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Copyright, 1894, by
I. H. ORCUTT.

PREFACE.

——

The purpose of this little book is to present in a plain
and practical manner, some of the most interesting and
valuable scientific knowledge of this decade, and to
give to the public the results of a number of important
experiments that have never before appeared in print.

_ Aneffort has been madeto reach the present limits of
knowledge, and to give only such scientific truths as are
capable of demonstration. A few ofthe facts presented

_ and some of the conclusions reached may seem incred-

_ ible to many whose opportunities for study and experi-

ment have been somewhat limited. Great care has been

_ taken to avoid exaggerationand misleading statements.
- Itis presumed that the reader has at least a limited
_ knowledge of physiology, so that he may in some degree
realize the all important fact that there is no earthly
treasure so valuable as a sound mind in a sound body.
Wide spread increase of the use of alcohol and tobacco,
_and the consequent alarming increase of certain diseases,
ofcrime, pauperism, idiocy, insanity, and suicide, make
it certain that something ought to be done in order to

-check the onward march of these foes to the race, and

_. thus avert an impending crisis. All intelligent persons,
especially the young, should know the scientific facts
which have to do with the health, progress, and welfare
of present as well as future generations.
Nearly two years of time, and many hundreds of dollars,
would not have been spent in the production of so small
_a book, had it not been firmly believed that a clear un-

Be derstanding of truth is both the foundation and corner

stone of refrom and of correct personal living. If fag noes,

brief treatise be generously accorded a place in this
foundational work, leading some into well-defined paths
of right-thinking and correct living, the author will be
content, ;
Grateful acknowledgement is made for the kind aid re-
ceived from many sources. Rev. S. A. McKay, A. M.,
read the manuscript and proof, making many valuable
suggestions. The writer’s friend and co-worker for over
seven years in the Agricultural College of South Dakota,
Robt. F. Kerr, A. M., has copied the manuscript and
otherwise assisted in getting it ready for the press.
Earl Douglass, John Fansett, H. F. Craig, and many
other former pupils have assisted in performing 45
series of experiments, each of which usually occupied one
halfday. Still others have rendered a like assistance.
_ Nearly all the illustrations are either sphygmographic
traces or pen drawings by the author. A few of the
latter are intended to assist in teaching truth, not being
exact reproductions of microscopic views.

July 16, 1894. | Pie & Bie ©

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MICROBES ANP MEN.

' CHAPTER I.
| _ MICROBES.
During the past few years a new and very
valuable science has come into being and is
receiving an increasing amount of attention.

Originating mainly in France, it has gradu-

ally extended over the whole civilized world.
This new science is known as Bacteriology,
and is now generally taught in universities,

progressive colleges, and medical schools. It

treats of the lower forms of life of which we
have knowledge, especially of disease germs,
and those germs which cause fermentation
and all forms of decomposition. The word
bacteria being somewhat restricted in its
meaning, is, in popular writing, being gener-
ally displaced by a better term, that of

microbe. This latter term is applied to all

minute living beings. Some microbes are

_known to be plants and others animals, but
in the majority of cases scientists are in doubt
__-as to their proper classification. Whether

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8 - MICROBES AND MEN.

they be plants or animals is of little conse- _

quence, provided we are able to learn some-

thing of their life history. Itis certain that, —
with few exceptions, they subsist like animals,
in that they do not create complex organic

substances out of inorganic matter, but live
by destroying what has already been formed
directly by plants, or indirectly by animals.

Their life work is,therefore,as truly destruc-
tive as that of the higher animals, who them-
selves live upon the
stored-up energy of low-
er forms. Inthe process

carbonic acid gas 1s

other waste products,
just the same as with
Fig. 1—Microbes of malaria Man and other animals.

eek Saaeoes, Microbes which cause

disease are as truly parasites as are ticks and
tapeworms. When a person has malarial —

fever heis as certainly being destroyed by
animals as if attacked by fleas, wolves or
lions. A wound may be changed into a dan-
gerous ulcer by microbes as well as by hs 8
gots.

We may well believe that there 1s very much

going on about us,and within us ,which we do ;
not perceive with our unaided senses. Until

oxygen is consumed and

thrown off, along with —

MICROBES. . 9

recent years it was believed by many that the
_lower forms of animal life, such as fleas, flies,
bugs, worms, and even mice and rats, were
brought into being by the decomposition of
organic matter. The celebrated Von Helmont,
who lived early in the seventeenth century,
- says:—“‘It is true that a ferment is sometimes
so bold and enterprising as to form a living

being. In this way lice, maggots, and bugs,

our associates in misery, have their birth
_ either within our bodies or in our excrement.

You need only close up a vessel full of wheat
with a dirty shirt and you will seerats engen-

dered in it, the strange product of the smell —

of wheat and the animal ferment attached to
the dirty shirt.’’ These purely fanciful notions
_ have not been able to stand the light of mod-
ern research, especially when the microscope
~ is used which so largely increases our powers
of vision.
All living things are reproduced by their
kind. This is as true of microbes as it is of
men. Disease germs have parentsas truly as
_any of the more familiaranimals. Such germs
would not inhabit our bodies if their parents
had not injured some one else and prospered.
We furnish them shelter, warmth, and food
till each one becomes the progenitor of a host,

then send them out, by the aid of air, water, —
food, and clothing, to find lodgment in the

=

10 MICROBES AND MEN.

bodies of our friends and neighbors, where

their life history is repeated. There are
thousands of species of microbes and they are
of different sizes, shapes, colors, and ‘‘disposi-

tions,” just as we find differences among the
higher forms of plants and animals. In fact, ©

so far as numbers are concerned, the invisible
world has its millions where the visible world
has its thousands.

Each microbe is a single cell of a stibateme
called protoplasm. This substance appears
very much like a small particle of the white
ofanegg. There are, however, a few colored

species of these minutecreatures. Blood spots _

on vegetable food, ‘‘blood water,’ “blood
rain,’ ‘‘red snow,” “blue milk,’’ and “blue
pus,’ are simply changes in the original,
caused by the presence of colored microbes.
The microbe which causes /Ja-grippe is said
to be only one sixty-thousandth of an inch in
diameter, requiring 216,000,000,000,000 to
make a cubic inch, or thousands of millions
to make a thimbleful. The average size of
microbes is about one three-thousandth of an
inch in length,requiring about 30,000,000,000

to make a cubic inch. It seems perfectly —
proper to say that they are inconcetyably |

small.
These invisible creatures are found every-

where, swarming in the food we eat, and in -

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MICROBES. it

the water we drink, in the air we breathe, and
in the ground upon which we walk. It is es-

timated that each person takesinto his lungs,

in the air that he breathes, an average of
300,000 microbes per day. Rain water at

- Paris contained 64,000 in each quart, while

the water from the river showed 4,500,000
in each quart before it reached the city, and

12,000,000 after it had passed through it. It

is stated on good authority, that there are
about 4,000,000 of these low forms of life in

each tumblerful of Lake Michigan water
which is furnished to Chicago through the
_ waterworks. As large as these numbers may

_ seem,impure milk often shows a much greater

proportion in a similar quantity. Since heat
is very destructive to all kinds of microscopic
life it is evident that itis asafe plan always
to boil suspected milk and ordinary drinking
water before using either.

These low forms of life come into being
either by budding, or by fission. In the for-
mer case a bud may be seen growing out of
the side of a mature microbe. It takes food
independently and grows until it becomes as
large as the parent and then it sends out

‘buds producing another generation. In
the case of fission the microbe is seen to con-

tract in the middle like a figure 8 until it di-

_ vides into two parts, each of which grows

12 MICROBES AND MEN.

till it is as large as the parent, when the pro-
cess is repeated so long as the conditions for
growth are favorable. In unfavorable con-
ditions the cell, which is the complete microbe,
contracts into a small
germ, spore, or seed with —
a covering, and this en-
ables it to resist most de-
structive agencies to a
remarkable degree. Some
survive long periods of
boiling or roasting while

Fig. 2—Reproduction by - 7
budding and fission. Others are not killed ina

loaf of bread which Has been fairly well baked.
Disease germs may remain in clothes, old
rags, or wall paper, for years and stil: cause
disease when they find lodgement in bodies —
not able to resist their encroachments. As —
the sediment from an overflowed stream, or
the bed ofa marsh or lake, becomes dried;
spores are produced by the drying of the mi-
crobes and are caught up and carried by the
air as fine dust. It takes a powerful micro-
scope to detect the presence of these spores,
so minute are they. Natural growth of trees,
or rows of cultivated trees between a house
and land subject to overflow, form a valu-—
able protection,for thereason that they arrest
the flight of nearly all these dangerous spores.
It is very important that every responsible _

~

MICROBES. : 13

person should have some knowledge of mi-
erobes and their influence for good or ill.
With even a limited knowledge of the habits
of disease germs much sickness could be avoid-
edand many premature deaths. Every one
ought to know that such diseases as barbers’
itch, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, small-pox,
yellow fever, diphtheria, hydrophobia, con-
sumption, cholera, leprosy, measles, mumps,
and many others, are caused by microbes and
are easily communicable to other people.
Many of the diseases of domestic animals,
such as lumpy-jaw of cattle and glanders of
horses, are caused by germs and may be com-
-municated to man. The affected parts of all
such diseased animals should be burned, not
buried. It should also be well known that
microbes are sometimes found in the saliva
- of healthy persons which, if introduced into
the blood of another person will multiply rap-
idly and causedeath. It is no safer to be bit-
ten by a man than by a dog.
- Itis estimated that a person,sick with con-
sumption, willexpectorate 40,000,000 disease
germs per day. This many live active mi-
crobes, deposited every day of his existence
upon the streets, sidewalks, lawns, and floors,
and liable to be conveyed by hands, clothing,
_ and air into our foods, drink and lungs, is a
subject which is not pleasant to contemplate.

14 MICROBES AND MEN.

Is it any wonder that a
seventh of all deaths
among adults in America ©

is due to some form of

this disease? Everything

coming from a _ person

affected by a germ dis-

: | ease should be immedi-

ici dotion hickiy man, ately disinfected om

EMG burned. |

The spores of disease germs may remain
quiescent for years and then revive and de-
velop rapidly when placed under favorable
conditions. This will account for most of the —
isolated cases of scarlet fever and other di-
seases, which appear from time to time. Old
rags or clothing, which have been infected,
new clothing from ‘‘sweat shops’’ where filth
and contagion are common, may be the
means of conveying such
disease if brought into
contact with susceptible
persons. Typhoid fever
germs, diphtheria germs,
and other varieties, are
very often thrown out in
slops to be washed into
Fig. 4.—Microbes of ty- OUTr. drinking water, Or ©
phoid fever highly mag- dried and blown about by

nl

the wind, thereby spreading possible disease —

MICROBES. : 15

and death through out a whole neighbor-
hood. |
It has been discovered that oysters take up
disease germs, especially the bacilliof typhoid
fever, from the mud and ooze in which they
live, and thus communicate them to man, if
eatenraw. In the canning of fruits, meats,
and other foods, the process kills and excludes
all microbes. This is the secret of the pre-
servative power of the whole operation. The
process was learned by the accidental discov-
ery of some canned figs in the ruins of Pom-
peti. The fruit was still well preserved
although nearly two thousand years had
elapsed since the cans were sealed. Microbes
cannot live without moisture, therefore noth-
img rots whichis kept dry. The value of an
ointment or a surgical dressing is in propor-
tion to its ability to keep out or destroy the
-microbes which are being constantly deposi-
ted in an open wound by the air.
Every person has more or less natural re-
sistance against the invasion of disease germs,
some being able to resist even the germs of
small-pox so completely that they never con-
tract the disease, however often they may be
exposed toit. Perfectly healthy people who
live strictly according to well known laws of
health are seldom destroyed by disease germs.
Anything which lessens the vitality’ of the -

16 MICROBES AND MEN.

body lessens the vital resistance to these de-
stroying forces. Bad air, worry, overwork,
lack of work, filth, improper food, over-eat- —
ing, tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol, opium, —
chloral, cocaine, or excesses of any kind, tend
to weaken the vital powers and that increases
our chances of being injured or destroyed by
the dangerous germs which are continually
entering our bodies by means of air, food or
drink. ANYTHING WHICH LESSENS VITALITY
INCREASES THE DEATH RATE FROM GERM DI-
SEASES. | 7
When an active microbe or a spore —
finds a favorable location for growth and de-
velopment, it at once begins to produce buds,
or to divide, and the little beings commence ~
to increase at anincrediblerate. It is believed
that some disease germs are able to double in
number every twenty minutes. Such being
the case, one microbe would become two in
twenty minutes; four in forty; and eight in
sixty, and so on, reaching the incomprehen-
sible number of 4,722,365,482,669,645,-
213,696, in twenty-four hours, provided that
all conditions were favorable. If it be possi-
ble for one microbe to have so many descend-—
ants, as expressed in the above calculation,in ©
twenty-four hours, another similar period
~ would show a correspondingly large increase,
always providing that they retain their vital-

or \
¢

MICROBES. 3 17

ity and have a sufficient food supply. At the
end of the second day, the number of microbes
would have to be expressed by the product of
the large number given above multiplied by
itself. Worlds would not hold all of them.

_ These figures are simply incomprehensible, but
_this very fact may help us to understand

why people sometimes die so suddenly after
being attacked by cholera, cholera morbus,
and other germ diseases. We can also com-
prehend the reason why fresh meat or dead
bodies tend to decompose so rapidly under
certain conditions, especially those favorable
to the development of microbes.

_ These low forms of life are the great disor-
ganizers of nature, decomposing everything,

whether plant or animal, which has been

alive. They decompose the building and the

builder. They reduce all complex substances

which have been produced directly or indirect-
ly from the mineral kingdom, back to their
original condition. This statement includes

those food substances which have been only

partially changed or decomposed while pass-.

ing through the bodies of animals and ani-

mal-like plants. Plants are not nourished by

manure and other organic compounds until
_ they are reduced to their mineral components

by the microbes. Take all the germs from a

field and ordinary crops willnot grow. They

18 MICROBES AND MEN.

are the important links in “being’s endless oS ke
chain’’ formed and unformed, where, in the
economy of nature, not an atom of matter . |

created or destroyed.

Many of the facts already given have eee:

discovered by cultivating the microbes, or
breeding, feeding, and caring for

“stock.” A ‘‘culture,” the name
given to each separate experi-

ment, is made by placing a few

they can use as food. Here they

becomes so foul, from the waste

microbes, that they are poisoned.
A culture may be made in a test-
tube, a barrel or alarge vat.

es to study the cattle disease

Fig. 6.cu Known as anthrax, or splenic fe

them, as we care for other

microbes in a substance which —

multiply until the food is ex-.
hausted or until the substance ©

matter thrown off by the active

Suppose an experimenter wish- —

tureofAn ver, Hefinds a fewmicrobesun

thrax germs : ‘ j :
in gelatine. der his microscope which he be

lieves to have come from an animal dead with
that disease. A culture is made by putting

the microbes into a test-tube partially filled —

with some food substance. Here they multi

ply. Some of these young disease germs are —

MICROBES. 19

injected into another ani-
mal which subsequently
dies with anthrax. A little
blood from the last vic-
tim is used in making an-
other anthrax culture. A
part of thisculture is used
aie in . inoculating another

thrax, greatly enlarged animal which also devel-
ops into a fatal case of anthrax. These ex-
periments are repeated till there can be no
doubt regarding the cause of the disease. In
a similar way disease germs are being discov-
ered and studied.

__ Microbes devour their food as truly as do
beasts of prey, whether that food be an ap-

ple, a dead cat, or some of the tissues of alive
man.
They also throw off waste products as ex-

erementitious matter, the same as all the

higher forms of life. This refuse is poisonous
to animals, in the same way that the excre-
ment of one animal is poisonous to other ani-

mals. These poisons are found in all decom-

posing substances, such as tainted meat or
fish, rotting fruit or vegetables, rancid butter,
or old cheese.

Panum first showed that a poisonous pro-

duct, resembling snake venom and such vege- |

table alkaloids as morphine and strychnine, is

20 MICROBES AND MEN.

_ developed from the putrid fermentation or de-
composition of meat and similar substances.
This product is called septine. It is the ex-
crementitious matter thrown off by active
microbes, and is so poisonous that i some
cases cnet of a grain will kill a dog.

E.L. Trouessart, in his ‘Microbes, Ferments —
and Moulds,’”’ says:—‘‘ Panum’s researches
have been recently resumed by Selmiand Gau-
tier who have extracted from corpses and pu-
tréfying organic matter a certain number of
poisonous substances greatly resembling veg-
etable alkaloids, and termed by them pto-.
maines. The action of ptomaines may be ©
compared to that of strychnine. Injected in-
to the blood, even after the removal of every
living microbe, the ptomaines produce fever,
rigors, vomiting, diarrhoea, spasms, torpor,
collapse, and finally death. It is probable
that in some cases of poisoning by tainted ©
meat or fish their poisonous properties are
due to the presence of ptomaines.

But in all cases these ptomaines are howe

to be the product of putrid fermentation, —

which is always effected in dead bodies by ~

special microbes. Here the ptomaines are due :
to the work of the microbes of putrefaction,
and are made by them, just as alcohol and
the carbonic acid of alcoholic fermentation
are made by yeast, at the expense of the su-

— -

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—_—S

MICROBES. ; 21

gared liquid in which they live and multiply.

Direct experiments show that when septine,
from which every microbe has been removed,
is injected into the humansubject, it produces

feverish disturbances, but only causes death

when introduced in considerable quantities.”’

In germ diseases, the poisonous substances
which are thrown off by the microbes seem
to do much more harm than the pests them-
selves. If a culture be made of chicken

cholera germs and the resultant mass be then
filtered through porcelain so as to separate

the germs from their excrement (ptomaine
or septine) and some of the poison be injected
into a healthy fowl, it will become intoxi-
cated and remain so fora few hours. Ifthe
amount be increased it will die from excessive

' intoxication. If onthe other hand, the germs

alone are injected into the system of a vigor-
ous fowl, they will multiply and the bird will
die with the cholera, or in other words, is
poisoned to death by the waste products

thrown off by the germs which rapidly de-

velop within its body. In such diseases as _
cholera, scarlet fever, and diphtheria, the
subjects are both poisoned and devoured by
the microbes which cause the disease. ~ This

_ fact accounts for the many sudden deaths
_ from such diseases. It explains thesick head-
ache and certain other symptoms in consti-

i at, “ti aa hs 39

22 _ MICROBES AND MEN.

pation, for itis known that in the develop-

ment of large members of microbes the

ptomaines are absorbed into the system from >

the intestines.
Each species of microbe selects a very few
substances which it always uses as its par-

ticular foods and it will not thrive upon

other forms. more than animals will upon
food not adapted to them. These voracious
little creatures eat about five thousand times
more food in proportion to their size than
does the average man.

In all the lower forms of life, just as in the
higher forms, each species has its ‘‘personal

odor,” arising from the waste products which ~

are thrown off in various ways. These odors
are so characteristic that is not difficult to
distinguish, by the sense of smell, whether we
are in the presence of decomposing fruits,

vegetables, or meats. In fact, most people —

are able to name the particular varieties of
fruit or vegetable that arein process of de-

cay. The microbes which cause the excessive ~

sweating and offensive odor of the feet of

- some people, or the red sweat in the armpits,

give off their characteristic vile odors when ~

cultivated in atest-tube. If a person hasa
marked odor it is either caused by the pres-

sence of microbes or is the result of uncleanli-

ness. Microbesand all other creatures which :

d my A t J
me,

MICROBES. . 23

live upon animal food, usually have a much

stronger ‘‘personal odor’ than those which

live upon vegetable diet. |

The decomposition of all vegetable and
animal substances is called fermentation—a
much broader meaning of the term than is
generallysupposed. ‘‘Microbes are ferments;
they excrete the products of fermentation.”’
The two words are similar expressions, and
mean that the substance under process of
decay or change is being eaten by microbes
and that the new product is the waste which
has been excreted or thrown off during the

transforming process. These waste products

may be inorganic compounds, such as car-
bonic acid gas or ammonia, or they may be

organic compounds more or less like those

found in the excreta of all the higher forms of

life. If we make aculture from grape juice or

apple juice, which contain large quantities of
water, or one from grain soaked in water,

the microbes (yeast) will eat the crushed

fruit, or soaked grain and throw off two

principal kinds of excrement—alcohol and

carbonic acid gas. The gas will escape into
the air, thereby causing the frothing or foam-
ing of the mass, while the alcohol, which has
an affinity or liking for water, will remain in

- solution.

Whenever fruit or grain is prepared for the

24 MICROBES AND MEN.

reception of the microbes a culture is made,

whether the preparation be in a test-tube,

_ cider-barrel, wine-cask, or beer-vat. In either
case the food is as certainly intended for con- —
sumption as it would be if given to any other
kind of “‘stock.’”’ If the fermentation be com-
plete the food value of the article will entirely
disappear. The liquid will contain some
coloring matter and a greater or less per cent
of excrement, commonly called alcohol. This
latter is in no sense a food, but a product
which is poisonous to all animals.

The flavors and odors of wines and other
liquors depend largely upon the ‘‘personal
odor”’ of the species of microbe which causes ©
the fermentation. If a bushel of corn be fed
to pigs and another to hens, the fact is well
known, that distinct “personal odors” will
be imparted to the waste products in either
case, the food consumed being exactly alike.
Itis nolesstruein the case of the lower
forms of life. The odor and flavor of tobacco
depend largely upon the particular species of
microbe which develops in it during the ©
sweating process. |

It has recently been discovered that the
flavors and odors of the liquors and tobaccos
of certain localities, which command such
high prices, can be produced anywhere by
using the right kind of microbe. Port wine

~

~

MICROBES. . 25

or Havana tobacco can be had by importing
and propagating the kinds of microbes whose
excrement has the desired ‘‘personal odor,”’

- instead of importing the articles themselves.

In closing this chapter it seems best to
recapitulate briefly in order to fix inminda
few of the important points which it would
be well to remember. Microbes are the
smallest living creatures of which man has
any knowledge. They live under the same
laws—eating, growing, and multiplying—as
do all the higher forms of life. Scientistsclass
some microbes with plants and others, such
as those which cause fever and ague, with
animals.

_ Microbes live like animals by taking food
into their bodies. This food is disorganized
or transformed and waste products are
thrown off which are poisonous to animals.
Every thing which has had life is eaten and
thus destroyed by them. The waste pro-
ducts or excrementitious matter thrown off
by microbes are called ptomaines or septines ©
—those from the decomposition of animal
_ matter seeming to be more poisonous to man
_than those from the decomposition of veget-
able matter. Not all microbes cause disease
and not alldiseases are caused by microbes.

Ordinary fermentation is the destruction of

grains and fruits by microbes. A beer-vat or

26 MICROBES AND MEN.

a wine-vat is as truly a culture as is the test-

tube of the experimenter, in which he feeds
and breeds cholera germs or other microbes.

In the case of the beer-vat culture the mi- :
crobes are bred for the excrement, while the |

test-tube culture is made for the purpose of
studying the microbes.

Alcohol is a ptomaine or septine and, when
taken pure (absolute alcohol), is as deadly as
the ptomaines of chicken cholera or putrid

meats, although a larger quantity is needed a

to endnce the same effects.
The different flavors and odors of liquors
are imparted to them by the microbes that

caused the decomposition of the fruit or ©

grain. When fermentation is complete the
grain or fruit has been entirely consumed by
the germs, only colored water and excrement
(alcohol) remaining.

A barrel of beer does not contain as mee |

nourishment as a loaf of bread, but contains
enough ptomaine (absolute wiepiain to kill,
within ten minutes, thirty-five men who are
not accustomed to its effects.

=<

zi { “
ivy ot es
Tay :

TA a
i ‘ Te Ty oP, wo of"
i

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we

ae ts A ey ie ot,

TF

CHAPTER II.

BLOOD AND MICROBES.

The blood is the most important and most
abundant fluid of the body. ‘‘The life of the
flesh is the blood.’”’ About one-ninth of the
entire weight of the body, or from twelve to
eighteen pounds, is “running flesh.’’ The
blood is a liquid flesh containing only five
per cent more water than is found in muscle.
It is at once the provider and purifier of the
whole body, receiving the digested part of
_ the food, carrying it to every tissue, and re-

moving the worn-out particles of matter. It
. contains the material out of which new

4
ey

tissues are made, and old ones are repaired.

Blood appears ae because it is packed full of
little coin-shaped discs called red corpuscles.
These are about one three-thousand-two
hundredth of an inch in diameter and one
fourteen-thousandth of an inch thick, requir-
ing nearly one hundred and fifty billions to
make a cubic inch. Each drop of blood con-

28 MICROBES AND MEN.

tains about 200,000,000 of these red cor-
puscles. |

It is stated there are one hundred and ‘: van

seventy-three cubic inches of corpuscles in the
blood ofeach healthy man. This estimate

gives to each individual something like 25,

000,000,000,000 of these little ‘‘workers.”’
On an average, once in every two minutes,

‘from the cradle to the grave,” each one goes

to the lungs and secures a load of oxygen,
which it gives up to some of the hungry
tissues while it is on its rapid flight through
the body. Any thing which interferes with
their appointed work, even for a moment, —

jeopardizes the vitality and endangers the

life of the individual. :
For every three or four hundred red cor-
puscles, there is
found a white
corpuscle, ma-
king seventy.
. five or eighty
“|, billion in the
| blood of each
person. The
white cor-
puscles, when
at rest, appear —
Fig. 7.—Red and White Corpuscles to be tr ans-

and Microbes of Swine Plague. et
Highly magnified. parent balls in

BLOOD AND MICROBES. 29

which are seen a number of drak specks.
The white corpuscles are larger than the red,

_and possess the power of spontaneous move-

ment, contracting and expanding, throwing
out finger-like projections from different parts
of their surfaces and as quickly withdrawing
them. These movements are very similar to

those of the minute animal, the amcba.

They do not move so rapidly through the

small blood-vessels as do the red corpuscles.

They have power to change their shape and
to pass out, something
like a worm, through the
blood-vessels, and, after
creeping about awhile
through the tissues, to go
back again, by a new
road, into the blood.
They appear in large Figs.—ameba. Various
Humbers in wounds, ab. *Guicue oniaceed

scesses, and ulcers where they are called ‘‘pus”’
or “‘matter.’’ In certain diseases they seem —
to be very much more numerous than when

the patient is in good health. For many
years scientists have been advancing various
theories in regard to the special office of the
white corpuscles. These theories have been

_ both wise and otherwise. After years of the

most painstaking investigation and research,

with the most approved instruments and ap-

30° _ MICROBES AND MEN.

pliances, one of the greatest of the many _ |

wonderful discoveries of the nineteenth cen-

tury has recently been made—THE WHITE —

CORPUSCLES EAT MICROBES.

We now see why they do not move so rap-

idly through the blood-vessels as do the red
corpuscles, whose office is
to make all possible haste
to reach the lungs in or-
der to secure a load of
life-giving oxygen for the
use of the famishing tis-

understand why these
Fig. 9—White corpuscles y

eating microbes, white cor puscles are so
(Showing amceba-like . 5 ‘
movements.) numerous in certain di-

_séases. The defensive army has been increas-

ed to help repel the invading forces of the en-

sues. Wearealsoableto

emy which threaten to overpower the whole — e

nation—king, soldiers, and all, if the invaders
are not all destroyed. The white corpuscles
appear in wounds and ulcers toeat, and thus

to destroy, the microbes which are being con-
stantly deposited by the air. If these invad-

ing and greedy microbes are not destroyed,

they eat the exposed flesh and throw off —

waste material which is absorbed by the

blood vessels and blood-poisoningis the result. —

When a wound is kept free from microbes the

white corpuscles (pus) do not appear. Itisa

eee a

BLOOD AND MICROBES. 31

a grave mistake to believe that a running sore

purifies the system. It does no more in that

- direction than does abattleto purify an army.

A thimbleful of pus contains more than a bil-
lion of these valiant ‘‘soldiers’’—a number
greater than the combined armies of the
world.
Microbes feeding upon dead matter do not
have to contend with these living forces, call-
ed vital resistance. When
a living being is attack-
ed by these dangerous
hordes, there ensues a
terrible struggle for su-
premacy and life is en-
dangered. The invasion
is resisted by the existing
Fig. 10.—White corpus- corpusclesand by thenew
cles at rest, digesting ss
microbes. ones, also, which are gen-
erated to assist in the deadlycombat. In this
struggle many lives are lost on both sides. If.

the microbes conquer, all is lost—the faithful
army and that for which they fought. Wheth-

er the white corpuscles are aided or hindered ©

by the afflicted individual or by his physician,

they make a heroic fight to “‘save the union.”’
If they vanquish the enemy there may be
enough vitality left to rebuild the constitu-
’ tion.

.
*, =
—-

«

It is very interesting to witness, under a

32 MICROBES AND MEN.

microscope, such a heroic struggle going on.
ina drop of blood. Our faithful defenders,
the white corpuscles, are not only willing to

meet the living enemy in hand to hand con-

flict, but they willingly rush into the poison-

ous excretions of the microbes outside of the
blood-vessels(as in thecase of an open wound
or on the membrane in diphtheria) and there
sell their lives as dearly as possible, by filling
their bodies, sometimes even to bursting, with
the rapidly increasing invaders. ,
The white corpuscles are the most numer-

ous and brave, the most simply clad and — |
armed, the most efficient and faithful, defend-

ing army the world ever knew. We survive
from day to day because of the eternal vigi-
_ lance of the white corpuscles, who stand ever

ready to fallupon and devour these enemies _ <
of our peaceful and much loved anatomy. It
is only when the invaders are to a greateror

less extent successful, that we suffer sickness:

or death from these daily inroads.

Much may be done both to help or hinder

the work of these loyal friends in their daily
warfare for our well-being. Like nearly all

living beings they need a constant supply of +=

proper food, pure water, and fresh air. If

these necessary things are withheld, or im-
proper and harmful things are provided, to.
that extent will the white corpuscles be im-—

peded in their work.

ee -. BLOOD AND MICROBES. . oo

The physical system, of every human being,
is a government inhabited by an innumerable
host of citizen soldiers, each individual of
whom has inherited a marvelous degree of
loyalty as well as skill and bravery. These
watriors are seldom overcome, when the gen-
eral government is in good order and gives
them a fair chance.
They,indeed,war a good warfare, and, if suf-
fering and death go forth at noonday, it is al-
ways because of a misgovernment of the sys-
tem for which every warrior corpuscle is
ready to sacrifice his life. Sometimes the un-
_ wise commander compels his army to camp
where it is constantly flooded with such
quantities of sewerage, (beer and cider), that ©
the warriors are soaked and-surrounded with
__ poison,to such an extent that they are scarce-
ly able to distinguish between friend and foe,
much less to contend successfully with the
enemy. Thousands of observationsand many
experiments on the lower animals, prove, by
analogy, thata person is much more liable to
suffer from germ diseases when not properly
_ fedthan when heis. ‘‘The pestilence follows
_ _ the famine and death follows close upon the
___ track of a glutton.”
: Debility from lack of proper exercise, or ex-
_haustion from overwork, tend in the same
if _ direction. Sleeping and working in poorly

. ‘ oa
a Pal te fly. ¥" ty
{ ae as See |e Y

34 MICROBES AND MEN.

ventilated rooms are common ways of failing

to provide the warrior cells with the neces-

sary supply of fresh air. Thousands of cases

of consumption are traceable to this cause
alone. ANYTHING AND EVERYTHING WHICH

oe

LESSENS VITALITY INCREASES THE DEATH-RATE

FROM GERM DISEASES..

The warrior cells may be overcome bya too —

numerous or too poisonous an enemy, or they
may be more or less exhausted by a long con-
flict with one kind of an enemy and be unable

to resist successfully a new one when intro-

duced. People in malarial districts are more
subject to the fatal ravages of cholera than
those from more healthful localities. I¢ is al-
‘ways wise to keep an army in the best pos-
sible fighting trim when facing a deadly foe.

When a ship, laden with a share of all the

precious things of this world, is attacked by |

a band of pirates, the captain knows full well
thatthe safety of his cargo, crew, and him-

self, depends upon the energy and strength of

his fighting men. We would not form a very
high opinion of his abilities if, under such cir-
cumstances, he were to fill the air which his
faithful men had to breathe with noxious
gases and the drinking water with stupefying

and deadly poisons. The tobacco and alco- |

hol user may be able to get a few grains of
comfort out of the above figure!

es iyo
ee
Syl

igh ae
+e

ae

CR ee eT ee
yp? Ta & « é ies
‘ iA ON

BLOOD AND MICROBES. 35

Ifa large number of a certain kind of mi-
_erobes be placed under the skin of a guinea
pig an abcess will be formed in about twenty-
four hours. A careful microscopic examina-

tion will reveal the fact that the contents of

the abcess is largely composed of white cor-

- puscles which are well filled with microbes,

. | ,; Pr. ., Lode et 7 <a % Lr - awh wo we! 2s i a “4 a. toa of >) te” ri a Pili Need idk ke a ee -
ts ea Te a ey Pa ee eet ai in et I a Oe A eee ae) ey, re it Sonar, re
7 e - $i a » 4 ; a 4 ‘ iA, LS \ ‘ ; a a
PYRE RAs se is >¥ We , i ’ A j : > ra oD ; pe Ate
é me Bi, - ; " ; ¢ " , ,

&
ae

*

and-that the microbes have not been allowed
- to spread over the entire body, thereby de-
stroying the life of the animal. But if the
guinea pig be stupefied with chloral, alcohol,
or some other narcotic poison, after the m1-
crobes have been placed under the skin, the
result will be quite different. In the latter
case the white corpuscles will be made unfit
for active service, the microbes will increase,
and death will be the result.

If two small pieces of sponge be filled with
disease germs and each one be placed under
the skin of a healthy guinea pig and one ani-
mal bekeptin a stupefied condition with chlo-—
ral, alcohol, orsomething similar, this will be
the result. The stupefied animal will soon
die, and every part ofits body will be filled
_ with myriads of microbes, while the piece of
sponge will be nearly as ie as when placed
‘under the skin. The other animal will not
show signs of sickness but the piece of sponge
will be filled and covered with ‘‘matter,’’
_ which the microscope will show to be an in-

36 MICROBES AND MEN. —

numerable host of white corpuscles, more or
less filled with microbes.

Recent investigators have discovered an-
other startling fact regarding the white cor-
puscles. Alcohol, and other narcotic poisons,
not only stupefy the corpuscles and render
them unfit for service, but act in such a man-
ner on the nerves and blood-vessels as to pre-
vent their searching the tissues in pursuit of
the lurking enemy. That is, the alcohol acts
as a key to lock the fort while the invading
army destroys the surrounding country.

It is also the office of the white corpuscles
to eat, and thus destroy, particles of waste
matter which may be
found in the blood, such
as parts of the red cor-—
puscles which have gone
to pieces. When a tad-
pole is changing into a
frog, the whitecorpuscles
SMa eet ac enautien accumulate im the tail,

eating fragments of bro- consume it and after-

ken-down tissues.

wards build themselves into the new struct-

ure of the frog. This gives us something of

an idea of the importance of the work they
are commissioned to carry forward within
our own bodies. | oa

It is estimated that during a prolonged de-
bauch the alcohol destroys at least 100,000,-

~* Ws

nt

: =

re. ee Fo i blew. * wet th war a
ibs de ai aaa, isnt a,
Bey ' ,

BLOOD AND MICROBES. 37

000,000 of the red corpuscles, the fragments
of which must be picked up and devoured by

the white corpuscles.

Over twenty years ago the celebrated Rus-
sian experimenter, J. Dogiel, said that alcohol
rapidly causes the amceba-like movements of

the white corpuscles to cease, and that at a

certain concentration it dissolves both the

red and white corpuscles. Thus alcohol not

only makes the white corpuscles unfit for efh-
cient work, by depriving them of a proper
amount of oxygen, food, and water, and mak-
ing them stupid, but very greatly increases
the amount of work to be done by them.

_ The foregoing statements make it very
plain that the white corpuscles are a very im-
portant factor in our earthly existence, and
that the use of alcohol (and tobacco) must
greatly increase the amount of sickness and
death from germ diseases.

In epidemics of germ diseases, such as
cholera and yellow fever, the average death
rate is about ten times greater among the
habitual users of alcohol than among total
abstainers. The use of alcohol and tobacco
adds each year several hundreds of thousands
to the total of the world’s mortality.

RECAPITULATION.

- Each person has from twelve to eighteen

Bi :
38 MICROBES ge MEN.

- site of blood, which is the provider aya puri

fier of the whole body. In this amount there
are about 25,000,000,000,000 of red, and

80,000,000,000 of Shiite corpuscles. The : :

red etic: are coin-shaped and carry
oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the
body, where it unites with the prepared food,
supplying heat and vitality. 3
The white corpuscles gre somewhat larger
than the red, can assume a great variety of
forms, and move about independently like
some of the one-celled animals. Their life
work is to destroy the disease germs and

a r

other microbes which are constantly being:

introduced into our bodies.

Anything which interferes with the “eae 3
and activity of either the red or white cor-

puscles increases sickness and the death-rate.
Alcohol and other narcotic poisons make the
white corpuscles less active, thus allowing
the disease germs to increase, adding greatly
to the sum of the world’s mortality.

CHAPTER III.

_ THE CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS.

The lowest forms of plants and animals,

- such as microbes, are composed of a sub-
_ stance called protoplasm. Life is always

associated with protoplasm, which is some-

times spoken of as the ‘‘fundamental basis of

life.’ Each speck of protoplasm, as in the

_ - ease of microbes, can feel, move, grow (by

taking food), and reproduce its kind. Each

individual speck is called a cell, which means
a portion of matter, not an inclosed hollow

. z space as one of the air-cells of the lungs.

4g

_ Every living being begins its existence asa

single cell—the lower forms never getting be-

= yond that state. In the higher forms of life,

such as man, the body is composed of an in--

ee oemerable host of cells, more or less modified

for special purposes. Whatever the cell is

3 Bgrdered to do, whether it be in the process of

4.0 - MICROBES AND MEN.

feeling, seeing, hearing, secreting, excreting,
or anything else, it does that one thing over
and over again until it becomes an expert or
specialist.

Habit is only a manifestation of the degree
to which the cells of our bodies have been
trained in certain directions.

All movements are produced by contrakeine
of protoplasm. A muscleis a mass of this —

once «Ss Substance set apart for a special

uncownvooe «6s ese. Each muscle is made up of
avery large number of minute
aii, fibers, and each of these of nu-
Witz’, merous cells of modified proto- —
uf = =plasm, placedinarow. In ap-
pearance, asingle fibre very much
resembles a string of beads. If
there are twenty thousand cells
in a fiber and each cell contracts
one-twenty-thousandth of an
Haase t inch, the fiber will be shortened
Sitar ons etae one inch. AJ/l muscular move-
Greatly cal’ ped gient is produced by the contrac-
tion of modified cells of protoplasm.

But the muscle-cells will notcontract unless
stimulated to do so by the nervous system,
numerous small fibers of which extend into
every muscle. The muscles are servants and

are ordered to move by the brain or some
other nerve center,

TIMARU cae

fu VGUT KUBY Yssegsere
UCU ON Ayers ee EN
PRG Teen

TAMU TR AILS s

ie kt
Rie sr

Ey Daueaere

ey es roe
an 4 @) o,
(AMUU TOM UEES dacs we cotrrey
aes x me =
HAT SGD ee
oT TL rer
a Vi) ee |

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 41

The order is sent from the brain along the
minute nerve fibers, very much as a telegram
is sent from place to place along the wires.
ANYTHING WHICH LESSENS THE POWER OF

THE BRAIN TO SEND ITS STIMULATING INFLU-
. ENCES TO THE MUSCLE CELLS, OR LESSENS THE

ABILITY OF THE CELLS TO RESPOND READILY,
WILL LESSEN THE STRENGTH OF THE MUSCLE.
That is, anything which makes protoplasm
less sensitive or less active will weaken the
nervous system and lessen muscular power.
During the past twenty-five years, there
have been thousands of carefully conducted
experiments proving, beyond a doubt, that
small quantities of alcohol lessen the move-
ments of protoplasm, while larger quantities .
destroy these movements. While this under-
lving fact is universally admitted, yet there
are very many who Still believe that alcohol
stimulates the muscles to greater activity.
This belief is still held, despite the well-known
fact that muscles move only as they areacted ©
upon by the nerves, and that alcohol lessens
nerve activity. Before chloroform came into

_use alcohol was given the patient in order to

deaden the nervous system and thus lessen
the pain in surgical operations.

It is now often held in the mouth to relieve
the toothache. Alcohol may produce such

an inflammation in the stomach that drops

42 MICROBES AND MEN.

of blood ooze on the lining membrane, and
yet no pain be felt. When people are under
the influence of alcohol they do not suffer as
much from the extremes of heat or cold as do
others. Many freeze to death without know-
ing thatthey are cold. Hundreds of facts, like —
the foregoing, confirm the value of the scien-
tific experiments, and prove conclusively that
alcohol does lessen the activity of thenervous
system.

Very many experiments, carefully conducted —
with the most approved and precise instru-
ments, prove that alcohol weakens every
muscle in the body. Those who are training
for such physical contests as prize-fighting,
_ rowing, and ball-playing, are strictly forbid- —
den the use of alcohol. Thousands of trials
have fully proved that men can do more work ~
and endure more heat, cold, fatigue, or other
hardships, without the use of alcohol than

withit. A person may become a dangerous

raving maniac by intoxication, but he willnot
acquire any degree of new siren -
Heis not stimulated,—he has simply de- —
ranged the nerve centers of his brain. Any
healthy temperate person who doubts these
statements can verify them by making the
acquaintance of lifting scales and a bottle of
whiskey. Common observation will prove
that the statement of scientific facts already

oo pag ica ised es

Ns oh r . j 8 ss
os "e ~~ f

a hA es

* CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 43

made is true, viz.—that alcohol lessens that
property of protoplasm known as sensation,
thereby retarding the action of the nervous
system and the muscle cells, and results in
weakening muscular power. No educated
person, after having had his attention called
to the matter, will, for a moment, doubt the
truth of these conclusions.

_ The next step in this research is not so
easily taken. IF ALCOHOL WEAKENS MUSCU-

' LAR ACTION IT MUST WEAKEN THE HEART’S

ACTION, BECAUSE THE HEART IS A MUSCLE.
Before the days of careful scientific investi-

gation with accurate instruments, it was

universally believed that alcohol was a stim-
ulant. Even in recent years it is generally
accepted as a settled fact and has been incor-

_ porated into nearly all medical and scientific

literature. Accurate knowledge of the physi-
ological effects of alcohol has, until of late,
been neglected in the general forward move-
ment in medical science from a lack of careful
scientific experiment and investigation.

The writer began a series of experiments
along this line in 1874, while an assistant of
Dr. C. A. Kelsey, and has probably performed
more experiments, in order to ascertain the
effects of alcohol upon the healthy human

- heart, than has any other person. During
these twenty years of observation and experi-

44. - MICROBES AND MEN.

ment, not a single instance has been found
where alcohol has proved itself to be a stimu-
lant to the heart, in regard to either the ©
strength or frequency of its contraction. |

The force of the heart’s contraction is
studied by using avery delicately constructed
instrument called the sphygmograph, or pulse-
writer. A part of this instrument consists of

a small pad, which is pressed gently upon the © |

pulse artery by means of a spring. As the
pad rises and falls, with each beat of the pulse,
the motion is communicated to a small cross-
bar, which is oscillated by a standard at-
tached to the top of the pad. To the cross-
bar is attached a long marker.

Every movement of the pulse is thus cor-
rectly reproduced, in ‘amagnified form, by the
end of the marker.

The frontispiece shows how the records are
made. That part of the instrument which
has been partially described is represented in
_ the lower right hand corner of the engraving.
It is attached to the wrist of the person who
is being experimented upon. The marker ex-
tends to a cylinder, covered with paper, which —
has been blackened by burning camphor.
The cylinder is slowly revolved by turning a
crank, which makes twenty-seven revolutions 7
while the cylinder makes one. The exact

form of the pulse is thus outlined in the soot :

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 45

on the cylinder, the height of th: elevations
indicating the comparative strength ofthe
heart’s contractions. When the sooty paper
has been covered with traces, it is very care-
fully removed from the cylinder and dipped
ina saturated solution of white shellac in
alcohol, making a permanentrecord. Sections
of a few of the many papers thus prepared
are given. These experiments were performed
upon healthy and strictly temperate people,
and give a fair idea of the average results of
all. The traces were taken every fifteen
minutes, while the person was seated and
quiet in every respect. All necessary pre-
cautions were taken regarding mental con-
ditions and all outside influences.

Pure alcohol (95% by volume) was used in
allthe experiments, for itis almost impossible
to procure any other kind of unadulterated
liquor. Ali-pure liquors are practically noth-
ing more or less than alcohol and water mix-
ed in different proportions. |
- The traces given below were selected, from
the large number taken, to give a fair aver-
age of results in relation to age, sex, weight,
variations in natural pulse rate, amount of
alcohol given, manner of giving it, and the
time after meals when the observations were
taken.

Fig. 13 represents the pulse of B. H. B.,age

67
6c“ im
71
s
\70
4c
39
sé ‘68
37
cc i .
38 oar
g9
ce | a
72 e
| ©,

Oo Oo
s)

o

@(-joyooye ‘1p s)
ve
(<p)

=a
Oo

Big: a3. Fig. 14.»

60, weight 150. Experiment began about ©
one and a half hours after breakfast, a trace
being taken every fifteen minutes. Immedi- —

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 4.7

(‘[oYyooe “Ap 8)

(‘[o:jooje “ap 4)
Om Q
Gay A=

ON
“y

ep) (ep)
ie) bdo
On (ey)
00 We)

Fig. 15.

ately after taking each of the first ten traces,
a half drachm of alcohol (equalto ateaspoon-
iul of whiskey) was given—five drachms in

48 MICROBES AND MEN.

LW)
Saare : :
a Qs
=
92 6s
NS
2!
93 a) 66
94. ; : 66
95
©)
92
~~
92 ds
°
N
=
91 S S.
a 2
© ~
Cer
jay
SS
*

Fig. 17. Big. 18.
all. The pulse was carefully counted each
time a trace was taken. The pulse rates
were: 62, 61, 64, 63, 64, 62, 63, 62, 63, 64,
62, 62, 62, 64, 64, 64.

Fig. 14 represents the pulse of Miss D. B.,
age 21, weight 100. Experiment began one
and three-fourths hours after dinner. Traces
taken every fifteen minutes. One drachm of
alcohol was given after taking the first and
third traces, two drachms inall. The rates

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 49

~~ AB
80 oN
nm

76 Le = ‘é

76 ; Se ee
éé : <é
79
| “s
&é
78 2 : “é
77 f= >
he EY Sete ce
oe
—
50 | | <s "= = tae sé
= 75
J =
ee
=
oe)
75 SJ
| O,
Fig. 19. Fig. 20.

of the pulse when the traces were taken were:
74, 67, 70, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 68, 72, 68, 66,
67, 66, 66, 70.

Fig. 15 represents the pulse of G. E. R., age
23, weight 180. Experiment began one-half
hour after dinner. A trace was taken each
fifteen minutes. After each of the first eight
traces was taken, one-half drachm of alcohol
was given, four drachmsin all. Pulse rates

bO MICROBES AND MEN.

70

71
69

70
12
72
72

68

“MUIOTOIOIN.
‘oS[Nng [vinjeN

69

70

70
67

66

64

eT

Pig. 21. Hig. 22.

were: 71,71, 71, 72, 70, 72, 65;:62,-eee
61, 62, 60, 57, 60, 58, 58, 58.

Fig. 16 also represents the pulse of G. E. R.
Experiment began one and one-half hours
after dinner. Traces taken fifteen minutes
apart. After each of the first four traces was
taken two drachms of alcohol were given—
eight drachms inall, Pulse rates were: 66,

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 51

© 68, 62, 62, 64, 62, 62, 58, 65, 65, 60, 61, 60,
58, 57, 56.

‘Fig. 17 represents the pulse of J. M. A., age

27, weight 120. Experiment began one and

one-half hours after supper. Fifteen minutes
between traces. Gavetwo drachms alcohol
after the first, third, and sixth traces were
taken—six drachms in all. The pulse rates
meee JO, 92,93, 94, 95, 92, 92, 91,87, 86.
Fig. 18 represents the pulse of H. E., age
18, weight 140. Experiment began two and
one-half hours after dinner. A trace taken
each quarter of an hour. Gave four drachms

of alcohol after each of the first four traces
_was taken—sixteen drachms, or two ounces,
ainall. The pulse rates were: 94, 95, 94, 90,

90, 90, 89, 89, 85, 86, 87, 86.

Fig. 19 represents the pulse of H. F.C. age
26, weight 155. He was in the habit of
smoking three or four cigars each day. A
strong cup of coffee was taken with dinner at
12 0’clock. Between 1 and 1:30, smoked a
cigar. Experiment began at 3. Fifteen
minutes between traces. Took two drachms
of alcohol after each of first four traces, eight
drachms inall. The pulse rates were: 84,82,
S81, 81, 82, 78, 78, 74, 72, 74, 76.

In this case the heart was much weakened

by the tobacco habit. At first the alcohol

partially revived the ‘‘tobacco heart,’’ then

52 MICROBES AND MEN.

added its own paralyzing effects to that of
the tobacco, making the man almost pulse- ~~
less, although he fe/t better and stronger.

Fig. 20 represents the pulse of the same per-
son, six days later. During the six days he
abstained from the use of tobacco and tea
and coffee. The experiment began two and

one-half hours after dinner. One-half drachm ~

of alcohol was taken after each of the first

eight traces was made—four drachms in all.

The pulse rates were: 80, 76, 76, 79, 78, 77,
Tis hay (0, 4B bo

This set of traces and Figs. 13, 15, and 16,
show something regarding the length of time
required for the heart to begin to rally from
the depressing effects of alcohol, when taken
in small doses by healthy temperate people.

Fig. 21 represents the pulse of I. H., age 46,

weight 135, under the influence of chloro-

form. Thetraces were taken every two min- —
utes. He began inhaling the chloroform af-
ter the first trace was taken, continuing for
twenty-three minutes. Atnotime was there

total unconsciousness. The pulse rates were:

70, 71, 69, 70, 72, 72, 72, 68, 69, 70, 70, 67, q

66, 64. Is ehichwien st amore powerful heart
eh than alcohol?

Fig. 22 represents the natural pulse of I. H. ae 4
O. The experiment beganimmediatelyaftera =~

, .

ERRATA.

__ The sentence on this page, commencing in the 16th line from
from the top, should read:

Twenty series of records ae in order
without omission) from these experiments

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 53

light dinner, at which neither meat, tea, coffee,
nor condiments were taken. Traces taken fif-

teen minutes apart. Thepulserates were: 71,

eae, 14, (1,76, °75, 76, 73, 72, 73, 73, 69, 72,
72. This set of traces is about an average of
many series of experiments made to ascer-
tain the natural rise and fall in the force of
the pulse. The depressions in the force of the
pulse, (which indicates the strength of the
heart), as shown by the preceding sets of

traces, are not due to natural causes.

The experiments given demonstrate that
alcohol is not a stimulant, at least so far as
the force of the heart is concerned. The rates
of the pulse given seem also to be affected by
the alcohol. Twenty series of records (taken
order without omission) from these experi-
ments give an average fall of six beats per

-mimuteintwo and ahalf hours after meals.

The average amount of alcohol given in each
experiment was about five drachms. Twenty
series of records of the natural pulse, for the

same length of time and the same interval

aiter meals, give an average fall of 3.65 beats
per minute, or less than two-thirds as much

- decrease in the rate as when under the in-
fiuence of small doses of alcohol.

For many years the world has generally
accepted as final the results of a carefully

- conducted experiment by Drs. Parkes and

5A MICROBES AND MEN.. —

-—

Wollowiz, of England, to ascertain the effects
of alcohol upon the rate of the heart’s action. ~
This very important experiment was made
upon a healthy man, 28 years old, weighing

136 Tbs. His diet was the same in kind and

amount during the experiment, meat ‘being

prohibited.

He was a habitual user of tea, coffee, and

tobacco, besides being a persistent moderate

beer drinker. His system was so accustomed
to the influence of these narcotics, that eight.

ounces of pure alcohol given in one day, dur-

in the progress of the experiment, did not —
produce ‘‘narcotic symptoms.’’ During the

experiment the habitual use of alcoholic li-
quors was prohibited, but teaand coffee were
allowed, also a daily allowance of one le
ounce of tobacco.

The pulse was counted eight times each day,

208 records in all. Fora periodofeightdays _ :

no alcohol was given; in the next six days
there was a daily allowance of from one to
eight ounces of pure alcohol; during the
next six days no alcohol was given; then for
three days about three ounces of pure alcohol,
in the form of brandy, were consumed each
day; after which came a like period of no al-
cohol. Theconclusions were, in part, that

two ounces of pure alcohol (equal to a gill of © e.

brandy or whiskey) increased the heart’s ac-

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 55

tion 8,172 beats per day, while eight ounces
increased its action 25,000 beats. When the
facts regarding the habitual and continued
use of narcotics are taken into consideration,
the absurdity of accepting the results of this
experiment, as final, is apparent. Now, since -
much that has been believed, said, and writ-
ten, for over twenty years, regarding the ac-
tion of alcohol on the heart, has been based
upon the published results of this experi-
ment,the writer may be pardoned for present-
ing the results of his most extended series of
experiments designed to verify the ‘‘celebra-
ted Parke’s experiment.”’

A perfectly healthy man was selected, age
46, height 5 ft. 9 in., weight 135 fbs., who
ad never used aos (or ‘‘stimulants’’)
of any kind. He was a retired physician, of
good physique, nervous temperament, but
with digestive powers somewhat below the
average. All necessary precautions were
taken regarding diet, amount of fluids used,
temperature of room and of food and drink,
position of body, exercise, and state of mind.

The pulse was carefully counted every fifteen

minutes from rising to retiring, or sixty times
each day, 1440 records in all. The diet con-
sisted of bread and butter, oatmeal, corn-
meal, granola, limited quantities of potato
and fruit, and one pint of milk per day.

\ E oi ~ é 2% =
ad £ it Of eee bs ah

56 MICROBES AND MEN.

When alcohol was used between meals, itwas
well diluted with water; when taken with

meals it was put into one-third of a pint of
milk, all other fluids being prohibited, as well

as meats and condiments. Each meal occu- ©

ih
= ys Ga

pied the time between two counts. The a

records began each day at 7:30 a.m., three ©

being made before breakfast, eighteen be-

tween breakfast and dinner, twenty-two be- i :

tween dinner and supper, and seventeen
between supper and the time of retiring,
10:15 p.m. The experiment extended over

twenty-four days, divided into eight periods —
of three days each. During the first period, —

no alcohol was given. One ounce of pure al-
cohol (95% by volume) was given the first

day of the second period, two ounces the sec-

ond day, and three ounces on the third. The
third, fifth, and seventh periods were like the
first, and the fourth, sixth, and eighth were
like the second. The 720 records made dur-
ing thetwelve no-alcohol days gave an aver-
age of 66.48 heart beats per minute. The
same number made during the twelve alcohol
days gave an average of 65.52 heart beats
per minute, that is, the heart beats at the
rate of 1382.4times per day Jess than natural
when an average of two ounces of pure al-

cohol was given daily. The alcohol was giv-—
en between 8 a.m, and 6.15 p.m., in doses —

- CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 57

varying from one-half drachm to an ounce,
two thirds of the time it being given‘in three
equal doses with meals. It should be remem-
bered that brandy, whiskey, gin, andrum, are
about one-half, wines about one-fifth, cider
about one-fourteenth, and beer about one-
twentieth, alcohol, this being the active prin-
cipal in all these fluids.

When three ounces of alcohol were given, in
_drachm dosesevery fifteen minutes, there were
marked ‘‘narcotic symptoms.’’ In fact, there
was an advanced stage of intoxication which
caused the man to stagger about the room,
and made it difficult for him to feed himself.
The intoxication was well marked when an
ounce had been taken in this manner; but
when the ounce was taken with a meal, there
was but slight intoxication, and that would
usually disappear in about thirty minutes.
About fifteen minutes after a meal, when one
ounce had been taken, the man would ap-
pear dizzy and bewildered, would stretch
out his arms and clinch his hands, much as a
person sometimes does when awaking from
_ the effects of chloroform. When three ounces
per day were given, there was a disturbance ~
of digestion, followed by tenderness in the
region of the stomach, indicating that the al-
cohol had produced more or less inflam-
mation.

“ff eye <9 * ve
Pe to ee! ee
o- hid ee

58 MICROBES AND MEN. ©

This irritation of thestomach, and the prob-
ably prolonged period of digestion, seemed to
be the principal causes which tended to in-
crease the heart’s action when the larger
doses were given. Thatis, alcohol does not
increase the daily average of the pulse rate
until enough is taken to produce local inflam-

mation and a general disturbance of the sys-

tem. The average of the eight days, when
the allowance averaged one and one-half
ounces per day, was 64.87 beats per minute
or 2318.4 fewer beats per day than the nor-
malrate. The averageof thefour days, when

three ounces were given daily, was 66.83 _

beats per minute or 504 more than the nor-
mal daily rate. This higher rate is not due
to stimulation, but to the fact that the pulse
rate did not fall as low before dinner, supper,
and bed time, as it did when the smaller doses

were given. If we compare the ‘one ounce —

days’ with the ‘three ounce days’ in the chart
of pulse rates, we are led to inquire whether

the difference is not due to an irritated

' stomach and a retarded digestion.

It would have been very interesting and —
profitable to have given this rare and valu-—

able subject, for such an experiment, larger

doses, but it was not considered entirely safe

to doso. Itis not safe for adults who are
not habitual users of narcotics, (including tea

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 59

and coffee), to take eight ounces of alcohol in
one day. If that quantity should be taken at
one dose, fatal results would often quickly
follow.

The results of the above experiment agree
with the records of many similar ones taken
for the same purpose. The only conclusions
that can be drawn from twenty years of ex-
periment and observation are, that alcoholic
liquors of all kinds and in all sized doses, usu-
ally depress the action of the heart both in
force andinrate. There is no period of stim-
ulation or excitement. ©

Thé depression in force usually begins in
about twenty minutes and lasts two or more
hours, while the rate is usually but slightly ~
affected. Much material is at hand from

which these conclusions are drawn. Those

who have never conducted such a series of
experiments are scarcely able to comprehend
the amount of expense, time, patience, and
care necessary, in order tu get sufficient data
for anything like correct conclusions. The
chart of pulse rates will be found very in-
teresting and valuable. Each square repre.
sents fifteen minutes, horizontally, and an
increase or decrease GE: one pulse beat per
minute, vertically. The continuous irreguiar
lines represent the average of twelve no-alco-
hol days, each beginning with sixty-two

60 MICROBES AND MEN.
eae Say Ty

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a oreo RRRRREAPe

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SSEERE SRP

cEPREEHE
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rae une CCARELCCCRARERECCCNREC CEES
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ttt a tt et tS on
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ha LATS LSS TS Ee SS eee
fet tbat heel aed tet che eee eee
SKSSEESREREBERRE

‘SEREERSSHRBERRECSEERRES

_ Fig. 23.—Chart of Pulse Rate.

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 61

The first dotted line (at the top) represents
the average of twelve alcohol days when an
average of two ounces per day was given.
No. 2, the average of eight days for an aver-
age of one and one-half ounces; No. 8, four
days, for one ounce; No. 4, four days, for
two ounces; and No.5, four days, for the
three ounces per day.

The thoughtful and observing person will
find much of value and interest in the pulse
chart. The inquisitive one will soon discover
that it was necessary to make over eight
hundred points when ‘‘laying off’’ the chart,
and that the straight-edge occupied over six
hundred positions in the drawing of it. The
economical person will observe that it repre-
sents over one hundred dollars in time and
money; and the curious will be delighted to
know that there is nothing else on earth just
like it.

The reader will bear in mind that all these
experiments were made for the purpose of as-
certaining the effect of alcohol on the healthy
human heart. The writer is not aware of
- any carefully and wisely conducted experi-
ment that has ever been made, that does not,
in the main, agree with the result just record-
ed. H.N. Martin, A. M., M.D., D.Sc., pro-
fessor in Johns Hopkins University, and one
of the noted experimenters in America, has

62 MICROBES AND MEN.

done much praiseworthy experimenting in or-
der to determine the effect of alcohol on the
action of a dog’s heart when separated from —
all parts of the body except the lungs. In
these careful tests, the heart was first fur-
nished with pure blood, then with blood con-
taining acertain per cent of alcohol, after-
wards with pure blood again. If the heart
in any case did not revive when furnished
with pure blood, afterit had been depressed
by alcohol, that experiment was rejected,
fearing that the depression was due to failing |
vitality. But when the heart revived under
the influence of pure blood, it was considered
certain that the depression was caused by the
alcohol. Dr. Martin states the results of his
noted experiments, as follows :—‘‘Blood con-
taining one-eighth per cent of alcohol has no
immediate perceptible action on the isolated
heart. Blood containing one-fourth per cent,
by volume, almost invariably remarkably
diminishes, within a minute, the work done
by the heart. Blood containing one-half per
cent, that is, five parts in athousand, always —
diminishes and may even bring the amount
pumped out of the left ventricle to so small a
quantity that it is not sufficient to supply
coronary arteries.”’ |

An ordinary drink of whiskey or brandy
will give more than the one-fourth per cent,

-_

CONQUEROR OF HEARTS AND HANDS. 63

or one partin four hundred of pure alcohol
in the blood of an average man, which ‘al
most invariably remarkably diminished with-
in a minute the work done by the heart.”
These experiments, and hundreds of others,
bearing directly or indirectly upon the same
subject, which have been made upon the
_ lower animals, by some of the best scientists
in the world, all proclaim that alcohol lessens
_ the sensibility and motive power of proto-
plasm and, therefore, not only lessens the
ability of the nervous system to send stimut-
lating influences to the muscles, but lessens
the ability of the muscles to respond to the
influences sent to them. ALCOHOL IS NOT A
STIMULANT. Thousands of fatal cases of
stimulation (?) annually attest to the truth-
fulness of this statement. Alcohol, as found
in all kinds of alcoholic liquors, is the great
~conqueror not only of hearts and hands, but
of bodies and souls.

CHAPTER IV.

THE FIRST GRIST MILLS RUN BY WATER, ~
Man is said to be a stomach with such ap-
pliances as feet, hands, and head, to keep it —
supplied with material to be ground. This

process of reducing food to a condition fitted —

to make bone, muscle, and brain, is carried
on largely by water. In fact every move- ©
ment of our bodies, even to the assistance in
the production of thought, is possible only by ©

the aid of water. If our brains and other ~

organs did not contain a large amount of
water, they would be of no more use than
ordinary leather. Water is the only fluid that
can dissolve the various articles of food
which are taken into our stomachs. The —
blood is fluid and is rendered capable of con- —
veying the digested food to every tissue and ~
cell of the body, because it contains a large
proportion of water. It is water which takes
up the waste products from the wear and
tear of the tissues, and conveys them out of

sa
po i

THE FIRST GRIST MILL RUN BY WATER. 65

the body by a most complicated and wonder-
fulsewerage system. Water gives form, size,

_ flexibility, and capacity for motion, to the
_ different parts and organsof ourbodies. The

chewing and swallowing of solid foodis made
possible because of its being mixed with the
saliva, which is 99 per cent water. The sali-
va moistens, and partially digests, the food.
When the food reaches the stomach itis mixed
with large quantities of gastric juice, 97 per

_ cent.of which is water. The other three fluids,

poured into the digestive organs beyond the
stomach, are from 87 to 90 per cent water.
The food, thus prepared by these very watery
fluids to become a part of the living tissues,

is taken up and carried to every hungry cell

in the body by the blood, which 1s, itself, 79
per cent water. The muscles, which contract
with so much power, are 74 per cent water,
and the brain—the organ of the mind—con-
tains no less than 79 or 80 per cent of this

all-important and ever-present fluid. A con-

stant supply of water is so necessary that
great suffering results if it be withheld for even
a few hours, and death would follow in less
than a week. Insane persons who have taken
nothing but water have been known to sur-
vive for two months. Most articles of food,
as prepared for the table, are more than half
water. :

66 MICROBES AND MEN.

On an average, it 1s necessary to add, each - ee
day, about one pint of water tothe amount

taken as food, in order to supply the de-
mands of the system. Thirst, in the healthy

person, is the crying out of the cells of the — a

body for the water needed for carrying on
the proper work of the various tissues. No
other fluid willin any manner, or to any de- —
gree, supply this imperative demand. :
When a drink, which contains a fluid that
has such an affinity for water, that this fluid
will rob the cells of water already contained,
is introduced into the system, thirst is in-
creased, because water has been drawn from ~
the tissues instead of being supplied to them ~
as demanded. A person who may be thirsty
from excessive perspiration, caused by a hot
bath, does not have the thirst relieved by in-
creasing the amount of water in the bath-
tub. Neither is a cell or tissue, which has
been robbed of a part of its water by a chem-
ical agent, satisfied by any amount of water
that may be hurried past, on its way out of
the system, by the shortest possible route.
Alcohol has such an affinity for water that
it seizes upon it whenever it-can be found.
If a piece of lean meat be put into alcohol it
will become quite hard and shrunken by hav-
ing water extracted. Mix the white of an ©

egg with brandy and it will be “cooked,” bee

THE FIRST GRIST MILL RUN BY WATER. 67

cause the alcohol has taken so much of the
water from it. Soft-bodied animals, when
preserved in alcohol, are so dried and
shrunken as to be useless for illustrations in
teaching natural history. Alcohol that has

already been mixed with large quantities of

water,retains its ability to take more water

___. from every possible source.

All kinds of alcoholic liquors are simply
water mixed with a certain per cent of alco-
hol. Ten pints of beer are equal to one pint

_of whiskey or brandy put into nine pints of

water, or one half pint of alcohol put into
nine and one half pints of water. The man

who pays one dollar per day for twenty-one ©

half-pint drinks of beer usually objects to
being called a ‘‘water drinker,” although he
has consumed nearly ten pints of that fluid,
for which he has paid eighty cents. But even
in such a case this large amount of water wil!
not prevent the half pint of alcohol from so
injuring the tissues, that there will be suffer-
ing from thirst as soon as the system is
sufficiently recovered from the narcotic effects
of the alcohol. The habitual use of beer,
cider, or stronger liquors, increases thirst,
and this can only be relieved by keeping the
tissues so stupefied with alcohol that they

-_arenot able to cry out against the injuries

already inflicted. When the thirst increases

68 MICROBES AND MEN. |

faster than the alcohol can be supplied to S

quiet the demands of the tissues, it becomes

all-absorbing and is called dipsomania, or : :

drink madness.

When alcohol (in any alcoholic liquor) creed

swallowed, two principal effects on themouth
and throat are quite noticeable. More or

less water is taken from the tissues, giving a |

sensation of thirst, and this is intensified as
soon as the second or deadening effect has
ceased. This stupefying effect causes the lit-
tle muscles, which surrotnd the minute blood-
vessels, and regulate the supply of blood to
any given part, to relax their hold on the ves-
sels, and this allows an increased flow of
blood to themucousmembrane. Theunusual

amount of warm blood around the nerves of —

feeling in the mucous membrane gives a sen- —

sation of increased warmth. This sensation,
and the increased redness, are known as the
irritating effects of alcohol.

When alcohol reaches the stomach, where it
must remain for some time in contact with

the tissues, the effects are more marked. If —

the alcohol is well diluted, as in beer, the red-

ness or blush from taking the first dose will :

soon pass away. If its useis continued the

redness becomes permanent, forthelittle mus- —

cles lose their power over the blood-vessels.

The continued congestion andirritated condi- —

= 2 es,
oe P = 1
Reet,
ny /

‘ew

THE FIRST GRIST MILL RUN BY WATER. 69

tion causes the lining membrane to thicken at
first and then to slough off in patches, there-

by producing ulcers. When average quanti-

ties of beer and cider are the only liquors
used, the stomach is not apt to ulcerate, but
is usually more or less enlarged. No person
can habitually use average quantities of any
kind of alcoholic liquor and have a perfectly
healthy stomach.

_ Every tissue, and every fluid of the whole
body, is able to carry on the work necessary
to make life and health possible, only when it
contains a certain amount of water. So is it
with other useful articles. Dried ink isas
useless as is ink that has been flooded with
water. When a person drinks alcoholic
liquors, the alcohoi extracts water from the
various tissues and renders them more or less
useless, until they have time to repair the in-

_ jury, or to form the habit of doing the best

they can under the abnormal circumstances.
While the alcohol is working ruin by lessen-
ing the activity of the nerves and muscles
and extracting water from the tissues and
cells, the water, taken along with it, or to re-
lieve the thirst caused by it, is making the
fluids of the body more or less useless by
diluting them. This is especially true so far
as the digestive fluids of the mouth and
stomach areconcerned. The irritating effects

70 MICROBES AND MEN. |

of alcohol cause an increased flow of these —

fluids, but of an inferior quality, and then the
irritant proceeds to separate the active part,
or ferment, from the water in these aids to
digestion, rendering them entirely useless.
From this, it is plain that digestion cannot
be carried on in the stomach while any con-
siderable quantity of aleoholis present. Be-

fore the digestive process can proceed, the

diluted and useless fluids, including the alco-
hol, must be removed and new fluids secreted
and poured into the stomach. When a
moderate quantity of alcohol is taken several
times each hour after a meal, the food will
not even begin to digest. In such cases, the
food, together with quantities of ropy
mucous, is sometimes vomited up ten or even
twenty hours after the meal. If the quantity
of alcohol drank is large, as in a drunken
debauch, the digestion is not only stopped,
but the stomach refuses to remove the alco-
hol, as fast as it is received; so alcohol may
be ejected, with the undigested food, after the
individual has lain in a drunken stupor for
ten or more hours.

The large quantities of mucous aoe ere
the stomach, under such circumstances, seems

to be a wise provision of nature to dilute and _

~

surround the poison and keep it away from —

the delicate tissues, where it might excite

ne, ee ‘ is qe
een it
- ~~ vel 9? .. Bie Ee

THE FIRST GRIST MILL RUN BY WATER. 71

fatal inflamination. It also serves to prevent
the poison from too rapidly escaping into the

_ blood, where it would certainly produce fatal
_ results. : }

Alcoholic liquors of every kind and name
can never, under any possible condition, be
of use toa healthy stomach or to its healthy
owner. In the very rare cases where alco-
holic liquors can be prescribed with benefit to

_a diseased stomach, or to its diseased owner,

_ othet more useful and less injurious remedies

can be prescribed with more benefit.

CHAPTER V.

THE SUGAR FACTORY.

It is necessary that a large part of our
bread, and of nearly all other vegetable foods
(the starchy portions), shall be changed into
sugarin the process ofdigestion. Allthesugar
that has been made from the starch in the
food, together with all other foods and fluids, —
(except fats), are caught up by the minute
blood vessels of the stomach and intestines,
carried to the portal vein, and hurried on to
the liver. | ee

The liver is the largest and most important _
gland in the body. Itis divided into about
2,000,000 sections or ‘‘rooms”’ (lobules). In —
each ‘“‘room’’ there are about 125,000 skilled
workers—cells of modified protoplasm—who
toil day and night that the population of the
entire system may be supplied with properly
prepared food. When the portal vein enters
the liver it divides and subdivides until the
veins are only Yoooth of an inch in diameter.

THE SUGAR FACTORY. 73

-These little veins run over and around the
“‘rooms,’’or lobules,in every direction, branch-
ing off, finally, into capillary blood-vessels,
which are only Yoooth of an inch in diameter.
Large numbers of these capillaries pass into
each “‘room”’ and thus bring the blood, con-
taining the food and drink just received from
the stomach and intestines, into close con-
tact with each of the 250,000,000,000 work-
ers, or liver-cells. Each ‘‘room’”’ is supplied
with sewer pipes, serving as outlets into the
hepatic duct. This duct conveys the large
quantities of material, which have been ex-

_ tracted from the blood, while passing through
the liver, into a convenient reservoir called
the gall-bladder.

The three principal functions of the liver
are, (a) to refine or remanufacture the suyar
received from the organs of digestion; (b) to
produce large quantities of another kind of
sugar; and (c) to manufacture or excrete the
bile. Upon the proper performance of these
functions of this organ, depend the hap-
piness, health, and life of the individ-
ual. The food must be properly prepared
by the liver, else it will not nourish the tis-
sues—leaving the individual to die of slow
starvation, regardless of the amount or kind of
food taken. When the blood contains too
much bile, we have that peculiar and danger-

74 MICROBES AND MEN.

ous disease called jaundice. While itis necess-

ary to keep the blood free from bile, yet the — zs

bile is a necesssary factor in completing the
process of digestion, being poured into the
intestines from the gall-bladder, just below
the stomach. If all this work is carried on

by the great “‘sugar factory,’’ and if health
and life depend upon the amount and quality —

of work done, it seems wise and proper that
we should manifest an intelligent interest in

the welfare of the two hundred and fifty bil- ©

lions of little toilers who strive so faithfully,
day and night, todo so much and to do it
so well. |

We have learned that alcohol destroys the
gastric juice of the stomach, and may, in time,
destroy the stomach itself, thus interfering
very much with the preparation of the food,
which is on its way to become a part of the
body. Under no circumstances do the di-
gestive fluids change the alcohol, for it is not

capable of being digested. It is taken up by —

the blood-vesscls in an unchanged state,and _

carried to the liver with the selected food and
water. When it reaches the liver its effects
are very much like those produced when it
first comes into contact with the tissues of

the mouth—it lessens the activity of the pro- —
toplasm in its whole structure. This results _
in an enlargement of the liver,caused by hold-

~ 7 : .

ALE
ae

THE SUGAR FACTORY. 75

ing a larger amount of blood in the vessels,

and saturating the tissues around them with

the water which escapes from the vessels.
The stupefying of the liver cells, and the
change in the condition of the whole organ,
interferes with its important work in prepar-
ing the food for the nourishment of all the
tissues of the body, and in taking the bile out
of the blood for its necessary office in the pro-
cess of digestion. Of course this defective
work leads to a derangement of the whole
system, as is manifest in a disturbance of
digestion, a coated tongue, foul breath, head-
ache, dizziness, languor, ‘‘the blues,’ and
general unpleasant sensations of both body
and mind.

All consciousness of the general distur-

_ bance and ruin, which have been wrought by
this evil spirit, may be temporarily banished,

if enough more of the same article be taken to

quiet the brain and nerves. This leads the

victim to believe that he is better, and, by de-
grees, he becomes a confirmed drunkard.

The late Dr. Palmer, of the University of
Michigan, when speaking of the chronic

_ effects of alcohol on the liver, says: ‘‘Much

more serious effects are, in some cases, pro-

- duced by alcoholics, and beer is more apt to

actin the way about to be mentioned than

whiskey. An accumulation of fat is often

16 MICROBES AND MEN.

produced in the liver, causing its greater and

more permanent enlargement, and impairing
more permanently its action. When this is
the case stopping the use of the drink does
not produce the same rapid improvement as
in the cases before mentioned. But where
the fat is deposited between the proper liver
cells or structures, without taking the place
of them, abstaining from drinking may, in
time, be followed by much improvement.
There is another fatty change, much worse

than this, where particles offat take the place of —

thestructure. This iscalled fatty degeneration,

and when it occurs other organs are likely to —

be affected in a similar way; and this disease
before a great while ends in death.

When any portion of the liver is changed
into fat, that part cannot do its work, and

as the change goes on, action will Baers. and —

death must oli e. :

I will here only say that there 3 is a disease
of the liver called Cirrhosis, from its yellow —

color, and hob-nail liver, from there being up-
on its surface rounded projections, looking
like the large nails on the soles of an English
laborer’s shoes; and this disease is also called
gin-liver, from its always being produced by

drinking strong liquor. The liver, though -

swollen at first, becomes shriveled and much

smaller later, and all through it are small — 3

THE SUGAR FACTORY. 77

masses, causing the inside to look like a cake
of beeswax in which, when it was melted,yel-
low peas had been mixed.

In this condition the blood cannot properly

circulate through it, it cannot perform its

proper functions, dropsy follows; and when
the disease is established, death always oc-
curs ina few months, or at the longestina

very few years. As with certain alcoholic

diseases of the stomach, particularly cirrhosis
and contraction of its walls, even the aban-_
donment of the alcohol comes too late.

_ This Cirrhosis, as well as other structural
alcoholic diseases, is more likely to occur from

_ steady drinking, though it be not carried to
the extent of positive drunkenness, than from

occasional debauches, however excessive, and

however morally and socially degrading and

disastrous. These structural changes of the
liver, from the effects of alcohol, though
sufficiently common to be very familiar to
physicians, are not nearly so frequent as the
derangements of action of this important
organ from the same cause, without distin-
guishabie changes of its structure.”

Dr. Hope, in his ‘‘Morbid Anatomy,” speak-
ing of a cab-driver’s liver, said:—‘‘The tuber-
cles first appeared as individual grains, or
points of disease, then they coalesced and

finally formed large compact masses. The

73 MICROBES AND MEN.

liver is enormous—five times its natural size,
crammed with thousands of seis: varying

from this size O to that of an egg.”’
Dr. Richardson says: (‘Diseases of Modern

Life’ p. 256-7-8), ‘‘The liver of the confirmed s ay
alcoholic is probably never free from thein- —

fluence of the poison; it is too oftensaturated

withit. * * The organ at first becomes

enlarged from the distention of its vessels,

i
os "y
=
ZZ
ee:
‘gles
vom
<a
aio >
Ss. 3
.
“ oe
4 :
b.
‘

the surcharge of fluid matter, and thethicken-

ing of tissue. After a time there follows con-
traction of membrance, and slow shrinking
of the whole mass of the organ in its cellular

parts. Then the shrunken, hardened, rough- — :

ened mass is said to be “‘hob-nailed.” * *
The body of himin whom it is developed is
usually dropsical in its lower parts, owing to
the obstruction offered to the returning blood
by the veins, and death is certain.

* * Again, under an increase of fatty sub-

stance, the structure of the liver may he ©

charged with fatty cells, and undergo what
is technically designated fatty degeneration.
I touch with the lightest hand upon these
deteriorations, and I omit many others. My
object is gained if I but impress the mind of
the reader with the serious nature of the

changes that, in this one organ, alone, follow

an excessive use of alcohol.”’
The writer has seen a drunkard’s liver

—

gy eae eal al
\ ‘ »

THE SUGAR FACTORY. 79

which had the general appearance of a mass
of decomposing cheese, and when a single cut
was made through it, there were revealed
hundreds of ‘‘pockets”’ from the size of a pin
head to that of a walnut, all filled with a

soft purulent matter. These chronic diseases

of the liver are nearly, or quite, painless, pro-
gress slowly, and give very little or no warn-
ing of their presence till long after all hope of
recovery is past, even when the cause which
produced them is discontinued. Too often it
is a fatal error for a person to believe that
he is not being injured by alcohol, simply be-

cause he does not suffer pain.

IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR ANY PERSON TO USE

ANY KIND OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS HABITUALLY

AND POSSESS A PERFECTLY HUALTHY LIVER.

CHAPTER VI.

THE HEATING PLANT.

The wind pipe passes from the throat down

into the chest, where it divides into the two
large bronchial tubes, one for
each lung. These bronchial

they are too small to be seen
without the aid of a microscope.
At the end of the minute bron-

are about Yooth of an inch in di-
ameter. The air-cells are not

Fig. 24.—Minute like the blood, muscle, nerve, or —

bronchial tubes

terminating in other body célls, or the ices .

air-cells. Grea

lyenlarged. which are one-celled plants or

animals, for these are always little masses of

eetntbiern. more or less modified, an d: wit

or without a surrounding inerienaa while

the air-cells are hollow spaces surroaieele by
membranes which are only Yaooth of aninch ~

thick. However thin the membrane may ap-

X yt Ala Ce eee ee: ye
ee 9 eR) ey tee”, th

pe NERS ee
’ - > Bele |
ont ae

a Be Ne

¥ x 4)
<

tubes divide and subdivide until _

chial tubes are the air-cells,which —

> rs a A . °

oO : \ ‘ -
AER: BPR INa eae Mate ' ‘pie
bye a. VT Gh) te eee Se eee 4

a " : ?
’ "4 sy)

THE HEATING PLANNT. 81

pear to be, still it is more than five times
thicker than a red corpuscle of the blood.
Orton’s Zoology states that there are in the
lungs of each person 600,000,000 air-cells,
and that the surrounding membranes of all

these, if spread out, would cover 132 square

feet, equalto eight or nine times the surface
of the whole body.
The blood-vessels which enter the lungs

from the heart, divide and subdivide until

they become capillaries 44o99th of an inch in
diameter, with walls of almost inconceivable
thinness. These minute blood-vessels pass
over and between the air-cells im every

direction, thus spreading out the blood in
exceedingly thin layers almost in direct con-

tact with the inhaled air which lies on the

other side of the 132 square feet of membrane. —
Through this membrane passes the poisonous
carbonic acid gas of the blood to be carried

out of the lungs by the expired air. At the

same time the oxygen of the air is passing in-

ward through the same membrane to reach

the red corpuscles, these having a great
affinity for oxygen. Drowning results from

the preventing of the interchange of these

gases for a very few moments.
The air-cells are supplied with fresh air by

the process of breathing. This isaccomplished

in the successive expansion and contraction |

a

82 MICROBES AND MEN.

of the chest by the activity of alarge number
of muscles. We have already learned that al- —
cohol lessens muscular power, thereforeits use

must lessen the amount of pure air supplied, by

intertering with theact of breathing,makingit

less powerful and less frequent. A part of the
alcoholtaken into thesystemis thrown out by
the lungs,—as shown by chemical tests and by
the odor of alecoholin the breath,—thus making
the smaller amount of inhaled air doubly im-
pure whileinthelungs. Also, the alcohol in the

blood so changes it that it is unable to throw ©

out, asit ought, the wasteand poisonous mat- y

ter. Theamount of carbonicacid gas thrown
out of the system through the lungs is said to

be reduced one half in some cases.
The red coloring matter of the corpuscles has

such an afhnity for oxygen thatittakes it from _ |

the airin the lungs, through the membranes of
the air-cells. Itis then distributed over the en-
tire body, uniting in the meantime with the pre-
pared food in the blood. The uniting of the oxy-

gen with the food elements forms a true com-—

bustion, or burning, thus supplying the body
with heat and vitality, making life and activity
possible. Anything which interferes with the
supply of air to the lungs or with the work of

_thered coloring matter ofthe 25,000,000,000,-.

000 red corpuscles in securing their quota of ox-

ygen, interferes with the very fountains of life.

i ae, s Ry : - ;
pe peated / “ ;
ee aes 8 yy, oe i. 7 a, ere oe

THE HEATING PLANT. 83

Alcohol has such an affinity for the red
coloring matter that it destroys very many
of thecorpuscles, when large quantities of it
are introduced into the blood, and all are
more or less injured. When small quantities
are taken, the damage is proportionally less.
When the amount of alcohol found in a full
drink of beer, or a half drink of whiskey, gets
into the blood, it lessens the quantity of oxy-
gen consumed tosuch an extent that care-
fully conducted experiments will readily
demonstrate and measure the difference. As
the heat of the body is maintained by the
union of oxygen with the digested food, it
follows-that anything which interferes with
perfect digestion tends to lower the heat of
the body. This is especially true regarding
that special process and final digestive act,
performed by the liver, which prepares the
food to be burned by the oxygen. When we
consider how alcohol acts upon the stomach,
liver, lungs, and especially upon the red
corpuscles, we can readily believe what the
thermometer always tells us in such cases, al-
though the external appearances seem to dis-
prove it, viz.: alcohol lowers the poeconbe tc:
of the body.

When moderate doses of alcohol are taken,
there is a partial paralysis of the muscles
which control thesupply of blood to the skin.

84. | “MICROBES AND MEN.

This results in-an increased flow of blood to

the surface of the body, giving the appearance
of an increased temperature, and oe
activity in the circulation.

4

The nerves of sensation, which report to the :

brain the changes in the temperature, are lo-
cated near the surface of the skin and are ac-

customed to a certain degree of heat. When —

the hot blood rushes to the surface, thenerves
report an increase of temperature, just as the
nerves of the face do when a person blushes,

although the general heat of the body may >

have been ioe

When alcohol circulates in the blood, it not
only injures the corpuscles, and every other
part of the blood, but 1t also injures the deli-

- eate membranes of the air-cells as it passes ©

over and through them. The skin is for the
protection of the surface of the body, and is
very tough and strong to resist all the wear
and tear of a life time; but when alcohol is
applied to it for the first timeit produces con-

jestion.

If applied to the same place foranumberof
times, theskin will becomethickened and oth-

erwise injured. When alcohol is constantly

attacking the membranes of the air-cells, and

other tissues which are not exposed and are
so very delicate,it is reasonable to believe that

Sear

ge .
ee

THE HEATING PLANT. 85

injury is done in every case, and that these in-
juries must, in time, prove fatal.

The large quantity of water taken with
alcohol, or to quench the thirst caused by
it, also works untold mischief in the blood,
lungs, and other organs. The internal reve-
nue statistics for the year 1893 show that

_the people of the United States consume an-

nually over 100,000,000 gallons of spirits
(whiskey, brandy, etc.) and over 1,000,000,-

-000 gallons of beer, besides all the untold
millions of gallons of wine andcider. The

amount of pure alcohol in the beer and spir-
its consumed is about equal, 50,000,000

gallons in each, or 100,000,000 gallons

of pure alcohol in both. If the amount
of water added to the spirits by the retailer
before it is sold, and by the consumer before
and after drinking it, is equal to three times
the bulk of the raw spirits, and if the untold
quantities of artificial liquors, domestic beer,
wine, and cider, and the product (with the
water consumed with it) of thousands of
illicit distilleries, equal the amount of pure
alcohol in the beer and spirits,(and these are
reasonable estimates,) then each of the four-
teen million drinkers of all classes consumes,
on the average, onehundred gallons of worse

es than useless water each year, to say nothing »
regarding the more tnan seven gallons

_

86 MICROBES AND MEN.

of pure alcohol which goes with it. If
all the pure alcohol consumed were taken —

in the form of beer, it would give an
average of 140 gallons of water per
annum for each of the 14,000,000 drinkers.
But, asnearly all the liquors are consumed by
6,000,000 habitual drinkers, the above aver-
ages must be at least doubled when applied
to them. Many drinkers use five hundred
gallons of beer per year,or twenty-five gallons

of alcohol diluted with four hundred and :

seventy-five gallons of water. The average
time required, in which to remove thesurplus

water so introduced into the blood with the

alcohol, is fully one hour. During this hour,

it passes through the lungs, and other parts :

of the body, thirty times, and through the
heart sixty times. The average work of-a
healthy heart, during each minute, is to cir-

culate about nine pints of blood over the en- ~

tire body, using up enough muscular energy
to raise over 300 pounds one foot high.

The beer drinker, who consumes six quarts
per day, burdens his heart, already weakened

by the alcohol, with the extra work of circu- ©

lating over eleven pints of surplus water,
while it is being removed from the blood.

This extra task is equivalent to raising over

12,000 pounds—more than six tons—onefoot
a each dav of his life.

aly Be
ae ae

; ’

oe

Ea ee ee Lae ey a ae
y. . ee . : r a /

Bee RN ee ee ee ee ee A eee
et . Pn . 4 tr “by

-_
vot
i

THE HEATING PLANT. 87

The first effect of this extra work is to in-
crease the size and strength of the heart to
meet the extra demands, just as extra work
increases the size and strength of the black-
smith’s right arm. But there is a limit to
the development of the heart and every other
muscle. When this limit is reached, the work
must be lessened or weakness, followed by ex-

haustion, will follow. A heart may beover-

worked as well as an arm. When the extra

burdens are imposed, after the heart

has reached the limit of proper devel-
opement, it continues to increase in size,
not by the growth of the muscles, but by the

increase in the size of the cavities, thinning

and weakening the muscular walls. The
change in the size and power of the heart, to-
gether with the diseased condition of the
muscular fibres, is hiable to terminate the in-
dividual’s life at any moment, although he
may be the “‘picture of health” so far as ex-
ternal appearances are concerned. The ex-
cess of water taken with alcoholic liquors
interferes with digestion; with the work of

the liver; with that of the blood insupplying
the tissues with proper nourishment; with
the escape of carbonic acid gas and the tak-
ing in of the oxygen; and with every other

function. Besides these interferences, the

getting rid of it imposes great burdens upon
the kidneys and other organs.

88 MICROBES AND MEN.

Anything which interferes with the growth au i

of a child, with his usefulness during adult

life, or with his burial after death, interferes
with the best interests of society. Each cell

of which the human body is composed, bears _

a similar relation to the whole number, as
does each individual to society at large. The
life history of eachindividual, in either case, is
a matter of interest to all. But when the life
history of a whole groupis interfered with,by
a common enemy, there comes an intense
struggle for existence. Every cell of the body

has its periods of growth, usefulness, decay, —

and death, and the consequent necessity of
removal from its fellows. Anything which
hastens the removal of the worn-out cells ,and
_ the growth of new ones to take their places,
is of benefit to the living organism.
The more rapidly the cells are renewed,
(xvithin the limits prescribed by nature) the

more vitality is manifested by the individual.
Exercise not only aids in the removal of the —

worn-out cells and in the production of new
ones, but it strengthens every organ and thus
enables it to do more and better work: the
stomach digests better; the liver does its work

more perfectly; the heart sends the blood

~

coursing through the arteries faster; thelungs — :

take in more air; the blood is furnished with

plenty of oxygen; the brain is stimulated; se-

coe ee
it OS a te
iy ee : 4) =e
ie = wee ae
bs +. Te |

=“

ta he
f

SER TP yh Sig es
Sy ve. Foal 7
‘ ,
‘

THE HEATING PLANT. 89

cretion and excretion are more active; the

- white corpuscles destroy more disease germs;

and the general welfare and happiness of the
individual is thereby greatly increased.

When an arm is paralyzed and remains per-
fectly inactive, in the course of time, more or
less of the muscle and nerve cells will be re-
placed by a fatty substance.

This substance is sometimes called ‘‘grave
fat,” becauseit appears so much like ‘‘adipo-
cere’’ (wax fat), into which bodies that have

been buried in marshes often change. Now,

alcohol, by interfering with so many functions

of the body, gradually brings about a con-
- dition similar to that which follows a lack of
exercise. Ali the benefits, attributed to the

proper amount of exercise, will be found want-
ing, and this is true, more especially,in regard
to the proper removal of the worn-out and
poisonous matter. The habitual use of even
moderate quantities of-alcohol will produce—

probably in every case—in a limited number

of years, more or less of “grave fat,’’ or
that condition of the tissues termed fatty
degeneration. This has no reference to
the accumulation of fat under the skin
aud elsewhere, but to a condition in which
the cells are replaced by inert fatty particles
instead of new and active body elements.
This changing of the natural cells into

90 MRICOBES AND MEN. |

worse than useless fat, occurs in the heart, 3
lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, muscles, and
perhaps every other organ in the body.

It is not uncommon for the muscles, and es-
pecially the liver, of the drunkard to be so

changed to fat that a bright knife blade will
be streaked with oil if passed through them, —

This condition develops so slowly and pain-
lessly that it is not noticed until one or more
of the organs fail to do their work perfectly,
or until sudden deathis caused by heart failure,
the breaking of a blood-vessel, or the failure
of some vital function.

Fatty degenerations of the difterent organs
receive different names, according as the
symptoms are more prominent, such as

cirrhosis of the liver or kidneys, Bright’s dis-
ease, apoplexy, paralysis, softening of the

brain, or dropsy.

There are no known medicines which will —

cure the fatty degeneration of any organ.
Thousands of deaths occur each year as the
result of this one change, which takes place

in the cell structure of the bodies of habitual .

users of alcoholic liquors. Fatty degenera-
tion may be associated with general emacia-
tion, as in the case of a raw-boned spirit

drinker, or with the accumulation of great

quantities of fat, asin the abnormally large

abdomen of a beer drinker. In the latter |

ae
as

lle Pea Sk NE had ts i alee oe

O° SS . teeta Geers et Fea
> ‘a hal 3 y ee
1 ca! ". ‘

ie Si Ned ete a

oe i ee” AS ee ee ~ ve -

OE Ee EEN, Oe AL Pee hg te ae
— A) Pe Tees —

- as eee ie w r) 4

bys

THE HEATING PLANT. SE

case, the excessive quantities of water con-
~ sumed, and the alcohol, interfere so much with

so many vital functions that it causes the
over-fat condition so often observed. It is
believed that this unusual fat does not begin
to accumulate, until after fatty degeneration

- has begun in the liver.

While the whole body is suffering from the
imperfect work done by the lungs, when un-
der the influence of alcohol, the tissues of the
lungs themselves are being more or less in-
jured, not only by the general derangement,

_ but also by the direct action of the alcohol.

The lowering of the vitality, and the de-

ranged condition of the tissues, lead to many

fatal cases of congestion and inflammation,
and to very many cases of consumption. A
peculiarly fatal form of this disease, which

often attacks steady drinkers,has been known,

for thirty years,as ‘‘drunkard’sconsumption.”’

We have already learned that consumption
is agerm disease, and that anything which
lessens the vitality and activity of the white

corpuscles, increases the death-ratetrom germ
diseases. This is especially true in regard to

consumption. Jt is not possible for any one

habitually to use ordinary quantities of al-
_ cohol and have perfectly healthy lungs.

- RECAPITULATION.
Breathing is carried on by muscular con-

ae

92 MICROBES AND MEN.

tractions which are lessened,both in force and
frequency, by the action of alcohol. Alcohol
has an affinity for the coloring matter of the
trillions of red corpuscles which carry the life- |
giving oxygen to all thetissues. This injures
or destroys the corpuscles and lessens the

amount of oxygen taken to the tissues, inter- :
feres with the removal of waste and poison-

ous matters, lowers the temperature and
vitality, and counteracts the good effects of

exercise. While the alcohol is injuring the ~ ;

blood, itis also doing harm to the delicate
membranes of the air-cells, causing much
sickness and many deaths. The large quan- —
tities of water taken with the alcohol, or to
quench the thirst caused by it,thins the blood,
overworks the heart and interferes with the
work of every other organ and tissue. The
imperfect preparation of the food, and the
imperfect work done by the lungs and other
organs, while under the influence of alcohol,
lead to a painless but very fatal disease of
the liver, kidneys, brain, heart and other
organs known as fatty degeneration. It is
believed that fatty degeneration of the liver
precedes the excessive and unnatural accu-
mulation of fat, which is so frequently seenin _
beer drinkers. | |
Alcohol does not change into heat or any —
kind of force or energy, but acts directly up-

5 ol

_-—s—=s PE, HEATING PLANT. 93

Fa. ‘the “blood, -and upon other tissue cells,
thereby lessening heat production, and pro-
Be _ ducing tissue degeneration. When given to
the sick, it acts as an anesthetic, like chloro-
a form or ether, serving to quiet the patients
restlessness, lessen his consciousness of pain,
and also favors the retention of both the
_ cause and product of the disease. While the
7 patient appears and feels more comfortable,
the diseased and overburdened system is
: being compelled to remove anadditionalload. _
_ Allthis adds greatly to the number of fatali-

CHAPTER VIL.

HEADQUARTERS.
The whole nervous system is made up as i
cells, which generate nerve force and receive
impressions, and of fibres, which convey theses a

3 Fig. 25.—Nerve-cells and
fibres. Highly magni-
fied.

with others. The

brain weighs about ony
ounces. Its surface is covered to the deprie of

forces and impressions —
to different parts of the
bedy. The average size 4
of the cells is about —
Veoooth of aninchin diam- . =
eter, while some of the —
fibres are only 1 L4 soooth of vi wi
aninch in diameter. Each — a 4
cellhas one or more fi-
bres attached toit,to put —
it into communication — *
with other parts of the -
body,muchasevery“‘cell”
in a telegraph battery — a
has connection by wire — 4

HEADQUARTERS. 95

one fourtn of an inch with cells. An innumer-

able host of fibres pass fromcellto cell, and to
every part of the body, and these make up
the white matter of this most wonderful of-
organs. In this outer layer of cells, is the seat
of the mind. This envelope is so folded that

it presents a surface of about four square
feet. That is, the average person has about

four square feet of mind, one fourthof an inch

in thickness! Of course some brains are
“smaller” and ‘‘thinner’’ than that. It is es-
timated that this part of the brain is com-
posed of 500,000,000,000 cells. No wonder

that the mind, especially a small one, occas-
sionally wanders or gets lost. The whole

brain is soft and gelatinous, containing 79 or

80 per cent of water, or rather more of this
fluid than the blood. The work of this or-

_ gan is so great and so important, that nearly

one fifth of all the blood in the body is sent

to it.

It has charge of, and controls more or less,

| every other organ and function of the body.
3 When an impression is made upon any part

of the body, as trom poison in the stomach,
or by an injury to the skin, information is at
once sent to the brain, and it immediately
attempts to send back along the nerve fibers

the relief needed, and also to send a word of
- warning to all other cndangered parts. This

\

96 MICROBES AND MEN.

perfect and constant intercommunication of _
the brain, and smaller nerve centers, with
every organ and tissue of thebody,is ofabso-
‘lute importance. The health and safety of
every part, and the successful discharge of
every function, depend upon this perfect ad-
justment of duties. The action of the whole —

nervous system depends upon that property

of protoplasm whichis known as sensibility _
or irritability—that which shows that itis
alive. Therefore, anything which lessens the

action or sensibility of the brain or nerves
tends to dry up the very fountains of life.
When a medicine is taken into the system,

its effects are measured by the manifestation ~

of increased or diminished sensibility of the
modified cells of protoplasm of the nervous

system and of other tissues. Medicines ate ?¢
_ lifeless objects which never become a part OF 128
the living body, but are always expelled as
intruders. The influence which the medicine
has upon the cells of the body, while itis in
contact with them,is known as its effects. It —

is not an active agent, but it modifies the
activity of the tissues by its contact with

them. When a medicine changes, by chemi-—
cal action, the composition of the tissues, its —
effects are apt to be more marked and more —
enduring. Such remedies as strychnine and —
digitalis increase the activity of certain

HEADQUARTERS. 97

- tissues, while opium and aconite depress them,
without causing important changes to take
place in their structure. Medicines are given
_ (atleast ought to be given) to correct some
departure from the natural activities of the
= cells. The disturbance of the life work of
the cells—disease—may be produced by a
poison, which changes their action or chemi-
cally changes their structure, or perhaps by
some interference with the nutrition and life
_ ofthe cells which is not yetexplained. Jt is
not possible for an active medicine to pass
_ through the tissues of a healthy body with-
out doing harm. It cannot be of any benefit
= . to them. |
_ After alcohol has been introduced into the
= stomach, and has passed through the liver,
_ the right side of the heart, the lungs, and
then the left side of the heart, it goes to every
part of the body unchanged in itscondition,
_ the same as other poisons. As one fifth of
___the blood reaches the brain, so does one fifth
of the alcohol. Immediately upon its arrival
it not only begins its work of damaging this
3 _ important and delicate organ, but it also
commences the process of damning both soul
and body. The fact that alcohol has a
_ double action on the cells should not be lost
sight of fora moment. It lessens that funda-
mental property of protoplasm called sensa-

98 MICROBES AND MEN.

tion, as does opium, aconite, and other nar-
cotic poisons, and also acts as a chemical

agent in extracting water from the cells, thus
changing their structure. When there is an

excited condition, alcohol has a beneficial ef. |

fect by lessening the over active state of the

cells. But while it it is producing this desir- —

able eftect it is also doing untold harm in
changing the structurc of thecells and tissues.
As there are many other medicines which are
more useful as narcotics, or quieting remedies,
and which do not have the active chemical
affinities so manifest in alcohol, it is very
evident that alcohol 1s never the most desira-

ble medicine to use under any circumstances. — ;

“It always does harm, for it is never desirable
to produce the chemical change referred to.

: /
7 . * we 4 5 ae ok
if $ ‘ c Aba Jit iS me ‘ , an pet gat gs
Pilato! # . =, am ape see Ce Vet fan Et ere ‘ ~
ee ag ed Bee ee Cee

ene
pe ee i

: : ae ee,
eet Le ae ane * n
eee ee ee ee oe

ate 2
og ee ew - & Fae

Whenever used as a medicine, the harm done > 3
may so outweigh its good effects that the ex-
periment is of doubtful expediency,solongas

there are other more useful and less objection-—

able remedies.
The above brief statements, together with

what has been said elsewhere, make it certain —
that the following statements must be ad-

mitted as established and unchanging truths:

—Alcohol is never the most desirable medi- —
cine. . It is never harmless in health anes
disease. It always produces disease. These
‘statements are especially true in regard to

HEADQUARTERS. 99

the brain whose extremely delicate and sensi-

tive tissues take notice of everything. The

~~

- wonderfulsensitiveness of the nervoussystem

is best illustrated by the following state-
ments, common in our text books on physics.

oA ray of red light has 39,000 vibrations or
waves to the inch, and of violet, 57,500; the

other colors of the rainbow have wave

lengths intermediate between these, the aver-

age (green) having about 50,000 to the inch.

_ There are 63,360 inches in a mile, and light
travels at the rate of 186,000 miles per

second, so that during each second, while we

_are looking at a green object, our eyes receive
50,000x63,360x186,000 waves of light. A
red object will give us a slightly less total
- number of waves, and a violet one a some-
-_ what great total. If the nerves of the eye

can distinguish between the slight variations

_ in the total number of waves of light, as be-
tween indigo and violet, when they are being
-recetved at the rate of more than seven
_ hundred trillions per second; if the ear can
distinguish 38,000 different sounds; if, by the

sense of smell, a dog can track his master

through a city, even though the man has just
ae put on a pair of new boots; and if the brain
bi itself 1 is capable of memory, thought, and an
Oe infinite amount of education, it seems quite
_ . safe to conclude that the brain and nerves are

£0 7 MICROBES AND MEN.

injured every time they are under the influence

of such a narcotic poison, and active chemical a
agent, as alcohol. Ba

It is believed that the brain never fully re- —
covers from the effects of a single intoxica~ __

tion. The harm produced by the habitual
use of alcohol is in direct proportion to the
length of tirhe itis used and the amountcon- ~~

sumed. But whatever be the amount, or
length of time, there is always some harm :

done to the brain and body. au
When a small amount of alcohol is taken

into the stomach, it usually produces an 4

agreeable sensation. The nerves of sensation

are more or less paralyzed, quieting thecom-

plaints of the much abused organ, and the 4

nerves which control the blood supply in the ~~
lining membrane are so paralyzed that the ee.
amount supplied is temporarily increased.

The effect is much the same as that produced ©

at the beginning of a warm meal; the individ- © a

ual feels better natured and more at peace

with himself and all the world. The alcohol
soon leaves the stomach and in a few mo- i
ments has reached the brain, where the 2
amount of blood is increased by reason of
the same paralyzing influences. The increase a
in the amount of blood in the brain seems to

increase mental strength and activity. But 4
the appearances to others, and the sensations _ ;

HEADQUARTERS. | 101

to the Se idaai, are as deceptive as are the
appearances and sensations in regard to
muscular strength. All narcotic poisons
q ee Plead the individual, who is under their in-
fluence, to believe that the strength and
% q activity of both mind and muscle have been
ss increased. Dr. Lander Brunton says:—‘‘The
4 influence of alcohol upon psychical processes
is curious, for while it renders them much
a slower the individual under its influence be-
a _ lieves them to be much quicker than usual.”’
_ The physiological effects of alcohol seem to
be about the same npw as they were three
— years ago when Solomon wrote:
_ “Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging,
and whosoever is deceived thereby is not
wise.’

~ Alcohol takes a part of the water from the
=x Xclls and fibres, making the brain slightly
mor firm and compact, and a part of it
_ passes into the brain tissues to unite with the
water which remains there. This accounts
= Par the fact that the brain retains more alco-
hol than any other organ except the liver.
3 | oF course these chemical effects are not so.
great as are the narcotic or stupefying effects.
4 WW hen larger quantities are used for a longer
f time the changes in the structure are well
ey - marked. The whole brain is somewhat
smaller and harder, there is more fluid in the

oe

ea
— - 7
PE ee
> eal hal “5
eee eos

i ee =

102 MICROBES AND MEN.

ventricles, the membranes are thicker, andthe ~

cells smaller. Fatty degeneration may cause

the rupture of a blood-vessel and sudden ~

death, or this disease may cause softening of

the brain and thus end the habitual drinker’s
life. The action of the brain, and the remain- —

der of the nervous system, is affected as well
as its structure, as is shown in a heavy lum-
bering gait, an unsteady hand, an irregular
action of the heart, and in the general im-
paired state of the senses of hearing, seein
smelling, tasting, and feeling.

The blood and brain contain almost the
same proportion of water and solid matter. —
One circulates rapidly as fluid, while the

- other retains as perfect a form as any of the

more solid tissues of the body. No one has —
been able fully to comprehend the wonderful

composition and manifold offices of the blood.
What then shall be said of the efforts of the
mind to comprehend itself and that most
mysterious of all structures through which it

manifests itself? The brain is so exceedingly.
delicate and sensitive that the twenty-fifth —

part of a grain of atrophine, or the fourth

part of a grain of morphine, will produce a

profound impression upon it, even when such

almost invisible quantities of these medicines — a
are mixed with the sixteen pints of rapidly

moving blood. These impressions, amount-

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HEADQUARTERS. 103

ing to unconsciousness in many cases, are
__ produced by the medicine, while in contact
with the protoplasm of which the brain cells
-_ arecomposed. If the brain cells are so sensi-
om. . tive that a quantity of vegetable matter not
half the size of a pin’s head, and diluted by
so much blood, will ss toediby their action as

to amount to almost a temporary annihila-
tion of that manifestation called mind, what
then must be the effect of an introduction of
_ large quantities of a substance which not on-
ly interferes with the proper action of the
cells, upon whose activity the mind depends,
: “ _ but also attacks their structure as a chemical
agent? The action of the whole nervous sys-
tem (whether natural or otherwise) is the
_ foundation element in health and disease. So
__ the action of the cells of the brain is the found-
ation of the health and disease of the mind.
¥ _ Any substance which interferes with the ac-
tion of the brain must interfere with the
; mind. This is doubly true of any substance
which combines the properties of a narcotic
__ poison and an active chemical agent, so that
both the action and the structure are modi-
fied by its use. THEREFORE, IT1IS NOT POSSI-
BLE FOR ANY PERSON ADDICTED TO THE USE
- OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TO HAVE A PERFECTLY
_ HEALTHY BRAIN AND A PERFECTLY SOUND

104 MICROBES AND MEN.

Some of the painfully frequent manifesta

tions of deranged minds caused by the

habitual use of alcohol, are ill-temper, de-
spondency, loss of moral sense, brutality, ©
monomania, delirium tremens, insanity, and —

idiocy. Itis strange that anyone can be so
foolish as to believe that no permanent harm

can be done by a substance which has the ©

7 “ ¥ :
5
1
j : rer Pa |
oe) sa, ¢ Dai Sa te Nea ies
dts te
ee ae eee

property of annihilating, so completely, the

powers of both the mind and body, as is seen

in a case of intoxication. If a medicine has

power to change the structure or action of
parts of the body in disease, beneficially, it
also has power to make changes in a healthy
body. If the healthy body is changed, either

-

in structure or action, to that extent, it is ~

changed from a healthy condition, and is there-
fore, diseased. All active medicines are not

only not harmless to the a but are — |

active poisons.

The Creator has given to our organs and
tissues a wonderful amount of ability to ad--
just themselves to varying conditions and

circumstances, and to repair much of the

damage that may be done them in any way.

Those functions of our brains and bodies —

which develop as a part of our existence,
such as digestion, secretion, and excretion,

are called natural. All these functions are ©
carried on by the combined activities of the

‘

HEADQUARTERS. 105

_ cells which compose the several tissues; all
mental activities by the cells of the brain;
secretion and excretion by the epithelial cells
_ _ which cover the organs intended for these
__ purposes; all muscular movements by the
_ contraction of the cells of the muscular fibres;
~ and soon throughout the wholebody. When
_ the nervous system reports that all the cells
= of the body have their wants supplied, and
_ that they are doing their work properly,
then there is perfect health, and life is a joyous
reality. When the nerves report that there is
_ injury, want, or unnatural action, ih any part
of the body, then there is distress or disease.
___ Education of the mind and body is simply
_ the process of encouraging the cells todo a
2 thing so many times that it becomes a second
. = nature. That which is done so many times
_ that no further effort is required to keep it up,
' iscalled a habit. Habit may refer to an ac-
4 tion of the mind, as thought or conduct; to
that of the muscles, as shown in unnatural
= attitudes assumed in standing, or walking;
___ or to the work done by the cells and tissues
when disposing of unnecessary quantities of
___ food and drink, toiling under the influences of
___ poisons, or calling for accustomed quantities
i of food and drink at regular intervals.
a - Habit, then, is an acquired or second nature,
4 = and becomes more powerful than the first na-

106 MICROBES AND MEN. |

ture, which it has overcome and displaced. —

“i

Sie) eo, User aie
Fea a ere ee ae 5

Education, whether good or bad, and from

whatever source, is the forming of a habit of

doing,in aseemingly natural way, that which ~

‘ t)

is not quite natural. Interfering with ahabit __

is going contrary to the acquired nature, and
it produces more or less inconvenience, even

positive suffering. If the cells have been do-

ing their work for a long time under the in-
fluence of a poison like opium, tobacco, or
alcohol, and then the influencing agent be
completely withheld, the cells will send up a
protest against the interference,often amount-
ing to unendurable agony. Until the cells

can adjust themselves to the changed condi-

tions, they are as uncomfortable as a wasp-
waisted lady of fashion would be, if she

should leave off her “‘stays.’”’ Habit, being

a quality, or condition, of our bodies, ac-

quired by use, then, under the law that all vi--

tal actions tend to repeat themselves, and to
be more easily performed the more they are
repeated, it is easy to understand how one
may grow untilit is all-powerful in an mdi-
vidual’s life. When a glass of any alcoholic
liquor is taken, it feeds and strengthens only
one thing—a growing habit. It is one more
lesson in the education of a second nature
which may become stronger than the first na-

ture, and displace it. As the habit grows ~

Ub ai
5S ae
9 ihe x

F . = HEADQUARTERS. 107

_ stronger, the powers of the body and mind
_ grow weaker from the narcotic and chemical
P. effects of the poison. The desireto be a man
a among men, the sense of duty to one’s family
3 and country, the moral sense, abhorrence of
evil, love of home and family, fear of the
a a consequences of an evil life to both body and
= soul, are all lowered, and finally paralyzed, by
the same agent ae feeds and strengthens
7 Ee _ thehabit. Fewtake into account that, along
_ - with the growing habit, there is a constant
failing of power to resist, and thus millions
have been wont to cry out for help when it
was too late. No young man should be so
_fool-hardy as to believe himself wise in such
matters, and so much stronger in mind and
body than most of his fellow-men, that he
cando with safety that which experience
proves to be utterly ruinous to many, and
science proves to be injurious to all.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE COMING MAN.

Each individual, of all the higher species of

animals, begins its life history as a single
germ-cell which has been profoundly im-
pressed by a sperm-cell that has become a
part of it. The sum total of all future possi-
bilities is then wrapped up in this one ferti-

lized cell—this minute speck of protoplasm. —

This cellis capable of taking food and pro-
ducing other cells, which can also take food
and produce still other cells, and so on till the

largest and most complicated being is built 2
up. The full grown animal then is the resul- ©

tant of two sets of forces, one being made up
of the influences of the life histories of allits
ancestors, and the other, of all the forces

which acted to modify the development of ~

the cell into the mature animal. Everystock-
breeder is guided by these universal laws of

nature. He knows full well that lke pro-— ?

duces like in more than one sense of the word.

cn :
ye '
2 ay ea

‘ y } :
cy , "ee :
IPT eae, as Se li cate
, Set er aa, Fe eee ee 2 ee |. | | ve

*

-

RP a he ee, PSA ptt

Shae

¥ ae

Ax
te

4 vy ce. ie < Sess en

- THE COMING MAN. 109

He also knows that such influences as tem-

perature, food, exercise, and fear, have much
to do with the development of the animal,
_ __ both before and after birth.
_ ~~ When an animal acquires vicious habits, it
-isconsidered unfit for breeding purposes, be-
cause of the liability of transmitting the same
_ characteristics to its descendants. Varieties
of dogs have been trained to do a certain
thing till it has become a second nature, and
more or less of this acquired knowledge has
been transmitted to the next generation.
_ The pointer, setter, retriever, and watch-
- dog, are examples of transmitted and fixed
__ specialities. The great difference between the
domestic animals, and the wild ones from
_ which they have descended, both as to |
- habits and inthe structure of their bodies,
__~ proves that training and other influences have
~ much to do in determining the life history of
_ individuals of succeeding generations. The
__ differences seen in human race characteristics
show how the body and mind may be modi-
fied by surroundings and habits, for, all man-
_ kind started from a common stock. The
_ difference then between the thoroughbred and
_ the scrub is one of inheriting the effects of
_ ceare,orof neglect. The,difference between the
_ instincts of a watch-dog and a greyhound is
one of inherited education.

110 MICROBES AND MEN.

No sicekiiane expects good results if a is. as
foolish enough to breed from sick, half-starved, —
over-worked, or ill-formed animals, or from _
good stock kept in unhealthful buildings or

fed upon unwholesome food. If one or both
of the cells, uniting to form the cell which is

the beginning of the animals life, are weak or ~ -

imperfect from any cause, or if the conditions
before or after birth are unfavorable to de-

velopment, then the individual will be more

or less defective in body and mind. Each a

animal inherits much of what its parents in-
herited, some of what the parents acquired

themselves, more or less of the conditions of —

both body and mind of the parents when the —

life of the first cell began, and the results of —
the influences brought to bear upon the

mother’s life before its birth. Every wise and

successful stock-breeder acts upon his knowl- |

edge of these recognized and never-failing laws
of heredity only while endeavoring to im-

prove his herds. Of late, scientists and other — i

thoughtful people are beginning to recognize —

the great importance of applying these well-
know laws of heredity to the improvement

of thehuman animal. The great mass of
humanity, however, have not even considered

such a thing.

It is a well-known fact that a person with-—

out any inherited tendencies towards a disease,

THE COMING MAN. 111

may contract one, such as consumption, aid
afterwards impart to his offspring an en-
feebled constitution, with grave liabilities to-

- ward the development of the same disease.

This is as true regarding those diseases and

= diseased conditions which are developed by

the voluntary acts of the individual, as it is.
of those which are inherent and unavoidable.

~ Much has already been said regarding the
‘disastrous effect of alcohol upon the tissues
and functions of the body and brain, but the
most awful of these frightful statements is

yet to be made. The evil effects produced by
the habitual use of alcohol are hereditary.
Whatever changes are madein the physical

features, or mental condition, willappear to a

greater or less degree in ones descendants for

one or more generations. In the case of the
aleohol user, the sins against the laws of

nature are often visited, in a most fearful
manner, upon his children to the third and
fourth generation. Such passions as anger,

_ fear, and jealousy, and the tendencies to
_ gluttony and drunkenness, are liable to be

transmitted to offspring by direct constitu-
tional inheritance, especially if both parents

are alike affected.

Alcohol not only changes men and women -

5 of brilliant minds to demented beings, but
_ may so change the vital powers of an infant, —

= nae . 4% vj Moria: hs Fah " hes
> tee

112 MICROBES AND MEN.

before it sees the light of day, that its after

life will be a misery to itself and a mockery

to the state of civilization around it. That
form of drunkenness known as dipsomania, —

which breaks out, from time to time, into un-

controllable paroxysms, is a prolific cause of

idiocy, suicidal mania, and insanity among
the children of those thus affected. It is be-

lieved that fully one half of the idiots and
imbeciles of largecities have had parents who
were notoriously drunken in their habits. —

Dr. Howe, of Mass., cites the case of a
drunkard who was the parent of seven idiots.
Where the inheritence does not take the form

of some well defined disease, it often appears

in a defective physical development or a

mental weakness predisposed tointemperance

or to disease. Dr. Parker, of New York, says

that over ninety per cent of the children, born — ;

in the slums of that city, die before the end of

their first year. This fearful mortality is
largely due to enfeebled constitutions in-

herited from drunken parents.

Scientists have just made a veryinteresting
and valuable discovery, which shows clearly —
that impressions which are made upon the ~

cells of the parent’s body, will modify the life-

history of the offspring. It has been proven

that the immunity against certain germ dis-
eases, which has been acquired by innocula-

A

2

4 fee ‘THE COMING MAN. 113

a ton, is aherited by the offspring. This is
3 found to be true in the case of either parent.
_ These statements do not seem so surprising
when we remember that every cell of the
young animal does just the kind of work that
’ was done by the corresponding cell in the pa-
-rent’s body.
; q - If the cells of the parent body acquire the
habit of secreting a substance which is so dis-
A = Perceabte or poisonous to disease germs that
a will not multiply in it, why should not
the cell of the offspring do the same thing?
- Past generations are largely responsible for
By - the criminals, cranks, lunatics, and imbeciles
3 of the present. Every child should inherit a
sound body anda sound mind. If it does
not, it has been robbed of that which is a
_ thousand-fold more valuable than millions of
- money. The parent who squanders the fami-
__ ly inheritance, and leaves his child a pauper,
; 3 3 is called a scoundrel. But when hesquanders
: * his powers of body and mind, andentails upon
his child a physical and mental bankruptcy,
- 2 : - the whole matter is very unkindly attributed
to the dispensations of a ‘‘kind (?) provi-
_ dence.”

In Modern Medicine and Bacteriological
_ Review, for March, 1894, Dr. Kellogg says:—
& “That these weaknesses and abnormalities of
__ body and mind are perpetuated by heredity,

‘ + .
mee TN

its

re
Ree
Ga

114 MICROBES AND MEN.

is no longet a question upon which there igo
any difference of opinion. Itisasclearly set-

of S Abs - rth ae Cee Pt
Ba eee hy} ow Seer" Page WE

tled that mental and moral characteristics oe
are inherited as that the color of the hairand

eyes, or other physical characteristics, are
thus derived. It is equally true, although the a
fact is often forgotten, that the resemblance _ 4
of the internal structures of the child, to —
those of his parents, is as close as the likeness
which can be traced in the external features.
Heredity is a force which operates in themost __
thorough-going manner. Everyhuman being _
is the product of a principle which has been
taking careful notes of the lives and habits,
the neglects, the excesses, and the abuses, of
every crime against the body, through allthe __
generations from Adam down to the individ- —
ual man in question.”’

In The American Medical Temperance

5 het i

if side oak rt ; i
NN aks Kia seis alae ay ol Mee

“oan
Quarterly, for April, 1894, we find the follow-
ing taken from a lecture by Dr. T.D.Crothers: ~~
—“‘A careful study of many cases by various ~ ie
observers shows that heredity is the most __

‘prominent cause and is present in over 80 ~
per cent of all inebriates. Another active
factor, more apparent and controllable inthe
problem of inebriety, is that of marriage. At y
present the indiscriminate marriages are ~
largely influential in intensifying the alcoholic =
stream. Criminals, paupers, inebriates, and — |

My:

THE COMING MAN. 115

others, notoriously far down on the road to
| dissolution, are permitted to marry and raise
___ children freighted with a truly frightful legacy
i as of degeneration. It is this defective heredity,
increased and intensified by marriages with
____ equally bad stock, that is the great fountain-
__ spring from whichinebriatcy comes. Alcohol,
ees of all other drugs, seems to intensify and pro-
__voke disease and the most favorable con-
ditions for the destruction of cell and nerve
werce.”’
_ ___Itis not expected that a defective machine
will do perfect work. Neither should a
es defective organ or body be expected to
a act perfectly. If the production of new
- _eells be the required: work of an unhealthy
E body, then it is reasonable to expect that
oe: the cells will be more or less imper-
fect. But if these new cells are destined to
eS become the beginnings of new lives, it is
_ reasonable to believe that these new lives
‘3 will be more or less defective in their very be-
ginnings. If it be the work of an unhealthy
: s stomach and liver to prepare proper food for
a the growing cells, it is also reasonable to be-
lieve that the fils will not be properly
ae - nourished.

= > If the one cell which begins a new life be
formed of two cells, one or both of which.
3 _ have been developed 1 in unhealthy bodies, or,

116 _ MICROBES AND MEN.

if all the nourishment which it receives while _
producing other cells and arranging them

imto nerves, muscles, bones, glands, and bra
of a being “‘made in the image of God,” be

prepared by unhealthy organs, it is not un-

reasonable to conclude that many children
are born with defective bodies and unbalanced ~

minds, because of the unhealthy condition of

one or both of the parents. But, when we see ne
added to all this the potent influencesof a
narcotic poison and active chemical agent,

deranging the whole body by interfering with

the work of every organ and injuring’ every — :
cell, we arecertain that the habitual use of

alcohol, even in moderate quantities, is the

‘fruitful cause of much of the feebleness, de- =.

formity, disease, and death, among infants,

and of the evil tempers, bad tendencies,
stupidity, epilepsy, hysteria, insanity, and
idiocy, of older children. When the influence

of the evil spirit (the devil in solution) which
causes such diseases and tendencies to be in-
herited, is added to those already in force in

each generation, the successive generations —
will have to suffer, more and more, the conse- —

quences of such acts which, if not checked ere

long, will result in the extinction of the whole oe

family.

If the laws of heredity are so unfailing that a
a part of a dog’s education appears asa part

— “PHE COMING MAN. . 117

the instinct of the next generation, no 5
oubt that the change in the structure and
inctions of the organs, the profound im-
pressions upon every cell of the body pro-
duced by alcohol, have much to do in shaping

» future deine of the coming man (or
Sei) both in time and eternity.
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CHAPTERIX. _ aS

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JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER.

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Cet 54 A OY SE
dh ets

Physicians, botanists, and chemists unitein
pronouncing tobacco the most deadly poison —
known, with the exception of prussic acid.
Its poisonous properties are due to a heavy,
oily substance, called nicotine. This sub- —
“stance is so active that it produces uncon- —
sciousness in thirty seconds, and a total ex-

ri A ee

ere, pep ;
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Phy a .
mad Ae SS F A
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ae
tinction of life within three minutes. Less
than a drop will kill a dog in ten minutes. — &

Small birds are quickly killed by inhaling its: ae
:

fumes. These statements can be verified by
anyone who desires to experiment with ‘this — lag
me & wag

dangerous poison. Sos
io

The proportion of nicotine in tobacco var- — TE
ies from two to eight per cent, the average Z
being about five per cent, or 384 drops in
each pound. This. amount is sufficient to-
destroy 200 men or 400 dogs.

At least 500,000,000 pounds of tobaeco are
consumed each year in this country, or an.

- JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. 119

ee: average of about 36 pounds for each family.
Now, if each of the 14,000,000 families of this
country were to keep 3,595 boarders, and

7,200 dogs, the families, their boarders and
their dogs could all be destroyed, in ten min-

utes, by the nicotine whichcould be extracted
from the amount of tobacco annually con-
sumed. In other words, the raw nicotine in a

-_-year’s supply of tobacco is sufficient to des-
- troy 50,000,000,000 people and 100,000,-
~ 000,000 dogs, provided both kinds of ani-
4 _ mals were not accustomed to its effects. The
__ people of the United States consume about
one-ninth of what is produced in the whole
— world, (4,500,000,000 pounds annually.)

_ There is nicotine enough in these four and one-

3 Z half billion pounds of average tobacco to de-

populate 60 worlds. The nicotine in one

= week’s supply of tobacco would kill, in six
minutes, every man, woman, and child on the
face of the earth, provided none of them were
e ee accustomed to its effects. A single cigar con-
__ tains enough of the poison to kill two men.
Tobacco smoke is so poisonous that it will

kill an infant almost instantly. When a small

piece of tobacco leaf is laid upon the tongue
of an adult, or a small amount of smoke is

: inhaled, alarming symptoms of acute poison-.
_ ‘ing appear in less than twenty minutes. The

1 20 MICROBES AND MEN. |

quick and feeble, there is a death-like pallor, —
dizziness, faintness, nausea, vomiting, geist
sometimes convulsions ensue which terminate —
in death. When the body is examined after —
death, a remarkable pallor of the tissues is |
found. The lungs appear greyish and are so

S :
dense that they sink in water instead of fisake a
ing as usual. The heart and brain are en- — ss
gorged with a very dark blood. The stomach ~ 4

presents some slight traces of inflammation,
some effusions of blood, and occasional spots
which appear like Nees Children are much ©
more susceptible to the poisonous effects of
tobacco than are adults. Carelessness and
the desire to form the tobacco habit, result in
hundreds of fatal cases of acute nicotine pois-
oning, annually. : See .
The human system possesses the wonderful _ :
faculty of accommodating itself to cireum-_ 3
stances. This makes it possible for the 23
cautious beginner gradually to increase the — a
quantity used until an enormous amount can Se
be used daily without immediately. fatal 2 3
effects. When the system becomes accustomed — 3
to its use, the injurious effects are not so ap--
parent; many being able to resist its bad —
effects for along period, a very few living tare
extreme old age. But the great majority of
people are not able to use tobacco in any
form without noticeable injurious effects. It

JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. 121

_ is believed that not less than twenty-five
eS thousand lives are lost, each year, in the
‘United States, from the effects of using this
- most poisonous substance. It undermines
a the constitution, weakens the heart, lessens
the sensibility of the nervous system, inter-
__ feres with digestion, deranges the blood, and
' wastes the vital energies. The mischief
-__which has been wrought often goes unnoticed
is until some extra strain is brought upon the
system, such as some great mental or physi-

calexertion, an attack of pneumonia, fever,
-orsome other severe disease. Then the con-
stitution breaks down like a worm-eaten
bridge, sound to all outward appearances
: but going to pieces under an additional load.
The evil effects of chronic nicotine-poisoning
upon the youth of this country, are partially
set forth in that prince of medical journals,
_ ~The Bacteriological World and Modern Medi-
. e ‘cine, for Dec., 1891, page 66:—Dr. Jay W.
- Seaver, medical director of the Yale gymnasi-
-_- um, and professor of physical culture in Yale

_ University, has been making a careful study
during the last eight years, of the influence of
tobacco upon development. His statistics
_ show that non-smokers were 20 per cent
taller than smokers, 25 per cent heavier, and
have a lung capacity 66 per cent greater.

122 MICROBES AND MEN.

pA

pecially the last. A man who has a ‘Tee
capacity twothirds greater than that of
another man has an immense physical advan- —
tage. His prospects for long life are greater, ©

and his physical efficiency will be certainly as 4

much greater as his breathing capacity. Ay
man with small lung capacity is like a fur- —

nace with a small draft. All his vital activi- E

ties must be inferior to those of a man of ©
greater lung capacity.

Similar observations have beats made at
Amherst college, with like results. Ina re- ©
cent graduating class, the non-smokers were
found to have gained in weight over the
smokers nearly one fourth. The non-smok- —
ers surpassed the smokers by a gain in height
of 37 per cent, in chest circumference 42 per

cent, and lung capacity 8.36 cubic inches —

(about 75 per cent.) a

Science recently published the resis e

an experimental inquiry into the*condition of - <
thirty-eight boys of all classes of society, of
average health, who had used tobacco for

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different periods ranging from twomonths to
two years. Of the thirty-eight, twenty-seven __
showed severe constitutional injury and
stunted growth. In thirty-two there were
irregularities of the heart action, stomach

disorders, cough, and a craving for alcoholic ©

liquors. Thirteen had intermittent pulse, and a

4 * ___-: JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. _— 123

one had consumption. All were induced to
~ discontinue the use of tobacco, and as a re-
sult, in six months one half were free from
their former symptoms, and by the end of the
_ year the entire number had recovered, thanks
to nature’s recuperative forces. * * Hun-
_ dreds of thousands of persons are living in a
_ state of chronic poisoning from the use of
_ tobacco. Their vital powers are depressed to
q Re such an extent that their physical, mental,

Ss and perhaps moral efficiency are vastly infer-
3 jor to what they might be without the de-
a % pressing influence of this toxic incubus.

- The evidence of these statistics is over-
2 Ee belmingly convincing, and ought to set
every intelligent young man who is beginning
; to patronize the pipe or cigar to thinking
Re ~ earnestly whether he can afford to subject
IS himself during the best fae of his life to
sa - chronic nicotine poisoning.’

. The statements of Dr. Seaver, of Yale, are
_ based upon observations made and compiled
_ from the records of a class of 187 men during
their four years college course. Such reliable
_ statistics, as those above quoted from Yale
a and Amherst, are quiterare and very valuable.
s ‘It is believed that no person who uses tobacco,
s - during the growing period of his life, ever fully
_ develops, either physically or mentally. The

ns school boy seldom succeeds as.

-*

a

124 MICROBES AND MEN.

a student, and very seldom develops into a _
useful, prosperous, and happy man. He is ~
often careless regarding his personal appear- —
ance and of the wishes and rights of others,
becomes nervous, ill-tempered, sluggish, and _ ae
fearful of impending danger. This fear of
future calamity, sometimes develops into such | Se
a state of horror that it leads to suicide. =

Dr. L. Bremer, late physician to the St. %
Vincent’s Institution for the Insane, at St. ae
Louis, in a paper read before the St. Louis Be 4
Medical Society, said:—‘It may look like =
overstating and exaggerating things, but 8 Y
know whereof I speak, when I say that ks
tobacco when habitually used by the: ‘young |
leads to a species of imbecility; that fer
juvenile smoker will lie, cheat, and steal, s
which he would not, had he let tobacco alone. on ,
This kind of insanity I have observed in quite ie
a number of cases at the St. Vincent’s. —

young pincer fe hey had okie the
indulgence of their parents, who saw no — Es
other way to protect them from their insane | a
pranks, than to commit them to the insti-_ we
tution. tae a s
I do not know whether a lasting improve-

ment was effected in any of them. There was
not one amongst them that was able tocom-
prehend that tohacco was snnage him ; ‘they .

-__‘-JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. — 125

"were constantly on the lookout for obtaining
E. eit, by begging, stealing or bribing, and re-
| _ garded the deprivation of the drug as a
aS punishment. The sense of propriety, the
pets of distinguishing between right and
ra _ wrong, was lost. The father of one of them
ae who looked upon his son only as an aggra-
a vated case of bad boy, told me that he him-
self had been smoking ever since his 10th
_ year and it never had affected him. In reality,
4 ing only 45 years old, he was a wreck,
physically and mentally, though he came of
healthy stock. Hecould not or would not
3 _ comprehend that tobacco was gradually un-
© dermining his own mind and body, although
his wife and his friends knew and saw it.”’

~ When tobacco or tobacco-smoke is taken
B= Beato the mouth it greatly increases the flow
bE a of saliva and exhausts the glands of the
: mouth, leaving the mouth and throat in a
more or less inflamed condition. This irri-
- tated condition of the throat is usually mis-
| he for thirst. As the supposed thirst is
not relieved by water, but can be subdued by
=“ alcohol, itis not uncommon for the tobacco
Be user to become an alcohol drinker. In fact,
very many of those who learn to use one
a Paatcotic poison soon learn to use more than
one.
_ Tobacco interferes with retested circula-

126 MICROBES AND MEN.

tion, respiration,and other vital processes, to. 2
aneh an extent that the user is generally sev-
eral pounds lighter than what ought to be — &
his usual weight, many even becoming great. ©

ly emaciated. Those who best resist the bad |

ve
ms
a

effects of tobacco are possessed of great | : 2
physical endurance, but it may be said that © a3 ae
they are not always endowed with great | =
mental ability. Dyspepsia, diseased heart,
nervousness, general debility, anxiety, “blue | =
devils,” and insanity, to which all tobacco — =
users are liable, and from which so many suf- Ss
fer, detract greatly from the sum ta of “3
human health and happiness. | im
Fig. 26 represents the pulse of H. F. C. (see. ee

- descriptions of Figs. 19, 20 and 28) as affect-— FE ae
ed by smoking two cigars, after abstaining — x
from the use of tobacco for ten days. 8
A trace was taken every five minutes.’ Hes ee
began smoking after the first trace was tak- — Ea?
en, stopping at the fourteenth. The pulse “3 ie
rates were; 84, 90, 97, 99, 100, 99, 101,102-
101, 104, 103, 102, 104, 106, 105,102. For
each fifteen pas after tales the last ae
trace, the pulse rates were; 92, 86, 84, 89 BS, a z

ae
Rieke

80, 84, 85, 83, 83, 80. At the close of this |
lathes aria, or two hours and fifty-five min-_ |
utes after the second cigar was finished, the
elevations in the trace taken were not one-_ 2
third as high as those in the traces of the na- -

a
.

.

aie
BS tae

JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER.

TS

O6

L6

66

OOT

Two-thirds of a cigas.

66 TOL GOEL Tot

POT vor

COL POL

90OT

SOL

Fig. 27

128 MICROBES AND MEN. ~

Fig. 28.

tural pulse at the beginning of the experi-
ment. When the second cigar was finished, ©
the heart was so affected that it was running
at the rate of 31,680 more beats per day
than natural. The spasmodic action of the
heart, when under the influence of tobacco,is
nicely illustrated by some of the traces. The
two cigars did not produce sickness. Fig.27
represents the pulse of I. H. O., age, 47,
weight, 132, during the early part of his ex-
perience in smoking (two-thirds of) ‘‘his first
cigar”

The'traces were taken five minutes apart,
_ except the last three, each of which was taken
‘fifteen minutes after the preceding one. The
pulse rates were: 76, 80,85, 88, 81, fae 7
67, 67, 69, 69, 61, 62, 61, 60, 60, 61, 64, 60,
60, 66, 66. He began smoking after taking
the first trace, and smoked about two-thirds

_——s«sSUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. 129

e ofa ‘“‘mild’’ (?) cigar during the next twenty
minutes. Began to feel sick in five minutes;
__-much worse in ten; nausea an pallor in fifteen;
3 ore sweating, trembling, and death-like pallor at
aA the end of twenty minutes, with an ‘awful

te : in the stomach.’’ Vomited at the end
of the next five minutes. The trembling con-
tinued for forty minutes after he stopped

on teisking. At the close of the experiment,
4 = which lasted two and one-fourth hours, the
man was able to walk, being still pale, sick,
Ss é and weak. He had not fully recovered the
a nextday. The writer has some vivid recol-
lections regarding this experiment—some of
* _ the most vivid of a life time. Fig. 22 repre-
g sents the natural pulse of the same person.
g - Avery careful comparison between Figs. 22

Ar ee and 27 will be of great value and interest.
: 28 represents the ‘‘natural’’ pulse of H.
af. C. taken on five separate days. (See Figs.
19, 20,and 26.) The first trace was taken
| a _ one and one-half hours after smoking his last
cigar. The second three days later. The
_ third three days later. The fourth one day
2 later. The fifth three days later, or ten days af-
ter the habit of smoking three or four cigars
a ails was discontinued. The evil effects of.
, even a mild form of the tobacco habit, and
the marked and speedy recovery (of the
g young) when the habit is discontinued, is so

130 | recip i AND MEN.

The five traces are a most di and ir
‘teresting object lesson. > |

If society were so constituted that ea
person using the weed was compelled to «
joy (?) all the effects of his own habit ther
would be less reason for writing this chapt

Millions are more or less Lee every day

poisoned by other people. But Liga is not ‘a |

The evil effects which are always Aer

his ehldncre Dt: Kelloge. im Mam the
Masterpiece, page 306, says:—‘‘There is
vice or habit to which men are addicted

that he is receiving no injury, but the 1
of that man, who ought'to inherit from h
a vigorous constitution and high health, a1
instead robbed of their rightful patrimo
and enter upon life with a weakly v i
organism, with a. system predisposed _

Bet = JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. 131

Sa
3
disease and destined to premature decay.
4 _ The sons of an inveterate tobacco-user are
not as robust as their father; and the grand-

children, in case the children are tobacco-
a : users, are certain to be nervous, weakly,
Pats sickly creatures. This fact we have verified
in so large a number of cases that we make
as the statement fully aed to maintain it
by indisputable facts.”’

=

___ The writer is well acquainted with a family
ES _ in which there are four idiotic children. The
i _ father’s excessive use of tobacco was the only
cause of this terrible calamity that could be
:

Bete <: ‘discovered when making a careful exami-
2 2 nation of the case. He became a mental and

_ physical wreck, ending his life in the poor-
house. It is not reasonable to expect that a
: lidar with every tissue and cell benumbed,
= _ deranged, and poisoned with such a deadly
ee eree as tobacco, can be the progenitor of off-
_ spring, healthy in body and sound in mind.
The following partial summary will give
_ the reader only a limited idea regarding the
2 extent and importance of this subject. To-
Bacco is the most poisonous product of
nature. (Prussic acid being a manufactured
Be article. ) It exhausts the glands of the mouth
~ and produces a dry, irritated, and inflamed
fPhroat. It interferes with the action of the
3. stomach, producing dyspepsia. It produces

132. | MICROBES AND MEN, oe Ok

Sere of the muscular waite an |
stomach, resulting in the enlargement of 3 tis
important organ. It deranges both the
structure and function of the liver. It lessens —
the ability of the lungs and red corpuscles to
do efficient work. It stupefies the whit
corpuscles, allowing sickness to increase an
also the number of deaths from germ diseases
It weakens both the nerves and muscles o
the heart, leading to palpitation, weak heart
heart failure, and death. :

It weakens and deranges the brain, eadit 4
to nervousness, ‘‘the blues,’’ ‘‘the horrors,”
insanity, and suicide. It weakens ~ every "a
muscle, and deranges every organ and fune-
: tion, producing languor, general debility, s af

ods and mind, Jaziness. It leads to thie? use
of alcoholic liquors, and makes the reforma-
tion of the drunkard doubly difficult, and th
permanency of his reform very doubtful, — :
not impossible. It is a prolific cause of bron- —
chitis, consumption, cancer, impotency, deaf.
ness, loss of sense of smell, sore eyes, shor
sightedness, blindness, loss of voice, epileps)
delirium tremens, paralysis, spinal weakness, ;
death. The habitual use of tobacco stunts Se
the growth of body and mind in the young, <
and causes much nervousness, nahappaeae

and sickness seni = ce iy

JUG-OR-NOT’S YOUNGER BROTHER. 133

The evil effects on one generation reappear
in the next in the form of enfeebled constitu-
tions, nervousness, ill-temper, weak-minds,

idiocy, and insanity. Tobacco smoke, and
the breath of the tobacco user, are poison-

ous, leading to sickness, and sometimes death,

_ when breathed by infants or others who are
_ very sensitive. The tobacco habit is unsocial,

filthy, disgusting, offnsive, and expensive, a
nuisance without an excuse, poisonous, crim-

- inal, and deadly. It interferes with the phy-

sical, social, financial, and moral develop-
ment of the world. Natute never intended

Be that the mouth should convey smoke, or be
smoked, or that manshould chewacud. The

use of tobacco is a crime against self, against

society, and against nature. It ought not to
be tolerated anywhere for a single day.

2 cestvol and the brain, 100.

= 5 alicohal and digestion,58,70
3 ee Alcohol and the liver, 74.
_ Alcohol and muscles, 41.

“$at Alcohol and nerves, 42. 4
_ Alcohol and protoplasm,43
- Alcohol and thestomach,68 |

= ‘Alcohol and the heart, 43,
Tseares 46 to 63.

ae Ee Alcohol, irritating effects,68.
A _ Alcohol is excrement, 23.
Alcoholic liquors, 45.

Ba: < ee production of, 20,

ae sour ACTERIA, 7.
e- - Bacteriology, 7
: "Beer and water, 67.
‘Beer and thirst, 67.

Sarre affected by alcohol,
41, 100.

f( \ARBONIC acid gas, 23.
Chart of pulse rate, 60.
Chicken cholera, 21.
onsumption, 13, 34.

eases 27.

Pyne Sees 16, 34,
112.

Development, 108.

Dipsomania, 68, 112.

JERMENTATION, 23.
Patty degeneration, 89.

Gus diseases, 13.

ABIT, 40, 105.

Heart, affected by alco-
hol, 46 to 63.

Heart, affected by tobacco,
430, 422, 132.

Health, defined, 105.
Heredity, 108 to 117.
Hob-nail liver, 76, 78.

NCREASE, rate of, 16.
Intoxication, 21.
Idiocy, cause of, 112.

IVER, 72.

Liver and alcohol, 74.
Liver, hob-nail, 76, 78.
Liver, fatty degeneration,78
Liquors, odors of, 24.

Ma experiment, 61

Microbes, 7.
Microbes, breeding of, 18.

_ Microbes, color of, 10.

yt

,

136

Microbes, description, of, 9.

Microbes, eaten by white

corpuscles, 30. |
Microbes, excretions of, 21.
Microbes, food of, 22.
Microbes, number of, 11.
Microbes, odor of, 22.
Microbes, office of, 17.

Microbes, reproduction of,
BM he

Microbes, size of, 10.
Microbes. where found, 11.
Microbes of Anthrax, 19.
Microbes of consumption,
2 hes Pa
Microbes of la-grippe, 10.
Microbes of malaria, 8.
Microbes of typhoid fever,
14.

Nee Be, sensitiveness of,
99, 102.

_ Nerves, injured by alcohol,

100.

Nicotine, 118.

pee e experiment, 53.
Personal odors, 22
Protoplasm, 10, 39, 41, 43.

_Ptomaines, 20.

Pulse-chart, 60.

Pulse, affected by alcohol,
46 to 63.

Pulse, affected by chloro-
form, 52.

INDEX. “<a

- Pulse, affected by tobacco,

51, 126
Pulse, iietmak SB
Pulse, traces, 46, 127.
Pulsewriter, 44.

Rate of increase, 16. ty
Red corpuscles, 27.

Red corpuscles, office of, 28,
30. ‘im

Red corpuscles,
by alcohol, 36.

Reproduction, re te 108.

QEPTINE, 20.
SS Sphygmograph, 44. = _
Sphygmographic traces,46,

427; tS Dibaiae

tt oe

destroyed _ . Bet.

Bane 12,14.

HIRST, 66.
Tobacco, 118 to 133.
Tobacco and growth, 124.3 at
Tobacco and heredity, 130.0. a

ve ae 15; 34. Soe

ATER, 64.
White corpuscles, 28.

White corpuscles, atected ;
by alcohol, 35. Aire

White corpuscles, move- Se
ments of, 29.

White corpuscles, office of, ae
30 to 38. 5 xk

YEAST, 20, 23.

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