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CS De Puy’s Popular Poultry Book No. 6. Y

MINORCAS, |

| ALL VARIETIES.

BY GEORGE H. NORTHUP.

President of AMERICAN BLACK MINORCA CLUB.
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GRED My OWNED BY

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IM INORCAS:

Ae. VARIETIES,

Pat ORGE HH: NORTHUP,
President of AMERICAN BLACK MINORCA CLUB.

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SYRACUSE, N. Y,
CLARENCE C. DEPUY, PUBLISHER,
1898.

29K

COPYRIGHTED 1593,
By CLARENCE C. DEPUY,

a ating

awRY OF CONS

AUG = 3 1898

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Léter of copy

PREFACE,

This book is my response to the entreaty of many of my
friends in the Minorca fancy throughout America, for a thoroughly
American book on the subject of Minorcas. It has been written
at intervals in the rush of business, but all within hearing and
under the inspiration of Minorca voices, both cackle and crow.
If the book affords one-tenth part of the measure of satisfaction
to its readers, which these beautiful birds have given the writer
while the work was going forward, it will be well worth the effort
made to produce it.

| wish to thank the members of the poultry press for their
kind advance notices of this work and their many appreciative
words in regard to the Minorca fowl; and Mr. Sewall for his
excellent work on the engravings, and his painstaking to portray
the birds so naturally. | also thank the Minorca clubs for their
organized efforts in behalf of Minorcas and especially the mem-
bers of the American Black Minorca Club for their generous vote
to allow the use of their ideal cuts in this book. At this date,
June 15th, votes have been received from 47 of the 57 members
of the club; 41 strongly in favor of having the cuts appear as the
club ideals, 1 neutral, and 5 opposing it. AsI did not know when
| was writing the book, that these cuts were to appear in it, | did
not refer to them, and | will mention them now, only as excellent

representations of the Minorca breed. The cock is exactly my

ideal of a Black Minorca male and though the hen differs slightly
from my idea of a perfect bird, she is, | think, as perfect a com-

posite of the club members’ ideal as could be obtained. Her comb
is not what | consider strictly fancy, but is just right for cockerel
breeding.

The American Black Minorca Club has done much for the
advancement of Minorcas, and for this reason, deserves the
hearty support of Minorca breeders who are yet outside its ranks.

Last but in no wise least, thanks are due to E. W. Mayman
for the White Minorca cut which he kindly furnished, and to the
writers of the three excellent articles on the White Minorca vari-
ety.

Trusting that this book will help some to a better knowledge
of Midorcas and enable many to breed them to a higher standard,
| submit it to the public hoping its readers will pass lightly over
its faults and use its better parts to their benefit,

Very respectfully,
GEORGE H, NORTHUP.

+ CONTENTS. &

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Description of Single Comb Black Minorcas.. “ 17
Origin and History of Rose Comb Black Min-

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Hatching and Rearing Minorca Chicks ...... wees
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IDEAL BLACK MINORCA MALE »

IDEAL BLACK MINORCA COCK, as adopted by the AMERICAN BLACK MINORCA CLUB
See Preface for

Loaned for publication in this work by vote of the club members.
particulars.

HISTORY OF BLAGK MINORGAS.

Much, of the earlier history of Minorcas; like that of many
other races of creation, both of the lower and the higher orders,
has been relegated to oblivion by the ever crowding events of
time which claim momentary attention; each giving place to its
successor so rapidly that comparatively few are permanently
recorded. Beside the fragmentary knowledge of the Minorca of
the past, which we have been able to gather, there are some
facts, which, thcugh currently believed, are not sufficiently veri-
fied to warrant giving them, as a part of authentic history.
Prominent among these suppositions, is the idea that the White
Faced Black Spanish descended from the Black Minorcas, and the
circumstances which support this theory, seem quite credible.
The White Faced Black Spanish show a resemblance to the
Black Minorcas of the present time, which strongly indicates that
both came, originally, from the same race of fowls. And, that
that race was identical with the Black Minorcas of to-day is
indicated by every trace we have of this valued breed. Beside
this, the greater hardiness of the Minorca, still comparing them
with the Spanish, makes it probable that it is in them, that the
natural qualities of the original Minorcas have been preserved;
while in the Spanish, close breeding, for points not altogether
natural, has resulted in loss of hardiness,

It is certainly known of the Minorca, that it has been an
established breed for more than sixty years, and that its type,
for that period of time at least, has been very like that which
is still in highest favor among Minorca breeders. As far back,
too, as we have any trace of Minorcas, their great laying qualities
have been the leading characteristic to commend them to breed-

10 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

ers. ‘‘They lay larger eggs, and more of them than any other
known fowls,’’ has been so long and frequently said of them, as
to seem a part of their very name, and the saying is too well sus-
tained by actual proof to be successfully disputed.

Black Minorcas are pre-eminently unique among the fancy
breeds of poultry, in having been bred so long with their original
type so well preserved. It is, no doubt, because they have been
kept in favor by no less considerations than usefulness and
hardihood, that this is so. For however excellent may have been
the varieties that have sprung from them, popular favor has
always clung to the Minorcas in their purity, as an egg producing
breed, wherever they have been known.

Though the earliest date of the importation of Minorcas to
England cannot be ascertained from any authority that I have yet
found, it is known that Black Minorcas were bred in England as
early as 1834, and it is very probable that they were brought
there direct from the Island of Minorca, the second largest of the
Belearic group, which is about 125 miles from the mouth of the
Ebro river, in the Mediterranean sea. Some may also have been
brought from other Mediterranean ports, but the breed undoubt-
edly derived its name from the Island of Minorca. The name
certainly does not at all fit the character of the fowls themselves,
for, to use a current phrase, ‘‘There is nothing Small about
them.’’ Beside the great number and great size of their eggs,
they have the largest bodies of all the non-sitting breeds.

Mr. Lewis Wright says in the Illustrated Book of Poultry,
‘“There is more evidence than usual for the source of this breed
being truly represented by its name. Mr. Leworthy told us that
Mr. Willis, a friend of his, had seen them in Minorca, and the
Rev. Thomas Cox, of Castle Cary, informs us on the direct
authority of Sir Thomas Ackland, that his father, the former
Baronet, undoubtedly brought some from that island direct to
England in 1834 or 1835, and kept them for years at Holnicote.
It is doubtful if the fowl was not already known in the west of
England, but there is no doubt but that one strain did diverge
from this ascertained importation, and the breed was for years
known and prized in Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, before
known elsewhere,”’

Very few fanciers gave any special attention to Minorcas
during the earlier part of their history in England of which we

HISTORY OF BLACK MINORCAS, li

have any record, and a separate class for them, at the shows,
was formerly an exception to the general rule of ignoring their
right to figure as exhibition fowls. They were bred for many
years in the southwestern part of England, solely for practical
purposes. But they are in great favor with English fanciers
now, and have been for twenty years or more. In the English
show-room also, they are among the most prominent and attractive
features.

When the reputation, which the breed had gained in England,
reached America, our fanciers began to give them attention and
to import them to America. Their English fame so commended
the Minorcas to the American fraternity of poultry fanciers and
breeders, that it soon became impossible to supply the demand
for Minorca eggs. This unexpected demand, co-operating with
the lax honor of a few breeders, caused the greatest set-back
that Minorcas ever met with; for some, with more eagerness for
money than honesty or admiration for the excellent breed, rein-
forced their Black Minorca breeding pens with Black Leghorns,
to supply the demand for eggs. One, who advertised largely as
an importer of Black Minorcas, was reported to have put 50 Black
Leghorn hens, which he probably bought for that purpose, into
pens with Black Minorcas, and it was generally thought that he
sold eggs, for hatching, from all together. Such deception could
be easier practiced then, than now, for at that time, and until the
revision of the Standard in 1889, Black Leghorns were bred with
black, or nearly black legs, and disqualified for any other color.
Again, when the alteration of the Standard, made yellow, or
yellowish black, the correct color for the legs of Black Leghorns,
the Minorca market was flooded anew, with as many Black Leg-
horn ‘‘black legs’’ as could be palmed off on the unsuspecting
public by unscrupulous breeders. This diabolical work was much
more easily and quickly done than its evil effects could be oblit-
erated; because many who bought these Leghorn-Minorcas,
bred from them, and advertised them as pure Minorcas, honestly
believing them to be such. The strong Leghorn tendency, still
seen in some Minorcas, is due to such crossing, though much of
it is bred out by the introduction of genuine Minorca blood. A
few of the more sagacious American breeders, kept their Minorcas
pure, and seeing in them qualities, which, if preserved would
eventually win for them the popularity they have attained, and

12 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

foreseeing that any amount of effort, rightly directed, to perpetu-
ate and improve upon the native excellencies of the breed, would
be amply repaid, have bred this noble breed, always, to the
highest Standard. Such breeders are now receiving a reward,
even greater than they could have expected. Minorcas not only
hold the first place among all fowls, for being the greatest layers
and producing the largest eggs, but they are fast acquiring popu-
larity as a table fowl. The old-time prejudice in favor of yellow
meat, is fast being overcome by appreciation of the delicacy of
white meat; and the excellence of the Minorca fowl for table
use is coming to be generally known and advocated.

At the shows the Minorca class is now among the largest.
The American Black Minorca Club was formed in 1896 and has
greatly advanced Minorca interests. Atits last meeting thirty-
three new members were added and the prospects are favorable
for a larger increase during the present year. It is one of the
most flourishing specialty clubs we have and contains many of
the brighest minds known to the fancy. The object of the club
is to establish a correct idea of what the Minorca is and ought to
be, and to encourage breeding it to the highest standard of useful-
ness and beauty.

“MAMMOTH BELLE, Weight 8 lbs.

MINORCAS, THE GREAT UTILITY BREED.

A great utility breed must naturally combine a greater part
of all the qualities of usefulness, for which its kind is valued, and
must surpass the average in most of the qualities it does possess,
while it should not fall below the average in any which are con-
sidered to be of great importance. The fowl to be kept year after
year, for practical purposes, is first esteemed to be more or less

14 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

profitable according to its greater or less capacity for egg-produc-
tion. All who know the Minorcas, will agree with me that they
are great layers. Careful tests, alone and in comparison with
other laying breeds, show them to be such, the poultry press,
both American and Europian, so reports them, and govermental
experiment stations add testimony to the same effect. Extracts
from different reports of the Canadian Experimental Station,
printed by orderof Parliament, place Black Minorcas at the head
of the list of the most profitable laying breeds of hens both as
layers of the greatest number and the largest size of eggs; mak-
ing mention of Minorca eggs which weighed, six to the pound;
also commending them as good winter layers, even in that ex-
tremely cold climate. One special test of the Canadian Station
was made in December and January, the most unfavorable sea-
son of the year, and shows that Black Minorcas won the cham-
pionship in number of eggs, over the eleven breeds that competed
against them, making an average of 22 4-5 eggs for each Minorca
hen, against a fraction more than 10 1-2 eggs for each of the
other hens in the contest. The different breeds competing were
Black Minorca, Brahma, Buff Cochin, Black Hamburg, Langshan,
Houdan, White Leghorn, Plymouth Rock, Red Cap, Andalusian,
Wyandotte, and mixed hens. A paragraph in the August number
of ‘‘A Few Hens,’’ shows that our experiment station has estab-
lished another fact in regard to Minorcas, which the breeders had
never claimed, it is as follows: ‘‘Prof. Hilgard, of the United
State Experimental Station, decided by chemical tests that in
nutritive qualities between white and brown shelled eggs, there
is but little difference—and that difference in favor of Minorca
(white shelled) eggs.’’ But in addition to the superior number
and size of Black Minorca eggs, there is another point in which
these fowls excel as egg-producers. It isthis: they begin to lay
at a very early age, and continue to lay profitably, for a longer
period of time than any other breed we have. When fed for
laying, April hatched Minorca pullets will lay at the age of five
months, and it is a common occurrence for July hatched pullets
to begin laying in February. From this it would naturally be
supposed that they would begin to fall off in usefulness at an
early age; but this is not the case, tor, the few hens which |
have kept to the unusual ages, for hens, of seven and eight years,
laid well as long as they lived.

MINORCAS, THE GREAT UTILITY BREED. 15

Mr. J. E. Stevenson gives even a more favorable report of
early laying than the above. He writes, in Farm Poultry, October
Ist, 1897, ‘‘Il have had pullets lay at about three months old, that
had been forced as broilers, and had never been out of the brood-
ing house and runs, which are 5 x 12 feet. My breeding pullets
usually begin laying at about five months old; the Minorcas
usually begin laying a little younger.”’ ’

Minorcas respond heartily to the’ care they receive, for though
they are excellent foragers, active and ever on the alert for
natural advantages that are within their reach; there is no fowl
that bearsconfinement better. Their docile disposition makes them
the equal of the Brahma and the Cochin in this respect, and their
natural inclination to lay, together with native activity makes
them give profitable returns for all the food they will consume
instead of laying on fat to their injury.

Hardiness is the quality which ranks next to egg-production
in a thoroughly practical fowl, and in this, the Black Minorca
greatly excels. Having been bred to preserve its native qualities
rather than to establish new and foreign ones, the Black Minorcas
seem to have lost very little if any of their natural stamina, a
quality with which they are abundantly endowed. Though there
is some prejudice against black as a color for the plumage of
domestic fowls, the objections urged, signify nothing of import-
ance and we have it from good authority, that the abundance of
color pigment, in animal physique, indicates a commensurate
proportion of vitality and vigor; also that the black pigment is
indicative of a stronger nature than any of the lighter colors.
One English Naturalist, speaking of the different varieties of
Leghorns and the importance of color breeding, says by way of
illustration; that the Blacks are the most economical, are very
wild ‘and very hardy; because very near to the natural color.
Another speaks of the black leopard and the black rabbit as
examples of exceptional abundance of vigor, in which the visible
result is excess of pigment. He thinks too that vigor and hardi-
ness are accompaniments of yellow pigment, but perhaps not so
much so as of the black. He says: ‘‘We are accustomed to think
that abundance of coloring matter indicates vigor, richness of
blood, and for some years we have maintained that the presence of
black pigment communicated to the flesh of fowls a special savor,
and we have been equally accustomed to think that the absence

16 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

of coloring matter indicates weakness, poverty of blood, anemia,
etca etc.”

This brings us to the excellence of the Black Minorca as a
table fowl; whether the presence of black pigment does or does
not communicate savor to the flesh, it is quite certain that none
of the color itself is communicated to the flesh; for the skin and
the naturally light parts of the flesh of the Black Minorca are of
the most delicate whiteness. And in juiciness, delicious flavor,
and tenderness, Black Minorca flesh is seldom equalled and never
surpassed. Add to this the fact that the Minorca is a fowl of
collossal stature compared with all of the egg-specialty breeds,
and no one can fail to understand that it is a table fowl of great
excellence. Minorca breeders have been. too reticent on this
point in the past, but we are waking up to the fact that we have
only to call popular attention to the excellent table qualities of
this variety, to make the demand far outreach the number which
we can supply.

Great number of eggs is always counted a strong point;
great size of eggs is often spoken of as being of less account, be-
cause eggs are sold by dozens instead of pounds and ounces; but
the market poultry-man finds it much easier to obtain customers
for large than for small eggs. Even when the price is made five
cents per dozen higher, economical people, and those of fastidious
taste, find it to their several interests to buy Minorca eggs. The
same person who furnishes eggs is the one who is naturally
looked to for poultry, thus one who has a good egg-trade has an
excellent opportunity to establish a market for his poultry, and
where once the Black Minorca chick or fowl is recommended and
tried for table use, the preference will always be for that variety
rather than any or all of the varieties of yellow color and oily
flesh. Butter will take the place of oil and is much more grateful
to the taste, but the juiciness and flavor which oily meats lack,
cannot be artificially supplied.

Ard by Te = : ‘ a as / a

~~

Cehymy :
(oe iad Tinea Cl ieee

"IDEAL BLACK MINORCA FEMALE -

IDEAL BLACK MINORCA HEN, as adopted by the AMERICAN BLACK
MINORCA CLUB.

Loaned for publication in this work by vote of the club members.
See Preface for particulars.

DESCRIPTION OF SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCAS.

The Minorca shape isa subject which has been much dis-
cussed in poultry journals, not so much because fanciers disagreed
as because we each failed to make others understand just what
we meant. But free discussion through the journals, and at the
shows, has established a uniformity of opinion which is sure to
keep the breed improving, and for this reason there can be no
doubt but that the Black Minorca has only begun to enjoy the
popularity which is in store for it, as a result of intelligent and
skillful breeding. The frame of a bird or animal of any kind is
the first requisite to correct shape. The true Minorca is disting-
uished for length of bone, firmness of build and loftiness of car-
riage, which characteristics admit of abundance of flesh, without
fatness; and the true Minorca never appears fat. Its muscles
are abundant ia all muscular sections, but conform to the shape
of the birds frame giving it an elegant form rather than clumsiness
and permitting its movements to be sprightly and graceful rather
than sluggish and uncertain. Added to this, the close lying feath-
ers of the Minorca, give it a more stylish appearance than is
shown by any other bird of equal size. For this reason it is a
much heavier bird than one would think from looking at it without
being acquainted with the breed. The standard weight for Black
Minorcas is as follows: Cock, 8 lbs.; cockerel, 6% Ibs.; hen, 6%
Ibs.; pullet 5% Ibs. These are about the average weights also,
for while many are bred above them, some cocks reaching the
unusual weight of 10 Ibs. and a few hens having been known to
weigh 8 Ibs. each, others fall below the standard, especially under
conditions which do not favor vigorous growth. With good stock
the standard weight is very easy to attain.

18 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

The single comb of cock bird should be smooth, straight and
erect, deeply and evenly cut with six wedged shaped serrations.
It should follow the neck at the back but not rest upon the feath-
ers. Thickness at the base is desirable to keep in an upright
position. The pullets comb does not develop until about the time
she begins laying. When fully developed it should fall gracefully
across the head above the beak, forming a loop at the front, on
the opposite side of the head from which the main part of the
comb hangs. Held in an upright position, the hens comb should
have about the same shape as that of the male bird and may be
large enough to hide the eye as seen from a side view, but should
rise sufficiently over beak to let the hen have a perfect view in
front of her. The hens comb shrinks to less than half its size
during moult and sometimes seems nearly to disappear. It does
not regain its full size till she is again in condition to lay.

The original color of Black Minorca plumage, as nearly as I
can ascertain trom the authority at my command, was black with
purplish sheen. But breeding with less regard to tint of color and
greater attention to other points, caused this variety to drift
away’, so to speak, from the purple tint, till each of the tints, pur-
ple, green and dull black are now seen to predominate in different
specimens of genuine Black Minorcas. Fanciers favor the green-
ish sheen mainly and have done so for several years past. At
the last revision of the American Standard this was adopted as
the color to breed for, and this action will of course bring it into
greater favor than before. In speaking of breeding for the greenish
sheen, | do not mean the introduction of any foreign blood to pro-
duce it. This, in my opinion is not admissible in any line of
Minorca breeding, for no improvment is desirable which must be
purchased at the expense of purity. The beautiful brilliant green
which is so much sought, can be and has been obtained by care-
fully breeding from such birds as show the most desirable color,
but all of the best strains of Black Minorcas have a strong tend-
ency to revert to the original purple, which appears mainly in
what is termed rainbow barring. This barring is considered an
objectionable feature in a strictly fancy bird, but these slight var-
iations in tinge of plumage are much more easily controlled by
the breeder than most of the fancy points for which we breed,
for it seems that the special care of birds during the periods of
growth and moult, has a very marked effect on the peculiar tints,

DESCRIPTION OF SINGLE COMB BLACK MINORCAS. ; 19

as I shall attempt to show in another part of this work. It 1s no
new idea that color of plumage comes from the interior of the
bird and | am convinced, by observation, that breeding for the
green creates a tendency, in the hens so bred, to lay eggs with
tinted shells, instead of the clear white shelis which have been
one of the leading characteristics of Black Minorcas. The only
way | can account for this is that the green in plumage indicates
an increase of yellow pigment, some of which, not unnaturally,
is communicated to the shell of the egg. The purple tint shows
a predominence of blue pigment, which, applied to the shell,
only intensifies its whiteness, the same asthe blue pigment used
by the laundress increases the whiteness of linen. It is not an
invariable rule that the peculiar tint of plumage is accompanied
by a similar tint in the egg shells, but my attention has been
called to the fact that such a tendency does exist, both by talks
and correspondence | have had with other prominent Minorca
breeders and by observing it in a few specimens of my own
breeding. I approve, as a fancier, of breeding Minorcas for the
greenishsheen because the prevailing popular taste and the Stan-
dard favor it, and because it is very beautiful. But we shall
need at the same time, to avoid too great a diminuition of black.
It is not that less color is desirable, but, that the metalic green
tinge shall shine out from the apparently polished black surface
of the plumage when in such a position that the greenish light

can be reflected. The fact that, in another position, a purple
reflection is seen, does not necessarily diminish the excellence of
color, in fact, such is the color most desired, so that in whatever
light it is seen the coloring is smooth and does not appear in
barring.

The combs, faces and wattles of Black Minorcas are bright
red in color. The wattles should be thin, pendulous, evenly
folded and smooth. Lobes, almond shaped, pure white and
smooth. Legs, long and the darker the better; but the color of
legs changes with age, varying, in newly hatched chicks, from
very light to nearly black, the lightest becoming as dark at
maturity as the darkest. Ateight months old, the best specimens
have black, or nearly black legs which generally fade after the
bird attains maturity. But the toe nails grow darker, if any
change, as the bird advances in age, though probably not more
than one ina hundred, pure Minorcas, have black toe-nails at
any time in their life, and I do not remember ever having seen a
Minorca under one year old with black toe-nails. Asa rule their
toe-nails are white or horn color.

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1

FIRST PRIZE-NEW YORK 1878
Gene by GEO-H-NORTHUP
RACEVILLE .N™

extamghas.

“GRACE” Rose Comb Biack Minorca Hen, Weight 634 lbs.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS.

The claims | have made through the poultry press and in my
catalogue, in regard to originating Rose Comb Black Minorcas
have caused considerable comment and criticism, to the effect
that the methods! have described could not result as | have said, and
that | could not justly ciaim to be the originator because others
have bred birds in various ways, which they choose to call Rose
Comb Black Minorcas. Ido not mention this with any desire
for controversy or to dispute the claims of others, but to omit it
would make the history of Rose Comb Black Minorcas very
incomplete. The obstacles which they have surmounted and the
hindrances they have overcome are as much a part of their his-
tory as the progress they have made.

My Rose Comb Black Minorcas are neither sports or crosses
but the result of a system of breeding, which it is my purpose to
describe, Itis because | was the first to breed a pure Biack
Minorca with a rose comb, that | claim to be the originator of that
variety, and as | was the first to cause any mention of them in
print. (my first description of them appeared in Poultry Monthly,
Feb. 1891) and the first to exhibit them at a show, | think I am
entitled to be considered the originator. Not that the result |
have achieved exhausts the resources of nature which have made
it possible for me to accomplish what I have, but being the first
to so breed them makes me the originator, notwithstanding what
others may have done since or may do in the future.

A cockerel which was hatched from one of the first breeding
pens of Black Minorcas which | imported, had two side sprigs on
his comb. This suggested to me the possibility that a system of
breeding might in time produce Black Minorcas with Rose Combs,

22 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

My object in wishing to do this was two-fold, first to ascertain if
breeding from a bird with a slight variation from the usual type
would produce a greater variation of like nature in successive
generations until a radical change in the variety was established,
beside | was certain that a fowl with small rose comb and corres-
pondingly small wattles, possessing all the valued qualities of the
Black Minorca would be a valuable acquisition, especially to
breeders in the colder climates where the Single Comb Minorcas
have to be very warmly housed to do their best as winter layers
and to keep their large combs from getting frosted. Ifa rose
comb fowl had been my only object, there, were plenty of rose
comb varieties already established. Anda rose comb fowl, with
the external appearance of the Minorca, could be easily bred by
crossing, as several breeders did soon after my first Rose Comb
Black Minorca article was published. But any crossing surely
ingrafts qualities which are less desirable than those native to the
Minorca, while a complete change in the form of comb, effected
by a system of mating, shows that there is no end of the improve-
ment that can be made in similar ways, and at the same time
demonstrates the great danger of careless mating, by which the
breeder may be unconsciously breeding directly away from the
results he most desires. | did not resort to any crossing what-
ever, but beginning with the cockerel before mentioned, | select-
ed the few of his progeny which showed the same defect, to
breed from; and there were only a few which showed it even
slightly. Each succeeding season only those which approached
nearest to the object in view, were selected to breed from. From
the third Mating I obtained one hen with a rose comb, not my
ideal rose comb or even one as good as the poorest of my Rose
Combs now wear, but it was a comb that greatly encouraged me
because it assured final success. Three-fourths of the chicks
hatched from this hen’s eggs had rose combs but they were
neither uniform in shape or small enough. From these I selected
only the best, and formed with them two pens for the next years
breeding.

It was quite difficult and required several years of breeding
to reduce the size of comb and establish a desirable shape. At
first many of the combs were as thin at the head asa single comb,
terminating in several rows of irregular serrations, making the
comb top-heavy and causing it to drop over to one side of the

ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS. 93

head, and those which sat more firmly on the head were, some of
them, as large as Red Cap combs and of many shapes. Some
were regular one side and irregular on the other forming a sort of
cresent. Others were large and full at the front but only extend-
ed back as far as attached to the head; some of these were even
hollowed at the back instead of ending with a spike, and some
had the appearance of tipping forward over the beak. Another
variation was partly rose and partly single, that is either rose at
the front and single at the back, or the reverse. These variations
have, by careful mating been gradually overcome, and the Rose
Comb Black Minorca now breeds as true to comb as the Wyan-
dotte did when first admitted to the standard. Until this result
was obtained, | each vear killed many birds which | could have
sold for large prices had 1 been willing to do so. I breed only
from those which approached nearest my ideal. The chicks
selected from the hatch of 1887, four in number, two cockerels
and two pullets, were bred in separate pens in 1888. Pullets
raised from one of these pens were mated with cockerels raised
from the other, and vice versa, for the next years breeding. And
my system has since been to keep them divided, and each year to
bring the most distant relations together for mating, thus to breed
out instead of in. While I was culling from my flocks and reject-
ing a greater part of each hatch as unfit to breed from, the Rose
Comb Black Minorcas were gaining notoriety from other sources,
which thought not altogether to their advantage, is as I have
already said in part of their history.

Immediately after my first Rose Comb article Pape ated ‘in
The Monthly, many wrote me desiring to buy some of the Rose
Combs or their eggs, but | refused all offers. I did not begin to
offer either for sale till the spring of 1894, and previous to that time
no Rose Comb eggs or fowls had left my vards except two males
which were sold to parties who used them for cross-breeding, and
one setting of eggs which I gave to a friend, who kept every bird
hatched from them till after 1 began to sell Rose Comb eggs.

That first article also drew out comments through the press.
During the fall following its first appearance, Mr. J. W. Caughey,
Pittsburgh, Pa., sent me two clippings from different numbers of
the Ohio Farmer, one of which was a review of my article written
by himself, and the other an answer to, or criticism of Mr.
Caughey’s. | give both here in the order that they were
published:

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aienbg uosipey 38 40D evosoul “A “DY eztad pug LHSVd» MAN 3B YOOD vousOUIW “A ‘OD “Y ezi1d IST W.LHOLTAGVaH»

cS. 2

“ofl H Wea y

bo
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ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS.

ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS.

There is hardly a new breed of fowls that comes into favor
that does not find some one to improve or alter the original stock
and obtain a variety that his neighbors do not keep. This some-
times means considerable in profits to him who improved and
brought them before the public. The Rose Comb Black Minorca
is a counterpart of the single comb variety with the exception of
the comb, it being a rose comb. The objection by many breeders
to the large combs of the Minorca fowls was one point that sug-
gested the idea of improving this pointinthem. The cold winters
did much damage to their large combs. The result was the pro-
duction of the rose comb variety, the outcome of much careful
study and theory in a practical demonstration of the crosses made
to accomplish it.

The start was first made with a cockerel with two side splits
on his comb, being out of an imported pair of single comb birds,
and but a very few of the chicks produced showed this defect.
But each season by selecting them carefully, a strain was finally
established that has faithfully bred the rose combs 1n wonderful
accuracy. As yet no stock or eggs can be had of the breed, the
owner preferring to continue another season so as to fully estab-
lish a strain that will give entire satisfaction right along. It is
best to wait the severest test before buying them. JUG. WwW

ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS.

In The Farmer, of Sept. 5th, 1891, J. C. W. describes a new
breed of fowls—Rose Comb Black Minorcas—and tells how they
were originated. Some wide-awake, ingenious fellow, selecting
an imported Black Minorca cockerel, with two ‘‘side splits’’ on
his comb, and mated with a Black Rose Comb Leghorn hen, or
some other of the rose comb breed.

Do not tell the readers, Mr. J. W. C., that this cockerel was
mated with a Single Comb Black Minorca hen or pullet, and the
results of such a mating followed up by inbreeding, produced a
strain of Rose Comb Black Minorcas, or they will think you are
prevaricating in the interest of some one who is working up a
BOOM. Experience teaches us that nature does not do her work
just that way, Her work is not done by piecemeal, If she starts

26 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

with ‘‘ side splits’’ she is liable to produce ‘‘ side splits’’ or revert
to the original; but not in order to get rid of the unsightly ‘‘side
splits,’’ place on the heads of her progeny of such a mating, a
neat, little rose crown.

No, sir. If nature intends to crown the Minorcas with roses,
she will do it direct and not through one or two “‘side splits.”’ It
requires no greater effort of nature, nor is ita greater miracle, to
put a rose comb, direct, on any bird, than it does to put ona
single comb with ‘‘side splits.”” J. W.C. ought to make the
claim that Rose Comb Black Minorcas are sports from the single
comb varieties, of which ‘‘they are the counterpart in all save
comb;’’ then methinks people—the fraternity at least—-would
the more readily believe the claim. Nature would no more exert
herself in producing a ‘‘sport’’ in comb than she does in produc-
ing a ‘‘sport’’ in color. We are a firm believer in the theory that
she will and does produce ‘‘sports’’ in both comb and color, hav-
ing long ago bred and reared chicks which, in color, we know
were ‘‘sport.’”’ We are also familiar with the Rose Comb Min-
orcas, both white and black, which we term pure sports. The
first we ever Saw was a White Minorca cockerel from eggs im-
ported in 1886 from Mr. Hanna, an English breeder, of note.
When this bird was about two-thirds grown a mink made a meal
of "him, but he had grown large enough to show that he was a
true White Minorca—a sport in comb only. As Mr. Hanna in
answer to my inquiry whether he was breeding some rose comb
variety of fowls in close proximity to his White Minorcas, says:
‘‘ There are no rose comb fowls nearer than two miles of me that
I know of, and if there were | would know of it.’’

The same year, 1886, a setting of Black Minorca eggs was
procured from a prominent breeder in this country, eggs in every
respect similar to Minorca eggs. Of the setting of thirteen eggs,
eight produced chicks. Seven of these chicks were ordinary
Single Comb Black Minorca chicks, while the other was a white
rose comb chick, the very counterpart, when matured, of the
White Minorca in all save comb, which was as perfect a rose as
years of careful selection and mating would likely produce. But,
is this chick a Minorca? It most certainly is, and if it were not
for the rose comb any and every person would pronounce it:a
pure Minorca. The breeder from whose yards this bird came, in
answer to the question as to whether he had any Rose Comb

ROSE COMB BLACK MINORCAS. 27

White Minorcas, or knew who had, says, ‘‘no—do you?’’ He
further stated that there was no possible chance of any other
breed except the Single Comb White Minorcas getting in the
yards with his Black ones. As soon as this chick was old enough
to begin laying she was mated to a Single Comb White Minorca
cockerel, from imported stock, and the chicks from this mating
were either white or black, with both rose and single combs.
By judicious selection and mating a strain of each has been
established that will breed as true to comb as almost any other
variety, especially so of the whites. If they were not pure Min-
orca, in blood, there would be some of the progeny from any mat-
ing that would revert to the blood of the ancestry from which the
rose comb came. A. E. W.
Wyandot Co., Ohio.

Mr. A. E. W. shows by his article that he was willing to
brand the statements of another as untrue, because that person
claimed to do things which he thought impossible, without giving
any good reason for thinking them impossible, His theories had
been exploded in advance by my Rose Comb Minorcas, and their
later developement has proved that he was wholly mistaken in
regard to what Nature will or will not do. Ido not doubt the
honesty of what he claims of his own birds but as his first Blacks
were a year or two later than mine they do not interfere with
my claims of origination. ;

Four other breeders crossed Single Comb Black Minorcas with
other breeds and called them pure Rose Comb Black Minorcas.
Three of them advertised eggs for sale from these matings, and
sold them at from 50 cents per egg down to whatever they could
get in exchange for them. | investigated the breeding of all these
and obtained good proof that all three were using cross-bred stock.
Then one breeder claimed to have imported Rose Comb Black
Minorcas, | immediately wrote the gentleman in England from
whom his stock was said to have come and received this reply:

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, ENG., Jan. 10, 1894.

To GEO. H. NORTHUP, Esq.,
Raceville, Wash. Co., N. Y., U.S. A.
Dear Sir :—Regarding Rose Comb Minorcas, you have been

98 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

misinformed. There has not been any breed at Newcastle-on-
Tyne; in fact, there is none in Europe, that | am aware of.

With kinds regards,

Sincerely yours,
ALFRED W. THOMPSON,

Mr. Thompson is a naturalist of much note, who is patron-
ized by breeders, sportsmen and fanciers throughout the world.

When two cross-breeders of so-called Rose Comb Black
Minorcas attacked me through the journals at different times, |
exposed some of the trickery of one in Poultry Keeper, June, 1893,
and of the other in Poultry Monthly, June, 1806, p. 187, also in
American Poultry Jounal, Feb. 1897, p. 48. It was in earlier
numbers of these journals that their attacks appeared. I do not
know that any of the breeders mentioned are pretending to breed
Rose Comb Black Minorcas now, but progeny of some of the
stock they sold as such, is still advertised.

Notwithstanding all the drawbacks they have had to over-
come, the Rose Comb Black Minorcas are now a valued and val-
uable variety, and their present owners may be considered for-
tunate in adopting them early as there remains no doubt about
their future popularity.

The first exhibition of Rose Comb Black Minorcas, ever
made ata show was at Gloversville, N. Y., Dec. 1891, when |
showed ten birds, old and young, and wen every prize offered.
There was no competition. The year following | showed thirteen
birds, (twelve old ones, all above standard weight,) at the N. Y.
and N. E. Fair, and in Jan. 1894 | showed a full class at Saratoga,
N. Y. Since that time the Rose Combs have been found in many
of our shows. Four breeders showed them at New York, Feb.
1898, the strongest class yet seen together. Rose Comb Black
Minorcas always attract much attention, are greatly admired and
bring high prices when they are sold, as the demand for them
greatly exceeds the supply. 1 know of no variety which promises
so great profit for the investment as they, nor any way that money
can be invested with so good prospect of large returns as in well
bred fowls of this variety.

nth , OMA) BY
GEORWE M-NORTHVF

= - een
an coPIGRT EY

= =

“TORO” Weight Io lbs.

SELECTION AND MATING OF BREEDING STOCK.

To make any line of breeding a success, the breeder needs
to have his object clearly defined, that all his efforts in selecting
and mating may be directed to that end. If Minorcas are to be
bred for market purposes only, the selection and mating of the
breeding stock can be much different than if the breeder wishes
to combine exhibition with market requirements. Breeding for
market purposes alone, requires attention mainly to size, vigor,
and hardiness. As these points are indispensable to good exhibi-
tion birds it is not necessary to treat these two lines of breeding
separately. Any points which are valuable to the fancier, are
desirable also to the market man who has fine fowls to select
from, but he who must buy his stock, from which to supply the
market, can save himself much in the original cost by buying
with reference to his object alone and disregarding such points
as are merely fancy. All true fanciers will sell stock that will
answer the market-man’s purpose well, at much lower prices
than they demand for their finest exhibition specimens, as birds
defective in fancy points are undesirable in their line of breeding.
There is no strain of any variety however perfect, but produces
many birds which are not as good as its best, that is not as fine in
fancy points, but which are just as desirable for all practical
purposes.

Among those breeders who attempt to breed exhibition birds,
| think move failures result from ignorance of the principles of
mating, and inability to estimate and appreciate the value of cer-
tain points in the birds from which selection is to be made, than
from any other causes. It has been my experience that the
choicest specimens are the most profitable to breed exhibition

SELECTION AND MATING OF BREEDING STOCK. 31

stock from, regardless of price. Though it is an important fact
that accidental defects, such as frosted combs or scars left by
fighting, need not cause a bird to be discarded for breeding, as
such faults cannot be transmitted by heredity to the offspring.
Natural defects and constitutional deficiencies alone are to be
avoided on this account. The best bird to breed from is the one
that comes nearest to perfection and-has at the same time a cred-
itable lineage for generations back. Such birds are valuable to
the owner and expensive to the buyer, and if they cannot be
afforded, it is quite safe to breed from a fairly good bird whose
pedigree is known to be reliable; but a really fine bird of inferior
ancestry is not fit to breed from in any case, for fancy points or
egg-preduction. Individual excellence and ancestry are the two
important considerations in selecting stock, but the fact that var-
iations occur in the progeny of the same fowls is evidence that
individual excellence alone is not sufficient to insure good results
in offspring. This applies to all breeds as well as Minorcas, and
all general principles of the selection and mating of Black Minorca
are equally applicable to the Whites.

Nothing can be more striking than the production of my Rose
Comb Black Minorcas, to illustrate the important effects that the
various principles of mating produce on the offspring, being as
they are the result of straight breeding from the Single Comb
variety, without cross-breeding or the introduction of any other
blood. The success achieved fully demonstrates how a variation,
defective or the opposite, may be emphasized by successive mat-
ings either intentional or careless; or may be eradicated by the
application of correct principles, at the option of the breeder, in
the selection and mating of his breeding stock.

In my description of Single Comb Black Minorcas | did not
follow the details of comb, etc., as closely as | would have done,
had I not intended to touch upon these points again in this article.
The comb of the male bird should be straight and erect, thick at
the base and tapering evenly to the edge, set firmly on the head
so that it cannot easily become bent and so that it will naturally
hold its erect position. It should be free from thumb-marks,
dents and excrescences, and should come forward about half
way between the nostril and the end of the beak. The comb
should be cut with six wedge shaped serrations, the deepest
extending to about one-half the depth of the comb. This is what

32 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

I consider a perfect comb and, though | have seen many combs
which were very nearly perfect according to this description, I do
not remember having seen any which did not, in some particular,
deviate from it. The same is true of the bird asa whole. It is
impossible to find a bird which is perfect in all sections. It is
only by having an ideal and breeding as near to that ideal as
possible, that we have been able to obtain such uniform flocks
as We are now producing, and it is only by continuing to so breed,
that we can expect to improve them farther. The comb of the
hen, to conform to the description already given in the descrip-
tion of Single Comb Black Minorcas, must be much thinner and
more pliable than that of the cock. The sex governs this, to a
great extent, but not wholly, therefore there is danger of getting
combs on our females too stiff, fleshy, and without the desired
loop in front, when we breed too strenuously for the ideal male
comb. The faces of both male and female Minorca should be
wholly red, the lobes of both wholly white and almond shape,
plumage the same in color in both sexes except that the brilliancy
of the male is more intense. Thusthe ccmb is the only point
for which two matings are at all desirable. A medium mating
from which the sexes will be more evenly ballanced, with regard
to comb, is preferable to separate matings for males and females,
but as the latter is favored by some, | will describe both. To
make the descriptions more vivid and to show that they are
wholly practical, | will refer to the engravings in this book, and
describe some matings in which the birds so represented, figure
either as progenitors or progeny.

Black Giant, shown by the frontispiece, had a comb which
was never known to bend or droop, yet it was a little thinner
than the ideal for male comb prescribes. To have mated him
with females with very thin exhibition combs would, no doubt,
have produced a very high grade, and a large percentage of fine
exhibition female combs, but we could not have reasonably ex-
pected good male combs from such a mating. The females, with
which he was mated, had excellent shape of combs but a little
thicker than is desired for strictly exhibition hens. From this
mating many prize winning males and females were produced,
among which were the cockerel in ist prize breeding pen at New
York show in 1806, the Ist prize cockerel and Ist prize pullet at
Northampton, Mass., the same winter, Toro and Eleganta. For

SELECTION AND MATING OF BREEDING STOCK. 33

last two see engravings which show combs for both male and
female as near perfect as | have ever seen, that of Toro being
more than an inch thick at the base. Had Toro been mated to
females with combs like his dam or similar to the mates of Black
Giant, the male progeny would probably have been free from
weak or drooping combs, except for accident or lack of nourishing
food, while the females from such a mating would have been
very faulty in combs, and many of them disqualified. The soli-
tary fault in Toro’s build is that his legs are just a little too short.
To overcome this in his progeny and keep the sexes ballanced
with regard to comb, he was mated to females very similar to
Eleganta in all respects, though, of course not akin to him. It
will be noticed that Eleganta’s comb is all that could be desired
in an exhibition hen, and that she has legs to correspond in
length with the size and build of her body. The same points of
excellence were conspicuous in the hens matea with Toro. The
results of this mating were excellent birds both male and female,
of which Mammoth Belle shown by photo-engraving, is a striking
example; being a hen of massive frame proportional length of
legs, elegant shape though not photographed in her best position,
excellent in head and all fancy points; a hen of practical Minorca
type for all purposes of usefulness and beauty. A cockerel and
pullet from the same mating were in the Ist prize breeding pen
at the New York show in 1897 and another cockerel won Ist in
single class at the same show. The Ist prize hen at the great
Boston show in 1898 was also from that mating. It is a notable
fact that, in these two cases, similar results were obtained from
quite different methods of mating; for in the first, the undesirable
thinness of cock’s comb was over-ballanced by opposite defect in
‘the combs of hens, while in the latter the two extremes of per-
fection were brought together. It is my opinion and the same is
well sustained by experience, that the latter matings would not
have been so successful, had Toro been bred from a long line of
special male matings. Or, had Black Giant been produced from a
long line of special female matings, | doubt if a son of his could
have worn such a comp as that of Toro.

Notwithstanding that a single mating for both sexes is prefer-
able as a rule, and usually more progressive, there are times
when extreme matings for special objects in either male or female
are highly desirable for one or two generations. Though the

34 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

same, followed indefinitely, must result in almost total loss of the
opposite sex as far as exhibition points are concerned. When,
through ignorance or careless breeding, Minorca hens have
acquired faulty combs, too small and lacking the correct loop and
flexibility, a most wise mating to establish a better type of comb
in their progeny, would be a well-bred male with large, drooping
comb, the thinner the better, even to the point of falling over
like a hen’s comb, but it ought to be correct in outline and serra-
tions. The progeny of this mating could then be mated toa male
with large comb of medium thickness, which should produce some
excellent birds, both male and female. A plan the reverse of this
would correct the opposite extreme.

Most selections of breeding stock are based on the idea that
‘ike produces like’’ and this is true as far as may be, but crea-
tures which have two parents cannot be exactly like both, unless
the parents are alike, and this is not desirable for the vigor of the
offspring, only so far as the parents conform to the true standard
of the breed they represent, for any abnormal feature occurring
in both parents is quite likely to be intensified in the offspring to
an inordinate degree. Now as the characteristics of the ancestors
for several generations back are likely to appear in some of the
young of each succeeding generation, it is impossible to select
parent stock, however perfect themselves, that can be depended
on to a certainty, to transmit only desirable qualities to their
progeny. Therefore in selecting breeding stock, great care should
be taken that each bird has a good lineage, which qualification
combined with correct mating will have more _ influence
on the offspring than individual excellence could have, lacking
good pedigree or proper mating. But for best results and largest
percentage of fine exhibition chicks all three must be combined.
It is a good practice for a breeder to select from his flocks as they
are growing up, chicks which he thinks will make the best
breeders for the coming season. He will, of course, sometimes
be disappointed in a bird when it is fully developed, but the
practice will make him familiar with all the points of his birds, and
is a great aid in mating when the time for that work comes; for
it is necessary to consider all the points, giving due attention to
each in proportion as it is more or lessimportant. Many incorrect
matings are the result of putting too much stress on one section,
For instance, some seem to think that if a Minorca has perfect

SELECTION AND MATING OF BREEDING STOCK. 85

comb and lobes, it must be an ideal bird, even though it is defec-
tive in nearly every other section. Others make color a specialty
to the sacrifice of everything else, and I am sorry to say that
some who pose as judges are too much of that opinion. To be a
successful breeder, one must not indulge in hobbies with refer-
ence to the separate qualities of his breed, though he ought to
make the perfect type of the breed his hobby. He needs to
know all the standard requirements of his chosen variety, and to
be able to recognize the merits and faults in each section when
he examines a bird; and it requires a practiced eye to be able to
do this. I am often asked to inspect critically, birds which their
owners consider almost perfect on account of good comb, lobes,
plumage or a combination of all three which they think their
birds possess, but I find a large majority of such fowls faulty and
seriously so, especially in the shape of different sections, evident-
ly because the breeder has overlooked the less conspicuous
points in them and in the birds which produced them, probably
through ignorance of some important points which are required in
really superior birds. As itis the object of the fancier to have
all of his breeding stock as near perfect as possible, and at the
same time have them properly mated, he should select from a
large number, which are the same blood, as many females as he
wishes for one pen, taking care to have them as uniform as pos-
sible. As all cannot be perfect, it should be his next object to
overbalance any defect that may exist in his females by select-
ing a male that is specially strong in the points where they are
lacking, giving preference to females that are similar even in their
defects, so that the male selected for one will be equally suited
to all. As the male constitutes one-half of the breeding pen,
much more importance attaches to his excellence than to that of
any one hen in the pen. Asso much depends on the male, one
or two of the same breeding, as nearly like the first choice as
possible should be kept in reserve, to take the place of the first
if for any reason he cannot fill it satisfactorily, and for a large
pen of females, two males of same breeding and characteristics can
be used alternately, a day at a time, to good advantage. In
selecting and mating it should always be remembered that
Minorcas have gained the position they occupy, by merits of use-
fulness in which they are superior to any other breed of fowls,
which qualities may be summarized as follows: They are the

36 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

largest non-sitters known, they lay more eggs summer and win-
ter than any other hens, and their eggs are larger than those of
any other breed. These qualities naturally belong to them and
can easily be retained and improved by careful mating and
breeding, but breeders cannot afford to feel so confident as to
forget to breed for these qualities of usefulness, and the external
points which accompany them together with other desirable
points of appearance. Length and depth of body and scantiness
of fluff are indications of good laying qualities in Minorcas, and
should not be overlooked in making selections for the breeding
pen. 7

“
FRET) PHOTOGRAPH
BRED OWKED BY

CEO. MH NORTHUP_
GOPYRIGHTED

“ELEGANTA” Weight 7% lbs.

HATCHING AND REARING MINORCA CHICKS.

It is a prevalent idea that chicks must be hatched very early
in the season to make the best show birds, but I do not concur in
this opinion in regard to Minorca clicks except for the early fall
shows. Chicks hatched any time before June 20th are early
enough for the winter shows. I once hatched a cockerel June
27th which won Ist in pen, at the Madison Square Garden Show
the following February, in strong competition. Another hatched
even later, in July, won Ist as cock at 1% years of age at
Battle Creek, Mich., in a strong class of sixty birds, and received
an official weight of 934 Ibs. To make such records, they, of
course, need the best of care and every possible advantage
to keep them always at their best. As already stated,
earlier birds are better for the early shows, but the earliest, pul-
lets especially, are apt to get past the pink of condition for
exhibition, from continual laying before the time of the winter
shows. I have seen excellent pullets beaten by really inferior
ones which were in prime condition, just because the better ones
had gone out of condition from prolonged laying. The best plan
to have Minorcas laying all the year around, is to hatch some
early and others as late as September. These latest will not
begin laying till about April unless they are forced for laying,
and they will continue later the next fall while the earlier ones
are moulting,

It is not important whether Minorca chicks are hatched by
incubators or hens, but when hatched it is very important that
they receive proper care. There is probably no need to give the
details of what proper care is, as my readers will undoubtedly be
persons of experience in the care of poultry, both old and young.

HATCHING AND REARING MINORCA CHICKS. 39

Those who are not, need a good poultry journal to keep them
constantly admonished. Minorca chicks do not require different
care from chicks of other breeds, for they are very hardy and
will thrive where any other chickens can and under the same
treatment.

Many, who are not acquainted with Black Minorcas, expect
them to be wholly black when firsc hatched. In this they are
nearly always doomed to disappointment, for it is very unusual
to see a pure bred Black Minorca chicken which is wholly black.
They are partly black (sometimes smoky black) with light colored
down around the eyes and under the neck and body and at the
end of wings. When they first feather out, some of them show
white feathers in the breast and wings, but the white generally
disappears except from the wings, before they are six weeks old.
The color of legs and feet vary, from nearly white to black when
chicks are first hatched, but I have noticed that the chicks which
have lightest feet and legs and the most white in plumage when
young, are often among the blackest and best of the matured
fowls. Some have argued that the second moult after maturity
reverts to the chicken color, but this has not been demonstrated
in my experience, and my observations convince me that there is
no likelihood of such being the case, except from some special
cause. Some of the causes for change in color will be treated
under ‘‘Preparation for Exhibition.’’

The great principle to be kept in mind, in rearing chicks, is
to let nature do the work of development without hindrance. We
are, of course, hindering nature and defeating natural law, if,
while we deprive chicks of full liberty, we fail to provide con-
stantly and abundantly fcr their needs. We must confine them
somewhat, to protect them from harm, and in so doing we make
them dependent on ourselves for sustenance. Such rapidly
growing creatures as Minorca chicks need a great deal of nourish-
ment, but there is danger of ruining them by allowing them to
over eat. For this reason they need to be fed very often, not
less than five times daily, for the first two or three weeks of their
life, that they need not get too hungry at any time as hunger
will cause them either to over eat or so weaken them that they
will not eat at all. Exposure to cold and dampness, and filthy
quarters also hinder their development, and it is of greater
importance than is generally supposed, that chicks are kept

40 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

steadily developing throughout their whole period of growth to
make them capable, when matured, of their best, either for prac-
tical or fancy purposes. [once had a striking example of this
when | hired two different persons to rear chicks for me from eggs
produced from a very fine pen of Black Minorcas. As both had
egos from the same pen, there should have been no great differ-
ence in the quality of the chicks, especially in points lke color,
which are supposed to be controled, by heredity. There is no
doubt but heredity does control all points to a igreat extent, but
the following shows how the course of nature can be perverted
after the chicks are hatched and while they are growing. In the
instance referred to, | gave one person one hundred eggs, the
other only twenty-six. The twenty-six eggs were set about ten
days later than the one hundred. All of the eggs hatched well,
but the chicks in the larger flock soon began dying off. from lack
of care till only twenty-seven of them were left alive. Some
were accidentally killed from the smaller flock, but they were
weil cared for and at four months old, twelve fine chicks were
brought to me as the product of the twenty-six eggs. Of these
twelve, the pullets averaged in weight, about four pounds each,
and the cockerels weighed from four to five and one-half pounds
each. The twenty-seven chicks, which I received at the same
age, four months, did not average more than three pounds each,
cockerels and pullets together. This lot had their tails and wing
feathers broken and mussed from being crowded in small quarters
to roost, with a large flock of old fowls, and were dwarfed every
way from lack of nourishment. I gave both flocks the best of
care after they were brought home. The twelve which had
received good care while young, kept on developing and made
large strong birds, several of them prize winners, and not one of
that flock had feathers other than black when matured. None
of the other flock grew to the usual size and most of them had
dull colored plumage and very many of them had gray feathers
in wings and tail, in fact, | had more off color in those twenty-
seven chicks than | ever had in a flock of one hundred chicks
before or since. The impoverished condition of their systems
made them unable to produce sufficient coloring matter for their
feathers, and the time had passed when the perfect development
of their bodies was possible. In other words, they had matured
before development was completed. No one could have thought

HATCHING AND REARING MINORCA CHICKS. 41

that the two flocks were produced from, the same pen, but such
was the case and it shows the importance of keeping chicks
steadily growing from the time they leave the shell till they are
fully matured. I would not be understood to mean that care
alone can produce fine chicks from inferior ancestry but that the
best blood and the best care must be combined for the best
results.

PREPARATION FOR EXHIBITION.

Throughout the preceeding articles it has been shown that
the preparation of birds to successfully meet strong competition
in the show room, begins with the ancestors and follows the
history of the bird to be exhibited, down to the moment when
judgment is passed upon him. When a really excellent bird has
reached maturity and shows points in all sections sufficiently
meritorious to entitle him to a place among exhibition specimens,
the further preparation consists mainly in preventive measures,
therefore, in this connection, the casualities, which are likely to
unfit our birds, for showing at their very best, are the subjects
which interest us most. To prevent birds from becoming unpre-
pared for exhibition, is, in my estimation, the best way to prepare
them to show well. Lice are among the worst enemies of fowls
and lice should not be tolerated at any time.

During moult, great care should be taken to let that process
go on, without interruption, from the beginning till the birds are
fully fledged. The more steadily the new feathers grow from
the time they first start till they are fully grown, the more beau-
tiful the new plumage will be, and the moulting fowl can no more
produce fine feathers from a depleted system than can the grow-
ing chick. Any neglect or accident at this critical season, may
cause injury which cannot be repaired at show time. | am con-
vinced that much of the barring, which so annoys fanciers of
solid colored birds, is caused by sudden changes, in surrounding
conditions or care, which alternately check and start the growth
of the feathers. I have demonstrated this to my own satisfaction
by means of experiments with different foods. It is also evident
that exposure to sudden changes in the weather is likely to pro-

PREPARATION FOR EXHIBITION. 438

duce the same effect at the moulting season. I have found that
sulphur in the food helps to brighten the plumage, but | cannot
recommend its general use because, unless very cautiously given,
it impairs the appetite and causes emaciation and susceptibility
to cold and may thus result in much harm. Sun-flower seed,
flax-seed and oil meal, fed in small quantities, help to give gloss
to the plumage and are harmless. | am still investigating the
subject of plumage color, and expect soon to ascertain principles
which will greatly aid the breeder in controling the peculiar tints
of black birds which have heen properly bred, by special care and
feeding.

Anything which injures a pin-feather is likely to make that
feather white or partly white when grown, therefore every pre-
caution should be taken to avoid fighting and all disturbances
among the moulting fiocks during the moulting period. There
are cases, though they are rare, of black feathers becoming white
after they are fully grown. The exact cause of this is not known,
but it is supposed to be an external injury of some kind. I have
observed several cases of this kind; one, in particular, was a
Brown Leghorn cockerel ina fine flock of that variety from which,
I was engaged by the owner, to select the finest specimens for a |
show at which he wished to exhibit. The cockerel referred to, was
among those which I selected, and he won first prize in strong
competition, under one of our most competent judges. The
following February | was again engaged to select and mate several
breeding pens for the same gentleman to breed from the coming
season. I selected the same cockerel to head a pen of Brown
Leghorns and he was then in excellent color throughout. The
following June, having business in the town where these birds
were kept, I called on the owner again and was surprised that
one of the long sickle feathers in the tail of the Brown Leghorn
cockerel which | had so much admired was now nearly all white.
I was told that it had begun at the end farthest from the body,

and had gradually changed till it was now as I sawit. The
owner said that if he had bought that cockerel, he would have
thought that feather had been colored before he received the
bird and the color had faded or washed off, but as he had raised
the bird he knew that the change of color was wholly a freak of
nature or the result of some unknown cause,

44 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

Too much exposure to the hot sun or wind and rain after
being housed through the winter, sometimes ruins the earlobes
by causing them to blister or chap, and finally peel, which leaves
more or less red in them according to the extent of peeling. This
makes the chance of winning much less and may ruin the bird for
show, though it does not injure him at all for breeding.

Occasionally anointing the shanks and feet with carbolated
vaseline will preserve their color and keep them in a clean condi-
tion. Plenty of exercise is necessary to keep birds in health and
vigor which is essential for exhibition. For about two weeks
before the birds are sent to a show, they should be separated and
receive special care and feeding, and a tonic should be added to
their drinking water, for which the following formula is the best
I have used: two gallons of water, one gill of sulpuric acid, one-
half ounce quinine, four ounces cheyenne pepper, one pound
sulphate of iron. This must be kept in a bottle or jug. One
tablespoonful of this mixture to two quarts of drinking water is
about the right proportion. Give also a daily allowance of raw
lean beef and some green vegetable food like apples, cabbage or
onions. Let their apartments be freely littered with straw to
keep them clean and scatter all whole grain in the straw to make
them scratch for it. Feed only a little at a time and often to
keep them working. If Black Minorcas have been properly kept
till show time, their plumage cannot be improved by washing.
A damp cloth or sponge to remove the dust will be sufficient.
Should the comb appear less firm than it ought, it may be improved
by frequent bathing in a strong decoction of white oak bark.

Just before putting the birds in the show pen, their combs,
faces, lobes, wattles and feet should be thoroughly washed and
dried. After washing, the combs, faces, and wattles should be
rubbed over with a little camphorated oil, and the legs anointed
with vaseline.

The finest Minorcas that were ever bred can be easily ruined
by neglect, but the best of care cannot transform a scrub toa fine

exhibition bird. To be successful in the show, Minorcas must he
first well bred and all the time, well cared for.

WHITE MINORCAS.

The White Minorcas are like the Blacks in shape and general
characteristics, differing from them only in color and size. Their
plumage and beaks are white, legs pinkish white and they do not
average quite as large. At different shows where I have judged,
| have found some White Minorcas which were up to standard
weight, but the greater number, fall a little below it. 1 consider
them among the very best of all white breeds of fowls. Their
owners invariably speak of them in the highest terms of praise
as being excellent in all points of usefulness, except for sitting,
and a very satisfactory variety to breed.

46 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

As I have never bred the White Minorcas and wish to give
them due credit, I have solicited, for this work, articles from
three White Minorca breeders whose writings in the journals have
greatly interested me. I know these three have been iminently
successful in breeding and exhibiting the White Minorcas. Each
has favored me with an excellent article which altogether cover
the subject so thoroughly, that for me to add anything would be
superfluous. Mr. E. W. Mayman of Sauk Rapids, Minn.,
kindly furnishes the cut of White Minorcas, and sends as his
article, one which he had previously written for the Pacific
Poultryman.

ROSE COMB WHITE MINORGAS.

A few specimens of Rose Comb White Minorcas have been
exhibited at shows where | have judged, and a pair of them were
shown at New York last winter. The owners of all | have seen
have called them sports and said they were yet in the experimental
state. I hope they will be bred till they become a distinct and
valued breed, but as yet they are too few and their history too
limited, to make an article in regard to them either profitable or
interesting.

BY MRS: J. G2] @SBORNE.

Strange as it may seem we have here a valuable breed of
fowls very much neglected by the raisers of pure bred poultry.
At least in looking through the advertising columns of our num-
erous poultry journals we find very few who sell this noble breed,
The White Minorca is not a new breed of fowls and its true
characteristics should be well understood, but it seems by the
various opinions expressed concerning them that their good qual-
ities are not very generally known. While at first glance one
might mistake the White Minorca for the White Leghorn, yet in
the market or egg basket the difference is plainly discernible
as both in size of body and eggs the Minorca is by far superior to
the Leghorn. That they are good layers of large white eggs,

WHITE MINORCAS. 47

the female not inclined to incubate except in rare cases, that
they are active and mature early is true.

We have been up and down in the poultry business for the
last ten years with this breed exclusively, and of anything and
everything that is classed under the name of ‘‘chicken’’ we
esteem the White Minorca the highest. They are first to crow,
first to cackle and lay, first and last at the nest all through life
and a bird that is outstripped by none other among the pure
breeds in the race for gainand profit. lam willing toacknowledge
being somewhat prejudiced against black fowls and this may have
something to do with the thought that the White Minorca is
superior to his black brother, but even the most ardent admirer
of the blacks will admit that a White fowl will sell better on the
market than a black one, and here we have at least one point of
superiority. The type of the White Minorca is a very large
comb, large white earlobes, long wattles, with a long square
body, straight back, rather heavy in the rear underneath, medium
length of legs, and tail of medium size with no approach to the
‘‘squirrel’? shape. The breed is capable of good size, large
enough to please any reasonable breeder, and if bred for the true
characteristics are graceful and handsome. Although some
breeders have complained that the Standard weight was too high
and have been in favor of having their weight reduced, yet by
proper mating and management we have been successful in raising
hens, pullets and cockerels up to and above standard weight and
hope soon to announce eight and nine pound cock birds. The
aim should be for the best stock as breeders, then give them
proper care and the result will be most satisfactory.

CEDAR GLEN POULTRY FARM, Fabius, N. Y.

BY E. W. MAYMAN, IN PACIFIC POULTRYMAN.

During the eight years that | have bred the White Minorcas
I have from time to time made dilligent inquiry as to their true
origin, and sought information from breeders of this now popular
fowl, both in England and America. It is of course understood
and admitted that their origin was in England some ten or twelve
years ago, ana that their advent in America was one or two
years later. That ‘originally they were a sport from the Blacks

48 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

all of their fanciers and patriotic advocates seem to agree. The
idea of producing a white fowl from the blacks of the same breed
and characteristics no doubt suggested itself from the black fowls
throwing dingy black stock, and more strikingly still, from the
Blacks producing so many chicks with white wing feathers. This
will occur from the best of stock, for breeders of Black Minorcas
have not failed to notice a mixture of yellowy white down in the
newly hatched Black Minorca chicks, and later, when feathered,
white feathers in the wings, and often tail feathers tipped with
white. These, however, usually disappear when the youngsters
moult their chicken feathers, a black feather usually supplanting
the white. Yet doubtless those white foreign feathers suggested
the idea that by inbreeding systematically a white fowl could be
produced; and in some way, doubtless, an enthusiast produced
the now famous White Minorca. Or it might have been by pure
accident, for | have in my yards at the present time—from a ~
hatch in June last from Black Minorca eggs—two White Minorcas,
a cockerel and a pullet, the cockerel having but three black
feathers in the wing coverts. A friend of mine who breeds Black
Minorcas solely, enjoyed a similar freak—if freak it may be
termed—from his birds in 1893, producing therefrom three White
Minorcas, a cockerel and two pullets, which afterwards won
second premium at Minneapolis, January, 1894. So, whether
their origin was by some ardent enthusiast or by a freak of
nature, | have up to this writing been unable to ascertain; but
as we find ‘‘a man amongst men,” they truly are ‘‘a fowl
amongst fowls. Yet, as with other varieties of breeds, they
have doubtless been improved in size by the infusion of other
blood—this to meet the weight clause in the ‘‘Standard of Per-
fection”’ Such improvement takes time, money and patience,
and the genius of the fancier is often greatly taxed when failure
at several attempt stares him in the face; but not to be denied
his object of passion, by careful study and selection in time he
arrives at success. The results are, that we now have in the
White Minorcas a fowl that anyone who has tested their merits
can vouch for as being the foremost as egg producers, and being
arger than the Leghorn are not to be despised as table fowls.
The standard weight of the White Minorca is: Cock, 8 pounds;
cockerel, 64% pounds ; hen, 6% pounds; and pullet, 5% pounds.
Whilst this weight cannot be maintained throughout, yet by

WHITE MINORCAS. 49

careful selection in the breeding stock an average percentage of
Standard birds will be the result, providing, of course, that proper
care and attention has been given them. The true aim of the
ardent Minorca fancier is, a typical Minorca, and to such breeder
and fancier we recommend intending purchasers, for the true in-
trinsic value, the elegance and beauty, are only to be found in
the typical breed or strain. The true type of the White Minorca
is identical with that of the Black, having a long, squarely formed
body, well rounded at or near the neck, broad back with a
tendency to be flat, terminating at an angle at the tail. The
comb, asin the Black, must be fairly large, tirm and evenly
serrated, with from five to seven spikes, and carried erect, whilst
in the female the size of the comb is usually regulated and con-
forms to the size of the fowl, turning over to one side, with serra-
tions in proportion to the male. The comb of the male should
extend well on the front of the beak, which has a tendency to
oalance and hold it firm, and by extending well over the head,
tends to give harmony and elegance. The earlobes should be
moderately large, smooth, free from folds or wrinkles, and pure
white, free from tinges of yellow or red, one-half of which is a
disqualification. The face and eyes are acoral red. The face
should show no signs of white whatever, which is a disqualifica-
tion. The wattles should be long and even, conforming in length
to size of comb, giving a more graceful appearance to the fowl,
which is always readily noticed, being so striking in contrast with
the snowy white plumage. The legs and feet, which are white
or pinkish white, should be set firmly on the middle of the body,
and should be stout and set moderately wide apart, which gives
the fowl a bold, dignified appearance. The tail of the White
Minorca, as in the Black, is set well back and carried moderately
up, not to spread too much and carried straight, giving no appear-
ance of wry-tail.

White Minorcas mature early, growing very rapidly for the
first eight or nine weeks, and | firmly believe that up to this age
their development is more rapid than that of any other breed.
With White Minorcas as described, together with vigor and
activity, we have a fowl pleasing to the eye as well as to the
pocket-book. To keep them vigorous and full of activity, as
with any breed, careful mating is of the utmost importance. In
the first place, it is largely to the interest of intending purchasers

50 MINORCAS; ALL VARIETIES.

of whatever breed, to secure their stock from breeders of some
reputation, and by following the rules of mating them as the
seasons come around, taking every precaution not to use inferior
stock because they may be possessed of such. Therefore, do
not be afraid to cull your breeding stock well; then vigor and
activity, together with all other combinations characteristic of
the fowl, will surely follow, and for the pains and severity of
culling you will surely meet with success. The White Minorcas
are a non-sitting breed, and are very prolific layers, their eggs
being moderately large and pure white. There are few birds if
any, that rival them in the production of eggs, This fact having
become sustained and widely known gives them a reputation
worth having; hence they are fast becoming popular, being much
sought after by fanciers who are alert to business, as well as by
farmers who are seeking a practical fowl, gaining a business
record on a business principle.

Enjoying the reputation they have attained, their popularity
is bound to increase. We believe their qualities continue to in-
crease, which knowledge is appreciated by their admirers, and it
is doubtless the earnest endeavor of many who fancy and breed
them to establish flocks that will prove profitable and achieve
success in the show room, which prominence together with
printers’ ink, will eventually bring to their owners patronage
from a wide field.

SAUK RAPIDS, MINN.

BY°C.W. JEROME & CO:

In this brief article, it is not our purpose to trace the history
of this notable breed of fowls, but rather to speak of them as
they are bred in America to-day. They have been much longer
known and appreciated in England than in America, and were
first brought here from that country. The Minorca fowls now
stand at the head of all varieties, for egg production, while at the
same time they keep pace in other points of usefulness, their
meat being fine grained, juicy, and of delicious flavor.

They are hardy, and easily raised by either natural or artificial
means, but if natural mothers are employed, they must be
‘‘adopted’’ ones, as the Minorcas are non-sitters.

WHITE MINORCAS, 51

The chicks mature very rapidly, and begin to lay at an early
age, and none can excel them as prolific layers of large, white
eggs, at all seasons, for if warmly housed, and properly fed, they
are excellent Winter layers, and with plenty of litter to scratch
in, they will take as much exercise as they need, and bear con-
finement as well, or better than most breeds.

The true, pure Minorca is the best Minorca, requiring no
crossing of foreign breeds to enhance its value. Such a cross
would invariably decrease their egg production, which, after all,
is the most valuable trait of the White Minorcas, and the one
which should be most carefully propagated,

The American type of Minorca conforms more closely to the
ideal egg-type than does the more sluggish English bird, and
Wherever they are bred principally for beef, much of their beau-
tiful shape and symmetry of contour will be destroyed, and by
making them more sluggish, will soon affect their egg production.

It is the sprightly, active Minorcas that furnish the large
white eggs in such quantities as to render them more and more
popular with practical, every day poultrymen, and making it
exceedingly difficult for breeders of the ‘‘egg type’’ of White
Minorcas to supply the rapidly increasing demand for these fowls
which are both beautiful and profitable in the highest degree, to
the farmer as well as fancier.

There is no more beautiful sight among fowls, than a well
bred flock of White Minorcas, with their large, bright red combs,
pure white plumage, and sprightly, graceful movements, adorn-
ing alike the city lot and country homes, while at the same time,
they supply the epicure with eggs and meat of the finest quality
and flavor. Those who once get a good strain of White Minorcas
seldom wish to part with them, or exchange them for any other
breed. Mie

FABIUS, N. Y.

Northup’s Minorcas

ARE KNOWN THE WORLD OVER TO STAND
AT THE HEAD

of all Black Minorcas for laying and exhibition purposes,
Their fame is unsurpassed in all parts of the United
States, and has spread throughout Canada, Mexico, The
West Indies, Bermuda, England, Germany, Holland,
Denmark, Russia, Hindoostan, Australia, New Zealand,
and South Africa.

When | could no longer exhibit at the shows without
competing against my customers, I ceased to exhibit, and
have not entered a Single Comb Black Minorca in com-
petition, since the winter of 1889,—but since that time,
have made a specialty of breeding show birds for sale and
furnishing eggs from which such can be hatched. I have
reared and sold some of the most important Ist prize win-
ners in nearly every state in the Union, beside success-
fully exporting to many foreign countries.

241 of My Customers gave me Two or More Orders during
the Year of 1897.

Many others have renewed their patronage of former
years; and some have bought of me nearly every year
since | have bred Minorcas. This proves that I give good
value, and satisfy those who buy from me.

At the Madison Square Garden show February, 1898
| exhibited 18 Rose Comb Black Minorcas and won, in
strong competition Ist and 2nd cock, Ist and 2nd hen,
| Ist and 2nd cockerel, 1st and 3rd pullet, and 1st and 2nd
pen.

Rose and Single Comb Black Minorca eggs and
Fowls for sale.
Send for illustrated catalogue of the largest Minorca

Farm in the world. It is free but worth the stamp re-
quired to send it.

GEORGE H. NORTHUP, Raceville, Wash. Co., N. Y

RUDOLPH THIELE
Silver Hill P. 0., Prince George Co., Md.

ae

= * Pet Stock of all Kinds.
vas > Sie) : Stock for Sale.

Eggs in Season.

—— SyaeDen. OF~ ™

OO Barred Plymouth Rocks, Light Brahmas, Houdans, Cornish In-
88 dian Games, Black Langshans, Golden Laced Wyandottes, Buff
OO Leghorns, Rose Comb Brown Leghorns, Single Comb Black Min-
OO orcas, White Leghorns, Pekin Ducks, Andalusians, White Ply-
mouth Rocks, Fancy Pigeons, Peafowls and Pheasants.

Emporium of
Pats

Headquarters for
all kinds of

OO000000
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CANARIES, PARROTS, MOCKING BIRDS, CAGES,
SEEDS GOLD FISH, GLOBES, AQUARIUMS,
PLANTS, ETC. MONKEYS, DOGS, CATS,
SQOVIRRELS,..RABBITS, GUINEA
EIGSAND OTHER RET
ANIMALS.

My specialty is selling first-class Homing Pigeons at $1.00 a pair.
Send for the largest and most complete Illustrated Free Catalogue.
Sole agent for Prairie State Incubators and Brooders for Washington.

== EDW. S. SCHMID,
712 Twelfth St. N, W. Washington, D. G@.

DO Yeu WANT TO BUY THE BEST?

MINORCAS; Single _Gomb_ Black

(DIRECT FROM NORTHUP.)

Why not buy good quality cheap. No pains were spared to secure the best of
Minorcas, as well as of Buff Plymouth Rocks, Buff Wyandottes, Barred Plymouth
Rocks, Silver Laced Wyandottes and Single Comb Brown Leghorns.

We breed nothing but the best we could obtain, and the public will do well by
trying our stock before buying elsewhere.

Eggs for Sale in season at from $1{.09 to $2.00 per setting. Write for our Cat.

. A.MACK & BRO., East Greenville, Mont Co., Pa.

BLACK MINORCAS

eS EXCLUSIVEERY 26:5
My breeding stock were hatched from stock of (Geo. H.
Northup’s best pens), Selected for size and color—points care-
fully considered in mating my pens. My ambition is to have
the best.
Eggs in season, $3.00 for 15 or $5.00 for 30.
ORDERS BOOKED-LIMITED.
J. N. DENNY, VERNON, TEXAS.

THE LARGESDZAND MOST .COMPEETE

POLLHE RY SUPP Sia

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Everything for the Poultry Keeper. A beautiful new catalogue (84 illustrations)
sent free for two cents to pay postage. Address,

JOHN D. MERCER,

PROPRIETOR OF THE

PIONEER POULTRY SUPPLY HOUSE
OF THE SOUTHWEST.

MORE - MONEY - IN- MINORCAS,

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FOR POULTRY.

The very best of everthing any up-to-date poultryman needs; Incubators, Brood-
ers, etc. Alsoall Papers and Magazines and Poultry or Rural Books published, at
a very liberal discount, can be ordered through The American Poultry Supply
and Subscription Agency. Send two cent stamp for Illustrated Catalogue.

EMORY E. BANKS, Prop., Crittenden, N.Y.

Los ANGELES, CAL:

Merchant's Gargling Oil

LINIMENT Se
Bon CURES 25a

ISEASES oO nyt ORR TRY |

ROUP AND CHOLERA.

Extract froma letter from W. H. Stewart, 302 East Way-
ne St., Fort Wayne, Ind., Apr. 30, ’88.—I[ am a breeder of
fancy Poultry, and can recommend Gargling Oil as a sure
| cure for Roup and Cholera. When I find any of my chick-
| ens apparently ailing, I give one teaspoonful of Gargling
| Oil in a little Water two or three times a day for a couple
days. It seems to give them strength
\| SCABBY LEGS.
| Extract from a letter from Chas. De La Baume, Uintah,
| Utah. — In case of scabby leg in fowls, the Gargling Oil isa

sure cure.
| FOR USE IN YARD.

| Will F. Wright, of Colsher & Wright, Breeders & Ship-
pers of Fancy Poultry, Noblesville, Ind., says— After trying
almost everything recommended for Chicken Cholera I tried
your celebrated Gargling Oil, and after about 5 years ex-
perience with it in my own yards and several others, I have
found it to bea cure. It will break up the disease in a yard
promptly. I know Gargling Oil cures the Cholera; trial
after trial proves it. I have just cured etc., etc.

ROSE siete
COMB stack
MINORCAS

ae

F.W. Bill& Co.,
Beloit,: Wis.

P. O. Box 1294-C.

Sox

-*.

Lockport, N. Y., U.S.A.

SOLD Sa

$1 00, 50c. and 25c. Bottles.

| READ WHAT OTHERS @

Merchant's Gargling Oil Co.,

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Turtle Poultry Farm,
719 Milwaukee Road.

“TVANHOE” Ist Prize R. C. Cock.

From an unretouched Photograph.

THERE IS NOTHING BETTER TO FIT
BIRDS FOR THE SHOW ROOM THAN

NOE? Urs
HG POOD

It Makes hens lay more eggs, summerand winter, than any other
preparation. Itis a highly condensed nutriment, scientifically
prepared for the purpose of producing eggs and flesh, by furnish-
ing every substance contained in them in carefully estimated pro-
portions Hens do not usually lay as many eggs in winter as in
summer, because they are deprived of many articles of food which
nature provides. Supply hens by feeding NorTHUpP’s EGG Foon,
and they will lay as well in winter as in summer. NORTHUP’S
EGG Foop will four times repay its cost in eggs with less expense
for food. Though not a medicine, it prevents roup, cholera and
gapes, and will cure a mild form of either. Fowls fed on it may
be relied on to produce fertile eggs, as it constantly renews and
invigorates the system.

It stimulates the growth of feathers and adds a brilliant gloss to
the plumage.

Price.—3 lbs. 50 cts.; 7 lbs. $1 OO delivered at Middle Gran-
ville express office.

Paw Paw, MIcu.
Geo. H. Northup, Esq.:—Yours of the 22d ints. at hand. Will
say Iam very much in favor of your Egg Food for laying hens ;
also for for hens that are moulting.
Yours! Hoe (GRIMES,

About the Egg Food. I was very much pleased with it, and
wish I could procure more. Have you an agent on this coast?
The expressage is so high that I can hardly afford to send so far,
but if you do have an agent on this coast please let me know. Be-
sides its great egg-producing qualities it is excellent to keep the

hens healthy.
Yours, GEO. H. FOSTER:

130 Croton St., CLEVELAND.
Geo. H. Northup, Raceville, N. Y., Dear Sir:—Your “Egg
Food” has done wonders for my fowls. They never laid so many
eggs before and it has improved their looks wonderfully and seems
to keep them in good condition. / sha// use zt in getting my fowls
fit for exhibition purposes the coming year.
Yours, &c. WM. C. BARNEY.

Address all orders to

GEORGE H. NORTHUP,
RACEVILLE, Wasn. Co., N. Y.

Post Office Orders should be payable at Middle Granville, N. Y.

INCUBATORS

If you want an INCUBATOR,
buy the

CGEENTANGY !

No matter how many other makes you may hear
of, or how many catalogues you may receive from
other firms, or how many guarantees they give, if
you wish to make a success hatching and raising
poultry, buy the Olentangy Self-Regulating Incu-
bators and Brooders. For catalogue, address,

GEORGE S. SINGER, Cardington, 0.

EGGS FoR HATCHING. FOWLS FOR SALE.

48 Varieties. 110 Houses. 110 Yards.

OY 6! lap sh
Ze I Syie

Entirely automatic and self regulating.
guaranty. In our Book on Incubation and Poultry -
which we send for 10 cents we tell all about it. @M> , ,|

"RELIABLE INCUB. & BROODER CO., QUINCY, III. { ie

a Ey 0299 ee a 7

—_ THE IMPROVED-
1 MONITOR
cINCUBATOR.

Hundreds of testimonials ag
to its merits over all other
makes. Over one hundred
First Premiums. Medals
and piomas awarded

at the World’s Fair.
= ——BUY THE BEST,

THE MONITOR CO.,
72 William St., Moodus, Conn.

Send stamp
for an illus-
trated book containing much
valuabie information.

G8 OSS 66S 040 608008 O06 508 998586 4SO08

THE ONLY LOW-COST BOOK ON THE RABBIT
ever published tu our knowledge, is “The Rabbit: How to
£ elect, Breed and Manage the Rabbit for Pleasure or Prof-
it, by: We N. Richardson, Secretary of the American Bel-
gian Hare Club, anda man of long experience with Rab-
bits. Second edition now ready, nicely illustrated, en-
larged and muchimproved. Price 25 cts,or with AMERI-
CAN POULTRY ADvocaTE one year 40 cts.

CLARENG€E C. DEPUY, Publisher,

314-320 East Onondaga St., Syracuse, N. Y.
For Poultry and Stock Fanciers,
FOR POULTRYME BPA pipe Rf NTI RN Beekeepers, Nurserymen, Florists,
: , Dairymen, Fruit Growers, Farm-
Fanciers, Nurserymen, Florists, Beekee eves ers, etc., a specialty. We have a large line of electrotype
Dairymen, Gardeners, Frultmen, Printers, | outs for illustrating your work. Samples free. Cuts for sale.

etc. Electrotyping done. List FREE. Envelopes, letterheads, cards, and tags from 40 cts. per 100 and up.
OF STOCK CLARENCE C. DEPuY, SYRACUSE, N. Vo DePuy’s Electric Printing Works, Gyracuse, N. ¥.

Clarenae C. DePuy,

Printer, - Publisher

AND WHOLESALE STATIONER.

314-320 E. Onondaga St.,

PRINTING

FOR

Poultry and Stock Fanciers

A SVECIALTY.
WE have a very large collection of

Poultry, Pigeon, Pet Stock and
Live Stock Illustrations which we

can use on any printing you order of us
without extra charge. We have unex-
celled facilities for getting out first-class

printing of all kinds promptly. Five
Steam power printing presses. Our

prices are very low for first-class work.
Letterheads, Cards, Tags, Envelopes,
Biltheads, etc., printed at prices ranging
Jrom yo cts. per 100 and up, prepaid.
Large line of Electrotype cuts for sale.
Samples and price list of our work free.
Circulars, Catalogues and all kinds of
printed stationery executed on short
notice.

PUBLISHER OF ©»29

oT RACUGEr Mase

PRINTING

Established 1874.

Twenty-one yearsin the Printing business. Cata-
logues, Circulars, Cards, Envelopes, Letterheads,
Billheads, Tags, Labels, etc. Wehavean unlimited
variety of cuts to illustrate your printing, of Poultry,
Pigeons, Dogs, Pet Stock, Swine, Sheep, Cattle,
Horses, Secret Society, Floral, Fruit, Vegetables, Or-
namental, Different Trades, ete. Large cuts for Cat-
alogues, and Circulars, small cuts for small work,
printed stationery, etc. Let us quote you prices on
what you want. Samples and general price-list free.
Try our work by ordering one of these combinations,

VIZ:
F $1 00 100 XX 6, high cut Envelopes and 1006
or ° Letterheads, in pad, all delivered to you
F $2 00 100 X X 6, high cut, Envelopes, 1006 b.
or ° Letterheads in pad, 1003x5ins. Busi-
ness Cards, 100 No. 5 Shipping Tags and 100 Egg
Labels, all for a2 Obdelivered to note ; ana
250 X X 6, high cut, Envelopes, 2é 7
For $4.00 Tocrnesas’in 2 pads, 250-3x5 ins,
Business Cards and 250 No. 5Shipping Tags, all de-
livered to your express office.

AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE,
20-pages, illustrated, practical and popular. 20 cts. per
year, 4months’ trial, 10c. Sample Free. 64-page
practical poultry book free to yearly subscribers.
Book alonel0c. Catalogue of poultry books free.
G. C. DEPUY, Publisher & Printer, Syracuse, N. Y.

WEDDING INVITATIONS

Or Announcements, 100 Steel Plate script for $4.00, 50
for $2.75, complete. delivered. 100 Visiting Cards 75 cts.
Established 1874. C. C. DEPUY, Syraocusz, N. Y.

DePuy's Popular Poultry and Pet Sfock Books.

American Poultry Advocate, and

DePuy's Subscription Agency List.

BREEDERS DIRECTORY.

GEO. L. AUMOCK, Weedsport, N. Y., R. C. B. Minorcas and R. C. B, Leghorns.

DAVID FRENCH, Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio, S. C. B. Minorcas, (Northup's
Strain.)

MRS. F. E. PHELPS, Urbana, Ohio, Black Minorcas exclusively.

EDWARD S. BROWN, Scottsville, N. Y., White Minorcas.

RL STOR Yis7 Arlington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Black Minorcas exclusively.

GaAs THOMPSON, Melrose, Conn., Black and White Minorcas

RIVERSIDE POULTRY YARDS, M.S Giddings, propr., New Milford, Conn.,
Barred Plymouth Rocks.

MINORCA POULTRY YARD, C. H. Colrider, prop., 504 N. Tenth St., Reading,
Pa., Rose and Single Comb Black Minorcas.

Mee ‘DECKER, Columbiana, O., S. C. Black Minorcas

P.. deep eeal RAM, 3 Terrace St., Fredonia, N. Y., Thoroughbred Poultry.

ELIAS H. ADAMS, Ellwood, Pa., Rose Comb Black Minorcas.

P. E. TWINING, Kipton, O. , High Class Poultry.

FOUNTAINS and LEG BANDS, R. L. Wheeler, 63 Cambridge St., Lowell, Mass.

C. N. BLISS, 1613 Queen Ave. N , Minneapolis, Minn., Black Minorcas and Black
Langshans.

W. F. PINE, Dodge City, Kansas, Pure Northrup S. C. B. Minorcas.

SARAH SHAW, Whitney, N. Y., Pure Bred White and Black Minorcas.

DR. E. A. SHILLINGER, Dalton, Mass , Black Minorcas

T. R. OGDEN, Leonta, N. Y.. Black Minorcas.

ANDREW RAPP, Cambridge, Minn., Barred Plymouth Rocks and Brown Leg-
horns.

F. B. KARL, Delaware, Ohio, S. C. Black Minorcas.

WM. HARDY, Parnassus, Westmoreland Co , Pa., Black Minarcas.

A. S. STANDIFORD, P. O. Station H., Baltimore, Md., Pure Bred Golden Polish
and Buff Leghorns.

REV. W. CHAMBERLIN, Derby, Conn., Box 509, Black Minorcas.

JOHN A. GAMEWELL, Hackensack, N. J., Black Minorcas

JOHN F. BRADY, Independence, Jackson Co , Mo 541G.) Bs Minoreas:-

‘CLARENCE C. DePUY, Syracuse, N. Y., Light Brahmas.

J. N. DENNY, Black Minorcas exclusively, Vernon, Texas.

HENRY A. STEARNS, P.O Box 168, Canon City, ‘Colo.

BREEDERS CARDS.

UFF, WHITE LEGHORNS, Black Minorcas, White Plymouth Rocks, eggs
75 cts per 15; $1.25 per 30; $2.00 per 60. Circular free John A. Roth, Mil-
ford Square, Pa.

EO. H. CAHOON, breeder of high class Black Minorcas. Eggs for hatching
$1.00 per setting of 13. Breeding stock for sale at all times, $2.00 and upwards
North Falmouth, Mass.

G. B. ERWIN, Manager Erwin Poultry and Stock Farm, Erwin, Ga, breeder
« of high class Registered Berkshires, Mammoth White Turkeys, White Wyan-
“dottes, Black Minorcas and Indian Games. Write for prices.

Fi ALLEN, Ovid, N _Y. , breeder of Single and Rose Comb Black Minorcas,
-» Northup’s and other leading strains. Bred not only for fine birds, but also
for large eggs and the most of them. Stock for sale. Eggs in season.

ehaly HOMPSON, Melrose, Conn, breeds Black and White Minorcas that have

e« wonat the leading shows in New England the past five years. At the great

Boston and Hartford shows 1898, won 18 prizes. Catalogue and show room record
free.

~ C. BLACK MINORCAS exclusively, Northup strain. Eggs for hatching in
Si season, $2 00 for 13. A few fine cockerels for sale from $3.00 to $5.00 each.
Orchard Poultry Yards, Garret H. Demarest, Proprietor, Fair Lawn, Bergen Co,
New Jersey,

Y BLACK MINORCAS are “equal toany”. For the last three years I have

won all the Ist prizes but one at the Ind. State Poultry Show. My Min-

orcas are noted for large size and fine color, having the green sheen. <A. EF. Mere-
aith, ladauepels, Ind.

ILVER W Y ANDOTTES i White Geer Black Polish prize winners at

Onon. Co. Fair and wherever shown. Stock for sale after Sept. ist. Eggs in

season. Send 2-cent stamp for prices Syracuse Poultry Yards, Peter Marsfelder,
Prop’t., 112 Helen‘st., syracuse, vN» Ye

|G a aed MINORC AS EXCLUSIV ELLY, (full Mohan aaa ee toa the

best stock in the world. My matings should produce extra fine birds. Book
your orders early. Birds for sale, eggs in season, send for circular £. D. Crouch,
1013 G. Street, S. E., Washington, D. C.

EST SHORE POULTRY YARDS, Mortimer, N. Y., E. Milton Halpin,

Prop’r. Standard bred Chinese Langshans, S. C. W. Leghorns, Belgian

Hares, Fantail Pigeons. I won first prize on pair Hares Rochester '98. Stock and
eggs in season. Satisfaction guaranteed.

OSE AND SINGLE COMBED Black Minorcas of best | strains; also White

Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks, Light Brahmas, White Leghorns, Buff Pekin

Bantams, Pekin Ducks, Toulouse Geese, os Hares and Beagle Hounds of the
bluest blood. Stock and eggs for sale. [1m G. Hunter, Peterboro, N. H.

ROFITABLE POULTRY. Pine Tree Poultry Yards, Black Minorcas and

White Wyandottes exclusively. Prize winning stock. Our strain of Minorcas

has made wonderful egg records. Our Wyandottes are the best all around fowl.

Our prices defy competition, quality considered. Eggs and breeders in season. //en-
ry D. Hunt, Columbia, Conn.

DWARD GALSTER, Teall Ave., cor. Manlius St., Syracuse, N. Y , breeder of

thoroughbred Poultry. Buff, Black and White Pekin, Golden Seabright, B. B.

Red Game, Red Piles, Black Rose Comb and Golden Duckwing Bantams. Silver

Spangled Hamburgs, Black Minorcas, S. C. Brown Leghorns, Barred Plymouth

Rocks, Langshans, Buff Cochins, Wyandottes, Japanese Silkies, also Fancy Pigeons.
Enclose stamp for prices of eggs and fine stock.

ADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK, Washington, D. C., Plainfield, AN ile

Scranton, Pa, Pittston, Pa., Wilkes- Barre, Pa., Reading, Pa, Mt. Gretna, Pas

first premium Black Minorcas have been bred by us. We sold four cocks for $iss

viz: $50, $40, $40, $25, all shipped on approval. This proves the kind of Minorcas

we breed. Poor hatches duplicated free. Stock sold on approval. Write for prices
before buying. /. WZ. Wilcox & Sen, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

;- THE CROWN Bone Cutter

bones. For the poultryman. Bestin the wor
Lowest in price. Send for circular and testi-

RS ee Bros.; eee PA.

BARTLEIT'S Op Ke ROOM

IS MADE FROM

MEAT and BONE

Cooked, Dried and Ground to fine Sweet Meat. Have you tried it?
If not, send for sample bag.

PRICE ONE) DOCLaAR:

Also send for catalogue on

BEEF SCRAPS, GRANULATED BONE, DISSICATED FISH, OYSTER
SHELLS, CUT GREEN BONE AND MEATS.

Also Bartlett’s Diamond Grit.
AGENTS WANTED. C. A. BARTLETT, WORCESTER, Mass.

oO

=

_ POULTRY BOOKS.

HE AMERICAN STANDARD OF PERFECTION—As adopted by

the American Poultry Association, in 1898, containing a complete De-
scription of allthe Recognized Varieties of Fowls, pubilshed and printed for
the American Poultry Association. We only sell the latest revised edition.
Price $1.00 per copy, handsomely and strongly bound in cloth, which in-
cludes a yearly subscription to the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE.
Clarence C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

HILOSOPHY OF JUDGING FOWLS—by Felch, Babcock and Lee.

A manual upon the scoring of exhibition fowls. Intended to meet the
wants of the general breeder and exhibitor, as well as the professional
judge. An illustrated companion to the Standard,” by which the amateur
can readily pick out the best birds in his flock for exhibition and breeding.
Should be in the library of every fancier. Same size as the American
Standard of Perfection, handsomely bound in strong cloth binding, by mail
postpaid, for $1.00, including the AMERICAN PouLTRY ApvocaTE for one
year. Clarence C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

NCUBATION AND ITS NATURAL LAWS~—bdy Chas. A. Cyphers,

—Gives the Laws Controlling the Four Physical Forces cf Incubation.
History of Artificial Incubation from 1356. Embryonic developement of
the chick traced day by day, finely illustrated. Laws of distribution and
regulation of heat. Correct amount of ventilation. Laws that control the
movement of air and gases, humidity and evaporation. Cause of chicks
dying in shell, etc. An invaluable aid to artificial incubation. Price 50
cents, or with the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE One year for 60 cents.
Clarence C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

EGIN NOW to keep an egg record and account of your fowls. We

furnish the most simple, practical and, easily kept book for the pur-
pose, at 25 cents, postpaid. New, enlarged and improved edition, or with
the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE, one year4ocents. C.C. DePuy,
Syracuse, N. Y.

LOUGH’S BANTAM BOOK—This will be the finest book on Ban-

tams ever published. Birds printed in their natural colors. Every
breed described. Tells how to mate, breed and care for them. Also 20
pages on diseases by Dr. Fox. All for 15 cts., or with the AMERICAN
PouLTRY ADvoCATE, one year for 35 cts. C.C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

OW COST POULTRY HOUSES—by J. Wallace Darrow.—Plans

and specifications for Poultry Buildings costing from $25 to $1c0,
with a chapter on Poultry House Conveniences. A valuable, practical
treatise for amateurs on Poultry Buildings. Illustrated. Price 25 cents,
or with the AMERICAN PouULTRY ADVOCATE, one year 42 cents. C. C.
DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

ATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DUCK CULTURE,—by James

Rankin.—A complete treatise on the duck: hatching, rearing, man-
agement, varieties. Illustrated with cuts of different varieties, eggs in all
stages of incubation, also buildings for old and young. The author, who
has perhaps made more money out of ducks than any one manin America,
here gives his experience covering thirty years. Price 50 cents, or with
the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE, one year 65 cents. C. C. DePuy,
Syracuse, N. Y.

"ae AMERICAN FANCIER’S POULTRY BOOK—by George E.
Howard.—Contents: Poultry Industry, General Management, The
Egg, Incubation, The Chick, Receipts for Feeding, Feeding for Eggs,
House-Building, Keeping Eggs, Caponizing, Diseases, The Breeds in
Classes: American, Asiatic, Mediterranean, Polish, Hamburg, French
Class, English Class, Games and Game Bantams, Bantam other than Games,
Miscellaneous and Turkeys, Waterfowl Classes, Ducks, Geese, and The
Swan. 250 illustrations, 166 pages. Price 50 cents, or with AMERICAN
PouLTRY ADVOCATE one year for 65 cents. C.C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

HE POULTRY ARCHITECT.—This book illustrates 117 designs

and plans of poultry houses, coops, fences, roosts, nest boxes, feed
troughs, and other necessaries for the poultry yard, with practical informa-
tion on their construction. Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN POULTRY
ADVOCATE, one year for only 42 cents. C.C. DePuy, Ss ge uh NEY:

IVE HUNDRED QUESTIONS AND ANSWER ON POULTRY
RAISING—by P. H. Jacobs.—A book of practical and authentic in-
formation in the form of Questions and Answers on various subjects, as
Feed and Care, Diseases, Eggs, Incubators, Buildings, etc., with a chapter
on Turkeys, Geese and Ducks. Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN
PouLtTRY ADVOCATE One year, for 42 cents. C.C.DePuy, Syracuse,N. Y.

HE INCUBATOR AND ITS USE—by James Rankin.—This book

is a plain, unvarnished statement, going into the smallest detail, and
is the actual experience of the most successful market poultry raiser in the
United States. It is unquestionably the best text-book for beginners and
amateurs that was ever issued. Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN
Pouttry ADVOCATE one year 4o cents. C.C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

IXTEEN YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN ARTIFICAL POULTRY
RAISING—by J. Rankin.—This is another book which everybody
who buys an incubator should read. It treats as follows: My First Experi-
ence with Incubators, Home-made Incubators, Best Location for Incu-
bators, Testing Eggs, Management of Eggs During Incubation, The Science
of Incubation, The Care of Incubators, Brooders, their Care and Construc-
tion, The Care of Chicks, Raising Early Ducks for Market, Marketing
Poultry, Buildings, Selection of Breeding Stock, Diseases, etc. Illustrated.
Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN PouLTRY ADVOCATE one year 40
cents. C. C. DePuy, SY TACUBE; IN-OYG
HE ART OF POULTRY BREEDING—by J. H. Davis —This book
is invaluable to the amateur who wishes to learn something about the
science of Out-Crossing, In-Breeding, Breeding to feather, Cross-Breeding
for market purposes, etc. Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN POULTRY
ApvocaTE one year for 42 cents. C.C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

HE A B C OF POULTRY CULTURE—bDy J. H. Davis.—A thor-

oughly practical and original book by a practical breeder. Especially
designed for beginners. Price 25 cents, or with the AMERICAN POULTRY
ADVOCATE one year 42 cents. Cc. C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

OME OF LEE’S IDEAS— _by J. Henry Lee.—Some practical hints
for those who would help themselves in the construction of conven-
iences for use about the Yard, the Garden and the Farm, with special refer-
ence to Poultry Keeping. Handsomely iilustrated from original draw-
ings; Mr. Lee’s own work. Price 50 cents, or with the AMERICAN
POULTRY ADVOCATE one year for 60 cents. C.C. DePuy, Syracuse, N. Y.

IGGLE POULDRY BOOK— oh Jacob Biggie, is written by a practi-
cal level-headed man and is just fresh from the press. Like the
FARM JOURNAL, from which much of its material is taken, it is full cf
gumption and Common sense, every page i: boiled down to the point, and
yet every chapter covers the ground carefully and thoroughly. Itis the
most comprehensive and helpful poultry book ever gotten out, for in ad-
dition to the vast amount of valuable information covered in its seventeen
chapters, there are Sixteen Beautiful Colored Plates showing, true to color
and shape, twenty-three varieties of poultry. Chickens, ducks, turkeys
and geese are all shown in their proper plumage, and with comb, beak and
and shanks as true to nature as it is possible to produce. This color work
cost over $1,000 for the first edition alone and has never been equaled be-
fore in any book selling for less than $5.00. BiGGLE POULTRY Book is
within the reach of everybody. In addition to these exquisite plates, there
are over fourty-two handsome engravings in half tone, and sixtv-one other
helpful illustrations of houses, nests, drinking vessels, etc. The book is
handsomely bound in cloth, the cover being printed in twocolors. Price
50 cents, or with the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE, One ean for 65 cents.
GC. Ce DePuy, Syracuse, (N-Ys.

le ee ee

~ White WYANDOTTES Exclusively.

Brown egg strain. Eggs $1.00 per thirteen.

_ Fertile incubator eggs $4.00 per 100. Stock for

; sale in season.

; P. Dd. te te bk

te ‘North Attleboro, = - Mass.
,» . Choice Golden Laced Wyandottes

and R. C. White Leghorns. Cockereis
for sale. Send for circular.

CHARLES E. DANIELSON,
511 Willard St. Jamestown, N. ¥.

| ) «PAGE POULTRY BOOK

contains over 75,000 words, 60 Illustra-

tions, all you want to know about raising
and breeding all kinds Fine PoULrry. By mail for
12 cts. CLARENCE C. DEPUY, Pub. Suraoure N.Y,

ereatier: we shall make one-half inch illus-
rated advertisements a special feature of our
dvertising ee eae and have had prepared
special lot of small cuts, of all the leading
F of poultry, made to use in this depart-
We think this will be the most attract-
eee that appears in the advertising
jlumns of the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVOCATE.
e the low rates given above, taking in con-
deration the large circulation we give you.
m yearly orders you can pay quarterly in
dvance. We consider this kind of

_ four or ten times as much space, because there
isan individually about these small illustrated
advertisements that is bound to attract the
tion of readers to them. Try this way of
rtising and note the results for so small an
tment. Fraternally yours,

_ @LARENCE C, DeEPvy, Publisher,
AMERICAN POULTRY ADV OCATE,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Month.

“We have ensolidated with the AMERICAN
VOCATE, the four well known and

“Burlington, Vt, Poultry, Garden

Pde which makes a see de-

Among the fifteen live stock papers in New York State, none has credit

of Marilla, N. Y., Poultry World,
: and Feathered Realm, of Cam-—

for so large a regular

ded to the AMERICAN POULTRY ADVO-

as is accor

1ssue

oF

*

CATE,

ican

published monthly in Syracuse, and the publishers of the Amer
Newspaper Directory will guarantee the accuracy of the circulation accord-

ed to this paper by a reward of one hundred dollars, payable to the first

1896.

IB

RARY OF Ce

i

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@2 841 066 9

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W Pure white in color, of true Mingres eee
bd and up to or exceeding standard weight.
y aes
W Our birds have never failed to win ist prize
W wherever shown. i
An As layers they excel all other varieties af thet
As Leghorn or Mediteranean class of fowls.
7) We make direct importations from Pag: ae
sr prize-winning blood to improve our Stock. y
I
x . SEND STAMP FOR CIRCULAR.
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ah The Stearns Fruit Ranch,
CANON CITY. COLORADO i
i = 3 DO. .
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“ Black M
vw DIAaCc InoOrcas.
9 This book tells all about them and how they
NY excel the Leghorns in weight, ees ae
W tion and gentleness. |
W Our birds are farm raised, of standard orelght a
W are hardy, vigorous, good hustlers and pro:
AX lific layers of the big eggs that have made f
As the Minorcas famous. eres
Hr In the show room our stock has” Chine cap
Wr tured the major portion of the prizes in their
Wn class. Stock for sale and eggs for Pian :
Ar ~ in season. *

~ - ‘fhe Brook Ranch,

M SALT LAKE CITY, 726. ey