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Bequest of

Kenneth K. Mackenzie

October 1944

Groxoeican AND NAtTuRAL History Survey oF MINNESOTA
Conway MacMitian, State Botanist

Minnesota
Botanical Studies

' Contents

XXII. A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of
és southeastern Minnesota, W. A. Wheeler - - - 353
XXIII. The seed and seedling of the western larkspur
(Delphinium occidentale Wats.), Francis
PERMA = feist oe a ee - 417
XXIV. A preliminary list of Minnesota Erysiphezx, Ez.
NO LAY CCIRA IE Se. EEE a ins nae a 4 28
XXV. Native and garden Delphiniums of North America,
Mie Need EU PM Mies we ey Re a he a ABT
XXVI. Native and cultivated Ranunculi of North America
and segregated genera, K. C. Davis - - - = 459
XXVII. A synonymic conspectus of the native and garden
Thalictrums of North America, K. C. Davis - 509
_ XXVIII. Some preliminary observations on Dictyophora
Be ravenelii Burt., C. S. Scofield - - - - = = 525

ny | Second Series

Part IV - - August 15, 1900

MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
1900

NEW YORK.
BOTANICAL GARDEN

be

XXII. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE
OF THE FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN
MINNESOTA.

W. A. WHEELER.

The work of the Minnesota Botanical Survey in southeastern
Minnesota during the summer of 1899 was carried on with two
main purposes in view: first, to collect and preserve plants in
formalin for museum and class use, and second, to collect
herbarium specimens of the higher seed plants. The work of
collection was begun June tst, and closed August 31st. The
catalogue of species is, therefore, very incomplete in its enu-
meration of the early spring and autumn plants.

District of collection.—The territory in which the collections
were made is in the extreme southeastern part of Minnesota,
comprising the valleys of Winnebago and Crooked creeks, and
the adjoining region near the Mississippi river. Nearly all of
this territory is included in an area about twelve miles square,
formed by the townships of Mayville and Crooked Creek, on
the north, and Winnebago and Jefferson on the south.

Physiography.—The topography of this part of Houston
county is not essentially different from that of most of the re-
gion south from Red Wing along the Mississippi river to the
southern boundary of Minnesota and into Iowa. There is no
part of it level or nearly so. It is almost entirely broken by
the valleys of the two creeks and their smaller tributaries. The
height above the sea level varies from 620 feet at the level of
the Mississippi river in the southeastern corner of Jefferson, to
1200 feet in the northwestern corner of Mayville. Crooked
creek, from the source of the north fork to its discharge into
Bluff slough, is about eleven miles in length. It drains about
65 square miles of territory. The south fork, a branch about
three miles long, lies entirely in Mayville. Winnebago creek
from the Big spring near its source, to its discharge into Min-

393

304 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

nesota slough, is about twelve miles in length. There are
three small branches, one of which has, within the last decade,
become considerably smaller than it formerly was, on account
of the drying up of several springs near its source. The
amount of water discharged from each of the two main creeks
during the summer months is probably not less than 1,500,000
cubic feet per day. Neither creek is very susceptible to
changes of season, but either one will rise very rapidly after a
sudden heavy rain-fall and return to its usual level in a few
hours.

The bluffs are high and steep, and not adapted to cultivation.
(Plates XXII. and XXVI.) However, many of the ridges are
cultivated and form some of the best farms in this part of the state.
The valleys being subject to overflow and the bluffs very steep,
by no means the entire area is adapted to cultivation. This
condition is very favorable for the collection of native plants.

The valleys are narrow, in no place exceeding a mile in
width from the brow of one bluff to the brow of the one op-
posite.

In taking a view of the ecological groups of the plants in-
habiting this region, the territory may, for convenience, be
divided into river valley, creek valleys and bluffs.

The river valley is so distinct from the creek vaileys that it is
almost imperative that it be considered separately. The bluffs
along the river vary somewhat from the other bluffs, but not
sufficiently to warrant a division into river bluff and creek
bluff.

fiver valley.—tin the river valley I include the area from the
foot of the bluffs on one side of the river, to the foot of the
bluffs on the opposite side, not including any tributaries. Along
this stretch of the river, from New Albin, Iowa, to Brownsville,
Minnesota, the valley varies from three to five miles in width.
The main channel of the river is from one-half a mile to a mile
wide. The remainder of the area between the bluffs is formed
of islands, sloughs and lakes during most of the year. (Plate
XXV.,B.) During the spring and early summer the whole area
is generally flooded so that collection can be carried on only dur-
ing the late summer and autumn. The river channel proper is
not a fruitful field for the collection of higher plants. The
sluggish sloughs, lakes and ponds, however, offer excellent
conditions for such collection.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 355

For consideration, the water plants of the river valley may be
classified into four main groups: plankton, attached submerged
aquatic, attached aquatic plants with natant leaves, and adaptive
shore plants.

PLANKTON.

The plants forming this group are those which are not at-
tached to any soil substratum, and so are rarely found in any of
the swift-flowing currents, but rather on the surface of protected
lakes and ponds and near the high banks of sloughs, where
they are protected from rapid currents of wind and water. The
plants comprising this group are:

Azolla caroliniana, Spirodela polyrhiza,
Ceratophyllum demersun, Utricularia vulgaris.
Lemna minor,

With them are often found plants of Sagzttarza and Pota-
mogeton which have been dislocated from their original position
on the soil. They seem to grow nearly as well and bloom
nearly as profusely as when attached. In this condition they
form part of the plankton, but as they are originally attached
and ordinarily remain so, I have not included them in the list
of plankton types.

One of the most beautiful and interesting plants of this group
is the small heterosporous fern, Azo//a caroliniana. In the
early part of the summer it is green or but slightly red in color
and only scattered plants or very small patches can be found.
In the later summer and autumn it covers large areas of water
with a deep red pure growth or mixed with the duckweeds. In
restricted areas it often grows so rapidly late in the summer that
it is pushed up from the surface of the water and forms ridges
and bunches above the water-level.

ATTACHED SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANTS.

The floor of some of the very shallow ponds and sloughs is
covered with a growth of bassweeds and pondweeds that are en-
tirely immersed. This group contains but few species of the
higher plants. The species collected are:

Naias flexilts, Potamogeton pusillus,
Naias guadalupensis, Potamogeton zosteraefolius.

356 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

ATTACHED AQUATIC PLANTS WITH NATANT LEAVES.

Castalia tuberosa, Potamogeton lonchites,
LVelumbo lutea, Potamogeton natans,
Nymphaea advena, Sagittaria cuneata.

Nearly every one who has ever visited any of the lakes or
rivers of Minnesota is acquainted with at least one representa-
tive of this group, the white water-lily, Castalia tuberosa. 'This
with the Indian lotus, Velwméo lutea, and the yellow pond-lily,
Nymphea advena, all of which are members of the water-lily
family, are the most conspicuous and beautiful of our river
plants. They cover large areas of shallow water for sometimes
a mile or more in extent. It may be of interest to call attention
to the methods of adaptation of these plants to their aquatic
habitat. The white water-lily and the yellow pond-lily carry
their natant leaves on long flexible petioles which allow the
leaves to remain upon the surface for variations of several feet
in the height of the water. The Indian lotus, however, carries
the leaf-blades upon stiff strong petioles some of which are car-
ried up to the water surface and others are raised from one to
three feet above the water. (Plate XXV., A.) Incase the water
rises the natant leaves are destroyed but those that are raised
above the surface remain useful to the plant and may in this way
be caused to float. The projecting leaves are not conspicuously
modified in any way from those that were originally natant.

Both the Indian lotus and the white water-lily are abundant
in the sloughs of the Mississippi river at Jefferson. The yellow
pond-lily is not so abundant as either of the other two. The
Potamogetons with floating leaves may be found growing with
the water-lilies or in small patches scattered throughout the
sloughs. They never cover very large areas to the exclusion
of other plants.

ADAPTIVE SHORE PLANTS.

Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sagittaria latifolia,
Elleocharts acicularis, Sagittaria rigida,
Nelumbo lutea, Scirpus lacustris.

Polygonum emersum,

The plants living on the shores of the lakes and sloughs must
adapt themselves to life under the varying conditions in which
they may be placed by the rise and fall of the water. During

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. SDL

low stages they may be left out of the water entirely and when
the water is at its height most of them are nearly or quite sub-
merged. The plants adapting themselves to these conditions
might be considered as the Sagz/tarza group, for the two Sagzt-
tarias—latifolia and r7g7da—are the most abundant shore plants
with the possible exception of Eleocharis acicularis. Nelumbo
lutea may often be seen in times of very low water, grow-
ing on the muddy banks entirely emersed holding its leaves
erect two or three feet above the mud, while the Castaléa when
placed under these conditions lodges its leaves on the mud where
they soon die. Polygonum emersum covers many banks to the
exclusion of other vegetation. It is adapted to living on the
exposed mud or in the water but under the latter conditions it
always projects its leaf-bearing stems out of the water and keeps
the foliage leaves emersed.

WET MEADOWS OF THE RIVER VALLEY.

During a large part of the growing season the wet meadows
of the river bottoms are submerged. When they are exposed
for a sufficient length of time to become somewhat dry the
grasses are generally cut for hay. The plants living under
these conditions are mostly coarse grasses and sedges. No trees
but willows seem to be able to live upon these meadows and
they do not then attain tree size. Some of the plants forming
the vegetation of the wet meadows are:

Asclepias tncarnata, Scirpus atrovirens,
Cyperus esculentus, Scirpus cyperinus,
Eleocharis acicularts, Szum cicutacfolium,
Elymus virginicus, Sparganium eurycarpum,
Eragrostis hypnordes, Spartina cynosurotdes,
Eupatorium pur pureum, Vernonia fasciculata,
flomatlocenchrus virginicus, Zizania aquatica.

Penthorum sedotdes,

MupD-FLAT VEGETATION.

The mud-flat comprises the highest land of the islands. It is
flooded only during the early summer but on account of its
growth of timber and shrubs the soil remains wet during the
entire year. The largest trees growing anywhere in this region
are found on the mud-flats of the Mississippi river.

3908 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The plants which form large trees on the islands are:

Acer saccharinum, Populus deltoides,
Betula nigra, Quercus platanordes,
Frraxinus lanceolata, Salix amygdaloides,
Fraxinus nigra, Olmus americana.

Gleditsia triacanthos,

The following species do not attain large size, but are either
scattered throughout as shrubs or small trees, or form a dense
low growth on some of the lower grounds of the mud flat.
(Plate XXY .; A.)

Cephalanthus occidentalis, Salix fluviatilis,
Cornus amonum, Salix nigra.

Three species of woody vines are common throughout the
islands. The Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quinguefolia,
and wild grape, Vzt¢s vulpina, are abundant, covering and in
many cases killing large trees. The climbing poison ivy, /thus
radicans, is common throughout the most densely wooded parts.
It sometimes climbs to a height of twenty-five or thirty feet, and
develops a stem from two to three inches in diameter.

During the late summer and autumn the mud-flat throughout
is covered with a dense growth of coarse herbs most of which
are perennials.

The following herbaceous plants grow on the mud-flat.

Acnida tamariscina, Mimulus ringens,
Apocynum cannabinum, Onoclea senstbilis,

Arisema dracontiun, Polygonum hartwrighti,
Bidens comosa, Polygonum hydropiperoides,
Bidens frondosa, Polygonum incarnatum,
Bidens levis, Polygonum punctatum,
Cicuta bulbifera, Polygonum virginianum,
flelenium autumnale, Physalis philadelphica,
Ilysanthes gratioloides, Physostegia virginiana,
Lippia lanceolata, Ranunculus pennsylvanicus,
Lobelia cardinals, Scutellaria latertflora,
Lycopus americanus, Stachys palustris,

Lycopus lucidus, Stezronema ciliata,
Lycopus rubellus, Teucrium canadense,
Lycopus virginicus, Urtica gracilis,

Lythrum alatum, Urticastrum divaricatum.

Mentha canadensis,

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 359

Creek valleys.—The valleys of the creeks present an entirely
different aspect from the river valley. The creeks have their
own well-defined channels to which they hold almost the year
round. High waters never last for any great period of time.
Those which are caused by the melting of the snows in the
spring generally last from about noon to sun-down while those
which are supplied by the heavy June showers generally rise
and fall during the night or very early morning. The damage
done to vegetation is almost restricted to the floods of the sum-
mer months. They come in the season of most rapid growth
and destroy a large part of the season’s growth with which they
come in contact. The areas inundated by these floods are never
very extensive compared to those along the river. At most
points along the valleys the gradual rise of the land from the
creeks to the bluffs is sufficient to prevent the formation of
ponds and lakes by the rise of the water. The alluvial soils
deposited on the flats do not dry up until late in the summer and
so have very little growth besides coarse weeds. They are
often cultivated but there is always the danger of the crops
being destroyed by high water. Most of the best cultivated
fields in the valleys are on the table lands adjacent to the foot
of the bluffs. They are generally fertile, are protected from
high water and hard winds and are not in a position to wash to
any great extent. The steep banks on the north edges of the
table lands are generally wooded and bear the richest and
greatest variety of plants that can be found anywhere in this
region. The table lands are often very sharply marked off
from the creek bottoms and steep bluffs. Towards the heads of
the creeks the table lands disappear and there is a gradual rise
from the creeks to the bluffs.

The water vegetation of the creek valleys is almost entirely
limited to the cold water plants of the springs and small streams.
There are very few ponds or marshes to contain still water
forms.

The vegetation of the land may be divided into that of the
wet meadow, moist woods and mesophytic field. The wet mea-
dow is about on a level with the banks of the creeks. It never
becomes very dry and on the lower places shows some of the
characters of a marsh. The vegetation of the moist woods
is well shown on the wooded banks bordering the table lands.
Moist woods often cover some of the protected table lands and

360 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

extend for some distance up the narrow dark ravines. In places
where timber covers the flooded areas the vegetation is similar
to that of the mud flat on the islands near the river. The vege-
tation of the open table lands I have called mesophytic field.

CoLD SPRING VEGETATION.

The valleys of Winnebago and Crooked creeks have a great
many springs arising from the bases of the bluffs throughout
their whole length but perhaps more numerous at the heads of
the creeks than elsewhere. Some of the springs that outlet in
low level land occasionally form small cold bogs in which the
ordinary cold water plants find very favorable conditions for
growth. A large spring near the head of Clear creek, a short
branch of Crooked creek contains the greatest abundance of
typical cold water plants of any spring visited. The large
creeks do not contain much vegetation. The smaller creeks
often contain plants similar to those of the cold springs.

The plants characteristic of cold running water are:

Batrachium divaricatum, Mimulus gamesiz,
Batrachium trichophyllum, Philotria canadensis,
Berula erecta, Roripa nasturtium,
Cardamine bulbosa, Veronica americana.

Epilobiums—coloratum and adenocaulon—are often found
growing in cold spring water but are not peculiar to this local-
ity as they are also found growing in moist soil. None of the
spring plants can be called common to large areas, for the con-
ditions necessary for their growth are limited in extent.

POND VEGETATION.

There are but very few natural ponds along the creeks. The
ponds are generally artificial and as such present a variety of
conditions and a corresponding variety of plants. A small
natural pond in a bog near Crooked creek contains all it can
hold of the yellow pond-lily. (Plate XXVII., B.) This is the
only place in which any of the water-lily family were found
outside of the sloughs and lakes of the Mississippi river.

WET MEADOW VEGETATION OF THE CREEK VALLEYS.

The wet meadows naturally cover a very large part of the
creek valleys but under present conditions most of them are

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 361

used for pasture, or where they can be easily drained for culti-
vation, though they are of course in constant danger of being
flooded. Under these conditions there are but few wet meadows
which have retained their original vegetation. Many of them
under continual pasturing have grown up to coarse weeds and
grasses. ‘The greatest variety of plants is found where the wet
meadow has been used asa hay meadow. This offers more
nearly the natural conditions for such plants as Lz/iwm cana-
dense (Plate XXVII., A). Habenaria leucophea, Pedicularis
lanceolata, Saxifraga pennsylvanica, Chelone glabra, Parnas-
sta caroliniana, Onoclea senstbilis and many others in the list.
The plants which grow in the wet meadows are:

Angelica atropurpurea, Lythrum alatum,

Aster nove-anglia, Macrocalyx nyctelea,
Aster prenanthoides, Mimulus ringens,

Aster puniceus, Onoclea senszbilis,

Aster sagittifolius, Parnassia caroliniana,
Caltha palustris, Pedicularits lanceolata,
Cerastium longipedunculatum, Pimpinella integerrima,
Chelone glabra, Rudbeckia laciniata,
Cicuta bulbtfera, Rudbeckta triloba,
Crceuta maculata, Feumex acetosella,
Doellingeria umbellata, PRumex crispus,
Dryopteris thelypteris, Saxifraga pennsylvanica,
Gentiana crinita, Szlene alba,

Gentiana flavida, Selphium laciniatum,
flabenaria leucophea, Silphium perfoliatum,
flabenaria psycodes, Viola obliqua,

Lilium canadense, Zizia aurea.

Lobelia syphilitica,

MoIsT Woops VEGETATION.

As previously stated the most typical moist woods vegetation
is to be found on the north banks of the table lands. The tim-
ber on the banks has much of it been left uncut and offers the
very best conditions for the survival of moist woods vegetation.
In the list of moist woods plants here given are included only
those collected or noted from a single location in Winnebago
valley. It is a bank about one-half a mile long bordering on
the table land for the greater part of its length. Some of the

362 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

plants listed do not seem to be typical moist woods plants and
in such cases they have probably been driven to the margin of
the thicket by the cultivation of the table land on one side and
by the high water of the creek bottom on the other. The plants

of the moist woods on this bank are:

Acer negundo,

Acer nigrum,

Acitea alba,

Actea rubra,

Adiantum pedatum,
Adopogon virginicum,
Adoxa moschatellina,
Agastache scrophulariefolia,
Agrimonia hirsuta,
Amelanchier canadensis,
Anemone quinqguefolia,
Afios apios,

Apocynum androsemzifolium,
Aralia nudicaults,

Aralia racemosa,

Arisema triphyllum,
Asarum canadense,
Asclepias exaltata,
Asclepias tncarnata,
Asclepias syriaca,
Asplenium acrostichoides,
Asplenium filix-femina,
Bicuculla cucullaria,
Bidens frondosa,

Bidens comosa,
Botrychium virginianum,
Campanula americana,
Carex rosea,

Carpinus caroliniana,
Caulophyllum thalictroides,
Cerastium longipedunculatum,
Circea lutetiana,

Clematis virginiana,
Cornus candidissima,
Cornus rotundifolia,

Cornus stolonifera,
Corylus americana,
Crategus punctata,
Crategus tomentosa,
Cypripedium hirsutum,
Cystopteris bulbifera,
Deringa canadeists,
Diervilla diervilla,
Epilobium adenocaulon,
Epilobium coloratum,
E-quisetum arvense,
Erigeron pulchellus,
Erythronium albidum,
Evuonymus atropurpureus,
Eupatorium ageratoides,
Falcata comosa,
Fragaria americana,
Galium aparine,
Galium boreale,
Galium trifidum,
Galium triflorum,
Geranium maculatum,
Geum strictumi,
FHlabenaria bracteata,
flepatica acuta,
FHleracleum lanatum,
Humulus lupulus,
flydrophyllum virginicum,
Impatiens aurea,
Impatiens biflora,
Juglans cinerea,
Juglans nigra,

Lactuca floridana,
Lathyrus ochroleucus,
Lathyrus venosus,

Wheeler :

Leptorchis lilitfolia,
Lobelia syphilitica,
Lontcera dioica,
Lonicera sullivantti,
Malus toensts,
Menispermum canadensis,
Mentha canadensis,
Micrampelis lobata,
Mitella diphylla,

Nabalus albus,

Nepeta cataria,

Onoclea struthiopteris,
Osmunda claytoniana,
Ostrya virginiana,

Oxalis stricta,
Parthenocissus quinguefolia,
Pedicularis canadensis,
Peramium pubescens,
Phlox divaricata,
Phryma leptostachya,
Podophylium peltatum,
Polemonium reptans,
Polygonatum commutatum,
Polygonum incarnatum,
Polygonum hydropiperordes,
Populus grandidentata,
Populus tremuloides,
Potentilla canadensis,
Prunus americana,
Prunus nigra,

Prunus serotina,
Prunella vulgaris,
Prunus virginiana,

Pteris aquilina,

Pyrola elliptica, ©
Quercus coccinea,
Quercus macrocarpa,
Quercus rubra,

Quercus velutina,

FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA.

363

Ranunculus abortivus,
Peanunculus septentrionalis,
Lehus glabra,

Leibes cynosbati,

Leibes floridum,

Peibes uva-crispa,

Rubus occidentalis,
Rubus villosus,
Reudbeckia laciniata,
Rudbeckia triloba,

Salix amygdaloides,
Salix fluviatilis,
Sambucus canadensis,
Sanicula gregaria, —
Sanicula marylandica ,
Szlene alba,

Smilax herbacea,
Solidago canadensis,
Staphylea trifolia,
Syndesmon thalictrordes,
Thalictrum diotcum,
Thalictrum purpurescens,
Tilia americana,
Trillium cernuum,
Trillium erectum,
Triosteum perfoliatum,
Ulmus americana,

Ulmus fulva,

Urtica gracilis,
Urticastrum divaricatum,
Uvularia grandiflora,
Vagnera racemosa,
Viburnum lentago,

Viola pubescens,

Viola obligua,

Vites vulpina,
Washingtonia claytont,
Xanthoxylum americana,

364 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

MESOPHYTIC FIELD VEGETATION.

The mesophytic field vegetation as it exists in the creek valleys
to-day is almost entirely a result of cultivation. The table lands
which bear the plants of the mesophytic field were formerly al-
most entirely wooded. ‘To-day they are cleared of timber and
used for cultivation. They furnish the best fields for cultivation
in the whole district. They are not subject to the overflow of
the bottom lands, nor to the drought of the ridges, nor to the
washouts of the side-hills. Being so extensively cultivated the
plants growing upon them, which are not themselves cultivated,
are almost confined to the edges of fields and thickets. Under
such conditions a list of plants of this area would have no bear-
ing upon the natural ecological groups.

Bluffs.—The bluffs bordering the river differ from those
bordering creek valleys in being steeper and in having many
more precipitous cliffs. The brow of the bluff along the river
for almost the entire distance bordering the territory covered ex-
cept where interrupted by branch valleys or ravines is one al-
most perpendicular limestone cliff, varying from a few feet to a
hundred feet in height. Cliffs of this sort are not so common
back from the river. The vegetation of the river bluffs differs
to some extent from the creek bluffs in its character. Some
of the common forest trees of the lowland of the creek valleys,
instead of growing on the lowland of the river valley inhabit
the foot of the river bluff. The proximity of the river
bluff to larger areas of water seems to raise the moisture
content of the soil of the river bluff above that of the creek
bluff at the same height above water level. The growth
then of such a tree as the black walnut at the foot of the river
bluff does not show that it grows here under more arid conditions
than in the creek valley, but that the same conditions of moisture
in the soil are found at a higher level on the river bluff than on
the creek bluff.

On all bluffs the vegetation shows the greatest variation with
the direction of the slope. Those facing from south to west
and receiving the direct rays of the sun from noon to 4 P. M.
are generally bare of trees (Plate XXII., B) and shrubs while
those facing from north to east are generally thickly wooded
(Plate XXVI., B). Ravines with their greater amount of
moisture in the soil and greater protection from winds are

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 365

generally wooded to some extent whatever the direction of the
slope (Plate XXII., A and B).

Near the heads of the creeks at the bases of the northern
slopes are many moist limestone cliffs with their characteristic
abundance of liverworts, mosses and ferns, sometimes almost to
the exclusion of the higher seed plants. The moist cliffs bear
more of the northern types of plants rare to this region than
any one other special area.

The zones of forest vegetation on the bluffs are often very
distinctly marked out by a few species. The oaks, 2. rubra,
2. macrocarpa and 2. coccinea extend from the valley to the
ridge of the bluff in varying degrees of abundance and thus
do not determine the zone. With these, however, are a few
species which are limited either to the base or ridge. The
aspen and a large-tooth poplar as primary and the ironwood,
juneberry and wild crab as secondary species mark out the basal
zone of forest and the white oak, white birch and shagbark
hickory in varying proportions mark out the ridge forest. Be-
tween the zone containing white birch on the ridge and that con-
taining the aspen at the base is a zone which is almost entirely
covered with dark-barked trees. Thus the zones are clearly
shown by the white bark of the white birch on the ridge and
that of the aspen below with the dark-barked trees between.

The vegetation areas of the bluffs may be considered as moist
cliffs, wooded slopes and ravines, ridge forests, bare slopes and
open ridges, and dry rocks. The plants of the moist cliffs are
hydrophytic; those of the wooded slopes and ravines which in-
clude a large part of the bluff area are mesophytic; the ridge
forests are xerophytic and the bare slope, open ridge and dry
rock plants which grow on the most exposed and dry areas in
this region are distinctly xerophytic.

MoIsT CLIFF VEGETATION.

This group of plants is one of the most interesting of this re-
gion. One is always on the lookout for rare plants to this part
of the state from the secluded and often almost inaccessible
moist cliff. The short list of plants given here might be said
to be almost peculiar to moist cliffs as they are rarely found
elsewhere. Others might be named that grow upon moist cliffs,
but which are more characteristic of moist woods.

Some of the plants characteristic of moist cliffs are:

366 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Dirca palustris,
Pellea stellerz,
Viburnum opulus.

Acer spicatum,
Adoxa moschatellina,
- Betula lutea,

Circea alpina,

VEGETATION OF WOODED SLOPES AND RAVINES.

This group of plants borders and perhaps encroaches upon
the moist woods of the valley upon the one hand and the ridge
forest upon the other. It covers a large area but does not repre-
sent the variety of species that are found in the moist woods of
the valley.

Some of the plants of the wooded slopes and ravines are

Asplenium acrostichozdes,
Ashplenium filix-femina,
Castilleja coccinea,
Cypripedium hirsutum,
Cypripedium spectabilis,
Cystopteris fragilis,
Epilobium coloratun,
Erechtites hieractfolia,
Eupatorium ageratotdes,
Falcata comosa,
Flieracium umbellatum,
Flieracium scabrum.,
flypericum maculata,
flypericum majus,

Lilium umbellatum,
Lobelia cordifolia,
Lobeha inflata,
Onoclea struthiopterts,
Osmunda claytoniana,
Panax quinguefolia,
Pedicularis canadensis,
Pol ‘ygonatum commutatum,
Pteris aguilina,

Rubus occidentalis,
Fubus villosus,

Szlene stellata,

Smilax herbacea,

Smilax hispida.

RIDGE FOREST VEGETATION.

Most of the woods upon the ridges are rather open and there-
fore present somewhat xerophytic conditions. The principal
forest trees of the ridges are those which have been previously
mentioned, 2. e., Betula papyrifera, Hicoria ovata, Quercus
alba and Quercus macrocarpa. Scattered trees of other kinds
are found on special areas. On the point of a bluff near the
village of Freeburg, several trees of Gymnocladus diotcus were
found in one of the most exposed locations that it could obtain.
This is a very unusual location for this tree. Prunus virginiana,
Juniperus virginiana, Tilia americana and Celtis occidentales
quite frequently grow near or on the rocky summits of the bluffs
but do not cover large areas.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 367

BARE SLOPE AND OPEN RIDGE VEGETATION.

The soil of the southern slope and open ridge is generally
largely formed of sand and broken limestone. It becomes very
dry early in the summer, and then appears almost bare of
vegetation except where it is broken by scattered junipers
(Plate XXI., A) or patches of Aehus glabra.

Some of the plants characteristic of the bare slope and open
ridge are:

Acerates viridifiora, Kuhnistera purpurea,
Asclepras verticillata, Lacinaria cylindracea,
Aster sericeus, Lactnarta scartosa,
Bouteloua curtipendula, Lappula lappula,
Bouteloua hirsuta, Linum sulcatum,
Coreopsis palmata, Lobelia spicata,
Cyperus filiculmis, Oxalis violacea,
Cyperus houghtoni, Polygala verticillata,
Cyperus schweinitzti, Polygonum tenue,
Draba caroliniana, Pulsatilla hirsuttssima,
Elymus canadensis, Ratibida columnarts,
Flelianthus occidentalis, Lehus glabra,
Euphorbia heterophylla, Lehus radicans,
Fflieracitum canadense, Szlene antirrhina,
Juniperus communes, Valertana edulis,
Juniperus sabina, Viola pedata,

Keleriva cristata, Viola pedatifida.

Kuhnistera candida,

DRY ROCK VEGETATION (Plate XXI., B).

The rock plants and sand plants do not in many places form
distinct groups. The sand of the bluffs nearly always contains
considerable broken limestone and thus furnishes conditions
favorable to the growth of limestone plants. Pel/ea atropur-
purea and Camptosorus rhizophyllus seem to be the only ones
that are restricted to the bare limestone. The former prefers
dryer and more exposed locations than the latter.

The characteristic plants of dry rocks are:

Betula papyrifera, Juniperus communis,
Campanula rotundifolia, Pellea atropurpurea,
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Valertana edulis,

Cystopteris bulbifera, Zygadenus elegans.

368 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Results of the survey.—The botanical survey of this part of
the state was undertaken with a great deal of interest by the
collectors. Never before has this region been explored for the
purpose of botanical collection. Great opportunities were there-
fore offered in the search for species, which may have made
this corner of the state the northern limit of their range and for
those which may have strayed down the Mississippi river from
their native home at its headwaters. With such possibilities in
view the collectors were not disappointed with the results.

As a result of the survey 578 species of plants were collected,
26 of which are Pteridophyta, 5 Archisperme, 87 Monocotyle-
dons and 460 Dicotyledons.

In the catalogue of species are reported the following plants
which either have not been previously reported from Minnesota
or have been reported without any known authentic collection.
The specimens have been placed in the Herbarium of the Uni-
versity.

Allionia linearis, t fTieractum umbellatum,t
Asplenium angustifolium, Metbomia tllinoenszs,
Bidens comosa,* Naas guadalupensts,
Carex torta, Prunus niga,

Crategus macracantha, Quercus prinoides,
Falcata pitcheri,* Rudbeckia tritloba,
Gleditsia triacanthos, Sanicula trifoliata,
FHlelianthus atrorubens, Senecio plattensis.*

The following plants collected are of great interest as rare
plants in the state or in this part of the state.

Arctostaphylos uva-urst, Gaura biennis,
Asclepias obtusifolia, FHlamamelis virginiana,
Azolla caroliniana, flydrocotyle americana,
Betula lenta, Juniperus sabina,

Carex lurida, Lactuca ludoviciana,
Cheilanthes gracilis, Lactuca sagittifolia,
Crategus punctata, Metbomia dilleniz,
Cyperus houghtont, Polygonum tenue,
Dasystoma grandifiora, Polygonum virginianum,
Dryopteris goldieana, Quercus platanordes,

* Previously collected but not reported from Minnesota.
+ Previously reported from incorrect determinations or from general distri-
bution ranges given in large manuals without authentic collection.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 369

Sanicula gregaria, Thalesia unifiora,
Sagittaria cuneata, Woodsia oregana.

Solidago erecta,

CATALOG OF SPECIES COLLECTED.

The following catalog of plants contains only those collected by
Mr. H. L. Lyon and the writer in the southeastern part of
Houston county. With the exception of about ten species
which were collected in Brownsville, they were all gathered in
the townships of Mayville, Crooked Creek, Winnebago and
Jefferson.

The determinations were almost entirely made by the col-
lectors, each determining the plants of his own collection. The
determinations of the species of Physalis were kindly made by
Mr. P. A. Rydberg, of Columbia University, and those of
Quercus prinoides, velutina, coccinea and rubra, and Betula
lenta by Professor C. S. Sargent.

The nomenclature is that of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated
Flora of the Northern United States and Canada.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

OPHIOGLOSSACEZ.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2:
SLES - LOGO;
Coll.: Lyon 38, Winnebago; 207, Mayville. June, July.
Infrequent, rich woods and shady banks.

OSMUNDACEZ.

Osmunda claytoniana L. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 43, Winnebago. June.
Common, shady hillsides and ravines.

POLYPODIACE.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 326, Jefferson. Aug.
Common, wet meadows and river bottoms.
Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Horrm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 11. 1795.
Coll.: Lyon 79, Winnebago; 208, Mayville. June, July.
Common, moist thickets and river bottoms.

370 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2: 90. 1865.
Coll.: Lyon 306, Jefferson. Aug.

Rare and local, on brow of river bluff. The only previous
collection reported from Minnesota is that from Stillwater
by Miss Field. There are no previously collected speci-
mens from Minnesota in the Herbarium of the University.

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernu. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot.
i> art 2,, 205" “L606.
Coll.: Lyon 57, Winnebago. June.

Common on shaded rocks and limestone ledges.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernu. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot.
Le sear 2, 27. £500.
Coll.: Lyon 221, Mayville. July.
Frequent in deep woods.
Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848.
Coll.: Lyon 461, Brownsville. Aug.
Common in swamps and wet meadows along Wild Cat creek.
Dryopteris goldieana (Hoox.) A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.
Coll.: Lyon 203, 222, Mayville. July.

Rare and local, deep rich woods. The only previous
authentic collection in Minnesota is that of Leiberg at Min-
neopa falls, Blue Earth County.

Dryopteris spinulosa (RETz.) KuntTzE, Rev. Gen. Pl. 813.
1891.
Coll.: Lyon 253%, Mayville. July.
Rare and local, deep rich woods.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Linx, Hort. Berol. 2: 69.
1533.
Coll.: Lyon 32, 65, Winnebago. June.
Infrequent or rare, limestone ledges and boulders.
Asplenium angustifolium Micnx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 265. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 204, 224, Mayville. July.
Rare, deep rich woods. Not previously reported from

Minnesota.
Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 54.
1800.
Coll.: Lyon 206, 223, Mayville; 318, Jefferson. July
Aug.

Frequent, rich woods and moist thickets.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 371

Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Brernu. Schrad. Neues Journ.
Bot. fs batt 2.260, 1800:
Coll. : Lyon 205, 220, Mayville. July.
Common woods and thickets.
Adiantum pedatum L. Sp. Pl. 1095. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 45, Winnebago. June.
Common, woods and shady banks.
Pteris aquilina L. Sp. Pl. 1075. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 42, Winnebago. June.

Common, hillsides and cut-over timber lands.

Pellza stelleri (S. G. Gmeu.) Watt, Can. Fil. No. 2.
1869-70.
Coll.: Lyon 77, Winnebago. anes

Infrequent, moist limestone ledges.

Pellza atropurpurea (L.) Linx, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841.
Coll. : Lyon 30, Winnebago. June.

Frequent, dry limestone cliffs and boulders.

Cheilanthes gracilis (Fer) Metr. Abh. Senck. Nat. Gesell.
ae (reprint 30). 1859-
Coll.: Lyon 299, 305, Jefferson. Aug.

Rare and local, dry limestone cliff. There is no previous
authentic collection of this from Minnesota in the Uni-
versity Herbarium. Sandberg’s collection from Vermillion
lake made in 1885 and reported as this species should be
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. which has not previously
been reported from Minnesota.

Polypodium vulgare L. Sp. Pl. 1085. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 76, Winnebago. June.
Local on limestone ledge.

SALVINIACEZ.

Azolla caroliniana WILLD. Sp. Pl. 5: 541. 1810.
Coll.: Lyon 276, Allamakee Co., Iowa; 298, 444, Jeffer-
son. Aug.
Abundant on sloughs and lakes of the Mississippi.

EQUISETACEZ.

Equisetum arvense L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 102, Winnebago. June.
Frequent, meadows and pastures.

372 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Equisetum pratense Enru. Hanov. Mag. 138. 1784.
Coll.: Lyon 29, Winnebago. June.’
Frequent in light shaded soil.

Equisetum hyemale L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 415, Winnebago. Aug.
Common.
Equisetum levigatum A. Br.;: Engelm. Amer. Journ. Sci.
46: 87. 1844.
Coll.: Lyon 18, Winnebago. June.
Local, moist meadows.

SELAGINELLACEZ.

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Sprinc. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: Part
2, Tk. TSAO.
Coll.: Lyon 78, Winnebago. June.
Infrequent, dry rocks.

SPERMATOPHYTA.

ARCHISPERMA.
PINACEZ.

Pinus strobus L. Sp. Pl. roo1. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 166, 254, Winnebago. June.
Local on bluffs along Winnebago and Crooked Creeks.

Juniperus communis L. Sp. Pl. 1040. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 108, Winnebago; 213, Jefferson; 349,
Crooked Creek. June, July.
Common on dry bluffs. (Plates XXI., A and B, XXIV., B.)
Juniperus virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 1039. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 158, 169, Winnebago. June.
Frequent on dry bluffs.

Juniperus sabina L. Sp. Pl. 1039. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 214, Jefferson. June.

Rare and local on dry bluffs. No previous collection reported
from this part of the state. This is about the most southern
point of collection for this species in the United States accord-
ing to Britton and Brown.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 373

TAXACE#.,
Taxus minor (Micux.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: Io.
1893.
Coll.: Wheeler 289, Crooked Creek; 317, Mayville; 433,
Jefferson. July.
Infrequent, generally on dry limestone ridges, occasionally
in woods. Not previously reported from the southern part
of the state.

METASPERM:.

TYPHACEZ.

Typha latifolia L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 266, Winnebago. June.

SPARGANIACE.
Sparganium eurycarpum Encevm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,

430. 1856.
Coll.: Wheeler 423, Jefferson. July.

NAIADACEZ.
Potamogeton natans L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 460, Jefferson. Aug.
Potamogeton lonchites TuckERM. Am. Journ. Sci (II.) 6: 226.
1848.
Coll.: Wheeler 395, 488, Jefferson, Aug.
Potamogeton zosterefolius Scuum. Enum. Pl. Saell. 50. 1801.
Coll.: Wheeler 462, 490, 497, Jefferson. Aug.
Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 461, Jefferson. Aug.
Naias flexilis (WILLD.) Rost. & ScumivT, Fl. Sed. 384. 1824.
Coll.: Lyon 329, Jefferson. Aug.
Naias guadalupensis (SpRENG.) Morone, Mem. Torr. Club, 3:
Part 260. 1693:
Coll.: Lyon 443, Jefferson. Aug.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. Sloughs and lakes
of the Mississippi river.

ALISMACEZ.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 342. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 384, Jefferson. Aug.

374 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Sagittaria latifolia WiLLp. Sp. Pl. 4: 409. 1806.
Coll.: Wheeler 123, Winnebago; 304.
Crooked Creek; 492, Jefferson. June—Aug.
Sagittaria cuneata SHELDON, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 283. pd.
159. 1893.
Coll.: Wheeler 491, 495, Jefferson. Aug.
- Not previously reported from this part of the state or the
Mississippi river. Frequent in sloughs.
Sagittaria rigida Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814.
Coll.: Wheeler 486, Jefferson. Aug.
Sagittaria cristata ENceLmM.; Arthur, Proc. Davenport Acad.
A209. 1682.
Coll.: Lyon 481, Jefferson. Aug.

VALLISNERIACE.

Philotria canadensis (Micux.) Brirron, Science (II.) 2: 5.

1895.
Coll.: Lyon 174, Winnebago. July.

GRAMINEZ.

Andropogon furcatus Munv.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 919. 1806.
Coll. : Wheeler 404, Jefferson. July.
Chrysopogon avenaceus (Micux.) Benrtu. Journ. Linn. Soc.
EQs) 735.4 Toor.
Coll.: Lyon 354, Jefferson. Aug.
Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nasu, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:
420. 1895.
Coll.: Wheeler 424, Jefferson. July.
Panicum crus-galli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 420, Lyon 478, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Panicum porterianum Nasu, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 420. 1895.
Coll.: Wheeler 388, Jefferson. July.
Panicum scribnerianum Nasu, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421.
1895.
Coll.: Wheeler 182, Winnebago. June.
Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 421, Jefferson. July.
Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl..58. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 477, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 375

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 287, Jefferson. July.
Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 523, Jefferson. Aug.
Homalocenchrus virginicus (Wi1LLp.) Brirron, Trans. N. Y.
Read. nocig: ans. 1880;
Coll.: Wheeler 564, Jefferson. Aug.
Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Wi_tp. Enum. 80. 1809.
Coll. : Wheeler 426, Jefferson. July.
Bouteloua hirsuta Lac. Var. Cienc. y Litter 2: Part 4, 141.

1805.
Coll. : Wheeler 347, Crooked Creek; Lyon 291, Jefferson.
July.
Bouteloua curtipendula (Micux.) Torr. Emory’s Rep. 153.
1848.

Coll. : Wheeler 362, Crooked Creek. July.
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69.
1888. .
Coll.: Wheeler 524, Jefferson. Aug.
Keeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805.
Coll.: Lyon 113, Winnebago. June.
Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Met. Minn. 81. 1892.
Coll.: Lyon 59, Winnebago. June.
Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 414, Winnebago. Aug.
Bromus kalmii A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848.
Coll.: Lyon 259, Jefferson. July.
Bromus secalinus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 184, Winnebago. July.
Elymus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 418, Jefferson. July.
Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 292, Mayville. July.

CYPERACEZ.
Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 276. 1836.
Coll. : Lyon 375, Jefferson. Aug.
Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 526, Jefferson. Aug.

376 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Cyperus filiculmis Vani, Enum. 2: 328. 1806.
Coll.: Wheeler 348, Crooked Creek. July.

Cyperus houghtoni Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 277. 1836.
Coll.: Wheeler 346, Crooked Creek. July.

The only previous collection known from Minnesota is that
of Holzinger, St. Croix River, Minn. _ Britton reports this
collection in the Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 368. 1891.

The collection from Crooked Creek was made from the sum-
mit of a very dry sandy hill. Both C. houghtont and C.
schweinitzi? grow in sand but the former probably grows
in the drier locality of the two.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2: 154. 1817.
Coll.: Wheeler 527, Jefferson. Aug.

Scirpus lacustris L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 148, Winnebago. June.

Scirpus atrovirens Mun. Gram. 43. 1817.
Coll.: Wheeler 267, Winnebago. June.

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunru, Enum. 2: 170. 1837.
Coll. : Lyon 168, Crooked Creek; Wheeler 425, Jefferson.
June, July.
Carex lupulina Muui.; Schk. Riedg. 2: 54. f. 123. 1806.
Coll.: Lyon 280, Jefferson. July.

Carex lurida Want. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 153.
1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 142, Winnebago. June.
No Minnesota specimens in the Herbarium of the University.
Previously collected at Lake Itasca, Sandberg No. 1180.

Carex hystricina Muuu.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 282. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 119, Winnebago. June.

Carex filiformis L. Sp. Pl. 976. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 121, Winnebago. June.

Carex torta Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 11. 1843.
Coll.: Lyon 60, Winnebago. June.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. The nearest point
of previous collection, as shown by the Herbarium of
the University, is Winnebago county, Wisconsin.

Carex stipata Munu.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 233. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 116, Winnebago. June.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 5 Far

Carex vulpinoidea Micux. F]. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 144, Winnebago. June.

Carex rosea Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 15. f. 779. 1806.
Coll.: Wheeler 11, 143, Winnebago. June.

Carex tribuloides Want. Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:

iAy. (1902.

Coll.: Wheeler 118, Winnebago. June.

Carex cristatella Brirron, Br. & Br. Ill. Fl. N. U. S. & Can.
Me t57. fs S05. L800.
Coll.: Wheeler 197, Winnebago. June.

ARACEZ.

Arisema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 239. 1843.
Coll.: Lyon 31, Winnebago. June.

Arisema dracontium (L.) Scuorr, Melet. 1: 17. 1832.
Coll. : Lyon 239, Mayville; 248. Crooked Creek. July.

The only previous collections reported from Minnesota are

Manning, Lake Pepin and Holzinger, Winona. Frequent
in moist woods along the Mississippi River.

LEMNACEZ.
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Scuierp. Linnea, 13: 392. 1839.
Coll.: Wheeler 113, Winnebago. June.
Lemna minor L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 112, Winnebago. June.

COMMELINACEZ.
Tradescantia virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 45, Winnebago. June.
Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832.
Coll.: Wheeler 410, Jefferson. July.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

JUNCACE.
Juncus effusus L. Sp. Pl. 326. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 58, Winnebago. June.
Juncus tenuis WILLD. Sp. Pl. 2: 214. 1799.
Coll.: Lyon 73, Winnebago. June.

MELANTHACEZ.
Zygadenus elegans Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 241. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 49, Winnebago. June.

378 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smiru, Ex. Bot. 1: 99. pl. 57.
1804-5.
Coll.: Lyon 91, Winnebago. June.

LILIACE#.

Lilium umbellatum Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 229. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 146, Winnebago. June.
All previous collections of this species from Minnesota have
been reported as L. philadelphicum L. The latter species
so far as known has not been collected in Minnesota.

Lilium canadense L. Sp. Pl. 303. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 199, Crooked Creek. July.
Common, moist meadows. (Plate XXVII., A.)

Erythronium albidum Nutr. Gen. 1: 223. 1818.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 1, Winnebago. May.

CONVALLARIACEZ.

Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morone, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114.
1894.
Coll.: Wheeler 67, Winnebago. June.
Vagnera stellata (L.) Morone, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114.

1894.
Coll.: Wheeler 97, Winnebago. June.
Unifolium canadense (Desr.) GREENE, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:
287. 1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 98, Winnebago. June.
Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dierr.; Otto & Dietr.
Gartenz “3s 222. 1635.
Coll.: Wheeler 78, 184, Winnebago; 570, Jefferson;
Lyon 166, Crooked Creek. June, Aug.
Trillium erectum L. Sp. Pl. 340. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 17, Winnebago. June.
Trillium cernuum L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 2, Winnebago. May.

SMILACEA.

Smilax herbacea L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 376, Mayville; 467, Jefferson. July,
Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 379

Smilax hispida Munt.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 302. 1843.
Coll.: Wheeler 372, Crooked Creek; Lyon 258, Jeffer-

son. July.
AMARYLLIDACEZ.
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Covirte, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 118.
1894.

Coll.: Wheeler 91, Winnebago. June.

DIOSCOREACEZ.
Dioscorea villosa L. Sp. Pl. 1033. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 322, Mayville; 364, Crooked Creek.
July.
IRIDACEZ.
iris versicolor L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 362, Jefferson. Aug.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mii. Gard. Dict. Ed. 7. 1759.
Coll.: Lyon 75, Winnebago. June.

ORCHIDACES.
Cypripedium regine Watt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788.
Coll.: Wheeler 192, Winnebago. June.
Cypripedium candidum WItL.p. Sp. Pl. 4: 142. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 99, Winnebago. June.
Cypripedium hirsutum Mitui. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 3.
1768.
Coll.: Wheeler 66, 82, Winnebago. June.
Orchis spectabilis L. Sp. Pl. 943. 1753.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 8, Winnebago. June.
Habenaria bracteata (WiLLp.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed.
Pops TOG2..)TSry.
Coll.: Wheeler 106, Winnebago. June.
Habenaria leucophea (Nutt.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 502.
1867.
Coll.: Wheeler 299, Crooked Creek. July.
Habenaria psycodes (L.) A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310.
1840.
Coll.: Wheeler 386, Jefferson. July.
Peramium pubescens (WiLLp.) MacM. Met. Minn. 172. 1892.
Coll.: Lyon 100, Winnebago. June.

380 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kunrzr, Rev. Gen. Pl. 671. 1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 107, 168, 195, Winnebago; 350, Crooked
Creek; 401, Jetterson. june, Joly,

JUGLANDACEZ.
Juglans nigra L. Sp. Pl. 997. 1753.
Coll: Eyon 243. Crooked Creek. July.
jJuglans cinerea IL. Sp. Pl. Hd. 2,.7415. 1763.
Coll.: Lyon 62, 108, Winnebago. June.

Hicoria minima (Marsu.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 284.
1888.
Coll.: Lyon 149, Winnebago; 238, 239, Mayville; 475,
Jefferson. June, Aug.
Hicoria ovata (MiLL) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 283.
1888.
Coll.: Lyon 71, Winnebago; 474, Jefferson. June, Aug.

SALICACEZ.
Populus alba L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 159, Winnebago. June.
Populus balsamifera candicans (Air.) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
41g. 1856.
Coll.: Lyon 156, Winnebago. June.
Populus grandidentata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 64, Winnebago. June.
Populus tremuloides Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 88, Winnebago. June.
Populus deltoides Marsu, Arb. Am. 106. 1785.
Coll.: Lyon 125, Winnebago. June.
Salix nigra Marsn, Arb. Am. 139. 1785.
Coll.: Wheeler 265, Winnebago. June.
Salix amygdaloides AnpEers. Ofy. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858:
TEA. LELO5S:
Coll.: Wheeler 137, Winnebago. June.
Salix lucida Muu. Neue Scrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 4: 239.

FIMO ens LBO3.
Coll.: Wheeler 1384, Winnebago; 232, Crooked Creek.

June, July.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 381

Salix fluviatilis Nutr. Sylva, 1: 73. 1842.
Coll.: Wheeler 136, Winnebago; 333, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
Salix bebbiana Sarc. Gard. & For. 8: 463. 1895.
Coll.: Wheeler 343, Crooked Creek. July.

Salix humilis Marsu, Arb. Am. 140. 1785.
Coll.: Wheeler 181, Winnebago. June.

Salix discolor Muni. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 4:
224. Dl, 0. fe I. TOR.
Coll.: Wheeler 138, Winnebago; 334, Crooked Creek.
jae, July.
BETULACEZ.
Carpinus caroliniana WALT. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.
Coll.: Lyon 56, Winnebago. June.
Ostrya virginiana (Mriu.) WiLup. Sp. Pl. 4: 469. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 200, Winnebago. June.
Corylus americana Watt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.
Coll.: Wheeler 22, Winnebago. June.

Corylus rostrata Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 364. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 223, Winnebago; 275, Crooked Creek.
June.
Not previously collected from southern part of state. Local
on bluffs.

Betula papyrifera Marsu. Art. Am. 19. 1785.
Coll..>, Wheeler 215, Jefferson. June.
Common, dry ridges. (Plates XXIII., A and XXIV., B.)
Betula nigra L. Sp. Pl. 982. 1753.
Sole: Wheelers552; jefferson: Aug.
Common in the lowlands of the Mississippi River.

Betula lenta L. Sp. Pl. 983. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 165, Winnebago. June.

Not previously collected in the southern part of the state.
Rare.

merola lutea Micux. f. Arb. Am. 2: 153.27. 5. (1812:
Coll.: Wheeler 199, Winnebago; 271, Crooked Creek;
325, Mayville. June, July.
Frequent in moist locations along Winnebago and Crooked
creeks.

382 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Betula pumila L. Mant. 124. 1767.
Colles) Wheeler 272, Crooked’ Creek.” June:
Local along Crooked creek, forming large thickets in wet
meadows.
Alnus incana (L.) WiLLp. Sp. Pl. 4: 335. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 617, Brownsville. Aug.
Local at mouth of Wild Cat creek.

FAGACEZ.
Quercus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 996. 1753.
Coll’: Wheeler 640, 641, Jefferson.) Aug.

Common throughout.

Quercus coccinea Wane. Amer. 44. Dl. 4. f. 9. 1787.
Coll.: Wheeler 644, 645, Jefferson. Aug.
Common throughout.
Quercus velutina Lam. Encycl. 1: 721. 1783.
Coll. : Wheeler 642, 643, Jefferson. Aug.

Prof. Sargent writes about 643: ‘* Collection 643, which I
call Q. velutina, differs from that species as it usually
occurs by the much smaller less tomentose buds; the
acorns, however, are clearly from 2. velutina. I fre-
quently have seen specimens of this same form from the
region immediately west of the Great Lakes. It appears
sometimes as if it might be a hybrid between Q. velutina
and 2. coccinea but its occurrence is too frequent and its
distribution too wide to admit of this supposition. With
the present state of our knowledge I can but refer it to Q.
velutina.”

2. velutina does not seem to be nearly so common in this
region as Q. coccinea.

Quercus alba L. Sp. Pl. 996. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 638, Jefferson. Aug.

Common on ridges of bluffs throughout.

Quercus macrocarpa Micux. Hist. Chen. Am. 2. A/. 23. 1801.
Coll.: Wheeler 639, Jefferson. Aug.

Common throughout.

Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Supw. Rep. Secy. Agric. 1892:

227. “1003:
Coll.: Wheeler 366, Crooked Creek; 456, 538, 654,
Jefferson. July, Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 383

No previous collection reported from Minnesota. Reported
by Garrison as frequent at several points near the head-
waters of the Mississippi. Frequent on the lowlands of
the Mississippi in Jefferson and Crooked Creek townships
and in Allamakee Co., Iowa.

Quercus prinoides WiLLp. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
g.2307s 1800.
Coll. : ‘Wheeler 360, Crooked Creek. July.

Not previously reported from Minnesota. Whether this is
the species reported by Lapham as 2. castanea Willd.
cannot be ascertained as there are no specimens from Lap-
ham’s collection in the Herbarium of the University.

The specimens were collected from two trees on the side of a
bluff in section 19, township 102 N., range 4 W.

ULMACE.

Ulmus americana L. Sp. Pl. 226. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 24, Winnebago. June.

Ulmus racemosa Tuomas, Am. Jour. Sci. 19: 170. 1831.
Coll.: Wheeler 315, Mayville. July.
Infrequent on lowland near Crooked creek.

Ulmus fulva Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 172. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 23, Winnebago. June.

Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 1044. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 240, Winnebago; 278, Crooked Creek;
Lyon 374, Jefferson. June, Aug.

MORACEZ.

Morus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 368, Jefferson. Aug.
Infrequent along Mississippi river.
Humulus lupulus L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 312, Winnebago. Aug.
Cannabis sativa L. Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 282, Jefferson. Aug.
URTICACES.

Urtica gracilis Air. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1789.
Coll.: Lyon 126, Winnebago. June.

384 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 635.
1891.
Coll.: Lyon 117, Winnebago; 358, Jefferson. June;
Aug.
Adicea pumila (1.) Rar.; ‘Torr: Fl. iN: ‘Y./2: 223: Asiegee
onym. 1843.
Coll.: Wheeler 327, Mayville; 653, Jefferson. July,

Aug.
Parietaria pennsylvanica Munx.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4; 955.
1806.
Coll.: Lyon 191, Crooked Creek. July.

SANTALACEZ.

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutr. Gen. 1: 157. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 90, Winnebago. June.

ARISTOLOCHIACEZ.

Asarum canadense L. Sp. Pl. 442. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 57, Winnebago. June.

POLYGONACEZ.

Rumex acetosella L. Sp. Pl. 338. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 130, Winnebago. June.
Rumex crispus L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 127, 158, Winnebago. June.
Polygonum hartwrightii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 8: 294.
1870.
Coll.: Wheeler 606, Brownsville. Aug.
Polygonum emersum (Micux.) Brirron, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Scl.8 3978.) 107 ee
Coll. : Wheeler 394, 458, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Polygonum incarnatum ELL. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 456. 1817.
Coll.: Wheeler 419, Jefferson. July.
Polyonum hydropiper L. Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 494, Jefferson. Aug.
Polygonum punctatum Ex. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817.
Coll. Wheeler 539; 530, Jetfersen: Aug.

Polygonum orientale L. Sp. Pl. 362. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 448, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 385

Polygonum virginianum L. Sp. Pl. 360. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 580, Jefferson: 597.

Crooked Creek. Aug.

The only previous collections from Minnesota are Sheldon,
Madison lake and Sheldon, Zumbrota. Infrequent in moist
woods along Mississippi river.

Polygonum ramosissimum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 237. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 514, Winnebago; 531, Jefferson. Aug.
Polygonum tenue Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 238. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler, 351, Crooked Creek. July.

The only previous authentic collection from Minnesota is

Moyer, Montevideo. Infrequent on dry sandy ridges.
Polygonum convolvulus L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 451, Jefferson. Aug.
Polygonum scandens L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 646, Jefferson. Aug.
Polygonum sagittatum L. Sp. Pl. 363. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 387, Jefferson. July.

CHENOPODIACEZ.
Chenopodium botrys L. Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 472, Jefferson. Aug.
Salsola tragus L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 322. 1762.
Coll.: Lyon 396, Jefferson. Aug.

AMARANTHACEZ.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 598, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 273.

1877.
Coll.: Wheeler 452, Jefferson. Aug.

Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Woop, Bot. & Fl. 289. 1873.
Coll.: Wheeler 522, 547, Jefferson. Aug.
Froelichia floridana (Nutr.) Moa. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2,
420. 1849.
Coll.: Lyon 304, 325, Jefferson. Aug.
NYCTAGINACEZ.

Allionia nyctaginea Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 100. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 76, Lyon 40, Winnebago. June.

386 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Allionia linearis Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814.
Coll. : Wheeler 392, Jefferson: July.

Not previously collected in Minnesota. Collections Oest-
lund 155 and Herrick 256, Minneapolis, in the Herbarium
of the University and reported in Metasperme of Minne-
sota Valley as A. dénearzs Pursh ? should be A. hersuta
Pursh.

AIZOACE.
Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. Pl. 89. 1753.
Coll: Lyon 279; 302, Jefferson. ; July, Aug.

CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

Silene stellata (L.) Arr. f. Hort. Kew. 3: 84. 1811.

Coll.: Lyon 254, Wheeler 508, Winnebago. July, Aug.
Silene alba Mun-. Cat. 45. 1813.

Coll.: Lyon 164, Winnebago. June.

The only previous collections from Minnesota are from
Goodhue and Winona counties. Frequent along Winne-
bago and Crooked creeks.

Silene antirrhina L. Sp. Pl. 419. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 171, Winnebago. June.
Cerastium longipedunculatum Mun. Cat. 46. 1813.
Coll.: Lyon 8, Winnebago. June.

NYMPHAACEZ.

Nympheza advena Souanp. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 226. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 307, Crooked Creek; 454, Jefferson.
Jaly,. Aug., (Plate XXVII.; B.)
Castalia tuberosa (PAINE) GREENE, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:
84. 1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 293, 439, 496, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Nelumbo lutea (WILLD.) Pers. Syn. 1: 92. 1805.
Coll.: Wheeler 409, 494, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Abundant in the sloughs of the Mississippi river at Jefferson.
(Plate XXV., A.)

CERATOPHYLLACEZ.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. Pl. 992. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 367, 480, Jefferson. Aug.
Common in the sloughs of the Mississippi river at Jefferson
and Crooked Creek.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 387

RANUNCULACE#.

Caltha palustris L. Sp. Pl. 558. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 244, Crooked Creek. July.
Actea rubra (Air.) WiLup. Enum. 561. 1809.
Coll.: Lyon 450, Jefferson. Aug.
Actea alba (L.) Mitu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No.2. 1768.
Coll.: Lyon 16, Winnebago. June.
Aquilegia canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 533. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 84, Winnebago. June.
Anemone virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 540. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 9, Winnebago; 245, Crooked Creek. June,
July.
Anemone canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 12,3: App. 231. 1768.
Coll.: Lyon 286%, Jefferson. July.
Anemone quinquefolia L. Sp. Pl. 541. 1753.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 4, Winnebago. May.
Hepatica acuta (PursH) Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6:
gaa. TOOL:
Coll.: Wheeler 134, Winnebago. June.
Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Horrme. Flora, 15: Part 2,
Totell. Bl. (4,34. 1832.
Coll.: Wheeler 36, Winnebago. June.
Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursu ) Brirron, Am. N. Y. Acad.
Bei. Gs 2t 7s) 1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 73, Winnebago. June.
Clematis virginiana L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 275. 1759.
Coll.: Wheeler 194, Winnebago; 355, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
Atragene americana Sims, Bot. Mag. f/. 887. 1806.
Coll.: Wheeler 259, Winnebago; 320, Mayville. June,

July.
Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 395.
1818.

Coll.: Lyon 201, Crooked Creek. July.
Ranunculus abortivus L. Sp. Pl. 551. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 15, Winnebago. June.
Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272. 1781.

Coll.: Lyon 364, 378, Jefferson. Aug.

388 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Ranunculus septentrionalis Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125.
1804.
Coll.: Wheeler 6, Winnebago. June.
Batrachium trichophyllum (CuHaix) Bosscu, Prodr. Fl. Bot.
5) TO50.
Coll.: Lyon 67, Winnebago. June.
Batrachium divaricatum (ScuRANK) Wimm.FI.Schles. 1841.
Coll.: Lyon 219, Mayville. July.
Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. Pl. 545. 1753.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 13, Winnebago. June.
Thalictrum purpurascens L. Sp. Pl. 546. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 99, Winnebago. June.

BERBERIDACEZ.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 205.
1803.
Coll.: Lyon 92, Winnebago. June.
Podophyllum peltatum L. Sp. Pl. 505. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 1, Wheeler 157, Winnebago. June.

MENISPERMACEZ.
Menispermum canadense L. Sp. Pl. 340. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 188, Winnebago. June.

PAPAVERACEZ.
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 505. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 169, Crooked Creek. June.
Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Mruusp. Bull. W. Va. Agric. Exp.
Dia. g2evse7s 2602.
Coll.: Wheeler 12, Winnebago. June.

CRUCIFERA.
Lepidium apetalum WILLD. Sp. Pl. 3: 439. 1801.
Coll.: Lyon 123, Winnebago. June.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26. 1772.
Coll.: Lyon 422, Winnebago. Aug.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sp. Pl. 659. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 273, Wheeler 481, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Brassica nigra (L.) Kocu, in Reehl, Deutsche FI..Ed. 3, 4:
yiae O33.
Coll’; Lyon 233; Crooked Creek.” July.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 389

Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888.
Coll.: Lyon 86, Winnebago. June.
Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Enum. 27. 1821.
Coll.: Lyon 200, Crooked Creek. July.
Roripa nasturtium (L.) Russy, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 3,
Be 1093:
Coll.: Lyon 89, Winnebago. June.
Cardamine bulbosa (Scures.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 4.
1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 167, Winnebago. June.
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 172.
1894.
Coll.: Lyon 120, Winnebago. June.
Camelina sativa (L.) Cranrz, Stirp. Austr. r: 18. 1762.
Coll.: Lyon 213, Mayville. July.
Draba caroliniana Wa tT. Fl. Car. 174. 1788.
Coll.: Lyon 47, Winnebago. June.
Arabis levigata (Munt.) Porr. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. r: 411.
1810.
Coll.: Wheeler 154, Winnebago. June.
Arabis canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 665. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 111, Winnebago; 212, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernu. Verz. Syst. Erf. 195. 1800.
Coll.: Lyon 122, Winnebago; 227, Mayville. June, July.
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. Pl. 661. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 187, Crooked Creek; 226, Mayville. July.

CAPPARIDACEZ.
Polanisia graveolens Rar. Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 378. 18109.
oll. > Lyon 277; Jefferson. July.

CRASSULACEZ.

Penthorum sedoides L. Sp. Pl. 432. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 384, Jefferson. July.

SAXIFRAGACEZ.
Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Sp. Pl. 399. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 180, Winnebago. June.
Heuchera hispida Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 188. 1814.
Coll.: Wheeler 83, Winnebago. June.

390 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Mitella diphylla L. Sp. Pl. 406. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 40, Winnebago. June.
Parnassia caroliniana Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 184. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 587, Crooked Creek; 629, Brownsville.
Aug.
GROSSULARIACEA.
Ribes cynosbati L. Sp. Pl. 202. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 77, 110, Winnebago. June.
Ribes uva-crispa L. Sp. Pl. 201. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 30, 75, 248, Winnebago. June.
Frequently adventive in open woods throughout.
Ribes floridum L’HeEr. Stirp. Nov. 1: 4. 1784.
Coll.: Lyon 82, Winnebago. June.

HAMAMELIDACE#.

Hamamelis virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 124. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 150, Winnebago. June.
Reported from southeastern Winona County. No Minnesota
specimens in the Herbarium of the University. Local on
north side of bluff in section 22 of Winnebago.

ROSACEZ.

Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 949. 1891.
Coll.: Lyon 33, 103, Winnebago. June.
Spirea salicifolia L. Sp. Pl. 489. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 438, 464, Jefferson. Aug.
Rubus occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 493. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 55, Winnebago; Wheeler 453, Jefferson.
June, Avg;
Rubus villosus Air. Hort. Kew. 2: 210. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 105, Lyon 296, Winnebago. June, Aug.
Rubus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 494. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 396, Jefferson. July.
Fragaria americana (PoRTER) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19:
222. 1802.
Coll.: Wheeler 135, Winnebago. June.
Potentilla arguta Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 247, Crooked Creek. July.
Potentilla monspeliensis L. Sp. Pl. 499. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 439, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler; FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 391

Potentilla canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 498. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 86, Winnebago. June.

Geum canadense Jaca. Hort. Vind. 2: 82. A/. 175. 1772.
Coll.: Lyon 209, Crooked Creek. July.

Geum strictum Air. Hort. Kew. 2: 217. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 277, Lyon 195, Crooked Creek. June,

July.
Agrimonia hirsuta (MuuL.) BicKNELL, Bull. Torr. Club, 23:
509. 1896.

Coll.: Lyon 196, 228, Crooked Creek. July.
Rose blanda Arr. Hort. Kew. 2: 202. 1789.
Coll.: Lyon 37, 431, Winnebago. June, Aug.
Rosa arkansana Porter, Syn. Fl. Colo. 38. 1874.
Coll.: Wheeler 441, Lyon 343, Jefferson; Lyon 339,
Winnebago. Aug.

POMACEZ.
Malus ioensis (Woop) Brirron, in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 2:
225. f. 1900. 18097-
Coll. : Wheeler 88, 160, Winnebago ; 605, Crooked Creek.
June, Aug.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Mepic. Geschichte, 79. 1793.
Coll.: Wheeler 37, 500, Winnebago. June, Aug.
Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) DC. Prodr. 2: 632. 1825.
Coll.: Wheeler 253, Winnebago. June.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutr.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 4973.
As synonym. 1840.
Coll.: Wheeler 203, Winnebago. June.
Crategus punctata Jaca. Hort. Vind. 1: 10. f/. 28. 1770.
Coll.: Wheeler 141, 651, Winnebago. June, Aug.
Crategus coccinea L. Sp. Pl. 476. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 101, Winnebago, June.
Crategus macracantha Lopp.; Loudon, Arb. Brit. Ed. 2, 2:
SiG) 154.
Coll.: Wheeler 499, Winnebago. Aug.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.
Crategus tomentosa L. Sp. Pl. 476. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 3, Wheeler 140, Winnebago. June.

392 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

DRUPACE#.

Prunus americana Marsu. Arb. Am. 111. 1785.
Coll.: Wheeler 353, Crooked Creek. July.
Prunus nigra Air. Hort. Kew. 2: 165. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 321, 354, Mayville; 501, Winnebago.
July, Aug.

Not previously reported from Minnesota. This species has
been recognized by horticulturists in several parts of the
state but no previous authentic collections are known to
have been made. It is common on the lowlands of the
North and South forks of Crooked creek. Also col-
lected on the banks of Winnebago creek and in East
Burns valley, Winona county.

Prunus virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 473. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 345, Crooked Creek. July.
Prunus serotina Euru. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788.
Coll.: Wheeler 178, Winnebago. June.

CHSALPINACE#.

Cassia chamecrista L. Sp. Pl. 379. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 256, Jefferson. July.
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Sp. Pl. 1056. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon and Wheeler; 413, W. Jefferson. July.

Not previously reported from Minnesota. This tree has been
frequently cultivated for ornament throughout the southern
part of the state but no native trees have previously been
reported. It is frequent on the islands of the Mississippi
river in northeastern Iowa and extends north along the
river into Houston county, Minnesota, where it probably
reaches its northern limit. The tree from which the col-
lection was made is 59 feet high and has a trunk-circum-
ference of 6 feet, 3 feet from the ground.

Gymnocladus dioica Kocu, Dendrol. 1: 5. 1869.
Coll.: Lyon 193, 230, Crooked Creek; 271, Jétterson:
july. (Plate Xo, 2s)

PAPILIONACE#.
Baptisia bracteata ELL. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1: 469. 1817.
Coll.: Wheeler 94, Lyon 34, Winnebago; Lyon 202,
Crooked Creek. June, July.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 393

Baptisia leucantha T.& G. Fl. N. A. r: 385. 1840.
Coll.: Lyon 194, Crooked Creek. July.

Trifolium hybridum L. Sp. Pl. 766. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 421, Winnebago. Aug.

Trifolium repens L. Sp. Pl. 767. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 118, Winnebago. June.

Amorpha fruticosa L. Sp. Pl. 713. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 473, Jefferson. Aug.

Amorpha canescens Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 467. 1814.
Coll.: Wheeler 291, Mayville. July.

Kuhnistera candida (Wi1LLp.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 192.

1891.

Coll.: Wheeler 397, Jefferson. July.

Kuhnistera purpurea (VENT.) MacM. Met. Minn. 329. 1892.
Coll.: Lyon 262, Jefferson. July.

Astragalus carolinianus L. Sp. Pl. 757. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 257, 395, Jefferson. July, Aug.

Meibomia grandiflora (WaLT.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 196.

1891.

Coll. : Lyon 198, 246, Crooked Creek. July.

Meibomia dillenii (DARL.) KunTzE, Rev. Gen. Pl. 195. 1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 482, Jefferson. Aug.

No previously collected Minnesota specimens in the Her-

barium of the University.

Meibomia illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1098.
1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 390, 446, Jefferson; 609, Brownsville.
July, Aug.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. Frequent and in
some places common in dry fields and hillsides.

Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 195. 1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 331, Crooked Creek. July.

Lespedeza capitata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 71. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 525, Jefferson. Aug.

Lathyrus venosus Munt.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1092. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 48, Winnebago. June.

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 159. 1833.
Coll.: Lyon 87, Winnebago. June.

394 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Falcata comosa (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 182. 1891.
Coll.: Wheeler 507, Lyon 332, Winnebago; Lyon 469,
Jefferson. Aug.
Falcata pitcheri(T. & G.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl: 182. 1891.
Coll. : Wheeler 573, Jefferson. Aug.

Not previously reported from Minnesota. Several specimens
of this species, previously reported as F. comosa, have
been collected in southern Minnesota. Probably common
throughout the southern part of the state.

Apios apios (L.) MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892.
Coll.: Wheeler, 337, Crooked Creek; Wheeler 399, Lyon
388, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Strophostyles helvola (L.) Brirron in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl.
BEB 8S. 22956, LOOT:
Coll.: Lyon 387, Jefferson. Aug.

GERANIACEA.

Geranium maculatum L. Sp. Pl. 681. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 4, Winnebago. June.

OXALIDACEZ.

' Oxalis violacea L. Sp. Pl. 434. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 50, Winnebago. June.

Oxalis stricta L. Sp. Pl. 435. 1753-
Coll.: Lyon 81, Winnebago. June.

LINACEZ.
Linum sulcatum RIppDEL, Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 10. 1836.
Coll.: Wheeler 290, Mayville; 431, Jefferson. July.
RUTACEZ.

Xanthoxylum americanum Mitu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 2.
1768.
Coll.: Wheeler 132, 413, Winnebago. June, Aug.

POLYGALACEZ.
Polygala verticillata L. Sp. Pl. 706. 1753.
Coll.:) Wheeler 342, Crooked ‘Creek; 428, Jetfensam:
uly),
Polygala viridescens L. Sp. Pl. 705. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 483, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 395

Polygala senega L. Sp. Pl. 704. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 21, Winnebago. June.

EUPHORBIACEZ.

Acalypha virginica L. Sp. Pl. 1003. 1753.

Coll.: Lyon 349, 397, 463, Jefferson. Aug.
Euphorbia glyptosperma ENcretm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.

187. 1959.

Coll.: Wheeler 434, Jefferson. July.
Euphorbia maculata L. Sp. Pl. 455. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 430, Jefferson. July.
Euphorbia nutans Lac. Gen. & St. 17. 1816.

Coll. : Wheeler 336, Crooked Creek. July.
Euphorbia corollata L. Sp. Pl. 459. 1753.

Coll.: Lyon 189, Wheeler 375, Crooked Creek. July.
Euphorbia heterophylla L. Sp. Pl. 453. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 466, Jefferson. Aug.
Euphorbia cyparissias L. Sp. Pl. 461. 1753.

Coll.: Lyon.437, Jefferson. Aug.

ANACARDIACEZ.
Rhus hirta (L.) Supw. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 82. 1892.
Coll.: Lyon 319, Jefferson. Aug.
Rhus glabra L. Sp. Pl. 265. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 272, Jefferson. July.
Rhus radicans L. Sp. Pl. 266. 1753.
Poll. *) Lyon 327, 350, Jefferson. Aug.

CELASTRACEZ.
Euonymus atropurpureus JAca. Hort. Vind. 2: 5. pl. 720.
1772.
Coll.: Lyon 140, Winnebago; 263, Jefferson. June,
July.

Celastrus scandens. L. Sp. Pl. 196. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 104, Winnebago; Lyon 380, Jefferson.
June, Aug.

STAPHYLEACEZ.

Staphylea trifolia L. Sp. Pl. 270. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 202, Winnebago. June.

396 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

ACERACE.
Acer saccharinum L. Sp. Pl. 1055. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 149, Winnebago; 274, Jefferson. June,
July.
Acer nigrum Micux. £.) Hist. Arb. Am. 2): 238. f/7. 70. sézee
Coll.: Wheeler 149, Winnebago. June.
Acer spicatum Lam. Encycl. 2: 381. 1786.
Coll.: Wheeler 163, 198, Winnebago; 319, Mayville;
625, Brownsville. June, Aug.
Frequent on moist shaded cliffs throughout.
Acer negundo L. Sp. Pl. 1056. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 119, Winnebago. June.

BALSAMINACEZ.

Impatiens aurea MuHL. Cat. 26. 1813.
Coll.: Wheeler 328, Mayville. July.

RHAMNACE.
Ceanothus americanus L. Sp. Pl. 195. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 66, Winnebago; Wheeler 356, Crooked
Creek. June, July.
Ceanothus ovatus Desr. Hist. Arb. 2: 381. 1809.
Coll.: Wheeler 92, Lyon 66%, Winnebago. June.

VITACEZ.
Vitis vulpina L. Sp. Pl. 203.) 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 139, Winnebago; 344, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) PLANcH. in DC. Mon. Phan.
Bi: att 2440. Seoz.
Coll.: Wheeler 235, Winnebago; Lyon 379, Jefferson.
June, Aug.
TILIACEZ.
Tilia americana L. Sp. Pl. 514. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 211, Mayville. July.
MALVACEZA.

Malva rotundifolia L. Sp. Pl. 688. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 491, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 397

Napza dioica L. Sp. Pl. 686. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 266, Jefferson. July.
Previously collected at Vasa and Lanesboro. Rare on low-
land near Winnebago creek.
Abutilon abutilon (L.) Russy, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 222.
1894.
Coll.: Lyon 283, Jefferson. July.

HYPERICACE.
Hypericum ascyron L. Sp. Pl. 783. 1753.
Coles. Lyon “235, Crooked’ Creek; 436, Winnebago;
June, Aug.
Hypericum maculatum Watt. Fl. Car. 189. 1788.
Coll.: Wheeler 442, 483, Jefferson; 615, Brownsville;
Lyon 452, Jefferson. Aug.
Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:

B25, 199d:
Coll. Wheelere 427, Jefferson; 601, Crooked Creek.
July, Aug.

CISTACEZ.
Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888.
Coll.: Lyon 167, Crooked Creek; Wheeler 477, Jeffer-
son; 633, Brownsville. Aug.
Helianthemum canadense (L.) Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 308.
1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 631, Brownsville. Aug.
Lechea stricta LreccettT; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:
AS ivy TOOQ4:
Coll.: Wheeler 359, Crooked Creek; Lyon 331, Winne-
bago. July, Aug.

VIOLACEZ.
Viola pedatifida Don, Gard. Dict. 1: 320. 1831.
Coll.; Wheeler 429, Jefferson. July.
Viola obliqua Hiix, Hort. Kew. 316. f/. 72. 1769.
Coll.: Wheeler 114, Winnebago. June.

Viola pedata L. Sp. Pl. 933. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 216, Jefferson. June.

398 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Viola pubescens Air. Hort. Kew. 3: 290. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 205, Winnebago. June.

THYMELEACEZ.

Dirca palustris L. Sp. Pl. 358. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 520, Winnebago. Aug.
Rare in moist thickets near Winnebago creek.

LYTHRACEZ.

Lythrum alatum Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 334. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 281, Wheeler 416, Jefferson. July.

ONAGRACEZ.
Bpilobium coloratum Munu.; Willd. Enum. 1: 411. 1809.
Coll.: Wheeler 479, Jefferson; 608, Brownsville. Aug.
Epilobium adenocaulon Haussx. Oest. Bot. Zeit. 29: 119.
1879.
Coll. : Wheeler 323, Mayville; 595, Crooked Creek ; Lyon
457, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Onagra biennis ( L.) Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 1: 269. 1772.
Coll.: Lyon 166%, Winnebago; 286, Jefferson. June,
July.
(nothera rhombipetala Nutr.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 493.
1840.
Coll.: Lyon 323, Jefferson. Aug.
Gaura biennis L. Sp. Pl. 347. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 574, Jefferson. Aug.
No previous authentic collection from Minnesota. There are
no Minnesota specimens in the Herbarium of the Univer-
sity. Miss Manning’s collection of 1883 from Pepin, Wis.,
is probably the one upon which is based the report of this
species by Upham and others.
Circea lutetiana L. Sp. Pl.g. 1753.

Coll.: Wheeler 270, Crooked Creek. June.
Cirewa' alpina L. Sp. Pl..g. 1753-

Coll.: Lyon 152, Winnebago. June.

ARALIACEZ.

Aralia racemosa L. Sp. Pl. 273. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 345, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 399

Aralia nudicaulis L. Sp. Pl. 274. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 15, Winnebago. June.
Panax quinquefolium L. Sp. Pl. 1058. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 210, Mayville; Wheeler 469, Jefferson. July,
Aug.
UMBELLIFERZ.
Angelica atropurpurea L. Sp. Pl. 251. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 311, Crooked Creek. July.
Heracleum lanatum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 166. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 93, Winnebago. June.
Sanicula marylandica L. Sp. Pl. 235. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 175, Winnebago. June.
Sanicula gregaria BicKNELL, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 354.
1895.
Coll.: Wheeler 177, Winnebago. June.
The only precious collection from Minnesota is that of Shel-
don, Milaca, 1892.
Sanicula canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 235. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 260, Jefferson. July.
Sanicula trifoliata BickNELL, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 359.
1895.
Coll.: Lyon 214, Mayville. July.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.
Pimpinella integerrima (L.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:
q45. 1868:
Coll.: Wheeler 179, Winnebago. June.
Washingtonia claytoni (Micux.) Britron in Brit. & Brown,
mY Bl. 2s 530.. 7. 2600. F807.
Coll.: Lyon 7, Winnebago. June.
Sium cicutefolium GMEL. Syst. 2: 482. 1791.
Coll.: Wheeler 545, Lyon 449, Jefferson. Aug.
Zizia aurea (L.) Kocn, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. 12: 129. 1825.
Coll.: Wheeler 174, Winnebago; Lyon 261, Jefferson.
June, July.
Zizia cordata DC. Prodr. 4: 100. 1830.
Coll.: Lyon 292, 352, Jefferson. July.
Cicuta maculata L. Sp. Pl. 256. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 338, Crooked Creek. July.

400 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Cicuta bulbifera L. Sp. Pl. 255. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 607, Brownsville. Aug.
Deringa canadensis (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 266. 18o1.
Coll.: Wheeler 193, Winnebago. June.
Berula erecta (Hups.) CoviLLe, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 115.
1893.
Coll.: Wheeler 588, Crooked Creek. Aug.
In cold springs at the head of Clear creek.
Hydrocotyle americana L. Sp. Pl. 234. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 314, Mayville. July.
The only previously reported locality of collection is St.
Croix Falls. Rare in moist woods near Crooked creek.

CORNACEZ.

Cornus circinata L’Her. Cornus, 7. f/. 3. 1788.
Coll.: Wheeler 81, Winnebago. June.

Cornus amonum Mi.t. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768.
Coll. : Lyon 352,Jefterson. (Aue.

Cornus stolonifera Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 92. 1803.
Coll. : Wheeler 69, 173, Winnebago. June.

Cornus candidissima Marsu, Arb. Am. 35. 1785.
Coll.: Wheeler 172, Winnebago. June.

PYROLACEZ.
Pyrola eluiptica Nurr. Gen. 1: 273. 1818.
Coll.: Wheeler 191, Winnebago; 276, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
ERICACEA. |
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) SPRENG. Syst. 2: 287. 1825.
Coll.: Lyon 116, Jefferson. June.
On a sandy point of a bluff in section 19 of Jefferson.

PRIMULACEZ.
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 34. 1888.
Coll.: Lyon 249, Crooked Creek. July.
Steironema ciliatum (L.) Rar. Ann. Gen. Phys. 7: 192. 1820.
Coll.: Lyon 251, Crooked Creek. July.
Dodecatheon meadia L. Sp. Pl. 144. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 340, Crooked Creek. July.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 401

Previously collected only in Winona and Wabasha counties.
Rare in moist woods.

OLEACEZ.

Fraxinus lanceolata Borcx. Handb. Forst. Bot. 1: 826. 1800.
Coll.: Lyon 300, Jefferson. Aug.
Fraxinus nigra Marsu. Arb. Am. 51. 1785.
moll. = Lyon 273, Crooked Creek. June. (Plate XXII.,
B.)
GENTIANACEZ.

Gentiana crinita FRoEL. Gen. 112. 1796.
Coll.: Lyon 454, 488, Jefferson. Aug.
Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. Pl. 230. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 455, 487, Jefferson. Aug.
Gentiana flavida A. Gray, Journ. Sci. (II.) 1: 180. 1846.
Coll.: Wheeler 516, Winnebago; 596, Crooked Creek.
Aug.
APOCYNACEZ.
Apocynum androsemifolium L. Sp. Pl. 213. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 188, Crooked Creek. July.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Sp. Pl. 213. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 471, Jefferson. Aug.
Apocynum cannabinum glaberrimum DC. Prodr. 8: 439. 1844.
Coll. : Lyon 357, Jefferson. Aug.

ASCLEPIADACEZ.
Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. Pl. 217. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 287, 369, Crooked Creek; Lyon 356,
Jefferson. July, Aug.
Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. Pl. 215. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 177, Winnebago; 365, Jefferson. June, Aug.
Asclepias obtusifolia Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 115. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 569, Jefferson. Aug.
Previously reported only by Lapham. Infrequent on dry
hillsides.
Asclepias exaltata (L.) Munt. Cat. 28. 1813.
Coll.: Lyon 178, Winnebago. July.
Asclepias syriaca L. Sp. Pl. 214. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 176, Winnebago. July.

402 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. Pl. 217. 1753.
Coll. : Wheeler 286, Crooked Creek ; 378, Jefferson. July.
Acerates viridiflora (Rar.) Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 90. 1829.
Coll.: Lyon 179, Winnebago; 309%, Jefferson. July,
Aug.
CONVOLVULACE.
Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. Pl. 153. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 306, Crooked Creek. July.
Convolvulus spithameus L. Sp. Pl. 158. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 207, Winnebago; 358, 371, Crooked
Creek:;'385, Jefferson. June, July.

CUSCUTACEZ.
Cuscuta indecora Cuoisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278. pl. 3. f. 5.
1841.
Coll. Wheeler 436, 557, 647, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Cuscuta coryli ENceLm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337. f. 7-71.
1842.
Coll.: Wheeler 503, Winnebago. Aug.
Cuscuta gronovii WiLLp.: R.& S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820.
Coll.: Wheeler 308, 592, Crooked Creek; , 438, aaa.
Jefferson. July, Aug.
Cuscuta paradoxa Rar. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Coll. : Wheeler 437, 648, Jefferson. July, Aug.

POLEMONIACEZ.
Phlox pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 14, Winnebago. June.
Phlox divaricata L. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 5, Winnebago. June.
Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, No. 1. 1759.
Coll.: Wheeler 33, Winnebago. June.

HYDROPHYLLACE.
Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 146. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 11, Winnebago. June.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Mricux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 134.
1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 324, Mayville. July.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 403

Macrocalyx nyctelea (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 434. 1891.
Coll.: Lyon 19, Winnebago. June.

BORAGINACEZ.

Lappula lappula (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83.
Coll.: Lyon 186, Crooked Creek. July.
Lappula virginianum ( L.) GREENE, Pittonia, 2: 182. 1891.
Coll.: Lyon 237, Mayville. July.
Lithospermum gmelini ( Micux.) A. S. Hrrcucock, Spring FI.
Manh. 30. 1894.
Coll.: Lyon 281%, Jefferson. July.
Lithospermum canescens (Micux.) Leum. Asperif. 305. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 27, Winnebago. June.
Lithospermum angustifolium Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 130.
1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 450, Jefferson. Aug.
Onosmodium caroliniana (Lam.) DC. Prodr. 10: 70. 1846.
Coll.: Wheeler 352, Crooked Creek. July.
Lycopsis arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 139. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 110, Winnebago. June.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

VERBENACEA.
Verbena urticifolia L. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 406, 548, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Verbena hastata L. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 403, Jefferson. July.
Verbena stricta Vent. Desc. Pl. Jard. Cels. d/. 53. 1800.
Coll. : Wheeler 401, Jefferson. July.
Verbena bracteosa Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:13. 1803.
Coll. : Wheeler 635, Brownsville. Aug.
Lippia lanceolata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:15. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 279, Jefferson; Wheeler 622, Brownsville.
July, Aug. !
Common on the very low lands of the Mississippi river.

LABIATA.

Teucrium canadense L. Sp. Pl. 564. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 414, Jefferson. July.

404 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 455, Jefferson; 517, Winnebago. Aug.

Scutellaria cordifolia Mun. Cat. 56. 1813.
Coll.: Wheeler 468, Jefferson. Aug.

Scutellaria parvula Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 11. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 39, Winnebago. June.

Agastache scrophulariefolia (WILLD.) KuNTZE, Rev. Gen. Pl.

Bite ViTOOr.
Coll.: Wheeler, 465, Jefferson; Lyon 315, Winnebago.
Aug.

Nepeta cataria L. Sp. Pl. 570. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 288, 492, Jefferson. July.
Glecoma hederacea L. Sp. Pl. 578. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 229, Crooked Creek. July.
Prunella vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. 600. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 407, Jefferson. July.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benru. Lab. Gen. and Sp. 504.
1834.
Coll.: Lyon 295, Jefferson. July.
Leonurus cardiaca L. Sp. Pl. 584. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 256, Lyon 418, Winnebago; Wheeler 295,
Mayville. June, July, Aug.
Stachys palustris L. Sp. Pl. 580. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 300, Crooked Creek. July.
Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 185, Crooked Creek. July.
Blephila hirsuta (PursH) Torr. Fl. U.S. 27. 1824.
Coll.: Lyon 225, Mayville; Wheeler 498, Winnebago.
July, Aug.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807.
Coll.: Wheeler 610, Brownsville. Aug.

Previously reported from the Mississippi river by Garrison
and Miss Manning, but there are no Minnesota specimens
in the Herbarium of the University.

Hedeoma hispida Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 51, Winnebago. June.
Clinopodium vulgare L. Sp. Pl. 587. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 411, Winnebago. Aug.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA.

Keellia virginiana (L.) MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892.
Coll. : Wheeler 363, Crooked Creek ; 405, Jefferson

Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 21. 1753.
Coll): Wheeler 537; Jetferson. Aug.

Lycopus rubellus Morencn, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802.
Coll.: Lyon 314, 417, Winnebago. Aug.

Lycopus americanus Munv.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15.
Coll.: Lyon 335, 348, Jefferson. Aug.

Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 178.
Coll.: Lyon 459, Jefferson. Aug.

Mentha canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 577. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 199, Crooked Creek. July.

SOLANACEZ.

Physalis philadelphica Lam. Encycl. 2: 101. 1786.
Coll.: Lyon 359, Jefferson. Aug.

405

oi July.

1815.

1848.

Mr. Rydberg says: ‘‘ This is a very peculiar form that I

have never seen before. It may be a new species

but in

order to make a good description fruit is required. At
present it should be referred to P. phzladelphica with which
it agrees except in the very large and broad leaves. In
that respect it resembles P. macrophysa Rydb. but the

latter is a perennial not an annual as this plant.”

Physalis virginiana Miiu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768.

Coll.: Lyon 63, Winnebago. June.
Physalis heterophylla Ners, Linnea, 6: 463. 1831.
Coll.: Lyon 150, Winnebago. June.
Solanum nigrum L. Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 192, Crooked Creek. July.
Datura tatula L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 256. 14762.
Soll. = Wheeler 370, Jefterson.\ July.

SCROPHULARIACEZ.

Verbascum thapsus L. Sp. Pl. 177. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 474, Jefferson. Aug.
Scrophularia marylandica L. Sp. Pl. 619. 1753.

Coll. : Lyon 190, Winnebago; 353, Jefferson. June, Aug.

Chelone glabra L. Sp. Pl. 611. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 586, Crooked Creek. Aug.

406 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Mimulus ringens L. Sp. Pl. 634. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 383, 546, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Mimulus jamesii T. & G.; Bentu. in DC. Prodr. 10: 371.
1846.
Coll.: Lyon 68, Winnebago; Wheeler 589, Crooked
Creek. June, Aug.
Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Bentu. in DC. Prodr. 10: 419.

1846.
Coll.: Lyon 361, 382, Jefferson; Wheeler 578%, Crooked
Creek, Aug.
Veronica americana SCHWEIN.; Bentu. in DC. Prodr. 10: 468.
1846.

Coll.: Wheeler 147, Winnebago. June.
Veronica peregrina L. Sp. Pl. 14. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 83, Winnebago; Wheeler 415, Jefferson.
June, July.
Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutr. Gen. 1: 7. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 234, 250, Crooked Creek.. July.
Dasystoma grandiflora (BENTH.) Woop. Bot. & Flor. 231. 1873.
Coll.: Wheeler 512, Winnebago. Aug.
This is the first authentic specimen of this seen from
Minnesota.
Gerardia aspera Douci.: BenTH. in DC. Prodr. 10: 517. 1846.
Coll.: Lyon 407, Jefferson. Aug.
Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, Symb. Bot. 3: 79. 1794.
Coll.: Lyon 406, 456, Wheeler 575, Jefferson; Wheeler
602, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Castilleja coccinea (L.) SpRENG. Syst. 2: 775. 1825.
Coll.: Wheeler 85, Winnebago. June.
Castilleja sessiliflora Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 69, Winnebago. June.
Pedicularis lanceolata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 18. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 515, Winnebago; 600, Crooked Creek.
Aug.
Pedicularis canadensis L. Mant. 86. 1767.
Coll.: Lyon 35, Winnebago. June.

LENTIBULARIACE#.

Utricularia vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. 18. 1753.
Coll.; Lyon 267, Wheeler 459, Jefferson. July, Aug.

Wheeler: FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 407

OROBANCHACE.
Thalesia uniflora (L.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298.

1894.
Coll.: Lyon 70, Winnebago. June.

PHRYMACEZ.

Phryma leptostachya L. Sp. Pl. 601. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 298, Crooked Creek. July.

PLANTAGINACEZ.

Plantago major L. Sp. Pl. 112. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 124, Winnebago. June.

RUBIACEZ.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 95. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 365, Crooked Creek; 435, Jefferson; 624,
Brownsville. July, Aug.
Common on the lowlands of the Mississippi river.
Galium aparine L. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 9, Winnebago. June.
Galium boreale L. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 53, Winnebago; 199%, Crooked Creek.
June, July.
Galium triflorum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 41, Winnebago. June.
Galium trifidum L. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 42, Winnebago. June.
Galium asprellum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 78. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 593, Crooked Creek. Aug.

CAPRIFOLIACEZ.
Sambucus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 269. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 412, 649, Jefferson. July, Aug.
Sambucus pubens Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 181. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 133, Winnebago. June.
Viburnum opulus L. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 129, Winnebago; Wheeler 591, Crooked
Creek. June, Aug.
Viburnum dentatum L. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 201, Winnebago. June.

408 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Viburnum lentago L. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 39, Winnebago. June.
Triosteum perfoliatum L. Sp. Pl. 176. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 2, Winnebago. June.
Lonicera dioica L. Syst. Ed. 12, 165. 1767.
Coll.: Wheeler 190, Winnebago. June.
Lonicera sullivantii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 76. 1883.
Coll.: Wheeler 122, Winnebago. June.
Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM., Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15.
1892.
Coll.: Lyon 46, Winnebago. June.

ADOXACE.
Adoxa moschatellina L. Sp. Pl. 367. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 196, Winnebago. June.
Frequent in moist woods.

VALERIANACEZ.

Valeriana edulis Nutr. in T. & G. Fl.N. A. 2: 48. 1841.
Coll.: Wheeler 159, Winnebago. June.

CAMPANULACE.

Campanula rotundifolia L. Sp. Pl. 163. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 36, Winnebago. June.
Campanula aparinoides Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 194%, Crooked Creek. July.
Campanula americana L. Sp. Pl. 164. 1753.
Coll.> Wheeler 339, Crooked Creek. July:
Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309.
1894.
Coll.: Lyon 148, Winnebago. June.
Lobelia cardinalis L. Sp. Pl. 930. 1753.
Coll. : Wheeler 464, Jefferson; 578, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. Pl. 931. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 310, 340, Jefferson. Aug.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789.
Coll7> lyon 115, Jetterson.. june:
Lobelia inflata L. Sp. Pl. 931. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 480, 554, Jefferson; 612, Brownsville.
Aug.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 409

CICHORIACEZ.
Cichorium intybus L. Sp. Pl. 813. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 594, Lyon 468, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Adopogon virginicum (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 304. 1891.
Coll.: Lyon 20, 337, Wheeler 506, Winnebago. June,
Aug.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880
83.
Coll.: Lyon 121, Winnebago. June.
Sonchus asper (L.) Aux. Fl. Ped. 1: 222. 1785.
Coll. : Lyon 264, Jefferson. July.
Lactuca scariola L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1119. 1763.
Coll.: Lyon 374, Jefferson. Aug.
Lactuca ludoviciana (NutT.) DC. Prodr. '7: 141. 1838.
Coll.: Lyon 285, 445, 447, Jefferson. July.
Previously reported only by Sheldon from Sleepy Eye.
Lactuca sagittifolia ELL. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 253. 1821-24.
@oll: ioyon 363, Jefterson. Aug.
Previously reported only by Sheldon from Lake Benton.
Lactuca floridana (L.) GaERTN. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 362. 1791.
Coll.: Lyon 334, 410, 423, Winnebago. Aug.
Hieracium umbellatum L. Sp. Pl. 804. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 627, Brownsville. Aug.
No authentic specimens previously reported from Minnesota.
Hieracium canadense Micnx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 443, Jefferson; Lyon 311, 341, Wheeler
510, Winnebago. Aug.
Hieracium scabrum Micnx. F]. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.
Coll’; Wheeler 485, Lyon 336, 405,' 462, ‘Jefferson;
Wheeler 513, Winnebago; Wheeler 636, Brownsville.
Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 294. 1833.
Coll.: Wheeler 521, Winnebago. Aug.

AMBROSIACEZ.
Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 417, Jefferson. July.
Ambrosia artemisiefolia L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 495, Jefferson. Aug.
Xanthium canadense Mixu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 2. 1768.
Coll.: Lyon 424, Winnebago. Aug.

410 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

COMPOSITA.

Vernonia fasciculata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 94. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler, 408, Jefferson. July.
Eupatorium purpureum L. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 347, Wheeler 563, Jefferson; Wheeler 519,
Winnebago. Aug.
Eupatorium altissimum L. Sp. Pl. 837. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 533, 568, Jefferson; Lyon 412, Winne-
bago. Aug.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 493, Jefferson. Aug.
Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. Suppl. 355. 1781.
Coll.: Lyon 293, Jefferson. July.
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Coll.: Wheeler 532,1555, 571, Lyon 370, 381; 746e0
Jefferson. Aug.
Lacinaria cylindracea (Micux.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349.
1891.
Coll.: Lyon 181, Crooked Creek? 290, Jefferson. July.
Lacinaria pycnostachya (Micux.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349
1891.
Coll.: Lyon 265, Jefferson. July.
Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hitt, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. 1762.
Coll.: Lyon 313, Winnebago. Aug.
Solidago flexicaulis L. Sp. Pl. 879. 11753.
Coll.: Lyon 371 %, 484, Jefferson; Wheeler 590, Crooked
Creek. Aug.
Solidago hispida Munxt.; WILLD. Sp. Pl. 3: 2063. 1804.
Coll.: Lyon 294, Jefferson. July.
Solidago erecta Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814.
Coll.: Lyon 371, Jefferson. Aug.
Reported from Stearns County but no Minnesota specimens
previously seen.
Solidago speciosa Nutr. Gen. 2: 160. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 467, Jefferson. Aug.
Solidago ulmifolia Muni.; Wux.p. Sp. Pl. 3: 2060. 1804.
Coll.: Lyon 433, Winnebago. Aug.
Solidago serotina Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789.
Coll.: Lyon 360, Jefferson. Aug.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 411

Solidago missouriensis Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 32. 1834.
Coll.: Lyon 289, 373, Jefferson. July.

Solidago canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 878. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 330, Winnebago. Aug.

Solidago nemoralis Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 611, Brownsville. Aug.

Solidago rigida L. Sp. Pl. 880. 1753.
Coll. : Lyon 372, 403, Jefferson. Aug.
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nurr. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
Coll.: Wheeler 565, Jefferson. Aug.
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her. Sert. Angl. 27. 1788.
Coll.: Lyon 385, Wheeler 561, Jefferson. Aug.
Aster drummondii Linpu. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 97.
1835.
Coll.: Wheeler 551, Jefferson; Lyon 426, Winnebago.
Aug.
Aster sagittifolius Wi1LLp. Sp. Pl. 3: 2035. 1804.
Coll.: Lyon 402, 451, Jefferson; Wheeler 583, 599,
Crooked Creek. Aug.
Aster patens Air. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789.
Coll.: Wheeler 584, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Aster nove-anglie L. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 425, Winnebago; 482, Jefferson. Aug.
mster puniceus L. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 585, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Aster prenanthoides Munt.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2046. 1804.
Coll.: Wheeler 518, Lyon 409, Winnebago; Wheeler 582.
Crooked Creek. Aug,
Aster levis L. Sp. Pl. 876. 1753.
Coll. : Wheeler 509, Lyon 435, Winnebago; Wheeler 616,
626, Brownsville. Aug.
Aster sericeus VENT. Hort. Cels. A/. 33. 1800.
Coll.: Wheeler 218, Jefferson. June.
Aster ptarmicoides (NEEs) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 160. 1841.
Coll.: Lyon 441, Jefferson. Aug.
Aster salicifolius LAM. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783.
Coll.: Wheeler 552, Lyon 400, Jefferson; Lyon 427,
Winnebago. Aug.

412 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Aster paniculatus Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783.
Coll.: Wheeler 540, Jefferson; 623, Brownsville. Aug.

Erigeron pulchellus Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803.
Coll.: Lyon 28, Winnebago. June.
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 431. 1807.
Coll.: Lyon 84, 420, 432, Winnebago; Wheeler 562,
Jefferson. Aug.
Erigeron ramosus (WaALT.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. 1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 530, 572, Jefferson. Aug.
Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton, in Brit. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3:
Olay. GO27. T3808.
Coll’: Lyon 303, Jefferson: Aug.
Doellingeria umbellata pubens (A. Gray) Brirtron, in Brit. &
Brown, iil Fl. 3: 392. <1808:
Coll.: Lyon 399, Jefferson; Wheeler 581, Crooked
Creek. “Aug,
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) RicHArps. App. Frank. Journ.
Ed. 2; 30... 1823.
Coll.: Lyon 23, Winnebago. June.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sp. Pl. 851. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 338, 440, 465, Jefferson.” Aug.
Polymnia canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 926. 1753.
Coll. : Wheeler 316, Mayville; Lyon~ 344, Jetfersous
July, Aug.
Silphium perfoliatum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1301. 1763.
Coll.: Lyon 215, 240, Crooked Creek. July.
Silphium laciniatum L. Sp. Pl. 919. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 297, Crooked Creek. July.
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 614, Brownsville. Aug.
Heliopsis scabra DuNAL, Mem. Mus. Paris, 5: 56. f/. 4. 1819.
Coll.: Wheeler 330, Crooked Creek. July.
Rudbeckia triloba L. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 502, Winnebago; 535, Jefferson. Aug.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. Infrequent, edges
of thickets.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 301, 329, Crooked Creek; 613, Browns-
ville. July, Aug.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 413

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 232, Crooked Creek ; Wheeler 542, Jefferson.
July, Aug.
Ratibida pinnata (VenT.) BARNHART, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:
410. 1897.
Coll.: Wheeler 374, Crooked Creek. July.
Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2:
361. ° 1838:
Coll.: Wheeler 536, Jefferson. Aug.

Not previously reported from eastern Minnesota. Rare, dry
banks.

Helianthus atrorubens L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 634, Brownsville. Aug.

Not previously reported from Minnesota. The only previous
collection known is that of Sandberg, Hennepin Co., Aug.,
1889.

Helianthus scaberrimus Ex. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 423. 1824.
Coll.: Wheeler 445, 528, Jefferson; 579, Crooked Creek.
Aug.
Helianthus occidentalis RippELL, Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 13.
1836.
Coll.: Wheeler 444, Lyon 322, Jefferson; Wheeler 511,
Winnebago. Aug.
Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort. Loven.
1839.
Coll.: Wheeler 549, Jefferson. Aug.
Helianthus divaricatus L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 566, 576, Jefferson; 630 Winnebago.
Aug.
Helianthus tracheliifolius Miri. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 7.
1768.
Coll.: Wheeler 603, Crooked Creek. Aug.
Helianthus strumosus L. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 632, Brownsville. Aug.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 567, Jefferson. Aug.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 160, Winnebago; 182, Crooked Creek.
June, July.

414 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Bidens levis (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888.
Coll.: Wheeler 560, Jefferson. Aug.
Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wirecanp, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:
W260. VL OO vc
Coll. : Wheeler 544, 559, Jefferson ; 628, Brownsville. Aug.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. The only pre-
viously collected authentic specimen seen from Minnesota
is that of Aiton, Minneapolis, Sept., 1890.
Common on the low wet ground throughout.
Bidens frondosa L. Sp. Pl. 832. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 541, Jefferson. Aug.
Helenium autumnale L. Sp. Pl. 886. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 487, Jefferson. Aug.
Achillea millefolium L. Sp. Pl. 899. 1753.
Coll.: Wheeler 398, Jefferson. July.
Anthemis cotula L. Sp. Pl. 894. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 269, 284, Jefferson. July.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Sp. Pl. 888. 1753.
Coll Lyon-23, Crooked Creek, July.
Tanacetum vulgare L. Sp. Pl. 844. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 416, Winnebago. Aug.
Artemisia dracunculoides Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Coll.:. Wheeler 370, Crooked Creek; Lyon 369, 390,
Jefferson. Aug.
Artemisia serrata Nutr. Gen. 2: 142. 1818.
Coll.: Lyon 383, Jefferson. Aug.
Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutr. Gen. 2: 143. 1818.
Coll.: Wheeler 550, Jefferson; Lyon 419, Winnebago.
Aug. :
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Rar. DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837.
Coll.: Lyon 342, 446, Jefferson; Wheeler 621, Browns-
wille. AtrS:.
Mesadenia reniformis (Munu.) Rar. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
Coll: Wheeler'273, (Crooked Creek. june:
Senecio plattensis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 473.
1841.
Coll.: Wheeler 100, Winnebago. June.
Not previously reported from Minnesota. The only previous
known collection in this state is that of Prof. Conway
MacMillan from Hennepin county.

Wheeler : FLORA OF SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA. 415

Senecio aureus L. Sp. Pl. 870. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 54, Winnebago. June.
Arctium minus Scux. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803.
Coll.: Wheeler 432, Jefferson. July.

Carduus lanceolatus L. Sp. Pl. 821. 1753.
Coll.: Lyon 242, Crooked Creek. July.
Carduus discolor (Munu.) Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Coll-: Lyon'377, Jetierson:’ Aug:
Carduus odoratus (Munv.) Porter. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:

345-1894.
Coll.: Herb. Wheeler 25, Winnebago. July.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI.

A. Juniper point, Crooked creek valley. Southwest side of bluff
dotted with junipers and white birch.

B. Base of bluff, upper Winnebago valley. White pine, juniper
and white birch along the upper edge of cliff. *

PLATE DONT:

A. Western slope of bluff. The woods follow the areas of greatest
moisture z. e., the ravines and foot of bluff and the water course in the
valley. The shrubs in the valley mark the course of a small creek
and are principally willows and dogwoods.

£B. Southern slope of bluff showing the steep bare slopes and the
thickly wooded ravine. The extreme base of the bluff to the left has
been cleared of timber for cultivation.

PLATE, XXTIT.
A. Grove of white birch.
B. Swamp vegetation. Sfathyema growing in the shade of black
ash and yellow birch.
PLATE XXIV.

A. Group of coffee trees (Gymnocladus).
ZB. White birch and juniper on side of bluff.

BREATH AOSV.

A. Slough and island vegetation. Sagzttar¢as and Nelumébo are
the most prominent water plants, and willows and cottonwood on the
island in the background.

B. General view of river valley from bluffs on Minnesota side of
river. The river channel is on the farther side at the base of the Wis-
consin bluffs.

.

416 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

PrarEe XOOVA.

A. General view of Winnebago valley showing general distribution
of forest vegetation. The valley is almost entirely cleared for cultiva-
tion.

&. South branch of Winnebago valley. The northern slope of
bluff is densely wooded.

PLATE XXVII.

A. Lilium canadense growing in moist meadow of creek valley.
B&B. Pond vegetation. Yellow pond-lily with water grasses and
sedges.

II MINNESOTA BO'FANICAL STUDIES PART TV

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xl. THE SEED AND SEEDLING OF THE
WESTERN LARKSPUR (Delphinium
occidentale Wats.).

FRANCIS RAMALEY.

The seeds of Delphinium occidentale vary in color from a
yellowish brown to a brownish black. The testa is somewhat
irregularly roughened but not pitted or rugose as in many
species of the genus, e. g., the official species, D. staphisagria.
The seeds are three angled with rounded sides and bluntly
pointed at the ends. The edges are either merely sharp angled
or else the angles project, forming conspicuous wings. (See
Fig. 4 and 5.) The seeds are anatropous as in other
Ranunculacee. The vascular bundle extending from the
hilum is small, about 80 microns in diameter. It is situated in
the parenchyma of one of the angles. The cells of the bundle
are about 2 or 3 microns in diameter, in cross section.

Endosperm.—The body of the seed within the seed-coat con-
sists chiefly of endosperm, the embryo being very small. (See
Fig. 5 and 6.) Inthe endosperm, two distinct portions may
be recognized. The inner portion, an ellipsoidal mass, is rich
in oily matter. The outer portion contains some oil, but the
cubical or prismatic cells of which it is composed are chiefly
filled with proteid grains. There is no starch present in any
part of the seed.

Embryo.—The embryo, which exhibits slight differentiation,
is placed at the micropylar end of the seed. It is embedded in
the inner endosperm. The embryo is small, about 0.4 mm.
long or one-fifth the length of the entire seed. (See Fig. 5).

Seed-coat.—The testa consists of a large-celled epidermis
with a thick cuticle and of four or five layers of large-celled par-
enchyma. (See Fig.14.) These cells have yellow or brownish
walls and contain only air. They are usually very much flat-

417

418 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

tened in the dry, ripe seed but swell out in seeds which have
been soaked in water. The tegmen consists of a single layer of
small rectangular cells with thick periclinal and thin anticlinal
walls. The cell walls are of a dull brownish color and the cav-
ities are without contents.

Germination takes place in from four to six weeks when
seeds are placed under favorable conditions. The cotyledons
generally escape from the seed-coat before appearing above
ground. This is easily done because by this time the endo-
sperm has been completely used and the seed-coat is likely to
be somewhat rotted during the long period of germination.

Morphology of the Scedling.—lIn the young seedling the cot-
yledons are small, the blades being generally about 4 mm. in
length when they first emerge above the surface of the soil.
They increase considerably in size, becoming 8 mm. long and
6mm. wide. They are ovate, bluntly pointed, with three prin-
cipal veins from which spring conspicuous secondary veins.
The petioles are connate from their bases to a point only a few
millimeters from the blades. The structure formed of the united
petioles emerges above the surface of the soil in the form of an
arch, thus simulating a hypocotyl. (See Fig. 1.) The connate
bases of the cotyledons form a dome-shaped structure covering
the growing point of the shoot. This structure may be termed
the cotyledonary sheath. The development of the foliage leaves
causes a rupture of the cotyledonary sheath. Through the
opening formed the first and succeeding leaves emerge. (See
Figs. 2 and 3.) The cotyledons wither and finally disappear
about the sixth week after germination. The first internodes of
the stem do not elongate and the sub-aérial portion of the plant
consists only of a rosette of long-petioled leaves, until the some-
what scape-like flowering stem is produced. The early foliage
leaves show considerable variation in the blade. The first is
palmately tri-lobed with narrow sinuses. In some specimens
the lobes are pointed, in others rounded. The separate lobes
are sometimes rather deeply one- to two-toothed. Later leaves
may be similar or may be five-lobed, the lobes generally mucro-
nate, or acute, not rounded. The young seedling of the plant
studied resembles that of Delphinium nudicaule, first observed
by Asa Gray,* and accurately described by Darwin.t Lub-

*Gray. Botanical Text Book, Ed. VI, 1: 22. 1879.
{ Darwin. The Power of Movementiin Plants,’ p. 80 (American Edition).

Ramaley: SEED AND SEEDLING OF WESTERN LARKSPUR. 419

bock,* mentions that in Delphinium trollifolium and in Del-
phinium consolida the petioles of the cotyledons are united in
the same way.

Anatomy of the Seedling.—As this has apparently not been
described for any species of Delphinium a somewhat extended
account will be given. It may be well to state at the outset
that the present writer has studied only the seedling and not the
flowering stem. The young root has a thick cortex and small
central stele. The endodermis, though thin-walled, is con-
spicuous in properly stained sections because of the thickened
cuticularized spots on the radial walls. The xylem is arranged
in two small groups. (See Fig. 7.) In an older portion of
the root (Fig. 8) the xylem forms an elongated mass in the
center of the stele. Higher up the vascular tissue extending to
the cotyledons passes out abruptly on either side at right angles
to the longer diameter of the xylem mass. (Fig. 9g.) Passing
upward the xylem strand divides into six or more bundles as
the transition occurs from root to stem. At the same time.
the cortex becomes thinner. In a cross section at this point
(Fig. 10) the cotyledonary sheath is seen surrounding the stem.
In a section somewhat higher up (Fig. 11) the bases of the early
foliage-leaves may be seen placed alternately. Here the stem
abruptly narrows and a rupture of the cotyledonary sheath per-
mits the emergence of the first foliage-leaf. (Figs. 2 and 3).
The cotyledonary sheath now becomes smaller, narrowing to
form the structure previously spoken of as resembling a hypo-
cotyl. Sections of this structure show that its component
petioles are not completely fused at any point (Fig. 12.) A
slit-like passage, lined with epidermis, extends upward to the
point where the petioles separate completely.

Anatomy of the cotyledonary Sheath.—No difference is to
be noted between the outer epidermis and that lining the cavity.
It is, in both cases, composed of elongated cells which are
square in cross section. There are two vascular bundles, one
for each component petiole. These are small but show no pe-
culiarities in structure. The fundamental tissue is a large-
celled parenchyma,

Anatomy of the Lamine of the Cotyledons.—Each lamina
has three principal veins which send off numerous branches.
The epidermis is composed of thin-walled cells, somewhat

* Lubbock. On Seedlings, 2: 96. 1892.

420 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

larger on the upper surface than on the lower. These cells
have a very sinuous outline when seen in surface view. Sto-
mata are confined to the lower leaf surface. A loose palisade
layer lies next to the upper epidermis. The spongy paren-
chyma below this has large air cavities. A few short, clavate,
unicellular trichomes sometimes occur on the under surface of
the leaf.

Anatomy of the foliage leaves.—The leaves have sheath-
ing bases and channeled petioles. In the center of the petiole
there is an air cavity. Five or more vascular bundles form a
circle outside this cavity. (See Fig. 13.) Each bundle con-
sists of a large mass of xylem, a very small amount of phloém
and, external to this, a small mass of stereom with lignified cell
walls. The fundamental tissue is loose parenchyma. No
special hypoderma is developed. The epidermis is thin-walled.
The leaf lamine are thin and composed of very loose tissue.
The epidermal cells are large and have sinuous outlines. An
interesting peculiarity is to be noted in the palisade. The cells
of this tissue are frequently branched at the upper end. (See
Fig. 15.) This peculiarity was noted, according to Solereder,*
by Haberlandt in certain species of allied genera, but that
investigator failed to find branched palisade cells in any of the
species of Delphinium which he studied. The stomata of the
foliage leaves are confined to the lower surface of the leaf. A
row of short, simple, pointed trichomes is placed along the
margin of the leaf and a very few similar trichomes are scat-
tered on the upper surface.

EXPLANATION OF FicurRES, PLATE XXVIII.

Figures 1, 2, 3. Seedlings of Delphinium occidentale in various
stages of development (natural size). In Figures 1 and 2 the united
petioles of the cotyledons have the appearance of a hypocotyl. In
Figure 2 the first leaf appears as a small projection at the base of the
petioles of the cotyledons.

Figure 4. Seed. x 18.
Figure 5. Longitudinal section of seed showing the minute embryo.

The dotted ellipse indicates the line of division between the inner, oily
portion of the endosperm and the outer part containing aleuron grains.

x 18.

*Solereder. Syst. Anat. der Dicotyledonen, 18, 1899.

,209
on 0000°

PLATE XXVIII.

Ramaley: SEED AND SEEDLING OF WESTERN LARKSPUR. 421

Figure 6. Transverse section of seed through the equator. The
vascular bundle is in the upper corner. x 18.

Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. All x 18. Diagrams of cross sections
of the seedling cut at various levels. Figure 7. The root, thick cor-
tex and small stele with two xylem masses. Figure 8. The root,
higher up, a single mass of xylem. ‘+ Fromthis the cotyledonary leaf
traces extend out horizontally” (Figure 9). Figure 10. The coty-
ledonary sheath with two vascular bundles encloses the stem. Figure
11. The cotyledonary sheath is ruptured. The sheathing bases of the
foliage leaves, arranged alternately, enclose the small triangular apex
of the stem. Figure 12. The united petioles of the cotyledons with
the slit-like air passage.

Figure 13. Diagram of a cross section of the petiole of the first leaf.
The central air cavity is shown, also the circle of vascular bundles
(dotted), each with a small amount of stereom (black). x 24.

Figure 14. Section of a seed soaked in water. The epidermis has
a very thick cuticle; the parenchyma is large-celled. The layer of
small cells with thick walls is the tegmen. The endosperm cells are
prismatic (contents not shown). xX 270.

Figure 15. Vertical section of the blade of first foliage leaf. Two
stomata are shown in the lower epidermis. One of the cells of the
. palisade layer is branched at the top. Chlorophyll bodies and nuclei
are shown in the cells. xX 270.

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA
ERYSIPHE.

E. M. FREEMAN.

The collection of fungi in Minnesota has been carried on by
the Geological and Natural History Survey of the state at various
times for the past fourteen years.* In 1886 Professor J. C. Arthur
assisted by Prof. L. H. Bailey and E. W. D. Holway, Esq., made
a collection of fungi in St. Louis county especially in the region
about Vermillion lake. A list of the plants collected was pub-
lished in Bulletin No. 3 of the Geological and Natural History
Survey of Minnesota. Since that time numerous collections
have been made by Dr. A. P. Anderson, Messrs. E. P. Shel-
don, C. A. Ballard and others, but lists of the collected plants
have not yet been published. The list given below comprises
records of all the Erysiphez which have been collected in Min-
nesota up to the present time and deposited at the herbarium of
the University of Minnesota.

A number of specimens had been identified by Mr. Sheldon
and these together with the above mentioned collection of Profes-
sor Arthur and his party have in every case been reéxamined so
that the writer assumes the sole responsibility of the determina-
tions. The specimens have been compared with such well
known exsiccati as Ellis’ North American Fungi, de Thiimen’s
Mycotheca Universalis and others. For the sake of complete-
ness the collection made by Professor Arthur and party is incor-
porated in this list and where the nomenclature has been changed
the name published by Professor Arthur is placed in parenthe-
ses after the collection citation. In 1884+ A. B. Seymour made
a few collections along the Northern Pacific Railroad. Speci-

* A list of Minnesota fungi published by Dr. A. E. Johnson in the Bulletins of
the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences during the years 1876-1879 cannot be
considered authentic, since no collection is available for comparison.

t Seymour, A. B. List of Fungi, collected in 1884 along the Northern Pa-
cific Railroad. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 24: 182-191. 1889.

423

424 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

mens of these were not left at the University herbarium. No
species however are reported by him, that have not been col-
lected by the staff of the survey. Mention of Seymour’s collec-
tions is appended to each species reported by him.

The nomenclature of Burrill* has been made use of in the
list and for full synonymy the reader is referred to the works
cited below. Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora of the
United States and Canada has been closely followed in the
naming of all host plants.

Of the Erysiphez, nineteen species in all have been col-
lected, distributed among the genera as follows : Spherotheca,
3; Erystphe, 5; Uncinula, 3; Phyllactinia, 1; Podosphera,
1; Microsphera, 6. In field work carried on during such a
long period of time and by as many as ten collectors acting
independently, it is to be expected that the number of collec-
tions of common forms will be increased at the expense of the
number of species. <A glance at the list given below will show
that such has been the case in Minnesota. There are undoubt-
edly at least a dozen more species of blights in the state, and
it is hoped that this list will aid future observations. In citing
the district of collection, only the county name is given.

1. Spherotheca humuli (DC.) Burre tu, Bull. Ill. St. Lab.
Nat: Hist. 2 2’ 400. 1887-
On leaves of:
feubus hispidus L.: St. Louis, July, 1886, Holway 46.
GS. castagnet Lev.)
Viola sp. indet.: Brown, July, 1891, Sheldon 851.

flumulus lupulus L.: ——,+ Sheldon 7020.
2. Spherotheca castagnei Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 25: 139.
FOS;

On leaves of:
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst.; St. Louis (?); July,
1886, Holway 276. (Not published in Arthur’s report.)

* Burrill, T. J., and Earle, F.S. Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. Bull. Ill. St.
Lab. Nat. Hist. 2. 1887.

Ellis, J. B., and Everhart, B.M. North American Pyrenomycetes, 2-30.
1892.

+ Mr. Sheldon’s last field note book has not, up to the present time, been
found. Consequently the dates of collection, the district and the name of the
host plant often cannot be determined. The missing data are indicated as
above.

y=

Freeman : PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA ERYSIPHE. 425

Pedicularts lanceolata Micux.; Lincoln, August, 1891,
Sheldon 1522. |
Bidens frondosa L..; Lincoln, August, 1891, Sheldon
1516, September, 1893, Sheldon 6092, Hennepin,
Oct., 1898, Freeman 50.
Seymour reports this species on Erechtites hieracifolia and
Nabalus sp. at Lake Minnetonka.

3. Sphezrotheca mors-uve (Scuw.) B. & C. Grev. 4: 158.
1876.
On leaves of:
feibes foridum L’HeEr.: St. Louis, July, 188, Holway 84
(Spherotheca pannosa LeEv.); Kandiyohi, July, 1892,
Frost 249.

4. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Flore Franc. 2:274. 1815.
On leaves of :
Ambrosia artemisiefolia L.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan ;

, Sheldon 7322; , Sheldon 6162 ; , Sheldon
6131; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 61.

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Traverse, Sept., 1893, Sheldon
7081.

Ambrosia triida L.: Pope, Aug., 1891, Taylor 1126;
Brown, Sept., 1891; Sheldon 1243; Traverse, Sept.,
1893, Sheldon 7086; Goodhue, Aug., 1893, Anderson
727; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 62; Hennepin,
Sept., 1898, MacMillan.

fleliopsts scabra DunAL.: Kandiyohi, Aug., 1892, Frost
5 anee

Cnicus sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan; Traverse,
Sept., 1893, Sheldon 7072.

Carduus sp. indet. : , Sheldon 7357; Hennepin, 1890;
MacMillan.

Aster puniceus L. var. lucidulus A. GRAY: Lincoln, Aug.,
1891, Sheldon 1507.

Aster sp. indet.: Winona, Sept., 1888, Holzinger; Hen-
nepin, Oct., 1898, Freeman 63; Hennepin, Oct., 1892,
Sheldon 4123.

Solidago canadensis Li. : , Sheldon 6082.

Solidago sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan; Waseca,
June, 1891, Taylor 188 ; Hennepin, Oct., 1891, Sheldon;
Goodhue, Aug., 1893, Anderson 814.

426

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Flelianthus divaricatus L.: ——, Sept., 1893, Sheldon
6089.

Flelianthus decapetalus L.: Brown, July, 1891, Sheldon,
1244.

flelianthus grosse-serratus MARTINS: Traverse, Sept.,
1893, Sheldon 7106.

Helianthus scaberrimus Evu.: , Sept., 1893, Sheldon
6143; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 64.

FHlelianthus tuberosus L..: Goodhue, Aug., 1893, Anderson
705; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 65.

fleilanthus sp. indet.: Traverse, Sept., 1893, Sheldon
7085; Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan; Blue Earth, June,
1891, Sheldon 483; Winona, Sept., 1888, Holzinger ;
Lincoln, Aug., 1891, Sheldon 1418.

Verbena stricta VENT.: Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 66.

Verbena urticifolia L.: Chisago, Aug., 1892, Taylor
1639; Hennepin, Aug., 1890, MacMillan; Hennepin,
Sept., 1898, Freeman 67.

Verbena hastata L.: Hennepin, Oct., 1892, Sheldon 4128 ;
Pope, Aug., 1891, Taylor 1188; Goodhue, Aug., 1893,
Anderson 827; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 68.

Verbena sp. indet.: Traverse, Sept., 1893, Sheldon 7030;
Carver, July, 1891, Ballard 650; Traverse, Sept., 1893,
Sheldon 7071.

feudbeckia laciniata L.: Hennepin, Sept., 1898, MacMil-
lan.

Senecio aureus L..: Brown, July, 1891, Sheldon 1153.

flydrophyllum virginicum L.: Blue Earth, June, 1891,
Sheldon 203.

Grindelia squarrosa (PuRsH) DuNAL: Pipestone, Aug.,
1891, Sheldon 1434.

Lappula virginiana (L.) GREENE: Blue Earth, June,
1891, Sheldon 483; St. Louis, July, 1886, Holway 78.

Lappula sp. indet.: Brown, Aug., 1891, Sheldon 1232.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt.: Winona, Sept., 1888, Holz-

inger.

5. Erysiphe communis (WALLR.) Fr. Summa. Veg. Scand.

406. 1849.

On leaves of:

Eupatorium ageratocdes L.: Hennepin, Oct., 1893, Shel-
don 4083.

Freeman: PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA ERYSIPHE. 427

Lathyrus venosus Muuu.: Winona, Sept., 1888, Holzinger
326; Pope, July, 1891, Taylor 1181; Mille Lacs, July,
1892, Sheldon 2755; Otter Tail, Aug., 1892, Sheldon
3661.

Lathyrus sp. indet. , Sheldon 6127.

@nothera sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan.

Clematis virginiana L.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan.

Anogra albicaulis (PursH) Brirron.: Brown, July,
1891, Sheldon 1195.

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton: Pope, July, 1891,
Taylor 1136.

Falcata comosa (lu.) KuNTzE: Pope, July, 1891, Taylor
EEO.

Oxygraphis cymbalaria (PursH) PRANTL: Lincoln,
Aug., 1891, Sheldon 1357.

Astragalus canadensis L.: Lincoln, Aug., 1891, Sheldon
1423; Hennepin, Sept., 1898, MacMillan.

Aragallus involutus A. Nels.: Lincoln, Aug., 1891, Shel-
don 1390.

An undetermined plant of pea family: Traverse, Sept.,
1893, Sheldon 7257.

Thalictrum purpurascens L.: Chisago, Sept., 1893, Shel-
don 6188.

Thalictrum sp. indet.: Cass. Aug., 1893, Anderson 706.

Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. , Sept., 1893, Sheldon
6146.

Anemone virginana L.: Traverse, Sept., 1893, Sheldon
7089.

Lotus americanus (NutT.) Bisu.: Big Stone, Sept.,
1893, Sheldon, Traverse, Sept., 1893, Sheldon 7201.

Polygonum aviculare L.: Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman
Si.

Seymour reports &. communis on Lathyrus? at Lake Min-
netonka.

. Erysiphe aggregata (PEcK) FarLow, Bull. Bussey, Inst. 2:
227. 1878.

On leaves of :
Alnus incana (L.) WiLup.: St Louis, July, 1886, Holway

BY.

428 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

7. Erysiphe galeopsidis DC. Flore Franc. 6: 108. 1815.
On leaves of:
Stachys palustris L.: Lincoln, Aug., 1891, Sheldon
15723; Lincoln, Aug., 1891. Sheldon 1261.
Seymour reports this species on Stachys palustris at De-
troit, Minnesota.

8. Erysiphe graminis DC. Flore Franc. 6: 106. 1815.
On leaves of:
Poa pratensis L.: Waseca, June, 1891, Taylor 228. No
perithecia found. Conidial stage (Ozdzum monthotdes
Link) only is present.

9g. Uncinula salicis (DC.) Wint. Die Pilze 17: 40. 1887.
On leaves of:

Salix sp. indet.: Winona, Sept., 1888, Holzinger; Chi-
sago, Sept., 1891, Sheldon 4263; Traverse, Sept., 1892,
Sheldon 7172; Traverse, Sept., 1892, Sheldon 7013;
Chisago, Aug., 1892, Taylor 1634; Otter Tail, July,
1892, Sheldon 3936; Hennepin, Oct., 1893, Sheldon
4093; McLeod, Aug., 1. J. McElligott ; Traverse, Sept.,
1893, Sheldon 7069; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 60.

Salix bebbtana Sare. : Chisago, Sept., 1891, Sheldon 4246.

Salix myrtillordes L.: Otter Tail, July, 1892, Sheldon
35732:

Salix discolor Munu.: Hennepin, Oct., 1893, Sheldon
4089.

Populus deltoides MArsu.: Hennepin, July, 1889, Shel-
don; Hennepin, Oct., 1889, MacMillan; Wabasha,
Sept., 1893, Edna Porter. .

Populus grandidentata Micux.: Hennepin, 1890, Mac-
Millan.

Populus tremulotdes Micux.: Goodhue, Aug., 1893, An-
derson 707.

Populus sp. indet. Hennepin, Oct., 1889, MacMillan.

Seymour reports UW. salic’s on Salix sp. at Lake Minne-
tonka.

10. Uncinula clintonii Peck, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. 25: 96-
Eo7gen,atans. Alb. Inst. 72270.
On leaves of:
Tilia americana L..: Winona, Sept., 1888, Holzinger.

i i

Freeman: PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA ERYSIPHE. 429

11. Uncinula necator (Scuw.) Burrityt. N. A. Pyren. 15.

1892.
On leaves of :
Parthenocissus quinguefolia (L.) Puancn.: Ramsey,
Sept., 1898, Freeman 59; Hennepin, Sept., 1898, F.
K. Butters.

12. Phyllactinia suffulta (REB.) Sacc. Mich. 2: 50. 1880.
On leaves of :
Tilia sp. indet.: Le Sueur, June, 1891, Sheldon64. Sey-
mour reports this species on Betula ? at Lake Minnetonka.
13. Podosphera oxyacanthe (DC.) D. By. Beitr. Morph. und
Phys. der Pilze, Part 3, 48. 1870.
On leaves of:

Prunus sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan.

Crategus (7)sp. indet.: Le Sueur, June, 1891, Sheldon
OA. ; Wabasha, Sept., 1893, Edna Porter.

14. Microsphera russellii Ciintron, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus.

26:80. 1874.

On leaves of:
Oxalis stricta L.: Winona, Aug., 1888, Holzinger.
15. Microsphera ravenelii BERK. Grev. 4: 160. 1876.
On leaves of:

Lathyrus sp. indet.: Goodhue, Aug., 1892, Ballard 1152;
Goodhue, Aug., 1893, Anderson 708.

Seymour reports JZ. ravenelit Berk. on Lathyrus ? at
Detroit, Minn.

16. Microsphera quercina (Scuw.) Burrity, Bull. Ill. St.

Lab. Nat. Hist. 2: 424. 1887.

On leaves of :

Quercus macrocarpa Micux.: Hennepin, 1890, Mac-
Millan; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 52.

17. Microsphera symphoricarpi Howe, Bull. Torr. Club, 5: 3.
1874.
On leaves of:

Symphoricarpos sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan;
Waseca, June, 1891, Taylor 615; Goodhue, Aug., 1893,
Anderson 815 ; , Sheldon 7262 ; , Sheldon 7392.

Symphoricarpos racemosa Micux.: Traverse, Sept., 1893,
Sheldon 7084.

Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Traverse,
Sept., 1893, Sheldon 7083.

430

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hoox.: Ramsey, Sept., 1898,
Freeman 53.

18. Microsphera diffusa C.&P. Journ. of Bot. 11: 1872.

Rep. IN. Yehst: Mus: 25.095 14 1o73.

On leaves of:

Lespedeza violacea (li.) PErRs.: Winona, Sept., 1889,
Holzinger.

Lathyrus sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan.

Metbomia canadensis (L..) Kunrze.: Lincoln, Aug., 1891,
Sheldon 1521; , Sept., 1893, Sheldon 6105.

Seymour reports JZ. diffusa on Lespedeza capitata at
Brainerd.

19. Microsphera alni (DC.) Wintr. Die Pilze 17:38. 1887.
On leaves of:

Lonicera sp. indet.: St. Louis, July, 1886, Holway 242,
(MZ. dubyi Lev.) ; Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 56.
Lonticera hirsuta Eaton: St. Louis, July, 1886, Holway

150, (AZ. duby7 Lev.).

Syringa vulgaris L.: Hennepin, July, 1889, Sheldon;
Hennepin, Oct. 1891"; , Sheldon 5806; Goodhue,
Aug., 1893, Anderson 714.

Alnus.sp. indet.: Hennepin, 1890, MacMillan.

Viburnum lentago L.: Waseca, June, 1891, Sheldon,
506%; Case, Aug., 1893, Anderson 668; Ramsey,
Sept., 1898, Freeman 54.

Viburnum sp. indet.: Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Freeman 55.

Lonicera dioica L.: Goodhue, Aug., 1893, Anderson 753.

Corylus americana WAut.: Ramsey, Sept., 1898, Free-
man 57.

Tilia americana L. |! : Hennepin, Oct., 1898, Freeman 58.

Seymour reports this species on Ceanothus americanus at
Brainerd and on Syrénga vulgaris and Betula at Lake
Minnetonka.

> —

NATIVE AND GARDEN DELPHINIUMS OF
NORTH AMERICA.

Ke @2. Divas:

The name Delphinzum (Linn. Sp. Pl. 530, 1753) is from the
Greek delphin, a dolphin, from the resemblance of the flower,
The common name is LARK Spur.

It is a genus of beautiful, hardy plants, annual or perennial,
erect, branching herbs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided;
large, irregular, showy flowers in a raceme or panicle; sepals
petal-like, five, the posterior one prolonged into a spur; petals
two or four, small, the two posterior ones usually spurred, the
lateral or lower ones small if present; the few carpels always
sessile, forming many-seeded follicles.

There are probably more than 200 species. In fact Huth’s
last complete monograph recognized 198 species besides a num-
ber of doubtful ones. The following treatment includes the
native and cultivated Delphiniums of North America, 52
species and many varieties and garden forms. Thirty species
are native of America north of Mexico, thirteen of which are
used in gardens. Thirteen Old World species have been intro-
duced into the Americantrade. Nine Mexican species are dis-
tinct, and none of them are in use. The mark (f) after a de-
scription indicates which plants are not used in the trade.
Four species are of much greater popularity than the others:
the annual J. Azaczs, and the perennials D. grandiforum, D.
hybridum, and D. formosum. The last three have been es-
specially prolific in giving us new garden forms.

In presenting this: paper I wish to extend thanks to those
who have materially helped me, especially to those who have
freely given me the privilege of examining numerous speci-
mens: Dr. J. N. Rose, Professor E. L. Greene, Dr. N. L.
Britton and Dr. B. L. Robinson.

431

432 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The recent extended articles on the genus are: A. Gray,
‘* An attempt to Distinguish Between the American Delphin-
iums,” Bot. Gaz. 12: 49-54, 1887; and Syn. Fl. 1: 45-52,
1895. E. Huth, ‘‘Monog. Gattung Delphinium,” in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. 20: 322-499, 1895. K. C. Davis, in Bailey’s
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF DELPHINIUM.

A. Roots annual; petals only 2, united; follicles 1.

BB; follicles’ pubescent, 34 to'134 inches long. :......5..5.-- {. Ajacts.
BB. Follicles glabrous, Y to % inch long..................2. comsolida.

AA. Roots perennial; petals 4; follicles 3 to 5.
B. Sepals red.
©: Plant slabrous;' seeds smooth)... ihe. okn bee 3. nudicaule.
CC. Plant partly pubescent; seeds thin winged.....4. cardinale.
BB. Sepals greenish yellow, yellow, or sometimes marked with
blue.
C. Inflorescence and leaves densely hairy.
Dy Hlowers note tinged ‘with, blue..4. 6.6.60. 5. viridescens.
DD. Flowers sordid white tinged with blue...6. Calzéfornicum.
CC. Inflorescence and leaves glabrescent or soon becoming so.
DeaMature follicles densely, hainy ...0....-ses00s05 4. Przewalskit.
DD. Mature follicles smooth or sulcate.
E. Seeds with plates or scales in transverse rows...8. Zadzl.
EE. Seeds winged and somewhat wrinkled......... 9. viride.
BBB. Sepals blue, or varying to white, or white.
C. Species native north of Mexico, or introduced from Old
World.
D. Height 1% feet or less.
E. Natives of America north of Mexico.
F. Petioles dilating and somewhat sheathing at the base.
G. Stem lax; follicles glabrous or becoming so.
H. Roots fascicled and thickened but not tuberiform.
10. dzcolor.
HH. Roots fasciculately tuberous, or grumose.
Il. decorum.
GG. Stem rather stout, erect: follicles pubescent.
H. Length of sepals about equalling the petals.
I. Seeds winged at the angles........ 12. hespertum.
II. Seeds scaly and bur-like............ 13. Hansent.
HH. Length of sepals much greater than petals.
14. vartegatum.
FF. Petioles hardly dilating at the base.

Davts : DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 433

G. Coats of seeds smooth; roots fasciculately tuberous.
15. fricorne.
GG. Coats of seeds winged or wrinkled, roots not tuber-
ous, but in some grumose.
H. Roots not grumose.
I. Sepals shorter than the spur.
J. Leaves thickish; racemes long.
16. Andersonit.
JJ. Leaves not thick; racemes shorter; flowers
sialon ys. SO ie Wetwk 90 oso 17. Parishiz.
II. Sepals as long as spur, much surpassing petals.
18. Parry?.
HH. Roots coarsely granular or grumose; carpels
always 3, seeds wing-margined.
I. Pedicels longer than the flowers ; follicles spread-

iIneAWheEnIMatUtesces cnn ao<ne-b <= <2 19. Menziesii.
II. Pedicels shorter than flowers; follicles spread-
ingvonby ab tipscsssiacetsecke's ose 20. pauciflorum.

EE. Natives of Asia but introduced to American gardens.
F. Sepals somewhat persistent; bractlets opposite, lanceo-

late, entire, near the flower......... 21. Brunonianum.
FF. Sepals deciduous; bractlets alternate, linear, or linear-
lobed, distant from flower......... 22. Cashmirtanum.

DD. Height more than 1% feet (except in a few cases).
E. Seeds wrinkled or scaly, hardly winged (except in 28 and
29) ; all native of the United States except 23.
F. Follicles always 3.
linger petals: violets... 455550. 7stsaei es 23. altissimum.
GG. Upper petals yellowish, or yellow with blue tips.
H. Inflorescence a crowded, erect, pyramidal raceme.
24. exaltatum.
HH. Inflorescence open and somewhat branching ;
pedicels. long and slender..:............. 25. Treleast.
FF. Follicles commonly varying from 3 to 5 on each plant.
G. Stems more or less leafy.
H. Sepals and spurs blue.
I. Stem leafy; radical leaves few.
26. Carolinianum.
II. Stem leaves mostly near the base; radical leaves

many.
J~ Root a flattish tuber......:.... 27. Oreganum.
JJ. Root woody-fibrous.......... ..... 28. Geyert.

HH. Sepals and spurs chiefly white..29. camporum.
GG. Stem leafless.

434 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

H. Petioles of root leaves much longer than blades.
30. scaposum.
HH. Petioles of root leaves nearly equalling blades.
31. uliginosum.
EE. Seeds decidedly winged.
F. Upper petals white, never yellow.....32. trollizfolium.
FF. Upper petals often yellow or yellowish.
G. Species from Old World introduced into gardens;
follicles always 3.
H. Lower petals deep blue, 2-lobed, yellow-bearded.
33. elatum.
HH. Lower petals bright blue, entire, undulate or
slightly 2-lobed.
I. Flowers very large; spurs 9 to 10 lines long.
34. grandifiorum.
II. Flowers smaller; spurs 5 to § lines long.
35. chetlanthum.
GG. Species from west of the Rockies; follicles always
2.
H. Plant glabrous, at least in lower part.
I. Roots fascicled, not tuberous nor grumose.
yes Pollicies pubescent. 5, 25... 36. scopulorum.
J) Bollicles (elabrous 205.2602 5.c. 37. glaucum.
II. Root tuberous or grumose.
J. Lower pedicels rather spreading, longer than
the spurs.
K. Sepals equal to spur in length.
38. glaucescens.
KK. Sepals shorter than the spur.
39. Nuttalliz.
JJ. Lower pedicels and others appressed, shorter
Ehat IS PUES. AL eae cceas sat Rae 40. distichum.
HH. Plant pubescent throughout......... 41. simplex.
EEE. Seeds scaly; lower petal 2-lobed; Old World type.
F. Petioles hardly dilating at base, not sheathing; lower

petals yellowsbearded ys Te canteens. meane 42. formosum.

FF. Petioles sheathing at base; beard on lower petals not
yellow.

G. Flowers:in loose panicles........... 43. Jaackianum.

GG. ‘Flowerts:in, dense racemes/.......... 44. hybridum.

CC. Natives of Mexico, not introduced to American gardens.
D. Carpels puberulent to hairy at first.
E. Plant glandular-hispid above................- 45. Madrense.
EE. Plant not glandular-hispid in upper parts.

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 435

F. Lower petals provided with a scale-like appendage at
base.
G. stamens puberulent.,. 5.05.5 ..0c.c00 00: 46. bicornutum.
GG. Stamens glabrous.
H. Upper petals tipped with yellow..47. Ehrenbergi.
HH. Upper petals not tipped with yellow.
48. pedatisectum.
FF. Lower petals with appendages wanting or obscure.
G. Leaves. pubescent or villose.
Bice ipper petals ble sn.: scceses io 2c5 49. latisepalum.
HH. Upper petals yellow with blue tips.
50. tenutsectum.
GG. Leaves glabrous. ..... Ba eciseites at 51. leptophyllum.
myn Carpels clabrougs 1) i nveasceceeeeesscdietessel ss 52. Wrslizent.

sD. Ajacis Linn. Sp. Pl..531.. 1753.
D. consoida Sistu. & Sm. Fl. Greca, Prod. 1: 370.
1806. Not L.
D. ornatum Boucue, in Bot. Zeit. 1: 26. 1843.
D. pubescens GRisEB. Spicil. Fl. Rumel. 1: 319. 1843.

Not DC.

Ceratosanthus ajacts Scuur. Enum. Pl. Transs. 30.
1866.

? D. addendum McNas. in Trans. Bot. S. Edinb. g: 335.
1868.

An erect annual about 18 inches high with a few spreading
branches: leaves of stem sessile, deeply cut into fine linear
segments; root-leaves similar but short-petioled: flowers
showy, blue or violet, varying to white, more numerous than
in D. consolida, in a spicate raceme; petals 2, united;
calyx-spur about equalling the rest of the flower: but one fol-
licle, pubescent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. May to
Aug. Europe. Fl. Greca, ¢. 540. Rev. Hort. 1893, p. 228.

. consolida Linn. Sp. Pl. 530. 1753.

pscocrum Lam. Vi. Pr.3: 325. 2778.

. monophyllum GiuiB. Fl. Lithuan. 2: 287. 1781.

. versicolor SALIsB. Prod. 375. 1796.

Ceratosanthus consolida Scuur. Verh. Sieb. Ver. Naturf.

46. .1853).

2.

SE88y

An erect, hairy annual, 1 to 1% feet high: leaves similar to
D. Ajacis: flowers few, loosely panicled, pedicels shorter than

436 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

the bracts, blue or violet or white; petals 2, united: follicle 1,
glabrous; seeds with broken, transverse ridges. June to Aug.
Europe. Baxter Brit. Bot: 4. 7.297. Rev: Hort. 1893, p- 22a

(var. ornatum candelabrum).

3. D. nudicaule Torr. @iGray, Fl, 2: °33.:) 1938.
D. sarcophyllum Hoox. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 317. 1841.
D. decorum var. nudicaule Hutu, Delph. N. Am. g.
1892.
D. peltatum Hook. ex. Huth, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 449. 1895.
Stem I to 1% feet high, glabrous, branched, few-leaved:
leaves rather succulent, 1 to 3 inches across, lobed to the mid-
dle or farther 3 to 7 times, the secondary lobes rounded and
often mucronate; petioles 3 to 5 inches long, dilated at the
base: flowers panicled; sepals bright orange-red, obtuse,
scarcely spreading, shorter than the stout spur; petals yellow,
nearly as long as sepals; spurs long and funnel-form: follicles
3, spreading and recurved, soon becoming glabrous; seeds
thin-winged. April to July. Along mountain streams, North-
ern California. Bot. Mag. 5819. Flor. des Serr. 19: 1949.
Revue Hort. 1893, p. 259. Marsh, Hot Springs near Santa
Rosa, Calif., a pubescent form with thicker leaves. Collected
by Coville, May, 1884.

4. D. cardinale Hoox. Bot. Mag. ¢. 4887. 1855.
DP éoccineum Torr: Pac. Ry. Rep. 4: 62.) 8573
D. flammeum KELLOGG, in Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 22. 1863.

Stem erect, 2 to 3% feet high, partly pubescent: leaves
smooth, fleshy, deeply 5-parted, the parts cut into long, linear
lobes: elongated, many-flowered raceme, flowers bright red
with petal limbs yellow: follicles glabrous, usually 3; seeds
smooth. July to Aug. California. Gartenflora, 208. Flor.
Ges Serr TL, Pp. 03. 2.0205. Marden 19% 273.

5. D. viridescens LerBere, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. I1: 39.
1897.

Roots fascicled not tuberous: plant 5 feet high, pubescent,
especially above: lower stem-leaves often 3-parted and again
3-5-lobed and toothed; upper leaves dissected into narrow
lobes; leaves all thin; pedicels slender, short, appressed; a
narrow bractlet near the base or half way up, and a pair very
near the flower: inflorescence and follicles very hairy: flowers

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 437

cream to greenish-yellow, small; spurs nearly horizontal,
longer than the sepals, and as long as the upper pedicels.
May toJuly. Type near Peshaston and Wenatchee, Okanogan
Co., Wash., 1500 feet (f).

6. D. Californicum Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 31. 1838.
D. exaltatum Hoox. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 317. 1841.
Not Ait.
_ D. exaltatum var. Californicum Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 11.
1892.
D. Californicum var. scapigerum Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20:
451. 1895.
? D. virescens Ryvs. Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 385. 1899.
(Fragment only.)

Stem stout, 2 to 8 feet high; lower leaves very large, deeply
cleft, divisions broad wedge shaped; upper with narrower divis-
ions and lanceolate lobes : racemes dense: flowers sordid whitish
with tinges of blue; sepals and spur each about % inch long:
follicles much like those of D. exaltatum. Dry places.
Monterey to Mendocino Co., Calif. (f).

Var. laxiusculum Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 451. 1895.

Inflorescence very loose and open. San Francisco region
and northern Mexico.

7. D. Przewalskii Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 407. 1895.
D. Przewalskianum Horr.

Nearly glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying much
in height: leaves 3 to 5 times deeply parted; parts divided into
narrow obtuse lobes: flowers clear yellow, or sometimes tipped
with blue, spur equalling the sepals: follicles 3, densely hairy.
July to Aug. Asia.

8. D. Zalil Air. & Hens. Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 3: 30. 1888.
D. hybridum var. sulphureum Horr.

Stem nearly simple, erect, 1 to 2 feet high, rather glabrous
or becoming so: leaves of several narrow, linear lobes, dark
green, petioles not dilating at the base: flowers large, light
yellow, in long racemes: follicles 3, longitudinally ribbed and
furrowed ; seeds with transverse, fibrous plates. June to July.
Persia. Bot. Mag. yo4g. Garden 50: 1094; 54: 347.
Gard. Chron. III, 20, 247.

438 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

9. D. viride Wars. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 268. 1888.

Root rather thick, branching: plant glaucous, about 2 feet
high; stems glabrous: leaves pubescent, with segments acutely
lobed, upper ones more deeply divided and segments narrower :
racemes open, few-flowered; pedicels 1 to 2 inches long, gla-
brous or somewhat pubescent; sepals yellowish green, much
shorter than the stout spur; petals purple, shorter than the se-
pals, lower ones entire or cleft, villous: follicles 3, not spread-
ing, very finely pubescent: seeds large, coats dark, wrinkled
and somewhat winged at the ends. Gravelly bluffs, east base
of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mex. (ft).

10; D. bicolor Nutr. Journ. Acad. Phila..7: 1o.'> 1834.

D. Menziesit Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 57. Not
1B Oe

D. Menziestz var. Utahense Wats. Bot. King Exp. 12.
opts

Erect, rather stout, % to 1 foot high, from fascicled roots:
leaves small, thick, deeply parted, and divisions cleft except
perhaps in the upper leaves, segments linear: obtuse raceme
rather few-flowered ; the lower pedicels ascending I to 2 inches:
spur and sepals nearly equal, % inch long or more, blue; up-
per petals pale yellow or white, blue veined; lower petals blue:
follicles glabrous or becoming so. May to Aug. Dry woods.
Colorado, west and north to Alaska.

Var. Montanense Ryps. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 157.

1900.

Plant glandular-pilose; leaves thicker than in the type. Re-
gion of Helena and southward into Yellowstone Park (f).

Var. Nelsonii n. var. D. Velson7 GREENE, Pitt. 3: 92. 1896.

Roots sometimes slightly fascicled-tuberiform: lowest leaves
long-petioled: seeds winged as in the type. Southern Wyom-
ing to middle Colorado (ft).

Var. cognatum n. var.

D. cognatum GREENE, Pitt. 3: 14. 1896.

Much like the type but the root leaves with very broad seg-
ments, plant glabrescent, or hairy on the flowers: sepals nar-
rower than the type, spurs often markedly incurved: follicles
3, glabrous. It is also much like D. Andersonzz, but has some
stem leaves, and the flowers are different. Western Humboldt
Mts., Nevada (f).

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 439

Var. glareosum n. var.
D. glareosum GREENE, Pitt. 3: 257. 1898.
Rootstock thick, either simple or branched: plant 3 to 8
inches high, with 1 to 3 stem leaves: follicles 3 to 5, glabrous
or nearly so. Summit of Mt. Steele, Wash. (tf).

11. D. decorum Fiscu. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 3:

380 TOF:
D. hespertum Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 446. 1895.

Stem slender and weak, % to1% feet high, smooth or nearly
so: leaves few, bright green, upper ones small, 3—-5-parted into
narrow lobes, lower and radical ones somewhat reniform in out-
line and deeply 3-5-parted, lobes often differing widely: flow-
ers in a loose raceme, or somewhat panicled; sepals blue, %
inch long, equalling the spurs; upper petals at least tinged with
yellow : follicles 3, thickish, glabrous ; seeds rugose, not winged.
Spring. Calif. Bot. Reg. 26: 64.

Var. gracilentum n. var.

D. gracilentum GREENE, Pitt. 3: 15. 1896.

Differs from the type chiefly in the radical leaves, which are
larger, deeply about 5-parted or lobed, the lobes mostly oval or
oblong, obtuse and entire, apiculate: pedicels often filiform.
Foothills of Sierra Nevada in California (f).

Var. patens Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 54. 1887.

D. patens BentTH. Pl. Hartw. 296. 1848.
D. tricorne var. patens Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 13. 1892.

Stem erect: racemes compact: flowers small, sepals a third to
a half inch long, upper petals often deeply lined with blue;
seeds somewhat winged. Siskiyou Co. to southern Califor-

nia (f).

12. D. hesperium Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 54. 1887.
D. Menziesii var. ochroleucum Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 31.
1838.
D. azureum Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 660. 1840. In part.
D. azureum & D. simplex Hoox. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
gry.” TOAt.
D. simplex Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 10. 1876.
Roots fascicled, short, some of them fusiform, 2 feet high;
stem and leaves puberulent, or hairy below: leaves rather small,
much dissected into narrow parts : racemes long, many flowered ;

440 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

flowers violet-purple varying to whitish, sometimes reddish
purple; sepals less than % inch long, about equalled by the
petals and by the spur; upper petals lined and bordered with
blue; pedicels erect in fruit, lowest ones about 1 inch long,
others much shorter: follicles 3 to 5, short-oblong, puberulent,
y inch or less long; seeds black with broad light wings at the
angles. West Oregon south to Monterey, Calif. (+).

Var. recurvatum n. var.

D. recurvatum GREENE, Pitt. 1: 285. 1889.
Upper petals yellow, not bordered nor lined with blue. Calif.

(t).

13. D. Hanseni GREENE, Pitt. 3: 94. 1896.
D. hesperium var. Hansent GREENE, FI. Fr. 304. 1892.
D. Hansent var. arcuatum GREENE, Pitt. 3: 94. 1896.
Closely allied to D. hesperzum, but very slender: racemes
dense but lax: flowers smaller than that type and of a much
lighter blue; seeds densely scaly, giving a white, bur-like ap-
pearance. Amador Co., Calif. (+).

r4.\.D. variegatum Torr, & Gray, F1..02.325; 1838,

D. grandifiorum var. variegatum Hoox. & Arn. Bor.
Beech..317. 1841.

D. decorum BEentu. Pl. Hartw. 295. 1848. Not Fisch.
& Mey.

Root, stem and leaves like D. hespercum: flowers larger, only
few in a raceme; sepals much surpassing the petals: follicles
like that species or longer. Monterey, Calif., to the upper
Sacramento valley. Common along streams, etc. Well worth
introduction to gardens (ft). 2. Macounit GREENE, in Herb.
(Macoun no. 18,078, Geo. Surv. Canada) is a low weak form
or variety with deeper, less fascicled roots. Rockies. Lat.
39° 40’.

Var. apiculatum GREENE, Fl. Fr. 304. 1892.

D. apiculatum GREENE, Pitt. 1: 285. 1889.

Leaf segments broader: flowers more numerous (f).

Var. Blochman@ n. var.

D. ornatum GREENE, Fl. Fr. 304. 1892. Not Bouche.
D. Blochmane GREENE, Erythea, 1: 247. 1893.

Leaf segments long and linear: sepals narrower than the
type, light blue or white; petals with crisp margins. Nipowa,
Calif. Specimens at Berkeley (f).

Davis : DEEPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 441

Var. Emilie n. var.
D. Emilie GREENE, Erythea, 2: 120. 1894.
Plants often 3 feet high: racemes elongated: flowers usually
more numerous than in the type. Open places near the head
of Knight’s Valley, Sonoma Co., Calif. (f).

noe), tricome Micux. Fi. p: 314. “1803.
D. flexuosum Rar. Ann. Nat. 1: 12. 1820.
D. aconttifolium MuHLENB. ex Huth, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 445.
1895.

Stem succulent, about 1 foot high: leaves 3-5-parted with
3-5-cleft linear lobes; petioles smooth, hardly dilating at the
base: flowers large, blue, rarely whitish; upper petals some-
times yellow, with blue veins; lower ones white-bearded ;
sepals nearly equalling the spur: follicles 3 or 4, very long,
becoming glabrous, strongly diverging; seeds smooth. May.
Northern States. Lodd. Bot. Cab. 4: 306. Very beautiful
and much used.

16. D Andersonii Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 53. 1887.

D. decorum var. Nevadense Warts. Bot. Calif. 1: 11.
£O70.. In parts

D. Menztesie Wats. Bot. King Exp. 1871. Not DC.

D. tricorne var. Andersonit Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 13.
1892.

Stem erect, robust, nearly glabrous, 1% feet high: leaves
rather small, thickish, cuneate divisions, lobes obtuse, short:
racemes long, dense: flowers blue; sepals % inch long, shorter
than the spur: follicles 3 to 5, about 1% inch long, not recury-
ing; seeds winged. Western Nevada to mountains of Cali-
fornia (ft). JD. Sonnez GREENE, Pitt. 3: 264, 1897, is a
slender, weak form, from California (f+).

E7e.D..Parishii Gray, Bot. Gaz..12: 53. 1887.

Several stemmed, much like the following, but with racemes
and flowers smaller: sepals oblong, 1% to % inch long, hardly
surpassing the petals, shorter than the spur; upper petals yel-
lowish : seed-coats transversely wrinkled; margin broad, wing-
like. Southeastern California, southward into Lower Cali-
fornia (f).

no. D. Parryi Gray, Bot. Gaz..t2: 53. 1887.
Much like the last: leaves not thick, divisions or lobes few

449 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

and linear: sepals oval, over ¥% inch long, much surpassing
the petals, fully as long as the spur: follicles as in the last;
seeds with loose coats, folded at the angles forming wing-like
processes. Southern California (tf).

19. D. Menziesii DC. Syst. 1: 355. 1818.

D. pauperculum GREENE, Pitt. 1: 284. 1889.

Plant sparingly pubescent: stem simple, slender, % to1™%
feet high, few-leaved: leaves small, 3-5-parted, the divisions
mainly cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes; petioles hardly di-
lating at the base: flowers in simple conical racemes; sepals
blue, somewhat pubescent outside, nearly equalling the spurs
in length; upper petals yellowish: follicles 3, pubescent or
sometimes glabrous; seeds black-winged on the outer angles.
April to June. On hills, California and northward to Alaska.
Bote neo. 14; 1192.

20. D. pauciforum Nurr..ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. eaggee
1838.

D. Nuttallianum Pritz.in Walpers Rep. 2: 744. 1843.

D. Menziesit var. pauciforum Wutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20:

445- 1895.

Stem slender, nearly glabrous, % to 1 foot high; oblong or
fusiform fasciculate-tuberous roots: leaves small, parted into
narrow linear lobes; petioles not dilating at base: flowers and
fruit similar to those of D. Menziesz7, but on shorter pedicels.
May to June. Colorado to Washington and California.

Var. Nevadense Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: 50. 1895.

D. decorum var. Nevadense Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 11.
1376.) in ‘part.

Leaves much dissected: racemes with spreading pedicels:
flowers often pinkish purple; sepals longer than in the type
but shorter than the spur: follicles much like the type. Sierra
Nevadas, above Cisco, and in Plumas Co., Calif., into Ne-
vada (f).

Var. depauperatum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 54. 1887.

D. tricorne var. depauperatum Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 73.
1892.

Stem leaves few, lobes ovate to lanceolate: racemes fewer
flowered than in the type and in the preceding variety. North-
western Nevada into Oregon (f).

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 443

21. D. Brunonianum Roy te, Ill. Bot. Himal. 56. 1839.

D. moschatum Munro ex Hook. f. & Thoms. FI. Ind. 53.
1858.

Stems erect, % to 1% feet high: plant somewhat pubescent :
upper leaves 3-parted, lower ones reniform, 5-parted, segments
deeply cut, musk scented: flowers large, light blue with pur-
ple margins, center black; spur very short; sepals 1 inchlong,

»membranous and often clinging until the fruit is mature: folli-
cles 3 or 4, villose. June to July. China. Revue Belg. 1863:
34. Bot. Mag. 5461.

22. D. Cashmirianum Roy eg, Ill. Himal. 55. 1839.

Plant pubescent, not very leafy: stem simple, erect, slen-
der, 10 to 18 inches high: root leaves orbicular, 2-3 inches in
diameter, 5-7-lobed, coarsely acutely toothed and cut: peti-
oles 5-8 inches long; stem leaves short-petioled, 3-5-lobed, cut
like the radical ones, all rather thick. and bright green: inflo-
rescence corymbose, the branches rather spreading: flowers 2
inches long, deep azure blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated, de-
curved, little over half as long as sepal; upper petals almost
black, 2-lobed, lateral ones greenish: follicles 3 to 5, hairy,
July to September. Himalayas. Bot. Mag. 6189. Garten-
mora, 1105. Garden 18; 261. Rev. Hort. 1893, p. 259.

Var. Walkeri Hook. Bot. Mag. ¢. 6830. 1885.

Stem very short, leafy, many-flowered: upper leaves less
lobed or almost entire, small, long-petioled: flowers very large,
light blue with yellow petals. Suited to rockwork.

22. D. altissimum Waxuicu. Pl. Asiat.. Rar. 2: 25. ¢. r2é.
poi ame

Stem tall and slender, branched; plant shaggy-hairy above:
leaves palmately 5-parted, the divisions 3-lobed and toothed ;
bracts long-lanceolate: flowers blue or purple in long branch-
ing racemes; spur straight or slightly incurved, equalling the
sepals; petals 2-lobed: 3 erect follicles; seeds not winged nor
scaly. August to September. Himalayas.

ea, D. exaltatum Arron, Hort. Kew. 1 ed..2: 244. 1789.
D, trydactylum Micux. Fl. 1: 314. 1803.
wy, .dlacimum) Witep., ex; Huth, .Bot; Jahrb: -20::..455-
1885.

Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish: leaves flat, nearly

444 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

glabrous, deeply cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped lobes, which
are often trifid, petioles usually not dilated at the base: flowers
medium in size, blue with upper petals yellow, sepals nearly
equalling the spur in length; flowers on long, crowded, erect,
pyramidal racemes: follicles 3, pubescent or smooth ; seed coats
irregularly wrinkled. June to August. Borders of woods.
Alabama and Carolina to Minnesota.

25. D. Treleasei B. F. Busn, n. sp.

Roots fascicled, rather fleshy: stem green, slender but erect,
usually 2 to 4 feet high, simple or branched, glabrous through-
out, somewhat glaucous: only 1 or 2 true stem leaves, basal
leaves 2 to 5, 2 to 5 inches across, about 5-parted, and lobed
into narrow segments with calloused tips; petiole of lowest stem
leaf dilating : inflorescence open and somewhat branching ; pedi-
cels long and very slender, ascending or spreading, pubescent on
upper part; spurs and sepals about equal, blue, puberulent with-
out; petals much shorter than sepals and very narrow; upper
petals blue at the ends, lower ones blue with dense yellow beard ;
spur straight, sometimes 2-lobed ;: sepals narrowly ovate ; bractlets
very small and slender, usually not very close to the pubescent
receptacle: follicles 3, not divergent, sparsely hairy; styles
divergent, % the length of follicles; stigmas 2-lobed; seed
coats dark brown, loose and much wrinkled. Collected by B.
F. Bush (No. 73), May 28, 1898, Eagle Rock, Mo.; (No. 81)
June 10, 1899, Forsyth, Mo. Common in barrens (f).

This is perhaps most nearly related to D. Carolinianum.
Besides the difference in floral characters the plant is glabrous,
somewhat glaucous: roots fleshy, fascicled: racemes open:
stem leaves about 2: follicles always 3.

26. D. Carolinianum Watt. Fl. Carol. 155. 1788.

D. azgureum Micux. Fl. 1: 314. 1803.

iD orvescens NUTT. Genta: 246 Sic.

D. azureum var. laxiflorum Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 450.
1895.

Stem 1% to 2% feet high, not much branched, plant some-
what pubescent: leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions 3-5-cleft
into usually linear lobes: spicate racemes slender, usually many-
flowered: flowers small, azure-blue; spurs slender: 3 to 5 fol-
licles, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled and rough-

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 445

ened. Florida to South Carolina, west to Missouri, Arkansas,
and Mississippi. Paxt. Mag. 16: 258.

Var. album Horr.

A garden variety, somewhat taller: leaves larger and with
broader divisions: flowers creamy-white. There is a double
form of this not much used in the trade.

Var. vimineum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12:52. 1887.

D). vimineum D. Don, in Sweet’s Brit. Fl. Gard. II, 4:
ui (Loo.
me errescens GRAY, Pl. aindh. 271142.'' 1850.

Very slender and tall, more branched, and with looser inflo-
rescence than the type: seeds larger, transversely winged or
deeply and thinly wrinkled. Gulf region of Louisiana and
Mexas. Bot. Mag. 3593. Bot. Reg. ‘13: 1999 (as D. azu-

reum) (t+).
27. D. Oreganum Howe tu, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 22. 1897.

Tuber flattish, somewhat branched: plant finely pubescent,
stem often slender, 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly leafy : leaves dis-
sected into acute linear lobes: racemes rather open: flowers
large, blue; sepals broadly lanceolate, shorter than the slender
spur, and longer than the petals; upper petals yellow or white
at tip, lower ones blue, truncate, bearded: follicles 3 to 4 lines
long, 1 line broad, densely tomentose, not spreading; seed tri-
angular with rounded and rugose back, and truncate summit.
Open places. Willamette valley, Oregon. It differs from D.
Carolinianum chiefly in its open paniculate inflorescence, its
very small follicles, few stem leaves, and its seed characters (f).

28. D. Geyeri GREENE, Erythea, 2: 189. Dec., 1894.

This differs from JD. camporum in the color of the flowers,
which are almost wholly blue, and in having the upper branch-
lets much larger than in that species: seeds somewhat winged
and roughened. High plains, western Nebraska and Kansas,
west to the mountains (fT).

Var. Wootoni n. var.

D. Wootont Rrvs. Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 587. 1899.

This southern variety is intermediate between D. camporum
and J. Geyer? in the size of its upper branchlets: sepals blue or
bluish, petals white or nearly so. Arizona and New Mexico (f).

446 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Var. geraniifolium n. var.
D. geranitfolium Ryvs. Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 583. 1899.
Differs from the type only in having broader leaf segments,
bractlets variable in size, and pedicels slightly more spreading.

Charles valley, Arizona (f).

29. D. camporum GREENE, Erythea, 2: 183. Nov., 1894.
D. albescens Ryvs. Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 583. 1899.

Roots fascicled, fleshy-fibrous: stem stout, erect, 1 to 3 feet
high, pubescent throughout, especially above: a dense cluster
of finely dissected root-leaves, and very few stem-leaves: ra-
ceme long and simple, often dense; pedicels short, erect or ap-
pressed: flowers white with blue spots on sepals, and sometimes
tinged with blue or flesh color; spurs straight or curved, longer
than the sepals; upper petals often tinged with yellow, lower
ones 2-lobed, bearded: follicles pubescent, seeds scaly and often
winged at the angles. Widely distributed. Manitoba to Ar-
kansas and San Antonio, Texas, west to the Rockies (f).

Var. Penardi n. var.

D. Penardi Hutu, in Helios 10: 27. 1893.

Flowers and leaves much like the type: upper petals toothed :
seeds large, black, slightly scaly. Flagstaff Hill and Boulder,
Colo., #de Huth. No type of this is known in America, but
seeds of it have been sent to Columbia University by M. E.
Autran, of the Boissier Herbarium. A specimen from Esmeralda
Co., Neb. (W. H. Shockley, 1881), in Gray Herbarium agrees
in characters of seeds and leaves, but notin color of flowers. It
is an intermediate form between this variety and D. Geyer (ft),

Var. macroseratilis n. var.

D. macroseratilis Ryps. Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 585. 1899.

Slender, leaf-segments fewer than in the type: flowers much
the same. Represents the southern variation of the camporum
eroup. “Hom Greene Co-,;) Nex...(7).

30. D. scaposum GREENE, Bot. Gaz. 6: 156. 1881.

Root a cluster of thickened, fleshy fibres: stem leafless as in
D. nudicaule; radical leaves rather fleshy, pubescent, 3-parted,
the divisions wedge-shaped, 3—5-cleft or toothed, the teeth end-
ing in a calloused point: racemes many-flowered, pedicels as
long as the deep azure blue flowers; spur incurved: follicles 3
to 5; seed coat somewhat loose and wrinkled. Southern Utah
and Arizona (f).

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 447

31. D. uliginosum Curran, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 151. 1885.

Stem leafless, often branching: radical leaves 3-cleft, lobes
entire or iI-—3-toothed: racemes rather few-flowered: blue
sepals % inch long, equalling the straight spur: follicles 3 to
5, erect, nearly % inch long; seed coats minutely wrinkled and
muriculate. Lake Co., Calif., in swampy ground (f).

a2. D.-trolliifolium Gray, Proc..Am. Acad..8: 375. 1872.
D exaltatum var. trollitfolium Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 11.
1892.

Stem 2 to 5 feet, leafy, often reclining : leaves thinnish, large,
often reniform at base, 3-7-parted, lobes wedge-shape, incised :
racemes in large plants I to 2 feet long and very loose: flowers
blue with upper petals white; spur and sepals each 34 inch
long: follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crown at the
end. April. Moist grounds, Columbia river.

ae. Clatum Linn. Sp. Pl. 531. 1753.

D. tntermedium WiLup. ex Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 ed. 2: 243.
1789.

. Clustanum ost. Fl. Aust. 2:67. 1797.

Ee arpurmm WALDST. 6 Kir. Pl. Rar.-Hung.” 3: 273.
POT.

D. palmatiidum DC. Syst. 1: 358. 1818 in part.

D. ranunculifolium Wa... Cat. n. 4716. 1828.

D. pyramidale Rove, Ill. Bot. Himal. 56. 1839.

D. discolor Fiscu. ex Huth, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 399. 1895.

Glabrous, 2 to 3% feet high: leaves somewhat pubescent,
5-7-parted, parts rather narrow, cut-lobed; upper leaves 3-5-
parted; petioles not dilated at the base: raceme much like D.
exaltatum, or more spike-like: flowers blue with dark violet
petals; sepals ovate, glabrous, nearly equalling the spurs: fol-
licles 3, seeds transversely wrinkled, not scaly. June to Au-
gust. Bot. Reg. 23: 1963. Gartenflora, 736 4 &c (vars.),
Flor. des Serr. 12: 1287 (var. flore-pleno). Revue Hort. 1859,
p- 529; 1893, p. 258.—A polymorphous and complex species of
Europe. Itis probable that all or nearly all the plants sold here
under this name should be called JD. exaltatum, which is a
closely allied species.

©

448 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

34. D. grandiflorum Linn. Sp. Pl. 531. 1753.
D. stnense Fiscu. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 80.
O22).
D. wrgatum Jacq. f. ex Spreng. Syst. 2: 617. toagee
Not Poir.

Stem rather slender, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves rather small,
many times parted into nearly distinct, narrow, linear lobes:
flowers large, blue, varying to white, the spur and lower petals
often violet, upper petals often yellow; spurs long and taper-
pointed: follicles 3, pubescent; seeds triangular, coats wrin-
kled, not scaly. July to August. Siberia. Bot. Mag. 1686.
Garden 46: ¢. 997 & p. 484.

There are several garden varieties: var. album, Hort.
Flowers pure white. Var. a/bum-pleno Hort. Flowers double
and pure white. Var. flore-ple:io Hort. Flowers double,
blue, very pretty.

Var. Chinensis FiscHER ex DC. Prod. 1: 53. 1824.

Stems very slender, not much branched: leaves and flowers
like the type, but flowers more numerous. China. Lodd. Bot.
Cab. 1: 71. <A favorite garden plant.

25. D. cheilanthum Piscu. ex DC. Syst...1: 352. “tomes
D. magnificum Paxt. Mag. Bot. 16: 258. 1849.
D. formosum Hort. Not Boiss. & Huet.

Stem erect, simple or branched, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves gla-
brous or slightly pubescent, 5-parted, the lobes pointed, sub-tri-
fid and somewhat toothed: flowers dark blue, the upper petals
sometimes pale yellow, the lower ones inflexed, ovate, entire ;
spur rather long, straight or somewhat curved: 3 follicles, either
glabrous or pubescent; seeds three-cornered, three-winged, not
scaly. June and July. Siberia. Bot. Rep.6: 473: - Garmeme
flora, 13\: 253.

36. D. scopulorum Gray, Pl. Wright. 2: 9. 1853.
D. exaltatum Hoox. Fl. 1: 25. 1829.
D. exaltatum var. scopulorum Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 12.
1892.

Stem 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below: leaves 5~7-parted,
the basal ones with very broad segments, which are round and
apiculate at apex; other leaves more narrowly cleft; petioles
dilating at the base: flowers blue or purple, rarely white, upper

Davis: DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 449

petals often yellow ; spur one-half inchlong, equalling the sepals ;
racemes simple, densely many-flowered: follicles 3, pubescent ;
seeds black with loose coats, not scaly, but slightly winged.
Aug. to Sept. Moist ground, west of Rockies.
Var. subalpinum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 52. 1887.
D. occidentale Warts. Bot. Calif. 2: 428. 1880.
D. elatum var. occidentale Wats. Bot. King Exp. 11.
10 }7 pice
D. exaltatum var. Barbeyt Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 11.
1892.
Z paroey: Worn, Bull. Herb. Boiss. t: 335. 2.77. 1893.

A smaller plant, pubescent above: broader divisions of
leaves: shorter racemes: larger and deeper colored flowers : fol-
licles glabrous ; seeds much like the type. Wasatch Mountains.

Var. stachydeum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 52. 1887.

Stem erect, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves with narrow divisions:
plant cinereous-pubescent throughout; seeds black like the
type. Oregon to New Mexico and Arizona (f).

Var. attenuatum Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. II, 5: 617. 1895.

Stems in tufts, 3 to 4 feet high: leaves like the type; pubes-
cence like var. subalpinum: flowers large, deep blue, with an
odor of musk; sepals long and narrow, 3 times as long as the
petals, and longer than the spur; upper petals white, lower ones
bearded. Utah. Allied to D. elatum (ft).

Var. diversifolium n. var.

D. diversifolium GREENE, Pitt. 3:93. 18096.

Stems often tufted, rather tall and slender: lowest leaves
nearly reniform in outline, not more than 3-parted, the parts
with lobes rounded at the ends, the sinuses very narrow; other
leaves like the type: plant somewhat pubescent in upper parts
and on the follicles. Moist meadows, head waters of the Hum-
boldt river, eastern Nevada (f).

37. D. glaucum Warts. Bot. Calif. 2: 427. 1880.
D. scopulorum Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 11. 1876.
D. scopulorum var. glaucum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 52.
1887.
D. exaltatum var. glaucum Hutu, Delph. N. Am. 11.
1892.
Much like D. scopulorum: plants with a broader type of
leaves, often glaucous, glabrous, or the pedicels slightly glan-

450 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

dular-pubescent: lower petals deeply lobed: pistils and fruits
glabrous; seeds black with light wings. Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia and San Bernardino mountains, altitude 6,000 to 10,000
feet, north to Alaska (fT).

328. D. glaucescens ‘Ryps. Mem. N- Y. Bot. Gard. 177i

1gOO.

Rootstock thickened: stem somewhat angled, plant finely
pubescent especially above, or in age glabrate, somewhat glau-
cous, I to 2 feet high: leaves divided to near the base into 5 to
8 cuneate divisions, these generally deeply 3-cleft: raceme
simple, rather short, lower bracts linear, longer than the flowers,
the upper ones subulate; pedicels and flowers densely pilose,
pedicels spreading: flowers dark blue or variegated with white,
somewhat nodding; spur straight, equalling the sepals; upper
petals yellowish white, tipped and tinged with blue: ovaries
densely hairy ; fruit notseen. Rocky places, Cedar mountains,
Montana, and Yellowstone Park. Differs from D. g7aucum in
its shorter and more pilose inflorescence, lower and more tufted
habit, and in hairy ovaries (f).

Var. multicaule Ryps. Mem. N. Y.. Bot. Gard. 22\a5@

1900.

More bushy than the type and less pubescent: leaf segments
longer and narrower: flowers smaller; spur curved. Rock
slides, Cedar Mt., Montana (ft).

39. D. Nuttallii Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12:54. 1887.
D. exaltatum var. Nuttallit Hutu, Delph. N. Am. g.
1892.
D. Columbianum GREENE, Erythea, 2: 193. 1894.
D. simplex Nutt. ex Huth, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 472. 1895.

Stem erect, simple, nearly glabrous, leafy, 14 to 24 feet high:
leaves thinnish, 3—5-parted, parts divided into many linear-ob-
long lobes: racemes long, many-flowered; sepals deep blue,
ovate, sparingly pubescent, shorter than the spur; petals blue
or upper ones yellow, lower ones white-bearded: follicles 3,
pubescent, rather erect; seeds thin, dark with yellow wings.
Summer. Low open woods, Columbia River.

Var. leucopheum n. var.

D. leucopheum GREENE, Erythea, 3: 118. 1895.

A slender whitish plant, with sepals and lower petals white,

upper petals blue. Oregon (f).

Davis ; DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 451

40. D. distichum Geyer, in Hook. London Journ. Bot. 6:
65, %5947:
D. simplex var. distichiflorum Hook. 1. c. 67.
D. azureum Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 217. 1854.

Not so tall as D. semplex, glabrous or inflorescence pube-
rulent: leaves rather thicker: flowers and fruit much like those
of D. simplex; upper petals whitish. Low prairies of eastern
Oregon and Washington, eastward in Montana (f).

Without seeing the follicle and seeds of D. Burkez GREENE,
Erythea, 2: 183, 1894, it is best not to consider it as distinct
from D. distichum. 'The type specimenis at Kew. Thus far
no preserved specimens showing follicles and seeds were found.
The type is supposed to have come from the ‘* Snake Country,
probably in Idaho,” but collectors in that region have been un-
able to rediscover the plant.

41. D. simplex Doue.. ex Hook. Fl. 1: 25. 1829.
D. azureum var. simplex Hutu, Delph. N. Am. g. 1892.

Stem nearly simple, 2 to 3 feet high, soft-pubescent through-
out: leaves many-parted into linear divisions and lobes:
racemes dense, little branched: flowers pale blue with upper
petals yellow, lower petals white-bearded ; sepals equalling the
spur: follicles 3, pubescent; seeds dark with margins white-
winged. June. Mountains of Idaho and Oregon.

42. D. formosum Boiss. & Huet, Diagn. Sec. II, 5: 13.
1856.
D. speciosum Boiss. & HuEer ex Huth, Bot. Jahrb. 20:
Bion Loos.) Not. NE. Bieb:

Stem strong, 2 to 3 feet high, hairy below, rather glabrous
above: lower leaves 5-7-parted, long-petioled, upper ones 3-5-
parted, short-petioled or sessile, all alternate: racemes many-
flowered: flowers blue with indigo margins; spur long, violet
colored, bifid at the tips: follicles 3, pubescent; seeds scaly.
June to July. Asia Minor, perhaps; but its origin is disputed.
Mier. des Serr. 12: 1185.

43. D. Maackianum ReEGceEL, in Mem. Acad. Petersb. VII,

weg. 1861.

Erect, 3 feet high, pubescent or glabrous, branched above:
leaves pubescent on both sides, base often truncate or reniform,
3-5-parted, the parts serrate; the bases of petioles dilated:

452 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

flowers in loose panicles; peduncles yellow-hairy, with the
bracts often inserted above the base; sepals blue, % as long as
the spurs; petals dark violet: follicles often glabrous, 34 inch
long; seeds small, distinctly scaly. July. Siberia. Garten-
flora, 344.

44. D. hybridum STEpuH. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 1229. 1799.
D. davuricum Georat, Beschr. Russ. Reich. III, 4: 1052.
1800.
D. jissum Waxpst. & Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. 1: 83.20 ¢72
1802.
D. hirsutum PERs. Syn. 2: 82. 1807.
PD. tauricum PaAuuas ex Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. aie
1808.

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, pubescent above: root somewhat bulb-
ous: leaves 5- to many-parted, lobes linear, petioles dilated and
sheathing at the base: racemes dense: flowers blue, lower limbs
white-bearded; straight spur, longer than the sepals: follicles
3, hairy; ovate seeds with transverse scales. June to August.
Mountains of Asia. Revue Hort. 1893, p. 258.—There are
many double and semi-double varieties of thistype. Var. flore-
pleno Hort., has large double flowers colored as in the type.
Var. Barlow? Paxt., has very large semi-double flowers, deep
blue with brownish center; a supposed hybrid with D. grandi-
florum. Bot. Reg. 1944.

45. D. Madrense Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 141. 1890.

Resembles D. paucifiorum; slender, 2 feet high or less, from
a thickened rootstock, pubescent with reflexed hairs below,
glandular-hispid above: leaves 3-parted, the lobes 5—7-cleft into
linear-oblong segments, lowest ones less cleft: flowers few,
small, pale blue, in a slender raceme; spur narrow, straight;
lateral petals long-villous: carpels short, glandular-hispid.
May. In mountains near Monterey, Mexico. Collected by
Pringle (n. 3014) (f).

46. D. bicornutum Hens. Diagn. Pl. Nov. 2: 17. 1879.

Stem nearly simple, stout, 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous or
puberulent on inflorescence and under the leaves: leaves long-
petioled, 5-parted, 3-5-lobed; bracts linear; pedicels bibrac-
teolate; bractlets cuneate: flowers blue, spurs nearly straight,

Davis + DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 453

sepals oblong; upper petals narrow, obtuse or retuse; lower
petals bifid: carpels 3, puberulent at first. Oaxaca (f).

Var. Hemsleyi Hutu, Bot. Jahrb. 20: 453. 1895.

Spurs distinctly 2-lobed at the end (f).

47. D. Ehrenbergi Hutu, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1: 336. ¢.

ie fe.2s. S93.

Stem simple, succulent, very leafy, 1 to 2 feet high; petioles
long with dilating bases: leaves 3-5-parted, cut into many ob-
long or linear lobes: racemes few-flowered, pedicels erect, lower
ones I to 2 inches long: flowers blue; spurs straight, equalling
the sepals, which are oval, pubescent; upper petals yellow with
blue tips, lower ones 2-lobed, sparsely bearded, appendiculate
at base: follicles 3, erect, pubescent. Near El Cerro, Mex. (f).

48. D. pedatisectum Hemst. Diagn. Pl. Nov. 2: 18. 1879.

Stem branching, branches smooth: leaves 3-7-parted, parts
scarcely lobed, puberulent: flowers blue, on long, slender,
puberulent pedicels; bracts and _ bractlets linear-subulate ;
sepals oblique-oblong; upper petals deeply 2-lobed, much
shorter than the spur, lower petals 2-lobed, bearded, appendi-
culate at base; stigmas glabrous: follicles 3, tomentose when
young; styles long. Mexico. Specimen at Kew (f).

49. D. latisepalum Hens. Diagn. Pl. Nov. 2: 17. 1879.

Plant pubescent or villose: stem nearly simple: leaves 5-
parted; the parts of the basal leaves again 3—5-lobed, parts of
stem leaves nearly linear: flowers few on slender pedicels;
spurs slightly curved, nearly equalling the sepals; sepals vil-
lose; upper petals narrow, slightly 2-lobed at the points; lower
petals not appendiculate, deeply 2-lobed, much bearded on both
sides; stamens glabrous: follicles 3, clothed with white
pubescence when young. 9,000 feet. Mt. Tanga, Oaxaca,
Mex. Specimen at Kew (f).

50. D. tenuisectum GREENE, Erythea, 2: 184. 1894.

Root thick, woody, deep: stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple or
little branched, not very stout, sulcate above: plant finely
pubescent throughout, leafy: leaves very finely dissected into
linear segments, the lower stem leaves on rather long petioles
dilated at base: racemes about 8 inches long, loosely flowered,
pedicels very slender, nearly erect, upper ones not longer than

454 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

the spurs; bractlets of lower pedicels lobed; bractlets of upper
pedicels slender and near the flowers; sepals about equal to
spur in length, blue within, tinged with yellow outside; upper
petals yellow with blue tips; lower ones either blue or yel-
lowish, 2-lobed with a few long, white hairs on inside of lobes:
follicles 3, large, slightly spreading ; seeds nearly black, coats
roughened, forming slight wings at the angles. Cool banks of
ravines in plains at base of the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mex.
Collected’ first ‘by 'C. G.: Pringle (n. 11384), Sept.’ 27) aeuge
Differs essentially from DY. scopulorum in its finely dissected
leaves (Tt).

51. D. leptophyllum Hemst. Diagn. Pl. Nov. 2: 18. 1879.

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, glabrous, somewhat branched: leaves
glabrous, deeply 5-parted, and cut into oblong to linear lobes;
bracts entire, linear: inflorescence open, few-flowered ; pedicels
I to 2 inches long; bractlets remote from flower: flowers large,
blue; spur large; sepals puberulent, ovate, obtuse, 24 inch
long; petals dull yellow; upper ones slightly 2-lobed, nearly
glabrous; lower ones deeply 2-lobed, slightly bearded: folli-
cles 3, densely villose when young, half inch long when mature,
not spreading: seed slightly winged, and transversely wrinkled.
October. San Luis Potosi and Montes San Miguelito, Guana-
juata, southern Mexico (f).

52. D. Wislizeni ENcELM. in Wisliz. Tour N. Mex. 106.
1848.

Stem simple, 2 to 2% feet high, slender, glabrous, glaucous ;
petioles elongated, lower ones dilated at base: leaves cut into
linear segments; pedicels long: flowers few, spur 2% inches
long, blue, slightly pubescent outside; the outer sepal acute,
others obtuse: follicles glabrous even when young. Wislizeni
region, Mexico. Later found near Cosihuiriachi, 8,000 feet.
In flower in Sept. (f).

EXCLUDED.

D. urceolatum Jaca, Coll. 1: 153, 1786, is figured in Bot.
Mag. n. 1791, but no nativity is given. From character it may
be allied to D. exaltatum, but it is probably not American.

Davis:

INDEX TO SPECIFIC AND VARIETAL

DELPHINIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA.

455

NAMES OF

DELPHINIUM.

aconitifolium, 15.

addendum, \.

Ajacts, I.

albescens, 29.

alpinum, 33.

altissitmum, 23.

Andersontt, 16.

appiculatum, 14.

azureum Hook. & Arn., 12.

azureum Michx., 26.

azureum Torr., 40.

azureum T. & G., 12.

azureum var. laxiflorum, 20.

azureum var. stmplex, 41.

Barbeyt, 36.

bicolor, 10.

bicolor var. cognatum, 10.

bicolor var. glareosum, 10.

bicolor var. Montanense, 10.

bicolor var. Nelsoniz, 10.

bicornutum, 46.

bicornutum var. Hemsley, 46.

Blochmane, 14.

Brunonitanum, 21.

Burkeyt, 40.

Californicum, 6.

Californicum var. laxtusculum,
6.

Californicum var. scapigerum,
6.

camporum, 29.

camporum var.
29.

camporum var. Penard?, 29.

cardinale, 4.

Carolintanum, 26.

macroseratilis,

Carolinianum var. album, 26.

Carolintanum var. vimineum,

26.

Cashmirianum, 22.

Cashmtrianum var. Walkert, 22.

CERATOSANTHUS Ajacts, I.

CERATOSANTHUS consolida, 2.

cheilanthum, 35.

clustanum, 33.

coccimeum, 4.

cognatum, 10.

Columbianum, 39.

consolida Sibth. & Sm., 1.

consolida Linn., 2.

davuricum, 44.

decorum Benth., 14.

decorum Fisch. & Mey., It.

decorum var. gractlentum, U1.

decorum var. Nevadense, 16 and
20.

decorum var. nudicaule, 3.

decorum var. patens, Il.

discolor, 33.

distichum, 40.

diverstfolium, 36.

Ethrenbergi, 47.

elatum, 33.

elatum var. occidentale, 36.

Emilia, 14.

exaltatum Ait., 24.

exaltatum Hook. & Arn., 6.

exaltatum Hook., 36.

exaltatum var. Barbeyt, 36.

exaltatum var. Californicum, 6.

exaltatum var. glaucum, 37.

exaltatum var. Nuttalliz, 39.

exaltatum var. scopulorum, 36.

exaltatum var. trollitfolium, 32.

Jjissum, 44.

flammeum, 4.

Jlexuosum, 15.

Sormosum Boiss. & Huet, 42.
Sormosum Hort., 35.

geranitfolium, 28.

456

Geyerz, 28.

Geyeri var. gerantifolium, 28.

Geyeré var. Wootonz, 28.

glareosum, 10.

glaucescens, 38.

glaucescens var. multicaule, 38.

Llaucum, 37.

gractlentum, 11.

grandtflorum, 34.

grandifiorum var. Chinensis, 34.

erandifiorum var. variegatum,
14.

fTansent, 13.

fTansent var. arcuatum, 13.

hespertum Wuth, 11.

hespertum Gray, 12.

hespertum var. Hlansent, 13.

hespertum var. recurvatum, 12.

hirsutum, 44.

hybridum, 44.

hybridum var. Barlow?, 44.

hybridum var. sulphureum, §.

tntermedium, 33.

latisepalum, 49.

leptophyllum, 51.

leucopheum, 39.

lilactnum, 24.

Maackianum, 43.

Macount?, 14.

macroseratilis, 29.

Madrense, 45.

MALNIfiCUM, 35.

Menztestt DC., 19.

Menztestz Wats., 16.

Menztestt Gray, 10.

Menziestz var. ochroleucum, 12.

Menztestt var. pauciflorum, 20.

Meuztestt var. Utahense, 10.

monophyllum, 2.

moschatum, 21.

NNelsonz, 10.

nudicaule, 3.

Nuttalltz, 39.

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Nuttalli¢ var. leucopheum, 39.

Nuttallianum, 20.

occidentale, 36.

Oreganum, 27.

ornatum Bouche, tI.

ornatum Greene, 14.

palmatifidum, 33.

Partshtt, 17.

PAPI V2, Ves

patens, Il.

pauctflorum, 20.

pauctflorum var. depauperatum,
20.

paucifiorum var. Nevadense, 20.

pauperculum, 19.

pedatisectum, 48.

peltatum, 3.

Penardi, 29.

Przewalskianum, 7.

Przewalskit, 7.

pubescens, I.

pyramidale, 33.

ranuncultfolium, 33.

recurvatum, 12.

sarcophyllum, 3.

Scaposum, 30.

scopulorum Gray, 36.

scopulorum Wats., 37:

scopulorum var. attenuatum, 36

scopulorum var. diverstfolium,
36.

scopulorum var. glaucum, 37.

scopulorum var. stachydeum, 36.

scopulorum var. subalpinum, 36.

segetum, 2.

simplex Dougl., 41.

simplex Hook. & Arn., 12.

simplex Nutt., 39.

simplex Wats., 12.

simplex var. distichtflorum, 40.

stmense, 34.

Sonnet, 16.

speciosum, 42.

, Ph
’ Y
j , q aL!
®

Le A

SS a li Ce
NIUMS OF NORTH AMERICA.

tcum, 44. ; variegatum var. Emilie, 14.
utsectum, 50. versicolor, 2.
eleaset, 25. vimineum, 26.
corme, 15. virescens Gray, 26.

tcorne var. Andersonit, 16. virescens Nutt., 26.
‘ricorne var. depauperatum, virescens Rydb., 6.
tricorme var. patens, Il. virgatum, 34.

slliifolium, 32. viride, 9.

‘ydactylum, 24. viridescens, 5.

rinOSUM, 31. Wootonz, 28.
zegatum, 14. Wrslizenz, 52.
zegatum var. apiculatum, Zaltl, 8.
‘tegatum var. Blochmane, 4.

XXVI. NATIVE AND CULTIVATED RANUNCULI OF
NORTH AMERICA AND SEGREGATED GENERA.

K: €2 Davis:

Few groups of plants are perhaps less understood than this
one. The range of variation in characters is rather limited and
yet the number of species is very great. Six genera have taken
from Feanunculus about thirty-six species and yet that genus re-
tains more species than any other of the order Ranunculaceae.
About 350 names have already been given to American plants
of this group.

Kry To GENERA.

A. Akenes transversely wrinkled; roots fibrous; aquatic or ditch
AEE RIVETS WUTIIE Ce isc as aes ame nnssanuatecwagesave oonseteeae Batrachium.
AA. Akenes not transversely wrinkled.
B. Developed carpels not longitudinally ribbed or striated.
C. Roots not acluster of thickened tubers, or several times longer
than thick.
D. Flowers mostly yellow or white; akenes compressed, never
lanceolate, smooth, papillose or spiny............. Ranunculus.
DD. Flowers white; akenes lanceolate, utricular; style hooked.
Kumlienia.
CC. Roots a cluster of thickened tubers; leaves crenate, cordate;
eetyledow. ONLY «1 tien Jacsteqateows=sbeshie sade sata ene Ficaria.
BB. Developed carpels longitudinally ribbed or striated.
C. Leaves pinnately compound or lobed; akenes terete, style
Persistent, slender, recurved: 3. waite eye easnt seat Cyrtorhyncha.
CC. Leaves not as above; akenes compressed.
D. Akenes with beaks somewhat reflexed; leaves rounded and

TOOU og c20 apeedenen te oc aves susies fede eue ante on Gras Arcteranthis.
DD. Akenes minutely sharp-pointed; leaves crenate-dentate,
ayal-cordate fo, FEMitOrml..gs sass. odie es Geena: mane’ Oxygraphis.

460 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

BATRACHIUM 8S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl 2: 720:

1821.

(Name from the Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat of
the plants.)

Aquatic, or semi-aquatic perennial herbs; leaves dissected or
lobed, submerged ones usually with filiform segments; petioles
with stipular-dilated membranous bases: flowers solitary, op-
posite the leaves, rather small, white; sepals usually 5; petals
usually 5, base often yellowish; claw with a naked nectar pit;
stamens several or many: ovules oblique, compressed, not
margined, nearly beakless, transversely rugose. About 20
species, mostly of north temperate regions of the world. The
following are all that are found in North America. Section
BatTracuium DC. Syst. 1: 233, under Ranunculus.

Key To SPECIES.

A. Aquatic leaves with filiform segments present; receptacle hairy.
B. Leaves all sessile or nearly s0............20..00000 1. divaricatum.
BB. Leaves, except the upper ones long-petioled.

C. Emersed leaves always present, with segments broader than
RAT aa sitemap tence roen te eee sonemacnetunekiee eens Oaeeces 2. aguatile.

CC. Emersed leaves if present only fleshy or nearly linear.
3. trichophyllum.

AA. Aquatic leaves none, or few, and with few divisions; receptacle

glabrous.
B. Styles minute, shorter than the ovaries............ 4. hederaceum.
Bete by les LOMO aise LILO 5 soso to: niente cigs tan ase one eee 5. Lobbze.

1. B. divaricatum Wino. Fl. Schles. 10. 1841.
Feanunculus aguatilis 8. LINN. Sp. Pl. 556. 1753.
FR. divaricatus SCHRANK, Baier. Fl. 2: 104. 1789.
F. circinatus SiBTH. Fl. Oxon. 175. 1794.
FP. aquatilus var. stagnatalis DC. Prod. 1: 27. 1824.
Batrachium circinatum Spacu. Hist. Veg.'7: 201. 1839.
fe. stagnatalis WALLR. Sched. Crit. 285. 1848.
FP. aquatilis var. divaritcatus GRAy, Man. 2 ed. 7. 1856.
L. longirostris GopRON, Ess. 32. f. 9. 1862.
Fe. aguatilis var. longtrostris Lawson, Rev. Canad.
Ranune. 43. 1870.
Leaves sessile to the dilated stipule-like base, dissected into
rigid lobes spreading at right angles to the stem, not collapsing
when taken from the water; no floating nor emersed leaves:

Davis : RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 461

petals several-nerved, deciduous: styles subulate, as long as the
ovaries, stigma surface along the inner side: receptacle hairy.
July. Chihuahua, Mex., Texas to British Columbia, eastward
and northward to Hudson Bay. Also in Europe.

2. B. aquatile Wimm. Fl. Schles. 8. 1841.
| Ranunculus aquatilis Linn. Sp. Pl. 556. 1753.
Fe. aquatilis var. heterophyllus DC. Prod. 1: 26. 1824.
Le. aquatilis var. hispidulus DREw, Bull. Torr. Club, 16:

150. 1889.
fe. Grayanus FrRrEyN, Deutsche Bot. Monats. 8: 179.
1891.

Floating leaves round-reniform, 3-5-lobed or parted, and
the divisions 2—3-cleft; submersed ones with filiform segments,
widely spreading, rather firm, but collapsing when taken from
water; all the leaves often slightly hispid below: styles sub-
ulate, shorter than the ovaries, introrsely stigmatose: recep-
tacle hairy among the carpels. Ponds and quiet shallow
streams. California to Alaska, Europe and Asia.

3. B. trichophyllum Bosscu. Prod. Fl. Bot. 5. 1850.
Ranunculus trichophyllus Cuatx. in Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph.

E435. 17S6.
mn feccdus PERS. in’ Usteri. Ann: Bot. 5): pt. 14:30.
£795°

Mea panlornrin BROT. ex DC. Syst. 52 235. 1818.

fe. aquatilis var. cespitosus DC. Prod. 1: 26. 1824.

LP. aquatilis var. brachypus Hoox. & ARN. Bot. Beech.
316. 1841.

fe. confervoides FrRiES, Sum. Veg. Scand. 1: 139. 1846.

Le. aquatzlis var. submersus GORDON, in Gren. & Godr.
BI Brig: 2326 248.

Le. aquatilis var. trichophyllus Gray, Man. 5 ed. 40. 1867.

wt: Portert BRiTToN, Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 310: 1890.

Pe. aquatilis var. confervoides GRAY, Syn. Fl. 1:21. 1895.

fe. aquatilis var. flacctdus GRAY, |. c. 21.

This species is polymorphous, including those with filiform
segments to all the leaves or with some of the leaves rather
fleshy, or some narrowly linear, and the submersed leaves are
mostly flaccid, but ‘may be rigid when taken from the water.
The plants have adapted themselves to either aquatic or to
muddy habitats. Widely distributed; America, Europe, Asia.

462 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

~_

a, B:hederaceum. S. F. (Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit.) Pl 2:72am.
S20
Ranunculus hederaceus LANN. Sp. Pl. 556. 1753.

Semi-aquatic, rooting freely from the nodes, in the mud:
leaves seldom submersed, but floating or resting on the mud;
all reniform or nearly so, angulate-lobed, never finely dissected 5
peduncles as short as the petioles: petals deciduous: styles
shorter than ovaries, introrsely stigmatose ; receptacle glabrous.
Naturalized from Europe at Norfolk, Va., and on Newfound-
land.

fee. opp Howey, Fl. N. W. Am. £:°13. @eéo7.
Ranunculus hederaceus var. TORR. Pac. Ry. Rep. 4:

O22 WSs 3e
R. hederaceus var. Lobétt Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc.
Wa) OVO:

R. hydrocharis subsp. Lobdi Hiern. Seem. Journ. Bot.
OG li, 0 1871-

R. aguatilis var. Lobbet Wats. Bibl. Index 17. 1878.

i. dobb7' Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:,364. 13836,

Leaves commonly all floating, small, truncate or cordate at
base, divergently 3-parted: petals persistent; stamens 5 to 10;
styles long and filiform; stigma terminal. In mud or water of
pools, etc. California and Oregon.

RANUNCULUS Lin. Sp. Pl. 548. 1753.

The name is the Latin diminutive for frog, given because
many of the species grow in wet places.

The genus is by far the largest in the Ranunculacee, com-
prising upwards of 200 species. 90 of these are natives or
naturalized in North America; of those in the trade in this
country five are native here; one in the Canaries; five in Eu-
rope, and two of these also in Asia. Those cultivated are so
indicated in the following treatment. Members of the genus
are found in mountainous regions, and in cold and temperate
parts of the globe.

Perennial (rarely annual) herbs: leaves alternate, simple, en-
tire, lobed, dissected or divided: flowers yellow, white or rose;
sepals usually 5, deciduous or marcescent-persistent; petals 5
or more, conspicuous or minute, nectar pit and scale at base;
carpels many, I-ovuled: akenes generally flattened, smooth,

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 463

papillose or spiny, borne in a head or spike; styles minute or
elongated.

In 1886 A. Gray wrote a revision of the North American
Feanunculé found north of northern Mexico. This was pub-
shed in Proc. Am. Acad. 214: 363-378. In Syn. Flora rt:
20-39, the revision is brought down to 1895. Since that date
the list of species has rapidly increased and since Gray’s first
revision two new North American genera have been segregated
from this one. In 1892 N. L. Britton discussed six species
«¢R. repens and its Eastern North American allies,” Trans. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. 12: 2-6. Britton and Brown’s Ill. Flora gives
31 species in eastern United States and Canada. In 1880 J.
Freyn gave a long treatment of about ten species in Flora, 63:
179.

The present treatment includes 96 species, eighteen of which
are found only in Mexico and south of there.

TENTATIVE Key To SPECIES AND GROUPS OF SPECIES.

A. Sepals and petals deciduous (except in 77); petals yellow or
white, with nectary on the claw covered by scale; sepals 5,
(rarely only 3 or 4); petals 5 or more; carpels not utricular
when mature, usually somewhat compressed.—Sec. EuRANUN-
cuLus, Gray.

B. Leaves, at least some of them, lobed or divided.
C. Flowers yellow (except some cultivated forms of 31).
D. Plants terrestrial.
E. Plants not spreading by rooting branches or stolons, ex-
cept in 12, 26 and 27.
F. Sepals glabrous or pubescent but not densely clothed
with black or brown wool.
G. Akenes armed or clothed with prickles, spines or
prominent papille......... I. arvensis; 2. muricatus ;
3. parviflorus; 4. hebecarpus; 5. Galeottiz.
GG. Akenes nearly smooth or pubescent.
H. Leaves, at least some of the radical ones, divided,
the leaflets either sessile or stalked.
I. Radical leaves with some of the leaflets stalked.
J. Petals short, about the length of the sepals,
- or shorter.
Ka lead: of frait olobose......cssciecs. 6. alceus.
KK. Head of fruit oblong to cylindric.
7. Pennsylvanicus.
JJ. Petals longer than the sepals.

464 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

K. Beaks of akenes not hooked.
L. Petals about 5 (or 6), except perhaps
inir.
M. Head of fruit longer than thick.
N. Sepals reflexed.
8. Macouniz; 9. Sardous.
NN. Sepals spreading 10. mdcranthus ;
11. fasctcularis ; 12. septentrionalis.
MM. Head of fruit globose.
N. Stem leaves present; roots fibrous.
13. Hlookert; 14. ptlosus; 15.
Bloomeri; 16. hispidus.
NN. Stem leaves present, roots from
a thickened bulb...... 17. bulbosus.
NNN. Stem leaves wanting.
18. Lcelandicus.
LL. Petals 7 to 16 (double in 21).
19. orthorhynchus; 20. dichotomus ;
21. Llavenus; 22. macranthus:
23. subalpinus.
KK. Beaks of akenes recurved or hooked.
24. canus; 25. amarillo; 26. repens.
II. Radical leaves with the leaflets all sessile.
27. palmatus; 28. Aschenbornianus ;
29. acriformis; 30. Californicus ;
31. Aszaticus.
HH. Leaves, at least the radical ones, usually not
parted to the base, and in some species only
lobed or cleft.
I. Types found native or naturalized north of
Mexico.
J. Sepals exceeding the petals, or sometimes a
trifle shorter, recurved.
K. Beaks of akenes minute, curved, or nearly
wanting....32. abortivus ; 33. sceleratus ;
34. eremogenes.
KK. Beaks of akenes nearly half the length of
the body, recurved...35. Adleghentensis ;
36. recurvatus; 37. Bongardz.
JJ. Sepals decidedly shorter than the petals.
K. Akenes compressed, or flat, with firm or
indurated margin.
I. sepals MeMeRed 1s nacpeds 38. occtdentalts ;
39. Turneri.

» Ae

Davis : RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 465

LL. Sepals spreading.
40. acris; 41. McCallaz.
KK. Akenes turgid or lenticular, marginless.
L. Head of fruit oblong or cylindraceous.
42. pedatifidus; 43. vicinalis; 44.
Eschscholtzit; 45 extmtus ;
46. saxicola.
LL. Head of fruit globose or oval.
47. Suksdorfit; 48. ovalis;
49. Arédzonicus.
II. Types from Old World, cultivated here, not
naturaliged i 92.b5480 seeks ts te 50. montanus ;
51. corthusefolius.
III. Types found only in Mexico and southward
(see also var. of 32).
J. Plants with several slender scapose stems
bearing only bracts and terminal flowers.
52. longipedunculatus.
JJ. Plants usually with true stems, 1 to 8 inches
SoA a ae Bes «8 decd eh at he wtCtaine lage 53. Dontanus ;
54. maulticaul’s; 55. Mexicanus.
JJJ. Plants with true stems one foot high or
HOLES devindnoss 56. uncinatus; 57. petiolarts.
HHH. Leaves all 2 to 4 times ternately parted or di-
vided, divisions 1 line or less in width; flowers few,
large; plants alpine or subalpine, low, decumbent
Of spreading.......2-. 58. adoneus; 59. triternatus.
HHHH. Leaves all palmately or pedately lobed or
divided; sepals nearly equal to the petals; plants
low, tufted, arctic or alpine.
60. Grayl; 61. pygmaeus.
HHHHH. Leaves, some of them, quite entire (ex-
cept in 62); others with a few entire lobes; plants
low and glabrous......62. oxynotus ; 63. digitatus ;
64. glaberrimus.
FF. Sepals densely clothed beneath with black or dark
brown woolsi gis cide 65. Macauleyz; 66. nivalis.
EE. Plants spreading by slender creeping stolons or root-
stocks.......67. zatans ; 08. hyperboreus; 69. Lapponicus.
DD. Plants aquatic or amphibious.
70. delphintfolius ; 71. Purshit; 72. Missourtensis.
CC. Flowers white (except in a double garden form of 73).
73. aconttifolius; 74. Pallastz.
BB. Leaves entire or only denticulate or crenulate, not lobed, from
linear to oblong-lanceolate (or ovate in 75); plants varying from

466 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

erect to creeping and rooting at the nodes; aquatic or in low

Veto TOMNG. fOr) termesthial sac. sescieoams cnensneee ens Sec. FLAMMULA.
C. Blades of stem leaves amplexicaul, leaves entire; flowers
WW IMIG: SNe ME As St oe. sanece etnies bo masrencecs 75. amplextcaults.

CC. Blades of stem leaves not amplexicaul; flowers yellow.
D. Stamens numerous.
E. Plant low or erect, not spreading by slender creeping

stems.
Hie pdinaitalb tag iatic:: >< .tonnce- seeemenencee 76. Lambertianus.
FF. Habitat terrestrial.
G. Sepals and petals persistent........... 77. arnoglossus.
GG. Sepals and petals deciduous.
H: Claw of petal 1 dine long...-...- 78. ungutculatus.

HH. Claw of petal not nearly so long.
I. Akenes beaked.
J. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, often rooting at lower
MOGES Wak, eh otk BAER ls oreuie pas 79. ambigens.
JJ. Stems much lower, not rooting at nodes.
K. Mature fruit glabrous.
L. Beak as long as the akene body.
So. Madrensis.
LL. Beak much shorter than akene body.
M. Petals 4 to 6 lines long; plants soli-
tary, not much tufted..$1. alisme@efolzus.
MM. Petals about 3 lines long; plants
often tufted or covering the ground.

82. altsmellus.

KK. Mature fruit villous-pubescent.
83. Lemmont.

II. Akenes beakless; styles deciduous.
84. oblongifolius.
EE. Plant spreading by slender, or fistulous creeping stems.
F. Lower leaves sometimes cordate; flower stems ascend-
ing.
G. Margins of some of the leaves slightly denticulate.

85. hydrocharotdes.

GG. Margins of leaves entire............. 86. samolifolius.
FF. Lower leaves never cordate.
G. Petals no longer than the sepals....... 87. stolontfer.

GG. Petals nearly twice the length of the sepals.
H. Number of petals 8 to 10; plant glabrous.
88. vagans.
HH. Number of petals 4 to 8; plants never entirely
glabrous.

Davis : RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 467

I. Stems filiform or nearly so, and usually rooting
at each node; peduncles usually less than 2
inches; radical leaves few...:.....<+.+: Sg. reptans.

II. Stems larger, at least at the base, peduncles

longer.
J. Radical leaves not tufted; stems seldom as-
SEMIN OR eds. ntste cers ces dee 90. Unalaschensis.
JJ. Radical leaves tufted; stem somewhat as-
CEN GIAS IH UNa cece es oedas 1 Qi. microlonchus.

DD. Stamens only 1 to ten.
E. Head of fruit oblong; stem leaves distinctly petioled.
92. trachyspermus.
EE. Head of fruit small, globose; stem leaves sessile or
GS AIGL Ys BUlee sn a Maven ed emi ane cease seme Neat en eters sic 93. pusillus.
AA. Sepals and petals marcescent-persistent; petals white or rose,
with ample nectary and imperfect scale; carpels wholly or partly
utricular, but compressed and broad....... Sec. CryMopEs, Gray.
B. Plant and sepals somewhat pubescent................. 94. glactalts.
BB. Plant and sepals glabrous.
C. Akenes about 3 lines long, wholly utricular; plant about 6

Bisbee ISL. SCOULISHS.. yc sctas.ded xa kpicisinnslaeaecee vs 95. Andersont.
CC. Akenes hardly half as large, not inflated; plant taller and
PMIRCUICUOC Ens vert ce nadistlsSeneearseesceidnotaosnecs 96. juntperinus.

1. R. arvensis Linn. ped S550) Eros

Glabrous or sparsely pubescent, erect, 1 to 2 feet high,
branched above: lower leaves petioled, others sessile or nearly
so, nearly all divided; leaflets either stalked or sessile, cleft or
parted into linear-oblong segments: petals yellow, 2 to 3 lines
long ; sepals of same length, spreading: akenes few, flattened,
armed with long spines; beak half their length or more, stout;
head depressed-globose. Europe. Naturalizedin New Jersey,
and near northern seaports.

2. R. muricatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 555. 1753.

Sparsely pubescent or glabrous, often erect, succulent,
branched near the base, 6 to 20 inches high: lower leaves on
long broad petioles, reniform to round cordate, 3—5-cleft and
coarsely crenate-dentate: petals deep yellow, 3 lines long;
sepals shorter, spreading: akenes compressed, large, con-
spicuously muricate-spiny; beak stout, slightly curved: head
loose, globose. Asia and Europe. Naturalized near towns in
Virginia to Louisiana, also in California and southern Oregon.

468 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

3. R. parviflorus Linn. Sp. Pl. 2 ed. 780. 1763.
f. trachyspermus Evi. Sketch 2: 65. 1824.

Hairy, 4 to 10 inches high, very slender, spreading, branch-
ing: leaves petioled, reniform to cordate-orbicular, 1% to 1 inch
broad, 3-cleft or parted or divided, segments cuneate, oval,
obtuse, cut and toothed; the upper leaves sometimes 5-parted,
short-petioled: peduncles short, slender; petals pale yellow,
hardly 1 line long; sepals about the same length: akenes
oblique, very flat, margined, papillose; beak short, sharp.
Europe. Naturalized in waste places, Maryland, North Caro-
lina, Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas.

4. R. hebecarpus Hoox. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 316. 1841.
Lf. parviflorus var. TORR. & GRAY, Fl. 1: 25, 659. 1838.
Le. hebecarpus var. pusillus Wats. Bot. Calif.1:8. 1876.
Plant shaggy-hairy, slender, % to 1 foot high, branched:
leaves reniform to roundish, small, 3-5-parted or divided, seg-
ments sessile or subsessile, often laciniately cleft: peduncles
short; petals hardly a line long, pale yellow; sepals about
equalling the petals: akenes few, semi-oval, compressed,
clothed with recurved bristles; beak short, subulate, recurved:
head small. Washington through western California to lower
California.

5. R. Caleottii Turcz.in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 27:2: 296.
1854.

Roots not seen: plants otherwise annual: stem somewhat
branched, radical and lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the divisions
stalked, 3-lobed or parted, the lobes toothed or cut, acute or
obtuse, appressed pilose; petioles openly pilose with appressed
hairs; upper stem-leaves 3-parted, the highest one sometimes
not lobed: sepals reflexed, openly pilose; petals longer than
sepals, obovate-oblong, obtuse: akenes compressed, margined,
tubercles on the sides, style deciduous. Oaxaca, Mex. Alt.
7,000 to 9,000 feet.

6. R. alceus GREENE, Erythea, 3: 69. 1895.

One foot high or less, slender, branching, soft-hirsute and
villous: leaves about 1 inch long, and much like those of A.
canus: petals roundly obovate, about 1 line long, yellow:
akenes many, obliquely obovoid, glabrous; beak stout, re-
curved: head globose. Elk mountains, Mendocino County,
Calif.

Davis : RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 469

7. R. Pennsylvanicus Linn. F. Suppl. 272. 1781.
ft. Canadensis |Acq. Misc. 2: 343. 1781.
Le. trifolius MoENcH. Meth. Suppl. 70. 1802.
ft. hispidus Pursn, Fl. 2: 395. 1814. Not Michx.
Re. fascicularis Wats. Bot. King Exp. 9. 1871.

Plant hirsute or hispid, stout, erect, 8 to 20 inches high,
very leafy, but the radical leaves often dying down: leaves
petioled, ternately compound; leaflets well stalked, 3-parted
and cleft, much incised and toothed, segments acute: flowers
small, yellow, on short peduncles; petals oblong to obovate, I
to 2 lines long; sepals about the same length, reflexed: re-
ceptacle hairy: akenes 1 line long, oblique or semi-oval, com-
pressed, roughened; beak subulate, stout, short, nearly
straight: head of fruit oblong to cylindric. Wet ground,
Nova Scotia to Georgia west to Arizona and British Columbia
Waele. Rar. 2.705.

8. &. Macounii Brirron, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12:2.
1892.
RR. hispidus Hook. Fl. 1: 19. 1829. Not Michx.
RR. repens var. hispidus Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 658.
1838. In part.

Erect or declined, hairy, branching, 1 to 2 feet long, stems
rather few leaved: leaves ternately compound, leaflets usually on
slender stalks, crenate, variously cleft and lobed, segments
acute: petals yellow, obovate, about 3 lines long; sepals shorter,
often reflexed, falling early: akenes smooth; beak subulate,
flat, short and sharp: head oblong or oval. Moist places.
western Ontario to British Columbia south to Iowa, and in
mountains to Arizona.

Var. Oreganus n. var.

LR. hispidus var. Oreganus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
376. 1886.
ft. Oreganus Howey, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 19. 1897.

Plant often taller, smoothish or with scattered hairs: flowers
often larger. Shaded wet grounds, Willamette valley, Ore.,
to Frazer valley, east to Kootenai lake, Brit. Col.

9g. R. Sardous CrRanTz, Stirp. Austr. 2: 84. 1763.
R. parvulus Linn. Mant. 1: 79. 1767.
Fe. Philonotis Enru. Beitr. 2: 145. 1788.
ft. hirsutus Curt. Fl, Lond. 2: 4 40. 1821.

470 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Plant hirsute especially below, 3 to 15 inches high: lower
leaves 3-parted or 3-foliate, middle leaflets stalked, others often
sessile, all obovate-cuneate to roundish, cleft and toothed as in
fe. repens: petals yellow, 4 to 6 lines long; sepals much
shorter, reflexed: akenes flat, orbicular, thin-margined; beak
short-subulate: head oblong. Asia Minor, northern Africa,
Europe. Naturalized at Savannah, Norfolk, Philadelphia,
New York and St. John, N. B.

10. R. micranthus Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl.1: 18. 1838.
fe. abortivus var. micranthus GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 42. 1867.

Allied to #. abort7vus, but more slender, villous; roots of
slender tubers: most of the lower leaves 3-parted, or divided
with the leaflets stalked: receptacle glabrous or nearly so.
April to May. Massachusetts, New York to Colorado, and
Saskatchewan.

ri. KR. fascicularis, Munn. Cat. 54... 1813.

Roots a fascicle of thickened fibres or tubers: plant finely
pubescent throughout, 3 to Io inches high, tufted: leaves
mostly radical, long-petioled, 3- (rarely 5-) divided; middle leaf-
let stalked, others usually sessile, deeply lobed and cleft into
oblong segments: petals 5 to 6, bright yellow, obovate-oblong,
rounded at apex, 4 to 6 lines long; sepals much shorter,
spreading: akenes flattened, slightly margined, glabrous; beak
nearly their length; head ovate or oblong. April to May.
Ontario, New England to Texas, and Manitoba. Meehan’s
Mo. 2:¢. 7. A. epricus GREENE, Pitt. 4: 145, 1900, isa eee
from Indian Territory with the leaflets rather narrow and some-
times entire.

Var. Deforesti n. var.

Differs from the type in having all leaves but the first radical
ones cleft into linear to spatulate lobes: roots less thickened:
plant 3 to 4 inches high: petals 5 to 10, linear to oblong, 2 to
4 lines long. Collected by Harry P. DeForest (G. 42) near
Rossville, Ill., April, 1885.

12. R. septentrionalis Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804.
eur ucidus POR. Lect Tas.
Te. Lomentosus Por? lc. 127.
ron. flonois FURSH, El. 22202. (1314.
hm. Belos: DC. Syst. 1: 201. 1616:

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 471

R. fascicular’s ScutecHT. Animad. Ranunc. 2: 30. 7¢. 2.
1820. Not Muhl.
RP. Schlechtendali Hoox. Fl.1: 21. 1829. (As to type.)

Plant glabrous or sometimes pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high,
branching, lower branches often rooting at their nodes, and run-
ning some distance: lower petioles very long: leaves composed
of 3-stalked leaflets, which are mostly cuneate and cleft into
broad lobes: petals yellow, obovate, 6 lines long; sepals half
as long, spreading : akenes much compressed, widely margined ;
beak nearly as long, subulate, flat: head of fruit rather small,
ovoid. Often in low, wet places. New Brunswick to Georgia,
northwestward to Winnipeg.

13. R. Hookeri ScHLEcHT. in Linnea, g: 610. 1835.

Stem erect, branched, r to 2 feet high: lower leaves and
petioles pilose with spreading yellowish hairs, upper leaves
with peduncles sulcate, pubescence appressed: leaves subpin-
nate, nearly as narrow as in 7. repens: sepals reflexed; petals
narrow; receptacle pilose: akenes oblique, roundly obovate,
laterally margined, marked with minute impressions and often
a few scattered tubercles on sides, acuminate; base of style per-
sistent: head of fruit globose. Allied to 7X. acrzs in habit and
roots; to ft. repens in foliage. Its narrow often numerous
petals and reflexed calyx remove it from all. Vera Cruz,
Oaxaca, in San Miquelito Mts., and other places in Mexico.
Common in grass lands.

mek. pilosus H.B.K. Nov.,Gen. & Sp. 5: 36. 1825.

Roots thick-fibrous, many: stem ascending, somewhat di-
chotomously branched above, hirsute: radical leaves petiolate,
ternate, appressed-pilose, 10 to 15 lines wide, 1 to 1% inches
long ; leaflets cut-toothed, lateral ones sessile, ovate-rhomboid,
sometimes 2-3-lobed; terminal leaflets large, on stalks 2 to 6
lines long, subrotund, 3-lobed or 3-parted; lower stem leaf like
the radical leaves but much dissected, short-petioled; upper
stem leaves gradually jess dissected, those near the flowers
sessile: flowers as large as in /t. duldbosus, peduncles silky ;
sepals 5, ovate, acutish, pubescent outside, reflexed, much
shorter than the petals, deciduous; petals 5 (rarely 6), oblong,
with rounded tips, 5 lines long, glabrous, supplied with a scale
on the claw: akenes glabrous, oblong to obovate, compressed,

472 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

tapering into the persistent style; fruit in globose head. High
altitudes, Guatemala. Also near Bogota, U. S. of Colombia.

15. R. Bloomeri Wars. Bot. Calif. 2: 426. 1880.
FP. Chilensis Hoox. & ARN. Bot. Beech. 134. 1841.

Stem ascending, 1 to 2 feet long, sparsely hairy or becoming
glabrous: radical leaves bright green, long-petioled, some ~
broadly cordate or ovate, coarsely dentate or incised, others 3-
parted, some divided into 3 leaflets which are short-stalked and ©
the middle one often 3-lobed; stem leaves short petioled: petals
yellow, 6 lines long, emarginate; sepals shorter: akenes gla-
brous, 2 lines long, turgid; beak slender, subulate, persistent.
San Francisco bay.

16. R. hispidus Micnx. Fl. 1: 321. 1803.
FR. Marilandicus Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 126. 1804.
FR. repens var. Marilandicus Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 21.
TO20.
di. pascacuiarés Brirron, Pl. N. J. 3. 188.
Appressed-pubescent, when young densely villous: stems
slender, ascending or spreading, % to 2 feet long: leaves pal-
mately 3-parted, or pedately or pinnately 3-5-divided; the di-
visions ovate, or variable, middle one often stalked, others
usually sessile ; all often cuneate at base, sharply cleft or lobed:
petals 5 or more, light yellow, 3 to 6 lines long; sepals half as
long, spreading: akenes broadly oval, lenticular, margined, ab-
ruptly tipped ; beak half their length, subulate, slightly curved ;
head ovoid to globose. Earliest spring. Canada through
Eastern and Middle States to Florida and Arkansas.

17. R. bulbosus Linn. Sp. Pl. 554. 1753.
fe.. specrosus Hort. ex Vitm. FI... Pl. Terre 1 edoigaae
1865.

Plant from a true bulb, erect, about 1 foot high, hairy: leaves
petioled, 3-5-parted, the divisions sometimes stalked, segments
lobed: flowers terminating the branches, bright yellow, large;
petals large, obovate, shining above ; sepals much smaller, often
reflexed: akenes compressed, with short beak, borne in a glo-
bose head. Spring and summer. Persia, Europe, northern
Africa. The double form is perhaps best suited for culture.

18. R. Icelandicus n. sp.
Caudex short, roots fibrous: plant pubescent throughout: no

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 473

true stem, scape about 3 inches high, nearly erect, slender:
leaves about 1 inch long on petioles the same length, blade 3-
divided or parted, the leaflets sessile or the middle one stalked ;
segments with about 3 entire or toothed cuneate lobes: petals 5,
yellow, large, obovate-cuneate, obcordate or retuse; sepals
shorter, spreading, pubescent: carpels much like those of A.
acrts. Collected June, 1895, by Elizabeth Taylor at Seydis-
fjordr, Iceland.
Ig. R. orthorhynchus Hook. ex Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
377. 1887.
R. ornithorhynchus WaAuP. Rep. 1: 43. 1842 (by error).
Root thick fibrous: plant 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branched,
hirsute to nearly glabrous: leaves oblong in outline, pinnately
compound; 5 to 7 leaflets cleft and incised, quite variable; up-
der leaflets often confluent and sessile or nearly so, lower ones
well stalked: petals 7 to 16, yellow, rarely purple beneath, ob-
ovate, 4 to 6 lines long ; sepals much shorter, pubescent beneath,
reflexed, deciduous: akenes glabrous, obliquely ovoid, com-
pressed, 1 to 2 lineslong, margined; style of same length,
straight, rigid, persistent: head globose. May to July. Wet
places. British Columbia to western Oregon and Montana.
Cultivated.
Var. platyphyllus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 377. 1886.
R. macranthus Wats. Bot. King Exp. 9. 1871. Not
Scheele.
FP. maximus GREENE, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 118. 1887.
Often 3 feet or more high: leaves larger, 2 to 4 inches across,
the leaflets often 3 inches long, and laciniately cut: petals often
larger than the type. Wasatch Mountains, northern Utah, Py
ramid lake, northern Nevada, northern California, Washington,
Idaho. Cultivated.

20. R. dichotomus Moc. & SeEssE. ex DC. Syst. 1: 288.
1818.
Stem erect, often dichotomously branched: radical leaves
very long-petioled, bipinnate: flowers yellow; sepals reflexed :
akenes with acuminate erect beaks. Mexico.

21. R. Llavenus ScHLEcHT. in Linnea, 10: 233. 1836.

Stem prostrate, the flowers on erect or ascending branches,
terminal: leaves 3-divided and again 3-lobed, segments nar-

474 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES. 4

rowly and sharply cut-toothed; middle leaflet stalked, lateral
ones sessile, all cuneate at base; the long petioles hirsute, widely
sheathing and smooth at the base: peduncles sulcate; recepta-
cle pilose: flowers yellow; calyx reflexed: akenes obliquely
round-obovate, slightly margined laterally, terminated by the
long erect style, smooth: head of fruit globose. June to July.
Meadows, Jalapa, Vera Cruz. Allied to 2. dichotomus, leaves
nearly as finely dissected, yet much allied to A. Hooker?.

22. R. macranthus ScHEELE, in Linnea, 21: 585. 1848.
Le. repens var. macranthus Gray, Pl. Lindh. 2: 141. 1850.

Plant hairy; erect or spreading, % to 3 feet high: leaves 3-
5-divided, the middle leaflet longer stalked than the others, lobed
and cleft into narrower segments than in AV. septentrionals:
petals 7 to 16, yellow, 5 to 7 lines or longer, oblong to obovate ;
sepals shorter, spreading: receptacle hairy: akenes flat, ovate
to orbicular, widely margined; style subulate, long, often only
partly persistent: head large, slightly lengthened. Texas,
southwestern Arizona into Sonora, Mex.

23. R. subalpinus n. n.
ft. delphinifolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 38. 1821.
Not Torr.

Roots fibrous: stem erect, branched above, few-flowered,
silky-hairy: radicai leaves long-petioled, pilose on both sides,
ternate, lateral leaflets subsessile, 2-parted, terminal one well
stalked, 3-parted, segments 2~-3-lobed, incised and toothed;
lobes lanceolate ; stem leaves similar but smaller, short-petioled :
flowers on long peduncles, erect, as large as in /t. dulbosus ;
sepals 5, silky outside, reflexed, ovate, acutish, yellowish, much
shorter than the corolla; petals about 15 (jfde Bonpl.), yellow,
glabrous, 5 lines long, spatulate-oblong, apex rounded, claw
furnished with a scale: young ovaries many, small, sessile,
ovate to subrotund, compressed, glabrous; style long and slen-
der. May. Moist places. Altitude 8,000 to 9,000 feet. San
Miguelito Mountains and at Guanajuato, Mex.

24. R. canus Bentu. Pl. Hartw. 294. 1848.
fe. Californicus var. canus Warts. Bot. Calif.1: 8. 1876.
Plant canescent when young but often becoming green and
sparingly villous; erect or ascending, rather large, I to 2 feet
high: leaves with mostly 3 or more divisions; the middle one

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 475

stalked; leaflets cuneate, 2—-3-cleft and again incised: petals
yellow, 5 to 6 lines long, obovate ; sepals half as long, reflexed,
soft-hairy: akenes about 2% lines long; beak less than half as
long, broad, hooked. Sacramento valley, Calif.

Var. Blankinshipii Ropinson, Syn. Fl. 1: 1: 35. 1895.

The silky coat persistent but less dense than in the typical
plants: akenes plainly hispid and papillose. Capay, Yolo
County, Calif.

Var. hesperoxys n. var.

Le. hesperoxys GREENE, Erythea, 2: 189. 1894.

Plants much greener than the type; doubtless due to the

early falling of the canescence. California.

25. R. amarillo BErRToL. Fl. Guat. 24. 1840.

Hirsute, stem branched, ascending: lower leaves petioled;
leaves compound; leaflets stalked, subcordate-ovate, acute, 3-
lobed, cut-toothed; the upper leaves often short-petioled, ter-
nate, divisions lanceolate, dentate: petals about 8, yellow, ob-
long-cuneate; sepals shorter, hairy, reflexed; flowers as large
as ff. acris: akenes compressed, glabrous; style long, erect but
recurved at tip: head of fruit globose. Guatemala.

20, m. repens Linn. Sp. Pl.554. 1753.
fF. prostratus Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 113. 1804.
de. Clintoni Brecx. Bot. 9. 1833.

Roots fibrous: plant more or less hairy: spreading by
runners; flower stems often ascending 6 to 12 inches: leaves
petioled, 3-divided; middle leaflet or all of them stalked, often
again 3-lobed or cleft, and somewhat coarse toothed, bases
cuneate or truncate: petals obovate, 5 to 6 lines long; sepals
much shorter, spreading, hairy below: akenes compressed,
margined; beak short, stout, slightly bent: head globose.
May to July. Common. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to
Virginia, westward. Also Europe and Asia. Cultivated.

27. R. palmatus Exvu. Sketch, 2: 61. 1824.

Included by Gray, ’86, with /. septentrionalis which it is
much like; plant smaller, more decumbent: runners often
long: leaves 1 inch across, thin, somewhat 3-parted or divided,
divisions ovate, coarsely few-toothed; lowest leaves often sub-
entire: flowers 6 lines broad. Pine lands and swampy places,
Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida.

476 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

28. R. Aschenbornianus Scuav. in Linnea, 20: 719. 1847.

Stem erect, many-flowered: leaves hairy to subhirsute;
radical leaves long-petioled, ternate to bipinnate, the pinnules
3-parted to many lobed, the lobes nearly linear; peduncles
silky: sepals reflexed: receptacle subpilose: akenes com
pressed, slightly margined, smooth, with fine impressions or
punctures, style straight: fruit in a globose head. Mountains
of Mexico near ‘* Tutam.”

29. R. acriformis. GrAy, Proc: Am. Acad. 21: 374.) Grose:

Wie ores Fook, Flt: 18. 1829 (partly),

Plant with short rather appressed pubescence, slender, erect,
1 foot or more in height: leaves all 3—-7-parted or divided ;
divisions 2—3-cleft or lobed, into lanceolate or linear segments
which are often entire: petals yellow, roundly obovate, about
3 lines long ; sepals about half as long, spreading or becoming
reflexed: akene I to 2 lines long: beak half as long, curved.
Eastern Rockies in Alberta; Montana, Wyoming; wet places.
Southern Colorado at 10,000 feet.

Rt. Montanensis Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 22)aGGy
1900, is a form with beak more slender and more curved.

30. R. Californicus Bentu. Pl. Hartw. 295. 1848.
ft. acras var. Depp Nutr. ex Torr, & Gray, Fl, 2 ee

1838.

FR. delphintfolius ‘Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 659. 1838.
Not Torr.

kt. dissectus Hook. &. ARN. Bot. Beech. 316," seas
Not Bieb.

fF. regulosus GREENE, Pitt. 2: 58. 1890.

Roots fibrous: plant rather weak, % to 2 feet high, usually
pubescent or hirsute; branching and without leaves in upper
part: leaves ternately divided or parted, or palmately 5-divided
into linear or narrow often 2—3-parted divisions: petals 6 to 15,
glossy yellow, oblong or narrowly obovate, 4 to 6 lines long:
akenes flat, slightly margined, nearly 2 lines long: beak very
short. Rather dry places. Western California and adjacent
Oregon, common. Cultivated.

Var. Ludovicianus (GREENE).

FR. Ludovicianus GREENE, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2: 58.
Mch..G. 2886.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 477

FR. Californicus var. latilobus GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
asin! PECSO:

Basal leaves 3-parted, divisions broadly or narrowly cuneate,
incisely cleft or laciniate: stem leaves not so much dissected.
Southern California.

Var. crassifolius GREENE, Erythea, 1: 125. 1893.

Stout and low, sparingly villous throughout: lower leaves
not so deeply parted as the type, coarsely toothed; stem leaves
mostly deeply parted into 3 oval or oblong quite entire segments :

flowers and akenes larger than in the type. Ft. Bragg, Men-
docino Co., Calif.

ome. Asiaticus Linn:.Sp. Pl. 552.) '1753-

Roots fleshy: plant erect, either simple or branched, ¥% to 1
foot high: leaves petiolate, becoming sessile toward the top,
ternate or biternate; segments toothed or deeply 3-lobed; flow-
ers terminating in the stems and branches, variable in color:
calyx spreading, becoming reflexed; petals large, obovate,
blunt: fruits in spike. May to June. Asia Minor. Flor. des
Serr. 16: 1679 (fl-pl). Revue Hort. Belg. 1890: 133 (var.
superbissimus). Sibth. Fl. Gr. 518. The cultivated forms of
this species are constantly increasing in number. They are of
two main types: (1) The florist’s section called Persian Ranun-
culi or true A. Aszaticus. (2) The gardener’s section, called
Pivoine and Turban Ranunculi, or var. Africanus. There are
many named forms of each in the American trade.

a2 Re abortivus LINN. Sp. Pl. §5r. /3753.
RR. nitidus WALT. Car. 159. 1788.

Sparingly pubescent or quite glabrous, one-half to 2 feet
high, branched: stem leaves sessile or short-petioled, once or
twice 3-parted or lobed, segments oblong or linear, somewhat
cuneate; lower leaves long-petioled, lucid green, crenate or
lobed, broadly cordate, roundish, or ovate: petals pale yellow,
hardly over a line long; sepals longer and larger, reflexed;
receptacle short, pubescent: akenes compressed, glabrous,
tipped with the minute, curved beak: head small, globose.
Spring. Moist grounds and woods. Labrador to Florida,
north and west to Colorado and British Columbia. Var. ency-
clus FERNALD, Rhodora, 1: 52, 1899, a slender, flexuose form
with thinner, glossy, orbicular, radical leaves.

478 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Var. Harveyi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 372. 1886.

LP. abortivus var. grandifiorus ENGELM. ex Branner & Co-
ville; pack. Geol, Surv. 0, 7162. (80a.
Ft. Harveyt Britron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 159. 1894.

Stem and foliage more slender and roots often thicker than
in the type: plant somewhat pubescent: petals of the extreme
forms 3 lines long and much longer than the sepals: akenes
sometimes few, large and in a globose head, but varying to
those of the type. Damp rocks, Arkansas to St. Louis, Mo.

Var. australis BRAND. Zoe 4: 399. 1894.

Lower leaves large, reniform: petals 2 to 3 lines long;
flowering in August. Abundant in wet places, high summits
of Sierra de la Laguna and San Fransisquito, Lower Cali-
fornia.

Bo. Rosceleratus Linn. Sp. PI. 551. § 1753;

Stems stout, hollow: plant glabrous or nearly so, one-half to
2 feet high, branching: radical and lower stem leaves thick,
long-petioled, 3—5-lobed, reniform or cordate; lobes cuneate,
crenately incised or cleft; upper stem leaves sessile or petioled,
deeply lobed or parted; the lobes cuneate-oblong or linear,
toothed or entire: petals 1 to 2 lines long, yellow; sepals often
a little shorter: akenes numerous, very small, compressed,
glabrous, barely apiculate: head oblong. April to Aug. Wet
ditches and shallow water. New Brunswick to Florida and
somewhat westward. Europe and Asia.

34. R. eremogenes GREENE, Erythea, 4: 121. 1896.

FP. sceleratus var. multtfidus Nutr. ex Torr. & Gray, FI.
BeiO.)) 5030-

Leaves more dissected than /?. sceleratus: stem nearly leaf-
less: head of akenes nearly globose or ovate, large. Habitat
of that species, eastern base of Rockies in Colorado to the
Sierra Nevadas, to northwest British America and south to
Arizona.

Var. degener GREENE, Pitt. 4: 144. Ig00.

Stems several, short, ascending: roots coarser than in the
type: akenes with no marginal development: head more
rounded. Southern Colorado.

35. R. Allegheniensis Brirron, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 224.

1895.
FR. aboritous Hook. Fl. 1: 15. 1829. In‘part.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 479

This is also closely allied to 7. abortzvus in habit and foliage.
Plant glabrous, not lucid: akenes slightly compressed and
margined, tipped with subulate hooked or recurved styles hardly
half their length. April, May, North Carolina, Virginia,
Massachusetts.

36. R. recurvatus Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804.
Fe. lanuginosus WaT. Car. 159. 1788. Not Linn.
RP. saniculeformis Muu. Cat. 54. 1813.

FP. tomentosus SPRENG. Neue Entd. 1: 287. 1820.

Plant hirsute or only slightly hairy, erect, % to 2 feet high,
branching: all the leaves petioled and never divided to the
base, 144 to 3 inches wide, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes broadly
cuneate, acute, toothed or lobed: petals light yellow, about 2
lines long; sepals of same length or little longer: akenes com-
pressed, margined : beak one-half their length, recurved. Damp
woods, Nova Scotia to Lake of the Woods, south to Missouri
and Florida.

37. R. Bongardi GREENE, Erythea, 3: 54. 1895.

Le. occidentalis var. parviflorus Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp.
BVA S54,

ft. occidentalis var. Lyalli Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
Szan, 1000. "Not 4... Lyall? Hook: f.

f. tenellus var. Lyall RoBinson, Syn. Fl. 1: 1: 33. 1895.

wm. Greenez Howey, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 18. 1897.

FR. Earlet GREENE, Pitt. 4: 15. 1899.

Rk. Lyalli Ryps. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 166. 1900.

Much like the following variety which is better known and
was formerly considered the type. Plant more hirsute: leaf
segments much broader: petals rather of the larger size, some-
what persistent: akenes somewhat hispid; styles rather long.
Northern California to Colorada and Montana and to Fort
Wrangel, Alaska.

Var. Douglasii (HoweELL).

fh. recurvatus Bone. Veg. Sitch. 123: 1831. Mainly,
not Poir.

meecenelius Nutr. ex Torr. & Graygoll, 15-29. 1838:
Not Viviani.

&. Nelsoni var. tenellus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 374.
£O7 2.

480 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

RP. occidentalis var. tenellus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
BUEN ifolclop

FP. occidentalis var. Evsent Gray, |. c. (in small part).

PR. Nelsont var. glabriusculus HouzincER, Cont. Nat.
Herb. 3: 210. 1895. Not 7. glabriusculus Rupr.

FR. Bongardi var. tenellus GREENE, Erythea, 3: 54. 1895.

ft. Douglas: Moweu., Fl. N..W. Am. 1: 16. elses
1897.

RR. arcuaius HELLER, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 310. June ae:
1897.

Slender, erect, usually over one foot high, slightly pubescent
or glabrous, hirsute on petioles and peduncles: leaves deeply
3-5-cleft; segments broadly cuneate to oblanceolate, coarsely
toothed: petals 1 to 2 lines long; receptacle glabrous: akenes
compressed, glabrous, semi-oval; styles persistent, circinate-
revolute; head small, globose. Southern California, Idaho, to
Alaska.

38. R. occidentalis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 22. 1838.

PR. recurvatus var. Nelsont DC. Syst. 1: 190. 1818.

FP. recurvatus (2 forms) SontecutT. Animad. Ranune. 2:
29.1 O20.

R. Schlechtendalii Hoox. Fl. 1: 21. 1829. (As to plant.)

FR. Nelsont Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 374. 1872.

RR. Fisent KeLuoce, Proc. Calif.: Acad. Sci. 7: grag
£077:

R.-occidentalis var. Ezsent Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
373. 1886 (mainly).

RP. occidentalis var. brevistylus GREENE, Pitt.3: 14. 1896.

Plant villous with spreading hairs, 5 to 18 inches high: lower
leaves petioled, round cordate, 3-5-cleft or parted; segments
cuneate-obovate, often 2—3-cleft and cut; some leaves 3-divided
with the leaflets stalked ; upper stem leaves smaller with lanceo-
late segments: petals yellow, large, spreading; sepals half as
long, reflexed: akenes glabrous or sparsely bristled: style flat-
tened, subulate, hooked, half as long as akenes; receptacle gla-
brous: head of fruit ovoid. Low open places. Alaska to
Montana and California.

Var. Howellii GREENE, Pitt. 3: 14. 1896.

FR. Howellit GREENE, ex Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 17.
1897.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 481

Rather leafy; upper leaves more deeply and repeatedly
cleft: styles longer, slender, subulate, nearly straight. Dry
hills, Ashland, Oregon, southward toward Klamath river,
Calif.

Var. ultramontanus GREENE, Pitt. 3: 13. 1896.

Plant tufted ; divisions of lower leaves not cuneiform, deeply
cleft into lanceolate segments; upper ones lanceolate, entire:
several flowers % inch across: styles hooked. Moist places,
Truckee river, east of Sierras, Calif.

Var. Rattani Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 373. 1886.

Rt. Rattant Howex, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 17. 1897.
FR. ciliosus HowE tt, |. c.

Differs from the type in having the akenes covered with
short, stiff hairs and also roughened with papilla. Josephine
county, Ore., to central California.

Var. robustus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 373. 1886.

f. occidentalis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 374. 1872.

Stem stout, often a foot high: flowers large, 9 to 15 lines
long, long-peduncled: petals broadly obovate: akenes numer-
ous, very large. Unalaska and islands westward.

39. R. Turneri GREENE, Pitt. 2: 296. 1892, except syn.

Plant appearing much like a tall specimen of F?. occ¢dentalis :
petals longer, 4 to 7 lines long: flowers long-peduncled: more
akenes in a head; styles circinately-revolute, strongly so. Por-
cupine river, Alaska.

40. R. acris Linn. Sp. Pl. 554. 1753.

Plant hairy up to the sepals, erect, % to 3 feet high, often
branched: radical leaves on long slender petioles; others with
shorter petioles sheathing the stem, or nearly sessile: leaves 3-
parted nearly to the base, the divisions ovoid-cuneate, 2—3-lobed
and coarsely toothed or cut; bracts linear, lobed or entire:
flowers yellow, 9 to 12 lines across, several, on rather short pe-
duncles; sepals hairy beneath, ovate, shorter than the petals;
petals 5, glabrous, obovoid, obtuse, bearing a prominent scale
at base: akenes compressed, coriaceous on margins; style very
short: head globose. May to September. Newfoundland,
Canada, Eastern States. Said to be naturalized from Europe.
Var. flore-pleno Hort. is more used in the trade. Bot. Mag.
a0. ?

482 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

41. R. McCallai n. sp.

Stem erect, slender, 12 to 20 inches high, branched toward
the top, somewhat pubescent: radical leaves hairy, on slender
hairy peduncles 2 to 4 inches long; blade 3—5-parted nearly or
quite to the base, segments less than 1 inch long, cuneate, di-
vergent, cleft into 2 to 3 linear lobes; stem leaves none or bract-
like, subtending the branches, or a small one near the middle:
flowers 2 to 6, large, yellow; petals 5, obovate, entire or obcor-
date; sepals shorter, spreading, hairy: carpels ovate in a glo-
bose head; styles subulate, hooked: receptacle glabrous. Col-
lected by W. A. McCalla (2113) near Banff, Alberta, Canada,
July, 1899, in wet meadows. Differs from #. acres in its
leaves, usually naked stem, etc.

42. R. pedatifidus J. E. Smita in Rees’ Cycl. INowgjgs
1813-16.
FR. arcticus RicHarps. in Frankl. 1st Journ. 1 ed. App.
TAD Toe:
fF. afinis R. Br. Parry 1st Voy. App. 265. 1824.
R. amenus LEDEB. Fl. Alt. 2: 320. 1830.
Fe auricomus THoox.'f. Are. Pl..283, 352. 1862;

Plant sparsely hairy, 3 to 15 inches high, slender, sometimes
branched: radical and lower stem leaves petioled, broadly
ovate, crenate, toothed, lobed, or cleft nearly to the base into
segments which are often narrow; upper stem leaves deeply
cleft, nearly sessile, lobes narrow: petals yellow, 3 to 4 lines
long; sepals shorter, pubescent beneath: akenes often hairy,
with short beak: head oblong to cylindric. Quebec to Arctic
regions, west to Alaska; Rockies to Colorado and Arizona.
edeb. Tez.) 173.

Var. cardiophyllus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 265.

1891.

fe. cardiophyllus Hoox. Fl. 1: 14, and vars. ¢. 6. 1829.

LP. afinis var. lasiocarpus Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 213.
1854.

FP. afinis var. lecocarpus Traut. ex Midden. Reise in
Sibir. 62. 1856.

Le. afints var. cardiophyllus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. Phil.
1863: 56.

Lf. afinis var. validus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 371.
1886. ;

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 483

LP. afints var. micropetalus GREENE, Pitt. 2: 110. 18g0.
fe. Arizonicus var. subafinis GREENE, |. c.60. Not Gray.
Lf. namenus GREENE, Pitt. 3: 91. 1896.

Differs from the type in its stouter habit, radical leaves often
cordate at base, fisually not much lobed, but variable: flowers
larger: akenes either hairy or glabrous. New Mexico and
Arizona to Montana, east to Labrador.

Var. pinetorum (GREENE).

Le. cardiophyllus var. pinetorum GREENE, Pitt. 4: 144.
1900.

Stem short, canescently villous: roots strongly and copiously
developed: leaves oval, often subcordate, or truncate at base,
margins crenate: flower I inch across: head of akenes not so
long{as in the type, ovoid or globose. Pine woods, Graham’s
Park, southern Colorado. 7,800 feet.

43. R. vicinalis GREENE, Pitt. 4: 145. 1g00.

This is an Alaskan plant from the region of Fort Selkirk,
which differs from /?. pedatifdus in its larger flowers, and in
having the radical leaves cleft or parted into about 7 lobes, and
these again 3-cleft. But we find this leaf character in some
Colorado forms of that type.

44. R. Eschscholtzii Scuuecut. Animad. Ranunc. 2: 16.

ela LOILO,
FP. nivalis var. Eschscholtzii Wats. Bot. King Exp. 8.
O71.

fe. ocreatus GREENE, Pitt. 4: 15. 1899.

‘Caudex short, oblique, roots fibrous: plant slightly hairy, 3-8
inches high: leaves roundish or broader in outline ; stem leaves |
3-5-lobed or parted, lobes lanceolate to oblong or linear
spatulate ; basal leaves with broader lobes, or lobed like the
others: flowers I to 3; petals yellow, broadly obovate, some-
times slightly crenulate or obcordate, 3 to 6 lines long; sepals
pubescent beneath: akenes lenticular, margined, glabrous;
beak sharp, straight or sometimes recurved: head of fruit ob-
long or nearly globose. North Alaskain mountains to south-
ern California, east to Colorado.

45. R. eximius GREENE, Erythea, 3: 19. 1895.
fe. alpeophilus A. NeEutson, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 350.
1899.
Much like ?e. EZschscholtzi7, but often larger, nearly glabrous:

484 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

radical leaves broader, less divided; upper leaves with lobes
1-2 inches long: sepals nearly glabrous: akenes broadly oval
or obovate. Mountains of Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado.

46. R. saxicola Ryps., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 164. Ig00.

Allied to ?e. Suksdorfiz; differs slightly in the form of the
lower leaves, which are often more reniform-flabellate: akenes
pubescent: head of fruit oblong. Cedar mountain and Mill
Creek, Montana, Yellowstone Park.

47. R. Suksdorfii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 371. 1886.

Roots fibrous: stems slender, 3 to 6 inches high, glabrous:
radical and lowest stem leaves small, about 6 to 8 lines long,
subreniform to broadly flabelliform with truncate base, deeply
3-5-cleft or parted; divisons cuneate, again 3-5-cleft or in-
cised; upper stem leaves with linear divisions: flowers I to 3,
deep yellow; petals round obovate, retuse, 4 to 6 lines long:
akenes turgid-lenticular, sharp-edged, glabrous ; style persistent
for a time, slender, 34 line long, equalling the akene body:
head of fruit globular. July to Aug. Damp places, 6,000 to
8,000 feet alt. Olympic mountains, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams
east to the Blue mountains, Oregon and into Montana. Cul-
tivated.

46. R: ovalis Rar. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814.
FP. rhomboideus GouviE, Edin. Phil. Journ. 6: 329. ¢. 77.
et.” TO22;
Teworevicuuis tooK. Fl; ins 13.°7.°7.. - 1820.
FP. auricomus var. Cassubicus E. MEYER Pl. Labr. 96.
1830.
Pubescent, 3 to 15 inches high: radical and lower leaves
roundish to ovate-oblong, crenate, or slightly lobed, base trun-
cate or cuneate, petioled, 3-7-divided, lobes linear or oblong:
petals yellow, narrow, 3 to 6 lines long; sepals much shorter:
akenes oval, minutely beaked: head of fruit globose. Wis-
consin and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and the North-
west Territory.

49. R. Arizonicus Lemmon ex Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
370. 1886.

LP. afinis TorR. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29. 1858. (In part.)

Roots fascicled, somewhat thickened: plant glabrous or with

soft-villous hairs below, 6 to 12 inches high: radical leaves

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 485

oval to oblong, cordate, crenate-dentate ; the later ones often 5-
cleft and again 3—-5-lobed; stem leaves 1~3-ternate with narrow
linear divisions: petals yellow, often 6 to 7, ovate to oblong, 3
to 5 lines long: akenes compressed, thin-margined, pubescent:
head small, globose. Willow Spring, and mountains of south-
ern Arizona.
Var. subaffinis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 370. 1886.
R. Arizonicus GREENE, Pitt. 2: 60. 1890.
R. subsagittatus var. subafints GREENE, Pitt. 2: IIo.
1890.
R. subafinis Ryvs. Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 246. 1897.
Plant lower than the type, usually 1-flowered: akenes densely
pubescent, with subulate style nearly their own length: head of
fruit oval. High altitudes. Mt. Agassiz, in San Francisco,
mountains of Arizona. Also Chihuahua.
Var. subsagittatus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 370. 1886.
Stouter than the above; villous at least at first: stem simple,
few-flowered : radical leaves thick, oblong, bases subcordate to
sagittate: petals broader than in the type: head of akenes
larger, oval. Wet ground. Northern Arizona to San Fran-
cisco mountains.

50. R. montanus WILLD. Sp. Pl. 2: 1321. 1799.

Rootstock creeping, 1-3 inches long, % inch thick: plant 6
inches high, pubescent with soft appressed or spreading hairs,
especially toward the top: radical leaves few, petiolate, smooth,
orbicular in outline, 3-parted, and lobed into blunt, toothed
segments; stem leaves sessile or nearly so, clasping the stem,
3-5-parted into narrow somewhat toothed or entire lobes: flow-
ers solitary, terminating the simple or once-branched stem, I
inch or larger; sepals concave, acute, yellowish-green, slightly
hairy; petals 5, large, broadly obovoid, bright yellow, with
small scale and pore at base: akenes turgid, glabrous; beak
strongly hooked, puberulent. May to July. Europe. Culti-
vated. Bot. Mag. 3022. Bot. Cab. 1610.

Var. dentatus Baume. Enum. Stirp. Magn. Trans. 2: 124.

About 1823.:
R. carpaticus Herbich. Sel. Pl. Rar. Galic 15. 1836.

Leaves much more toothed than in the type: plant much
taller: flowerslarger. Cultivated. Bot. Mag. 7266. Garden
Be: 1138.

486 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

51. 1809. R. corthusefolius Witip. Enum. Hort. Berol.
588.

Root of thick, fleshy, fasciculated fibers: plant velvety hairy,
1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves long-petioled, roundish to reni-
form, incised, and with cut and toothed lobes; stem leaves
divided into 3 to 5 narrow lobes ; upper ones sessile: flowers
several or many, terminal and axillary, rather paniculate ; sepals
5, ovate to lanceolate, green with pale margins; petals 5, large,
broadly obovate, glossy yellow: akenes compressed, hairy on
sides, tapering into recurved styles nearly their own length:
head of fruit short oval. May, Island of Teneriffe, Canary
group. Garden, 45: 944. Bot. Mag. 4625. Not very hardy,
and needs protection in winter and early spring. It is well
suited for pot culture. It is increased by division of the roots in
autumn.

52. R. longipedunculatus ScueEipw. in Hortic. Belge. 5:
BO3 1/0. 40. 0, 1838.

Roots fibrous: stem slender, weak, scapose, often once
branched near the base: plant pilose with yellowish hairs: rad-
ical leaves 3-lobed, middle lobe trifid, otherwise mostly entire ;
true stem leaves wanting or very low; petioles 1 to 1% inches
long: peduncles 4 to 5 inches long, slender, erect or ascending,
bibracteate: flowers I or 2, terminal; petals 12 to 15, oblong-
lanceolate, acutish, yellow; sepals reflexed. Wet places, Real
del Monte, north of Mexico City.

53. R. Donianus Pritrz. ex Walp. Rep. 2: 740. 1843.
Fe. humilis D. Don, ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 34. 1831.
Not Pers. 1807.

Short, 1 to 3 inches high, pilose: radical leaves stalked, cor-
date, obtuse, slightly 3-lobed and crenate: peduncles long, rad-
ical, axillary and terminal: flowers small, yellow: carpels
rather inflated, beaked. Mexico.

54. R. multicaulis D. Don, ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 34.
1831.

Plant about 3 to 4 inches high, pilose: stems numerous, pros-
trate or ascending: radical leaves petioled, cordate-roundish, 3-
lobed; lobes crenate: stem leaves sessile, entire, opposite or
apparently so: flowers yellow, medium size; petals emarginate,
much longer than the sepals which are reflexed: carpels rather
inflated, pointed: head of fruit ovate. Mexico.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA, 487

55. R. Mexicanus n. n.
A. geomdes t.B.K. Noy.:Gen. and Sp. 5+ 37.'t ¢29;
1821. Not Siev. 1794.

Roots fibrous: stem 5 to 8 inches high, simple or branched
low; plant silky pubescent up to and including under side of
sepals: radical leaves 3-parted nearly to midrib: divisions
toothed or incised, ovate-cuneate; petiole 1 to 2 inches long;
stem leaf with 3 to 5 narrow segments, sessile or on petiole
sheathing the stem; bracts linear: flowers (rarely 2 to 3),
large, terminating long, erect peduncles; sepals 5, ovate, much
shorter than petals, reflexed ; petals 10, spatulate oblong, rather
obtuse, 5-7 lines long, spreading, claw provided with nectar
pit and scale: akenes compressed, smooth; style as long as
akene body, persistent for a time, erect. May. Real del
Monte, north of Mexico City ; Guajuco, Nuevo Leon, northern
Mexico.

56. R. uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 35.
1831.

Roots fibrous: stem erect, 1 foot high: plant glabrous: rad-
ical leaves not seen; stem leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, seg-
ments 3-lobed; lobes toothed or again lobed, acute; leaves
near the flower ternate, leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute, quite
entire: flowers small, yellow, terminal and lateral, on slender
peduncles: akenes few, ending in hooked beaks: head
globose. Mexico.

57. R. petiolaris H.B.K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. 5: 36. ¢. 428.
TOZt.

Roots fibrous: stem erect, striate, puberulent, somewhat
branched above, about 6-flowered: radical leaves on petioles 6
to 7 inches long, 3-parted nearly to the midrib; the divisions
often 2-3-lobed and incised; the lobes often somewhat oblong-
cuneate, deep green and appressed-pubescent above, pale and
appressed-pilose beneath; stem leaves short-petioled, smaller
and with much more slender lobes; bracts linear-lanceolate,
lobed or entire; base of petioles membranaceous, somewhat
sheathing: flowers medium size, on erect peduncles which are
pilose; sepals 5, ovate-oblong, acute, pilose beneath, shorter
than the petals, reflexed, deciduous; petals 5, obovate, rounded
at the end, a claw and scale at base, yellow, glabrous, about 4

488 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

lines long, much exceeding the stamens: akenes oblique, com-
pressed, glabrous, rather abruptly joined to the short, persistent
style: head of fruit subglobose. September. Near ‘‘ Los
Joares” ; and Santa Rosa, state of Mexico. Altitude, 8,400 feet.

58. R. adoneus Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 56.
FR. amenus Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. Ser. 2, 33: 241. 1862.
Not Ledeb.
FP. orthorynchus var. alpinus Warts. Bot. King Exp. 9.
EO] i.

Root slender-fibrous : plant shaggy-hairy, 4 to 12 inches high,
sometimes becoming decumbent: leaves usually 2-—3-times 3-
parted and lobed, lobes all narrow-linear, acute ; primary di-
visions of leaves sessile or nearly so; petioles of basal leaves
membranous in lower part; stem leaves sessile or on a sheath-
ing base, usually borne opposite resembling an involucre: petals
5 (or 6 to 8), large, yellow, rounded outwardly, cuneate at base,
6 lines long, much exceeding the lanceolate sepals which are
hairy beneath: akenes somewhat compressed, acutish: style
long, straight, subulate; head globular to oblong. Summer.
Rockies of Colorado. Altitude 10,000 feet. Cultivated. In-
troduced 1881.

59. R. triternatus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 370. 1886.

Roots fascicled, fleshy-fibrous: plant low: leaves often 3-
times 3-divided and parted; leaflets long-petioled, their lobes
narrow-linear to linear-spatulate and obtuse: petals yellow, 4 to
s lines long, obovate: akenes turgid, not margined; beaks
slender : receptacles thick : head of fruit globose. Near Golden-
dale, S. Wash.

60. R. Grayi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 265. 1891.
R. pedatifdus Hoox. Fl. 1: 18.¢.78. 1829. Not Smith.
PR. Hookeri REGEu, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 34: 2: 49.

1861. Not Schlecht.
FR. Drummondi GREENE, Erythea, 2: 192. 1894.

Rather stout, 1-2-flowered: basal leaves either biternately
or pedately divided and parted into linear oblong or spatulate
lobes, main divisions often stalked: stem leaves similar, only 1
or 2: petals 3 lines long; sepals shorter, sparsely and finely
villous: akenes each about 1 line long, borne ina globular head.
Lat. 52° to 55°, on eastern Rockies, Gray’s Peak, Colo., and:
near Ironton, 12,000 to 13,000 feet.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 489

61. R. pygmzus Want. FI. Lapp. 157. ¢. 8. fiz. 1812.
R. Lapponicus Orv. Fl. Dan. ¢. rgg. 1762. Not Linn.

Very minute, 1 or 2 .inches high, puberulent or glabrous:
leaves 3—5-lobed or divided, 2 to 5 lines wide, lower ones on
slender petioles, others subsessile: flowers 2 to 3 lines across ;
petals yellow, little longer than the sepals: akenes lenticular;
beak slender: head of fruit somewhat oblong, 2 lines long.
High Rockies of Montana to Colorado, polar regions across
America, Greenland, Europe and Asia.

Var. Sabinii n. var.

FR. Sabinid R. Br. Parry 1st Voy. App. 264. 1824.

Flowers larger than the type: sepals hairy. Montana.

62. R. oxynotus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 68. 1874.

Caudex short, roots fibrous: plant glabrous, 4 to 10 inches
high: radical leaves in a numerous tuft, 6 to Io lines across,
mostly round-reniform, with several roundish lobes or deep cre-
nations: stem leaves 1 or 2, flabelliform to cuneate, 3—5-cleft or
parted ; lobes lanceolate-linear to oblong: petals yellow, broadly
obovate, 4 to 5 lines long, exceeding the sepals: akenes com-
pressed, semiovate, glabrous, about 1 line long; beak strong,
subulate: head of fruit 6 lines long : receptacle thick and fleshy.
Mineral King Mt., Mariposa Co., and central Sierras, all in
California. |

63. R. digitatus Hoox. Kew Journ. 3: 124. ¢. 4. 1851.

Very low, glabrous: roots a cluster of slender tubers: stem
leaves few, subsessile, 2-4-parted; lobes oblong-lanceolate to
nearly linear; radical leaves similar or entire and lanceolate,
petiolate: petals 5 to 11, yellow, spatulate-oblong, 3 to 5 lines
long : akenes slightly compressed and margined ; styles slender :
head very small, often elongated. Yellowstone Park to north-
ern Nevada.

64. R. glaberrimus Hook. Fl. 1: 12. ¢. 5. 1829.

FP. brevicaulis Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 66. 1847.
fF. Austine GREENE, Erythea, 3: 44. 1895.

Root a cluster of thickened fibers: plant rather succulent, 4
to 10 inches high, glabrous: radical leaves roundish to oblan-
ceolate or spatulate; base tapering or obtuse, often 2—5-lobed
above, or crenate or entire; stem leaves usually deeply 3-lobed
or parted, lobes entire: petals yellow, broadly obovate, 3 to 6

490 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

lines long; sepals nearly as long, often purple beneath: akenes
puberulent or glabrous, lenticulate, slightly margined, with
small, short beak: fruit in a globose to oblong head. Early
spring. British Columbia to California and Colorado.

Var. ellipticus GREENE, FI. Francis, 298. 1892.

Ke. ellepiccus (GREENE, Pitt. 2:.110. 1890. .3: 92. i6@m

Basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, entire or only once
lobed on one side: petals often much narrower than in the type:
head of akenes drooping to the ground. Distributed with the
type in its lower altitudes and southern range.

65. R. Macauleyi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15: 45. 1880.
Kt. mivaus Rev. Chief Eng. U.S. A. 1878: 1833. “ioe

Linn.

Some of the roots thick and fleshy: plant 3 to 7 inches high ;
stem villous-hairy to glabrous, young leaves very villous on
margins: leaves thick, lanceolate to ovate-spatulate, entire ex-
cept toward the apex, there often coarsely or finely 2 to 10
toothed; lower leaves petiolate, others sessile or on short,
sheathing petioles: petals obovate to flabelliform, crenulate, 5
to 7 lines long, yellow; sepals shorter, densely coated beneath
with dark brown hairs; peduncles hairy: akenes smooth, some-
what compressed, slightly margined; styles linear-subulate,
persistent, nearly straight: head of fruit ovate to oblong or
cylindric. Near snow line, 11,500 feet altitude in La Plata
mountains and San Juan Co., Colo.

66. R. nivalis Linn. Sp. Pl. 553. 1753.
fe. sulphureus SOLAND. in Phipp’s Voy. 202. 1774.

A short caudex with slender roots: plant pubescent or be-
coming glabrous below, 3 to 7 inches high: lower leaves cune-
ate-flabelliform to reniform, about 3-lobed or deeply cleft; lobes
sometimes notched; upper leaves subsessile, about 5-lobed or
parted, divisions linear-oblong, entire: petals yellow, obovate
to roundish, sometimes emarginate, 3 to 4 lines long; sepals
shorter, densely wooly: akenes rather turgid; beak subulate.
Greenland, Hudson Bay region, Alaska, Hall island, Behring
Sea, south in Rockies to Lat. 55°, Northern Asia and Europe.

67. R. natans C. A. Meyer ex Ledeb. Ic. ¢. r1z. - 1830.
ft. radicans C. A. MEYER ex Ledeb. Ic. 7. 776. 1830:
it. Purshiz Torr. Ann: Lyc. IN. Y. 2: 162. jageee
Not Richards.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 491

LR. hyperboreus var. natans REGEL, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
evade pee. 43> |) ESOE
Much like #. hypferboreus, but differing in having leaves
larger, reniform or truncate at base, lobes 3 to 5, often more
rounded: petals much larger; receptacle thickened and fleshy :
head of fruit larger. Creeping and rooting in mud or some-
times floating in shallow water. Rockies of Colorado. Also
northern Asia.

68. R. hyperboreus Rorrs. Skrift. Kjoeb. Selsk. 10: 458.
Bre, fi 26) 1770:

Low creeping plant with slender and glabrous stems and pet-
ioles: one or two leaves from each (rooting) node, broadly
ovate with rounded or truncate bases, 3-lobed or slightly cleft,
margins of lobes nearly entire; petioles sheathing at the base:
flowers minute, few, yellow; petals about equalling the reflexed
sepals; peduncles 1 inch or less in length: akenes hardly com-
pressed; beak almost wanting: head of fruit globose, hardly 2
lines broad. Wet soil. Greenland, Labrador, Arctic Alaska;
also Europe and Asia.

69. R. Lapponicus Linn. Sp. Pl. 553. 1753.
Anemone nudicaulis GrAy, in Bot. Gaz. 11: 17. 1886.

Scapose from filiform rootstocks, 3 to 6 inches high: radical
leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions obovate-cuneate,
obtuse, crenate or lobed: scape slender, taller than the leaves,
often with a lobed, bract-like leaf: flower solitary, yellow;
petals 5 to 6; sepals of about the same length, reflexed: akenes
a line or more long, ovate, tapering into the persistent, hooked
beak. North shore of Lake Superior, west to the Rockies,
north to Arctic America; also Europe and Siberia.

70. R. delphinifolius Torr. ex Eaton, Man. 2 ed. 395. 1818.

FR. multifidus Pursn, Fl. 2: 736. 1814. Not Forsk.

RR. faviaitls Bice. Fl. Bost. 1 ed. 1:39. 1814. Not
Willd.

RR. lacustris Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. & Phys. Journ.
Ze LIS. TGay-

wr. Deck G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 39.. 1831.

FR. Purshit var. aquatilis LEDEB. Fl. Ross. 1: 35. 1841.

Le. multijidus var. terrestris GRAY, Man. 5 ed. 41. 1867.

Aquatic or partly emersed, with long fistulous stems: sub-

492 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

mersed leaves ternately decompound into narrow filiform or
capillary divisions, flaccid, petioles very short and sheathing ;
emersed leaves smaller, and much less dissected, often only
3-7-parted into cuneate lobes, petioles often longer than blades ;
young leaves from nodes taking root on muddy banks, still less
lobed and divided, their petioles and under sides hairy: petals
deep yellow, 5 to 8, broadly obovate, 4 to 6 lines long, exceed-
ing the sepals: akenes rather turgid, obliquely ovate, hardly 1
line long, becoming callous-margined on base and ventral edge;
beak half their length, straight, compressed: head of fruit glo-
bose or oblong. Quiet water, and muddy ditches and banks.
North Carolina to northern Canada, west to British Columbia
and California. Also Siberia.

71. R. Purshii Ricnarps, Frankl. 1st Journ. 741. 1823.
F. pustllus LEDEB. Mem. Acad. Petrop. 5: 546. 1812.
te NGunclene (DC. Syst. T5903: 1318:
ie anesaorjie WC. Prods-2 >) 345- 91824,
ft. imosus Nutr. ex’ Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1:20.” 16358
ht. radicans REGEL, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 34: pie
44-5. 1861. Not Mey.
Le. multifidus var. limosus LAwson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc.
ATES PLO7O.
Le. multifidus var. repens Wats. Bot. King Exp. 8. 1871.
Stems slender, rooting at lower nodes and creeping, in muddy
places, pubescent on younger parts: leaves slender-petioled,
3 to 12 lines broad, palmately divided into obtuse lobes and seg-
ments: petals yellow or whitish, 1 to 3 lines long, ovate; sepals
smaller, falling early: akenes smooth, % line long, no cal-
loused margin; style persistent, slender, shorter than the body :
head of fruit smaller than in 7. delphinifolius. Bogs, ditches,
etc. Arctic America to Northern Michigan, west to British
Columbia and Washington, south to New Mexico.
72. R. Missouriensis GREENE, Erythea, 3: 20. 1895.
Much like 2. Purshid in habit and leaves: differs in being
sparingly pubescent: leaves wider than long, 1 to 3 inches
wide: head of fruit more oblong: akenes prominently callous-
margined up one edge, sides wrinkled; style subulate, % as
long as body. Missouri to New Mexico.
73. R. aconitifolius Linn. Sp. Pl. 551. 1753.
Plant pubescent, % to 3 feet high, branched: leaves pal-

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 493

mately 3-5-parted, parts cut-toothed, upper ones sessile and
with oblong to linear-lanceolate lobes: flowers white, several on
a stem; sepals flat, pubescent; petals oblong, cuneate to orbic-
ular. MaytoJune. Mountains of middle Europe. Var. flore-
pleno Horrt., called White Bachelor’s Button, and Fair Maids
of France, has very ornamental, double, white, globose flowers.
Garden 45, p. 29 and 48, p. 506. Var. /uteus-pleno Horr.,
flowers much doubled but of a golden yellow color. The type
and varieties are used in borders and half wild places.

om. Pallasiy ScurecutT. Antmad. Ranunc: ©: 15. 7. 2:
1819.

Plant creeping, glabrous: stems and petioles large, hollow;
ascending part of stem naked or 1-leaved: leaf-blades short,
linear to oblong, rather obtuse, entire or sometimes 2—3-lobed :
petals 8 to 11, oblong to obovate, white, 4 to 6 lines long;
sepals 3 to 4, shorter, greenish, broad: akenes thin-crustaceous,
2 lines long; beak short. In shallow water. Arctic Alaska,
St. Lawrence islands, etc., across to northern Asia, and Lapland.

75. R. amplexicaulis Linn. Sp. Pl. 549. 1753.

Stems erect, 5 to 10 inches high, with two or three flowering
branches, glabrous: leaves entire, ovate to lanceolate, amplex-
icaul, acuminate, glabrous or at first with hairy edges soon be-
coming glabrous, glaucous: flowers 3 to 6, either terminal or
axillary, pure white with yellow stamens; sepals pointed;
petals much larger, obtuse. Mountains of southeastern Europe.
The plant is well suited to garden use and does not intrude
upon other plants. It does not do well in the dryest places.
The cut flowers preserve their freshness well. Bot. Mag. 266
(poor). Bot. Cab. 1593. Journ. Hort. III, 35, p.345. Gard.
Chron. 1883, 19: 788.

76. R. Lambertianus D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 3: 316. 1843.

Plant swimming: leaves lanceolate, entire or subdenticulate,
their long petioles sheathing the stem at their base: flowers
small, yellow, axillary or terminal; petals obtuse, longer than
the stamens and sepals. Wet places. Mexico. RF. natans
Muae,/ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1:31, 1832, (not C. A.
Meyer), is probably a form of this with leaves sometimes bifid.
Mexico.

494 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

77. R. arnoglossus GREENE, Pitt. 4: 143. 1900.

Plant tufted, about 6 inches high: leaves feather-veined,
elliptic and elliptic-lanceolate, entire; petioles of all shorter
than the blade, sheathing at base: flowers many, large; petals
5, obovate, obtuse, commonly persistent with the sepals: akenes
many: head dense, globose. Subalpine inthe Ruby mountains
of eastern Nevada.

78. R. unguiculatus GREENE, Pitt. 4: 142. 1900.

Stem 1 foot or more high, solitary: radical leaves I or 2
only, erect, elliptical, or obovate-elliptic, acute, entire or ob-
scurely denticulate, 2 to 3 inches long; petioles as long; stem
leaves narrower, short-petioled: flowers 2 to 4, or more in the
large plants; peduncles long, puberulent, naked; petals about
10, persistent, narrow, claw % line long; sepals narrow,
spreading, deciduous: akenes glabrous, obliquely obovoid,
slightly compressed; beak stout, slightly recurved: head de-
pressed globose. 11,500 feet. Southern Colorado. C. F.
Baker, August 28, 1899.

79. R. ambigens Wats. Bibl. Index, 1: 16. 1878.
FP. Flammula Pursu, Fl. 2: 391. 1814. Not Linn.
wt. Lingua Pursn, 1. c.. Not Linn.
RP. alismefolius BENTH. Pl. Hartw. 295. 1848. In part.
Not Geyer.
fe. obtustusculus Britton, Ill. Fl. 2: 76. 1895. Not
Raf.

Plant 2 to 3 feet high, stout, glabrous or nearly so, erect, but
sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, hollow: leaves usually
on short petioles with broad, membranous, sheathing bases;
blades lanceolate with tapering bases, serrate, denticulate or
entire, 2 to 4 inches long: petals 5 to 7, yellow, 2 to 3 lines
long; sepals shorter: akenes small, obliquely oval, compressed,
thickened along one margin; beaks subulate, narrow, erect or
little curved, nearly as long as akene body: head of fruit glo-
bose. Wet grass lands. Mountains of Georgia and Tennes-
see to Missouri, north and east to Canada and New England.

Var. obtusiusculus n. var.

R. obtusiusculus Rar. in Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 225. 1808.

Differs from the type in its slender, straight, erect stem: its
single root, like an annual, and its linear-lanceolate sepals.

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 495

80. R. Madrensis Rose, Cont. Nat. Herb. 5: 199. 1899.

Plant erect, rather slender, 6 to 12 inches high, glabrous on
lower parts; 1—4-flowered; radical leaves 1 to 2 inches long,
petioled, linear to linear-oblong, with coarse distant teeth, ob-
tuse; base cuneate; stem leaves reduced to bracts, simple or
3-lobed: flowers yellow, on long slender peduncles which are
hairy near the flower ; receptacle hairy; petals about 10, obovate
to oblong, 3 to 4 lines long: akenes hardly 1 line long, com-
pressed, glabrous; beak as long, slender. Sierra Madre moun-
tains, between Santa Gertrudis and Santa Teresa, Tepic Ty.,
and in Zacatecas. Altitude 7,400 to 10,000 feet.

81. R. alismefolius Geyer, in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295.
1848.
fe. Flammula Hoox. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 66. 1847.
ft. Bolandert GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 58.
1886.
k. Hartwegi GREENE, Erythea, 3: 45. 1895.

Roots fibrous, fascicled: plant erect, usually robust, 6 to
15 inches high, branching or nearly simple, slightly pubescent
on peduncles: leaves oblong to lanceolate, tapering at base,
entire or denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long; petioles short and
broad, sheathing at base; upper stem leaves sessile: petals
yellow, 6 to 10, obovate, 4 to 6 lines long ; sepals much shorter,
reflexed: akenes compressed, smooth; beak short, often
hooked: head of fruit nearly globose. Wet grounds. British
Columbia and Colorado to California.

Var. Caltheflorus n. var.

k. Caltheflorus GREENE, Erythea, 3: 45. 1895.

Leaves repand-denticulate, and much broader than the type:
flowers and petals not different. Colorado, in boggy ground,
8,000 feet.

82. R. alismellus GREENE, Fl. Francis, 2: 97. 1892.
Re. alismefolius var. alismellus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.

ee 227, S6o.
R. alismefolius var. montanus Warts. Bot. King Exp. 7.
1871.

Much like #. alismefolius, but usually very slender, dwarf,
often nearly scapiform: leaves lanceolate-elliptical to ovate:
petals smaller, 3 lines long. Plants often form a thick cover-

496 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

ing over the wet ground. High altitudes, Sierra and Trinity
Mts., California to Colorado and northward.
Var. Populago n. var.
fe. Populago GREENE, Erythea,3: 19. January, 1895.
ft. Cusickiz Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad: Sci., Ser. 2, 5: @ige
October; 1895.
Like the type, but with radical leaves ovate, cordate; mar-
gins slightly wavy. Southwestern Oregon, Idaho.

83. R. Lemmoni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 68. 1874.

Stems scapose, tufted, 5 to 10 inches high: plant villous-
pubescent on lower parts: leaves rather thick, lanceolate, en-
tire: flowers I or 2 on a stem; petals about three lines long,
obovate to oblong: akenes turgid, villous-pubescent, borne in
an oval head. Rare. ‘Truckee and east part of Sierras, Cali-
fornia.

84. R. oblongifolius ELL. Sketch 2: 58. 1824.
FR. Flammula Micux. Fl. 1: 221. 1803. Not Linn.
R. Flammula var. laxicaulis Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 16.
1838.
RP. pusillus var. oblongifoliuns Torr. & GRay, 1. c. 17.
FP. laxicaulis DARBY, Bot. S. St. 204. 1855.

Annual; about 1 to 2 feet high, erect or ascending, rarely
rooting at the lower nodes, branched above, many-flowered:
leaves shaped nearly as in At. puszl/us, or sometimes broader :
petals 5, yellow, longer than the sepals; stamens many: akenes
few, often globular or slightly flattened, smooth or minutely
punctate ; style deciduous: head of fruit globose. Aprilto Sep-
tember. Wet grounds. Florida to southern Virginia, west to
southern Missouri and Texas.

85. R. hydrocharoides Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 5: 306.
1855.

Stems ascending, 5 to 10 inches high, rooting at the lower
nodes, with creeping, fistulous branches at the base: leaves
mostly long-petioled, entirely or nearly so, usually less than 1
inch long, rather succulent; basal leaves round-cordate to oval,
blending into the form of the upper ones which are obovate to
spatulate: petals 5 or more, 2 to 3 lines long; sepals much
shorter : akenes small; beak narrow, short: head of fruit small,
globose. In standing water and wet soil. Southwestern Ari-

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 497

zona into adjacent California, and in Lower California, at La
Chuparosa and Sierra de la Laguna. Flowers appearing very
late at high altitudes.

86. R. samolifolius GREENE, Pitt. 3: 13. 1896.

Much like A. hydrocharordes. Leaves entire, obtuse, ob-
lanceolate, petioled; upper ones oval or obovoid: petals ob-
ovate; sepals round-ovoid, spreading : akenes like that species.
High altitude, Mt. Shasta, southward.

87. R. stolonifer Hemsy. Diag. Pl. Nov. 17. 1879.

Plant small, entirely glabrous, spreading by stolons: stem
erect, 2 to 6 inches or less: leaves subentire or sometimes cre-
nate, the radical ones long-petioled, reniform or roundish ellip-
tical to lanceolate-oblong ; blade 3 to 12 lines long, petiole 1 to
2, with base membranous and dilated; stem leaves sessile, nar-
row : flowers small, yellow, long-peduncled ; receptacle conical,
glabrous; sepals oblong, 1 to 1% lines long; petals 5 or 6, ob-
long-elliptical, about 114 lines long, the long claw with a con-
spicuous nectary; stamens longer than petals, filaments dilated :
akenes much compressed, slightly margined, glabrous: head of
fruit globose. Near Morales in San Luis Potosi, Mex., 6,000
to 8,000 feet altitude.

88. R. vagans Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 131. 1891.

Plant low, glabrous, spreading by elongated stolons: leaves
narrowly lanceolate, or the lowest ovate-lanceolate, entire or
with a few often slender teeth toward the apex: petals 8 to Io,
oblong-obovate, about 2% lines long, a prominent nectar pore
above the narrow claw; sepals little over half as long: akenes
smooth, in a dense globose head 2% lines in diameter. Flor
de Maria, State of Mexico. Aug., 1890. Pringle no. 3177.

89. R. reptans Linn. Sp. Pl. 549. 1753.

Kt. filiformes Micux. Fl. 1: 320. 1803.

FP. reptans var. filiformis DC. Syst. 1: 248. 1818.

R. Flammula var. fliformis Hoox. Fl. 1: 11. 1829.

Fe. Flammulavar..reptans E. MEYER, Pl. Labr. 96. 1830.

Stem prostrate, rooting at the nodes, pubescent or nearly
glabrous: leaves linear-lanceolate to spatulate, usually entire,
I to 2inches long, narrowed into the petiole: peduncles ascend-
ing, 1 to 3 inches, each terminated by a single flower; petals

498 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

4 to 7, bright yellow, 2 to 3 lines long, exceeding the sepals;
stamens many: akenes flattened somewhat; beak minute, sharp.
Coast of Arctic America, Newfoundland; near ponds and lakes,
New Jersey to California: Greenland, Europe, Asia.

Var. Gormani n. var.

LF. Gormant GREENE, Pitt. 3: g1. 1896.

Like the type, but with leaves broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate,
acute, few-toothed, 6 to 8 lines long. Near Crater lake, south-
ern Oregon.

go. R. Unalaschensis Bess. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 32.
1841.
fe. Flammula var. intermedius Hook. Fl. 1: 11. 1829.
fe. reptans var. intermedius Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 16.
1838.
fe. Flammula var. Unalaschensis LEDEB. ex Regel, Bull.
soc! Nat. (Mosc. 34%: pt. 2's) 41/1868.
fe. repians var. strigulosus FREYN, Deutsch. Bot. Monats.
Sct iss | Son:
FR. intermedius HELLER, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 280.
1898. Not Poir. nor Eaton. j
This differs from /?. repéans in its more robust habit, longer
peduncles, leaves larger, sometimes being 3 to 5 inches long
and 2 to 6 lines wide. Newfoundland past the Great Lakes to
Oregon and California, northward. Europe. Asia.

g1. R. microlonchus GREENE, Erythea, 4: 122. 1896.

Allied to At. veptans, often more hairy; stem slender, some-
what ascending, 1-few-flowered : radical leaves in a tuft, shaped
as in that species or a little broader; stem leaves few, short
petioled to subsessile: flowers 4 lines broad; petals 5 to 8, ob-
tuse; sepals spreading: akenes as in that species but with a
short, stout, blunt beak: head of fruit depressed-globose.
Northern Idaho.

92. R. trachyspermus ENcELM. ex Gray Pl. Lindh. 1: 3.
1850.
fe. trachyspermus var. angustifolius ENGELM. 1. c.
Annual: plant glabrous, % to 2 feet high, sometimes rooting
at the lower nodes: leaves slender-petioled, oblong to linear
lanceolate, entire or denticulate, bases often tapering ; petioles
of stem leaves expanded near the bases: peduncles rather short ;

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 499

petals 1 to 3 or 5, pale yellow, about 1 line long; stamens only
5 to 10: akenes oblong, hardly compressed, slightly margined ;
beak very short: head of fruit oblong. Low, wet places, Dal-
las, Tex., south and southeast.

93. R. pusillus Porr. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 99. 1804.
FR. Flammula Waut. Car. 159. 1788. Not Linn.
FR. Bonariensis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 102. 1804.
Fe. humilis Pers. Syn. 2: 102. 1807.

Annual: plant % to 2 feet high, slender, weak, branching,
glabrous: basal and lower stem-leaves mostly ovate, petiolate ;
others nearly sessile, linear or lanceolate ; all entire or minutely
toothed: petals yellow, few, barely exceeding the sepals; sta-
mens I to 10: akenes obovate, tipped with the base of the style:
head of fruit globose. Marshy ground, New York, New
Jersey, to Florida, through Gulf region to Texas and Missouri.

Var. Lindheimeri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 367. 1886.

LR. trachyspermus var. Lindhetmert ENGELM. ex Gray Pl.
Lindh, 13: . 1850.
wn ocoletiz GREENE, Pitt.2: 225. 1692.

Low, rarely a foot high: akenes more papillose-roughened
than in the type. Middle coast of California to Galveston,
Tex., and New Orleans.

94. R. Andersoni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 327. 1868.
Oxygraphis Andersont FREYN, Flora, '70: 140. 1887.

About 6 to 8 inches high, stem one-leaved or a naked scape:
basal leaves rather thick, 2 to 3 times ternately or pedately di-
vided or parted, lobes linear to lanceolate: flowers I or 2;
sepals glabrous; petals % inch long, pink or rose, orbicular,
obovate or flabellate, claws narrow: akenes compressed, but
wholly utricular with membranous walls, oblique obovate to or-
bicular, 4% inch long, a very narrow membranous margin; apex
abruptly sharpened with a very short style. Boise City, Idaho,
Salt lake, Utah, to eastern Sierras of California and Nevada.

95. R. juniperinus Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 5:
O16; 18o 5+
fe. Anderson? var. tenellus Wats. Bot. King Exp. 7. ¢. 7,
ec -70. Loyd.

Plant taller and more slender than A. Andersonz; usually
branched once, 1-leaved and 2-flowered: radical leaves more

500 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

finely dissected than in that species: petals white or rose-purple
without: akenes flat, not inflated, very small, only I to 1 % lines
long. Rocky places in woods of Utah.

96. R. glacialis Linn. Sp. Pl. 553. 1753.

Roots fibrous: plant low: lower leaves petioled, others ses-
sile and involucrate, all 3-parted or trifid and again lobed; up-
per ones often villous: flowers 1 to 3, white or reddish; petals
obovate to cuneate, blunt; sepals shorter, very densely hairy.
Summer. Mountains of Europe, Arctic regions, Greenland.
Garden45; 9p. 25; 46 p. 501.

KUMLIENIA Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 337. 1886.
(Named for the late botanist, Prof. Kumlien of Wisconsin.)

Low perennials; stem nearly leafless, 1-2-flowered: leaves
mostly radical, rounded and lobed: sepals 5 to 7, white, con-
spicuous; petals 5, small, oval, fleshy, with nectariferous pit
and slender claw; stamens and pistils many: akenes lanceolate,
acuminate, compressed, membranaceous, and utricular, ob-
scurely 1-nerved on the sides; style hooked, persistent; seed
much shorter than the cell. A monotypic genus of narrow dis-
tribution. Of it Greene remarks that it has the general aspect
of Feanunculus; flowers of Caltha, with nectary-like petals of
ffelleborus, the utricular fruit peculiar. This is section PsEuDA-
PHANTOSTEMMA of Gray, under /tanunculus.

K. histricula GREENE, l. c.
ftanunculus hystriculus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 328.
1868.

Stems 4 to 10 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 3-lobed leaves:
radical leaves round-reniform, with 5 broad rounded lobes;
petioles long: flowers 1 or 2: akenes 3 lines long including the
style. Aprilto June. Portland, Ore., east to the Sierra Neva-
das. Rare.

FICARIA Hups. Fl. Angl. 213. 1762.
(Latin for fig, referring to the thickened roots.)

Perennial herbs with tuberous roots; plants all glabrous;
stems branched or simple: leaves petioled, entire or toothed, cor-
date: flowers large, solitary, either axillary or terminal; sepals
3 to 5, deciduous; petals about 8 (7 to 12), yellow, or red at

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 501

the base; carpels numerous, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed,
cotyledon only 1: akenes borne in a head. A genus of only
about three species natives of Europe and Asia. The follow-
ing one is naturalized here:

F. ranunculoides Morencn, Meth. 215. 1794.

Ranunculus Ficaria Linn. Sp. Pl. 550. 1753.

Ff. verna Huns. Fl. Angl. 1 ed, 214. 1762.

fF. polypetala Giiip. F1. Lituan. 2: 259. 1781.

F.. Ficaria Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 565. 1880-83. (Not bi-
nomial.)

F. communis Dum.-Cours. Bot. Cult. 2 ed .4: 445. 1811.

F. calthefolia Reicus. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 718. 1830-32.

F.. grandifiora Ropert, Cat. Toulon, 57: 112. 1838.

F.. Roberti F. Scuuutz, Arch. Fl. 346. 1848.

i. gmbioud Bor. Bl. Cent. Fr. 3 ed. 2: 20. 1857.

F.. nudicaulis Kern. in Oestr. Bot. Zeitschr. 13: 188.
1863.

F. intermedia Scuur. Enum. Pl. Transs. 14. 1866.

F’. transsilvanica Scuur. |. c. 14.

F. aperata Scuur. in Verh. Naturf. Ver. Bruenn. 15: 231.
1877.

F. Holubyi Scuur. 1. c. 32.

fF. rotundifolia Scuur. 1. c. 32.

Stem scape-like, or 1-2-leaved, about 5 inches high: leaves
ovate cordate, obtuse, crenate, I to 2 inches long; petioles
broad: flowers yellow; petals 8 or 9; sepals 3: head of fruit
globose: akenes beakless, truncate. Run wild on Long is-
land; Staten island; Hingham, Mass.; Richmond Co., N.
Y., and near Philadelphia. Regne Vegetale g: 6.

CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 26. 1838.
(From the Greek, meaning curved-beak.)

Slender, erect, perennial herbs, with fibrous roots: leaves
lobed: flowers small, yellow; sepals 5, spreading deciduous ;
petals 5, narrowly spatulate or oblong, pit at base, small;
stamens many: akenes terete, longitudinally ribbed; style in-
curved. A monotypic genus. Section CyRTORHYNCHA Gray,
under Ranunculus.

502 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

C. ranunculina Nutt. 1. c.
Ranunculus Nuttallii Gray, Proc. Acad. Phil. 56. 1863.
fe. ranunculinus RYDBERG, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 23. 1894.

Glabrous, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves usually narrowly lobed ;
basal ones long-petioled ; stem leaves few, beneath the branches:
flowers several, somewhat corymbose: akenes tipped with the
persistent, slender, recurved style. Spring and Summer. Ne-
braska to Wyoming. C. xeglecta, in Greene’s herbarium, is a
form with roots more succulent; stems and leaves like the
above; petals perhaps a little larger.

ARCTERANTHIS GreEEngE, Pittonia, 3: 190. 1897.

(Combination of Avctzc and Aranthis: in allusion to its habitat
and resemblance to Zranthis, or Cammarum).

A monotypic genus of perennial herbs: roots rather fascicled
or clustered on a short caudex: leaves mostly radical, rounded
and lobed: flowers solitary; sepals 5; petals 10; stamens
many: akenes in a head, longitudinally ribbed, beaks reflexed.
Part of Section CyRTORHYNCHA Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: 23, under
RANUNCULUS.

A. Cooleye GREENE, |. c. 190. pl. 3.

Ranunculus Cooleye Vasrty & Rose, Contr. Natl. Herb.
Be 289, pl. 22." 1893.
Kumlienta Cooleye GREENE, Erythea, 2: 193. 1894.

Plant glabrous, 3 to 8 inches high: scape 1—2-flowered,
sometimes bearing a small leaf near the middle, extending
above the leaves when in fruit; basal leaves many, orbicular,
one inch or more across, deeply 3-parted, and again lobed and
toothed, glandular tips to the teeth; petioles broadened or
sheathing at the base: flowers yellow; sepals oblong, obtuse,
deciduous; petals oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender claw
at base: carpels compressed laterally, 1-3-nerved on each
side; reflexed style short; ovule erect. August. Mountain
tops near Juneau, and St. Elias Alps, Alaska.

OXYGRAPHIS Bunce Verz. Suppl. Fl. Alt. 46. 1836.

(From Greek, meaning sharp-style.)

Trailing and running perennial herbs, with fibrous roots:
leaves crenate-dentate or lobed, long-petioled, glabrous: flow-

Davis: RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA. 503

ers small, yellow, one to several on scape-like stems; sepals
often 5, deciduous; petals 5-12, pit at base small; stamens
many: akenes compressed, somewhat swollen, thin-walled,
striate with simple or branched nerves: head of fruit oblong or
oval. Several species, but the following only is found in
America.—Section Hatopes, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21:
366, under Ranunculus.

0. Cymbalaria PRANTL, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam.

aA bt..2, 03. T6Gt.

?Ranunculus saluginosus PALL. Reise. 3: 263. 1776.

FR. Cymbalaria Pursu, Fl. 2: 392. 1814.

Le. halophilus ScutecuT. Animad. Ranunc. 1: 23. ¢. 4.
Wot. | FOLO:

fF. tridentatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 5: 42. 1821.

fF. Cymbalaria var. alfinus Hook. Fl. t: 11. 1833.

Cyrtorhyncha Cymbalaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: 161. 1894.

Leaves orbicular to ovate, cordate or truncate at base, one
inch long or even much less: scapes short; receptacle elongat-
ing in fruit: akenes minutely sharp-pointed. Summer. Shady
shores and moist saline or salt grounds. Arctic sea coasts to
New Jersey, west to Minnesota, thence south and west. Also
Mexico, South America, Greenland, Asia.

INDEX TO NAMES OF RANUNCULUS.

(References to other genera are indicated by their initials. )

abortivus Hook., 35. affints Torr., 49.

abortivus Linn., 32. affints var. cardiophyllus, 42.
abortivus var. australis, 32. affinis var. lasiocarpus, 42.
abortivus var. encyclus, 32. affints var.*letocarpus, 42.
abortivus var. grandifiorus, 32. affints var. micropetalus, 42.
abortivus var. Harveyt, 32. affints var. validus, 42.
abortivus var. micranthus, 10. alceus, 6.

aconttifolius, 73. alismefolius Benth., 79.

acrts Hook., 29. ; alismefolius Geyer, 81.

acrts Linn., 40. alismefolius var. alismellus, 82.
acris var. Deppiz, 30. alismefolius var. caltheflorus,
acriformis, 29. Si.

adoneus, 58. alismefolius var. montanus, 82.

affines R. Br., 42. alismellus, 82.

504 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

alismellus var. Populago, 82.

Allegheniensis, 35.

alpeophilus, 45.

amartllo, 25.

ambigens, 79.

ambigens var. obtustusculus, 79.

amenus Gray, 58.

amenus Ledeb., 42.

amplexicaulis, 75.

Andersoni, 94.

Andersont var. tenellus, 95.

apricus, Ul.

aquatilts, = B. 2.

aquatilds #, = B. 1.

aguatilts var, brachypus, = B.

aguatilzs var. cespitosus, = B

aquatilis var. confervoides, =
2.

aguatilis var. divaricatus, = B.
rey

aqguatilts var. flacctdus, = B. 3.

aguatilés var. heterophyllus, =
B. 2,

aguatil¢s var. hispidulus, = B. 2.

aguatilis var. Lobbiz, = B. 5.

aguatilis var. longirostris, = B.
Te

aqguattlis var. submersus, = B. 3.

aguatilis var. stagnatalis, = B.
1.

aguatilis var. trichophyllus, =
Be3:

arcticus, 42.

arcuatus, 37.

Arizonicus Greene, 49.

Arizonicus Lemmon, 49.

Arizonicus var. subaffints Gray,
ee

Arizonicus var. subaffinis Greene,

42.

Arizonicus var.

49:

arnoglossus, 77.

subsagittatus,

arvensis, I.

Ascherbornianus, 28.

Asiaticus, 31.

auricomus, 42.

auricomus var. Cassubicus, 48.

Austine, 64.

Beckit, 70.

Belvisiz, 12.

Biolettiz, 93.

Bloomert, 15.

Bolandert, 81.

Bonariensts, 93.

Bongardt, 37.

Bongardi var. Douglasit, 37.

Bongardi var. tenellus, 37.

brevicaulis, 48, 64.

bulbosus, 17.

Canadensis, 7.

canus, 24.

canus var. LBlankinshtpit, 24.

canus var. hesperoxys, 24.

Californicus, 30.

Californicus var. canus, 24.

Californicus var. crassifolius,30.

Californicus var. latilobus, 30.

Californicus var. Ludovictanus,
30.

caltheflorus, 81.

cardiophylius, 42.

cardiophyllus var. pinetorum, 42.

carpaticus, 50.

confervoides, = B. 3.

Cooleyea, = A.

corthusefolius, 51.

Chilensis, 15.

ctléosus, 38.

circinatus, = B. 1.

Clintonzz, 26.

Cusickit, 82.

Cymbalaria, = O.

Cymbalaria var. alpinus, =O.

delphinitfolcus, H.B.K., 23.

delphintfolius Torr., 70.

Davis:

delphinifolius T. & G., 30.
dichotomus, 20.

digitatus, 63.

dissectus, 39.

divaricatus, = B. i.
Dontanus, 53.

Douglastt, 37.

Drummondz, 60.

arle., 37.

Fisent, 38.

ellipticus, 64.

eremogenes, 34.

eremogenes var. degener, 34.
Eschscholtztt, 44.

extmius, 45.
Sascicularts Britton, 16.
Sascicularis Muhl., 11.
fascicular¢s Schlecht., 12.

Sascicularis Wats., 7.
fascicularis var. Deforesti, 11.
@rearza, =F.

fliformis, 89.

flaccidus, = B. 3.

Flammula Hook., 81.
Flammutla Michx., 84.
Flammula Pursh, 79.
Flammula Walt., 93.
Flammulavar. filiformis, 89.
Flammula var. intermedius, 90.
Flammula var. laxicaulis, 84.
Hammula var. reptans, 89.
Flammuta var. Unalaschensts,go.
flaviatilis, 70.

Galeottiz, 5.
Leoldes, 55.

glaberrimus, 64.
Llaberrimus var. ellipticus, 64.
Llacialis, 96.

Gmelint, 71.

Gormanz, 89.

Grayanus, = B. 2.

Gray, 60.

Greenez, 37.

RANUNCULI OF NORTH AMERICA.

halophilus, = O.

flartwegi, 81.

Hlarveyt, 32.

hebecarpus, 4.

hebecarpus var. pustllus, 4.

hederaceus Linn., = B. 4.

hederaceus var. = B. 5.

hederaceus var. Lobbti, = B. 5.

hesperoxys, 24.

hirsutus, 9.

hispidus Hook., 8.

hispidus Michx., 16.

hispidus Pursh, 7.

hispidus var. Oreganus, 8.

Hookert Regel, 60.

flookert Schlecht., 13.

Howelliz, 38.

humilis D. Don., 53.

humilis Pers., 93.

hydrocharts sub. sp. Lobbtz, =
Bes:

hydrocharotdes, 85.

hyperboreus, 68.

hyperboreus var. natans, 67.

hystriculus, = K.

I[celandicus, 18.

ZNAMOENRUS, 42.

tntermedius, QO.

jJuntperinus, 95.

lacustris, 70.

Lambertianus, 76.

Langsdorfit, 7.

lanuginosus, 30.

Lapponitcus Linn., 69.

Lapponicus Oed., 61.

laxicaults, 84.

Lemmont, 83.

limosus, 71.

Lingua, 79.

Llavenus, 21.

L0bbit = Bar 5

longipedunculatus, 52.

longirostris, = B. I.

506

luctdus, 12.

Ludovicianus, 30.

Lyallt, 37.

Macauleyt, 65.

Macountz, 8.

Macount? var. Oreganus, 8.
macranthus Scheele, 22.
macranthus Wats., 19.
Madrensts, 80.
Marilandicus, 16.
MAXtMUS, IQs

Me Callaz, 41.

Mexicanus, 55.
micranthus, 10.
microlonchus, 91.
Missourtensis, 72.
Montanensts, 29.
MLOntANUS, 50.

montanus var. dentatus, 50.
multicaults, 54.

multifidus, 70.

multifidus var. limosus, 71.
multtfidus var. repens, 71.
multifidus var. terrestris, 70.
muricatus, 2.

natans C. A. Meyer, 67.
natans Nees, 76.

Nelsonz, 38.

Nelsont var. glabriusculus, 37.

NNelsoni var. tenellus, 37.
mtt~dus, 32.

nivalzs Linn., 66.

nivalis Rep. not Linn., 65.
ntvales var. Eeschscholtztt, 44.
Nuttalliz7, = C.
oblongifolins, 84.
obtustusculus Britton, 79.
obtustusculus Raf., 79.
occidentalis Gray, 38.
occidentalis Nutt., 38.

occidentalis var. brevistylus, 38.
occidentalis var. Eisent, 37, 38.

occidentalis var. Hlowellit, 38.

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

occidentalis var. Lyall, 37.
parviflorus, 37-
Rattant, 38.
robustus, 38.
tenellus, 37.
ultramontanus,

occidentalis var.

occidentalis var.

occtdentalis var.

occtdentalts var.

occidentalis var.
38.

ocreatus, 44.

Oreganus, 8.

ornithorhynchus, 19.

orthorhynchus, 19.

orthorhynchus var. alpinus, 58.

orthorhynchus var. platyphyllus,
19.

ovalis, 48.

oxynotus, 62.

Pallasit, 74.

palmatus, 27.

pantothrix, = B. 3.

parviflorus Linn., 3.

parviflorus var. T. & G., 4.

parvulus, 9.

pedatifidus Hook., 60.

pedatifidus J. E. Smith, 42.

pedatifidus var. cardiophyllus,
42.

pedatifidus var. pinetorum, 42.

Pennsylvanicus, 7.

pettiolaris, 57.

Phitonotus Ehrh., 9.

Philonotus, Pursh, 12.

ptlosus, 14.

Populago, 82.

Porter’; — es

prostratus, 26.

Purshit Richards, 71.

Purshit Torr., 67.

Purshiti var. aqguatilis, 70.

pustillus Ledeb., 71.

pustllus Poir., 93.

pusillus var. Lindhetmert, 93.

pustllus var. oblongifolius, 84.

pygmeus, Ol.

Davis: RANUNCULI

pygmeus var. Sabiniz, 61.
radicans C. A. Meyer, 67.
radicans Regel, 71.
ranunculinus, = C.
Rattanz, 38.

recurvatus Bong, 37.
recurvatus Poir, 36.
recurvatus Schlecht, 38.
recurvatus var. Nelsonz, 38.
regulosus, 30.

repens, 26.

repens var. hispidus, 8.
repens var. macranthus, 22.

repens var. Marilandicus, 16.

reptans, 89.

reptans var. filiformis, 89.
reptans var Gormant, 89.
reptans var. intermedius, 90.
reptans var. strigulosus, 90.
rhombotdeus, 48.

Sabiniz, 61.

saluginosus, =? O.
samolifolius, 86.
saniculeformts, 36.

Sardous, 9.

saxicola, 46.

sceleratus, 33.

sceleratus var. multifidus, 34.
Schlechtendalii, 12, 38.

OF NORTH AMERICA, 507

septentrionalis, 12.

spectosus, 17.

stagnatalis, = B. i.

stolontfer, 87.

subaffints, 49.

subalpinus, 23.

subsagittatus var. subaffints, 49.

Suksdor fit, 47.

sulphureus, 66.

tenellus, 37.

tenellus var. Lyallt, 37.

tomentosus Poir., 12.

tomentosus Spreng., 36.

trachyspermus Ell., 3.

trachyspermus Engelm., 92.

trachyspermus var. Lindheim-
ert, 93.

trachyspermus var.
foltius, 92.
trichophyllus, = B. 3.
tridentatus, = O.
trifoltus, 7.
triternatus, 59.

Turneri, 39.

angustt-

Unalaschensts, 90.
uncinatus, 56.
ungutculatus, 78.
vagans, 88.

victnalts, 43.

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ia = : D. ee

XXVII. A SYNONYMIC CONSPECTUS OF THE NA-
TIVE AND GARDEN THALICTRUMS OF
NORTH AMERICA.

Ks, €.. Davis.

The name Zhalictrum (Linn. Sp. Pl. 545. 1753) is prob-
ably from TZhallo, to grow green, and has reference to the
young shoots which are of such a bright green color.

This group includes several forms which are well suited for
the mixed border and rock garden, and the robust forms are
well placed in the wild garden. Many are very hardy, and
only the more southern forms of those given below are at all
tender. TZhalictrums are valued for their healthy heads of
flowers, contrasted with their handsome stems and leaves which
are often of a purple cast. They may be propagated by seed
or by division of roots in early spring just as growth begins.
Any good loamy soil will suit them if well drained.

The latest monograph of the genus was in 1885, by LeCoyer,
in Bull. Soc. Roy. de Bot. de Belge, where he describes 69
species. In 1886 Wm. Trelease published a fine treatment of
‘¢ North American species of Zhalictrum” in Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. 23: 293-304, in which he recognized eleven species
and four varieties north of Mexico. His treatment is rather
closely followed by Robinson in Gray’s Synop. Fl. 1895. Since
that time at least ten new species have been described—chiefly
from Mexico—several of which are by J. N. Rose in Contr. U.
S. Natl. Herb. 5: 185, October 31,1899. Only five have been
introduced to our gardens from other countries.

Erect perennial herbs: leaves ternately compound and de-
compound; stem leaves alternate: flowers dicecious, polyg-
amous, or perfect in some species, rather small, generally
greenish-white or sometimes purple or yellow, borne in a
panicle or loose raceme; sepals 4 or 5, deciduous; petals want-
ing; stamens many, showy; carpels usually few, 1-seeded.

509

510 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

KEY TO SPECIES OF THALICTRUM.

A. Natives of United States or introduced.
B. Flowers perfect.
C. Filaments widened above; anthers ovate, obtuse.

D. Akenes sessile, in a head, ovate oblong......... petaloideum.

DD. Akenes stalked, widely spreading, straight along dorsal
margin.

E. Styles very short; stigma almost sessile......... clavatum.

EE. Styles as long as width of akene............ sparciflorum.

CC. Filaments filiform; anthers linear, acute, or mucronate.
D. Stigma hastate or spurred; flower-stem abruptly recurved
WGN MCINE Ss ose «tee nsec ee aisaelos saber ee aeeeae alpinum.
DD. Stigma not spurred nor hastate.
E. Fruits sulcate; stigma dilated on one side of the short

BEVLE fen ieaie heme te sh ete ean he wtee Ces weenie hoe anda eee Minus.
EE. Fruits longitudinally veined; stigma terminal, minute,
not dilated styleschomi): lessee. Ha estes cee glaucum.

BB. Flowers polygamo-dicecious.
C. Anthers linear, mucronate; filaments thread-like.
purpurascens.
CC. Anthers ovate, obtuse; filaments broadened above.
polygamum.
BBB. Flowers diccious, with rare exceptions.
C. Filaments widened above; anthers ovate, rather obtuse.
agutlegtfolium.
CC. Filaments thread-like; anthers linear, acute or mucronate.
D. Mature fruits rather firm or thick-walled, not greatly flat-
tened, filled by the seed; leaves glabrous.
E. Blades of leaflets very thin.

EF . “Reptstuberous> stem reclining J)... J. ccs saeco debile.
FF. Roots coarsely fibrous; stem erect............. dioicum.
EE. Blades of leaflets firm, veiny below.
By ky LCS (CHU DEG, cara sp concmes ec -habeseae Caulophylloides.
FF. Styles not clubbed.
G. Akenes well, stalked 22. 032.20 .c-steyeeeesees corzaceum.
GG. Akenes*meanly Sessilesa. ssc: con acusn sees venulosum.

DD. Mature fruits less firm, thin-walled, 2-edged, either flat-
tened or turgid.

iB, eLsealetstveny ar hilaces ieee cerca sae seria eat serorons occidentale.
EE. Leaflets firm.
E’.. Pistils orn Wrareliy ns) acasste.adess codecs eee fendlert.
UE. WPistilss 720. cere sdeee. BARU eden ols sak ctael polycarpum.

AA. Natives of Mexico, not introduced into United States.
B. Leaflets peltate or subpeltate.

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 511

C. Akenes at least twice as long as broad.
D. Plant glaucous throughout; akenes narrowly elliptical,
tapering at base or stalked.
E. Divisions of leaves large, crenations broad and shallow.

peltatum.

EE. Divisions of leaves small, with small ovate teeth.
jJaliscanum.
DD. Plant not at all glaucous; akenes subsessile, one side
REGAN tac iinleu tee De eae Bei ete Mae SOLE Sa Sharaicicie << A Cuernavacanum.

CC. Akenes a little longer than broad.
D. Leaves once or twice ternate; leaflets large, orbicular.

Pringle?.
DD. Leaves 4 or 5 times ternate; leaflets small, ovate.
Guatemalense.
BB. Leaflets subpeltate on only part of the plant......... pubigerum.
BBB. Leaflets not peltate nor subpeltate.
C. Flowers perfect.
Me See Ena POMONA es... dn suis h wins cevutieds Oeentenle longistylum.
Ty Ran Sl AO TIOAAG <4 oes here Sa AS ost hm an adic onisat aisle cunieoh an Pachucense.
CC. Flowers monecious or polygamous (7. jpapzllosum
doubtful).
D. Plant glabrous or only glandular, very little or no pubes-
cence.

E. Akenes ribbed, not gibbous.
F. Leaves 4-5 times ternate: leaflets 1 to 2 inches across.

grandifiorum.
FF. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate; leaflets small and thin.
Galeotti.
EE. Akenes with convex protuberances on the ribs.
F. Anthers mucronate............. LSE ere Sa Flernandeztt.
FF. Anthers linear, but rather blunt.::..{...:..... gtbhbosum.

DD. Plant pubescent, hispid or hairy.
E. Fruits not woolly.
F. Leaflets glabrous above, glandular-hispid beneath.

lanatum.

FF. Leaflets papillose above; hairy veins prominent be-

EAU AME eee see see ated Sete emo ee mia na papillosum.

LOW SAR Sh cea ove || ap Gallas eae Kay ta ep rae Semen ame tomentellum.

CCC. Flowers diwcious.

D. Leaves pinnately compounds.iiii.so.s.sscedsnoceedss pinnatum.
DD. Leaves ternately compound.

IBY i Slay Meee nee iy ihe facta he asc vo, Clea, Madrense.

EE. Styles filiform, 3-4 lines long.............. grandifolium.

512 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

T. petaloideum Linn. Sp. Pl. 2 ed. 771. 1762.

Stem round, nearly 1 ft. high, almost naked: leaves 3-5-
parted; leaflets smooth, ovate, entire, or 3-lobed: flowers cor-
ymbose, perfect; sepals white, rotund; filaments pink, anthers
yellow: fruits ovate-oblong, striated, sessile. June—July.
Northern Asia. Bot. Cab. g: 891. Not yet in trade lists but
well worthy of use in gardens(f). Lec. 3. f. 75.

T. clavatum DG: Syst. 1: 171. 1818.
1. pipes Torr. & Gray, Fl. 12°38. 1838.
IT. nudicaule SCHWEINITz ex T. & G. Fl. 1: 39. 1838.

Plant glabrous, 1 to 2 feet high, branching above: leaves 2
to 3 times ternate: leaflets oval to obovate, rather large, thin,
about 3-lobed but variable, base variable: flowers perfect, in a
cymose panicle; filaments spatulate and petal-like, with short,
blunt anthers : akenes widely spreading on weak stalks of nearly
their own length, obliquely ovoid, flattened; styles short; stig-
ma minute. May, June. Wet mountain places, western Vir-

sina to Alabama ({): Lec. 3. 7. zo.

1, sparcifiorum Turcz. F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1e:
1835.
I clavatum Toox. Filna:i2:,) 21839, notaDC.
LT. fiuchardsonz ‘Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 17. a1G4ae

Stem erect, sulcate, 2 to 4 feet high, branching, usually gla-
brous: leaves triternate, upper ones sessile; leaflets short-
stalked, round or ovate, variable in size and shape of base, round-
lobed or toothed: flowers in leafy panicles on slender pedicels,
perfect ; sepals obovate, whitish, soon reflexed ; filaments some-
what widened; anthers very short: akenes short-stalked, ob-
liquely obovate, flattened, dorsal margin straight; 8—10-nerved ;
styles persistent. Northern Asia, through Alaska to Hudson
Bay, in mountains in Colorado and southern California. Intro-

duced to gardens in 1881. Lec. 3. f/f &.
T. alpinum Linn. Sp. Pl. 545. 1753.

Stems smooth, naked or 1-leaved, only 4 to 8 inches high,
from a scaly rootstock: leaves tufted at the base, twice 3-5-
parted; leaflets coriaceous, orbicular or cuneate at the base,
lobed, revolute: flowers in a raceme, perfect; sepals greenish,
equalling the yellow stamens: stigma linear; akenes small, ob-
liquely obovoid. Newfoundland to Arctic Alaska, in Rockies

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 513

to southern Colorado, Europe, northern Asia, Greenland and
feeland. Bot; Mag. 22397.": Lec} 4.7. 27/(f).

T. minus Linn. Sp. Pl. 546. 1753.
T. saxatele VILL. Prosp. 50. 1779.
T. purpureum Scuane. in Pall. N. Nord. Beitr. 6: 42.
1794-
T. saxatilis Horr.

Stems round, sulcate, 1 to 2 feet high: leaflets variable, acute
or obtusely lobed, often glaucous: flowers drooping in loose
panicles, perfect; sepals yellow or greenish: fruit ovate-oblong,
sessile, striated. Summer. Europe, Asia, northern Africa.
A polymorphous species in the variation of the leaflets. Lec.
Sy Fy 4-

Var. adiantifolium Horr.

TI. adriantoides Horr.
T. adiantifolium Bess. ex Eichw. Skizze 182. 1830.

Leaflets resembling those of Adzantum,; a form much used
and admired.

Var. Kemense TRELEASE, |. c. 300. 1886.

T. Kemense Friss, Fl. Holland, 94. 1817-18.
T. minus var. elatum Lec. 1. c. 283. 1885. In part.

Leaves thrice-ternate ; otherwise much like the type.

fy elaucum Drsr. Thal. 1 ed. 123. 1804.
I. speciosum Horv. ex Porr. Encycl. 5: 315. 1804.

Stems erect, round, striated, glaucous, 2 to 5 feet high: leaf-
lets ovate-orbicular, 3-lobed, lobes deeply toothed: flowers in
an erect panicle, perfect; sepals and stamens yellow: fruits 4
to 6, ovate, striated, sessile. June, July. Southern Europe.

ec. 5, 7.3.

T. purpurascens Linn. Sp. Pl. 546. 1753.
7. rugosum Pursu. Fl. 2: 389. 1814.
I. revolutum DC. Syst. 1: 173. 1818.
me Cornutt var. a. HooK. Plo rage t20 1839:
T. dasycarpum Fiscu. & Lau. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.
Aas Tod... %,
T. purpureum Horr.
A polymorphous species, allied to 7. polygamum: stem 3 to
6 feet high, branching above, leafy, pubescent or glabrous,
sometimes glandular; leaflets larger than in that type: flowers

514 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

in a long, loose, leafy panicle, polygamo-dicecious; filaments
narrow, anthers rather long, taper pointed: akenes slightly
stalked, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent with 6 to 8 longitudinal
wings; style slender, persistent; stigma long and narrow,
Canada to Florida, west to the Rockies. June, Aug. Intro-
duced 1883.

Var. ceriferum Austin, Gray Man. 5 ed. 39. 1867.

Je eevolmameuae. 1. C. 140. ¢..35.f> T«
This is a variety with waxy glands.

T. polygamum Mun. Cat. 54. 1813.
T.. corynellum DC. Syst. 1: 172. 1818.
T. Cornuti var 8 Hook. |. c. 3.
ie Coranit Torr. & GRAY, Fl. 2:38. 1898.
T. leucostemon Kocu. & Baucus, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
App. 13.) 1954.

Erect, 3to8 or more ft. high, branching and leafy, smooth or
pubescent, not glandular: leaves 3-4 times ternate or terminally
pinnate; leaflets oblong to orbicular, bases variable, 3-5 apical
lobes: flowers in a long, leafy panicle, polygamo-dioecious ;
sepals white; filaments broadened when young; anthers short:
akenes ovoid, stipitate, 6-8-winged or ribbed; with stigmas as
long, which become curled. July-August. Low or wet
grounds, Canada to Florida, west to Ohio. Introduced 1881.
Izec. 2.7. 12. T. pubescens Pursh, Fl..2: 388, 6Gieuee
probably a very pubescent form of this and might be called
var. pubescens.

Var. macrostylum Rosinson, Syn. Fl. 1: 17. 1895.

T. Cornutt var. macrostylum SHUTTLE. in Dist. PI.
Rugel, 1845-6.

T. Cornuti var. monostyla Bot. ZEIT. 3: 218,219. 1845.

T. macrostylum SMALL & HELLER, Mem. Torr. Club,
go°S.> “EOe2.

Slender; leaflets small, nearly entire: fertile flowers less
numerous and in a more spreading panicle: akenes in a small,
dense, spherical head. Mountains of western North Carolina
to Georgia.

T. aquilegifolium Linn. Sp. Pl. 547. 1753.
Stem large, hollow, 1 to 3 feet high, glaucous: leaves once or

twice 3-5-parted; leaflets stalked or the lateral ones nearly ses-
sile, slightly lobed or obtusely toothed, smooth, suborbicular:

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 515

, flowers in a corymbose panicle, dicecious; sepals white; sta-
mens purple or white: fruit 3-angled, winged at the angles.
May-July. Europe, northern Asia. Bot. Mag. 1818; 2025
(as var. formosum). Garden 47, p. 357; 50, p. 117. Lec. 3.
fo 5

The old name, 7. Cornutc L. Sp. Pl. 545, may be a syn-
onym of this, and, if so, it is the older name being published
on a preceding page; but 7. Cornutz was described as an
American plant which 7. aguzlegifolium is not. As the descrip-
tion and old figures of 7. Cornutc L. do not agree with any
American plant the name may well be dropped, as Robinson
and DeCandolle have suggested. Those plants advertised as
T. Cornutt are probably 7. aguzlegifolium.

T. debile BuckLey, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 175. 1843.

Root a cluster of fusiform tubers: stem decumbent, % to 1
foot long, glabrous, simple or branched, few-leaved: leaves
2 to 3 times ternate; petioles long and slender; leaflets nearly
¥ inch across, thin, rotund, the 3 rounded lobes entire or again
lobed, bases variable: flowers remote, in long, simple panicles,
dicecious ; stamens often 10, filaments little longer than the an-
thers: akenes 2-5, nearly sessile, spreading, oblong, not flat-
tened, 8-10-ribbed; style minute. Moist or shady places.
Georgia to Texas. Lec. 2. f 7 (f).

bear. Texanum Gray, Cat. Coll. Hall, Pl. Tex. 3. 1879.

Name only.

Stems more rigid and erect; leaflets smaller, thicker and
nearly sessile. A Texas form of the above (ft). Described in
Byo. Fl. r: 18. 1895.

T. dioicum Linn. Sp. Pl. 545. 1753.
T. levigatum Micux. Fl. 1: 322. 1803.
TI. Carolinianum Bosc. in DC. Syst. 1: 174. 1818.

Rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous: leaves 3 to 4 times
3-parted; leaflets thin, orbicular, several-lobed or revolute,
bases variable: flowers in a loose, leafy panicle with slender
pedicels, dicecious; stamens much longer than the greenish
sepals: anthers linear, obtuse, exceeding their filaments in
length: akenes ovoid, nearly or quite sessile, longer than their
styles, with about 10 longitudinal grooves. [Early spring.
Woods. Labrador to Alabama, west to the foot of the Rockies.
Introduced sometime before 1891. Lec. 3. f 2, 3.

516 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

T. Caulophylloides Smarz, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 136.
1898.

Plant glabrous, 2 to 4 feet high, from a horizontal rootstock ;
leaves on long petioles; leaflets deep green, firm, oval or broader
than long, I to 2 inches long, glaucous beneath and with prom-
inent nerves, bases variable, apically 3-5-sharp-lobed: flowers
dicecious: akenes elliptic, 3 lines long, sharply ribbed, con-
tracted at the base and stalked, style persistent, clubbed, % the
length of akenes. Spring and summer. Mountains of Ten-
nessee.—Allied to 7. corzaceum, but differing in the leaflets and
the shorter club-shaped style (+).

T. Coriaceum SMALL, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 98. 1893.

T. diotcum var. cortaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club,
TS 363. © LOOr.

Stem sulcate, somewhat branched, raising 3 to 4 feet from the
yellow rootstocks : leaves 3 to 4 times ternate, rather short-peti-
oled, lower petioles with stipule—like bases; leaflets coriaceous,
broadly obovate, acutely toothed or lobed; bases variable ; veins
prominent on the whitish under surface: flowers in a loose
panicle, dicecious ; sepals and stamens whitish; anthers linear,
longer than the slender filaments: pistillate flowers purple;
akenes stalked, oblong-ovoid, 8—10-ribbed ; styles of less length,
persistent. May-June. Mountains of eastern Kentucky into
Virginia and north Carolina (ft).

T. venulosum TRELEASE, 7. c., 302. 1886.
T. campestre GREENE, Erythea, 4: 123. 1893.
(?) TZ. Fendleri J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz. 16: 285. 1893.

Allied to 7. déoccum: stem simple, erect, 10-20 inches high,
glabrous, glaucous; bearing 2 to 3 long-petioled leaves above
the base; leaves 3 to 4 times 3-parted; leaflets short-stalked,
rather firm, rounded and lobed at the apex, veiny beneath:
flowers in a simple panicle, dicecious, small; sepals ovate;
stamens 10-20 on slender filaments; anthers oblong, slender
pointed: akenes nearly sessile, 2 lines long, ovoid, tapering to
a straight beak, thick-walled and 2-edged. South Dakota,
westward and southward in the mountains. Introduced 1889.

T. occidentale Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 372. 1872.
T. dioicum var. oxycarpum Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped.
2E2 2) ST OSA:

A

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTII AMERICA. 517

Allied to 7. déotcum which it closely resembles ; but it is more
robust, taller: leaves glandular-puberulent: akenes long, slen-
der, thin-walled, 2-edged, ribbed, not furrowed. Introduced
1881.

T. Fendleri ENGLEm. ex Grayin Mem. Am. Acad. 4:5. 1849.

A variable species: plants 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout and
leafy: leaves 4 to 5 times pinnatifid, upper stem leaves sessile ;
leaflets rather firm, ovate to orbicular, usually with many shal-
low rounded or acuminate lobes, bases variable: flowers diceci-
ous, in rather compact panicles; stamens many, anthers long:
akenes nearly sessile, obliquely ovate, flattened, 3 to 4 ribs on
each face. July-Aug. Western Texas to Montana. Intro-
euced 168r. \Lec.2./f. 9.

Var. Wrightii TRELEASE, |. c. 304. 1886.

T. Wrightit Gray Pl. Wright 2: 7. 1852.

The upper leaves petioled; leaflets smaller, puberulent be-
low: akenes plump, sigmoid, reticulated. Aug.—Sept. Dry
regions. New Mexico, southern Arizona into Chihuahua.
ioc. 2. f. 3.

Var. platycarpum TRELEASE, I. c. 304. 1886.

T. platycarpum GREENE, Pitt. 1: 166. 1888.
T. hesperitum GREENE, Pitt. 2: 24. 18809.

Inflorescence sparsely glandular-puberulent: leaflets like the
type: akenes flat, erect, dilated, the veins mostly longitudinal.
Central and southern California.

T. polycarpum Warson, Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 288. 1879.
I. Fendleri var. polycarpum Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 61.
1853.
I. Fendlert Brew. & Wars. Bot. Calif. 1: 4. 1876. In
part.
TI. cestum GREENE, FI. Francis, 309. 1892.

Allied to 7. Fendler?: glabrous throughout: leaflets long-
petioled: flowers dicecious in rather close panicles: akenes
larger in a dense globose head, stalked, obovoid, turgid taper-
ing into reflexed styles. Summer. Sandy streams, California
to Columbia river. Introduced 1881. Lec. 3. f 4.

7. peltatum DC. Prod. 1: 11. 1824.

Plant tall, glabrous or glaucous: upper stem leaves twice
ternate: leaflets pale, 3 inches across, orbicular, mostly peltate,

518 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

apically lobed or crenate: flowers polygamous in an open pan-
icle: akenes flattened, obliquely oblong, being nearly straight
on edge, base tapering but sessile, both faces 2—3-veined ; styles
\ inch long, rather persistent. August. Morelos, south of
Mexico City. Rose, 1. c. 186, redescribes and figures this,
plate 21. He concludes that DeCandolle’s type may have been
found in the same region. Type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 7448,
distributed as 7. Prznglez (+).

T. Jaliscanum Ross, |. c. 187. 1899.

Stems tall, glabrous and glaucous; upper leaves ternate, the
leaflets peltate, orbicular, 6 to 10 toothed, glabrous: inflores-
cence a large open panicle: carpels narrowly elliptical, some-
what cuneate at base, strongly nerved. Quoted from Rose by
whom it was first collected on tableland in northeastern Jalisco.
Differs from 7. peltatum in its small leaflets with small rounded
teeth (f).

T. Cuernavacanum Ross, |. c. 187. 1899.

About 2 feet high, branching above, somewhat pubescent,
never glaucous: leaves twice ternate; leaflets roundish, 1 inch
across, palmate, broadly crenate: inflorescence an open panicle ;
flowers perfect; anthers linear; akenes 2 lines long, narrowed
at both ends, subsessile, one side straight, 3—-4-ribbed; styles
long. Morelos, south of Mexico City (+).

i.Pringlet Wars, Proc. Am, Acad.) 25 : 140.1890:
T. pubigerum PRINGLE, ex Rose, 1. c. 187. 1899.

About 2 feet high, glabrous: leaves 1 to 2 times ternate: leaf-
lets usually peltate, suborbicular, %4 to 2 inches across, coarsely
5-9-toothed, not glandular: inflorescence an open panicle, with
slender nodding pedicels; flower polygamo-dicecious: anthers
linear, long apiculate: akenes compressed, semi-ovate, straight
on one side, 6-8-ribbed, 2 lines long; styles long, somewhat
persistent. June-August. Near the capital of Jalisco, and the
coast slope of the same state (fT).

Var reticulatum Ross, |. c. 188. 1899.

A lower, somewhat pubescent form: leaflets peltate, entire
or 3-5-angled, dark green above, strongly net-veined: flowers
in a narrow panicle; peduncles nodding in fruit. Western
foothills of Tepic Territory (+). The type 3372 in U. S. Natl.
Herb. is a form of the same variety with the leaflets shallow-
round-lobed, and some of them only subpeltate.

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 519

T. Guatemalense Rose & C. DC., Contr. Natl. Herb. 5: 188.
1899.

Stems about 2 feet high; slender, branched, somewhat hairy :
leaves 4 to 5 times ternate; leaflets small, ovate, peltate, some-
what roughened, strongly veined below: akenes turgid, hardly
2 lines long. Guatemala (f).

T. pubigerum Bentu. Pl. Hartw. 285. 1839-57.

Plant rather tall, nearly simple, glabrous or pubescent, finely
striated ; leaves 2 to 4 times pinnate; leaflets distant, their stalks
stipuled, often ovate, sometimes subpeltate, cordate or roundish
at base; summit 3-toothed, often with other smaller teeth:
flowers moncecious or polygamous, reddish; anthers linear,
mucronate: akenes stipitate, glabrous, flattened, obliquely
ovate, reticulately veined, protuberiferous, reflexed; style with-
ering. Summer. West central Vera Cruz (f).

T. longistylum DC. Syst. 1: 171. 1818.

Plant tall, sparsely pubescent even to the fruits: leaflets
roundly lobed and toothed outwardly, pubescent beneath: flow-
ers perfect, anthers slender, pointed: fruits flattened a little,
reticulately ribbed, straight along one side; styles slender,
longer than the body before becoming broken. August. Moist
banks, Sierra de las Cruces, Mexico, 10,000 feet. Also South
America (f).

T. Pachucense Ross, |. c. 188. 1899.

Delicate glabrous plant, 8 to 12 inches high; roots fibrous:
leaves only 3 to 4 inches long, mostly basal, 3 times ternate ;
leaflets 2 to 4 lines long, broad or narrow, bases variable : flowers
perfect, on erect pedicels which become bent in fruit; sepals
purplish; anthers narrow, apiculate: ovaries oblong; style long
and slender. Open woods. High altitudes. Southern Hi-
dalgo (tf).

T. grandiflorum Rose, |. c. 188. 1899.

T. grandifolium Rose, |. c. 143. 1897. Not Wats.
Stems 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous: leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 4 to5
times ternate; main petiole short with long dilating stipules;
leaflets stalked, large, nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 inches across, often
cordate at the base, 3 to 7 roundish lobes, sometimes a little
hairy on under veins: flowers in a large, nearly naked panicle,

520 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

polygamous; filaments slender ; anthers linear : akenes flattened,
strongly nerved, style persistent. Morelos, south of Mexico

City (t).
ae Gatepeul Wee. le.) 2402) 1 8450,12, 72 0,. “Loos:

Rather tall and simple, glabrous, 2-3-pinnate; stipules
ample; leaflets small, thin, ovate to obovate, toothed or lobed
above, glabrous: panicles rather leafy; flowers small, whitish,
moneecious or polygamous; sepals slightly dentate; anthers
linear, somewhat obtuse: pistils 5 to 11: akenes nearly sessile,
compressed, glabrous, semi-ovate, veined, widely spreading ;
styles long, slender, withering. September—October. Moun-
tains of central Vera Cruz (f).

T. Hernandezii Tauscu. in Presl. Reg. Haenk. 2: 69. 1835.

Stem 3-5 feet high; glandulous, leafy, branching; leaves
2 to 3 times 5-parted; leaflets large, often subsessile, variable in
outline, usually oval, 3-lobed or sharp toothed above; under
side glandular: flowers in a conical panicle, moncecious or
polygamous; sepals 4, greenish; anthers linear, mucronate:
akenes 5-7, sessile or stipitate, obliquely ovate, compressed;
spreading, irregularly ribbed and protuberiferous; styles long,
slender, somewhat persistent. June-August. Southeastern
Mexico, "Oaxaca,-ete, — Lec.’ 2.17; 2 (Ff).

hevanposam ioe. loc. 24:°232. 2.2.7.7. 1885.

Tall, erect, simple, or branched, glabrous: leaves 2 to 3 times
pinnate, petiole stipuled; leaflets small, thin, oval, stalked, 3
sharp teeth above, often other small ones: panicles slightly
leafy: flowers moncecious or polygamous, small, greenish;
sepals feebly dentate; anthers linear, usually blunt; pistils 4-5 :
akenes stalked, flattened, tapering above and below, glabrous,
strongly ribbed, reticulated and provided with protuberances,
widely spreading; style long and slender, withering. Sept.—
Oct. Mountains of western Oaxaca (f).

T. lanatum Lec. in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 16: 226.

1877.

Rather tall and leafy, hispid: leaves 2 to 3 times pinnate, very

short petioled or sessile; leaflets variable in size and form, often

orbicular or obovate, cordate or rounded at base, firm, glandular-
hispid beneath, short-stalked, tridentate at summit, often with

Davis: THALICTRUMS OF NORTH AMERICA. 521

other smaller teeth: panicles many-flowered, moncecious or
polygamous; sepals whitish ; anthers linear, mucronate: akenes
5 to7, sessile or nearly so, spreading, reticulately ribbed, glan-
dulous ; styles long and filiform, rather persistent. June—Aug.
Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico (+). Closely allied to 7. Her-
nandezit, but differing in being glandular hispid, and having no
convex protuberances on the akenes.

T. papillosum Rose, 1. c. 189. 1899.

Low, hairy: leaves small, 3 times ternate; leaflets roundish,
often cordate at base, somewhat 3-lobed, papillose above, hairy,
veins prominent beneath: panicles short; pedicels becoming re-
flexed in fruit: akenes 1 line long, few-ribbed. Northern Ja-
lisco and western Zacatecas (¢). Fruit much shorter than in 7.
lanatum.

T. tomentellum Rosinson & Seat. Proc. Am. Acad. 28:
Fog. -EOO3.

Stem striate, glandular, finely and densely pubescent through-
out: leaves 3 times pinnate on petioles 1 to 2 inches long; leaflets
suborbicular, subcordate, shallowly 3-lobed; the lobes rounded,
often with 2 to 3 rounded teeth: flowers in a pyramidal subnaked
panicle, polygamo-diccious; pedicels becoming reflexed in
fruit: sepals 2 lines long; anthers setiform at tip: carpels about
10, scarcely stipulate, woolly, roughly reticulated, acuminate ;
style very long, filiform, often deciduous. July. About Lake
Patzcuaro, Michoacan (f).

T. pinnatum Wars. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267. 1888.

Hardly 2 feet high, glabrous and glaucous, slender: root
fascicled, tubero-fibrous : leaves lanceolate in outline, 2% inches
long or less, very shortly petioled, pinnate with about 7 (or
fewer) pairs of divisions, the lower divisions ternate, with small
lobed leaflets, the upper reduced to a single 3-lobed leaflet:
flowers dicecious: sepals of the fertile flowers very small; stig-
mas short and rather thick: akenes ovate, about one line long,
undulately ribbed, the oval seed filling the cavity. September.
Pine plains, east base Sierra Madre, Chihuahua. Description
from the original (f).

T. Madrense Ross, |. c. 188. 1899.
Glabrous, slender, 1 foot or less high, from a cluster of thick-
ened roots: leaves small, sessile, once or twice ternate: leaflets

522 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

mostly 3-toothed or lobed: flowers dicecious (?); fertile flowers
often axillary and single; styles wanting; stigma short and
thickened : akenes with strong, undulate ribs. Quoted from Dr.
Rose, who first collected it in southern Durango and northern

Tepic (f).

T. grandifolium Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267. 1888.

Tall, usually glabrous: leaves 3 to 4 ternate, petiolate, with di-
lated stipules; leaflets 1 to 2% inches long, obliquely rounded,
often cordate, or upper ones cuneate at base, obtusely lobed,
veins prominent beneath with a few scattered, short, stout, curved
hairs: panicles spreading and somewhat leafy-bracteate ; flowers
nodding, dicecious: akenes semicircular, beaked by the short,
stout base of the long filiform style (3 to 4 lines), compressed,
faintly and irregularly nerved: seed flattened-subovate, filling

the cavity. October.
huahua (f).

Under cliffs of Sierra Madre, Chi-

T. Wrightid Gray, occurs in both Mexico and New Mexico.
It is placed in this arrangement as a variety of 7. Hendlerz,

which see.

THALICTRUM INDEX.

alpinum L.

aquilegtfolium L.

cestum Greene = polycarpum.

campestre Greene = venulosum.

Carolintanum Bosc. = diotcum.

caulophyllotdes Small.

clavatum DC.

clavatum Hook. = sparctflorum.

corzactum Small.

Cornutt L., see agutlegtfolium.

Cornutz var. monostyla Bot. Zeit.
= polygamum var.

Cornutt var. macrostylum
Shuttlew. = Zolygamum var.
Cornutt var. a Hook. = pur-

purascens.

Cornutt var. § Hook. = foly-
Lamum.

Cornute T. & G. = polygamum.
corynellum DC. = polygamum.

Cuernavacanum Rose.

dasycarpum Fisch. &. Lall. =
purpurascens.

debile Buckley.

debile var. Texanum Gray.

Delavayt Franc.

dtotcum Li.

diotcum var. cortactum Britton
= corzactum.

Fendlert Engelm.

Fendleré var. platycarpum Tre-
lease.

Fendlert Macoun. = venulosum.
Fendleri Brew. & Wats. = poly-
carpum.

Fendleri var. Wrightzi Trelease.
Fendleré var. polycarpum Torr
= polycarpum.
filipes T. & G. = clavatum.
Galeottiz Lec.

at

Davis: THALICTRUMS

gibbosum Lec.
Llaucum Dest.
grandifiortum Rose.
grandifolium Rose = above.
grandtfolium Wats.
Gautemalense Rose & C.DC.
Hlernandezti Tausch.
hespertum Greene= Fendleri var.
Jaliscanum Rose.
; Kemense Fries. = mtnus var.
levigatum Michx. = diotcum.
lanatum Lec.
leucastemon Koch. & Bauche. =
polygamum.

longistylum DC.

macrostylum Rob. var. of foly-
gamum.

macrostylum Small & Heller =
polygamum var.

Madrense Rose.

minus L.

minus var. Kemense Trelease.

minus var. elatum Lec. = minus
var.

nudicaule Schw. = clavatum.

occidentale Gray.

Pachucense Rose.

papillosum Rose.
peltatum DC.

OF NORTH AMERICA.

petalotdeum L.

pinnatum Wats.

platycarpum Greene = Fendleri
var.

Pringlet Wats.

Pringlet var. reticulatum Rose.

polycarpum Wats.

polygamum Muhl.

pubescens Pursh = folygamum
var.

pubtgerum Benth.

purpurascens L.

purpureum
cens.

Hort. = purpuras-

purpureum Schang. = minus.
revolutum DC. = purpurascens.
revolutum Lec. = purpurascens
var.
Richardsontt

florum.

TUL OSUM Pursh = pur UY aASCERS.

Gray = sparct-

saxattle Vill. = minus.
saxatil’és Hort. = mznus.
sparciflorum Turcz.

speciosum Poir. = glaucum.
tomentellum Rob. & Seat.
venulosum Trelease.

Wrightte Gray = Fendleré var.

Note.—The mark (f) indicates that the species or variety

has not yet been introduced to the American trade.
after descriptions are mostly to pictures.

Coyer’s monograph.

Citations
‘* Lec.” refers to Le-

XXVIII. SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON
DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT.

Ce Sv Scorirep.

The name Dzctyophora was first applied by Desvaux in 1809
to a plant bearing a netted veil or indusium, and the genus so
named was later included under the general family Phalloidee,
established by Fries in 1823. The family was given thorough
systematic arrangement by Dr. Ed. Fischer * in 1888, and in
1896 Dr. E. A. Burt ¢ published a systematic account of the ten
known North American species under six genera.

The development of the sporophore has been especially
studied in plants of this family, and this process has been de-
scribed for many of the species. In the present paper less at-
tention has been given to this particular feature of the life
history, not that it is less interesting, but because in some of the
stages it is not dissimilar to other species that have already been
well described and figured.

Collection of material.—The material for the study of Dzc-
tyophora ravenelit was collected about September 25, 1899.
It was found on low moist ground in rather dense woods near
the west shore of Lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The mycelium of the plant was more or less abundant over an
area of five or six square yards, and the sporophores seemed to
occur over most or all of this extent. The period of fruiting is
evidently long, for photographs of the mature plants were made
at least a month before the material was collected, and at the
time of collection sporophores in nearly all stages of develop-
ment were abundant.

Two collections of material were made: that of the first col-
lection was put directly into thirty per cent. alcohol and after-
ward passed gradually into ninety per cent. ; while that of the

* Saccardo, Syl. Fung. 7: 1888.
+ Bot. Gaz. 22: 1896.

526 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

second collection was placed in a one per cent. solution of
chromic acid, from which after twenty-four hours it was trans-
ferred to water and after thorough washing was carried by easy
stages into seventy per cent. alcohol.

Methods.—The material for study was, with a few excep-
tions, dehydrated, imbedded in paraffin, and cut with a Minot
microtome, carried down to fifty per cent. alcohol, stained in a
fifty per cent. alcohol saturated solution of Bismarck brown,
transferred into pure xylol and permanently mounted in Canada
balsam. Some of the small portions of the mycelium and
younger stages in the development of the sporophore were first
stained zz toto, and either mounted directly in formalin water
and sealed or transferred to paraffin and cut and stained again
if necessary. The pre-staining method proved very effectual
and was of great help in guarding against the loss of very small
bodies, and aided in the imbedding process. Numerous other
staining methods were tried, but none gave as good result for
structural study as the one outlined.

The vegetative tract consists of a complex weft of mycelial
strands, which vary in size from something less than one-tenth
of a millimeter in diameter up to two millimeters or more.
The complexity of the weft is greatly augmented by the copi-
ous branching of the strands and not uncommonly crossing
strands become more or less fused together. Some of the
larger strands have a length of one meter or more, and often
continue with unvarying diameter for forty or fifty centimeters.

The larger proportion of the mycelium is found near the
surface of the soil where it is covered with leaf mould and may
be found to some extent in the leaf mould itself. Some of it,
however, runs to a considerable depth in the soil, but without
diminishing in size or ending there as would a root of a higher
plant. Invariably, strands found at the greatest depth of twenty
to thirty centimeters could be traced to the surface in both di-
rections. Branching seems to be less frequent on the strands
found deep in the soil, and it was not possible to locate in any
case what seemed to be the definite center of growth.

Each mycelial strand is composed of two general areas: the
central and the peripheral. In the very small threads the cen-
tral area (Fig. 9, B) consists of a few large hyphe, very long
in proportion to their diameters, aud without very definitely
marked cross-septa. Their general direction is, of course,

Scofield : DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT. ape |

along the strand, but they are more or less twisted about each
other, very much as are the threads which make up a strand of
yarn.

The peripheral area (Fig. 9, c) is composed of loosely inter-
twining hyphez, much smaller and more profusely branched -
than the central hyphe, and extending out somewhat into the
surrounding soil (Fig. 8). They seem to resemble very much
the root hairs on the roots of higher plants. It seems quite
probable that the hyphz of the peripheral areas of the smaller
strands function as the absorptive area of the plant, while the
larger central hyphez act as conduction paths.

In the larger strands the peripheral hyphez occupy a rela-
tively smaller part of the strand and seem to abandon their ab-
sorptive, to assume more of a cortical function, being reduced
in the very large strands to a smooth disorganized coating.
The central hyphe by their habit of twisting about each other
make it difficult to determine their method of growth and
branching, for they do not continue long enough in the plane
of the section to be studied with ease, and in no case were defi-
nite cross-septa noted although they doubtless exist.

Upon the mycelium are borne two distinct kinds of bodies:
(1) the reproductive body, and (2) what it has seemed best to
call a storage body or ‘‘ tuber.” The latter will be considered
first.

The tuber makes its appearance as a slight enlargement of a
mycelial strand, and in the early stages of its development seems
to be merely the result of rapid growth of the peripheral
hyphe. ‘There seems to be little regularity in the size or shape
of the tubers and even less in regard to their place of occur-
rence uponthe mycelium. In Fig. ro one of the larger tubers is
shown, natural size, and upon a connecting strand is shown at
‘*q@” the base of an old sporophore. The strand bearing this
tuber seems to have been more or less branched and the tuber
is lobed to some extent to follow the branching. The tuber is
made up of very closely woven hyphe which are much dis-
torted, evidently by being packed full of somewhat granular
material. In general structure it appears homogeneous except
the region of the strand upon which it is borne, where the
hyphez seemed to leave the strand to some extent and mingle
with those of the tuber, but not so much so that the direction of
the strand cannot be clearly followed throughout. A section

528 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

of a young tuber is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 11. The
cell contents of the hyphe of the tuber respond very neatly to
a test for glycogen given by Dr. L. Errera,* and it seems very
probable that this substance is a very large, if not the chief
constituent of the cells. Errera’s test is made with a reagent
composed of 450 parts of water, three parts of KI and one
part of iodine, and he designates it as ‘‘ solution Iodée au 74,5.”
According to him, material possessing glycogen when stained
in this solution or when mounted in a drop of it takes on a red-
dish brown color, which disappears in a temperature of 50—60°
C., but returns upon recooling. Some of the tests made on
Dictyophora tubers were with material taken from 70 per cent.
alcohol sectioned, transferred to water and mounted directly in
a drop of the reagent.

In other instances sections that had been machine cut, stained
in Bismarck brown, and mounted in Canada balsam were soaked
in xylol to remove the cover glass and balsam, carried through
alcohol to water, stained for a moment in Errera’s mixture, and
then mounted in water. In every case the reaction was sharp
in all particulars.

Assuming that Errera’s test is a correct one, and there ap-
pears no good reason for doubting it, it is evident that a large
portion at least of the cell contents of the tuber is glycogen.
Zopf, Burt t and others have associated the presence of gly-
cogen in fungi with the immediate need of the plant for rapid
growth, but there is at least a possibility that this reserve food
supply in the tuber is in some way connected with the economy
of the plant in reproducing itself vegetatively the following
season. Or it may be that there exists a direct connection be-
tween the tuber and the rapidly developing sporophore, though
there is no evidence that any of the supply of glycogen has been
exhausted from any of the tubers collected or found upon the
vegetative tract. If it is found upon further investigation that
these tubers are connected with vegetative reproduction and
that by means of them it is possible to artificially propagate the
plant, it will be of great advantage in the study of the younger
stages of development of the reproductive area. Hitherto the
rare occurrence of the plant and its allies has made the study
extremely difficult.

* Leo Errera, Sur le Glycogéne ches les Basidiomycetes, 1885.
+ Bot. Gaz. 24: 18097.

Scofield : DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT. ' 529

The reproductive area usually occurs on a branch strand of
the mycelium. The length of this branch varies with the dis-
tance of the main strand below the surface of the soil. In some
instances this branch is so short that the sporophore seems ses-
sile upon the main strand. Often the sporophore-bearing branch
and the strand from which it comes are very small (Fig. 8),
and the main strand here seems to diminish but little in size
after giving off the branch. Both the branch and the strand,
however, increase in size as the sporophore develops. In all
cases the development of the sporophore takes place very close
to the surface of the soil so that upon nearing maturity it pushes
partially above the surface before the rupturing of the volva
and the elongation of the stipe takes place. A number of
these nearly mature sporophores are shown in an accompanying
plate. Before taking up the development of the sporophore a
brief description of the mature organ will be given to explain
the parts and to define the terms used.

The mature sporophore (Fig. 7) is 8-10 cm. high and con-
sists of a base B, volva V’, V’, V*, stipe S, indusium /, pi-
leus P and gleba G. The base may be considered for the pres-
ent as a part of the volva, although structurally and develop-
mentally it doubtless belongs to the same area as the stipe.
The volva is slightly pinkish and consists of more or less defi-
nitely organized outer and inner layers with a disorganized
milky-gelatinous layer between. The stipe is hollow, 2-3 cm.
in diameter, dirty white, tapering at each end, with walls com-
posed of several layers of chambers and passing with the pileus
into a thick, white, recurved collar at the distal end. The
border of the collar is entire, not convoluted as in some species.

The indusium or veil is membraneous and not of definite
structure. It is attached at the point of union of the stipe and
pileus and also to the volva near the base (Fig. 7,7). It rup-
tures irregularly upon the elongation of the stipe and may break
from near either the point of attachment, or partially from both,
and hang about the stipe as is shown in the first cut. Most
commonly, however, it seems to break from near its attachment
to the volva and hang between the pileus and stipe.

The pileus is conic-campanulate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long and 2-3
mm. thick, dirty white and with an entire, slightly recurved
margin. It is composed of closely folded layers of pseudo-paren-
chymatous tissue, which give to its surface a finely wrinkled or
granulate appearance.

530 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The gleba is thin, slightly shorter than the pileus, very dark
olive green and much firmer in texture and more persistent than
is common with the other members of the genus; deliquescing
slowly in dry weather and without so much of the feetid odor
common to the plants of this class.

The description of the development of sporophore must be-
gin with the youngest stage found, although manifestly a com-
plete description should start rather with the activity, nuclear or
cytologic, that takes place before the spore-bearing branch is
formed.

In the youngest stage found (Fig. 1), the sporophore was
about .¢ mm. in diameter and borne upon a branch about .1
mm. in diameter. The young sporophore consisted of but two
distinguishable areas; the central (Fig. 1, 7) and the peripheral
(Fig. 1, v), the chief difference being that the hyphz of the
central area were somewhat larger and took a much deeper
stain than those of the other. The two areas of the strand
seemed to be continued into the sporophore with a slight in-
crease in the proportional space occupied by the outer one. The
line between them is not as clearly marked as in the strand, the
hyphe being closely anastomosed. A detail of the structure
of this stage is shown in Fig. 12. Much time and ingenuity
was spent in attempting to determine the condition in the strand
just previous to the formation of tbe sporophore. It seems
evident that one must look for the starting point in the main
strand or at least in the very young branch.

There seems to be good reason for believing that some cell
fusion may take place in the strand previous to the giving off
of the sporophore branch. In Fig. 8 is shown a small mycelial
strand with a branch ‘‘@” leading to a very small sporophore.
Near the middle of this strand is shown one hypha much more
prominent than the rest, so much so that it may readily be seen
through the surrounding tissue, and by careful focusing its
course may be traced for some distance either side of the place
of branching. It is difficult to see through the tissue, and still
more difficult to get sections to show whether or not an actual
fusion has taken place, which has given rise to a new body.
Evidently a fusion of some kind may have occurred, and, in
the reaction following, one of the hyphze may have come to be
of a slightly different nature, for the single hypha is not par-
ticularly prominent except near the branching point. The uni-

Scofield: DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT. 531

form presence of this prominent hypha would suggest the idea
that it is intimately concerned with the formation of the sporo-
phore while also perhaps evidence that a fusion has taken place
at this point may be seen in the knotted condition of the hypha.
This gives rise to the thought that a cell fusion at this point
may have initiated all the resulting activities. In Fig. g is
shown a section of a small strand at the branching point and
the supposed evidence of fusion is here very clear. That the
peculiar deep-staining ability of this prominent hypha is conse-
quent to such a fusion is indicated by the fact that the hypha
cannot be traced along the strand any great distance from this
point.

It is unfortunate that the technique of the material is not
sufficiently developed to make possible a study of the nuclear
phenomena at this point, for clearly the complete solution of
this problem must lie in the study of the nuclear processes.

Whatever action takes place here is a matter of considerable
importance in the life history of the plant, for the subsequent
differentiation of the hyphal tissue is very complex.

The first marked step in the differentiation of the sporophore
is shown in Fig. 2. The gelatinization of the area between
the outer and inner layers of the volva is shown at V*. There
is a somewhat indefinite integument formed about the whole
body by the breaking down of the hyphe at the surface. The
hyphe lying in the area of the stipe S also begin to be promi-
nent and tissue of much the same nature extends out like
an umbrella from the top of the stipe area. This is evidently
brought about by the apical growth of the large hyphae shown in
Fig. r. Being limited by the denser hyphe of the periphery,
they take a downward direction. This tissue ‘‘P” gives rise
later to the pileus and gleba and there remains between this and
the stipe a tissue of the same structure as that of the volva.
The tissue of the base ‘‘” is similar in structure to that of the
stipe, but closer in texture. The next important stage is shown
in Fig. 3. Here the different areas are fairly well marked.
The area between pileus and stipe is distinct, but is composed
of very loosely woven hyphez. It is in direct connection with
the tissue of the volva, but is nearly separated from it by the
base ‘‘B,” which has extended considerably.

There becomes evident at this point an area of less tension
near the middle of this base and just below the stipe. This is

532 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

connected by a small pore, through the base, with the partially
disorganized tissue in the center of the stipe. The stipe already
shows very slightly its chambered structure and the areas of the
pileus and gleba are distinguishable.

In Fig. 4 the relative size of the various parts is shown to be
considerably modified. Gelatinization of the middle area of the
volva is nearly complete. The indusium is almost entirely cut
off from the volva and occupies a much smaller space than in the
previous stage. The gleba is greatly enlarged, and the hyme-
nial layer is beginning to show and the pressure of the whole re-
ceptaculum is beginning to be exerted upon the inner layer of
the volva. The next stage as shown in Fig. 5 shows general
enlargement of the parts and rapid development. Just how this
enlargement takes place is not easy to understand. Certainly
it is not altogether due to enlargement of existing hyphz for
excepting in the stipe and pileus actual measurement of the
cells in the various stages show slight differences in the sizes of
individual cells, so that enlargement must be very largely due to
apical growth and branching.

The development as shown from Figs. 2 to 5 must go on very
rapidly, for comparatively few sporophores in these stages were
found. In Fig. 6 is shown the sporophore practically mature.
The tissue in the middle of the stipe is almost completely dis-
organized, showing the wall of the other side of the stipe in one
or two places. The walls of the stipe are fully developed, but
the cells of the walls of the chambers are closely compressed,
especially at the angles. The indusium is reduced to a thin
layer adhering closely to the sides. The inner layer of the
volva is drawn very tightly over the gleba and is pressed against
the outer layer at the tip. The gleba is completely developed
and the spores are nearly or quite formed.

Fig. 7 shows the mature plant as previously described. The
parts of it may now be described in detail. The base B is
made up of small but entire hyphz closely interwoven and
shown in detailed structure in Fig. 19. The base forms a cup
which loosely contains the base of the stipe to which it is at-
tached only slightly, just about the pore which connects the
hollow of the base with the hollow of the stipe. The tissue
of the central area of the strand is in direct connection with
the tissue of the base and the peripheral area of the strand at
this time greatly reduced leads directly into the coating of the
base and the outer layer of the volva.

Scofield : DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT. 533

The volva having been so tightly compressed before rupturing,
has its two layers so close together that they might readily be
mistaken for one, and the detailed structure is hard to recog-
nize. The outer layer is hardened and the interstices between
the hyphz are filled with gummy material. The inner layer
has its hyphe lying for the most part in the direction of the re-
cent strain and connects by a thin layer with the indusium.

The stipe is made up of several rows of irregular chambers
as shown in Fig. 13 in cross section. Some of these chambers
open to the outside, but none of them to the middle of the stipe.
The chamber walls, one of which is shown in detail in Fig. 17,
are made up of much distended hyphze which look in section
like the parenchymatous cells of higher plants. The chambers
contain filmy remnants of disorganized tissue. The remnant of
the tissue in the hollow of the stipe X, hangs usually from the
apex of the stipe or some of it may remain attached at the base.
The chambers of the stipe walls become smaller toward either
end and at the apex the wall passes into the recurved collar
where the contents of the chambers, though somewhat disor-
ganized, are not absorbed.

The indusium which has been the cause of the trouble in
classification is hardly to be considered the true indusium com-
mon to the genuine members of the genus Dzctyophora. It is
not a definitely organized structure, but rather the remnant of a
portion of the tissues of the periphery of the young sporophore
caught between the pileus and the base. Penzig* in describing
Ithyphatlus tenuis, speaks as follows: ‘‘ Eine andere bemerken-
swerthe Erscheinung bei /thypallus tenuzs ist das Auftreten
einer Art von Indusium zwischen dem Hute und dem oberen
Theile des Stieles. Auch Ed. Fischer (l. c., p. 22) kurz die
Andesenheit einer Haut, welche er als ‘ Rest der stiel und Hute
trennenden Primordialgewedes’ auffast. Dieses Gedielde ist
nicht in allen Individuen gleich ausgedildet: einmal nur als
ausserest, feines, durchsichtiges Hautchen, andere Male aber als
zienlich derbe, compacte membran, welche den Stiel kragen-
artig oder fast glockenformig umgiebt. Ihere structur ist nicht
pseudoparenchymatisch ; vielmehr ist sie aus eng verflochtenen,
cylindrischen Hyphen zusammengesetz.”

Burtt in describing this plant writes: ‘* This species has been

*Ann. Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg, 2d Ser. Vol. I., part 2.
t Bot. Gaz. 22. 1806.

534 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

placed in the genus Dictyophora on account of its having a
persistent membrane hanging about the angle between the pileus
and the stipe. This membrane is composed of the same tissue,
the intermediate tissue A of my figures; which gives rise to the
veil in DY. duplicata. Differentiation of this tissue does not
advance in J. raveneli to the final stage of making this mem-
brane pseudoparenchyma, or is this final stage reached in the
case of hyphe composing the pileus in /. zmpudicus and in D.
duplicata, yet no one would hesitate on that ground to use the
term fzl/eus in connection with those species. It seems best to
apply the term vez/ to this membrane in J. raveneliz which
looks like a veil, has the position of a veil, is composed of a
tissue forming the veil in other species and is likely to be re-
garded as a veil without question by every botanist meeting this
fungus for the first time and attempting its determination.”

Burt’s interpretation of this structure seems hardly the best
one. The membrane as shown in detail in Fig. 15 bears no
resemblance whatever to the tissue of the stipe and pileus shown
in detail with the same enlargement in Figs. 14 and 16. The
attachment of this membrane at the base of the volva and the
fact that it ruptures irregularly, are both strong reasons for not
considering it as a true veil or indusium. It would seem better
to regard it rather as tissue which in other species of both
Lthyphallus and Dictyophora, is completely disorganized—with
the exception possibly of 7. ¢enazs, mentioned by Penzig, where
also a similar structure occurs. The presence of this tissue, al-
though noted by the earlier writers, was not considered of im-
portance enough to exclude the plant from the genus in which
its other characteristics certainly placed it.

The pileus is composed of tissue very similar in structure to
that of the stipe, except that the walls are closely folded and
the tissue of the chambers is not so completely disorganized.
The structure of one of the folds is shown in Fig. 14 while a
longitudinal section showing the relative position of the walls is
shown in Fig. 18. From a surface view the pileus has a finely
wrinkled or granulated appearance. It is firmly attached to the
apex of the stipe just below the collar. The line of demarka-
tion between the pileus and the stipe at the point of attachment
is not easy to make out. In fact at the point of union the tissue
of the three areas, stipe, pileus and collar is homogeneous. It
is close within the axis of the stipe and pileus that the so-called

: Scofield : DICTYOPHORA RAVENELII BURT. 535

indusium is attached and often it clings so closely to the inner
surface of the pileus as to be mistaken for a portion of that
structure.

The gleba is much more persistent than in most forms of the
family, maintaining itself for some hours after the elongation of
the stipe. Its structure at this stage is very indefinite. Slight
traces of the hymenium may be found, but for the most part it
consists of a disorganized tissue containing masses of spores
scattered about, held by the surrounding substance. The spores
are very small, 1.5-2.5 mikrons in diameter, somewhat oblong
and greenish black. In order to show the structure of the
gleba the drawings for Figs. 16 and 17 were made from a
young stage of the sporophore such as is shown in Fig. 6.

In conclusion the results of the study so far made upon this
plant seem to suggest the following points :

1. The mycelium of the plant is of considerable structural
importance and deserves further attention.

2. There are borne upon the mycelium certain organs which
seem to function as storage places for reserve material.

3. There is in the young mycelial threads very good evidence
of the occurrence of cell fusion previous to, or in intimate con-
nection with the formation of the sporophore.

4. The indusium of this plant cannot be considered homol-
ogous with the indusium of true members of the genus Dzctyo-
phora; but is rather the persisting remnant of tissue which is
completely broken down in most other plants of this order.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLratE XXIX.—Field view of undeveloped sporophores, from
photograph by C. J. Hibbard.

PLATE XXX.—Field view showing mature sporophore, from
photograph by C. J. Hibbard.

PLATE XXXI.—Structure and development of /. raveneliz.

1. A very young sporophore; V, volva; A, receptaculum. X 50.

2-7. Development of the sporophore; B, base; V, the outer layer
of the volva; V’’, the middle layer of the volva; V°*, the inner layer
of the volva; /, indusium; S, stipe; /, pileus; G, gleba; C, collar,
and X,, tissue remnant within the stipe.

$. Small mycelial strand with branch ‘¢a” leading to young sporo-
phore. x 50.

: ie 4° a on
~ ae
' PE s 4,

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9. Section of small strand at point of branching, showing la
hypha at ‘‘a”; central area B; peripheral area C. x 100.

to. Tuber with connecting mycelium and base of an old spor ‘O-
phore at A. Natural size. ;

BES Section through a small tuber showing continuous “mye
strand. sien

H 12. Detail of portion of young sporophore shown in Fig.
x oe

13. "Diagrammatic view of section of stipe. = Re

a ee of a fold : of jaeig: tissue. Xx oe

at hyphal ends. X 500. a
16. Portions of hymenial layer in immature sans f ‘ ss
7. Portion of wall of chamber of stipe. x 500.
re eit

18. Diagrammatic view of pileus and gleba immature. te 5: a

te 19. “Detail of portion of tissue of the base of the “sporophore. ¥
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XXIX. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA
UREDINE/L.

E. M. FREEMAN.

The following list comprises the Uredinez collected in Min-
nesota up to the present time, by the Botanical Survey Staff.
The materials are taken from the collections cited in my pre-
liminary list of Minnesota Erysiphee.* In addition to these
Dr. L. H. Pammel has made numerous collections at Hokah
and other points in southeastern Minnesota. These have not
been included in the present report but may be found in Tre-
lease’s Parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin.t Puccinta anemones-
virginiane is the only species collected by Dr. Pammel in Min-
nesota which has not been collected elsewhere in the State.

No representatives of the Endophyllacee or of the Schizo-
sporacee have yet been found in Minnesota. Of the Melamp-
soracez five genera with seven species are reported, viz:
Chrysomyxa 1 species, Cronartium 1, Coleosporium 1, Me-
lampsora 3, Calyptospora 1; of the Pucciniaceee seven genera
with 62 species: Uromyces 14, Puccinia 39, Gymnoconia 1,
Uropyxts 1, Gymnosporangium 4, Phragmidium 4, Triphrag-
mium 1; of isolated Zcrdza (including Perzdermza) 30; of
isolated Uredo 2.

On May 11, 1900, there’ was collected in Mille Lacs
county a very large witches’ broom on a white pine. The
broom measures fully g feet across. The distortion of the
branches is very pronounced and the leaves of the broom are
considerably smaller than the normal. The cause of the for-
mation cannot at present be positively ascertained. There are
no indications that the branches contain an abundant mycelium
and the material was collected early in.the spring before ecidia
had time to form. So far as I am aware no authentic record of
a witches’ broom upon pines caused by a fungus parasite exists.

* Minn. Bot. Stud. 24: 417. 1900.
{ Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. A. and L. 6: 1884.

537

538 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

In Sargent’s Sylva* is a statement that pines are sometimes sub-
ject to the distortions known as witches’ brooms. Dr. Farlow
writes, however, that this statement was based on a reported
witches’ broom on Prxus ponderosa from Montana and that
further study of the material demonstrated that the distortions
Were not typical witches’ brooms, nor were they caused by a
fungus parasite. No definite statement as to the cause of the
broom of white pine collected in Minnesota can be made until
older material is obtained and a more detailed description is
therefore deferred.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXII.
Witches’ broom on Pinus strobus, Mille Lacscounty, Minn. After
photograph by R. S. Mackintosh, May, 1goo.

I. MELAMPSORACES.
Chrysomyxa UNGER.
One species of this genus has been found. Common on
Pyrolas throughout the State.

1. C. pirolatum (KoERN.) WinT. Die Pilze1': 250. 1884.
On leaves of:

Pyrola rotundifolia L.: Goodhue, (II) Je. 1893, Ballard ;
Freeborn, (II) My. 1891, Sheldon 5964 and 5963.

Pyrola elliptica Nutt.: Aitken, (II) Je. 1892, Sheldon
2101; Houston, (II) Je. 1899, Lyon 98: Mille Lacs, (II)
My. 1900, H. B. Carey and Freeman 560.

Pyrola secunda L.: St. Louis, (Il) Jy. 1886, Holway 27.
[ Uredo pyrole (Gm.) Wint. ]

Cronartium F Ries.
Not yet collected by the survey staff, but one species has been
reported by Seymour.
1. C. asclepiadeum (WILLD.) Fr. Obs. Myc. 1: 220. 1815.
Var. quercuum B. & C.
Crow Wing, (III) Ag. 1884, Seymour. (Economic Fungi.
A. B. Seymour and F. S. Earle, No. 215.)

Coleosporium LEVEILLE.
One species found. Very abundant throughout the State.

Uredospore form most abundant and conspicuous. Only one
collection of the teleutospores has been made.

* Sylva of N. A. 11: 12.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINEZ. 539

1. C. sonchi-arvensis (P.) WinT. Die Pilze 1': 247. 1884.
On leaves of:

Solidago serotina Arr.: Lincoln, (II) Ag. 1891, Sheldon
1506; Houston, (II) Ag. 1899, Lyon 360.

Solidago canadensis L.: Traverse, (II) S. 1893, Sheldon
7080.

Solidago flexicaulis L.: Case, (Il) Ag. 1893, Anderson
702.

Solidago sp. indet.: Chicago, (II) S. 1891, Sheldon 4261 ;
Lincoln, (II) Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1420; Hennepin, (II)
O. 1898, Freeman; Traverse, (II) S. 1893, Sheldon
7308; Houston, (II) Ag. 1899, Lyon 430.

Laciniaria sp. indet.: Traverse, (II) S. 1893, Sheldon
7381.

Aster divaricatus Li. : St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 102.

Aster macrophyllus L.: Cass, (III) Ag. 1893, Ballard
1747:

Aster sp. indet.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 165 and
251; Winona, (II) Jy. 1888, Holzinger 139; Houston,
(II) Ag. 1899, Lyon 4o1 and 398; Hennepin, (II) S.
1889, MacMillan; Hennepin, (II) Ag. 1892, Sheldon
At22..

Doellingeria umbellata (Ditu.) NeExEs: St. Louis, Jy.
1886, Holway 83.

Melampsora CASTAGNE.

Three species. The uredo forms of those species growing
on Populus and Salix are especially abundant. All three
species are Hemi-melampsoras.

1. M. epilobii (P.) Fcxi. Sym. Myc. 44. 1869.
On leaves of:
Epilobium coloratum Muuu. : ——, (Il) S. 1893, Sheldon
6147; St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 35 and 89.
Epilobium lineare Muuu.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Hol-
meay to - )
Epilobium sp. indet.: Waseca, (II) Je. 1891, Sheldon 357.
2. M. populina (Jacq.) Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. II]. 8: 375. 1847.
On leaves of:
Populus tremuloides Micux.: Otter Tail, (J1) Ag. 1892,
Sheldon 3890; St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 198

540 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Populus deltoides Marsu.: Lincoln, (II) Ag. 1891, Shel-
don 1573; Hennepin, (II) S. 1899, Lyon; Winona, (II).
S. 1888, Holzinger; Hennepin, (II) S. 1889, Mac-
Millan.

3. M. salicis-capreea (P.) WintT. Die Pilze 17: 239. 1884.
On leaves of:

Salix discolor Munu.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway
IOI.

Salix myrtillocdes L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway
166.

Salix sp. indet.: Hennepin, (II) S. 1890, MacMillan;
Brown, (II) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1087 and 995; Blue
Earth, (II) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 478; Mille Lacs, (II) Jy.
1892, Sheldon 2978; Hennepin, (II) O. 1892, Sheldon
4126.

Calyptospora J. Kiun.

The well-known species on the mountain cranberry has been
collected only in one locality.

1. C. goeppertiana Kiun. Hedw. 8: 81. 1869.
On Vaccinium vitis-idea L.: Cooke, (III) Jy. 1899, Mac-
Millan ; Cooke, (III) Jy. 1900, Mrs. C. J. Hibbard.

II. PUCCINIACEZ.
Uromyces Linx.

Fourteen species of Uromyces have been found in the State.
Seven of these are found upon plants of the Pulse family. Very
common also are those species found upon Euphorbia, Arisema
and Polygonum. Four species belong to the Hemzuromyces,
seven to the Hwawromyces and of the remaining three, the life
histories are incomplete. The Hwervomycetes are all autcecious.

A. AuT-EUUROMYCES.

1. U. fabe (P.) DE Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 20: 76. 1863.

Uromyces polymorphus Pk. * differs from this species only in
greater variability of the teleutospore form. The pedicel is no
criterion. I have therefore included forms on Lathyrus and
Vicca under U. fabe although exhibiting considerable variation
in spore form.

*Ellis. N. A. Fungi no. 1442.

Frreeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 541

On Vicia linearis (NUTT.) GREENE: Traverse, (II) S.
1893, Sheldon 7374.

Vicia americana Muuu.: Mille Lacs, (II and III) Jy.
1892, Sheldon 2926.

Victa sp. indet.: Traverse, S. 1893, Sheldon, (II) 7320

and (III) 7256; , (III) 1892, Sheldon 3816 (?).
Lathyrus venosus Muunr.: Mille Lacs, (II) Jy. 1892, Shel-
don 2940.
Lathyrus sp. indet.: ——, (III) 1893, Sheldon 6127
and 6129.

2. U. appendiculatus (P.) Linx. Berl. Ges. Nat. Freunde
Mag. 7228. 1816.

On Strophostyles helvola (L..) Brirron: Houston, (1) Je.

1899, Lyon 24; Houston, (II, III) Ag. 1899, Lyon 389.

3. U. albus Diet. & Hotw. Hedw. 36: 297. 1897.

According to Dietel this is 4czdium album Clint. (4cidium
Porosum Pk.). No experiments indicating this are cited. The
specimen reported below differs from Dietel’s description in
that the teleutospore sori are found on the leaves (not on
the stem), and the color of the sori is not black but dark
brown.

This material (Holway 25) was reported by Arthur * as
Uromyces orobi (P.) Wint. (II), and (Holway 14) as 4cidium
porosum.

On Vera americana Munu.: St. Louis, (II, III) Jy. 1886,
Holway 25; St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Holway 14; Mille
Lacs, (I) Jy. 1892, Sheldon 2720; Aitkin, (I) Jy. 1892,
Sheldon 2658.

4. U. trifolii (ALB. & Scuw.) Wint. Die Pilze 1°: 159. 1884.
On Trifolium repens L.: St. Louis, (1, II) Jy. 1886,
Holway 34; Hennepin, (II, III) Jy. 1890, MacMillan;

ma HD 1893, Sheldon 6098.

5. U. euphorbie Cooke & Peck, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 25: 90. 1873.
Arthur’s recent experiment ¢ although too incomplete to be
conclusive indicates strongly that Uromyces euphorbze is an au-
teecious Euuromyces.

lec:
¢ Cultures of Uredinez in 1899. J. C. Arthur.

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

On Euphorbia maculata L.: Mille Lacs, (1) Jy. 1892,
Sheldon 3136.

Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.: Pine, (II, HI) Je. 1899,
Freeman 528; Hennepin, (II, III) Jy. 1890, MacMillan.

Euphorbia heterophylla L.: Wouston, (II, Il) Ag. 1899,
Lyon 317.

Euphorbia marginata PursH: Renville, (II, HI) Jy.
1891, Sheldon 957.

Euphorbia glyptosperma ENGELM.: Chisago, (II, II)
Ag. 1892, Taylor 1568% ; Brown, (II, III) Jy. 1891,
Sheldon 969 and 1170.

Euphorbia sp. indet.: Renville, (II, III) 1890, Mac-
Millan.

6. U. polygoni (P.) Fcxi. Symb. Myc. 64. 1869.

Of this very common species uredospores and teleutospores
only can at present be reported. Some ecidium material on
what appeared to be a Polygonum was found in 1900 in Wright
county (Freeman 698), but the amount of material was insufh-
cient for accurate and positive determination.

On Polygonum aviculare L.: Winona, (III) on leaves and
stem, N. and O. 1893, Edna Porter; St. Louis, (II) Jy-
1886, Holway 5, 113 and 116.

Polygonum ramosissimum Micux.: Brown, (II, II) on
leaves and stem, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1048; Lincoln, (III)
Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1545.

Polygonum sp. indet.: Traverse, (III) on leaves and stem,
S. 1893, Sheldon 7253; Winona, (II, III) S. 1888,
Holzinger.

¥. U. caladii (Scow.) Fartow, Ellis N. A. Fungi, No. 232.

1879. Abundant wherever Avzsema is found.

On the leaves and spathe of:

Arisema triphyllum (L.)Torr.: Blue Earth, (1) Je. 1891,
Sheldon 114; Chisago, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 6309;
Hennepin, (I) My. 1899, Freeman 308; Ramsey, (1)
My. 1899, Freeman 317; Houston, (I) Je. 1899, Lyon
97; Hennepin, (I) My. 1899, MacMillan; Hennepin,
(1) F. 1899, E. A. Cuzner (in university plant house) ;
Wright, (I) My. 1900, Freeman 581; Pope, (III) Jy.
1892, Taylor 916; Winona, My. 1889, Holzinger.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 543

B. HEMIuROMYCEsS.
8. U. lespedeze (Scuw.) Px. Ellis, N.“A. Fungi, No. 245.
1879.
On Lespedeza capitata Micux.: Winona, (III) S. 1888,
Holzinger ; Chisago, (III) S. 1893, Ballard 1819.
g. U. hedysari-paniculata (Scuw.) Fartow, Ellis, N. A.
Fungi, No. 246. 1879.
On Methomia sp. indet. : ——, (III) 1893, Sheldon 7078.
ieee terepintm, (OC.). Wint: Die Pilzefi’: 147... 1884.
On /ehus radicans L.: Kandiyohi, (III) Jy. 1892, Frost 302.

11. U. caryophyllinus (ScHRANK.) ScHrRoET. Brand and
Rost-Pilz. Schles. 10. 1872.
On Dianthus caryophyllus L.: Ramsey, (III) on leaves
and stem, Ap. tg00, Freeman.

C. Lire Historres INCOMPLETELY KNown.
12. U. argophylle Srym. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 185.
1889.
On Psoralea argophylla Pursu: Traverse, (III) S. 1893,
Sheldon 7353; Lincoln, (III) Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1546.

13. U. pyriformis CooxE, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 29:
69. 1379.
On Acorus calamus L.: Carver, (III) Je. 1891, Ballard
13; Wright, (III) My. 1900, Freeman 636.
14. U. rudbeckie Artu. & Hortw. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat.
EGstes2 9) Og. 1885.
On feudbeckia laciniata LL. : ——, (II1)S. 1893, Sheldon.

Puccinia PERSOON.

Thirty-nine species have been collected: 10 Awt-eupuccinia,
6 Heter-cupuccinia, 2 Brachypuccinta, 2 Pucciniopsis, 7 Hemi-
puccinia, 1 Micropuccinia, 3 Leptopuccinza, and 8 with im-
perfectly known life histories. Very abundant are those species
found on Mints, //elvanthus and allied genera, on grasses,
sedges and Polygonum. Those forms formerly included under
P. hieracit (Schum.) Mart. have been separated as far as pos-
sible according to the recent researches of Jacky.* The high
degree of specialization in the habit of these forms which has

* Die Compositen-bewohnenden Puccineen vom Typus Puccinia hieracii und
deren Specialisierung. Bern. 1899.

544 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

been demonstrated in these experiments emphasizes the need
of special research in cultures upon American species. It is
possible to utilize Jacky’s results only upon species common
to both Europe and America. Puccinza amorphe Curt. upon
species of Amorpha have been retained under Schroeter’s genus

Uropyxis.

A. AUT-EUPUCCINIA.
i. Pvadoxe Hepw.)PlePr2: 2200 18a5:

On Adoxa moschatellina L.: Winona, (1) My. 1889, Hol-
zinger.

2, Peat (icin inne, Sp. Pl67:.7o. "1025.

On Caltha palustris L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway
96.

3. P. convolvuli (P.) Cast. Obs. 1: 16. 1842.

On Convolvulus sepium L.: Winona, (II, III) Ag. 1888,
Holzinger; Brown, (I) Jy. 1893, Sheldon 899; Blue
Earth, (1) Je. 1891 ; Sheldon 374.

Convolvulus spithameus L.: Winona, (III) Ag. 1888, Hol-
zinger 6.

4. P. galii (P.) Schwein. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 73. yoga

On Galium asprellum Micux.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 94.

Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray: Winona, Ag. 1888,
Holzinger 198.

5- P. gentiane (Strauss) Lx. in Linné Sp. Pl. 67: 73. 1825.

On Gentiana andrewst GRisEB. : Brown, (II, III) Jy. 1891,
Sheldon.

Gentiana puberula Micux.: Glenwood, (II, III) Ag. 1891,
Taylor 1179. |

6. P. pimpinelle (Strauss) Linx in Linné Sp. Pl. 67: 77.
1825.

On Washingtonia clayton (Micux.) Brirron: Houston,
(II, III) Je. 1899, Lyon 41.

7- P. viole (Scum) DC. whl ir O° o2k res.

On Viola canadensis L.: Lake, (I) Je. 1893, Sheldon
4758.

Viola blanda Wiiuv.: St. Louis, (II, III) Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 131; Lake, (I) Je. 1893, Sheldon 4735; Wright,
(1) My. 1900, Freeman 662.

|

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 545

Viola blanda palustriformis A. Gray : Hennepin, (I) My.
1891, Sheldon 5961.

Viola blanda amena (LE Conte) B.S.P.: Crow Wing.
(I) Je. 1892, Sheldon 2150; Mille Lacs, (I) Jy. 1892,
Sheldon 2705 %.

Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) ScHwein.: Wright, (I) My.
1900, Freeman 592.

Viola sp. indet.: Hennepin, (II, III) S. 1889, MacMillan ;
Brown, (III) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 845 and 850; Henne-
pin, (III) O. 1892, Sheldon 4090 ; » LI eS: 16535
Sheldon 7242.

8. P. menthe americana BurRILt, Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat.

Hist. 2: 189-191. 1885.

The echination, which distinguishes this form from the Euro-
pean form, is in almost all specimens most marked at the apex
of the teleutospores. Many teleutospores are almost smooth
at the base. European teleutospore specimens are sometimes
slightly echinate at the apex.

On Monarda jfistulosa L.: Chisago, Ag. 1883, Arthur;
Winona, (III) Ag. 1888, Holzinger 42; Winona, (II,
III) Ag. 1888, Holzinger; Hennepin, (III) 1890, Mac-
Millan; Hennepin, (III) O. 1893, Sheldon 4096; Trav-
erse, (LMS. 1803, Sheldon. 7175; Winona, (ll) Ss.
1893, Edna Porter; Hennepin, (III) S. 1898, MacMil-
lan; Houston, (IIT) Ag. 1899, Lyon 321.

Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM.: Winona, (II, III) Ag.
1888, Holzinger 164.

Mentha canadensis L.: Hennepin, (II, III) Ag. 1883, Ar-
thur; St. Louis, (II, III) Jy. 1886, Holway 236; Lin-
coln, (II, III) Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1419; Kamsey, (II) Je.
1899, Freeman 458; Ramsey, (II, III) S$. 1898, Free-
man.

Mentha sp. indet. : ——, (II, III) 1893, Sheldon 6070 and
7019; Traverse, (II, III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7382.

pee tanaceti DC. Fl. Fr: 2: 222.) 2815).

The Puccinza on Helianthus differs from that on Zanacetum
only in having a slightly broader teleutospore. This is espe-
cially true of the distal cell. Culture experiments are necessary
to separate these forms.

On Artemisia dracunculocdes PursH : Houston, (II, II) Ag.
1899, Lyon 391; Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7311.

546 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Fleliopsis helianthordes (Li.) B.S.P.: Winona, (II, III) Jy.

1888, Holzinger 204.

Helianthus grosse-serratus MARTENS: Lincoln, (III) Ag.

1891, Sheldon 1544.

Flelianthus tuberosus L.: Goodhue, (II, III) Ag. 1893,

Anderson 726.
flelianthus giganteus L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway

£39)
flelianthus annuus L.: Winona, (III) Ag. 1889, Holzin-

ger ; Hennepin, (II, III) O. 1889, MacMillan; Mc-

Leod, (II) Jy. 1890, T. J. McElligott; Hennepin, (II1)
1890, E. A. Cuzner; Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Shel-

don 7366; Ramsey, (III) S. 1898, Freeman ; (EE
1893, Sheldon, 5823, 6175 and (II, III) 7195 ; Hennepin,
(II, III) O. 1889, MacMillan.
Flelianthus sp. indet.: Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon
7348; , (III) 1893, Sheldon 7136 and 6067.
10. P..Chondrille Corba, Icon. Fung. 4:15. 1840.

The Minnesota specimens of the Puccinza on Lactuca ex-
hibit morphological characters which according to Jacky (I. c.)
distinguish this form from those on Prenanthes. The teleuto-
spore has no well-developed papilla and no constriction and is
elliptical in form. ‘The germ pores are irregular in position,
often occurring at the summit.

On Lactuca pulchella (PuRsH) DC.: ——, (III) S. 1893,
Sheldon.

Lactuca sp. indet.: Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7241
and 7125.

B. HETER-EUPUCCINIA.
11. P. angustata Peck, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 25 :123.
1973.
On Scirpus atrovirens Munu.: Ramsey, (II, III) O. 1898,
Freeman.
Lycopus virginicus L.: St. Louis, (1) Jy. 1886, Holway
216; Blue Earth, (I) Je. 1891, Sheldon 484.
This species is connected with &czdium lycopi Ger. accord-
ing to Arthur (I. c.).
12. P. caricis (ScHUM.) REBENT. Prod. Fl. Neom. 356. 1804.
The connection of &c7¢dium urtice Schwein. on Urtzca with
P. caricis has been confirmed for American specimens. (Ar-
thur, 1. c.) The ecidia are found on both lamina and petiole.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE#. 547

On Carex castanea WAHL.: Lake, (III) Je. 1893, Shel-
don 4822.

Carex utriculata Bootr: Houston, (III) My. tgoo,
Lyon 537.

Canes apa imdet. : , (III) 1893, Sheldon 7135, 7368
and 7122; Hennepin, (III) O. 1898, Freeman; Henne-
pin, (III) S. 1900, Freeman 786%.

Urtica gracilis A1r.: Ramsey, (1) My. 1899, Freeman
322; Waseca, (I) Je. 1891, Sheldon 206 and Taylor
202.

Urtica sp. indet.: Hennepin, (I) 1893, Sheldon 5968 and
5967.

13. P. phragmitis (ScuuM.) Korn. Hedw. 15: 179. 1876.

In Europe it has been demonstrated by several investigators
that the ecidium on various species of /Atumex belongs to P.
phragmitis. According to the recent culture experiments of
Arthur (1. c.) eecidia were easily obtained upon Rumex crispus
and /tumex obtusifolius. According to the same author no au-
thentic and undoubted record of the collection of Mczdzum
rubellum GMEL. has been reported upon American species of
Fumex. A Minnesota specimen of Aumex britannica L. was
collected in 1899 (Freeman 471) upon which several groups of
gecidia were found. Upon comparison with czdzuwm rubellum
on Le. hydrolapathum * the two specimens were found to agree
perfectly in all morphological characters.

The spots are circular and usually of a reddish color, not
swollen. Pseudoperidia on lower surface of the leaf somewhat
crowded, leaving usually a free central area, flat, cup-shaped with
revolute lacerate margin. Spores 17-23 x 11-174. Itseems
very probable therefore that this ecidium on Rumex britannica
belongs to P. phragmit’s. Arthur’s explanation that the ecid-
ium on /ewmex has up to this time been overlooked is therefore
probably correct.

On Rumex britannica L.: Ramsey, (1) Je. 1899, Freeman
471.

Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst : ——,(III) 1893, Shel-
don 7119.

14. P. rhamni (P.) Wetrtst. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 35:
545. 1885. (P. coronata Cpa.)

* Krieger Fung. Sax. no. 853.

548 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

On Avena sativa L.: Brown, (II) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1045.
Fehamnus alnifolia L’HER.: Houston, (1) Ag. 1900, Lyon
546; Ramsey, (1) My. 1899, Freeman 316; ; (1) t89035
Sheldon 5963; Hennepin, (1) My. 1891, Sheldon 5969. .

15. P. poculiformis (JAca.) WeTT. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges.
Wien. 35: 544. 1885. (P. graminis PERS.)

There is no good reason for not accepting Wettstein’s name.
The species is exceedingly abundant although but few collec-
tions have been made.

On Avena sativa L.: Brown, (III) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1104 ;
Goodhue, (II) Ag. 1893, Anderson 710.
Undetermined grasses : , (II, IIT) 1893, Sheldon 7120;
, (II), 1893, Sheldon 7126.

16: P. rubigo-vera (DC.) WinT. Die Pilze 1°: 217. 1884.
On Triticum vulgare L.: Kandiyohi, (II) Jy. 1892, Frost
285 and (II, III) 283%; Goodhue, (II, III) Ag. 1893,
Anderson 711; Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7387.
flordeum vulgare L..: Waseca, (II, III) Je. 1891, Sheldon

529.

C. BRACHYPUCCINIA.

17. P. hieracii (Scuum.) Mart. Flora Mosq. 226. 1817.
Jacky’s results (1. c.) can be utilized only in separating out
the form on Varaxacum. Those on Averacium and Carduus
require further cultural investigation on American specimens.
On freracium canadense Micux.: Hennepin, (III) O.
1889, MacMillan.
Carduus sp. indet.: Winona, (II) Ag. 1888, Holzinger 41 ;
, (II, III) 1893, Sheldon 6097 and 6059; Traverse,
(II, IIT) S. 1893, Sheldon 7398; Ramsey, (II, II) S.
1898, Freeman.

18. P. taraxaci PLowrienT, Brit. Ured. and Ustil.: 186 and

L875) 1Go9-

This species seems to be founded on negative results of
Plowright and recently of Jacky. Inoculations with Pucciniz
from other composites gave in all cases negative results.

On Taraxacum taraxacum(L.) Karst.: Traverse, (II) S.
1893, Sheldon 7324; Hennepin, (II) Ag. 1883, Arthur;
Ramsey, (II) My. 1899, Freeman 360; Hennepin, (II,
III) S. 1898, Freeman.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 549

D. PuccINIopsis.

19. P. grossularie (Gm.) Wint. Die Pilze 11: 198. 1884.
On /ebes rubrum L.: St. Louis, (II]) Jy. 1886, Holway
ALF.

20. P. podophylli Scuwern. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup.: 72 No.
489. 1822.
On Podophyllum peltatum L.: Winona, (1) My. 1889,
Holzinger; Winona, (III) Je. 1889, Holzinger; Hous-
ton, Je. 1899, Lyon (I) 2 and (III) 80.

E. HEMIPUCCINIA.

21. P. polygoni-amphibii P. Syn. Meth. Fungi 227. 1801.
Very widely distributed and abundant.
On Polygonum amphibium L.: Hennepin, (II, Il) S.
1889, MacMillan ; , (II, IIT) 1893, Sheldon 6076.
Polygonum hartwrighttd A. Gray: Hennepin, (II, II)
Ag. 1883, Arthur; Hennepin,-(II, III) S. 1889, Mac-
Millan; Otter Tail, (II, IIJ) Ag. 1892, Sheldon 3897 ;
Traverse, (II, III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7377.
Polygonum emersum (Micux.) Brirron: Hennepin,
PR trE) Ag. 16e3, Arthur; St. Louis; (il) jy. 2686;
Holway 50 and (II, III) Holway 48; Winona, (II, III)
S. 1888, Holzinger 252.
Polygonum sp. indet. : Lincoln, (II, III) Ag. 1891, Sheldon
1549 and 1570; , (III) 1893, Sheldon 7137.
22. P. argentata (ScHuLTz) WinT. Die Pilze 1’: 194. 1884.
On /mpatiens bifora Wautp.: Ramsey, (III) S. 1898,

Freeman.

23. P. pruni-spinose Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung. 226. 1801.

On Prunus pumila L.: Crow Wing, (II, II) Ag. 1890,
MacMillan and Sheldon 92.

24. P. kuhnie ScHWwEIN. Syn. Fung. Am. Bor. 296. 1834.

On KAuhnia eupatorioides L.: Ramsey, (III) S. 1898,

Freeman.
25. ©. tomipara Trev. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. A. and L.
62:22.) 1864.
On Bromus ciliatus L.: St. Louis, (Il) Jy. 1886, Holway
12. Also reported at Detroit (Becker Co.) in Ell. and

Ever. N. A. Fungi No. 1842. 1884.

550

26.

OF.

28.

29.

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

P. sorghi ScHwWEIN. Syn. Fung. Am. Bor. 295. No. 2910.
T1331.

On Zea mays L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 136;

, (II) 1893, Sheldon 6148; Brown, (II) Jy. 1891,
Sheldon 1065.

Sorghum sp. indet.: Hennepin, (III) O., 1890, Sheldon
D4"

P. emaculata ScHwein. Syn. Fung. Am. Bor. 295. No.
20920, “1824.

On Panicum capillare L.: Lincoln, (III) Ag. 1891,
Sheldon 1530; Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7375
7376.

F. MiIcrRopuccinia.
Pe. thahictCuny. Pl. Paris. 12 417; 11820.
On Thalictrum sp. indet.: Cass, (III) Jy. 1893, Ander-

son 573.
G. LEPTOPUCCINIA.

P. asteris Dusy, Botan. Gallic. 2: 888. 1828.

On Aster macrophyllus L.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Holway
37; Cass, Jy. 1893, Ballard 1652.

Aster sagittifolius WiLLp.: Houston, Ag. 1899, Lyon

452:
Aster sp. indet.: Lake, Jy. 1886, Holway, 273.

There is a great similarity in the spots, sori and spores of
P. aster’s on A. macrophyllus to those of P. xanthiz Schwein.

30.

37

32.

Pcieces ters. Lent. Disp: Meth. 39. 1767-

On Circea alpina L.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Holway 214.

Circea lutetiana L.: Winona, Jy., 1888, Holzinger 206
and 132; Pope, Jy. 1891, Taylor 887.

Circea sp. indet.: Cass, Jy. 1893, Ballard 1655

P. ornata ArtH. & Hotw. Rep. Bot. Wk. in Minn. for year
L980, 3°30, “1867;

On Rumex britannica L.: St. Louis, (III) Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 223.

Feumex sp. indet.: Crow Wing, (III) Ag. 1890, MacMillan
and Sheldon.

H. Lire Histories IMPERFECTLY KNOWN.
P. variolans Hark. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 35. 1884.
On Eriocarpum spinulosum (NuTT.) GREENE: Traverse,
(III) S. 1893, Sheldon 7101.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 5D.

33. P. nardosmie E. & E. Journ. Myc. 1: 85. 1885.
On Petasttes palmata(Ait.) A. Gray: St. Louis, (IID) Jy.
1886, Holway 232.
34. P. porphyrogenita Curt. Thiim. Myc. Univ. No. 545.
1876.
On Cornus canadensis L.: St. Louis, (III) Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 108; St. Louis, (III) Je. 1893, Sheldon 4622.
35- P. hydrophylli Peck & Ciint. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 30: 54. 1879.
On Hydrophyllum virginicum L.: Hennepin, (III) My.
~ 1891, Sheldon 1968 and 1981; Meeker, (III) Je. 1892,
Frost 37 ; Ramsey, (III) My. 1892, Sheldon 1969 ; Aitken,
(III) Je. 1892, Sheldon 2072 ; , (III) 1893, Sheldon
5803; Hennepin, (III) My. 1899, Freeman 310.
ao FE. tiarella B. & C. N. A. Fungi, No. 549. 188r.
On MWitella nuda L.: St. Louis, (III) Jy. 1886, Holway 62.
37. P. halenie Arto. & Hotway, Rep. Bot. Wk. in Minn.
a 30. © 5886.
On Zetragonanthus deflexus (J. E. SmirH) Kuntze: St.
Louis, (III) Jy. 1886, Holway roo.
38. P. mesomegala B. & C. Grev. 3: 53. 1874.
On Clhintonia borealis (Arr.) Rar.: St. Louis, (III) Jy.
1886, Holway 18.
39. P. xanthii ScHWEIN. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 500. 1822.
Berkeley and Ravenel have described a variety ambrosze.
The spores on Ambérosza do not, however, differ morpholog-
ically from those on Xanthium.
On Xanthium canadense MiLu.: Hennepin, (III) O. 1889,
MacMillan; Brown, (III) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 861 and
1008; Carver, (III) Jy. 1891, Ballard 756; Lincoln,
(III) Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1262; Otter Tail, (III) Ag.
1892, Sheldon 3898; Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon
7259; Hennepin, (III) S. 1898, Butters: Ramsey, (III)
Jy. 1899, Freeman 531; Houston, (III]) Ag. 1899, Lyon
458.
Ambrosia trifida L.: Lincoln, (III) Ag. eer, Sheldon
1266; Brown, (III) Ag. 1891, Sheldon 122

Gymnoconia LAGERH.
Separated from Puccznza on account of the ecidia, which
are destitute of a pseudoperidial wall and are at first covered
only by the epidermis of the host.

5b2 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

1. Gymnoconia interstitialis (ScHLEcT.) LAGERH. Ured. Herb.
El. Fr. Troms6. Mus. Arshefter1'7: 84. 1894. (C@oma
nitens SCHWEIN. and Puccinia peckiana Howe.)

The ecidial stage (C@oma nitens Schwein.), the common
raspberry rust, is abundant throughout the State. The teleuto-
spores have not yet been found in Minnesota.

On Fubus strigosus Micux.: Mille Lacs, (1) Jy. 1892,
Sheldon 2709.

Fubus villosus A1r.: Kanabec, (1) Jy. 1892, Sheldon
2908; Mille Lacs, (1) Jy. 1892, Sheldon 27173.

PRubus canadensis L.: Le Sueur, (1) Je. 1891, Sheldon §2 ;
Aitkin, (I) Je. 1892, Sheldon 2061 and 2145; Pine, (I)
Je. 1899, Freeman 499.

Feubus sp. indet.: Winona, (I) Je. 1888, Holzinger 235;
Cass, (I) Je. 1893; Ballard 1393; Houston, (1) Je. 1899,
Lyon.

Uropyxis SCHROETER.

The puccinia on Amorpha species (P. amorphe Curt.) has
here been retained under Schroeter’s genus Uropyxzs. The
differences between Uvofyxzs and typical Puccinz@ are no less
than those between Phragmopyxis and Phragmidium. On the
other hand P. deglubens might be included among the Puccinie
without much more serious objection than can be raised against
Puccinia elymi Westd. Puccinia petalostemonis Farlow has a
slight gelatinous exospore which certainly indicates relationship
with the Puccznza on Amorpha. Phragmopyxts according to
Dietel * is more closely related to Uropyxzs than to Phragmz-
-dium. Ihave seen biseptate spores in Puccinza petalostemonis
Farl.t The forms on the Leguminose, therefore, seem to
form a natural group with sufficient distinguishing characters to
separate them generically from the typical Puccznze. This is
Schroeter’s genus Uropyxis. Puccinia petalostemonis Farl.
connects it with the true Pauccne.

1. U. amorphe (CurT.) ScHRoET. Hedw. 15: 165. 1875.
On Amorpha canescens PursH: Winona, (III) S. 1888,
Holzinger; Otter Tail, (III) Ag. 1892, Sheldon 3650;
Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon 4111 and (jaees
Ramsey, (III) S. 1898, Freeman ; Pope, (III) Ag. 1897,
Taylor 1182.

Ta Can:
tEllis. N. A. Fungi, No. 1844.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. bbe

Amor pha fruticosa L.: Traverse, (III) S. 1893, Sheldon
7243; Brown, (III) Jy. 1891, Sheldon 985; Chisago,
(III) S. 1891, Sheldon 4245; Traverse, (III) S. 1893,
Sheldon 7370.

The ecidial and uredo forms have not yet been collected.

Gymnosporangium Dr CANDOLLE.

1. G. globosum Fart. Am. Mem. Bot. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18.
1880.
On Juniperus virginiana L.: Dakota, (III) Ap. 1900, Lyon.
2. G. nidus-avis THAXTER, Bull. Conn. Ag. Ex. Sta. 107:
Gzl IGOr.
On jfuntperus virginiana L.: Wright, (III) Je. 1899,
Lyon 553 and 547 and Freeman 697.
3. G. clavarieforme (JAca.) Rees. Abh. Naturf. Gesell. 11:
21. 1869.
On branches of ,Junzperus communis L.: Hennepin, (III)
A. 1901, Butters 97.
Causes fusiform swelling of the branches.
4. G. juniperi-virginiane Scuw. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 74.
No. 504. 1822. (G. macropus Lx.)
On small branches of Juniperus virginiana L.: Wright,
(III) A. rg901, Freeman 978.
Causes swellings known as ‘‘ cedar apples.”

Phragmidium Linx.
1. P. potentille (P.) Karst. Fungi Fen. No. 94 and 593.
(Hel. Bid.) Fen. Nat. o. Folk. 19: 1871—23: 1873.
On Potentilla pennsylvanica strigosa Pursu: Douglas,
(III) Ag. 1892, Sheldon 3481.
2. P. rubi-idei (P.) Karst. Helsing. Bid. Fin. Nat. 0. Folk
iG. 5971.
On feudus strigosus Micux.: Aitken, (II) Je. 1892, Shel-
don 2211; St. Louis, (II, III) Jy. 1886, Holway 205.
feubus hispidus L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 20.
fRubus sp. indet.: Winona, (II) S. 1888, Holzinger.
3. P. speciosum Fr. Syst. Myc. 3: 496. 1829.
On stems of /rosa sp. indet.: Wright, (III) O. 1896, Wash-
burn; Ramsey, (III) S. 1899, Wheeler.

4. P. subcorticum (ScHRANK.) WintT. Die Pilze 1': 228.
1884.

nN

4.

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

On Posa acicular?s Linpu.: St. Louis, (II, III) Jy. 1886,
Holway 187 and 247; Ramsey, (III) My. 1899, Free-
man 350.

Leosa blanda A1r.: Mille Lacs, (III) Je. 1890, Sheldon 2313.

frosa sp. indet.: Hennepin, (III) O. 1898, Freeman; St.
Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Holway 3; Winona, (II, III) 8.
1888, Holzinger; Hennepin, (III) O. 1898, Freeman;
Houston, (III) Je. 1899, Lyon 26; (III) 1893, Sheldon
7334-

Triphragmium Linx.

. T. clavellosum Berk. Gard. Chron. 1857.

On Araha nudicaulis L.: St. Louis, (II) Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 17.

Acidium. IJIsoLATEeEpD Forms.

. A. uvularie ScHWEIN. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 69, no. 453.

1022.

On Uvularia perfoliata L.: Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Sheldon
295; Chisago, Je. 1892, Taylor 1255.

Uvularia grandifora SM.: Ramsey, Je. 1899, Freeman
403; Pine, Je. 1899, Freeman 526; Houston, Je. 1899,
Lyon 96; Houston, Je. 1900, Lyon 552.

Uvularia sessilifolia L.: Aitkin, Je. 1892, Sheldon 2066.

. A. iridis GER. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 25eaga5

1870.

On /ris versicolor L.: Kanabec, Jy. 1892, Sheldon 2886;
Houston, My. 1900, Lyon 534.

A. convallarie Scuum. Enum. Plant. Saell. 2: 224. 1803.

On Lilium canadense L.: Ramsey, Je. 1899, Freeman 400.

Polygonatum commutatum (Scu.) DieTR.: Ramsey, Je.
1899, Freeman 404.

Polygonatum sp. indet.: Houston, Je. 1899, Lyon 22.

A. orobi Pers. Rém. N. Mag. 1:92. 1794.

Probably belongs to Uromyces fabe (P.) DE Bary.
(?)On Falcata comosa (Li.) KuNTzE: Pope, Jy. 1891, Mac-

it

Millan 5.
Apios apios (L.) MacM.: Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 914.
A. lupini PEcK, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 40235

1893.
On Lupinus perennis L.: Chisago, Jy. 1892, Taylor 1421.

—s

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 555

6. A. thalictri-flavi (DC.) Winr. Die Pilze 1': 269. 1884.
On Thalictrum dioicum L.: Mille Lacs, Je. 1892,
Sheldon 2306.
Thalictrum purpurascens L.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 210 (A. thalictr? Grev.); Ramsey, Je. 1898, Free-
man 71; Ramsey, My. 1899, Freeman 318.

4. A. ranunculacearum DC. Fl. Fr. 6:97. 1815.
- On Anemone canadense L.: Winona, Je. 1889, Holzinger,
Ramsey, Je. 1899, Freeman.
Anemone quingquefolia L.: Aitkin, Je. 1891, Sheldon 2312
and 2108; Mille Lacs, Je. 1892, Sheldon 2566.
Ranunculus abortivus L.: Wright, My. 1899, Freeman
63714; St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Holway 212.

The ecidia on /. abortivus L. are not diffused over the
entire surface but are aggregated on definite orbicular spots
which are at first reddish but become yellow in drying.
Spores finely tuberculate polygono-spherical, 20-23 x17 4. Not
LEcidium ranunculi Schwein.

8. A. punctatum Pers. Usteri Ann. Bot. 20: 135. 1796.
On Thalictrum dioicum L.: Chisago, Je. 1899, Freeman
416.

9. A. acteze Oriz. in Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. 2: 252. 1833.
On Actea alba (L.) Mitu.: Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Sheldon
al

10. A. cimicifugatum Scuwein. Syn. Fung. Am. Bor. 293.
No. 2876. 1831.
On Actea sp. indet.: Pope, Jy. 1891, Taylor 889.
Differs from A. cémictfugatum Schwein. in the long cylin-
drical pseudoperidia and in smooth (or almost) spores. Spores
15-17 / in diameter.

mea. Clematidis DC.;Fl. Fr..2: 243. 1815.
On Clematis virginiana L.: Mille Lacs, Jy. 1892, Shel-
don 2764; Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 907; Pope, Jy.
1892, MacMillan 6; Houston, Je. 1899, Lyon 106.
12. A. fumariacearum KELL. & SwINncLe, Journ. Myc. 4: 95.
1888.
On Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Miuusp.: Aitkin, Je. 1892,
Sheldon 2203 ; 1893, Sheldon 5959.

556 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

13. A. geranii DC. Syn. Pl. 47-’' 1806.

On Geranium maculatum L.: Crow Wing, Je. 1892,
Sheldon 2247; Meeker, Je. 1892, Frost 61; Houston,
Je. 1899, Lyon 95; Ramsay, My. and Je. 1899, Free-
man 329 and 419; Winona, Je. 1888, Holzinger.

Belongs probably to Uromyces geranit (DC.) Wint.
14. A. impatientis ScHwEIN. Syn. Fung. Car. 674. No. 442.
1822.

On J/mpatiens bifora Waut.: Winona, Je. 1889, Hol-
zinger; Pope, Jy. 1891, Taylor 826; Waseca, Je. 1891,
Sheldon 520; Le Sueur, Je. 1891, Sheldon 219; Mille
Lacs, Je. 1892, Sheldon 2495.

Impatiens sp. indet.: Pope, Jy. 1892, MacMillan 3;
Wright, Je. 1900, Freeman 686.

15. A. verbene Spec. Fung. Argent. 1: 56. 1880.
On Verbena stricta VENT.: Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon
1080.
16. A. jacobee Grev. Fl. Edin. 445. 1824. (A. seneczonts
DESMAZ. )

In European specimens connected with Puccznia Schelertana
Plow. et Magn.

On leaves of Senecio aureus L., Ramsey, My. 1899, Free-
man 328.
17. A. compositarum Mart. Fl. Erlang. 314. 1817.

The ecidia on composites vary considerably in the form and
color of the spots, the arrangement of the ecidia and in the
size and form of the spores. In the absence of necessary
knowledge of the life-histories of these forms only a temporary
classification is possible. Their separation into varieties based
on the hosts is the only convenient method.

On Hieracium canadense Michx.: Ramsey, Je. 1899,
Freeman 396; Chisago, Je. 1899, Freeman 425.

On Adopogon virginicum (L.) KunrzE: Ramsey, Je. 1899,
Freeman 392.

Var. erigerontis WINT.

On 4rigeron annuus (L..) Pers. : Houston, Je. 1899,. Lyon
85.
Var. prenanthis (P.) WaALLR. Fl. Crypt. Germ. no. 1773.
1833.
On Vabalus sp. indet.: Houston, Je. 1899, Lyon 12; Chi-
sago, Je. 1899, Freeman 423.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 557

Var, Jactuce Burrityt,’ Bulli Dl: St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 2:
ZAR) “SGoR.

On Lactuca canadensis L.: Pine, Je. 1899, Freeman 475 ;
Ramsey, Je. 1898, Freeman 69; Chisago, Je. 1899,
Freeman 418.

Lactuca ludoviciana (NutTT.) DC.: Le Sueur, Je. 1891,
Sheldon 29% and 244.

Lactuca sp. indet.: Ramsey, My. Freeman 344; Wright,
My. 1900, Freeman 594.

Var. liatrii WEBBER, Journ. Myc. 5. 18809.
On Laciniarza sp. indet.: Pine, Je. 1899, Freeman 514.

ar. helianthi Burriut, |. c. 232.
On Helianthus divaricatus L.: Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Shel-
don 281.
flelianthus sp. indet.: Le Sueur, Je. 1891, Taylor 265.

Var. eupatorii (Scuw.) BurRILu, 1. c. 231.
On Lupatorium purpureum L.: Ramsey, Je. 1899, Free-
man 464.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L.: Brown, Ag. 1891, Sheldon
1058 ; Waseca, Je. 1891, Sheldon 308 and 521 ; Chisago,
Je. 1892, Taylor 1340.
Eupatorium ageratoides L.: Ramsey, Je. 1898, Freeman

40.

18. A. asterum ScHWEIN. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 67, No. 444.
1822.

On Solidago flexicaulis L.: Waseca, Jy. 1891, Sheldon
657.

Solidago serotina Art.: Mille Lacs, Jy. 1892, Sheldon
2790.

Solidago sp. indet.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Holway 141
(A. compositarum) ; Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Sheldon 207 ;
Mille Lacs, Je. 1892, Sheldon 2451; Wright, My. 1900,
Freeman 595.

Aster sagittifolius WiLuLp.: Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Sheldon
258.

Aster sp. indet.: Waseca, Je. 1891, Sheldon 566; Hous-
ton, Je. 1899, Lyon 14; Ramsey, Je. 1899, Freeman
398.

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.: Chisago, Je. 1899,
Freeman 430; Chisago, Je. 1892, Taylor 1339.

558 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

19. A. pustulatum ‘Curt., Rep. N. Y. St.. Mus. Nat. Hist:
23: Go. 1869.
On Comandra umbellata (L..) Nutt.: Winona, Je. 1888,
Holzinger; Wright, Je. 1900, Freeman 691; Ramsey,
Je. 1899, Freeman 394; Pine, Je. 1899, Freeman 490;
Houston, Je. 1899, Lyon 90. Very abundant throughout
the State.

20. A. jamesianum Peck, Bot. Gaz. 5: 34. 1880.
On Asclepias syriaca L.: Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1078.
Asclepias tuberosa L..: Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 787.
Acerates viridifora (RAF.) Eaton: Houston, Je. 1899,

Lyon.
21. A. lysimachie (ScHL.) WaLir. FI. Crypt. Germ. No.
1770. T3933.
On Stezronema ciliatum (L.) Rar.: Pine, Je. 1899, Free-
man 503.
22. A. grossularie Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung. (?). 1801. (4A.
grossularie ScuuM. Enum. Plant. Saell.2: 223. 1803.)

Abundant everywhere.

On fides gracile Micux.: Winona, My. 1886, Holzinger ;
Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 826% ; Ramsey, My. 1899,
Freeman 315.

Leibes floridum L’HER.: Le Sueur, Je. 1891, Sheldon 233;
Blue Earth, Je. 1891, Sheldon 375; Ramsey, My. 1899,
Freeman 326; Wright, Je. 1900, Lyon 550; Houston,
Je. 1899, Lyon.

ftibes cynosbatt L.: Aitkin, Je. 1892, Sheldon 2291;
Wright, My. 1900, Freeman 660; Pope, Jy. 1891, Taylor
935; Chisago, Je. 1892, Taylor 1307.

Ribes sp. indet.: Blue Earth, Je. 189%, Sheldon 375¢
Hennepin, My. 1891, Sheldon; Meeker, Je. 1892, Frost
33; Lake, Je. 1893, Sheldon 4928; Hennepin, 1893,
Sheldon 5966; Houston, Je. 1900, Lyon 551; Wright,
My. 1900, Freeman 598; Houston, Je. 1899, Lyon 13.

23. A. hydnoideum B. & C. Grev. 3: 61. 1874.
On Dirca palustris L. : Chisago, S. 1891, Sheldon, 1984 % ;
Crow Wing, Jy. 1893, Ballard 1496 and 1646; Wright,
My. 1900, Freeman 579.

Freeman: MINNESOTA UREDINE. 559

24. A. hydrophylli Peck, Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 26:
78. 1874.
On Hydrophyllum virginicum L.: Mille Lacs, Je. 1891,
Sheldon 2475 and 2822; Ramsay, Je. 1899, Freeman
397; Wright, My. 1900, Freeman 600.

25. A. pammelii Trex. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sc.A.and L. 6: 33.
1884.
On Euphorbia corollata L.: Houston, Jy. 1899, Lyon.

26. A. peckii DeETon1, Syll. Fung. 7: 790. 1888.

On Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.: Pope, Jy. 1891, Taylor
865; Waseca, Je. 1891, Sheldon 510; Waseca, Je. 1892,
Taylor 479; Ramsey, Jy. 1898, Freeman 72; Hennepin,
My. 1899, Freeman 337; ‘Pine, Je. 1899, Freeman 508
and 498.

247. A. phryme Hatst. Journ. Myc. 2: 52. 1886.
On Phryma leptostachya L.: Waseca, Je. 1891, Sheldon
564; Brown, Ag. 1891, Sheldon 1000.

28. A. fraxini ScHWEIN. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 66. No. 430.
1822.
On Fraxinus Americana L.: Lincoln, Ag. 1891, Sheldon
1520; Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1205.
Fraxinus sp. indet.: Brown, Jy. 1891, Sheldon 1076;
Kandiyohi, Jy. 1892, Frost 292.

Peridermium Lev.
: PF. balsameum. Px. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 27:
TOA, “1875.
On Ades balsamea (L.) Miuu.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886, Hol-
way 208.

The spores of this specimen are uniformly smaller than those
described by Peck and agree more nearly with those of A.
elatinum. No distortion of the branches has been reported.
The spores measure I4 xX 17-20 p.

2. P. abietinum (A. & S.) Tuum. var. decolorans Tuum.
On Picea mariana (Mitu.) B.S.P.: St. Louis, Jy. 1886,
Holway 93.
The spores agree with those of the ecidia of Chrysomyxa
ledi, to which this species supposedly belongs.

560 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

“Uredo. IsoLaTepD Forms.
1. U0. polypodi (P.) DC. Fl. ir. 62485. aBr5;
On Cystopteri’s fragilis BERNH.: Houston, Jy. 1899, Lyon
214.
2. U. agrimonie-eupatorie (DC.) Wint. Die Pilze 1°: 252.
1884.
On Agrimonia hirsuta (MuHL.) BIcKNELL: St. Louis, Jy.
1886, Holway 209.

ART W7
ART V.

2 |

hy

i

VOL.

ar

cif

XXX. A NEW SPECIES OF ALARIA.

De ALTON SAUNDERS.

During the summer of 1896 while investigating some physio-
logical problems in the Hopkins Sea-side laboratory, the writer
collected an A/arza which did not seem to agree with any of
the described species. Nospecimens of the Pacific coast A/a-
vias were at hand for comparison andthe writer being loath to
add further to the synonymy of this variable group laid the
plant aside until a favorable opportunity for study should pre-
sent itself. Recently a specimen of this plant with several other
species of Alaskan algz was submitted to Dr. Kjellman who
pronounced it a new species, related to his A. frelonga and
A. angusta.

Alaria curtipes nov. sp. (Plate X XXIII.)

Plant of medium size, one to three or more meters long, dark
olive brown, coriaceous ; stipe very short (1-4 cm. long), firm,
robust, black, narrowed below, but little flattened above; rachis
short, somewhat compressed, gradually passing into the midrib ;
blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 dcm. wide, narrowed
above ; midrib prominent, 1-2 cm. broad, projecting equally on
both surfaces of the blade, quadrangular in cross section; spor-
ophylls ovate, lanceolate or elliptical, obtusely rounded above,
2-3 cm. wide, 7-15 cm. long, 16-40 or more borne seriately on
a distinct stalk 5-10 mm. long; fruiting area confined to the
lower half of the sporophylls.

Abundant on exposed rocky points on the central Californian
coast, Monterey bay, Carmel bay, and Point Sur.

- A. curtipes is related to A. prelonga * Kjellm., and A. an-
gusta ¢ Kjellm. but according to Dr. Kjellman’s comparison
** Differs from A. pre/onga in its broader midrib and its shorter

*Kjellman. Om Beringshafv. Algflora, p. 38, T. 4, Figs. 1-4.
{ Ibidem, p. 38, T. 3, Figs. 1-4.
561

562 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

and more robust stipe. It differs from A. angusta especially in
the form of the sporophylls.”

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Figure 1. Mature plant reduced %; a, 6, c, d, young plants,
showing different stages of development.

Figure 2. Cross section of sporophylls, x 400.

Figure 3. Section of midrib, x 2.

;
}

XXXI. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF MINNESOTA
XYLARIACE/.

Pi. Ke Burrers.

During the past fifteen years numerous collections of Min-
nesota fungi have been made by E. W. D. Holway, Esq., Dr.
A. P. Anderson, Messrs. E. P. Sheldon, E. M. Freeman and
others. The list given below comprises records of all the

‘“Xylariacee which have been collected within the State and

deposited in the herbarium of the University of Minnesota. In
each case the county in which the collection was made is cited,
with the date of collection, and such other information as is
deemed of special value. A list of the fungi collected by
Holway was included in Professor J. C. Arthur’s report on
botanical work in Minnesota for the year 1886,* but they are
included in the present list for the sake of completeness. Some
of Mr. Sheldon’s specimens as well as the fungi included in
Professor Arthur’s list have been previously determined, but in
all cases the fungi reported in the following list have been ex-
amined personally by the author and he takes the sole respon-
sibility for their correct determination. In cases where the
determinations as given in Arthur’s list have been altered the
name as it appears in that list has been inserted in parentheses
after the citation of the collection.

In all cases in which the nomenclature employed departs
from that found in Ellis and Everhart’s North American Py-
renomycetes, the name employed in that work is inserted as a
synonym.

It is to be noted that the specimens distributed by Ellis ¢ as
fypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr. are certainly of a different
species from those distributed by de Thiimen { and other Euro-

* Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Bulletin No. 3,
Oct. 1, 1887:
t+Ellis & Everhart. North American Fungi, 1949, Fungi Columbiani, 1324.
t Mycotheca universalts, 1071.
563

564 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

pean authors. De Thiimen’s specimens are cited by Winter *
and are probably authentic. The specimens distributed by
Ellis cannot be Hyfoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr. They
agree with the fungus upon Magnolia described by Berkeley +
as Hypoxylon epipheum B. & C. (in some works spelled
epiphlwune) and the species has been so cited inthe following list.

In all, nineteen species of Xylariacez are included in the list
given below. They are distributed among five genera as fol-
lows: Wummularia, 3; Ustulina, 1; Hypoxylon, 12; Daldinia,
25 A yloria, 1.

Owing to the somewhat desultory manner in which these col-
lections of fungi have been made, many species which doubtless
occur in the State have not been collected as yet, while some of
the more abundant and more noticeable species have been col-
lected many times.

1. Nummularia nummularia (BULLIARD) ScuRoET. Krypt.
Fl. von Pilze II. 459. 1897. .(4V. duliardi Tut.)

Hennepin, April 1890, Sheldon 14, on Quercus; —-—}
Sheldon 5751%; Wright, May 1900, Freeman 658 on
Quercus; Hennepin, September 1900, Butters 75, on Acer ;
Hennepin, October 1900, Butters 50, on Acer.

2. Nummularia repanda (Fries) NirscHKe, Pyrenomycetes
Germanici, p. 57. 1867.

Hennepin, May 1893, Sheldon 5428, on Cornus ? erumpent
through the bark; , Sheldon 5765; , Sheldon
B7OLt

3. Nummularia lateritia ELtis & EvERHART, New Species
of North American Fungi, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, p. 144. 1893.

On bark.

Hennepin, May 1891, Sheldon 4193, on Populus; Hennepin,
May 1891, Sheldon 4197; Ramsey, May 1893, Sheldon
4327, on Acer; , Sheldon 5928, on Populus.

4. Ustulina maxima (HALLER) ScHROTER, Kryptogamen

Flora von Schlesien, Pilze II. p. 465. 1897. (Ustulina
vulgaris TUL.)

* Die Pilze, II., p. 860.

t+ Notices of North American Fungi, Grevillea, IV. 52. 1875.

{Mr. Sheldon’s last field note-book is missing, his collections concerning
which no field notes can be found are indicated as above.

Butters: LIST OF MINNESOTA XYLARIACE4. 565

Crow Wing, June 1892, Sheldon 2238; Ramsey, August
1893, Sheldon 5528; Hennepin, June 1890, Sheldon 5696 ;

, Sheldon 6138% ; Hennepin, May 1899, Freeman
306; Ramsey, June 1899, Freeman 380; Wright, May
1900, Freeman 650%.

Conidial stage: Wright, June 1900, Freeman 684.

5. Hypoxylon petersii BERKELEY & CurTis, Ona Collection

of Fungi from Cuba, Journ. Linn. Soc., X., p. 384. 1869.

Houston, August 1899, Wheeler 476, on decayed log; Hen-
nepin, September 1900, Freeman 702, on Quercus.

6. Hypoxylon fuscum (Pers.) Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. p.
BGA. 1040.

On bark.

St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 119, on Alnus; St. Louis,
July 1886, Holway 151, on A/nus; Hennepin, May 1891,
Sheldon 4195; Lake, June 1893, Sheldon 4749, on Alnus ;
Dakota, July 1893, Sheldon 5372; Hennepin, October
1900, Butters 51, on Ostrya.

7. Hypoxylon commutatum NirscuKe, Pyrenomycetes Ger-
manici, p. 33. 1867.

On bark.

St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 144, on Adnus; Lake, June
1893, Sheldon 4484, on Betula; Hennepin, May 1891.
Sheldon 5904, on 7v/za.

8. Hypoxylon granulosum BuLuarrp, Champ. Fr. 176. 1791
(1. multiforme Fr.) Summa Veg. Scand. p. 384. 1849.
St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 248, on Alnus (Hypoxylon
commutatum Hlolwayanum Sacc. Holway); St. Louis, July
1886, Holway 262, on Betula; St. Louis, June 1893, Shel-
don 4669; Ramsey, July 1893, Sheldon 5490, on wood;
, Sheldon 6012, on etu/a; erumpent through the
bark.

9g. Hypoxylon morsei BERKELEY & CurTIs, Notices of North
American Fungi, Grevillea, IV., p. 51. 1875.

Erumpent through the bark.

St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 41, on Betula (Hypoxylon
transversum Schw. Holway); St. Louis, July 1886, Hoi-
way 99, on Aldnus; Le Sueur, June 1891, Taylor, 364;
Hennepin, May 1891, Sheldon; Crow Wing, June 1892,

566 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Sheldon 2054, on Quercus; Hennepin, April 1891, Shel-
don 4178, on Quercus; Dakota, July 1893, Sheldon 5201,
on Quercus; Hennepin, May 1893, Sheldon 5426, on
QUEKreus ; , Sheldon 6138; , sheldon 6244; on
Quercus ; Wright, June 1900, Lyon 542, on /thus ; Chisago,
September 1900, Lyon & Butters, on Quercus.

10. Hypoxylon annulatum (Scuw.) Montacne, Sylloge Cryp-
togramarum, p. 213. 1856.
Cass, August 1893, Anderson 674, on wood.

11. Hypoxylon marginatum BERKELEY, On a Collection of
Fungi from Cuba. Part II., Journ. Lin. Soc., X., p:

499. 1869.
Dakota, July 1893, Sheldon 5194 on bark.

12. Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fries, Summa Veg.
Scand., p. 384. 1849.
On wood.
St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 193 (//ypoxylon ferrugineum
Fr. Holway & Ellis), Ramsey, July 1893, Sheldon 5484;
Wright, May 1900, Freeman 630.

13. Hypoxylon perforatum (Scuw.) Fries, Summa Veg.
Scand., p. 384. 1849.
——, Sheldon 5904 %4 ; ——, Sheldon 6133.

14. Hypoxylon epipheum BrerKELEY & Curtis, Notices of

North American Fungi, Grevillea, IV., p. 52. 1875.

Hypoxylon rubiginosum Ellis & Everhart, North American
Fungi, No. 1949, not H. rubzg7nosum (Pers.) Fries.

Hypoxylon epiphieum B. & C.

On wood.

Le Sueur, June 1891, Taylor 435; Brown, July 1891,
Sheldon 1027, on Zziza; Ramsey, July 1893, Sheldon
5503, on Acer? (young form).

15. Hypoxylon atropurpureum (Fries) Fries, Summa Veg.
Scand., p. 384. 1849.

On wood.

Le Sueur, June 1891, Sheldon 94; Brown, July 1891,
Sheldon 1027%, on TZzlia; Ramsey, August 1893,
Sheldon 5669; , Sheldon 5751, on Quercus; :
Sheldon 6236.

Butters: LIST OF MINNESOTA XYLARIACE. 567

16. Hypoxylon serpens (PErs.) Fries, Summa Veg. Scand.,
Ds 304. 1640.
St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 265, on Populus.

17. Daldinia tuberosa (Scop.) Voss. Myc. Carn. 180. 1891.
(D. concentrica (Bouit.) C. & N.) Schema di Classifica-
zione degli Sferiacei Italici aschigeri, Comment. Soc. Crit-
fom. Tal., 0. 0p. 198s) 5863.

St. Louis, July 1886, Holway 256; Ramsey, September
1889, Sheldon, 18; Ramsey, May 1890, Sheldon 4340;
Hennepin, April 1891, Sheldon 4191; Blue Earth, June
1891, Sheldon 408; Crow Wing, June 1892, Sheldon
2186; Hennepin, August 1893, Sheldon 5590; Henne-
pin, September 1893, Sheldon 5695; Cass, July 1893,
Anderson 521; Cass, September 1898, MacMillan & Free-
man 108; Wright, May 1900, Freeman 650; Wright,
May 1goo, Freeman, 654; Chisago, September 1900,
Butters 85; Hennepin, September 1900, Butters 71; Hen-
nepin, September 1900, Butters 73.

Conidial stage.

Waseca, July 1891, Taylor 670; Chisago, September 1900,
Butters 87 ; Hennepin, October 1900, Butters 62.

18. Daldinia vernicosa (Scuw.) CresatTr & bE Nortaris,
Schema di classificazione degli Sferiacei Italici aschigeri,
Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. I, p. 198. 1863.

Ramsey, May 1890, Sheldon; Chisago, September 1900,
Butters 86; Hennepin, October 1900, Butters 55 ; Henne-
pin, October 1900, Butters 88.

19. Xylaria clavata (Scop.) Scuranck, Baierische Flora, II.,

p- 566. 1789. (Ayvlaria polymorpha (Pers.) Greville.)

Hennepin, April 1891, Sheldon 4170; Hennepin, April 1891,

Sheldon 4182; Hennepin, August 1893, Sheidon 5581;

» Sheldon 613874; Hennepin, July 1899, Butters;
Hennepin, September 1900, Freeman 784.

PLATE XXXIII.

THE HELIOTYPE PRINTING CO., BOSTON.

XXXII. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE
OF THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY
IN MINNESOTA.

W. A. WHEELER.

During August, 1900, collections were made by the Botanical
Survey in the valley of the Red River of the North. Professor
Conway MacMillan, A. S. Skinner and C. J. Hibbard explored
the region around Crookston through Polk and Red Lake
counties and Professor C. A. Ballard visited Kittson, Marshall
and Otter Tail counties. Professor MacMillan’s party visited
Crookston, Shirley, Holmes station and the region around
Maple lake near Dugdale and Mentor in Polk county and
Thief River Falls, Red lake Falls, St. Hilaire, Wylie and Ives
in Red Lake county. Professor Ballard visited St. Vincent,
Humboldt, Northcote, Hallock and Kennedy in Kittson county,
Marshall in Warren county and Fergus Falls in Otter Tail county.

The collections made at these stations, scattered as they are
through the Minnesota part of the Red River valley give a good
representation of the late summer flora of this region.

The following plants were gathered of which there have been
no definite authentic collections previously reported from
Minnesota.

Puccinellia atroides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coutt.

Elymus macount V ASEY.

Scirpus campestris BRITTON.

Juncus dudleyt WIEGAND.

Peumex occidentalis S. Wats.

Chenopodium ambrostoides L.

Atriplex patula L.

Potentilla effusa Dovucu.

Chamerhodos erecta (L.) BUNGE.

Lappula americana (A. GRAY) RYDBERG.

Chrysopsts hispida (Hoox.) Nutr.

569

570 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

As a result of the reconnoissance 325 species of flowering
plants are reported below, 73 of which are monocotyledons and

252 dicotyledons.

Concerning the explorations made by Professor C. A. Ballard
he wrote as follows under date of September I, 1900:

The object of the present work was to examine certain portions of
the Red River valley to determine (1) whether the soil of the sections
under examination contained saline or alkaline ingredients in sufficient
quantities to produce a distinctively characteristic vegetation, and (2)
to note the extent of territory affected by such conditions.

I found it very difficult to obtain definite information as to the most
pronounced alkaline regions of the valley, so that the territory covered
is a part only of the sections under discussion.

I examined first, the vegetation, littoral and aquatic, of Mineral,
Alkali and Horse Shoe lakes. These lakes are situated south and
east of Fergus Falls, Otter Tail Co., and are more or less strongly
alkaline. Of the three examined Mineral lake alone has a vegetation
differing from that of the surrounding country. I have collected in
this lake Ruppia occ¢édentalis, in former years although unable to
find it at thistime. It is without doubt growing in the lake. Around
the margin of the lake three or four chenopods grow luxuriantly. I
next spent about two weeks in the northern part of the valley collect-
ing in the vicinity of the following towns: St. Vincent, Humboldt,
Northcote, Hallock and Kennedy in Kittson Co., and Warren in
Marshall Co.

The monotonous dead level of the prairie is broken occasionally by
small streams each with its fringe of trees. The surface wells of the
region visited are alkaline, some of them decidedly so. This shows the
entire soil to be alkaline to a certain extent. These wells are from 15
to25 feet deep. Many deep wells have been sunk throughout the
valley, those in Kittson Co. generally yielding a strong brine (NaCl)
if more than 7o feet deep. I visited one such flowing well at Hum-
boldt, the waters of which had killed all the vegetation for rods along
the path of the flow. These conditions are so recent however that no
marked halophytic vegetation has developed. Near a similar well at
Northcote I found Salécornéa growing abundantly within narrow limits.

Besides these localities of artificial conditions there is an occasional
salt spring in the valley, notably one on * Two Rivers” some miles
west of Hallock. I was unable to reach this spring. The numerous
depressions in the surface of the prairie also often show slight incrusta-
tions of an alkaline salt.

At Hallock I had the good fortune to examine the herbarium of Mr.
G. A. Gunnarson, the Auditor of Kittson Co. This herbarium of 200
to 300 plants represents the collections of several years in the imme-

it

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 571

diate vicinity of Hallock. These plants were the ordinary types of the
prairie and woodland of that region. One plant, however, Plantago
ertopoda, is worthy of note as being a salt lover; it was collected 15
miles southeast of Hallock on sandy alkali soil. I afterwards found
this plant growing sparsely six miles east of Warren.

As a result of my observations I draw the following conclusions:
The soil of the entire valley is alkaline. The alkalinity is strongly
marked in small localities only, which are popularly called ‘ alkali
spots.” In Kittson and Marshall counties there are a few similar
‘¢ salt spots,” natural and artificial.

There are few halophytes in the valley; I found but two which I
considered purely halophytic, these are B. 2680 Sadliécornia, growing
in a coulee which had formerly drained a salt well at Northcote; and
B. 2789 Plantago, growing in somewhat elevated sandy soil near
Warren. There are also four chenopods, B. 2701, B. 2702, B. 2787,
and B. 2576, which are semi-halophytic in character. These grow
quite generally in many places in the valley, but are most numerous
and luxuriant on the beaches of alkali lakes and ponds and in the
vicinity of alkali spots.

A more thorough study of the region visited will doubtless add to
the list of halophytes of the State and certainly extend the range of
those already noted.

The principal object of Professor MacMillan, in his visit to
the valley, was to secure a series of characteristic photographs
of vegetation and portraits of plants to illustrate the flora of the
region. There are presented herewith some views selected by
him and made under his direction by Mr. C. J. Hibbard, Pho-
tographer of the Survey. They will serve to give an idea of the
vegetation-sheet in the district covered by the list and will indi-
cate some details of ecological distribution as suggested in the
descriptions of the plates written by Professor MacMillan.

LIST OF SPECIES.

SPARGANIACEZ.
Sparganium eurycarpum EncEeLm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2vASOn, EOSO.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 131, Maple lake; 398,
Holmes.

Sparganium simplex Huns. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, gor. 1788.
Coll.: Ballard 2581, Humboldt.

572 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

NAIADACE#.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2651, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
173, Maple lake.
Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2652, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
172, Maple lake.

SCHEUCHZERIACEA.

Triglochin maritima L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 112, Dugdale.

ALISMACEZ.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 342. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2583, Humboldt; 2746, Hallock; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 24, 417, Crookston.
Sagittaria latifolia WILLD. Sp. Pl. 409. 1806.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 10, Crookston ; 370, Holmes.
Sagittaria arifolia Nurr.; J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 6%:32. “1604.
Coll.: Ballard 2580, Humboldt; 2657, St. Vincent.
Previously reported from Minnesota by J. G. Smith in Ann.
Rep. Mo. Bot: (Gard: 6:33. 1505.

NYMPHAACESA.

Nympheza advena Souanp, in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 226. 1789.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 396, Holmes.

VALLISNERIACEZ.
Philotria canadensis (Micux.) Brirron, Science (II) 2:5.
1895.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 23, Crookston.

GRAMINEZ.

Andropogon scoparius Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:57. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 254, Crookston.

Andropogon furcatus Munt.: Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 919. 1806.
Coll.: Ballard 2598, Humboldt; 2769, Hallock; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 357, Shirley.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 573

Chrysopogon avenaceus (Micux.) Bentu. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19:
53. , 1881.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 64, Crookston.

Panicum crus-galli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2589, Humboldt; 2699, Northcote; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 128, 129, Maple lake.

Panicum pubescens Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 138, Maple lake.

Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 341, 342, Crookston.

Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2541, Fergus Falls; 2663, St. Vincent.

Chetochloa viridis (L.) Scrisn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros.

Bul. 4: 39. 1897.
Coll. : Ballard 2525, Fergus Falls; 2686, Northcote.

Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 134, Maple lake.

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Micux.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67.
1888.
Coll.: Ballard 2693, Northcote; 2754, Hallock; MacMil-
lan & Skinner 99, 101, Dugdale.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2584, Humboldt; 2747, Hallock; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 305, 306, Crookston.

Sporobolus brevifolius (Nurt.) Scrrsn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
39. 1895.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 329, Crookston.
Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Woop, Bot. & Fl. 385. 1870.

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 275, St. Hilaire; 384,
Holmes.

Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 387, Holmes.

Agrostis alba L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 233, Crookston.

574 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Wiiip. Enum. 80. 1809.

Coll.: Ballard 2585, Humboldt; 2695, Northcote; 2762,
Hallock; 2794, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 52,
Crookston.

Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed.
25, 558s) > EORos

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 103, Dugdale.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Micux.) Torr. Emory’s Rep. 153.
1848.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 46, Crookston.

Beckmannia eruceformis (L.) Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 1805.
Coll.: Ballard 2588, Humboldt; 2634, St. Vincent; 2714,
Northcote; 2745, Hallock; 2778, Warren; MacMillan

& Skinner 100, Dugdale; 361, Crookston.

Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch Fl. 379. 1880-83.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 394, Holmes.

Eragrostis hypnoides (LAm.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.
Coll. : Ballard 2672, St. Vincent;2751; Hallock

Keeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 102, Dugdale; 337, Crook-
ston.

Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Met. Minn. Val. 81.
1892.
Coll.: Ballard 2582, Humboldt.
Puccinellia airoides (Nutr.) Wats. & CouLT. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 6, 668. 1890.
Coll.: Ballard 2528, Fergus Falls.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.
Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2782, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 35,
Crookston; 106, Dugdale.
Bromus purgans L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2666, St. Vincent; 2755, Hallock; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 28, Crookston.
Bromus kalmii A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 105, Dugdale.
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 146. 1812.
Coll. : Ballard 2621, Humboldt; 2715, Northcote.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 575

Agropyron tenerum Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 304, 335, Crookston; Ballard
2569, St. Vincent.

Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753.
Coll. : Ballard 2520, Fergus Falls.

Elymus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2629, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
235, Crookston.

Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2599, Humboldt; 2713, Northcote; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 68, Crookston; 267, St. Hilaire.

Elymus macouni Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 119. 1886.
Coll. : Ballard 2570, St. Vincent.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

Hystrix hystrix (L.) Mizusp. Fl. W. Va. 474. 1892.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 107, Maple lake; 265, St.
Hilaire.

CYPERACEZ.

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. 90. 1819.
Coll. : Ballard 2537, Fergus Falls.

Cyperus speciosus VAHL, Enum. 2: 364. 1806.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 130, Maple lake.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2: 154. 1817.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 141, Maple lake.

Eleocharis intermedia (Muuu.) ScHuLTEs, Mant. 2:91. 1824.
Coll.: Ballard 2656, St. Vincent.

Scirpus lacustris L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2587, St. Vincent, MacMillan & Skinner
104, Maple lake.

Scirpus campestris Britton, in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1:
267. 800.
Coll.: Ballard 2539, 2544, Fergus Falls. Not previously
reported from Minnesota.

Scirpus atrovirens Munv. Gram. 43. 1817.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 126, 127, Dugdale; 390,
Holmes; 310, Crookston.

576 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Carex utriculata Bootr; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1840.
Coll.: MacMillan and Skinner 139, Maple lake; 381,
Holmes.
Carex retrorsa Scuwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 71. 1824.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 423, Crookston.
Carex fusca Aux. Fl. Ped. 2:°269.° 1785.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 133, Maple lake.
Carex cristatella Britton, in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 357.
1896.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 249, Red Lake Falls.
Carex sychnocephala Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (Il.) 4:24. 1847.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 307, Crookston.

ARACEZ.
Arisema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 239. 1843.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 237, Gentilly.
Calla palustris L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 174, Maple lake.

Acorus calamus L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 282, Thief River Falls.

LEMNACEZ.
Lemna trisulca L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2654, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
410, Holmes.

Lemna minor L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2546, Fergus Falls.

JUNCACEZ.

Juncus balticus WiLvp. Berlin Mag. 3: 298. 1809.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 136, Maple lake; 4o1,
Holmes.

Juncus vaseyi EncExmM. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 2: 450.
1866.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 135, Maple lake.
Juncus dudleyi Wiecanp, Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 524. 1900.

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 137, Maple lake; 276,
Wylie.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 577

Not previously reported from Minnesota. Many specimens
however have been previously collected and reported as
Juncus tenuzs Willd.

Juncus nodosus L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 466. 1762.
Coll.: Ballard 2741, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 373,
Holmes.
Juncus torreyi Covitxe, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 303. 1895.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 340, Crookston.
Juncus acuminatus Micnx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 192. 1802.
Coll.: Ballard 2743, Hallock.

LILIACEZ.

Allium stellatum Ker, Bot. Mag. A/. 1576. 1813.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 63, Crookston; 87, Dugdale.

CONVALLARIACEA.
Vagnera racemosa (L.) Moronc, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114.
1894.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 148, Maple lake.
Vagnera stellata (L.) Morone, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 114. 1894.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 218, Crookston.
Unifolium canadense (DEsF.) GREENE, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:
287. 1888.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 147, Maple lake.
Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dierr.; Otto & Dietr.

Gartenz. 3: 222. 1835.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 17, Crookston.

SMILACEZ.

Smilax herbacea L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 18, 319, Crookston; Ballard
_ 2758, Hallock.

IRIDACEZ.

Iris versicolor L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 308, Crookston.

SALICACEZ.

Populus balsamifera L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 278, Ives.

578 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Salix lucida Munv. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin 4: 239.
Pl 0272 7 HOOR:
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 366, Holmes.
BETULACEZA.

Corylus americana WALT. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 415, Crookston.

Betula papyrifera Marsu. Arb. Am. Ig. 1785.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 178, Maple lake.

Betula glandulosa Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 180. 1803.
Coll.: Ballard 2803, Warren.

Alnus alnobetula (EnrRuH.) K. Kocu, Dendr. 2: Part 1, 625.
TO72:
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 151, Maple lake.

FAGACE.

Quercus alba L. Sp. Pl. 996. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2753, Hallock.

Quercus macrocarpa Micux. Hist. Chen. Am. 2. f/. 23. 1801.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 280, Thief River Falls.

MCRACEZ.

Humulus lupulus L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 26, Crookston.

URTICACEZ.
Urtica gracilis Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1780.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 199, Crookston.
Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 635.
1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 193, Crookston.

POLYGONACEZ.

Rumex verticillatus L. Sp. Pl. 334. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 158, Maple lake.
Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.- 52: 252:
1876.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 270, Thief River Falls.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY.: 579

Rumex crispus L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2628, St. Vincent; 2777, Warren; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 189, Crookston ; 389, Holmes.

Rumex persicarioides L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2638, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
155, Maple lake.

Polygonum emersum (Micux.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Wels. os 7%. Seg:
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 412, Crookston.

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Sp. Pl. 360. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 2, Crookston; 294, Maple
lake; Ballard 2590, Humboldt; 2673, St. Vincent.

Polygonum persicaria L. Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 6, Crookston.

Polygonum punctatum ELL. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 293, Maple lake; Ballard
2530, Fergus Falls.
Polygonum littorale Linx in Schrad. Journ. I: 54. 1799.
Coll.: Ballard 2643, 2670, St. Vincent; 2685, Northcote.

relyeonum erectum L. Sp. Pl. 363. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2720, Kennedy.

. Polygonum exsertum SMALL, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 172. 1894.
Coll.: Ballard 2786, Warren.

Polygonum ramosissimum Mricnx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 237. 1803.
Coll.: Ballard 2551, 2636, St. Vincent; 2600, Humboldt;
MacMillan & Skinner 142, Dugdale.

Polygonum convolvulus L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2602, Humboldt; MacMillan & Skinner
56, Crookston.

Polygonum scandens L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 167, Maple lake.

CHENOPODIACEZ.

Chenopodium album L. Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2552, 2575, St. Vincent; 2740, Hallock;
2527, Fergus Falls; 2708, Northcote; 2594, Humboldt;
2721, Kennedy; MacMillan & Skinner 19, Crookston.
119, Maple lake.

580 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Chenopodium glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 220. 1753.
Coll. : Ballard 2529, 2531, Fergus Falls; 2576, St. Vincent.
Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moa.) Nurr.: Mog. in DC.
Prodr. 13, Part 2, 71. As synonym. 1840.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 332, Crookston.

Chenopodium hybridum L. Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2558, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
225, Crookston.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. Pl. 219. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2635, St. Vincent; 2595, Humboldt; 2687,
Northcote; 2761, Hallock; 2787, Warren; MacMillan
& Skinner 424, Crookston.
No previous authentic collection reported from Minnesota.

Atriplex patula L. Sp. Pl. 1053. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2577, St. Vincent; 2614, 2625, Humboldt;
2702, Northcote; 2760, 2771, Hallock; 2722, Kennedy;
2772, Warren; 2532, Fergus Falls.
No previous authentic collection reported from Minnesota.
Salicornia herbacea L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2,5. 1762.
Coll. : Ballard 2680, Northcote.
‘* Growing locally along the Sramage from a salt well. No
other plants found growing with it.’ altered:
Dondia depressa (PuRsH) Brirron in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl.
SJ: 1395. 1: 585. 1896.
Coll.: Ballard 2613, 2618, Humboldt; 3701, Northcote;
2759, Hallock; 2793, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner
113, Dugdale; 408, Crookston.

AMARANTHACEZ.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2632, St. Vincent; 2707, Northcote; 2717,
Kennedy ; MacMillan & Skinner 321, Crookston.
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 273.

O77:
Coll.: Ballard 2543, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner,
407, Crookston.
Amaranthus grecizans L. Sp. Pl. 990. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2658, St. Vincent; 2603, Humboldt; 2691,
Northcote ; 2718, Kennedy.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 581

NYCTAGINACEZ.

Allionia hirsuta Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 91, Dugdale.

CARYOPHYLLACE#.

Agrostemma githago L. Sp. Pl. 435. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 125, Dugdale.

Silene antirrhina L. Sp. Pl. 419. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 124, Dugdale.
Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Brirron, in Britton & Brown Ill. Fl. 2:
6. 1607.
Coll.: Ballard 2671, St. Vincent.
Alsine media L. Sp. Pl. 272. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2736, Kennedy.

CERATOPHYLLACEZ.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. Pl. 992. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2654%, St. Vincent.

RANUNCULACEZ2.

Acteza alba (L.) Mixx. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 2. 1768.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 140, Maple lake.

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 221. 1836.
Coll.: Ballard 2606, Humboldt.

Anemone virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 540. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2526, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner
27, Crookston.

Anemone canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 12, 3: App. 231. 1768.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 39, Crookston.

Clematis virginiana L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 275. 1759.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 186, Maple lake.

Ranunculus scleratus L. Sp. Pl. 551. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2644, St. Vincent; 2586, Humboldt; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 427, Crookston.

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272. 1781.
Coll.: Ballard 2507, Fergus Falls; 2642, St. Vincent;
2756, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 22, Crookston;
288, Maple lake.

582 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Oxygraphis cymbalaria (PuRsH) PRANTL, in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat; PH. Ham:732) bt. 2, OF “tOOr:
Coll.: Ballard 2508, Fergus Falls; 2645, St. Vincent;
2788, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 409, Holmes.

Thalictrum purpurascens L. Sp. Pl. 546. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 32, Crookston.

BERBERIDACEZ.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 205.
1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 286, Thief River Falls.

. MENISPERMACEZ.
Menispermum canadense L. Sp. Pl. 340. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2661, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
194, Crookston.

CRUCIFERZ.
Thlaspi arvense L. Sp. Pl. 646. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2573, St. Vincent; 2579, Humboldt; 2690,
Northcote.

Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Enum. 27. 1821.
Coll.: Ballard 2709, Northcote; MacMillan and Skinner
214, Crookston.

Roripa hispida (Desv.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169.
1894.
Coll.: Ballard 2639, St. Vincent.

Sophia hartwegiana (FourN.) GREENE, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 363, Crookston.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. Pl. 661. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 5, 197, Crookston.

CRASSULACE.

Penthorum sedoides L. Sp. Pl. 432. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 231, Crookston; Ballard
2780, Warren.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 583

PARNASSIACEZ.

Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 184. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 94, Maple lake.
Parnassia palustris L. Sp. Pl. 273. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2512, Fergus Falls.

ROSACEZ.

Spirea salicifolia L. Sp. Pl. 489. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2706, Northcote; MacMillan & Skinner
156, Maple lake.

Rubus strigosus Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 297. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 3, Crookston.

Potentilla leucocarpa RypBERG, in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 2:
2E2. f; 1024s: 1807.
Coll.: Ballard 2641, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
323, Crookston.

Potentilla monspeliensis L. Sp. Pl. 499. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2515, Fergus Falls; 2728, Kennedy; Mac-
Millan and Skinner 72, 291, Crookston.

Potentilla pennsylvanica strigosa Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 356.
1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 40, Crookston; 252 Red
Lake Falls; 374, Holmes.

Potentilla effusa Douci.; Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 2: 8. 1830.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 385, Holmes.
No previous authentic collection reported from Minnesota.

Argentina anserina (L.) Ryppere, Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia
Wniv. 22 159. Ai 98.) 1598.
Coll.: Ballard 2574, St. Vincent; 2626, Humboldt; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 191, 221, Crookston.

Comarum palustre L. Sp. Pl. 502. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 143, Maple lake.

Drymocallis arguta (PuRsH) Rypserc, Mem. Dept. Bot. Co-
lumbia Univ. 2: 192. fl. ro2. 1808.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner go, Dugdale ; 251, Crookston ;
377, Holmes.

584 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Chamerhodos erecta (L.) Bunce, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1: 430.
1829.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 375, Holmes.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.
Geum virginianum L. Sp. Pl. 500. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 213, Crookston; 250, Red
Lake Falls; 369, Holmes; Ballard 2557, St. Vincent.
Agrimonia hirsuta (Munu.) BickneLy, Bull. Torr. Club,
23: 509. 1896.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 354, Shirley.
Rosa arkansana PorTEr, Syn. Fl. Col. 38. 1874.
Coll.: Ballard 2681, Northcote; MacMillan & Skinner
328, Crookston.
POMACE.
Crategus coccinea L. Sp. Pl. 476. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard, 2562, St. Vincent.
The determination of this is doubtful. It is the common form
in northwestern Minnesota and Manitoba.

DRUPACEZ.

Prunus americana Marsu, Arb. Am. 111. 1785.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 192, 315, Crookston.

Prunus serotina Euru. Beitr. 3:20. 1788.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 168, Maple lake.

PAPILIONACEZ.

Lotus americanus (NuTT.) Biscu. Litt. Ber. Linnea, 14: 132.
1840.
Coll.: Ballard 2771%, Hallock.
Psoralea argophylla Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814.

Coll.: Ballard 2608, Humboldt; MacMillan & Skinner
49, Crookston.

Amorpha fruticosa L. Sp. Pl. 713. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2505, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner
160, Maple lake.

Amorpha nana Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
Coll.: Ballard 2800, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 356,
Shirley.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 585

Kuhnistera candida (WiLLD.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 192.
1891.
Coll.: MacMillan and Skinner 247, Red Lake Falls.
Kuhnistera purpurea (VENT.) MacM. Met. Minn. Val. 329.
1892.
Coll.: Ballard 2610, Humboldt; 2765, Hallock; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 62, Crookston.
Astragalus carolinianus L. Sp. Pl. 757. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 66, Crookston.
Phaca neglecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 344. 1838.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 149, 153, Maple lake.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 480. 1814.
Coll. : Ballard 2705, Northcote ; MacMillan & Skinner 273,
St. Hilaire.
Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 195. 1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 85, Maple lake.
Vicia americana Munv.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1096. 1803.
Coll.: Ballard 2767, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 79,
Dugdale.
Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 182. 1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 162, Maple lake; 212,
Crookston.
GERANIACEZ.

Geranium bicknellii Brirron, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 92. 1897.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 145, Maple lake.

OXALIDACEZ.
Oxalis stricta L. Sp. Pl. 435. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 428, Crookston.

LINACEZ.

Linum sulcatum RIDDELL, Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 10. 1836.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 108, Dugdale.

RUTACEZ.

Xanthoxylum americanum Miu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 2.
1768.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 157, Maple lake.

586 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

EUPHORBIACEA.

Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 14. 1807.
Coll.: Ballard 2665, St. Vincent; 2682, Northcote; 2774,
Warren.

Euphorbia glyptosperma EnceLM. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 187

1859.
Coll. : Ballard 2604, 2605, Hallock; 2734, Kennedy.

Euphorbia maculata L. Sp. Pl. 455. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2664, St. Vincent.

ANACARDIACEA.

Rhus glabra L. Sp. Pl. 265. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 195, Crookston.

ACERACE#.

Acer saccharum Marsu. Arb. Amer. 4. 1785.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 182, Maple lake.

Acer negundo L. Sp. Pl. 1056. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan and Skinner 422, Crookston.

BALSAMINACEZ.

Impatiens biflora Watt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788.
Coll.: Ballard 2500, Fergus Falls.

VITACEZ.
Watiscvalpina Iv. Sp. Pl. 203. 1753:
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 166, Maple lake.

TILIACEZ.
Tilia americana L. Sp. Pl. 514. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 320, Crookston.

HYPERICACEA.

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Rar. Fl. Tell. 3: 79. 1836.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 165, Maple lake.

CISTACEZ.
Lechea stricta LeEccrett; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 251.

1894.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 110, Maple lake.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 587

VIOLACEZ.

Viola obliqua Hit, Hort. Kew. 316. p/. 72. 1769.

Coll.: Ballard 2516, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skin-

ner 382, Holmes.

Viola pedata L. Sp. Pl. 933. 1753.

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 279, Ives.
Viola canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 936. 1753.

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 351, Crookston.

ELZAGNACEZ.
Eleagnus argentea Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 114. 1814.

Coll.: Ballard 2578, Humboldt; 2801, Warren; MacMil-
lan & Skinner 53, Crookston.

ONAGRACE#.

Epilobium lineare Mun. Cat. 39. 1813.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 292, Crookston.

Epilobium coloratum Muutu.; Willd. Enum. 1: 411. 1809.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 115, Dugdale; 116, Maple
lake; 244, Red Lake Falls; Ballard 2533, Fergus
Falls; 2631, St. Vincent; 2742, Hallock.
Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2,1: 269. 17472.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 42, Crookston.
(nothera rhombipetala Nutr.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 493.
1840.
Coll.: Ballard 2749, Hallock.

Anogra pallida (LinpL.) Brirron, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234.

1894.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 364, Crookston.

Meriolix serrulata (NurT.) Wap. Repert. 2: 79. 1843.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 33, Crookston; 109, Mentor.

Gaura coccinea Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 430, Holmes.

HALORAGIDACEZ.
Hippuris vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. 4. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 230, Crookston.

588 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. Sp. Pl. 992. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 393, Holmes.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Sp. Pl. 992. 1753.
Coll: : Ballard’ 2653, St. Vincent.

ARALIACE.

Aralia nudicaulis L. Sp. Pl. 274. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 211, Crookston.

UMBELLIFERZ.
Heracleum lanatum Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 166. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 202, Crookston.
Pastinaca sativa L. Sp. Pl. 262. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2662, St. Vincent.
Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Brirron, Ill. Fl. 2: 530. 1897.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 238, Gentilly.
Sium cicutefolium GmMeEL. Syst. 2: 482. 1791.
Coll.: Ballard 2593, Humboldt.
Zizia aurea (L.) Kocu, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 129.
1824.
Coll. MacMillan & Skinner 164, Maple lake; 206, 327,
Crookston.
Zizia cordata (WaALT.) Kocu in DC. Prodr. 4: 100. 1830.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 253, Red Lake Falls.
Cicuta bulbifera L. Sp. Pl. 255. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 183, Maple lake.
Deringa canadensis (L.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 266. 1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 208, 325, 326, Crookston.

CORNACE.

Cornus stolonifera Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:92. 1803.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 316, Crookston.
Cornus candidissima Marsun, Arb. Am. 35. 1785.
Coll.: Ballard 2752, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 242,
Red Lake Falls.

ERICACEZ.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) SprRENG. Syst. 2: 287. 1825.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 144, Maple lake.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 589°

VACCINIACEZ.

Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19:15.
1892.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 185, Maple lake.

PRIMULACEZ.

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Rar. Ann. Gen. Phys. 7: 192. 1820.
Coll.: Ballard 2776, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 16,

Crookston.
Steironema lanceolata (Waxt.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:
63. 1876.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 98, Maple lake; 345, Crook-
ston.

GENTIANACEZ.
Gentiana detonsa Rotts. Act. Hafn. 10: 254. 1770.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 184, Maple lake.
Gentiana acuta Micux. F]. Bor. Am. 1: 177. 1803.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 330, 346, Crookston.
No previous collections from Minnesota in the Herbarium of
the University.
Gentiana puberula Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 176. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 54, Crookston; 350 Shirley.
Gentiana andrewsii GrisEs. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 55.
1834.
Coll.: Ballard 2792, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 181,
Maple lake.
Gentiana flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II) 1: 80. 1846.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 81, Dugdale.

APOCYNACEZ.

Apocynum androsemifolium L. Sp. Pl. 213. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 179, Maple lake.

ASCLEPIADACEZ.
Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. Pl. 215. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 29, Crookston ; 399, Holmes.
Asclepias syriaca L. Sp. Pl. 214. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 198, Crookston.

” 590 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 218. 1826.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 58, Crookston.

CONVOLVULACEZ.
Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. Pl. 153. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2566, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
403, Crookston.

CUSCUTACEZ.

Cuscuta polygonorum Encevm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 342. 1842.
Coll.: Ballard 2674, St. Vincent.

Cuscuta gronovii WiLLpD.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820.
Coll.: MacMillan and Skinner 223, Crookston; 268,
Thief River Falls; 376, Holmes.

BORAGINACEZ.

Lappula lappula (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83.
Coll.: Ballard 2770, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 245,
Red Lake Falls.
Lappula americana (A. GrAy) RypBerg, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:
294. 1897.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 243, Red Lake Falls.
No previous authentic collection reported from Minnesota.
Previous collections of this species in this State have been
made and determined as L. florzbunda (Lehm.) Greene.

Onosmodium carolinianum (LAm.) DC. Prodr. 10: 70. 1846.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 386, Holmes.

VERBENACEZ.

Verbena hastata L. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2502, Fergus Falls; 2647, St. Vincent;
MacMillan & Skinner 30, Crookston.

LABIATZ.
Teucrium canadense L. Sp. Pl. 564. 1763.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 118, Maple lake.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753.
Coll. : Ballard 2506, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner
1, Crookston.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 591

Scutellaria galericulata L. Sp. Pl. 509. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 302, Maple lake.
Agastache anethiodora (Nutr.) Brirron, in Britton & Brown,
BY. P32 35. 2e08:
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutr. Gen. 2: 35. 1818.
Coll.:. Ballard 2556, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
284 Thief River Falls.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benru. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504.

1834.
Coll,: Ballard 2564, St, Vincent; 2766, Hallock 527745
Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 21, 215, Crookston.
Galeopsis tetrahit L. Sp. Pl. 579. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2607, Humboldt.
Stachys palustris L. Sp. Pl. 580. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2640, 2650, St. Vincent; MacMillan &
Skinner 232, Crookston.
Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 248, Red Lake Falls.
Koellia flexuosa (WaxtT.) MacM. Met. Minn. Val. 452. 1892.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 96, Mentor.
Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 21. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 161, Maple lake.
Lycopus americanus Munv.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815.
Coll.: Ballard 2648, St. Vincent; 2737, Hallock.
Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.12: 178. 1848.
Coll.: Ballard 2509, Fergus Falls.
Mentha canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 577. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2560, St. Vincent; 2592, Humboldt; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 4, 426, Crookston.

SOLANACEZ.

Solanum nigrum L. Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 201, Crookston.

SCROPHULARIACEA.
Pentstemon gracilis Nutr. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 80, Maple lake.

Mimulus ringens L. Sp. Pl. 634. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 224, Crookston.

592 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Veronica americana ScHWEIN. Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 468.
1846.
Coll.: Ballard 2744, Hallock.
Veronica scutellata L. Sp. Pl. 12. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 395, Holmes.
Leptandra virginica (L.) Nurr. Gen. 1: 7. 1818.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 15, Crookston.
Gerardia aspera Douei.: Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 517. 1846.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 36, Crookston.
Gerardia tenuifolia VAHL, Symb. Bot. 3: 79. 1794.
Coll.: Ballard 2510, 2536, Fergus Falls; 2748, Hallock;
MacMillan & Skinner 277, Ives.
Orthocarpus luteus Nutr. Gen. 2: 57. 1818.
Coll.: Ballard 2688, Northcote; 2719, Kennedy; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 47, Crookston.
Pedicularis lanceolata Micux. Fl]. Bor. Am. 2: 18. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 93, Maple lake; 379,
Holmes.
PHRYMACEZ.
Phryma leptostachya L. Sp. Pl. 601. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 240, Gentilly; 241, Red
Lake Falls.
Plantago major L. Sp. Pl. 112. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2535, Fergus Falls; 2667, St. Vincent.
Plantago eriopoda Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 237. 1827.
Coll.: Ballard 2789, Warren.

RUBIACE#.

Houstonia longifolia GAERTN. Fruct. 1: 226. 1788.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 274, St. Hilaire.

Galium boreale L. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 289, Maple Jake.

Galium trifidum L. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2646, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
314, Crookston.
CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

Viburnum opulus L. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 180, Maple lake.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 593

Viburnum lentago L. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 272, Thief River Falls,
317, Crookston.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 285. 1833. _
Coll.: Ballard 2750, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 20,
‘Crookston.

Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Bull. Torr. Club,
05 25: 1892:
Coll.: Ballard 2550, St. Vincent.

- CUCURBITACEZ.
Micrampelis lobata (Micux.) GREENE, Pittonia, 2: 128. 1890.

CAMPANULACEZ.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Sp. Pl. 163. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 236, Gentilly.

Campanula aparinoides Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 163, Maple lake; 383,
Holmes.
Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. Pl. 931. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2503, Fergus Fails; MacMillan & Skinner
299, Crookston.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 57, 297, 298, Crookston.
Lobelia kalmii L. Sp. Pl. 930. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 296, Maple lake.

CICHORIACEZ.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880-
83.
Coll.: Ballard 2669, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
413, Crookston.
Sonchus arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 793. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2596, Humboldt.
Sonchus asper (L.) Aux. Fl. Ped. 1: 222. 1785.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 177, Maple lake.
Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Prodr. 7: 141. 1838.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 34, Crookston.

594 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Lactuca pulchella (Pursu) DC. Prodr. 7: 134. 1838.

Coll.: Ballard 2547, St. Vincent; 2617, Humboldt; 2712,
Northcote; 2723, Kennedy; MacMillan & Skinner 31,
Crookston.

Agoseris glauca (PuRSH) GREENE, Pittonia, 2: 176. 1891.

Coll.: Ballard 2735, Kennedy; 2791, Warren; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 43, Crookston.

Hieracium canadense Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.

Coll.: Ballard 2768, Hallock; 2799, Warren; MacMillan
& Skinner 84, Dugdale; 114, Maple Lake.

Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 294. 1833.

Coll.: Ballard 2627, St. Vincent; 2781, Warren; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 76, Dugdale.

Nabalus racemosus (Micux.) DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.

Coll. : Ballard 2559, St. Vincent; 2609, Humboldt; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 59, Crookston; 263, St. Hilaire.

AMBROSIACEZ.
Iva xanthifolia (FResEN.) Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7:
R476 LO4T.
Coll. : Ballard 2659, St. Vincent; 2716, Kennedy.
Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2567, St. Vincent, 2704, Northcote.
Ambrosia artemisiefolia L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2513, Fergus Falls.
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836.
Coll.: Ballard 2538, Fergus Falls; 2689, Northcote;
2790, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 331, Crookston.

Xanthium canadense Miuu. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.
Coll.: Ballard 2511, Fergus Falls; 2677, St. Vincents
2764, Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 217, Crookston.

COMPOSITZ.
Vernonia fasciculata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:94. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 50, Crookston.

Eupatorium maculatum L. Ameen. Acad. 4: 288. 1755.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 121, Maple lake; 391,
Holmes.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 595

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2522, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner
159, Maple lake.

Laciniaria punctata (Hoox.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 92, Dugdale.

Laciniari apycnostachya (Micux.) Kunrze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349.
1891.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 97, Maple lake.

Laciniaria scariosa (L.) H1tu, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. 1762.
Coll.: Ballard 2797, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 61,
220, Crookston.

Grindelia squarrosa (PursH) Dunau in DC. Prodr. 5: 315.
1836.
Coll.: Ballard 2554, St. Vincent; 2700, Northcote; 2730,
Kennedy ; MacMillan & Skinner 88, Dugdale.

Chrysopsis hispida (Hoox.) Nutr. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
gt.) 1845.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 83, Dugdale; 388, Holmes.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

Solidago canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 878. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2517, Fergus Falls; 2565, St.’ Vincent;
2711, Northcote; MacMillan & Skinner 303, Crookston ;
397, Holmes.

Solidago nemoralis Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 342, 344, Crookston.

Solidago rigida L. Sp. Pl. 880. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2504, Fergus Falls; 2611, Humboldt;
2683, Northcote; 2731, Kennedy; 2795, Warren; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 69, 339, Crookston.

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nurr. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.

Coll.: Ballard 2521, Fergus Falls; 2796, Warren.

Aster sagittifolius Wi1LLp. Sp. Pl. 3: 2035. 1804.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 25, Crookston; 256, St.
Hilaire.

Aster nove-anglie L. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2779, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 78,
Dugdale.

596 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Aster puniceus L. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 287, Thief River Falls.

Aster levis L. Sp. Pl. 876. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 190, 196, 311, Crookston;
Ballard 2518, Fergus Falls; 2561, 2622, St. Vincent;
2692, Northcote; 2738, Hallock.

Aster sericeus VENT. Hort. Cels. | 1800.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 82, Dugdale.

Aster ptarmicoides (NEEs) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 160. 1841.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 60, Crookston; 154, Maple
lake; Ballard 2804, Warren.
Aster salicifolius Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783.
Coll.: Ballard 2785, Warren.
Aster paniculatus Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783.
Coll.: Ballard 2568, St. Vincent; 2674, Northcote; Mac-
Millan & Skinner 312, Crookston.
Aster multiflorus Arr. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 1789.

Coll.: Ballard 2694, Northcote; 2724, Kennedy; 2802,
Warren; MacMillan & Skinner, 336, Crookston.
Brachyactis angustus (LinpL.) Britton, in Britton & Brown,

I El, 34-383. F898.
Coll.: Ballard 2545, Fergus Falls; 2784, Warren.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. Sp. Pl. 863. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 226, 360, Crookston; Bal-
lard 2649, St. Vincent.
Erigeron ramosus (WALT.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.27. 1888.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 44, Crookston; 95, Maple

lake.
Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton, in Britton & Brown Ill. Fl.
32301.) 1808.

Coll.: Ballard 2633, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
37, Crookston.
Doellingeria umbellata pubens (A. GrAy) Britton, in Britton &
Brown Ill. Fl. 3: 393. 1808.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 120, Maple lake.
Heliopsis scabra DuNAL, Mem. Mus. Paris, 5: 56. 1819.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 117, Maple lake; 204,
Crookston.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 597

Rudbeckia hirta L. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2563, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
41, Crookston.

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2660, St. Vincent: MacMillan & Skinner
205, Crookston.

Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2:

B00. “Logo:
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 75, Maple lake, 365,
Holmes.

Helianthus annuus L. Sp. Pl. 904. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2675, St. Vincent.

Helianthus scaberrimus EL. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 423. 1824.

Coll.: Ballard 2601, Humboldt; 2703, Northcote; 2739,

Hallock; MacMillan & Skinner 333, Crookston; 367,
Holmes.

Helianthus maximiliani Scurap. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1835.
Coll.: Ballard 2572, St. Vincent; 2696, Northcote; 2727,
Kennedy; MacMillan & Skinner 352, 353, Shirley.

Helianthus grosse-serratus MARTENS, Sel. Sem. Hort. Loven.
1839.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 295, 429, Crookston; 378,
Holmes.

Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753.
Coll. : MacMillan & Skinner 203, Crookston ; 392, Holmes.

Bidens levis (L.) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 264, St. Hilaire; 362,
Crookston; 371, Holmes.

Bidens cernua L. Sp. Pl. 832. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner g, Crookston.

Bidens frondosa L. Sp. Pl. 832. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2623, Humboldt; 2678, St. Vincent; 2710,
Northcote; 2733, Kennedy; 2763, Hallock; MacMil-
lan & Skinner 11, 38, 207, Crookston.

Helenium autumnale pubescens (Air.) Brirron, Mem. Torr.

Club, 5: 339. 1894.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 146, Maple lake.

598 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Gaillardia aristata Pursu, Fl. Am. Sept. 573. 1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 380, Holmes.
No previous authentic collections from Minnesota in the Her-
barium of the University.

Achillea millefolium L. Sp. Pl. 899. 1753.
Coll.: Ballard 2624, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner
45, Crookston.

Artemisia caudata Micux. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 73, Crookston.

Artemisia dracunculoides Pursn, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 65, Crookston.

Artemisia frigida Wi1LLp. Sp. Pl. 3: 1838. 1804.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 74, Crookston; Ballard
2597, Humboldt.

Artemisia absinthium L. Sp. Pl. 848. 1753.
Colli: Ballard 2553, St. Vincent.

Artemisia biennis WiLLp. Phytogr. 11. 1794.
Coll.: Ballard 2726, Kennedy.

Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutr. Gen. 2: 143. 1818.

Coll.: Ballard 2619, Humboldt; 2698, Northcote; 2732,
Kennedy; 2798, Warren; MacMillan & Skinner 55,
Crookston.

Arctium lappa L. Sp. Pl. 816. 1753.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 210, Crookston.
Carduus altissimus L. Sp. Pl. 824. 1753.

Coll.: Ballard 2501, Fergus Falls; MacMillan & Skinner
170, Maple lake.

Carduus discolor (Munvu.) Nutr. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.

Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 12, Crookston.

Carduus undulatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Coll.: MacMillan & Skinner 48, Crookston.
Carduus arvensis (L.) Ross. Brit. Fl. 163. 1777.

Coll.: Ballard 2548, St. Vincent; MacMillan & Skinner

283, Thief River Falls.

Wheeler: THE FLORA OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 599

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

General view of prairie near Shirley, Minn. This is the charac-
teristic aspect of mesophytic prairie in the Red River valley. The
shrubs are Sadzx humilis, for the most part. The herbs in the fore-
ground are Asters. The view shows a minor tension line in which
Juncus dudleyz is an abundant plant. On the right a growth of Poly-
gonum intermixed with Andropogon is seen. The view gives an idea
of the variety of the prairie vegetation.

PLATE XOX XV’.

An island of Hlordeum surrounded by a border zone of Sax inter-
mingled with Symphoricarpos and Solidago. Such circular patches of
squirrel-tail grass marking slight depressions in the prairie are not un-
common and often reach a considerable size,even covering several acres.

Pram XOXOevil:

Prairie near Gentilly, Minn. In the background is seen the shrubby
and scanty arboreal vegetation along the Red Lake river. In the
middle distance a minor tension line of Zordeum is apparent extending,
in this case, several miles along the river. In the foreground WVadalus
racemosus, a characteristic wand plant of the region, is seen forming
an almost circular patch in the general grass vegetation.

12 yey Naeis OOO WANA

Gopher mound with characteristic vegetation. These mounds made
by Geomys bursartus are abundant on the prairie throughout the dis-
trict. Somewhat more xerophytic plants inhabit them than are found
upon the level prairie where they occur. Upon this particular mound
hazel-brush, Artemzsta, Bouteloua, Solidago rigida and other semi-
xerophytic or strongly xerophytic plants have secured a foothold.

lean DOOWAUNE

A growth of silver-berry—Zleagnus argentea. This plant is
abundant throughout the district studied, in dry declivities or on slopes
of the rolling prairie. It is also abundant in pastures along the Red
Lake river.

PLATE XXXIX.

View of the margin of a grass meadow in the poplar scrub near
Maple lake showing three stands of Sal¢x lacéda, a common plant of
the tension zone between the meadow and the scrub.

1a oad Be

View of xerophilous vegetation on knolls along a coulee cut in the
raised beach of the extinct Lake Agassiz near Fertile, Minn. The

600 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

brows of the knolls are occupied almost exclusively by an Artemisza
formation in which three or four species are present, Artemista
frigida being the most abundant. Scrub poplars, hazel and Quercus
form a sparse ‘‘ gallery wood.” Onthe upland Gazllardia, Amor-
pha, Gaura and other xerophytic herbs and shrubs of the prairie are
abundant.

PLATE XLI.

Elm woods along the Red Lake river near Crookston, Minn. The
bottoms being subject to overflow, show a scanty undergrowth mostly
herbaceous, though with a few shrubs of /tzbes, Rubus and Corylus.
In such glades the bolls of the trees are commonly distorted and
scarred owing to the battering which they receive when young by
driftwood and flotsam during times of high water.

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XXXII. OBSERVATIONS ON Gigartina exasperata
Harv.

H. B. HumMpurey.

The plants used in the preparation of this paper were col-
lected by Miss Josephine E. Tilden, in Puget Sound near Seattle,
Washington, in August, 1897.

They are found growing at a depth of six fathoms though thriv-
ing in shallower water. In July, 1898, several plants were col-
lected near Tracyton, Washington, at a depth of about four
fathoms attached to rocks in quiet waters. These plants were
generally large and well developed and were somewhat loosely
attached to the substratum. Their position in the water was
erect except in certain places where a tidal current was present.
Plants found in localities washed by swift tidal currents were
smaller, thicker and more firmly attached to the substratum.

The material was preserved in alcohol, consequently the plant
could not be studied in its natural condition. All sections were
cut by means of a freezing microtome. Material imbedded in
gelatin when sectioned proved useless as the cells were swollen
to such a degree as to appear unnatural. Portions of the frond
were then sectioned directly from the alcoholic solution with
good results.

The stains employed were Delafield’s hematoxylin, methyl
blue, methyl violet, iodine and fuchsin. Delafield’s hematoxy-
lin proved a good nuclear stain. Methyl blue was used in stain-
ing cell walls but was not as satisfactory as methyl violet.
Iodine was used in staining carpospores and brings out very
clearly the distinction between them and surrounding tissue.
Fuchsin proved a very satisfactory stain used in connection with
the study of protoplasmic pits, coloring them a deep red.

Sections were all treated with staining solution and then
mounted directly in glycerine jelly, making a permanent mount.

601

602 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Floldfast: The holdfast is a disc-shaped organ, exhibiting
considerable variation in size. Inthe case of a single frond the
holdfast is not much greater in diameter than the stipe immedi-
ately above. ‘The under surface is smooth and somewhat flex-
ible, though in comparison with other tissues it shows greater
rigidity and strength. It is not unusual to find several fronds
attached to one common holdfast which, upon close examina-
tion, presents the appearance of a compound organ, in some
instances measuring nine mm. in diameter.

The tissue of the holdfast is unlike that of any other part of
the plant. Pl. 42, Fig. 2, represents a longitudinal section
through a portion of the holdfast showing distinctive areas from
the point of attachment to the substratum to the tissue of the
stipe. It was found that in removing the plant from its point
of attachment the cuticle was removed from the holdfast leaving
exposed those cells immediately adjacent, represented by (@).
These cells appear to be somewhat irregular in outline, though
generally quadrilateral, and are characterized by their exceed-
ingly thick walls. Approaching the stipe these cells are slightly
modified and in conjunction with them are found rather long
somewhat egg-shaped cells, densely filled with contents. These
cells, along with the others, are arranged approximately in rows
extending vertically through the holdfast. Protoplasmic connec-
tion exists between all cells and the cell arrangement is so com-
pact as to give great strength and rigidity to the tissue. These
cells (Pl. 42, Fig. 2, 6) are slightly modified and in conjunc-
tion with small, somewhat spherical cells closely attached and
densely filled with granular contents. Abutting upon this area
are the filamentous cells of the stipe, which are very similar to
those found elsewhere in the frond.

Stzpe.—In the early stages of the plant’s growth the stipe
is hardly to be distinguished from the lamina, but as the frond
reaches maturity the stipe becomes a well-marked organ of
deep red color. Immediately above the holdfast it is circular,
but as it gradually merges into the lamina it loses its charac-
teristic shape, becoming much expanded in one diameter and
thinner in the other. The stipe seldom exceeds a length of 20
mm., while the diameter varies from 2 to 5 mm.

The stipe exhibits a structure similar to that of the lamina,
though in the former the cells possess shorter diameters and
the arrangement is more compact, thus affording greater rigid-

Tlumphrey : OBSERVATIONS ON Gigartina exasperata HARV. 603

ity and strength. The epidermal cells throughout the entire
plant are enveloped by a firm cellulose sheath of variable
tuckness, from three to. ten mic. (Pl.»42, Fig. 4, ¢.) This
cuticle is somewhat elastic, smooth and highly transparent.
Pl. 42, Fig. 5, @ and 4, represent surface views of a portion
of the frond, showing epidermal cells as seen through the
overlying cuticle. By focusing, deeper cells beneath the epi-
dermal layer may be seen.

Beneath the epidermal cells and in connection with them are
the pseudo-cortical cells, presenting an almost spherical outline
and a somewhat loose though definite arrangement. These
cells as well as the epidermal ones are densely filled with pro-
toplasmic contents, though unlike the epidermal cells they con-
tain no chromatophores.

The sections of the stipe were stained with an alcoholic so-
lution of methyl blue which gave a very satisfactory cellulose
reaction and revealed the fact that all the cells were imbedded
in a dense gelatinous matrix between which and the cell walls it
is not easy to distinguish.

Adjoining the pseudo-cortical cells and occupying the cen-
tral region of the stipe is the pseudo-medullary area composed
of irregularcells. Pl. 42, Fig. 3, and Pl. 42, Fig. 4, represent
transverse and longitudinal sections of the stipe. In Pl. 42,
Fig. 3, c, a network of somewhat filamentous cells is seen to
be interwoven with other cells of different form forming alto-
gether a rather loose arrangement.

Lamina.—The general shape of the lamina is almost in-
variably cuneate, attaining its greatest diameter a little way
from the apex. Inall cases the frond is flat and not greater than
three mm. in thickness, and when dry is quite translucent.

It commonly grows from 30 to 50 cm. in length and from 6
to 18 cm. in width, thus showing considerable variation in size.
In shape itis quite as variable ; some fronds being branched pro-
fusely while others show little or no branching whatever.

New fronds arise from the base of the stipe forming at first
somewhat club-shaped or pointed bodies, but later expand and
assume the characteristic shape of the mature frond. (Pl. 42,
Fig. 1.) Both sides of the frond, including the margin, are
thickly studded with cystocarps and numerous epidermal prolif-
erations. Near the base of the frond on each side is a small
area totally void of proliferations. Here the frond is thicker

604 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

than elsewhere, more deeply colored and possesses a glossy
smoothness.

The cystocarps sometimes appear as_ surface elevations
though commonly they are developed in the marginal and sur-
face proliferations. They are most numerous and _ attain
greatest size in the marginal area while at the center they are
scattering and poorly developed, numbering from 8 to Io per
sq. cm. as compared with 15 to 18 near the margin.

The broad flat branches of the lamina, owing to extreme
thinness and position, bear few cystocarps though the number of
proliferations may be great.

The epidermal cells of the lamina are very similar in every
respect to those of the stipe except that the arrangement is less
compact. The-same may be said regarding the pseudo-cortical
area, but a difference is seen in the pseudo-medullary cells;
these are all filamentous, densely filled with granular proto-
plasmic contents (Pl. 42, Figs. 6 and 7) and so joined as to form
a complete network.

Through the use of certain staining reagents it was found that
a protoplasmic connection existed between the several cells of
the frond, best seen in the pseudo-medullary region of the
lamina. (Pl. 42, Fig. 8.) On further examination, using alco-
holic solution of fuchsin as a staining reagent, protoplasmic
pits were seen to exist between the several cells. These pits
were composed in every case of two minute callous plates which
when stained were found to give a reaction similar to that of pro-
toplasm. It was not possible to determine the function of these
connections, but no doubt they serve as paths of communication
between cells. In Schmitz’s discussion of the protoplasmic
pits he shows that they are traversed by plasma-cords which
serve for conduction of dynamic influences from cell to cell.
He believes a transfer of dissolved food material possible be-
cause of the pores in the pit, but does not regard as probable
the transfer of protoplasm.

Proliferations and cystocarp.—PI. 42, Fig. 9, represents an
early stage in the development of a proliferation. Certain of
the epidermal cells become slightly modified in shape, cell di-
vision takes place vertically and apparently transversely. This
increase in the number of cells causes an elevation to develop
and as it continues a well-developed proliferation eventually pre-
vails which may or may not bear a cystocarp.

Humphrey : OBSERVATIONS ON Gigartina exasperata HARV. 605

In the material at hand the writer was unable to secure any
sections showing tetraspores.

The development of the cystocarp, however, was quite clearly
brought out. As the proliferation advances in its development
there arises an irregular cellular formation of gonimoblast fila-
ments and sterile tissue in the interior of which groups of
branched filaments develop the carpospores. This entire for-
mation is surrounded by a definite area of cells forming the
cystocarpic wall. As the cystocarp advances towards maturity
a perforation occurs through the breaking down and gradual
dissolution of certain cells, thus furnishing the mature spores an
avenue of escape (Pl. 42, Fig. 11). The tissue of the pro-
liferation surrounding the spore cavity is similar to that of the
lamina proper, except that the cells are more compactly ar-
ranged.

Sections of this tissue were treated with Delafield’s hama-
toxylin which proved to be a good nuclear stain revealing in
several cells well-marked nuclei. (Pl. 42, Fig. 12.)

Several sections were made in order to determine the struc-
ture and characteristics of the mature cystocarp. Pl. 42,
Fig. 13, represents such a cystocarp showing the spores ar-
ranged in groups surrounded by apparently empty filamentous
cells, thus forming a compound cystocarp. Previous to the
maturity of the spores they are all attached to the gonimoblastic
filaments of which they were originally a part. They are evi-
dently attached by means of protoplasmic threads, though no
evidence of pits occurred. (Pl. 42, Fig. 15.) The carpo-
spores, when mature, measure from 10 to 12 v along one di-
ameter and 11 to 13 p» along the other, while the cystocarp
measures from two to three mm. in diameter through the con-
ceptacle.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Harvey, W. H. Notice of a collection of alge made on the north-
west coast of North America, chiefly at Vancouver’s Island, by
David Lyall in 1859-61. (Jour. Proc. of Linn. Soc. 6: 172,
173. 1862.

Cocks, J. Observations on the growth and time of appearance of
some of the marine alge. Jour. Proc. of Linn. Soc. 4: ro1-

106. 1860.

606 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Stromfelt, H. F.G. Untersuchungen tiber die Haftorgane der Algen.
Bot. Cent. 33: 381, 352, 395-4oo. 1888. Hedwigia, 27: 143.
1888.

Harvey, W. H. Characters of new alge chiefly from Japan and ad-
jacent regions. Proc. Am. Acad. 4: 332. 1857-1860.

Schmitz, Fr. Untersuchungen iiber die Befruchtung der Florideen.
Bot. Zeit. 41: 608-613, 14s. 1883.

Schmitz, Fr. Kndéllchenartige Auswuchse an den sprozzen einiger
Florideen. Bot. Zeit. 38: 624. 1892.

Mobius, M. Morphologie der haarartigen Organe bei den Algen.
Biol. Cent, £2.:/'72)\.1692<

Jonsson, B. Beitrige zur Kenntniss des Dickenzuwachses der Rho-
dophyceen. Lunds. Univers. Aarskr. 27: 41. 2 f/. 1890-91.

Wille, N. Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der physiologischen
Gewebsysteme bei einigen Florideen. Nova Acta. Acad. Leop.
Carol. 52: 49-100. p/. 9-8. 1887.

Osterhout, W. J. V. A Simple Freezing Device. Bot. Gaz. 21:
195-201. 1896.

Moore, L. Le M. Studies in Vegetable Biology—Observations on the

Continuity of Protoplasm. Journ. Linn. Soc. 21: 595-621. fi.
rg-27. 1886.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLII.

Figure 1. A typical frond of Gégartina exasperata one-fourth
natural size.

Figure 2. Longitudinal section of holdfast. x 450.

Figure 3. Cross section of stipe. @, Epidermal cells; 4, pseudo-
cortical cells; c, pseudo-medullary cells. x 450.

Figure 4. Longitudinal section of stipe. @, Epidermal cellulose
Sheath. x 450:

Figure 5. (@) Surface view of frond, showing epidermal cells
through the transparent epidermal sheath. (4) Surface view of frond
showing cells beneath the epidermal cells. x goo.

Figure 6. Cross section of frond. x 450.

Figure 7. Filamentous cells of the pseudo-medullary area showing
granular contents. x goo.

Humphrey : OBSERVATIONS ON Gigartina exasperata HARV. 607

Figure 8. Protoplasmic connections between cells of pseudo-medul-
lary area. X 9QOO.

Figure 9. An early stage in development of a proliferation showing
growing point (@). 450.

Figure 10. A portion of the margin of a frond showing prolifera-
tions and cystocarps.

Figure 11. Longitudinal section of mature cystocarp. O, carpo-
stome; @, conceptacle.

Figure 12. Portion of tissue surrounding a conceptacle showing cell
muclei. 700.

Figure 13. Cross section of mature cystocarp showing spores.

Figure 14. Two groups of spores separated by elongated sterile
Gells. I50O.

Figure 15. Immature carpospores still attached to the gonimo-
blastic filaments; (@) a spore separating from filaments. x 48o.

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CAL STUDIES.

Pa

XXXIV. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALG OF THE
Sh. boul, CLEY. WATER:

M. G. FANNING.

St. Paul receives its water supply from twenty-two lakes
north of the city which are situated on both sides of a divide or
watershed. The area from which the water is received extends
about twenty miles north of the city. The greater part of the
water comes immediately from Lake Vadnais, which in return
receives its supply from chains of lakes through brooks, artifi-
cial canals, conduits, etc. As these lakes are separated by a
divide pumping stations are provided at Centreville lake and
Baldwin’s lake to force the water over the divide. Besides the
lakes, groups of artesian wells add to the supply and help to
lower the temperature of the water during the summer months.
There are nine wells at Lake Vadnais and twenty-eight at Cen-
treville lake, making thirty-seven in all with depths varying
from sixty-three to eight hundred and sixty-five feet.

Pleasant lake receives the water from the north slope of the
watershed; from here the water flows from Lake Vadnais, then
it is conveyed four and one-half miles through a conduit to the
pumping station. The elevated portions of the city receive the
water directly from the pumping station. Other parts are sup-
plied by gravity with water from Lakes Gervaisand Phalen. In
order to get sufficient pressure to supply the higher areas, the
water is forced into a reservoir one mile west of the pumping
station. This reservoir is 290 feet above the water level of the
Mississippi river and has a capacity of 18,000,000 gallons.
There is another reservoir on the West Side to supply the ele-
vated district across the river.

At the pumping station and also at the entrance of the con-
duit leading from Lake Vadnais, a series of graduated wire
screens strain from the water the coarser vegetable growth.

609

610 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Method of collection.—The method of collection is practically
the one suggested by Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe * and is as follows:
A piece of absorbent cotton four or five inches square and one
inch thick is attached by means of a twelve-inch square of un-
bleached muslin to the water faucet. The water is then turned
on sufficiently to insure a constant stream and is allowed to run
from ten to twelve hours, after which the cotton is removed.
The cotton, which is usually quite brown from the organisms,
is divided into pieces and rubbed and rinsed in five beakers each
containing 200 c.c. of water. The water is then poured into
one vessel and allowed to settle, after which the deposit is put
into a glass containing 25 c.c. A few drops of this is trans-
ferred to a slide by means of a pipette and examined microscop-
ically. At least ten mounts from each week’s collection of ma-
terial was examined in this way. ‘The rest was then preserved
in 2 per cent. formaline for future reference.

For the records, Dr. Jelliffe’s method of computation was

adopted. In computing the numbers the following schedule
was used :

Abundant, 25 + in one c.c. of water.
Common, 10-25 in one c.c. of water.

Few, 5-10 in one c.c. of water.

Scarce, I-5 in one c.c. of water.

Present, Less than five in one c.c. of water.

Since November, 1899, weekly collections have been made of
the plant life in the St. Paul water supply and the organisms
identified (as far as possible) and their number computed.

The vegetable organisms found were all alge if we except
the pollen grains and Fungi spores that appeared occasionally.
The Algee found were as follows:

1. Diatomaceea, 13 varieties.
Cyanophycee, 11 varieties.
3. Chlorophycea, 32 varieties.
4. Peridinie, 2 varieties.

to

Of these some forms of Diatoms were present almost con-
stantly, especially Jelosira, Stephanodiscus, two varieties of

*Jelliffe, S. E. A preliminary report upon the microscopical organisms found
in the Brooklyn water supply. Brooklyn Med. Journ. 7: 595. O. 1893.

Fanning : ALG OF THE ST. PAUL CITY WATER. 611

Synedra and Astertonella. Of the Chlorophycee, Scenedes-
mus and Raphidium were present most of the time. Among
the Cyanophycee, Osczllatoria and Celospherium were prac-
tically constant.

The effect of the cold on some of the varieties is shown by
the accompanying plates (Pl. XLIII. and XLIV.). It will be
seen that a fall in temperature coincides with a decrease in the
numbers of all except Oscz/latorza, which shows a gradual in-
crease with the cold and is abundant for several weeks during
the severest weather.

The desmids, more plentiful in the fall than at any other
time, although never abundant, disappeared after the cold wave
of the third week in December. Another fall in temperature
about the fourth week in January banished most of the Chloro-
phycez and cleared the field of Celospherium, but some of the
diatoms persisted until the zero weather in February, when
most of them disappeared. FAvagz/ar¢a was abundant in Jan-
uary and about January 30th, when Osc7/latoria and Fragilaria
were practically the only forms seen, the water contained con-
siderable sandy débris and entangled in it were quantities of
resting spores of Glwotrichia.

The observations vary from year to year so that a record
should be kept for several years before one could find what
forms were both constant and abundant. For example, in the
fall of 1898, Anabena was ‘‘common,” but in the following
year it is only marked “ present.”

I wish to thank Mr. P. F. Lyons, of the St. Paul Weather
Bureau and Mr. John Caulfield, Secretary of the Water Board,
St. Paul, for their kind assistance.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XLIII. anp XLIV.

Table showing relation between abundance of certain forms and
temperature. XLIV. is a continuation of XLIII.

PEAT EH wliVe

1. Calastrum microporum Naeg. var. spectosum Wolle. Freshw.
eigae U.S. 170. Al. 156. f. g. 1887.

2. Pediastrum duplex Meyen Beob. iiber Algenformen. in Nova
Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. 772. 1829.

3. Scenedesmus guadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. Alg. Falais. 66. 1835.

4. Scenedesmus bijugatus (Turp.) Kg. Syn. Diat. 607. 1833.

5. Rhaphidium polymorphum Fresen. var. aciculare (A. Br.)
Rabenh. Fl. Eur. Algar. 3: 45. 1868.

612 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

6. Rhaphidium polymorphum Fresen. var. falcatum (Corda)
Rabenh. Fl. Eur. Algar. 3: 45. 1868.

4. Nephrocytium agardhianum Naeg. Gatt. einz. Alg. 80. pl. 3 é
1849.

8. Dictyospharium pulchellum Wood. Freshw. Alge U. S. 84.
1873.

9. Eudorina elegans Ehrenb. in Monatsb. der Akad. d. wiss. zu
Berlin, 575,, 152. P20. 25 f.. 70>, 182.

10. Pandorina morum (Muell.?) Bory in Ehrenb. Infus. 53. AZ.
SAG: 11530.

11. Gleocystis gigas (Kg.) Lagerh. Bidrag. till Sveriges Algfl.
Grn 1003:

12. Micrasterias truncata (Corda) Bréb. in Ralfs Brit. Desmid.
"5. no. 9. fl. &. f. g. and fl. 70. f. 5. 1848.

13. Staurastrum sebaldi Reinsch. Algenf. von Franken. 175. Jd.
TL Git. GOOF.

14. Staurastrum minneapoliense Wolle in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
M2cMn pls. farli—le. « LOO5.

15. Staurastrum paradoxum Meyen. var. longipfes Nordst.
Sydlig. Norg. Desm. 35. f. 77. 1873.

16. Arthrodesmus tncrassatus Lagerh. var. cycladatus Lagerh.
Bidrag till Amer. Desm.-Flora. 242. pl. 27. f. 79. 1885.

17. Pleuroteniopsis guaternaria (Nordst.) De Toni. Syll. Algar.
I: O14., 1669:

18. Cosmarium nitidulum De Not. Element. 42. pl. 3. f. 26.
1867.

19. Closterium parvulum Naeg. Gatt. einz. Alg. 106. pl. 6. C. f.
2.) 1649.

20. JVostoc sp. und.

21. Anabena flos-ague (Lyngb.) Bréb. Algues des environs de
Falaise 36. 1835.

22. Lyngbya majuscula Harv. in Hooker, Eng. Fl. 5: 370.
1833.

23. Merismopedia glauca Naeg. Gatt. einz. Alg. 55. Al. z. D. f.
7 LO4d:

24. Celosphearium kitzingianum Naeg. Gatt. einz. Alg. 54. Al.
Tos TO40.

Fanning: ALGH# OF THE ST. PAUL CITY WATER. 613

25. Anacystis marginata Menegh. Consp. 6. 1837.

26. Peridinium tabulatum Ehr. in Kent. Manual of the Infusoria.

I: 448.

|e) Oa BAVA

1. Amphora ovalis (Bréb.) Kg. Bac. 107. pl. 5. f- 35,39. 1844.

2. Cymébella lanceolata (Ehr.) Kirchn. Alg. Schles. 185. 1878.

3. Astertonella formosa Hass. in Micr. Exam. ro.

4. Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehr. Infus. 211. Al. 77. f. z. 1836.

5. Synedra pulchella (Ralfs.) Kg. Bacill. 68. A/. 29. f. 97. 1844.

6. Fragilaria capucitna Desmaz. Crypt. de France (ed. 1), no.
ake 1025.

7. Tabellaria fenestrata Lyngb. Kg. var. ¢xtermedia Griin. in.,
V. H. Syn. Al. 52. f. 6-8. 1880-81.

8. Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kg. Spec. Algar. 20. 1849.
9. Stephanodiscus niagare Ehr. in Berl. Akad. 80. 1845.

10. Melosira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs. in Pritch. Inf. 820. 1845-
61.

Il. Ceratium longicorne Carter.

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VOL? El.

Abund.
Temperature
Common
Few
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Scarce
Present
Absent
Abund.
Common
Few
Synedra
Scarce
Present
Absent
Abund.
Common
Few
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Scarce

Present

Absent

MINNESOTA BO’

Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mi

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PLAT.

THE HELIOTYPE PI

ICAL STUDIES. PART'V.

Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.

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VOL. II. MINNESOTA B:

Oct. Nov. — Dec. Jan. Feb. |

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PLAT

THE HELIOTYPE

s STUDIES. PART V.

6 Apr. May June —— Jul

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VOL. IL. MINNESOTA BC

PLAY

THE HELIOTYPE

NESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

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PLATE XLVI.

THE WELIOTYPE PRINTING CO., BOSTON.

XXXV. NOTES ON SOME PLANTS OF ISLE
ROYALE.

W. A. WHEELER.

During August, 1900, I spent about two weeks at Tobin Har-
bor on the eastern end of Isle Royale, Mich. At this time I
made a collection of plants numbering about 150 species, of
which the following seem to be worthy of note.

Botrychium lunaria (L.} Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 110. 1800.
Rare in moist woods and thickets.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 111.
1800.

Prothallia and young sporophytes were collected in a thicket
near the shore of the lake on Aug. 30. Previous collections of
the prothallia of this species have been made only by Professor
Douglas H. Campbell at Grosse Isle, Michigan, in 1893 and by
Professor E. C. Jeffrey at Little Metis, Quebec, Canada, in

1895.
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 11: 173. 1812.
Very common on exposed rocks along the lake shore.

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Scnort, Gen. Fil. 1834.
Common on exposed rocks with Woodsza tlvensis.

Cryptogramme acrostichoides R. Br. App. Franklin’s Journ.
967.1823.
Infrequent on rocks. This is probably one of the rarest ferns
of the Great Lake region.

Lycopodium selago L. Sp. Pl. 1102. 1753.
Frequent on rocks near the shore.

Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Linx, Fil. Hort. Berol. 158. 1841.
Frequent on moist, shaded rocks near the water’s edge on the
shore of the harbor.
619

620 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Linx.) Trin. Unifl. 225. 1824.

Previously collected from Isle Royale in 1865 by T. C.
Porter. This may be the collection reported in Beal &
Wheeler’s Flora of Michigan as C. dapponica Trin.

Carex abacta Baiuey, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 427. 1893.
Carex limosa.L.. Sp. Pl 977-1753:
Juncus articulatus L. Sp. Pl. 327. 1753.

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzu, Verbr. Alsin. 18. 1833.
Infrequent on moist rocks.

Sisymbrium humile Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 137. - 1831.
Rare on rocks.

Echinopanax horridum (Smiru) Dec. & PLANcu. Rev. Hortic.
FOU. 1854.

The occurrence of this plant in a locality so far removed from
what had been considered its native home is certainly remark-
able. No collections of it have been reported farther east than
the Rocky Mountains of Montana and British Columbia. On
Isle Royale it occurs on the rocky cliffs at two places near
Tobin’s Harbor, z. ¢., Passage Island and Black’s Point and
has the appearance of being indigenous.

Gentiana rubricaulis ScHWEIN, in Keating’s Narr. Long’s Exp.
235264. 1024.
Frequent in moist open places and on protected rocks.

Castilleja acuminata (PURSH) SPRENG. Syst. 2: 775. 1825.
Euphrasia americana Wettst. Mon. Euph. 127. 1896.
Aster lindleyanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 122. 1841.

Erigeron acris droebachianus (O. F. MuELLER) Biytr. Norg.
Fil, .teg§624)) 18615

Senecio discoideus (Hoox.) Brirron, in Britton & Brown, Ill.
Hi 3 A708 coo.

a

XXXVI. REVEGETATION OF TRESTLE ISLAND.

The piece of land I have named Trestle island lies in the
southwest part of Lake Phalen, near St. Paul, Minnesota. The
island consists of an East and a West section separated from
each other by a twenty-five foot embankment of the St. Paul
& Duluth Railroad.

Tue SEASON OF 1898.

Up to the spring of 1898, the road maintained a trestle over
the shallow southeast bay of Lake Phalen in place of the present
embankment. When the trestle was filled in between April
10, and June 1, 1898, the gradually increasing weight of the
dumped material caused the soft lake bottom marl which, ac-
cording to the statement of the road’s engineer, is from 6 to 35
feet thick, to slip out laterally ; and with many folds, wrinkles
and fissures it rose from a few inches to ten feet above low water
level of the lake. Although the engineer in charge tried to
prevent the slipping of the marl by means of pontoons, the
movement did not cease until about 2500 square yards of lake
bottom had risen and become dry land. Of this land about
1500 square yards rose east of the track out of 6 inches to 3
feet of water, and will be called the East section in this paper,
the other 1000 square yards rose West of the track out of 3 to 5
feet of water and will be referred to as the West section. Both
sections have been under the writer’s observation from April
1898, to October 15, 1900, and it is intended to show in this
paper the most marked changes in the vegetation of Trestle
island.

Early in June, 1898, both sections presented a curious system
of curved ridges and crevices running generally parallel to one
another and looking like miniature mountain ridges, valleys,
and gaping faults; and even small lakes with snails and other
aquatic creatures were to be seen. Many of the crevices were

621

622 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

over two feet deep and while the opposite walls approached each
other below, the gap at the surface was in many cases eight inches
wide. The West section was an expanse of mud ridges entirely
bare of vegetation, and was at first too soft to admit of a man
passing over it; the East section, however, having risen out of
shallower water and partly out of a marsh, exhibited specimens
of yellow pond lilies ((Vymphea advena), cattails, water plan-
tain, and common rush lifted out of the water and struggling
under adverse conditions.

In the early part of July, 1898, the East section looked already
green from the distance. The aquatic plants just mentioned
still lived, but showed the effects of changed conditions. The
leaves of Vymphea advena, for instance, were all very short-
petioled, and were below normal size, appeared more or less
brownish and the younger ones were rolled from both margins
inward and upward. On the other hand, the number of true
land plants growing vigorously was already bewildering and
although most of them were still too young for a reliable inden-
tification, the following were found in bloom about July 5, 1898 ;*

1. White clover (Z77zfolium repens).
Red clover ( 77zfolium pratense).
Wild mustard (Brassica nigra).
Peppergrass sp.

Mayweed (Anthems cotula).
Crucifer sp.

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).
Mustard sp.

9g. Polygonum sp.

10. Timothy grass (Phleum pratense).

it.) Grass sp.

12. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), out of bloom.

The southern part of this section was covered with a compact
layer of fine silt from the railroad embankment and on this firm
soil little else but young mosses were growing. Scattered over
the higher part of the whole section were young cottonwoods
and willows.

The most interesting plants found, however, were the pro-
thallia of horsetails, probably of Aguzsetum arvense, as that

oOnTr Ama Ww WN

* The botanical nomenclature of this paper follows the ‘‘ Illustrated Flora ” of
Britton and Brown.

;
~

4

Lange : REVEGETATION OF TRESTLE ISLAND. 623

species is very common along the railroad track south of the
island. These prothallia were little green clumps from ¥% to
Y% of an inch in diameter and grew mostly on the walls of
the shaded mud cracks. From many of them one or more
thin young horsetails were protruding. Although I carefully
searched the cracks for these prothallia in the springs of 1899
and 1900, I did not again find a single specimen. In 1898
they were abundant on both sections of the island, but they did
not grow on the marl, but only on silt and in silt cracks. This
silt consisted of a brownish clay and of very fine quartz sand,
making a compact damp soil.

The West section was still quite bare early in July, 1898. The
creviced marl ridges had dried in the sun and exhibited white
streaks like limestone. These little crags and points were bare,
but in shaded and sheltered depressions mosses covered much
of the damp marl; and small cottonwoods, aspens and willows
were scattered over the whole West section.

About September roth the aspect of both sections had
changed, but most markedly that of the East section, which
was a veritable wilderness of weeds. Its lower portion was
covered with wild rice, over six feet high. Under the rice and
also on the higher ground water hoarhound (Lycopus amerc-
canus), skullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia) and American wild
mint (Mentha canadensis) formed dense tangles and grew with
a luxuriance I had never seen before. There were present in
great confusion nearly all the plants mentioned in the count of
August 16, 1899, and a few not found at that day. In this
weeds’ paradise the young willows could be seen, but they were
not at all conspicuous. No bare ground was now visible on
this section, but in walking through the weeds, one could not
avoid frequent stumbling into the cracks. The West section at
this time presented the appearance of a loose growth of young
cottonwoods, aspens and willows, with the cottonwoods most and
the willows least conspicuous, but much bare soil could still be
seen even from a distance.

On both sections all the young trees remained green and con-
tinued to grow until late in the fall. On October 22d they were
still green but had evidently ceased growing on account of the
cool weather that had prevailed since the third of the month.
Of the East section my notes for October 22d say: ‘*A great
wilderness of dead weeds.”

624 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

THE SEASON OF 1899.

Although Trestle island was visited during the winter of
1898-99 and was also observed during the spring and early
summer of 1899, I shall at once proceed to a midsummer sketch
of it, as it appeared from August 14 to 16, 1899.

Compared with the preceding season, the West section had
this time changed most rapidly and radically. The mud flat of
fourteen months ago was now a thicket of young peach-leaved
willows (Salix amygdaloides). The cottonwoods (Populus
deltoides) and the aspens (Populus tremuloides) so conspicu-
ous last year were now hidden by the willows, which had grown
so large that a herd of cattle or horses would have been com-
pletely concealed. Although the high railroad embankment
was not more than forty feet from the spot where I wrote up
my notes, I could only get glimpses of it along the sky line.
Within fourteen months there had grown from the tiny, wind-
carried willow seeds a thicket of trees that were large enough
to completely shade my paper and exclude the southwest
breeze, while two of the young trees were stout enough to
afford me a secure and comfortable back rest. One of them,
by actual measurement, was 11 feet 3 inches high and had a
diameter of 114 inches at a distance of four inches above the
ground. All the larger trees of this species were approxi-
mately of that size and showed a growth of about five feet for
the season. A few of the cottonwoods not standing very close
to any Salix amygdalozdes were about as tall, but not as thick
as the Sadix, while the aspens and three or four other species of
willow were much smaller and showed only a growth of about
three feet for the season. It was clear that the peach-leaved
willow would be the dominant plant on this section. It has
clearly won the battle against the cottonwoods; and other trees
and herbs will occupy a subordinate position. The West sec-
tion is a willow island.

Lack of space forbids to enlarge upon the herbs and grasses
on this section, but it should be mentioned that a fringe of cat-
tails (Typha latifolia) and arrowheads (Sagzttaria latifolia) is
forming on the lake side of the West section. These plants
grow there in 6 to 12 inches of water, where the whitish marl
was not raised above low water level although it was elevated
considerably.

Lange: REVEGETATION OF TRESTLE ISLAND. 625

The East Section from August 14 to 16, 1899.—The great di-
versity of plant life on this section already referred to continued
for this season. In this diversity and in the comparative pau-
city of trees it presented a striking contrast to the West section,
where all true land herbs struggled under the over-shadowing
trees.

On the East section, peach-leaved willows dominated the
south corner. A crescent, which under the effect of higher
water, formed last year a dense rice marsh, with a thick tan-
gled undergrowth of water hoarhound and mad-dog skullcap
is now a meadow of tangled rice cut-grass (Homolocenchrus
oryzowdes). The remainder of the section is covered by a very
much mixed vegetation, amongst which peach-leaved willows,
slender pink persicaria, giant sunflower, a few specimens of
wild rice, and cattail are most conspicuous although not most
numerous.

The most notable changes, besides the one of the rice marsh
to a cut-grass meadow, are the complete disappearance of
water-lilies, wild rice, and common rush from the higher ground,
the appearance of slender pink persicaria on well-marked areas,
and the establishment of willow domination in the south corner.

Not a hand’s breadth of bare soil is any longer visible on
either section, except in deep crevices. To show clearly the
distribution of plant life on this section in midsummer of 1899,
I give here the result of a count made on August 16, 1899.

I. Plants established in large numbers and forming the bulk
of the vegetation.

1. Peach-leaved willow (Salix amygdalordes). In the south
corner.

2. Rice cut-grass (Hlomolocenchrus oryzoides). On an east
crescent.

3. Slender pink persicaria (Polygonum incarnatum). In
well-defined patches.

4. Mad-dog skullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia). General
under the taller plants.

5. Cut-leaved water hoarhound (Lycopus americanus).
General under taller plants.

6. American wild mint (JZentha canadensis). General under
taller plants.

7. Common ragweed (Ambrosza artemisie@folia). On high-
est ridges, where common rush grew in ’908.

626 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

8. Horseweed (Lefizlon canadense). On the higher ridges,
where common rush grew in ’98.

II. Aquatics, marsh plants and cryptogams which were still
struggling along in a few spots. July of this year, the most im-
portant month of growth for annual and perennial herbs in this
region was unusually dry, showing a monthly deficiency in
precipitation of 1.75 inches.* This condition was unfavorable
for aquatics and marsh plants, but favorable for such plants as
horseweeds and common ragweeds.

1. Wild rice (Zizanza aquatica).
Water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica).
Common rush (Juncus effusus).
Broad-leaved cattail (Zypha latifolia).
. Tuberous white water lily (Castalia tuberosa). Identi-
fied fre leaves only.

6. Large yellow pondlily (Wymphea advena). Leaves
only, a flower bud found an inch deep in wet soil.

7. Horsetails ; mosses, amongst them Funarza hygrometrica ;
liverworts, with Marchantia polymorpha fairly common.

III. Plants of which only a few scattered specimens were
found.

as eS i)

i
.

Slender nettle (Urtica gracilis).
Swamp milkweed (Asclepias ‘ncarnata).
Smooth bur-marigold (Bzdens levis).
Marsh skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata).
Blue vervain ( Verbena hastata).
White vervain ( Verbena urticifolia).
Beggarticks (Bzdens frondosa).
Aster-like boltonia (Boltonza asterotdes).

g. Rough cinquefoil (Potentilla monspeliensis).

10. Great ragweed (Ambrosia trifida).

11. American cocklebur (XNanthrum canadense).

12. Prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola).

13. Lactuca sp.

14. Heart-leaved willow (Sax cordata).

15. Salix sp.

16. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides).

17. American aspen (Populus tremulordes).

18. Sullivant’s milkweed (Asclepias sullivantii). Identified
from leaves only.

On ame WwW bv

* The rainfall data of this paper are taken from the Monthly Meteorological
Summary of the United States Weather Bureau for St. Paul, Minn.

Lange: REVEGETATION OF TRESTLE ISLAND. 627

19. Water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper).

20. Climbing false buckwheat (Polygonum scandens). ,
21. Lamb’s quarter (Chenopodium sp.).

22. Dock (/eumex sp.).

23. Giant sunflower (Helianthus giganteus).

24. Black-eyed Susan (/tudbeckia hirta).

25. Common thoroughwort (Aupatorzum perfoliatum).
26. Late goldenrod (Solzdago serotina).

27. Canada goldenrod (Solzdago canadensis).

28. Prairie mugwort (Artemzsca guaphalordes).

29. Bushy aster (Aster dumosus). Identified from leaves only.
30. Red clover (7rzfolium pratense).

31. Peppergrass (Lepidium sp.).

32. Tall sisymbrium (S%symbrium altissimum).

33. Black mustard (Brassica nigra).

34. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).

35. Bristly buttercup (Aeanunculus pennsylvanicus).
36. Swamp willow-herb (Zp7lobzum palustre).

37. Common evening primrose (Onagra bzennis).

38. Canada thistle (Carduus arvensis).

39. Common thistle (Carduus lanceolatus).

40. Water hemlock (Czcuta maculata).

41. Nodding wild rye (Alymus canadensis).

42. Squirrel-tail grass (Hordeum jubatum).

43. Grass sp.

44. Grass sp.

45. Grass sp.

46. Grass sp.

47. Sedge (Cyperus sp.).

THE SEASON OF 1900.

The last half of October, 1899, was quite dry and at the end
of the month the United States Weather Bureau reported an
accumulated deficiency in precipitation since January first of .73
inch. On some day between October 29 and November 4,
1899, a prominent factor in plant distribution appeared on the
East section of Trestle island. Fire changed the wilderness
of dead, dry weeds into a black, ashy waste.

On May 6, 1900, the East section looked, on the whole, still
barren and black. All the over-ground parts of the young

628 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

trees that had grown scattered amongst the weeds were found
to have been fire-killed, but about one-half of their number had
grown out again near the ground. ‘The larger ones in the south
corner had not been killed, because there the weeds had not
grown as thick.

Patches of the perennials, Elymus canadensis and a few other
grasses, as well as goldenrods, sunflowers and nettle were coming
out vigorously. The rice cut-grass, however, although it seems
to be perennial, had a very poor start. On close examination
numerous seedlings of annuals were found, but all looked
brownish and sickly on account of the dry weather and the
glaring sunlight. Although most of them were not readily
identified, I recognized the following without difficulty :

1. Polygonum sp.

2. Mentha sp.

3. Carduus lanceolatus, the seedlings of which looked quite
green and vigorous.

4. Lactuca sp.

5. Brassica nigra.

6. Chenopodium sp.

The spring and summer of 1899 were excessively dry in this
region so that, since January Ist a continued accumulated defi-
ciency of rain of over 4 inches was reported from May 31st
to August 31st. About June roth another -new factor, one that
is able to destroy all plant life not perennial or not armed in
some way, appeared on the scene—ca/é/e, a large herd of
hungry dairy cows. In their search for green grass they had
passed over the dried-up marsh and along at the foot of the
embankment and had discovered the East section of Trestle
island.

In the end, however, bovine instinct for plant selection proved
of some interest, for, when after an absence of over two months,
I visited the place again about Sept. roth, there was a closely
cropped, rough, much trampled piece of pasture. Where a
year ago about 60 different plants had grown in wild exuber-
ance, only about 40 cropped and crippled trampled species were
to be found* and only asingle one of these bloomed and flour-
ished in large numbers, the formidable armed thistle, Carduus

* About 30 species of the list of August 16, 1899, had survived fire and cattle
and about 10 species were found that do not appear on the list of August 16,
1899.

Lange: REVEGETATION OF TRESTLE ISLAND. 629

lanceolata. It has occupied nearly one third of the section
and next summer, I think, the thistle will keep the cows off the
grass, and as the West section is a willow island, the East sec-
tion will be a thistle island.

During September, 1900, there was over 5 inches of rain and
now water once more surrounds the East section and the cows
have not been there since about October Ist.

The West Section in the Season of 1900.—The lake has risen
about two feet since September 15th this year and the south
half of the section is under water. Fire and cattle have thus
far never invaded this section. The willows are thriving. There
are probably five species of them, but Salw amygdaloides
forms the thicket. There are a few thrifty cottonwoods, and
aspens, one balsam poplar, and one slippery elm, U/mus fulva.
Although sumac, hazel, box-elder, silver maple, wild haw,
flowering dogwood and three species of oak grow within half
a mile and most of them within a stone’s throw of the island,
not one individual of all these has been found on either section
of Trestle island.

Last spring several of the willow species, when they were
only about 24 months old, bloomed for the first time and pro-
duced fruit. A count on May 11th revealed 38 staminate indi-
viduals and 27 pistillate individuals of Salix amygdaloides in
flower. The count was then made to include older trees of
the same species along the cycle path near the island and of a
total of 135 trees counted 74 bore male and 61 bore female
flowers. Although a number of the trees were measured last
year, only a few recent measurements of October 12, 1900,
can be given here.

Diameter at 4 Height Growth of this

Number. _ inches abovethe measured along season

ground. the stem. i

1. Salix amgydaloides. | 3 inches | 15 ft. 2 in. Ff es, ate:
2. Salix amygdaloides. | 3 “ | 16 ft. Io in. Uncertain.
3. Salix amygdaloides, | 2% “ Pa Ter tt. 7 ft. 3% in.
4. Populus deltoides. | 1 | 14ft.3%in. | 6 ft. 9% in.

5. Populus deltoides. To ie Calne | 15 ft. 9 in. 6 ft. 6 in.

6. Populus tremuloides. | 1 ee LOMta jin 4 ft. 2 in.

7. Ulmus fulva. lle erage ss 4ft.8in. | 2ft. gin.

There are many willows on this section of the size of those
measured, while the two cottonwoods and the aspen measured
are the largest that could be found and the elm is the only indi-
vidual present. The average size of the large vigorous Salzx

630 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

amygdalordes individuals is about 2%-3 inches in diameter at
four inches from the ground, and 16 feetin height. The larg-
est cottonwood, No. 5, shows a horizontal spread of its top of
2% feet, while a willow (.S. amygdalozdes) near it spreads its
branches 8 feet in a horizontal diameter. A number of trees
have been marked and their study as well as that of the whole
island is being continued. The willows are now so large that
for some time a flock of English sparrows regularly roost in .
them and they seem to prefer the part of the section that is
flooded.

ANIMAL LIFE OF THE ISLAND.

Did the limits of this paper permit, an interesting chapter
might be added under this heading. Crayfish, voles, mice,
and muskrats burrow under and in the island, since the sum-
mer of 1898, the cottontails resort to it, and in August of 1899
some minks had made their home under the old ties, which
once formed the engineer’s pontoon. Near the mink’s home a
song-sparrow had hatched its young on a thistle bush. Some
of the young trees on the West section have been infested with
the spotted willow aphid, J/elanoxanthus salicits,* since the
summer of 1899 and their secretions attract swarms of flies and
wasps. That the frogs are there is self-evident, but I also
captured a fine green tree-frog, and a bunch of prickly cater-
pillars of the morning-cloak butterfly, Huvanessa antiopa, found
their table spread on the willows.

* Identified by Dr. Otto Lugger.

XXXVII. VIOLET RUSTS OF NORTH AMERICA.

J. C. ARTHUR anp E. W. D. Hotway.

A rust of violets, in its three forms of ecidium, uredo and
teleutospore, is common throughout North America upon nearly
all indigenous species of the genus Vzola. For the most part
it belongs to a single species, Puccenta Viole (Scuum.) DC.,
which is also the common violet rust of Europe and of some
other regions. This, at least, is the conclusion to which we
have arrived after a rather extended study of considerable ma-
terial. Beside the one common rust there isa peculiar “czdium
throughout the eastern part of North America, and one species
of Puccinia in the western part, both distinctly American.

In this connection we desire to acknowledge the kindness of
the New York Botanical Garden, the Botanical Department of
the University of Illinois, and of the Iowa State College, in
loaning material from their herbaria, and to extend our thanks
to their representatives. We wish alsoto thank Dr. J. J. Davis,
of Racine, Wis., and Mr. E. Bartholomew, of Rockport, Kans.,
for aiding us with specimens and information. Weare further-
more grateful to Mr. Stewardson Brown, curator of the herba-
rium of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, for the privilege
of examining material in the Schweinitz collection, and to the
custodians of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University and
of the New England Botanical Club, from the examination of
whose phanerogamic collections of V7o/a, five specimens of rust
were obtained in the former instance and three in the latter.

In this article for conciseness we have used in addition to
the usual I, II and III for designating the ecidium, uredo and
teleutospore stages, the sign O for the spermogonial stage. In
citing specimens these signs are put into large type when the
stage is present in abundance, and into small type when sub-
ordinate and in small amount.

631

632 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

AEcidium pedatatum (ScHw.) nom. nov.

SYN. :

1834. Ce@oma (4icidium) pedatatum Scuw. ‘Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soe. 4: 293,0n0; 2685¢

1834. Ceoma (4cidium) sagittatum Scuw. ‘Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 293, no. 2886.

1672. <icidium Marie-Wilsont Px. 24th Rep. N. Y.
Mus. for 1870: 92.

1874. icidtum Petersi B. & C. Grev. 3: 61.

EXSICC. ;

Carleton, Ured. Amer. no. 28.

Hetercecious, inhabiting species of Vzola, and also of some

other genus of plants not yet determined.

O. Spermogonia preceding the zcidia.

I. cidia hypophyllous, seated on small, pale, circumscribed, un-
thickened spots; cups usually sub-circinating, small, shallow or short
cylindrical, white, border narrow, often much split and somewhat re-
curved; spores subglobose, in part angular from compression, epi-
spore thin, minutely verrucose, 11 to 18 », averaging 14 yp.

Throughout the United States east of the Rocky mountains,
from March to June on the blades of various species of violets,
and less often on the petioles, pedicels and calyx. Specimens
have been examined as follows:

On Viola obliqua Httu. Pennsylvania (Schweznztz), Maine
(Blake), Indiana (Arthur), Illinois (Seymour, Arthur),
Iowa (Holway), Kansas (Bartholomew, Carleton).

On Viola ovata Nutt. New Jersey (4/is).

On Viola sagittata L. Pennsylvania (Schweznitz), Massa-
chusetts (Asa Gray).

On Viola pedata L. Pennsylvania (Schweznztz), Alabama
(Baker), lowa (Holway).

On Viola pedatitda Don. Kansas (Kellerman), Iowa
Flolway).

On Viola primulefolia L. District of Columbia (Greene),
Mississippi ( Zvacy).

On Viola Nuttallii Pursu. Kansas (Bartholomew).

On Viola striata Arr. North Carolina (Biltmore Herba-
rium).

On Viola tricolor L. Kansas (Popenoe).

The form here described is undoubtedly part of an hetercecious

species, having the alternate forms possibly upon carices. It

Arthur and Holway: VIOLET RUSTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 633

occurs in open woodlands from the last of March to the begin-
ning of June, but is rather infrequent and local. It is distin-
gished from the ecidium of Pucczntza Viole by the markedly
smaller cups and spores, and by a greater tendency to form
small, round groups seated on the mesophyll of the blade,
rather than on the midrib or veins. The peridium is usually
conspicuously white; the cylindrical elongation noted in the
description by Berkeley and Curtis is occasionally to be seen,
but must be considered as accidental, depending upon condi-
tions of growth. The same kind of development is met with
in other forms of acidia (see notes on “ccdium pulcherrimum
Rav. in Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. of Univ. lowa 4: 399-400).

Examination of specimens in the Schweinitz collection at the
herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences shows that
both species which he described as new, occurring on Vola
pedata and V. sagittata respectively, belong here. The name
coming first on the page is taken as the authentic name of the
species. The Schweinitz specimens on both hosts are ample,
but neither shows the ecidia in so characteristic a form as does
the specimen in the same collection on Vola obliqua, which
Schweinitz referred to 4czdium Violarum. The last has very
small, compactly clustered zcidial cups, in small round groups,
while both the former have the cups somewhat larger, and
sparsely scattered or solitary. The difference in habit is doubt-
less due to the influence of the host and the atmospheric con-
ditions affecting the development, in part, combined with the
accidental distribution of the infection over the leaf surface.

Spermogonia have not been seen by.the writers, but Burrill
(Par. Fung. Ill., p. 223) states that they precede the ecidia, al-
though he does not describe them.

Puccinia Viole (Scuum.) DC. 1815. Flore Francaise 6: 62.
SYN. :
1803. czdium Viole Scuum. FI. Sell. 2: 224.
1803. Uredo Viole Scuum. FI. Sell. 2: 233.
1805. 4czdium Violarum DC. FI. Franc. 2: 240.
1825. Puccinia Violarum Linx. Sp. Plant. 2: 80.
1875. Puccinia hastate CooKE, Grev. 3: 179.
1888. Puccinia Fergussont hastate DET. Sacc. Syll.
Fung. 7: 682.
1897. Puccinia densa D. & H. Hedw. 26: 208.
1898. Diceoma Viole KuNTZE, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 471.

634 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

EXsIcc. :
Jaczewski, Komarov, Tranzschel, Fungi Ross. no. 16™.
Ellis and Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, nos. 254™, 10077,
DAR Tens
Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi, no. 456™.
Thueman, Myc. Univ., no. 4301.
Linhart, Fungi Hung., no. 331%.
Krieger, Fungi Sax.,nos.' 1107, 111 ™, 472", 562 7, 5eanee
10061.
Rabenhorst, Fungi Europ., no. 21941.
Sydow, Mycotheca Marchica, no. 468.
Sydow, Ured. Exsicc., nos:-33'™, 821, 117"; \280 = agen
279) 0404, 935 71,1130 “4 11844) 12202.
shear NY. Fungi, no. 321 1.
Vize, Pung Brit. no. 777,212.
Auteecious, inhabiting species of Vvola.

O. Spermogonia preceding or accompanying the ecidia, amphi-
genous, punctate, honey yellow; spores elliptical or nearly globose, 3
to 5 » broad by 4 to 6.5 » long.

I. A&cidia hypophyllous and also on petioles, pedicels and calyx,
substratum moderately thickened, in indefinite and irregular clusters,
often covering nearly the whole leaf, especially noticeable on the veins
and stalks, crowded; cups broad and low, rather coarsely lacerate and
irregularly recurved; spores subglobose, somewhat angular from com-
pression, minutely verrucose, 14 to 18 broad by 15 to 22 long (Eu-
ropean) or 16 to 20y broad by 18 to 26 long (American) ; wall thin.

II. Uredo chiefly hypophyllous; sori at first in small groups on dis-
colored spots, later sparsely and indefinitely scattered, soon naked,
cinnamon brown, pulverulent ; spores subglobose, echinulate, 17 to
28 » in diameter, brownish yellow; wall varying from thin to thick;
pores four, equatorial.

III. Teleutosori hypophyllous, indefinitely scattered, round, small,
soon naked, pulverulent, chocolate brown; spores brown, usually
broadly elliptical, less often oblong-ovoid or irregular, slightly or not
at all constricted at the septum, smooth, or finely tuberculate especially
on the upper half, 15 to 23 » broad by 21 to 30 long (European), or
16 to 26 broad by 28 to 44 long (American); apex obtuse, some-
what thickened, with a pale and broad apicuous, while a similar pro-
jection often occurs on one side of the lower cell near the septum;
pedicel hyaline, fragile, not as long as the spore, somewhat deciduous.

Throughout North America, occurring upon nearly every indi-
genous species of Vzola. Spermogonia and ecidia from April to

me

— —— oe. |

Arthur and Holway: Vi0LET RUSTS ©F NORTH AMERICA. 6385

June, uredo and teleuto stage from June to November and later
along the Gulf region. Specimens of American origin have
been examined as follows:

On Viola obligqua Hitt. 1879? Newton, Mass. III. (W. G.
Farlow) ; 1882, Decorah, Iowa III (2. W. D. Holway);
1883, Madison, Wis. I (Z. A. Pammel); 1885, Oregon,
Ill. II (42, B. Waite); 1885, Decorah, Iowa, ii. III (4. W.
D. Holway); 1886, Manhattan, Kans. I and ii. IIT (W.
.| Aellerman); 1890,, Greencastle, Ind. O..1 (,/.) C.
marrher); 1893, Terre Hante, Ind. 1.( J) C. Arthur),
1897, Auburn, Ala. I (Ala. Biol. Surv.); 1898, Lafay-
ene, Ind. O. I (\f/: Ci Arthar).

On Viola rotundifolia Micux. 1890, Bradley, Me. Il(/. Z.
Harvey); 1891, Gunflint lake, Minn. i. Hi. TZ. S.
Cheney); 1899, St. Louis river, Wis. i. Il. ni (Z. S.
Cheney.

On Viola renifolia A. Gray. 1896, Orono, Me. I (2. D.
Merrill).

On Viola septentrionalis GREENE. 1898, Ottawa, Ont. I (/.
M. Macoun).

On Viola blanda Witip. 1885, Lansing, Mich. ii. III (/.
C. Arthur); 1886, Vermilion lake, Minn. II. i (2. W.
D. Holway); 1892, Oakland Co,, Mich. II. ii (G. ZZ.
Flicks) ; 1899, Isle au Haut, Me. i. III (J. C. Arthur).

On Viola primulefolia L. 1892, Lake City, Fla. II. iti (P.
HI. Rolfs) ; 1899, Isle au Haut, Me. ii. III (J. C. Arthur).

On Viola lanceolata L. 1897, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. II.
pot, Marpery;, 18993) Isle an Haut, Me. i. U1 /. C.
Arthur).

On Viola cognata GREENE. 1894, North Yakima, Wash. ii.
III (C. V. Piper); 1894, Sisson, Calif. ii. T1(W. C. Blas-
dale).

On Viola adunca SmirH. 1887, Provo, Utah, ii. III (S. JZ.
Tracy) ; 1889, Deer Lodge, Mont. I(/. D. Kelsey); 1892,
Pullman, Wash. I and i. Ill (W. #. Hull); 1894, Pull-
man, Wash. Il, ait (C:. Vs Peper); 1894, Pine Creek,
Calif. i. II. iti (#. P. Mutting); 1894, Sisson, Calif. I (Z.
W. D. Holway); 1894, Sisson, Calif. II. iii (W. C. Blas-
dale); 1899, Gunnison Co., Colo. ii. HI (4. Bartholomew).

On Viola glabella Nutr. 1885, Falcon Valley, Wash. ii.
Ill (W. WV. Suksdorf); 1895, Skamania Co., Wash. III

636 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

(W. WV. Suksdorf); 1897, Bingen, Wash. I. I. II (W.
NV. Suksdorf ).

On Viola ocellata Torr. & Gr. 1894, Ukiah, Calif. ii. II
(EZ. W. D. Holway).

On Viola Montanensis Ryps. 1888, Helena, Mont. II. III
(Ff. D. Kelsey); 1897, Spanish Basin, Mont. i. 1G
A. Rydberg); 1898, Montesanes, Wash. ii. III (A. A.
ffeller).

On Viola Canadensis L.. 1889, Bozeman, Mont. O. 1 (d/s.
Alderson).

On Viola striata Arr. 1882, Pine Hills, Ill). 1. 1. Tie
B. Seymour); 1882, Carbondale, Ill. I (A. B. Seymour);
1893, Ell River Falls, Ind. ii. II] (Z. MZ. Underwood).

On Viola rostrata Pursu. 1886, Syracuse, N. Y. I (Z.
M. Underwood).

On Viola Labradorica SCHRANK. 1883, Granville, Mass.
ii. II] (A. B. Seymour); 1885, Racine, Wis. u. II (/. /-
Davis) ; 1886, Racine, Wis. I (/. /. Davis) ; 1888, Racine,
Wis.-ii. Ill (/. /. Davis); 1896, St. Remi, Quebecwaas
Ill (Wm. Stuart).

On Viola arenarta DC. 1880, Franklin Falls, N. H. II]
(Mrs. Harrison).

On Viola hastata L. 1820? Salem, N.C. I(Z. v. Schwes-
nitz).

On Viola pubescens Ait. 1882, Decorah, Iowa, I (2. W.
D. Holway) ; 1883, Madison, Wis. ii. III (ZL. H. Pammel?) ;
1883, Devil’s Lake, Wis. II (ZL. A. Pammel)yueaa
Decorah, Iowa ii. III] (2. W. D. Holway); 1885, Madi-
son, Wis. ii. III (A. B. Seymour); 1885, Racine, Wis. il.
Ill (/. j- Davis); 1886, Racine, Wis. O. I (/. J; Dao
1886, Decorah, Iowa, O. 1 (4. W. D. Holway); 1889,
Greensburg, Ind. I (/. C. Arthur); 1898, Lafayette, Ind.
O. I (f. C. Arthur); 1898, Pownal, Vt. OT (gaa
Churchill).

On Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Scuw. 1898, Franconia,
N. H. 1 (2. & C. &. Faxon); 1898, Masardis, Me. I
L. Fernald).

On Viola sp. 1884, Jamestown, N. D. I. II (A. B. Sey-
mour); 1893, Three Lakes, Wis. I (/. /. Davis); 1895,
Mt. Washington, N. H. iu. WI (4. 7. Harper); 1897;
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 1(2. 7. Harper); 1899, Pachuca,
Mexico II. III (2. W. D. Holway).

=

Arthur and Holway: VIOLET RUSTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 637

This species shows remarkable variability, especially in size
of the spores, and in the thickness and markings of their walls.
These differences come out most strikingly when comparing a
series of specimens. There is also considerable variability in
the form of the spores, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, both taken
from the same specimen, but it is such as one may expect to
find in many other species of rusts.

If almost any specimen of violet rust be compared critically
with an European specimen, the greater size of the teleutospores
in the former is likely to attract attention. This is the basis of
the species proposed by Cooke, Puccinia hastate. A specimen
collected by W. C. Blasdale on Vola cognata at Sisson, Calif.
(Figs. 5 and 6), has been compared with the type material of
P. hastate at the Kew Herbarium, through the kindness of Mr.
Massee, and found to agree very closely. The greater size of
the teleutospore in the American material generally is notice-
able, and this difference extends to the uredo and ecidial stages
as well, although not usually so pronounced. In the case of
an ecidium on Vzola pubescens, collected at Decorah, Iowa, in
1882, Farlow has made the comment :—‘‘ Spores somewhat
larger than in the European specimens; this may be the
fEcidium of Puccinia hastate Cke.” (on the label in Ellis’ N.
Amer. Fungi, no. 1007). If size of spores is to be taken as
valid basis for separating species, there is no question that the
American form shows a strong claim to rank as autonomous.
The claim, even on that assumption, is much weakened, how-
ever, by the great range between the smallest and largest of
the American specimens, indicating a decided capacity for vari-
ability rather than a fixed form.

A peculiarity of the American violet rust, that in the case of
European specimens we have not seen mentioned and have not
observed, is the frequently tuberculate sculpturing of the teleu-
tospores. Burrill (Paras. fungi Ill.: 174) makes this a diag-
nostic character, but in a wide series of specimens one does not
always meet with it. With most observers the spores would
generally be rated as smooth like the European form. The
true character of surface markings can be best studied by ob-
serving the spores without addition of fluids. In this way it is
easy to see that the markings are small papille, sparingly dis-
tributed, and chiefly appearing on the upper half of the spore.
A closer study reveals the interesting fact that when no eleva-

638 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

tions above the general surface of the spore can be detected,
there may yet be observed almost the usual appearance when
the spore is examined in face view. Instead of papille, their
places seem to be supplied by translucent dots. Now the most
interesting outcome of this study is the observation that the
European specimens, while having what are always rated as
smooth teleutospores, yet show when looked at dry and in face
view, the same appearance of translucent dots and in the same
abundance and distribution as do American specimens. The
American form, therefore, simply accentuates characters that
are primitive in the trans-Atlantic form.

The uredospores also have interesting, but less significant,
characters showing variability. As a rule they do not much
exceed in size those from European specimens, although the
tendency toward largeness is apparent. But in many American
specimens the walls are greatly thickened (compare uredospores
in Figs. 5 and 7), and give a striking appearance under the
microscope. These thick-walled uredospores are sometimes
small, and sometimes large. They occur on various species of
violets and range from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific. Fine
illustrations are found in material on Vola primulefola col-
lected at Isle au Haut, Me. (Fig. 8), the uredospores being
small, and on Viola glabella collected at Bingen, Wash. (Fig.
7), the uredospores being large. After all, the form is only oc-
casionally met with. If it is an adaptation to some particular
environment, it is difficult to see what that may be. The form
on Viola primulefolia from Maine was collected within a few
hundred feet of the open ocean among rocks, yet in the same
situation and intermixed grew Vzola lanceolata with rust show-
ing uredospores having almost normally thin walls.

It is possible that these interesting variations belong in some
way to obscure species, but our study has shown no morpho-
logical boundaries. It is more likely that they indicate races,
or possibly so-called biological species. A well-directed series
of cultures would undoubtedly yield important results.

A few words regarding the American synonymy may be
helpful. Cooke described Puccinza hastate in the third volume
of Grevilica from material collected in Maine by E. C. Bolles.
The host was Viola hastata. The uredo and teleuto stages are
described, but the only distinctive characters are the measure-
-ments which are given as 20-22 y for the uredospores, and

Arthur and Holway: ViOLET RUSTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 639

20-25 by 35-40 v for the teleutospores. The name has been
very little used by American or other botanists. The assign-
ment of the name to a place under the wholly distinct Puccznza
Fergussont, as done by De Toni in the seventh volume of
Saccardo’s Sylloge fungorum, was far from being a shrewd
guess as to its relationship. It is even more inexplicable how
Dietel could have fancied a resemblance to Puccinia Fergussont
in the type material of his Puccznza densa. Wis material of the
latter species was collected in 1895 by W. N. Suksdorf in the
State of Washington. It was on Vrola glabella, and yielded
only teleutospores. The characters which he drew up for the
proposed new species agree perfectly with those of large-spored
forms of Puccinza Viole. Beside the type collection we have
examined material on the same host from other localities in the
same State, and secured by the same collector. This ample
material includes all three spore stages, and leaves no doubt of
the identity of P. densa Diet. with P. Viole.

All the hosts of the specimens cited under Vrola Montanenszs,
and part of those under V. adunca, have been determined or
verified by Dr. P. A. Rydberg of the New York Botanical Garden.

An error in the thirteenth volume of Saccardo’s Sylloge fun-
gorum, page 1313, should be pointed out here. Pucc7nza
Marie-Wilsont Clint. is said to occur on Vrola cucullata Ait.
and V. delphintfolia Nutt. The error is due to a confusion of
names. <&cidium Marie-Wilsoni Peck is found on these
hosts but Puccznza Marie-Wilsont Clinton is only found on
Claytonza, and both species are widely different from Puccznza
Viole.

Puccinia effusa D. & H. 1895. Erythea 3: 81.

I. “Ecidia amphigenous, but chiefly hypophyllous, in large indefi-
nite clusters, often covering much of the leaf, noticeably extending
along the veins and petioles; substratum somewhat thickened; cups
broad and low, border white, irregularly and coarsely lacerate, some-
what recurved; spores subglobose, somewhat angular from compres-
sion, minutely verrucose, 20-27 » in diameter.

III. Teleutosori for the most part arising from the cups of the
ecidia, uncovered, élliptical, nearly black; spores dark brown, ellip-
tical or oblong, slightly if at all constricted at the septum, inconspicu-
ously verrucose, 23-31 »% broad by 37-50 long; wall moderately
thick; apex rounded, usually not thickened; base rounded or occa-
sionally slightly narrowed; pedicel hyaline, deciduous.

640 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The western coast of the United States in spring and early
summer. The following specimens have been examined, the
first being the type collection:

On Viola lobata BENTH. 1894, Dunsmuir, Calif. I. iii (4.

W. D. Holway).
On Viola Nuttallii Pursu. 1897, Falcon Valley, Wash. I.
iii (W. MN. Suksdorf ).

The species is very characteristic. It probably possesses
spermogonia, but they have not yet been observed; it is, how-
ever, without uredo, although erroneously included in the orig-
inal description of the species. Two specimens are cited
(Erythea 3: 82) as type material, the first on Vzola lobata, re-
ferred to above, and the second on V7ola ocellata. ‘The latter
specimen has been examined and proves to be Puccinia Viole,
and is cited above under that species. The original description
of the species is accordingly emended to omit the supposed
uredo.

The difference in the shape of the spores, shown in the pho-
tographs of spores taken from the two hosts, is doubtless due
to some accident of growth, such as more or less compression
in the young sorus, and is without diagnostic value. It is of
the same nature as the difference shown in two mountings from
the same collection of P. Véole on V. cognata. The more
regular spores are to be accepted in each case as the normal
development under favorable conditions.

Four additional species of violet rusts occur in Europe, and
it is possible that they may eventually be found in this country.
Uredo alpestris Schreet. inhabits Vola bzflora L., and as this
host is a native of the Rocky Mountains, the rust may possibly
accompany it. Puccinia alpina Fckl. also occurs on V. d¢flora
L., and P. Fergusson Berk. & Br. occurs on V. palustris L.,
and V. méradbilis L., and V. epipsela Led. Both of these
species belong to the section of Micropuccinia, and are notably
distinct from the other rusts on violets. A specimen of rust
collected by Marcus E. Jones at San Diego, Calif., in 1882,
was erroneously referred to the latter species, and distributed
by him as No. 3040. Puccinta egra Grove is an autcecious
species found on the cultivated pansy and its close relatives.
It will probably be brought to America after a time through
commercial channels, as the rusts of asparagus, chrysanthe-
mum, carnation, hollyhock, and of some other cultivated plants

Arthur and Holway: VIOLET RUSTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 641

have been. As the hosts of these four species of violet rusts
are found in this country, the rusts may not unreasonably be
expected also.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII.

All figures photographed and engraved to the same scale, x 250
diameter. Each millimeter on the plate equals 4 » of original dimen-
sions.

Figures.1, 2 and 3. Puccinta Viole showing three sizes of teleuto-
spores: 1,0n I’. edatzor from Germany, Sydow’s Uredineen, No. 33;
2, on V. adunca from Gunnison, Colo.; 3, Vola sp. from Mexico,
Holway No. 3573.

Figures 4,5 and6. Pauccténta Viole showing especially large teleu-
tospores: 4,o0n V. d/anda from Lansing, Mich.; 5 and 6, bothon V.
cognata from Sisson, Calif., taken from different sori.

Figures 7 and 8. Pucctnta Viole showing especially thick-walled
uredospores: 7,0n V. glaéde/la from Bingen, Wash.; 8, on V. prému-
lefolia from Isle au Haut, Me.

Figures 9 and 10. Puccinia effusa showing regular and irregular
spores; 9, on V. Nuttallzz from Falcon Valley, Wash.; 10, on V.
lobata from Dunsmuir, Calif.

VOL. II. MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES. PART V.

PLATE XLVII

XXXVIII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE EMBRYOGENY
OF NELUMBO.

Fett. Teron:

INTRODUCTION.

The peculiar and seemingly inconsistent characters of /Ve-
lumbo have given rise to a variety of opinions regarding its
proper systematic position and in attempts to settle the points in
dispute the plant has again and again been subjected to careful
investigation, the recorded observations forming a considerable
literature.

In anatomy the plant seems to conform more nearly to the
type of the Monocotyledons, as in fact do all the Nymphezacee,
the vascular bundles being closed and irregularly placed through
the stem. On the other hand the large peltate leaves with their
reticulate venation are perhaps more suggestive of a dicoty-
ledonous plant, while the flowers might easily belong to one of
either class. Thus far can investigators agree, but the anoma-
lous character of the fruit has made it a subject for controversy,
and the interpretations offered are numerous and at great vari-
ance. Briefly stated the fruit presents the following peculiari-
ties. Each carpel of the apocarpous gyncecium contains a
single ovule and matures as a spherical one-seeded fruit. The
thick sclerenchymatous pericarp lined by the thin testa is closely
filled by two large white fleshy bodies hemispherical in shape
and joined to each other at the stigmatic end of the pericarp.
In an elongated oval chamber formed by opposed concavities
in the inner surfaces of these fleshy bodies, and attached to
them at their point of continuity is a green structure—a stem
bearing a large and small leaf and an apical bud containing
two more. The free leaves are fully formed and already green
and together with the stem are enclosed by a thin delicate
structureless membrane. Imbedded in the common tissue of
the two fleshy bodies opposite the insertion of the stem of the

643

644. MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

green structure is found a vestigial radicle. Upon the germi-
nation of the seed the fleshy bodies remain within the pericarp
wall while the green structure develops into the extraseminal
plant body. The radicle does not function, the first roots
springing from the stem of the green structure.

The first careful description of the seed seems to have been
given by Gaertner (1788, 73-74). He termed the large fleshy
bodies the vitellus which he considered a transition between the
endosperm and cotyledon. The green structure he considered
the embryo and in VVymphea he describes it as monocotyledon-
ous, but of Velwmbo he says: ‘* Ambigit Nelumbo inter plantas
mono- & dicotyledones: nom ad posteriores, ex fabrica seminis,
omnino spectare videtur ; sed verissime ad priores pertinet, quum
constantissime unicum duntaxat sub germinatione promat foli-
olum, nec alterum prodeat, donec prius penitus evolutum &
super aqua explicatum sit:” Jussieu (1'789, 68, 453) considers the
green structure a monocotyledonous embryo and describes the
large fleshy bodies as endosperm. Poiteau (’09, 382, 383) in-
terprets the large fleshy bodies as cotyledons and the membrane
as a stipule, but denies the presence of a radicle. Mirbel (’09)
accepts Poiteau’s interpretation of the large fleshy bodies but
notes the presence of a radicle. Richard (’11) describes the
embryo as monocotyledonous. The little sac which surrounds
the green structure he considers a reduced cotyledon and the
large fleshy bodies an outgrowth of the radicle. Mirbel (715,
59, 60, footnote) writes: ‘‘ Je ne suis pas éloigné de croire que
le Piper, le Saurus———,, le Nymphza, le Nelumbo et peutétre
quelques autres genres que l’on regarde mal-a-propos comme
Monocotylédons, doivent prendre place non loin les uns des
autres, parmi les Dicotylédons, dans la série des familles natur-
elles.” Mirbel’s declaration seems to have settled the question
as to the character of the large fleshy bodies, his interpretation
having been generally accepted except by Barthélemy (’76) who
asserts : (I) that the green structure is the one which arises in the
embryo-sac and hence is to be considered as the embryo, (2)
that the two fleshy bodies imitating cotyledons arise through the
division of the exosperm.

Concerning the little colorless sac which surrounds the green
structure, however, no opinion seems to have been given which
could meet with general approval. In addition to those above
cited De Candolle (’21) considered it a stipule, Brongniart (’27)

Lyon - OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 645

the embryo-sac, Trecul (’54, 2) a concretion of a homogeneous
substance containing numerous small, acicular crystals, and
finally Wigand-Dennert (’87) in a monograph on Velwmbium
speciosum wrote: ** Es ist unzweifelhaft der Ueberrest von Endo-
spermzellen, welche sich in der Héhlung zwischen den Cotyle-
donen erhalten und gleichsam auf der Oberflache der Plumula
niedergeschlagen und dadurch das Ansehen einer Membran
erhalten haben.”

From the above survey of literature it will be seen that mod-
ern knowledge of the seed is based on investigations made upon
mature or nearly mature fruits. That alone which will deter-
mine the correct interpretation of the structures (7. e., a knowl-
edge of their origin) is entirely wanting. It was in recognition
of this fact that the present embryological study was undertaken.
In a preliminary note, published in Sczence, the more important
conclusions were announced. 1. The embryo of Velumbo is
genuinely monocotyledonous in its development. The plumule
arises laterally and at first there is but one cotyledon which later
bifurcates to form the two fleshy bodies. 2. The membrane
surrounding the plumule is, as conjectured by Wigand, a true
endosperm arising within the embryo-sac.

COLLECTION AND METHODs.

The material for the investigation in hand was collected by
the author in August, 1899, and August, 1900, in southeastern
Minnesota while working on the botanical survey of that region.
There, Velumbo lutea grows in great luxuriance in the sloughs
and bayous of the Mississippi river, the soft muddy bottoms
and quiet waters of these bayous affording an ideal habitat for
the plant, where it often forms beds many acres in extent to the
exclusion of other vegetation.

In collecting, each carpel was removed from the torus, the
lower end cut away and the upper portion with the attached
ovule placed in the fixing fluid. One-half and one per cent.
chromic acid and chrom-acetic acid were used as killing re-
agents. The material was thoroughly washed and passed gradu-
ally into 70 per cent. alcohol in which condition it was brought
into the laboratory. The ovules were imbedded in paraffine and
serial sections cut with a Minot microtome. The sections were
stained on the slide, a variety of stains being used; the photo-
micrographs and drawings, however, which accompany the

646 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

present paper were made from sections stained with aniline-
water-safranin or acid fuchsin.

At the present time the material at hand is insufficient for the
full demonstration of certain points, especially in the develop-
ment of the embryo-sac. Therefore, the present paper will be
limited to a discussion of the embryogeny, the development of
the embryo-sac and the cytology of reproduction being reserved
for future treatment.

RESEARCH.

The embryo-sac is ovoid at its micropylar end and tapers down
to a narrow attenuation which extends deeply into the nucellus.
As the embryo-sac matures the nucellar tissue directly in con-
tact with it begins to break down. There also appears in
the antipodal region a club-shaped cellular structure which
obliterates the lower portion of the sac (Figs. 1 and 2). The
precise origin of this peculiar antipodal body remains yet to be
determined. To facilitate description the embryogeny may be
considered in a series of stages.

Stage A. Spherical stage.—The young embryo is usually
found in the upper end of the embryo-sac among the débris re-
sulting from the disintegration of the synergide. The sur-
rounding protoplasm makes it difficult to observe the first
division of the odsperm and at the present time the youngest
embryo which can be described with certainty is one in the
eight-celled stage represented in Fig. 3. Asseen here the embryo
is nearly spherical, no suspensor being evident, although there
may be one present but obscured by the disorganizing synergid
‘©a.” This is not probable, however, judging from the position
of the first wall in the segmenting embryo. If a suspensor cell
is cut off at all, it very early loses its identity as there is no
evidence of it in embryos of the age represented in Figs.
4-6. Cell division apparently takes place uniformly through-
out the embryo, the result being the building up of a spherical
body (Figs. 4-7). The embryo retains its spherical shape until
composed of several hundred cells. At about this time the
nucellar tissue in the micropylar end of the ovule has entirely
broken down, so that the embryo now lies in a cavity which is
bounded by the inner integument of the ovule. Simultaneously
with the division of the embryonal cell the endosperm nucleus
divides and the young embryo is soon surrounded by endosperm

Lyon: OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 647

nuclei between which thin cell walls are very early apparent
(Figs. 1, 4-7).

Stage B. Monocotyledonous stage.—The spherical embryo
begins to evidence a maximum growth in the horizontal direc-
tion, its greater dimension being diagonal or nearly at right
angles to the longer axis of the ovule. At this time it can per-
haps best be described as a flattened mass or button of tissue
lying in the upper end of the ovular cavity. The surface in
contact with the ovular wall conforms to the shape of the latter.
The free surface is more or less flattened and slightly inclined
to the plane of the horizontal. The plumule (a, Fig. 8) now
arises as a small protuberance on the inclined free surface in a
median line near its lower side. The axis of the plumule is
from the first about parallel with the axis of the ovule,-and as
it grows straight down into the ovular cavity it causes this side
of the embryo, which we will term the front side, to become
flattened. The future cotyledon is now evident as a crescent-
shaped mound of tissue (40, Fig. 8) around the rear of the em-
bryo, its wings extending forward even with the plumule. This
' stage culminates in an embryo as represented in Fig. 8. The
endosperm, during the monocotyledonary stage, forms a co-
lumnar mass of tissue which stands centrally in the cavity, ex-
tending from the embryo to the persistent nucellar tissue in the
lower portion of the ovule.

Stage C. ‘*Dicotyledonous’’ stage.—The cotyledon be-
comes bilobed through the localization of growth at the foci, 6
and 4, Fig. 8. From each of these points a cotyledonary lobe
grows rapidly downward outside the endosperm, the tissue of
the nucellus disorganizing before it (Fig. 10). In cross section
these lobes are crescent-shaped (Fig. 16) and simultaneously
with their elongation growth takes place in both radial and tan-
gential directions, each lobe at its base growing forward around
the plumule. An idea of the relative positions occupied by the
different structures may be derived from Figs. 13-16; cross
sections of embryos which were, however, considerably older
than the one represented in Fig. 9.

The growth of the plumule is slow during this stage, it being
a simple dome-shaped mound of tissue (Figs. 9, 10 and 18)
which comes to occupy a central position through the growing
forward of the cotyledonary lobes.

At about this time the plerome first becomes apparent as a

648 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

strand of somewhat smaller cells running from the plumule di-
rectly through to the base of the embryo (Figs. 12-18). From
this main axis, at a point just above its middle (Fig. 18), lateral
strands radiate outward and traverse the lobes of the cotyledon.
This stage culminates in an embryo as represented in Fig. 9.

Stage D. Mature embryo.—This stage which is reached with
the completion oi intraseminal growth may be discussed under
the following captions :

1. Maturation of the Plumule.—The first foliage leaf arises
on the axis of the plumule morphologically opposite the cotyle-
don (6, Fig. 14) (@. e., on the front side of the plumule axis).
The second foliage leaf arises opposite the first (c, Fig. 19).
The stipules of the first and second leaves grow over and
around the apex of the stem and enclose the next two leaves,
which are also preformed in the seed (Fig. 23). The lysige-
nous cavities of the stem and leaf petioles very early appear,
as seen in Figs. 19 and 22. The structure of the mature plu-
mule has been many times described and needs no further treat-
ment here. Its development, however, may be well under-
stood by a comparison of Figs. 10, 14, 17, 19, 22 and 23.

2. Origin and Maturation of the Radicle.—The radicle
(x, Fig. 22) originates opposite the insertion of the plumule
and is but a vestigial structure not developing into a functional
primary root upon the germination of the seed. It only be-
comes apparent at a late stage in the development of the em-
bryo and is usually completely enclosed by an outgrowth of the
cotyledonary tissue. Fig. 24 shows a longitudinal section of
the hypocotyl of a seedling which had already developed sec-
ondary roots from the epicotyl.

3. Maturation of the Cotyledon.—The edges of the cotyledon-
ary lobes soon meet through tangential growth, thus forming a
tube in which the plumule stands surrounded by the endosperm.
The cells directly beneath the epidermis near the apex of the
lobes remain densely protoplasmic and differentiate into a dis-
tinct palisade tissue (Figs. 20, 21). This undoubtedly forms a
nursing area, being in contact with the lower portion of the
nucellus which persists for some time and is still evident in the
seed as a thicker, more distinct portion of the testa (a, Fig. 11).
The lobes through more rapid elongation soon reach their
maximum length and then by somewhat slower tangential and
radial growth the embryo acquires its ultimate spherical form.

Lyon: OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 649

The integuments of the ovule keep pace with the growth of the
embryo and form the thin testa of the seed which lines the thick
pericarp.

4. Fate of the Endosperm.—The endosperm reaches its max-
imum growth early in Stage C when it forms a considerable
mass of tissue lying between the lobes of the cotyledon (Fig.
16). The cell walls are never firm and offer little resistance
to the growing plumule which forces its way into the center of
the mass. The nuclei soon after begin to disappear and the
cells to lose their definite outline. The resulting débris is
crowded around the plumule by the growth of the cotyledonary
lobes and is apparent in the seed as a colorless structureless
sheath nearly or quite surrounding the plumule.

5. The Embryo of the Seed.—A carful study of the embryo
of the seed without reference to its development brings to light
many conditions not to be found in a dicotyledonous seed. The
lobes of the cotyledon are not separate structures, but have a
common tissue at the base of the embryo upon which the plu-
mule stands (Figs. 11, 22). The sinuses between the lobes are
not of equal depth, the front sinus being deeper than the rear,
so that the common tissue of the lobes (4, Fig. 11) extends
higher up in the rear of the plumule than it does in front of it.
This peculiarity is even more noticeable in the seed of JV.
nelumbo than in that of JV. Zufea illustrated in the figure, and it
is so distinct that it is remarkable that it has not been described
before. The radicle is to a greater or less extent imbedded in
tissue of cotyledonary origin, in this respect conforming to well-
known monocotyledonous types.

THE EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO COMPARED WITH THAT
oF OTHER MONOCOTYLEDONS.

In its early development the embryo of /Velumdo is strikingly
similar to that of Prstza described by Hegelmaier (’74, 681-
686. pl. rr. fig. 45-52). The odsperm of Pistza, Hegelmaier
finds, does not cut off a suspensor cell but by uniform divisions
builds up a spherical embryoas in Velumbo. The bifurcation
of the cotyledon is not so inexplicable a deviation from the or-
dinary course of development as it may at first appear. It is
rather to be considered as a modification brought about through
the adaptation of the embryo to the available space within its in-
vestments.

650 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

As the embryo departs from its primitive spherical form it is
evident that its axis lies more or less directly across the ovular
cavity. As the plumule develops superficially near one side of
this flat expanse of tissue the remaining larger surface is to be
considered as that of the young cotyledon. The cotyledon
soon meets obstruction to its further growth in the horizontal
plane and hence turns down into the ovular cavity. Its later
bifurcation is undoubtedly the result of its having to adjust it-
self to the cylindrical cavity in which it grows. That the
shape of the cavity does to some extent affect the shape of the
cotyledon seems to be evidenced by the fact that the cotyledon-
ary lobes are at all times closely appressed to their enclosing in-
vestments. The bifurcation extends along aline of mechanical
stress.

The mature embryo of Velwmbo can perhaps best be com-
pared with those of the grasses, especially one having but a
small amount of cotyledonary tissue below the junction of the
plumule and cotyledon. The embryo of the wild rice, Zezanza
aquatica, as figured by Kennedy (99, fl. 3. fig. 22-24) af-
fords such an example. It has a long epicotyl and a very
short hypocotyl which is imbedded in a small amount of coty-
ledonary tissue. The cotyledon grows around and nearly en-
closes the plumule with a uniform thickness of tissue. In
/Velumbo the conditions are almost exactly similar, except that
the cotyledon in addition to growing around the plumule has
become divided lengthwise nearly to the base into two equal
parts.

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE NYMPHAACE.

As indicated above the one character which has led to the
placing of the Nymphzaceze among the Dictotyledons is the
structure of the embryo in the seed. In their other characters
they conform more nearly to the Monocotyledons. The embryo
of Velumbo has been shown to be monocotyledonous in its de-
velopment. Although in the other genera there is present in
the seed a functional endosperm and perisperm, a careful ex-
amination of the mature embryos shows them to be in all essen-
tial respects quite similar to that of Velumbo. Those common
characters, then, which have previously united these plants into
a family justify the conclusion that they agree in embryogeny.
In order to remove all possible doubt the embryogeny of a

Lyon : OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 651

number of Nympheacez will be studied during the coming
summer. The Nymphezacee should be classified, in the natural
system, in a subseries Nympheinez coérdinate with the
Potamogetoninee, Alismineze and Butominez in the series
Helobie.

RECAPITULATION AND SUMMARY.

1. Velumbo both in its anatomy and embryogeny conforms
to the type of the Monocotyledons.

2. The two fleshy bodies of the embryo arise through the bi-
furcation of the originally single cotyledon.

3. The membrane surrounding the plumule is, as conjectured
by Wigand, a true endosperm arising within the embryo-sac.

4. The family of the Nymphzacee should be classified
among Monocotyledons in the series Helobiz.

The writer wishes to express his obligations to Professor
Conway MacMillan who has carefully followed the present in-
vestigation, offering many suggestions which have been incor-
porated in the general discussion.

LITERATURE.

The following bibliography includes the more important works
dealing with the anatomy, morphology or affinities of Velwméo, which
have been found of value in the present research.

1. Baillon, H. (’71). Monographie des Nymphzacées. Histoire des

Plantes, 3: 77-104. 1871.

iS)

. Barthelemy, A. (’74). De la respiration et de la circulation des
gaz dans les végétaux. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V. 19: 131-175. 1874.

3. Barthelemy, A. (’76). Du développement de l’embryon dans le
Nelumbium spectosum et de sa germination. Rev. Sci. Nat. 5:
40-44. 1876.

4. Brongniart, A. (’27). Memoire sur la Génération et le Développe-
ment de |’Embryon dans les végétaux phanérogames. Chap. iv.
Ann. Sci. Nat. 12: 225-296. 1827.

5. Caspary, R. (’78). Nymphzacee in y. Martius. FI. brasiliensis.
ase. 77. 130. 1878.

6. Caspary, R. (’91). Nympheacee in Die Natiirl. Pflanzenfam.

MY. Teil. 2 Abt. 1-10. 1891.

. Caspary, R. (’57). Flora 717-718, also Bot. Zeit. 791. 1857.

. Clos, M. D. (’91). Interpretation des Parties Germinatives du
Trapa natans, de quelques Guttiferes et des Velumébczum. B.S. B.

de France, 38: 271-276. 1891.

ant

652 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

9. De Candolle, A. (’05). Sur la graine des Mymphea. Paris.
Soc. Philom. Bull. III. 68. 1805.

10. De Candolle, A. (’21). Sur les affinités naturells de la famille
des Nymphéacées. Geneve. Mem. Soc. Phys. I. 208-244. 1821.

rr. Engelmann, G. (’60). Remarks on Welumbium luteum. Trans.
St. Louis Acad. Sci. (Proc.) 2. 1860.

12. Gaertner, J. (1788). De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum, 1:
73-74. 1788.

13. Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. (’96, 1). A new case of polystely in
Dicotyledons. Ann. of Bot. 10: 289-291. 1896.

14. Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. (’96, 2). The arrangement of vascular
bundles in certain Nympheacee. Ann. of Bot. 10: 624-625. 1896.

15. Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. (’97). On some points in the mor-
phology and anatomy of the Nymphzacee. Trans. Linn. Soc. of
London, 5: 287-299. 1897.

16. Heckel, E. (’79). Des poils et des glandes pileuses dans quelques
genres de Nymphéacées. Comp. Rend. 89: 758-759. 1879.

17. Hegelmaier (’74). Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte monokotyledoner
Keime nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Bildung der Samendeckel. Bot.
Zeit. 631, 648, 657, 673, 689, 705. 1874.

18. Heritage, B. (’95). Preliminary notes on Welumdbo lutea. Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, 22: 266-271. 1895.

19. Jeffrey, E. C. The morphology of the central cylinder in the
Angiosperms. Nymphezacee. 24-27.

20. Klebs, G. (’83). Beitrige zur Morphologie und Biologie der
Keimung. Untersuch. aus dem Bot. Inst. zu Ttibingen, 1: 536-
614. Nympheacez, 555-556. 1583.

21. Kennedy, P. B. (’99). The structure of the caryopsis of Grasses
with reference to their morphology and classification. Bull. No.
19, U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. of Agrostology. 1899.

22. Lindley, J. (’36). A natural system of botany. Nymphzacee,
10-14. 1836.

23. Lyon, H. L. (1901). Preliminary note on the embryogeny of
NNelumbo. Science, 13: 470. 1901.

24. Mirbel, C. F. B. (’09). Observations anatomiques ou physiolo-
giques sur le Velumbo nucifera. Paris, Mus. Nat. Hist. Annal. 13:
465-481. 1809.

25. Mirbel, C. F. B. (’15). Elémens de Physiologie Végétale et de
Botanique, I: 59-60.

26. Planchon, J. E. (’53). Etudes sur les Nymphéacées. Ann.
sci. Nat. Bot. III. 19: 17-63. 1853.

Lyon: OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 653

27. Poiteau, A. (’09). Sur l’embryon des Graminées des Cypéracées,
et du Velumbo. Paris, Mus. Hist. Nat. Annal. 13: 351-400. 1809.

28. Raciborski, M. (’94). Beitraége zur Kenntniss der Cabombeen
und Nympheaceen. Flora, 92-108. 1894.

29. Richard, L. C. (’11). Analyze botanique des embryons endo-
rhizes ou monocotylédonés, et particuliérement de celui des Grami-
nées. Paris Mus. Hist. Nat. Annal. 17: 223-251, 442-487. 1811.

30. Solereder, H. (’99). Systematische Anatomie der Dicotyledonen.
Nympheacer. 54-59. 1899.

31. Trecul, A. (’45). Recherches sur la structure des Nympheacées.
Journ. de Pharm. 7: 465-467. 1845.

a2. Trecul, A. (’53)- Memoir sur la Formation des Feuilles. Ann.
Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 20: 235-314. 1853.

CoM Trecul, A. (?54,1). Etudes anatomiques et organagéniques sur la
Victoria regia, et anatomie comparée du Nelumbium, du Nuphar et
de la Victoria. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1V. 1: 145-172. 1854.

34. Trecul, A. (’54, 2). Végétation du Nelumbium codophyllum et
disposition anomale de ses Feuilles et de ses Stipules. Ann. Sci.
Nat. Bot. IV. 1: 291-298. 1854.

ce Trecul, A. (’54, 3). Disposition des Stipules et des Feuilles du
Nelumbium codophyllum et Végétation singuliére de cette Plante.
B. S. B. de France, 1: 18-22, 60-63. 1854.

36. Van Tieghem, P. (’86,1). Surl’apareil sécréteur et les affinités de
structure des Nymphéacées. B.S. B. de France, 33: 72-76. 1886.

37. Van Tieghem, P. (’86, 2). Sur la croissance terminale de la
Racine dans les Nymphéacées. B.S. B. de France, 33: 264-265.
1886.

38. Van Tieghem, P., and Douliot, H. (’88). Recherches compara-
tives sur l’origine des membres endogénes dans les plantes vasculaires.
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 8: (Nymphezacee) 127-132, 435-438.
1888.

39. Warming, E. (’79-’80). Forgreningen og Bladstillingen hos
Slagten Nelumbo. Vidensk. Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjébenhavn. 443-455. 1879-So.

40. Weberbauer, A. (’94). Beitrage zur Samenanatomie der Nym-
pheaceen. Bot. Jahr. 18: 213-258. 1894.

41. Wettstein, R. V. (’88). Beobachtungen iiber den Bau und die
Keimung des Samens von Nelumbo nucifera Girtn. Verhandl.
d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien. 38: 41-47. 1888.

42. Wigand, A. (’71). elumbium speciosum W. Bot. Zeit. 812-
me0.// 187%.

43. Wigand—Dennert (’88). Nelumbcum speciosum W. Eine mo-
nographische Studie. Bibl. Bot. Heft. 11. 1888.

654 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

DESCRIPTION of PLATE XLVIII.

Figure 1. Longitudinal section of ovule containing young embryo
and endosperm (x50). The nucellar tissue about the middle of the
embryo-sac has broken down. The antipodal body is seen at the
lower end of the sac.

2. Antipodal body (x 160).

3. Eight-celled embryo (x 770). (Outlined with camera lucida. )
a = disorganizing synergid.

4, 5,6. Longitudinal sections of ovules containing spherical embryos
and endosperm ( X 240).

7. Cross section of ovule containing a spherical embryo closely sur-
rounded by endosperm ( x 240).

8. Front view of an embryo at end of stage B. a=plumule, 66=
cotyledon. This figure was reconstructed from careful micrometer
measurements of serial cross sections; a proceeding found necessary
in order to get the correct orientation of the embryo.

g. Front view of an embryo at end of stage C. @=plumule. 66
=cotyledonary lobe. Figure obtained in same manner as Fig. 8.

10. Longitudinal section of an embryo in Stage C (x50). The
endosperm is shrunken by reagents into the center of the ovular
cavity.

11. A fruit with one side of the pericarp and a cotyledonary lobe
cut away (X2). @=thicker portion of the testa. 6=—common base
of the cotyledonary lobes.

ACE Ole oe

12. Cross section of the hypocotyl of an embryo just completing
Stage C (x50).

13. Cross section of the same embryo through base of plumule
CX 50).

14. Cross section of the same embryo through apex of plumule
(450). a@=apex of stem. d4=first leaf. e=endosperm.

15. Cross section of an embryo, cutting plumule a short distance
above its base (X50). e=endosperm.

16. Cross section of same embryo through cotyledonary lobes
(x50). e=endosperm.

17. Longitudinal section of an embryo early in stage D (x65).

The fundament of the first leaf is already evident, also the invagi-
nation at the base of the embryo, which marks the position of the
radicle.

adn ‘oe Y) err

Lyon: OBSERVATIONS ON EMBRYOGENY OF NELUMBO. 655

18. Shows a sectional view of the base of an embryo in stage C.
(x 190).

19. Shows the plumule of a young embryo in stage D in longitudi-
nal section (X50). @=apexof stem. 6=first leaf. c=second leaf.
e=endosperm. s, =stipule of first leaf. s, =stipule of second leaf.

20. Vertical section through apex of cotyledonary lobes showing
differentiation of a nursing area (x 50).

21. A portion of the same under a higher magnification showing
the densely protoplasmic palisade tissue of the nursing area.

Prann ele:

22. Longitudinal section of the plumule of the seed (x15). The
first and second foliage leaves are cut off, their basal portions only
showing in the figure. r=radicle.

23. The apical bud in the same section (x50) showing the third
and fourth foliage leaves enclosed by the stipules of the first and
second. @=apex of stem. s,=stipule of first leaf. s,=stipule of
second leaf.

24. Longitudinal section of the hypocotyl of a seedling showing the
vestigial radicle (x 50).

25. Cross section through the epicotyl of a young seedling showing
the adventitious roots, the first to function, (x 50).

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xXXXIX, CONTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF
THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA.—VI.
LICHENS OF NORTHWEST-

ERN MINNESOTA.

Bruce FINK.

CONSIDERATIONS OF DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT.

The collections upon which this paper is based were made
during the last half of June and all of July, 1900. The region
traversed comprises parts of Ottertail, Beltrami and Red lake
counties in northwestern Minnesota. This region was not sup-
posed, previous to its study, to be a rich field for a lichenist,
but because of its relationship to other portions of the state as to
lichen flora * it seemed necessary that it should be investigated.
Consequently the collection of somewhat more than 200 species
as a result of the most extended collecting trip that I have yet
made in Minnesota fully met my expectations as to probable
results.

The itinerary was so planned as to include regions furnish-
ing the greatest possible variety of substrata, moisture and
other conditions calculated to cause variations as to lichen flora.
Thus the most southern and western points reached were en-
tirely devoid of conifers and possessed an arboreal flora quite
similar to that of the southern portion of the state. These areas
too were near the border between the wooded region to the east
and the prairie to the west. The areas thus briefly character-
ized are those about Battle lake and Thief River Falls. The
southern portion of the territory traversed, studied at Battle
lake and Henning, gave a good view of the high morainic area
of the state with its numerous rounded hills covered with granitic
bowlders and calcareous soil and pebbles and possessing a scant
growth of trees here and there. This southern portion was

* Fink, B. Contributions to a knowledge of the Lichens of Minnesota.—IV.
Lichens of the Lake Superior Region. Minnesota Bot. Stud. 2: 234. 29D.
1899.

657

658 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

also selected to furnish a connecting link with the lichen flora
already studied farther south in the state. To ascertain the re-
lationship of northwestern with northeastern Minnesota, pre-
viously studied, as to lichen flora, two regions, Bemidji and
Red lake, were chosen, having an abundance of conifers and
swamps. ‘These two regions lie to the north and east of the
others previously named and well within the pineries. It is to
be regretted that none of the area studied possessed rock expo-
sures of any sort, similar either to those in southern or in north-—
ern and northeastern Minnesota. These have since been
reached in a study of the northern boundary of the state directly
north of the area now under consideration.

The first area studied was that about Battle lake, about 150
miles northwest of Minneapolis, on the border between the
wooded and prairie regions. The lichen habitats here are
granitic and lime bowlders, earth and trees. The absence of
rock exposures here, as well as elsewhere in the area studied
during the summer, detracted much from the richness of the
flora. The trees in the region about Battle lake are much the
same as those about Minneapolis and in the portions of south-
western Minnesota studied in 1899. This similarity as to ar-
boreal flora, as well as the presence of the granitic and calcare-
ous bowlders gave a lichen flora quite similar to that of the
more southern regions named above. A careful consideration
of these resemblances, such as was undertaken for two regions
in the second paper of this series,* would of itself lead to a
long and laborious article, and must be omitted to give space
for more important ecologic considerations. A noticeable feat-
ure of the lichen flora about Battle lake is that nearly all the trees
growing lichens are common near the lakes and in heavy woods
back from the lakes, but rare in woods back from the lakes and
not heavy. All this is much like the conditions about Minne-
apolis, as discussed in the second paper of this series.t| How-
ever, turning to the rocks, they were found literally covered with
lichens even up to the very hill-tops in the morainic area south
of the town. The whole number of species of lichens collected
about Battle lake is 111. Comparing this with the numbers

* Fink, B. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Lichens of Minnesota.—II.
Lichens of Minneapolis and Vicinity. Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 703-716. 31 My.

1897.
(epi Be lcs. 705.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 659

hitherto recorded for various well-studied localities in the state
in this series of papers, we find the region slightly poorer in
lichens than any other region in Minnesota having as much va-
riety as to substrata.

The next collecting station was at Henning, about 35 miles
to the northeast. This area was selected especially for the
study of the flora of the Leaf hills to the south of the town and
for that of the tamarack and spruce swamps, which were not
found farther southwest. Prominent among the floral elements
of the swamps are species of Usnea, Parmelia caperata (L.)
Ach., Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr., Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck.
and Cetrarza ciliaris (Ach.) Tuck. Other species will be listed
toward the close of these considerations in the discussion of
formations. Passing from the swamps to the Leaf hills three
miles away, all of the above species become rare or entirely
wanting, though the two Parmelias are more frequent where
large trees extend, in a few places, to the tops of the morainic
hills. /t:nodina sophodes (Ach.) Nyl. and Arthonia lectdeella
Nyl., become abundant on the shrubs of oak, poplar and birch
in the hills. These hills probably reach an elevation of 1,800
feet south of Vining and form the hightest morainic area in the
state. The drift bowlders and pebbles of granite and limestone
extend to the very summits of the hills and furnish an excellent
field for the study of lichen formations, especially of granitic
bowlders. The calcareous matter of the drift has been ground
fine as powder or left as small pebbles. The soil contains
enough lime so that the lichen formation characteristic of cal-
careous earth is well developed, and the limy pebbles also
support a well developed calcareous rock-lichen formation.
Black peak about four miles south of Vining is an especially
good place for the study of the last two formations, which will
receive careful consideration later in this paper. It may be
noted in passing that the lichen flora of this second region is a
much richer one than that first studied near the border of the
wooded region, where the morainic hills are less developed,
where trees are less numerous and of fewer species and where
the tamarack swamps are wanting. In the region about Hen-
ning 140 species and varieties were collected in about the same
time as was required to find the 111 at Battle lake.

Passing on to the next area studied at Bemidji 75 miles
north of Henning and well within the pineries where there is

660 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

more variety as to trees, 154 species were collected, though the
calcareous formations were entirely absent and the granitic only
poorly developed. The disadvantage due to absence of granitic
and calcareous lichen formations seemed to be more than offset
by the unusual richness of the formations of the tamarack and
the cedar swamps and the earth under the pines. As this was
my first opportunity for a careful study of these three forma-
tions, and the tree formations were also especially rich as well
there, somewhat more time was taken for the collecting at Be-
midji than elsewhere. However, notwithstanding the scarcity
of any kind of bowlders and the absence of rock exposures,
the Bemidji region may be regarded as one of the richest lichen
floral areas in Minnesota, while Henning with its greater variety
of substrata and favorable conditions is scarcely inferior.

From Bemidji I passed to Thief River Falls, about 80 miles
to the northwest. Here I found a territory composed for the most
part of low flat prairie, but with good woods along the banks
of Red lake and Thief rivers. The trees are mostly birches,
poplars, oaks and elms, forming a monotonous arboreal flora
by no means favorable to the production of a large number of
lichens. Inspection of the list of species and varieties recorded
for this region will show that only 43 lichens were found on
these trees to compare with more than twice as many on trees
at Bemidji, and that these 43 are in general the most common
of Minnesota lichens growing on trees. Marshes are frequent,
and devoid of trees; or having the same species as grow on the
higher ground, sustain no peculiar lichen species. Both granitic
and lime bowlders are frequently seen in the region, but they
are almost totally bare of any sort of plant life. Doubtless this
is due partly to fires which frequently run over the prairies. In
places pastured for several years so that fires have not occurred,
lichens are beginning to take possession of the rocks. Yet it is
difficult to explain the absence of lichens along high bowlder-
strewn river banks, as in certain localities toward St. Hilaire,
on any supposition. It will be very interesting to note the in-
crease of lichen flora on the rocks of this region as the country
becomes settled more densely and fires are kept out. In order
that this may be done, I record the few lichens now occurring
rarely on these rocks.

Rinodina oreina (Vitui.) Mass.

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Nyv.

Er ew

EE —<——

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 661

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Nyv. var. polytropa Nyv.

Placodium murorum (HorrM.) DC.

Placodium elegans (Linx) DC.

Physcia cesia (Horrm.) Nyt.

Parmelia conspersa (EnrRu.) Acu.

The earth lichen flora is as poorly developed as that of the
trees and rocks, and the whole known lichen population of the
area comprises only 78 species and varieties and is the most
scanty yet studied in the state, except that at Pipestone, where
trees are almost wholly absent.

The last collecting ground was at Red lake, some 65 miles
east and somewhat south of Thief River Falls. This area is
about 36 miles north of the one previously studied at Bemidji
and has a lichen community very similar. Here the only
bowlders that gave any noteworthy results were those along the
lake shore, and the lichens on them were, all but three or four,
of the same species as those growing upon the adjacent trees.
With this dearth of rock lichens the territory, probably not
quite so thoroughly studied as the one to the south about
Bemidji, gave only 120 lichen species and varieties.

Compared with other portions of the state of equal size,
whose lichen floras have been investigated, this one is some-
what the poorest in lichens. The number collected is little
larger than that found in southwestern Minnesota, but should
be considerably larger, as fully one-third more time was taken
for the collecting. The Lake Superior region gave 258 lichen
forms in about the same time as was spent in making the col-
lections in northwestern Minnesota. However, this is what
would be expected since the former area is more diversified as
to climate, the portion near the lake having many arctic and
subarctic species, while the northern and western portions
yielded essentially the same species as the region now under
consideration. Then too the absence of the great exposures of
igneous rocks of the Superior region has already been noted
for the present one, in which only 58 species and varieties of
lichens, or about 28 per cent. of the whole lichen flora, were
found on rocks, whereas nearly 50 per cent. of these plants in
the former region were collected on the rocks. The occurrence
of about three-fourths of the entire number of lichens of the
whole area under consideration in one small area about Bemidji
demonstrates that little of the difference in the composition of

662 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

the flora of various portions of the territory is due to edaphic
causes. What variety exists is due for the most part to the
partial extension of the conifers, tamarack swamps and calcar-
eous soil, bowlders and pebbles over the region.

The comparative richness of different collecting grounds as
to lichen species has been noted in passing. It may be added
that the number of species occurring in each place and not else-
where found bears some relation to the whole number of species
found in each area studied. Thus Battle lake with a total of
111 collected has 7 not collected elsewhere. ‘The numbers for
other collecting grounds are: Henning 140 and 18, Bemidji
154 and 31, Thief River Falls 78 and 2 and Red lake 120 and
14. Comparison of the numbers shows, as would be expected,
that the number of rare lichens collected in the best collecting
grounds is in much larger proportion to the total number col-
lected than in the areas less favored as to lichen flora, where
one finds only the commonest species.

Of the 41 lichen species recorded in the fourth paper of this
series as arctic or subarctic,* the following seven occur in the
region considered in this paper, while no new northern forms
were discovered.

Ramalina pusilla (PRev.) Tuck.

Usnea cavernosa Tuck.

Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Fr.

Cladonia deformis (L.) Horr.

Cladonia digitata (L.) Horr.

Biatora leucophea (FLK.) Tuck.

Buellia petrea (FLor., Kr.) Tuck.

The other species not new to Minnesota are in general those
found farther south in the state. Thus the prediction, as to re-
semblance of the present flora to that farther south in Minne-
sota, made in the fourth paper of this series,t seems to be fairly
well established, though the extreme northern boundary of the
state west of the Snowbank lake area remains to be considered
in the next paper. Of the genera having northern species in
northeastern Minnesota, Solorzna, Heterothecium, Beomyces and
Umébilicaria were not found in the area now under consideration,
nor was there found more than a single genus, Me/aspilea, new
to the state. Moreover, the paucity of lichens in northwestern

Palin Ba leC 22700)
(peink BS) les; 233=234"

— ee SS ee —--SS,—r—“‘i‘i“‘isOO.—~™

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 663

as compared with northeastern Minnesota extends to genera as
well as to species, so that 36 genera were found in the former
area and 39 in the latter. This would be expected when we
notice that all the seven northern species recorded above belong
to genera occurring in the southern half of Minnesota, while
the four genera named above as not occurring in northwestern
Minnesota also have no representatives in the southern half of
the state, being for the most part the most strictly northern gen-
era thus far found in Minnesota.

The summer’s collecting brought to light 48 species and va-
rieties new to the state, of which 9g are new to North America
and 3 new, while another 3 are yet undetermined. The dis-
covery of so large a proportion of new material nearly one-
fourth of all species collected, after other parts of the state had
been for the most part, well studied, is somewhat of a surprise,
and seems to indicate that there is yet a good number of lichens
to be found in Minnesota. As to forms new to North America,
this paper adds a larger number than all the previous lists pub-
lished for the state.

The genus Caliccum deserves special mention because of the
interesting facts disclosed when the material collected was care-
fully studied. Previously nine species and varieties had been
recorded for the state, and though the genus is not an arctic or
subarctic one, I had not expected to find it well represented in
territory otherwise closely related to the southern half of Minne-
sota as to lichen population. Consequently, I was not a little
surprised to find ten species in my collection, one more than had
hitherto been reported for the state, and yet more when I found
that six of the species were new to the state, thus raising the
number of Calzccwms in Minnesota to 15 species and varieties.
We now have found within the state about half of the forms of
the genus recorded for North America, and Caliczum can no
longer be regarded as a genus peculiar to the Atlantic region.
The cause of the extension of members of the genus into a re-
gion closely related with southern Minnesota as to lichen flora
is to be found in the circumstance that the Calczwms seem to
follow the conifers regardless of slight climatic changes. While
some other genera furnish each a few species new to the state,
or not found further south in Minnesota, there is nothing espe-
cially noteworthy about the distribution of any of them, as the
species are in general such as could be expected to occur farther
south, and may have been overlooked.

664 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

It now remains to follow out the ecologic study begun in the
fifth paper of this series,* pursuing the general plan of study
introduced there. First of all I shall consider some of the for-
mations therein recorded and draw some comparisons. As in
the former paper I shall consider especially the more common
lichens, which give character to the flora and lichen formations
of the state. Beginning with the lichen formation of the ex-
posed granitic bowlders about Battle Lake, the formation may
be designated as follows:

LECANORA LICHEN FORMATION OF EXPOSED GRANITIC
BOWLDERS (BATTLE LAKE).

Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck. var. apiola Ny.., C.

Physcia cesia (Horrm.) Nyu., CX.

Placodium elegans (Linx.) DC., C.

Placodium cinnabarrinum (Acu.) Anz., C.

Placodium aurantiacrm (Licutr.) NAarc. and HeEpp., B.

Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) NArc. and HeEpp., B.

Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) NAgc. and Hepp. var. sideritis
MUCK. 1X.

Placodium vitellinum (Euru.) NArc. and Hepp., CX.

Lecanora rubina (VILL.) AcH., CX.

Lecanora muralis (SCHREB.) SCHAER.var saxicola SCHAER., C.

Lecanora hageni Acu., C.

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Nyt., B.

Lecanora varia (EHRH.) NyL. var. polytropa Nyu., B.

Lecanora cinerea (L.) SoMMERF., CX.

Lecanora calcarea (L.) SomMERF. var. contorta FrR., C.

Lecanora xanthophana Nyu., CX.

Lecanora cervina (Pers.) Nyt., C.

Lecanora fuscata (ScHRAD.) Tu. FR., C.

Rinodina oreina (Acu.) Mass., C.

Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Nyu., CX.

Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Ny. var. exigua FrR., B.

Buellia pullata Tucx., C.

Buellia petrea (FLoT., Kpr.) Tucx., CX.

Buellia petrea (Fior., Ker.) Tuck. var. montagnei
Mock...

* Fink, B. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Lichens of Minnesota.—V.
Lichens of the Minnesota Valley and Southwestern Minnesota. Minn. Bot.
Stud. 2: 283-308. 29 D. 1899.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 665

This formation may be compared est with the si milar one
upon the exposed granite at Granite Falls.* As might be ex-
pected the Battle lake formation confined to the bowlders
suffers somewhat in comparison with that at Granite Falls,
which is developed upon extensive exposures of granite. The
number of lichens in the formation at the former place is 24
and the number at the latter 31. Species common to the two
similar formations I have marked (C), and those found at
Battle lake only are marked (B). Of the ten species found at
Granite Falls and not at Battle lake, Parmelia conspersa
(Ehrh.) Ach. deserves special mention as being unaccountably
rare in the region covered by this paper. The entire absence
of another of the ten, Bzatora rufonigra Tuck., from the region
is quite as remarkable. The other eight are lichens either not
widely distributed in the state, or not common on granitic rocks.
Eight of the species of the formation recorded above have oc-
curred in all of the four localities in the state in which similar
formations have been recorded. ‘These may be considered the
most constant elements of such formations in Minnesota, and [I
have marked them (X). The formation is also well developed
in the Leaf hills, but nothing would be gained by recording it.

As to the general character of the lichens of the formation,
all but the first three and the first Zecanora are strictly crusta-
ceous, and this last plant, as well as the foliaceous Placodium,
is nearly as closely adnate to the substratum as the crustaceous
forms. The less adnate foliaceous species have a well-devel-
oped cellular cortex on all sides for support and for protection
against too rapid evaporation of moisture in their exposed
and dry habitat. Of the crustaceous species, the Placodiums
have good upper and some of them a lower cortex, the Lecan-
oras have either an upper only or none, while the Azzodinas,
except possibly the first, have no cortical layers; and the last
statement applies to the Buelas as well. The forms, having
no cortex or a poorly-developed one and growing in such a dry,
exposed habitat, have very small thalli. A large foliaceous
lichen with no cortex, as a Co//ema for instance, could hardly
exist in the present formation. Finally the lichens of the for-
mations are a few foliaceous species with well-developed cortex
above and below, but still quite closely adnate, and a much
larger number with no cortex or an upper one only, but having

eHink. B: J. e:;.286, 237.

666 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

very small thalli, and though epilithic yet very closely adnate,
so that moisture easily passes into them from the rocky sub-
stratum below.

Next may naturally follow the mixed lichen formation of
shaded granitic bowlders.

MIXED LICHEN FORMATION OF SHADED GRANITIC BOWLDERS
(RED LAKE).

A. Probably naturally belonging to the rocks.

Biatora inundata Fr.
Verrucaria nigrescens PEers.
Verrucaria viridula Acu.
Verrucaria muralis Acu.

B. Near trees and probably migrated from them.

Theloschistes lychneus (Nyu.) Tuck., C.

Parmelia borreri Turn., C.

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr., C.

Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu.

Parmelia caperata (L.) Acu., C.

Physcia speciosa (WuLr., Acu.) Nyt., C.

Physcia pulverulenta (Scures.) Nyt., C.

Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck.

Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck. var. apiola Ny.

Physcia astroidea (Fr.) Nyt.

Physcia hispida (ScurEB., Fr.) Tuck.

Physcia obscura (Euru.) Nyt., C.

Of the 12 species of the formation probably having migrated
from trees near by, seven marked (C) are common to all of
the six similar formations studied in the state,* but none of the
four elements naturally belonging to the rocks are common to
the similar formations.

Comparing these lichens with those of the exposed rock
formation above, we find an entirely different type of thallus
to prevail, viz., the foliaceous type of the Parmelias and
Physctas with thalli having well developed cortical layers.
And as would be expected in an ombrophytic lichen formation
having such thalli, the plants are not so closely adnate to the
substratum as those of the exposed rock formation, but are

* Fink, B. 1. c., 290-293.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 667

more loosely attached by rhizoids. However, those undoubtedly
belonging to the rocks have poorly developed thalli with no
cortex or an upper pseudo-cortex, and Verrucarta muralis Ach.,
an intruder usually growing upon calcareous rocks in exposed
places, is essentially hypolithic. That the three forms having
poorly developed and epilithic thalli should seek ombrophytic
associations is, of course, natural enough.

The Cladonza-Peltigera formation of shaded earth was found
remarkably well developed under the pines at Bemidji. The
table of species below shows 20 forms. The formation here,
though containing the same genera as the similar one farther
south,* is twice as well developed, being especially rich in
Cladonzas, which flourish under the pines. I have marked (C)
the five species common to the similar formations noted for the
state, as being the most constant elements of such formations,
at least in Minnesota. I shall now record the formation and
follow with a discussion of structure of the lichens composing it.

CLADONIA-PELTIGERA LICHEN FORMATION OF SHADED EARTH

(BEMIDJI1).

Peltigera horizontalis (L.) Horr.

Peltigera canina (L.) Horrn., C.

Peltigera canina (L.) Horrm. var. spuria Acu.

Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. sorediata ScHAER., C.

Collema pulposum (BEerRNu.) Nyt., C.

Collema limosum Acu.

Collema crispum Borr.

Cladonia cariosa (AcH.) SPRENG.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr., C.

Cladonia degenerans FLK.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyt., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyx. var. symphycarpia Tuck.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. verticillata Fr., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. elongata FR.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyu. var. hybrida Scuarr.

Cladonia cornuta (L.) Fr.

Cladonia furcata (Hups.) FR.

Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horrn.

Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horr. var. alpestris L.

Cladonia uncialis (L.) Fr.

*Fink, B. 1. c., 294-295.

668 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Comparing the lichens of this formation with those of the
shaded rock formation above, we find that, as a result_of the
more moist habitat of the forms, growing on earth in shade and
usually on an abundance of decaying vegetable remains which
hold moisture, the formation consists of plant individuals even
less closely attached to the substratum, except perhaps the
Collemas, which have no cortex and which, therefore, even in
their shaded situation, remain close to the substratum to absorb
the moisture which is rapidly evaporated from their non-cellular
surfaces. The Peltigeras with a well developed upper cortex
hold moisture better and rise somewhat higher. The podetia of
the Cladonzas have a surrounding pseudo-cortex of densely
interwoven hyphe, which serves for protection against too
rapid evaporation of moisture as well as for mechanical sup-
port. Hence the Cladonzas rise vertically and are especially
numerous as to species and individuals in this moist and shaded
formation, as well as unusually luxuriant. Thus it appears
that we have in this formation, as in those already considered
plants adapted in very different ways to the environment.

The remarkable constancy of occurrence of certain floral
elements in certain environments can scarcely be better illus-
trated than by comparing the calcareous earth lichen formation
given below with similar ones recorded in the fifth paper of this
series for Granite Falls, Minnesota, and Fayette, Iowa.*

BIATORA DECIPIENS LICHEN FORMATION OF EXPOSED CALCA-
REOUS EARTH (LEAF HILLS).

Heppia despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck., C.

Urceolaria scruposa (L.) Nyt., C.

Biatora decipiens (EurRH.) FR., C.

Biatora decipiens (Euru.) Fr. var. delabata Auct., C.

Biatora muscorum (Sw.) Tuck., C.

Endocarpon hepaticum Acu., C.

All of the six floral elements recorded in the present forma-
tion and marked (C) are also listed in the formation at Granite
Falls and Fayette, and each of these last two contains a single
rare species not discovered in the Leaf hills formation. As in
the localities previously studied, the formation in the hills is best
developed on the hill-sides where the plants are washed with
the lime-impregnated water which flows down the slope during

* Fink, B. l. c., 295-296.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 669

rains, and it may be regarded as well established that such a
sloping surface is best adapted to the development of the forma-
tion.

As to structural adaptations to an exposed and usually dry
habitat, the lichens of the formation all have small thalli and
are closely adnate. The rudimentary thallus of Bzatora mus-
corum (Sw.) Tuck. has no cortex, and the somewhat better de-
veloped one of the Urceolaria has only a poorly developed
pseudo-cortex above. Of the larger and better developed thalli,
that of Bratora decipiens (Ehrh.) Fr. has a very heavy cellular
cortex above, the Hxdocarfon has a well-developed cortex on
all sides while the Hepfpza is cellular throughout. In these
larger thalli growing in exposed dry places, the cellular areas
serve of course not only for support, but also for protection of
the alge within and against excessive evaporation; nor must it
be supposed that any of these thalli are large for a really large
thallus is seldon seen in such a formation, and if present at all,
should be considered an accident in plant distribution not to be
recorded. The four better developed thalli are then only large
in comparison with the other two and average about 3 to 6 mm.
in diameter. The two rudimentary thalli of the formation are
able to persist because very small and closely adnate.

Comparing next the lichen formation of the calcareous peb-
bles of the same area with the same two for the Minnesota and
Iowa localities used above,* we find that the adding of another
Minnesota locality still leaves the same five species common (C)
to such formations for the two states. This third formation of
the kind recorded below, establishes a general resemblance of
such formations in widely separate localities.

LECANORA CALCAREA CONTORTA LICHEN FORMATION OF EX-
POSED LIMESTONE (LEAF HILLS).

Placodium vitellinum (Euru.) Nare. and Hepp. var. aurellum
Pen. C.

Lecanora muralis (SCHREB.) SCHAER. var. versicolor FR.

Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acu.

Lecanora calcarea (L.) Sommerr. var. contorta Fr., C.

Lecanora privigna (Acu.) Nyt., C.

Lecanora privigna (Acu.) Nyw. var. pruinosa Aucrt.

Rinodina bischoffii (Hrpp.) Kzr.

*Fink, B. 1. c., 297

670 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Endocarpon pusillum HEpw., C.

Verrucaria nigrescens PErRs.

Verrucaria muralis Acu., C.

The lichens of the above formation have small thalli, closely
adnate or even more or less strictly hypolithic. All except the
last Verrucarza, which is hypolithic, and Lecanora privigna
(Ach.) Nyl., which has a very rudimentary and evanescent
thallus have more or less of a cellular or pseudocellular cortex
above. None except the first Lecanora, which has the largest
thallus in the formation, showed any indication of such structure
below. ‘The upper cortex gives these better developed but still
small thalli sufficient protection against evaporation and adapts
them to their dry station.

The lichen formation for trees with rough and smooth bark
at Bemidji are in general quite like the corresponding ones
recorded for Mankato and Granite Falls,* but are rather richer
in species. I record them below as they may be of use in the
further study of the lichens of northern Minnesota.

PARMELIA LICHEN FORMATION OF TREES WITH ROUGH BARK
(BEMIDJI).

Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fastigiata Fr.
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fraxinea Fr.

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. florida Fr.

Theloschistes chrysopthalmus (L.) Norm.
Theloschistes polycarpus (Euru.) Tuck.

Theloschistes lychneus (Nyu.) Tuck.

Theloschistes concolor (Dicxs.) Tuck.

Theloschistes concolor (Dicxs.) Tuck. var. effusa Tuck.
Parmelia crinita Acu.

Parmelia borreri TuRN.

Parmelia tiliacea (Horrm.) Fix.

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr.

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr. var. sulcata Nyv.

Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu.

Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu. var. sorediata (AcH.) Nyt.
Parmelia caperata (L.) Acu.

Physcia speciosa (WuLF., Acu.) Nyt.

Physcia hypoleuca (Munv.) Tuck.

Eiken leiCs 302—-205¢

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 671

Physcia pulverulenta (ScHREB.) Nyv.

Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck.

Physcia hispida (ScHREB., Fr.) Tuck.

Physcia obscura (EuHRuH.) Nyv.

Collema pycnocarpum Nyt.

Collema flaccidum Acu.

Collema nigrescens (Hups.) Acu.

Leptogium myochroum (EnruH., SCHAER.) TucK.

Placodium aurantiacum (Licutr.) NArc. and Hepp.

Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) Nagc. and Hepp.

Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acn.

Lecanora varia (Enru.) Nyt.

Lecanora verrucosa (Acu.) Laur.

Pertusaria finkii A. ZAHLB.

Biatora turgidula (Fr.) Nyv.

Biatora arthropurpurea (Mass.) Hepp.

Biatora rubella (EHRH.) RABENH.

Biatora fuscorubella (Horrm.) Tuck.

Biatora atrogrisea (DE.is.) HEpp.

Lecidea enteroleuca FR.

Buellia alboatra (Horro.) Tu. Fr.

Buellia parasema (Acu.) Tu. Fr.

Opegrapha sp.

Graphis scripta (L.) Acu.

Graphis scripta (L.) Acu. var. limitata Acu.

Graphis scripta (L.) Acu. var. recta (Hums.) Nyu.

Arthonia lecideella Nyv.

Calicium lucidum (Tu. Fr.) Fink.

Coniocybe pallida (PErs.) Fr.

Melaspilea arthonioides (FEE) Nyt.

Pyrenula leucoplaca (WAHL.) Kpr.

Pyrenula leucoplaca (W AHL.) Kpr. var. pluriloculata var. nov.

I shall now record the smooth bark formation and then con-
sider the adaptations of the two groups together.

PYRENULA FORMATION OF TREES WITH SMOOTH BARK
| (BEMIDJ1).
Theloschistes polycarpus (Euru.) Tuck.
Theloschistes concolor (Dicxs.) Tuck.
Parmelia olivacca (L.) Acu.
Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) Nagc. and Hepp.

672 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acu.

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Nyt.

Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Nyt.

Biatora atropurpurea (Mass.) Hepp.

Biatora rubella (Euru.) RABENH.

Lecidea enteroleuca Fr.

Buellia parasema (Acu.) Tu. FR.

Graphis scripta (L.) Acu.

Arthonia lecideella Ny.

Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Tu. Fr.

Sagedia oxyspora (NyuL.) Tuck.

Pyrenula punctiformis (Acu.) Nase. var. follax NyL.

Pyrenula cinerella (FLor.) Tuck. var. quadriloculata Finx.

Pyrenula leucoplaca (WAHL.) Kzr.

Pyrenula leucoplaca (WAHL.) Ksr. var. pluriloculata var.
nov.

Inspection of the list of plants given above for the rough
bark formations based on characters of substratum, shows
lichens varying widely structurally and adapted to the forma-
tion in very different ways. There are the Bzatoras, which
usually occur in the more moist and shaded spots in this
scattered formation and have small thalli usually without cellu-
lar cortex. The same may be said of the Bxellzas and the
‘Acolium, while the Lecanoras, Placodiums, and Pertusarias
usually have somewhat larger thalli and some indication of an
upper cortex at least. Even more rudimentary than any of the
above are the thalli of the Opegraphas, Graphies, Pyrenulas
and the Conzocybe which are hypophleeodal and thus protected.
However the Col/emas without cellular cortex rise to the foli-
aceous type, but seek very damp and well shaded habitats.
The Leptogium, with upper cortex only, seeks damp places
also. Next may be considered the Zheloschistes, Parmelias
and Physczas with foliaceous thalli having good cortex on all
sides, and which are not so closely adnate to the substratum as
the crustaceous forms. Finally we have the fruticulose type of
structure represented in the formation in the Aeamalinas and
Usneas. These plants have a good cortex on all sides though
not cellular at least in the first genus, and in well shaded and
moist portions of the formation are quite common. This for-
mation furnishes the most variety as to methods of adaptation
of any herein recorded.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 673

The lichens composing the smooth bark formation are not so
various in type, including only the more crustaceous and rudi-
mentary types of those given above. The more developed
forms with more specialized rhizoids usually fail to gain a foot-
hold on the smooth bark.

Next in order may be considered the formation of old wood.

CALICEI LICHEN FORMATION OF DEAD WOOD (BEMIDJI).

Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) Nazc. and Hepp. var. pyracea
iy... C.

Placodium ferrugineum (Hups.) Hepp.

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Nyt., C.

Lecanora varia (EuRu.) Nyv. var. sepincola Fr.

Lecanora varia (Euru.) Ny. var. symmicta Acu.

Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Ny ., C.

Biatora uliginosa (ScHRAD.) FR.

Lecidea enteroleuca Fr. var. ambigua ANz.

Buellia parasema (Acu.) Tu. FR., C.

Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mupp.

Acolium tigillare (Acu.) DN.

Calicium lucidum (Tu. Fr.) Fink.

Calicium sp.

Calicium trabinellum (ScHAER.) Kpr.

Calicium parietinum Acu.

Calicium trichiale Acu. var. cinereum Nyt.

This formation is given a slightly different designation from
the similar ones previously recorded for Mankota and Granite
Falls * because of the absence of old boards in the new country
about Bemidji. The formation recorded in this paper is similar
to the two formerly recorded, but much richer, especially in
Calicec, for which group the formation is named. Yet the
three Calicez formations recorded for the state show more varia-
tion than other related formations and have only four (C) com-
mon species of a total of 23. Moreover, not a single member
of the Calicez is common to the three formations. From some
hasty observations made in 1897 in the Lake Superior region, t
I had come to believe that certain Calzccums normally grow on
rotting wood. Careful observation in 1900 showed that all

* Fink, B. 1. c., 305-306.
fein, -B. 1. e:, 306:

674 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

found during that summer at least belong to living or to dead
wood formations though occasionally the plants on dead wood
may persist after the wood has begun to decay perceptibly at
the surface.

The lichens of this formation are of the small, closely adnate
or hypophceodal crustaceous type with upper cortical protection
in the Lecanoras and Placodiums and none in the Arznodina,
the Lecidea, the Buellias and the Caliczums. The substratum
is a dry one usually, as I have not concluded the more damp and
more frequently rotting logs of the tamarack swamps, which
have their own peculiar formation recorded below. Hence, the
crustaceous type of thallus is especially adapted to the forma-
tion. True the Calczums put up the minute erect podetia, but
these are solid cylinders of hyphe running in a longitudinal
direction and usually quite devoid of the algal symbionts which
might suffer from dryness.

The last of the formations to be compared with those studied
in 1897 in southwestern Minnesota is the following.

CLADONIA LICHEN FORMATION OF ROTTEN WOOD (BEMIDJI).

Peltigera canina (L.) Horrn., C.

Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. sorediata SCHAER.

Cladonia mitrula Tuck.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. neglecta (FLK.) Mass.

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. tubeformis Fr., C.

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. simplex (WEts.) FLor.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyt., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyu. var. hybrida ScHaErR.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. symphycarpia Tuck.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyv. var. verticillata Fr., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. anthocephala Fix.

Cladonia macilenta (EHRH.) HorrM.

Cladonia bacillaris Nyt.

Cladonia cristatella Tuck.

Comparing this formation with the corresponding ones at
Mankato and Granite Falls,* we find that the formations are
constant at least as regards genera, the one herein recorded for
a region, especially rich in C/ladonzas, being of course richer in
species than the two formerly studied. The addition of a third

7 Bink. Be 1es,)306—-307.

—E—

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 675

locality has only diminished the number of common species (C)
by one. Like the very similar Cladonza-Peltigera formation
recorded above, this one is especially developed under the
pines. Indeed, it hardly seems necessary to separate them in
the region now under consideration.

The adaptations of the plants of the formation are similar to
those fully discussed under the Cladonia-Peltigera formation.
Briefly then, the Pe/tigeras, having only an upper cellular cor-
tex, lie flat on the substratum, while the C/adonzas, protected
on all sides by a pseudo-cortex, rise vertically and become
luxuriant in the moist and shaded habitat.

Next in order I shall consider a number of formations some-
what studied in the Lake Superior region in 1897, but not yet
recorded for the state, as it was then found impossible to take
sufficient data in the rapid survey of a region fully one fourth
of whose lichen flora the writer had previously known only
through herbarium specimens or not at all. In the second sur-
vey of a somewhat similar region, I was able to take sufficient
field notes upon which to base an ecologic study of lichen for-
mations peculiar to the region as well as those previously
known. These formations, new to the state, will be recorded
for more than one place as far as possible.

First of all I shall record the formation of the pine trees,
naming it for the Usnez group which give character to this
plant community :

USNEI LICHEN FORMATION OF THE PINES (RED LAKE).

Cetraria ciliaris (Acu.) Tuck. (cones).

Cetraria juniperina (L.) Acu. var. pinastri AcH.

Evernia prunastri (L.) Acn. (cones).

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. florida Fr.

Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck. var. chalybeiformis Acu.
Theloschistes chrysopthalmus (L.) Norm.

Parmelia physodes (L.) Acu.

Physcia tribacia (Acu.) Tuck.

Physcia hispida (ScHREB., Fr.) Tuck.

Lecanora varia (EuRuH.) Nyv. (cones).

Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acu. var. argentata (Acu.) (cones).
Buellia parasema (Acu.) TH. FR. (cones).

Calicium lucidum (Tu. Fr.) Fink.

On approaching a pine woods one is impressed with an ap-

676 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

parent dearth of lichens, but after a careful study he becomes
convinced that the plants are common enough when the trees,
the fallen branches and the earth are carefully observed. The
foliaceous Parmelias, Physctas, etc., so common on the decidu-
ous trees, are not so frequently seen, but the pines certainly
have their own peculiar formations, composed of lichens found
of course on other substrata in various parts of the state. The
variety of Cetrarza juniperina (L.) Ach. and the Caliczum lu-
celium (Th. Fr.) Fink are perhaps the most characteristic ele-
ments of the formation, as they are seldom seen elsewhere than
on the conifers, though by no means common even in this for-
mation. The similar formation was studied at Bemidji, and
the only difference is that Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. replaces
the variety. As indicated in the list of species, a number of the
plants are as common or more so on the old cones as on other
portions of the trees. Careful comparison of this formation
with the Parme/ez formation of trees with rough bark will dem-
onstrate that the two are quite distinct, though resembling each
other in some respects.

The adaptations of the lichens of this formation are some-
what various. They have been discussed somewhat under the
rough bark formation above and will be further noticed under
the Usnea formation below. However, while it is apparent that
the fruticulose lichens of the U/szez group seem well adapted to
the swamp Usnea formation given below where moisture is
abundant, I have not been able to satisfy myself that the pines
of the higher ground furnish more moisture than the deciduous
trees of similar grounds. I suspect that the plants in this in-
stance and in the formation given below for the swamps are
quite as much influenced in their choice of habitat by an adap-
tation to coniferous wood as by amount of moisture. And I
may add here that in other portions of this paper I have not
taken into account any adaptations of the lichens to substrata of
certain physical or chemical composition. The subject is a
difficult one as yet little understood, and moreover I am con-
vinced from observation that, beyond the well-known fact that
some lichens prefer rocks, calcareous in some instances and
granitic, etc., in others, while others prefer trees and in some
instances a particular species or genus, the conditions as to shade,
moisture, etc., are the important ones in determining the habitats
of lichens and the composition of lichen formations.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 677

I studied the lichens of the earth and rotting wood under the
pines with a view to establishing a formation; but the plants
were found to be so similar to those of the C/adonza lichen for-
mation of rotten wood and the Cladonza-FPeltigera lichen for-
mation of shaded earth previously established that I have
recorded them above in these formations, though possibly I
have done violence in not separating them in this region for the
sake of correlating results with former work in another area.

Because of close relationship to the above formation, I shall
next consider the U/snea formation.

USNEA LICHEN FORMATION OF TAMARACKS IN SWAMPS
(HENNING).

Cetraria ciliaris (Acu.) Tuck., C.

Evernia prunastri (L.) Acu., C.

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. florida Fr., C.

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. ceratina SCHAER.

Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. dasypoga Fr.

Usnea cavernosa Tuck., C.

Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck. var. chalybeiformis Acu., C.

Parmelia physodes (L.) Acu., C.

Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu., C.

Parmelia caperata (LL.) Acu., C.

Physcia hispida (Acu.) Tuck., C.

Calicium trichiale Acu. var. cinereum Nyt.

The formation was afterward carefully examined at Bemidji
and Red lake and was found to be a very characteristic one.
At Bemidji were found all of the above-marked (C) and /rama-
lina pusilla (Prev.) Tuck., Cetraria gunrperina (L.) Ach. var.
- pinastrt Ach., Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck. and Caleczum
chrysocephalum Ach. in addition. The Red lake formation
contained all of the species found at Bemidji except the last two,
so that those marked (C) are the ones common to the three
similar formations.

The dominant elements in this formation are the Usneas, the
£vernia and the Alectorza, which in the moist swamps and pro-
tected on all sides by a pseudo-cortex of closely arranged
hyphe, hang suspended or grow up from the substratum in
fruticulose fashion. With these occur the less characteristic
elements whose structure has been fully discussed and whose
adaptations may be easily inferred. Though, as stated in the

678 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

discussion of the Uszez formation of the pines, the plants may
be adapted to the coniferous wood as well as to the moist habitat,
it remains to be stated that the same species are both more
numerous and more luxuriant in the swamps than on the upland
pines.

The following formation must be regarded as somewhat
doubtful till further studied.

STICTA PULMONARIA LICHEN FORMATION OF CEDAR SWAMPS
(BEMIDJI).

Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Acu.

Nephroma levigatum Acu.

Lecanora pallida (SCHREB.) SCHAER.

Lecanora pallescens (L.) ScHAER.

Pertusaria communis DC.

Calicium chrysocephalum Acu.

There is no doubt of the distinctness of the formation in
the region as none of the plants were found elsewhere during
the summer than in the cedar swamps, except the last which
was also found in the tamarack swamps. The plants of the
formation grow in dryer places in other regions and seem to be
as well adapted to upland woods as many other lichens recorded
for the tree formations of higher ground.

The swamps afford yet one other characteristic formation
well developed in the area studied wherever tamaracks and
cedars flourish. It may appropriately be designated as follows:

THE CALICIUM LICHEN FORMATION OF OLD LOGS AND STUMPS IN
TAMARACK SWAMPS (HENNING).

Ramalina pusilla (Prev.) Tuck., C.

Cetraria ciliaris (Acu.) Tuck., C.

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr., C.

Cladonia mitrula Tuck., C.

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. tubeformis FrR., C.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyu., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyx. var. hybrida ScHarr., C.
Calicium trichiale Acu. var. cinereum Nyt., C.
Calicium trachelinum Acu.

Calicium sp.

Calicium curtum Turn. and Borr.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 679

Calicium trabinellum (ScHAER.) Kzr.

Calicium parietinum Acu.

The similar formations were studied at Bemidji and Red
lake, and the species marked (C) were found in each of the
three formations. For Bemidji may be added Beatora virides-
cens (Schrad.) Fr, and for both Bemidji and Red Lake, Cetrarza
juniperina(L.) Ach. var. pinastr¢ Ach. Although occurring
in the same area as the second formation above on the living
tamaracks, the present one will be found by comparison to be
quite distinct both as to genera and species.

Growing in moist areas, the lichens of the formation are
almost uniformly those which rise more or less from the sub-
stratum. Nearly all are the Cladonras and Caliciums, which
have podetia rising erect from the substratum and are protected
on all sides by a pseudo-cortex of densely interwoven hyphe
running in a longitudinal direction.

The earth lichen formations of the swamps were carefully
noted and were found to be essentially like those of Cladonta
formations of rotten wood recorded above, at least as to genera.
I shall record the formation provisionally that it may be further
studied and shall name it for a variety of Peltzgera thus far
found in the state only in the swamps.

PELTIGERA CANINA LEUCORRHIZA LICHEN FORMATION OF
EARTH IN TAMARACK SWAMPS (BEMIDJI).

Peltigera canina (L.) Horrm., C.

Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. leucorrhiza Fux., C.

Cladonia cariosa (AcH.) SprReNG., R L.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyw. var. verticillata Fr., C.

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyx. var. hybrida Scuaerr., C.

Cladonia cenotea (Acu.) ScuaEr., R L.

Cladonia furcata (Hups.) Fr., B and H.

Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horrn., C.

The similar formations were studied at Henning and Red
lake. Those marked (C) are common to the three formations,
those marked (R L) were found at Red lake only and the one
marked (B and H) at Henning as well as at Bemidji. The
adaptations of the plants of these formations are, of course, the
same as those of the lichens of the Cladonza formations of
rotten wood.

680 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The following formation was distinctly discernible in the low
woods about the tamarack swamps near Henning, the species
composing it being unusually abundant. From the frequence
of Pertusarzas rare elsewhere in-the region studied during the
summer, I shall name it as follows:

PERTUSARIA LICHEN FORMATION OF TREES IN LOW WOODS
(HENNING).

Physcia obscura (Enru.) Nyu.

Collema flaccidum Acu.

Collema nigrescens (Hups.) Acu.

Leptogium myochroum (EuruH., SCHAER.) TUCK.

Pertusaria velata (TurN.) NyL.

Pertusaria pustulata (Acu.) Nyt.

Biatora glauconigrans Tuck.

Biatora rubella (EuRH.) RAs.

Biatora varians (Acu.) Tuck.

I failed to find such a formation elsewhere in the territory
explored. The plants in the formation grow on the common
deciduous trees of the area, whereas at Bemidji and Red lake
the swamps were surrounded for the most part by pines. Asa
whole the various adaptations of the plants are not difficult to
detect. It is a little peculiar that the species of Physcza, be-
longing to this damp formation, belongs to the section of the
genus having a well developed parenchymatous cortex rather
than to the one having a non-cellular cortex of closely packed
hyphe. The Collemas with their non-cortical thallus and the
Leptogium with a cortex of a single layer of cells are, of course,
quite at home in such a damp habitat, as are the Bzatoras with
their thallus devoid of cortex. The Pertusarzas have a fairly
developed upper cortex.

The last formation to be recorded is a scattered one detected
in shaded places at Bemidji, which may be designated as
follows :

BIATORA LICHEN FORMATION OF MOSSES (BEMIDJI).
Pannaria languinosa (Acu.) Kr.
Biatora vernalis (L). Fr.
Biatora spheroides (Dicxs.) Tuck.
Biatora hypnophila (Turn.) Tuck.

Fink : LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 681

The first and last Bialoras are the common elements of the
formation and may be found in this habitat commonly at Be-
midji. The last Bzatora is the only plant of the formation
noticed elsewhere in such environment, nor were the other two
Biatoras found elsewhere during the summer. The formation
was observed in the Lake Superior region at Gunflint, where
the second Bzatora was wanting, and in the Snowbank lake
area, where the first one did not occur. The plants of the for-
mation all have rudimentary thalli devoid of cortical layers and
are well adapted to the moist shaded habitat on the damp shaded
sides of tree bases where they spread over the mosses.

Nearly all of the formations herein recorded are more or less
scattered in the sense explained in the fifth paper of this series.*
In this paper as in the others I have avoided attempting too
close analysis as to amount of illumination, roughness of bark,
amount of moisture, and have omitted from the lists of plants of
the various formations those rarer lichens whose adaptations
seemed most doubtful. Yet in attempting a detailed study of a
single group of plants, I feel sure that, if I have erred at all, it
has been in including some doubtful elements in a few of the
formations. In general, I have found that one can attempt an
amount of minute detail in such a study which could only be
carried out by a long study of a single locality and which would
probably not be more helpful than such general survey as I feel
that I have been able to conduct in the field with some degree
of success.

Notwithstanding the recording of 16 distinct formations for
the region now under consideration and only 14 for southwest-
ern Minnesota, I still adhere to the statement already recorded
in this paper that the conditions of lichen growth are more uni-
form in the former area. The greater diversity in the latter ter-
ritory may be seen in the fact that there is a larger amount of
difference between similar formations in the various parts of the
region, due to more variation in amount of moisture, shade,
etc., and in the circumstance that some of the formations bear-
ing different names in the former region are very much alike.
On account of this greater uniformity of conditions under which
similar formations seems to have developed, it has been even
more difficult than in the preceding papers to ascertain why cer-
tain species are found in a formation at one place and not in the

* Fink, Bile Cs, 2075

682 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

similar formation at another. I have, consequently, seldom at-
tempted such explanations in this paper.

In the present paper, after a more extended study of lichen
formations in the field, I have attempted a more minute discus-
sion of structural adaptations based upon careful study of thalli
in the laboratory. This analysis has not in most instances de-
tracted from the apparent genuineness of the formations, though
in some it has not been possible to show that every plant is
structurally adapted to the formation in which it occurs.

Throughout this paper I have referred only once to the in-
fluence of physical structure and chemical composition of sub-
strata as influencing the distribution of lichens and the compo-
sition of lichen formations. Inthe beginning, doubtless, lichen
species were influenced in their choice of substrata by their
adaptations to light, shade, moisture and other conditions,
though of course such physical conditions of substrata as in-
fluence transfer of moisture are also to be considered as they
have been in my discussicns, as have also roughness and
smoothness of surface. No doubt both physiological and an-
atomical changes frequently result in lichens from adoption of
certain substrata, but it is well known that the conditions of
life in lichens are such that they are not so much dependent
upon or influenced by their substrata as are most other plants.
Thus a large proportion of lichens occur commonly upon sub-
strata of the most varied chemical composition and physical
structure, provided the conditions of light, moisture, etc., named
above are favorable. ‘Therefore these factors must, for the
present at least, receive chief attention in the study of ecologic
distribution of lichens, though the more difficult and less im-
portant subject of the influence of physical and chemical make
up of substrata is well worth attention. Doubtless in the
struggle of lichen species for possession of substrata, adapta-
tions to chemical composition of substrata sometimes play an
important part. For instances, the crustaceous lichens of the
calcareous rocks and earth produce a fat which is probably
utilized by the plants for purposes of nutrition. Hence, as
these plants can build up the fats from material obtained wholly
or in part from the calcareous substrata, they would have an
advantage over lichens which can not thus utilize the carbon
of the rocks, in the struggle for possession. Lichens produce
other chemical compounds, some of which are doubtless depen-

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 683

dent upon the nature of the substratum. To what extent these
compounds are of use to the plant, or in what degree they are
derived from the substratum is little known. ‘Till these prob-
lems are solved we can hardly hope to discuss intelligently the
influence of chemical composition upon distribution.

I am under obligations to Dr. A. Zahlbruckner, of Vienna,
Austria, for aid in the determination of several of the species
listed below, and also to Dr. E. Wainio, of Helsingfors, Fin-
land, for examination and determination of the larger part of
the Cladonzas.

LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES.
1. Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fraxinea Fr.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20, Ig00, no. 39.
Henning, June 28, 1900, no. 328 and July 2, 1900, no. 412.
Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 796 and July 23, 1900,
no. 869. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 882 and July 31,
1900, no. 1018.

2. Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fastigiata Fr.

On trees, frequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 2.
Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 209 and June 27, 1900, no. 246.
Henning, June 28, 1900, no. 330 and 332 and July 2, 1900, no.
411. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 471. Thief River Falls, July
17, 1900, no. 762. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 879 and
July 31, 1900, no. 1006.

3. Ramalina pusilla (PREv.) Tuck.

On tamarack in swamps, rare. Henning, June 30, 1900, no.
370. Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no. 517 and July 8, 1900, no.
531. Red lake, July 31, 1900, no. 1012.

4. Cetraria ciliaris (Acu.) Tuck.

Common on pines and on tamaracks in swamps. Battle
lake, June 20, 1900, no. 71. Henning, June 25, 1900, no.
188, June 28, 1900, nos. 315 and 323 and June 30, 1900, no.
378. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 427, July 5, 1900, nos. 472,
476 and 490, July 7, 1900, nos. 522 and 526, July 12, 1900,
no. 680 and July 14, 1900, no. 730. Red lake, July 28, 1900,
no. 463, July 30, 1900, nos. 985 and 988, August 2, 1900, no.
1050 and August 3, 1900, no. 1070.

5. Cetraria juniperina (L.) Acn. var. pinastri Acn.
On pines and on tamaracks in swamps, rare. Bemidji, July

684 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

7, 1900, no. 516, July 9, 1900, no. 543 and July 12, 1900, no.
665. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 925 and August 4, 1900,
no. 1083.

6. Evernia prunastri (L.) Acu.

Common on pines and abundant on tamaracks in swamps.
Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 140. Henning, June 25, 1900,
no. 187 and June 28, 1900, no. 312. Bemidji, July 4, no. 428,
July 6, 1900, no. 518 and July 7, 1900, no. 531. Thief River
Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 827. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no.
O70:

7. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr.

On trees, frequent. Henning, June 28, 1900, no. 513.
8. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. florida FR.

On trees, frequent. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, no. 27.
Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 174. Leaf hills, June 24, 960%
no. 248. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 425, July 7, 1900, no.
532 and July 12, 1900, no. 666. Thief River Falls, July 20,
1900, no. 838. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 945 and August
2, IQ00, no. 1053.

g. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. ceratina SCHAER.
On trees, frequent. Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 375.

10. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. var. dasypoga Fr.
On trees, abundant. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. Iog1.

11. Usnea cavernosa Tuck.

On trees, frequent. Henning, June 25, 1900, nos. 182, 192
and 193, June 28, 1900, nos. 298 and 337 and July 2, 1900, no.
410. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, nos. 469, 470 and 488, July 7,
1900, nos. 505, 513 and 519, July 8, 1900, nos. 534, 536 and
544, July 9, 1900, no. 546 and July 13, 1900, no. 715. Red
lake, July 27, Ig00, nos. g10, g12 and 920, July 28, 1900, no.
942 and July 30, 1900, nos. 978, 987 and ggo.

11. Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck.

On cedars, frequent. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, nos. 515 and
520 and July 13, 1900, no. 7oI.

13. Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck. var. chalybeiformis Acu.

On pines and tamaracks, infrequent. Henning, June 28,
1900, no. 338. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 426, July 5, 1900,
no. 473, July 7, 1900, no. 512, July 8, 1900, no. 543 and July

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. , 685

12, 1900, no. 683. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 959 and July
30, 1900, no. 999.
14. Theloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Norm.

On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 6. Bemidji,
July 11, 1900, no. 619. Red lake, August 1, 1900, no. 1047.
15. Theloschistes polycarpus (Euru.) Tuck.

On trees, frequent. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, no. 35 and
June 20, 1900, no. 40. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 206.
Bemidji, July 5, 1900, nos. 468 and 489, July 11, 1900, no.
653 and July 12, 1900, no. 675. Thief River Falls, July 18,
1900, no. 786. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 926.

16. Theloschistes lychneus (Nyu.) Tuck.

On trees, abundant and rarely on rocks. Battle lake, June
19, 1900, no. 34. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 628 and 654.
Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 773 and July 20, 1900,
no. 842. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 884, July 28, 1900,
no. 964 and August 1, 1900, no. 1045.

17. Theloschistes concolor (Dicxs.) Tuck.

On trees, frequent. Battle lake, June 18, Ig00, no. 16a.
Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 265. Thief River Falls, July
Ig, 1900, no. 826. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 930.

18. Theloschistes concolor (Dicxs.) Tuck. var. effusa Tuck.
On trees, rare. Henning, June 25, 1900, NG. 275. /be-
midji, July 5, 1900, no. 460.
19. Parmelia crinita Acn.
On trees, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 691.
20. Parmelia tiliacea (Horrm.) FLkK.
In trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 16.
Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 208. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no.
449. Red lake, July 31, 1900, no. 1003.

21. Parmelia borreri TuRN.

On trees, frequent and rarely on rocks. Battle lake, June
20, 1900, no. 43 and June 21, 1900, no. 114. Leaf hills, June
27, 1900, nos. 281 and 286. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 647
and 658. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 824. Red
lake, July 26, 1900, nos. 891 and 893.

22. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr.
Common on trees and rare on rocks. Battle lake, June 21,

686 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

1900, no. 112. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 190 and June 30,
1900, no. 379. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 447, July 6, 1900,
no. 514, July 7, 1900, no. 521, July 10, 1900, no. 583, July 11,
1900, nos. 646 and 660. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no.
820 and July 23, 1900, no. 874. Red lake, July 26, 1900,
no. 891a and August 1, 1900, no. 1038.

23. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr. var. sulcata Nyv.

On trees and rocks, and more frequently on old logs, fre-
quent. Battle lake, June 22, 1900, no. 134. Bemidji, July
4, 1900, no. 525 and July 7, 1900, no. 525. Thief River Falls,
July 19, 1900, no. 813. Red lake, August 1, 1900, no. 1034
and August 2, 1900, no. 1049.

24. Parmelia physodes (L.) Acu.

On pines and tamarack, rare. Henning, June 28, 1900, no.
331. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 429 and July 7, 1900, no. 514.
Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 913 and August 3, 1900, no.
LO7I.

25. Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu.

On trees, frequent, and rarely on rocks. Battle lake, June
19, 1900, no. 31. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 243. Bemidji,
July 4, 1900, nos. 443 and 446 and July 7, 1900, no. 513.
Thief River Falls, July 20, 1900, no. 830. Red lake, July
26, 1900, no. 885, July 30, 1900, no. 991 and August 1, 1900,
10. 1020.

26. Parmelia olivacea (L.) Acu. var. aspidota Ac.

On trees, common locally. Leaf hills, July 2, 1900, no.
385.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

27. Parmelia conspurcata (ScHAER.) WAINIO.

On trees, locally common. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, nos.
672, 682 and 700.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

28. Parmelia caperata (L.) Acu.

Common on trees and rare on rocks. Battle lake, June 19,
1900, no. 26. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 195 and July 2,
1900, no. 409. Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no. 527 and July 11,
1900, no. 659. Thief River Falls, July 20, 1900, nos. 832,
833 and 841. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 898 and August
I, 1900, no. 1033.

Fink ; LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 687

29. Parmelia conspersa (EHRH.) AcH.
On granitic bowlders, rare. Bemidji, July 16, 1900, no. 745.
Thief River Falls, July 10, 1900, no. 832a.

30. Physcia speciosa (WuLF., Acu.) Nyt.
On bowlders and trees, rare. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos.
598 and 613.

31. Physcia hypoleuca (Muunt.) Tuck.
On trees, rare. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 484.

32. Physcia granulifera (Acu.) Tuck.
On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no. 115.

33. Physcia pulverulenta (ScureEB.) NyL.

On trees and rocks, frequent. Battle lake, June 18, no. 9.
Bemidji, July 9, 1900, no. 556 and July 11, 1900, nos. 618 and
657. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 777, and July 18,
1900, no. 793. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. goo, August 1,
1900, no. 1044 and August 2, 1900, no. 1051.

34. Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck.

Abundant on trees and rare on rocks. Battle lake, June 19,
1900, no. 23 and June 20, 1900, no. 93. Leaf hills, June 26,
1900, no. 245. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 445 and July 11,
1900, nos. 614 and 656. Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, nos.
708 and 803 and July 29, 1900, nos. 836 and 859. Red lake,
July 26, 1900, no. 886.

35. Physcia stellaris (L.) Tuck. var. apiola Nyt.

On rocks, rare. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 212 and Red

lake, August 1, 1900, no. 1029.

36. Physcia astroidea (Fr.) Nyt.

On rocks, once collected. Red lake, August 1, 1900, no.
1032.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

37. Physcia tribacia (Acu.) Tuck.

On pines, rare. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 627 and 661.
Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 917.

38. Physcia hispida (ScuresB., Fr.) Tuck.

On trees and rocks, rare. Henning, June 28, 1900, no. 335.
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 632 and 655. Thief River Falls,
July 18, 1900, nos. 781 and 791. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no.
972 and August 2, 1900, no. 1064.

688 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

e

39. Physcia cesia (Horrm.) Nyt.

On rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 154. Leaf
hills, June 26, 1900, nos. 203 and 239. Thief River Falls,
July 18, 1900, no. 787. Red lake, August 4, 1900, no. 1078.
40. Physcia obscura (EurRu.) Nyu.

On trees, common, and rarely on rocks. Battle lake, June
18, 1900, no. 4 and June 21, 1900, no. 121. Leaf hills, June
26, 1900, no. 211 and June 27, 1900, no. 270. Henning, June
29, 1900, no. 347 and June 30, 1900, no. 380. Bemidji, July
5, 1900, no. 461, July 11, 1900, no. 622 and July 12, 1900, no.
690. Thief River Falls, July 18, rg00, no. 782, July 19, 1900,
no. 828 and July 28, 1900, no. 952. Red lake, Aug. 1, 1900,
nos. 1027 and 1043 and Aug. 2, 1900, no. 1065.

41. Physcia adglutinata (FLK.) Nyt.
On trees, infrequent. Red Lake, Aug. 1, 1900, no. 1048.

42. Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Acu.

On cedars in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 14, 1900, no. 7247.
43. Nephroma levigatum Acu.

On old cedars, in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 14, 1900, no.
723:

44. Peltigera horizontalis (L.) Horrn.

On earth in woods, rare. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 645.
Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 752.

Spores occasionally more than four-celled and frequently
narrower than usual.

45. Peltigera refuscens (NEcK.) Horr.

On earth, rare or infrequent. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no.
118. Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 372. Thief: River ali
July 21, 1900, no. 862.

46. Peltigera canina (L.) Horrn.

On earth, common. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 14 and
June 20, 1900, no. 81. Henning, June 25; 1900, no. sree
Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 237: Thief River Falls, July
17, 1900, no. 751. Red lake, July 27,1900, 110. '933.

47. Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. spuria Acu.

On earth, frequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 69.
Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 223. Bemidji, July 9, 1900,
nos. 533 and 545. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 809.
Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. gog.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 689

48. Peltigera canina (L.) Horrm. var. sorediata SCHAER.

On earth, frequent. Battle lake, June 23, 1g00, no. 152.
Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 216. Bemidji, July 4, 1900,
no. 430, ihiet River Walls; July 17,, 1900, no...765.'»Red
lake, July 27, 1900, nos. 921 and 931.

49. Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. leucorrhiza Fux.

On earth in tamarack swamps, infrequent. Henning, June
25, 1900, no. 194 and June 29, 1900, no. 342. Bemidji, July
9, 1900, nos. 534 and 546. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 941.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

50. Heppia despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck.

On calcareous earth, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20,
To00, no. 57. ‘Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 232; June 27,
1900, no. 264 and July 2, 1900, no. 394. Thief River Falls,
July 17, 1900, no. 773.

51. Pannaria languinosa (AcH.) Kpr.

On mossy tree bases, rare. Henning, June 28, 1900, no.
300. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 458, July 9, 1900, no. 549
and July 11, 1900, no. 625. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1g00,
no. 763. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 946.

52. Pannaria petersii Tuck.

On calcareous pebbles, rare. Leaf hills, July 2, 1900, no.
399. With thallus nearly obsolete, the same condition occur-
ring occasionally in northern Iowa.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

53- Collema pycnocarpum Nyt.

On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, no. 33 and June
21, 1900, no. 110. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 467, July 11,
1900, no. 607, July 12, 1900, no. 686 and July 14, 1900, no.
724. Red lake, August 3, 1900, no. 1069.

54- Collema flaccidum Acu.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 155.
Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 351. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no.
668. :

55. Collema nigrescens (Hups.) Acn.

On trees, frequent. Henning, June 29, 1900, nos. 349 and
359. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 693. Red lake, August 3,
1900, no. 1074.

690 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

56. Collema ryssoleum Tuck.
On Populus, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 686.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

57. Collema pulposum (BERNH.) Nyt.

On earth, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 77. Leaf
hills, June 26, 1900, no. 207. Henning, June 29, 1900, no.
352. Léaf-hills, July. 2,.1900, no. 400, , Bemidji, Julygs.
1900, no. 477. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, nos. 769 and
779.

58. Collema crispum Dorr.
On earth, frequent. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 605.

59. Collema limosum Acu.

On earth, infrequent. Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no. 568,
July 11, 1900, no. 637 and July 14, 1900, no. 736.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

60. Leptogium lacerum (Sw.) Fr.
On earth, rare. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 287. Thief
River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 795.

61. Leptogium myochroum (EuruH., SCHAER.) TUCK.

On trees and rocks, rare.. Battle lake, June 21, 1900; no:
123 and June 23, 1900, no. 156. Henning, June 30, 1900, nos.
381 and 382. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 485 and July 173,
1900, no. 7IO.

62. Placodium elegans (Linx.) DC.

On granite and limestone, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
nos. 60 and 66. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 638. Thief River
Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 776.

63. Placodium murorum (Horrm.) DC.
On lime bowlders, rare. Thief River Falls, July 9, 1900,
no. 825. With deficient thallus.

64. Placodium cinnabarrinum (Acu.) ANz.
On granite rocks, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
nos. 45 and 50. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, nos. 276 and 282.

65. Placodium aurantiacum (LicuTr.) Narc. and Hepp.

On trees and granites, infrequent. Battle lake, June 19,
1900, no. 37. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 253. Bemidji,
July 11, 1900, no. 643. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 691

819 and July 21, 1900, no. 855. Some have very heavy

-thallus.

66. Placodium cerinum (Hrepw.) Narc. and Hepp.

On trees and granite rocks, frequent or infrequent. Battle
lake, June 18, 1900, no. 13, June 19, 1900, no. 30, June 20,
1900, no. 73 and June 23, 1900, no. 164. Henning, June 25,
1900, nos. 177 and 199. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 244
and June 27, 1900, nos. 267 and 271. Henning, June 28,
1900, no. 321. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 454, July 5, 1900,
nos. 459 and 465 and July 11, 1900, no. 644. Thief River
Falls, July 17, 1900, nos. 756 and 775, July 19, 1900, nos.
817, 818 and 823, July 20, 1900, no. 835 and July 21, 1900,
no. 861. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 883, July 28, 1900,
no. 953, July 30, 1900, no. 979, Aug. I, 1900, no. 1025 and
Aug. 2, 1900, no. 1061.

67. Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) Narc. and Hepp. var. sidiritis

Tuck.

On granite rocks, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
no. 68, and June 23, 1900, nos. 149 and 157. Leaf hills, June
27, I900, nos. 247 and 263. Red lake, July 31, 1900, no.
IOIl.

68. Placodium cerinum (HEpw.) Narc. and Hepp. var. pyracea
INYd:.
On pine logs, frequent. Red lake, July 30, 1900, no. 983.

69. Placodium ferrugineum (Hups.) Hepp.
On old pine, frequent. Bemidji, July 15, 1900, no. 705.
Red lake, July 30, 1900, no. 976.

70. Placodium vitellinum (Euru.) Nare. and Hepp.

On old wood and granite rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, no. 104. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 240 and June
27, 1900, no. 278, Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no. 559. Red
lake, July 28, 1900, no. 960 and July 30, 1900, no. 982.

71. Placodium vitellinum (Enru.) NArEGc. and Hepp. var.
aurellum Acu.
On trees and granite rocks, infrequent. Battle lake, June
20, 1900, no. 56. Leaf hills, June 26, rg00, no. 251a and June
27, 1900; no. 257. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 639.

692 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

72. Lecanora rubina (ViLL.) Ac.

On granitic rocks, infrequent or rare. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, nos. 46, 49 and 51. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 284.
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 594.

73. Lecanora muralis (SCHREB.) SCHAER.
On rocks, rare. Red lake, August I, 1900, no. 1030.

74. Lecanora muralis (SCHREB.) SCHAER. var. saxicola SCHAER.
On granitic rocks, locally frequent. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, no. 107. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 201.

75. Lecanora muralis (SCHREB.) SCHAER. var. versicolor FR.
On lime rocks, locally frequent. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, nos. 83, 97 and 102.

76. Lecanora pallida (ScHREB.) SCHAER.
On cedar in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 717.

77. Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acn.

On trees and rocks, common in last two localities only,
Battle lake, June 20, 1900, nos. 54 and 75. Henning, June
5; To00, no: 198.' ‘Leaf hills, June. 27, 1900, mos 2gee
Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 457, July 5, 1900, nos. 471 and 499
and July 11, 1900, no. 606. ‘Thief River Falls, July 20, 1900,
no. 839. Red lake, August 3, 1900, no. 1075.

No. 54 is a peculiar form on rocks with scant thallus. No.
606 has border of exciple much raised.

78. Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acu. var. argentata Acu.
On pines, rare. Red lake, August 3, 1900, no. 1066.

79. Lecanora subfusca (L.) Acu. var. coilocarpa Acu.
On pine logs, rare. Red lake, July 30, 1900, no. 993.

So. Lecanora variolascens Nyu.

On trees, common in Minnesota and Iowa, but usually sterile
and hence not determinable. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no.
76. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 358. Thief River Falls,
July 18, 1900, no. 800. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 975.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

81. Lecanora hageni Acu.
On: rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 109;
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 640.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 693

82. Lecanora varia (EHRH.) Nyu.

On trees, dead wood and rocks, infrequent. Battle lake,
June 23, 1900, nos. 136 and 139. Henning, June 25, 1g00,
no. 184. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 252. Henning, June
28, 1900, nos. 309 and 333. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, nos. 492,
498 and 500 and July 12, 1900, nos. 695 and 697. Thief River
Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 758 and July 18, 1900, nos. 784, 785
and 804. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. g19 and August 1,
1900, no. 1022.

83- Lecanora varia (EHRu.) Ny. var. polytropa Nyt.

On granitic rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no.
84. Thief River Falls, July 21, 1900, no. 864. Red lake,
July 27, 1900, no. gos.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

84. Lecanora varia (EuRH.) Ny. var. symmicta Acu.

On dead wood, rare but widely distributed. Battle lake,
June 23, 1900, nos. 138 and 142. Henning, June 28, 1900,
no. 336. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no. 545. Thief River Falls,
July 18, rg00, no. 806 and July 21, 1900, no. 867. Red lake,
July 28, 1900, nos. 954 and 966 and August 2, 1900, no. 1060.

85. Lecanora varia (EuHRuH.) NyL. var. sepincola FR.
On old wood, rare. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 150.
Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 957.

86. Lecanora pallescens (L.) ScHAER.
On trees in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 708.

87. Lecanora verrucosa (Acu.) Laur. var. mutabilis Tu. Fr.
On trees, rare. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 350. Bemidji,
July 11, 1900, no. 609, July 13, 1900, no. 713 and July 14, 1g00,
no. 735. Red lake, August 3, 1900, no. 1067.
Not previously reported from Minnesota, but confused with
Pertusaria letoplaca (Ach.) Schaer.

88. Lecanora cinerea (L.) SOMMERF.

On granitic bowlders, frequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
nos. 91, 99 and tor. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 233 and
June 27, 1900, nos. 249, 260 and 295. Bemidji, July 10, rg00,
no. 573, July 11, 1900, nos. 592 and 599 and July 14, 1900,
TO Near hey

694 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

8g. Lecanora calcarea (L.) SoMMERF. var. contorta FR.

On bowlders, especially calcareous, rare. Battle lake, June
20, 1900, nos. 48, 92 and 100. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no.
296.
go. Lecanora gibbosa (AcH.) NyL. var microspora A. ZAHLB.

On exposed granitic bowlders, frequent. Leaf hills, July 2,
1900, no. 388.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America. Synonymy uncertain.
gi. Lecanora cervina (PERs.) Nyt.

On granitic bowlders, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 26, 1goo0,
nos. 205 and 238, June 27, 1900, no. 251 and July 2, 1900, no.
397. Bemidji, July 16, 1900, no. 744.
g2. Lecanora fuscata (ScHRAD.) TH. FR.

On granitic bowlders, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, no. 80. Leaf hills, June 26, 1g00, no. 218 and June
27, 1900, no. 280. Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no. 560. Red
lake, July 27, 1900, no. 924.

93- Lecanora privigna (Acu.) Nyt.

On bowlders, especially calcareous, rare. Leaf hills, June
27, 1900, nos. 259, 288 and 292 and July 2, 1900, no. 393.
Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no. 584.

The last is a peculiar clustered form on granitic bowlders.
94. Lecanora privigna (Acu.) NyL. var. pruinosa Auct.

On calcareous bowlders, rare. Leaf hills, July 2, 1900, no.
404.
g5- Lecanora xanthophana Nyt.

On granitic bowlders, locally frequent on high hills. Battle
lake, June 20, 1900, no. 47 and June 23, 1900, no. 167.

96. Rinodina oreina (Acu.) Mass.

On granitic rocks, common in first locality. Battle lake,
June 20, 1900, nos. 90 and 106. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900,
no. 202. Thief River Falls, July 21, 1900, no. 665.9 ikea
lake, August 1, 1900, no. 1021.

97. Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Nyt.

On trees, old wood and rocks, common. Battle lake, June
18; 1900, no. 19, June 21; 1900, no. 119 and June’ 23,1900,
no. 162. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, nos. 222 and 231. Hen-

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 695

ning, June 28, 1900, no. 339. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, nos. 464
and 478, July 7, 1900, no. 529 and July 11, 1900, no. 651.
Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 808, July 19, Ig00, no.
811 and July 21, 1900, no. 847. Red lake, July 26, no. 888
and July 28, 1900, nos. 935 and 969.

Spores commonly smaller than Tuckerman’s measurements.
98. Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Nyw. var. atrocinerea Nyv.

On tamarack in swamps, rare. Bemidji, July 6, 1g00, nos.

538 and 547.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

99. Rinodina sophodes (Acu.) Nyv. var. exigua Fr.
On granitic rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no.
oa. Lear hills, June 26, 1900, no. ‘217.

100. Rinodina bischoffi (HEpp.) Ksr.

On calcareous rocks, rare. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no.
201.

101. Rinodina nigra sp. nov.

On granitic rocks, infrequent. Battle lake, June 23, 1goo0,
no. 146.

Thallus thin (12-22 mm.), indeterminate or subdeterminate,
tartareous-areolate, ecorticate; the areoles densely crowded,
angular, .5-1.25 mm. wide, dark slate color; upon a black
hypothallus, which also borders the thallus more or less; algal
cells globose, green (Cystococcus?), 8-14 mic. in diameter.
Apothecia minute, .25-.50 mic. in diameter, immersed in the
thallus, one, two or three in each areole; disk black, usually
somewhat depressed, circular, with an entire thalline exciple,
concolorous with the thallus; hymenium 75-90 mic. deep.
Spores brown, 2-celled, oblong and frequently somewhat con-
stricted at the septum, 9-15 mic. long and 5-8 mic. wide, 8 in
asci. Paraphyses distinct, slender, unbranched, colorless
throughout or brownish at tips. Asci 50-60 by 13-17 mic.

102. Pertusaria multipuncta (TuRN.) Nyv.

On trees, frequent. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 711 and
July 14, 1900, nos. 723, 725 and 726.
103. Pertusaria communis DC.

On trees in swamp, frequent. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, nos.
702 and 704.

696 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

104. Pertusaria pustulata (Acu.) Nyt.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 22, 1900, no. 129.
Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 361 and June 30, 1900, no. 383.
Bemidji, July 13, 1900, nos. 707 and 719.

105. Pertusaria finkii A. ZAHLB. in litt.

On trees, rare or infrequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1g00,
ho: 74, June 21,'7900, no. 113, and June 26, 1900; non maee
Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 366. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no.
480. Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 801. Red lake,
July 31, 1900, nos. 1014 and 101g.

Thallus white or whitish, thin (0.2-0.28 mm.), determinate or
subdeterminate, margin continuous, center unequal-verrucose
and rimose, ecorticate, medullary hyphz slender, algal cells
globose, green, 10-15 mic. in diameter, disposed in more or less
discrete clusters. Apothecia plentiful, clustered, immersed or
finally becoming open-lecanoroid, about 0.75 mm. in diameter,
irregular.or subrotund, fuscescent or blackish, flat, rough;
thalline margin persistent, thin, whitish, crenulate to sublacerate.
Hymenium 320-370 mic. deep. Epithecium rufescent or fus-
cescent. Paraphyses slender, somewhat conglutinate. Asci
elevate-saccate, containing 2 (rarely 1) spores, straight or some-
what curved, apex rounded and thickened, 170-190 mic. long
and 42-46 mic. wide. Spores oval, ellipsoid or oblong, occa-
sionally somewhat constricted along the sides, simple, colorless,
88-140 mic. long and 28-53 mic. wide, spore walls thick (g—
r2.imic:)).

106. Urceolaria scruposa (L.) Nyt.

On calcareous earth, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, nos.
52 and 96. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 255.

107. Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Fr.

On granitic bowlders, rare. Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no.
569 and July 16, 1900, no. 750. Red lake, August 4, 1900,
nos. 1079 and 1082.

108. Cladonia mitrula Tuck.

On earth, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 53. Hen-
ning, June 28, 1900, no. 308. Leaf hills, July 2, 1900, no. 402.
10g. Cladonia botrytes (Hac.) WILLD.

On coniferous stumps and logs, infrequent. Bemidji, July
4, 1900, no. 430 and July 6, 1900, no. 526. Thief River
Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 771. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no.
974-

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 697

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

110. Cladonia cariosa (AcH.) SPRENG.

On earth, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, nos. 226,
227 and 229. Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no. 503, July 10, 1900,
nos. 565 and 566 and July 16, 1900, no. 741. Red lake,
August 3, 1900, nos. 1075 and 1080.

111. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr.

On earth and old logs, frequent. Henning, June 25, 1900,
no. 180 and June 27, 1900, no. 255. Thief River Falls, July
17, 1900, no. 766. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 907.

112. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. neglecta (FLK.) Mass.
On old logs, frequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 12.
Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 757. Red lake, August
2.1900, No. 1055.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

113. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. chlorophea Fix.
On old stumps, infrequent. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no. 519.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

114. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. tubeformis Fr.

On old wood, common. Battle lake, June 20, Ig00, no.
78. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 185 and June 28, 1900, no.
306. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 438 and July 7, 1900, nos.
551 and 552.

115. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. simplex (Wers.) FLor.
On rotten wood, rare. Henning, July 2, I900, no 407.
Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no. 533. Apparently a synomym for
above according to Wainio, but specimens very different.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

116. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. subulata (L.) Warnto.
On earth in pine woods, infrequent. Bemidji, July 10, 1900,
no. 574. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 902.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

117. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. fibula Acu.

On earth usually under conifers, infrequent. Leaf hills,
June 26, 1900, no. 230. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, nos. 462, 504
and 509, July 9, 1900, no. 535 and July 10, 1900, nos. 564, 571
and 585. Red lake, August 3, 1900, no. 1076.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

698 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

118. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. var. apolepta (Acu.) Warnio.
On old wood, especially tamarack, frequent. Henning, June
28, 1900, no. 303. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no. 521. Thief River
Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 815.
Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

119. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) FLK. var. ceratodes (FLK.) Wainio.
On earth under pines, common. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no.
486. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. g50.
Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

120. Cladonia degenerans Fk.
On earth under pines, rare. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 510.

121. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyv.

On earth and old wood, frequent. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, ho. 79. Henning, June 28, 1900; nos. 31% and 310
Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 431. Red lake, July 30, 1g00, no.
987.

122. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyu. var. verticellata Fr.

On earth and old wood, frequent. Battle lake, June 18,
1900, no. 11. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, nos. 219, 220 and
223. Henning, June: 28, 1900, no. 320. Bemidji, July is.
1900, no. 572 and July 14, 1900, no. 732. Red lake, July
27, 1900, nos. 922 and 934a.

123. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. anthocephala Fix.

On old logs, usually coniferous, frequent. Henning, June
28, 1900, no. 314. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, nos. 524 and 528
and July 10, 1900, no. 582. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900,
no. 797. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 968.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

124. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Ny. var. hybrida ScHAER.

On earth and old logs, common. Henning, June 28, 1900,
nos. 302 atid .304. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 437, Julyaee
1900, nos. 507 and 508 and July 6, 1900, nos. 515 and 550.
Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 934.

125. Cladonia cenotea (AcH.) SCHAER.
On earth, rare. Bemidji, July 9, 1900, nos. 534 and 536.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 699

126. Cladonia squamosa Horr.

On old stumps in tamarack swamp, locally common. Be-
midji, July 6, 1900, no. 516.
127. Cladonia furcata (Hups.) FR.

On earth, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 684 and July
13, 1900, no. 720.

128. Cladonia furcata(Hups.) FR. var. scabriuscula( DEL.) CEon.
On earth or old logs, rare. Henning, July 2, 1900, no. 416.
Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 720.
Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

129. Cladonia furcata (Hups.) Fr. var. paradoxa WaAINIO.

On earth or old wood under conifers, frequent. Henning,
June 30, 1900, no. 371. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 432, July
6, 1900, no. 522, July 10, 1900, nos. 562, 570, 567, and 586
and July 12, 1900, no. 677. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 906.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

130. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horr.

On earth and logs, common under pines in second locality.
Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 181, June 28, 1900, no. 327 and
June 29, 1900, no. 340. Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 505, July
7, 1900, no. 509, July 10, 1900, no. 587 and July 14, 1900, nos.
4729 and 738. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 761. Red
lake, July 26, 1900, no. 903 and July 27, 1900, no. 923.

131. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horrn. var. sylvatica (L.) Ra-

BENH.

On earth under conifers, common. Bemidji, July 5, 1900,
nos. 503 and 511, July 6, 1900, no. 517 and July 14, 1900, no.
739. Red lake, July 27, 1900, nos. 908 and 915.

132. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horrm. var. alpestris L.

On earth, infrequent. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no. 517 and
July 14, 1900, no. 739. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. g15.
133. Cladonia uncialis (L.) Fr.

On earth in pine woods, rare. Bemidji, July 9, 1900, no.
538.

134. Cladonia deformis (L.) Horr.
On old logs, rare. Bemidji, July 14, 1900, no. 734.

700 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

135. Cladonia digitata (L.) Horr.

On tamarack log in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, no.
525:
136. Cladonia bacillaris Nyv.

On old logs under pines, infrequent. Bemidji, July 4, 1900,
no. 419 and July 9g, 1900, nos. 540 and 541.

Not previously reported from Minnesota, but included under
the next.

137. Cladonia macilenta (EnRuH.) Horr.
On old logs, infrequent. Bemidji, July 9, Ig00, no. 540.
Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 937.

138. Cladonia cristatella Tuck.

On old wood and earth, common. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, nos.’41 and 42. ‘Leaf hills, June. 26, 1900; no. 225%
Henning, June 28, 1900, nos. 422 and 433, July 7, 1900, no.
435, July 8, 1900, no. 474, July 9, 1900, nos. 537 and 549 and
July 10; 1900, no. 577. “Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900;7ma:
778. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 904 and July 28, 1900, no.
956.

139. Biatora decipiens (Euru.) Fr.

On calcareous earth, frequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
no. 59. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 275 and July 2, 1900,
NO. OL:

140. Biatora decipiens (Euru.) Fr. var. dealbata Tuck.

On earth, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 261 and
July 2, 1900, no. 392. :
141. Biatora viridescens (ScHRAD.) FR.

On tamarack logs in swamp, frequent. Bemidji, July 7,
1900, no. 528.

142. Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. ,
On mossy trees and on tamarack, infrequent. Bemidji, July

7, 1900, nos. 506, 508,527 and 537 and July 13, 1900, no. 718.
143. Biatora turgidula (Fr.) Nyu.
On elms, rare. Bemidji, July 9, 1900, no. 553.

144. Biatora leucophea (FLK.) Tuck.
On granite rocks, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no.
277-\ Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no.) 602... :-Thief (River) Balls

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 701

July 18, 1900, no. 792. Red lake, August 1, 1900, nos. 1031
and 1042.
145. Biatora uliginosa (ScuRAD.) FR.

On pine logs or earth under pines, infrequent. Bemidji,
July 4, 1900, no. 440, July 5, 1900, no. 487 and July g, 1900,
nos. 539 and 542. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 971, July 30,
1900, nos. 977 and Aug. 1, 1900, no. 1046.

146. Biatora myriocarpoides (NyL.) Tuck.

On old pine and granite, infrequent. Bemidji, July 4, 1900,
no. 424, July 10, 1900, no. 561 and July 16, 1900, nos. 743
and 749. Thief River Falls, July 20, 1g00, no. 840, July 21,
1900, no. 851 and July 23, 1900, nos. 870 and 873. Red lake,
July 28, 1900, nos. 959 and 967, July 30, 1900, no. 1002, Aug.
2, 1900, no 1058 and Aug. 4, 1900, no. 1077.

Part of the material here referred to has a colorless hypothe-
cium and will doubtless be referred elsewhere after further
study.

147. Biatora varians (Acu.) Tuck.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 1 and
yune 23, 1900, no. 163. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900,.no. 214.
Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 356. Thief River Falls, July 21,
1900, no. 860.

148. Biatora mixta Fr.

On poplars, frequent. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 434.
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 629. Thief River Falls, July 21,
1900, no. 854. Red lake, Aug. 2, 1900, no. 1062.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

149. Biatora mixta FR. var. atlantica Tuck.

On poplars, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 70.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to the in-
terior of North America.

150. Biatora atropurpurea (Mass.) Hepp.

On poplars, infrequent. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 455 and
July 9, 1900, no. 551, Thief River Falls, July 21, 1900, nos.
777 and 846.

151. Biatora prasina Fr. var. byssacea Tu. FR.

On old logs in swamps, rare. Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no.
520.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

702 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

152. Biatora glauco-nigrans Tuck.

On trees in low woods, infrequent. Henning, June 29, 1900,

no. 255.

153. Biatora spheroides (Dicxs.) Tuck.
On mossy bases, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 663.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

154. Biatora hypnophila (TuryN.) Tuck.

On mossy earth, rare. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 346
and June 30, 1900, no. 365. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 452,
July 5, 1900, no. 483, July 11, 1900, nos. 612 and 617 and July
14, 1900, no. 731. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 768
and July 23, 1900, no. 871. Red lake, July 30, 1900, no. 998
and July 31, 1900, no. 1008.

155. Biatora rubella (EHRH.) RABENH.

On elms, ashes, poplars, infrequent. Battle lake, June 20,
1900, no. 72. Henning, June 25, 1900, nos. 171, 172 and 173.
Bemidji, July 9, 1900, no. 554, July 11, 1900, no. 616, July 12,
1900, no. 681 and July 13, 1900, nos. 706 and 712. Thief
River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 783 and July 21, 1900, no. 868.
Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 892.

156. Biatora fusco-rubella (Horrm.) Tuck.

On trees, infrequent. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 345. Red
lake, July 28, 1900, no, 936, July 31, 1900, no. 1015 and Aug.
I, 1900, no. 1041.

157. Biatora suffusa FR.

On trees, rare. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 918.
158. Biatora atrogrisea (DELIs.) Hepp.

On trees, infrequent. Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 376.
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 596. Thief River Falls, July 21,
1900, no. 858.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

159. Biatora inundata Fr.

On pines and rocks, rare. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, nos.
65 and 103. Bemidji, July 10, 1900, no. 575. Red lake,
July 30, 1900, nos. 981 and 984 and July 31, 1900, no. 1040.
160. Biatora akompsa Tuck.

On trees, common. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 3.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to the in-
terior of North America.

~

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 703

161. Biatora muscorum (Sw.) Tuck.

On earth, frequent. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, nos. 24
and 36 and June 20, 1900, no. 98. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900,
no. 285.

162. Lecidea enteroleuca Fr.

On trees, common. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 7, June
20, 1900, nos. 38 and 61, June 22, 1900, no. 130 and June 23,
1900, nos. 151 and 165. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, nos. 250
and 274. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 341 and June 30, 1g00,
nos. 363 and 369. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 450, July 5, 1900,
nos. 466 and 475, July 11, 1900, no. 633 and July 12, Ig00,
nos. 674 and 688. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, nos. 759,
764 and 774, July 19, 1900, no. 812 and July 20, Igoo, no.
843. Red lake, July 27, 1900, nos. 928 and 932, July 28,
1900, nd. 962, July 31, 1900, nos. 1004 and 1020 and August
I, IgO00, no. 1026.

163. Lecidea enteroleuca Fr. var. achrista SOMMERF.
On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, no. 25.
Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 973 and July 31, 1900, no. 1009.

164. Lecidea enteroleuca FR. var. flavida Fr.

On tamarack stumps in swamps, rare. Bemidji, July 11,
1900, no. 610. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 949.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

165. Lecidea enteroleuca Fr. var. ambigua ANz.

On old wood, rare. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 143.
Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 200. Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no.
518. Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 807.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

166. Lecidea acclinis FLor.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no. 120.
Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 810 and July 21, Igo0,
no. 844.

167. Lecidea sp.

On dead tamaracks in swamp, rare. Henning, June 25,
1900, no. 178. Thallus grayish and evanescent, apothecia
medium sized; hymenium pale; exciple and hypothecium
brownish black ; paraphyses distinct, colorless, filiform, brown-
tipped; spores oblong, colorless, 4-celled, straight or slightly
curved, 13-16 mic. long by 3%4-5 mic. wide.

704 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

168. Buellia alboatra (Horrm.) Tu. FR.

On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no. 117 and
June 25, 1900, no. 158. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 679 and
687. Thief River Falls, July 23, 1900, no. 872. Red lake,
July 27, 1900, no. 965.

169. Buellia parasema (Acu.) Tu. FR.

On trees, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, no. 272.
Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 434, July 7, 1900, nos. 510, 511 and
542 and July 12, 1900, nos. 662 and 696. Thief River Falls,
July 20, 1900, no. 831. Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 939,
July 30, 1900, no. 939 and August 2, 1900, no. 1056.

170. Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mupp.
On pines, rare. Battle lake, June 19, 1900, no. 23. Bemidji,
July 5, 1900, no. 488. Red lake, August 2, 1900, no. 1059.

171. Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mupp. var. polyspora WILLEY.
On cedar in swamps, rare. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 714.

172. Buellia pullata Tuck. ?

On granitic rocks, infrequent. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900,
no. 241. .

Spores 9-14 mic. long by 6-7.5 mic. wide, and thallus
scanty.
173. Buellia petrea (FLor., Ker.) Tuck.

On exposed granitic rocks, locally frequent. Battle lake,
June 23, 1900, no. 158. Leaf hills, July 2, 1900, no. 386.

174. Buellia petrea (FLor., Ksr.) Tuck. var. montagnei
Tuer:
On exposed granitic rocks, locally common. Battle lake,
June 20, 1900, no. 62 and June 23, 1900, no. 169. Leaf hills,
June 27, 1900, nos. 283 and 294 and July 2, 1g00, no. 396.

175. Melaspilea arthonioides (FEE) Nyt.

On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no. 122 and
June 22, 1900, no. 133. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 604. Thief
River Falls, July 21, 1900, no. 849.

Not previonsly reported from Minnesota.

176. Opegrapha varia (PERs.) FR.

On trees, common. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, nos. 15 and
17 and June 19, 1900, nos. 29 and 32. Henning, June 25, 1900,
no. 176 and June 30, 1900, no. 362. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no.

a

—

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 705

448. Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, nos. 779 and 790. Red
lake, July 26, 1900, nos. 881 and 894 and August 1, 1g00,
no. 1040.

177. Graphis scripta (L.) Acu.

On trees, frequent, Battle lake, June 22, Ig00, no. 124.
Henning, June 24, 1900, no. 179. Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no.
453, July 11, 1900, nos. 603 and 648. Red lake, July 26,
1900, no. 880 and July 30, 1900, nos. 995 and 997.

178. Graphis scripta (L.) Acu. var. limitata Acu.

On trees, rare. Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 367. Bemidji,
July 12, 1900, no. 667.

179. Graphis scripta (L.) Acu. var. recta (Hums.) Nyt.

On trees, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 664 and July 14,
1900, no. 728. Red lake, August 1, 1900, no. 1037.

180. Arthonia lecideella Nyt.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 5 and
June 23, 1900, no. 161. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 242.
Bemidji, July 4, 1900, no. 456, July 5, 1900, nos. 463 and 481
and July 9, 1900, no. §52. Thief River Falls, July 20, 1g00,
no. 837 and July 21, 1900, no. 856. Red lake, July 31, 1900,
Ho. LOT.

181. Arthonia patellulata Ny.
On elms, rare. Bemidji, July 12, 1900, no. 699.

182. Arthonia dispersa (ScHRAD.) Nyt.

On trees, probably common. Battle lake, June 20, 1900,
nos. 44 and 67, June 22, 1900, no. 131 and June 23, 1900, no.
160. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 183. Red lake, July 26,
1900, nos. 895 and 899, July 28, 1900, no. 958 and August 2,
1900, no. 1057.

183. Arthonia sp.

On trees, rare. Leaf hills, June 26, 1900, no. 213. Spores
4-celled in pyriform asci, 18-21 mic. long by 6-7 mic. wide.
Apothecia differently disposed than in the next.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

184. Arthonia radiata (PerRs.) Tu. FR.

On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 21, 1900, no. 116 and
June 22, 1900, no. 135. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 360.
Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 889 and July 31, 1900, nos. 1005
and 1017.

706 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

185. Acolium tigillare (Acu.) DN.
An old wood, rare. Battle lake, June 23, 1900, no. 137.
Bemidji, July 5, 1900, no. 497 and July 6, 1900, no. 530.

186. Calicium lucidum (Tu. Fr.) Fink.

On pines, tamaracks and dead wood, rare. Henning, July
2, 1900, no. 413. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, nos. 530 and 539 and
July 11, 1900, no. 595. Red lake, July 30, 1900, no. 994 and
August 3, 1900, no. 1072.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

187. Calicium trichiale Acu. var. cinereum Nyt.

On living and dead wood in swamps, rare. Henning, June
28, 1900, nos. 301 and 334. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no. 709.
Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. gor and July 28, 1900, no. 938.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to the in-
terior of North America.

188. Calicium chrysocephalum Acn.

On cedars in swamp, rare. Bemidji, July 6, 1900, nos. 507
and 535.

189. Calicium trachelinum Acn.

On old wood in tamarack swamp, locally common. Henning,
June 28, 1900, no. 325 and July 2, 1900, no. 406.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

190. Calicium polyporeum Nyt.

On Polyporus versicolor, rare. Bemidji, July 14, 1900, no.
4736. Thief River Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 823. Red lake,
July 28, 1900, no. 955.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

191. Calicium sp.

On dead wood, especially in swamps, rare. Battle lake,
June, 23, I900, no. 159. Henning, June. 30, 1900, no. gga.
Bemidji, July 7, 1900, no. 524 and July 12, 1900, no. 692.

Spores simple and compound. Referred to C. guercinum
Pers. in no. IV. of this series of papers.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

192. Calicium curtum TurRN. and Borr. ?

On old stumps of conifers, especially in swamps, frequent.
Henning, June 28, 1900, no. 317. Red lake, July 27, 1900,
no. g11 and August 2, 1900, no. 1063.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 707

Apothecia are large for the species and not pruinose at
margin.
Not previously reported from Minnesota.

- 193. Calicium trabinellum (ScHArEr.) Kpr.

On old stumps of conifers, common at first locality. Henning,
June 28, 1900, no. 310. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 631.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to the in-
terior of North America.

194. Calicium parietinum Acu.

On dead stumps of conifers, common especially in swamps.
Henning, June 28, 1900, nos. 299 and 316. Bemidji, July 7,
1900, no. 523 and July 12, 1900, no. 678. Thief River Falls,
July 21, 1900, no. 866. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 916 and
August I, 1900, no. 1035.

195. Calicium pusillum FLK.

On dead tamarack in swamps, rare. Henning, June 25,
1900, no. 196.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and new to North
America.

196. Calicium turbinatum PErs.

On Pertusaria communis, rare. Bemidji, July 13, 1900, no.
703:

197. Coniocybe pallida (PErs.) FR.

On elms, infrequent. Henning, June 30, 1900, no. 368.
Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 630 and July 13, no. 708. Thief
River Falls, July 19, 1900, no. 716. Red lake, July 31, 1900,
no. 1007.

198. Endocarpon fluviatile DC.
On rocks by water, infrequent. Red lake, August 2, 1900,
no. 1052.

199. Endocarpon hepaticum Acu.

On earth, usually calcareous, abundant at second locality.
Battle lake, June 20, 1900, no. 95. Leaf hills, June 27, Ig00,
nos. 256 and 273 and July 2, 1900, nos. 389 and 398. Bemidji,
July 16, 1900, no. 742.

200. Endocarpon pusillum Hepw.

On calcareous pebbles, locally frequent. Leaf hills, June
27, 1900, no. 258 and July 2, 1900, no. 398.

708 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

201. Staurothele umbrina Waunt.)Tuck. var. colpima(WHNBL.),

NYyL.

On granitic rocks in damp places and usually near water,
locally common. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 593, 636, 641
and 642.

This plant was recorded in no. IV. of this series of papers
and also in no. V. as SS. drummondiz Tuck. However, it
agrees more nearly with European specimens of the present
variety.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

202. Verrucaria nigrescens PERs.

On rocks, frequent. Battle lake, June 20, 1900, nos. 86
and 87 and June 23, 1900, nos. 144 and 168. Leaf hills, July
2, 1900, nos. 387 and 403. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900.
no. 754. Red lake, July 27, 1900, no. 929 and July 28, 1900,
no. 947.

203. Verrucaria viridula Acu.

On rocks along lake, common. Red lake, July 28, 1900,
no. 943.

Not previously reported from Minnesota.

204. Verrucaria muralis Acu.

On rocks, especially calcareous, infrequent. Battle lake,
June 23, 1900, no. 166. Leaf hills, June 27, 1900, nos. 289
and 293 and July 2, 1900, no. 404. Red lake, July 28, 1900,
no. 940.

205. Verrucaria fuscella Fr.

On calcareous drift pebbles, frequent. Leaf hills, June 27,
1900, nos. 262 and 297.

A peculiar form.

206. Verrucaria conoidea Fr.

On lime pebbles, rare. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 626.

Not previously reported from Minnesota and probably new to
North America.

207. Lagedia oxyspora (Nyu.) Tuck.

On birch trees, probably abundant. Henning, June 25, 1900,
no. 189. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, no. 608 and July 12, 1900,
no. 671.

208. Pyrenula punctiformis (AcH.) Nake.
On trees, rare. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. 18.

Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 709

209. Pyrenula punctiformis (Acu.) Nac. var. fallax Nyv.

On birch trees, common. Henning, June 25, 1900, no. 170
and June 29, 1900, no. 353. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 601
and 624 and July 12, 1900, no. 670. Red lake, August 1, 1900,
no. 1036.

The more I see of this plant, the more likely it seems that it
will finally have to be separated entirely from this species.

210. Pyrenula gemmata (Acu.) Nake.
On trees, rare. Thief River Falls, July 18, 1900, no. 798.

211. Pyrenula hyalospora (Nyu.) Tuck.
On trees, locally frequent. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no.
887.

212. Pyrenula cinerella (FLor.) Tuck.
On birch, locally common. Henning, June 29, I900, no.
348.
213. Pyrenula cinerella (FLor.) Tuck. var. quadriloculata
FINK.
On birch, common. Bemidji, July 11, 1900, nos. 600 and
632. Red lake, July 26, 1900, no. 897.

214. Pyrenula leucoplaca (WAHL.) Kpr.

On trees, especially poplars, common. Leaf hills, June 27,
1900, nos. 268 and 269. Henning, June 29, 1900, no. 344.
Bemidji, July 9, 1900, no. 555, July 11, 1900, no. 611 and July
12, 1900, no. 676. Thief River Falls, July 17, 1900, no. 767,
July 18, 1900, nos. 789 and 802 and July 19, 1900, no. 821.
Red lake, July 28, 1900, no. 961.

215. Pyrenula leucoplaca (WaAHL.) Kpr. var. pluriloculata var.
nov.

On trees, infrequent. Battle lake, June 18, 1900, no. Io
and June 21, 1900, no. 111. Henning, June 29, 1900, no.
Bor eemidyi, July 11, 1900, no. 597. Thief River-Falls,
July 18, 1900, no. 799 and July 19, 1900, no. 829. Red lake,
August 3, 1900, no. 1073.

Spores 5—8-celled.

XL. CORALLINZZ VER OF PORT RENFREW.

K. Yenvo, /tigakushi,

SCIENCE COLLEGE, IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY, TOKYO.

I had the opportunity of studying seaweeds during the sum-
mer of 1901, at the Minnesota Seaside Station at Port Ren-
frew, Vancouver Island, B. C. The vicinity of the laboratory
is extremely rich in marine life and afforded a good number
of examples. I paid special attention to calcareous alge, in
which branch I have been deeply interested. Returning with
the specimens to the Botanical Institute of the University of
Tokyo, I carefully examined the Coralline (vere) and pre-
pared the present paper. Other specimens belonging to the
subfamily Melobesiz have been sent to Mr. M. Foslie, of Nor-
way; his paper should also appear in a short time.

The material was partly dried and partly preserved in alco-
hol, the accompanying photographs being taken from the latter.
The sections were made from alcoholic material by microtome,
after decalcifying in Pereny’s fluid. Amphiroa tuberculosa and
a few other thick plants were not satisfactorily decalcified by
the solution and the author found the following mixture specially
suited for the purpose:

ydrachionic acid. 5 per cent... 22". < 40 c.cm.
Paleolials: AWSOMUG 2 om Sus assayed ale ox no oars 20 6.0m
Guromic, acia,, 0.5 per .cemt.. sc). )./:' ss - BOL eh:

The sections were stained after my usual method. One
brings down the sections to pure water, and stains with Boemer’s
haematoxylin for 20-40 minutes ; treat with acetic acid if neces-
sary, and then dip in fuchsin (0.3 gr. in 100 c.cm. of 50 per
cent. alcohol for one hour; go per cent. alcohol, abs. alcohol,
xylol, balsam. The spores and spore-forming cells stain in red
and the cell-walls of the vegetative cells in purple.

711

pale, MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The author expresses his deepest thanks to Professor Conway
MacMillan and Miss J. E. Tilden, who cared for him very
kindly in every way during his stay at their private station; and
to Professor J. Matsumura, of Tokyo, who offered many valu-
able suggestions on this work.

SyNOPTICAL Kry oF CORALLINZ ENUMERATED IN THE
PRESENT PAPER.

A. Conceptacles wart-like protuberances, on a surface of an articulus.
o. Branches not pinnated.

a. Articuli cylindrical.....Amphiroa cretacea {. tasmanica.

&. Articuli of the upper and the middle portions cylindri-
cal, subcompressed or compressed.

Amphiroa tuberculosa.

c. Articuli of the upper and middle portions approximate,
with depressed wings........ Chetlosporum californicum.

oo. Branches pinnated.

a. With short and thick stipes; upper articuli of the
branches cordate or sagittate with round lobes; external
margins of the ultimate articuli thick.

Chetlosporum frondescens.

6. With long and thin stipes; upper articuli of the branches
sagittate with acute lobes; external margins of the ulti-
mate articuli thin............... Checlosporum plantusculum.

c. With long and thick stipes; articuli of the axial branches
hexagonal, without evident rib; conceptacles sometimes
stallkedits fom catih cn sictcnemec terre Chetlosporum MacMillant

B. Conceptacles stalked, taking place of segments.
o. Branches regularly pinnated, flabellate.
Corallina officinalis var. chilensis.
oo. Branches irregularly pinnated, several pinnules around the
top of an articulus.

a. Pinnules not confusedly ramous.

Corallina vancouveriensts.

4. Pinnules confusedly ramous and prickly.

Corallina aculeata.

HABITAT OF CORALLINZ AT PorT RENFREW.

The coast near the Minnesota Seaside Station chiefly consists
of sandstone beds spreading horizontally. The beds are coy-
ered with water at high tide, and drained at low tide, leaving
a good number of pools. The Coralline are mostly found

iis

Yendo : CORALLINAE VER. 713

between the tidal marks as well as in the pools. Amphiroa
tuberculosa and Amp. cretacea f. tasmanica are found at the
depth of 2-5 ft. below the low-water mark or the surface of the
pools: the former species assumes very diverse forms when it
is found at the margins of the pools, or between tidal marks.
So also do Corallina officinalis var. chilensis, and Chetlosporum
MacMillanz; but the latter two are not infrequently found in
more shallow water. Cor. vancouvertensis and its variety, on
the contrary, are in most cases found at the margins of the
pools, and in the region a little above the low-tide mark. They
are also found epiphytic on the shells of Mya which cover the
enormous area of the drained beds, thus making it easy to col-
lect the entire bunch of the plants. Chel. frondescens is also
found in similar positions. Chezl. plantusculum is also an in-
habitant of the pools, but slightly below the margins. When
it grew above the water mark the frond is mostly stunted, appar-
ently forming a granular mass. In the tide pools high above
the water-level Cor. aculeata is generally found; water in such
pools is mostly brackish, at least during the ebb tide hours ; and
the plant seemed to be able to adapt itself to it. This might be
the probable cause why the ultimate articuli of the branches of
this species are insufficiently calcified. Nevertheless, Cor. van-
couveriensis, Cherl. californicum, Cheil. planiusculum, etc., may
also be found in these brackish pools without any apparent modi-
fication in the characters of their fronds. Briefly speaking, Cor.
vancouvertensts is an inhabitant of the shallowest water, and
Amp. tuberculosa, as it were, of the deepest. The latter view
may be corroborated by the fact that we often find the frag-
ments of Amp. tuberculosa growing attached to the holdfast of
NVereocystis Liitkeana hauled up out of water 20-50 feet deep.

Cor. pilulifera and its varieties which are abundantly found
in Kamtchatka and in the northern part of Japan could not be
found at Port Renfrew. Their places seem to be taken by
Cor. vancouveriensis and Chel. planiusculum. The habitat
of these is much like that of the typical form of Cor. oficinalis
or Cor. squamata.

Cheil. frondescens which was described by Ruprecht* col-
lected in Unalaska is common at this coast. Areschoug + re-

* Post. et Rupr.: Illustr. alg., p. 20.
f Aresch.: in J. Ag. Spec. alg., IL, p. 549.

714 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

marked Ruprecht’s plant to be probably a dwarfed form. This
remark is true so far as my determination is correct; our plant
is little larger than Ruprecht’s f. maxima mzhi being twice or
more as large as his plant.

No specimens of ,/anza could be found. The water at Port

Renfrew seems to be too cold to admit any member of this —

group. We are able to give only one datum here: the tem-
perature of the water % ft. below the surface of a tidal pool,
10°.4 C.; 1 ft. below the surface of open sea 10°.2 C.; Atm.
temp. 17°.55 C.

CoORALLINZ VERZ OF PorT RENFREW.

1. Amphiroa cretacea Endl. f.tasmanica(Sond.). Pl. LI.,Fig.1.

= Amphiroa tasmanica Sond. in Plant Mill.(Linnea, XXV.).

2d: in Mill. Frag. Phyt. Austr. Suppl.
Rite Tap. Phyc., Ville Watoay, Hig-crs:

The plant found at Port Renfrew is identical with the Tas-
manian form and not with Amp. cretacea, which was collected
in Unalaska by Ruprecht. As has been already remarked by
Kiitzing (7. c., p. 23), Amp. tasmanica Sond. is quite similar to
Amp. cretacea Endl. and it might better be reduced as above.

Not rare: 2-5 ft. below low-water mark, also in pools.

2. Amphiroa tuberculosa Endl. Pl. LI., Fig. 2; Pl. LVI., Figs.
I and 2.
Aresehs im JoAp: Spec. Alg.,:11.; p.n538-
Harv: Ner. Bor. Am., p. 86.
= Corallina tuberculosa Post. et Rupr. Ill., p. 20, t. go.
Kiitz's) spec: alg, p74.
?= Amphiroa (Arthrocardia) epiphlegnoides J. Ag. in Har-
vey’s Notes on N.W. Am. Alg.(Journ. of Linn. Soc.,VI., p. 169).
= Amphiroa californica in Prov. Museum at Victoria, B. C.
Judging by the figure delineated by Postels and Ruprecht
(2. c.) our plant may be readily referred to the present species.
It attains to 3-5 inches in its height with subdichotomous or
lateral patent branches. The articuli are extremely variable in
their form: those of the basal portion are invariably subcylin-
drical; those of the upper and the middle portions, cordate or
sagittate, sometimes cylindrical or clavate; the cordate or sagit-
tate articuli are more or less compressed and generally with
subevident rib on the shaded surface: the terminal articuli are

oor

Yendo: CORALLINZ VER. 715

normally subcompressed obovate but sometimes globular or
linear. The conceptacles are slightly bulged out, two to several,
mostly immersed in the shaded side of a cordate articulus.
Geniculi linezeform.

A branch is often simple with homogeneous cylindrical ar-
ticuli. Plants with lots of this sort of branch are likely to be
confounded with Amp. cretacea Endl. or the preceding forma.
But the occurrence of the cordate articuli is the character upon
which to separate the present species. Amp. epiphlegnoides
seems to me quite similar to this plant. I mention it here as a
synonym, however, with doubt, as I have not seen any authentic
specimen of Agardh’s plant.

Common: 2-5 ft. below low water mark, not seldom found,
several fathoms deep.

3. Cheilosporum californicum (Dcne.). Pl. LIV., Fig. 2; Pl.

Vie; Pig. 3:

Frond 3-5 cm. alta, stipitata, irregulariter di-trichotome ra-
mosa: articulis stipitis cylindraceis diametro sesqui- 2- plo
longioribus sursum latioribus et compressis ; ramorum approxi-
matis, adpressis mediis costatis, obreniformibus vel sagittatis
lobis rotundis, longitudine inter genicula distantiam loborum
4-plo brevioribus ; apicalium obovatis compressis : conceptaculis
hemisphericalibus binis vel quatuor in utraque facie articuli
instructis.

Amphiroa californica Dene., Class f. d. Alg. et Cov., p. 112.

Putz; spec. Als. 'p.' 70x.
mrescn: ini}, Ag.opec: Ales; Tiki 'p. 542.
Harv: Ner. Bor. Americ, p. 86.

As the original description of this plant was given somewhat
briefly, a few other species have been mistakenly identified with
it; and Areschoug counted it under the ‘species inquirendae”
(7. c.). We have a specimen of Amp. californica Dene., col-
lected at Oregon and determined by Dr. Farlow. Our plant is
exactly similar to this specimen and at once accords very well
with Decaisne’s description.

Not rare: low-water mark, also in tide pools.

4. Cheilosporum frondescens (Post. et Rupr.), f. typica. PI.
mM Pipe? ; Pil. LVI., Figs:'4,°5 and’ s.
Corallina frondescens Post. et Rupr., Ill. p. 20, t. XL., f. 103.

716 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Arthrocardia ? frondescens (Post. et Rupr.) Aresch. in J. Ag.
Spec. cule, ll, sp o540,

i maxima, tf. nov. “Pl: LIL, Pig. 3.

Fronde majore et crassiore ; articulis pinnarum lobis latissimis
saepe crenulatis, apicalium compressis obovatis vel spatulatis.

f. intermedia, ¢. nov. jPl asi, Pie. 2:
Fronde tenuiore; articulis pinnarum compressis deltoideo-
obcordatis lobis nonnunquam acutis.

f. polymorpha, f. nov.. Pl. LI.,'Fig.4; Pl. LVL, Pigsaie
6a and 7.

Fronde minore; crassiuscula, polymorpha: tum articulis pin-
narum obcordatis, obreniformibus vel sagittatis, apicalium obo-
vatis vel globosis; tum articulis pinnarum axiumque cylindra-
ceis, linearibus vel globosis.

Ruprecht’s illustrations and description 7. c. precisely coincide
with f. tyfzca. Areschoug remarked in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. Z. c.
that the original plant might have been a tiny form of the spe-
cies. We have at Port Renfrew plants often attaining to several
centimeters in height.

f. ¢ypica is a densely cespitose plant, irregularly pinnated ;
the lowermost pinnz attain to the length of the main stem, and
thus give the appearance of trichotomy. The articuli are com-
pactly arranged, the lower margin of an articulus in contact
with the upper margin of the subsequent one. Conceptacles
are mostly found two to four in number and placed on the
shaded surface, often, however, solitarily immersed at the
angles of a deltoid articulus.

f. max7ma is distinguished from the other forme by its large
and compressed articuli at the upper portion of the branches.
These articuli measure 2-5 mm. broad, 1.5-2 mm. long and
are often cleft at their lobes. The branches are not so dense as
in f. ¢ypzca.

f. zntermedza is characterized by having the upper portions of
the fronds revoluted downwards while it is yet young. The
articuli are rather less wide than those of f. ¢yfzca and in every
partthin. The lobes of the articuli are angled and consequently
more loosely arranged.

f. polymorpha attains to a length of scarcely one inch and
has its articuli thick and rough. Its form is very variable, some-
times assuming quite an aberrant appearance (Pl. LVI., Fig. 6,

Yendo: CORALLINZ VER. Th

6a) so that we could not suppose it to belong to this species,
had it not been provided with some normal branches in a portion
of the frond (Pl. LII., Fig. 4).

Although I distinguish these four forme, intermediate forms
between them are naturally met with. Especially f. zxtermedia
and f. polymorpha are likely to be confounded with the abnormal
forms of Chezl. planiusculum. In this case the external thick
margin of the apical articuli and the robust stipes are the impor-
tant characters of this species to separate it from the latter. The
apical articuli of Chezl. planiusculum are mostly thin and com-
pressed, and the stipes are delicate filiform. Nevertheless, it
would not be an unreasonable supposition that the hybrid between
Chel. frondescens and Cheil. planiusculum may occur in nature.

Common: between tide marks, also in pools.

5. Cheilosporum planiusculum (Kiitz.). Pl. LIII., Figs. 1-3;

Ele VIL, Figs. 9 and ro.

Fronde dense czspitosa suberecta, 3-7 cm. alta, superne com-
planata, bi-tripinnata; articulis axium inferioribus tenuioribus
cylindraceis mediis superioribusque compressis late triangulari-
bus subcostatis, pinnarum sagittatis lobis acutis spe cordatis,
pinnularum ancipitibus lanceolatis vel linearibus, ultimis obo-
vatis compressis; geniculus brevissimis; conceptaculis hemi-
spheericalibus, 2—5 in articulo instructio.

Corallina planiuscula Kiitz., Tab. Phyc., VIII., p. 31, taf.

Ba, fis: 3.

The present plant is extremely variable in the shape of its
articuli, and sharp definition is hard to give. Kiitzing counted
four forme in the original description (7. c.) though I could not
find any form referable to /. /ac¢nzata. The other three forme
may be found mixed together in one bunch of the plant, often
branches of different forms occurring in one individual. In an
extreme instance, especially in a plant growing at high-tide
mark, the frond becomes a moniliform filament with a few
articuli of the normal shape (Plate LII., Fig. 3). Generally
speaking, the articuli of the upper and middle portions are
sagittate, with lobes thin, delicate and sharp at the upper angles,
and with evident ribs at the middle; the pinnules are thin,
spatulate or lanceolate. As the consequence, an articulus is
not approximate with its adjacent ones as in Chedl. frondescens

f£. ¢ypeca (comp. Pl. LVI., Fig. 4, and Pl. LVI., Fig. 10).

718 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

The delicate moniliform stipes, and the thin external margin
of the apical articuli are the important characters of this spe-
cies to distinguish it from the preceding species.

Comparatively common; low tide mark, also in pools.

6. Cheilosporum MacMillani sp. nov. Plate LII., Figs. 4 and 5;

Pl. LVI., Figs. 11-14.

Fronde crassa nudusculo-stipitata, 4-10 cm. alta, inferne sub-
teretibus superne flabellata bi-tripinnata; pinnis pinnulisque
creberrimis erecto-patentibus sursum sensim brevioribus: articu-
lis stipitum cylindraceis diametrum subzquantibus, mediis et
superioribus compressis medio ventro elevatis, hexagonis vel
cuneato-deltoideis diametro sesquibrevioribus, pinnarum anci-
pitibus lineari-sagittatis vel lanceolatis, ultimio ellipsoideis
szepe incrassatis; conceptaculis verruceformibus in utraque
facie instructis vel subcompressis in apicibus pinnularum im-
mersis, nonnunquam pyriformibus pedunculatis.

This plant has its articuli of the upper part of the main
branches more highly elevated on the ventral side than on the
dorsal. The articuli of the lower portion are thick and monili-
form, gently compressed upwards: in the upper and middle
portion they become hexagonal or truncated, shorter than the
breadth.

According to the description* of Amphiroa wardi Harv. and
Amp. mallardie Harv., the present species has some common
characters with them so that I hesitated for a time to name it as
a new species. But the attachment of the conceptacles of our
plant is rather peculiar, only one similar example being hitherto
known in Chezl. maximum.+ The eramiferous articuli of the
pinne of ours are lineari-sagittate with lobes projected upwards ;
and the articuli of the upper portions of the main branches are
hexagonal, much broader than the height. These various char-
acters may easily distinguish ours from Harvey’s plants. Not
common; low-tide mark.

e
7. Corallina officinalis var. chilensis Kitz. Pl. LIV., Fig. 1;
be Fe BF ea a
Fronde erecta, 5-10 cm. alta, inferne teretiuscula, superne
flabellata bi-tripinnata: articulis inferioribus compressiusculis,

* Harvey: Nereis Austr., p. 99.
+ Yendo: Cor. verae Japan. (Journ. of Sci. Coll. Tokyo, vol. XVI., art. III.)

a at ii

Yendo: CORALLINA VER. 719

mediis superioribusque oblongo-cuneatis compressis, pinnarum
sterilium linearibus vel lanceolatis ancipitibus, ultimis compres-
sis obovatis; conceptaculio pedunculatis subcompressis spe
corniculatis. Color rubro-violaceus.

Corallina officinalis chilensts Kiitz., Tab. phyc., VIII., p. 32,

tay. 00, Fig. 7.
Cor. oficinalis L. f. 0 Yendo. Cor. vere Japan., Pl. VII.,
Fig. 13 (Journ. Sc. Coll. Tokyo, Vol. XVI.).

The sterile specimens of this variety have been collected at
Hakodate, a port in the northern part of Japan. As they lacked
the conceptacle I was not able to satisfactorily determine the
species and included them under the Cor. officinalis L. The
specimens collected at Port Renfrew are fortunately fertile and
accord very well with the description and figures of Kiitzing’s
Tab. Phyc. and at the same time correspond with the Hakodate
specimens.

As I before noted (/. c.), this plant is a somewhat variable
form to be counted under the species Cor. officinalis L.

Not very common; low-water mark, also in pools at the depth
of 2-3 ft. below the surface.

8. Corallina vancouveriensis sp. nov. Pl. LIV., Fig. 3; Pl.

PV., Figs. 1 and 2; Pl. LVI., Figs. 16-17.

Fronde 5-15 cm. alta, multicipite, longe stipitata, ramis bi-tri-
pinnatis, spe pinnulis ex apice articuli egredientibus; articulis
infinis globosis, mediis superioribusque subclavatis diametro
zqualibus vel 2-plo longioribus tereti-compressis, ultimis obo-
vatis subcompressis ; articulis pinnarum cylindraceis linearibus
vel alato-projectis digitatis ; conceptaculis globosis vel pyriform-
ibus stipitatis, sepe corniculatis.

aeypica, f. nov. (Pl. LIV., Fig: 3; Pl: LVI1., Fig. 16.)
Fronde plena articulorum linearum vel alato-projectorum digi-
tatorum, conceptaculis globosis longe stipitatis.

gyeensa, ft. nov. (Pl. LV., Fig. 1; Pl. LVI., Fig. cil Be
Fronde dense ramosa,conceptaculis pyriformibus pedunculatis.
Both forme approach one another and a sharp boundary is
hard to draw. But f. ¢yféca is thicker and larger than the
other and has abundance of linear or lanceolate long pinne in
the upper part of the frond. The high tide form of this species
assumes a diverse appearance; its stipes are thick and stunted,

720 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

the pinnules in the upper portion are robust and fan-shaped,
generally crenulated at the external margin.
Most common between tide marks on the margins of the pools.

g. Corallina aculeata sp. nov. Pl. LV., Fig. 3; Pl. LVI;

Figs. 18-19.

Fronde 5-10 cm. alta, stipitata, irregulariter bi-tripinnata,
seepe pinnulis ex apice articuli egredientibus ; articulis inferiori-
bus diametro sesquilongioribus, pinnarum pinnularumque fragil-
issimis digitato-laciniatis aculeatio, szpe cylindraceis vel line-
aribus ; conceptaculis subcompressis cornibus aculeatis.

The pinnules of this plant are characteristic : they are brittle,
delicate and confusedly branched. The ultimate articuli of the
main branches as well as some of the young pinnules are al-
ways weakly calcified; and the apices of these articuli are
liable to shrink in the exsiccation. In other respects it is
closely allied to Cor. vancouverzensis f. typica, so that it might
be taken as a local form caused by the mode of habit. Indeed
a young and sterile frond of this species is hardly separable from
it, if the apical articuli were not weakly calcified.

Common; high-tide pools.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures in Plates LI.-LV. are all in natural size, taken from
the alcoholic specimens.

leieagre Ill
1. Amphiroa cretacea Endl. var. tasmanica Sond.

2. Amphiroa tuberculosa Endl.

Prare Lr.
1. Chetlosporum frondescens (Post. et Rupr.) f. ¢ypzca.

do. f. zztermedza.

iS)

do. f. maxima.

do. f. polymorpha.

TS 05)

Prare LIL:
1. Chetlosporum planiusculum (Kiitz.) f. regularis.
2. do. f. zormalis.
3. An abnormal form of the same species found at high-tide mark.
The fronds are filamentous with moniliform articuli; a few sagittate
articuli are to be found in some parts.

Yendo: CORALLINZ VER. Tek

4 and 5. Chetlosporum MacMillant. In figure 4 wart-like con-
ceptacles as well as pyriform ones are to be found on the same branch.

PLATE LIV.
1. Corallina officinalis L. var. chilensis Kiitz
Chetlosporum californicum (Dcne.).

3. Corallina vancouveriensts f. typica.

PratrrT IV;-

1. Corallina vancouvertensts f. densa.
2. A high-tide form of Corallina vancouveriensis.
3. Corallina aculeata.

Pirate DV Ei.

Figures 1 and 2. Amphiroa tuberculosa Endl.

1. Diagrammatic figure of the longitudinal section of an articulus
showing four conceptacles, three of which are cut in meridional direc-
tion, the remaining one in crosswise. X Ca. 15.

2. A conceptacle cut in meridional direction showing the tetra-
sporangia. Zeiss 2 xX BB.

Figure 3. Chezlosporum californicum (Dcne.).

A portion of branch showing the conceptacles. The scars of broken
conceptacles are seen as deep excavations. % Ca. 3.

Figures 4-8. Chetlosporum frondescens (Post. et Rupr.).

4. £. typica; a portion of frond. xX ca. 4.

Be Re a fertile branch. X ca. 5.

6 and 6a. f. polymorpha; portion of frond. xX ca. 3%.

ma a fertile branch. xX ca. 4.

8. Cross section of a fertile articulus of f. ¢yfzca. The dotted line
indicates the boundary between the cortical part and the medullary.

Figures 9-10. Chezlosporum plantusculum (Kiitz.).

g. f. zormalis. X Ca. 5.

Ment. regulars. X ca. 5.

Figures 11-14. Chetlosporum MacMillant.

11-12. Portions of the fertile branches showing pyriform concep-
tacles taking places of the pinnules (11), or one or more immersed
in the pinnules (12). X ca. 2.

13. Portions of a fertile branch, showing wart-like conceptacles,
one of them are found inserted at the apex of a pinnule. x ca. 2.

14. Meridional section of a pyriform conceptacle, showing an
antheridium: the granular mass in the cavity is an aggregation of
spermatozoids. Zeiss 2 x BB.

Y ;
| TS aL *

wart

~

MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

Figure 15. Corallina officinalis L. var chilensis (Kiitz.). Me
ional section of a conceptacle, showing the tetrasporangia. —
Zeb. ~. %

Figures 16-17. Corallina vancouveriensis.
16. f. typica.

17. f. densa.

Figures 18-19. Coradllina aculeata.

18. A portion of frond. x ca. 4. .

1g. A young frond found ina brackish pool high above
mark.

WaCeg Bl.

MINNESOTA Bi

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PART VI.

CAL STUDIES.

MINNESOT

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PHOTO.

UCHIYAMA ET

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HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.

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MINNESOTA

VOL. Il.

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R. UCHIYAMA ET K.

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HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.

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PART VI

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XLI. OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA.

Conway MacMItuian.

Among the larger and less thoroughly studied kelps of the
Pacific coast, Plerygophora californica Ruprecht has seemed
worthy of some attention. <A fine series of specimens was se-
cured during the summer of 1901 at the Minnesota Seaside Sta-
tion on the west coast of Vancouver Island, and while all points
in the anatomy and life-history cannot be elucidated from the
material in hand, it has seemed best to present an account of
such structural and developmental facts as have been observed.

The name, Pterygophora californica, appears for the first
time in botanical literature in Ruprecht’s Algen-Stamme,* in
1848. In this work no description is given of the genus and
species, Ruprecht contenting himself with the statement that
the new genus is intermediate between Capea (Eck/lonia) and
Alaria—a point of view which has been but slightly modified
by later study—and that it will be elsewhere described. In
this work, however, there is given some account of the anatomy
of the stem and the characteristic annular structure seen in the
cross section is mentioned in the following phrase: ‘* Alle
(zuweilen bis 9) Ringe deutlich und gleich stark sind.” It is in
this paper, also, that Ruprecht announces the presence of muci-
lage ducts in Plerygophora, an observation which has since
been questioned by Areschoug.

The formal description of Pterygophora californica, together
with a plate which leaves something to be desired, is presented
by Ruprecht in his ‘* PAlanzen aus dem nérdlichen Theile des
Stillen Oceans,” ¢ published four years later. The specimens
upon which the déscription of Ruprecht was based were col-

* Ruprecht, F. J. Bemerkungen ueber den Bau und das Wachsthvm einiger
grossen Algen-Stamme. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Nat. Petersb. 6: 64, 70. 1848.
+ Ruprecht, F. J. Neue oder umvollstandig bekannte Pflanzen aus dem
nOrdlichen Theile des Stillen Oceans. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Nat. Petersb. 7:
17-19 (73-75)- 4. 5, 8 1852.
723

724 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

lected by Wosnessenski in the vicinity of ‘* Ross” (that is, near
San Francisco) on the coast of California in July, 1840. The
material communicated to Ruprecht comprised some middle-
sized plants and some younger specimens, but did not, appar-
ently, enable him to see either the sporelings and unilaminate
stage or the mature, full-grown form. Consequently his meas-
urements need modification and the specific description should
be revised to include much larger plants. Anderson is the only
one who has written on the plant in whose account a knowledge
of full-sized plants is indicated. ‘In his Natural History of
Santa Cruz county * it is stated that the stem is from one to six
feet in length and that the leaves are from one to five feet
long, ‘¢ all without a midrib except the central one into which
the flattened stem seems to be lost, giving it the look of a mid-
rib...

It was from Anderson that Areschoug received his specimens
of Pterygophora upon which, together with those of Ruprecht
sent him from the collections of the Academy at St. Petersburg,
he based his brief study as set forth in Observationes Phycolo-
gice.f In this paper Areschoug gives in compact form the
generic and specific description and adds some observations and
corrections to the earlier account of the Russian botanist.
Areschoug observes that the number and nature of the growth-
rings in the trunk seem difficult to define. He is skeptical con-
cerning the lacune muciferz, although he retains in his revised
description of the genus the phrase ‘‘ ad peripheriam internam
annuli intimi collocata, interdum biseriata,” crediting the ob-
servation to Ruprecht. He reéxamined the younger specimens
upon which Ruprecht’s original account was based and gives a
condensed description of them. The youngest plant seen ap-
pears to have had a stipe 20 cm. long and 2-5 mm. broad with
a lamina 35 cm. long and 6-7 cm. broad. As will be seen later
my own plant, ‘* B”’, indicates that these measurements, based
upon dried material, need correction. Areschoug received mate-
rial from ‘* Vera Cruz,” California (meaning Santa Cruz), sent
him by Dr. Anderson and notes, doubtless upon the authority of
Anderson, that the plant grows also at San Francisco. In

* Anderson, C. L. The natural history of Santa Cruz county, Oakland, Cal.,
24. Nodate. (1892?)

} Areschoug, J. E Observationes Phycologica, Part 5: De Laminariaceis
Nonnuullis, rr. 1884.

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 725

Anderson’s List of California marine alge,* Plerygophora cali-
fornica is recorded as ‘‘common or occasional to all the Cali-
fornia coasts.” The southernmost record of its occurrence that
I have happened to find is in Orcutt’s Flora of Southern and
Lower California.t The plant is here credited to San Diego,
based upon collections by Daniel Cleveland. The northernmost
point from which specimens have been taken seems to be Port
Renfrew, Vancouver Island, B. C., giving the plant a range of
over 16° of latitude. It very probably, however, extends up
the Alaskan coast. In some observations upon the distribution
of Pterygophora, Setchell t notes that the characteristic Lami-
nariee, Agariee and Alarieze of the North Pacific ‘‘stop at
about Puget Sound which is the terminus of the isothere of 15°,
but Costarta turner? Grev. and Alaria esculenta (L..) Grev. con-
tinue to Monterey, nearly to the 20° line, although they are
found only at ‘ exposed points.’ . . . An interesting case is that
of Pterygophora californica Rupr. which is reported by Dr. C.
L. Anderson as growing at Monterey all the year round, but is
reported by Mr. Daniel Cleveland as occurring at San Diego
only from February until May and in deep water.” This state-
ment seems to be based upon the account of Plerygophora given
by Hervey § in his Sea Mosses in the preparation of which he
had the assistance of Dr. Anderson. Plerygophora, therefore,
seems to have a somewhat wider range than the majority of the
North Pacific Laminariacee. The plants collected at Port Ren-
frew were so abundant and robust that I am inclined to think
that the region of maximum development may be along the
British Columbian rather than along the Californian coast.
Ruprecht’s plants were Californian; those of Areschoug were
from the vicinity of Monterey, as was also the specimen of
Hervey: the specimens of Cleveland from San Diego do not
seem to have been recorded as of unusual size. The plants of
Port Renfrew, some of them with trunks nearly three inches in
diameter and eight feet in length, exceed the recorded measure-
ments and indicate thus a particularly luxuriant growth in that

* Anderson, C. L. List of California marine algze, with notes. Zoe, 2: 220,
1891.

7 Orcutt, C. R. Flora of Southern and Lower California, 13. 1885.

t{Setchell, W. A. On the classification and geographical distribution of the
Laminariacee. Trans. Conn. Acad.g: 370. 1893.

2 Hervey, A. B. Sea Mosses. A ccllector’s Guide and an introduction to
the study of marine alge, 88. 1881.

726 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

region. The measurements given by different authors are as
follows: Ruprecht (I. c.), stipe 6-9 inches long, laminz up to 2
feet long; Areschoug (I. c.), stipe 30 cm. long, lamina up to
one meter in length; De Toni,* stipe 30 cm. long, lamina up
to one meter in length (measurements evidently quoted from
Areschoug); Hervey (I. c.), stipe 2 or 3 feet long, lamina 2 feet
or more long; Setchell (1. c.), stipe 1 to 2 feet long, measure-
ment of leaves not given; Anderson (lI. c.), stipe 1 to 6 feet
long, lamina 1 to 4 feet long. Of these measurements, Ander-
son’s is the only one that is approximately correct for the aver-
age plant as observed on the Straits of Fuca.

The first specimen of Pterygophora seen on the Vancouver
coast was a battered and eroded stem which had been cast up
by the tide. It was between six and seven feet in length and
2.5 inches in thickness near the base. Later another specimen,
not quite so large, was extracted from a pile of wrack at the head
of a little cove and this had a few dilapidated leaves still
attached. Examination of the shore yielded several speci-
mens, some of which were in an excellent state of preserva-
tion, but a few days later some growing beds were discovered
and the plant was observed in more detail. Its selection of an
habitat is interesting. A favorite place for its development
seemed to-be on the bottom of deep, narrow chasms in which
there was from twelve to fifteen feet of water at low tide. It
occurred abundantly on the bottom of a circular hole commu-
nicating with the sea by a narrow deep inlet and exposed to
heavy surge. It was afterwards found that this was its
characteristic position and that it habitually came closer to the
rocks than either Vereocystis or Macrocystis. It preferred
stations where the water was constantly in motion and did not
seem so abundant in quiet coves. As a surge plant it grew
lower than Lessonza and it may, perhaps, be described as oc-
cupying the lowest position of the surge kelps along this coast.
To this precise locality the plant shows certain structural adapta-
tions. The holdfast is massive, enabling it to cling firmly to the
rocks, notwithstanding the strong movement of the sea. The
stem is exceedingly stout—being indeed one of the strongest
algal structures known—and is capable of resisting great
tensile strain. While not particularly elastic it is bent from
side to side without difficulty or damage to its structure. The

* De Toni, J. B. Sylloge Algarum, 3: 352. 1895.

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. LPM

long leaves, often as many as forty in the tuft, hang down
beside the stem and as the plant bends from side to side they
are swept along the bottom, thus accounting for the erosion
of their ends so characteristic of this species. The central
lamina is invariably eroded, and only the younger and shorter
pinne are perfect, all the older ones having lost their tips
through the constant brushing back and forth on the rocky
bottom. The relative lengths of the leaves and of the stem are
regulated by this habit of the growing plant and where the
surge was most violent plants were to be found with compara-
tively long stems and short leaves, but where the surge was
less violent the leaves and stem were more nearly the same
length, or the leaves might some of them even exceed the
stem.

The general appearance of young Plerygophora plants as
seen upon the bottom is not unlike that of /Vereocystzs. Their
attitudes with the erect stem and the dependent leaves are very
similar. The older Pterygophora plants, from their much
more massive stem and shorter leaves, can be distinguished at
a glance.

In order to collect an abundant series of Plerygophora califor-
nica use was made of a tool which may be described as a combi-
nation of chisel and hook on the end of a long slender pole, by
which the holdfasts were cut and the plant dragged to the sur-
face. In this way a sufficient quantity of material was ob-
tained from which four plants of different ages are selected for
description.

Plant ‘‘ A.” This is the youngest specimen seen. It meas-
urés 12 mm. in length, of which the stipe and primitive disk
constitute but 2 mm., the rest being lamina. In this plant the
lamina is already eroded distally. It measures 5 mm. across at
its broadest part and narrows down abruptly to the stipe, which
is 5 mm. in diameter. The primitive disk, almost exactly cir-
cular in'shape, measures 2 mm.in diameter. At first the growth
of the stipe in length is decidedly slow, but when the lamina
has become about 20 mm. in breadth the stipe begins to elon-
gate. In plants under 30 mm. in length the poorly defined
midrib of Pterygophora has not begun to develop and the lam-
ina seems perfectly homogeneous throughout. In this respect
the plant is in marked contrast with A/arza sporelings, for in
them the midrib will have already strongly developed in plants

728 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

of corresponding size. The young forms of Plerygophora
californica show the characteristic shape and developmental
sequence of the Laminariacee, resembling particularly young
plants of Laminarva saccharina.

Plant ‘‘ B.” This specimen was collected by Mr: K. Yendo
and was kindly presented tome by him. Itis apparently of about
the same age as Ruprecht’s youngest plant. The whole plant
is 35 cm. in length, of which 10 cm. is holdfast and stipe,
and 25 cm. lamina. The lamina is 8 cm. in breadth at its
broadest part. The tip is eroded, as usual, and in this particu-
lar specimen the margin is imperfect. The stipe is 8 mm. in
diameter, 3 cm. below the base of the lamina, and 5 mm. in di-
ameter just above the holdfast, where it is circular in cross-sec-
tion. It is, however, elliptical in cross section near the base of
the lamina, the stipe being flattened in the plane of the lamina.
In this specimen the midrib is beginning to differentiate and is
well-marked for a distance of 5 cm. above the base of the lam-
ina and faintly marked for 10 cm farther towards the tip.
Distally it quite disappears. Certain hapteric outgrowths are
decidedly long and slender in this plant—much more developed
than ordinarily.

In plant ‘* B,” less than 1 cm. below the base of the lamina,
are seen two small emergences, opposite each other on the sides
of the stipe. These are the growing points destined to produce
the first pair of pinne.

Plant «*C.” This is a somewhat older individual in which
twelve pinne have been developed. The whole plant is 45 cm.
in length from the holdfast to the eroded tip of the central
lamina. From the holdfast to the lowest pinna is 15 cm. In
this plant the four lower pinne are of a deep chocolate brown
color and very much eroded and perforated. They present
some points of anatomical interest as will be indicated later.
The upper pinne are olive brown in color and the four upper-
most have perfect tips, characteristically rounded, giving to the
whole young pinna a distinctly spatulate shape. In texture
these young pinne in the fresh plant are quite unlike the sporo-
phylls of A/arza with which they have been compared. To the
touch they feel not unlike thin sheets of celluloid. The central
lamina has a more leathery feel, like Lamznarza or Lessonia.

In this plant the stipe is 8 mm. in diameter, midway between
the holdfast and the pinne. In the region of pinne it is de-

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 729

cidedly flattened, measuring 9 mm. in width by 3 mm. in thick-
ness. The pinne do not stand always directly opposite each
other, although this in general is their position. Abortion of
one pinna of the pair may be observed in this plant at two points.
The base of the pinne is more attenuate than that of the cen-
tral lamina. The holdfast is partly cut away, but is flattened
out and compacted much more than in plant B.

Plant «*D.” This plant was collected in July, preserved in
formalose, and brought to Minneapolis for study. It was found
growing with several others about twelve feet below the surface
of the water at low tide. The stipe from the holdfast to the
lowest pinne is 2 meters in length. From the lower pinne to
the base of the central lamina is 1 dm. while the central lamina
is I.5 meters in length. On each side of the stipe, extending
along its margin for a little less than a decimeter, are the tufts
of lateral pinne, twenty on each side. The longest pinna with
uneroded end measures I meter, but pinne with eroded ends
are present, 1.5 meters in length. The breadth of the central
lamina is 1 dm., the midrib being 4 cm. broad. The broadest
pinna measures 7.5 cm. from margin to margin. All margins
of full grown pinne are undulate. This character is especially
marked in the central lamina. One difference between a plant
of the age of ‘‘D” and a younger form such as ‘*C” lies in
the distance between the adjacent pairs of pinne. In plant
«¢C,” for example, the upper pinne are three cm. apart along
the stipe and this character is also indicated in Ruprecht’s
plate. In an older plant, such as‘‘D,”the pinne are very
much crowded together, so much so, indeed, that they crowd
each other out of a strictly marginal position. The fully de-
veloped pinnae, in ‘‘ D” are all massed within a linear distance
of 5 cm., while in ‘* C” they are distributed over twice as much
space.

The stipe in this specimen is 5 cm. in diameter, 2 dm. above
the holdfast. Near the holdfast itis 1 dm. in diameter. Nearer
the pinnz it becomes flattened in cross section, first appearing
as elliptical, then as lenticular, the edges becoming sharp 2 dm.
below the lowest pinne. Along the sharp edges the scars of
pinne which have been sloughed off are abundant. ‘The stipe
in the region of pinna attachment is 3 cm. broad and 7.5 mm.
thick. The stipes of the full-grown pinne are 4 mm. in diameter
and the base of the central lamina is 1 cm. broad and 3 mm, in

730 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

thickness. A transsection through the stipe of this plant shows
24 concentric rings of growth not all of which were of equal
thickness. The pith at the center has the lenticular outline
characteristic of arborescent Laminariacez and was 8 mm. by
2 mm. in cross section. The pith occupies a greater portion of
the cross section nearer the region of pinne. Just below the
pinna scars a cross section showed it to be 3 cm. in length by 3
mm. in width.

From the measurements of this plant, by no means the largest
seen, it becomes apparent that the size of Plerygophora cali-
fornica has been much underestimated, previous descriptions of
it having been made from immature material. There seems to
be no reason to doubt that this plant is perennial. It gives every
structural indication of persisting for a series of years and re-
plenishing its pinnz with the recurring seasons. Its massive
stipe and the base of the central lamina survive the winter
storms and in the spring fresh pinne are produced and the
central lamina is extended by the well-known basal growth
characteristic of the family to which it belongs. In this way,
doubtless, very large plants may develop. There is one frag-
ment in our collection comprising the pinna region of a plant
which by comparative measurements must have been four meters
or more in length. The flattened stipe between the pinne is 6
cm. broad and the base of the central lamina measures 3 cm.
in width.

The relation of the genus Prerygophora, to the other genera
of the Laminariacee has been a matter of some uncertainty.
Ruprecht regarded it as intermediate between Ack/lonza and
Alaria. Agardh* associates Pterygophora with Alaria. Ares-
choug takes it up between Lessonza and Ecklonza, but this per-
haps can scarcely be regarded as an expression of his opinion
regarding its true position. By the older systematists the genus
has been connected closely with Lamznarva and it occupies a
position next to Lamznarza in De Toni’s Sylloge Algarum and
also in Kjellman’s Laminariacee (1. c.) where Plerygophora is
placed between Lamznarta and Ecklonza in Tribe VI., Lami-
nariez. Setchell (1. c.) connects the genus with A/arza under
the Tribe Alariidee. The mid-lamina of Plerygophora is
strongly suggestive of certain species of the genus Lamznarza,
so much so that when Areschoug described Laminaria

* Agardh, J. G. De Laminarieis, Lund Univ. Arsskr. 4: I.

v*

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. ial

japonica,* Agartht suggested that the type specimen was
nothing other than a mid-lamina of Plerygophora. While this
notion of Agardh’s was incorrect, a comparison of specimens or
reference to Suringar’st plate of Lamznaria japonica will make
it clear how natural might have been such a supposition on his
part. One also finds in the genus Lamznarva forms suggesting
the pinnate disposition of lamine in Plerygophora. Such a
plant is figured and described by Kjellman§ under the name of
Laminaria radicosa. In this plant lateral outgrowths occur
upon the stipe below the lamina in quite the same position in
which they are developed in Pterygophora. They are not,
however, functional as additional laminz, nor do they particu-
larly increase the photosynthetic vigor of the plant. Lamznarza
radicosa may, nevertheless, be regarded perhaps as showing a
transition to the type of Plerygophora.
_ There are some objections to the classification of Pterygo-
phora with Alaria. Among these, the character of the young
plant should be given weight. In A/arza the midrib is dif-
ferentiated at an early stage and is exceedingly distinct in plants
only two centimeters in length, while in Pterygophora plants
35 centimeters in length show the midrib but indistinctly in
the basal portion of the lamina. Anatomically Plerygophora
conforms to the type of the Laminariez in the general character
of its tissues, differing in some marked particulars from A/arva,
although resembling the latter in absence of mucilage canals—
structures which are present in most species of Lam/naria.
The distinction of outer and inner cortex which is not always to
be made out in Al/arza is very clear in Pterygophora. Upon
the whole there would seem to be little objection to the classifi-
cation of Plerygophora in the tribe Laminariee. Taking every-
thing into account, however, it will perhaps be best to consider
the genus as transitional between the Laminariee and the
Alariidee.

An examination of the anatomy of Plerygophora seems
further to strengthen the view of its close relation to Laminaria,
while the differentiation of its organs no doubt makes it readily

* Areschoug, J. E. Phyceae Capenses, 29.

tf Agardh, J. G. Proc. Soc. Phys. Lund. Bot. Notiser, 1883: 108. 1883.

t{Suringar, W. F. R. Algae Japonicae, p/. 77. 1870.

4 Kjellman, F. R., and Petersen, J. V. Om Japans Laminariaceer. Ur Vega-
Expeditionens Vetensk. Iakttagelser., 4: 259, p/. zo. 1885.

732 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

comparable with A/arza. The structure of the stipe differs
decidedly from that of ZLessonza which I have previously ex-
amined.* In both genera there are strongly marked growth-
rings which, as will be seen, do not arise in precisely the same
way. A detailed account of the anatomy follows. From it
some notion may be derived of the histological interrelation of
Pterygophora, Laminaria and Lessonia.

The most important literature on the anatomy of the Lamina-

riacee has been previously cited ¢ and it will not be necessary ~

to refer to it further at this time except as some particular point
may require elucidation. To the papers of Wille, Grabendorfer,
Reinke, Rosenthal, Oliver, Ruprecht and-others students are
indebted for researches which have laid the foundation for a
knowledge of the anatomy of the Laminariacee.

The holdfast.—The study of this structure as of the other or-
gans of Pterygophora is based upon a series of slides prepared

from material collected at the Minnesota Seaside Station,’

killed in chromic acid, and transferred into 70 per cent. alcohol
in which condition it was brought to Minneapolis for study.
Most of the sections have been cut freehand, treated with various
reagents and stains and mounted in glycerine-jelly. _Russow’s
callus reagent, chlor-zinc iodide and a variety of stains, includ-
ing particularly the fuchsin and iodine-green combination and
aniline water safranin, have been employed to bring out de-
tails of structure.

The primitive disc shows no points of special interest, not
differing particularly in structure from that already described
for Vereocystis,t nor at first do the hapteric branches in their
origin and structure show characters worthy of especial com-
ment. The haptere originates through the activity of a circu-
lar cambial area at the edge of the primitive disc or from the
lower rhizogenous area of the stipe. Callosities on the stipe,
such as those described for Vercocyst7s and there believed to be
equivalent to hapteric branches, have not been discovered in
Pterygophora, though on one specimen some curious gall-like
swellings, doubtless teratological or pathological in their nature,
were observed. The numerous hapteric outgrowths of Ptery-

*MacMillan, C. Observations on Lessonia, Bot. Gaz. 30: 318. pl. 19-27.
1900.
ft MacMillan, C. Llc.

t{ MacMillan, C. Observations on Nereocystis, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 273.
pl. 367, 362. 1899.

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 733

gophora branch dichotomously and build a strong holdfast re-
sembling that of Zessonéa rather than that of Vereocystzs.
Each young hapteric branch, in cross section, shows the char-
acteristic structure, a great central mass of parenchymatous
tissue surrounded by an ill-defined cortical area with an hypo-
dermal cambium. No pith is present and the growth in length
and thickness of the hapteres proceeds solely by cambial ac-
tivity. Inolder holdfasts distinct growth-rings appear—some-
thing that was not seen in the holdfasts of Lessonza, and seems
not to occur in the hapteric branches of /Vereocysézs, the indi-
viduals of which are shorter-lived. The appearance of these
rings of growth in the secondary cortical tissues of the holdfast
seems to be due rather to rhythmic changes in the character of
the cell contents than to regular successions of larger and
smaller cells, concentrically arranged. As will appear, this
character serves to distinguish to some extent between the
growth-rings of the holdfast and of the stipe. In both organs
the elements of the secondary cortex are arranged in extremely
regular rows, as seen in cross section. This regularity of ar-
rangement does not extend to the primary parenchymatous
tissue of the hapteric branch, so that the appearance of a cross
section of the older hapteres may be described as follows: At
the center is a large more or less circular group of parenchy-
matous elements regularly hexagonal in outline, varying in size
between rather narrow limits. Towards the periphery this cen-
tral tissue imperceptibly merges with the secondary tissue, the
cells of which become more quadrate in outline and assume the
characteristic position in rows which can be followed without
break directly to the cambial zone which lies near the periphery
of the organ. Inthe secondary tissue there are numerous rings
of growth and the cross section of an old haptere, a centimeter
or more in diameter, looks not unlike a section of stipe, save
for the absence of the characteristic lenticular pith. This is
altogether wanting in the hapteres. The growth-rings do not,
however, appear to arise consistently through quite the same
anatomical conditions as those of the stipe. Well-marked rings
in the holdfast may exist without difference in the size of the
elements of which they are composed. The optical appear-
ance, therefore, is in all hapteres examined determined by dif-
ference in the cell contents. A zone of cells will be formed in
which the contents seem to be more dense. Outside a zone, in

734 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

which the contents are less dense, will appear, and this alter-
nation continues even into the cambial zone where single layers
of cells will be found with the denser contents alternating with
layers showing the opposite appearance. Besides this differ-
ence others have not been discovered to account for the ringed
appearance of old hapteres.

As to the substance in the cells which by its greater density
gives the ringed appearance it does not seem to differ from the
material which has been studied by a number of observers,
especially in the Fucacez. It has been described by Reinke *
as a fatty oil, in which view Hansen f practically coincides and
considers that the Pheophycee in general produce fat instead
of starch by their assimilation. The same material, however,
has been described as Phzeophyceenstarke by Schimper, as
fucosan by Schmitz and Hansteen, as showing a tannin reac-
tion by Berthold, as phloroglucin-containing material by Bruns,
as connected with physodes by Crato and as polysaccharids, in
constitution allied to mucine, by Koch. In the holdfast of
FPterygophora the material sometimes fills the whole cell with a
homogeneous refringent mass, which in the denser parts of the
ring has decidedly the same appearance optically that is shown
by the polysaccharid granules of the lamina and stipe to be de-
scribed later. In other instances the refringent bodies may be
distinguished from a generally granular protoplasmic slime
which encloses them. Without going into the disputed ques-
tion of the true chemical character of the cell-contents of Lami-
nariacez, it may be said that the ringed appearance of hapteric
branchesin Pterygophora is due to the alternately more vigorous
and less vigorous production of certain substances connected
with the assimilative processes of the plant. These substances
occur in the stipe and lamina as well as in the hapteres, but are
there not invariably the cause of a ringed appearance, being
disposed in special cells without any apparent reference to the
rhythm of secondary growth.

The stipe.—Sections were taken first from plant ‘‘ B,” the uni-
laminate stage and then from mature plants. In none of them
could the mucilage ducts of Ruprecht be discovered and

* Reinke, J. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Tange. Pringsh. Jahrb. fiir wis-
seusch. Bot. 10: 317. 1876.

{ Hansen. Ueber Stoffbildung bei den Mecresalge: ‘fitth. Zool. Stat.
Neap. Il: 276. :

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA 735

Pterygophora may safely be described as devoid of these
canals. Thecross section of a young stipe shows the character-
istic lenticular pith-web, composed of anastomosing filaments
with numerous trumpet hyphe intermingled. Chloroplasts
are abundant in this tissue and occur more or less sparingly in
the perimedulla. Surrounding the pith one finds the cells of
the cortical tissue very regularly hexagonal in shape, arranged
in remarkably perfect radial rows and diminishing gradually in
size towards the periphery. Chloroplasts are absent from most
of the cells of this tissue, but appear again, in the smaller
cells near the periphery. At about the depth at which chloro-
phyll becomes abundant the tissue is lacuniferous and the outer
cortex readily separates from the inner. The cells of the
outer cortex are generally not hexagonal, but cambial condi-
tions cause them to assume the rectangular outline in cross
section. The small densely colored cells of the epidermis and
hypodermis are uniformly quadrangular. Longitudinal sec-
tions through material of this age show the inner cortex to be
made up of prosenchymatous elements not pitted or armed and
the walls comparatively thin in the region near the pith, but
becoming thicker-walled and beginning to present the pitted
structure closer to the periphery. The cells of the outer cortex
seem to have a special capacity for dividing transversely and
periclinally in young material, but in older stipes they divide
radially with equal ease. In mature stipes the extraordinarily
regular radial rows of cells seen in cross sections may be ob-
served to originate from rows of cambial cells which have
divided radially in the outer cortex and have there established
the general radial arrangement of the tissues.

Sections through the mature stipe show a structure of the
organ in cross section reminding one very much of the tracheids
and their arrangement in the Coniferee. The pits, however,
are not upon the radial faces of the elements, but upon the con-
centric. The cells are all of about the same size and stand in
rows radiating in a most regular fashion from the pith to the
circumference. There is often not the slightest difficulty in
observing that the appearance of growth-rings is due to the
gradual diminution in the diameter of the cells until they have
become distinctly flattened, followed abruptly by the production
of cells of slight! «%rger lumina. That is to say, the occasion
for the ringed ar ‘ance of the stipe is structurally quite com-

736 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

parable with that condition so fully studied in the stems of
Coniferze and woody Dicotyledons. In other instances, how-
ever, the rings in the stipe seem to arise quite as in the
hapteres.

There is in the stipe of Plerygophora a plain distinction be-
tween the first or primary structure of the cortex and the second-
ary structure which is established in the lacuniferous period of
growth. It is at this time, during the first year, that the outer
cortex readily peels from the inner. Later, with the resump-
tion of growth in thickness, the lacune are filled by the radially
dividing cambial tissue. The tissue of the first or innermost
ring, surrounding the pith, differs in appearance from that of
subsequent rings. The cells diminish in diameter towards the
periphery of the ring until they have the look of stereome in
cross section. In this part of the ring the cells are very strongly
pitted, in marked contrast to the inner cells of the primary cor-
tex where the pits are but occasional. All the cells, however,
of the secondary cortex as displayed in subsequent growth-
rings are strongly pitted. Another distinction between the cells
of the innermost ring and those of subsequent rings is that the
elements of the first ring are slenderer, more prosenchymatous,
almost approaching the fibrous shape peripherally, while the
elements of later rings are shorter, more parenchymatous and
not at all suggestive of fibrous tissue.

In older stipes the pith web is decidedly solid, in marked con-
tradistinction to this tissue in young material. As the stipe
matures the interstices between the elements of the pith web
become obliterated by the repeated branching and interlacing of
the filaments. The chlorophyll also disappears and the cells
become filled with densely granular contents. There remain,
however, in even the oldest pith, numerous interstitial passages
which, in cross section or longitudinal section, present much the
same appearance and are, perhaps, what were mistaken for
mucilage ducts by Ruprecht.

A cross section of the mature stipe shows then the following
characters. At the center is the solidly interwoven tissue of
the pith web. This is surrounded by the clearly marked,
sclerenchymatous tissue of the primary cortex passing insensi-
bly into the tracheid-like tissue of the secondary cortex which
is arranged in concentric rings, resulting from the succession
of elements with larger cell-lumina in apposition upon those

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 737

with smaller. Outside of the rings will be found the cambial
zone in which regular divisions take place in all three planes of
space. Exterior to the cambial zone lies a thin outer cortex
composed of cells very much smaller than those of the inner
area, provided with thick walls and constituting a kind of bark
for the trunk. In some material the general cambial zone can
be very distinctly seen, ten or twelve cells in thickness and
separated from the epidermis by twenty or more layers. Not
infrequently the cells at the periphery of a ring of growth have
more densely granular contents than those of the general sec-
ondary cortex tissue. Thus, occasionally in the stipe there may
arise the anatomical conditions which seem to be more normally
characteristic of the holdfast. The photographs of different
cross and longitudinal sections which are presented will serve
to make these points clear where the description is necessarily
difficult to follow.

The /amina.—As before stated only the central lamina is pro-
vided with a midrib, the pinne being quite devoid of such a
structure. The midrib of the central lamina arises through an
hypertrophy of the cortical tissue, in which th: pith-plate does
not seem to partake. The general structure of the lamina as
seen in cross section does not present many peculiar features,
but is much like that already described for other genera. There
is on each surface an isomorphic epidermis composed of small
quadrate chlorophyll-containing cells, and these merge insensi-
bly into the subepidermal tissue, which in some instances is
two or more layers in depth. The cells then become much
larger in diameter and the contents less dense. Among these
cortical cells occasional very large polysaccharid idioblasts are
found, and in the chocolate-colored pinnz of plant ‘* C,” these
cells are very numerous and densely packed with spherical
bodies, doubtless belonging to the category of reserve carbohy-
drates. Owing to the nutritious character of such pinnae, they
are very commonly perforated by animals, sometimes giving a
colander appearance like that of Agarum, and covered with
epiphytic and endophytic vegetation, a further study of which
should be made. These reservoir cells may perhaps be packed
with food materials previous to the production of sori and the
polysaccharids utilized in the elaboration of the sporangia and
paraphyses. In any event they seem to be emptied of their
contents underneath most of the soral areas that I have exam-

738 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

ined. Within the layer of idioblasts the cortical cells become
smaller on each side of the pith plate. This latter is composed
of anastomosing filaments with occasional trumpet-hyphe and
does not differ particularly from the same tissue as displayed in
the stipe. The cortex of the mid-lamina and of the pinne
seems to show some fairly constant differences. In the pinne
the cells are often uniformly larger and the layer of idioblasts
is frequently almost continuous.

The sorus.—I do not find anywhere in the literature of Plery-
gophora an account of its fruiting area. The first fruiting ma-
terial that reached me was collected near Port Renfrew by Miss
Josephine E. Tilden during December, 1901. Shortly after-
wards Professor Setchell kindly sent me some dried pinnz col-
lected at Whidby Island, Washington, by Mr. N. L. Gardner,
and said to display sori. My observations are made from the
fresh material collected by Miss Tilden. The soral patches
occur upon the lateral pinnz and not upon the mid-lamina. In
this respect they remind one of the soral distribution of Alara;
but while in A/arza the entire pinna, except a very small mar-
ginal region, is soriferous, in Plerygophora the sori form some-
what irregular patches upon both surfaces of the pinna and
much of its area fails to develop them. In this respect Plery-
gophora approaches more nearly to Lamznarza.

The sori are composed of numerous elongated, saccate goni-
dangia, each bearing from fifty to two hundred spherical go-
nidia. The gonidangial surface is surmounted by the inter-
mingled paraphyses, averaging half as long again as the
gonidangia and their clavate distal ends capped with cuticular
masses, suggesting those already described for Lessonza and
indicating that in this plant, as in Lessonza, the cuticular layer
does not separate in a plate, as described for Lamznaria by
Thuret and as known to occur also in WVereocystzs, but divides
into individual paraphysal calyptra. Some gonidangia meas-
ured indicated an average length of 50 mic. and diameter of
to mic. The gonidia are nearly 2 mic. in diameter and ina
double-stained preparation, made for me by Mr. H. L. Lyon,
take Delafield’s hematoxylin while the paraphyses and cutic-
ular substance take the safranin. The gonidangia and para-
physes stand upon a floor-layer such as is found in all Laminaria-
ceous sori, and their development does not differ from that
which has already been described for other genera.

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 739

I desire to express my thanks to Miss Josephine E. Tilden
for the winter fruiting material which she kindly collected for
me and for the series of slides from which most of my descrip-
tion has been made, and to Mr. H. L. Lyon for the photo-mi-
crographs reproduced in plate LXI and prepared by him at
my request.

SUMMARY.

1. Pterygophora californica grows to a larger size than
generally known. Specimens ten feet in length with trunks
three inches in diameter have been seen.

2. As displayed in the Straits of Fuca, Pterygophora is a
surge plant, growing below the zone of Lessonza and above
that of Vereocystis.

3. Pterygophora may be classified either in the Laminariez
or the Alariidee. Its characters are in many respects inter-
mediate between these tribes.

4. The holdfast shows distinct rings of growth and these in
most instances arise, not through morphological differences be-
tween adjacent cell-layers, but through differences in the cell
contents. The substances, which produced in greater or less
amount give the ringed appearance, are regarded as polysac-
charids allied to mucine, as described by Koch.

5. The stipe is devoid of the mucilage ducts of Ruprecht and
shows distinct rings of growth, due in most instances, to the
juxtaposition of a layer of cells with larger lumina, upon a layer
with smaller. In some cases the ringed appearance of the stipe
seemed to be due to the same condition described for the holdfast.
. 6. In the cortex of the lamina large polysaccharid idioblasts
are abundantly developed. These are most numerous in the
pinne and are often exhausted of their contents during the proc-
ess of soral formation.

7. The sori are distributed in irregular patches toward the
base of the pinna and in the disposition of the cuticular caps
upon the paraphyses suggest Lessonza. The plant fruits in the
latitude of Port Renfrew during the month of December.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LVII.

Young plants of Pterygophora, about one-half natural size.

eo) Plant ‘+ A.” of-text.

2, 3, 4. Somewhat older plants; in 4 the midrib is just beginning
to appear in the base of the lamina.

740 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

5. Plant ‘*B” of text; the midrib is more distinct and the two op-
posite growing points of the first pair of pinne may be seen just be-
low the junction of lamina with stipe.

ee, IEW 0.

Plant ‘*C” of text. The plant is shown a little more than one-
third the natural size. It presents the loosely arranged pinnz charac-
teristic of young plants and as shown in Ruprecht’s plate. The lower
pinne are perforated by marine animals and are the ones in which the
reserve material is the most abundant. The mid-lamina alone shows
a midrib.

\eiorie IOIDG

Plant ‘‘D” of text. The size is indicated by the hat placed in the
field of view. It is about one-tenth natural size and was photographed
on the shore a few moments after collection. It is somewhat fore-
shortened, being between three and four meters in length. The cen-
tral lamina is shown in line with the stipe.

learns JUKE

Pinna-region of full-grown specimen, one-half natural size. The
very much crowded position of pinne in old plants is indicated in this
plate. Below the pinne may be seen scars left by pinnz of previous
seasons.

PLATE 2X1,

Cross sections through the stipe, natural size. The lower figure is
taken near the base of the stipe, while the upper is cut just below the
region of pinne. The great difference in the extent of the pith and
in its shape, in the two sections, is noticeable. The characteristic
rings of growth are apparent in both figures.

Plates LVII. to LXI. are from photographs made under the direc-
tion of the author, by Mr. C. J. Hibbard, Photographer of the De-
partment of Botany in the University of Minnesota.

PrarE Toxdi:

The anatomical detail of Prerygophora.

1. Cross section through secondary cortex of stipe, showing rings
of growth (x 50).

2. Cross section through stipe, showing secondary cortex above and
primary cortex below (xX 50).

3. Longitudinal section through secondary cortex showing flatten-
ing of cells towards the right. This would appear as a ring in the
cross section ( X 50).

MacMillan: OBSERVATIONS ON PTERYGOPHORA. 741

4. Tangential section through secondary cortex, showing the some-
what fusiform outline of the cells in this section (x 50).

5. Longitudinal section through region of Fig. 3. On the left is
seen the tissue of the secondary cortex, in the middle the flattened
cells of the transition zone, and on the right the cells of the primary
cortex. This first ring of growth, caused by the superposition of
secondary upon primary tissue, is the most prominent of all the
‘growth rings in the stipe ( X 50).

6. A portion of the secondary cortex tissue shown in Fig. 5, mag-
nified to demonstrate the pits in the vertical walls of the tracheid-
like elements. To the right the cells become compressed, passing
into the transition zone (x 250).

7. A portion of the primary cortex tissue shown in Fig. 5, mag-
nified to demonstrate the different arrangement of primary and
secondary cortical cells. The secondary stand in long rows at the
same level. This is not true of the primary (x 250).

8. Cross section through one of the rings shown in Fig. 1 and
magnified to demonstrate the flattening of cells in the region of the
ring and their denser contents. The appearance of small cells inter-
polated between the larger ones can be understood by referring to Fig.
4 (X 250).

g. Cross section through pith web of stipe, showing anastomosing
filaments and trumpet hyphe embedded in a gelatinous matrix (xX
250).

10. Cross section through haptere. The cells of the outer cortical
region are crowded with contents, and do not differentiate clearly.
Near the middle of the section are seen two of the characteristic
growth-rings of the haptere (x 50).

11. Longitudinal section through haptere, showing the development
of secondary tissues, the cells of which are shorter upon the primary
tissue towards the bottom of the figure. Below the black outer cortex
a growth-ring in section may be seen (x 60).

12. Section through sorus, showing floor-cells, gonidangia with
gonidia and paraphyses capped with cuticular knobs characteristic of
this genus and of Lessonia (x 320).

All the figures in Plate LXIL. are from original photomicrographs
by Mr. H. L. Lyon.

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MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES. PART VI.

PLATE LVII.

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Vow. Il. MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES. PART VI.

LATE LVIII.

HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON,

PART VI.

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CAL STUDI

MINNESOTA BOTANI

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MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES.

PLATE LXI.

HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.

PART Vie

MINNESOTA B

VOL. II.

PLA

mec rmioTty!

PART VI.

AL STUDIES.

10

OSTON.

INDE Or, PLANT NAMES*

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 225, 559 ' Aconitum

Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby, 397
Acalypha virginica L., 395
Acer, 88, 564, 566
glabrum Torr., 75, 77
negundo Linn., 77, 84, 85, 362, 396,
5386
nigrum Michx., 362, 396
saccharum Marsh., 586
saccharinum Linn., 77, 85, 358, 396
spicatum Lam., 225, 272, 366, 396
Aceracee, 77, 396, 586
Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton, 367,
402, 558
Achillea millefolium L., 414, 598
Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood.,
358, 385
Acolium tigillare (Ach.) DN.,“ 306,
673, 706
Aconitum, 347
abbreviatum Langsd., 347
acuminatum Reichenbach, 347
acutum, 351
@zophonum, 349
album Ait., 350
alienum, 349
alpinum Mill., 350
altigaleatum Hayne, 350
altissimum Mill., 349
ambiguum, 351
amenum, 351
Anthora Linn., 352
Anthorideum DC., 352
Anthorum St. Lag., 352
arctophonum, 349
arcuatum Maxim., 347
australe, 349
austriacum Tratt., 346
autumnale Lind., 347
autumnale Reichb., 352
barbatum Patr., 349
Bernharaianum, 351

bicolor Schult., 346
Braunit, 351

Breiterianum, 346
bulbiferum Howell, 348, 350
Burnhardianum Wallr., 350
Californicum Hort., 347
callibolryon, 35%

camarum Schleich., 347
cammarum Jacqd., 350
cammarum Linn., 346
Candollet, 352

cernuum Baumg., 346
cernuum Wulf., 347

ChamissonianumR eichenbach, 351

clustanum, 351
Columbianum Nutt., 347
commutatum, 351
cordatum Royle, 348
cynoctonum, 349
decorum, 346
delphinifolium Hort., 349
delphinifolium DC., 351
var. ramosum n. var., 351
dissectum Don., 351
disseclum Tausch., 349
ertostemum DC., 346
eulophum, 352
exaltatum, 346
excelsum Turez., 349
jirmum, 351%
Fischerit Rehb., 347
flexuosum Presl., 350
Jormosum, 351
Funkianum, 351
galectonum, 347
galerifiorum Stokes, 349
gibbiferum, 347
glabrum DC., 350
Gmeltini, 349
gracile, 350
hamatum, 346, 350

* The index was prepared b, Miss Josephine E. Tilden.

743

744 * INDEX.

Aconituni Aconitum

hebegynum DC., 347 napelloides Sw., 351
heterophyllum Wall., 348 nasutum Hook., 347
Atans, 351 nasutum Fisch., 350
hispidum DC., 349 Neapolitanum Tenore, 349
Hoppeanum, 351 nemerosum Bieb., 352
hortense, 346 neomontanum Baumg., 347
Flosteanum Schur., 349 neomontanum Willd., 346
humile Salisb., 347 neubergense DC., 351
tllinitum, 350 Noveboracense Gray, 347
intermedium DC., 346 ochranthum ©. A. Mey., 349
intermedium Gaud., 350 ochroleucum Hort., 349
intermedium Host., 349 ochroleucum Salisb., 352
ttalicum Tratt., 350 ochro/eucum Willd., 349
Sacquint, 352 oligocarpum, 351
Jacquinianum Host., 349 Ottonianum, 346
Japonicum Hort., 350 Pallasit, 352
Japonicum Thunb., 348 pallidum, 350
Japonicum Decne.—var. cceru- palmatifidum, 346

leum Hort., 348 paniculatum Lam., 347
Kamtschaticum Pall., 347 paradoxum, 351
Koehleri, 351 parvifiorum Hoppe & Horn, 347
Lahanskyi Rechb., 347 paucifiorum Host., 349
laciniosum Schleich., 350 perniciosum, 350
letum, 35% Phthora, 350
levigatum Schleich., 350 plexicaule, 347
lagoctonum, 349 pyramidale Mill., 350
Lamarckit, 349 Pyrenaicum Linn., 349
lastocarpum, 350 Pyrenaicum Pall., 352
laxiflorum Schl., 351 ramosum A. Nels., 351
laxum, 351 ranunculifolium, 350
leucanthemum Wender, 350 reclina um Gray, 352
loreale Ser., 349 rectum Bernh., 350
luparia, 349 reflexum, 347
lupicida, 349 rhynchanthum, 350
luridum Salisb., 350 rigidum, 351
Lycoctonum Lind., 349 rostratum Bernh., 350
macranthum, 350 rvubicundum Fisch., 349
maximum Pall., 347 scandens Muhl., 348
melocionum, 349 semigaleatum, 351
Mielichhoferi, 351 septentrionale Koelle., 349
mixtum, 350 sinense Sieb. & Zucc., 347
moldavicum, 349 speciosum Otto, 346
molle, 347 Sprengelit Rua, 346
monanense Schmidt, 350 squarrosum Linn., 349
myoctonum, 350 Storkianum, 346
Napellus S. G. Gmel., 349 Storkianum Rehb., 347
Napellus Linn., 350 strictissimum, 350
Napellus Thunb., 347 strictum Bernh., 351
Napellus var. delphinifolium Se- strictum Willd., 350

ringe, 351 tauricum Wulf., 351

INDEX.

Aconitum
taxicarium Salisb., 349
taxicum, 347
tenutfolium, 351
thelyphonum, 350
theriophonum, 350
tragoctonum, 350
Transilvanicum Lerch., 349
triste Fisch., 349
tuberosum Patr., 352
umbracticolum Schur., 349
uncinatum Hort., 350
uncinatum Linn., 348
variegatum Hook., 348
variegatum Linn.—var. album n.
var., 350
venustum, 351
versicolor, 346
virgatum, 351
volubile Moench., 350
volubile Muhl., 348
vulparia, 350
Wilematianum Delarb., 347
zooctonum, 350
Acorus calamus L,, 543, 576
Actzea alba (L.) Mill., 362, 387, 555, 581
rubra ( Ait.) Willd., 362, 387
Adiantum pedatum L., 362, 371
Adicea pumila (L,.) Raf., 384
Adopogon virginicum (L.) Kuntze,
362, 4c9, 556
Adoxa moschatellina L., 362, 366, 408,
544
Adoxacez, 408
4Ecidium, 537, 554, 631
acteece Opiz., 555
album Clint., 541
asterum Schwein., 557
cimicifugatum Schwein., 555
clematidis DC., 555
compositarum Mart., 556
var, erigerontis Wint., 556
var. eupatorii (Schw.) Burrill,
Sof
var. helianthi Burrill, 557
var. lactucee Burrill, 557
var. liatrii Webber, 557
var. prenanthis (P.) Wallr.,
556
compositaruin, 557
convallariz Schum., 554

745

A§cidium
elatinum, 559
fraxini Schwein., 559
fumariacearum Kell. & Swingle,
555
geranii DC., 556
grossulariz Pers., 558
grossularie Schum., 558
hydnoideum B. & C., 558
hydrophylli Peck, 559
impatientis Schwein., 556
iridis Ger., 554
jacobez Grev., 556
jamesianum Peck, 558
lupini Peck, 554
lycopi Ger., 546
lysimachiz (Schl.) Wallr., 558
Marize-Wilsoni Peck, 632, 639
orobi Pers., 554
pammielii Trel., 559
peckii DeToni, 559
pedatatum (Schw.) Arthur and
Holway, 632
Petersii B. & C., 632
phryme Halst., 559
porosum Pk., 541
pulcherrimum Rav., 633
punctatum Pers., 555
pustulatum Curt., 558
ranunculacearum DC., 555
ranunculi Schwein, 555
rubellum Gmel., 547
Senecionis Desmaz, 556
thalictri Grev., 555
thalictri-flavi (DC.) Wint., 555
urticee Schwein., 546
uvulariz Schwein., 554
verbenz Speg., 556
viole Schum., 633
violarum DC., 633
Agarum, 737
Agastache anethiodora (Nutt. )
ton, 59I
scrophulariefolia (Willd.)
Kuntze, 362, 404
Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Greene, 594
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., 574
tenerum Vasey, 575
Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell,
362, 391, 560, 584
Agrostemma githago L., 581

Brit-

746

Agrostis alba L., 573
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf., 76, 85, 87,
TI, USKOH ANE Iie), 173%)
Aizoacez, 386
Alaria, 561, 723, 728, 730, 732
angusta, 562
curtipes Saunders, 561
esculenta (L.) Grev., 725
prelonga, 561
Alectoria jubata (L.) Tuck., 219, 243,
659, 677, 684
var. chalybeiformis Ach., 244,
675, 677, 684
var. implexa Fr., 244
sepincola (Ebrh.) Ach., 228
Alisma plantago, 144
plantago-aquatica L., 356, 372,
373, 626
Alismaceze, 373, 572
Alisminez, 651
Allionia diffusa Heller, 33
hirsuta Pursh, 581
linearis Pursh, 368, 386
nyctaginea Michx., 385
Allium stellatum Ker., 577
Alnus, 430, 565
alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch, 578
incana (L.) Willd., 382, 427
Alopecurus geniculatus L., 573
Alsine media L., 581
Amaranthacez, 385, 580
Amaranthus blitoides S., 385, 580
greecizans L., 580
retroflexus L., 385, 580
Amaryllidaceze, 379
Amblystegium adnatum L. and J., 50
serpens Sch., 50
Ambrosia, 551
artemisizefolia L., 409, 425, 594, 625
psilostachya DC., 425, 594
trifida L., 409, 425, 551, 594, 626
Ambrosiacez, 409, 594
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., 391
botryapium (L. f.) DC., 391
canadensis (L.) Medic., 362, 391
Amorpha, 84, 544, 552
canescens Pursh, 20, 21, 22, 23,
393) 552
fruticosa Linn., 74, 87, 107, 131,
132, 133, 393, 553, 584
nana Nutt., 74, 584

INDEX.

Amphiroa californica Dene., 701, 703
cretacea Endl.f.tasmanica ( Lond.)
Yendo, 700, 701, 702, 703
epiphlegnoides J. Ag., 701, 703
mallardiz Harv., 706
tasmanica ond., 701
tuberculosa Endl., 700, 701, 702
wardii Harv., 706
Amphora ovalis (Bréb.) Kg., 613, 614
Amphoridium lapponicum Sch., 41
Anacystis marginata Menegh., 613,
614
Anabeena, 611, 614
azollae Strasb., 27
cycadearum Reinke, 27
flos-aquee (Lyngb.) Bréb., 27, 612
Anacardiacez, 76, 114, 395, 586
Andropogon furcatus Muhl., 374, 572
scoparius Michx., 22, 572
Anemone canadensis L., 387, 555, 581
cylindrica A. Gray, 581
nudicaulis Gray, 491
quinquefolia L., 362, 387, 555,
virginiana L., 387, 427, 581
Angelica atropurpurea L., 361, 399
Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton, 427
pallida (Lindl.) Britton, 587
Anomodon attenuatus Hartm., 48
minor (P. Beauv.) Furn., 48
rostratus Sch., 48
Anomodonta, 36
Antennaria campestris, 20, 21, 24
plantaginifolia (L.) Richards, 412
Anthemis cotula L., 414, 622
Anthoceros, 195
Apios apios (L.) MacM., 362, 394, 554
Aplozia autumnalis (DC.) Heeg, 193
Apocynacee, 401, 589
Apocynum androsemifolium L., 362,
401, 589
cannabinum L., 358, 401
cannabinum glaberrimum DC., 4o1
Aquilegia, 331
aggericola Jord., 338
alpina Linn., 333, 343
alpina var. superba Hort., 343
arctica Loud. Hort., 340
atrata Koch., 337
atropurpurea Miquel., 336
atropurpurea Willd., 336
aurea Junka., 341

INDEX.

Aquilegia

Bernardi Green & Godr., 338
bicolor Ehrh., 339
var. flore-pleno Hort., 339
blanda Lew., 339
brachyceras Turcz., 337
brevistyla Hook., 334
Buergeriana, 333
Buergeriana Sieb. & Zucc., var.
ecalcarata Davis, 336
ccerulea James, 332, 333, 342
var. albiflora Gray, 342
var. alpina A. Nelson, 342
var. calcarea Jones, 342
var. flavescens Lawson, 335
var. flore-pleno Hort., 343
var. hybrida Hort., 342
Californica Lindl., 340
var. hybrida Hort., 340
Canadensis Linn., 335, 387
var. aurea Roezl., 341
var. depauperata Fink, 335
var. flaviflora Britton, 335
var. formosa Wats., 340
var. nana Hort., 336
Caucasica \edeb., 339
chrysantha Gray, 333, 341
var. alba-plena Hort., 341
var. aurea Davis, 341
var. grandifiora-alba Hort.,
341
var. Jaeschkani Hort., 341
var. nana Hort., 341
collina Jord., 338
concolor Fisch., 338
corniculata Vill., 337
cornuta Gilib., 337
corsica Solier., 338
dahurica Patr., 336
dumeticola Jord., 338
depauperata Jones, 335
ecalcarata Eastwood, 337
ecalcarata Hort., 338
élata Ledeb., 337
elegans Pope, 338
elegans Salisb., 335
elegantula Greene, 334
eximia Van Houtte, 340
flabellata Sieb. & Zucc., 333, 337
var. nana-alba Hort., 337
Jlavescens Wats., 335 |

747

Aquilegia

flaviflora Tenney, 335
flavescens, 335
var. hybrida Hort., 340
var, nana-alba Hort., 340
var. rubra-pleno Hort., 340
var. truncata Baker, 340
formosa Fisch., 333, 340
var. desertorum Jones, 340
Garnieriana Sweet, 339
glandulosa Fisch., 332, 333, 343
var. jucunda Fisch. & Lall.,
343
glandulosa Miq., 337
glaucescens Baker, 338
glaucophylla Steud., 338
Haenkeana Koch., 338
inversa Mill., 337
Jonesii Perry, 334
Karelini Baker, 338
lactiflora Kar. & Kir., 333
Laramiensts A. Nelson, 334
leptocera Nutt., 342
leptoceras Fisch. & Meyer, 333,
337
var. chrysantha Hook., 341
var. flava Gray, 341
var. /utea Hort., 341
longissima Gray, 333, 34I
macrantha Hook. & Arn., 342
Mexicana Hook., 339
micrantha Eastwood, 333, 336
montana Sternb., 343
nigricans Baumg., 338
Olympica Boies, 339
oxysepala Traut. & Meyer, 333
paraplesia Schur., 338
platysepala Reichb., 338
plena Hort., 338
pr@cox Jord., 337, 338
pubescens Coville, 333, 341
Reuteriana Reichb., 343
saximontana, P. A. Rydberg, 335
Sibirica Lam., 333, 339
var. flore-pleno Hort., 339
var. spectabilis Baker, 339
sibirica Don, 338
silvestris Neck, 337
Skinneri Hook., 333, 339
var. flore-pleno Hort., 340
var. hybrida Hort., 341

748

Aquilegia
speciosa DC., 339
spectabilis Lem., 339
stellata Hort., 337
Sternbergii Reichb., 343
Stuarti Hort., 343
subalpina, 338
subscaposa Borhas, 338
sylvestris Schur., 338
Tianssilvanica Schur., 338
truncata Fisch., 340
variegata Moench., 335
versicolor Salisb., 337
viridiflora Pallas var.
purea, 336
vulgaris Linn., 332, 337
var. alba Hort., 338
var. atroviolacea Hort., 339
var. brevistyla Gray, 334
var. hybrida Sims, 339
var. flore-pleno Hort., 338
var. folio-aureis Hort., 339
var. nivea Baumg., 338
var. Olympica Baker, 339
var. Olympica, 343
var. verveeneana Hort., 339
vulgaris Richards., 334
vulgaris Thunb., 337
Wittmanniana Stev., 339
Arabis canadensis L,., 389
glabra (L.) Bernh., 389
leevigata (Muhl.) Poir., 389
Araceze, 377, 576
Aragallus involutus A. Nels., 427
Aralia nudicaulis L., 362, 399, 554, 588
racemosa L,., 362, 398
Araliaceze, 398, 588
Archisperme, 372
Arcteranthis Greene, 502
Cooleyze Greene, 502
Arctium lappa L., 598
minus Schk., 415
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,
368, 400, 588
Argentina anserina
583
Ariszema, 55, 540
dracontium, 358, 377
triphyllum (L.) Torr., 62, 63, 65,
362, 377, 542, 576
Aristolochiaceze, 384

atropur-

(L.) Rydberg,

INDEX.

Artemisia absinthium L., 598
. biennis Willd., 598
caudata Michx., 598
dracunculoides Pursh, 414, 545, 598
frigida Willd., 598
gnaphalodes Nutt., 22, 23, 414,
598, 627
serrata Nutt., 414
Arthonia sp., 281, 326, 705
dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl., 225, 272,
304, 326, 705
lecideella Nyl., 303, 304, 325, 659,
671, 705
patellulata Nyl., 229, 273, 705
punctiformis Ach., 273, 305, 326
radiata (Pers.) Th. Fr., 272, 303,
326, 705
Arthrocardia? frondes‘ens (Post. et
Rupr.) Aresch., 704
Arthrodesmus incrassatus Lagerh., var.
cycladatus Lagerh., 612, 614
Asarum canadense L., 362, 384
Asclepiadacez, 4o1, 589
Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl., 362, 4o1
incarnata L., 357, 362, 401, 589,
626
obtusifolia Michx., 368, 4o1
speciosa Torr., 590
sullivantii, 626
syriaca L., 362, 401, 558, 589
tuberosa [L., 401, 558
verticillata L., 367, 402
Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., 362,
366, 370
angustifolium Michx., 368, 370
filix-foemina (L.) Bernh., 362, 366,
371
Aster, 550
divaricatus L., 539
drummondii Lindl., 411
dumosus, 627
levis L., 411, 596
lindleyanus T. & G., 620
macrophyllus L., 539, 550
multiflorus Ait., 20, 21, 23, 596
novee-angliz L., 361, 411, 595
paniculatus Lam., 412, 596
patens Ait., 411
prenanthoides Muhl., 361, 411
ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G., 411,

596

INDEX.

Aster
puniceus L., 361, 411, 596
var. lucidulus A. Gray, 425
sagittifolius Willd., 23, 361, 411,
559, 557+ 595
salicifolius Lam., 411, 596
sericeus Vent., 367, 411, 596
Asterionella formosa Hass., 611, 613,
614
Astragalus canadensis L., 427
carolinianus L., 393, 585
flexuosus (Hook.) Doug., 192
Atragene americana Sims, 387
Atrichum undulatum P. B., 43
Atriplex patula L., 569, 580
Aut-eupuccinia, 543, 544
Aut-euromyces, 540
Avena sativa L., 548
Azolla caroliniana Willd., 27, 355, 368, |
371

Beeomyces, 236, 662
zeruginosus (Scop.)
266
byssoides (L.) Schaer., 227, 266 |
Balsaminaceze, 396, 586
Baptisia bracteata Ell., 392
leucantha T. & G., 393
Barbula ruralis Hedw., 40
tortuosa W. and M., 4o
Bartramia oederi Schw., 42
pomiformis Hedw., 42
Batrachium S. F. Gray, 460
aquatile Wimm., 461
circinalum Spach., 460 |
divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm.,
360, 388, 460
hederaceum S. F. Gray, 462
Lobbii Howell, 462
trichophyllum (Chaix)
360, 388, 461
. Bazzania trilobata (L.) S. F. Gray, |
193 |
Beckmannia eruczeformis (L.) Host, |
574 |
Begonia, 54
Berberidaceze, 388, 582
Berchemia racemosa Sieb. & Zucc., 78, |
SHO LIG, 141132) 133
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville, 360,
400

DC. 233; |

Bossch, |

749

Betula, 429, 430, 565
glandulosa Michx., 578
lenta L. 368, 381
lutea Michx., 225, 366, 381
nigra L., 358, 381
papyrifera Marsh., 366, 367, 381,
578
pumila L., 382
Betulacez, 381, 578
Biatora, 6, 221, 227, 236, 282, 672, 681
akompsa Tuck., 702
atrogrisea (Delis) Hepp., 671, 702
arthropurpurea (Mass.) Hepp.,
267, 671, 701
atropurpurea ( Mass.) Hepp., 672
coarctata (Sm., Nyl.) Tuck., 230,
266, 323
var. brajeriana Schaer., 17
var. brugeriana, 323
decipiens (Ehrh.) Fr., 281, 296,
322, 668, 669, 700
var. dealbata Auct., 281, 296,
322, 668, 700
flavidolivens Tuck., 268
flexuosa Fr., 281, 323
fossarum (Duf.) Mont., 296
fuscorubella (Hoffm.) Tuck., 230
268, 291, 303, 304, 323, 671, 702

glauconigrans Tuck., 228, 267
680, 702

hypnophila (Turn.) Tuck., 268,
323, 680, 702

icterica Mont., 293, 322
incompta (Borr.) Hepp., 268
inundata Fr., 298, 324, 666, 702
leucophzea (Floerk.), 267, 662,
700
var. griseoatra Koerb., 228, 267
lucida (Ach.) Fr., 228, 268
mixta Fr., 701
var. atlantica Tuck., 701
muscorum (Sw.) Tuck., 230, 269,
286, 293, 296, 324, 668, 669, 703
myriocarpoides (Nyl.) Tuck., 17,
230, 268, 289, 323, 701
negelii Hepp., 230, 268, 304, 323
oxyspora (Tul.) Nyl., 229, 268
prasina Fr. var. byssacea Th. Fr.,
701
rubella (Ehrh.) Rabenh.,
303, 323, 671, 672, 680, 702

268,

750

Biatora

rufonigra Tuck., 3, 17, 266, 282, |

287, 288, 289, 322, 665
russellii Tuck., 297
sanguineoatra (Fr.) Tuck., 267
schweinitzii Fr., 229, 268
spheeroides (Dicks.) Tuck., 230,
267, 680, 702
subfusca Fr., 303
suffusa Fr., 281, 323, 702
trachona Flot., 299
turgida (Fr.) Nyl., 227
turgidula (Fr.) Nyl., 267, 671, 700
uliginosa (Schrad.) Fr., 267, 294,
323, 673, 701
varians (Ach.) Tuck., 323, 680, 701
vernalis (I,.) Fr., 266, 680, 700

viridescens (Schrad.) Fr., 266,
679, 700
Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp., 362,
388, 555

Bidens cernua Iy., 597
comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, 358,

362, 368, 414
frondosa L., 358, 362, 414, 425,
597, 626
levis (L.) B.S.P., 358, 414, 597,
626
Bignoniacez, 82, 124
Blepharostoma trichophyllum

Dumort, 193
Blephila hirsuta (Pursh) Torr., 404
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her., 411,
626
Boraginacez, 403, 590
Botrychium lunaria (1. ) Sw., 362, 369,
619
virginianum (L,.) Sw., 616
Botrydium, 198
Botryococcus, 614
Boutelouacurtipendula ( Michx. )Torr.,
367, 375, 574
hirsuta Lag., 367, 375
oligostachya (Nutt. ) Torr., 21, 22,
574
Brachyactis angustus ( Lindl.) Britton,
596
Brachypuccinia, 543, 548
Brachythecium, 36
campestre Sch., 49
flexicaule Ren. and Card., 49

INDEX.

Brachythecium
oxycladon (Brid.) Grout, 49
plumosum Sch. (?), 49
salebrosum Sch., 49
starkei Sch., 49
Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P., 389
nigra (L.) Koch, 388, 622, 627, 628
Brauneria pallida, 20, 21

| Bromus ciliatus L., 375, 549, 574

(Le) |

kalmii A. Gray, 375, 574
purgans L., 574
secalinus L., 375
Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn. ) Vent.,
71, 85, 87, 94, 130, 131, 132, 133
Buellia, 6, 221, 227, 282, 283, 665, 672,
674
alboatra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., 270,
303, 324, 671, 704
var. saxicola Fr., 281, 298, 299,
324
dialyta (Nyl.) Tuck., 230, 271
geographica (Pers. )Tuck., 232,271

myriocarpa (DC.) Mudd., 230,
271, 324, 673, 704
var. polyspora Willey, 230,

271, 704
parasema ( Ach.) Th. Fr., 270, 303,
306, 324, 671, 672, 673, 675,
704
var. triphragmia Nyl., 271
parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Tuck.,
230, 272
petrzea (Flot., Koerb.) Tuck., 3,
17, 223; 1224/2332) 27ieeoo.
287, 289, 325, 662, 664, 704
var. grandis Floerk.,17,229,271
var. montagneei, 17, 233, 271,
285, 325, 664, 704
pullata Tuck., 278, 281, 282, 285,
287, 325, 664, 704
spuria (Schoer.) Arn., 17, 285, 287,
289, 324
turgescens (Nyl.) Tuck., 281, 306,
325
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton, 137,
142, 389
Butneria fertilis (Walt. ) Kearney, 73,
85
florida (Linn. ) Kearney, 72, 85, 87,
TOO 130, pIs i, 132) 0033
Butominez, 651

INDEX.

Cactus viviparus Nutt., 192
Ca@oma nitens Schwein., 552
(Zcidium) pedatatum Schw., 632
(4cidium ) sagittatum Schw., 632
Ceesalpinaceze, 73, 102, 392
Calamagrostis langsdorfii
Trin., 620
lapponica Trin., 620
Calicium, 225, 236, 663, 673, 674, 678,

(Link. )

679, 706
brunneolum Ach., 273
chrysocephalum (Turn.) Ach.,

273, 677, 678, 706
var. filare Ach., 229, 273
curtum Turn. and Borr., 678, 706
hyprellum Ach. var. viride Nyl.,

274, 671, 673

lucidum (Th. Fr.) Fink., 659, 661,
675, 676, 706

parietinum Ach., 273, 306, 326,
673, 679, 707

polyporzeum Nyl., 706
pusillum Flk., 707
quercinum Pers., 274, 306, 326, 694
trabinellum (Schaer.) Kbr., 673,
679, 707
trachelinum Ach., 678, 706
trichiale Ach., 273
var. cinereum Nyl., 673, 677,
678, 706
var. stemoyeum Nyl., 230, 273,
797
turbinatum Pers., 274. 695
Calla palustris L., 576
Calliblepharis, 156, 205
Calothrix parietina (Nag.) Thur., 27
Caltha, 500
palustris L., 361, 387, 544
Calycanthacez, 72, 100
Calycanthus occidentalis, tor
Calyptospora J. Kuhn, 537, 540
goeppertiana Kuhn, 540
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz., 389
Campanulacez, 408, 593
Campanula americana L,., 362, 408
aparinoides Pursh, 408, 593
rotundifolia L., 367, 408, 593
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link
367, 370
Cannabis sativa L., 383
Capea, 723

751

Capparidacee, 389
Caprifoliaceze, 83, 407, 592
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P.,
360, 389
Carduus, 425, 548
altissimus L., 598
arvensis (L.) Robs., 598, 627
discolor (Muhl.) Nutt., 415, 598
lanceolatus L., 415, 627, 628
odoratus (Muhl.) Porter, 415
undulatus Nutt., 598
Carex abacta Bailey, 620
castanea Wahl., 547
cristatella Britton, 377, 576
filiformis L., 576
fusca All., 576
hystricina Muhl., 376
limosa L., 620
lupulina Muhl., 376
lurida Wahl., 368, 376
retrorsa Schwein., 576
rosea Schk., 362, 377
stipata Muhl., 376
sychnocephala Carey, 576
torta Boott, 368, 376
tribuloides Wahl., 377
utriculata Boott, 547, 576
vulpinoidea Michx., 377
Carpinus caroliniana Walt., 362, 381
Caryophyllacez, 89, 386, 581
Cassia chameecrista L., 392
Castalia rigida, 357
tuberosa (Paine) Greene, 356, 386,
626
Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng.,
620
coccinea (L.) Spreng., 366, 406
sessiliflora Pursh, 406
Catalpa catalpa, 127
speciosa Warder, 82, 85, 87, 126,
130, 131, 132, 133
Caulophyllum __ thalictroides
Michx., 362, 388, 582
Ceanothus americanus L., 396, 430
ovatus Desf., 396
Celastracez, 76, 395
Celastrus scandens Linn., 76, 395
Celtis, 130
australis, 92
occidentalis L., 70, 85, 87, 91, 130,
131, 132, 133, 366, 383

(L.)

752

Cenchrus tribuloides L., 375
Cephalauthus occidentalis Linn., 83,

84, 87, 128, 130, 131. 132, 133, 358, 407 |

Cephalozia catenulata (Hiiben.)
Spruce, 193
media Lindb., 193
Cerasterias, 614
Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl.,
361, 362, 386
Ceratium longicorne Carter, 613
tripos, 617
Ceratodon purpureus Brid., 4o
Ceratophyllacez, 386, 581
Ceratophyllum demersum L,., 196, 197,
355, 386, 581
Ceratosanthus ajacis Schur., 435
consolida Schur., 435
Cercis canadensis Linn., 73, 85, 87,
LOA) 1ZO; gees
siliquastrum Willd., 73, 105
Cetraria, 236
aurescens Tuck., 241
ciliaris (Ach.) Tuck., 241, 306,
309, 659, 675, 677, 678, 683
islandica (L.) Ach., 230, 241
juniperina (L.) Ach., 676
var. pinastri Ach., 242, 663,
665, 671, 677, 683
lacunosa Ach., 241
seepincola (Ehrh.) Ach., 242
Chzetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn., 573
Chantransia expansa Wood, 25
pygmea (Kg.) Sirdt., 25
Chamezerhodos erecta (L.) Bunge, 569,
584
Chara contraria A. Br., 25
foetida A. Br., 25
Characeae Richard, 25
Characium A. Br., 196
Cheilanthesgracilis( Feé ) Mett. 368,371
lanosa (Michx.) Watt., 371
Cheilosporum californicum (Decne.),
700, 702, 703
frondescens Post. et Rupr., 700,
702, 705
f. intermedia Yendo, 704
f. maxima Yendo, 704
f. polymorpha Yendo, 704
f. typica, 703
MacMillanii sp. nov., Yendo, 700,
702, 706

INDEX.

|

Cheilosporum
planiusculum (Kutz.), 700, 702
Chelone glabra L., 361, 405
Chenopodiaceze, 89, 385, 579
Chenopodium, 627, 628
album L., 30, 579
ambrosioides L., 569, 580
Boscianum Mogq., 30
botrys L., 385
glaucum L., 580
hybridum L., 580
leptophyllum (Mogq.) Nutt., 580
Chlorochytrium, 195, 196, 200
archerianum Hieron., 26, 199
cohnii Wright, 196, 201
dermatocolax, I99, 203
inclusum Kjellman, 186, 198, 199
202, 203
knyanum, 197
leetuin, 199
lemnz, 196, 197, 198, 199, 203
pallidum Klebs, 197
rubrum, 199
schmitzii, 203
viride, 199
Chlorocystis, 199, 203
Chlorophycez, 610, 614
Chroococcus, 28, 614
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L,.,
414
Chrysomyxa Unger., 537, 538
ledi, 559
pirolatum (Koern.) Wint., 538
Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.)
Benth., 374. 573
Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt., 569,
595
Chytrideze, 198
Cichoriaceze, 409, 593
Cichorium intybus L., 409
Cicuta bulbifera L., 358, 361, 400, 588
maculata Ll., 361, 399, 627
Circzea, 550
alpina I,., 366, 398, 550
lutetiana L., 362, 398, 550
Cistaceze, 397, 586
Cladonia, 221, 225, 668, 675, 683
amaurocrea (FI.) Schaer., 233,
265
bacillaris Nyl., 674, 700
botrytes (Hog.) Willd., 696

INDEX.

Cladonia
ceespiticia (Pers.) Fl., 16, 229, 262,
264, 301, 320, 321
cariosa (Ach.) Spreng., 16, 262,
295, 321, 667, 679, 697
cenotea (Ach.) Schaer., 679, 698
cornucopioides (L.) Fr.? 265, 301
cornuta (L.) Fr., 264, 667
cristatella Tuck., 220, 266, 306, 322,
674, 700
var. paludicola Tuck., 281, 322
decorticata Floerk., 230, 262
deformis (L.) Hoffm., 227, 265,
662, 699
degenerans Flk., 263, 667, 698

delicata (Ehrh.) Fl., 17, 230,
284

digitata (L.) Hoffm., 229, 265,
662, 700

fimbriata (L.) Fr., 228, 262, 286,
294, 295, 296, 321 |
var. apolepta (Ach.) Wainio,
698
var. ceratodes (Flk.) Wainio,
698
var. fibula Ach., 697
var. radiata Fr., 263, 321
var. simplex (Weis.) Flot., |
674, 697
var. subulata (L.) Wainio, 697 |
var. tubzeformis Fr., 16, 262,
286, 295, 306, 321, 674, 678,
697
furcata (Huds.) Fr., 220, 223,
264, 301, 322, 667, 679, 699
var. crispata Fl., 264
var. paradoxa Wainio, 699
var. pungens Fr., 322
var. racemosa FIl., 301, 322
var. racemosa Fr., 301
var. scabriuscula ( Del.) Ceon.,
699
gracilis (L.) Fr., 16, 222, 263, 294,
295, 306, 321, 667, 674, 678;
698
Nyl., 220
var. anthocephala Flk., 662,
698

var. cervicornis Floerk., 228,
263
var. elongata Fr., 667

753

| Cladonia

gracilis (L.) Nyl., var. hybrida
Schaer., 263, 321, 667, 674,
678, 679, 698
var. symphycarpia Tuck.,
227, 263, 321, 667, 674.
var. verticillata Fr., 17, 263,
294, 295, 306, 321, 674, 677,
679, 698
macilenta (Ehrh.) Hoffm.,
266, 306, 322, 674, 700
mitrula Tuck., 16, 230, 262, 295,
320, 674, 678, 696
pyxidata (L.) Fr., 16, 222, 223,
262, 286, 293, 294, 295, 321,
667, 674, 679, 697
var. chlorophza Flk., 697
var. neglecta (Flk.) Mass.,
674. 697
rangiferina (L,.) Hoffm., 17, 220,
222, 223, 264, 322, 667, 679,699

17;

vat.) -dlpestris: i(15-)) 17%, 222;
265, 667, 699

var. sylvatica I., 222, 223,
265, 322, 699

squamosa Hoffm., 16, 264, 699
var. phyllocoma Rabenh., 227,
264
symphycarpa Fr., 262
symphycarpia Tuck, 295, 306
symphycarpia Fr. var. epiphylla
(Ach. ) Nyl., 228, 262, 320
turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm., 263, 294,
321
var. conspicua (Schaer.) Nyl.,
263
uncialis (L.) Fr., 222, 223, 265,
667, 699
Cladophora, 614
lanosa, 195
Clathrocystis, 614
Claytonia, 639
Clematis virginiana L., 362, 387, 427,
555, 581
Climacium americanum Brid., 48
Clinopodium vulgare L., 404
Clintonia borealis ( Ait.) Raf., 551

| Closterium parvulum Naeg., 612, 614

Cnicus, 425
Ceelastrum microporum WNaeg. var.
speciosum Wolle, 611, 614

754

Ceelosphe rium kutzingiai um Naeg.,
611, 612, 614
Coccochloris, 28
Coleosporium Léveillé, 537, 538
sonchi-arvensis (P.) Wint., 539
Collema, 195, 221, 282, 665, 668, 672
crispum Borr., 667, 690
flaccidum Ach., 15, 229, 254, 292,
303, 314, 671, 680, 689
furvum (Ach.) Nyl., 254, 290, 292,
299, 315
limosum Ach., 655, 690
marescens (Huds.) Ach., 680
nigrescens (Huds.) Ach., 254, 671,
689
plicatile Schaer., 281, 298, 299, 314
pulposum (Barnh.) Nyl., 15, 294,
314, 667, 690
pustulatum Ach., 281, 298, 299, 314
pycnocarpum Nyl., 230, 254, 303,
314, 671, 689
ryssoleum Tuck., 690
tenax (Sw.) Ach., 281, 294, 314
Comanudra umbellata (L.) Nutt., 20,
384, 558
Comarum palustre L., 583
Commelinacez, 377
Compositz, 410, 594
Coniferee, 89
Coniocybe, 236, 660
pallida ( Pers.) Fr., 231, 239, 274,
303, 326, 659, 695
Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort., 191
Constantinea, 180, 182, 201, 203
reniformis, 175, 176, 177, 178
rosa-marina, 175, 176, 177,
185, 186, 187
schmitzii, 200
sitchensis, 175. 176, 177, 178, 186,
187, 200, 202
thiebauti, 178, 187
Convallariacez, 378, 577
Convolvulaceze, 402, 590
Convolvulus, 89
sepium L., 402, 544, 590
spithameeus L., 402, 544
Corallina aculeata Yendo, 700, 702, 708
Srondescens Vost. et Rupr., 703
officinalis L., 707
var. chilensis Kutz, 700, 702,
706, 707

178,

INDEX.

Corallina
officinalis L. f. d Yendo, 707
pilulifera, 702
planiuscula Kiitz, 705
squamata, 702
tuberculosa Post. et Rupr., 701,
702
vancouveriensis Yendo, 700, 702,
797
f. densa Yendo, 707
f. typica Yendo, 707, 708
Coreopsis palmata Nutt., 367, 413, 426
Cornacez, 81, 400, 588
Cornus, 564
amonuni Mill., 81, 358,"400
canadensis L., 551
candidissima Marsh, 362, 400, 588
circinata J.’Her., 400
florida Linn., 82
rotundifolia, 362
stolonifera Michx., 81, 362, 400,
588
Corylus americana Walt., 362, 381, 430,
578
rostrata Ait., 381
Cosmarium, 617
nitidulum De Not., 612
Costaria turneri Grev., 725
Crassulaceze, 387, 582

| Crateegus, 239, 429

coccinea L., 391, 584
macracantha Lodd., 368, 391
punctata Jacq., 362, 368, 391
tomentosa L., 362, 391

| Crocus, 55, 62, 63, 65

Cronartium Fries., 537, 538
asclepiadeum (Willd.) Fr.
quercuum B. & C., 538
Cruciferze, 89, 388, 582
Cryptogramme acrostichoides R. Br.,
619

var.

| Cucurbitaceze, 88, 593
| Cuscuta coryli Engelm., 402

gronovii Willd., 402, 590

indecora Choisy, 402

paradoxa Raf., 402

polygonorum Engelm., 590
Cuscutaceze, 402, 590
Cyanophycee, 610, 614
Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kg., 613, 614

| Cylindrothecium seductrix Sulliv., 48

INDEX.

Cymbella lanceolata (Ehr.) Kirchn.,
613, 614
Cynodontium polycarpum B. S., 37
Cyperacez, 375, 575
Cyperus, 627
diandrus Torr., 575
esculentus L., 357, 375
filiculmis Vahl., 367, 376
houghtoni Torr., 367, 368, 376
schweinitzii Torr., 367, 375, 376
speciosus Vahl, 575
‘Cypripedium candidum Willd., 379
hirsutum Mill., 362, 366, 379
reginze Walt., 379
spectabilis, 366
‘Cyrtorhyncha Nutt., 501
ranunculina Nutt., 502
Cymbalaria Britton, 503
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh., 362,
367, 370
fragilis (L.) Bernh., 366, 370, 560

Daldinia, 564
concentrica (Bolt.) C. & N., 567
tuberosa (Scop. ) Voss., 567
vernicosa (Schw.) Cesati & de
Notaris, 567
Dasystoma - grandiflora
Wood, 368, 406
Datura tatula L., 405
Delphinium aconitifolium Muhlenb.,
441
albescens Rydb., 446
alpinum Waldst. & Kit., 447
apiculatum Greene, 440
Andersonii Gray, 441
azureum Michx., 444, 445
azureum Yorr., 451
azureum Torr. & Gray, 439
var. laxiflorum Huth, 444
var. simplex Huth, 451
Barbeyi Huth, 449
bicolor Nutt., 438
var. cognatum n. var. Davis,
438
var. glareosum Davis, 439
var. Montanense Rydb., 438
var. Nelsonii Davis, 438
bicornutum Hemsl., 452
var. Hemsleyi Huth, 453
Blochmane Greene, 440

(Benth. )

755

Delphinium
Brunonianum Royle, 443
Californicum Torr. & Gray, 437
var. laxiusculum Huth, 437
var. scapigerum Huth, 437
camporum Greene, 445, 446
var. macroseratilis Davis, 446
var. penardi Davis, 446
Carolinianum Walt. Fl. Carol.,
445, 446
var. album Hort., 445
var. vimineum Gray, 445
Cashmirianum Royle, 443
var. Walkeri Hook., 443
cardinale Hook., 436
cheilanthum Fisch., 448
Clusianum Host., 447
coccineum Torr., 436
Columbianum Greene, 450
consolida Linn., 419, 435
davuricum Georgi, 452
decorum Benth., 440
decorum Fisch. & Mey., 439
var. gracilentum Davis, 439
var. evadense Wats., 44I,
442
var. nudicaule Huth, 436
var. patens Gray, 439
discolor Fisch., 447
distichum Geyer, 451
diversifolium Greene, 449
var. diversifolium Davis, 449
Ehrenbergi Huth, 453
elatum Linn., 447
var. occidentale Wats., 449
Emilie Greene, 441
exaltatum Aiton, 443, 447
exaltatum Hook., 448
exaltatum Hook. & Arn., 437
var. Barbeyi Huth, 449
var. Californicum Huth, 437
var. glaucum Huth, 449
var. Nuttallit Huth, 450
var. scopulorum Huth, 448
var. trollitfolium Huth, 447
fissum Waldst. & Kit., 452
jilammeum Kellogg, 436
Jlexuosum Raf., 441
formosum Boiss. & Huet, 451
Jormosum Hort., 448
geranitfolium Rydb., 446

756

Delphinium

Geyeri Greene, 445

var. geraniifolium Davis, 446

var. Wootoni Davis, 445
glareosum Greene, 439
glaucescens Rydb., 450

var. multicaule Rydb., 450
glaucum Wats., 449
gracilentum Greene, 439
grandiflorum Linn., 448

var. Chinensis Fischer, 448

var. variegatum Wook. & |

Arn., 440
Hanseni Greene, 440
Hlanseni var. arcuatum Greene,
440

hesperium Gray, 439
hespertum Huth, 439

var. Hanseni Greene, 440

var. recurvatum Davis, 440
hirsutum Pers., 452
hybridum Steph., 452

var. sulphureum Hort., 437
intermedium Willd., 447
latisepalum Hemsl., 453
leptophyllum Hemsl. 454
leucopheum Greene, 450
lilacinum Willd., 443
Maackianum Regel, 451
macroseratilis Rydb., 446
Madrense Wats., 452
magnificum Paxt., 448
Menziesii DC., 442
Menziesti Gray, 438
Menziesti Wats., 441

var. ochroleucum Torr. & Gray,

439

var. pauciflorum Huth, 442

var. Utahense Wats., 438
monophyllum Gilib., 435
moschatum Munro, 443
Nelsoni Greene, 438
nudicaule Torr. & Gray, 418, 436
Nuttallianum Pritz., 442
Nuttaliii Gray, 450

var. leucophzeum Davis, 450
occidentale Wats., 417
occidentale Wats., 449
Oreganum Howell, 445
ornatum Greene, 440

INDEX.

palmatifidum DC., 447

Delphinium

patens Beuth., 439
pauciflorum Nutt., 442
var. depauperatum Gray, 442
var. Nevadense Gray, 442
Parishii Gray, 441
Parryi Gray, 441
pauperculum Greene, 442
pedatisectum Hemsl., 453
peltatum Hook., 436
Penardi Huth, 446
Przewalskianum Hort., 437
Przewalskii Huth, 437
pubescens Griseb., 435
pyramidale Royle, 447
vanunculifolium Wall., 447
recurvatum Greene, 440
sarcophyllum Hook. & Arn., 436
scaposum Greene, 446
scopulorum Gray, 448, 449
scopulorum Wats., 449
var. attenuatum Jones, 449
var. glaucum Gray, 449
var. stachydeum Gray, 449
var. subalpinum Gray, 449
segetum Tam., 435
simplex Dougl., 451
simplex Nutt., 450
simplex Wats., 439
var. distichifiorum Hook., 451
simenseé Fisch., 448
sonnei Greene, 441
speciosum Boiss. & Huet., 451
staphisagria, 417
tauricum Pallas, 452
tenuisectum Greene, 453
Treleasei B. F. Bush, 446
tricorne Michx., 441
var. Andersonit Huth, 441
var. depauperatum Huth,
442
var. patens Huth, 439
troliifolium Gray, 419, 447
trydactylum Michx., 443
uliginosum Curran, 447
urceolatum Jacq., 454
variegatum Torr. & Gray, 440
var. apiculatum Greene, 440:
var. Blochmane Davis, 440
var. Emiliz Davis, 441
versicolor Salisb., 435

ee

INDEX.

Delphinium
vimineum D. Don, 445
virescens Gray, 445
virescens Nutt., 446
virescens Rydb., 437
virgatum Jacq., 448
viride Wats., 438
viridescens Leiberg, 436
Wislizeni Engelm., 454 |
Wootoni Rydb., 445
Zalil Ait. & Hems., 437 |
Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze, 362, |
400, 588
Descurainia pinnata Britton, 30
Dianthus caryophyllus L., 543
Diatomacez, 610
Diatomez, 614
Diceoma Viole Kuntze, 633
Dichelyma pallescens B. S., 44
Dichothrix calcarea Tilden, 27
Dicranum, 36
boryeani De Not., 37
drummondii C. Mull., 37
flagellare Hedw., 38
fuscescens Turn., 38
longifolium Hedw., 38
montanum Hedw., 39
palustre La Pyl, 37
alatum Barnes, 37
scoparium Hedw., 39
undulatum Ehrb., 39
viride B. S., 39
Dictyophora duplicata, 534
Ravenelii Burt., 525, 533, 534
Dictyospherium pulchellum Wood,
612, 617 |
Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM., 362,
408
Dilsea, 202
Dimorphococcus, 617
Dioscorea villosa L., 379
Dioscoreaceze, 379
Dirca palustris L., 366, 398, 558
Distichium capillaceum B. S., 40
Dodecatheon meadia 1L., 400
Doellingeria umbellata ( Dill.) Nees,
361, 539
umbellata pubens (A. Gray) Brit-
ton, 412, 596
Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton, 580
Draba caroliniana Walt., 367, 389

757

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt., 591

Drupacee, 584

Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydberg,

583

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott, 619
goldieana ( Hook.) A.Gray, 368, 370
spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze, 370
thelypteris (L.) A. Gray, 361, 370

Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec.
& Planch., 620
Ecklonia, 723, 730

| Eleeagnaceze, 80, 121, 587

Elzagnus, 122
argentea Pursh, 587
umbellata Thunb., 80, 87, 121, 130,
TAT oe
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S.,
356, 357, 376, 575
intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes, 575
Elodea, 54

| Elymus canadensis L., 367, 375, 575;

627, 628
macouni Vasey, 569, 575
virginicus L., 357, 375, 575
Encalypta ciliata Hedw., 41
Encyonema, 614
Endocarpon, 221, 669
arboreum Schwein., 281, 327
fluviatile DC., 222, 223, 224 274,
327, 797
hepaticum Ach., 18, 286, 293, 294,
296, 327, 707
miniatum (LL. ) Schaer., 18, 227, 274,
285, 290, 298, 299, 300, 326
var. complicatum Schaer., 274,
285, 287, 289, 326

pusillum Hedw., 297, 300, 327,
670, 707
var. garovaglii Kph., 286, 293,
294, 301, 327

Endophyllacez, 537
Endospheera, 198
Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Fr., 426
Ephebe, 6, 282
pubescens Fr., 224, 253, 313
solida Born., 3, 14, 222, 224, 253
Epilobium, 360
adenocaulon Haussk., 362, 398
coloratum Muhl., 362, 366, 398,
539, 587

758 INDEX.

Epilobium
lineare Muhl., 539, 587
palustre, 627
Equisetacez, 371
Equisetum arvense L., 362, 371, 622
hyemale L., 372
leevigatum A. Br., 372
pratense Ehrh., 372
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P.
357, 374, 375
Erechtites hieracifolia (L ) Raf., 366,
414, 425
Ericacez, 400, 588
Erigeron acris droebachianus (O. F.
Mueller) Blytt., 620
annuus (L.) Pers., 412, 556
philadelphicus L., 596
pulchellus Michx., 362, 412
ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P., 21, 412,
596
Eriocarpum _— spinulosum
Greene, 22, 550
Erysimum cheiranthoides L., 389, 582
pinnatum Walt., 30
Erysiphe, 424
aggregata (Peck) Farlow, 427
cichoracearum DC., 425
communis, 427
galeopsidis DC., 428
graminis DC., 428
Erythronium albidum Nutt., 362, 378
Endorina elegans Ehrenb., 612, 617
Eucalyptus, 85
citriodora Hook., 81, 85
corymbosa Sm., 81, 85
globulus Labill., 80, 85, 87, 122
TAT, 132) 033
uhymenia, 176
Huonymus, 89
atropurpureus Jacq., 362, 395
EKupatorium ageratoides L., 362, 366,
410, 426, 557
altissimum L., 410
maculatum L., 594
perfoliatum L., 410, 557, 595, 627
purpureum L., 357, 410, 557
Euphorbia, 540, 542
corollata L., 395, 559
cyparissias L., 395
glyptosperma Engelm., 395, 542,
586

(Nutt. )

Euphorbia
heterophylla L., 367, 395, 542
maculata L., 395, 542, 586
marginata Pursh, 542
nutans Lag., 395
serpyllifolia Pers., 542, 586
Euphorbiacez, 395, 586
Euphrasia americana Wettst., 620
Eurynchium robustum (Roell.) Hol-
zinger, 49
strigosum Sch., 50
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt., 411,
557; 595
Euuromyces, 540
Evernia furfuracea (L.) Mann., 242
prunastri (L.) Ach., 242, 675, 677,
684

Fagacee, 382, 578
Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, 362, 366,

394, 427, 554, 585
pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze, 368,
394

Ficaria Huds., 500
ambigua Bor., 501
aperata Schur., 501
calthefolia Reichb., 501
communis Dum., 501
Ficaria Karst., 501
grandifiora Robert, 501
Holubyi Schur., 501
intermedia Schur., 501
nudicaulis Kern., 501
polypetala Gilid., 501
ranunculoides Moench., 501
Roberti F. Schultz, 501
rotundifolia Schur., 501
transsilvanica Schur., 501
verna Huds., 501

Fissidens incurvus Schw., 40
osmundoides Hedw., 40

Fontinalacez, 36

Fontinalis antipyretica Linn., 43
durizei Sch., 43
holzingeri Cardot., 43
hypnoides Hartm., 44
missourica Card., 43

Fragaria americana (Porter) Britton,

362, 390

Fragilaria, 611, 614

capucina Desmaz., 613

a e

INDEX.

Fraxinus, 239, 274
Americana L., 192, 559
lanceolata Borck., 192, 358, 401
nigra Marsh., 358, 401

Freesia, 55, 62, 63

Freelichia floridana (Nutt.) Mogq., 385

Frullania Eboracensis Goitsche, 193

Fucus rosa-marina, 175, 187

Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., 42, 626

Gaillardia aristata Pursh, 598
Galeopsis tetrahit L., 591
Galium aparine L,., 362, 407
asprellum Michx., 407, 544
boreale L., 362, 407, 592
concinnum Torr. & Gray, 544
trifidum L., 362, 407, 592
triflorum Michx., 362, 407
Gaura biennis L , 368, 398
coccinea Pursh, 587
Gentiana acuta Michx., 589
andrewsii Griseb., 544, 589
crinita Froel., 361, 401
detonsa Rottb., 589
flavida A. Gray, 361, 401, 589
puberula Michx., 544, 589
quinquefolia L., 4or1
rubricaulis Schwein, 620
Gentianacez, 4o1, 589
Geraniacez, 394, 585
Geranium, 54
bicknellii Britton, 31, 585
Carolinianum, 31
maculatum L., 362, 394, 556
Gerardia aspera Dougl., 406, 592
purpurea, 21
tenuifolia Vahl, 406, 592
Geum canadense Jacq., 391
strictum Ait., 362, 391
virginianum L,., 584
Gigartina, 154, 161, 165, 199, 205
exasperata Harv., 601
Glecoma hederacea L., 404
Gleditsia triacanthos L., 73, 85, 87,
105, 130, 131, 132, 133, 358, 368, 392
Glceocapsa calcarea Tilden, 29
Gloeocystis, 617
gigas (Kg.) Lagerh., 612
Gloeeotrichia, 611, 614
pisum (Ag.) Thuret., 27
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh, 23, 585

759

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L., 412
Gracilaria, 205
Graminez, 374, 572
Graphis, 225, 227, 660
dendritica, 272
scripta (L.) Ach., 272, 303, 304,
325, 671, 672, 705
var. limitata Ach., 229,
303, 325, 671, 705
var. recta (Humb.) Nyl., 225,
272,325; 671, 705
Grimmia apocarpa Hedw., 4o
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.,
22, 192, 426, 595
Grossulariacez, 390
Gunnera scabra, 195
Gyalecta, 236
fagicola (Hepp.) Tuck., 230, 261
Gymuocladus dioica Koch, 366, 392
Gymnoconia Lagerh., 537, 551
interstitialis (Schlect.) Lagerh.,
552
Gymnosporangium De Candolle, 537,
553
clavarieforme (Jacq.) Rees., 553
globosum Farl., 553
juniperi-virgianianze Schw., 553
macropus Lk., 553
nidus avis Thaxter., 553

278,

Habenaria’ bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.,

362, 379
leucophea (Nutt.) A. Gray, 361,
379
psycodes (L.) A. Gray, 361, 379
Haloragidacez, 587
Halymenia reniformis, 177
Hamamelidacez, 390
Hamamelis virginiana L., 368, 390
Hedeoma hispida Pursh, 404
pulegioides (L.) Pers., 404
Hedwigia ciliata Ehrh., 4o
Helenium autumnale L., 358, 414
autumnale pubescens ( Ait.) Brit-
ton, 597
Helianthemum canadense(L, ) Michx.,
397
majus (L.) B.S.P., 397
Helianthus, 426, 543, 545, 546
annuus L., 191, 546, 597
atrorubens L., 368, 413

760 INDEX.

Heliant hus
decapetalus L., 426
divaricatus L., 413, 426, 557
giganteus L., 546, 627
grosse-serratus Martens, 413, 426,
546, 597
maximiliani Schrad., 597
occidentalis Riddell, 367, 413
rigidus, 20, 21, 22
scaberrimus Ell., 413, 426, 597
strumosus L., 413
tuberosus L., 413, 426, 546, 597
tracheliifolius Mill., 413
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B.S.P.,
412, 546
scabra Dunal, 412, 425, 596
Helleborus, 500

Helminthocladiacez (Harv. ) Schmitz, |

25
Helobiz, 651
Hemipuccinia, 543, 549
Heniiuromyces, 540, 543

Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton, 362, |

387
Heppia, 657

despreauxii (Mont.) Tuckm., 281, |

293, 295, 296, 313, 656, 677
polyspora Tuck., 281, 282, 295, 313
Heracleum lanatum Michx., 362, 399,
588
Heter-eupuccinia, 543, 546
Heterothecium, 236, 662

sanguinarium (L.) Flot., 233, 269 |

var. affine Tuck., 228, 269
Heuchera hispida Pursh, 389
Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton, 380
ovata ( Mill.) Britton, 366, 380

Hieracium canadense Michx., 367, 409, |

548, 556, 594
scabrum Michx., 366, 409
umbellatum L., 366, 368, 409
Hippuris vulgaris L., 587
Hlomalia jamesit Schimp., 45, 46, 47
macountt, 46, 47
trichomanoides, 45, 45, 47

jamesii (Schimp.) Holzinger, |

44, 47
Homalocenchrus virginicus ( Willd.)
Britton, 357, 375
Hordeum jubatum J. 575, 627
vulgare L., 548

Hormiscia zonata (Web. and Mohr)
Aresch. var. valida (Nag.) Rabenh.,
26

Houstonia longifolia Gaertn., 592

| Humulus lupulus L. 362, 383, 424, 578

Hydrocotyle americana L., 368, 400

| Hydrocytium, 196

Hydrophyllacez, 402
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum

Michx., 402
virginicum L,., 362, 402, 426, 551,
559

Hylocomium splendens Sch., 52
triquetrum Sch., 52

| Hypericaceze, 397, 586
| Hypericum ascyron L., 397

maculatum Walt., 366, 397
majus (A. Gray) Britton, 366, 397

| Hypnacez, 36

Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid., 50
crista-castrensis L., 51 ‘
cupressiforme ericetorum B. S., 50
filicinum aciculinum C. M. and

Ke SE
trichodes Brid., 51
haldanianum Grev., 51
hispidulum Brid., 51
reptile Rich., 51
schreberi Willd., 51
uncinatum Hedw., 52

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville, 379

Hypoxylon, 564
annulatum (Schw. ) Montagne, 566
atropurpureum (Fries) Fries, 566
commutatum Holwayanum Sacc.,

565
commutatum Nitschke, 565
epipheum Berkeley & Curtis, 564,
566
epiphleum B. & C., 566
Jerrugineum Holway & Ellis, 566
fuscum ( Pers.) Fries, 565
granulosum Bulliard, 565
marginatum Berkeley, 566
morsei Berkeley & Curtis, 565
multiforme Fr., 565
perforatum (Schw.) Fries, 566
petersii Berkeley & Curtis, 565
rubiginosum Ellis & Everhart, 566
rubiginosum (Pers.) Fries, 563,
564, 566

INDEX. 761

Hypoxylon
serpens ( Pers.) Fries, 567
transversum Schw., 565
Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp., 575

Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth.,
358, 406

Impatiens, 556

aurea Muhl., 362, 396

biflora Walt., 362, 549, 556, 586
Iridacez, 379, 577 |
Iris versicolor L., 379, 554, 577
Ithyphallus, 534

impudicus, 534

tenuis, 533, 534
Iva xanthifolia (Fresen.) Nutt., 594

|
1
{
}
|

Jania, 701 |
Juglandacez, 380 |
Juglans cinerea L., 362, 380
nigra L,, 362, 380 |
Juncacez, 377, 576
Juncus acuminatus Michx., 577
articulatus L., 620
balticus Willd., 576
dudleyi Wiegand, 569, 576
effusus L., 377, 626
nodosus Iy., 577
tenuis Willd., 377, 577
torreyi Coville, 577 |
vaseyi Engelm., 576
Jungermannia barbata Schreb., 193
quinquedentata Web., 193
ventricosa Dicks., 193
Juniperus communis L,,
553
sabina L., 367, 368, 372
virginiana L,., 366, 372, 553

367, 372, |

Kallymenia, 205
reniformis, 177
Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., 21, 367, |
375, 574
Koellia
Sgt
virginiana (L.) MacM., 405, 545
Kuhnia eupatorioides L., 410, 549
glutinosa, 20, 21, 22
Kuhnistera candida (Willd.) Kuntze,
20, 21, 23, 367, 393, 585
occidentalis, 22

flexuosa (Walt.) MacM., |

| Kuhnistera

purpurea (Vent.) MacM., 20, 21,
367, 397, 585.
Kumlienia Greene, 500
Cooleyeé Greene, 502
histricula Greene, 500

Labiatz, 403, 590
Laciniaria, 539, 557
apycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze,
595
cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze, 367,
410
punctata (Hook.), Kuntze 595

pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze,
410

scariosa (L.) Hill, 21, 367, 410,
595

Lactuca, 546, 626, 628
canadensis L., 557
floridana (L.) Gaertn., 362, 409
ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC., 368, 409,
557, 593
pulchella (Pursh) DC., 546, 594
sagittifolia Ell., 368, 4o9
scariola L., 192, 409, 626
Lagedia oxyspora (Nyl.) Tuck., 696
Laminaria, 728, 730, 732
japonica, 731
radicosa, 731
saccharina, 728
Lappula, 426
americana (A. Gray)
569, 590
floribunda (Lehm.) Greene, 590
lappula (L.) Karst., 367, 403, 590
virginiana (L).) Greene, 403, 426

Rydberg,

| Lathyrus, 427, 429, 430, 540

ochroleucus Hook., 362, 393
venosus Muhl., 362, 393, 427, 541
Lecanora, 221, 236, 280, 282, 316, 665,
670, 674
atra (Huds.) Ach., 15
bookii (Fr.) Th. Fr., 281, 282, 319
calcarea (L.) Sommerf., 229, 259,
297, 318
var. contorta Fr., 227, 259, 287,
288, 297, 318, 664, 669, 694
cervina (Pers.) Nyl., 319, 664, 694
var. cinereo-alba Fink, 282,
287, 288, 31g

762

INDEX.

Lecanora

cinerea (L.) Sommerf., 16, 223, |
224, 258, 284, 287, 289, 318, |

664, 693
var. cinereo-alba Fink, 280
var. gibbosa Nyl., 258, 318
var. levata Fr., 16, 258, 318
elatina Ach., 229, 258
erysibe Nyl., 300, 318
frustulosa ( Dicks.) Mass., 232, 256,
278, 287, 288, 317
fuscata (Schrad.) Th. Fr., 16, 259,
287, 319, 664, 694
var. rufescens Th. Fr., 259
gelida (L.) Ach., 316
gibbosa (Ach.) Nyl. var. micro-
spora A. Zahl, 694
hageni Ach., 15, 228, 257, 287, 300)
305, 318, 664, 692
var. sambuci (Pers.) Tuck.,
257
muralis (Schreb.) Schaer., 287,
317, 692
var. diffracta Fr., 228, 256
var. saxicola Schaer., 256,
285, 287, 317, 664, 692
var. versicolor Fr., 297, 317,
657, 692
pallescens (L.) Schaer., 258, 678
693
pallida (Schreb.) Schaer., 228, 256,
678, 692
privigna (Ach.) Nyl., 297, 319,
669, 670, 694
var. pruinosa Auct., 297, 319,
669, 700
rubina( Vill.) Ach., 15, 223, 224, 256,
284, 287, 289, 317, 652, 664
var. heteromorpha Ach., 256,
284, 287, 289, 317
sordida ( Pers.) Th. ‘Fr., 232, 257
subfusca (L.) Ach., 15, 223, 257,
258, 289, 303, 304, 317, 657,
671, 660, 676, 692
var. allophana Ach., 280, 287,
288, 317
var. argentata Ach., 317, 675,
692
var. coilocarpa Ach., 15, 257,
287, 288, 301, 318, 692
var. distans Ach., 318

| Lecanora
subfusca (L.) Ach., var. hypno-
rum Schaer., 229, 257
tartarea (L.) Ach., 230, 258
varia (Ehrh.) Nyl. 15, 257, 258,
289, 305, 318, 660, 664, 671,

672, 673, 675, 693
var. polytropa Nyl., 661, 664,
693
var. sepincola Fr., 257, 673,693.
var. symmicta Ach., 16, 257,
673, 693
variolascens Nyl., 692
verrucosa (Ach.) Laur., 671
xanthophana Nyl., 278, 284, 287,
289, 319, 664, 694
Lechea Leggettii, 32
minor, 32
stricta Leggett, 32, 397, 586
Lecidea, 6, 221, 227, 236, 674, 703
acclinis Flot., 229, 270, 703
alboczerulescens ( Wulf.) Schaer.,
3, 17, 229, 270
crustulata Ach., 227, 269
cyrtidia Tuck., 230, 270
enteroleuca Fr., 270, 303, 304, 306,
324, 671, 672, 703
var. achrista Sommerf., 227,
270, 305, 324, 703
var. ambigua Naz., 673, 703
var. flavida Fr., 703
lactea F1., 232, 269

lapicida Fr., 229, 269
var. oxydata Fr., 228, 269
melancheima Tuck., 270
platycarpa Ach., 229, 270
speirea Nyl., 270
spirea Ach., 227
Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britton, 408
Leguminose, 552
Lejeunea serpyllifolia (Dicks.) Lib.,
193
Lemna, 195
minor L., 197, 355, 377; 576
trisulea L., 57
Lemnacee, 377, 576
Lentibulariacez, 406
Leonurus cardiaca L., 404
Lepachys columnaris, 22
Lepidium, 627
apetalum Willd., 388

INDEX.

Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dumort, 193 |
Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt., 406,
592
Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton, 412,
596, 626
Leptobryum pyriforme Sch., 42
Leptogium, 282, 660
chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl., 15, 299,
301, 315
lacerum (Sw.) Fr., 223, 224, 230,
254. 290, 2y8, 299, 315, 780 |
var. pulvinatum Moug. and |
Nestl., 230, 254
myochroum (Ehrh., Schaer.)
Tuck., 229, 254, 290, 303,
315, 671, 680, 690
var. tomentosum Schaer.,
255
pulchellum (Ach.) Nyl., 280, 315
tremelloides (L.) Fr., 15, 254
Leptopuccinia, 543, 550
Leptorchis liliifolia (L. )
380
Leskea, 36
nervosa Myr., 47
polycarpa paludosa Sch., 47
Lespedeza capitata Michx., 393, 430,
543
violacea (U.) Pers., 430
Lesquerella argentea, 22
Lessonia, 726, 728, 730, 732, 739
Leucobryum glaucum Sch., 40
Liliaceze, 378, 577
Lilium canadense L., 361, 378, 554
philadelphicum I,., 378
umbellatum Pursh, 366, 378
Linaceze, 394, 585
Linum rigidum, 21
sulcatum Riddell, 367, 394, 585
Lippia lanceolata Michx., 358, 403
Liriodendron tulipifera Linn., 72, 85,
B70) 140, 121, 132) 133
Lithospermum augustifolium Michx.,
403 |
canescens (Michx.) Lehm., 403
gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock, |
403
Lobelia cardinalis L., 358, 408
cordifolia, 366
inflata L., 366, 408
kalmii L., 593

|

Kuntze, 363,

763

Lobelia

spicata Lam., 367, 408, 593

syphilitica L., 361, 363, 408, 593
T,onicera, 430

dioica L., 363, 408, 430

hirsuta Eaton, 430

sullivantii A. Gray, 363, 408
Loranthus neelgherrensis L., 170, 172

| Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch., 427,

584
Lupinus perennis L., 554
Lychnis flos-cuculi, 199
Lycoctonum sylvaticum Fourr., 349
Lycopodium selago, L., 619
Lycopsis arvensis L., 403
americanus Muhl., 358, 405, 591,
623, 625
lucidus Turcz., 358, 405, 591
rubellus Moench, 358, 405
virginicus L., 358, 405, 546, 591
Lygodesmia juncea, 22
Lyngbya, 614
majuscula Harv., 612
martensiana Menegh.var. calcarea
Tilden, 28
nana Tilden, 28
Lyngbyez Gomont, 28
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S. P., 400
Lythracez, 398
Lythrum alatum Pursh, 358, 361, 398

Macrocalyx nyctalea (L.) Kuntze, 361,
403
Macrocystis, 726
Magnoliacez, 72, 96
Malus coronaria, 31
ioensis . Wood) Britton, 31, 363, 391
Malva rotundifolia L., 396
Malvacez, 396
Marchantia polymorpha, 626
Meibomia, 543
canadensis (L.) Kuntze, 393, 430,
585
dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze, 368, 393
grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze, 393
illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze, 368,
393

| Melampsora Castagne, 537, 539

epilobii (P.) Fckl., 539

populina (Jacq.) Lev., 539
salicis-caprecze (P.) Wint, 540

764

Melampsoracez, 537, 538
Melanthacee, 377
Melaspilea, 650
arthonioides (Fée) Nyl., 659, 692
Melosira, 610, 614
granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs., 613
Menispermaceze, 98, 388, 582
Menispermum canadense L., 87, 98,
TAT. s2 3039350, 502
Mentha, 545, 628
aquatica, 199
canadensis L., 358, 363, 405, 545,
591, 623, 625
Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp., 587
Merismopedia, 614
glauca Naeg., 612
Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl. ) Raf., 414
Metasperme, 373
Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene,
363, 593
Micrasterias, 617
truncata (Corda) Bréb., 612
Micropuccinia, 543, 550
Microspheera, 424
alni (DC.) Wint., 430
diffusa C. & P., 430
dubyi Lev., 430
quercina (Schw.) Burrill, 429
ravenelii Berk., 429
russellii Clinton, 429
symphoricarpa Howe, 429
Mimulus jamesii T. & G., 360, 406
ringens L,., 358, 361, 406, 591
Mirabilis, 89
Mitella diphylla L., 363, 390
nuda L,., 551
Mnium cuspidatum Hedw., 43
punctatum Hedw., 43
serratum Brid., 43
Mohrodendron carolinum
Britt., 82
Mollugo verticillata L., 386
Monarda fistulosa L., 404, 545, 591
Moracee, 71, 93, 383, 578
Morus rubra L,., 383
Mougeotia parvula Hass. var. angusta
(Hass. ) Kirchn., 26
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.
See 573
Myriophyllum spicatum L., 588
verticillatum L., 588

(Linn. )

INDEX.

Myrtacez, 80, 122
Myurella careyana Sull., 47

julacea Sch., 47
Myurelle, 36

Nabalus, 425, 556
albus (L.) Hook., 363, 409, 594
racemosus (Michx.) DC., 544
Naiadacez, 373, 572
Naias flexilis (Willd.)
Schmidt, 355, 373
guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong,
355, 368, 373
Napea dioica L., 397
Napellus vulgaris Fourr., 351
Narcissus, 55, 62, 63
Navicula, 614
Neckera oligocarpa B.S., 44
pennata Hedw., 44
Nelumbo, 643, 644, 650, 651
lutea ( Willd.) Pers., 356, 357, 386,
645, 649
nelumbo, 649
Nelumbium speciosum, 645
Nepeta cataria L., 363, 404
Nephrocytium, 617
agardhianum Naeg., 612
Nephroma, 6, 236, 282
epidiota Th. Fr., 233
helveticum Ach., 3, 14, 251
leevigatum Ach., 251, 678, 688

Rost. &

var. ‘parile, Nylon
251
tomentosum (Hoffm.) Koerb.,233,
251
Nereocystis lutkeana, 179, 702, 726,
732, 739

Neurocaulon, 187
foliosum, 176, 177, 178
rosamarina, 176, 177
sitchensis, 176
Nostoc, 195, 612, 614
lichenoides, 198
Nostoceze Kiitz, 27
bulliardi Tul., 564
Nummiularia lateritia Ellis & Ever-
hart, 564
nummularia (Bulliard) Schroet.,
564
repanda (Fries) Nitschke, 564
Nyctayinaceze, 385, 581

INDEX.

Nymphea, 644
advena Soland., 356, 386, 572,
622, 626
Nympheeaceze, 386, 572, 643, 650, 651
Nympheinez, 651

C#nothera, 427
rhombipetala Nutt., 398, 587
Oleaceze, 4o1
Omphalaria, 282, 299
kansana Tuck., 281, 298, 314
phyllisca (Wahl.) Tuck., 278, 280,
290, 314
pulvinata Nyl., 281, 298, 299, 314
umbella Tuck., 299
Onagra biennis (L.) Scop., 398, 427,
559, 587, 627
Onagraceze, 398, 587
Onoclea sensibilis L., 358, 361, 369
struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm., 363,
366, 369
Onosmodium carolinianum
DC., 403, 590
Opegrapha, 659, 660
varia) (Pers:)) Er. 292;'303, 325,
704
var. notha Ach., 228, 272
var. pulicaris (Hoffm.) Fr.,
281, 325
Ophioglossaceze, 369
Opulaster opulifolius (L.)
390
Orchidacez, 379
Orchis spectabilis L., 379
Orobanchacez, 407
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt., 592
Orthotrichum, 36
elegans Schwaegr., 41
speciosum Nees, 41
elegans, 41
sroellii Vent., 41
Oscillatoria, 611, 614
geminata Menegh., 28
tenuis Agardh., 29
var. tergestina, 28
Osmunda claytoniana L., 363, 366, 36
Osmundacez, 369
Ostrya, 565
virginiana
381
Oxalidaceze, 394, 585

(Lam. )

Kuntze,

(Mill. )

Willd., 363,

765

Oxalis stricta L., 363, 394, 429, 585
violacea L., 367, 394
Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM., 589
Oxygraphis Bunge, 502
Andersoni Freyn, 499
cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl., 427,

503, 582

Palmella miniata Leibl. var. cequalis
Nag., 26
Palmellaceae (Decne. ) Nag., 26, 28
Panax quinquefolium L., 366, 399
Pandorina, 617
morum (Muell.) Bory, 612
Panicularia americana (Torr. ) MacM.,
375, 574
Panicum capillare L., 374, 559, 573
crus-galli L., 374, 573
porterianum Nash, 374
pubescens Lam., 573
scribnerianum Nash, 21, 374
virgatum L,, 374, 573
Pannaria flabellosa Tuck., 253
languinosa (Ach.) Koerb., 14, 252,
290, 292, 298, 299, 301, 313, 680,
689
lepidiota Th. Fr., 253
microphylla (Sw.) Delis, 14, 221,
222,224, 1253,.270,1 290, sh3,
nigra (Huds.) Nyl., 228, 253, 298,
, #99) 333
petersii Tuck., 689
Papaveraceze, 388
Papilionaceze, 74, 392, 584
Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl., 384
Parkinsonia aculeata Linn., 73, 85, 87,
TOD IA rea nas
Parmelia, 225, 672, 676
borreri Turn., 13, 238, 272, 290,
291, 292, 302, 310, 666, 670, 685
var. hypomela Tuck., 290, 310
var. rudecta Tuck., 245, 310
caperata (L.) Ach., 13, 222, 223,
224, 246, 290, 292, 302, 311, 659,
666, 670, 677, 686
centrifuga (L.) Ach., 229, 247
cetrata Ach., 290, 310
colpodes, 268
conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach., 13, 222,
223, 224, 247, 284, 286, 288, 301,
311, 661, 665, 687

766 INDEX.
Parmelia Peltigera
conspurcata (Schaer.) Wainio, canina (L.) Hoffm., 14, 291, 294,
686 306, 312, 667, 674, 679, 688
crinita Ach., 13, 247, 290, 292, 302, var. leucorrhiza Flk., 679, 689
310, 670, 685 var. sorediata Schaer., 14, 252,
encausta (Sm.) Nyl., 232, 246 294, 301, 306, 312, 667, 674,

olivacea (Ly.) Ach., 13, 246, 304,
311, 666, 670, 671, 677, 686
var. aspidota Ach., 686
var. prolixa Ach., 246, 278,
284, 286, 311
var. sorediata (Ach.) Nyl., 670
perforata (Jacq.) Ach., 13, 229,
244, 302, 3IO
var. hypotropa Nyl., 228, 245
perlata (L.) Ach., 244
var. ciliata DC., 245
physodes (L.) Ach., 246, 675, 677,
686
saxatilis (L.) Fr., 13, 222, 224,
245, 246, 290, 292, 302, 310,
658, 659, 666, 678, 685
var. panniformis (Ach.)
Schaer., 280, 290, 292, 310
var. sulcata Nyl., 246, 290,
310, 670, 686
tiliacea (Hoffm.) Flk., 238, 245,
302, 310, 670, 685
var. sublzvigata Nyl., 230
245
Parnassia caroliniana Michx., 361, 390,
583
palustris L., 583
Parnassiaceze, 583
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)
Planch., 79, 85, 358, 363, 396, 429
Pastinaca sativa L., 588
Pediastrum boryanum, 617
duplex Meyen, 611, 617
Pedicularis acuminatus Dougl., 35
canadensis L., 363, 366, 406
fluviatilis Heller, 33
lanceolata Michx., 361, 406, 425,
592
Pelargonium, 54
Pellza atropurpurea (L.) Link, 367,
371
stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Watt, 366,
371
Peltigera, 221, 225, 292, 668, 675
aphthosa (L.) Hoffm., 238, 251

’

689
var. spongiosa Tuck., 278, 312
var. spuria Ach., 14, 252, 312,
667, 688
horizontalis (L.) Hoffm., 252, 313
667, 688
polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm., 252
pulverulenta (Tayl.) Nyl., 14, 252
rufescens (Neck. ) Hoffm., 14, 291,
294, 312, 688
venosa (L.) Hoffm., 251
Penthorum sedoides L., 357, 389, 582
caudatus Heller, 34
gracilis Nutt., 591
Peplis portula, 199
Peramium pubescens ( Willd.) MacM.,
363» 379
Peridermium Lev., 537, 559
abietinum (A. & S.) Thiim. var.
decolorans Thum., 559
balsameum Pk., 559
Peridinez, 610, 617
Peridinium, 617
tabulatum Ebr., 613
Peronospora, 196
Pertusaria, 260, 672
communis DC., 16, 260, 274, 678,
695, 707
finkii A. Zahlb., 671, 696
glomerata (Ach.) Schaer., 229, 261
leioplaca (Ach. ) Schaer., 260, 303,
320, 693
multipunctata (Turn.) Nyl., 260,
683, 693
var. laevigata Turn. and Borr.,
260
pustulata (Ach.) Nyl., 261, 303,
320, 680, 696
velata (Turn.) Nyl., 16, 260, 303,
320, 680
Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray,
551
Peucedanum nudicaule (Pursh) Nutt.,
I9I
Phaca neglecta T. & G., 585

Se

INDEX.

Phaseolus, 55
multiflorus, 56, 57, 58, 67
Philotria, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68
canadensis (Michx.) Britton, 360,
374, 572
Phleum pratense, 622
Phlox divaricata L., 363, 402
pilosa L., 402
Phoradendron flavescens, 169
Phormidium, 614
valderianum (Delp.) Gomont, 28
Phragmidium Link., 537, 552, 553
potentille (P.) Karst., 553
rubi-idei (P.) Karst., 553
speciosum Fr., 553
subcorticum (Schrank.)
553
Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst,
547, 574
Phragmopyxis, 552
Phrynia leptostachya L., 363, 407, 559,
592
Phrymacez, 407, 592
‘Phyllactinia, 424
suffulta (Reb.) Sace., 429
Phyllobium dimorphum, 198
Phyllophora brodizi, 163
interrupta, 163
Physalis heterophylla Nees, 405
macrophysa Rydb., 405
philadelphica Lam., 358, 405
virginiana Mill., 405
Physcia, 222, 224, 672, 676
adglutinata (Floerk.) Nyl., 228,
249, 303, 304, 312, 688
aquila (Ach.) Nyl., 230, 247
var. detonsa Tuck., 14
astroidea (Fr. ) Nyl., 666, 687
ceesia (Hoffm.) Nyl., 14, 224, 228,
249, 284, 287, 288, 312, 661, 664,
688
ciliaris (L.) DC., 247
granulifera (Ach.) Tuck., 238, 303,
311, 687
hispida (Schreb., Fr.) Tuck., 227,
248, 666, 671, 675, 677, 687
hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck., 670,
687
obscura (Ehrh.) Nyl., 14, 222, 223,
248, 249, 290, 292, 303, 312, 666,
671, 680, 688

Wint.,

767

Physcia
‘pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl., 14,
247, 249, 290, 292, 303, 311,
666, 671, 687
var. leucoleiptes Tuck., 248
speciosa (Wulf., Ach.) Nyl., 13,
222, 247, 290, 292, 311, 666, 670,
687
stellaris (L.) Tuck., 14, 222, 224,
248, 292, 303, 311, 659, 666,
687
var. apiola Nyl., 248, 287, 288,
311, 664, 666, 687
tribacia (Ach.) Tuck., 14, 248, 284,
287, 303, 312, 681, 687
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.,
358, 404, 591

Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., 225,
559

Pimpinella integerrima (L.) A. Gray,
361, 399

Pinaceze, 372
Pinus Banksiana, 32
coronaria, 31
ponderosa, 538
scopulorum, 169
resinosus Ait., 32, 225
strobus L., 225, 372
Pistia, 649
Placodium, 221, 665, 672, 674
aurantiacum (Light) Naeg. and
Hepp., 15, 223, 255, 291, 300,
303, 315, 664, 671, 690

cerinum (Hedw.) Naeg. and
Hepp. 255,303, 304, 316, 664,

671, 691 :
var. pyracea Nyl., 229, 255,

305, 316, 673, 691
var. sideritis Tuck., 15, 285,
287, 288, 316, 664, 691
cinnabarinum (Ach.) Auz., I§5,
228, 255, 285, 287, 297, 315, 664,
690
citrinum (Hoffm.) Leight., 255,
298, 299, 316
elegans (Link.) DC., 15, 255, 284,
287, 300, 315, 661, 664, 690

ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp.,
281, 316, 673, €91
var. pollinii Tuck., 281,

316

768 INDEX.
Placodium Polygonum
murorum (Hoffm.) DC., 229, 255, erectum L., 137, 142, 143, 144, 146,
287, 315, 651, 690 151, 579

var. miniatum Tuck., 228, 255
vitellinum (Ehrh.) Naeg. and
Hepp., 15, 223, 224, 229, 256,
284, 287, 289, 316, 664, 691
var. aurellum Ach., 256, 297;
300, 316, 669, 691
Plagiochila asplenioides
mort, 193
Plagiothecium denticulatum Sch., 50
muhlenbeckii Sch., 50
sylvaticum Sch., 50
Plantaginacez, 407
Plantago eriopoda Torr., 571, 592
major L,., 407, 592
Purshii, 22, 23
Platygyrium repens Sch., 48
Pleuroteniopsis, 617
quaternaria (Nordst.) De Toni.,
612
Poa pratensis L., 428, 622
pseudopratensis Scrib. & Ryd.,
192
Podophyllum peltatum L., 363, 388, 549
Podospheera, 424
oxyacanthee (DC.) D. By., 429
Pogonatum alpinum Roell., 43
Polanisia graveolens Raf., 389
Polemoniacez, 402
Polemonium reptans L., 363, 402
Polycystis, 28
Polygala senega L,., 395
verticillata L,., 367, 394
viridescens L., 394
Polygalacez, 394
Polygonacez, 145, 384, 578
Polygonatum, 554
commutatum (R. & §S.)
363, 366, 378, 577
commutatum (Sch.) Dietr., 554
Polygonum, 142, 540, 542, 543, 622,
628
amphibium L,., 549
aviculare L., 427, 542
convolvulus L., 385, 579
divaricatum, 138, 139, I41, 142,
145, 146, 149
emersun (Michx.) Britton, 356
357, 384, 549, 579

(L.) Du-

Dietr.,

exsertum Small, 579
hartwrightii A. Gray, 358, 384,
549
hydropiper L., 384, 627
hydropiperoides, 358, 363
incarnatum Ell., 358, 363, 384, 625
lapathifolium L., 579
littorale Link, 579
orientale L., 384
persicaria L., 579
punctatum Ell., 358, 384, 579
ramosissimum Michx., 385, 542,
579
sagittatum L., 385
scandens L., 385, 579, 627
tenue Michx., 367, 368, 385
virginianum L., 358, 368, 385
Polyides lumbricalis, 195
Polymnia canadensis L., 412
Polypodiacez, 369
Polypodium vulgare L., 371
Polyporus versicolor, 694
Polysiphonia, 197, I99, 203
Polytrichum commune L,., 43
juniperinum Willd., 43
piliferum Schreb., 43
Pomacez, 391, 584
Populus, 254, 428, 539, 564, 567
alba L., 380
balsamifera L., 225, 577
candicans (Ait.)
380
deltoides Marsh, 69, 358, 380, 428,
540, 624, 626, 629
grandidentata Michx., 363, 380,
428
tremuloides Michx., 225, 363, 380,
428, 539, 624, 626, 629
Porella platyphylla (L.) Lindb., 193
Porphyra pertusa, 206
Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm., 356,
373
natans L., 356, 373
pectinatus L., 572
perfoliatus L., 572
pusillus L., 355, 373
zosterefolius Schum., 355, 373
Potamogetonine, 651

A. Gray,

INDEX. 769

Potentilla arguta Pursh, 390
canadensis L., 31, 363, 391
effusa Dougl., 569 583
hippiana Lehm., I9I
leucocarpa Rydberg, 30, 583
monspeliensis L., 30, 390, 583,

626 |
Nicolletii (Wats. ) Sheldon, 30, 31

pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh, 553,
583
pentandra Engelm., 31
supina var. Nicolletit Wats., 31
Prenanthes, 546
Primulaceze, 400, 589
Protococcacez, 198
Protococcus, 195, 617
Protomyces, 199
Prunella vulgaris L., 363, 404
Prunus, 429
americana Marsh, 363, 392, 584
nigra Ait., 363, 368, 392
pumila L., 549
serotina Ehrh., 363, 392, 584
virginiana L , 363, 366, 392
Psoralea argophylla Pursh, 543, 584 |
Ptelea trifoliata Linn., 75, 84, 87, 111, |
E40, 131, 132, 133 |
Pteridophyta, 369
Pteris aquilina L., 363, 366, 371
Pterygophora californica Ruprecht, 723
Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Nees, 193
Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. &
Coult., 569, 574

Puccinia Persoon, 537, 543, 545, 551,552 _

adoxe Hedw., 544

zegra Grove, 640

alpina Fekl., 640

amorphe Curt., 544, 552
anemones-virginianz, 537
angustata Peck, 546

argentata (Schultz) Wint., 549
asteris Duby, 550

calthee Lk., 544

caricis (Schum.) Rebent., 546
Chondrillze Corda, 546
circzeze Pers., 550 -
convolvuli (P.) Cast., 544

deglubens, 552

densa D. & H., 633, 639
effusa D. & H., 639
elymi Westd., 552

| Puccinia

emaculata Schwein., 550
Fergussoni Berk. & Br., 639, 640
Fergussont hastat@ DeT., 633
galii (P.) Schwein., 544
gentianze (Strauss) Lk., 544
graminis Pers., 548 :
grossulariz (Gm.) Wint., 541
haleniz Arth. & Holway, 551
hastat@ Cooke, 633, 637, 638
hieracii (Schum.) Mart., 543, 548
hydrophylli Peck & Clint., 551
kuhnize Schwein., 549
Mariz-Wilsoni Clinton, 639
menthze americana Burrill, 545
mesomegala B. & C., 551
nardosmiz E. & E., 551
ornata Arth. & Holw., 550
peckiana Howe, 552
petalostemonis Farlow, 552
phragmitis (Schum. ) Korn, 547
pimpinellz (Strauss) Link, 544
poculiformis (Jacq.) Wett., 548
podophylli Schwein., 549
polygoni-amphibii P., 549
porphyrogenita Curt., 551
pruni-spinosze Pers., 549
rhamni (P.) Wettst., 547
rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint., 548
Schceleriana Plow. et Magn., 556
sorghi Schwein., 550
tanaceti DC., 545
taraxaci Plowright, 548
thalictri Chev., 550
tiarelle B. & C., 551
tomipara Trel., 549
variolans Hark., 550
viol (Schum.) DC., 544, 631, 633,
640

Violarum Link., 633
xanthii Schwein., 551

Pucciniacez, 537, 540

Pucciniopsis, 543, 549

Pulsatilla hirsutissima(Pursh ) Britton,

367, 387

Pylaisia heteromalla Sch., 48
polyantha Sch., 48

Pylaisiellz, 36

Pyrenopsis, 282
melambola Tuck., 280, 313
phzococca Tuck., 280, 313

770

Pyrenula, 225, 227, 305
cinerella (Flot.) Tuck., 228, 275,

304, 328, 709
var. quadriloculata Fink.,
223, 27 0n eSOAL) 320g O72,
799
gemmata (Ach.) Naeg., 281, 303,
328, 709

glabrata (Ach.) Mass., 281, 329
hyalospora (Nyl.) Tuck., 281, 303,
328, 709
leucoplaca (Wahl.) Kbr., 225,
239, 275, 393, 304, 329, 671,
672, 709
var. pluriloculata Fink, 671,
672, 709
megalospora Fink, 281, 303, 329
nitida Ach., 303, 304, 328
punctiformis (Ach.) Naeg., 304,
328, 708
var. fallax Nyl., 275, 276, 304,
328, 672, 709
quinqueseptata (Nyl.) Tuck., 281,
303, 329
thelena Ach., 304, 328
Pyrola elliptica Nutt., 363, 400, 538
rotundifolia L., 538
secunda Jy., 535
Pyrolaceze, 400
Pyrrhopappus Rothrockit A. Gray, 35
Pyrus coronaria var. Loensits Wood, 31
Toensis Bailey, 31
Pyxine sorediata Fr., 14, 249, 290, 312

Quercus, 564, 565, 566

alba L., 366, 382, 578

coccinea Wang., 363, 365, 382

macrocarpa Michx., 239, 363, 365,
366, 382, 429, 578

platanoides (Lam.) Sudw., 358,
368, 382

prinoides Willd., 368, 383

rubra, 363, 365

velutina Lam., 363, 382

Radula complanata (L.) Dumort., 193
Ramalina, 225, 236, 672
calicaris (L.) Fr., 291
var. canaliculata Fr., 230, 240
var. farinacea Schaer., 13,
240, 290, 301, 308, 309

INDEX.

Ramalina
calicaris (L.) Fr., var. fastigiata
Fr., 229, 240, 302, 308,670, 683
var. fraxinea Fr., 302, 308,
670, 683
pollinarella Nyl., 229, 241
pollinaria (Ach.) Tuck., 241
polymorpha (Ach.) Tuck., 280,
290, 308
pusilla (Prev.) Tuck., 230, 241,
662, 677, 678, 683
var, geniculata Tuck., 232, 241
Ranunculaceze, 89, 387, 581
Ranunculus, 459, 462, 479, 500
abortivus Hook., 363, 387, 477, 478,

479, 555

var. australis Brand., 478

var. gvandifiorus Engelm.,
478

var. Harveyi Gray, 478
var. micranthus Gray, 470
aconitifolius Linn., 492
acriformis Gray, 476
acris Hook., 476
acris Linn., 471, 475, 481
acris var. Deppit Nutt., 476
adoneus Gray, 488
affinis R. Br., 482
affinis Torr., 484
var. cardiophyllus Gray, 482
var. /asiocarpus Torr., 482
var. leiocarpus Traut., 482
var. micropetalus Greene, 483
var. validus Gray, 482
alceus Greene, 468
Allegheniensis Britton, 478
alpeophilus A. Nelson, 483
alism@folius Benth., 494
alismeefolius Geyer, 495
var. alismellus Gray, 495
var. calthzeflorus Davis, 495
alism@folius var. montanus Wats.,
495
alismellus Greene, 495
var. populago Davis, 496
ambigens Wats., 494
var. obtusiusculus Davis, 494
amarillo Bertol., 475
amenus Gray, 488
amenus Ledeb., 482
amplexicaulis Linn., 493

INDEX.

Ranunculus

Andersoni Gray, 499
Andersoni var. tenellus Wats., 499
aquatilis Linn., 460, 461
var. brachypus Hook. & Arn.,
461
var. c@spitosus DC., 461
var. confervoides Gray, 461
var. divaricatus Gray, 460
var. flaccidus Gray, 461
var. heterophyllus DC., 461
var. hispidulus Drew, 461
var. Lobbii Wats., 462
var. longtrostris Lawson, 460
var. stagnatalis DC., 460
var. submersus Gordon, 461
var. trichophyllus Gray, 461
arcticus Richards., 482
arcualus Heller, 489
Arizonicus Greene, 485
var. subaffinis Greene, 483
Arizonicus Lemmon, 484
arnoglossus Greene, 494
arvensis Linn., 467
Aschenbornianus Schau., 476
Asiaticus Linn., 477
auricomus Hook., 482
var. Cassubicus E. Meyer, 484
Austinge Greene, 489
Beckit G. Don, 491
Belvisit DC., 470
Biolettii Greene, 499
Bloomeri Wats., 472
Bolanderi Greene, 495
Bonariensis Poir., 499
Bongardi, Greene, 479
var. Douglasii (Howell) Davis,
479
var. fenellus Greene, 480
brevicaulis Hook., 484, 489
bulbosus Linn., 471, 472
Caleottii Turcz., 468
Californicus Benth., 476
var. canus Wats., 474
var. crassifolius Greene, 477
var. latilobus Gray, 477
var. Ludovicianus (Greene)
Davis, 494
caltheflorus Greene, 495
Canadensis Jacq., 469
canus Benth., 474

cya

Ranunculus

cardiophyllus Hook. , 482

var. pinetorum Greene, 483
carpaticus Herbich., 485
Chilensis Hook. & Arn., 472
ciliosus Howell, 481
circinatus Sibth., 460
Clintonti Beck, 475
confervoides Fries., 461
Cooley@ Vasey & Rose, 502
corthuszefolius Willd., 486
Cusickit Jones, 496
Cymbalaria Pursh, 503

var. alpinus Hook., 503
delphinifolius H.B.K., 474
delphinifolius Torr., 387, 491
delphinifolius Torr. & Gray, 476
dichotomus Moc. & Sesse, 473
digitatus Hook., 489
dissectus Hook. & Arn., 476
divaricatus Schrank, 460
Donianus Pritz , 486
Douglasii Howell, 480
Drummondi Greene, 488
Earlei Greene, 479
Ejiseni Kellogg, 480
ellipticus Greene, 490
eremogenes Greene, 478

var. degener Greene, 478
Eschscholtzii Schlecht., 483
eximius Greene, 483
fascicularis Britton, 472
fascicularis Muhl., 470
fascicularis Schiecht., 471
Jascicularis Wats., 469
fascicularis var. Deforesti Davis,

470

Ficaria Vinn., 501
filiformis Michx., 497
flaccidus Pers., 461
Flammula Hook., 495
Flammula Michx., 496
Flammula Pursh, 494
Flammula Walt., 499

var. filiformis Hook., 497

var. intermedius Hook., 498

var. /axicaulis Torr. & Gray,

496

var. veplaus E. Meyer, 497

var. Unalaschensis Ledeb.,{498
flaviatilis Bigel., 491

172

Ranunculus

geoides H.B.K., 487
glaberrimus Hook., 489

INDEX.

glaberrimus var. ellipticus Greene,

490
glabriusculus Rupr., 480
glacialis Linn., 500
Gmelini DC., 492
Gormani Greene, 500
Grayanus Freyn, 461
Grayi Britton, 488
Greenei Howell, 479
halophilus Schlecht., 503
Hartwegi Greene, 495
Hlarveyi Britton, 478
hebecarpus Hook. & Arn., 468

hebecarpus var. pusillus Wats., 468

hederaceus Vinn., 462

var. Torr. 462

var. 06617 Lawson, 462
hesperoxys Greene, 475
hirsutus Curt., 469
hispidus Hook., 469
hispidus Michx., 472
hispidus Pursh, 469

var. Oreganus Gray, 469
Hookeri Schlecht., 471
Fflookert Regel, 488
Hlowellii Greene, 480
humilis D. Don, 486
humilis Pers., 499
hydrocharus subsp. Lobbii Hiern,

462

hydrocharoides Gray, 496
hyperboreus Rottb., 491

var. 2atans Reyel, 491
hystriculus Gray, 500
Icelandicus Davis, 472
inamenus Greene, 483
intermedius Heller, 498
juniperinus Jones, 499
lacustris Beck & Tracy, 491
Lambertianus D., 493
Langsdorfiit DC., 492
lanugtinosus Walt., 479
Lapponicus Linn., 491
Lapponicus Oed., 489
laxicaulis Darby, 496
Lemmoni Gray, 496
limosus Nutt., 492
lingua Pursh, 494

Ranunculus

Llavzenus Schiecht., 473
Lobbii Gray, 462
longipedunculatus Scheidw., 486
longirostris Godron, 460
lucidus Poir., 470
Ludovicianus Greene, 476
Lyalli Rydb., 479
Macauleyi Gray, 490
Macounii Britton, 469 ~

var. Oreganus Davis, 469
macranthus Scheele, 474
macranthus Wats., 473
Madrensis Rose, 495
Marilandicus Poir, 472
maximus Greene, 473
McCallai Davis, 482
Mexicanus Davis, 487
micranthus Nutt., 470
microlonchus Greene, 498
Missouriensis Greene, 492
Montanensis Rydb., 476
montanus Willd., 485
montauus var. dentatus Baumg.,

485

var. subaffinis Gray, 485

var. subsagittatus Gray, 485
multicaulis D. Don, 486
multifidus Pursh, 491

var. limosus Lawson, 492

var. vepens Wats., 492

var. terrestris Gray, 491
muricatus Linn., 467
natans C. A. Meyer, 490
Nelsoni Gray, 480

var. giabriusculus Holzinger,

480

var. tenellus Gray, 479
nitidus Walt., 477
nivalis Linn., 490
nivalis Rep., 490
nivalis var. Eschscholtzii Wats.,

483

Nuttallit Gray, 502
oblongifolius Ell., 496
obtustusculus Britton, 494
obtusiusculus Raf., 494
occidentalis Gray, 481
occidentalis Nutt., 480

var. brevistylus Greene, 480

var. Eiseni Gray, 480

Ranunculus
var. Howellii Greene, 480
var. Lyalli Gray, 479
var. parviflorus Torr., 479
var. Rattani Gray, 481
var. robustus Gray, 481
var. fenellus Gray, 480
var.
481
ocreatus Greene, 483
Oreganus Howell, 469
ornithorhynchus Walp., 473
orthorhynchus Hook., 473
var. alpinus Wats., 488
var. platyphyllus Gray, 473
ovalis Raf., 484
oxynotus Gray, 489
Pallasii Schlecht., 493
palmatus Ell., 475
pantothrix Brot. ex DC., 461
parviflorus Linn., 468

parviflorus var. Torr. & Gray, 468

parvulus Linn., 469
pedatifidus Hook., 488
pedatifidus J. E. Smith, 482

INDEX.

773

| Ranunculus

ultramontanus Greene, |

var. cardiophyllus Britton, 482 _

var. pinetorum (Greene) |
Davis, 483
pennsyivanicus Linn., 358, 387,

469, 581, 627
petiolaris H.B.K., 487
Philonotis Elrh., 469
Philonotis Pursh, 470
pilosus H.B.K., 471
Populago Greene, 496
FPorteri Britton, 461
prostratus Poir., 475
Purshii Richards, 492
Purshit Torr., 490

Purshii var. aquatilis Wedeb., 491

pusillus Ledeb., 492
pusillus Poir., 499
var. Lindheimeri Gray, 499
var. oblongifolius Torr.
Gray, 496
pygmzeus Wahl., 489
var. Sabinii Davis, 489
radicans C. A. Meyer, 490
radicans Regel, 492
ranunculinus Rydberg, 502
Rattani Howell, 481

&

recurvatus Bong., 479
recurvatus Poir., 479
recurvalus Schiecht., 480
var. Nelsonii DC., 480
regulosus Greene, 476
repens, 47I
repens Linn., 475
var. hesperoxys Davis, 475
var. hispidus Torr. & Gray,
469
var. macranthus Gray, 474
var. Marilandicus Torr. &
Gray, 472
reptans Linn., 497
var. filiformis DC., 497
var. Gormani Davis, 498
var. intermedius Torr. &
Gray, 498
reptans strigulosus var. Freyn.,
498
rhomboides Goldie, 484
Sabinit R. Br., 489
saluginosus Pall, 503
samolifolius Greene, 497
saniculeformis Muhl., 479
Sardous Crantz, 469
saxicola Rydb., 484
scleratus L., 478, 581
var. multifidus Nutt., 478
Schlechtendalit Hook., 471, 480
septentrionalis Poir., 365, 388, 470,
475
var. Biankinshipii Robinson,
475
speciosus Hort., 472
stagnatalis Wallr., 460
stolonifer Hemsl., 497
subaffinis Rydb., 485
subalpinus Davis, 474
subsagittatus var.
Greene, 485
Suksdorfii Gray, 484
suphureus Soland., 490
tenellus Nutt., 479
tenellus var. Lyallit Robinson,
479
tomentosus Poir., 470
tomentosus Spreng., 479
trachyspermus Ell., 468
trachyspermus Engelm., 498

subaffinis

774 INDEX.
Ranunculus | Ricinus, 88
var. angustifolius Engelm., | Rinodina, 665, 662
498 ascociscana Tuck., 259
var. Lindheimeri Engelm., bischofii (Hepp.) Kbr., 281, 297
499 320, 669, 695
trachophyllus Chaix., 461 lecanorina Mass., 281, 282, 287,
tridentatus H.B.K., 503 288, 320
trifolius Moench., 469 nigra, 695

triternatus Gray, 488
Turneri Greene, 481
Unalaschensis Bess., 498
uncinatus D. Don, 487
unguiculatus Greene, 494
vagans Wats., 497 |
vicinalis Greene, 483 |
Raphidium, 28, 611 |
polymorphum Fresen. var. acic- |
ulare (A. Br.) Rabenh., 611, |
617 |
var. falcatum (Corda) |
Rabenh., 612, 617
var. sigmoidea, 617
Raphidostegium recurvans L. and J.,
50
Ratibida columuaris (Sims) D. Don,
367, 413, 597
pinnata ( Vent.) Barnhart, 413
Razoumofskya, 170
robusta (Eugelm.) Kuntze, 169,
173
Rhabdoweisia denticulata B. S., 37
Rhamnacez, 78, 116, 396
Rhamnuus, I19
alnifolia L’Her., 548
purshiana DC., 78, 85, 87, 118,
130) 130, 132) 133
Rhodomenia, 205, 206
Rhodymenia, 206
paimata, 206
pertusa, 206
peruviana, 206
Rhus, 566
glabra L., 363, 367, 395, 586
hirta (L.) Sudw., 395
radicans L., 358, 367, 395, 543
Ribes, 558
cynosbati L., 363, 390, 558
floridum L’Her., 363, 390, 425, 558
gracile Michx., 558
rubrum L., 549
uva-crispa L., 363, 390

oreina (Ach.) Mass., 224, 259, 278,
285, 287, 289, 319, 660, 664, 672,
673, 694
sophodes (Ach.) Nyl., 16, 259,
287, 288, 289, 304, 305, 319,
659, 664
var. atrocinerea Nyl., 695
var. confragosa Nyl., 230, 259
var.fexigua Fr., 305, 320, 664,
695
var. tephraspis Tuck., 280, 320
Rivularia biasolettiana Menegh., 27
Rivulariaceze Rabenhorst, 27
Robinia pseudacacia Linn., 75, 84, 87,
TOO 130, 13h s2 ses
Rodhymienia, 206
Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton, 582
nasturtium (L.) Rusby, 360, 389
palustris (L.) Bess., 389, 582
Rosa, 553, 554
acicularis Lindl., 554
arkansana Porter, 20, 21, 391, 584
blanda Ait., 397, 554
Rosaceze, 390, 583
Rubiaceze, 83, 89, 130, 407, 592
Rubus, 552
canadensis L., 390, 552
hispidus L., 424, 553
occidentalis L., 363, 366, 390
strigosus Michx., 552, 553, 583
villosus Ait., 363, 366, 390, 552
Rudbeckia hirta L., 412. 597, 627
laciniata L., 361, 363, 413, 426,
543, 597
triloba L., 361, 363, 368, 412
Rumex, 138, 146, 550, 627
acetosella L., 137, 361, 384
britannica L., 547, 550
crispus L., 361, 384, 547, 579
hydrolapathum, 547
obtusifolius, 199, 547
occidentalis S. Wats., 569, 578
persicarioides L., 579

INDEX.

Rumex
salicifolius Weinm., 137, 142, 143,
144, 145, 148
verticillatus, 137, 143, 144,
146, 147, 148, 578
Ruppia occidentalis, 570
Rutacez, 75, III, 394, 585

145,

Sagedia, 236
oxyspora (Nyl.) Tuck., 225, 230
275; 660
Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl., 620
Sagittaria, 355, 357
arifolia Nutt., 572
cristata Engelm., 374
cuneata Sheldon, 356, 369, 374
latifolia Willd., 356, 357, 374, 572,
624
rigida Pursh, 356, 374
variabilis, 144
Salicaceze, 69, 380, 577
Salicornia, 570, 571
herbacea L., 580
Salix, 428, 539, 540, 626
amygdaloides Anders., 358, 363,
380, 624, 625, 629, 630
bebbiana Sarg., 381, 428
cordata, 626
discolor Muhl., 381, 428, 540
fluviatilis Nutt., 358, 363, 381
humilis Marsh, 381
lucida Muhl., 380, 578
myrtilloides L., 428, 540
nigra Marsh., 358, 380
Salsola tragus L., 385
Salvinia natans, 66, 67, 68
Salviniaceze, 371
Sambucus, 84
canadensis L., 363, 407
pubens Michx., 83, 407
Sanguinaria canadensis L., 388, 399
Sanguisorba DC., 35
Sanicula gregaria Bicknell, 363, 369,
399
marylandica L., 363, 399
trifoliata Bicknell, 368, 399
Santalaceze, 384
Sarcophyllis, 202
arctica, 198, 199
edulis, 199
Saxifraga pennsylvanica L., 361, 389

775

Saxifragaceze, 389
Scapania glaucocephala (Tayl.) Aust.,
193
Scenedesmus, 28, 611
bijugatus (Turp.) Kg., 611, 617
obliquus (Turp.) Kg., 26, 617
quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb., 611,
617
Schedonnardus paniculatus, 22
Scheuchzeriacez, 572
Schinus molle Linn., 76, 84, 85, 87,
LUA ESL
Schizonema, 197
Schizosporacee, 537
Schizothrix lardacea(Cesati)Gomont.,
28
rupicola Tilden, 28
Scirpus atrovirens Muhl., 357, 376, 546,
575
campestris Britton, 569, 575
cyperinus (L.) Kunth., 357, 376
lacustris L., 356, 376, 575
Scotinosphera, 198
Scrophularia marylandica L., 405
Scrophulariacez, 405, 591
Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl., 404
galericulata L., 591, 626
lateriflora L., 358, 404, 590, 623,
625
parvula Michx., 404
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring., 372
selaginoides (L.) Link., 619
Selaginellaceze, 372
Senecio aureus L., 145, 415, 426, 556
discoideus (Hook.) Britton, 620
plattensis Nutt., 368, 414
vulgaris L., 192
Silene alba Muhl., 361, 363, 386
antirrhina L., 137, 142, 367, 386,
581
stellata (L.) Ait., 366, 386
Silphium laciniatum L,., 361, 412
perfoliatum L., 361, 412
Simarubacee, 76, 112
Sisymbrium altissimum L., 191, 388,
627
canescens Nutt., 30
humile Meyer, 620
multifidum, 30
officinale (L.) Scop., 388
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. 379,

776

Sitilias multicaulis (DC.) Greene, 35
Rothrockii (A. Gray) Greene, 35

Sium cicutzefolium Gmiel., 357, 399,

588

Smilacez, 378, 577

Smilax herbacea L., 363, 366, 378, 577
hispida Muhl., 366, 379

Solanacez, 405, 591

Solanum nigrum L,., 405, 591, 622, 627

Solidago canadensis L., 363, 411, 425,
539, 595, 627
erecta Pursh, 369, 410
flexicaulis L., 410, 539, 557
hispida Muhl., 410
missouriensis Nutt., 411
mollis, 22, 23
nemoralis Ait., 411, 595
rigida L., 20, 21, 22, 4II, 595
rigidiuscula, 21
rupestris, 20, 21, 22
serotina Ait., 410, 539, 557, 627
speciosa Nutt., 410
ulmifolia Muhl., 410
Solorina, 236, 662
saccata (L.) Ach., 227, 252
Souchus arvensis L., 593
asper (Iy.) Ell., 409, 593
Sophia hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene,
30, 582
incisa, 30
pinnata (Walt.) Britton, 30
Sorghum, 550
Sparganiaceze, 373, 571
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm., 357,
373) 571
simplex Huds., 571
Spartina cynosuroides (L,.) Willd., 357,
375) 574
Spermatophyta, 372
Sphacelaria, 199
Sphzerococcus, 205
Spheerotheca, 424
castagnei Lev., 424
humuli (DC.) Burrell, 424
mors-uvee (Schw.) B. & C., 425
pannosa Lev., 425
Sphagnum, 26, 199
acutifolium Ehrh., 36
fuscum Klinggr., 36
girgensohnii Russ., 36
medium Limpr., 36, 37

INDEX.

Sphagnum
recurvum parvifolium Sondtn., 37
squarrosum Pers., 37
teres squarrosulum (Lesq.)
Warnst., 37
wulfianum Girg., 37
Spireea salicifolia L., 390, 583
Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid., 355, 377
Spirogyra, 617
Sporobolus, 21, 23
brevifolius (Nutt.) Scribn., 573
cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood, 573
heterolepis A. Gray, 573
Stachys palustris L., 358, 404, 428, 591
Staphylea trifolia L., 363, 395
Staphyleaceze, 395
Staurastrum crenulatum, 617
minneapoliense Wolle, 612, 617
paradoxum Meyen. var. longipes.
Nordst., 612
sebaldi Reinsch., 612, 617
Staurothele diffractella (Nyl.) Tuck.,
281, 290, 297, 300, 327
drummondii Tuck., 228, 275, 285,
290, 328, 708
umbrina (Wahl.) Tuck., 274, 285,
290, 298, 299, 327
var. colpima (Whubl.) Nyl.,
708
Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf., 358,
400, 558, 589
lanceolata (Walt.) A. Gray, 589
Stephanodiscus, 610, 614
niagaree Ehr., 613
sterculia platanifolia Linn., 79
Sterculiacez, 79
Stereocaulon, 220, 236
condensatum Hoffm., 16
coralloides Fr., 229, 261
paschale (L.) Fr., 222, 224, 233,
261, 278, 320, 662, 696°
Sticta, 236
amplissima (Scop.) Mass., 250
crocata (l.) Ach., 250
fuliginosa, 250
limbata (Sm.) Ach., 229, 250
pulmonaria (L.) Ach., 250, 678,
688
scorbiculata (Scop.) Ach., 232,
251
Stigeoclonium, 26, 617

INDEX.

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton,
394, 427, 541
Styracaceze, 82
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,
430, 593 ;
racemosa Michx., 429
symphoricarpos (L.) MacM., 429,
593
Synchytrium, 196
Syndesmon thalictroides
Hoffmg., 363, 387
Synedra, 611
pulchella (Ralfs.) Kg., 613, 614
ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehr., 613, 614
Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash,
374
Syringa vulgaris L., 430

(L.)

Tabellaria fenestrata, 614
fenestrata Lyndb. Kg. var, inter-
media Griin, 613
flocculosa, 614
Tagetes, 89
Tanacetum, 545
vulgare L., 414
Taraxacum taraxacum
409, 424, 548, 593
Taxacee, 373
Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton, 373
Tecoma, 126
radicaus (Linn.) DC., 82, 85, 87,
Hayley ane ay nee ey yee)
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw., 42
Tetragonanthus deflexus (J. E. Smith)
Kuntze, 551
Tetraspora, 617
cylindrica (Wahlenb.) Ag., 26
Teucrium canadense L., 358, 403, 590
Thalesia uniflora, 369
Thalictrum L., 509, 550
adiantifolium Bess., 513
adriantoides Hort., 513
alpinum Linn., 512
aquilegifolium Linn., 514, 515
cesium Greene, 517
campestre Greene, 516
Carolinianum Bosc., 515
caulophylloides Small, 516
clavatum DC., 512
clavatum Hook., 512
coriaceum Small, 516

(L.) Karst.,

777

Thalictrum
Cornutt Torr. & Gray, 514, 515
var. @Hook., 513
var. 8 Hook., 514
macrostylum Shuttle., 514
var. monostyla Bot. Zeit., 514
corynellum DC., 514
Cuernavacanum Rose, 518
dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., 513
debile Buckley, 515
var. Texanum Gray, 515
dioicum L,, 363, 388, 515, 555
var. coriaceum Britton, 516
var. oxycarpum Torr., 516
Fendleri Brew. & Wats., 517
Fendleri Engelm., 517
fendleri J. M. Macoun, 516
var. platycarpum Trelease,
517
var. polycarpum Torr., 517
var. Wrightii Trelease, 517
Jjilipes Torr. & Gray, 512
Galeottii Lec., 520
gibbosum Lec., 520
glaucum Desf., 513
grandiflorum Rose, 519
grandifolium Rose, 519
grandifolium Wats., 522
Guatemalense Rose & DC., 519
Hernandezii Tausch., 520
Hernandezii, 521
hesperium Greene, 517
Jaliscanum Rose, 518
Kemense Fries, 513
levigatum Michx., 515
lanatum Lec., 520, 521
leucostemon Koch. & Bauché, 514
longistylum DC., 519
macrostylum Small & Heller, 514
Madrense Rose, 521
minus Linn., 513
var. Kemense Trelease, 513
var. adiantifolium Hort., 513
var. elatum Yec., 513
nudicaule Schweinitz, 512
occidentale Gray, 516
Pachucense Rose, 519
papillosum Rose, 521
peltatum DC., 517
petaloideum Linn., 512
pinnatum Wats., 521

778

Thalictrum

platycarpum Greene, 517
polycarpum Watson, 517
polygamum Muhl., 514

var. macrostylum Robinson,

514 ;

Pringlei Wats., 518

var. reticulatum Rose, 518
pubigerum Benth., 519
pubigerum Pringle, 518
purpurascens J[., 363, 388, 427,

513, 555) 582

var. ceriferum Austin, 514
purpureum Hort., 513
purpureum Schang., 513
revolutum DC., 513
revolutum Lec., 514
Richardsoniit Gray, 512
rugosum Pursh, 513
saxatile Vill., 513
saxatilis Hort., 513
sparciflorum Turcz., 512
speciosum Hort., 513

INDEX.

Toxylon pomiferum Raf., 71, 84, 87,
93, 130, 131, 132, 133
Tradescantia, 54
reflexa Raf., 377
virginiana L., 377

| Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf., 586
| Trifolium hybridum L., 393

tomentellum Robinson & Seat., |

521
venulosum Trelease, 516
Wrightii Gray, 517, 522

Thelocarpon prasinellum Nyl.,
228, 274, 306, 327
Theloschistes, 672
concolor (Dicks.) Tuck., 13, 238,
302, 304, 309, 668, 670, 685
var. effusa Tuck., 310, 670,
685

18,

chrysopthalmus (L.) Norm., 302, |

305, 309, 670, 675, 685
lychneus (Nyl.) Tuck., 13, 244,
292, 300, 302, 309, 666, 670, 685

polycarpus (Ebrh.) Tuck., 244, |

302, 394, 309, 670, 671, 685
Thlaspi arvense L., 191, 582
Thuidium, 36

abietinum Sch., 49

philiberti Limpr., 49

recognitum Lindb., 49
Thuja occidentalis L., 225
Thymeleacez, 398
Tilia, 429, 565, 566

americana L., 363, 366, 396, 428,

430, 586
Tiliaceze, 396, 586

pratense, 622, 627

repens L., 393, 541, 622
Triglochin maritima L., 572
Trillium cernuum L,., 363, 378

erectum L,., 363, 378
Triosteum perfoliatum L., 363, 408
Triphragmium Link., 537, 554

clavellosum Berk., 554
Triticum vulgare L., 548
Typha latifolia L., 373, 626, 624
Typhacee, 373

Uimacez, 70, 89, 383
Ulmus, 85, 324
americana L,., 70, 87, 89, 130, 132,
133, 358, 363, 383
fulva Michx., 70, 363, 383, 629
racemosa Thomas, 383
Ulota crispa Brid., 41
curvifolia Brid., 41
hutchinsiae Sch., 41
Ulotrichiaceae (Kg.) Borzi, 26
Umbelliferze, 89, 399,.588
Umbilicaria, 4, 5, 6, 221, 236,
662
dillenii Tuck., 3, 14, 249
hyperborea Hoffm., 228, 250
muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck., 222,
pustulata (L.) Hoffm. var. papu-
losa Tuck., 224, 250
vellea (L.) Nyl., 233, 249

282

,

: Uncinula, 424

clintonii Peck, 428
necator (Schw.) Burrill, 429
salicis (DC. ) Wint., 428

| Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene,

378, 577

| Urceolaria, 657

actinostoma Pers., 281, 282, 287,
288, 320

scruposa (L.) Nyl., 16, 223, 224,
263, 286, 293, 296, 301, 320, 668,
696

INDEX. 779
Uredo, 537 | Usnei, 675
agrimonize-eupatoriz (DC.)Wint., | Ustulina maxima (Haller) Schroter,
560 564

alpestris Schrcet., 640
polypodii (P.) DC., 560
pyrole (Gm.) Wint., 538
Viole Schum., 633
Uromyces Link., 537, 540
albus Diet. & Holw., 541
appendiculatus (P.) Link., 541
argoph yllze Seym., 543
caladii (Schw.) Farlow, 542
caryophyllinus (Schrank. )
Schroet., 543
euphorbize Cooke & Peck, 541
fabze (P.) De Bary, 540, 554
geranii (DC.) Wint., 556
hedysari-paniculata (Schw.) Far-
low, 543
lespedezze (Schw.) Pk., 543
orobi (P.) Wint., 541
polygoni (P.) Fckl., 542
polymorphus Pk., 540
pyriformis Cooke, 543
rudbeckiz Arth. & Holw., 543
terebinthi (DC.) Wint., 543
trifolii (Alb. & Schw.) Wint., 541
Uropyxis Schroeter, 537, 544, 552
amorphe (Curt.) Schroet., 552
Urtica, 546
gracilis Ait., 358, 363, 383, 547,
578, 626
Urticaceze, 383, 578
Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze
358, 363, 384, 578
Utricularia vulgaris L., 355, 406
Usnea, 225, 659, 676
barbata (L.) Fr., 684

vulgaris Tul., 564
Uvularia grandiflora, 363
grandiflora Sm., 554
grandiflora J. E. Smith, 363,378,554
perfoliata L., 554
sessilifolia L., 554

Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton, 581

Vacciniaceze, 589
Vaccinium vitis-ideea L., 540
Vaginarieze Gomont, 28

| Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong, 363,

378, 577
stellata (L.) Morong, 378, 577
Valeriana edulis Nutt., 367, 408

| Valerianacez, 408

Vallisneriaceze, 374, 572

| Verbascum thapsus L., 405
| Verbena, 426

bracteosa Michx., 403
hastata L., 403, 426, 590, 626
stricta Vent., 403, 426, 556
urticifolia L., 403, 426, 626
Verbenacez, 403, 590

_ Verbesina alternifolia, 23

var. ceratina Schaer., 243, 684 |

var. dasypoga Fr., 228, 243,
665, 684
var. florida Fr., 13, 242, 309,
670, 675, 677, 684
var. hirta Fr., 242, 301, 309
var. plicata Fr., 243
var. rubiginea Michx., 13, 301,
399
cavernosa Tuck., 227, 243, 662,
677, 684
longissima Ach., 219, 243
trichodea Ach., 243

|

Vernonia fasciculata Michx., 357, 410,
594
Veronica americana Schwein., 360,
406, 592
peregrina L., 406
scutellata L., 592
Verrucaria, 670
conoidea Fr., 708
epigzea (Pers.) Ach., 231, 275
fuseella Fr., 18, 300, 328, 708
muralis Ach., 18, 297, 300, 328,
666, 667, 670, 708
nigrescens Pers., 228, 275, 297,
300, 328, 666, 670, 708
viridula Ach., 666, 708

| Viburnum, 430

dentatum L., 407
lentago L., 363, 408, 430, 593
opulus L., 366, 407, 592

| Vicia, 55, 540

americana Muhl., 541, 585
faba, 56, 57, 58, 67
linearis (Nutt.) Greene, 541

780

Viola, 424, 631, 636
adunca Smith, 635, 639
arenaria DC., 636
blanda Willd., 544, 635
amcena (Le Conte) B.S.P.,
545
palustriformis A. Gray, 545
biflora L., 640
Canadensis L., 544, 587, 636
cognata Greene, 635, 637, 640
cucullata Ait., 639
delphinifolia Nutt., 639
epipsila Led., 640
glabella Nutt., 635, 638, 639
hastata L., 636, 638
Labradorica Schrank., 636
lanceolata L , 635, 638
lobata Benth., 640
mirabilis L., 640
Montanensis Rydb., 636, 639
Nuttallii Pursh, 632, 640
obliqua Hill, 361, 363, 397, 587,
632, 633, 635
ocellata Torr. & Gr., 636, 6309,
640
ovata Nutt., 632
palustris L., 640
pedata L., 367, 397, 587, 632, 633
pedatifida Don., 367, 397, 632
primulzefolia, 632, 635, 638
pubescens Ait., 363, 398, 636, 637
renifolia A. Gray, 635
rostrata Pursh, 636
rotundifolia Michx., 635
sagittata L., 632, 633
scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schw., 545,
636

INDEX.

Viola
septentrionalis Greene, 635
striata Ait., 632, 636
tricolor L., 632

Violaceze, 397, 587

Viscum orientale Willd., 170

Vitacez, 78, 119, 396, 586

Vitis, 120
cordifolia Michx., 78, 84, 87, 119,
131, 132, 133

vulpina L., 358, 363, 396, 586
Volvox globata, 617

Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Brit-
ton, 363, 399, 544
longistylis (Torr.) Britton, 588
Webera nutans Hedw., 42
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br., 614
oregana D. C. Eaton, 369, 370

Xanthium, 551
canadense Mill.,
626
Xanthoxylum americanum Mill., 363,
394, 585
Xylaria, 564
clavata (Scop.) Schranck, 567
polymorpha (Pers.) Greville, 567
Xylariaceze, 563

409, 551, 594,

Zea mays L., 55, 58, 65, 68, 550
Zizania aquatica L., 357, 375, 573, 626,
650
Zizia aurea (L,.) Koch, 361, 399, 588
* cordata (Walt.) Koch, 399, 588
Zygadenus elegans Pursh, 367, 377
Zygnemacece (Menegh.) Rabenh., 26

TET

981.9776 Sor. 2,752 9001 :

MACMILLAN, c,

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“innesota botanical Studies
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