 p 47 6 A 65.5 62 15.0 sw 55 7 18 89 4 p 50 6 A 69.5 56 12.5 3W 69 9 19 95 4 p 56 6 A 75.5 61 11.0 se 95 11 20 92 4 p 71 6 A 81.5 67 11.1 w 122 14 21 74 0 A 58 12 p 66.0 94 0.0 nw 99 6 12:30 A 11 p .54 22 68 2 p 58 4 A 63.0 99 0.8 nw 66 17 5 p 11 p .49 23 74 11 A 64 12 p 69.0 97 0.0 se 134 11 0 A 6:30 p 3.46 24 83 4 p 63 2 A 73.0 85 10.6 se 112 8 T 25 82 3 p 66 12 p 74.0 68 9.2 w 124 13 3 A 4:30 A .02 26 87 3 p 57 12 p 72.0 55 12.3 nw 117 12 27 78 3 p 49 6 A 63.5 63 14.6 nw 63 9 28 83 3 p 49 6 A 66.0 59 14.5 s 48 8 29 87 1 p 56 6 A 71.5 67 13.2 se 101 10 30 89 3 p 61 6 A 75.0 77 9.7 se 95 28 5:30 p 9 p .21 31 71 11 A 61 12 p 66.0 79 2.0 nw 113 11 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. John D. Hilchey, Observer REMARKS The unusual feature of July weather was the heavy rain on the 23rd. A total of 3.46 inches fell on that day. There was no rain from the 2nd to the 21st but a total of 4.49 inches fell in the storm from the 21st to the 23rd. The total rainfall for the month was 5.30 inches, normal for July being 4.10 inches. The total precipitation from January 1 to July 31 was 24.01 inches. The normal precipitation for this period is 25.30 inches. The mean temperature for July was 70.2 degrees, normal being 70.8 degrees. Rain fell on only 6 days and there were 319 hours of bright sunshine compared to a normal of 268 hours. Relative humidity was 69.2 percent. There were no high winds during the month. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following statement: "The dry period which began the latter part of June continued until July 22 v/hen heavy showers relieved the situa- tion. The strawberry crop was far enough along to mature a good crop before conditions became severe, but raspberries suf- fered severely. Lawns became brown where the soil was not retentive of moisture. The dry weather must have delayed the growth of apples and possibly other tree fruits but they will resume growth with a more abundant water supply. The bad scab situation caused by so much moist, rainy weather in the spring continues, and susceptible varieties will show the effects even with a continued vigorous spray program. Other diseases and insects of tree fruits have not yet caused unusual damage. "The peach crop will be good except in orchards in frost pockets. The apple crop is spotty, spring frosts having reduced or destroyed the crop in some orchards while others will pro- duce a nearly normal crop. It is reported that the crop in Massa- chusetts will be about three times that of the very short crop of 1945 but still considerably below normal. "Cultivated blueberries suffered from spring frosts and the dry weather, during which the berries did not grow well, and when the showers came there was much cracking in varieties susceptible to such injury. The crop will be below normal." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 692 August, 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1946 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempe rature O C Wind Precipitati on Iilaximum Minimum c > O 3 S ^1 c •v V 2 o Q Q H Q H til ^ a > S o. W c c 1 69 11 A 58 8 p 63.5 79 0.8 n 167 14 1:30 P 7:30 p .08 2 66 1 P 55 11 p 60.5 80 0.5 n 199 18 12:30 A 1 A .02 3 79 5 p 52 5 A 65.5 64 14.0 w 128 15 4 82 1 p 58 5 A 70.0 84 6.0 se 62 14 3:30 P 4 p .02 5 85 3 p 61 12 p 73.0 75 11.3 sw 109' 12 6 A 6:30 A .04 6 86 3 p 56 6 A 71.0 71 9.3 w 34 9 11:30 P 12 p .01 7 68 0 A 60 8 p 64.0 93 0.0 nw 108 10 0 A 6:30 p .73 8 84 5 p 59 5 A 71.5 7i 14.2 nw 119 14 9 89 3 p 58 6 A 72,.: 74 9.7 s 67 9 10 79 5 p 6^ 12 p 72.5 92 2.8 se 155 10 9:30 A 11 A .10 11 79 3 p 59 12 p 69.0 74 13.2 w 117 14 12 77 4 p 53 4 A 65.0 69 8.9 IIW 39 10 13 63 5 p 53 5 A 58.0 91 0.5 nw 64 13 11:30 A 11:30 p .54 14 65 4 p 56 1 A 60.5 93 2.2 \v 59 6 10:30 A 9:30 p .15 15 78 4 p 52 2 A 65. (' 80 9.0 s 50 10 16 77 4 p 62 6 A 69.5 87 3.8 s 160 14 7 P 10 p .55 17 85 2 p 62 0 A 73.5 82 7.7 se 83 15 10 P 10:30p .04 18 81 3 p 63 6 A 72.0 74 9.5 nw 99 8 19 65 8 A 56 9 p 60.5 92 0.0 nw 112 12 9 A 2:30 p .46 20 79 2 p 52 6 A 65.5 78 10.7 w 78 10 21 78 3 p 51 6 A 64,5 72 11.9 sw 61 9 22 81 4 p 59 6 A 70.0 76 9.5 s 51 7 23 74 2 p 60 6 A 67.0 87 7.0 nw 54 14 3 P 3:30 p .88 24 75 3 p 50 7 A 62..S 71 13.0 w 47 7 25 76 4 p 46 6 A 61.0 75 11.6 n 71 9 26 75 4 p 49 6 A 62 0 76 13.2 nw 89 9 27 72 4 p .57 4 A 64.5 94 0.0 n 115 9 11:30 A 12 M .02 28 83 2 p 52 4 A 67.5 7^ 8,9 s 56 10 29 83 3 p 55 12 p 69.0 80 6.0 s 124 18 4 P 8 p .36 30 70 4 p 46 6 A 58.0 (u 13.0 IHV 131 14 31 75 4 p 45 6 A 60.0 7i 10.8 sw 55 6 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. John D. Hilchey, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.35, 15th Minimum _ ._....29.66, 10th Mean semi-daily _— — 29.992 Range __- _ 0.69 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 9th Lowest 45, 31st M ean 66. 1 Range 44 Highest mean daily 73.5, 9th, 17th Lowest mean daily 58, 13th, 30th Mean maximum 76.7 Mean minimum .__ 55.5 Greatest daily range _ 31, 9th, 28th Least daily range 8, 7th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation __ 4.00 Snow . — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 0.88, 23rd Number of days with .01 or more IS Wind, in miles Total movement _— ___ 2863 Greatest daily movement 199, 2nd Least daily movement 34, 6th Mean hourly velocity 3.8 Maximum velocity 18, 2nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction .— _ ..W North, days 4 Northeast, days — 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South , days 6 Southwest, days . 3 West, days 6 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79.2 Alean cloudiness, percent 67 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 239 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 55.7 Thunder and lightning 23rd. 26th, 27th, 29th First frost — Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 34, 1940 62.4. 1903 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920. 1894 40, 1941 (yl, 1901 ; 27, 1923 23, 1941 ; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901. '28; 2, 1910. '23 332, 1941 ; 152, 1915, 1929 .\ug. 22, '94. '95 ; Oct. 13. '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19,18, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945 REMARKS August weather was colder than usual, with the total pre- cipitation for the month only .08 inch less than normal. The mean temperature was 66.1 degrees, while the normal for August is 68.6 degrees. This is the coldest August since 1934 when the mean temperature was 65.0 degrees. The record at this station for August is 62.4 degrees in 1903. The maximum temperature for the month was 89 degrees on the 9th, while the lowest was 45 degrees on the 31st. The total precipitation was 4.00 inches compared to the normal for August of 4.08 inches. Rain fell on 15 days. There were 239 hours of sunshine, while the normal for August is 237 hours. There were no high winds during the month. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, gives the following re- port: "Rainfall continued to be ample during August and the effects of the dry period of June and July have disappeared. Vegetation has progressed normally. Temperatures seem rather low for August but no frosts have been reported. The apple crop will be larger than seemed possible at the time of the spring frosts though some low-lying orchards have a small crop or no crop at all. Scab on susceptible varieties will be Severe. Condi- tions have not been favorable for good color development but abundant sunshine and cool nights may still favor color in later varieties. The peach crop is up to or above average." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 693 September 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature is B 3 is Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum -si bo c c •— o Ol in Q "a t! > V £5 B a p. S a c ni bo m T3 ■a c V IS- o n C/2 1 80 2 p 45 6 A 62.5 73 13.0 sw 77 10 * 2 7K 11 A 52 12 p 63.5 77 9.3 nw 117 12 3 72 4 p 46 12 p 59.0 66 10.5 nw 85 9 4 73 3 p 42 6 A 57.5 67 11.2 nw 92 9 5 74 4 p 44 6 A 59.0 68 11.8 ne 92 11 6 75 2 p 52 1 A 63.5 76 11.5 s 77 9 7 82 4 p 57 0 A 69.5 83 9.4 se 100 8 '8 81 1 p 61 12 p 71.0 81 4.5 e 79 8 8 i- 12 p .84 9 76 5 p 60 3 A 68.0 97 0.0 se 54 6 0 A 3 :30 A .37 10 83 3 p 69 8 A 76.0 93 1.5 se 148 18 T 11 73 1 A 52 12 p 62.5 77 6.0 sw 165 20 12:30 A 2a .13 12 66 2 p 44 12 p 55.0 68 7.1 nw 91 10 13 65 3 p 40 6 A 52.5 67 12.1 ne 141 17 14 70 2 p 37 6 A 53.5 68 12.6 ne 113 11 15 75 3 p 42 6 A 58.5 75 12.5 nw 76 14 16 79 4 p 42 6 A 60.5 74 12.3 w 23 4 17 83 3 p 50 6 A 66.5 81 11.4 w 40 10 18 84 3 r 55 6 A 69.5 82 11.9 sw 30 6 19 86 4 p 59 12 p 72.5 77 9.1 n 48 6 T 20 86 3 p 53 6 A 69.5 71 11.2 sw 32 8 21 71 2 p 55 6 A 63.0 90 1.2 sw 41 9 2 p 12 p .10 22 79 2 p 63 2 A 71.0 85 6.0 n 76 6 0 A 3 a .18 23 74 4 p 63 2 A 68.5 89 3.1 e 47 9 24 70 3 p 64 6 A 67.0 93 0.0 e 113 11 2:30 p 12 p 1.40 25 80 3 p 58 12 p 69.0 72 8.8 nw 77 12 0 A 12:30 a .01 26 76 4 p 48 7 A 62.0 69 11.8 w 48 4 27 80 4 p 46 7 A 63.0 71 11.0 w 37 10 28 77 4 p 53 5 A 65.0 89 5.8 se 52 8 T 29 72 4 p 57 2 A 64.5 85 5.4 se 85 9 30 66 7 A 41 11 p 53.5 88 0,0 nw 173 22 12:30 A 12 p 1.85 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. John D. Hilchey, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1946 Barometer, in inches (.Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum _. 30.48, 13tli Minimum _..._._ _______ _...__29.50. 30th Mean semi-daily __30.136 Range ____ 0.98 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest - 86, 19th, 20th Lowest .._ _ __ -IT, 14th Mean - _63.9 Range _.._..•_____ : 49 Highest mean daily 76, 10th Lowest mean daily ..._ ____ _52.5, 13th Mean maximum _____ _76.1 Mean minimum __ ___ 51.7 Greatest daily range — 37, 16th Least daily range 6, 24th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _4.88 Snow — Maximum precip, in 24 hrs 1.85, 30th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 2429 Greatest daily movement 173, 30th Least daily movement ____ __23, 16th Mean hourly velocity _.- _ 3.4 Maximum velocity _ 22, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days _-2 Northeast, days - _ 3 East, days _ __ _-3 ■ Southeast, days _5 South, days 1 Southwest, days __ ___ 5 West, days -4 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent .___ 78.4 Mean cloudiness, percent .___ — 44 Number of clear days _____ 18 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days _ _ 6 Number of hours bright sunshine .— _ —242 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _.64.9 Thunder and lightning _._ 30th First frost _ — Normal 30.45 29.57 30.06 .88 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW Extremes 30.65, 1924 28.41. 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895. 1929 24.5. 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 19.33: X 1903 4.686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 19.38 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 70, 1934; 27. 1908, 1914 19. 19,32; 2,-1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20. 1934; 3, 1941 255, 1916; 106, 19,34 Oct. 13; Aug. 22 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19.38, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. REMARKS September weather was warmer than usual, with a little more sunshine, humidity and rainfall than normal. The mean temperature for the month was 63.9 degrees com- pared to the normal for September of 61.7 degrees. The highest temperature was 86 degrees on the 19th and 20th. The lowest was 37 degrees on the 14th and consequently no frosts occurred in September this year. Also no frosts were recorded in Sep- tember last year. The normal date for first frost at this station is September 21. The domestic heating load for the month was 90 degree-days compared to the normal for September of 149 degree-days. The total rainfall for the month was 4.88 inches, while the normal is 4.24 inches. Most of the precipitation fell in three storms: 1.21 inches on the 8th and 9th, 1.40 inches on the 24th, and 1.85 inches on the 30th. There were 242 hours of bright sun- shine while the normal is 201 hours. The mean relative humidity was 78.4 percent, the normal for September being 73.6 percent. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, reports as follows: "There is nothing extraordinary to report about the weather and crops in September. Progress was normal. A good peach crop was harvested from our orchards and others in good locations. Our apple crop is poor in the orchards on lower elevations but good in the better located orchards. Mcintosh suffered from the early freezes and probably cool weather following bloom inter- fered with the set of fruit, but not as much as it did in 1945. The unseasonably warm weather in March, followed by cold which killed many fruit buds, threatened ruin but still most orchards came through with fair to good crops. Injury was severe to total in orchards in frosty locations." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 694 October 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •3 3 O C Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1 > bo c c — .° > bo u V a Q V be Q V V u u Q o 1 50 1 P 39 11 A 44.5 67 0.2 SW 283 25 0 A 7:30 A .11 2 48 2 p 36 12 p 42.0 69 1.3 SW 168 13 3 69 4 p 32 7 A 50.5 74 11.7 W 44 6 T 4 77 3 p 38 6 A 57.5 82 11.6 SW 27 2 T 5 81 3 p 44 5 A 62.5 83 8.3 SW 35 3 T 6 84 2 p 47 3 A 65.5 85 7.9 SW 24 2 T 7 84 3 p 45 6 A 64.5 78 11.5 se 33 4 8 59 4 p 41 12 p 50.0 72 0.2 ne 93 15 9 63 3 p 34 5 A 48.5 68 6.6 sw 47 4 10 66 3 p 42 12 p 54.0 76 8.0 w 51 5 T 11 70 3 p 38 6 A 54.0 73 8.7 w 32 ■ 5 12 75 2 p 53 12 p 64.0 88 0.6 se 189 14 3 p 12 p .55 13 61 2 p 45 12 p 53.0 56 11.2 nw 225 15 0 A 1 A .07 14 62 3 p 33 7 A 47.5 64 10.3 nw 104 10 15 66 3 p 37 7 A 51.5 74 8.2 SW 32 3 16 ■69 2 p 34 7 A 51.5 71 9.3 se 83 11 17 71 3 p 48 7 A 59.5 74 2.6 se 134 10 T 18 60 9 p 47 6 A 53.5 88 0.0 se 123 13 1 p 5 r .58 19 59 0 A 40 12 p 49.5 63 11.0 w 179 28 20 51 1 p 32 7 A 41.5 68 6.7 nw 104 7 21 61 3 p 34 7 A 47.5 75 7.6 s\y 28 3 22 65 4 p 28 7 A 46.5 76 10.8 sw 2-1 2 23 69. 4 p 30 6 A 49.5 77 10.8 se 27 2 24 68 4 p 35 7 A 51.5 76 6.4 SW 30 4 25 70 3 p 44 4 A 57.0 76 6.7 so 113 J 3 26 64 4 p 54 12 p 59.0 92 2.3 nw 102 15 9:30 A 12 M .19 27 75 2 p 51 6 A 63.0 89 5.0 w 30 8 8 A 8:30 A .01 28 62 1 p 48 7 A 55.0 79 0.9 nw 54 8 T 29 74 2 p 56 0 A 65.0 74 3.6 s 172 13- T 30 80 3 p 60 7 A 70.0 74 4.9 s 105 7 31 76 11 A 55 12 p 65.5 57 5.1 w 219 28 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY October, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum .30.56, 28th Minimum 29.46, 18th Mean semi-daily .„. .30.114 Range 1.10 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest '. 84, 6th, 7th Lowest - 28, 22nd Meaii 54.7 Range 56 Highest mean daily 70, 30th Lowest mean daily . 41.5, 20th Mean maximum : 67.4 Mean minimum 41.9 Greatest daily range. 39, 4th, 7th, 23rd Least daily range 10, 26th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.51 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs....-0.62, 12th, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2914 Greatest daily movement 283, 1st Least daily movement 24, 6th, 24th Mean hourly velocity ,........_ 3.9 Maximum velocity 28, 19th, 31st Wind, direction Prevailing direction . SW North, days 0 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Soutlieast, days 7 South, days 2 Southwest, days 10 West, days 6 Northwest, days _ 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 49 Number of clear days . ...13 Number of fair days '.. ..10 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 200 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.7 Thunder and lightning — First frost Oct. 22 Normal 30.53 30.68, 1929 29.42 29.00, 1926 30.06 1.11 1.47, 1926, .76. 1899 79.4 90.5, 1908 23.4 17, 1936 50.5 56.4, 1920; 43.2, 1890 56.0 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 Extremes 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 21, 17, 19, >32 '^ 1932; 1938 1924 1896 3, '38. 18, 1924 1, 1911 '3, 1938 3, 1924 91, 1913 Aug.22, '94, '95;Ocl. 15, '39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945 REMARKS The weather during October was warm and dry, and had very little wind. The mean temperature was 54.7 degrees compared to a normal of 50.5 degrees. During the first half of the month the temperature was near normal but was well above normal in the second half. While the mean temperature was considerably above normal, this record was exceeded in 1900, 1^13, 1920 and 1938. In 1920 the mean temperature for October was 56.4 de- grees. The highest temperature in October this year was 84 degrees on the 6th and 7th. The lowest temperature was 28 de- grees on the 22nd. This was the first frost of the season, although there was light frost earlier in nearby locations. At the end of the month there has not been a killing frost. The normal date for the first frost is September 21. The domestic heating load for the month was 326 degree-days. The total heating load for September and October is 416 degree- days while the normal for this period is 605 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 1.51 inches, which is 1.78 inches less than the normal for October. The total wind movement was only 2914 miles for the month, while the normal is 4074 miles. Only twice since 1889 has there been less wind in October. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, gives the following final report on the crop season of 1916: "The crop season of 1946 may be said to end with October. In many ways it was remark- ably like that of 1945. The v/eather was unseasonably warm in late winter and early spring, then cooler with killing tempera- tures followed by seasonable temperatures for the rest of the summer. Rainfall was low in March and early April both years and again in June and July, follov/ed by more adequate amounts ending with dry Octobers. For three successive years the fruit crop has been injured more or less severely by spring killing of fruit buds. The writer remembers only one spring in the previous 38 years when severe killing occurred in Massachusetts. Three frosty years in succession sets a record that will not be equaled for a long time. If we get frost damage in 1947 it will be most remarkable. "Apple" scab caused much damage to scab susceptible vari- eties in both years because of wet weather in May and June. The carryover of the disease on fallen leaves is heavy. Unless we have a dry May and June in 1947, a most thorough and skill- ful control program will be necessary to control the disease." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 695 November 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1946 C. L GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 4S" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST. MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum X bo C — u Q u u Q V B H bo Q H c M > ><* g D. B nl 60 m T3 •a a W V o c 1 64 3 p 41 7 A 52.5 61 8.1 w 142 20 2 54 3 p 47 4 A 50.5 69 0.0 e 69 7 3 56 4 p 48 3 A 52.0 89 O.U n\v 95 5 T 4 68 1 p 49 12 p 58.5 74 3.0 w 154 22 S 49 0 A 39 10 p 44.0 41 8.4 w 397 30 6 52 4 p 32 7 A 42.0 47 10.1 s\v 219 20 7 59 3 p 41 7 A 50.0 60 3.5 sw 110 18 8 50 6 p 44 12 p 47.0 92 0.0 w 40 5 2:30 A 8 :30 p .34 9 54 1 p 40 3 A 47.0 68 0.5 w 133 17 10 54' 3 p 33 7 A 43.5 76 5.2 s 88 9 T 11 58 12 p 50 0 A 54.0 87 0.0 se 150 13 5 p 10 p .10 12 13 59 49 1 A 3 p 38 28 12 p 7 A 48.5 38.5 57 63 7.5 nw 264 114 25 14 1 A 3 A .13 9.9 nw 14 50 1 p 32 1 A 41.0 74 1.6 nw 134 25 T 15 45 2 p 28 12 p 36.5 61 9.8 nw 191 18 16 50 2 p 20 7 A 35.0 75 9.8 e 61 6 17 53 1 p 40 12 p 46.5 72 0.0 , se 198 18 18 42 2 p 23 12 p 32.5 51 7.7 nw 205 17 19 49 3 p 19 7 A 34.0 76 9.6 e 56 6 20 45 4 p 23 5 A 34.0 93 2.2 w 44 7 21 55 3 p 27 7 A 41.0 82 9.6 sw 34 7 22 54 3 p 34 12 p 44.0 83 0.0 w 101 22 8:30 A 12:30p .11 23 35 3 p 27 7 A 31.0 51 3.2 w 116 22 24 39 4 p 24 7 A 31.5 63 0.3 se 151 13 T 25 62 2 p 38 1 A 50.0 68 0.7 se 220 13 T 26 61 12 p 50 6 A 55.5 87 0.0 se 139 11 T 27 61 0 A 38 8 A 49,5 65 9.4 w 164 22 9:30p 11:30p .02 28 43 0 A 35 9 p 39.0 54 1.8 w 255 28 29 46 1 p 28 12 p 37.0 52 4.1 nw 253 25 T 30 35 4 p 25 8 A 30.0 74 0.0 se 61 9 T * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY November, 1946 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum _ -__ 30.66, 18th Minimum 29.60, 8th Mean semi-daily 30.081 Range 1 .06 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest -68, 4th Lowest -.- - 19, 1 9th Mean 43.2 Range -— — 49 Highest mean daily 58.5, 4th Lowest mean daily 30.0, 30th Mean maximum 51.7 Mean minimum — 34.7 Greatest daily range 30, 16th, 19th Least daily range . 6, 8th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation — „.. .70 Snow — - - Trace Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. .- 0.34, 8th Number of days with .01 or more .— — .. 5 Wind, in miles Total movement _. _ _..._ 4358 Greatest daily movement 397, 5th Least daily movement 34, 21st Mean hourly velocity _ 6.1 Maximum velocity 30, 5th Wind, direction Prevailing direction — WSW North, days 0 Northeast, days 0 East, days 3 Southeast, days 6 South, days „_-,_ 1 Southwest, days ^ 3 West, (lays ..— 10 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days ...14 Number of hours bright sunshine ...126 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine ..— 43 Thunder and lightning — First frost 13th 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 Extremes 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; .89, 1943 75, 1924, 1938 -4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; .63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921 ; 2, 1904 5.978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44, 1938 72, 1900, 1927; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1, 1900. 1911, 1927 16, '12; 4. '89, '30. '32, '35 24,1927; 9. 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, 1941 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945 REMARKS The weather during November was warm and dry. The mean temperature for the month was 43.2 degrees while the normal mean temperature for November is 38.9 degrees. This high mean temperature for November has been exceeded only three times since 1889, in 1927, 1931 and 1935. The highest temperature was 68 degrees on the 4th and the lowest 19 degrees on the 19th. The first frost of the season was on the 13th. The domestic heat- ing load was 654 degree-days compared to a normal of 784 degree-days. The total heating load to the end of November is 1070 degree-days while the normal for that period is 1389 degree- days. The total precipitation during the month was .70 inches. Only once has there been less precipitation in November since 1889. This was in 1917 when the total precipitation for November was .63 inches. The normal for November is 3.41 inches. No snow fell during the month whereas the normal snowfall for November is 2.34 inches. The normal date for the first snow is November 6. There were 126 hours of bright sunshine, the normal being 121 hours. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 696 December 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1946 C. I. GUNNESS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above groimd, 38 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS •5 H 3 o c as Temperature Wind Precipitation 1 Maximum Minimum w •si bo a a a 4J* Q bo Q B u be Q s c V > si — .2 > V V u (i:5 V _ E "a > X a u e a bo eq •a u ■V a V 5 o 1 53 11 A 33 0 A 43.0 73 0.0 w 193 22 T 2 34 0 A 12 12 p 23.0 50 6.0 nw 435 32 3 35 3 P 11 3 A 23.0 48 9.3 s 126 10 4 39 4 p 23 7 A 31.0 57 2.0 s 142 11 5 40 3 p 27 4 A 33.5 68 0.1 s 75 7 6 40 1 p 26 6 A 33.0 74 6.0 n 84 11 7 48 2 p 27 8 A 37.5 74 0.0 se 61 7 8 45 3 p 26 7 A 35.5 84 1.3 nw 39 7 9 47 3 p 37 0 A 42.0 86 0.0 se 58 8 T 10 63 3 p 41 6 A 52.0 73 3.0 s 133 13 11 56 0 A 26 12 p 41.0 47 9.1 w 289 28 12 52 12 p 23 5 A 37.5 85 0.0 se 59 10 11 A 2:30 p .16 13 57 3 A 27 12 p 42.0 55 5.8 w 242 28 7:30 A 8 A .03 14 30 12 M 22 12 p 26.0 42 2.5 nw 298 28 15 33 1 p 20 7 A 26.5 42 4.7 nw 226 20 16 29 3 p 16 11 p 22.5 45 9.0 nw 164 18 17 38 12 p 17 0 A 27.5 86 0.0 n 50 8 2 A 1 p .11 1.0 18 38 0 A 20 12 p 29.0 58 0.2 n 126 11 19 32 1 p 13 6 A 22.5 73 4.5 n 49 7 20 29 12 p 11 2 A 20.0 84 0.0 n 32 5 7 p 12 p .50 5.0 21 35 2 p 29 0 A 32.0 96 0.0 nw 158 17 0 A 4 p 1.39 0.5 22 37 2 p 30 12 p 33.5 67 1.0 w 340 32 23 43 1 p 25 6 A 34.0 65 1.2 s 209 20 24 47 1 p 33 11 p 40.0 54 9.0 sw 167 12 25 35 0 A 20 12 p 27.5 56 4.8 nw 258 32 26 35 9 A 7 12 p 21.0 65 6.4 nw 312 35 27 28 1 p 2 4 A 15.0 60 6.0 s 100 20 11 p 12 p .05 0.5 28 21 8 A 15 4 p 18.0 93 0.0 ne 140 11 0 A 12 p .77 3.5 29 30 12 p 18 0 A 24.0 96 0.0 n 87 25 0 A 4:30 p .50 T 30 33 3 A 8 12 p 20.5 67 9.2 n 257 22 31 26 3p 1 7 A 13.5 78 1.9 nw 18 4 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1946 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum __ 30.59, 31st Minimum _ .29.30, 13th Mean semi-daily 30.033 Range 1.29 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest - - ^62,, 10th Lowest 1, 31st Mean .._ 29.9 Range 62 Highest mean daily 52, 10th Lowest mean daily _ 13.5, 31st Mean maximum . _ 39.0 Mean minimum _.. ._ .20.8 Greatest daily range 30, 11th. 13th Least daily range 6, 21st, 28th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation . 3.51 Snow 10.50 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. ... 1.89, 20th, 21st Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4937 Greatest daily movement 435, 2nd Least daily movement 18, 31st Mean hourly velocity 6.6 Maximum velocity 35, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 7 Northeast, days .— _._.. 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days _ -. 6 Southwest, days ......'.... 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days ...9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 55 Number of clear days 6 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days ...17 Number of hours bright sunshine 103 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 36.4 Thunder and lightning — First snow Dec. 17 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 -1.9 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Extremes 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 -22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.L 1917 7.77, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, '02; t, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938, 1943, 1944 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09; 4, '89, '30, '31, '36, '38 23, '2,i; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1945. ^^■ Y.iHT^/[OM ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1946 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ..30.70, Jan. 20 Minimum 29.23, Feb. 14 Mean semi-daily 30.046 Range 1 .47 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, July 19 Lowest — «, Jan. 28, Feb. 4 Mean 48.7 Range .. 103 Highest mean daily 81.5, July 20 Lowest mean daily 6.0, Jan. 20 Mean maximum 59.7 Mean minimum 37.6 Greatest daily range _43, Apr. 23 Least daily range 4, Mar. 2 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation ..._ 38.61 Snow .-. - 50.60 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 3.46, July 23rd Number of days with .01 or more. ....Ill Wind, in miles Total movement 48,381 Greatest daily movement 499, Feb. 21 Least daily movement _ ..9, Jan. 17 Mean hourly velocity _ 5.5 Maximum velocity 50, Feb. 20 Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days ....23 Northeast, days — - 7 East, days _... 12 Southeast, days 81 South, days .. 32 Southwest, days 39 West, days 78 Northwest, days 93 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.1 Mean cloudiness, percent ..51.6 Number of clear days 166 Number of fair days 97 Number of cloudy days 102 Number of hours bright sunshine 2642 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ 59.3 Last snow .Apr. 8 First snow Dec. 17 Last frost May 4 First frost Oct. 22 Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05, 1920, 1943 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.8, 1921; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945; 96, 1924 63.571, 1908; 36,257. 1894 80, 1938 60, '98, '01. '02; 41, '08. '24 217, 1941 ; 59. 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038. 1941 ; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14,'10; May 11.'07,'45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43 ; June 8, '32 Aug. 22,'94,'95 ; Oct. 13.'09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 697 January, 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1947 M. J. MARKUSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -5 S Wind ^recipita tion Maximum Minimum e V > -si 3 u he C S 'S. ° ■« o > V V h c V E H > rt 1- S o. C3 ■a •a c U u rt Q K be Q 19 E c c in 1 4 p 10 8 A 14.5 73 0.2 11 70 25 7:30 p 12 p .65 2.5 2 30 12 p 15 0 A 22.5 94 0.0 n 237 28 0 A 2 p .24 0.5 3 34 9 p 30 0 A 32.0 98 0.0 n 145 4 8:30 A 6 p .17 4 32 0 A 14 12 p 23.0 73 9.2 nw 120 13 5 32 1 p 8 7 A 20.0 69 5.0 se 62 8 6 31 3 p 10 12 p 20.5 64 7.0 nw 159 14 T 7 37 8 p 5 5 A 21.0 74 1.6 se 97 12 8 37 1 A 24 12 p 30.5 64 7.6 w 283 25 T T 9 24 0 A 7 12 p 15.5 51 9.3 w 235 28 10 26 1 p -1 7 A 12.5 67 5.0 s 118 18 11 42 3 p 19 0 A 30.5 65 0.2 s 184 13 12 43 4 A 16 12 p 29.5 45 7.0 n 221 22 13 25 3 p 9 7 A 17.0 57 5.3 n 109 11 14 32 3 p 24 0 A 28.0 91 0.0 n 50 6 8:30 A 12 p .14 15 36 2 p 32 0 A 34.0 97 0.0 nw 7 4 2 A 8 p .31 16 38 4 p 34 9 A 36.0 97 0.0 nw 40 8 17 40 3 p 27 8 A 33.5 50 5.6 nw 181 28 18 42 1 p 23 12 p 32.5 48 0.0 w 206 20 19 29 6 p 10 8 A 19.5 63 4.0 nw 60 13 20 45 12 p 25 0 A 35.0 97 0.0 nw 35 5 5:30 A 6 p .84 21 45 0 A 17 12 p 31.0 66 4.0 w 261 32 T T 22 17 0 A 9 9 A 13.0 52 8.6 w 332 28 23 24 '2 p 11 8 A 17.5 54 2.8 s 83 8 24 45 2 p 24 0 A 34.5 67 3.5 se 130 9 T T 25 45 '1 A 26 11 p 35.5 70 2.9 n 133 18 26 38 12 p 20 8 A 29.0 81 2.2 nw 11 2 11:30p 12 p .01 27 47 3 p 28 12 p 37.5 87 6.0 n 65 7 0 A 7 :.''0 .\ .44 28 S3 3 p 26 7 A 39.5 67 9.1 nw 57 17 29 35 0 A 28 5 A 31.5 70 0.0 n 50 10 30 44 12 p 30 n A 37.0 92 0.0 n 28 5 6 p 12 p .08 31 55 1 p 34 12 p 44.5 69 5.9 nw 105 25 O A 6 A .49 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fern AND E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1947 Barometer, in inches (.Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ______ ___.-_ 30.89, 1st Minimum .__-__ _ -.29.19, 20th Mean semi-daily -__ - - 30.037 Range ._____. , - _. 1 .70 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest __,-_.. 55, 31st Lowest -___ -_ -1, 10th Mean 27.7 Range _ 56 Highest mean daily 44.5, 31st Lowest mean daily 12.5, 10th Mean maximum 36.2 Mean minimum 19.2 Greatest daily range . 32, 7th Least daily range 4, 3rd, 15th, 16th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation Z.2i7 Snow _ . __ 3.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. .___ _-0.84, 20th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement .__ 3874 Greatest daily movement 332, 22nd Least daily movement __. 7, 15th Mean hourly velocity ___ 5.2 Maximum velocity _ 32, 21st Wind, direction PrevaiHng direction NW North, days 10 Northeast, days _.__ 0 East, days ., 0 Southeast, days ___ _— _ _____ 3 South, days 3 Southwest, days _ 0 West, days , __ __ 5 Northwest, days ___. 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent _.71.3 Mean cloudiness, percent , .56 Number of clear days _ .7 Number of fair days _ 9 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine 112 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine- _ 38.1 Thunder and lightning — Normal Extremes 30.70 31.00, 1927 29.20 28.55, 1913 30.07 1.50 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 51.1 66.0, 1932 -7.1 -26.0, 1904 24.2 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 58.2 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 2>^, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 7770. 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 2,7, 1908 20, 1944; 2, 1914 18,1890,1926:3, 1916, 1944 22, 1923, 1931 : 4, 1920, 19.^0 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938. except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. Tlie third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather during January was much warmer than normal with very little snow. The mean temperature was 27.7 degrees, which is 3.5 degrees higher than the normal for January. This was the warmest January since 1937 which had a mean tempera- ture of 31.7 degrees. Last year the mean temperature for January was 23.2 degrees. Thus far, this has been the warmest winter since 1931-1932. The highest temperature this January was 55 degrees on the 31st while the lowest was -1 degree on the 10th and this is the lowest reading so far this winter. The domestic heating load for January was 1157 degree-days as compared to the normal of 1265 degree-days. The total heating load from September 1 to January 31 is now 3315 degree-days as compared to the normal of 3817 degree-days for this same period. The snowfall for January was 3.0 inches while the normal for January is 13.32 inches. The total snowfall for this winter has now reached 13.5 inches. The normal for this same period is 24.16 inches. The total precipitation for January was 3.37 inches which is slightly under the normal of 3.61 inches. There were 112 hours of bright sunshine as compared to a normal of 137 hours. High winds occurred on the 21st when a maximum of 32 miles per hour was reached. I;iA3r3. STATE COLLEGS ai^hehst. mass. 3 46 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 698 February. 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1947 M. J. MARKUSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tenipe rature j5 Sic 1 ^Vind 1 Precipita tion Mnximum Minimum K O 3 M « £* u^ c c V Zl 3 X Q be Q V B V c > E.Sf S u > V V u X c n u M i. •a c U c 1 35 2 p 22. 12 p 28.5 50 10.0 nw 236 20 2 28- 3 p 19 12 p 23.5 55 5.8 w 153 18 3 37 3 p 13 7 A 25.0 48 9.0 s 143 15 4 50 7 p 19 12 p 34.5 78 0.5 se 124 25 1 P 10 p .75 5 19 1 A 10 12 p 14.5 56 6.1 nw 293 22 6 .\ 10 A .03 1.5 6 19 3 p 6 7 A 12.5 54 2.7 sw 135 13 7 30 5 p 15 1 A 22.5 77 1.6 nw 15 5 4 A 3 p .05 1.0 8 28 12 m 10 !2 p 19.0 76 0.0 nw 169 17 4 A 5 p .50 7.0 9 22 12m 4 3 A 13.0 53 4.6 w 239 32 ]0 33 2 p 19 0 A 26.0 66 7.3 nw 373 32 11 33 3 p 18 10 p 25.5 49 10.0 nw 412 25 12 32 1 p 11 7 A 21.5 45 10.4 n 157 15 13 36 3 p 9 5 A 22.5 55 4.7 nw 49 8 14 48 3 p 21 7 A 34.5 61 6.7 s 86 9 15 40 4 p 31 7 A 35.5 78 0.0 s 65 7 16 43 1 p 31 12 p 37.0 67 0.8 nw 209 25 17 35 3 p 26 7 A 30.5 46 2.1 nw 435 28 18 48 4 p 19 6 A 33.5 51 10.5 w 109 11 19 27 0 A 12 12 p 19.5 44 10.7 nw 260 28 20 22 4 p 4 6 A 13.0 45 6.7 n 201 18 9 :30 p 12 p .04 1.0 21 17 2 p 8 12 p 12.5 82 0.5 nw 327 25 0 A 7 p .59 7.5 22 21 3 p 8 0 A 14.5 59 5.6 nw 306 28 23 29 2 p 11 12 p 20.0 54 9.6 nw 169 18 24 33 3 p 5 3 A 19.0 59 7.0 s 136 11 25 37 2 p 19 9 A 28.0 60 1.9 nw 207 20 26 35 2 p 28 n p 31.5 61 3.2 nw 298 25 T T 27 31 3 p 25 7 A 28.0 58 1.3 nw 294 28 28 32 3 p 20 12 p 26.0 61 4.7 nw 262 22 T T * Based on lea.st time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Obseri'et MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum __ 30.44, 12th Minimum 29.15, 22nd Mean semi-dailv 29.729 Range ." _ 1.29 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Higliest _ 5U, 4tli Lowest _.._4, 9th, 20th .Mean ..._ ...__ 24.0 Range - — ._ 26 Higliest mean daily 37, 16th Lowest mean daily 12.5, 21st Mean maximum __. _ 32.1 Mean minimum 15.8 Greatest daily range 31, 4th Least daily range - 6, 27th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.96 Snow .,-,- -_. 18.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 0.75, 4th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement . 5862 (ireatesf daily movement 435, 17th Least daily movement - 15, 7th Mean hourly velocity . . 8.7 Maximum velocity 32, 9th, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days -. 2 Northeast, days _ ..0 East, days , 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 4 Southwest, days — 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days _. 17 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 58.9 Mean cloudiness, i)ercent .._ ..58 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours of bright sunshine 144 Percent of i^ossible hours of bright sunshine . 48.6 Thunder anrl lightning 4th Normal 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, "13, '31 65.0. 1930 -23, 1943 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 50, 1946 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19, 1941 ; 2. 1927 16. 1920; 2, 1930 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19.38, except that humidity records are based on observations mnde from 1929 to 1938. The third column yives extremes observed fr^m 1889 tci 1946. REMARKS The weather for February was near normal. The mean temp- erature for the month was 24.0 degrees as compared to the normal of 23.7 degrees. The highest temperature during the month was 50 degrees on the 4th and the lowest, 4 degrees on the 9th and 20th. The lowest temperature for the winter still stands at -1 degree on Jaunary 10. The domestic heating load for the month was 1148 degree-days, while the normal for Feb- ruary is 1165 degree-days. The total heating load for the period September 1 to February 28 inclusive is now 4463 degree-days compared to the normal of 4982 degree-days for this period. A total of 18 inches of snow was recorded during the month, with 16.5 inches of this amount falling in two storms. The total snowfall for this winter season is now 31.50 inches, while the normal for the period is 38.15 inches. There were only six days of precipitation during the month. The total hours of sunshine was 144, while the normal is 158 hours. The total wind movement for the month was higher than normal. MASS. STAVE COLLEGE AMHERST, yASS. 3 46 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 699 March 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1947 M. J. MARKUSON OBSERVATORY Latitude. 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude. 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used. E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature o c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum V bo ^ o c 5 3 01 0) V a; > V ^ E S o a a V u u V Q E s c si •2^ E.Sf 3 u > t) r) u p a be m •a V ■a c W o c w 1 37 3 p 11 7 A 24.0 74 8.4 w 55 6 2 37 9 p 28 5 A 32.5 90 0.0 nw 185 30 0 A 12 p 1.72 3.00 3 37 1 A 28 12 p 32.5 73 0.0 sw 368 45 0 A 8 A .14 T 4 32 1 p 24 7 A 28.0 68 1.6 sw 211 13 T 5 38 5 p 25 7 A 31.5 63 7.6 w 243 25 6 42 1 p 32 7 A 37.0 63 7.8 nw 205 20 7 40 12 m 28 12 p 34.0 61 6.2 w 176 15 8 39 5 p 20 7 A 29.5 63 9.1 n 100 13 9 41 3 p 27 7 A 34.0 58 11.6 11 218 18 10 44 2 p 28 7 A 36.0 65 8.6 n 215 14 11 43 1 p 31 7 A 37.0 79 3.S n 126 10 T 12 50 5 p 29 7 A 39.5 61 11.7 11 70 10 13 53 3 p 23 6 A 38.0 64 11.8 s 111 15 8 p 12 p .19 14 53 11 A 36 0 A 44.5 93 0.0 s 174 20 0 A 6 p .95 15 53 2 p 31 12 p 42.0 56 10.8 nw 240 20 16 39 3 p 24 7 A 31.5 48 10.9 nw 218 20 17 36 4 p 26 12 p 31.0 53 1.1 nw 139 20 18 34 4 p 22 7 A 28.0 54 9.0 w 242 22 19 45 3 p 19 7 A 32.0 55 11.8 se 157 20 20 50 5 p 21 6 A 35.5 60 8.9 w 98 13 21 50 3 p 31 6 A 40.5 48 7.0 n 140 13 22 48 2 p 29 6 A 38.5 63 5.2 nw 94 17 23 51 4 p 26 5 A 38.5 61 4 0 sw 115 13 24 55 4 p 37 1 A 46.0 85 0.0 .s 61 9 9 A 12 M .06 25 52 1 p 27 12 p 39.5 77 1.0 U' 299 32 7 A 2 p 2' T 26 27 0 A 18 7 A 22.5 48 0.0 nw 458 32 27 33 5 p 19 6 A 26.0 48 6.0 nw 324 28 28 37 3 p 15 7 A 26.0 59 12.3 n 153 20 29 45 11 A 23 5 A 34.0 65 2.2 se 155 20 30 35 3 p 27 12 p 31.0 51 8.0 w 332 32 T 31 45 4 p 19 6 A 32.0 46 12.6 nw 241 18 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.47, 12th Minimum 28.63, 3rd Mean semi-daily 29.840 Range -.- .._. .__ ....2.13 Air Temperature, in degrees F. H ighest _ 55, 24th Lowest _ 11, 1st Alean .:..... 34.0 Range — 44 Highest mean daily ...46, 24th Lowest mean daily _..- .22.5, 26th Mean ma.ximum 42.6 Mean minimum 25.3 (Greatest daily range 30, 13th Least daily range 8, 4th. 30th Precipitation, in inches Precii)itation ..... . _ 3.2') Snow" .....3.00 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.72, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 5923 Greatest daily movement 458, 26th Least daily movement 55, 1st Mean hourly velocity 7.9 Maximum velocity 45, 3rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 7 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days . 3 Southwest, days -.-. 3 West, days ...7 Northwest, days .9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 62.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 54 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days ..9 Number of cloudy days .9 Number of hours bright sunshine .199 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.6 Thunder and lightning — Normal 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 1929 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901 ; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17. 1900; 1. 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292. 1924; 93. 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather during March was a Httle colder than normal with mean temperature of 34° compared to the normal mean of 34.4°. Last year we had the warmest March on record with mean temperature of 44.5°. The mean temperature for the winter season now stands at 31.8° compared to the normal for the same period of 29.7°. Highest temperature of 55° this month occurred on the 24th; the normal high is 63.8°. The lowest temperature of 11° came on the 1st; the normal low is 6.1°! Record high was 85° on the 29th in 1945 and the record low is -7.5° as of March 24, 1906. Degree-days for March were 962 against a normal of 950. The heating period, September 1 to March 31, is 5425 degree-days which is somewhat below the normal of 5932 degree-days. There was less snow than usual when only 3 inches fell. The normal is 7.47 inches. Total snow of 34.5 inches this winter is considerably below normal of 45.62 inches. The normal for the entire snow season is 47.79 inches. Precipitation is less than normal for March when 3.29 inches fell. The March normal is 3.70 inches. There were 199 hours of bright sunshine which was the same as the normal. Humidity was 62.9 percent; normal is 64.2 percent. Two very low barometric readings developed in March when 28.63 inches occurred at 6 A.M. on the 3rd and 28.88 inches at 1 P.M. on the 25th. The hurricane of 1938 had a low barometer recording of 28.41 inches. Both lows this month were accom- panied by high winds. Maximum velocity of 45 miles per hour was recorded on the 3rd. 11A3S. STATE COLLEGE AMHER3T, MASS. 3 46 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 700 April 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1947 M. J. MARKUSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 4r W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. Wind Precipitation •5 "e 3 K2 Maximum Minimum > O 3 — .° c — u s S Q 1h bo Q V E s a rt 1- c rt bo V a s W a o c 1 54 3 p 26 3 A 40.0 56 32 s 129 18 2 46 12 m 35 10 p 40.5 90 0.0 nv\ 148 13 10 A 12 p .74 3 51 4 p 32 7 A 41.5 39 12.8 nw 265 25 4 54 4 p 23 7 A 38.5 47 12.8 w 124 10 5 40 4 p 35 6 A 37.5 76 0.0 s 153 10 3 A 8 p 1.23 6 74 5 p 37 4 A 55.5 77 6.0 w 135 18 7 55 0 A 37 12 p 46.0 60 0.7 nw 355 25 8 54 5 p 33 5 A 43.5 47 13.0 n 193 13 9 46 5 p 34 12 p 40.0 72 0.5 n 83 12 10 A 10 :3()A T 10 62, 3 p 27 6 A 45.0 57 13.1 s\v 125 17 11 7Z 2 p 44 3 A 58.5 68 7.0 sw 353 7? 12 72 4 p 48 12 p 60.5 68 6.7 w 220 15 6 A 7 A .04 13 57 3 p 37 6 A 47.0 52 13.2 nw 209 22 14 50 3 p 37 1 A 43.5 76 1.4 e 157 12 7 p 8:30p .03 15 62 2 p 35 3 A 48.5 55 13.3 w 162 18 16 45 2 p 36 5 A 40.5 76 0.0 e 153 14 10 :30a 8:30p .57 17 48 1 p 33 12 p 40.5 55 0.0 w 227 28 18 56 llA 29 5 A 42.5 55 4.7 sw 207 28 19 51 4 p 35 12 p 43.0 56 8.4 n 163 18 20 35 0 A 31 8 A 33.0 95 0.0 n 88 7 6 A 12 p .52 1.25 21 38 1 p 28 12 p 33.0 74 0.0 n 156 13 0 A 11 A .41. 1.00 22 49 4 p 24 6 A 36.5 46 13.6 se 137 12 23 55 4 p 31 3 A 43.0 62 13.7 sw 144 13 24 68 2 p 38 2 A 53.0 58 6.0 sw 285 28 25 51 3 p 40 6 A 45.5 64 0.0 n 220 17 8 p 12 p .17 26 56 3 p 38 6 A 47.0 52 8.1 sw 134 17 27 63 1 p 36 12 p 49.5 50 0.0 w 268 32 1:30 p 4 p .11 28 50 4 p 28 5 A 39.0 38 13.9 w 245 28 29 63 3 p 33 5 A 48.0 48 5.5 se 227 18 30 74 2 p 49 0 A 61.5 77 5.4 se 249 15 6 A 12 p .77 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY April, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.51, 22nd Minimum 29.51, 27th Mean semi-daily 30.100 Range --- -1.00 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 74, 6th, 30th Lowest 23, 4th Mean 44.7 Range 5 1 Highest mean daily 61.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 33, 20th, 21st Mean maxinmm 55.1 Mean minimum 34.3 Greatest daily range 37, 6th Least daily range 4, 20th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation -4.59 Snow .— , 2.25 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. .— 1.23, 5th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 5714 Greatest daily movement 355, 7th Least daily movement 83, 9th Mean hourly velocity 7.9 Maximum velocity 32, 27th 'Wind, direction .W Prevailing direction .... North, days .. 6 Northeast, days 0 East, days . 2 Southeast, days _.. 3 South, days 2 Southwest, days 6 West, days 7 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 61.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 58% Number of clear days -..9 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days _ 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 183 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ 45.5 Thunder and lightning 30th Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; .72, 1919 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921 ; 41. 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11. 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1945 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 3, 1898, 1902 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907 N')le — The hrs't colunm in the above summary gives observations made during tl.e month. Tlie second column gives the averages based on observations made friitii 1889 to 19.'^8, except that humidity records are based on observations mnde from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather during April had about an inch more precipitation and a sHghtly lower mean temperature than normal. Precipitation totalled 4.59 inches which was fairly well distributed over 10 days. The normal precipitation is 3.35 inches. Mean temperature was 44.7 degrees while the normal mean temperature is 45.7 degrees. The highest temperature of 74 degrees occurred on the 6th and 30th; the normal is 79.4 degrees. The lowest temperature of 23 degrees was recorded on the 4th; the normal low is 22.0 degrees. The snowfall totalled 2.25 inches compared to a normal of 2.17 inches. The total for the season is now 36.75 inches which is below the normal of 47.79 inches. The total hours of sunshine is 183 and this is somewhat below the normal of 220 hours for April. The domestic heating load for the month was 608 degree-days which is above the normal of 579 degree-days. The season's total from September 1 to the end of April is now 6033 degree-days which is considerably less than the normal of 6511 degree-days. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist; gives the following report: "The past winter was mild with only one sub-zero temperature re- corded. Peach fruit buds came through with little killing and a full bloom is in prospect. There should be little or no winter injury to fruit plants. The progress of vegetation to May 1st is about normal and from two to four weeks later than it was in the last two years. Fruit buds are swelling and a few days of warm weather v/ill bring them into bloom. There will be ample bloom on tree fruits but probably not equal to the heavy bloom of last year. Some leaf area of apple trees is exposed and the wet period at the beginning of May is favorable for infection from the heavy carryover of apple scab from last season. Thus the stage is set for another season of severe injury unless adequate preventive measures are taken." till rt ^ O . OlC\ L L-J \^ V-Ui J-J i-J-w- AMHERSi". MASS. 3 46 Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 701 May 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR M AY 1947 F. J. SIEVERS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> •3 E 3 3 V Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c a X > 3'C c B — . (U CO > Si a 1- c CO ■s -c a 01 V B S Q Q H Q H S ^Di ZCQ £(5 hS S^ ffl W S* 1 58 Oa 40 12 p 49.0 91 0.0 n 115 14 4 A 9:30 p .11 2 43 4 p 38 7a 40.5 90 0.0 ne 123 13 2 p 3 p .03 3 48 3 p 43 Oa 45.5 86 0.0 n 134 9 3 p 11 p 1.00 4 55 7p 45 4 a 50.0 94 0.0 n 120 13 7 a 5 p .14 5 61 2 p 47 6 a 54.0 85 3.0 n 86 10 1:30 p 10:30 p .26 6 67 3 p 47 7 A 57.0 68 5.5 nw 271 25 7 57 10 a 40 12 p 48.5 72 1.0 s 107 20 12:30 p 4 p .16 8 46 2 p 34 12 p 40.0 50 8.0 nw 349 28 9 48 5 p 34 4 a 41.0 46 5.0 nw 208 29 10 60 5 p 28 5 a 44.0 38 14.4 w 127 12.5 11 71 5 p 32 6a 51.5 35 14.4 w 127 12.0 12 81 5 p 49 Oa 65.0 37 14.5 sw 160 20 13 87 1 p 54 4 a 70.5 52 7.0 sw 143 25 10:30 p 12 p .06 14 62 Oa 37 12 p 49.5 64 3.0 e 185 12.5 15 65 5 p 31 5 a 48.0 48 14.6 se 105 10.5 16 66 1 p 38 5 a 52.0 55 7.0 se 179 15 17 73 4p 42 5 a 57.5 48 11.5 n 110 20 18 58 8 p 49 6 a 53.5 93 0.0 s 98 10 I A 6 p .27 19 76 4p 54 2 a 65.0 66 9.0 s 117 10 20 82 4p 53 5 a 67.5 78 5.7 s 185 28 12:30 A 4 a .04 21 61 Oa 50 10 p 55.5 81 0.8 n 129 12 9 A 12m .20 22 64 7 a 49 12 p 56.5 88 0.0 n 149 18 9 A 10 a .10 23 80 5 p 45 5 A 62.5 60 14.5 n 69 11 24 87 3 p 53 5 A 70.0 66 11.5 s 102 16 25 77 12 M 62 6a 69.5 71 7.5 e 108 17 2 p 12 p 2.10 26 76 5 p 57 7a 66.5 49 14.9 nw 223 14 0 A 12:30 a .01 27 71 5 p 49 12 p 60.0 38 15.0 nw 195 17 28 81 3 p 48 1 A 64.5 62 7.4 se 90 11 29 86 3 p 63 5 a 74.5 75 8.6 se 198 22 8 p 11:30 p .15 30 66 3 p 46 12 p 56.0 44 10.3 nw 259 25 31 68 3 p 37 5 A 52.5 43 10.9 nw 191 22 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY May, 1947 Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 10th Minimum 29.50, 6th Mean semi-dailv 29.968 Range ' 0.82 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 87, 13th. 24th Lowest 28, 10th Mean 56.1 Range 59 Highest mean daily 74.5. 29th Lowest mean daily 40.0. 8th Mean maximum 67.1 Mean minimum 45.0 Greatest daily range 39, 11th Least daily range 5, 2nd, 3rd Precipitation, in incties 4.63 Precipitation Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.10, 2Sth Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 4762 Greatest daily n.ovement 349, 8th Least daily movement 69, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 6.4 Maximum velocity 29, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 8 Northeast, days 1 East, days 2 Southeast, days 4 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 63.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 52.0 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 225 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50 Thunder and lightning 25th, 29th 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0. 1900 7.44, 1931; .48. 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 193 5 70, 1901, 1902; 30, 192 3 21, 1944; 0. 1927 17, 1907, 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather for May was sHghtly colder than normal, with a little more precipitation than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 56.1 degrees, while the normal for May is 57.1 degrees. The highest temperature dur- ing the month was 87 degrees on the 13th and 24th; the lowest, 28 degrees on the 10th. The domestic heating load for the month was 277 degree-days, compared to the normal of 207 degree-days for May. The heating load for the season to the end of May is now 6310 degree-days, while the normal for this period is 6778 degree- days. The total precipitation for the month was 4.63 inches, most of which fell in two storms: 1.00 inch on the 3rd and 2.10 inches on the 25th. The normal precipitation for May is 3.60 inches. Thun- der and lightning occurred on the 25th and 29th. Rain fell on 14 days. In May, 1945 rain fell on 20 days. There were 225 hours of bright sunshine. The normal for May is 252 hours. Dr. J. K. Shaw of the Pomology Department makes the fol- lowing comments: "For the fourth successive year the Massachu- setts apple crop has been injured by spring frosts. There is no record of such a condition as far back as records go. Unlike the previous two years, the program of vegetation was retarded; fruit bloom was a week or ten days later than normal instead of three or four weeks early. Several cold mornings in late April and in May killed many apple blossoms, some in the early cluster bud stage and some later. Rloom was less than the heavy bloom of last year. The apple crop in low lying orchards will be much reduced but we may hope that the total crop will be considerably more than last year. Much wet weather favored scab development and only thoroughly sprayed orchards of susceptible varieties can escape severe scab injury. Severe frost damage is reported from more southern areas and it looks as though the 1947 eastern apple crop will be below normal. "There was little or no injury to peaches and pears, and full crops are in prospect. Early strawberry bloom was killed, thus re- tarding the crop, but present indications are for a good crop." VJ VJ''^— '-'•i-i'i-' ■=-'■ I.:A33. STAiE COLLEGE . ' AMHERST. i.iAS;3. 3 46 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 702 June 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1947 F. J. SILVERS OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 3G ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, G7 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E ;3 3 a o c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum X o§ nC c M* Q u M V Q B V V M a B > So; II 3'n ;S O '5 o E c M 0) D3 T3 •o c W 1 77 1 P 44 3 A 60.5 72 15.1 s 196 17 2 79 2 p 57 5 A 68.0 66 6.6 s 194 17 T 3 68 11 A 50 12 p 59.0 86 10.7 s 228 20 12:30 A 2:30 p .79 4 73 5 p 42 5 A 57.5 46 15.1 ne 128 13 T 5 71 2p 46 5 a 58.5 54 15.2 s 200 17 6 86 3 p S3 1 A 69.5 59 15.2 s 187 18 4:30 a 5:30 A .02 7 66 Oa 52 12 p 59.0 75 0.0 ne 123 11 2 p 12 p .06 8 S3 3 p 46 12 p 49.5 94 0.0 n 104 15 Oa 10 p 1.06 9 74 4p 47 1 A 60.5 68 15.2 nw 170 20 O A 4:30 A .03 10 82 3 p 52 3 A 67.0 69 15.2 se 83 10 11 90 3 p 59 5 a 74.5 75 9.6 se HI 18 12 80 1 p 56 12 p 68.0 54 15.3 nw 200 25 13 79 4p 49 5 A 64.0 49 15.3 se 91 9 14 71 8 p 53 8 a 62.0 93 0.3 se 71 20 5:30 A 12 p .51 IS 76 12 M 60 12 p 68.0 56 8.6 nw 168 17 3 A 3 p .11 16 71 6p 52 12 p 61.5 74 15.3 nw 141 18 17 76 3 p 46 5 A 61.0 56 10.0 sw 60 10 18 70 3 p 56 4a 63.0 80 8.4 s 117 7 19 69 1 p 48 4a 58.5 65 15.3 n 134 22 10 p 10:30 p .01 20 68 1 p 48 3 A 58.0 73 3.5 ne 71 7 T 21 74 5 p 46 4 a 60.0 65 11.0 nw 82 IS T 22 82 5 p 46 5 A 64.0 64 9.0 nw 72 25 6 p 10 p .01 23 85 2 p 47 6 a 66.0 58 15.3 s 79 12 T 24 67 11 A 53 5 A 60.0 82 1.0 n 91 15 8 A 12 p .44 25 77 4p 53 1 A 65.0 90 8.8 s lis 17 0 A 4:30 p .18 26 85 3 p 60 4a 72.5 57 8.5 w 136 17 T 27 87 5 p 56 5 a 71.5 73 10.7 w 67 11 T 28 91 4 p 56 5' A 73.5 60 12.0 s 53 9 29 88 1 p 69 2 A 78.5 74 7.9 s 103 11 30 90 3 p 69 4 a 79.5 68 11.0 s 120 11 T 31 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Goon L. Chin, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY June, 1947 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.70, 1st Minimum 29.49, 16th Mean semi-daily 29.923 Range 1.21 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 28th Lowest 42, 4th Mean 64.6 Range 49 Highest mean daily 79.5, 30th Lowest mean daily 49.5, 8th Mean maximum 76.8 Mean minimum 52.4 Greatest daily range 38, 23rd Least daily range 7, 8th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.22 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.06, 8th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3698 Greatest daily movement 228, 3rd Least daily movement 53, 28th Mean hourly velocity 5.1 Maximum velocity 25, 12th, 22nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 3 Northeast, days 3 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 11 Southwest, days 1 West, days 2 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 31.3 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine 305 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 66.7 Thunder and lightning, 3rd, 14th, 19th, 22nd 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.54, 1889 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22,1908,1941,1943; 1, 1927 23, 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1, 1923 362, 1908; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS June weather was colder than normal, with slightly less rain than usual. The mean temperature for the month was 64.6 degrees, while the normal for June is 65.7 degrees. The maximum temperature was 91 on the 28th and the minimum, 42 on the 4th. The domestic heating load for June was 88 degree-days compared with the normal for June of 68 degree-days. The total load for the heating season for the period September 1 to June 30 is now 6398 degree-days. The normal for this period is 6846 degree-days. The total precipitation for the month was 3.22 inches, while the normal for June is 3.75 inches. There were 15 clear days, 10 partly cloudy, and 5 cloudy. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, gives the following report on the progress of vegetation : "The weather during June continued to be cool and wet, re- tarding the progress of vegetation. These conditions favored scab development and only orchards intensively sprayed escaped serious infection. Scab spores matured early but infection in our own orchards was much less than last year, probably because of a better spray program. Mcintosh set poorly and the crop in our orchards will be the smallest in many years. Conditions for pollina- tion seemed to be fairly good and it is difficult to find reasons for the poor set. Frost was doubtless a factor and the excessive leaf scab of last year may have weakened the trees. Most other var- ieties have set at least fairly well though the early blooming Graven- stein had many blossoms killed. Peaches and pears promise full crops but the blueberry crop will be below normal. Strawberries are yielding well." Xi\.iK/iJ*^.i~H^ JUJ- MASS. STATE GOLLfcGE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 703 July 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1947 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 3() ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, ()7 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPi:HiIV1ENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Maximum Minimum « V 4/ 4) B E OH 11 E o H U H 2 V 3-r > is E 3 > So; 70 s.o 45 15.3 56 14.7 55 13.5 57 13.0 69 11.5 65 15.2 79 0.0 79 5.9 74 2.0 77 7.0 74 8.0 67 15.0 74 15.0 80 7.6 87 3.2 82 5.2 81 7.0 84 4.0 70 11.5 75 6.0 94 0.0 74 9.3 64 14.8 63 14.7 67 10.5 71 14.5 88 3.0 72 10.2 73 6.0 74 10.4 PhQ Wind Pi c x^ ca fSI a i^ SK m Precipitation 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 2 4 2 3 12 M 11 A 12 M 9 a 1 p 12 M p p p p p p p p p A P P P 68 12 p 79.0 59 12 p 68.5 52 5 A 66.0 53 5 A 66.0 51 5 A 68.5 62 4 A 75.0 64 12 p 74.5 57 5 A 63.5 65 J A 73.0 70 Oa 77.5 70 5 A 78.0 60 12 p 72.0 60 0 A 72.5 62 3 A 76.0 68 3 A 77.5 71 2 A 77.5 72 2 A 77.0 71 2 A 79.0 68 12 p 75.5 63 5 A 76.5 58 5 A 69.5 66 3 A 70.5 60 0 A 71.0 53 6 a 67.5 58 6 A 71.5 58 6 a 73.0 64 4a 70.5 69 1 A 74.5 64 5 A 75.0 60 3 A 75.5 64 12 p 77.0 sw 133 32 8:30 p n 214 28 0 A nw 73 11 ne 142 20 sw 60 13 8:30 p se 130 17 se 190 7 ne 164 7 8:30 a se 67 9 se 110 10 3 A se 120 15 sw 120 17 — nw 161 15 6:30 p sw 120 6 sw 126 17 s 126 25 4:30 A s 135 13 3:00 a s 149 20 4 p s 153 17 .■) A nw 155 9 se 140 15 se 144 28 — ■ s 203 11 3 p w 96 12 w 64 10 sw 86 9 s s .-> A n 63 9 sw 61 8 w 138 14 12 p 12:30 A 9:30 p 12:30 p 4 A 7:30 p 9 p 5 p 5:30 p 12:30 p 4:30 p 3 p .05 .03 .25 .06 .03 .08 .01 .59 .07 .08 .11 1.00 .21 ,16 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Theodore A. Calianos. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY July, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.34, 2Sth Minimum 29.62, 19th Mean semi-dai!v 29.941 Range '. 0.72 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 30th Lowest 51. 5th Mean 73.2 Range 40 Highest mean daily 80.5. 3 1st Lowest mean daily 63.5, 8th Mean maximum 83.8 Mean minimum 62.6 Greatest daily range 35, 5th Least daily range 9. 22nd Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 2.73 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.00,22nd Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 3 ,643 Greatest daily movement 214, 2nd Least daily movement 60, 5th Mean hourly velocity 5.2 Maximum velocity 32, 1st Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 2 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 7 Southwest, days 7 West, days 3 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidit}% percent 72.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 32 Number of clear days 14 Number of lair days 11 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 282 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 69 Thunder and lightning 1st, 30th 30.27 30.50, 1892 29.59 29.27, 1932 29,96 o.r>8 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 93.9 104, 1911 46.4 40, 1890 1898 70.S 74.7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 sw 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 Extremes 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20. 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, '09, '21; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371. 1910; 180. 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS July was both hotter and drier than normal. The mean of 73.2 degrees equals 1935 and has been exceeded only by 1921 and 1911. The normal maximum temperature, however, was not reached with 91 degrees on the 30th. Precipitation was recorded on 14 days but most of it fell in two storms on the 16th and the 22d, leaving the month 1.37 inches short and the year 1.51 inches below normal at the month's end. There was more wind movement than normal and more than in any year since 1932. Hours of bright sunshine were more than normal. These things all combined to the benefit of the tobacco harvest but lawns, gardens and field crops dependent on July moisture showed the effects of greater than normal temperatures and the deficiency in normal precipitation. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research ponuJogist, makes the following statement: "The progress of vegetation during July was generally normal. All fruit crops progressed as usual and consecjuently there is nothing special to be put on record. Our own apple crop, especially Mcintosh, will be short while that of the state is re- ported to be above that of last year. It will be spotty, some orchards yielding very well and others poorly. The apple crop in the Appalachian region was badly injured by spring frosts, while there was little injury further north. In general the fruit crop of the country seems to be at least up to normal and we may expect a good supply in 1947." MASS, STATE COLLEGE AMHERST, lASS, 3 46 Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 704 August, 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1947 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, ()7 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•a E 3 3 a o c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum tc c§ c c c M*- Q i M V Q B P M D 01 B td > c'Zi ■So a u > V £(5 B M m •V •a c V 1 74 3 p 52 5 A 63. 0 /O l-,.5 ne 157 10 2 77 5 p 48 5 A 62.5 73 14.5 w 85 8 3 82 3 p 53 5 A 67.5 73 10.2 se 71 8 4 83 3 p 61 6 A 72.0 75 8.8 s 81 5 5 88 3 p 61 5 A 74.5 79 8.0 sw 73 6 6 90 3p 62 5 A 76.0 81 11.0 s 82 5 7 86 4 p 62 3 A 74.0 91 5.7 se 93 9 7:00 A 8:30 a .06 8 87 2 p 69 12 p 78.0 84 5.1 s 93 13 9 80 4p 67 5 A 73.5 87 2.1 se 58 12 10 84 3 p 60 12 p 72.0 71 10.3 se 115 13 11 88 5 p 53 5 A 70.5 74 14.1 w 57 7 12 93 3 p 62 4 a 77.5 73 8.7 sw 94 7 13 94 2 p 70 2 a 82.0 81 8.5 w 67 7 14 95 3 p 74 6 a 84.5 77 8.0 sw 109 8 IS 95 2 p 71 5 A 83.0 82 8.3 w 118 12 7:30 p 8:30 p .02 16 73 1 A 60 12 p 66.5 93 0.0 ne 96 11 6:30 A 4:00 P .50 17 72 2 p 59 2 A 65.5 86 0.2 ne 124 12 18 80 5 p 53 7 a 66.5 81 10.0 sw 88 8 19 88 5 p 65 7 a 76.5 85 9.1 nw 78 14 20 88 Oa 67 9a 77.5 83 0.4 ne 118 13 3:45 A 8:15 a .14 21 77 5 p 62 7 a 69.5 80 3.1 n 67 3 22 87 5 p 60 6 a 73.5 84 10.8 nw 63 13 23 90 3 p 66 3 A 78.0 85 8.0 w 72 12 24 94 3 p 65 6 a 79.5 80 13.6 sw 81 9 25 95 3 p 68 7 A 81.5 79 13.5 sw 106 10 26 86 11 A 61 12 p 73.5 87 4.0 ne 160 22 11:30 A 1 1 :00 p .95 27 78 4 p 59 6 a 68.5 81 7.5 e 110 10 8:30 p 9:30 p .02 28 76 3 p 55 6 a 65.5 83 4.2 w 52 8 29 80 4 p 61 6 a 70.5 79 9.8 ne 105 2S 30 74 2 p 58 6 a 66.0 82 1.0 se 66 13 31 84 2 p 63 Oa 73.5 72 10.0 s 81 25 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Theodore A. Calianos, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY August, 1947 Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.35, 17th, 18th Minimum 29.80, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.097 Range 0.55 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, 14th, 15th, 25th Lowest 48, 2nd Mean 73.0 Range 47 Highest mean daily 84.5, 14th Lowest mean daily 62.5, 2nd Mean maximum 84.5 Mean minimum 61.5 Greatest daily range 35, 11th Least daily range 13, 9th, 16th, 17th Precipitation, in inches Pre -ipitation 1.69 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.95, 26th Number ol days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2820 Greatest daily movement 160, 26th Least daily movement 52, 28th Mean hourly velocity 3.8 Maximum velocity 25, 29th, 31st Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 1 Northeast, days >. 6 East, days 1 Southeast, days 5 South, days 4 Southwest, days 6 West, days 6 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 80.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 33 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 243 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 5().6 Thunder and lightning 26th First frost — 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 13 237 55.2 Sept. 21 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918 34, 1940 62.4, 1903 8.40, 1928; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, .1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, 1941 67, 1901. 1946; 27, 1923 23, 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, '28; 2, 1910, "23 332, 1941: 152, 1915, 1929 Aug. 22,'94,'95;Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather for the month of August provided a most un- comfortable combination of heat and humidity with few breaks, and recorded below normal precipitation. It was the warmest August since 1939 and recorded the highest mean relative humidity in the past 18 years. While the high of 95 degrees was recorded on but 3 days, a temperature of 90 degrees or more was recorded on 8 days of the month. The highest maximum, 100 degrees on August 7, 1918, was never reached but only 1937 and 1939 have recorded warmer Augusts since 1837, the beginning of weather records at Amherst. Of the 1.69 inches of precipitation for the month, 1.45 inches was recorded in 2 storms on the 16th and 26th, and measurable precipitation occurred (m 6 days. The cumulative deficiency in precipitation is shown by the 7.64 inches recorded for June, July, and August against a normal of 11.93 inches for this period. There were no high winds during the month. Dr. J. K. Shaw, research pomologist, makes the following statement: "The weather during August has been characterized by a lack of rainfall. While the drought this late in the season has not been severe enough to seriously injure the fruit crop, it may have slowed the rate of growth of the fruit. Probably the apple harvest will be a little later than average, due mostly to late bloom. The apple crop in the University orchards will be below average due principally to a short Mcintosh crop. Reports indicate that the crop over the State will be larger than the small crop of 1946. Peaches are yielding well and other tree fruits are good. The blue- berry crop proved to be somewhat better than anticipated." MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 705 September 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1947 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■3 o s Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 0) > 2oi ■^ c ,^j s Q M 01 0 E M V Q B a (U ° 3 3'n || > V £2 c c M V m •d V V 1 81 2 p 53 6 A 67.0 72 13.2 w 52 13 2 82 2 p 63 4 a 72.5 95 3.6 se 97 20 5:30 A 11 A 1.21 3 81 3 p 60 6 A 70.5 70 13.0 w 66 7 4 85 3 p 56 6 a 70.5 80 13.0 nw 40 10 5. 77 3 p 59 6a 68.0 86 6.9 s 33 5 6 81 3 p 65 6a 73.0 88 6.5 s 72 8 7 87 3 p 68 Oa 77.5 83 7.5 s 72 9 8 82 3 p 62 12 p 72.0 83 12.0 se 96 13 9 83 3 p 59 6 a 71.0 82 7.5 s 46 9 10 86 3 p 53 7 a 69.5 74 12.8 sw 78 13 11 86 4p 69 3 A 77.5 77 10.1 s 133 15 12 89 1 p 70 6a 79.5 74 12.2 s 181 20 13 89 11 A 70 6 a 79.5 79 12.0 se 156 20 6:30 P 9:00 P .16 14 81 3 p 66 12 p 73.5 92 3.2 se 116 8 11:30a 12:30 p .06 15 83 2 p 64 2 a 73.5 90 3.0 se 67 17 1 p 5 p .48 16 73 1 p 49 12 p 61.0 64 6.2 nw 190 17 3 A 4:15 A .09 17 77 3 p 44 6a 60.5 66 12.4 nw 57 7 18 79 3 p 47 6 a 63.0 65 10.0 se 73 11 19 76 1 p 49 12 p 62.5 84 0.0 se 153 15 20 65 3 p 41 5 a 53.0 58 12.3 s 99 8 21 72 12 p 47 Oa 59.5 84 0.0 s 124 15 22 74 5 A 43 12 p 58.5 86 0.9 n 234 25 6 a 1 p .79 23 59 3 p 34 5 A 46.5 59 12.1 n 148 18 24 61 1 p 34 5 A 47.5 73 4.4 s 63 15 25 60 3 p 42 12 p 51.0 77 5.0 n 137 20 26 59 3 p 35 5 a 47.0 55 9.5 ne 156 28 27 58 3 p 29 6 a 43.5 58 12.0 n 90 20 28 60 3 p 29 6a 44.5 62 11.9 se 70 10 29 67 2 p 30 6A 48.5 72 9.4 se 125 40 30 53 0 A 37 12 p 45.0 61 6.4 nw 282 25 5 A 6 A .05 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY September, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maxi;T)um ..30.64, 18th Minimum . 29.62, 22nd Mean semi-dailv _.... 30.176 Range ...' 1.02 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 89, 12th, 13th Lowest 29, 27th, 28th Mean 62.9 Range 60 Highest mean daily .79.5, 12th, 13th Lowest mean daily 43.5, ?7th Mean maximum ...74.9 Mean minimum 50.9 Greatest daily range ...37, 29th Least dailj' range 15, 14th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.84 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 1.21, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more ..7 Wind, in miles Total movement .• ...3306 Greatest daily movement 282, 30th Least daily movement 33, 5th Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity 40, 29th Wind, direction Prevailing direction S North, days 4 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 9 South, days 9 Southwest, days 1 West, days 2 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 75.0 Mean cloudiness, percent... 23.0 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 249 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 72.6 Thunder and lightning 13th, 15th First frost 27th Normal 30.45 29.57 30.06 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Extremes 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; 27, 1908, 1914 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Sept. 21 Oct. 1.^. 1909, Aug. 22. 1894-95 Note — The first column in the above summary month. The second column gives the averages 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes gives observations made during the based on observations made from based on observations made from observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS September weather was not violently extreme but it avoided the normal in almost every category. While the mean temperature for the month held 1.2 degrees above normal, 184 degree-days of heating load were accumulated against a normal of 149 for the largest September heating load since 1938. Recording a maximum temperature of 89 degrees on the 12th and 13th at 1.3 degrees above normal, the 29-degree minimum on the 27th and 28th gave the month's greatest range and lowest minimum since 1942. With the mean date of first frost September 21, September 27 recorded the first frost of this season for the earliest date since 1940. Precipitation continued the trend of the past three months with a below normal 2.84 inches for the month and a below normal 28.32 inches accumulated for the year. Normal for the month shows a deficiency of 1.40 inches, and the year short of normal by 5.30 inches. The storm of the 2d yielded 1.21 inches and there was measurable precipitation on six other days of the month. High winds occurred on the 29th with the maximum velocity recorded at 40 miles per hour. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "The Mcintosh apple harvest which nor mally begins around September 15 is delayed this year for at least two reasons. In the first place, bloom was about 10 days late last spring, and since approximately the same number of days elapses between bloom and maturity, later maturity might be expected this year. Then, too, weather conditions in early September were un- favorable for the coloring of apples. In fact, less color was apparent on September 25 than we commonly find on September 15. Not until the last week in September, v/hen clear days followed cold nights, did the coloring process procesd normally. In spite of this delayed coloring, apples have hung on the tree unusually well this fall. As a result, more Mcintosh will be harvested during the first week in October than in the last twenty-five years." Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 706 October 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1947 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •3 'i Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum X -eg c c c dj ^ >> Q V Q i> E M V Q E c 4) > a 03 ZP3 > V £5 E — (U 01 > 11 M •13 1) T3 C u 1 57 3 p 30 6 A 43.5 54 10.2 nw 195 20 2 61 2 p 40 12 p 50.5 70 11.7 w 154 32 3 69 4 p 32 7 a 50.5 78 8.5 sw 24 1 4 72 3 p 37 4 a 54.5 80 6.6 sw 62 9 5 75 3 p 52 2 a 63.5 79 6.3 s 119 10 6 80 3 p 51 3 A 65.5 76 8.2 s 99 10 7 81 3 p 52 6 a 66.5 75 8.3 s 109 10 8 74 3 p 54 12 p 64.0 82 1.0 n 97 12 9 64 3 p 42 12 p 53.0 57 9.0 ne 161 20 10 67 2 p 34 7 \ 50.5 66 11.3 s 74 6 11 71 3 p 3() 5 A 53.5 77 7.0 se 47 7 12 73 3 p 38 7 a 55.5 69 9.2 se 57 7 13 69 3 p 42 3 a 55.5 78 10.8 se 109 13 14 77 3 p 48 12 p 62.5 68 10.3 nw 76 8 15 81 2 p 38 7 a 59.5 60 11.1 se 52 7 16 86 2 p 46 7 a 66.0 69 6.5 se 40 6 17 83 3 p 51 5 A 67.0 84 5.4 se 55 7 18 78 2 p 57 4a 67.5 81 2.2 s 76 7 8:30 p 10 p .08 19 78 2 p 63 12 p 70.5 86 3.2 s 110 12 20 78 2 p 54 6 a 66.0 58 10.9 n 92 13 21 74 2 p 52 12 p 63.0 41 10.9 n 156 25 22 74 4p 36 7 a 55.0 57 10.8 s 40 S 23 83 2 p 45 7a 64.0 57 10.8 n 196 28 24 59 3 p 32 12 p 45.5 41 10.7 ne 214 2=; 25 67 2 p 23 7 a 45.0 60 8.0 sw 71 10 26 75 3 p 39 6 A 57.0 70 6.6 w 39 6 27 80 3 p 42 7 a 61.0 73 8.8 se 43 8 28 74 3 p 49 7 a 61.5 78 2.7 se 152 11 29 68 3 p 48 12 p 58.0 88 0.0 se 119 15 6 p 8:30 P .17 30 48 Oa 40 12 p 44.0 84 0.0 ne 161 12 1:30 a 12 p .79 31 46 4 p 36 10 p 41.0 77 0.0 ne 241 22 0 A 11 A 1.00 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY Or-tober 1947 Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.52, 25th Minimum 29.71, 19th Mean semi-dailv 30.142 Range " 0.81 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highen 86. 16th Lowest 23, 2.'^th Mean 57.4 Range 63 Highest mean daily 70.5, 19th Lowest mean daily 41.0, 31st Mean maximum 71.6 Mean minimum 43.2 Greatest daily rangt-. . .' 41, 25th Least dailv range 8, 30th Precipitation, in inches .01 Precipitation Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.00, 31st Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 3240 Greatest daily movement 241, 31st Least daily movement 24. 3rd Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity 32, 2nd Wind, direction PrevaiHng irection SSE North, days 4 Northeast, days 4 East, days 0 Southeast, days 9 South, days 7 Southwest, days 3 West, days 2 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70.1 Mean cloudiness, percent 60 Number of clear days 18 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine 227 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 66.5 Thunder and lightning — First Frost 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 ^ 19 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 Sept. 21 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47. 1926. .76. 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 56.4, 1920. 43.2. 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1. 1897. 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67. 1932, 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19. 1896; 3, 1924 ^1, '23. '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22,'94.'95; Oct. 15, '39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. REMARKS The weather during October was bright, warm and dry, with 18 clear and 6 fair days, and all but the last 3 days of the month recording some amount of bright sunshine. Until the storm be- ginning the 29th, the month had recorded .08 inches of rainfall and the 4 previous months had recorded 10.48, bidding for a record drouth in the 5-month period and developing the woodland into a fire hazard of major proportions. The month finally recorded a deficiency of 1.25 inches below normal and the 5 months period a cumulative 12.52 inches against a normal of 19.46 inches of rainfall. Examination of the records maintained since 1836 discloses that this month established a record mean daily temperature with 57.4 degrees. October 1920 with 56.4 degrees is nearest this record and 1879 with 56.0 is next. On only 2 days were minimum tem- peratures of less than 32 degrees recorded. The 23-degree minimum on the 25th and the high of 86 on the 16th gave both the highest maximum and the greatest range for the month since 1941. Seven days of the month recorded mean temperatures in excess of 65 degrees. The heating load for the month is 249 degree-days and cumulative for the season 433, slightly higher than last year's cumulative, 416, but still only 72% of normal heating requirement to October 31. There were no high winds during the month although the fresh to strong winds which occurred between the 19th and the 24th gave trouble in nearby localities affected by forest fires. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "The month of October has been very favor- able for fruit trees in some cases, and less so in others. On fertile, retentive soils, leaves have functioned later than usual thus en- couraging the development of fruit buds and the storage of carbo- hydrates. This will tend to promote tree vigor and productiveness in 1948. There is little evidence, in properly managed orchards, of a lack of maturity in the trees, a condition which commonly precedes one type of winter injury. On poorer soils, trees have pro- bably suffered from a fluctuating water supply and from certain mineral deficiencies which accompany a water shortage. Such trees lost their leaves even before severe frosts had occurred. October weather has been favorable for the continued development of strawberry 'runners.' In fact, some matter row plantings un- doubtedly have more plants than are needeed for a full crop." Correction: An error in barometric readings on page 3 in the June 1947 bulletin gives 30.70 as the maximum on the 1st, 29.49 as the minimum on the 16th and 1.21 as the range. The correct readings are as follows: The maximum was 30.34 on the 21st; the minimum, 29.65 on the 15th; and the range, .69. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 707 November 1947 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1947 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Te mperature '•5 3 Si Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum B 3 o.E X > So! 1: c ^j Sn Q Q B Q E c a = 3 E bo 3'C 1.1 IS c E S. > a I. c a so V 03 •d (U c E — V o° a i- c a! M m ■s •a c W il > D M V Q a 01 Q E o c 1 40 2 p 13 7 A 26.5 ~65~ 5.0 se 75 10 2 3 5 2 p 20 5 A 27.5 80 0.0 nw 19 6 3 52 4 p 32 6 A 42.0 63 0.0 s 70 10 1 a 2 A .03 4 49 0 A 23 12 p 36.0 47 7.4 n 193 25 5 23 0 A 18 7 p 20.5 79 0.0 n 73 10 8 A 9 p .4^^ 2.5 6 30 2 p 19 8 p 24.5 74 5.0 nw 157 6 7 39 1 p 22 0 A 30.5 75 2.1 w 7') 10 6 p 12 p .13 T 8 46 3 p 34 0 A 40.0 83 0.0 se 103 18 0 A 10 A .18 T 9 40 0 A 26 12 p 33,0 50 0.0 w 480 40 10 35 3 p 19 8 A 27.0 64 5.2 nw 83 18 7 p 12 p .15 2.5 11 37 2 p 20 12 p 28.5 76 7.0 nw 88 13 1 A 3 A .04 .25 12 35 3 p 12 7 A 2^1.5 74 2,0 w 92 17 13 32 2 p 15 12 p 23.5 62 2.6 nw 108 18 14 35 3 p 8 7 A 21.5 65 4.3 .s 49 6 15 40 4 p 12 8 A 26.0 7S 6.8 e 61 8 10 p 12 p .10 16 51 12m 34 12 p 42.5 68 5.0 nw 218 32 3 A 7 A .23 17 3 5 3 p 28 9 p 31.5 54 6.0 nw 187 32 18 38 8 A 14 12 p 26.0 49 2.0 nw 370 32 19 28 3 p 12 5 A 20.0 48 7.0 n 137 18 20 30 3 p 11 7 A 20.5 60 5.0 n 98 15 21 35 12 m 16 0 A 25.5 64 2.8 nw 75 25 22 33 3 p 22 8 A 27.5 55 6.0 n w 156 20 23 23 12 p 21 4 A 22.0 88 0.0 nw 130 14 8 A 12 p .48 4.0 24 29 2 p 10 12 p 19.5 64 9.0 nw 314 25 0 A 2:30.\ .03 .25 25 31 4 p 0 8 A 15.5 80 6.0 w 42 3 26 29 12 p 7 2 A 18.0 90 0.0 n w 196 25 10 a 12 p .53 8.0 27 32 1 p 15 11 p 23.5 83 0.7 n 398 25 28 31 3 p 13 7 A 22.0 72 2.0 nw 202 32 29 19 0 A 11 12 p 15.0 55 7.0 n 384 32 30 26 2 p 4 8 A 15.0 45 9.1 n 157 15 31 25 8 p 11 7 a 18.0 5 5 0.0 n 55 7 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. F"ernand E. Bartlett, Observer Total Degree Days for December Total Degree Days cumulative for season 1214 247.3 MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1947 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Alaximum 30.47, 1st Minimum 29.25. 16th Mean semi-daily 30.014 Range 1.22 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 52. 3rd Lowest .' 0, 25th .Mean 25 6 Range 52 Highest mean daily 42.5, 16th Lowest mean daily 15, 29th, 30th Mean maximum 34.3 Mean minimum 16.8 Greatest daily range 28, 15th Least daily range 2, 23rd Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 2.33 Snow 17.50 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.53, 2()th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4849 Greatest daily movement 480, 9th Least daily movement 19, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 6.5 Maximum velocity 40, 9lh Wind, direction i'revalling direction NW North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 2 Southwest, days 0 VV est, days 4 Northwest, days 14 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 11 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 14 Number of hours bright sunshine 115 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 40.6 Thunder and lightning — First Snow Dec. 3 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 14 128 45.2 Nov. 6 Extremes 30.96. 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 — 22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17 1, 1917 1.11. 1901; .58, 1943 26.50. '02, T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 18<)2, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239. V)\\ 48, 193S, 1943. 1944 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09;4. '89,'30,'31,'36,'38 23, '33; 7, '09, '23 172. 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations rnade during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1946. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1947 (Readings reduced to sea level) Barometer, in inches Maximum 30.89. Jan. 1 Minimum 28.63. Mar. 3 Mean semi-daily 30.002 Range 2.26 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, Au.tr. 14 15. 25 Lowest -1, )an. 10 Mean 48.4 Range _ '^6 Highest mean daih- 84.5, Aug. 14 Lowest mean daily. . . . 12.5, Jan. 10, Feb. 21 Mean maximum 58.8 Mean minimum 38.1 Greatest daily range 44, Oct. 25 Least daily range 2. I^ec. 23 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 38.32 Snow 43.75 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.46, Nov. 12 Number of day with .01 or more 107 Wind, in miles Total movement 51530 Greatest dai'y movement 4^0 Dec. 9 Least daily movement 7. Jan. 15 Mean hourly velocity 5.9 Maximum velocity 45. Mar. 3 Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 62 Northeast, days 17 East, days 7 Southeast, days 50 South, days 61 Southwest, days 30 West, days 47 Northwest, days 91 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 51.1 Number of clear days 136 Number of fair days 109 Number of cloudy days 120 Number of hours bright sunshine 2385 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 53.5 Last snow Apr. 21 First snow Dec .3 Last frost May 15 First frost Sept. 27 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 ;2.223 5.8 39.: W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2.353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 Mav 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05. 1920. 1943 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38. 1933 104, 1911 -26, 1904 49.x. 1921; 44. 1904 59.00, 193S; 30.68 1908 89 00. LSO.l; 24.50. 1919 14^, 1945; 9(,. 1924 63.571, 1908; 36,257. 1894 80, 1938 60, '9S, '01, "02; 41. '08, '24 217. 1941; 59. 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179. '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038. 1941; 1864. 1902 Mar.14,'10; Mav 11 '07, '45 Oct. 10, "25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43; June 8. '32 Aue. 22.'94.'95; Oct. 13. '09 Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 709 January 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 1948 II. N. stapli^:ton OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, i)7 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICTILTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■•5 E 3 E o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum ffi 's c 4-1 ^■X- a) Q Q B H i be Q D B V > C 3 E M 3-n > 11 2 a a M V •V c o 1 28 9 A 22 11 p 25.0 53 2.0 n 137 14 2 29 12 p 21 9 a 25.0 86 0.0 ne 275 20 2 A 6 p .61 3.5 3 35 2 p 25 8 A 30.0 68 8.8 nw 352 25 4 34 3 p 26 7 a 30.0 75 4.0 e 56 5 5 33 11 A 29 1 a 31.0 71 3.0 n 137 12 6 33 1 P 26 12 p 29.5 79 2.0 ne 38 5 5:30 p 12 p .11 1.25 7 32 2 p 22 9 A 27.0 78 3.6 nw 92 9 Oa 3 A .02 .25 8 35 3 p 17 11 p 26.0 66 4.6 nw 67 12 9 39 3 p 18 0 A 28.5 81 3.6 w 137 32 3 A 8 A .14 1.0 10 28 Oa 6 12 p 17.0 47 4.6 n 390 32 11 29 3 p -1 4 A 14.0 59 7.3 nw 100 20 12 32 10 p -4 5 A 14.0 86 2.0 s 108 14 1 p 6 p .03 .25 13 34 1 p 31 12 p 32.5 95 0.0 s 66 10 8 A 6p .32 1.5 14 31 0 a 11 12 p 21.0 64 9.4 n 91 13 15 16 3 p -2 8 A 7.0 50 9.4 nw 135 18 16 20 4 p -S 5 A 6.0 79 4.9 s 18 8 17 30 3 p 18 3 A 24.0 86 2.0 nw 23 4 6 p 12 p .12 1.0 18 26 Oa 4 12 p 15.0 64 6.5 nw 308 25 Oa 7 a .21 2.5 19 19 3 p -9 7 a 5.0 59 8.6 s 67 13 20 31 3 p 5 7 a 18.0 57 7.4 se 130 10 21 31 9p 17 4 a 24.0 92 0.0 w 80 12 3 A 4 p .48 3.25 22 28 3 p 17 12 p 22.5 85 2.0 s 31 20 23 18 1 p 1 12 p 9.5 54 4.0 w 153 25 24 8 8 p -16 8 A -4.0 71 0.0 n 108 20 2 p 12 p .30 3.0 25 26 2 p 5 12 p 15.5 78 6.7 n 185 13 0 A 9 a .29 3.0 26 25 1 p -8 6 A 8.5 67 5.8 nw 38 25 27 27 1 p 5 1 A 16.0 61 3.6 nw 81 20 28 21 3 p 3 8 A 12.0 40 9.9 s 243 20 29 28 2 p 7 7 a 17.5 47 4.5 nw 145 15 30 14 0 A -5 8 a 4.5 47 9.9 n 315 28 31 20 4 p -\o 7 a 5.0 41 1 9.9 i nw 156 17 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January 1948 January, 1948 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.53, 24th Minimum 29.34, 21st, 22nd A4ean semi-daily 30.087 Range 1.19 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 39, 9th Lowest — 16, 24th Mean 18.0 Range 55 Highest mean daily 32.5, 13th Lowest mean daily —4.0 24th Mean maximum 27.1 Mean minimum 8.S Greatest daily range 35. 29th Least daih' range 3, 13th Degree Days of Heating Load for month 1459 Degree Days cumulative for the Season 3932 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.63 Snow 20.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.61, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4262 Greatest daily movement 390, 10th Least daily movement 18, 16th Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity 32, 9th, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N W North, days 7 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast, days 1 South, days 6 Southwest, days 0 West, days 3 Northwest, days II Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 82 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 150 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51 Snow ■^Q-5 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 1265 3817 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 Extremes 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 34.2, 66.0, 1932 —26.0, 1904 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15. 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '93. '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908: 2896, 1895 47, 19.^8 78, 1932; 1>7 , 1908 20.1944; 2, 1914 18, 1890; 1926;3,1916, 1944 22.1923,1931; 4,1920,1939 214, P)20; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1X89 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for the month of January was consistently cold and was accompanied by a considerable fall of light density snow. The snowfall of 20.5 inches was considerably over the normal 13.32 inches, but the water yield was only 2.G3 inches against a normal of 3.G1 inches of water. Of the 38.0 inches of snowfall cumulative for the season, 17 inches remained on the ground on the 31st. The lowest minimum temperature of the month, 16, occurred on the 24th. This was 10 degrees short of the record - 26 of Jan- uary 1904 and was 5 degrees warmer than the -21 recorded in January 1935. The maximum of 39 degrees recorded on the 9th is the lowest maximum temperature recorded in the month since the beginning of our records. The normal mean maximum for January is 51.1 degrees while the mean maximum recorded for the current month was 27.1 degrees. The mean temperature for the month at 18.0 degrees was 0.2 degree above January of 1945 but was considerably below the normal mean of 24.2 degrees. Prior to 1945 the most recent severe January was recorded in 1920. The degree-days of heating load resulting from this very low mean built to 1459 for the month and 3932 cumulative for the season, against a normal of 1265 degree- days for the month and a cumulative of 3817. On January 22, the midpoint of the normal heating load, the cumulative degree-days reached 3431 against a normal of 3425. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "An unusually heavy blanket of snow during January has offered good protection to plant roots and has been highly favorable for fall seedings. Some smothering of new seed- ings may occur, however, if a layer of ice forms on top of the snow as a result of freezing temperatures during subsequent rains. The heavy snow cover will have another favorable effect in that a major portion of the winter precipitation will be able to penetrate the soil where it falls, since there has been relatively little freezing of the soil. This assumes of course, a moderate rate of melting of the snow. The temperature in various parts of the State has dropped below thn critical point fo' peach buds (about -15°). Thi- will undoubtedly mean some reduction in the 1948 peach crop. Little or no damage to apple buds i^ apparent thus far. Fruit growers may expect considerable mouse damage in orchards with heavy grass cover, where control measures were not carried out last fall." VIRGINIA POLYTEC'J^'!C 'NS AGRICULTURAL BR,>NG.i L. ' MASSACHUSETTS BLAGKSBURG, vl.vGIN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 710 February 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1948 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature E 3 3 j; o.E Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum V > So; -- c ^_i rt? to Q i Q HI E M v Q E r.C a C 3 E'm 3-j: 1.1 C (LI E 5 >, .2: * 2 a c m •a c (0 & o c in 1 2=; 4 p 5 8 A 15.0 56 10.0 nw 92 14 2 32 5 p -1 1 A 15.5 63 10.0 s 21 5 3 25 4 a 9 12 p 17.0 45 10.1 w 232 72 4 9 Oa 3 5 A 6.0 72 0.0 nw 94 1 8 A 12 p .20 2.0 5 30 3 p 2 12 p 16.0 75 7.2 nw 155 13 6 27 4p 2 0 A 14.5 56 4.2 w 19 9 7 30 3 p ~7 7 A 11.5 66 5.0 s 78 8 8 29 10 a 6 12 p 17.5 55 6.2 nw 258 40 9 18 4 p -7 7 A 5.5 53 10.3 n 113 15 10 23 4 p -10 7 A 6.5 59 10.3 n 99 10 11 25 4 P -10 7 a 7.5 78 2.0 s 42 10 5 p 12 p .17 2.0 12 38 3 p 17 12 p 27.5 70 7.2 n 109 18 13 30 12 p 7 5 a 18.5 83 0.0 w 36 10 2 p 12 p .76 1.0 14 45 8 A 25 12 p 35.0 73 4.0 w 318 48 0 A 6 a .14 15 27 3 p 16 6 A 21.5 47 10.5 w 403 40 16 40 12 p 7 7 A 23.5 60 2.0 se 107 13 17 50 2 p 36 12 p 43.0 67 6.6 se 241 28 18 45 1 p 27 12 p 36.0 52 9.6 w 205 28 19 44 12 p 20 6 a 32.0 72 2.0 nw 29 3 20 44 0 A 20 12 p 32.0 47 1.3 w 235 25 21 30 4 p 12 7 a 21.0 51 10.8 nw 88 14 22 27 4 p 15 12 p 21.0 79 0.6 ne 127 13 4 a 10:30a .05 1.0 23 28 3 p 6 7 a 17.0 59 10.9 n 122 11 24 31 5 p 0 7 a 15.5 57 6.0 s 74 9 2 5 44 5 p 25 1 A 34.5 74 2.3 sw 243 25 26 37 2 A 26 12 p 31.5 84 0.0 n 82 17 1 p 4 p .05 1.0 27' 41 3 p 19 6 a 30.0 72 6.3 n 84 10 28 2^' 1 p 22 12 p 25.5 88 0.0 n w 85 12 4 a 12 p .96 6.0 29 31 2 p 16 12 p 23.5 72 4.6 nw 164 14 Oa 3 p .12 2.0 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1948 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.98, 24th Minimum 29.12, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.221 Range 1.86 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest SO, 17th Lowest -10, 10th, Uth Mean 21.4 Range 60 Highest mean daily 43.0, 17th Lowest mean daily 5.5, 9th Mean maximum 32.2 Mean minimum 10.6 Greatest daily range 37, 7th Least daily range 6, 4th Degree days of heating load for month 1264 Degree days cumulativ^e for season 5196 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 2.45 Snow 15.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 96, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3955 Greatest daily movement 403, 15th Least daily movement 19, 6th Mean hourly velocity 5.7 Maximum velocity 48, 14th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 7 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 65.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 82 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 160 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.1 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13. '31 65.0, 1930 —23, 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 50, 1946 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19, 1941; 2, 1927 16. 1920; 2. 1936 16, 1894; 2. 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, 'i^ Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for the month was near normal in most respects. A below normal minimum barometer on the 14th occurred on the same date as the near record 48-mph maximum wind velocity, and the maximum barometer reading for the month is topped only by the record of 1920. The 15-inch snowfall is only slightly above the normal, 13.99, but the precipitation in water is still below normal at 2.45 inches for the month. The 23 storms of the current season have recorded a total of 53.0 inches of snow to the month's end, considerably above the normal 38.15 inches but not crowding the 71.5 inches of the 1892-1893 record. The mean minimum at 10.(5 degrees is 3.2 degrees below the normal, and the mean temperature for the month settled at 2.3 degrees below normal. This is reflected in the degree days of heating load of 12G4 for the month and 5196 for the season against the normals of 1165 and 4982 degree days. Thus the normal heating load would be 72.6% completed at the month's end, and if the current season is to follow the same trend, the season's total load estimates at 7150 degree days against the normal total of 6850, only 4.4% above normal, but 11.7% above last season. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 711 March 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 1948 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 3G ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Bequests for bulletins should be addressed to the A(.;bi(:ultubal experiment statrjn amherst, mass. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 «J o.E Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum EC -0% = c c J* V. Q H i be Q c rt CO E M 3'n 2:aa £ 0 E si 2 a B 01 •s o eg 1 30 4p 5 7a 17.5 57 10.8 nw 115 12 2 28 3 p 2\ 7a 24.5 88 0.0 nw 94 9 6 A 12 p .n 7.75 3 40 3p 25 2 a 32.5 74 5.6 nw 193 15 4a 8a .03 .25 4 38 3p 10 12 p 24.0 70 1.5 nw 148 20 5 20 3 p 0 7a 10.0 38 11.4 nw 256 25 6 40 5p -14 7a 13.0 40 11.5 w 38 5 7 34 2p 21 3 a 27.5 88 0.0 s 42 5 7a 8p .42 3.00 8 36 3p 31 7a 33.5 61 1.8 nw 179 22 9 45 4p 28 7a 36.5 61 4.4 s 111 14 10 38 6p 25 7a 31.5 84 1.0 w 30 '; 11 31 1 A 17 12 p 24.0 73 0.0 n 151 17 12m 10 p .32 4.00 12 34 5 p 8 7a 21.0 48 11.7 n 200 17 13 35 2p 6 7a 20.5 52 11.8 w 84 10 14 36 5p 2 7 a 19.0 62 4.0 se 91 12 15 48 5p 23 7a 35.5 78 1.0 se 136 V. 16 50 7p 42 1 A 46.0 95 0.0 se 224 18 Oa 11 A .32 17 47 Oa 31 12 p 39.0 67 4.4 nw 159 15 18 50 5 p 22 7 a 36.0 51 12.0 w 55 6 19 50 9p 11 4 a 38.5 75 0.2 se 116 20 I p 12 p .21 20 59 5p 34 12 p 46.5 58 12.0 nw 235 28 Oa 1 A .01 21 68 2 p 29 5a 48.5 78 2.0 s 78 11 2 p 5 p .33 22 67 3p 43 5 A 55.0 70 1.5 nw 150 18 1 A 3a .10 23 44 2p 38 7a 41.0 77 0.0 e 129 11 24 65 3p 35 5 a 50.0 65 9.3 n 118 13 25 51 4p 30 6a 40.5 43 12.4 ne 1^)5 25 26 56 1 p 27 6a 41.5 44 lA sw 162 14 27 59 6p 51 12 p 55.0 88 0.9 s 245 li U V 12 p .40 28 51 Oa 28 12 p 39.5 57 0.0 nw 290 20 29 50 4p 22 6a 36.0 54 12.6 se 14^ 22 30 62 4p 31 1 A 46.5 61 8.2 se 240 15 31 69 3 p 33 7a 51.0 66 12.6 s 162 22 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Fernand E. Bartlett, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 194S Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.87, 5th Minimum 29.38. 27th Mean semi-daily 30.087 Range 1.49 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 69, 31st Lowest - 14, 6th Mean 34.9 Range 83 Highest mean daily 55.0, 22nd, 27th Lowest mean daily 10.0, 5th Mean maximum 46.2 Mean minimum 23.6 Greatest daily range 54, 6th lieast daily range 5, 8th Degree days of heating load for month. . .932 Degree days cumulative for season 6128 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.92 Snow 15.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.78, 2nd Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 4572 Greatest daily movement 290, 28th Least daily movement 30, 10th Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 28, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 6 South, days 5 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 65.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 85 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy da>'s 14 Number of hours bright sunshine 172 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.3 Normal 30.57 29.24 30.00 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914: 0.85,1915 85, 1929 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896,; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 19al; 1, 1915 292, 1924, 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The month of March brought welcome reUef from a winter which had provided both prolonged cold and snow cover of above normal. Early in the month however the record March minimum of -14 was established on the 6th, seven degrees colder than the previous record of -7 reached in 1943 and 1906. This coupled with a 69 maximum on the 31st established a record range of temperature of 83 degrees for the normal range is but 57.6 degrees. The tag end of winter also brought 15 inches of snow fall for the month against a normal of 7.47 giving a total for the season to the month's end of 68.0 inches. The mean temperature for the month of 34.9 degrees was an even one-half degree above the normal. While comfortable day- time temperatures were reached on most days after the 5th, the morning of the 16th recorded the first overnight period of the season without freezing temperatures and the third night with above-freezing temperatures since last November 12. The degree- days of heating load for the month were 932 against a normal of 950 and the season's total of 6128 against a normal of 5932 degree- days. With the normal heating load 86.5% completed by the end of the month, the heating load for this season can be estimated at very little over the normal of 6850 degree days. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "One of the most surprising features of the weather during ^larch was the very rapid disappearance of a heavy accunuilation of snow. And, contrary to fears of many people, this was accomplished without serious flood conditions. Two or three warm days coupled with the absence of frost in the soil made it possible for the earth to absorb the melting snow "like a sponge". Very little soil erosion has occurred and wells have been replenished. From an agricultural standpoint, the heavy blanket of snow has, in general, been beneficial. The winter precipitation has been permitted to penetrate the earth where it fell instead of flowing into the lowlands as occurs when the soil is deeply frozen. Fall seedings have come through the winter in realtively good condition. Fruit buds, with the exception of peaches which suffered from low temperatures, look promising. Strawberries look unusually good, having been subjected to little or no injury during the winter. Some injury to conifers exposed to drying winds has, however, been noted and there has been some breakage of young fruit trees due to the heavy snow. It is gratifying to see how generally farm- ers are growing winter rye on areas subject to both wind and water erosion. This is a move in the direction of soil conservation." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 712 April 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSKRVATORY Latitiidc. ir -33' 31" X. Longitude, ^2° 31' 48" ^V. iTcight of barometer al)o\ e ground, 3ti ft. Above sea level, 253.5 11. Heie-ht of wind in 1 59 4 a 54 12 P 56.5 89 0.0 SK 250 28 7 a op .76 2 54 Oa 38 12 p 46.0 71 1.0 NW 133 22 6:30 a 10 p .10 3 41 Ip 33 12 p 37.0 49 6.0 NW 474 32 SaI 9:30a |T 4 55 5p 30 7 a 42.5 31 12.8 .\ 339 32 ! 5 73 3p 39 lA 56.0 39 6.4 S 179 15 i 6 65 11 A 43 12 p 54.0 80 2.2 XIC 160 13 12.M 3p .24! 7 68 3p 33 6 a 50.5 55 13.0 SE 145 18 1 S 50 Up 39 3 a 44.5 82 0.0 s 88 15 i 9 49 Oa 34 12 p 41.5 49 1.2 .\ w 367 40 ! 10 48 3p 27 7 a 37.5 42 13.1 w 387 28 11 49 12 p 23 5 a 36.0 59 2.3 SK 167 17 4 p 10 P .44| 12 63 5p 48 12 P 55.5 76 1.6 w 190 14 2 A S A .32] 13 52 2p 44 5 a 48.0 44 0.0 xw 137 12 i 14 46 5 a 35 12 p 40.5 85 0.0 X lis 9 7 a 12 p .781 15 53 2p 35 2 a 44.0 75 1.9 ^w 122 28 16 59 2p 28 6 a 43.5 70 10.3 s 148 20 17 47 3 a 30 12 p 38.5 37 11.8 A' 400 28 18 57 4p 24 5 a 40.5 45 13.4 sw 295 13 19 56 2p 34 2a 45.0 60 0.7 s 195 13 4p 10:30 p .03 20 71 5p 43 5 a 57.0 65 1.6 s 198 11 21 62 11 A 37 12 p 49.5 72 1.4 NIC 191 25 1 A 3 A .03 22 65 6p 29 6a 47.0 55 13.6 XE 46 14 5 A 6 A .01 23 72 3p 32 6a 52.0 48 8.2 S 107 10 24 73 3p 43 7 A 58.0 47 S.O s 121 10 1 25 69 3p 43 12 p 56.0 43 13.8 SE 154 13 26 68 4p 32 6 a 50.0 50 13.9 .sw 91 17 27 62 4p 32 4 a 47.0 38 13.9 NW 121 15 28 54 3p 33 4 a 43.5 59 3.4 K 82 7 i 29 55 5p 39 4 a 47.0 60 2.0 SW 68 9 30 60 2p 40 12 p 50.0 65 1.5 W 183 32 4p 6p .16 . . * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Febnand E. Baktlltt, Obscri-cr MONTHLY SUMMARY April, 1948 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea leveD Maximum 30.61. 13th Minimum 29.40. 30th Mean semi-daily 30.094 Range 1.21 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 73, 5th, 24th Lowest 23, 11th Mean 47.21 Range 50 Higliest mean daily 5S.0, 24tht Lowest mean daily 36.0, llthl Mean maximum 58.51 Mean minimum 35. 8 j Greatest daily range 40, 23rd Least daily range 5, 1st Degree-days of heating load for month 536 Degree-days cumulative for season. ...6664i Precipitation, in inches i Precipitation 2.87i Snow T. 3rd| Maximum precip, in 24 hrs 78, 14th| Number of days with .01 or more lOJ Wind in miles Total movement 5656 Greatest daily movement 474, 3rdi Least daily movement 46, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 7.7| Maximum velocity 40, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SWj North days Si Northeast, days 3] East, days li Southeast, days 4] South, days 7 Southwest, days 3 West, days 3 Northwest, days 6' Weather j Mean relative humidity, percent 58.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 84 Number of clear days lOJ Number of fair days 4! Number of cloudy days 16j Number of hours bright sunshine 179' Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 45j Normal Extremes 30.48 30.71, 1911 29.38 28.98 1943 29.99 1.11 1.52. 1930; .72, 1919 79.4 90, 1941 22.0 8.5. 1923 45.7 52. 1921; 41, 1943 57.4 56.8 1 34.S 3.35 2.17 11 5404 ( .0 31.4 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11. 1S91; 0, 1910, 1934 IS. 1909; 3, 1892 8208. 1908;3853, 1917 40, 1935 1938, 1940, 1945 WNW ! 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 75. 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 3, 1898, 1902 IS, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22. 1901; 1, 1941 329 1941; 103, 1901 Thunder and lightning No. 4, 30thi Apr. 15 'Mar. 1 1. 1910; May 11, 1907 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS While the month of April provided considerable cloudy weather and only 179 hours of bright sunshine against a normal of 220, precipitation continued to remain below normal with only 2.87 inches recorded against a normal of 3.35 inches. In spite of the heavy snow cover from which little was lost to flooded streams, moderately drouthy conditions are noticeable. The precipitation for 1948 so far totals 10.87 inches against a normal of 13.85 inches and the total received since last June 1 is but 33.40 inches. This 11-months' total is compared to our calendar year average of 43.70 inches for emphasis. April has next to lowest monthly aver- age precipitation in our records, and it normally should not have been expected to relieve the deficit in rainfall, but a greater burden of providing moisture for growing crops is now placed upon the precipitation which falls during the growing season. The cloudiness may have contributed to less extremes in tem- peratures during the month as a range of 50.0 degrees against an average range of 57.4 degrees was recorded. The normal high for the month is 79.4 while in this month 73 degrees was attained on the 5th. The normal minimum is 22 while 23 degrees was re* corded the morning of the 11th. The mean daily temperature for the month was 47.2 degrees, 1.5 degrees above the average. This higher mean daily temperature provided a heating load of 530 degree-days for the month against an average of 579. to bring the season's total to 6664 against a normal of 6511 degree-days. With the normal heating season 95% completed by April 30, warm weather through May and early June could make the total for the current season fall very little over average in heating load. The wind velocity of 40 mph attained on the 9th ties the record for the month attained in 1938 and equalled in 1940 and 1945. There was more wind movement than normal and on 11 days velocities of 20 mph or above were recorded with 4 days recording maximum velocities above 3 mph. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report : "Weather conditions during April have been favorable to apple growers in at least two ways. (1) Relatively cool weather has retarded fruit bud development enough to mini- mize the danger of frost injury during the blossoming season. (2') Continued dry weather has greatl}'' decreased the danger of pre-blossom infections of apple scab. With Mcintosh buds now in the pink stage, we have had only one rainy period of sufficient duration to result in scab infection. Tremendous numbers of scab spores are mature, however, and will be released during the next rain. Present prospects indicate a heavy apple bloom and, in orchards of good location, a moderate peach bloom. No frost injury to fruit buds has apparently occurred during the past month. With favor- able conditions for bee activity during bloom and an absence of damaging frosts during the next three weeks, a larger than nor- mal apple crop may be expected. On lighter soils, newlv set fruit trees have required liberal watering." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 713 May 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48'^ W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the agricultural experiment station amherst, mass. DAILY RECORDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Temperature Maximum Minimum 56 69 68 72 63 71 51 51 71 81 81 81 62 49 64 59 62 67 63 63 53 58 69 72 69 71 80 80 79 72 71 2p 5p 3p 3p 3p 2p Ip 11 A 5p IP 5p 2p Oa Oa 6p 10 a 2p 3p 5p 4p 5p 2p 3p 2p 7p 6p 3p 4p 3p Oa 6p 39 31 41 39 44 43 44 43 45 55 50 55 49 45 44 37 50 52 46 43 43 42 44 52 54 58 51 54 60 63 61 lA 5a 5a 5a 6 a 5a 12 p 2 a 1 A Oa 5a 6 a 12 p 5 a 4a 5 a Oa 7a 6 a 5a 2 a 6 a 2 a 5 a 6a 4 a 6a Oa 5a 8a 12 P 47.5 50.0 54.5 55.5 53.5 57.0 47.5 47.0 58.0 68.0 65.5 68.0 55.5 47.0 54.0 48.0 56.0 58.5 54.5 53.0 48.0 50.0 56.5 62.0 61.5 64.5 65.5 67.0 69.5 67.5 66.0 is 2 Wind •o P V S 3 K 0 3 to *j £ 1 3 0) O 3 ^=« E M 3 "S Wind i Precipitat on Maximum 1 Minimum ! 1 1 j 4J a ^1 - Is 5? 1 1 ■3 3 u S si a bo a a) S 1 1 4) s 1 85 4p 69 6 a 77.0 80 6.5 N 37 17 1 1 A 5 a .21 2 80 4p 59 3 a 69.5 56 12.5 N 113 14 3 84 5p 52 6 a 68.0 59 12.3 E 27 2 4 86 5p 54 5 A 70.0 51 12.5 N 42 14 j 5 89 4p 55 6 a 72.0 69 8.2 SW 34 32 6p 12 p .93 6 1 85 2p 62 12 p 73.5 75 7.0 s 65 28 Oa 4p .43 7" 1 75 3p 56 5 a 65.5 60 11.0 N 158 20 T 8 83 5p 52 6 a 67.5 58 12.5 WW 31 7 9 1 86 3p 52 6 a 69.0 58 11.4 s 29 6 i 10 i 88 5p 59 6 a 73.5 57 11.2 E 92 1^ 1 11 1 91 4p 62 6 a 76.5 62 9.3 ISTW 95 12 I 12 94 3p 68 6 a 81.0 67 12.0 SE 84 8 13 1 82 12 N 70 12 p 76.0 83 ; 0.5 S 103 9 0 V 11:30p 1.02 14 1 81 5p 63 12 p 72.0 63 11.5 N 138 14 15 83 5p 55 6 a 69.0 61 12.4 ^^w 64 6 16 ! 85 4p 55 6 A 70.0 65 8.8 s 61 8 17 1 82 IP 61 6 a 71.5 66 8.1 SE 122 11 18 88 2p 62 5 A 75.0 69 8.8 S 66 8 19 83 4p 63 6a 73.0 65 8.0 NW 73 12 20 84 6p 59 5 A 71.5 57 12.3 SW 47 8 21 85 4p 64 6a 74.5 73 4.2 SE 59 9 22 1 84 3p 64 5 a 74.0 52 10.6 N 97 11 23 74 2p 60 12 P 67.0 77 0.0 E 98 12 3p 6p .21 24 79 2p 57 12 P 68.0 67 8.8 B 97 15 SA T 25 81 4p 52 4a 66.5 58 11.0 NW 99 12 26 81 IP 56 3a 68.5 66 5.0 S 95 10 11:30p 12 p .14 27 86 2p 65 4 A 75.5 83 4.0 SE 77 20 8 a 8:30 a .01 28 1 87 2p 66 12 P 76.5 68 8.4 W 98 17 29 86 2p 61 4 a 73.5 56 11.3 :\w 69 10 30 1 90 1 2p| 60 4a 75.0 61 9.9 1 s 70 11 31 i 87 j — |74 ! 5a ! 80.5 59 [12.0 1 w 184 18 ♦ Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY, 194S Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) :\Iaximum 30.10, 9th .Minimum 29.48, 6th -Mean semi-daily 29.815 Range 0.62 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 94. I2th Lowest 52. 3rd. Sth, 9th. 25th Mean 72.3 Range 42 Highest mean daily Sl.O, 12th Lowest mean daily 65.5. 7th Mean maximum 84.3 .Mean minimum 60.2 Greatest daily range 34. Sth. 9th Least daily range 12. 13th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.95 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.02, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind in miles Total movement 2524 j Greatest daily movement 184. 31st! Least daily movement 27. 3rdi Mean hourly velocity 3.4j Maximum velocity 32, Sthl Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 6 Northeast, days 0 East, days 4 Southeast, days 4 South, days 7 Southwest, days 2 West, days 2 Northwest, days 61 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 62.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 38 Number of clear days ISj Number of fair days 12j Number of cloudy days 4| Number of hours bright sunshine 282| Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine .6l| Thunder and lightning 5th, 6th. 13th. 23rd. 27th 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97. 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74.7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 14.51. 1897; 0.70. 1929 20. 1915; 4, 1924 5097. 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 3l, 1924 22. 1923; 0, 1915 24. "09, '21; 4, 1946 18. 1889; 0, 1910 371. 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for Jtil} was a Httle warmer than normal. The high of 9-1 degrees recorded on the l"?th is but 0.1 degree above the normal maximum, the lowest temperature recorded for the month was '52 degTees the morning of the ^oth. while the mean temper- ature for the month became 72.3 against a normal of TO. 8 degrees. It will be noted that this increase in mean temperature was accom- panied by an above-normal hours of sunshine and a below-normal mean relative humidit}-. The result was pleasant weather most of the days of the month. Rainfall of 2. ".>•") inches compares favorably with 2. To for July of last year but is 1.1. 5 inches below normal for the month. Total precipitation for the calendar year now stands at 2o.;32 against a normal of 2o.;)(i. with a drouth condition ready to assert itself on most of the lighter soils. A\'. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following: "With less than three inches of rainfall and rela- tively hot weather in Amherst during July, conditions have been favorable for a build-up of certain orchard pests, including Eu- ropean red mite. 'Bronzing of foliage is becoming more apparent here and there, and 50 or more mites per leaf have been counted. There has been little if any spread of apple scab on the friut. how- ever, since we have had no lengthy rainy period during the month. "The hay harvest in Massachusetts got off to an early start and has apparently been completed somewhat earlier than usual. Hay was, in general, heavy and of good quality. Corn and pota- toes have made excellent growth during the month although some fields show the effects of earlier leaching of essential elements from the soil. Lawns are in fairly good condition, except on lighter soils where drought symptoms are showing. x\nd, as is usual at this season, some gardeners are worried about the rapid growth of weeds forgetting, perhaps, that garden crops and weeds are subject to exactly the same soil and weather conditions." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 716 August, 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 19 4 8 H N. STAPLKTON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 43° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the agricultural EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS " 1 Temperature ^ £ Wind * Precipitation ( p 3 a) ►3-2 Maximum 1 Minimum i ■ j i 1 a O g be *> .21 ! 1? 1 V u materials and humid weather, particularly in early summer. The average size of apples is quite satisfactor}' except on drier soils or where the foliage has suffered severe injury from insects or dis- eases." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 717 September, 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the agricultural EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ^ Wind Precipitation '•V S 3 « O 3 Maximum Minimum c +3 a It 11 C Q B u 01 g 1 75 3 P 48 7 A 65.5 55 11.2 >w — 14 2 75 2p 50 1 A 62.5 72 4.4 E 16 3 3 79 4p 49 6a 64.0 70 5.1 SE 48 6 4 80 3p 59 7a 69.5 79 4.6 s 59 5 4:35p 4:40p .01 5 86 4p 58 3a 72.0 71 7.4 P 31 6 T 6 88 2p 61 3a 74.5 74 6.5 s 60 6 T 7 85 4p 60 3 a 72.5 73 7.1 sw 54 5 8 86 4p 57 7a 71.5 78 7.3 sw 38 9 9 87 3p 46 6 a 66.5 77 7.3 s\v 45 9 7:15p 10:45p 1.02 10 85 3p 58 6a 71.5 77 1.3 NW 64 10 11 91 3p 45 3a 68.0 — 7.9 SE 31 9 12 86 10 a 52 Oa 69.0 71 7.8 SE 57 10 13 89 11 A 45 2 a 67.0 75 8.2 S 62 10 14 72 10 a 60 6 a 66.0 72 10.2 xw 110 12 15 71 — 45 6a 58.0 — |10.2 NW 63 8 16 67 5p 40 6 a 53.5 60 10.3 NW 85 15 17 72 2p 34 6a 53.0 54 5.3 SE 76 12 18 88 2p 58 6 a 73.0 76 4.0 SE 105 40 3:00p 4:30p .16 19 79 3p 57 7 a 68.0 79 8.3 NW 46 9 T 20 70 5p 58 4 a 64.0 93 0.0 X — 17 8 : 00 a 10:00 a .44 21 67 2p 46 6a 56.5 62 8.5 N 131 17 T 22 68 2p 35 5 a 51.5 64 8.8 X 72 9 23 66 Ip 38 7 a 52.0 67 4.6 XE 77 12 24 66 4p 45 7 A 55.5 60 9.3 XE 153 15 25 72 3p 44 7 a 58.0 62 9.8 NW 99 15 1 26 75 3p 40 6a 57.5 67 9.3 W 23 5 27 81 3p 36 6 a 58.5 62 i 9.8 W 23 5 T 28 83 3p 44 6 a 63.5 60 1 9.3 S 27 9 29 82 3p 47 6 a 64.5 64 8.9 SW 22 7 30 72 4p 1 55 6 a 63.5 1 81 0.3 E 54 13 5:45p 12: OOP .28 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEPTEMBER, 1948 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.53. 17th Minimum 29.15, 29th Mean semi-daily 30.081 Range 1.38 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 11th Lowest 34, 17th Mean 63.7 Range 57 Highest mean daily 74.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 51.5, 22nd Mean maximum 78.1 Mean minimum 49 Greatest daily range 46, 11th Least daily range 12, 14th, 20th Degree-days of heating load for month 104 Degree — days cumulative for season 104 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 1.91 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.02, 9th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, direction I Prevailing direction SWj North, days 3 Northeast, days 2 East, days 2 Southeast, days 5 South, days 5 Southwest, days 4 West, days 2 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 27.6 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 3 Number of hours bright sun.ihine ...23 3 Percent of possible hours of blight sunshine 57.1 Thunder and lightning 9th First frost 30.45 29.57 30.00 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 Wind in miles ' Total movement 1731 3271 Greatest daily movement 153, 24th Least daily movement 22, 29th Mean hourly velocity 2.6 4.5 Maximum velocity 40, 18th 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 — Sept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99. 1938; 57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; 52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70. 1934; 23, 1947 19. 1932; 2, 1907. 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20. 1934; 3, 1941 255, 1916; 106. 1934 Oct. 13, 1909 ; Aug." 22, 1894-95 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for September continued fair, warm and dry. The 1.91 inches of precipitation was the least since 1940, and more than half was recorded by the storm of the 9th. While measurable rain- fall occurred on o days, only 3 days are recorded as cloudy, the remainder being fair or' clear. The mean temperature for the month was 2' degrees above normal at 63.7, and only about 3/3 the normal heating load accumulated in the month. The highest tem- perature, 91 degrees on the 11th, is the maximum for the month recorded 5 times in the past 10 years. The lowest temperature, 34 degrees on the ITth, did not produce frost at the station, al- though higher elevations to the east received their first frost of the season, killing most gardens and susceptible field crops. There were no high winds during the month. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, con- tributes the following report : "A relatively warm, dry September has shown some interesting effects on farm and garden crops. In Amherst, the official low temperature for the month was 34 de- grees, and even in lower areas frost damage was light. This made it possible to harvest undamaged tomatoes, green beans, grapes, etc., as late as October 1. Another feature of the September wea- ther was its dryness, with less than half the normal rainfall during the month. This has given farmers a good opportunity to harvest corn, potatoes, fruit crops, and on some farms, a late cutting of alfalfa. Apples have been rather slow in coloring although they have hung on the trees fairly well. In fact, a considerable percentage of the Mcintosh crop was harvested during the last week in Sep- tember. This is about a week later than in some seasons past. Apple growers will find it necessary to maintain high humidity in storage for at least two reasons. Boxes were very dry at har- vest time which means that the wood will absorb water from the apples. Furthermore, there was more russetting of fruit this sea- son and as a result more shriveling may be expected unless a relative humidity of at least 90% is maintained." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 718 October, 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 33' 31" N. Longitude, 73° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Request? for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ?.0 31 I Maximum Minimum 79 77 61 62 59 71 71 64 66 65 63 70 62 56 63 66 74 48 51 49 50 54 54 53 52 68 66 68 61 65 72 3P 4p 2p 3p 3p 4p 2p 7p 4p 3p 4p Ip 3p 2p 3p 4p 2p 3p 5p 2p 3p 3p 2p ■4p 3p 2p 3p 3p 4p 4p 2p bV 5 a 53 7 a 47 7a 32 6a 35 6 a 43 6 a 42 4 a 49 lA 50 6 a 45 6 a 51 6 a 57 6 a 43 lA 46 5 a 45 4 a 29 7 a 52 lA 38 10 A 23 6a 32 6 a 31 6 a 21 6 a 1 29 6 a 42 7 a 1 47 8 a 1 48 6 a 35 7A 30 7 A 1 34 7 a 1 30 8 a 29 6 a 68.0 65.0 54.0 47.0 47.0 57.0 56.5 56.5 58.0 55.0 57.0 60.5 52.5 51.0 54.0 47.5 63.0 43.0 37.0 40.5 40.5 37.5 41.5 47.5 49.5 58.0 50.5 49.0 47.5 47.5 50.5 SS. 84 5.8 ^^• 27 67 6.8 X 83 53 8.8 X 170 52 9.1 .\E 103 61 0 ^- 53 63 2.1 X 98 59 5.0 X 107 93 0 X 112 67 7.3 w 73 65 2.8 s 99 60 0 E 47 81 0.5 SE 50 68 2.8 w 56 72 0.1 w 47 61 8.4 xw 154 66 7.2 s 70 71 3.6 s 199 85 0.8 XE 185 73 1.0 X 15 84 1.3 x^ 12 61 7.3 X' 99 61 7.1 xw 22 73 0.3 XE 43 61 0 X 221 81 0 X 302 49 5.5 X' 292 53 7.8 xw 107 62 6.6 SE 16 65 5.6 xw 97 60 6.8 x^ 47 60 6.4 1 >' 1 19 1 8 14 22 13 8 14 15 17 10 13 8 7 14 20 20 13 20 17 4 13 14 6 20 20 22 22 12 3 17 14 7 1 1 »4 -c c a 2:15 p 6:00 A| 6 : 00 A I 6:00 A I 1:30a .371 .43 T .15 T T T T T .10 2 : 30 p .05 T T T 9 : 00 a .01 9 : 00 A .021 8:00 A 1 T 1 8:00 A| T 1 ♦ Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Welis. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1948 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.65, 22nd Minimum 29.68. 9th Mean semi-daily 30.117 Range 0.97 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 79, 1st Lowest 21, 22nd ;\Iean 51.3 Range 58 Highest mean daily 68. 1st Lowest mean daily 37, 19th Mean maximum 62.6 Mean minimum 40.02 Greatest daily range 43, 31st Least daily range 5, 25th Degree-days of heating load for month ..42!) Degree-days cumulative for season ....533 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.13 Snow Maximum precip in 24 hrs 0.43. Sth Xumber of days with .01 or more 7 Wind in miles Total movement 3025 Greatest daily movement 302, 25th Least daily movement 12, 20th Mean hourly velocity 4.07 Maximum velocity 22, 3rd, 25th, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N North, days .'. 14 Northeast, days 3 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 3 I Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.8 69.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 40 48 Number of clear days 4 10 Number of fair days 13 10 Number of cloudy days 14 11 Number of hours bright sunshine ....126.8 175.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 34 51.3 Thunder and lightning — First frost — Sept. 21 Normal Extremes 30.53 • 30.68, 1929 29.42 29.00, 1926 30.06 1.11 1.47. 1926. .76, 1899 79.4. 90.5. 1908 23.4 57.4. 1947, 17. 1936 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 8 81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67. 1932, 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, -23, '38; 91, 1913 Aug. 22,'94,'95; Oct. 15,'39 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for the month of October was very near the nor- mal excepting the amount of precipitation. Of the 1.1 :> inches re- ceived. OAo inches was received by the storm of the Slh ancl the drouthy condition beginning" in July has not been adequately re- lieved. Since the storm of July 13 only ().9(j inches of water has been received and only 3 storms recorded precipitation in excess of O.o inches. Since the normal precipitation July through October is 15.71 inches, there is a reason that streams and wells are obser\-ed to be very low. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "In general, October weather was very favorable for farm work. There was little more than an inch of rainfall in Western Massachusetts and the mean temperature was slightly above normal. On one occasion the temperature droi)pe(l to 21° causing some worry among apple growers with fruit still on the trees. A few farmers experienced a water shortage. If the soil becomes thoroughly wet before it freezes, conifers will tend to suffer less drying from winter \\inds. Winter cover crops and new se\.'dings look unusually well. Aside from the relatively mild weather this may be due, according to Dr. W. G. Colby of the Agronomy Department, to the fact that there has been so little rain to leach the nitrates from the soil. Consequently, cover crops have had a better supply of nitrogen and are therefore making better growth than would have been the case if heavv rains had fallen during October." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 719 November 1948 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the agricultural EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> Wind Precipitation 1 B a > 3 V O C O 3 Maximum Minimiun a g |2 .O 1 II 4J B It h B n v B Q a) S 1 01 S 0 c 1 60 2p 43 7a 51.5 59 3.9 SE 66 11 2 56 3p 28 7a 42.0 65 4.9 SE 39 7 3 54 4p 25 7a 38.5 76 0.5 N 31 7 7:45a .06 4 59 8p 47 Oa 53.0 89 0 S 45 8 11:45a 11:45p 1.27 5 70 2p 57 7a 63.5 78 2.1 s 65 13 T 6 72 2p 61 2a 66.5 80 0 s 206 32 T 7 64 3p 54 7a 59.0 61 2.0 w 263 22 4:00a 10:00a .52 8 63 3p 40 5a 51.5 54 1.2 SE 90 6 T 9 61 2p 33 4a 47.0 80 1.9 SE 53 13 10 70 6a 59 Oa 64.5 89 0 SE 202 25 8:30a 11:30p .89 11 54 3p 40 7a 47.0 55 3.3 NW 191 18 12 51 2a 29 6a 40.0 — 0 E 45 10 T 13 54 3p 46 Oa 50.0 75 0 W 154 48 4:30p 8:00p .02 14 51 2p 35 7a 43.0 48 4.5 XW 240 13 T 15 50 3p 33 7a 41.5 70 0.3 NW 59 12 T 16 54 2p 32 6a 43.0 59 4.2 s 66 10 17 56 4p 40 Oa 48.0 81 0 sw 139 17 6:00a 8:00a .02 18 59 4p 35 6a 47.0 35 4.2 w 76 15 6:00a 8:00a T 19 52 2p 27 7 a 39.5 85 2.1 N 32 4 12:00n 12:00m .98 20 58 Ip 46 Oa 52.0 98 0.5 ]V 70 12 Oa 8:15a .83 21 52 Ip 35 6 a 43.5 66 0.9 s 92 15 T 22 45 3p 37 8a 41.0 88 0 SE 25 3 4:15p 12:00m .19 23 47 4p 41 Oa 44.0 87 0 NW 22 4 Oa 3:15a .10 24 47 3p 41 8a 44.0 96 0.4 N 56 7 6 a 12 N .09 25 48 3p 28 3a 38.0 73 0.3 NW 110 18 26 52 3p 26 8a 39.0 73 4.1 SE 44 9 27 56 Ip 37 2a 46.5 74 0.2 NW 179 28 2:45a 1:00p .18 28 46 12 N 38 7A 42.0 57 0.2 N 185 13 ] T 29 36 2p 30 8a 33.0 100 0 NE ] 105 9 6:30a|12:30p .07 .75 30 40 IP 20 7a 30.0 96 2.1 S 26 5 ! ♦ Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY NOVEMBER, 1948 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.45, 2nd, 3rd Minimum 29.45, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.059 Range 1.00 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 72, 6th Lowest 20, 30th Mean 46.3 Range 52 Highest mean daily 64.5, 10th Lowest mean daily 30, 30th Mean maximum 54.6 Mean minimum 38.1 Greatest daily range 29, 3rd Least daily range 6, 23rd, 24th, 29th Degree-days of heating load for month 563 Degree-days cumulative for season 1088 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.22 Snow 0.75 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.27, 4th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind in miles Total movement 2976 Greatest daily movement 263, 7th Least daily movement 22, 23rd Mean hourly velocity 4.1 Maximum velocity 48, 13th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 5 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 7 South, days 6 Southwest, days 1 West, days 3 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 51 Number of clear days 0 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 23 Number of hours bright sunshine 44 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 14.9 Thunder and lightning 13th First frost — Normal 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 9 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 Extremes 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 89, 1943 75, 1924, 1938 4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927;.63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 44, 1938 78, 1947; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 1,1900,1911,1927 16, '12; 4, '89, '30, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 182, 1903; 66, 1927 Oct. 10 '25; Dec. 13, 1941 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for the month was both warmer and wetter than normal. Precipitation of 5.22 inches did not exceed last year's 5.63, (normal is 3.41 inches) but in both years November has ended periods of lower than normal precipitation. In both years the late summer and fall have shown very light rainfall producing" fire hazards of considerable proportions in woodlands, causing dry wells and low streams, and making the growth of some fall-planted crops very slight until aided by favorable conditions in November. The mean temperature for the month was 46.3 degrees com- pared to a normal mean of 38.9 degrees. This was the highest mean daily temperature this station has recorded for the month. The previous record of 44.1 degrees was recorded in 1931. The heating load of 563 degree-days is the least for the month since records have been kept at this station. The cumulative heat- ing load for the season now stands at 1088 degree-days, which is 301 below normal for the end of the month. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report : "The mildest November in recent years has influenced growing things in several ways. With little or no frost in the soil, rainfall has penetrated very largely where it fell. This will tend to benefit plants on drier soils next spring. In the case of conifers, particularly, it will tend to prevent drying from winter winds. The possibilities as regards trunk injury in fruit trees when the weather turns cold will depend, in part, on the degree of maturity. Except where trees were stimulated to make late fall growth, little damage is anticipated. Rye cover crops have made unusually good growth thus add- ing more organic matter to the soil, and fall seedings are off to a good start. Strawberry plants have developed well during the fall season and there has been little need for mulching since the lowest temperature in Amherst was 20° F. on November 30. The mild fall weather, according to E. H. Wheeler, Extension Ento- mologist, has resulted in the laying of many aphis eggs, the adult insects having survived later than usual." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 720 December, 1946 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 19 4 8 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 43° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 3G ft. Above sea level, 353.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> £ Wind Precipitation s s 3 0) ' Maximum Minimum 1 c X > a; V O 3 I v-" i g 5KI :::: o _ g 13 > c ei bo (U P3 a 01 >> Q cm Q CI g 1 Q 4) s 0 B 1 46 2p 26 Oa 36 67 0 NW 62 18 T 2 46 2pj 25 7 a 35.5 65 3.0 S 65 8 3 44 3p 31 7 a 37.5 77 0 NE 62 8 4 52 3p 30 2 a 41 75 0.3 ^-^ 65 8 5 55 3p 28 7 a 41.5 67 4.1 xw 62 7 6 48 4p 35 Oa 41.5 88 0 w 70 20 8 A 5:45p .20 7 55 3p 34 6 a 45.5 76 2.0 SE 149 15 8 50 Ip 31 8 a 40.5 59 0.3 xw 60 29 9 42 3p 26 7 a 34 61 1.2 w 57 7 10 37 12 p 25 7 a 31 81 0 xw 65 22 12 X 2: OOP .01 T 11 37 2p 23 7 a 30 86 0 sw 70 10 12 42 12 p 22 8 a 32 92 0 xw 43 10 4:45p 7:00p .17 13 52 4p 36 4 a 44 51 3.4 w 130 20 T 14 42 2p 35 7 a 38.5 51 4.0 X 214 28 15 31 2p 23 5 a 27 74 0 NE 92 13 7:45p 9:45p .06 0.5 16 34 9p 26 Oa 30 89 0 X 101 9 4:00p 12 p .13 0.5 17 39 3p 30 7a 34.5 89 0 xw 93 25 0 A 1 : 30 A .03 18 31 8 a 28 5a 29.5 69 1.9 xw 210 15 19 24 7p 15 6a 19.5 100 1 0 xw 74 17 1:30p 12 p .10 20 32 12 P 16 7a 24 86 1 0 s 104 4 0 A 1 A .01 2] 29 Ip 8 7 a 18.5 98 0 s 25 11 T 22 ! 43 2p 24 5 a 33.5 76 0 SE 1 164 17 23 1 36 12 X 31 6 A 33.5 1 66 1 0.5 w 1 136 17 24 1 24 Ip 17 8 a 20.5 1 55 1 2.8 xw 1 198 22 25 i 18 2p 3 6 a 10.5 78 1 0 X 1 55 22 T T 26 20 Ip i 7 8 a 13.5 50 1 3.5 X" 1 211 22 27 ! 25 3p 2 2 a 13.5 1 60 1 0 s 1 56 5 28 1 41 3p 24 5 a 32.5 1 1 0 s 72 9 29 i 51 12 p 18 4 a 34.5 i 100 1 0 s 51 15 8 A 12 P .61 30 1 58 7p 50 11 A 54 ! 97 1 0 s 221 48 0 A 12 p 11.03 31 1 56 7 a 1 40 12 P I 48 88 1 0 E 367 40 0 A jl2 P 1 .52 • Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer Correction: A;i error in air temperature readings on page 3 in the Novem- ber 1948 buletin gives 4°, 1938 as the extreme low. The correct reading is —4°, 1938. MONTHLY SUMMARY December, 1948 Normal Extremes 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 -1.09 27.5 56.2 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.47, 26th Minimum 28.92, 31st Mean semi-daily 29.976 Range 1.55 Air Temperature, in degrees F. I Highest 58, 30th Lowest 2. 27th - Mean 32.4[ Range 56 Highest mean daily 54, 30th Lowest mean daily 10. .5, 25th Mean maximum 40.0 Mean minimum 24.6 Greatest daily range 33, 29th Least daily range 3, ISth Degree-days of heating load for month 1011 Degree-days cumulative for season ....2099 j Precipitation, in inciies | Precipitation 2. 87 Snow 1.0 1 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.03. 30th[ Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind in miles ! Total movement 3404 Greatest daily movement 367, 31st Least daily movement 25, 21st Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity 48, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 7 Southwest, days 1 West, days 4 Northwest, days 9 Weather :\Iean relative humidity, percent 76 69.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 50 54.9 Number of clear days 0 8 Number of fair days 6 9 Number of cloudy days 25 14 Number of hours bright sunshine 27 128 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 0.5 45.2 Thunder and lightning — First snow — Nov. 6 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.7S, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9. 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77. 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, '02, T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 48, 1938, 1943, 1944 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890: 2, 1922, 1933 16, '09; 4, 'S9,'30.'31,'36,'38 23, '33; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 63, 1933 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. ANNUAL SUMMARY Annual, 1948 Barometer, in inches ' (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.98, Feb. 24 Minimum 28.92, Dec. 31 Mean semi-daily 30.012 Range 2.06 Air Temperature, in degrees F. i Highest 100, Aug. 26 Lowest -16, Jan. 24'- Mean 48.4 Range 116.0 Highest mean daily 84.5, Aug. 26 Lowest mean daily 4, Jan. 24 Mean maximum 59.0 Mean minimum 37. 7 j Greatest daily range 54, Mar. 6' Least daily range ....3, Jan. 13 & Dec. 18 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 40.01 Snow 52.25 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. ..1.84, Aug. 12 Number of days with .01 or more 119 Normal Extremes 30.81 31.05, 1920, 1943 28.95 28.41, 1938 30.01 1.S5 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 95.7 104, 1911 —12.2 -26, 1904 47.4 49.8, 1921; 44, 1904 107.S 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 Wind, in miles Total movement 40,278 52,223 Greatest daily movement 403, Feb. 15 Least daily movement 12, Oct. 20 Mean hourly velocity 4.8 5.8 Maximum velocity ' 48, Feb. 14. Nov. 13. Dec. 30 39.5 59.00, 1938; 30.6S, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945: 96. 1924 63,571, 190S; 36,257, 1894 80. 1938 Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 58 Northeast, days 26 East, days 20 Southeast, days 53 South, days 63 Southwest, days 20 West, days 42 Northwest, days 79 W Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.8 67.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 58.8 51.7 Number of clear days 85 116 Number of fair days 127 123 Number of cloudy days 154 126 Number of hours bright sunshine ....18861 2,353 Percent of possible hours of j bright sunshine 40.1 52.8 Last Snow Apr. 3 April 15 First Snow Nov. 29 Nov. 6 Last Frost Apr. 22, Mav 14 First Frost Oct. 16 Sept. 21 60, '98, '01. '02: 41, "08, '24 217, 1941: 59. 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71,1910,1941 3038. 1941; 1864. 1902 M,ar.l4/10; May 11,'07,'45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43: June 8, '32 Aug. 22,'94,'95; Oct. 13,'09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 721 January, 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 19 4 9 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the agricultural experiment station amherst, mass. DAILY RECORDS Temperature -a S > 3 (1) O C WIS o 3 ^^ S bo Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a bt S c Li ^ a +3 a 01 S II It Is c ZS bo 01 a .2 (Si 2 m bo (5 S s V be V S c c 1 4J Oa 28 8 a 34 85 0 SE 138 20 OA 12:00p .04 1.5 2 33 Ip 27 Oa 30 63 0 w 167 22 3 37 2p 20 7 a 22.5 69 4.4 xw 110 17 4 41 2p 26 7 a 27 80 4.0 Vv- 69 4 5 37 9p 27 Oa 30 100 0 w 10 22 12:00p 1.03 6 55 2p 34 Oa 44.5 71 3.3 W 191 22 OA 8:45a .91 7 46 12 ^- 33 6 a 39.5 69 0.3 SW 167 17 S 53 2p 33 6a 43 78 1.7 N 98 14 9 43 2p 29 6 a 36 92 0 N 33 4 10 45 IP 38 8 a 41.5 88 0.3 NW 32 10 11 33 2p 30 8 a 31.5 50 0.3 NE 162 13 12 29 3p 16 3 a 22.5 67 0 NW 85 25 U 38 Ip 26 7 a 32 57 2.4 NW 147 20 14 41 12 N 19 12 P 30 59 0.8 N 142 22 15 31 3p 13 7 a 22 68 4.0 SE 109 10 16 51 3p 28 Oa 39.5 69 2.0 SE 174 17 7:30a 8:30a T 1 T 17 51 2p 37 3 a 44 88 0.4 xw 90 20 18 39 3p 29 7a 34 86 0 E 82 12 19 48 5p 35 Oa 41.5 80 0 XW 119 28 3:30a 7:00a .10 20 38 3p 26 12 p 32 56 5.4 XW 291 20 21 30 3p 17 7a 43.5 82 0 NE 122 15 5:45p 12:00p .36 1.75 22 41 IP 25 Oa 33 86 5.5 N 100 22 OA 7:00a .36 1.25 23 35 2p 19 7 a 27 65 2.9 N 62 13 24 39 12 p 27 2 a 33 91 0 S 34 14 OA 9:30a .16 0.75 25 41 3 a 23 12 p 32 63 1.7 N 1 143 14 26 23 Oa 17 8a 20 77 1 0 ^' 1 113 12 10:00a 12:00p .34 2.00 27 31 2p 18 Oa 24.5 88 1 0 NW 59 10 OA 8:15 .07 .25 28 37 12 p 25 Oa 31 90 1 0 1 s 65 28 2:00a 12:00n .41 2.50 29 35 2p 16 12 P 25.5 46 3.4 w 1 156 28 1 30 30 2a 9 7a 19.5 42 7.6 s 114 13 « 1 31 30 12 P 10 4a 20 87 1 0 xw 41 22 10:00a 9: OOP .74| 4.50 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY January, 1949 i Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.95, 21st Minimum 29.37, 2nd Mean semi-daily 30.165 Range 1.58 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 55, 6th Lowest 9, 30th Mean 31.8 Range 46 Highest mean daily 44.5, 6th Lowest mean daily 19.5, 30th Mean maximum 38.7 Mean minimum 24.5 Greatest daily range 23, 16th Least daily range : 3, 11th Degree Days of Heating Load for month 1265 Degree Days cumulative for Season. .3817 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 4.52 Snow 14.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.03, 5th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind in miles Total movement 3525 Greatest daily movement 291, 20th Least daily movement 10, 5th Mean hourly velocity 4.7 Maximum velocity ....28, 18th, 28th, 29th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 7 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast-, days 3 South, days 3 Southwest, days 1 West, days 5 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74 Mean cloudiness, percent 64 Number of clear days 1 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 22 Number of hours bright sunshine 50.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 17.1 Thunder and lightning — 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 3.61 13.32 11 5055 -6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 34.2, 66.0, 1932 —26.0, 1904 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 20, 1944; 2, 1914 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916, '44 22, 1923, '31; 4, 1920, '39 214, 1920; 74, 1932 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. RE^IARKS The weather for the month of January was characterized by its mildness in comparison with the same month of last year. With a mean daily temperature of 31.8 degrees for the month, this was the warmest January since 193;3, but the maximum of 55 degrees was reached in 194?. The householder noticed the effect on his purchased fuel with a heating' load of 1029 degree-days for the month and a cumulative load of 3128 for the season. Normal for the month and season are 1265 and 3817 degree-days respectively, while a year ago these values stood at 1459 degree-days for the month and 3932' for the season. The fall of snow was slightly above normal, with total preci- pitation nearly an inch above normal for the month. Following the fall on the 31st, the month ended with 10.5 inches of snow on the ground. While the rainfall at the end of the previous month had relieved anxiety over short water supply for wells, the !nore than average precipitation and the snow blanket assured good ground w^ter supply for the remainder of the winter. These com- bine'! with less than normal wind movement relieved vegetation of danger of dessication which could have taken place had the rel- atively mild temperatures been accompanied by drought conditions. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "The effect on fruit buds of an unseasonably mild winter is of interest to fruit growers and consumers alike. Recent warm weather has caused some swelling of fruit buds al- though apples and pears have apparenth' developed less than peaches." According to J. S. Bailey, "Peach fruit buds appear large for this time of year. This is not surprising since the winter rest pe- riod ended several weeks ago. The warm weather has also caused internal changes which make the buds more susceptible to winter injury. Should really cold weather come, however, there may still be little injury if the temperature drops slowly; if it drops rapidly to several degrees below zero, severe injury may be expected. "On February 4 there. were practically no dead buds in the Uni- versity peach orchard. If 10 to 15^/c of the buds are alive on Wash- ington's Birthday, the chances for a crop are excellent." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 722 February, 1949' Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 19 4 9. H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72" 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >, g Wind Precipitation •3 's X > 01.5 3 01 o a 0 a g M Maximum Minimvun a •^ 2 CL, Q a HI B S > c n ■a 01 ■v p I u u V B i 1 0 c (/I 1 34 2p 23 6a 28.5 54 6.9 w 158 22 T T 2 28 Ip 15 12 P 21.5 60 4.6 w 254 28 3 31 Ip 5 7a 18.0 54 4.3 SE 77 7 4 29 2p 21 6a 25.0 86 0 NW 71 6 7:30a 8p .23 2.00 5 30 12 N 11 12 p 20.5 58 8.9 N 121 22 T T 6 30 3p -1 7a 14.5 54 9.8 NW — — 7 41 4p 11 12 p 26.0 77 2.7 N ■ — 28 — — .15 T 8 42 3p 16 7a 29.0 68 10.3 S 118 15 9 48 IP 28 12 p 38.0 79 8.4 NW 148 28 10 38 2p 16 7 a 27.0 64 2.9 NW 66 7 11 29 11 A 10 12 p 19.5 60 10.4 N 211 28 12 32 4p 0 7 a 16.0 72 8.8 SE 103 15 13 51 4p 35 Oa 43.0 68 3.4 SE 156 11 14 51 2p 35 9a 43.0 76 3.0 N 42 7 15 47 Up 37 7a 42.0 76 0.8 NE 41 28 2:30a 10:45p .52 16 42 Ip 35 12 p 38.5 58 0 W 150 15 10:15p 12:00p .12 0.75 17 35 Oa 24 12 p 29.5 65 9.7 W 272 48 Oa 2:30a .19 1.25 18 42 5p 12 6a 27.0 64 10.6 SE 142 20 19 54 2p 33 7 a 43.5 62 6.9 S 150 8 20 46 3p 30 12 p 38.0 84 3.9 N 76 20 Oa •7:30a .48 21 39 4p 22 7 a 30.5 67 10.9 N 142 13 22 38 10 P 28 2 a 33.0 84 0 S 111 10 23 45 f 2p 31 12 p 38.0 77 10.1 N 162 25 24 48 1 3p 26 7 a 37.0 65 10.0 N 53 9 25 37 1 Oa 34 8A 35.5 94 0 N 90 22 6:45a 8p .30 .25 26 37 |11A 26 12 p 31.5 63 10.1 NW 280 22 27 41 1 3p 18 6a 29.5 66 11.1 NW 122 14 28 34 |12n 24 3A 29.0 90 0 NW 86 32 ' 3p 12p .48 9.00 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wells, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY February, 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.59, 12th Minimum 29.66. 15th Mean semi-daily 30.116 Range 0.9? Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 54, 19th Lowest -1, 6th Mean 30.4 Range 55 Highest mean daily 43.5, 19th Lowest mean daily 14.5, 6th Mean maximum 39.3 Mean minimum 21.6 Greatest daily range 32, 12th Least daily range 3, 25th Degree-days of heating load for month 95? Degree-days cumulative for season 4086 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.47 Snow 13.25 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 52, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind in miles Total movement 3402 Greatest daily movement 280, 26th Least daily movement 41, 15th Mean hourly velocity 5.5 Maximum velocity 48, 17th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 9 Northeast, days East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 4 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.6 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine ....168.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 57. If'^^^ Thunder and lightning Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 -23, 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, '20; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3438, 1892 50, 1946 66.6 50.9 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 10 19, 1941; 2, 1927 8 16, 1920; 2, 1936 10 16, 1894; 2, 1920 158 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 53.4 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS The weather for the month continued the mildness recorded for the first month of the new year. With a mean daily temperature of 30.4 degrees, it was the warmest February since 1890 which recorded 33.6 degrees, and is approached only by February 1937 which showed 30.0 degrees. Against a normal mean daily tem- perature of 23.7 and last year's 21. -4 degrees the month showed a mildness that was appreciated. The house-holder had to supply fuel for only 958 degree-days of heating load against last year's 1264 and the normal 1165 degree-days. At the end of the month the cumulative load for the season stood at 4086 against last year's 6196 degree-days and the normal 4982, or only 82 per cent of nor- mal. The snow fall was nearly normal but the precipitation of 2.47 inches of water was 0.72 inches less than the mean for the month. Some amount of snow covered the ground until the 19th, and from that date the ground was bare until the storm of the 28th. Follow- ing a trace of snow on the 5th, the morning of the 6th recorded the lowest temperature of the winter, -1 degree. Excepting the zero recorded the morning of the 12th, the other cold mornings of the month were merely "frosty" and coupled with warm after- noons started the maple sugar season. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "One might think that an unseasonably mild winter would cause very early development in all kinds of vege- tation. But, fortunately, plant life is not greatly influenced by above normal winter temperatures. The mean temperature during February was more than 6° above normal and yet apple buds, al- though somewhat swollen, remain in a more or less dormant con- dition. I'f cool weather prevails during the next few weeks, Mc- intosh apple trees may still come into bloom around May 10 to 15,. as usual. Concerning the effect of recent weather on forest trees, A. D. Rhodes of the Forestry Department says, "The mild winter has to date been generally favorable for forest trees. Plentiful rain- fall, which fell on soil relatively free of frost and therefore well able to absorb it, has restored any deficit in soil moisture that may have existed as an aftermath of last summer's drought. Winter killing of conifers resulting from excessive transpiration, which might have been anticipated, is not likely to occur. Growth this spring should begin fairly early and proceed rapidly unless the weather at that time is unseasonably cold. Cold spring weather may damage buds of some trees, especially' those not well pro- tected, which already have shown some response to the spring- like conditions during February." Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 723 March, 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 19 4 9 H. N. STAPLETON observatory Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 feet. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. Wind Precipitation 1 3 V > u 3 0) O p Maximum Minimum a 2 S c 1 " j B 01 5 — 11 1 S. a o .w B n 01 B 0) 01 >> •1 o i Q 01 I txi 01 Q 01 5 5 0 c 1 36 4 P 23 12 p 29.5 92 5.3 NW 1 408 1 32 1 Oa 12 a 0.29 7.0 2 35 IP 16 6 a 25.5 79 10.9 NW ' 218 15 1 3 41 12 N 18 6 a 29.5 70 11.3 1 NW 118 20 1 4 37 4p 9 7 a 23.0 85 11.2 1 SE 78 13 5 54 2p 29 Oa 41.5 79 8.11 S 139 12 6 51 2p i 38 8 a 44.5 81 4.4 N 86 12 7 35 2p 1 21 12m 28.0 59 9.1 NE 277 22 8 47 5p 1 15 6 a 31.0 35 3.1 XE 212 15 9 57 4p j 25 6 a 41.0 45 i 8.8 N 126 14 10 46 2p 28 6 a 37.0 60 ' 0 X I 119 i 10 11 38 2p 1 32 7 A 35.0 100 1 0 \K j 102 15 6a 8p 0.03 1.0 12 34 IP 1 30 7 a 32.0 73 1 1.1 W 301 40 13 36 6p 1 22 7 a 29.0 53 1 0 W 330 28 14 47 5p 1 26 7 a 36.5 55 t 6.4 \V 206 22 15 39 2p 1 29 4 a 34.0 48 1 5.2 NW 183 18 16 36 3p I 20 7 a 28.0 42 1 8.2 NW 298 22 17 39 5p 1 22 5 a 30.5 45 1 9.9 W 1 236 I 28 3:30a 4 : 30a T 18 29 12 >' 1 22 5 A 25.5 94 1 0 NW 1 100 1 18 10:30a 6: OOP 2.5 19 31 2p 1 9 7 A 20.0 46 I 8.3 NW 260 17 20 37 5p 2 7 A 19.5 53 1 9.3 sw 50 8 21 57 1 5p 22 4 A 39.5 82 1 6.2 s 1 209 25 22 64 3p I 43 7 A 53.5 83 1 6.0 s 258 25 23 68 4p 41 12 P 54.5 94 0.8 s |217 1 17 1 3:00a 9:30a 0.71 24 58 6p 32 7 A 45.0 66 8.7 N 1 143 1 13 25 i .58 1 3p 1 30 7 a 44.0 71 1 2.2 SW 53 i 13 26 75 4p 42 7 a 58.5 76 I 7.3 N 1 136 1 10 27 72 1 5p 1 56 6 a 64.0 1 90 [ 0.2 SW 1 94 1 11 28 1 63 1 3 a 1 56 8 a 59.5 i 52 1 8.8 s i 371 1 32 29 1 66 4P i 38 7 a 52.0 46 1 7.9 NE j 209 1 22 30 1 60 4p 37 6 a 48.5 73 1 4.5 NE 1 109 i 13 31 i 51 4p 37 1 7 A 44.0 58 1 0.8 NE 1 122 13 1 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lewis F. Wia.i.s, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY March, 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maxinmm 30.64, 20th Minimum 29.31. 1st Mean semi-daily 29.94 Range 1.34 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 75. 26th Lowest 2, 20th Mean 38.2 Range 73 Highest mean daily 64, 27th Lowest mean daily 19.5, 20th Mean maximum 48.3 Mean minimum 28.5 Greatest daily range 35, 20th, 21st Least daily range 4, 12th Degree-days of heating load for month 831 Degree-days cumulative for season. ...4917 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.03 Snow 10.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 71 Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind in miles Total movement 5768 Greatest daily movement 408. 1st Least daily movement 50, 20th Mean hourly velocity 7.P Maximum velocity 40, 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 5 Northeast, days 6 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days ; 5 Southwest, daj's 3 West, days 4 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67 .Mean cloudiness, percent 57 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days !' Number of hours bright sunshine ....174.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47 Thunder and lightning — Normal 30.57 29.24 30.04 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 3 70 7.47 11 5944 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 1929 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942: 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17,1890,1913,1936; 3,1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 31.2 48, 1932, 1.939, 1941, 1942 WNW 08,1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1. 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observa- tions made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. REMARKS While the weather for the month continued warmer than nor- mal, the To degree maximum recorded on the 26th was 10 degrees less than the record March temperature of 1929. In nine other years of record, the mean daily temperature has exceeded the 38. "2 degrees of the past month, but never before have the first three months of the year combined greater-than-average mean daily tem- peratures to produce the mildness of the past season. The heating load for the month was 831 degree-days against a normal of 950 and last year's 932, while the season's cumulative load at the end of the month totaled 49K against a normal of 5932 and last year's 6128 degree-days. Except for light snow on the 18th, snow cover disappeared on the 7th. Precipitation w^as very light at 1.67 inches total water in the more than normal 10.5 inches of snow fall. Measurable precipitation occurred on only five days of the month even though cloudiness exceeded normal and hours of bright sunshine were less than normal. W. H. Thies. Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: 'In spite of the many balmy days during the winter, vegetation is still no more than two weeks ahead of normal. A cold spell now and then, as for example, a low temperature of 2° on March 20 have provided a necessary check on swelling buds and a reminder that spring is not "just around the corner." How mild the past winter has been is well illustrated by these compari- sons: January was the warmest since 1933. February the warmest since 1890, and March among the warmest since 1929. March was a relatively dry month with slightly more than an inch of rainfall in Amherst. Soaking rains and melting snow- fall on unfrozen ground in previous months, howe\er, have left the soil well supplied with moisture. Cover crops have wintered well. Fruit buds have thus far suffered no appreciable damage, although growers are already on the alert in the knowledge that apple scab spores are maturing early. Numerous pear psylla adults have been observed in some orchards and red mite of one or more species promises to be a problem. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 724 April 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1949 11. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATOKY Latitude, 42 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, G7 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 3 X > 2»J « 3 Ji o§ 1-73 E M 3-C Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a IS £5 c B CO 1- B a •a C W a Q V V u V Q V B 1) M Q V B H & o c T 55 5p 35 7a 45. 60 3.6 e 157 14 2 63 2p 33 7a 48. 62 5.7 ne 77 8 3 60 3 p 40 6a 50. 56 5.8 sw 151 18 4 48 4p 40 6 A 44. 93 0 ne 148 18 7.30a ! 1 ;00a 0.02 5 62 3p 27 5 a 44.5 52 8.2 sw 83 15 6 49 12 N 40 3 a 44.5 90 0.3 sw 213 32 2:00 a 5:30p 0.73 7 60 4p 42 Oa 51. 65 4.0 n 308 28 8 57 1 p 36 Oa 46.5 74 4.7 n 121 28 Oa 7:00 A 0.15 9 49 2 p 37 2a 43. 59 3.5 ne 266 32 10 58 2 p 31 5a 44.5 57 10.3 ne 195 20 11 61 5 p 32 3 a 46.5 52 8.0 ne 125 20 12 72 3 p 31 5a 51.5 65 8.7 w 104 17 13 73 2p 41 6a 57.0 68 7.9 nw 89 12 9:30p 12 p 0.10 14 77 3 p 49 6a 63.0 83 6.7 e 132 14 Oa 9:30a 0.48 15 64 1 p 46 6a 55.0 91 1.1 s 157 22 5:00p 6:30p 0.14 16 55 11 A 44 6a 49.5 65 2.6 n 163 25 17 SO 3 p 33 4a 41.5 69 3.3 n 213 17 18 51 1 p 30 6a 40.5 85 0.6 s 127 15 2:45p 12 p 0.17 19 55 1 p 34 5a 44.5 92 3.1 ne 154 14 0 A 6:00a 0.54 20 61 5 p 33 3 a 47.0 57 8.6 n 177 20 21 76 2p 39 3a 57.5 57 8.0 nw 164 18 22 78 1 p 42 6a 60.0 77 5.0 sw 127 15 6:40p 12p 0.15 23 72 12 N 49 6a 60.5 66 6.4 nw 212 25 0 A 7:30p 0.19 24 62 3p 45 4a 53.5 67 3.1 ne 244 20 T 25 62 4p 30 5a 46.0 41 6.3 ne 132 10 T 26 70 3 p 34 4a 52.0 71 2.2 sw 201 22 r 27 74 3 p 48 6 a 61.0 62 3.6 ne 107 12 r 28 63 5p 44 5 a 53.5 55 6.8 ne 264 22 29 60 3 p 27 6a 43.5 53 5.1 w 78 11 U.03 30 79 4p 44 6a 61.5 58 9.1 sw 131 15 31 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. S. VV. Talvio, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY APRIL 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.38, 29th Minimum 29.16, 6th Mean semi-daily 29.920 Range 1.22 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 79, 30th Lowest 27, 5th, 29th Mean 50.2 Range 52 Highest mean daily 61, 14th Lowest mean daily 40, 18th Mean maximum 62.5 Mean minimum 37.9 Greatest daily range 63, 14th Least daily range 40.5, 18th Degree-days of heating load for month. . . 444 Degree-days cumulative for season .... 5361 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.70 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.73, 6th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4820 Greatest daily movem-mt 308, 7th Least daily movement 77, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 6.7 Maximum velocity 32 ^ 6th, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N North, days 5 Northeast, days 10 East, days 2 Southeast, days 0 South, days 2 Southwest, days 6 West, days 2 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidiiy, percent 66.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 49 Number of ilear days 1 Number of fair days 17 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hoars bright sunshine 152.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 38 Thunder and lightning 6th and 15th Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 VVNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; .72, 1919 90, 1941 8.5. 1923 52, 1921; 41, 1943 6.89. 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 19-10, 1945 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 19-11; 3, 1898. 1902 18, 1915; 2. 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, VK)7 Note — The first column in the above summarj- gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1^38, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. y Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 725 May 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 194 9 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 07 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. •5 E 3 Wind Precipitation Ma limum Minimiini CC c £ a D as 4) Q S P M Q c 4* > C M So > oi (iQ E — OJ CO > c a M m •c •o c W I' A/ C9 o a c/; T SO 1 P 48 6 a 64 73 7.3 w 133 15 3 p 7p .01 2 72 1 P 62 5 A 67 89 0.4 sw 214 17 6 p 12 p .13 3 75 5 p 59 8a 67 90 3.2 sw 141 14 Oa 6p 1.11 4 84 3 p 44 6a 64 60 •6 3 sw 63 8 5 92 4p 51 5a 71 69 6.6 sw 97 40 6 72 5p 55 3 a 63 92 5.2 sw 63 12 2 a 3 A .01 7 78 9a 60 5a 69 77 8.6 e 196 20 8 72 4p 39 6a 55 62 11.1 w 91 11 9 82 3 p 47 5a 65 61 5.5 w 113 8 10 70 3 p 52 8a 61 65 2.8 e 105 12 1 A 3 A .06 11 65 3 p 41 5 a 53 50 3.4 e 187 12 12 58 4p 37 5 a 47 82 3.1 se 133 10 13 69 4p 34 3 a 52 67 3.0 w 7>^ 9 14 76 11 A 46 4a 61 74 1.1 sw 126 8 (, P 7 p T 15 72 2 p 46 5 a 59 64 8.4 s 105 12 \(, 72 4 p V) 4a 55 71 0.8 sw 71 7 17 X5 4p 46 5 a 66 57 4.8 s S,S 4 18 89 5p 53 5 A 71 68 4.8 w 122 17 19 91 3 F 62 5 a 76 75 4.3 sw 175 28 Oa 12 p .12 20 64 1 A 46 7a 55 93 0.0 ne 135 10 2 a 4p .95 21 68 5p 38 5 a 53 56 5.0 w 63 8 22 60 11 A 46 2 a 5? 75 0.0 sw 131 12 12 N 12m .39 23 76 12 N 53 1 a 65 75 6.8 ne 120 18 Oa 1 A .05 24 80 1 P 49 6 a 65 74 5.0 w 76 20 6 p 12 p 1.56 25 64 5 p 53 6 a 59 49 10.1 ne 206 32 Oa 12 p .12 26 65 1 p V) 4 A 52 70 2.6 w 107 IS Oa 3 A .16 27 65 1 p 45 6 a 55 68 5.5 w 150 20 7 1- S p .03 28 62 3 p 46 5 A 54 65 4.9 n 109 40 29 61 1 p 43 3 A 52 64 5.3 n 140 25 30 65 1 p 36 3 a 50 59 5.0 n 120 32 31 73 4? 44 4 a 58 60 10.0 ne 35 7 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. W. E. Downing, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MAY 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 4th Minimum 29.64, 23rd Mean semi-daily 29.98 Range 0.68 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 92, 5th Lowest 34, 13th Mean 60.0 Range 58 Highest mean daily 76.0, 19th Lowest mean daily 50.0, 30th Mean maximum 72.7 Mean minimum 47.1 Greatest daily range 41, 5th Least daily range 10, 2nd Degree-days of heating load for month. . 190 Degree-days cumulative for season .... 5551 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 4.76 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.56, 24th Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 3663 Greatest daily movem^^nt 214, 2nd Least daily movement 35, 31st Mean hourly velocity 4.9 Maximum velocity 40, 5th, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 3 Northeast, days 4 East, days 3 Southeast, days 1 South, days 2 Southwest, days 9 West, days 9 Northwest, days 0 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69,5 Mean cloudiness, percent 54.7 Number of i lear days 1 Number of fair days 18 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 150.9 Percent of possible hours of br'ght sunshine 33.4 Thunder and ligh tnine 1st, 5th, 18th, 19th, 24th 25th Normal 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W Extremes 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 18'H 45, 19 V.- 72, 1948; 30, 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 17, 1907. 1926; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938, The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 726 June 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1949 II. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature > ■5 1 3 K 1 3 v. o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc c a* Q M V Q (U S p V E H V > 3'C ZCQ ;5 O E a ■- c C 1-4 is o c t/i T" 77 4p 44 5 A 60.5 53 10.1 s 50 7 2 81 3 p 49 3 A 65.0 59 7.9 sw 86 8 3 82 1 p 48 4 A 65.0 54 7.1 s 152 12 4 85 2p 50 5 A 67.5 62 7.4 sw 145 11 5 S3 4p 60 1 A 71.5 66 8.7 w 121 13 (> 83 4p 48 5 A 65.5 58 7.0 n 104 12 7 74 2 p 57 1 A 65.5 50 4.8 ne 112 28 S r.8 1 p 42 4a 55.0 57 6.1 e 110 17 9 74 5 p y> 5 a 56.5 51 7.3 c 111 8 10 76 12 N 51 5 a 63.5 60 3.1 sw 176 13 11 88 4p 52 ^ a 70.0 71 4.0 sw 127 12 12 93 5 p 64 5 A 78.5 62 T.S s 91 8 13 9? 1 p 64 5 A 78.5 71 5.3 sw 178 14 14 ^7 4p 68 5 A 77.5 72 5.1 sw 185 12 15 85 3 p 63 .=; A 74.0 66 8.2 sw 168 12 16 86 3p 67 5 A 76.5 67 5.9 sw 122 9 17 88 2p 69 5a 78.5 65 2.1 s 117 10 18 87 2p 70 2a 78.5 76 5.2 sw 96 10 8 A 12n .07 19 92 3 p 66 5a 79.0 68 8.1 w 85 s 20 88 3 p 68 5 a 78.0 70 2.2 w 120 11 21 94 3p 70 4a 82.0 62 4^3 w 120 12 22 85 2p 66 12 p 75.0 74 3.3 ne 104 25 4 A 9a .39 23 83 4p 57 5 a 70.0 45 3.6 ne 143 22 24 93 2 p 58 5 a 76.0 54 5.7 w 102 12 25 93 1 p 66 4a 79.0 75 6.5 sw 136 13 5 p 7p .26 26 X9 4 p 72 5 A 81.0 S7 4.0 nw 235 32 T 27 'H I p 6S 4 a 79.0 61 9.6 e 113 20 28 74 3 p 61 7 a 68.0 66 8.6 e 76 6, 29 82 1 p 59 5 A 70.0 59 8.5 sw 73 6 30 31 87 3 p 59 5 A 73.0 68 2.7 sw 74 6 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. W. E. Downing, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.40, 10th A'linimum 29.58, 22nd Mean semi-daily 29.77 Range 0.82 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 94,21st Lowest 39,9th Mean 71.9 Range 55 Highest mean daily 82, 21st Lowest mean daily 55, 8th Mean maximum 84.8 Mean minimum 59.2 Greatest daily range 36, Uth Least daily range 13,28th Degree-days of heating load for month. . 24.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 5575.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 0.72 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.39, 22nd ISumber of days with .01 or more 3 Wind, in miles Total movement 3632 Greatest daily movement 235, 26th Least daily movement 73, 29th Mean hourly velocity 5.5 Maximum velocity 32, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction sw North, days 1 Northeast, days 3 East, days 4 Southeast, days 0 South, days 4 Southwest, days 12 West, days 5 Northwest, days 1 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 62.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 39.7 Number of t lear days 0 Number of fair days 21 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 179.9 Percent of possible hours of br'ght sunshine 39.3 Thunder and lightning 20th Normal 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 Extremes 358; 5.0 24.6 wsw 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.70, 1947 29.24, 1902 I01,191'> 34, 1891 9.68, 1922;0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22, 1908, 1941, 1943, 1, 1927 23,1912;3, 1941 22, 1903; 1,1923 362, 1908;102, 1903 ]\ote — The first column in the above summarj' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 727 July 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1949 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> •5 E 3 •A m 3»i o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M ^ c ■n a* a V Q 11 3T IS E — v n M pa •c T3 C W (0 o B T 89 2p 55 5a 72.0 58 4.6 sw 67 9 2 91 4p 59 5 a 75.0 58 6.2 w 65 8 3 95 4p 69 4a 82.0 60 5.2 sw 79 11 4 96 2p 66 4a 81.0 59 9.8 n 57 22 3p 4 V .04 5 88 3p 73 5a 80.5 59 11.0 ne 130 14 6 85 2p 62 5a 73.5 52 8.8 e 89 11 7 83 5p 59 5a 71.0 56 13.1 e 89 10 8 85 5p 53 4a 69.0 48 3.7 ne 55 6 9 85 2p 55 5a 70.0 63 7.8 sw 127 13 10 73 8a 63 2a 68.0 91 1.0 sw 161 14 11a 3 p .42 11 85 5p 65 6a 75.0 68 8.1 ne 56 9 12 87 Ip 68 1 A 77.5 75 10.7 sw 127 10 13 83 4p 67 6 a 75.0 88 4.3 sw 88 8 Oa 5 p 1.00 14 88 5p 63 3 a 75.5 77 7.0 ne 54 9 15 80 3p 67 7a 73.5 81 11.3 ne 104 9 9p 10 p .02 16 85 4p 59 1 A 72 81 11.6 sw 59 6 17 80 4p 67 3 A 73.5 84 — sw 46 5 1 p 2 p .02 18 90 5p 70 4a 80 72 6.6 w 136 14 2 a 7 a .04 19 92 3 p 11 5a 82 62 12.1 sw 107 9 20 95 2p 74 Sa 84.5 73 9.4 sw 121 28 4p 5 p .43 21 89 4p 69 5 a 79 65 12.9 ne 109 11 22 81 Ip 62 5 a 71.5 79 9.0 w 34 13 2p 4p .43 23 83 4p 66 3 a 74.5 54 12.7 n 211 15 24 85 5p 54 6 a 69.5 57 10.3 n 94 13 25 79 5 p 64 7a 71.5 87 6.4 sw 75 6 6 a 9a .28 26 88 4p 60 6 a 74 70 12.7 sw 62 7 27 93 3 p 65 5 a 79 IS 12.9 sw 112 8 28 96 2p 71 6a 83.5 68 11.8 n 93 22 29 95 4p 71 6a 83 64 13.8 nw 78 8 30 97 4p 70 6a 83.5 66 13.5 nw 54 25 10 p 12p .61 31 81 4p 69 6a 75 80 12.2 ne 81 12 Oa 1 A .12 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 1st Minimum 29,70, 31st Mean semi-daily 29.982 Range 0.62 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 97, 30th Lowest 53, 8th Mean 76.0 Range 44 Highest mean daily 84.5, 20th Lowest mean daily 68.0, 10th Mean maximum 87.3 Mean minimum 64.7 Greatest daily range 34, 1st Least daily range 10, 10th Degree-days of heating load for month. . Degree-days cumulative for season. . . Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.41 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.00, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 2820 Greatest daily movement 211, 23rd Least daily movement 34, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 3,8 Maximum velocity 28, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 4 Northeast, days 7 East, days 2 Southeast, days 0 South, days 0 Southwest, days 13 West, days 3 Northwest, days 2 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.2 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 280.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.5 Thunder and lightning 13th, 15th, 20th, 28th, 30th, 31st. I Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0,68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 Extremes 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 74,7, 1921; 66.3, 1891 14.51, 1897,;0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, 1909, 1921; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 728 August 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 1949 1 1. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. S 3 3 «i o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum n ji* a P V a V e Q E q 1 V > to nl E M ST 2ca ;5 O > 41 E cd > c 73 •a a o s c/; T 84 5 p 59 5 A 71.5 67 14.1 sw 41 4 2 86 3 p 58 3 A 72.0 68 13.3 sw 47 9 3 78 4p f.9 5 A 73.5 S2 12.5 w 48 4 4 81 4 p 71 6a 76.0 87 7.0 nw 29 12 3 a 6p .16 5 86 3 p 65 3a 75.5 80 11.9 ne 47 9 4 a 5 A .01 6 89 4p 61 6a 75.0 79 13.5 n 32 6 7 91 2p 61 6a 76.0 66 13.6 nw 53 12 K 92 3 p 61 6a 76.5 62 13.5 nw 84 14 9 98 3 p 67 5 a 82.5 60 10.4 sw 75 13 10 98 4p 65 6a 81.5 56 14.2 nw 70 14 11 93 1 p 66 4 A 79.5 67 9.0 sw 50 8 T 12 80 3 p 71 7a 75.5 40 1.0 s 45 8 5 a 7p 9a 10 p .20 .29 13 80 2p 68 7a 74.0 X7 0.5 se 58 11 3a 6p 7a 7p 1.05 .03 14 80 5p 63 3a 71.5 79 2.0 se 58 6 T 15 83 3 p 61 3a 72.0 69 12.0 s 41 12 T 16 78 12 N 60 6a 69.0 63 13.9 sw 82 8 17 79 3 p 58 3a 68.5 68 7.0 sw 90 9 18 75 4p 59 6a 67.0 X4 6.0 w 62 15 1 p 5 p .19 19 74 3 p 58 6a 66.0 66 12.0 e 158 17 20 73 5 p 45 6a 59.0 62 10.7 n 149 20 21 83 5 p 47 6a 65.0 62 12.3 sw 51 7 22 86 5 p 47 7a 66.5 62 11.3 sw 55 7 23 86 3p 55 7a 75.5 77 11.7 w 60 7 24 87 1 p 64 6a 75.5 70 10.9 ne 98 14 25 80 4p 52 5 a 66.0 56 12.7 ne 85 8 26 94 3 p 58 6a 76.0 65 12.0 s 126 11 27 95 5 p 65 7a 80.0 73 11.5 s 89 9 28 92 3 p 70 7a 81.0 75 8.3 sw 140 17 29 75 12 N 64 12 p 69.5 80 2.5 sw 214 22 3a 3 p 1.14 30 81 5 p 55 7a 68 77 12.2 w 73 7 31 77 4p 59 7a 68 92 1.0 ne 31 12 3 p 12 p .57 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY AUGUST 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.27, 16th Minimum 29.58, 18th Mean semi-daily 29.993 Range 0.69 Air Temperature , in Degrees F. Highest 98; 9th, 10th Lowest 45, 20th Mean 72.7 Range 53.0 Highest mean daily 82.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 59, 20th Mean maximum 84.3 Mean minimum 60.8 Greatest daily range 39, 22nd Least daily range 9, 3rd, 12th Degree-days of heating load for month. . Degree-days cumulative for season. . . Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.64 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.14, 29th Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 2341 Greatest daily movement 214, 29th Least daily movement 29, 4th Mean hourly velocity 3.1 Maximum velocity 22, 29th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 2 Northeast, days 4 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 10 West, days 4 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.0 Mean cloudiness, percent . .45.3 Number of clear days 21 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 5 Number of hours bright sunshine 304.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 70.7 Thunder and lightning 3 1 st. Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 I Sept. 21 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918, 1948 34, 1940 62.4, 1903 8.40, 1948; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, 1941 67, 1901, 1946; 27, 1923 23, 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, 1928; 2, 1910, 1923 332, 1941; 152, 1915, 1929 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Note — The first column In the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 729 September 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1949 li. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72" 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instrunuMiis. (■)7 ft. Tiiuo used, E. S. T, Requests for bulletins shoukl be addressed to tlie ACIUGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A^H1ERST, J\L\SS. DAILY RECORDS Te mpeiature 3 o 3 Wind Precipitation Ma vinmni Mininuini M ^ c 1-'* rn t- OJ i-ir. ij "^ 3 a B fc c o 5 ^ V 3 ■" > V E a > o = ^ o c ■c OJ X) S rt o Q Q H Q H s Sos Zx £3 HS PQ W ^ c v; T 81 3p 66 5 A 73.5 67 10 ^w 172 18 12 p 4a .44 2 74 4p 44 7 A 59 69 12.3 w 65 4 3 79 2p 43 7 a 61 73 S.7 s 32 6 4 82 3 p 47 f) A 64.5 80 7:> '^W 62 5 5 86 1 p 62 1 A 74 80 6. ^ ~ vv 152 13 6 73 1 p 63 6 A 6S 64- 12.2 lie 187 17 7 63 3 p 44 6 A 53.5 74 5 . ' ' u 45 7 8 64 5 p 49 2 A 56.5 91 3.'? lie 26 6 8 a 7p .16 y 63 2p 49 6 A 56 80 4.8 n 114 18 6 a 4p .03 10 72 4p 43 7 A 57.5 72 11.7 lie 9S 12 11 75 4p 42 6 A 58.5 69 11.0 S\V ()6 10 12 74 3 p 54 (> A 64 69 9.6 s 115 13 13 69 2p 55 Oa 62 84 0.6 s 115 14 14 84 3 p 67 Oa 75.5 84 8.7 w S7 9 Oa 4a .46 15 78 3p 61 8 A 69.5 81 6.6 ne 71 12 3a 8a .72 \h 73 3 p 51 5 A 62 73 9.8 n 76 9 17 77 4p 4'^ 5 A 63 78 10.5 sw 59 13 18 78 12 N 53 6 A 65.5 82 7.1 s 89 11 Ip 12 p .50 19 79 1 p 68 6 A 73.5 73 8.7 . n 140 17 Oa 9p .12 20 67 3 p 51 6 A 59 66 9.4 11 134 20 21 70 3 p 44 6 a 57 71 11.0 sw 50 6 22 65 3p 56 6 a 60.5 74 0 s 71 4 Oa 12 p .28 23 67 3 p 57 6 A 62 85 4.1 nw 7} 15 Oa 6p .41 24 64 2p 48 3 A 56 71 9.7 lie 104 22 25 62 3p 40 6 A 51 72 11.4 ne 83 11 26 67 4p 35 7a 51 74 10.4 nw 29 6 27 69 1 p 42 7 A 55.5 76 5.S sw 78 9 28 65 12 N 59 6 a 62 91 0.4 e 55 5 11 a 5p .08 29 65 1 p 57 4 a 61 90 3.8 nw 14 15 2 a 12 p .22 30 66 4p 53 12 p 59.5 72 8.6 ne 181 18 Oa 4a .13 31 Based on least time required to blow one mile. I,LO\TD S. Cohan., Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEI'TEMBl'.k 1949 Barometer, in inches (Reading'5 icduccd to sea level) Maximum 30.57,12th Minimum 29.42, 23rd Mean semi-daily 30.045 Range 1.15 Air Temperature . in Degrees F, Highest 86, 5th Lowest 35, 26th Mean 61.7 Range 51 Highest mean daily , . 75.5 14th 1 owes I mean daily 51, 25th, 26th Mean maximum 71.7 Mean minimum 51.7 Cireati'St daily range 36, 3rd Least daily range 6, 28th Degree-days of hearing load for month. . 143 Dt'gree-days cumulative for season [A^ Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.55 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 72 ,15th Number of days with .01 or more 12 W ind, in miles Total movement 2643 ( ireatest daily movement 187, 6th Least daily movement 14, 29th Mean hourly velocity 3.7 Maximum velocity 22, 24th Wind, direction l're\ ailing direction W NW North, da} s 5 Northeast, days 7 l'.ast,[days 1 Southeast, days 0 Suuth, days 5 Southwest, days 7 \\ est, days 2 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 50.7 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 230.5 I'ercent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.5 Thunder and lightning 14th, 18th, 19th, 23rd First Frost 26th Normal Extr 30.45 29.57 30.00 .88 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 wsw 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sent. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1014 16, 1933; 3, !%3 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934: 23, 1947 19, 1932: 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3. 1889 20. 1934; 3, 1941, 1948 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Oct. 13, 1909; Aug. 22, 1894-95 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month, 'Ihe second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 730 October 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 1949 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 X 3 U o S X-a Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc c S* fc'^ ■Bo §§ CO 0 M a B (V M V Q B H B to « E M 3'C £(5 « m m •o c W o a T 66 3 p 44 7 A 55.0 66 11.5 ne 55 9 2 64 4p 36 7 A 50.0 77 11.1 n 48 6 4 68 2p 40 7a 54.0 79 8.0 s 85 10 4 74 4p 50 6a 62.0 81 7.6 sw 105 9 5 75 3p 60 1 A 67.5 79 6.6 s 146 18 6a 7a .17 6 68 4p 40 7a 54.0 72 10.2 n 44 5 7 66 4p 44 2a 55.0 86 0.6 sw 18 5 9p 12 p .15 8 72 1 p 50 1 A 61.0 88 2.8 s 24 3 Oa 1 a .13 9 83 4p 64 8a 73.5 84 6.5 se 37 7 10 86 4p 62 7a 74.0 77 8.9 w 48 4 11 88 3p 59 5a 73.5 82 8.0 se 87 11 12 84 1 p 65 4a 74.5 64 7.8 se 206 20 11 p 12 p .04 13 70 3 p 52 6a 61.0 65 10.2 nw 88 9 14 72 3 p 39 6a 55.5 74 9.7 se 35 7 15 60 4p 52 6a 56.0 92 0 ne 71 9 2a 2p .27 16 63 3 p 38 7a 50.5 54 10.1 ne 117 8 17 69 2p 34 5a 51.5 60 8.2 se 69 11 18 66 3 p 42 5a 5-1.0 63 3.1 e 135 17 19 66 2 p 50 7a 58.0 65 3.1 e 115 15 20 72 3 p 42 7a 57.0 65 8.7 n 61 10 21 75 4 p 37 5a 56.0 63 8.9 s 21 6 22 73 3 p 55 6a 64.0 68 1.3 se 138 17 4p 5p .01 23 68 2p 48 7a 58.0 63 9.7 sw 177 18 24 58 12 N 51 7a 54.5 61 3.3 nw 117 14 25 57 2p 28 6a 42.5 72 7.3 sw 43 5 9p 12 p .07 26 63 2p 45 2a 54.0 75 7.5 w 116 28 Oa 7a .98 27 55 4p 36 7a 45.5 63 9.2 nw 127 10 28 63 2 p 31 7a 47.0 70 9.4 se 91 9 29 68 3 p 49 8a 58.5 78 5.6 n 37 1 30 61 8p 46 Oa 53.5 98 0 sw 20 7 3 p 4p .02 31 64 1 3p 48 12 p 56.0 85 2.7 n 90 24 Oa 10 A .74 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan., Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) maximum 30.64, 2nd Minimum 29.48, 3 1st A'lean semi-daily 30.170 Range 1.16 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 88, 11th Lowest 28, 25th Mean 57.6 Range 60 Highest mean daily 74.5, 12th Lowest mean daily 42.5, 25th Mean maximum 68.93 Mean minimum 46.35 Greatest daily range 38, 21st Least daily range 7, 24th Degree-days of heating load for month. . . 266 Degree-days cumulative for season 409 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.58 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.98, 26th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 2571 Greatest daily movement 206, 12th Least daily movement 18, 7th Mean hourly velocity 3.45 Maximum velocity 28, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 5 Northeast, days 3 East, days 2 Southeast, days 7 South, days 4 Southwest, days 5 West, days 2 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 73.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 41.5 Number of c lear days 15 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 207.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 60.5 Thunder and lightning — Normal Extremes 30.53 29.42 30.06 l.ll 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 57.4, 1947; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923, 1938; 91, 1913 Note — The first column in the above summary gives obser\ations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1947. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 731 N(jveniber 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1949 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 K 01 > c'-S ca oj So! 3 «> o S II Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c ca V £5 B 01 E — V a > a 1- 2a c an CQ ■c c C W o< a Q (U an Q E 01 M 11 Q 11 E o c T 59 2p 39 8a 49 60 7.3 w 166 11 2 59 3 p 39 6a 49 72 6.4 s 131 13 2a 3a .01 3 62 2? 33 5a 47.5 83 3.7 ne 49 8 4 52 1 A 43 8p 47.5 80 4.5 w 164 22 5a 6 a .01 5 45 12 N 33 12 p 39 67 5.4 nw 115 13 1 p 2p .01 6 42 3p 31 2a 36.5 74 5.1 nw 79 10 7 47 9? 32 Oa 39.5 78 2.0 se 38 8 8 68 2p 40 6a 54 72 8.9 w 145 17 9 56 2p 43 8a 49.5 69 7.5 nw 115 7 10 64 4p 31 1 A 47.5 76 6.9 se 77 13 11 67 3p 52 8a 59.5 85 3.4 se 119 14 6 a 8a .03 12 58 2p 40 8 a 49 62 0 ne 87 11 13 48 7p 39 8a 43.5 85 0 s 72 11 10 p 12 p .31 14 63 1 p 40 11 p 51.5 77 4.6 nw 97 18 Oa 2 a .31 15 57 2p 30 8a 43.5 81 8.5 w 30 8 16 54 12 N 32 1a 38 75 8.3 nw 31 11 17 46 1 p 28 6a 37 76 5.2 n 44 15 18 42 3 p 28 7 a 35 84 4.9 ne 35 9 19 46 1 p 26 Oa 36 72 4.7 s 96 12 20 48 2p 38 2 a 43 76 2.2 s 164 18 1 A 2 a .04 21 43 11 A 28 12 p 35.5 73 6.7 w 104 13 22 31 1 p 18 12 p 24.5 68 7.8 nw 249 25 23 44 1 p 18 Oa 31 56 5.1 se 210 25 24 38 1 p 28 7 a 33 61 4.6 sw 143 9 25 44 2p 35 2a 39.5 95 0 nw 49 20 2a 9a .25 26 37 Oa 25 8a 31 62 8.4 ne 361 32 8 a 12p .23 2.3 27 22 12 p 12 4p 17 85 0 ne 101 9 28 32 2p 22 Oa 27 91 0 ne 134 15 6p 7p .01 29 39 8a 32 Oa 35.5 100 0 n 4S 11 5 a 5 p .58 30 49 1 p 29 7a 39 83 6 w 60 8 31 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY NOVEMBER, 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.299, 12th, 13th Minimum 29,376, 25th Mean semi-daily 29.877 Range 0.923 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 68, 8th Lowest 12, 27th Mean 40 Range 56 Highest mean daily 59.5, 11th Lowest mean daily 17, 27th Mean maximum 48.7 Mean minimum 32.1 Greatest daily range . , 33, 10th Least daily range 7, 29th Degree-days of heating load for month. . . 742 Degree-days cumulative for season .... 1151 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.79 Snow 2.3 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.58., 29th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 3133 Greatest daily movement 361, 26th Least daily movement 30, 15th Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity 32, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 3 Northeast, days 6 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 \\ est, days 5 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent. Mean cloudiness, percent Number of clear days Number of fair days Number of cloudy days Number of hours bright sunshine. Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine Thunder and lightning First Frost .75.9 .62.4 :.. 7 ...14 ....9 138.1 Normal 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 3.41 2.34 4531 6.3 30.3 WN\\' 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 47.0 41.3 Nov. 6 Extr 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 89, 1943 75, 1924, 1938 4, 1938 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927;63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1096, ;2,589, 1889 48, 1948 78, 1947; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 0. 1948 16, 1912; 4. 1889, 1930, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917 821, 1903; 44, 1948 Oct. 10, 1925; Dec. 13, 1941 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 732 December 1949 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 1949 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. •5 1 3 o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc c ii* a Q M Q 01 E H 11 it M Q E c ca ID 41 > 3'C 2M S.2 E H«5 c ta M lU "S •o c i-i 1 5 o r 43 12 N 26 6a 34.5 75 5.4 N 90 17 2 35 12 N 27 3 a 31.0 93 0 NE 45 8 10a 12p .22 3.5 3 33 2p 18 12 p 25.5 70 7.9 N 222 17 Oa 3a .08 1.5 4 30 2p 4 6a 17.0 83 6.7 NW 55 5.5 6p 12 p .14 1.7 5 31 3p 23 9p 27.0 91 0.2 W 51 11 Oa 2a .03 .3 6 25 IOa 10 12 p 17.5 61 7.4 W 217 66 7 21 4 p 9 Oa 15.0 89 0 NW 44 32 6 a 12 N .17 .15 8 29 1 p 16 6 a 22.5 60 7.6 NW 204 18 9 28 2 p 8 8a 18.0 74 6.4 W 108 15 10 21 3 p -7 6 a 7.0 78 7.4 NW 21 1 11 34 12 p 12 Oa 23.0 95 0 W 13 1 12n 9p .07 12 49 7p 34 1 A 41.5 100 0 sw 89 12 7a 12 p .68 13 50 6a 33 12 p 41.5 81 0 N 136 15 Oa IOa .38 14 38 2 p 23 12p 30.5 71 4.6 w 86 15 15 30 2p 15 8a 22.5 72 6.7 NE 63 9 16 33 3 p 10 8a 21.5 86 7.3 NW 20 11 17 40 3 p 15 8a 27.5 73 7 SE 70 11 18 48 6p 33 Oa 40.5 88 0 SE 168 8 5 p 6p .01 19 51 3 p 39 10 p 45.0 88 1.5 NW 109 11 20 49 3 p 31 8a 40.0 80 3 SE 58 13 21 51 2p 38 4 a 44.5 84 0 SE 198 13 22 61 3 p 46 1 A 53.5 87 4 SE 212 15 2i 57 10 a 34 ]2p 45.5 70 0 NW 198 13 12 N 6 P .IS 24 32 2p 24 7a 28.0 64 4.5 NW 123 2 25 38 2p 16 7a 27.0 72 7.5 SW 53 7 26 37 7p 11 7a 32.0 95 0 SW 20 13 12n 12 p .12 27 58 8p 48 12p 53.0 100 0 SW 131 25 Oa 11 p 1 p 12 p .29 .01 28 40 1 p 30 12 p 35.0 59 5.5 N 2=^3 9^ 4a 6 a .06 29 37 9a 18 12p 27.5 62 1 N 302 25 30 29 1 p 14 7a 16.5 48 8 NE 282 15 31 37 3p 14 7a 18.5 58 8 N 110 7 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY DECEMBER, 1949 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 31.104, 25th Minimum 29,707, 1st Mean semi-daily 30.259 Range 1.397 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 61, 22nd Lowest — 7, 10th Mean 29.9 Range 68 Highest mean daily 55, 27th Lowest mean daily 5, 10th Mean maximum 38.5 Mean minimum 22.2 Greatest daily range 28, 10th Least daily range 8, 5th, 24th Degree-days of heating load for month 1085.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . 2236.6 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.44 Snow 8.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.68, 12th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 3751 Greatest daily movement 302, 29th Least daily movement 13, 11th Mean hourly velocity 5.0 Maximum velocity 66, 6th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 8 Northeast, days 3 F.ast, da}'H 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 0 Southwest, days 4 West, days 3 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 48.8 Number of i. lear days 12 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 11 7.6 Percent of possible hours of br'ghl sunshine 41 .6 Thunder and lightning First Frost Normal 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 1.09 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Nov. 6 Extremes 30.96, 1889 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, '02, T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902:4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239,1918 48, 1938. 1943, 1944. 194S 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 0, 1948 16. '09; 4. '89, '30, '31, '36, '38 25, 1948; 7, '09, '23 172. 1896; 27, 1948 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1948. ANNUAL SUMMARY ANNUAL Barometer, in inches^ (Readings reduced to sea le'vel) Maximum 31.104, Dec. 25th Minimum 29.160, Apr. 6th Mean semi-daily 30,022 Range 1.944 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 98, Aug. 9th, 10th Lowest —7, Dec. 10th Mean 56.9 Range 105 Highest mean daily 82, July 29th Lowest mean daily 5, Dec. 10th Mean maximum 62.14 Mean minimum 41.39 Greatest daily range 41, May 5th Least daily range. . .3. Jan. 11th &. Feb. 25th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 33.61 Snow 49.05 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs.. . 1.56. May 24th Number of days with .01 or more 115 Wind, in miles Total movement 42,249 Greatest daily movement 408, Mar. 1st Least daily movement 10, Jan. 5th Mean hourly velocity 4.86 Maximum velocity 66, Dec. 6th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 57 Northeast, days 56 East, days 16 Southeast, days 27 South, days 36 Southwest, days 71 West, days 48 Northwest, days 54 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71 Mean cloudiness, percent 50.2 Number of clear days Ill Number of fair days 138 Number of cloudy days 116 Number of hours bright sunshine .... 2154.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47.8 Last snow Mar. 18th First snow Nov. 26th Last frost Apr. 29th First frost Sept. 26th Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.05, 1920, 1943 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 —26, 1904 49.8, 1921; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 80, 193« 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217. 1941; 59, 1927 182 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14 '10; May 11, '07, '45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43, June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 733 December 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 19 5 0 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature > •5 'i 3 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum fiC C J* Itl Q V a E — 1) rt > c M 1) CQ •0 •V c o n r 35 3p 25 3 A 30 80 0 NW 32 2 2 35 8p 25 Oa 30 90 0 W 9 2 4p 5p .01 3 51 8p 33 3a 42 99 0 S 70 13 6a 10 a .20 4 62 3p 50 7a 56 88 1.7 s 189 13 5 58 Oa 42 12 p 50 79 0 N 113 18 11 A 4p .07 6 44 Oa 37 12 p 41.5 100 0 N 60 10 5a 12 p .97 7 38 Oa 24 12 p 31 78 5.6 N 256 28 Oa 5 a .27 8 25 Oa 5 10a 15 55 8.2 N 339 28 9 32 5p 6 2a 19 72 0.5 S 89 9 10 33 8p 23 7a 28 94 0 N 36 5 9a 10 p 1.09 11 41 6a 25 12 p 33 56 2.2 N 333 40 12 32 4p 15 8 a 23.5 63 7.0 NE 91 13 13 34 12 p 23 Oa 28.5 99 0 N 28 5 7a 9p .29 14 59 1 p 34 Oa 46.5 73 3.7 W 320 40 5a 6 a .01 15 39 2p 27 8a 33 73 4.1 NW 189 9 7p 8p .02 16 45 11a 31 12 p 38 61 0 W 223 25 1 A 8a .08 17 36 Ip 27 8a 31.5 56 4.1 W 160 13 18 48 3p 29 4a 38.5 83 2.6 SE 201 25 2a 8a .18 1.1 19 26 Oa 16 7a 21 60 5.7 W 147 7 20 25 3p 13 8a 19 68 8.5 W 120 22 21 18 1 p 13 8a 15.5 86 0.2 s 49 6 3 a 6p .08 1.5 22 32 8p 17 Oa 24.5 96 0.3 N 15 2 1 A 7p .10 1.1 23 39 4p 31 2a 35 99 0 W 22 4 24 37 9a 29 12 p 33 98 0 NE 74 10 IOa 12 p .41 25 34 3 p 28 6a 31 100 0 NE 108 5 Oa 9a .03 26 65 1 p 33 Oa 49 93 4.3 SW 123 25 27 45 Oa 22 12 p 33.5 68 3.8 N 271 25 28 32 2p 14 8a 23 66 6.8 NE 86 5 29 52 3 p 29 1a 40.5 98 2.2 SE 99 12 1 A 7p .10 30 46 Oa 11 12 p 36.5 50 3.1 NW 224 22 31 27 Oa 20 8a 23.5 95 0 NW 160 17 4a 11 A .42 J.4 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JANUARY, 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.696, 12tli Minimum 29.581, 14th Mean semi-daily 30.252 Range 1.115 26th , 8th .32.3 ,. 60 ,4th ,8th 39.5 24.8 26th 21st 1015 3251 Air Temperature , in Degrees F. Highest 65, Lowest 5 Mean Range Highest mean daily 53 Lowest mean daily 8 Mean maximum Mean minimum Greatest daily range 32. Least daily range 5, Degree-days of heating load for month . Degree-days cumulative for season. . . Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.33 Snow 7.1 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.09, 10th Number of days with .01 or more P Wind, in miles Total movement 4036 Greatest daily movement 339, 8th Least daily movement 9, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 5.4 Maximum velocity 40, 11th, 14th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 9 Northeast, days 4 East, days 0 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 1 West, days 7 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 75.1 Number of i lear days -^ Number of fair days '^ Number of cloudy days 19 Number of hours bright sunshine 74.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 25.4 Thunder and lightning First Frost Normal 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 0 13 137 46.7 Extremes 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 —26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, VnS 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33. 1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 15, '93. '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 20, 1944; 1, 1949 18. 1890; 1926; 3, 1916, 1944 22, 1923, '31, '49; 4, 1920. '39 214, 1920; 50.4, 1949 Note — The first column in the above summarj' gives observation* made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 19.38, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS While the month produced no record highs for mildness it did couple a low heating load to the season's already low figure which was appreciated by the householder. At the mean midpoint of the heating season which fell on the 22nd. less than 3000 degree days had ac- cumulated. Late season severe weather which could follow can still bring the seasonal figure up, but will likely run less than average Tor the season. Precipitation at an accunuilated 4.33 inches of water is somewhat above the mean of 3.61 inches for the month and will aid in replacing the ground water deficit which has been accumulating over the past 18 months of below mean rainfall. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report "There has been little visible swelling of peach buds in the University orchard thus far and the number of live buds at present gives promise of a good crop. There is reason to believe, how- ever, that sub-zero temperatures after this date would cause more damage than in early winter. More than 800 hours of temperatures below 45^ are required to bring peach trees out of their winter rest period, and thus set the stage for a response to warmer weather. Around 40° they go through their rest period most rapidly. Above 45°, and also at temperatures much below freezing, the process is slowed up. Recause of this situation, peach buds in Massachusetts have not responded as much to the mild January weather as one might suppose. A few comments concerning other fruits may also be of interest. Apple and pear buds are still apparently in a strictly dormant stage. It is doubtful if any bud injury has occurred. An occasional case of bark splitting on the trunk may be traced to late stimulation and retard maturity. All raspberry varieties are probably out of their winter rest period, and there has been some evidence of tip-killing on canes of tender varieties, such as Washington. Strawberry plants, if protected by a layer of suitable mulch material, and in good con- dition. The absence of a snow cover during most of the winter season, has left unmulched plantings exposed to rather wide extremes of temperature. This condition may be reflected in damaged plants and a smaller crop of berries next June." •SETJ3 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 734 February 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 1950 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31 " N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. •5 'e 3 m o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum CB ,. a Q an a Q i V Q V E H c a 01 > Em :=.2 E — c 0) m ■V G w (8 o R T 31 2p 20 Oa 25.5 90 3.6 NW 33 5 2 35 2p 27 2a 31 100 0 NW 37 5 1 A 8a .21 1.7 3 34 1 A 22 8p 30 51 7.3 W 306 32 4 35 1 p 18 8a 26.5 59 4.5 N 196 28 5 32 4p 15 8a 23.5 44 7.1 N 143 11 6 34 2p 15 Oa 24.5 77 0 NE 21 9 11 A 6 p .16 1.1 7 33 2p 26 3 a 29.5 57 7.5 NE 160 25 8 26 4p -4 8a 11 60 7.8 ■ N 127 13 9 46 12 N 20 Oa 33 94 0 SW 147 20 7a 4p .53 1.7 10 38 4p 29 7a 33.5 73 5.6 NE 142 13 11 39 4p 32 5a 35.5 93 0.6 NW 34 6 1 A 8a 2a 9a .02 0.1 T 12 43 2p 26 8a 34.5 75 6.4 N 48 10 13 33 4p 25 4a 29 80 2.3 N 79 10 7p 12 p 1.3 1.4 14 29 12 p 24 8p 26.5 92 0 N 112 15 Oa 12 p .90 9.1 15 33 4p 26 Oa 29.5 100 0 N 175 18 Oa 12 p .83 1.0 16 39 3 p 28 8a 33.5 89 4.3 N 75 9 6 a 11 A .05 0.7 17 42 2p 28 5a 35 87 6.1 N 34 11 18 40 3p 31 8a 35.5 67 4.2 N 82 9 19 41 2p 26 Oa 33.5 85 2.5 NW 147 22 7a 8a .04 0.3 20 21 Oa -4 12 p 12.5 58 9.3 E 420 28 21 20 2p - 8 6a 6 49 8.7 E 133 9 10 p 12 p .09 0.6 22 16 2p 8 8a 12 87 1.8 E 110 14 Oa 12 p .65 5.2 23 29 3p 11 Oa 20 89 0.9 E 231 28 Oa 9a .19 0.3 24 41 5p 19 7a 30 71 4.7 NW 206 28 25 24 1 p 10 12 p 17 58 8.6 NW 373 32 26 25 2p -2 7a 11.5 67 7.7 N 128 22 27 17 4p -4 6a 6.5 60 9.3 N 263 25 28 30 1 p -5 7a 12.5 68 6.6 SW 131 14 5 p 12 P .15 0.6 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY FEBRUARY, 1950 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.77, 8th Minimum 29.45, 24th Mean semi-daily 30.13 Range 1.32 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 46, 9th Lowest — 8, 21st Mean 24.5 Range 54 Highest mean daily 34.5, 9th Lowest mean daily 0, 20th Mean maximum 32.4 Mean minimum 16.4 Greatest daily range 35, 28th Least daily range 5, 14th Degree-days of heating load for month .1132 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 4383 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.99 Snow 23.8 Maximum preclp. In 24 hrs 94, 14th Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 4093 Greatest daily movement 420, 20th Least daily movement 21,6th Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 32, 3rd, 25th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N North, days 12 Northeast, days 3 East, days 3 Southeast, days 1 South, days 0 Southwest, days 2 West, days 1 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 65 Number of dear days 8 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 127.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 43.2 Thunder and lightning First Frost 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 —7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.56,1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 —23, 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62. 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, 1920; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3402. 1949 50, 1946 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19, 1941; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 U., LW4; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938, The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS With the exception of the 8th the mild weather of the previous month continued until the 20th when a precipitous drop in tem- perature occurred which carried through to the end of the month. This greatest daily wind movement during the month combined with this temperature change provided the most uncomfortable winter conditions to that point of the season. The low of — 8 degrees on the morning of the 21st however only approximated the — 7.1 mean lowest temperature for the month, and the mildness earlier provided a mean of 24.5 degrees against an average mean of 23.7. The heating load continued very moderate at 1132 degree-days for the month to accumulate 4383 degree days for the season. The lengthening days with fair to clear cloud conditions helped offset the cold air masses and heavy nocturnal radiation on clear nights. The precipitation of 23.8 inches of snow which yielded 3 99 inches of water provided a margin above the mean of 3.19 inches for the month which will eventually be available to the ground water supply. William G. Colby, Professor of Agronomy, contributes the fol- lowing report: "The rclativtly mild temperatures during the first 19 days of the month, coupled with somewhat more than average rainfall, helped tremendously in replenishing badly depleted soil moisture reserves. The last 10 days of the month were colder than normal but the ground was covered with a heavy blanket of snow, therefore preventing deep penetration of frosts into the soil." "This means that soil moisture reserves will be still further re- plenished when the present snow cover melts. Field crop conditions to this point in the season continue favorable. A similar condition prevailed last year. Our summer drought would have been more serious had it not been for the absorption by the soil water produced from a comparatively heavy, late winter fall of snow." MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 735 March 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 19 5 0 11. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72» 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S T, Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 3 3 ^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum ce c £* >> Q 4> U im BO V Q V B i V Q V g p c > CO ca c so E — 01 CS > 2^ 00 V CQ o B T 37 2p 19 12p 28 76 1.6 w 217 25 Oa 11a i A 1 P T 2 20 12 N 7 12 p 16 56 8.2 NW 305 32 3 15 1 p —2 6a 6.5 50 9.3 NW 331 25 4 26 4p —9 6a 8.5 55 9.7 mv 42 8 5 44 4 p 11 Oa 27.5 68 6.0 s 193 18 6 42 2 a 11 12 p 26.5 52 10.1 NW 338 32 7 37 4p 4 7a 20.5 53 8.0 sw 81 8 8 57 12 p 27 Oa 42 91 0 s 107 40 8 A 11 P .72 9 45 Oa 15 12 p 30 56 4.7 NW 455 40 9 a S p T 10 25 4p 14 5a 19.5 53 9.6 NW 387 32 10 a 11 a T 11 31 6p 14 6a 22.5 79 .1 s 118 12 7p 10 P .02 .2 12 45 12 N 24 Oa 34.5 73 8.2 NW 108 18 13 33 Oa 23 12 p 28 85 0 N 119 14 7a 12 p .15 1.2 14 34 3 p 21 8a 27.5 59 8.8 NW 240 20 Oa 8 a .07 1.2 15 42 12 N 16 7a 29 63 7.8 W 236 39 11 a 12 N T 16 36 3p 18 7a 27 56 9.5 W 126 12 17 38 4p 18 6a 28 47 9.0 N 120 12 11 p 12 p .03 .5 18 35 5a 18 12 p 26.5 64 3.6 NW 334 40 Oa 6 A .22 1.8 19 39 2p 14 7a 26.5 53 10.5 NW^ 212 18 20 49 4p 19 7a 34 62 9-5 S 75 7 21 42 11 A 29 5 a 35.5 78 .3 N 87 17 11 A 5 p .08 .7 22 47 2 p 24 7a 35.5 84 7.2 E 85 11 3 a 12 N .85 23 43 3 p 37 8a 40 92 0 N 185 14 Oa I a .01 24 43 3 p 35 5 a 39 70 0 NW 206 22 25 46 11 A 31 6a 38.5 66 5.2 N 137 18 26 52 2p 27 5 A 39.5 56 9.2 N 75 11 27 41 2p 37 Oa 39 96 0 SE 66 10 8a 12 p .07 28 65 4p 37 4a 51 95 4.9 S 67 13 6p 7p .01 29 62 2 p 40 8 p 51 83 4.5 N 127 25 5 a 5 p .58 30 41 4p 28 3 A 34.5 56 9.5 N 378 25 31 57 4p 20 6a 38.5 49 11.4 N 126 14 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan, Ohserier MONTHLY SUMMARY MARCH, 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.557, 4th Minimum 29.188, 23rd Mean semi-daily 29,945 Range 1.369 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 65, 28th Lowest — 9, 4th Mean 30.7 Range 74 Highest mean daily 47.5, 28th Lowest mean daily 3.5, 3rd Mean maximum 49.3 Mean minimum 20.6 Greatest daily range 37, 31st Least daily range 4, 27th Degree-days of heating load for month . 1085 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 5468 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 2.67 Snow 5.6 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs S5, 23rd Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 5683 Greatest daily movement 455, 9th Least daily movement 42, 4th Mean hourly velocity 7.64 Maximum velocity 40 8th. 9th, 18th Normal Wind, direction NW .10 Prevailing direction North, days Northeast, days . E'ast, days 1 Southeast, days 1 South, days 5 Southwest, days 1 West, days 2 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67 Mean cloudiness, percent 51.1 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 186.4 Percent of possible hours of br'ght sunshine 50.4 Thunder and lightning 8th, 28th First Frost 30.57 29.24 30.04 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 Extremes 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 1929 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 190= 48, 1932, 1939, 1941. 1942 68. 1901; 27. 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292. 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity iecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third rohimn gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS The month was the coldest March since 1941 and continued the cold weather ushered in by the abrupt change which occurred Feb- ruary 20. The maximum of 65° was only a moderate highest tempera- ture for the month, while the low of — 9° was well below the mean of +6.1. The heating load of 1085 degree days was also the highest since the same month of 1941, while the cumulative total of 5468 re- mained below the normal expected at the month's end. High winds occurred on three days of the month with e maximum velocity of 40 mph. Total wind movement however, at 5083, was below the mean of 5764. Precipitation at only 2.67" was more than an inch below the mean for the month and. may be expected to have its effect on seasonal deficiency shown more fully after crops are planted. Thunder and Ughtning was recorded on both the 8th and the 28th, the two milder days near each end of the m(jnth. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "A survey of Massachusetts peach orchards re- veals severe damage from cold weather. All of the peach buds in some orchards have apparently been destroyed while a scattering of uninjured buds is found in a few varieties. In a Worcester County orchard examined April 5, about 10% of the buds on one odd variety were alive. Buds of other varieties showed brown centers. Several growers have reported enough live buds here and there to suggest a very light crop this season. • In the University orchard, J. S. Bailey reports no live buds at all on Elberta, Halehaven, Golden Jubilee and many other varieties. A few live buds were observed on the Greensboro variety. The present peach situation is not surprising in view of the wide variation in winter temperatures, and the fact that we are near the northern limit of the peach belt. Peaches are among the most tender of the fruits grown in this area. But if peach growers f re able to harvest a good crop three years out of four under our climatic condi- tions the gamble in setting a peach orchard is justifiable provided a better than average soil and site are' selected." MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 736 April 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 19 5 0 11. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72' 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 6 3 X Is Wind Precipitation Maximum ) Nlinimum c = c jy* a a 4) Q B Q V s ca > SftJ C M 3'" cub B — V a > Si c (0 M V 03 •c •o c W 5 o c u; T 52 2p 22 6a 37 56 9.6 SE 120 13 2 55 3p 33 12 p 44 67 6.6 w 186 18 1 A 6 A .10 3 56 5p 33 Oa 44.5 88 0 SE 97 10 6 A 12 p .17 4 75 2p 50 7a 62.5 78 6.1 S 175 20 Oa 1 A .04 5 52 8 a 39 12 p 45.5 79 0 NW 237 28 5 A 3 p .16 6 45 2 p 25 12 p 35 50 9.1 NW 260 25 7 48 3 p 23 5 a 35.5 41 11 N 241 22 8 52 4p 28 5 a 40 42 11.4 N 238 18 9 46 2p 34 6a 40 54 9.1 N 236 25 10 51 4p 25 6a 38 45 10.6 N 199 20 11 51 2p 27 4a 39 62 2.4 S 91 18 3p 7p .03 12 46 1 p 30 12 p 38 54 6.3 NW 288 25 13 34 3 p 29 Oa 31.5 100 0 N 78 11 6a 12 p .74 6.6 14 48 3 p 30 Oa 39 75 6.9 N 251 22 Oa 6 a .12 .7 15 50 3 p 30 1 a 40 63 7.8 N 182 20 T T 16 58 4p 3^ 5a 45.5 52 12.1 NW 143 20 17 64 1 p 31 5 a 42.5 57 6.6 S 67 10 18 70 4p 42 6a 56 50 10.9 NW 186 25 19 74 2p 40 5a 57 60 7.8 SE 120 17 20 55 Oa 44 12 p 49.5 100 0 N 147 12 5 a Sp 1.67 21 57 1 p 37 6a 47 62 6.1 NW 145 17 T 22 50 1 p 36 3 a 43 61 6.1 NW 150 20 23 53 6p 32 2a 42.5 86 1.2 S 89 14 T 24 56 6p 31 5 a 43.5 57 10.4 N 127 12 25 62 4p 29 6a 45.5 61 10.6 SW 75 14 4p 8p .04 26 47 Oa 42 8a 44.5 90 0 NE 122 9 4a 12 N .31 27 r,4 4p 41 Oa 52.5 78 5.9 SW 102 18 10 P 12 p .08 28 61 5 p 44 5a 52.5 83 4.0 S 121 9 Oa 1 A .04 29 43 Oa 33 12 p 38 82 0 s 94 10 8 A 3 p .14 .3 30 60 4p 29 6a 44.5 61 10.5 SE 79 15 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Lloyd S. Cohan. Ohserver MONTHLY SUMMARY APRIL, 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.31, 10th Minimum 29.66, 23rd Mean semi-daily 29.95 Range 0.65 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 75, 4th Lowest 22, 1st Mean 43.8 Range 53 Highest mean daily 57, 4th Lowest mean daily 31.5, 13th Mean maximum 54.5 Mean minimum 33.4 Greatest daily range 34, 19th Least daily range 5, 13th, 26th Degree-days of heating load for month . 637 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 6105 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.64 Snow 7.6 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.67 Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 4646 Greatest daily movement 288, 12th Least daily movement 67, 17th Mean hourly velocity 6.45 mph Maximum velocity 28 mph, 5th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 9 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 1 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 66.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 56 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 189.1 Percent of possible hours of br'ght sunshine 47.2 Thun 'er and lightning Last Snow 29th Last Frost 30th 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extr 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930;. .72, 1919 90 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921; 41, 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1945 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 1, 1949 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11. 1907.'45 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS This month proved a httle reluctant to usher in the spring season. After a high for the month of 74° on the 4th it was a full two weeks be- fore any 70^ temperature again appeared. The low of 22° on the first reached the mean lowest temperature for the month and the mean daily of 43.8° was nearly two degrees below the average. House- holders continued to feel the dregs of winter as 637 degree days of heating load accumulated the seasonal total of 6105 degree days. Ihe 3.64 inches of precipitation added nearly 0 3 inch over the mean to the moisture reserve for the coming growing season. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "Cool weather during April, with its retarding effect on fruit buds, has been favorable to fruit crops in Massachusetts. This applies to fruits of all kinds. The situation may be summed up as follows: The stage of bud development is about 10 da\s behind that of certain seasons in the recent past. Mcintosh apple buds, now in the Pre-Pink stage in some areas, are better able to withstand freezing temperatures that if they were approaching full bloom. At these two stages there is a difference of at least 3° or 4° in susceptibility to frost damage. This may mean a big difference in the number of blossoms setting fruit. Mcintosh records in Amherst show full bloom occurring, on the average, around May lo with a range of nearly 10 days in either direction. May 20 is the estimated date of full bloom this year. As this is being written, there has been negligible low temperature damage to apple buds, and the stage is set for at least a normal crop. Peach buds suffered severely during the winter in some orchards. This must be expected occasionally since we are near the northern limit of the peach belt, and peaches are among the most tender of the fruits grown in this area. In well located orchards, however, there were still enough live peach buds of certain varieties on May 1 to provide at least a light crop. Strawberry plants in mulched plantings came through the winter in good condition. Rloom is likely to be delayed enough to escape appreciable frost damage. Even though a few of the early blossoms do show black centers, it will mean only the loss of the earliest berries and not any extensive reduction in the number of cjuarts per acre." Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 737 May 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 19 50 11. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. •5 1 3 3 ^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum r C B s« a Q V Q e i fin a; Q V c to > CO to 3'C ZCQ ;5 § V E — 1) CO > to u > ■c V ■a c U it CO 9 o c T 46 3 p 43 6a 44.5 87 0 SE 89 8 6 A 12 N .34 2 68 4p 42 Oa 55 65 9.1 s 127 17 3 71 4? 43 6a 57 53 10.6 S 118 14 4 73 5p 43 6a 58 74 8.1 W 105 13 5 59 4p 51 9a 55 75 0 s 89 11 6 85 5p 49 1 A 67 76 2.6 s 150 17 T 7 73 12 N 49 9p 61 41 12.7 NW 328 48 8 58 4p 34 5a 46 42 13 NW 399 28 9 74 4? 34 5 a 54 46 11.3 sw 114 17 11 P 12 p .02 10 66 6p 47 2a 56.5 77 0.2 s 157 14 Oa 1 p .38 11 64 12 N 50 6 a 57 53 10.3 NW 141 20 12 72 3 p 42 5 a 57 52 10.6 N 52 8 13 78 3 a 40 6p 59 63 10.5 NW 118 32 7p 8p .01 14 68 4p 38 6a 53 50 13.9 N 161 20 15 62 5 p 40 5 A 51 74 5.2 NW 80 6 16 72 4p 50 6 a 61 67 8.5 N 140 9 17 75 3 p 45 5 A 60 64 10.9 SW 92 18 18 54 2p 48 6a 51 88 0 SE 83 10 3 a 12 p .26 19 51 2p 45 5a 48 88 0 NE 82 7 1 a 2 p .42 20 63 1 p 45 Oa 54 69 5.7 N 179 20 21 76 4p 38 5 a 57 59 12.5 NE 165 20 22 70 2 p 35 5 a 52.5 54 13.5 SW 118 18 23 71 2 p 42 4a 56.5 72 8.8 s 144 13 24 67 11 A 56 7 a 61.5 89 0.6 SE 78 28 4a 12 p .41 25 64 1 p 57 3 a 60.5 89 0 E 74 10 Oa 5 p .45 26 79 5 p 55 5 a 67 68 11.8 N 66 8 27 80 2 p 49 5 a 64.5 61 13.4 SW 87 12 28 72 3 p 46 6a 59 68 10.1 NW 88 9 29 64 1 p 54 5 a 59 89 0.3 SW 63 9 8 a 12 p .37 30 75 5p 58 3 a 66.5 85 6.5 SW 74 7 1 a 8 a .11 31 77 2 p 59 5 a. 68 84 5.6 w 102 12 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Oltserver MONTHLY SUMMARY MAY 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.32, 9th Minimum _. 29.59, 13th Mean semi-daily 30.03 Range 83 Air Temperature , in Degrees F. Highest 85,6th Lowest 34, 8th, 9th Mean 57.9 Range 51 Highest mean daily 64.5, 30th, 31st Lowest mean daily . 43, 8th Mean maximum 68.6 Mean minimum 46 Greatest daily range 40, 9th Least daily range 3 ,1st. Degree-days of heating load for month . . 230 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 6335 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 2.77 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.45, 25th Number of days with .01 or more. 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3863 Greatest daily movem.^nt 399, 8th Least daily movement 52, 12th Mean hourly velocity 5.4 mph Maximum velocity 48 mph, 7th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 1 Southeast, days 3 South, days 6 Southwest, days 6 West, days 2 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 58.3 Number of ilear days 13 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy dajs 10 Number of hours briplit sunshine 226.3 Percent of possible hours of br'ght sunshine 50 Thunder and lightning Last Snow Last Frost Normal 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 Extremes 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 72, 1948; 30, 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 18, 1949; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 3.50. 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column In the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS The month made a vahant beginning to catch up the slowness of the season, providing a maximum of 85° on the (Jth. only to have this mildness dispersed by a dust storm in the teeth of a 48 mile wind on the 7th. The mean daily then dropped b:ck into the 50's and high 40's until the last week of the month when s'^asonable warmth was again obtained. In the month 2.77 inches of precipitation fell; nearly 5<4 inch bek)w the mean and only two stormy periods recorded rainfall in excess of Y2 inch: on the 18th-19th 0.68 inches, and the 24th-25th 0.86 inches. The mean daily temperatures of 57.9° al- though 0.8° above average contributed to the 230 degree days of heating load which brought the season's total to 6335 at the month's end. The last snow noted April 29, and the last frost April 30, in last month's bulletin, have not been disputed by the month's records. W. H. Thies, Extension Professor of Horticulture, contributes the following report: "Weather conditions during May have had some interesting effects on plant growth. Lawns look unusually well and the hay crop is promising, thanks to quite ideal growing con- ditions. Peas, spinach and such cool weather crops have made excel- lent progress. But corn, beans, and others which thrive in hot weather have been marking time. Asparagus got off to a slow start but has made up for it since. Seldom have we seen strawberries look any more i)ronnsing. Here is a fruit plant which seems to best under cool, cloudy conditions. We have prospects of a good strawberry crop, l^ut instead of the first berries appearing around June 1 as they some- times do in the Connecticut Valley, they are more lightly to appear around June 10. Apple bloom was at least a week later than normal, and was spread over a longer period. The height of Mcintosh bloom in Amherst was around May 22. Bee activity was frequently held up by cool or rainy weather. Honey bees are quite inactive when the temperature drops below 60° althou'gh bumblebees continue to fly at temperatures at least 10° lower. In spite of weather interference in bee activity, there were enough warm, sunny hours in most or- chards to insure pollination. Contrary to a common notion, none of the fruits grown in this area, except nuts, are wind pollinated. Bees of one kind or another are almost entirely responsible for the transfer of pollen from one blossom to another. And that means suitable weather for bee flight.'' MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 738 June 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 1950 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253 5 It. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft Time used, EST. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 'i 3 EC o.S Wind P recipitation Maximum Minimum c = c J» cd Q V V u em a> Q V E 01 Q 01 E H c a 01 > CO a E M IS ■Bo £3 o; E _ 0) rt > ^1 s (V ca B o c c/; T~ 69 10a 64 2 A 66.5 96 0 w 132 9 3 a 9p 1.35 2 78 5p 47 5 A 67.5 63 13.9 NE 110 14 3 79 1 p 59 1 A 69 74 5 SW 193 25 9p 12 p .03 4 67 3p 53 8a 60 73 10.3 NW 200 20 Oa S A .37 5 76 5p 45 4 A 60.5 52 13 W 84 12 6 84 1 A 46 5 a 65 58 8.2 SW 65 9 7 89 5p 53 5 a 71 62 10.3 SW 42 6 S 90 3 p 60 6 a 75 62 9.5 SW 101 11 9 90 3p 61 5a 75.5 66 11.2 s 110 12 10 85 1 p 63 4a 74 81 6.9 w 159 18 11 a 12 p .81 11 71 4p 57 6a 64 61 12.7 NE 211 17 12 74 4p 42 5 a 68 59 13.7 NW 51 6 13 78 2p 49 5 a 63.5 59 11.1 W 125 10 14 70 11 A 53 2 a 61.5 81 3.3 w 79 7 4 p 7 p .Of. 15 78 4p 53 2a 65.5 78 10.9 NW 48 7 16 79 2 p 54 4a 66.5 70 9.2 W 121 13 17 68 9a 43 12 p 55.5 70 8.7 N 261 32 + a 9 a .61 18 69 11 A 42 1 a 55.5 50 12.1 NE 197 20 19 60 1 P 41 1 A 50.5 82 0.3 W 13 3 lO.A 11 A .01 20 76 2 p 53 5 a 64.5 72 8.8 W 96 12 21 79 4p 62 4 a 70.5 74 5.6 N 126 18 3 A 5 A .07 22 75 4p 47 5 a 61 55 11.4 NW 98 8 23 89 1 p 53 5 a 71 62 10.0 W 104 10 24 90 2 p 62 5 a 76 79 4.7 s 84 15 4 p 5 p .03 25 89 2 p 65 5 A 77 7:^ 8.0 NW 46 17 26 91 4p 61 5 a 76 56 12.2 N 64 9 27 86 2 p 63 5 A 74.5 69 6.0 s 157 18 2 p 4 p .31 28 77 5 p 55 5 A 66 61 126 NW 173 20 29 82 1 p 52 5 A 67 63 f».l S 55 12 7 p S p T 30 85 4 p 63 5 A 74 71 ''.5 s 113 s * BaFcd on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY lUNE 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.302. 7th Minimum 29.522, 17th Mean semi-dailv 29.902 Range ' 780 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 91, 26th Lowest 41, 19th Mean 66 Range 50 Highest mean daily 71, 26th Lowest mean daily 50.5, 4th, 19th Mean maximum 78.1 Mean minimum 54.1 Greatest daily range 41, 2nd Least daily range 5 1st Degree-days of heating load for month. 68.5 Degree-days cumulative for season 6404 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.65 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.35, 1st Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3535 Greatest daily movement 261, 17th Least daily movement 13, 19th Mean hourly velocity 4.9 Maximum velocity 32, 17th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 3 Northeast, days 3 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 5 Southwest, days 4 West, days 9 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 39.8 Number of clear daj^s 11 Number of fair days 16 Number of cloudy days 3 Number of hours bright sunshine 268.2 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.7 Thunder and lig' tnmg 10th, 17th. 27th Last Snow Last Frost Nc 30.. 30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 3585 5.0 24.6 wsw 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 Extremes 30.70, 1947 29.24, 1902 101. 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908: 14()9, 1906 -18. 1939 71. 1903; 28 19()S 22, 1908, 1941, 1943; 0, 1949 23. 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1. 1923 362. !9()S; 102 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 739 July 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 19 50 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72» 31' 48" W Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft Height of wind instruments, 67 ft Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> •5 'e K 3 Ji o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c c c ^* Q m J! CO u Q V B H u. US Q B H 1 a rt So; B at 3"C ■zm .So Cj (1 > 4) Si-- E — . 2 a a m •a a> •a c W a o a T" 84 3p 60 6a 72 64 10.8 N 106 13 2 85 2 p 48 5 a 66.5 60 9.4 sw 69 10 3 83 5p 65 4a 74 71 10.2 s 122 13 2 a 4a .14 4 76 11 A 65 2 a 70.5 89 0.2 s 36 7 3 a 4p .38 5 85 4p 62 4a 73.5 79 7.2 s 59 7 8p 12 p .13 6 78 3p 68 6a 73 68 9.6 NW 155 13 Oa 1 A .01 7 82 5p 51 5a 66.5 63 13.4 NW 120 17 8 89 4p 55 5a 72 60 12.9 N 25 5 9 87 2p 61 5 A 74 64 11.9 SE 51 6 10 80 12 N 61 5 a 70.5 69 4.8 S 28 4 11 82 4p 62 4a 72 92 .45 s 39 10 Oa 8p .05 12 86 2 p 70 5 a 78 80 65 sw 87 11 Oa 2a .05 13 90 2p 64 4a 77 75 8.2 s 79 12 7p Up .15 14 75 5p 61 6a 68 59 12.1 NW 186 25 15 79 2p 46 5 a 62.5 64 11.3 SW 39 6 16 70 11a 58 5 a 64 79 3.2 s 66 9 17 87 5p 65 4a 76 83 8.4 s 71 8 18 91 12 N 68 5 a 79.5 62 9.5 w 107 28 1 p 4p 1.23 19 85 4p 59 5 a 72 64 12.6 w 68 9 20 66 Oa 53 12 p 59.5 88 0.0 N 48 9 6a 3 p 0.48 21 78 5p 46 5a 62 71 13.3 N 35 9 T 22 81 6p 51 5a 66 65 14.9 NW 31 9 23 83 2p 53 5 a 68 65 14.0 S 51 Q 24 80 2p 58 5 A 69 71 7.2 s 77 8 T 25 83 3 p 65 1 A 74 68 9.6 w 123 14 Oa 3 a .03 26 79 3p 63 5 A 71 63 12.2 NW 137 17 27 84 2 p 51 5 a 67.5 58 12^4 NW 75 H 28 87 2 p 55 5 A 71 67 9.2 w 51 9 5p 6p T 29 88 3 p 56 5 a 72 66 11.8 w 87 10 30 88 2p 62 5 a 75 69 13.1 w 89 12 31 90 2p 60 6 a 75 75 8.8 sw 51 28 5 p 8p .18 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes. Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.334, 15th Minimum 29.704, 29th Mean semi-daily 30.001 Range 0.630 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 91, 18th Lowest 46, 15th, 21st Mean 70.6 Range 45 Highest mean daily 79.5, 18th Lowest mean daily 59.5, 20th Mean maximum 82.7 Mean minimum 58.8 Greatest daily range 37, 2nd Least daily range 10, 6th Degree-days of heating load for month. . Degree-days cumulative for season Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.83 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.23, 18th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 2348 Greatest daily movement 186, 14th Least daily movement 25, 8th Mean hourly velocity 3.2 Maximum velocity 28, 18th, 31st Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 10 Southwest, days 4 West, days 6 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 70 Mean cloudiness, percent 47.7 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 293.2 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 6^.2 Thunder and lightning 4th, 18th. 31st Last Snow Last Frost Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 34.22 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 Extremes 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892 0.47. 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 66.3, 1891, 76.0. 1949 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, 1909, 1921; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS The month was quite normal with regard to temperature and other conditions except precipitation. The mean figures over the period of observation indicate a 4.10 inches precipitation expected for the month with but 2.83 inches recorded; of which 1.23 inches fell on the 18th. While this storm was appreciated, it did not offset the development of drouthy conditions which slowed the growth of to- bacco and made it unnecessary to mow lawns which were not sprinkled. Even though a mean daily temperature of 59.5 degrees was re- corded on the 20th, no heating load is considered in this locality to accumulate during July and August under conditions which are near the mean values. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 740 August 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 19 50 H. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72= 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E a a 3 i o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M c J* si Q « V Q 01 B H V to Em 2M ■M.° £ — a; C3 > si S a V ■a 01 •a c 1 o a Ui T 77 12 N 66 4a 71.5 88 0.6 N 62 11 4a 12 N .28 2 70 2p 58 5a 64 76 4.2 N 70 7 3 72 4p 61 5a 66.5 76 7.4 S 37 6 4 80 2 p 60 5 a 70 67 11.4 NW 86 13 5 79 3p 53 6a 66 70 10.6 NW 70 18 6 75 2p 59 6a 67 67 9.6 NE 124 13 7 76 4p 52 5a 64 66 12.1 NE 68 9 5a 6a .01 8 84 5p 46 5 a 65 67 12.8 N 34 8 9 88 3p 52 6a 70 67 11.0 W 56 13 10 85 4p 67 5a 76 71 8.1 W 77 8 9p 12 p .02 11 81 12 N 63 5a 72 68 7.1 NW 79 15 12 78 4p 50 6a 64 58 12.7 N 84 8 13 81 3p 50 6a 65.5 56 12.6 N 74 13 14 79 5p 53 4a 66 63 9.8 NW 19 3 15 83 4p 50 5a 66.5 60 11.7 NW 29 7 16 84 3p 59 5a 71.5 75 9.7 S 119 13 5 p 11 p .16 17 84 2p 57 6a 70.5 83 9.5 s 76 9 18 85 3p 53 4a 69 86 6.6 s 104 13 19 80 12 N 67 5a 73.5 88 3.3 s 85 8 2p 12 p 1.15 20 73 Oa 62 11 p 67.5 100 0 SW 82 10 9p 12 p .01 21 76 5p 52 6a 64 69 11.9 NW 117 17 22 77 2p 46 6a 61.5 72 10.6 SW 28 5 23 80 4p 46 7a 63 78 10.5 s 70 8 24 84 4p 58 Sa 71 82 9.3 SW 54 5 25 83 3 p 58 5a 70.5 80 10.3 SW 69 7 26 86 3 p 61 5 a 73.5 83 6.1 SW 58 10 27 87 3 p 62 1 A 74.5 79 8.8 s 86 11 28 84 3 p 61 3 A 72.5 80 9.4 s 153 13 7p 9p .13 29 85 2p 70 4a 77.5 91 2.9 s 109 12 4p 5 p .01 30 78 3p 63 6a 70.5 79 8.7 NE 58 10 31 71 6p 62 5a 66.5 95 0 SE 31 5' 12p 6a .22 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY AUGUST 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.240, 24th Minimum 29.747, 20th Mean semi-daily 30.022 Range 0.493 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 88, 9th Lowest 46, 8th, 22nd, 23rd Mean 68.8 Range 42 Highest mean daily 74, 28th Lowest mean daily 62, 21st Mean maximum 80.2 Mean minimum 57.3 Greatest daily range 38, 8th Least daily range 11, 1st, 3rd, 20th Degree-days of heating load for month. . Degree-days cumulative for season Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 2.94 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.15, 19th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 2268 Greatest daily movement 153, 28th Least daily movement 19, 14th Mean hourly velocity 3.1 Maximum velocity 18, 5th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 5 Northeast, days 3 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 9 Southwest, days 5 West, days 2 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 75.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 55.9 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine 2593 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.2 Thunder and lightnmg 5th, 10th, 16th, ISth, 28th, 29th Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 Extremes 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918, 1948 34, 1940 62.4, 1903 8.40, 1948; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,271, 1910; 1,920, 1894 40, I'M! 67, 1901, 1946; 27, 1923 23. 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, 1928; 2, 1910, 1923 332, 1941; 152, 1915, 1929 Note — The first column in the above summary' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 18f^9 to 1949. REMARKS The weather for the month was quite comfortable with the highest temperature, 88 degrees, reached on the 9th. The mean daily of 66.8 degrees, however, was accompanied by the mean relative humidity of 75.5% so that rather stuffy weather would have been experienced with much increase in temperature. Only 2.94 inches of rain of the mean expected 4.08 inches was recorded and 1.15 inches of the total fell on the 19th. This broke the drouthy period to which farmers were giving serious considera- tion. The total wind movement of only 2268 miles against a mean of 3127 miles indicates that even normal wind could have made the effect of the drouth much more serious. Cloudiness above the mean value also undoubtedly contributed to making the drouthy conditions more bearable. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 741 September 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 1950 II. N. STAPLETON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >> '•V = S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum i 3 M _ a ji* CO Q c — E a ■Bo IS (U E — h2 2^ ■s c o e T" 84 12 P 70 2a 77 94 2.5 sw 78 12 12a 5p .93 2 81 1 P 64 7a 72.5 85 9.1 N 51 12 3 82 2p 56 8a 64 98 0.0 N 53 7 4a 12 p .37 4 75 3p 52 1 A 63.5 82 8.3 NW 97 20 Oa lA .05 5 68 3 p 48 5a 58 73 11.1 N 149 18 6 75 4p 46 6a 60.5 67 11.9 NW 45 6 7 80 5p 46 6a 63 73 11.9 SW 24 4 8 84 4p 49 6a 66.5 77 10.8 NW 15 3 9 84 2p 53 6a 68.5 77 7.9 s 48 7 10 72 3 p 60 6a 66 92 0.3 N 48 8 8a 8p .24 11 61 12 N 56 5a 58.5 90 0.0 N 163 17 Oa 2p .31 12 63 2p 51 6a 57 74 7.9 N 189 14 lA 7a .08 13 69 3p 43 6a 56 76 9.9 NW 39 8 14 65 3p 51 5a 58 85 6.7 SE 42 4 6a 5a .12 15 74 12 N 60 2a 67 84 4.7 SW 110 13 5a 12 p .05 16 70 2p 54 5a 62 72 11.5 NW 218 20 Oa 4a .07 17 64 3 p 35 6a 49.5 72 11.7 NW 85 13 18 70 4p 35 6a 52.5 74 10.2 S 49 7 19 68 5 p 51 3a 59.5 88 1.7 S 108 8 20 58 2p 50 6a 54 86 1.7 N 87 5 21 76 2p 48 6a 62 78 8.1 W 50 9 22 55 4p 49 6a 52 87 0.0 N 54 4 3p 9p .02 23 65 11 A 51 6a 58 62 10.4 NW 249 25 24 53 12 N 34 6a 43.5 55 8.3 NW 232 18 25 60 3 p 29 6a 44.5 76 10.7 W 92 12 26 58 4p 32 5a 45 86 5.7 w 20 5 27 65 2p 44 7a 54.5 89 6.4 SW 35 5 28 64 3p 52 8a 58 86 6.8 SW 53 4 29 67 3 p 46 7a 56.5 89 5.9 SW 28 4 30 72 4p 50 8a 61 88 6.6 w 22 2 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEPTEiMBER 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.469, 27th Minimum . . ._ 29.454, 23rd Mean semi-daily 30.044 Range 1.015 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 84, 1st Lowest 29, 25th Mean 58.9 Range 55 Highest mean daily 72.5, 1st Lowest mean daily 42, 25th Mean maximum 69.4 Mean minimum 48.8 Greatest daily range 35, 8th, 18th Least daily range 5, 11th Degree-days of heating load for month. . 209 Degree-days cumulative for season 209 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.34 Snow Maximum precip. In 24 hrs 93, 1st Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 2530 Greatest daily movement 249, 23rd Least dally movement 15, 8th Mean hourly velocity 3.5 Maximum velocity 25, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 3 Southwest, days 6 West, days 4 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 80.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 55 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine 2087 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 56 Thunder and lightning 0 First Frost 25th Normal 30.45 29.57 30.00 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Extr 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 70, 1934; 23, 1947 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941, 1948 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Sept. 21 Oct. 13, 1909; Aug. 22, 1894-95 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. REMARKS With the last half of the month registering very cool tempera- tures, the mean for the month ran nearly three degrees below the average of 61.7 degrees. The low temperatures accompanied by less than average wind movement made the drouth more bearable. Of the 2.34 inches of precipitation recorded, 0.93 came in one storm on the first day of the month which spread the remainder very thin in a month, with an expected average 4.24 inches total rainfall. Heating load for the month was 209 degree days, slightly over the average figure but hardly a measure of the seasonal load to be anticipated. The first frost of the season occurred the night of the 24-25th MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 742 October 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 19 50 EARLE COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature > •5 E 3 o c Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum Bd g c ji* 01 Q i an V Q V B V 41 M (U Q E H c ca 2 > ca ca XI ^ E M 3'C 2M = .2 E ca > ca u c ■s ■a a W o B t/1 1 84 4p 48 6a 66 77 8.6 NW 37 7 2 83 2p 53 6a 68 85 9.9 SW 53 6 3 82 2p 54 6 a 68 79 6.8 S 108 13 4 70 2p 50 6a 60 70 10.5 N 178 12 5 62 2p 32 7a 47 75 11.1 NW 73 13 6 68 3p 30 6a 49 74 9.4 W 41 13 7 68 3 p 36 6a 52 83 8.1 NW 66 11 8 71 3 p 44 5 a 57.5 79 6.3 SE 84 17 9 77 1 A 51 6a 64 77 6.3 W 79 7 10 61 4a 52 12 p 56.5 93 0.0 N 96 12 5 A 12 p 1.01 11 69 1 p 47 6a 58 86 8.1 SW 79 9 12 61 1 p 59 8a 60 89 1.5 SW 67 8 2 A 4p .71 13 57 10 a 50 12 p 53.5 72 4.1 w 246 28 14 57 3 p 39 6 a 48 68 8.5 NW 269 20 15 62 4p 32 7a 47 80 9.9 W 37 4 16 63 4p 29 7a 46 74 10.2 NW 44 7 17 72 3p 38 7a 55 84 9.3 S 108 13 18 73 3 p 49 6 a 61 88 6.7 w 55 6 19 77 4p 58 7 a 67.5 86 6.3 s 120 10 20 67 2p 59 5 A 63 59 9.3 NW 221 25 21 67 3 a 30 7a 48.5 73 10.3 s 57 7 22 66 2p 46 6 a 56 88 5.3 N 65 12 23 44 4p 39 8 a 41.5 97 0.0 N 118 9 7a 1 p .09 24 45 2p 42 Oa 43.5 97 0.0 E 52 7 7a 8a .01 25 58 3 p 43 7a 50.5 83 5.1 W 96 18 5 a 8 a .03 26 49 2p 37 7a 43 65 9.5 NW 221 20 27 53 4p 22 6 a 37.5 80 9.5 W 43 5 28 49 3p 24 4 a 36.5 85 0.5 NW 39 3 29 67 4p 47 Oa 57 92 0.0 S 71 8 4a 6a .02 30 74 3p 54 7 a 64 82 0.0 NW 90 13 31 70 3p 41 7 a 55.5 67 9.7 NW 55 10 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1950 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.592, 16th Minimum . . ._ 29.401, 12th Mean semi-daily 30. 1 16 Range 1.191 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 84, 1st Lowest 22, 27th Mean 54.2 Range 62 Highest mean daily 68, 2nd, 3rd Lowest mean daily 36.5, 28th Mean maximum 65.4 Mean minimum 43.4 Greatest daily range 38, 6th Least daily range 2, 12th Degree-days of heating load for month. . 344 Degree-days cumulative for season 553 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 1.87 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.01, 10th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2968 Greatest daily movement 269, 14th Least daily movement 37, 1st, 15th Mean hourly velocity 3.98 Maximum velocity 28, 13th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 1 Southeast, days 1 South, days 5 Southwest, days 3 West, days 7 Northwest, days 10 Weatlier Mean relative humidity, percent 80.22 Mean cloudiness, percent 45 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine 200.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.5 Thunder and lightning First Frost 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 •50.5 56.0 Extr 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 57.4, 1947; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1S')7, 1924 5,467, 1910; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21. 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923, 1938; 91, 1913 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 743 November 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 19 5 0 EART.K COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. •5 E 3 X m Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c« c TZZ t~> M 11 Q B H i V Q E 19 2 > 2« II ■So E — D 5 > 2^ s ■o 55 3 p 31 7a 43 69 8.6 S 102 9 7 65 4p 32 8a 48.5 78 9.0 s 94 9 8 65 3 P 50 6a 57.5 82 4.2 s 140 13 9 65 3 p 54 3 a 59.5 87 1.2 s 151 13 10 52 2p 36 12 p 44 72 9.5 NW 225 28 11 46 1 p 29 12 p 37.5 86 2.6 NW 40 5 12 44 12 N 21 7a 32.5 85- 9.0 NW 22 9 13 46 2 p 21 7a 33.5 77 9.0 SW 22 2 14 47 2 p 25 4a 36 79 9.0 NW 50 11 15 57 3 p 21 6a 39 81 8.0 S 68 12 16 63 3 p 42 1 A 52.5 81 2.6 s 145 13 17 54 11 A 38 12 p 46 79 5.0 NW 174 13 10 p 12 p .05 18 43 3 p 37 2 a 40 80 5.0 NW 208 14 Oa 1 A .07 19 58 3 p 22 7a 40 81 8.0 S 130 10 20 63 12 N 43 2 a 53 88 0.5 s 330 32 4 p 12 p 1.35 21 38 8 a 29 12 p 33.5 89 0.0 NW 343 32 Oa 4 a .44 T 22 37 2 p 28 8 a 32.5 75 8.3 NW 308 28 23 33 2 p 19 3 A 26 82 3.4 N 50 (, 24 46 12 p 31 5 a 38.5 88 0.0 NK 141 20 25 52 x p 42 12 p 47 96 0.0 1-: 550 48 2 p 12 p 2.28 26 43 8 p 37 8 a 40 93 2.3 s 252 11 Oa 12 p .39 27 44 11 A 31 12 p 37.5 82 6.5 s 78 9 0 A 2 a .03 28 40 11 A 31 1 A 35.5 91 0.4 NW 91 14 2 a 2 p .12 0.5 29 40 11 A 33 1 A 36.5 88 4.0 SW 140 17 T T 30 37 12 N 31 8 A 34 85 0.2 SW 177 9 31 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Martus p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY NOVEMBER 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.447, 14th Minimum 29.352, 25th Mean semi-daily 29.978 Range 1.095 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 82, 2nd Lowest 19, 23rd Mean 42.8 Range 63 Highest mean daily 63, 2nd Lowest mean daily 26, 23rd Mean maximum 51.5 Mean minimum 34.2 Greatest daily range 38, 2nd Least daily range 5, 3rd-4th Degree-days of heating load for month. . 667 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 1219.5 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 6.60 Snow 0.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.28, 25th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 462 3 Greatest daily movement 550, 25th Least daily movement 13, 1st Mean hourly velocity 6.3 Maximum velocity 48, 25th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 0 South, days 10 Southwest, days 3 West, days 2 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 82.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 56 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine.. 138.4 hrs Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47.2 Thunder and lightning 0 First Frost Normal 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 783 3.41 2.34 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 Extremes 66.0 82 ,1950 12.9 4, 1938 38.9 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 53.0 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84. 1904; 89. 1943 8.64, 1927; 0.63,' 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 48, 1948, 1950 78, 1947; 34, l')17 15, 1903; 0, 194S 16. 1912; 4, 1.^89. 1^30, '32 '^^^ 24, l'^27; 9, 1905. 1917, 1949 182. r^03; 44, l'>48 Oct. 10, l';25: Doc. 13, I'MI Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the mcnth. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938. except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. SUMMARY The outstanding feature of the weather during the month was the high wind and rainfall which came on the 25th. The daily movement of wind was 550 miles, which is the highest that has occurred since February 15, 1940. The recorded velocity of 48 miles per hour was a record for the month of November. A total of 2.28 inches of rainfall came with the wind storm. A new record for air temperature in November occurred on November 2 when the air temperature was at 82° F. In general, warm weather prevailed throughout the month giving a mean daily of 42.8° F. as compared to a normal of 38.9° F. The degree days of 667 was below the normal of 783. The rain which came with the storm on the 25th resulted in a total precipitation for the month of 6.60 inches, which was con- siderably above the normal of 3.41. The total precipitation to the end of November was 37.23 inches which is somewhat below the normal of 40.31 inches. The mean relative humidity of 82.5 per cent was far above Ihe normal of 70.6. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 744 December 1950 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 19 5 0 EARLE COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72' 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS 1 Temperature •5 "i 3 = a. o c K - Wind Precipitation Maximum 1 Ntinimum c c a .2* a Q a: D Q E H 01 V M 1) Q 1 c a > 'S.X P E M E h2 nl 1- 2 p. c M oa ■c 0) •o c U 01 5 o c C/i T 38 10 A 26 12 p 32 83 1.7 NW 98 14 2 36 2 p 21 6a 28.5 82 4.4 S 35 8 3 56 3 p 26 6a 41 90 5.7 s 60 9 4 64 1 p 51 Oa 57.5 90 0.0 s 230 18 12 N 12 p 1.81 5 43 4p 30 12 p 36.5 74 5.0 N 410 28 6 43 3 p 24 7a 33.5 74 7.3 N 196 17 7 42 12 p 28 3 a 35 80 0.0 NE 153 28 8 50 2 p 42 Oa 46 97 0.0 SE 149 9 2 a 12 p .65 9 45 2 p 31 12 p 38 97 0.0 SW 52 7 10 41 2 p 25 7a 33 90 6.6 N 67 14 11 51 1 A 34 Oa 32.5 89 1.5 N 129 14 2a 6a .39 12 39 Oa 30 12 p 34.5 74 1.2 NW 120 13 T 13 40 2p 24 7a 32 75 7.2 SW 54 5 14 37 1 p 22 4a 29.5 72 4.9 s 48 4 15 33 12 p 20 7a 26.5 86 0.0 N 2 3 11 A 12 p .17 2.0 16 35 3p 31 12 p 33 92 0.0 N 110 12 17 37 3p 25 6 a 31 92 0.0 W 5 2 Oa 8p .04 1.0 18 32 2 p 14 7a 23 86 0.0 N 231 20 19 26 3 p 13 12 p 19.5 79 7.9 NW 224 15 20 27 3 p 5 6a 16 77 7.2 N 50 11 21 32 3 p 7 8a 19.5 83 7.2 W 9 1 22 34 2p 16 3 a 25 86 0.0 s 114 10 T 23 40 3p 24 8a 32 80 0.0 s 43 12 24 39 2p 30 7a 34.5 87 0.0 s 90 32 2p 4p .06 1.0 25 22 1 p 14 12 p 18 68 6.0 NW 297 28 26 15 3 p 12 6a 13.5 77 1.0 w 112 11 12 N 3 P .06 2.0 27 16 3p -3 7 a 6.5 73 9.1 w 72 13 28 30 3 p -3 6a 13.5 73 9.1 s 47 8 29 33 5p 9 Oa 21 95 0.0 N 30 11 8a 12 p 1.26 0.5 30 34 2p 22 8a 28 99 3.5 N 0 0 31 37 2p 26 Oa 31.5 97 4.1 N 25 20 2a 7a ■ .20 2.0 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY DECEMBER 1950 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.569, 7th Minimum 29.384. 4th Mean semi-daily 30.027 Range 1.185 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 64, 4th Lowest —3, 27th, 28th Mean 29.1 Range 67 Highest mean daily 57.5, 4th Lowest mean daily 6.5, 27th Mean maximum 37.0 Mean minimum 21.8 Greatest daily range 33, 28th Least daily range 3, 26th Degree-days of heating load for monthl 114.0 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 2333.5 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 4.64 Snow 8.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.81, 4th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 3289 Greatest daily movement 410, 5th Least daily movement 0, 30th Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity 32, 24th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 11 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 8 Southwest, days 2 West, days 4 Northwest, days 4 Weattier Mean relative humidity, percent 83.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 57.4 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 7 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine.. . . . 100.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 35.6 Thunder and lightning First Frost Normal 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 1.09 27.5 56.2 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Nov. 6 Extremes 31.104, 1949 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895, 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, 1902, T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 66, 1949 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890, 0.1948 16, '09; 4, '89, '30, '31, '36, '38 25, 1948; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 27, 1948 Note — The first column in the above summarj' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1949. ANNUAL SUMMARY ANNUAL Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.77, Feb. 8th Minimum 29.18, Mar. 23rd Mean semi-daily ju.o.i Range 1.59 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, June 26th, June 18th Lowest — 9 Mar. 4th Mean ' 48.3 Range ._ 100 Highest mean daily 79.5, July 18th Lowest mean daily 0, Feb. 20th Mean maximum 59.5 Mean minimum 38.3 Greatest daily range 41, June 2nd Least daily range 2, Oct. 12th Degree-days cumulative for season 6404 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 42.17 Snow 53.1 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs.. 2.28, Nov. 25th Number of days with .01 or more 132 Wind, in miles Total movement 43,885 Greatest daily movement. . . . 550, Nov. 25th Least daily movement 0, Dec. 30th Mean hourly velocity 5.0 Maximum velocity 48, Nov. 25th, May 27th Wind, direction Prevailing direction VVNW North, days 83 Northeast, days 18 East, days 7 Southeast, days 17 South, days 70 Southwest, days 39 West, days 47 Northwest, days 84 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 55.2 Number of clear days 128 Number of fair days 125 Number of cloudy days 112 Number of hours bright sunshine .... 2273.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 49.5 Last snow April 29th First snow Nov. 2 1 st Last frost Apr. 30th First frost . Sept. 25th Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 —12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.10, 1949 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 —26, 1904 56.9, 1949; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 705, 1909 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217. 1941; 59, 1927 182. 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14 '10; May 11, '07, '45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 745 January 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 19 5 1 EARLE COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72" 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 3 o5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c C c J* D v an V Q E P i v Q E H c > a nj E M 3'u S.2 IS cub E « > ii 2 o. c CO s? ■g •a c W CO 1 s c/; T" 36 2 p 13 7a 24.5 88 7.9 NW 55 7 2 35 3 p 15 5 a 25 90 3.5 W 35 6 3 44 8p 35 Oa 39.5 92 0.0 SE 163 13 4 55 12 N 34 12 p 44.5 82 0.0 SW 211 28 1 P 2 p .07 5 38 2p 24 8a 31 56 0.0 NW 119 13 6 44 2p 26 Oa 35 78 0.0 S 91 15 7 38 Oa 19 12 p 28.5 88 0.0 N 168 11 10 a 12 p .50 7.0 8 19 6 a 10 12 p 14.5 83 6.0 NW 231 22 Oa 5a .03 0.5 9 30 2 p —4 7 a 13 81 8.0 S 85 10 10 38 3 p 10 7a 24 81 7.1 s 72 6 11 31 5 p 11 6a 21 91 0.0 N 16 1 8p 10 p .02 0.3 12 38 3p 30 Oa 34 70 3.0 NW 194 25 13 39 3 p 23 12 p 31 69 7.9 N 188 14 14 32 8p 7 7a 19.5 85 1.0 W 14 6 5 p 12 p .38 4.0 15 43 2p 28 Oa 35.5 86 3.0 NW 119 28 Oa 1 p .52 16 33 1 p 26 12 p 29.5 68 3.0 N\V 338 25 17 40 4p 17 4a 28.5 71 0.5 S 120 12 18 43 2 p 30 7a 36.5 77 3.0 s 2Q 4 19 53 4p 26 6 a 39.5 87 6.9 SW 20 8 7a 8 a T 20 50 3p 28 7a 39 94 0.0 SW 18 8 21 46 10 a 17 12 p 31.5 79 0.0 NW 254 32 22 23 3 P 11 8a 17 56 8.5 N 231 14 23 36 12 P 9 7a 22.5 76 0.0 N 34 13 24 45 11 A 33 12 p 39 91 0.0 SW 147 15 6a 3p .91 25 39 3 P 27 8a 33 89 2.0 N 51 9 26 31 4p 22 7a 26.5 71 5.5 NW 165 18 27 28 3p 20 8a 24 74 0.0 SW 138 8 28 26 3p 18 6 a 22 76 2.5 NW 36 6 4p 12 p .23 1.0 29 29 2p 19 12 p 24 91 1.5 NW 89 11 Oa 11a .16 30 22 10 a 4 12 p 13 72 5 1 N 161 25 31 10 12 p — 1 7 a 4.5 74 0.0 N 163 12 9a 12 p .46 5.5 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius P, Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY ANUARY, l'^=;i Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.728, 31st Minimum 28.996, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.064 Range 1.732 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 55, 4th Lowest — 4, 9th Mean 27.4 Range 59 Highest mean daily 44.5, 4th Lowest mean daily 4.5, 31st Mean maximum 35.9 Mean minimum 18.9 Greatest daily range 34, 9th Least daily range 7, 16th Degree-days of heating load for monthl 104.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 3438.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.28 Snow 16.2 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.91, 24th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3755 Greatest daily movement 338, 16th Least daily movement 14, 14th Mean hourly velocity 5.0 Maximum velocity 32, 21st Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 8 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 5 Southwest, days 5 West, days 2 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 51.0 Number of clear days 6 Number of fair days 8 Numberof cloudy days 17 Number of hours bright sunshine 85.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 29.2 Thunder and lightning First Frost Normal 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 94? 58.2 1265 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW 70.1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 Extremes 31.00. 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 —26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33,1898, 1923; 1.50, '08 17, '50; '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 20, 1944; 1, 1949 18, 1890; 1926; 3, 1916, 1944 22, 1923, '31, '49; 4, 1920, '39 214, 1920; 50.4, 1949 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. SUMMARY The mean daily temperatures the forepart of January were above normal. This, together with above normal mean daily temperatures during November and December, resulted in an accumulated degree days of 3,013 to January 22, which is the mean mid-point of the heating season. This is about 10 per cent below the normal of 3,352. The mean daily for the month of 27.4° F. was more than 3° F. above the normal of 24.2° F. The precipitation during the month of 3.28 inches was below the normal of 3.61 inches. A mean relative humidity of 79.5 per cent was considerably above the normal of 70.1 per cent and added to the ventilation problems in poultry houses and dairy barns. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 746 February 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR FEBRUARY 19 5 1 EARLE COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Te mperature •5 E 3 o 5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc c J* n 0; <-!/) ;5 O •5 3 a Q i) Q B as a CO a; -5 1- E M 3'u "ca > ■^ o c a BQ V ■V a 0 c t/i T~ 48 9p 10 Ca 29 98 0.0 s 76 20 Oa 12 p 1.17 2 46 Oa 17 12 p 31.5 70 5.5 NW 330 32 3 20 8p 7 7a 13.5 72 0.3 N 60 11 11 p 12 p .02 .5 4 39 3 p 16 2a 27.5 77 7.5 NW 122 18 Oa 6a .13 1.5 5 42 4p 14 7a 28 72 7.1 N 2 8 6 41 4p 15 7a 28 77 7.0 SW 31 20 7 S3 1 p 26 12 p 39.5 95 0.0 s 241 32 2p 12p 1.33 4.0 8 8 2p 6 8p 7 83 6.9 NW 416 40 9 14 3 p 2 7a 8 75 8.9 NW 143 11 10 22 5p —6 7a 8 75 9.0 NW 24 5 11 35 3p 12 Oa 23.5 79 5.0 S 62 8 12 42 4p 26 5a 34 82 0.3 s 46 6 13 52 4p 33 3 a 42.5 85 1.1 s 25 14 14 37 1 A 20 12 p 28.5 78 0.0 N 179 22 1 p 3p .02 T 15 31 4p 15 8a 23 67 8.9 N 148 ll 16 38 4p 11 7 a 24.5 75 9.0 SW 25 7 17 33 8p 20 7a 26.5 91 0.5 N 53 8 4p 12 p 0.38 18 38 2p 33 Oa 35.5 97 0.0 N 134 12 Oa 9a 0.66 19 40 2p 34 7a 37 90 0.0 N 79 8 20 39 3 p 34 5 a 36.5 90 0.0 N 12 6 7p 8p 0.02 21 38 12 N 33 7a 35.5 89 0.0 N^ 42 10 7 a 12 p 0.53 22 45 2p 34 2a 39.5 86 3.9 N 298 32 Oa 5 a 0.33 23 36 3 p 26 12 p 31 70 6.2 N 432 32 24 39 4p 23 7a 31 58 1.9 N 471 32 11 A 2p T 25 51 3 p 32 Oa 41.5 54 7.9 N 297 28 26 53 3p 29 7a 41 79 0.0 W 35 3 2p 3p T 27 56 1 p 34 8a 45 76 0.2 NW 118 28 Oa 6a .02 28 36 2p 32 12 p 34 70 1.9 N 187 18 29 30 31 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY FEBRUARY, 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.850, 10th Minimum 29.200, 7th Mean semi-daily 30.161 Range 1.650 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 56, 27th Lowest — 6, 10th Mean 29.6 Range 62 Highest mean daily 45, 27th Lowest mean daily 7, 8th Mean maximum 38.3 Mean minimum 21.0 Greatest daily range 38, 1st Least daily range , 2, 8th Degree-days of heating load for month. . 990 Degree-days cumulative for season 4428 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.61 Snow 6.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.33, 7th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4088 Greatest daily movement 471, 24th Least daily movement 2, 5th Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity. .. . 32, 22nd; 23rd, 24th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 13 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 0 South, days 5 Southwest, days 2 West, days 1 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 55.4 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine 99.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 33.5 Thunder and lightning First Frost Normal 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 —7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 1166.7 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 Extr 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 —23, 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, '93, 1920; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3402, 1949 50, 1946 66, '90, '27; 31, 1905 19, 1941; 2, 1927 16, 1920; 2, 1936 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The weather for the month was generally warm except for a cold period on the 8th, 9th, and 10th. The last 11 days of the month were above 30 degrees mean daily and 8 of the 11 were above 35 degrees mean daily. The mean daily for the month was 29.6 degrees. The warm weather during the month gave a total of 990 degree days for the month, as compai'ed to a normal of 1166.7. The cumulative degree days to the end of the month was 4428 which is only slightly above that of 1950 which was 4383. Only 6 inches of snow fell during the month, as compared to a normal of 13.99, but precipitation for the month was 4.61 inches, as compared to a normal of 3.19. Considerable cloudiness occurred throughout the month and the hours of bright sunshine were 99 which was far below the normal of 158. The mean relative hu- midity of 79 per cent was also far above the normal of 66.6. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 747 March 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 3 5 5i Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc C It OS Q M Q V B H 0) HI Q B H c V 0) > c'r; CO a C M .5 0 Is CI "- 4> B rt > a m m ■o &> S ^ o c T" 26 3 p 22 12 p 24 82 0.0 E 136 20 8 A 12 p .18 2X) 2 39 2p 22 Oa 30.5 79 5.0 NW 119 20 3 34 1 p 23 8a 28.5 70 5.1 E 138 17 7p 12 p .04 ^ 4 34 8p 27 6a 30.5 94 0.0 N 49 8 Oa 5 p .50 3.6 5 41 5p 28 5 a 34.5 84 9.7 N 88 13 6 50 4p 22 7a 36 72 7.8 SW 56 9 7 51 1 p 34 7a 42.5 88 0.6 w 95 10 2 p 4p .03 8 42 4p 31 6a 36.5 65 0.0 NW 158 17 9 34 12 N 23 12 p 28.5 69 4.5 N 149 22 10 36 2p 20 7 a 28 58 10.2 N 371 32 11 45 3p 25 3 a 35 73 5.0 N 382 32 12 54 4p 35 6a 44.5 69 9.5 N 217 17 13 42 2p 35 6a 38.5 79 0.0 E 131 11 14 42 4p 37 Oa 39.5 89 0.0 E 179 17 8a 12 p .55 15 39 2p 36 Oa 37.5 89 0.0 S 99 10 Oa 4a .02 16 48 1 p 32 6a 40 82 0.0 w 95 13 17 44 4p 30 4 a 37 82 0.0 N 107 14 18 47 4p 29 6a 38 67 0.0 N 143 18 19 45 4p 32 5a 38.5 79 0.0 SE 135 15 11 p 12 p .02 20 43 3p 29 12 p 36 79 5.0 N 243 25 Oa 9 a .98 21 50 3p 26 7a 38 67 6.2 S 129 18 22 34 5p 21 12 p 27.5 87 7.0 N 260 25 2a 11 A .17 1.5 23 48 4p 19 3 a 33.5 74 2.5 S 115 15 5a 12 p .17 1.0 24 56 2p 36 6a 46 83 2.0 w 91 22 Oa 12 N .25 25 41 2p 29 6a 35 59 8.5 NW 311 40 26 33 4p 23 6a 28 57 10 NW 274 28 27 50 5p 17 6a 33.5 63 9 S 83 9 28 65 4p 34 7a 49.5 69 7 SW 97 9 29 46 8p 41 7a 43.5 96 0.0 NW 31 9 6a 12 p .45 30 51 2p 41 3 a 46 89 0.0 SE 118 20 Oa 12 p 1.62 31 55 2p 40 12 p 47.5 81 4.5 NW 219 20 Oa 6a .15 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MARCH, 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.491, 3rd Minimum 29. 518, 24th Mean semi-daily 30.076 Range 0.973 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 65, 28th Lowest 17, 27th Mean 36.5 Range 48 Highest mean daily 46, 30th, 31st Lowest mean daily 24, 1st Mean maximum 44. 1 Mean minimum 29.0 Greatest daily range 33, 27th Least daily range 3, 15th Degree-days of heating load for month. 883.0 Degree-days cumulative for season 5321 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.13 Snow 8.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.62, 30th Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 4818 Greatest daily movement 382, 11th Least daily movement 31, 29th Mean hourly velocity 6.5 Maximum velocity 32, 10th, 1 1th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 10 Northeast, days 0 East, days 4 Southeast, days 2 South, days 4 Southwest, days 2 West, days 3 Northwest, days 6 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 58.9 Number of clear days 6 Number of fair days 10 Numberof cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine 119.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 32.2 Thunder 16th First Frost Normal 30.57 29.24 30.04 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 949 5876 3.70 7.47 11 5944 1.1 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 Extremes 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 1929 -9, 1950 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896; 3006, 1905 48, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 1901; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The month of March was generally mild with a mean daily of 30. 5 degrees, as compared to a normal of 34.4 degrees. One abrupt temperature change occurred during the month when the tempera- ture rose from a low of 17 degrees on one day to a high of 65 de- grees on the following day. These two figures were the minimum and maximum for the month. The accumulated degree days for the season were 5321, as compared to 4917 in 1949 and 5468 in 1950. Rainfall of 1.62 inches on March 30 gave a precipitation for the month of 5.13 inches, as compared to a normal of 3.70 inches. As with previous months, the mean relative humidity contained far above normal with a reading of 76.6 per cent, as com- pared to a normal of 64.2 per cent. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 748 April 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 3 % Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum E 3 °.5 ^H c — * nl Q i V Q V E 0) Q E H S 2 > ca ca 3'C £3 E ^1 ii c 01 M 03 a 1 1 63 4p 31 6a 47 68 6.5 w 48 11 2 47 3p 42 8a 44.5 83 0.0 w 63 13 7a 12 p .12 3 44 4p 36 8a 40 87 0.5 NW 180 28 Oa 3 p 1.64 4 51 2p 33 4a 42 70 3.0 sw 117 11 5 49 3p 30 6a 39.5 73 6.0 NW 74 14 6 61 3p 36 6a 48.5 63 11.0 N 183 22 7 65 5p 34 6a 49.5 69 9.5 N 147 20 8 55 5p 46 6a 50.5 80 0.2 NE 101 13 9 65 4p 38 6a 46.5 73 7.1 NE 93 11 10 68 4p 39 6a 53.5 81 5.0 W 65 18 5p 12 p .23 11 52 3p 43 4a 47.5 87 0.2 NW 107 20 10 a 1 p .21 12 67 4p 35 6a 51 IS 8.5 SE 102 22 10 p 12 p .05 13 60 4p 42 4a 51 11 3.0 S 151 13 Oa 4a .37 14 57 12 N 42 6a 49.5 69 2.2 SW 189 20 7a 8a .01 15 63 1 p 40 5 a 51.5 72 1.0 SW 250 40 9a 10 a .01 16 57 1 p 36 6a 46.5 74 5.5 SW 151 15 4p 12 p .06 17 48 2p 34 6a 41 70 8.9 NW 216 28 18 52 2p 32 5 a 42 69 10.0 w 136 20 19 62 3p 39 Oa 50.5 79 2.5 s 168 18 6a 5p .07 20 57 4p 35 5 a 46 60 11.5 N 225 20 21 58 5p 32 6a 45 61 12.0 N 95 13 22 59 12 N 33 5a 46 73 2.1 S 143 18 10 p 12 p .04 23 55 4p 41 12 p 48 70 9.1 NW 293 22 Oa 8a .65 24 64 2p 30 6a 47 62 1.1 SW 79 13 25 52 5p 45 6a 48.5 93 0.0 SE 76 12 6a 5p .14 26 67 11a 44 12 p 55.5 81 4.3 NW 280 32 2a 4a .03 27 68 5p 36 6a 52 70 11.1 NW 60 13 28 69 1 p 40 5 a 54.5 68 7.0 SE 226 20 29 71 2p 47 4a 59 85 2.2 S 165 22 30 68 2p 46 6a 57 40 12.1 N 239 25 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY APRIL, 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.395, 22nd Minimum 29.230, 15th Mean semi-daily 29.899 Range 1. 165 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 71, 29th Lowest 30, 5th, 24th Mean 48.4 Range 41 Highest mean daily 59, 29th Lowest mean daily 39.5, 5th Mean maximum 59.1 Mean minimum ■. 37.9 Greatest daily range 34, 24th Least daily range 7, 2nd Degree-days of heating load for month. . 500 Degree-days cumulative for season 582 1 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.63 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.64, 3rd Number of days with .01 or more 14 Wind, in miles Total movement 4422 Greatest daily movement 293, 23rd Least daily movement 48, 1st Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 40, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 5 Northeast, days 2 East, days 0 Southeast, days 3 South, days 4 Southwest, days 5 West, days 4 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 50.0 Number of clear days 7 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine 169.7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 42.3 Thunder and Lightning 10th Last Snow First Frost Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 579 6455 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; 0.65, 1950 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921; 41, 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3,1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1945 75, 1901; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 1, 1949 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1941 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907.'45 Note — The first column in the above summarj' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938, The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of April was 48.4 degrees as compared to a normal of 45.7 degrees. There were 500 degree days for the month and the normal is 579. The cumulative degree days for the season of 5821 is far below the normal of 6455. The precipitation for the month was about normal with a total of 3.63 inches. The normal for the month is 3.35 inches. No snow fell during the month, while normally a snowfall of 2.71 inches would occur. As with previous months, the mean relative humidity con- tinued far above normal. The reading was 72.6 per cent as com- pared to a normal of 61.6 per cent. Considerable cloudy and foggy weather occurred during the month. The hours of bright sun- shine were only 169.7 as compared to a normal of 220. Foggy weather occurred nine days during the month when the reading was taken at 8 a.m. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 749 May 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 19 5 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature ■5 E 3 0.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum e C a ii* cd Q i 01 E (U to Q OJ E c > C w CO a eI 203 ■Bo V E (S > ^1 c M m -c V ■V G 0 c 1 76 4p 34 6a 55 49 11.4 N 41 13 2 76 2p 38 6a 57 49 8.8 N 213 40 3 64 2p 32 6a 48 45 9.1 N 117 20 4 61 5p 32 6 a 46.5 49 8.9 NW 57 8 5 68 6p 32 6 a 50 57 12.0 NW 79 11 6 68 4p 35 7a 51.5 51 7.5 NW 65 11 7 63 12 N 47 7a 55 63 4.2 NW 162 22 8 69 5p 48 Oa 58.5 55 5.9 NW 175 22 9 80 5p 52 7 a 66 58 11.0 W 185 20 6p 8p .02 10 65 3p 44 5 a 54.5 57 10.5 N 94 10 11 47 Ip 38 2 a 42.5 91 0.0 NE 43 8 6a 7p .87 12 61 2p 43 6 a 52 93 2.0 SW 108 14 Oa 3 a .32 13 61 5p 36 3 a 48.5 65 12.5 N 124 18 14 74 4p 31 6 a 52.5 66 10.9 SW 45 8 15 86 4p 44 6 a 65 70 10.0 SW 59 13 16 87 5p 50 6a 68.5 70 12.0 w 82 17 17 75 Ip 54 5 a 64.5 78 7.9 E 136 25 5p 6p 0.1 18 67 3p 47 6a 57 78 9.5 E 141 12 19 78 2p 35 6a 56.5 77 11.0 SW 42 6 20 76 4p 60 5 a 68 93 0.6 SW 42 8 21 81 4p 64 4 a 72.5 86 2.0 s 93 12 2 a 4a .11 22 84 4p 62 5 a 73 82 2.5 s 84 9 23 73 12 N 62 4a 67.5 89 0.6 N 134 13 4a 12 p .12 24 56 4p 50 7a 53 96 0.3 N 228 17 Oa 12 N .79 25 75 6p 48 6a 61.5 74 9.0 N 190 20 26 82 3p 45 6a 63.5 75 5.5 S 67 8 27 69 Ip 53 5 A 61 95 0.0 SE 96 17 3 p 6p .71 28 75 2p 55 6 A 65 83 7.9 S 66 9 3 a 4a .01 29 71 3p 54 2 A 62.5 91 3.0 NE 79 9 30 74 4p 50 5 A 62 78 8.0 N 105 17 31 82 4p 50 4a 66 76 7.0 N 104 12 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Vavoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MAY, 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.487 Minimum 29.436 Mean semi-daily 29.890 Range 1.051 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 87, 16th Lowest 31, 14th Mean 58.9 Range 56 Highest mean daily Ti, 22nd Lowest mean daily 42.5, 11th Mean maximum 71.7 Mean minimum 46.0 Greatest daily range 43, 14th, 19th Least daily range . . .-. 6, 24th Degree-days of heating load for month. .211 Degree-days cumulative for season 6032 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 2.96 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.87, 1 1th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 3256 Greatest daily movement 228, 24th Least daily movement 41, 1st Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity 40, 2nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 10 Northeast, days 2 East, days 2 Southeast, days 1 South, days 4 Southwest, days 5 West, days 2 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 37.8 Number of clear days 9 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 211.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.8 Thunder and Lightning 9th Last Frost 14th Normal 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 245 6700 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 ■252 55.6 Extremes 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 48, 1950 72, 1948; 30, 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 18, 1949; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observation^ made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The degree days for the month of May were sHghtly below normal, the reading being 211 as compared to a normal of 245. This brought the cumulative degree days for the season to a total of 6,032, as compared to a normal of 6,700. This was somewhat higher than the mild winter of 1948-1949 and is slightly below the cumulative degree days for the winter of 1949-1950. The cumula- tive degree days for the season to the end of May 1949 were 5,551 and the cumulative degree days for the heating season to the end of May 1950 were 6,335. In general the weather during the month was mild and dry. The last frost for the month occurred on May 14. The precipita- tion was below normal with a reading of 2.96 inches as compared to a normal of 3.60 inches. Following the rainfall of .14 inches on April 25 no appreciable amount of rain fell until May 11. A total of 1.19 inches fell on May 11 and 12. There was very little rainfall following this until May 24 and 27 when a total of 1.50 inches was recorded. Although the rainfall was below normal, the relative humidity continued to be far above normal as it had in preceding months. The mean relative humidity for the month was 72.2 per cent as compared to a normal of 60.7 per cent. The number of hours of bright sunshine of 211.5 was low as compared to the normal of 252 hours. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 750 June 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 3 ^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1 3 0.5 cc c J* >. Q P 0) Q B (U a 1) Q 01 E S > a « IS ■Bo IS B r— c m 0) T3 C o c (/; F 88 3 p 53 5 A 70.5 73 4.1 sw 64 20 2 78 1 p 65 4a 71.5 89 0.0 w 85 9 3 67 5p 60 5 a 63.5 95 0.0 s 70 7 4 80 3 p 58 4a 69 84 1.7 s 76 22 5 80 4p 61 6 a 70.5 73 6.6 N 127 17 6 77 3p 48 5 a 62.5 62 9.3 SW 38 5 7 70 Ip 49 5 a 59 5 64 12.4 N 105 28 8 74 1 p 39 4a 56.5 59 11.2 SW 63 13 9 77 3 p 47 5 a 62 69 9.2 NE 78 20 10 67 1 p 53 4a 60 61 5.5 N 135 28 11 68 2p 48 5 a 58 60 2.2 N 118 25 12 76 5p 47 5 a 61.5 61 10.4 N 73 11 13 77 1 p 49 4a 63 78 5.9 SE 98 13 6p 9p 0.06 14 55 1 p 51 5a 53 96 0.0 NW 87 14 1 A 8p 1.42 15 56 1 p 48 5 a 52 94 01 W 156 17 Oa 3 p 6a 8p 0.33 0.27 16 74 7p 49 4a 61.5 88 2.4 N 68 9 17 80 4p 55 5 a 67.5 91 2.0 SE 69 11 9a 10 a 0.01 18 83 Ip 58 5 a 70.5 77 4.2 SE 69 10 19 88 2 p 58 6 a 73 72 6.2 S 73 8 20 83 4p 60 5 a . 71.5 74 8.0 S 112 10 21 82 4p 66 4a 74 82 6.4 S 160 12 5p 6p 0.01 22 82 4p 56 5a 69 73 10.1 SE 88 13 23 76 6p 65 6a 70.5 94 1.4 SE 134 9 10 a 7p I p 8p 0.07 0.08 24 87 4p 58 5 a 82.5 74 11.2 SW 59 14 25 84 2p 67 5 a 75.5 69 12.0 NW 210 25 1 A 4a 0.17 26 78 5p 50 5 a 64 59 13.8 NW 62 10 27 82 5p 62 3 A 72 88 6.1 S 85 14 T 28 81 2p -59 6a 70 77 12.3 SE 75 9 29 72 11a 61 5 a 66.5 89 1.1 S 92 18 12 N 3 p 0.61 30 73 12 N 60 4a 66.5 91 2.7 s 74 9 3p 4p 0.01 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Walter S. Foster, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.103, 12th Minimum 29.738. 27th Mean semi-daily 29.93 1 Range 365 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 88, 1st, 19th Lowest 39, 8th Mean 77.2 Range 49 Highest mean daily 82.5, 24th Lowest mean daily 52, 15th Mean maximum 76.5 Mean minimum 55.3 Greatest daily range 35, 1st, 8th Least daily range 4, 14th Degree-days of heating load for month. . . 68 Degree-days cumulative for season 6100 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.04 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.42, 14th Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 2803 Greatest daily movement 210 25th Least daily movement 38. 6th Mean hourly velocity 3.9 Maximum velocity 28, 7th, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SSW North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 8 Southwest, days 4 West, days 2 Northwest, days 3 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 59.3 Number of clear days 6 Number of fair days 10 Numberof cloudy days 14 Number of hours bright sunshine 178.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 3">.0 Thunder and Lightning Last Frost Normal 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW Extremes 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.70, 1947 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48. 1939 71. 1903; 28. 1908 22, 1908. 1941, 1943; 0, 1949 23, 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1. 1923 365, 1947; 102, 1903 Note — The first column In the above summarj' gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The dry period, which began May 28, extended until June 13 before any rainfall occurred. Following this period of drought rainfall occurred on nine of the eighteen remaining days in June. Total precipitat'cn for the month was 3.04 inches as compared to a normal of 3.75 inches. Cloudy weather prevailed throughout the month. Rright sunshine occurred only 39 per cent of the possible hours. The normal for the month is 54 per cent. As with preceding months, the relative humidity continued high. The mean for the month was 77.2 per cent as compared to a normal of 66. 9per cent. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 751 July 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 19 5 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >■ •5 e 3 X Wind P reoipltation Maximum Minimum e C a J* Q 4) Q B Q V B c s > CO a ZCQ ■So 'So > d) cub E c M m 1 C Id o a 1 74 3p 64 6a 69 89 4.8 NW 80 7 8a 10 a O.IO 2 80 5 p 53 Sa 66.5 70 4.9 W 101 12 3 84 6p 51 5a 67.5 65 10.1 W 66 15 4 83 2 p 58 4a 70.5 78 9.2 s 95 14 11' \ ^ P 2a .09 5 83 12 N 69 3 a 76 81 7.8 s 142 20 4p .09 I 7p 12 p .24 6 79 3p 56 3 a 67.5 69 7.3 NW 157 22 7 89 3 p 48 5a 68.5 63 12.0 W 41 5 8 87 3 p 57 5 a 72 69 10.7 s 76 8 9 85 3 p 62 4a 73.5 65 11.4 s 155 13 10 87 2p 63 3 a 75 82 7.7 s 130 8 5p 6p .08 11 88 3 p 63 4a 75.5 82 8.9 SE 70 10 5 p 6p .09 12 83 2 p 67 3 a 75 95 0. SW 38 5 4a 9a 5 a 8p .01 1.93 13 82 4p 65 3 a 73.5 73 10.2 N 60 11 14 86 Sp 60 4 a 73 67 10.1 W 42 ^ 15 88 4p 57 5 a 72.5 67 12.8 W 45 7 16 91 4p 61 4a 76 75 10.0 s 76 10 17 84 1 p 65 5 a 74.5 90 1.2 N 79 7 5 a 3 p 9a 8p .32 .40 18 11 1 p 62 5 a 69.5 78 6.5 SE 76 7 19 IS 11 A 65 5a 70 89 2.0 SW 64 20 6 a 12 N 8 a 7p .29 .51 20 16 3p 55 4a 65.5 64 12.5 NW 176 22 21 80 3 p 50 4a 65 66 12.0 s 91 12 22 80 3 p 66 Oa 73 84 1.5 s 142 12 23 86 3 p 69 4a 77.5 73 8.2 NW 71 10 24 84 4p 63 6a 73.5 73 10.4 W 46 6 25 87 3p 55 6a 71 67 11.6 SW 63 7 26 91 3 p 58 5a 74.5 74 9.7 W 88 10 27 88 3 p 67 5a 77.5 70 9.1 N 64 10 9p 12 p .01 28 76 2 p 66 3 a 71 87 0.1 SE 98 8 29 78 4p 63 5 a 70.5 88 0 N 61 5 30 89 3 p 67 3 a 78 78 7.4 W 57 8 31 QO 3 p 66 4 a 78 85 6.7 SE 59 7 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Walter S. Foster, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.119, 18th Minimum 29.436, 5th Mean s^mi-daily 29.962 Rang 0.683 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 9L 16th, 26th Lowest 48, 7th Mean 72.3 Range 43 Highest mean daily 78, 30th, 31st Lowest mean daily 65, 21st Mean maximum 83.5 Mean minimum 61.0 Greatest daily range 41, 7th Least daily range 10, 28th Degree-days of heating load for month . . — Degree-days cumulative for season — Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.16 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.94, 12th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 2609 Greatest daily movement 157, 6th Least daily movement 38. 12th Mean hourly velocity 3.5 Maximum velocity 22, 6th, 20th Wind, direction Prevailing direction SW North, days 4 Northeast, days 0 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 8 Southwest, days 3 West, days 8 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.1 Mean cloudiness, percent 60.3 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 17 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .236.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.1 Thunder and lightning .... 10th, 16th, 19th Normal 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 Extremes 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 66.3, 1891; 76.0, 1949 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, 1909, 1921; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0. 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The July weather was near normal in nearly all respects. No extremes were recorded but the high mean relative humidity of previous months was continued as was also the more than normal amount of cloudiness. The mean relative humidity of 77.1 was considerably above the normal of 68.4. The mean cloudiness at 60.3 per cent was also above the normal of 50.9 The per cent of possible hours of bright sunshine recorded at 51.1 was below the normal of 58. The readings for air temperature and rainfall were close to nor- mal. The rainfall was shghtly above normal for the month. It has been above normal for every month except June during 1951. This has resulted in an accumulated precipitation of 26.8 inches to the end of July as compared to a normal of 25.3. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 752 August 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 19 5 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•V E 3 3 ^ X~ Wind Precipita ion Maximum Minimum M a J» Q i a) V Q V E v hi a '2 a a E M 3'C 2M ;S O O 1- £5 E a > a 1- 2S. c CS M P3 •D V c o c 1 84 5p 56 12 p 70 85 4.6 SE 131 20 9a 12 N .05 2 84 4p 48 5a 66 73 13.1 NW 77 8 3 72 2p 57 4a 64.5 81 2.7 S 113 17 7p 8p .14 4 74 4p 55 4 a 64.5 70 11.4 N 73 7 5 74 4p 48 4a 61 71 12.7 N 74 12 6 76 5p 45 6a 60.5 70 12.5 NE 48 11 7 79 1 p 48 5 A 63.5 65 9.4 S 66 12 8 67 3 p 59 5 a 63 90 0 E 67 9 2 A 11 A .56 9 84 3p 58 5a 71 87 9.8 SW 71 9 10 85 5p 71 4a 78 86 4.1 SW 7C 7 9a 10 a .07 11 88 4p 68 6a 78 75 10.0 NW 73 6 12 81 2p 62 6a 71.5 80 2.5 N 39 9 2 p 6p .04 13 86 4p 65 5 a 75.5 79 9.6 NW 87 12 14 87 4p 57 5 a 72 79 10.3 s 59 7 15 87 Ip 69 3 a 78 88 4.6 SE 97 10 4p 6p .03 16 75 2p 63 12 p 69 92 0.3 N 62 32 6p Up 1.11 17 77 4p 62 7a 69.5 92 0 N 59 13 6p 7p .87 18 73 6p 60 6a 66.5 79 10.2 NW 70 11 19 79 5p 50 6 a 64.5 84 11.2 NW 28 6 20 78 3p 52 6 a 65 94 6.2 NW 37 14 10 a 5p .24 21 72 5p 59 Oa 65.5 95 0 S 64 13 12 N 5p .19 22 77 11a 64 6 a 70.5 64 9.6 NW 177 18 23 72 4p 50 5 A 61 80 11.0 NW 70 11 24 72 12 N 49 5 a 60.5 88 8.8 N 56 10 25 75 2p 56 5 A 65.5 87 4.9 NW 61 11 9a 6p .26 26 77 6p 55 2 a 66 86 8.1 NW 65 9 27 76 6p 57 5a 66.5 87 7.6 SW 33 4 28 82 4p 59 2 a 70.5 89 6.8 SW 39 10 29 87 4p 59 5 a 73 87 7.4 SW 39 6 30 90 3p 59 5 a 74.5 84 8.3 SW 36 3 31 89 2p 62 6a 75.5 85 7.3 s 92 13 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Walter S. Foster, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY AUGUST 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.186, 24th Minimum . 29.700, 3rd Mean semi-daily 30.044 Rang 486 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 90, 30th Lowest 45 , 6th Mean 68.4 Range 45 Highest mean daily. ... 78, 10th, 11th, 15th Lowest mean daily 60.5, 6th, 24th Mean maximum 79.3 Mean minimum 57.8 Greatest daily range 36, 2nd Least daily range 8, 8th Degree-days of heating load for month . . — Degree-days cumulative for season — Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.56 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.11, 16th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 2133 Greatest daily movement 177, 22nd Least daily movement 28. 19th Mean hourly velocity 2.8b Maximum velocity 32, I6th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 2 South, days 5 Southwest, days 6 West, days 0 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 82.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 56.0 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .225.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52.2 Thunder and lightning 3rd, 10th 16th, 17th 20th, 25th Normal 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 Extremes 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7 SW 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 55.2 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 100, 1918, 1948 34, 1940 62.4, 1903 8.40, 1948; .31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 1899 4,217, 1910;1,920, 1894 40, 1941 67, 1901, 1946; 27, 1923 23, 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18, 1901, 1928; 2, 1910, 1923 332, 1941; 152, 1915, 1929 Note — The first column in the above summarj- gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The month of August was near normal in most respects. The mean daily temperature was 68.4 while the normal for this month is 68.6. The highest for the month was 90 0 as compared to a normal of 91.6. The precipitation during the month was 3.56 inches which compares to a normal 4.08. Of the total amount during the month 1.98 inches fell on the 16th and 17th. There were eleven days during the month when a total of 0.01 of an inch or more fell. This is equal to the number of days during the month on which we can expect 0.01 of an inch or more of rain. While the precipita- tion during the month was below normal, the accumulated pre- cipitation for the year is still approximately one inch above the normal. The mean relative humidity for the month was 82.3 which compares to a normal of 70.2 for the month. The mean relative humidity has been running far above normal and this is still the case during the month of August. In spite of the high mean rela- tive humidity, the cloudiness and hours of bright sunshine for the month were about normal. The total wind movement for the month was 2133 miles which compares to a normal of 3127. There were no wind storms during the month and the maximum velocity was 32 miles per hour which was reached on the 16th. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 753 September 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 0.5 o s Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a c S 11 V u M 11 Q s u M Q E H V > ^.2 'So 1)1-. - i 13 1- a bo m T3 W U 1 V V u m be >. u rt PQ 1 61 8a 55 12 p 58 89 0.0 N 113 9 5a 6a .02 7 2 58 2p 54 6a 56 94 0.0 N 55 7 1a Up .87 9 3 67 3p 54 6a 60.5 92 0.0 W 53 8 4.5 4 76 2p 50 5a 63 75 11.8 N\V 100 12 2 5 78 1? 46 Sa 62 79 10.4 W 20 4 3 6 66 2p 50 5a 58 91 2.7 s 61 12 12 N 4p .10 7 7 78 2p 61 5a 69.5 82 8.2 NW 123 12 8 72 4p 49 6a 60.5 66 12.1 NW 141 12 4.5 9 79 4p 43 6a 61 75 11.3 S 42 7 4 10 82 3p 46 6a 64 74 10.3 S 54 7 1 11 71 5p 59 3a 65 91 0.5 SE 102 7 12 85 3p 61 6a 73 88 5.9 SE 57 7 13 81 3p 64 7a 72.5 83 4.8 SE 99 9 14 84 Ip 67 5a 75.5 85 6.0 SE 160 13 15 67 6p 65 8a 66 94 0.5 NW 101 13 6a 10 p 1.03 16 79 4p 52 6a 65.5 89 7.0 W 51 7 17 74 3p 54 7a 64 82 10.8 N 53 8 1 18 73 4p 50 7a 61.5 85 8.8 W 39 8 3.5 19 77 4p 47 7a 62 80 9.2 NW 66 6 3 20 78 5p 46 7a 62 88 10.0 NE 25 7 3 21 82 3p 56 3a 69 87 6.0 W 67 10 22 80 2p 59 6a 69.5 75 8.2 s 178 12 23 74 2p 50 12 p 62 81 5.0 s 196 18 4a 8a .05 24 74 Ip 43 6a 58.5 74 9.0 sw 52 7 6.5 25 69 10a 47 6a 58 88 5.0 s 68 13 8a 8p .43 7 26 62 3p 44 6a 53 69 11.1 NW 129 11 12 27 70 8p 36 3a 53 79 0.6 s 80 13 7p 12 p .13 12 28 61 12a 49 6a 55 ■ 67 10.6 w 229 25 10 29 56 2p 38 . 6a 47 66 11.2 NW 213 25 18 30 49 4p 28 6a 38.5 71 6.9 SE 42 5 26.5 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Walter S. Foster, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEPTEMBER 1951 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.407 Minimum 29.722 Mean semi-daily 30.095 Range 0.685 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 85, 12th Lowest 28, 30th Mean 61.4 Range 57 Highest mean daily 75.5, 14th Lowest mean daily 38.5, 30th Mean maximum 72.1 Mean minimum 50.8 Greatest daily range 36, 9th, 10th Least daily range 2, 15th Degree-days of heating load for month, 147 Degree-days cumulative for season 147 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.63 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.03, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 7 Wind, in miles Total movement 2769 Greatest daily movement 229, 28th Least daily movement 20, 5th Mean hourly velocity 3.9 Maximum velocity 25, 28th, 29th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 5 South, days 7 Southwest, days 1 West, days 6 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 81.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 29.1 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days _. 7 Number of hours bright sunshine ....203.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 54.5 Thunder and lightning First frost 30th 30.45 29.57 30.00 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; .57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; .52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,686, 1896; 1,414, 1894 80, 1938 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 70, 1934; 23, 1947 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941, 1948 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Oct. 13, 1909; Aug. 22, 1894-95 Note— The first column in the above summary gives observations made durmg the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The weather for the month of September was mild and dry. The mean daily temperatures for the month averaged 61.4, only 0.3 degrees below the normal mean daily temperature of September, Although the low precipitation of 2.63 inches was considerably under the 4.24 inch average for the month, higher than normal relative humidity helped ofifset the effect of the light rainfall. Nearly 40 percent of the month's rainfall was accounted for by the storm of the 15th. Heating load for the month was 147 degree-days, slightly more than normal, but one-sixth of the total came on the 30th, accompany- ing the first frost of the season. While the first frost of the season occurred on the 30th, 9 days later than normal, it may be noted that the records show no first frost to have occurred on the average date, the 21st, in this century. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 754 October 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E, S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 O 3 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum bo c 4J V uU^ ■t o 4; a Q be ILI Q V B H to 1) Q V s 1 > 3'n '3 1! > V £5 ^B H > « bo v •a V T3 w u o c 1 71 2p 45 6a 58 77 7.5 SW 52 5 Up 12 p .04 2 70 12 a 54 4a 62 84 3.2 S 23 5 3 64 12 a 58 4a 61 87 0.0 N 42 4 4 75 1p 55 6a 65 88 2.4 N 122 10 5 82 3p 63 6a 72.5 85 7.2 NW 143 12 6 77 2p 55 5a 66 73 8.4 NW 144 20 7 56 Oa 46 4p 51 83 0.0 NE 113 14 4a 12 p 1.66 8 64 2p 45 2a 54.5 76 8.1 NW 154 20 Oa 2p .36 9 63 4p 45 6a 54 65 10.7 NNW 182 20 10 56 2p 33 7a 44.5 68 8.5 E 105 10 11 52 12 a 41 12 p 46.5 82 1.0 N 190 20 2a 12 p .93 12 65 2p 41 4p 53 75 8.4 N 140 20 Oa 3a .03 13 59 4p 28 7a 43.5 73 10.5 NW 61 10 14 72 3p 27 7a 49.5 70 10.6 S 56 8 15 73 3p 35 5a 54 85 8.2 S 91 13 16 75 4p 47 7a 61 88 5.9 S 44 4 17 75 2p 41 7a 58 81 8.9 SS 58 13 18 66 3p 58 4a 62 84 5.2 N 110 10 19 68 3p 47 7a 57.5 81 8.0 SW 59 14 20 58 2p 38 7a 48 64 10.5 N 158 17 21 63 3p 30 7a 46.5 69 9.7 SE 54 7 22 66 2p 51 Oa 58.5 71 3.6 SSE 98 10 23 71 1p 52 Oa 61.5 72 6.7 SSE 80 8 24 72 2p 54 Oa 63 81 2.0 S 94 10 2p 12 p 1.15 25 59 11a 50 7a 54.5 70 5.7 NW 126 25 Oa 2a .23 26 74 3p 40 5a 57 60 9.6 NW 114 8 27 69 10 a 47 7a 58 57 6.1 SE 213 28 28 42 6p 38 8a 40 81 0.0 NNW 88 10 8a 5p .26 29 51 2p 32 12 p 41.5 59 9.0 NW 231 28 30 54 2p 30 2a 42 63 4.0 S 63 8 31 64 2p 45 2a 54.5 67 3.0 ssw 108 28 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Marius p. Varoudes, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1951 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.674, 14th Minimum 29.552, 28th Mean semi-daily 30.142 Range _- 1 . 122 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest - ....82, 5th Lowest - -27, 14th Mean 54.8 Range - 55 Highest mean daily 72.5, 5th Lowest mean daily 40, 28th Mean ma.ximum 65.3 Mean minimum __.. 44.2 Greatest daily range 45, 14th Least daily range 4, 28th Degree-days of heating load for month 328.5 Degree-days cumulative for season — 483 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation _. — 4.66 Snow None Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.66, 7th Number of days with .01 or more -8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3216 Greatest daily movement ..231, 20th Least daily movement 23, 2nd Mean hourly velocity 4.32 Maximum velocity -.__. 28, 27th, 29th, 31st Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days _ - 7 Northeast, days — 1 East, days - — 1 Southeast, days 3 South, days 8 Southwest, days — 3 West, days - — - 0 Northwest, days — - 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.8 Mean cloudiness, percent - — 35.5 Number of clear days -—8 Number of fair days - 13 Number of cloudy days 10 Number of hours bright sunshine .192.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - 56.1 Thunder and lightning None 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 9 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; .76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 57.4, 1947; 43.2, 1890 8.81, 1911; .01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5,467, 1910 ; 2,540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932 18, 1924 21, 1938 1, 1911 17, 1924 3, 1938 19, 1896 3, 1924 2, 1923, 1938 91, 1913 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS In general, pleasant weather prevailed throughout the month of October, providing an opportunity for the observance of brilliant foliage brought out by the frost during the last week of September. Although the precipitation was above normal with a recording of 4.66 compared to a normal of 3.29, the mean cloudiness was far below normal with a recording of 35.5 percent compared to a normal of 48 percent. The percent of possible hours of bright sunshine was also somewhat above normal with a reading of 56.1 percent compared to a normal of 51.3 percent. The mean daily temperature was above normal with a reading of 54.8 compared to a normal of 50.5. The mean relative humidity continued to be considerably above normal. The figure for the month of October was 74.8 percent compared to a normal of 69.0 percent. The mean relative humidity has been above normal every month for over a year. In some months this figure has been as high as 12 per- cent above normal. The relative humidity of 74.8 for the month of October is closer to the normal than the relative humidity in most of the months during the previous year. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 755 November 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for buUetins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 3 £ o.S -39 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M_ -** CI aj* 1 Q 0) B s Q g a 03 1 > •Eg > a £-^ a n 13 a w 1 as o a 03 1 42 0 A 31 12 p 36.5 80 0.0 N 225 15 5a 1 p .57 2 36 12 m 27 6a 31.5 78 0.0 N 133 11 7p 12 p .37 3 46 12 m 30 12 p 38 83 0.0 N 119 12 Oa 8a 2.04 .5 4 43 2p 22 6a 32.5 69 7.5 S E 110 7 5 45 2p 23 7a 34 71 6.2 N 90 13 6 38 1 p 20 7 A 29 70 7.5 N 99 8 7 47 1 p 28 11 p 37.5 86 0.0 N 99 13 8a 11 p 1.75 8 49 12 m 35 7a 42 79 4.6 W 129 32 9 49 4p 33 8a 41 66 9.2 N W 269 22 10 59 2 P 26 6a 42.5 78 7.1 S W 36 7 11 51 2p 29 6a 40 71 7.5 N 149 20 12 50 2p 25 6a 37.5 80 9.0 W 35 5 13 66 2p 30 2a 48 82 6.1 S E 74 10 14 65 11 A 51 Oa 58 87 2.6 S E 93 7 11 A 11 p .46 15 63 1 p 52 7 A 57.5 83 0.0 S E 163 22 16 47 11 A 38 4a 42.5 85 0.0 S W 149 10 8a 9 p .44 17 46 10 a 39 7 A 42.5 80 3.3 N 168 17 T 18 36 2 p 27 6a 31.5 71 8.6 W 253 20 19 36 I p 25 3a 30.5 71 6.7 N W 196 20 20 32 11 A 20 2a 26 71 3.8 N W 216 20 21 43 3p 16 7 A 29.5 70 8.6 N W 46 8 22 56 4 p 18 5a 37 70 1.7 S E 110 11 23 59 2p 40 9 p 49.5 75 0.6 S E 179 13 5 p 12 p .05 24 48 8a 44 7 A 46 85 0.0 S E 164 28 Oa 9a .08 25 42 2p 23 7 A 32.5 73 8.3 N W 100 10 26 44 12 m 27 3a 35.5 90 2.1 N 155 32 2a 10 a .63 2.5 27 30 12 m 24 8a 27 78 8.7 N E 413 28 28 26 7 p 8 7a 17 79 2.8 N 49 4 29 46 3 p 17 7 A 31.5 85 8.0 N E 17 5 30 49 2 p 16 7 A 32.5 88 8.0 N 20 2 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Roger F. Johnson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY NOVEMBER 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.784, 6th Minimum 29.380, 3rd Mean semi-daily 30.087 Range 1.404 Air Temperature, in Degrees F. Highest 66, 13th Lowest 8, 28th Mean 37.2 Range 58 Highest mean daily 58, 14th Lowest mean daily 17, 28th Mean maximum 46.3 Mean minimum 28.1 Greatest daily range 38, 22nd Least daily range 4, 24th Degree-days of heating load for month 833.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. .1328.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.39 Snow 3.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.04, 3rd Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 4058 Greatest daily movement 413, 27th Least daily movement — 17, 29th Mean hourly velocity 5.6 Maximum velocity 32, 8th, 26th Wind, direction Prevailing direction N North, days 11 Northeast, days 2 East, days - 0 Southeast, days 7 South, days 0 Southwest, days 2 West, days 3 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 48.8 Number of clear days - 10 Number of fair days -. _._ 8 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 138.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine _ 47.4 Thunder and lightning 0 First Snow 3rd Normal 30.59 30.87, 1932 29.30 28.73, 1904 30.05 1.29 1.84, 1904; 0.89, 1943 66.0 82, 1950 12.9 4, 1938 38.9 44.1, 1931; 33.6, 1901 53.0 783 3.41 2.34 4531 6.3 30.3 WNW 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 41.3 Nov. 6 Extremes 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921 ; 2, 1904 5,978, 1906; 2,589, 1889 48, 1948, 1950 78, 1947; 34, 1917 15, 1903; 0, 1948 16, 1912 ; 4, 1889, 1930, '32 '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917, 1949 182, 1903; 44, 1948 Oct. 10, 1925 ; Dec. 13, 1941 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1950. REMARKS The mean daily air temperature during the month of November was shghtly below normal, and the rainfall for the month was far above normal. The lowest temperature recorded during the month was 8; this was recorded on November 28. The highest temperature was 66, and the mean daily temperature during the month was 37.2. The normal mean daily temperature for the month is 38.9. As a result of the low mean daily temperature for the month, the number of degree-days of heating load for the month was slightly above normal. The reading for this was 835 compared to a normal of 783. The accumulative degree-days for the season stand at 1310.5 which is very close to normal. The total precipitation for the month was 6.39 inches. This is far above the normal rainfall of 3.41 inches for the month. The first snowfall occurred on November 3, and the total snowfall for the month was 3 inches. The maximum precipitation in 24 hours during the month occurred on the 3rd when 2.04 inches of rainfall was recorded. On nine days of the month the rainfall exceeded .01 inches. The wind movement during the month was not excessive, the highest velocities being recorded on the 8th and 26th ; the velocity reached 32 miles per hour. The mean relative humidity for the month continued far above normal with a reading of 77.9 compared to a normal of 70.6. This tendency has continued for over a year. The mean cloudiness for the month was slightly below normal, and the percent of possible hours of bright sunshine was slightly above normal. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 756 December 1951 Meteorological Observations FOR DECEMBER 195 1 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Tempera ture 's a W > 3 2 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c o < "3 o £5 a 2 l| 1* c 03 PQ 73 T3 a 1 1 S & Q 1 0 1 46 2 p 22 7 A 34 92 6.7 N 4 7 2 51 3p 33 7 A 42 91 7.6 N 102 13 3 50 3p 22 8a 36 92 7.9 N 24 6 4 42 2 p 25 4a 33.5 92 0.7 N W 12 1 5 59 8p 38 12 p 48.5 97 0.0 S E 53 20 3a 11 p .61 6 57 3 p 51 7 a 54 98 0.0 S 142 9 7 59 3 p 48 8a 53.5 96 2.1 S 83 13 8p 9p .13 8 61 12 m 54 1 A 57.5 72 6.6 N E 182 25 9 47 5 p 39 8a 43 87 0.0 W 70 25 2a 2p .56 10 43 12 m 34 8a 38.5 75 4.0 N 280 22 11 35 I p 18 5a 26.5 86 4.2 N W 72 10 12 38 1 p 23 6a 30.5 85 7.0 W 100 20 13 26 2 p 19 7a 22.5 69 3.5 N 222 20 14 28 3 p 15 7a 21.5 81 4.0 N W 115 13 5 p 12 p .20 3.0 15 28 11 A 20 2 p 24 89 6.2 W 224 40 Oa 10 a .21 4.0 16 15 2 p 5 7 A 10 70 8.3 W 224 20 17 18 3p -8 6a 5 78 7.6 S E 63 7 18 26 8p 7 2a 16.5 85 0.0 N W 107 32 10 a 12 p .20 2.0 19 20 3 p 13 7 A 16.5 74 7.2 N W 143 17 Oa 2a .03 20 25 12 m -9 6a 8 84 3.5 N 27 5 1 p 12 p .31 3.5 21 53 3 p 25 Oa 39 95 6.0 S E 85 13 Oa 10 a 1.39 1.1 22 40 Oa 23 12 p 31.5 73 7.3 W 199 20 23 32 4 p 18 4a 25 67 7.1 S E 69 15 24 38 2 p 23 12 p 30.5 72 5.4 N W 76 20 25 24 3p 11 6a 17.5 87 0.0 N W 31 2 4p 12 p .18 2.0 26 36 2 p 23 Oa 29.5 89 4.6 N W 108 22 Oa 11 A .32 4.1 27 28 2 p 12 2a 20 76 8.0 N W 156 32 28 22 3 p -9 7a 6.5 77 6.6 S 53 8 29 34 2 p 18 5a 26 87 0.9 S E 91 10 30 42 12 m 31 10 p 36.5 95 0.0 S E 76 10 4p 8p .16 31 44 2 p 36 7a 40 94 3.8 N W 88 7 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Roger F. Johnson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY DECEMBER 1951 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.569, 20th Minimum 29.322, 15th Mean semi-daily 30.091 Range 1.247 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 61, 8th Lowest —9, 20th, 28th Mean 29.8 Range 70 Highest mean daily 57.5, 8th Lowest mean daily 5, 17th Mean maximum 37.6 Mean minimum 21.9 Greatest daily range 34, 20th Least daily range 6, 6th Degree-days of heating load for month 1091.5 Degree-days cumulative for season ..2419.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.35 Snow 19.7 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.39, 21st Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 3281 Greatest daily movement 280, 10th Least daily movement 4, 1st Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity 40, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 6 Northeast, days 1 East, days 0 Southeast, days 6 South, days 3 Southwest, days 0 West, days 5 Northwest, days 10 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 84.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 51.6 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 11 Number of hours bright sunshine 136.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.8 Thunder and lightning 18th First snow Normal 30 66 29.27 30,06 1.38 54.3 1.09 27.5 56.2 Extremes 1162.5 2494.0 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Nov. 6 31.104, 1949 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895, 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 i:n, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, 1902, T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6,694, 1925; 3,239, 1918 66, 1949 71, 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890, 0. 1948 16. '09; 4, '89, '30, '31, 'Zd, '38 25, 1948; 7, '09, 'ZZ 172, 1896; 27, 1948 Note — The first column in the above summary gives observations made during the month. The second column gives the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 tn 1950. ANNUAL SUMMARY ANNUAL Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.850, Feb. 10th Minimum 28.996, Jan. 15th Mean semi-daily 30.036 Range 1.854 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, July 16th, 26th Lowest —9, Dec. 20th, 28th Mean 49.3 Range 100 Highest mean daily 78, July 30th, 31st; Aug. 10th, 11th, 15th Lowest mean daily 4, Jan. 31st Mean maximum 59.3 Mean minimum 39.4 Greatest daily range 45, October 14th Least daily range -...2, Feb. 8th, Sept 15th Degree-days cumulative for year ....6237.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 48.39 Snow 52.5 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs. 2.04, Nov. 3rd Number of days with .01 or more 122 Wind, in miles Total movement 41,208 Greatest daily movement ....471, Feb. 24th Least daily movement 2, Feb. 5th Mean hourly velocity 4.7 Maximum velocity ....40, April 15th, May 2nd, Dec. ISth Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 89 Northeast, days 12 East, days 8 Southeast, days 40 South, days 61 Southwest, days 38 West, days 36 Northwest, days 81 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 49.5 Number of clear days 101 Number of fair days 127 Number of cloudy days 137 Number of hours bright sunshine ....1997.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 43.5 Last snow March 23rd First snow Nov. 3rd Last frost May 14th First frost Sept. 30th Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 6698. 43.70 47.78 124 S2,22?, 5.8 39.5 W Extremes 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 31.10, 1949 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 —26, 1904 56.9, 1949; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 705, 1909 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217, 1941 ; 59, 1927 182. 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 Mar. 14 '10; May 11, '07, '45 Oct. 10, '25 ; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43 ; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95 ; Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 757 January 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 195 2 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 3 2 <= s "oS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a S» a i bC Q c > 01 oj IS ■So 'So S 11 %1 Hi b a bO 0) -a 03 ol 2 o S "oS IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c 03 1 •|-2 'S tj > 0) a 11 0J# § o ca M pa T3 0! a 03 s G Q 1) B a a) C H o 1 47 4 p 15 7 A 31 78 5.5 S E 88 9 2 48 3 p 31 12 p 39.5 86 2.2 N 116 12 3 48 2 p 25 7 A 36.5 88 7.3 S 72 14 4 42 10 a 37 3a 39.5 93 0.0 N E 109 10 f2 A 14 P. f 7 A \11 P [.22 1.32 5 44 2p 33 9 p 38.5 86 1.8 N 73 20 6 40 3p 29 12 p 34.5 69 5.7 N W 200 13 7 34 I p 24 12 p 29 87 4.0 N 91 15 3 A 5a .03 0.6 8 40 12 m 21 4a 30.5 76 7.0 S 11 15 11 P 12 p .02 9 37 12 m 25 12 p 31 75 6.7 N W 268 28 Oa 2 A .09 10 38 1 p 24 10 p 31 78 0.3 S W 129 17 11 45 3 p 24 4a 34.5 87 4.2 N W 60 25 8a 11 a .28 12 30 O A 15 12 P 22.5 62 9.5 N W 461 40 13 22 4p 12 8 a 17 62 9.4 N W 344 20 14 27 4p 9 7 a 18 68 9.5 N W 287 25 15 39 2p 12 7 A 25.5 62 9.3 N W 121 13 16 38 2 p 13 7 A 25.5 67 6.1 N W 67 13 17 36 2 p 26 12 p 31 96 0.0 N E 125 25 1 A 12 p .64 8.0 18 35 3p 25 12 p 30 100 0.0 N E 455 32 Oa 10 a .31 2.7 19 34 4p 18 12 p 26 88 6.8 N W 253 20 20 39 4 p 10 6a 24.5 88 9.7 N E 73 10 21 37 2 p 23 12 p 30 98 3.6 N E 84 9 7 A 10 a .06 0.4 22 37 12 M 24 6 a 30.5 93 0.3 N E 61 11 23 35 12 M 11 12 p 23 81 6.2 N W 51 8 24 38 4p 8 7 a 23 86 9.5 N E 18 5 25 40 3p 10 4a 25 87 8.0 S W 20 8 26 43 4p 14 6a 28.5 79 9.3 s w 30 5 27 34 2 p 19 5a 26.5 87 0.0 N W 114 20 28 41 3p 27 6a 34 73 9.0 N W 285 20 29 41 12 M 22 12 p 31.5 69 9.7 W 83 17 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Roger F. Johnson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY FEBRUARY, 1952 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum ZQ277, 24th Minimum 29.433, 11th Mean semi-daily 29.908 Range 0.844 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 48, 2nd, 3rd Lowest 8, 24th Mean 29.2 Range 40 Highest mean daily 39.5, 2nd, 4th Lowest mean daily 17, 13th Mean maximum 38.2 Mean minimum 20.2 Greatest daily range .". 32, 1st Least daily range 5, 4th Degree-days of heating load for month 1037.5 Degree-days cumulative for season 4579.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.97 Snow 11.7 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 64, 17th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 4215 Greatest daily movement 461, 12th Least daily movement 18, 24th Mean hourly velocity 6.1 Maximum velocity 40, 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 3 Northeast, days 7 East, days 0 Southeast, days 1 South, days 2 Southwest, days 3 West, days 1 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 81.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 41.4 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 160.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52.4 Normal 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 -7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 1167 4927 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW 66.6 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 Extremes 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 —23, 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62, 1901 48.75, 1893 ; 0.50, 1937 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3402, 1949 50, 1946 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 19, 1941 ; 2, 1927 16. 1920 ; 2, 1936 16. 1894 ; 2. 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The mean daily temperature during the month of February was 5.5 degrees above normal. The reading was 29.2 as compared to a normal of 23.7. The degree days for the month were 1037.5 as compared to a normal of 1167. The accumulative degree days for the season at the end of February were 4579.5 as compared to a normal of 4927. The accumulative degree days are slightly above 1950 and also above 1951, but the heating load has still been con- siderably below normal. The precipitation for the month was 1.97 inches, which is far below the normal of 3.19 inches. This is the first month for several months that the precipitation has been below normal. The snowfall to the end of February was 42.6 inches, which is 14.45 inches above normal, but warm weather and a certain amount of rainfall have reduced the amount of snow on the ground so that at present there appears to be little danger of flood in the Connecticut Valley from an accumulation of snow. This statement, of course, must be qualified, according to the conditions that prevail in the Connecticut Valley above Amherst. The excess moisture in the soil which has accu- mulated over a period of several months because of the more than normal rainfall could result in a flood if sudden and heavy rainfall should occur. The soil has little ability, in its present condition, to absorb further moisture. The mean relative humidity was far above normal for the month, as it has been for many previous months. The mean relative humidity for the month was 81.0 as compared to a normal of 66.6. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 759 March 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 195 2 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■V 'e 3 w > OS rt o.S •oS ■zm Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a > a 6 .s* c 03 V T3 1 oi Q S £ Q B £ Q e 0 1 29 5p 12 12 p 20.5 83 1.5 N E 140 17 1 P 2p .02 A 2 38 3p 3 6a 20.5 73 10.2 N W 36 3 3 37 4p 12 4a 24.5 72 7.0 N W 60 8 4 40 3 p 27 4a 33.5 78 1.3 S E 51 11 8p 12 p .32 1.0 5 40 2p 29 7 A 34.5 97 4.5 N E 266 17 Oa 10 a .50 1.1 6 38 2p 29 6a 33.5 100 2.3 N E 197 12 7 a 10 a .08 .60 7 38 3p 33 6a 35.5 100 0.0 N E 36 5 6p 7 p .01 8 39 1 p 29 6a 34.0 97 6.8 N W 52 8 9 41 12 m 28 6a 34.5 87 7.5 S E 51 5 10 43 1 p 31 6a 37 77 7.0 S E 107 13 11 48 4p 32 6a 40 99 1.5 S E 93 32 3a 7f 1.37 12 44 2p 34 6a 39 59 10.5 N W 456 25 13 44 3p 26 7a 35 71 8.3 N W 96 20 14 39 2 p 27 6a 33 61 11.0 N W 315 25 15 35 3p 21 6a 28 59 10.3 N W 365 32 16 29 11 p 20 8a 24.5 69 9.5 N 285 20 17 44 3 p 28 Oa 36 73 9.8 N W 296 25 18 50 5p 28 7a 39 66 9.0 N W 144 9 19 39 12 m 32 4a 35.5 88 3.2 N E 147 14 1 p 12 p .39 4.3 20 51 6p 30 6a 40.5 85 10.0 N W 100 7 Oa 2 a .04 21 54 5p 27 6 a 40.5 95 10.2 N W 48 5 9a 10 a .03 22 52 12 m 30 7a 41 84 3.5 N W 59 7 6a 7 A .01 23 40 2p 35 8a 37.5 99 0.0 N W 57 8 8a 1 p .40 24 42 4p 33 2 A 37.5 95 0.0 S E 93 6 25 50 3p 27 6a 38.5 66 10.9 S E 122 14 26 66 3p 28 6a 47 71 11.7 S E 133 12 27 53 2 p 31 6a 42 65 12.1 N W 141 12 28 47 4p 25 7a 36 73 11.8 N W 120 14 29 49 2 p 24 6a 36.5 70 11.5 N E 91 11 30 51 3p 24 6a 37.5 62 11.5 N E 99 17 31 55 4p 31 6a 43 74 11.8 S E 106 8 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Roger F. Johnson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MARCH, 1952 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.381 Minimum 29.162 Mean semi-daily 29.818 Range 1.219 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 66, 26th Lowest 3, 2nd Mean 35.3 Range 63 Highest mean daily 47, 26th Lowest mean daily 20.5 1st, 2nd Mean maximum 44.0 Mean minimum 26.6 Greatest daily range 38, 26th Least daily range 5, 7th, 23rd Degree-days of heating load for month 919.5 Degree-days cumulative for season, 5499.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.17 Snow 7.4 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.37, 11th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 4362 Greatest daily movement 456, 12th Least daily movement 36, 2nd, 7th Mean hourly velocity 5 9 Maximum velocity 32, 11th, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 1 Northeast, days 7 East, days 0 Southeast, days 8 South, days 0 Southwest, days 0 West, days 0 Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 79.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 53.4 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 3 Number of cloudy days 14 Number of hours bright sunshine 226.2 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.2 Thunder and lightning — 30.57 29.24 30.04 1.34 63.8 6.1 34.4 57.6 43.2 25.4 949 5876 3.70 7.47 11 5944 7.7 31.2 WNW 64.2 51.8 11 10 10 199 53.6 31.05, 1943 28.47, 1914 2.10, 1914; 0.85, 1915 85, 1929 -7.5, 1906 7.89, 1942; 0.12, 1915 27, 1899; 0, 1921 17, 1890, 1913, 1936; 3, 1915 8182, 1896 ; 3006, 1905 ?, 1932, 1939, 1941, 1942 68, 1901; 27, 1915 22, 1924; 3, 1901 17, 1900; 1, 1943 21, 1901 ; 1, 1915 292, 1924; 93, 1901 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The mean daily temperature during the month of March was only slightly above normal with a reading of 35.3 compared to a normal of 34.4. The degree days of 919.5 for the month brought the accumu- lative degree days for the season to the end of March to a total of 5499. The normal for this period is 5876. The precipitation for the month was 3.17 compared to a normal of 3.70. Even though this amount of rainfall was below normal, a slight increase in rainfall in the Connecticut Valley could have resulted in a flood inasmuch as the river was close to flood stage. The snowfall during the month was 7.4 inches compared to a normal of 7.47 inches. The total snowfall for the season to the end of March was 50.0 inches. The mean relative humidity continued to be far above normal with a recording of 79.0 as compared to a normal of 64.2. The number of hours of bright sunshine, which may have an effect upon the 1952 crops, was considerably above normal with a recording of 61.2 com- pared to a normal of 53.6. This is far in excess of the recording in March of 1951 when a reading of 32.2 was recorded. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 760 April 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR APRIL 1952 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■B S w > 2 is IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum a si 1 .sg > V o B — V II 03 u 1 ■a 13 w 1 £ Q B B 1 1 67 2p 34 6a 50.5 75 9.8 S E 106 17 11 p 12 p .10 2 48 6p 37 7a 42.5 96 11.3 N E 106 7 Oa 6 A .32 3 56 2p 37 6a 46.5 74 12.5 N W 114 14 5 a 6a .09 4 63 4p 34 6a 48.5 66 8.0 N W 102 14 5 52 6 p 35 8a 43.5 99 0.0 N E 95 13 \7p f2p l9p .22 6 52 12 M 41 8a 46.5 75 4.7 S W 185 17 7 47 2 p 36 7a 41.5 79 4.2 w 109 11 8 54 1 p 36 6a 45 75 7.4 N W 80 10 9 56 6p 38 6a 47 71 10.3 S W 66 6 10 63 4p 36 4a 49.5 74 8.3 s 164 20 11 48 5p 35 8a 41.5 61 12.2 N W 295 20 12 54 3p 27 6a 40.5 62 12.5 s w 46 5 13 51 4p 39 6a 45 65 8.4 N E 71 9 14 49 3p 39 6a 44 99 0.0 N E 107 13 1 A 6a .58 15 51 4p 41 4a 46 75 2.5 N E 215 20 16 66 5p 32 6 a 49 55 12.5 N E 153 14 17 73 5p 30 5a 51.5 57 12.1 N W 75 11 18 72 4p 44 7a 58 55 12.1 N W 171 17 19 81 2p 38 6 a 59.5 65 11.3 s w 106 14 20 82 1 p 60 4 a 71 54 12.0 N W 310 25 21 71 3p 42 6 a 56.5 58 12.2 N 136 14 22 79 4p 34 6a 56.5 67 9.2 S E 82 14 23 72 9a 54 3a 63 71 4.8 N W 128 20 24 67 4p 40 5 A 53.5 53 9.8 S E 98 7 25 53 11a 43 6 a 48 93 0.0 N E 52 5 10 a 12 p .70 26 59 3 p 42 0 A 50.5 93 4.8 N W 35 4 JOa 14p /6a 15? .20 27 71 3p 48 6a 59.5 74 7.9 S E 74 11 28 58 1 p 49 6a 53.5 99 0.0 N E 165 13 Oa 7p 1.19 29 70 6p 48 3a 59 86 9.5 N E 139 10 30 67 4p 45 6a 56 53 7.5 N E 203 25 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Herbert Saunders, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY APRIL, 1952 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.421, 9th Minimum 29.482, Sth Mean semi-daily 29.804 Range 0.939 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 82,20th Lowest 27, 12th Mean 50.8 Range 55 Highest mean daily 71, 20th Lowest mean daily 40.5, 12th Mean maximum 61.7 Mean minimum 39.8 Greatest daily range 45, 22nd Least daily range 9, 28th Degree-days of heating load for month, 433 Degree-days cumulative for season, 5932.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.40 Snow 0.0 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.19, 28th Number of days with .01 or more 8 Wind, in miles Total movement 3788 Greatest daily movement 310, 20th Least daily movement 35, 26th Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity 25, 20th, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NE North, days 1 Northeast, days 10 East, days 0 Southeast, days 4 South, days 1 Southwest, days 4 West, days 1 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 61.2 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine 237.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 59.4 Thunder and lightning — Last Snow 30.48 29.38 29.99 1.11 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.8 34.8 579 6455 3.35 2.17 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 30.71, 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; 0.65, 1950 90, 1941 8.5, 1923 52, 1921 ; 41, 1943 6.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891 ;0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208, 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1945 75, 1901 ; 34, 1925, 1927 23, 1941 ; 1, 1949 18, 1915; 2, 1894, 1901 22, 1901 ; 1, 1941 329, 1941 ; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910;Mayll, 1907,'45 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of April was well above normal with a reading of 50.8 as compared to a normal of 45.7. This resulted in less degree days of heating load for the month than is normal. The reading for this was 433 as compared to a normal of 579. The accumulative degree days for the season were 5932 as compared to a normal of 6455. The precipitation for the month was 3.40 as compared to a normal of 3.35. A great increase in this normal amount of rainfall could have had serious consequences in the Connecticut Valley because the river was nearly at flood stage for the greater part of the month. The mean relative humidity was much lower than for the month of March but it was still considerably above normal for the month of April. The reading was 72.6 as compared to a normal of 61.6. The increase in the percentage of possible hours of bright sunshine begun in March continued through April. This reading was 59.4 as compared to a normal of 54.7. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 761 May, 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 195 2 EARLE F. COX OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. " Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•5 a 3 a > o.S IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 'So § a -^ a> a> « -a % a >: Q Q G Q o 1 64 4p 45 7 A 54.5 54 0.0 N E 159 20 2 65 6p 34 5a 49.5 67 0.8 N E 118 14 3 60 5p 32 6a 46.0 62 13.2 N W 157 17 4 67 4p 40 6 a 53.5 59 12.8 N W 208 25 5 68 7p 33 6a 50.5 66 12.5 s w 78 9 6 60 6p 36 6a 48.0 84 5.5 s 100 17 6p 7 p .05 7 60 4p 47 6a 53.5 66 10.3 N W 288 20 8 70 3p 35 6a 52.5 54 11.9 N W 174 17 9 73 5 p 43 6a 58.0 60 12.8 N W 117 12 10 80 3p 40 7 A 60.0 59 9.0 S E 64 6 11 12 13 62 65 60 0 A 12 m 11 A 49 45 46 9a 4a 6a 55.5 55.0 53.0 100 80 71 0.0 4.2 3.1 N E S W S W 89 229 191 8 25 14 6 a J Oa tl2M 12 p f6A llp .67 fl.Ol 1 .06 14 67 6p 46 6a 56.5 64 7.4 N W 240 20 16 54 6 p 44 5 a 49.0 96 2.0 N E 49 9 6a 3p .26 16 62 12 M 47 7 a 54.5 58 13.3 N W 186 25 17 18 19 65 68 73 4 p 6 p 2p 32 47 39 7 a 6a 5 a 48.5 57.5 56.0 65 88 66 9.9 8.9 9.3 N W N W S 10 56 18 5 10 8 _f Oa 1 llA f 8a 112m f.24 toi 20 21 22 60 65 68 12 M 3p 3p 52 49 51 6a 5 a 5 a 56.0 57.0 59.5 95 88 72 0.0 4.6 10.9 S E W N W 52 53 223 5 13 17 1 P 12 p Ua 16p .44 (.06 (.04 23 76 4p 43 4 a 59.5 67 10.3 N 94 11 24 80 3p 45 5 A 62.5 69 8.0 S W 29 5 25 59 3p 49 8p 54.0 100 0.0 S E 102 10 4a 12 p .84 26 27 69 77 6p 6p 48 49 Oa 6a 58.5 63.0 94 59 7.3 13.7 N N 65 158 7 20 28 29 30 31 82 80 73 72 4p 1 p 5p 6p 41 58 53 55 6a 6a 7 A 7a 61.5 69.0 63.0 63.5 72 85 71 97 9.8 6.0 10.1 3.3 N W N W S W S E 42 84 58 69 8 11 5 9 fl2M i 7p f 3a UOp f 2p llQp 1 9a 12p (.09 tos (.12 1.06 *Based on least time required to blow one mile. Roger F. Johnson, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MAY 1952 Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.056, 19th Minimum 29.200, 12th Mean semi-daily 29.903 Range 0.856 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 82, 28th Lowest 32, 3rd, 17th Mean ....56.1 Range 50 Highest mean daily 69, 29th Lowest mean daily 46, 3rd Mean maximum 67.9 Mean minimum 44.3 Greatest daily range 41, 28th Least daily range 8, 20th Degree-days of heating load for month 280.5 Degree-days cumulative for season..6212.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.00 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.07, 12th Number of days with .01 or more 10 Wind, in miles Total movement 3561 Greatest daily movement 288, 7th Least daily movement 10, 17th Mean hourly velocity 4.8 Maximum velocity 25, 4th, 12th, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 3 Northeast, days 4 East, days ....0 Southeast, days 4 South, days : 2 Southwest, days 5 West, days 1 Northwest, days 12 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 54.4 Number of clear days 11 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 8 Number of hours bright sunshine 230.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.1 Last Frost May 17th 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 56.8 34.8 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 12, 1948; 30. 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 18, 1949; 5, 1923 20, 1927; 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The weather during the month of May was unusual because the mean daily temperature was slightly below normal; the mean daily temperature was 56.1 compared to a normal of 57.1. This resulted in having the degree days for the month above normal. This reading was 280.5 and brought the accumulative degree days for the season to 6212.5, Rainfall occurred chiefly on weekends. The total rainfall for the month was 4.00 inches as compared to a normal of 3.60 inches. The mean relative humidity continued to be far above normal with a reading of 74.0 as compared to a normal of 60.7. The mean cloudiness was near normal, and the percent of possible hours of sunshine with the reading of 51.1 was slightly below the normal of 55.6. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 762 June, 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 195 2 ROBERT K. PATTERSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42" 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•V 'a w > a 2„ 3 2 o.S J" IS Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum si SSI sS m •a 7, ISth Least daily range 8, 1st, 22nd, 29th Degree-days of heating load for month.. 14 Degree-days cumulative for season 6223 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.97 Snow Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.70, 1st Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 3834 Greatest daily movement 257, 12th Least daily movement 49, 22nd Mean hourly velocity 5.3 Maximum velocity 32, 19lh Wind, direction Prevailing direction W North, days 5 Northeast, days 3 East, days 0 Eoutheast, days 0 South, days 4 Southwest, days 6 West, days 5 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 43.2 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 4 Number of hours bright sunshine 265.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 58.1 Thunder and lightning 17th, 25th, 26th 30.30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 30.70, 1947 29.24, 1902 101, 1919 34, 1891 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WSW 9.68, 1922; 0.76, 1908 17, 1922, 1945; 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 71, 1903: 28, 1908 22, 1908, 1941, 1943; 0. 1949 23, 1912; 3, 1941 22, 1903; 1, 1923 365, 1947; 102, 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS Total precipitation for the month was 4.97 inches of which 2.70 inches occurred on the first day. The storm starting May 31 accumu- lated 2.76 inches of rain in less than 12 hours. Good weather prevailed throughout most of the month with only four cloudy days. Bright sunshine occurred 58.1 percent of the possible hours, the normal for the month being 54 percent. As in the preceding month, the mean relative humidity remained high. A high temperature of 98° occurred on the 26th with a mean of 84.5° for the day. The total wind movement was high with 3834 miles of total movement compared to a normal of 3,585. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 763 July 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 195 2 ROBERT K. PATTERSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 £ 3 c'S C3 08 o.S Wind 1 Precipitation Maxinnini Minimum a 11 a e — V =^ 1 -a tj 1 Q c Q c 2 a c 1 o a 1 83 5 p 50 5 A 66.5 62 12.1 \ 65 9 2 86 2p 51 5 A 68.5 61 11.2 V\' 57 8 3 90 3 p 58 5a 74.0 70 11.1 s w 134 25 4 89 1 p 68 2a 78.5 81 9.2 s 122 17 4 p (1 P 0.73 5 86 7 p 69 7 A 77.5 72 11.1 N 72 20 6 91 4 p 58 6a 74.5 66 11.6 w 38 6 7 91 3 p 60 4a 75.5 67 11.4 w 44 11 8 86 4 p 62 7 A 74.0 70 8.7 s w 106 11 9 78 2p 68 4a 73.0 74 — S E 131 20 10 69 1 p 66 6a 67.5 93 — N E 124 32 7 a O P 2.01 11 85 7 p 64 6a 74.5 73 8.7 N 88 7 6 A 7a 0.03 12 90 5p 59 7a 74.5 81 10.8 S W 33 4 13 91 3p 55 5a 73.0 70 11.3 N W 44 5 14 95 4p 62 6 a 78.5 73 11.7 .S 66 9 15 92 2p 70 6 a 81.0 70 11.1 s 154 11 16 89 3 p 72 5 a 80.5 66 10.9 .V w 144 11 17 88 6p 64 6 a 76.0 66 11.8 s 66 6 18 93 2 p 66 6 a 79.5 69 10.0 w 37 14 19 88 4 p 73 6 a 80.5 70 9.2 w 157 25 Oa 2 a 0.03 20 90 2 p 71 5 a 80.5 66 10.1 w 106 14 21 82 6 p 68 5 a 75.0 82 5.7 S E 39 4 22 93 6p 72 6 a 82.5 75 10.4 s w 137 17 23 95 4 p 64 5 a 79.5 67 11.0 S E 94 9 24 82 4p 71 7 A 76.5 60 10.4 w 128 14 25 79 6p 52 4 a 65.5 65 11.7 s 113 7 26 88 5 p 51 Oa 69.5 65 11.5 S E 111 10 27 87 4p 66 6a 76.5 87 8.3 s 116 32 8 A 5 p 1.21 28 87 2 p 59 5a 73.0 82 5.1 s 40 6 29 86 2p 68 6a 77.0 75 6.4 N W 129 20 30 79 4 p 53 6 a 66.0 70 7.0 s 90 5 31 85 Ip 62 3a 73.5 88 3.2 N W 74 25 1 p 6 P 1.01 "Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY 195i Normal Extremes Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.353, 1st Minimum 29.750, 19th Mean semi-daily 30.062 Range 0.603 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 95, 14th, 23rd Lowest 50, 1st Mean 75 Range 45 Highest mean daily 82.5, 22nd Lowest mean daily 65.5, 25th Mean maximum 86.9 Mean minimum 63 Greatest daily range 7)1 , 26th Least daily range 3, 10th Degree-days of heating load for month Degree-days cumulative for season Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.99 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.01, 10th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 2919 Greatest daily movement 157, 19th Least daily movement ZZ, 12th Alean hourly velocity 3.92 Maximum velocity 32, 10th Wind, direction Prevailing direction S North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days — Southeast, days 4 South, days 8 Southwest, days 4 West, days 7 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72 Mean cloudiness, percent 36.6 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 3 Number of hours bright sunshine 284.2 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 61.3 Thunder and lightning 4, 10, 27, 31 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 4.10 11 3422 4.6 28.7 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 58 30.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 66.3, 1891 ; 76.0, 1949 14.51, 1897; 0.70, 1929 20, 1915; 4, 1924 5097, 1909; 1109, 1894 44, 1936 70, 1943; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24, 1909, 1921 ; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column gives extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. WEATHER SUMMARY The highest temperature for the month was 95 "which occurred on the 14th and 23rd, and the lowest was 50°F. on the first. The mean temperature was 75°, the normal for the month being 70.8°. The highest mean daily temperature was 82.5 °F., and the lowest mean daily 65.5 °F. The greatest daily temperature was 37 °F. on the 26th, and the least daily range was 3°F. on the tenth. The rainfall was slightly above normal for the month with 4.99 inches of precipitation, the normal for the month being 4.10 inches. Of the 4.99 inches of rainfall for the month, 2.01 inches fell in an eleven-hour period on the 10th. A wind velocity of 32 MPH occurred on the 10th, and the total wind movement for the month was 2919 miles. The mean relative humidity of 72 was above the normal of 68.4. The per cent of possible hours of bright sunshine recorded 61.3 was above the normal of 58. The number of clear days for the month was 16, the normal being 10. Five thunder and lightning storms occurred during the month. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 764 August 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 195 2 ROBERT K. PATTERSON OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature Wind Precipitation 'a s n w-i Maximum Minimum = c -*• d s. 1 Q .6 H 1 Q 4< a g « > IS .5 § M a si e 1 -3 0) •a e fe s ^ 1 a CO 1 82 5p 57 4 A 69.5 75.7 5.1 w 42 8 2 75 4 p 56 5a 65.5 86.0 0 t> E 38 6 3 86 3 p 62 6a 74.0 76.0 7.9 s w 34 6 4 86 3p 62 5a 74.0 82.5 4.5 S E 92 17 5 87 2p 64 Oa 75.5 86.3 1.1 S E 149 10 2p 3p 0.12 6 75 3 p 56 6 a 65.5 98.0 0 N W 57 5 6A 8p 0.13 7 82 3p 65 6 A 73.5 80.0 5.5 S 38 8 Oa 1 A 0.03 8 77 3 p 59 6a 68.0 83.7 0 E 25 5 9 82 4p 52 3a 67.0 76.3 6.2 E 57 17 10 70 8p 62 9a 66.0 96.7 0 N W 49 6 4a 0 P 0.57 11 86 4p 58 3 a 72.0 82.3 7.7 W 49 7 0 A 1 A 0.03 12 79 3p 54 5 A 66.5 94.3 0 W 38 5 6 a 12 p 0.80 13 84 4p 55 5 A 69.5 81.0 7.6 W 71 17 0 A 5a 0.96 14 79 6p 56 6 a 67.5 80.3 7.4 s w 58 14 15 86 4p 54 6 A 70.0 78.7 6.7 S E 64 20 16 76 1 p 52 0 A 64.0 90.7 0 S E 144 17 1 p 8p 0.38 17 84 2 p 69 5 A 76.5 81.0 8.1 W 201 18 0 A 4 a 0.74 18 80 4 p 58 7 A 69.0 75.3 9.1 w 93 11 19 79 5 p 53 6 a 66.0 73.3 8.2 N W 52 10 20 81 4 p 49 6 a 65.0 74.0 7.8 s 28 5 21 76 1 p 54 6 A 65.0 84.0 1.3 S E 98 10 9 p 11 p 0.21 22 78 1 p 60 3 a 69.0 77.7 6.1 w 159 25 23 72 5 p 45 5 a 58.5 63.0 6.4 w 148 20 24 75 5p 43 7 A 59.0 69.3 6.4 N W 133 18 25 81 3p 46 6 a 63.5 71.6 4.1 \v 43 8 26 89 4 p 52 6 a 70.5 78.6 4.7 s 37 5 27 91 4 p 60 6 a 75.5 78.6 4.7 s 34 5 28 86 3 p 64 7 A 75.0 77.7 2.6 s 73 6 29 89 3p 68 3 a 78.5 80.3 5.6 s w 124 11 30 77 12 N 70 6 A 73.5 81.0 0.3 E 113 13 6 a 7 a 0.01 31 71 1 p 59 6 A 65.0 77.3 0 E 57 8 *Ba8ed on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY AUGUST 1952 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.310, 31st Minimum 29.678, 17th Mean semi-daily 30.030 Range 0.632 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 91, 27th Lowest 43, 24th Mean 68.95 Range 48 Highest mean daily 78.5, 29th Lowest mean daily 58.5, 23rd Mean maximum 80.7 Mean minimum 57.2 Greatest daily range 35, 25th Least daily range 7, 30th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 3.98 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.96, 13th Number of days with .01 or more 11 Wind, in miles Total movement 2392 Greatest daily movement 201, 17th Least daily movement 25, 8th Mean hourly velocity 3.21 Maximum velocity 25, 22nd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WSW North, days — Northeast, days — East, days 4 Southeast, days 6 South, days 5 Southwest, days 3 West, days 9 Northwest, days 4 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 80.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 49.4 Number of clear days — Number of fair days 18 Number of cloudy days 13 Number of hours bright sunshine ....135.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 31.4 Thunder and lightning 5th Normal Extremes 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 30.50, 1934 28.87, 1930 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 100, 1918, 1948 34, 1940 62.4, 1903 4.08 8.40, 1948; 0..M, 1894 11 16, 1892, 1933 ; 4, 1899 3127 4,217, 1910; 1,920, 1894 4.2 22.7 40, 1941 s^^■ 70.2 49.7 67, 1901, 1946; 11, 1923 9 13 9 237 55.2 23, 1941 ; 0, 1915, 1929 25, 1912; 3, 1939 18. 1901, 1928; 2, 1910. 1923 IZl, 1941; 152, 1913. 1929 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. RE MARKS The weather for August was normal. The mean temperature was 68.95° with a precipitation of 3.98 inches. Although the weather conditions were normal for the month, the serious summer drought experienced by eastern and southern states carried into the early part of August and was ended by heavy rains, wind storms, and hail between the 10th and the 17th of the month. The storms were local- ized and did a great deal of damage to the farm crops and buildings in the areas affected. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 765 September 1952 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 19 52 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 2 3 ^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum E 3 X o 5 cc 2* 77: u a Q ii Q V B H V Q E c v 2 > So! Ii 3'C 2a ;5 2 IS E _. 0) CO > S3 2^ c n 1 c 1 73 8p 61 6a 67.0 93.3 — E 90 17 2p 10 p 1.43 2 88 4p 63 6 a 75.5 79.7 '^.O SE 149 12 3 74 6p 69 8 A 71.5 85.0 0.2 W — 20 llA 12 N 0.02 4 76 4p 49 7a 62.5 76.3 8.8 W 90 14 5 81 4f 49 7a 65.0 78.7 3.1 s 37 6 6 84 3p 52 7 a 68.0 76.0 7.8 s 86 11 7 68 4p 52 7a 60.0 69.3 5.9 N 192 11 8 68 4p 43 7p 55.5 78.3 3.3 NW 68 4 9 73 2p 43 7a 58.0 78.0 8.0 SE 78 5 10 84 4p 47 7a 65.5 79.0 7.8 SE 35 1 11 88 4p 54 6 A 71.0 82.3 1.1 E 54 9 12 89 3p 60 6a 74.5 79.3 5.3 SE 33 7 13 89 3p 62 4a 75.5 78.7 4.3 N 78 12 14 72 10 a 60 11 A 66.0 90.0 — E 88 8 15 61 4p 55 6a 58.0 92.3 — SE 91 7 6 P 10 p 10 16 77 2p 54 8a 65.5 77.0 — . SE 76 12 17 74 4p 48 7 a 61.0 76.3 — SW 61 11 18 78 2p 45 — 61.5 84.7 — S 63 13 19 77 10 a 66 8a 71.5 93.3 — S 146 13 4 a 6 p 2.13 20 73 4p 60 8a 66.5 79.0 0.9 NW 70 14 21 72 2p 46 7a 59.0 76.7 2.8 W 34 6 22 68 2p 45 6a 56.5 82.3 2.4 w 57 5 23 59 5p 50 7 a 54.5 94.7 — N 72 9 10 a 12 >; 0.12 24 63 5p 45 7a 54.0 94.7 — SW 33 5 25 71 4p 48 6a 59.5 88.0 3.0 SW 43 6 26 75 2p 51 6 a 63.0 83.3 3.7 S 126 20 5 p 7p 0.25 27 67 4p 42 7a 54.5 79.7 5.7 NW 88 9 28 73 3p 37 6 a 55.0 78.3 0.2 NW 36 5 29 SO 3p 42 7a 61.0 79.3 2.4 S 40 5 30 75 1 V 46 7 a 60.5 81.0 0.6 NE 76 14 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEPTEMBER 1952 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.162 Minimum 29.990 Mean semi-daily 30.090 Range 0.172 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 89, 12th, 13th Lowest 37 2Sth Mean 63.2 Range 52.0 Highest mean daily 75.5, 2nd, 13th Lowest mean daily 54.0, 24th Mean maximum 75.0 Mean minimum 51.5 Greatest daily range 38, 29th Least daily range 5, 3rd Degree-days of heating load for month 11 1.0 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 111.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.05 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.13, 19th Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2190 Greatest daily movement 192, 7th Least daily movement 33, 12th, 24th Mean hourly velocity 3.15 Maximum velocity 20, 3rd, 26th Wind direction Prevailing direction ESW North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 3 Southeast, days 5 South, days Southwest, days 4 West, days Northwest, davs. WeaHier Mean relative humidity, percent 82.2 73.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.5 49.9 Number of clear days 1 10 Number of fair days 8 10 Number of cloudy days 21 10 Number of hours bright sunshine 85.3 201 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 22.8 | 54.*^ Thunder and lightning 19th, 26th l First Frost Sept. 21 Normal 30.45 29.57 30.00 .88 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 wsw Extremes 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; 57, 1910 97, 1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; 0,52, 1914 16. 1933; 3. 1903 4.680, 1896; 1414, 1894 80. 1938 70, 1934; 23, 1947 19. 1932; 2. 1907. 1928 19, 1908, 3, 1889 20. 1934; 3, 1941. 1948 255. 1916; 106. 1934 Oct. 13. 1909; Aug. 22, 1894-^5 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observation* made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 192'^ to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of September was 1.5 degrees above normal and the mean relative humidity 8.6 percent above normal. The number of hours of bright sunshine was 84 compared to a normal of 201. All these factors made the month of September seem unusually warm and in many cases uncomfortable. There was no frost during the month of September. Publication of this Document Approved by George J Cronin, State Purchasing Agent MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 766 October 1952 Meteorological Observations FOH OCTOBER 19 5 2 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72^ 31' 48" VV Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >■ ■5 1 3 -1- 3 J: o.E Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum tt _ c -t. 4J .-w ■M 2 CJ ii^ a a Q 01 u 60 a> Q 41 E 41 M Q E r- c 01 41 > 2a: V 3'C 2a > 4I 4).i; E ^ 0 c a CI ■0 ■o c 4J 0 c 1 73 4p 40 7 A 56.5 80.7 N 54 5 2 71 4p 55 lA 63.0 93.3 SE 102 25 6p 12 p 0.50 3 53 2p 48 8a 50.5 85.0 NW 160 20 Oa 8a 0.18 4 64 4p 38 7 a 51.0 72.0 SW 139 10 5 73 4p 45 7 a 59.0 77.3 SE 122 13 6 76 3p 56 7a 66.0 79.3 S 80 5 7 65 3p 58 8a 61.5 88.3 NW 120 20 8 a 12 N 0.39 8 59 3p 33 7a 46.0 75.3 NW 63 14 9 61 2p 32 7a 46.5 79.3 NW 14 4 10 59 4p 38 8a 48.5 71.3 N 97 14 11 57 2p 31 8a 44.0 78.0 E 62 8 12 64 4p 31 8 a 47.5 71.7 E - 5 13 70 4p 38 6a 54.0 74.3 S 83 10 14 71 4p 53 8a 62.0 67.0 w 118 20 15 67 3p 37 8a 52.0 80.0 N - - 16 64 4p 49 8a 56.5 68.3 w - - 17 60 2p 33 8 a 46.5 68.0 w ^,6 25 18 59 4p 35 7a 47.0 70.3 s 40 13 19 59 2p 45 7a 52.0 61.3 w 118 25 20 48 2p 28 7a 38.0 63.7 N'W 174 25 21 53 3p 27 6a 40.0 65.0 NW 163 20 22 64 3p 34 7a 49.0 61.3 ss 84 10 23 65 4p 31 7a 48.0 57.7 s 90 9 24 65 2p 44 8 a 54.5 57.7 w 194 U 25 53 3 p 38 8a 45.5 61.0 NW 215 32 26 56 3 p 21 7 a 38.5 70.7 SE 61 8 27 65 3 p 40 2a 52.5 73.0 SE 193 14 28 58 1 p 54 1a 56.0 79.7 SE 211 20 29 42 Op 32 6a 37.0 64.7 NW 242 25 30 52 1 p 32 Oa 42.0 59.0 SW 139 14 31 66 2p 40 7 a 53.0 47.0 SE 140 13 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer t Sunshine Indicator not working. MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1952 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.375, 26th Minimum 29.614. 28th, 29th Mean semi-daily 30.024 Range 0.761 Air Temperalure, in Degrees F. Highest 76.0, 6th Lowest 21.0, 26th Mean 50.6 Range 55.0 Highest mean daily 66.0, 6th Lowest mean daily 37.0, 29th Mean maximum 61.7 Mean minimum 39.2 Greatest daily range 35.0, 26th Least daily range 40, 28th Degree-days of heating load for month. 446 Degree-days cumulative for season 557 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.07 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.50 Number of days with .01 or more 3 Wind, in miles Total movement 3344 28 days Greatest daily movement 242, 29th Least daily movement 14, 9th Mean hourly velocity 4.98 Maximum velocity 32. niph., 24th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NW North, days 3 Northeast, days - East, days 2 Southeast, days 6 South, days 4 Southwest, days 3 West, days 5 Northwest, days S Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 71.0 Mean cloudiness, percent 31.'.' Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 5 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine - Thunder and lightning 2nd First Frost 1 1th Normal 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 3.29 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 Extremes 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 57.4, 1947; 43.2. 1890 8.81, 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5467. 1910; 2540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18 21, 1938; 1 17, 1924; 3 19. 1896, 3 232. 1923, 1938; 91 1924 1911 1938 1924 1913 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the October weather was the small amount of rainfall, all of which occurred in the first seven days of the month. The lack of rainfall created very dry woodland conditions, resulting in many forest fires. The first general frost occurred on October 11. Temperatures for the month weie normal; the number of degree days for the month was 446, and the total accumulative degree days for the heating season was 557. Publication of this Document Approved bv George J Cronin, State Purchasing Agent 90S.S08P MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 767 November 1962 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 1952 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature > '■V 1 a o s ffi-a Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum M c Q D E u bO u Q 4) E c cd 01 Si So! ZS3 ■ Bo la lib a; E _ o; to > o° His c Jo 3 X O.I Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c c c £* i be Q V B H i Q c lU 2 > So: CI C M 3X ;5 O c H > c ° a 1- 2 ft c M •a c cd o a T" 32 3 p 1 IS 8 A 25.0 70.0 6.8 NW 133 17 2 28 4p 16 6a 22.0 89.0 0.0 N 35 7 3 42 3p 22 1 A 32.0 77.3 5.4 N 130 11 4 45 3 p 19 7a 32.0 77.0 6.6 NE 81 8 5 44 8 p 2S 3 A 34 5 95.7 00 NE 74 13 1 A 12 p 1.12 6 43 1 p 29 7a 36.0 77.3 3.2 NW 135 17 Oa 1 A 0.09 7 46 3 p 29 8 A 37.5 83.0 5.8 NW 61 17 8 38 4p 22 6 a 30.0 94.3 1.9 NW 10 4 9 44 2 p 34 1a 39.0 84.3 2.3 NW 17 4 10 48 12 p 40 4a 44.0 85.3 0.0 N^' 71 14 11 60 1 p 40 12 p 50.0 95.3 0.0 SE 249 25 4 a 12 p 2.10 T 12 40 Oa 33 8 a 36.5 84.7 0.7 N^W 140 25 Oa M 0.76 13 40 2 p 29 12 p 34.5 74.7 5.6 sw 134 17 14 41 M 27 Oa 34.0 62.7 3.9 s 102 10 IS 35 3 p 17 7a 26.0 73.0 5.4 w 53 7 16 41 2p 25 Oa 33.0 78.7 2.5 sw 141 20 T T 17 48 3 p 32 7 a 40.0 63.0 5.8 w 144 10 18 41 M 26 12 p 33.5 65.0 4.0 s 125 20 19 37 2 p 19 7a 280 73.3 6.6 NW 74 20 20 35 2 p 15 7a 25.0 77.7 6.1 N 36 3 21 34 8p 28 2a 31.0 77.0 0.0 N 56 10 22 35 2 a 29 8 a 32.0 79.0 0.0 N 180 12 T T 23 34 X p 29 Oa 31.5 95.0 0.0 N 199 10 3 a 6 A 0.03 24 48 1 p 29 3 A 38.5 75.3 1.6 N 89 7 7 T 25 43 M 38 12 p 40.5 60.7 0.0 W 186 'n 26 42 1 P 32 10 p 37.0 65.3 2.6 W 206 25 27 38 M 30 8a 34.0 68.7 6.0 w 202 32 28 24 3 p 5 4a 14.5 71.7 6.2 NW 202 13 29 37 4p 10 7 a 23.5 80.0 5.8 NW 36 17 30 40 3 p 27 8 a 33.5 78.3 1.2 S 56 10 31 29 lA 18 8 a 23.5 81.7 0.0 NW 114 14 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY DECEMBER 1952 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.595, 4th Minimum 29.431, lltii Mean semi-daily 30.056 Range 1,1( 4 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 60, 11th Lowest 5. 28th Mean 32.6 Range 55 Highest mean daily 50.0 Lowest mean daily 14.5 Mean maximum 39.7 Mean minimum 25.5 Greatest daily range 26. 4th Least daily range 5, 23rd Degree-days of heating load for month 998 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . .2292 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4. 10 Snow T Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 2.10, 11th Number of days with .01 or more 5 Wind, in miles Total movement 3471 Greatest daily movement 249, 1 1th Least daily movement 10. 8th Mean hourly velocity 4.6 Maximum velocity 32, 27rh Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 7 Northeast, days 2 East, days - Southeast, days 1 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days 5 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.8 Mean cloudiness, percent '')2.1 Number of clear days 3 Number of fair days 12 Number of cloudy days 16 Number of hours bright sunshine 96 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 34.0 Thunder and lightning First Snow Now 8 Norma] 30.66 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 1.09 27.5 56.2 1162.5 2494.0 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.3 31.4 WNW 45.2 Nov. 6 Extremes 31.104, 1949 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895, 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891: 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, 1902, T, 1891, 1943 17. 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6694, 1925; 3239, 1918 66, 1949 69.4 54.9 71, 1929; 39, 1919 8 15, 1890; 0. 1948 9 16, '09; 4, '89, '30, '31, '36, '38 14 25, 1948; 7, '09, '23 128 172, 1896; 27, 1948 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1951. ANNUAL SUMMARY ANNUAL Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.660, Jan. 25th Minimum 29.122, Mar. 11th Mean semi-daily 29.979 Range 1.538 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 98, June 26th Lowest — 7, Jan. 30th Mean :....49.9 Range 105 Highest mean daily 84.5, June 26th Lowest mean daily 6.5 Jan. 30th Mean maximum 60.1 Mean minimum 39.7 Greatest daily range 45, April 22nd Least daily range 3, Jan. 6, 28, July 10 Degree-days 1951-52 heating season. . . .6223 Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 40.61 Snow 38.3 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs.. . .2.70, June 1st Number of days with .01 or more 97 Wind, in miles Total movement 40,259 Greatest daily movement. . . . 461, Feb. 12th Least daily movement 3, Nov. 9th Mean hourly velocity 4.64 Maximum velocity .40, Jan. 18th, Feb. 12th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 38 Northeast, days 41 East, days 13 Southeast, days 40 South, days 41 Southwest, days 37 West, days 44 Northwest, days 112 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 76.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 49.7 Number of clear days 92 Number of fair days 146 Number of cloudy days 127 Number of hours bright sunshine 2134 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 46.6 Last snow Mar. 19th First snow Nov. 8th Last frost May 17th First frost Oct. 11th Normal 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 95.7 —12.2 47.4 107.8 57.8 36.5 6698 43.70 47.78 124 52,223 5.8 39.5 W 67.6 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 52.8 April IS Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Extremes 31.10, 1949 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 104, 1911 —26, 1904 51.7, 1949; 44, 1904 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 146, 1945; 96, 1924 63,571, 1908; 36,257, 1894 705, 1909 80, 1938 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217, 1941; 59, 1927 182. 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038,1941; 1864,1902 Mar. 14 '10; May 11, '07, '45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13, '41 Apr. 14, '43; June 8, '32 Aug. 22, '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09 Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 769 January 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR JANUARY 19 53 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W, Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS DAILY RECORDS Temperature is 3 Ji Wind Precipitation 1 Maximum Minimum E 3 X o.S c c ^* (0 Q HI M a V E Q E H c g > c'Z a rt Em 3'u Zca ;5 O E C3 > ^1 is 2S a 03 pa •g ■a c o c 1 40 4p 21 8 A 30.5. 80.0 6.1 N 114 10 2 38 8p 16 7a 27.0 92.3 1.6 N 19 6 3 39 If 33 8a 36.0 90.0 1.3 NW 111 17 Oa M 1.01 T 4 36 3 p 24 12 p 30.0- 66.0 6.3 NW 206 25 5 36 3 p 17 8 a 26.5 78.0 6.6 NW 73 6 6 32- 4p 18 11 p 25.0 74.7 2.7 S 118 28 T 0.1 7 31- 3 p 19 8 a 25.0 78.7 62. NW 52 5 5 a 8 A 0.04 1.8 8 24 4p 19 8 a 21.5 94.0 1.8 NW 60 8 7p 12 p 0.13 0.8 9 28 11 p 20 Oa 24.0 91.7 0 N 207 17 Oa 12 p 1.09 6.3 10 33 8p 28 Oa 30.5 95.0 0 N 198 17 Oa 10? 0.93 0.4 11 37 1 p 32 2 a 34.5 95.0 0.8 N 145 8 3 a 7 a 0.04 12 37 4a 24 12 p 30.5 60.3 3.9 NW 203 32 T 0.1 13 42 4p 24 Oa 33.0 68.3 2.0 SE 113 13 2 a 8 A 0.02 0.4 14 44 3 p 22 7a 33.0 86.0 5.6 S 17 7 15 42 3 p 24 8 a 33.0 93.7 6.2 s 12 3 16 47 2 p 26 12 p 36.5 85.7 0.9 NW 141 32 17 28 7p 13 8a 20.5 75.3 9.4 NW 126 12 18 49 2p 24 Oa 36.5 97.0 3.6 NW 38 12 Oa 8 a 0.70 19 42 4p 28 7 a 35.0 78.3 3.2 NW 32 11 20 40 2p 31 4 a 35.5 80.7 1.5 NW 11 5 21 39 2 p 30 12 p 34.5 79.7 0.4 NW 75 10 5 p 11 p 0.17 1.4 22 42 3 p 26 9a 34.0 81.7 7.4 N 109 11 23 35 2 p 16 7a 25.5 88.3 1.5 N 14 5 24 52 8p 33 Oa 42.5 97.3 0 S 94 20 2 a 7p 1.36 25 48 Oa 21 12 p 34.5 69.7 2.1 w 274 39 2 a 4a 0.19 26 30 2 p 15 12 p ^2 5 58.0 7.0 NW 327 28 27 22 12 p 11 6 a i6;5 83.3 1.6 NW 25 3 7p 12 p 0.05 ,0.5 28 41 3p 22 Oa 31.5 89.7 1.1 NW 107 25 1 A 11 A 0.51 29 39 3 p 26 7 A 32.5 73.3 7.0 NTV 159 20 30 32 12 p 20 8a 26.0 67.7 6.6 NW 127 14 31 48 3 p 32 Oa 40.0 80.6 4.8 S 184 20 T * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JANUARY 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum SO.eOS, 17th Minimum 29.039, 25th Mean semi-daily 29.994 Range 1 .566 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 52, 24th Lowest 11, 27th Mean 30.4 Range 41 Highest mean daily 42.5, 24th Lowest mean daily 16.5, 27th Mean maximum 37.8 Mean minimum 23.1 Greatest daily range 27, 25th Least daily range 5, 8th, 10th, 11th Degree-days of heating load for month 1071 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . .3363 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.24 Snow 1 1 . S Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.36 Number of days with .01 or more 13 Wind, in miles Total movement 3491 Greatest daily movement 327, 26th Least daily movement 11, 20th Mean hourly velocity 4.07 Maximum velocity 39, 25th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 7 Northeast, days East, days Southeast, days 1 South, days 5 Southwest, days West, days 1 Northwest, days 17 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent H\.(i Mean cloudiness, percent 59.2 Number of clear days 10 Number of fair days 6 Number of cloudy days 15 Number of hours bright sunshine . . . 109.2 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 37.1 Thunder and lightning Nor 30.70 29.20 30.07 1.50 51.1 -7.1 24.2 58.2 1265 3.61 13.32 11 5055 6.8 32.7 WNW Extremes 70. 1 55 9 9 13 137 46.7 31.00, 1927 28.55, 1913 2.18, 1913; 0.97, 1896 66.0, 1932 —26.0, 1904 34.2, 1913; 13.9, 1918 7.15, 1898; 1.07, 1896 33, 1898, 1923 1.50, '08 17, '50, '20; 4, 1901 7770, 1908; 2896, 1895 47, 1938 78, 1932; 37, 1908 20, 1944; 1, 1949 18, 1890, 1926; 3, 1916, 1944 22, 1923, '31, '49; 4, 1920, '39 214, 1920; 50.4, 1949 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are ba.sed on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The weather during the month of January was exceptionally mild. This abnormal weather is reflected in the mean daily tem- perature, which is 6.2 degrees above normal, and the degree days for the month which are 1071, compared to a normal ot 1265. The precipitation for January was 6.24 inches, compared to the normal of 3.61 inches. The mean relative humidity was 81.6 percent, mean cloudi- ness 59.2 percent. Snowfall and snow accumulation were both below normal. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 770 February 1953 Meteorological Observations FOB FEBRUARY 19 5 3 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS DAILY RECORDS Temperature >■ ■5 E 3 X o E X-= Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum ^c c (U jf Q M Q E u.(/3 <^ . ■Mi a; 1- £5 E ■3 > c 03 ■a c > 0 1 46 Oa 10 12 p 28.0 59.7 7.0 NW 411 48 — 0.02 T 2 24 8p 7 6a 15.5 58.7 6.0 NW 146 25 3 29 8p 21 7a 25.0 95.3 0.0 SE 49 8 1 A 11 A 0.32 3.6 4 36 4p 17 12 p 26.5 75.3 6.2 N 182 20 5 38 3 p 10 7a 24.0 80.3 7.5 N 31 10 6 40 8p 12 7a 26.0 88.7 3.4 N 42 6 10 P 12 p 0.06 7 46 3 p 36 8 a 41.0 93.7 0.0 NW 40 6 2 A 8p 0.79 8 36 3 P 31 2 a 33.5 74.7 0.0 N 165 17 9 38 3 p 30 12 p 34.0 60.0 5.6 NW 291 32 T T 10 3 3 p 21 8a 27.0 56.0 7.8 NW 468 32 11 38 3 p 19 8a 28.5 60.7 7.5 NW 59 10 P 12 p 0.03 12 30 Oa 26 8a 28.0 95.0 0.4 NE 97 9 Oa 11 A 0.49 7.4 13 40 3p 26 Oa 33.0 82.0 5.4 E 32 11 14 44 5p 25 1 A 34.5 67.7 7.5 SW 107 10 — 0.01 0.2 15 39 5 p 24 7a 31.5 100.0 0.0 NW 80 48 9a 9p 1.08 T 16 33 5p 25 8a 29.0 56.3 8.0 N 358 48 17 33 2p 24 3 a 28.5 63.0 7.8 N 250 25 — — 0.01 0.2 18 33 3p 20 7a 26.5 59.7 8.4 N 264 25 19 48 4p 2^ 7a 35.0 78.7 8.0 N 14 4 20 52 4p 24 7a 38.0 84.0 5.4 NW 45 13 21 57 3 p 36 12 p 46.5 82.0 0.5 S 307 28 6 a 10 a 0.12 22 36 2p 24 12 p 30.0 59.0 7.1 NW 378 25 23 38 3p 21 8a 29.5 67.7 7.1 NW 130 20 24 54 5p 29 Oa 41.5 69.0 8.0 N-W 97 17 25 46 3p 27 12 p 36.5 66.0 8.1 NW 141 14 26 44 5p 26 3 a 35.0 96.0 2.4 W 40 17 7 a 9 a 0.03 O.I 27 48 2p 34 6a 41.0 75.7 5.6 SW 190 39 28 37 M 22 12 p 29.5 63.0 7.2 NW 209 32 5a 6a 0.01 0.2 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY FEBRUARY 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.479, 20th Minimum . . . ;■ 29.041, ISth Mean semi-daily 29.976 Range 1.438 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 57, 21st Lowest 7,2nd Mean 31.5 Range 50 Highest mean daily 46.5, 21st Lowest mean daily 15.5, 2nd Mean maximum 39.8 Mean minimum 23.2 Greatest daily range 36, 1st Least daily range 4, 12th Degree-days of heating load for month937.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . 4300.5 Precipitation, in inclies Precipitation 2.97 Snow 11.7 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.08, 15th Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 4623 Greatest daily movement 468, 10th Least daily movement 14, 19th Mean hourly velocity 6.88 Maximum velocity 48, 15th, 16th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 8 Northeast, days 1 East, days 1 Southeast, days 1 South, days 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days 1 Northwest, days 13 Weattier Mean relative humidity,' percent 73.'^ Mean cloudiness, percent 53 Number of clear days 13 Number of fair days 8 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . . 147.9 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50.1 Normal Extremes 30.63 29.24 30.04 1.38 50.5 —7.4 23.7 58 32.8 14.5 1167 4927 3.19 13.99 10 4776 7.1 31.7 WNW ()6.(i 50.9 10 8 10 158 53.4 31.05, 1920 28.56, 1895 1.89, '00, '08; .88, '13, '31 65.0, 1930 —23. 1943 32.6, 1890; 11.6, 1934 8.12, 1900; 0.62,, 1901 48.75, 1893; 0.50, 1937 15, 1893, 1920; 4, 1901 6445, 1896; 3402, 1949 50, 194/'. 66, 1890, 1927; 31, 1905 19, 1941; 2, 1927 16,1920; 2,1936 16, 1894; 2, 1920 221, 1924; 110, '27, '38 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of February was 7.8 degrees (F) above normal. This is the highest February mean daily temperature since 1925. February is the fourth consecutive month having a mean daily temperature above normal. The degree days accumulative for the 1952-53 heating season are 4300.5 compared to a normal of 4927. The mild winter is reflected in the low number of degree days. Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No 771 March 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR MARCH 19 53 1. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72' 31' 48" W Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS DAILY RECORDS Temperature E 3 > So: 3 J: »> . 3-C Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum 1.1 £5 a V E s > si c cd ■c •o c O a. V Q B 0 V E H 1 30 3 p 16 7 A 23;0 62.3 8.6 NW 242 32 2 32 4p 10 5a 21.0 57.7 8.3 N 188 13 3 38 5 p 14 7a 26.0 72.7 6.8 N 115 13 9p 12 p 0.07 4 53 3 p 32 Oa 42.5 94.0 0.8 S 129 15 Oa 8 a 0.91 T 5 40 Oa 30 12 p 35.0 72.0 6.3 NW 292 48 T 6 40 2 p 27 8a 33.5 64.3 7.8 W 277 32 7 31 2 p 19 12 p 25.0 51.3 9.8 w 349 25 T 8 28 3p 15 7a 21.5 46.3 8.4 NW 102 13 9 34 4p 14 5 a 24.0 58.0 9.3 W 187 25 10 27 4 p 14 12 p 20.5 44.7 9.4 NW 294 28 11 37 4p 8 7a 22.5. 60.0 9.0 NW 95 13 12 52 2 p 28 Oa 40.0 92.0 2.8 SE 108 8 8p 12 p 0.19 — 13 51 3 p 42 8a 46.5 96.3 0.0 SE 93 20 0 A 3 p 1.77 — 14 55 3 p 36 12 p 45.5 72.0 8.8 NW 153 9 15 43 9p 32 3 a 37.5 98.3 0.0 NW 13 5 8a 12 p 1.58 16 49 1 p 39 6a 44.0 79.7 4.6 N 139 17 Oa 3 a 0.19 17 45 3 p 36 9p 40.5 70.3 2.0 W 135 17 18 52 3 p 28 6a 40.0 63.0 8.6 NW 28 9 19 39 11 A 34 3 p 36.5 83.0 0.0 S 42 10 (lOP t M /12P I 3P 0.20 20 46 1 p 33 2 a 39.5 81.7 8.6 sw 40 16 2 p 3 p 0.04 T 21 51 4p 32 6a 41.5 65.7 9.6 w 69 6 22 58 3 p 32 5 a 45.0 70.7 8.2 s 118 10 23 67 3 p 32 6a 49.5 73.0 9.2 s 138 17 24 60 11 A ; 51 12 p 55.5 88.7 0.5 SE 216 20 11 A 9p 1.19 25 57 2 p 41 7a 49.0 84.0 6.4 NW 101 30 4p 11 p 0.37 26 57 1 p 49 6a 53.0 81.3 4.6 SE 142 14 6p 12 p 0.32 ! 27 51 3 p 44 12 p 47.5 87.0 0.8 E 149 17 Oa 8p 0.21 28 50 2 p 40 12 p 45.0 82.7 3.6 SE 94 10 29 46 ! IP 34 5 a 40.0 92.7 3.2 S 94 32 1 p 12 p 0.32; 30 47 ! 3 p 40 8a 43.5 86.0 18 NW 437 25 Oa 8 a i 0.91' 31 56 ' 4p 43 3 a 49,5 77.0 7.8 NW 250 17 7 a 8 a ■ 0.01 I Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Oh ta a) c to ■Bo E a > B bo (U oa •a c a 0 c I 60 1 P 40 6 A 50.0 74.0 7.2 NW 42 5 9p 11 p 0.03; 9 60 1 P 41 12 p 50.5 79.7 0.8 NW 61 20 2 a 6p 0.25! 3 63 4p 33 5 a 48.0 68.7 10.2 NW 48 5 4 65 2p 33 6 a 49.0 60.7 9.4 SE 89 14 11 p 12 p 0.03: 5 62 Ip 42 12 p 52.0 63.3 8.8 NW 91 17 Oa 2 a 0.02 b 57 4p 32 6a 44.5 60.0 9.0 NW 60 9 1 a 11 p 0.85' 7 47 3p 42 12 p 44.5 87.0 0.0 SE 69 7 8 59 5 p 41 12 p 50.0 73.3 8.7 N 128 10 9 64 2p 37 4a 50.5 66.7 9.6 S 46 8 10 52 10 a 44 9p 48.0 90.0 0.0 SE 149 11 11 a 12 p 0.37 11 61 5 p 44 1 A 52.5 71.3 8.7 W 154 18 12 52 11 A 41 4a 46.5 78.3 3.2 SW 91 6 2 p 12 p 0.71 13 47 3p 32 9p 39.5 94.3 0.3 NW 162 18 4p 12 p 1.05 T 14 39 6p 32 Oa 35.5 64.3 6.6 W 395 32 Oa 8 a 0.36 1.4 15 59 5p 35 6a 47.0 45.0 10.9 W 302 32 16 47 5p 33 6 a 40.0 89.3 0.0 w 82 22 9a 6p 0.61 17 59 1 p 38 3 a 48.5 61.0 9.0 w 235 32 T 18 44 Op 35 4a 39.5 72.3 1.6 SW 75 9 5p 12 p 0.15 19 41 11 A 33 12 P 37.0 85.7 0.0 NW 123 11 M 12 p 0.29 20 44 3p 33 Oa 38.5 69.3 6.5 W 185 25 Oa 3 a 0.07 0.4 21 47 1 p 36 3 a 41.5 64.0 6.3 W 233 28 22 65 2 p 34 5 a 49.5 51.3 9.8 s 182 25 T 23 69 1 p 49 4a 59.0 44.7 10.3 w 341 39 24 69 4p 46 5 a 57.5 46.0 10.9 w 187 20 25 63 3p 48 3 a 55.5 68.7 5.9 s 65 10 6a 8a 0.02 26 56 1 p 50 12 p 53.0 88.0 0.8 SE 36 28 Oa 12 p 0.55 27 63 1 p 46 12 p 54.5 73.0 7.5 w 138 20 28 51 1 p 40 9p 45.5 62.3 7.2 w 291 32 1 29 61 5p 38 4 a 49.5 53.0 10.3 w 226 28 30 67 3p 35 6 a 51.0 50.0 10.3 w 68 11 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY APRIL, 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.102, 30th Minimum 29.328. 13th Mean si mi-daily 29.7(S6 Range 0.774 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 69, 23rd. 24th Lowest 32, 6th. 13th, I4th Mean 47.6 Range 37 Highest mean daily 5^.0, 23rd Lowest mean daily . .'■* 35.5. 14th Mean maximum 56.4 Mean minimum 3S.7 Greatest daily range 32.0, 4th, 29th Least daiU range 2.0, 26th Degree-days of heating load for month 520 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . 5652 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.36 Snow 1.8 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.05 Number of days with .01 or more 15 Wind, in miles Total movement 4354 Greatest daily movement 395, 14th Least daily movement 36, 26th Mean hourly velocity 6.0 Maximum velocity 39, 23rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction VVNW North, days 1 Northeast, days — East, days — Southeast, days 4 South, days 3 Southwest, days 2 West, days 13 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 68.5 Mean cloudiness, percent 65.6 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 9 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . . 189.8 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 47.4 Thunder and lightning 10th, 26th Last snow April 20th Normal 30.48 29.38 29.99 Lll 79.4 22.0 45.7 57.4 56.S 34. S SI") 6455 l.\7 11 5404 7.5 31.4 WNW 61.6 51.8 11 9 10 220 54.7 Apr. 15 Extremes 30.71', 1911 28.98, 1943 1.52, 1930; 0.65, 1950 yO, 1941 ^3. 1923 :2.1, 1V41; 41, 1943 0.89, 1929; .55, 1941 11, 1891; 0, 1910, 1934 18, 1909; 3, 1892 8208. 1908; 3853, 1917 40, 1935, 193S, 1940, 1945 75, 1901; 34. 1925, 1927 23, 1941; 1, 1949 18, 1915; 2. 1894, 1901 22, 1901; 1, 1^)41 329, 1941; 103, 1901 Mar. 14, 1910; May 11, 1907,'45 Note — The first column in the above summary- lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on. observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity lecords are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. R E 31 A R K S The mean daily temperature during April was 1.9 degrees above nor- mal. The precipitation was 5.36 inches. 2.01 inches above normal; the precipitation since January 1 was 22.85 inches. Dr. Frank Southwick of the Pomology Department made the following observations: ''Although April averaged 1.9 degi'ees above normal, bud develop- ment of fruit plants at the end of the month was about average. Ap- parently the maximum daily temperatures were sufficiently low to impede growth even though the average mean temperatures were above normal. Mcintosh apples reached delayed dormant about April 10. They remained dormant about tM'o weeks and were not in a full pink stage at the end of the month. "About April 25, plums, cherries, and peaches commenced to bloom, but are not expected to reach full bloom until early May. Since the blossom period will probably occur about the usual time, the chances of loss of fruit from spring frosts do not appear to be great. Excessive rainfall in April has made scab control a difficult problem for apple growers and has delayed the planting of annual crops." Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 773 May 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR MAY 19 5 3 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '•V E 3 K V > 2»s 3 i 0.5 o§ E M) 3"C 2m Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c a ■Mo cub B V E — 01 2 > — * IS S a c to M n •o B w a Q E V v v Q V B H o c 1 47 2p 38 12 p 42.5 82.0 0.6 N 109 13 1 A 3 P 8A 9 P 1.33 2 44 2p 38 6a 41.0 81.7 0.0 N 75 10 Oa 12 p 0.24 3 54 3p 37 4a 45.5 78.0 8.4 E 70 4 Oa lA 0.02 4 73 5p 33 5 a 53.0 63.0 11.6 NW 44 5 5 64 5 p 51 7a 57.5 89.7 6.2 S 72 4 5a 10 a 0.28 6 79 3p 47 5a 63.0 68.0 10.0 s 79 12 7 69 1 p 58 4a 63.5 89.7 0.2 s 70 4 4p 9p 0.19 8 72 3 p 58 6a 65.0 88.3 5.6 SE 80 13 4 A 6P 6 A lOP 0.59 9 79 2p 54 5 a 66.5 78.3 ■ 8.4 W 59 5 2p 3p 0.01 10 87 4p 50 5a 68.5 65.7 11.0 sw 37 4 11 90 4p 51 5a 70.5 56.3 9.0 s 24 5 12 88 4p 56 S A 72.0 62.0 10.5 SE 49 4 13 79 3p 61 5 A 70.0 73.3 7.7 SE 106 10 7p 10 p 0.18 14 72 2p 57 12 p 64.5 82.7 4.8 SE 65 9 15 57 5p 54 5 a 55.5 93.3 0.0 SE 73 8 9a 4p 0.44 16 74 6p 55 Oa 64.5 73.3 11.8 N 57 10 17. 60 3 p 53 12 p 56.5 93.0 0.0 SE 73 8 1 A 8a 0.73 18 79 4p 52 3 a 65.5 78.7 6.5 SE 95 25 1 A 5a 0.28 19 77 2p 55 5 a 66.0 64.7 10.1 W 58 7 20 80 2p 51 5 a 65.5 68.3 10.5 SW 39 7 21 76 3 p 52 5 a 64.0 65.3 11.4 E 85 15 22 75 6p 51 1 A 63.0 85.0 4.3 E 106 10 11 P 12 p 0.37 23 69 2p 52 12 p 60.5 61.7 11.2 W 241 25 Oa 2a 0.66 24 73 4p 43 4a 58.0 55.3 11.8 W 188 22 25 74 2 p 46 4a 60.0 63.0 11.8 NW 100 20 26 70 11 A 46 5a 58.0 65.0 6.0 NW 54 15 2p 9p 0.83 27 69 M 46 3a 57.5 72.7 7.7 NW 94 20 3p 12 p 0.54 28 59 M 47 3 a 53.0 68.7 10.2 NW 245 25 Oa 2a 0.07 2Q 66 3 p 41 5 a 53.5 54.0 11.3 NW 128 15 30 59 M 43 2a 51.0 74.7 6.9 NW 41 5 31 70 4p 40 5a 55.0 63.3 10.2 NW 42 8 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY MAY, 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.293, 4th Minimum 29.513, 18th Mean semi-daily 29.91 1 Range 0.780 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 90, 11th Lowest 33, 4th Mean 59.7 Range 57 Highest mean daily 72.0, 12th Lowest mean daily 41.0, 2nd Mean maximum 70.5 Mean minimum 48.9 Greatest daily range 40, 4th Least daily range 3, 15th Degree-days of heating load for monthl89.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . 5841.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 6.76 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.33 Number of days with .01 or more 16 Wind, in miles Total movement 2658 Greatest daily movement 245, 28th Least daily movement 24, 11th Mean hourly velocity 3.6 Maximum velocity 25, 18th, 23rd, 28th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 3 Northeast, days — East, days 3 Southeast, days 7 South, days 4 Southwest, days 2 West, days 4 Northwest, days 8 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.9 Mean cloudiness, percent 62.6 Number of clear days 12 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 6 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .235,7 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 52.1 Thunder and lightning 7th, 8th, 12th, 23rd, 26th, and 27th Nor 30.39 29.51 29.96 0.88 86.1 31.2 57.1 54.9 56.8 34.8 Extremes 3.60 12 4504 6.1 28.8 W 60.7 52.1 11 11 9 252 55.6 30.62, 1936 29.10, 1938 94.5, 1896, 1911 24.0, 1900 7.44, 1931; .48, 1903 20, 1901, 1945; 5, 1903 5946, 1907; 2180, 1894 45, 1935 72, 1948; 30, 1923 21, 1944; 0, 1927 18, 1949; 5, 1923 20, 1927, 2, 1941 350, 1944; 137, 1927 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of May was 2.6 de- grees above normal. The rainfall for the month was 6.76 inches compared to the normal of 3.60 inches. Dr. Frank Southwick of the Pomology Department makes the following remarks : "May was another very wet month with total rainfall about double the average amount. Temperatures for the month were near the seasonal average so that fruit plants generally blossomed at about the expected time. Peaches were in full bloom about May„ and apples were in the pink stage of development on the same date. All apple varieties blossomed from May 9 to 13. Weather conditions during the apple blossoming period were excellent for pollination and ferti- lization. A good set of all fruits is anticipated. No killing frosts were experienced in the fruit-producing areas of the State during May." Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing AgenTi MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 774 June 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR JUNE 19 53 L J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature >. ■5 E 3 X 3 i Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum OD c a* cd Q M Q a (3 3'n 2M ;5 O E — 1) a > c m ■o c V rt ^ o c T" 75 3p 43 5 A 59.0 50.7 11.6 NW 2 74 4p 45 5 A 59.5 43.3 12.0 NW 174 25 3 72 5 p 41 5a 56.5 45.7 12.5 NW 142 22 4 78 3f 48 3 a 63.0 67.3 6.4 NW 27 4 T 5 89 3 p 59 6a 74.0 66.0 10.4 NE 72 17 6 92 3? 69 5a 80.5 60.0 11.1 SW 156 17 10 p 11 P 0.01 7 80 5 p 57 12 p 68.5 71.7 5.6 SW 92 15 11 a 1 P 0.06 8 79 5 p 50 5 A 64.5 58.3 11.6 W 69 10 9 90 5 p 60 4 a 75.0 68.0 8.8 SE 215 36 10 76 4p 54 12 p 65.0 46.3 12.2 NW 281 25 11 74 4p 47 4a 60.5 38.7 12.2 NW 192 25 12 77 3 p 43 5 a 60.0 57.0 10.7 NW 59 13 13 70 llA 49 6a 59.5 61.7 7.5 SE 57 9 3 p 7p 0.04 14 71 4p 49 12 p 60.0 63.0 10.6 NE 106 10 15 83 4p 43 5a 63.0 60.0 9.0 NE 53 12 16 87 If 51 5a 69.0 55.0 11.3 NW 38 4 17 85 4p 53 5 A 69.0 60.7 8.9 S 67 8 18 82 5p 59 5 A 70.5 62.0 10.9 SE 70 5 19 90 4p 58 5a 74.0 66.7 10.6 SE 47 5 20 98 4p 63 4a 80.5 66.7 10.8 W 54 10 21 97 1 p 71 5 a 84.0 78.0 5.8 w 42 32 n p 1 p 12 P 4 P 0.68 22 88 2p 66 12 p 77.0 82.7 8.7 NE 69 10 3 A 7 A 0.55 23 81 4p 59 12 p 70.0 53.7 11.6 w 170 22 24 79 5 p 55 3 a 67.0 48.7 11.9 w 161 18 25 84 2p 49 4a 66.5 56.7 11.1 SE 71 15 26 95 3p 63 5 A 79.0 71.0 9.1 SE 148 15 4p 5 p 0.22 27 87 6p 65 12 p 76.0 60.7 11.4 NW 94 12 2a 4a 0.07 28 88 3p 56 4a 72.0 63.3 11.7 SE 93 13 8p 12 p 0.58 29 88 4p 65 12 p 76.5 69.7 11.4 SE 67 12 Oa 4 a 0.20 30 88 3 p 57 [ 5a \ 72.5 63.3 i 12.0 W 53 11 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY JUNE, 1953 Normal Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30. 191, 28th Minimum 29.654, 9th Mean semi-daily 29.957 Range 0.537 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 98,20th Lowest 41, 3rd Mean 69.1 Range 57 Highest mean daily 84.0, 21st Lowest mean daily 56.5, 3rd Mean maximum 83.2 Mean minimum 54.9 Greatest daily range 40, 15th Least daily range 21, 13th Degree-days of heating load for month. 44.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . 5886.0 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.41 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.68 Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 2939 Greatest daily movement 281, 10th Least daily movement 27, 4th Mean hourly velocity 4.1 Maximum velocity 36, 9th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days — Northeast, days 4 East, days — Southeast, days 8 South, days 1 Southwest, days 2 West, days 6 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 60.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 47.7 Number of clear days 19 Number of fair days 11 Number of cloudy days — Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .309.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 67.7 Thunder and lightning 6th, 20th, 21st, 22nd. 26th, 27th, 29th 30.. 30 29.55 29.95 0.75 91.2 40.0 65.7 51.3 Extremes 3.75 11 3585 5.0 24.6 WS\\' 66.9 51.1 10 12 8 257 54.0 30.70, 1947 2'>.24, 1902 101, 1919 34. 1891 71.'^ 1949; 4'>.5, l'^17 9.68, 1922; 0.72, 1949 17. 1922, 1945: 4, 1908 4571, 1908; 1409, 1906 48, 1939 71, 1903; 28, 1908 22. 1908. 1941 1943; 0, 1949 23, 1912; 3. 1941 22, 1903; 1, 1923 365, 1947, 102. 1903 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for the month of June was 69.1 degrees. This is 3.4 degrees above normal. The precipitation for the month was 2.41 inches compared to the normal of 3.75 inches. During the period May 28 to June 21 there was only 0.11 inch of rainfall, thereby creating mild drought conditions. Dr. Frank Southwick of the Pomology Department makes the following remarks: 'The month of June was below normal in rainfall but above aver- age in sunlight and average mean temperature. Dry weather notice- ably influenced the size and yield of unirrigated strawberries. It does not appear that dry weather has influenced growth of tree fruits yet. Now that the June drop is over, it is apparent that most apple varieties which bloomed, with the possible exception of Delicious, have set enough fruit for a full crop. The above normal amount of sunlight is expected to favor flower bud formation for the 1954 apple crop and help return many alternating Mcintosh blocks to an annual bearing condition. As one might expect, following the excessively wet months of March, April, and May, apple scab is a serious problem in many orchards. Peaches have set very heavily, and an above average crop of this fruit is anticipated." Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No 775 July 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR JULY 1953 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature jo E 3 X o 5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c C c J» Q u u Q B Q V B c CS 4) E M 3'n ZCQ ■S o 11 V E — (U CO > si 2 a c a n T3 V C o n I ~8^ 4p 66 5 A 76.0 67.7 9.8 w 71 10 T 2 89 4p 70 4a 79.5 78.0 10.1 NW 93 20 3 A 4 A 0.01 3 82 2p 60 11 p 71.0 51.3 11.5 NW 239 32 4 82 4p 51 5 a 66.5 54.3 12.0 W 59 7 5 86 4 p 51 4a 68.5 58.7 11.7 SW 58 8 6 82 2p 61 4a 71.5 70.7 8.7 SE 145 13 T 7 85 2p 62 12 p 73.5 54.0 11.7 W 150 17 6 a 7 A 0.01 8 84 1 p 54 5a 69.0 71.0 8.0 SW 62 22 2 p 12 p 0.S4 9 74 M 59 5 A 66.5 60.0 10.8 w 158 22 10 78 2 p 49 5 A 63.5 61.0 11.1 w 92 14 11 81 3 p 50 5 a 65.5 63.7 11.2 w 33 12 12 82 3p 55 5 a 68.5 67.3 10.2 w 43 7 13 72 6p 58 11 A 65.0 81.3 6.3 NW 141 18 6 a M 0.45 14 76 3p 54 4a 65.0 79.3 7.9 NW 50 5 15 88 4p 58 4a 75.0 79.3 8.4 NW 44 8 16 92 2 p 61 5a 76.5 68.0 10.5 NW 75 17 17 96 4p 62 5a 79.0 65.7 11.5 W 46 13 18 97 3 p 67 4a 82.0 60.0 11.3 NW 47 10 19 90 4p 65 5 a 77.5 67.3 9.9 W 56 10 20 89 4p 70 6a 79.5 82.3 7.4 SE 63 7 4p 5 p 0.03 21 89 1 p 69 5a 79.0 75.0 8.1 SE 49 10 2 p 6p 0.07 22 80 2p 68 5 a 74.0 75.7 9.2 NE 97 10 23 70 1 p 65 12 p 67.5 87.0 0.0 NE 47 9 10 a 5 p 0.52 24 78 1 p 56 12 p 67.0 62.3 11.0 NW 165 18 25 76 5 p 47 5a 61.5 60.0 11.6 NW 60 7 26 84 2p 54 4a 69.0 64.3 10.8 S 109 9 27 88 4p 65 4a 76.5 76.7 6.9 SE 96 12 28 86 3 p 59 5a 72.5 64.0 10.8 SW 72 17 29 77 6p 55 4 a 66.0 75.7 3.4 NW 35 8 2p 3 p 0.02 30 91 3p 70 4a 80.5 57.3 10.7 W 105 11 31 84 3 p 59 5 p 71.5 49.3 10.9 NW 187 25 iased oil least time required to blow one mile. Hans [oa Oh'^ervtr MONTHLY SUMMARY JULY, 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.307, 25th Minimum 29,511, 2nd Mean semi-daily 29.981 Range 0.796 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 97, 18th Lowest 47, 25th Mean 71.7 Range 50.0 Highest mean daily 82.0, 18th Lowest mean daily 61.5, 25th Mean maximum 83.7 Mean minimum 59.7 Greatest daily range 35, 5th Least daih range 5, 23rd Degree-days of heating load for month. Degree-days cumulative for season. . . Precipitation, in incties Precipitation 1.95 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 0.84 Number of days with .01 or more S Wind, in miles Total movement 2747 Greatest daily movement 239, 3rd Least daily movement 33, 11th Mean hourly velocity 3.7 Maximum velocity 32. 3rd Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days — Northeast, days 2 East, days — Southeast, days 4 South, days 1 Southwest, days 3 West, days 10 Northwest, days 11 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.4 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.0 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 2 Number of hours bright sunshine.. . .293.4 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.3 Thunder and lightning 8th. 9th. 20th, 21st Normal Extremes 30.27 29.59 29.96 0.68 .i0.50, 1892 29.27, 1932 0.97, 1892; 0.47, 1938 93.9 46.4 70.8 47.7 104, 1911 40, 1890, 1898 66.3, IS'n; 76.0, 1949 4.10 14.51, 1897; 0.70. 1929 11 20, 1915; 4, 1924 3422 5097, 1909; 1 109, 1894 4.6 28.7 44, 1936 SW 68.4 50.9 10 14 7 268 70, 1^43; 31, 1924 22, 1923; 0, 1915 24. 1909, 1921; 4, 1946 18, 1889; 0, 1910 371, 1910; 180, 1931 58 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observation* made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The small amount of rainfall, 1.95 inches, compared to the normal of 4.10 inches, was the outstanding feature of the July weather. The mean daily temperature and the mean relative humidity were both very near normal. The temperature was in the "90's" for four consecutive days, .July 16. 17, 18, and 19. According to Professor Kightlinger of the Depart- ment of Agronomy this hot spell caused considerable damage to tobacco. Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 776 August 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR AUGUST 19 5 3 \. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 i.5 Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c n C J* Q a; V Q B a n) IS £(3 E — V a > o2 His §1 B ca m ■o V •a c o a in T" 79 3 p 48 5 A 63.5 47.3 11.2 w 107 17 2 71 4p 54 12 p 62.5 75.7 4.4 w 28 4 7 A 9 a 0.03 3 78 5p 49 2 a 63.5 56.3 7.7 NW 69 9 4 77 M 52 4 a 64.5 66.0 11.7 SE 104 13 T 5 78 10 A 57 12 p 67.5 75.3 5.0 SE 188 20 () 80 4p 52 6 a 66.0 60.3 11.1 N 74 10 7 81 3 p 52 6 a 66.5 64.7 10.0 E 63 11 H 84 4p 52 3 a 68.0 62.7 108. E 43 7 9 77 2p 66 4 a 71.5 83.3 3.4 SE 58 14 IOp 12 p 0.83 10 84 4p 67 6 a 75.5 85.0 7.9 E 106 12 Oa 5 p 1.01 11 79 3p 62 12 p 70.5 79.0 9.9 W 103 17 T 12 84 5p 55 4 a 69.5 77.7 9.4 NW 33 4 13 87 3 p 65 3 a 76.0 76.3 8.2 S 95 11 14 79 1 p 70 6a 74.5 79.0 7.2 s 52 6 15 84 3 p 65 12 p 74.5 59.7 10.6 w 170 25 16 80 2 p 55 5 a 67.5 58.7 11.0 w 106 13 17 77 5p 57 6a 67.0 72.7 8.6 w 73 — 18 76 3p 47 6 a 61.5 67.0 10.5 w 60 11 19 77 3 F 45 5 a 61.0 63.3 9.8 w 79 15 20 76 4p 49 6a 62.5 59.0 10.8 NW 50 11 21 77 3p 50 6a 63.5 64.7 8.6 NW 37 7 22 80 3 p 50 7 a 65.0 68.3 9.8 NE 20 6 23 84 3 p 54 3 a 69.0 69.0 8.2 N 45 5 24 87 2 p 55 4a 71.0 71.7 9.5 N 55 11 T 25 88 4p 58 5 a 73.0 73.0 9.0 NW 58 10 26 86 2 p 67 6 a 76.5 69.7 7.2 SE 70 11 T 27 90 3 p 60 6 a 75.0 70.0 9.7 W 15 6 28 94 3 p 66 4a 80.0 66.7 8.6 s 82 12 29 96 3p 62 6a 79.0 61.0 10.0 NW 68 12 30 96 2 p 61 6a 78.5 60.7 8.7 NW 31 10 31 95 3 p 65 4a 80.0 52.3 9.8 S 133 18 * Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY AUGUST, 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.300, 12th Minimum 29.558, 5th Mean semi-daily 30.078 Range 0.742 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 96,, 29th, 30th Lowest 45, 19th Mean 69.8 Range 51.0 Highest mean daily 80.0, 28th, 3 1st Lowest mean daily 61.0, l^th Mean maximum 82.6 Mean minimum 57.0 Greatest daily range 35.0, 30th Least daily range 9.0, 14th Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.87 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.01, 10th Number of days with .01 or more 3 Wind, in miles Total movement 2275 Greatest daily movement 188, 5th Least daily movement 15, 27th Mean hourly velocity 3.1 Maximum velocity 25. 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 3 Northeast, days 1 East, days 3 Southeast, days 4 South, days 4 Southwest, days — West, days 9 Northwest, days 7 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 67.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 40.5 Number of clear days 16 Number of fair days 14 Number of cloudy days 1 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .278.3 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 64.6 Thunder and lightning — Normal Extremes 30.32 29.61 30.00 0.71 91.6 43.4 68.6 48.1 4.08 11 3127 4.2 22.7\ SW 30.50, 1934 28.87, 19.30 100, 1918, 1948 34, 1940 62.4, 1903;73.5. 1939 8.40, 1948; 0.31, 1894 16, 1892, 1933; 4, 189<) 4.217, 1910; 1,920, 1894 ^0, I'Ml 70.2 49.7 9 13 9 237 67, 1901, 1946; 27, 1^23 23, 1941; 0, 1915, 1929 25. 1912; 3, 1939 IS, 1901, 1928; 2, 1910, 1923 332, 1941 ;1 52, 1915, 1929 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The weather for the month of August was unusual. The early part of the month was cool with the last week in the month reaching record highs. The mean daily temperature for the month was 1.2 degrees above normal. Although the record high temperature for August was not broken, record high temperatures were recorded for August 29, 30 and 31. The rainfall for the month was 1.87 inches compared to the normal of 4.08 inches. Dr. Ives of South Amherst reported that August was the tenth consecutive month with above normal temperatures. He also observed that this was the fifth driest sinnmer (least rain) since 1929. Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 777 September 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR SEPTEMBER 19 5 3 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 E 3 o.S Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum '^c c J* a 0 M Q V E to Q V S H c a > E M ;S_0 £5 E OJ > 2S. c ca bC (V •0 V •0 c U 0 a 1 95 3p 57 6a 76.0 53.7 10.1 NW 36 7 2 99 3 p 68 5 a 83.5 57.0 9.4 S 109 20 3 96 2p 68 6a 82.0 62.3 9.3 NW 42 10 4 92 3p 67 3 a 79.5 76.3 6.7 SE 85 13 T 5 90 Ip 73 5p 81.5 73.3 7.9 SE 213 20 6 78 3p 65 12 p 71.5 75.3 5.3 NW 115 11 T 7 80 M 56 12 p 68.0 78.3 5.0 NW 157 18 8 76 2p 50 5a 63.0 56.0 9.3 W 129 20 9 73 2 p 40 5 a 56.5 61.7 9.7 w 94 13 10 76 3p 38 6a 57.0 64.0 10.0 w 47 9 11 81 3 p 43 6a 62.0 64.0 9.7 w 49 8 12 74 M 49 6a 61.5 78.7 4.9 SE 118 13 10 p 12 p 0.08 13 73 1 P 53 12 p 63.0 68.3 8.1 sw 193 20 Oa 3 A 1.42 14 65 3 p 50 5 a 57.5 55.7 10.0 w 216 22 15 66 4p 44 6a 55.0 71.0 4.8 sw 23 "2 16 77 3 p 47 5 a 62.0 75.0 7.6 s 66 13 8p 10 p 0.12 17 70 4p 47 6 a 58.5 70.0 9.4 NW 103 15 18 70 4p 44 4a 57.0 66.0 9.6 NW 83 10 19 71 3p 44 7a 57.5 75.3 8.7 SE 128 13 20 76 11 A 59 Oa 67.5 70.7 4.3 SE 141 13 21 77 4p 56 12 p 66.5 77.7 6.3 SE 113 20 3 A 9 P 7A 12P 0.26 22 66 2p 43 12 p 54.5 68.0 7.9 W 132 18 23 61 3 p 34 6a 47.5 67.0 9.4 w 61 14 24 68 4p 30 6a 49.0 69.0 8.8 NW 69 10 25 70 Ip 41 6a 55.5 74.7 7.3 SE 94 11 26 78 3p 57 Oa 67.5 72.3 7.9 SE 138 10 27 78 M 60 3 a 69.0 81.0 6.8 SE 80 28 73 3p 50 12 p 61.5 63.0 9.0 NW 85 13 29 75 2p 43 5 a 59.0 68.3 8.9 NW 63 30 69 4p 44 5 a 56.5 80.7 7.5 SE 118 22 Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY SEPTEMBER 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.567, 24th Minimum 29.623, 13th Mean semi-daily 30.006 Range 0.944 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 99, 2nd Lowest 30, 24th Mean 63.5 Range 49 Highest mean daily 83.5, 2nd Lowest mean daily 47.5, 23rd Mean maximum 76.4 Mean minimum 50.6 Greatest daily range 38, 1, 10, 11, 24 Least daily range 13, 6th Degree-days of heating load for month. 141 Degree-days cumulative for season 141 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 1.42 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.42 Number of days with .01 or more 4 Wind, in miles Total movement 3 100 Greatest daily movement 216, 14th Least daily movement 23, 15th Mean hourly velocity 4.3 Maximum velocity 22, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days — Northeast, days — East, days — Southeast, days 10 South, days 2 Southwest, days 2 West, days 7 Northwest, days 9 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 69.3 Mean cloudiness, percent 38.2 Number of clear days 15 Number of fair days 15 Number of cloudy days — Number of hours bright sunshine. . . .239.6 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 63.8 Thunder and lightning — First Frost 24th Normal 30.45 29.57 30.00 87.7 33.2 61.7 54.5 4.24 10 3271 4.5 25.9 WSW Extremes 73.6 49.9 10 10 10 201 54.9 Sept. 21 30.65, 1924 28.41, 1938 1.99, 1938; 57, 1910 97,1895, 1929 24.5, 1914 14.55, 1938; 0.52, 1914 16, 1933; 3, 1903 4,680, 1896; 1414, 1894 80, 1938 70,1934; 23, 1947 19, 1932; 2, 1907, 1928 19, 1908; 3, 1889 20, 1934; 3, 1941, 1948 255, 1916; 106, 1934 Oct. 13, 1909; Aug. 22, 1894-95 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the September weather was the low rainfall. The precipitation was 1.88 inches compared to the normal of 4.24 inches. A new record temperature for the month was established Septem- ber 2 when the mercury reached 99 degrees. Publication of This Document Approved by George J Cronin, State Purchasing Agenti MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 778 October 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR OCTOBER 19 5 3 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature '■V 1 3 3 ^ Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum c c .2* a a u a 4) E H M 1) Q B H c ca 0) > 3"C S.I (U I- n a > h2 si c BH 0) « 1 c o B 1 75 2p 48 12? 61.5 56.3 9.0 NW 102 2 76 4p 38 5a 57.0 66.7 8.9 NW 55 3 81 3 p 40 6a 60.5 64.7 8.7 NW 50 4 80 Ip 48 2a 64.0 67.3 8.4 S 137 5 63 Oa 48 12 p 55.5 85.0 0.0 N 95 8a 11 P 0.46 6 52 M 44 12 p 48.0 89.0 0.0 NW 92 11 2p 12 p 0.77 7 52 2p 38 12 p 45.0 73.0 6.1 NW 205 28 Oa 3 a 0.16 8 57 1 p 33 6a 45.0 62.0 9.0 NW 121 15 9 66 2p 27 6 a 46.5 63.7 8.4 NW 45 7 10 68 3p 33 6a 50.5 75.9 5.9 S 37 7 11 63 3 p 39 4 a 51.0 75.3 4.2 NW 62 8 12 61 3p 42 12 p 51.5 77.7 4.9 NW 122 20 T 13 61 4p 29 5 a 45.0 68.3 8.7 NW 32 4 14 67 4p 25 6 a 46.0 62.7 8.4 NW 44 8 T 15 74 4p 32 7a 53.0 72.0 7.5 S 49 8 ■ 16 74 4p 39 7a 56.5 66.3 8.0 S 30 8 17 76 3p 33 7a 54.5 67.7 8.1 N 25 10 18 74 2p 36 6a 55.0 64.3 7.9 NW 29 12 19 77 3 p 49 1 A 63.0 69.7 6.0 S 73 10 20 77 1 p 51 6 A 64.0 70.0 6.2 s 62 9 21 58 2 p 46 12 p 52.0 77.7 0.0 NE 76 9 22 62 2 p 40 6 a 51.0 59.7 7.1 NE 117 11 23 63 1 p 49 7 a 56.0 58.3 3.8 N'E 129 10 2p 5p 0.14 24 73 2 p 42 6a 57.5 60.0 7.2 N 62 13 25 57 2 a 46 8p 51.5 87.7 0.0 NW 92 14 10 a 4p 1.02 26 62 3 p 40 12 p 51.0 80.0 5.9 N 35 4 27 57 12 p 34 5 A 45.5 93.0 0.6 N 12 5 3p 12 p 0.15 28 67 3 p 54 1 A 60.5 91.0 1.2 N 33 5 1 A 11 A 0.71 29 60 10 a 52 9p 56.0 95.0 0.2 N 80 10 3 a 12 p 1.26 30 62 2 a 48 12 p 55.0 77.3 4.7 NW 209 29 Oa 4a 0.48 31 67 2 p 39 8 a 53.0 73.3 7.5 NW 52 7 Based on least time required to blow one mile Hans [oa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY OCTOBER 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.462 Minimum 29.522 Mean semi-daily 30.061 Range 0.940 Air Temperalure, in degrees F. Highest 81, 3rd Lowest 25, 14th Mean 53.6 Range 56 Highest mean daily 64, 4th, 20th Lowest mean daily 45, 7th, 8th, 13th Mean maximum 66.5 Mean minimum 40.7 Greatest daily range 42, 14th, 15th Least daily range 8, 6th, 29th Degree-days of heating load for month. 353 Degree-days cumulative for season 494 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 5.15 Snow — Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.26 Number of days with .01 or more 9 Wind, in miles Total movement 2364 Greatest daily movement 209, 30th Least daily movement 12, 27th Mean hourly velocity 3.2 Maximum velocity 29, 30th Wind, direction Prevailing direction NNW North, days 7 Northeast, days 3 East, days — Southeast, days — South, days 6 Southwest, days — West, days — Northwest, days 15 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 72.6 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.0 Number of clear days 14 Number of fair days 10 Number of cloudy days 7 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . . 172.5 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 50.3 Thunder and lightning — First Frobt Normal 30.53 29.42 30.06 1.11 79.4 23.4 50.5 56.0 Extremes 3.29 4074 5.4 29.5 W 69.0 48 10 10 11 175.0 51.3 30.68, 1929 29.00, 1926 1.47, 1926; 0.76, 1899 90.5, 1908 17, 1936 57.6, 1949; 43.2, 1890 8.81. 1911; 0.01, 1924 15, 1913; 1, 1897, 1924 5467, 1910; 2540, 1894 42, 1937 67, 1932; 18, 1924 21, 1938; 1, 1911 17, 1924; 3, 1938 19, 1896; 3, 1924 232, 1923, 1938; 91, 1913 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The outstanding feature of the October weather was the rainfall ofS.lS inches compared to the normal of 3.29 inches. This was the first month since May that the rainfall was above normal. Rainfall for the first 10 months of 1953 was 42.41 inches compared to the normal of 36.91 inches. The mean daily temperature for October was 3.1 degrees above normal. Publication of This Document Approved by George J Cronin, State Purchasing Agent. Massachusetts agricultural experiment station Meteorological Series Bulletin No. 779 November 1953 Meteorological Observations FOR NOVEMBER 195 3 I. J. PFLUG OBSERVATORY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature 'c 5 3 4; Wind ] 'recipitation Maximum Minimum M _ n .2* a> ^ > ^'^ = .2 • a Q 9 Q V £ Q c 01 a'Z a oj £5 c m 13 01 -a c W 1 (A 1 64 3 p 35 6 A 49.5 79.0 6.9 NW 31 10 2 65 2p 39 6 a 52.0 74.0 6.5 NW 71 20 3 72 2p 42 6 a 57.0 66.3 5.1 S 97 25 4 51 M 34 12 p 42.5 54.7 6.7 w 268 32 5 41 1 P 26 12 p 33.5 60.0 6.9 NW 147 20 6 35 9p 23 6 a 29.0 57.7 0.0 N 210 48 2 p 6 p 0.16 7 49 2p 30 1 A 39.5 75. .3 0.6 \E 353 25 6 a 1 p 0.10 1 8 49 2p 30 6 A 39.5 66.0 6.8 S 113 14 9 54 2p 36 12 p 45.0 65.0 3.3 w 101 13 10 53 2 p 32 5 A 42.5 74.0 6.3 s 9 3 11 52 2 P 29 7 a 40.5 77.7 5.8 s 17 6 12 52 3 P 31 12 p 41.5 84.3 3.8 E 11 5 13 49 2p 26 6 a 37.5 81.7 6.1 .\E 28 7 14 40 2p 25 4 A 32.5 87.7 0.0 XE 9 3 15 57 3 p 33 1 A 45.0 85.0 2.6 !■: 29 ^ 16 57 3 p 31 3 A 44.0 75.0 6.0 NE 34 10 17 63 3 p 34 3 A 48.5 82.7 3.8 N 12 — 18 67 3 p 31 7a 49.0 74.7 5.9 N 2 — 19 63 .1 p 31 8 a 47.0 81.0 5.5 N 2 — t 1 30 70 3 p 34 7 a 52.0 74.0 5.8 N 11 5.5 21 57 10 p 30 8 a 43.5 83.7 3.6 \E 12 4 22 64 12 p 51 6 a 57.5 88.7 0.0 NK 17 13 11 P 12 p 0.04 23 66 2 a 44 12 p 55.0 92.3 0.0 HK 162 25 Oa M 1.08 24 55 2p 36 8 a 45.5 83.0 5.1 W 17 9 25 56 M 44 12 p 50.0 95.3 0.0 E 53 13 5 a 6 P 0.91 26 48 2p 30 12 p 39.0 76.7 6.0 SW 108 17 27 45 2p 24 8 a 34.5 80.7 6.0 sw 14 2.5 28 41 2p 35 8 a 38.0 86.7 0.9 SW 32 7 29 43 2p 27 12 p 35.0 68.0 6.1 NW 106 20 30 36 2 p 25 7 a 30.5 84.0 1.9 NW 16 8 8 p 12 p 0.07 T Based on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY NOVEMBER 1953 Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.625, 6th Minimum 29.354, 25th Mean semi-daily 30. 1 14 Range 1.271 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 72, 3rd Lowest 23, 6th Mean 43.2 Range 49 Highest mean daily 57.5, 22nd Lowest mean daily 30.5, 30th Mean maximum 53.8 Mean minimum 32.6 Greatest daily range 36, 18th, 20th Least daily range 6, 2Sth Degree-days of heating load for month 654 Degree-days cumulative for season. . . . 1148 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 2.36 Snow 1 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.08 Number of days with .01 or more 6 Wind, in miles Total movement 2092 Greatest daily movement 353 Least daily movement 2, 18th, 19th Mean hourly velocity 2.9 Maximum velocity 48, 6th Wind, direction Prevailing direction XXE North, days 5 Northeast, days 6 East, days 3 Southeast, days 1 South, days 4 Southwest, days 3 West, days 3 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 77.2 Mean cloudiness, percent 44.5 Number of clear days 8 Number of fair days 13 Number of cloudy days 9 Number of hours bright sunshine. . . . 124.0 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 42.2 Thunder and lightning — First Snow 7th Normal 30.59 29.30 30.05 1.29 66.0 12.9 38.9 53.0 783 3.41 2.34 4531 30.3 WNW Extremes 30.87, 1932 28.73, 1904 1.84, 1904; 0.89, 1943 82, 1950 4, 1938 46.3, 1931; 33.6, 1901 8.64, 1927; 0.63, 1917 13.50, 1938 22, 1921; 2, 1904 5,978. 1906; 2,589, 1889 48, 1948, 1950 70.6 55.1 6 9 15 121 78, 1947; 34, 1917 15. 1903; 0, 1948 16, 1912; 4, 1889, 1930, '32, '35 24, 1927; 9, 1905, 1917, 1949 182, 1903; 44. 1948 41.3 N'ov. 6 Oct. 10, 1925; Nov. 27, 1931 Note — The first column in the above summary lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938 except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. Tht. third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. REMARKS The mean daily temperature for November was 43.2 degrees com- pared to the normal of 38.9 degrees Fahrenheit. The rainfall for November was 2.36 inches compared to the normal of 3.41 inches. The first snowfall of the season occurred on November 7. Publication of This Document Approved by George J. Cronin, State Purchasing Agent MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Meteorological Series Bulletin No 780 December 1953 Meteorological Observations I OR DECEMBER 19 5 3 1. J. PFLUC OBSERVATOHY Latitude, 42° 23' 31" N. Longitude, 72° 31' 48" W. Height of barometer above ground, 36 ft. Above sea level, 253.5 ft. Height of wind instruments, 67 ft. Time used, E. S. T. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. DAILY RECORDS Temperature •5 1 3 01 X-= Wind Precipitation Maximum Minimum cc n .2*_ V >-73 5 o OJ "5 3 a a 01 Q V E 01 Q E H c CO (V 2 > E a > ased on least time required to blow one mile. Hans Joa, Observer MONTHLY SUMMARY DECEMBER 1953 I>aronieter in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.301, 24l1i Minimum 29.221, lith Mean semi-daily 29.973 Range 1.080 Air remperalure, in degrees F. Highest 59, 7th. 8th LoWest 8, 18th Mean 34.9 Range 51 Highest mean daily 48, 10th Lowest mean daily 16.5, 17th Mean maximum 43.8 Mean minimum 26.0 Greatest daily range 32,5th Least daih range 6, I'^t Degree-days of heating load for month 932.5 Degree-days cumulative for season. . 2080.5 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 4.53 Snow 1.00 Maximum precip. in 24 hrs 1.08 Number of days with .01 or more 12 Wind, in miles Total movement 3825 Greatest daily movement. .' 2^5, 23rd Least daily movement 10. 30th Mean hourly velocity 5.1 Maximum velocity 39, 15th Wind, direction Prevailing direction WNW North, days 2 Northeast, days — East, days — Southeast, days 7 South, days 3 Southwest, days — West, days 14 Northwest, days 5 Weather Mean relative humidity, percent 74.8 Mean cloudiness, percent 56.9 Number of clear days 3 Number of fair days 16 Number of cloudy days 12 Number of hours bright sunshine 94.^) Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 33.5 Thunder and lightning — l'"ii St Snow Normal 1162.5 2494.0 3.39 8.50 10 4710 6.i. 31.4^ WNW 69.4 54.9 8 9 14 128 45.2 Nov. 6 Extremes 30. '.6 29.27 30.06 1.38 54.3 — 1.9 27.5 56.2 31.104, 1949 28.85, 1915 1.78, 1895; 1.01, 1892 65.5, 1908 —22.5, 1917 36.9, 1891; 17.1, 1917 7.77, 1901; .58, 1943 26.50, 1092; T, 1891, 1943 17, 1902; 4, 1892, 1943 6694. 1925; 3239, 1918 66, 1949 71. 1929; 39, 1919 15, 1890; 0, 1948 16. '09; 4, '89, '30, '31. '36, '38 25, 1948; 7, '09, '23 172, 1896; 27. 1948 Note — The first column in the above summarj' lists observations made during the month. The second column lists the averages based on observations made from 1889 to 1938, except that humidity records are based on observations made from 1929 to 1938. The third column lists extremes observed from 1889 to 1952. ANNUAL SUMMARY ANiVLAL Barometer, in inches (Readings reduced to sea level) Maximum 30.690, March 1 1th Minimum 29.039 |an. 25th Mean semi-daily " . . 29.988 Range 1.651 Air Temperature, in degrees F. Highest 99. Sept. 2nd Lowest 7, Feb. 2nd Mean 51.1 Range 92 Highest mean daily 84.0. June 21st Lowest mean daily 15.5. l''"h. 2iid Mean maximum '1.7 Mean minimum 40.5 Greatest daily range 42, Oct. 14th, 15th Least daily range 3, May 15th Degree-days 1952-53 heating season. . . .5886 Precipitation, in inches Precipitation 49.76 Snow 27.3 Maximum prtcip. in 24 hrs.1.77 March 13th Number of days with .01 or more 12.^ Wind, in miles Total movement 39,297 Greatest daily movement 468, l''cb. 10 Least daily movement . . 2, Nov. 18th, 19th Mean hourly velocity 4.4 Maximum velocity 48. Feb. 15ih, Idth Wind, direction Prevailing direction \V\\\ North, days 39 Northeast, days 17 East, days 11 Southeast, days 52 South, days 39 Southwest, days 17 West, days 73 Northwest, days 117 Wreathe r Mean relative humidity, percent 71.7 Mean cloudiness, percent 5L0 Number of clear days 152 Number of fair days 13^ Number of cloudy days 77 Number of hours bright sunshine . . . 2373.1 Percent of possible hours of bright sunshine 51.7 Last snow April 20th First snow Nov. 7th Last frost April 14th First frost Sept. 24th Normal Extremes 30.81 28.95 30.01 1.85 31.10, 1949 28.41, 1938 2.47, 1938; 1.38, 1933 95.7 -12.2 47.4 107.8 104, 1911 —26, 1904 51.7, 1949; 44, 1904 57.8 3^.5 6698 43.70 47.78 59.00, 1938; 30.68, 1908 89.00, 1893; 24.50, 1919 124 146, 1945; 96, 1924 52.223 6.^,571, 1908; 36.257, 1894 705, 1909 5.8 39.5 80. 19^S W 69.9 51.7 116 123 126 2,353 77.9, '51; 64.9, "32 60, '98, '01, '02; 41, '08, '24 217. 1941; 59, 1927 182, 1912; 64, 1936 179, '01, '02; 71, 1910, 1941 3038, 1941; 1864, 1902 52.8 April 15 Nov. 6 May 14 Sept. 21 Mar. 14 '10; May 11, '07. '45 Oct. 10, '25; Dec. 13. '41 Apr. 14, '43, June 8, '32 Aug. 22. '94, '95; Oct. 13, '09