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Mus.TW Distributional Status of Bats

LIBRARY

\ in Kansas

APP141972 i

HARVARD

i - . «. ■ - •- ■ 7

J. KNOX JONES, JR.
EUGENE D. FLEHARTY
PATRICK B. DUNNIGAN

The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History

ILLUSTRATION ON FRONT COVER

Hibernating Myotis lucifugus hicifugtis in abandoned gypsum
mine in Marshall County, Kansas. Note banded individual
in foreground. Photograph by James D. Smith, Nhireh 3, 1963.

The Distributional Status of Bats

in Kansas

BY

J. Kxox Jones, Jr., Eugene D. Fleharty, and Patrick B. Dunnigan

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

The University of Kansas

University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History

EDITOR: E. RAYMOND HALL

Miscellaneous Publication No. 46, pp. 1-33, 11 fis,s.
Published May 1, 1967

Lawrence • Kansas

PRINTED BY

ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS. STATE PRINTER

TOPEKA. KANSAS

1966

The Distributional Status of Bats
in Kansas

By
J. Knox Jones, Jr., Eugene D. Fleharty, and Patrick B. Dunnigan

Bats have been the subject of increased interest and study in the
United States in recent years owing primarily to their intriguing,
and in many ways unique, biological properties, but also because
some species have been associated with diseases affecting man (six
bats were diagnosed as being positive for rabies in Kansas in 1965),
and because some kinds are economically beneficial. In 1960, one
of us (Jones) initiated investigations at Tlie University of Kansas
designed to increase our knowledge of these mammals in the state.
Independently, Fleharty began work in the same direction in 1962
at Ft. Hays Kansas State College. Some results of these research
efforts already have been published (Fitch, 1966; Fleharty and
Farney, 1965; Jones and Downhower, 1963; Phillips, 1966; Ubelaker,
1966); other studies are in progress. This paper summarizes new
information, and integrates it with that already available in pub-
lished form, on the geographic and seasonal distribution of bats in
Kansas. Thus the following account is a progress report on one
phase of current studies of Kansas bats.

Cockrum's (1952) section on bats in his "Mammals of Kansas"
is the most recent publication in which the distribution of bats in
the state was treated in detail. Hall (1955) up-dated some of
Cockrum's distribution maps and added one species that had been
reported in the years that elapsed between the two publications.
Cockrum treated 13 species of chiropterans and examined a total
of 651 specimens. Our present report lists 15 species from the state
and is based on study of 1,646 specimens. It is hoped that this sum-
mary will stimulate other biologists in Kansas to record their
findings.

In connection with this report, it seems appropriate to note that
approximately 8,000 bats of eight different species have been
banded (on the forearm, with numbered aluminum bands) in
Kansas in the past six years. Thousands more have been banded
by us and other workers in adjacent states. From these, and those
that will be banded in the future, it is hoped to learn considerably
more than presently is known about such things as movements and
longivity of bats in this region. Persons finding banded bats are

(3)

4 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist, Miscl. Publ.

encouraged to read the band number carefully and, if at all pos-
sible, to release the bat unharmed. Band numbers should be re-
ported immediately to the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. National Museum, Washington,
D. C, 20560, along with indication of exact date and place cap-
tured. If a banded bat is inadvertantly killed, this fact also should
be reported. All bat bands carry a two-digit or three-digit code
number above a five-digit band number. Sample numbers that have
been used in Kansas are 59 [upper number] -43095 [lower number]
and 662-22101.

Much remains to be learned about the distribution of bats in
Kansas. Interested persons are encouraged to communicate with
the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Law-
rence, 66044, or the Division of Biological Sciences, Ft. Hays Kansas
State College, Hays, 67602, and to send specimens for study. Bats
may be preserved most easily for identification by immersing them
in formalin ( U. S. P. 40 per cent, available at most drug counters )
that is to be diluted by the user: nine parts of water to one part of
formalin. In order to prevent decay of the viscera, the abdomen
should be injected with preservative by means of a syringe or else
a slit three-quarters of an inch long should be made in the abdomen
so as to allow preservative to enter the abdominal cavity. After
prepared and immersed in formalin for at least 24 hours, specimens
may be sealed in a plastic bag along with a piece of cotton, ab-
sorbent cloth, or paper toweling that is soaked with preservative,
and packed in a sturdy container for shipment.

EXPLANATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the accounts that follow, we have attempted to summarize the distri-
butional status of each of the 15 species known from Kansas. A key to bats
occurring in the state and a Hst of other species that one day may be found
are appended. On distribution maps, the shaded area is our estimate of the
probable distribution in Kansas of the species concerned; if no shading is used
anywhere on the map, the species is to be expected (in suitable habitats) in
any part of the state. In preparing maps we took account of specimens
reported from adjacent states, especially those listed by Glass and Ward
( 1959) for Oklahoma and by Jones ( 1964) for Nebraska. In lists of specimens
examined and records cited from other sources, localities in italic type are not
plotted on the maps because symbols would have been unduly crowded. For
the same reason, some localities that are plotted are slightly offset on the maps.

In checking distributional records, we found that some localities have
been incorrectly located in earlier published reports. Several of these are

Bats in Kansas 5

discussed in text; others can be recognized in the sections entitled "specimens
examined" or "other records" because the name of an earlier-reported locality
is followed in brackets by our best estimate of its exact location.

Of the three authors, Jones and Fleharty are responsible for preparing the
accounts herein, whereas Dunnigan did much of the earlier work of accumu-
lating and checking records as well as participating in field studies. We are
grateful to a number of students, past and present, for assisting with various
phases of field work. Of these, we would mention especially John H. Fitch,
G. Lawrence Forman, and William C. Stanley of The University of Kansas
and John P. Farney and Kenneth W. Andersen of Ft. Hays State College.

Some persons at other schools in the state have been most helpful in supply-
ing specimens and band records, or both; we are especially mindful of the
contributions of Horace A. Hays and Everett Grigsby of Pittsburg State Col-
lege and Stanley Roth of Lawrence High School. Bryan P. Glass and asso-
ciates, Alfred Perry and George Rogers, of Oklahoma State University gra-
ciously provided us with records of bats banded by them in northern Oklahoma
that later were recovered in Kansas. A grant ( 3873-5038 ) from The University
of Kansas General Research Fund helped to defray costs of field and laboratory
studies.

Finally we are grateful to those persons in charge of the collections at the
following institutions (abbreviations used in the accounts of species are in
parentheses) for allowing us to examine specimens in their care: Emporia
(Kansas) State College (ESC); Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH);
Kansas State University, Manhattan (KSU); Pittsburg (Kansas) State College
(PSC); U.S. National Museum (USNM). Specimens examined in the col-
lection of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, carry no
designation as to institutional source. Those in the museum at Ft. Hays State
College are designated by the abbreviation FHSC.

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

Family VESPERxiLiONroAE

Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909

Gray Myotis

Distribution in Kansas. — Known only from extreme southeastern
part of state ( see Fig. 1 ) .

The gray myotis first was reported from Kansas by Long ( 1961 )
on the basis of a juvenal male taken "in a residential area" in Pitts-
burg in the summer of 1958. Later, Jones and Do\vnhower (1963)
recorded an October-taken specimen from Cherokee County and
Hays and Bingman (1964) reported the finding in 1961 of a colony
of M. grisescens in a large storm sewer in Pittsburg.

Since the Pittsburg colony was discovered it has been studied
both by H. A. Hays and his students at Pittsburg State College and
by us and our associates (see Ubelaker, 1966, for example). SuflBce
it to report at this time that approximately 2000 gray myotis inhabit

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Fig. 1. Distribution of Myotis grisescetis ( 1 ) and Myotis velifer incautus
(2) in Kansas. On maps 1-11, solid symbols represent specimens examined,
open symbols represent records from the literature, half-shaded sjanbols repre-
sent band records, circles represent exact localities, and triangles represent

records known only to county.

the sewer in summer, including both males and a maternity colony

of females. Most of these bats migrate in October and November

to winter quarters in caves about 100 miles to the east in southern

Missouri (Camden, Laclede, and Stone counties judging from

banded bats thus far recovered), but a few, usually less than 50,

remain in the sewer all winter. Some females may migrate earlier

in autumn than do males. Of 309 bats banded on November 1,

1964 (taken from an estimated 1500 in the sewer at that time),

239 were males and only 70 were females. In spring, most of the

bats that will form the summer colony have returned to Pittsburg

by the middle of April.

To date, recoveries of banded individuals of M. grisescens in

Kansas, save for those found in the sewer and its immediate

vicinity in Pittsburg, have added only two localities in Crawford

County (see list beyond) to the known distribution of this bat in

the state.

Specimens examined (58).— CHEROKEE COUNTY: 1 mi. S Galena, 1.
CRAWFORD COUNTY: Pittsburg, 57 ( 15 PSC ).

Other records.— CRAWFORD COUNTY: Lightning Creek, 15J^ mi. W
Pittsburg (band record); 3 mi. W Quincy and Broadway streets, Pittsburg
(band record).

Bats in Kansas 7

Myotis keenii septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)
Keen's Myotis

Distribution in Kansas. — Known only from Marshall and Wash-
ington counties in the east and from Ellis and Rooks counties in the
west (see Fig. 2).

Considering its potential distribution in the state, less is known
about the range of Myotis keenii than about that of any other resi-
dent bat. The species first was reported from Kansas by Jones
et al. ( 1952 ) on the basis of four hibernating individuals collected
on December 29, 1951, in an abandoned gypsum mine in south-
western Marshall County, although Hibbard (1933) had predicted
its occurrence nearly two decades earlier. Since the initial report,
this bat has been found at six other localities, all in the past two
years.

Keen's myotis is the most abundant of the three species of bats
(the others are Myotis lucijugus and Pipistrellus subflavus) that
occur in the Marshall County mine. Slightly more than 1,000 in-
dividuals of keenii have been banded there since the autumn of
1962. The bats hiberate in the mine in winter but quit it in spring.
Males and a few (probably barren) females stay in the immediate
vicinity in spring and summer and can be netted at the mine en-
trance at night, but few if any evidently roost there in daytime.

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Fig. 2. Distribution of Myotis keenii septentriotuilis in Kansas. See Fig. 1

for explanation of symbols.

8 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

Most females leave the area in spring — probably forming maternity
colonies, at places yet unknown — but return in August and early
September.

Thus far, only three bats banded at the mine in Marshall County
have been recovered elsewhere, all in adjacent Washington County.
Two of these (male and female) were banded on August 23, 1965;
the male was recovered at Hanover on September 28, 1965, and
the female was found 11 mi. N Morrowville on October 20 of tlie
same year. A female, originally banded on March 3, 1963, was
killed in a house in Washington on March 26, 1964. All of these
recoveries are northwest of the mine and the dates suggest tliat
the bats were moving to, or returning from, some other concentra-
tion(s). However, we ciurently have no record of colonies (or
even other localities of occurrence) in that direction in Kansas or
in adjacent Nebraska.

Mijotis keenii first was reported from western Kansas by Fleharty
and Famey ( 1965 ) on the basis of three females taken at Hays in
1964 — one on July 31 and the others in late September. In the
following April and May, six females and one male were collected
from various buildings on the Ft. Hays State College campus. On
April 1, 1965, three males were obtained in a semi-torpid state from
a small cave in Rooks County. The following day, four bats (two
of each sex) were found in a crevice in a small limestone cave in
northeastern Ellis County where several other keenii were present
but not disturbed. All these bats were torpid and probably still
in hibernation. The cave in Ellis County evidently is used only
as a hibemaculum as it was vacant in early June, 1966. No other
species of bats were found in either of the mentioned caves.

No Keen's myotis were taken in the autumn of 1965 at Hays, but
in the spring of 1966 a male and female were found on the exteriors
of campus buildings on April 12 and 25, respectively. The animals
collected at Hays indicate seasonal movement through this area,
but we presently have no information as to the origin or destina-
tion of the bats. Temperatures of the few potential hibemacula
may be one of tiie most important factors limiting the distribution
of this species in the state (Fitch, 1966).

Specimens examined (80).— ELLIS COUNTY: Hays, 12 (FHSC); SE Ji
sec. 31, R. 16 W, T. 11 S, 4 (FHSC). MARSHALL COUNTY: H-^A mi. N,
m mi. W Blue Rapids, 61 (40 FHSC). ROOKS COUNTY: 3 mi. S, 1 mi.
ECodeU, 3 (FHSC).

Other records.— WASHINGTON COUNTY: 11 mi. N Morrowville (band
record); Hanover (band record); Washington (band record).

Bats in Kansas 9

Myotis leibii ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886)

Small-footed Myotis

Distribution in Kansas. — Probably occurs in suitable habitats in
western third of state; presently known only from Gove, Logan, and
Trego counties ( see Fig. 3 ) .

Judging from the available evidence, Myotis leibii is one of the
rarest of the resident bats in Kansas, although this situation may re-
sult, at least in part, from a paucity of zoological exploration in cer-
tain areas where the species is likely to be found. At any rate, only
27 specimens have thus far been collected, all from the areas of
chalk bluffs and canyons and erosional Miocene rocks in extreme
western Trego, Gove, and eastern Logan counties.

In August of 1884, A. B. Baker collected seven specimens in the
immediate vicinity of the former hamlet of Banner, in western Trego
County. Of these, two were found in "bluffs or canons" near the
town. "The others were captured at a bluff several miles distant.
They had secreted themselves in abandoned swallows' nests which
were inaccessible; but the bats were easily dislodged by means of
stones" (Merriam, 1886:2). In 1926 and 1927, field parties from
the Museum of Natural History took seven specimens in the vicinity
of Castle Rock in July and August and six specimens in August at
a place 5 mi. W Elkader, Logan County. The most recently ob-
tained specimens were taken in western Gove County in 1966 — a

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Fig. 3. Distribution of Myotis leibii ciliolabrum (1) and Myotis lucifugus
lucifugus ( 2 ) in Kansas. See Fig. 1 for explanation of symbols.

10 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

male and non-pregnant female that were shot on May 4, the former
as it flew at dusk at Monument Rock and the latter in a bam a
mile south of that place, and two males captured on September 5
as they roosted singly in shallow crevices at Monument Rock.

The mentioned specimens from Castle Rock are labeled as hav-
ing been collected in Trego County and have been thus reported
several times in the Hterature (see Cockrum, 1952:63, for example).
Castle Rock, however, is in Gove County, approximately a mile west
of the Trego County line. Information on the specimen labels
and in the available field notes indicates that the collectors actually
were at Castle Rock or in the canyons just south of Castle Rock.
The absence of any information that these bats were taken to the
east of Castle Rock prompts us to list them from Gove County.

A second subspecies, Mijotis leibii leibii (Audubon and Bachman,
1842), of this species may occur in Kansas. M. I. leibii, which is
darker and somewhat larger than ciliolabrum, has been reported
from central Missouri and eventually may be found in the south-
eastern part of the state. We tentatively follow Glass and Baker
(1965:204-205) in use of the specific name leibii, rather than
subulatus, for this bat.

Specimens examined (27).— GOVE COUNTY: Castle Rock, 6 (1 USNM);
near Castle Rock, I; S of Castle Rock, 1; Monument Rock, 3 (2 FHSC); I mi.
S Monument Rock, 1. LOGAN COUNTY: 5 mi. W Elkader, 7 (1 USNM);
"chalk bluffs near Elkader," 1 (ESC). TREGO COUNTY: [near] Banner,
7 (USNM).

Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)
Little Brown Myotis

Distribution in Kansas. — Eastern part of state, west certainly to
Marshall and Comanche counties ( see Fig. 3 ) .

This species is known from several localities in eastern Kansas,
but is nowhere common save at an abandoned gypsum mine in
Marshall County where more than half of the specimens we have
examined were collected and where approximately 400 individuals
have been banded since the winter of 1962-63. In this mine, de-
scribed by Fitch (1966), M. lucifugus occurs in approximately
equal numbers with Pipistrellus subfavus; both of these species are
outnumbered there by Myotis keenii, the only other bat known to
inhabit the mine. In summer, lucifugus abandons the mine as a
daytime retreat but at least some individuals remain in the im-
mediate vicinity and can be netted at the entrance at night. Both
sexes are present throughout the year, but males normally out-

Bats in Kansas 11

number females in our samples. We have no returns for lucifugus
tliat have been banded in Marshall County except at the mine it-
self and, therefore, have no indication as to dispersal in summer of
the bats that winter there.

Elsewhere in Kansas, M. lucifugus is known from but a handful
of specimens. Some of these were obtained in caves, abandoned
mines, and storm sewers in hibernation. Summer-taken individuals
on record (aside from those banded in Marshall County) are seven
from Lawrence that were obtained in July (two), August (four),
and September (one), a September-taken male from Havard Cave^
Barber County, and six individuals from Pittsburg (two collected
and three banded in August and one obtained in early September).

A second subspecies, Myotis lucifugus carissima Thomas, 1904,.
of the Httle brown myotis possibly will be found in Kansas, It has
been reported from Colorado and western Nebraska.

Specimens examined (49).— BARBER COUNTY: Havard Cave [2J^ mi. SW
Sun City], 1. CRAWFORD COUNTY: Pittsburg, 4 (2 PSC). DOUGLAS
COUNTY: Lawrence, 7. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Leavenworth, 3; 1
mi. SE Leavenworth, 1. MARSHALL COUNTY: 'A-ii. mi. N, VA mi. W Blue
Rapids, 33 (15 FHSC, 1 KSU).

Other records.— COMANCRE COUNTY: Double-entrance "S" Cave (Hib-
bard, 1934b: 236). DOUGLAS COUNTY: Baldwin (KeUogg, MS).
LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Ft. Leavenworth (Brumwell, 1951:209).
POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY: no specific locality (Cockrum, 1952:58).

Myotis velifer incautus (J. A. Allen, 1896)
Cave Myotis
Distribution in Kansas. — South-central part of state (see Fig. 1).

Although this cave bat occupies a relatively small area in Kan-
sas, it is the most abundant species of the genus Myotis in the state.
Fitch and Dunnigan ( MS, in press. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1967 )
estimated that between 50,000 and 75,000 individuals inhabit the
gypsum caves and adjacent areas in Barber and Comanche counties.
Present evidence suggests that there are two main populations of M.
velifer in this area — one centered around Sun City in northwestern
Barber County, and the other centered in southeastern Comanche
County and adjacent parts of southwestern Barber County and
Woods County, Oklahoma. The National Gypsum Mine, 2 mi. S,
1/4 mi. W Sun City, serves as the major hibemaculum for the north-
em population; bats disperse in spring from this mine to adjacent
caves and to man-made structures to the north of the mine. Double-
entrance "S" Cave, 11/2 mi. S, 16 mi. E Coldwater, evidently is the
major hibemaculum for the southern segment. Bats from this cave

12 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

migrate as far away as northern Meade County in summer. In-
formation available from banded bats indicates only occasional in-
terchange of individuals between the two populations.

Lantz (1918:241) was the first to report Mijotis velifer from Kan-
sas. Hibbard (1934b) and Twente (1955a, 1955b) have made
noteworthy ecological observations on this species in Kansas.

[A female cave myotis captured on October 1, 1966, after this ac-
count was prepared, in NE % sec. 1, R. 14 W, T. 24 S, Stafford
County, provides the northernmost locality of record for the species
in Kansas. This bat was banded at the National Gypsum Mine in
Barber County on December 21, 1964.]

Specimens examined ( 225 ) .—BARBER COUNTY: Sun City, 13 (4 KSU,
9 USNM); National Gypsum Mine [2 mi. S, PA mi. W Sun City], 5 (KSU);
Havard Cave \2)i mi. SW Sun City], 81 (1 KSU); cave 4 mi. SSE Sun City,
2 (USNM); 4-5 mi. S Sun City, 38 (1 ESC, 27 FHSC); 4^ mi. S, 'A mi. E
Sun City, 2; Medicine Lodge, 1 (USNM); no specific locality, 2 (KSU).
COMANCHE COUNTY: 10 mi. S Protection, 3; Swartz Canyon, 9 mi. S, 14
mi. E Coldwater, 16; Swartz Canyon, 8 mi. SW Aetna, 1; Double-entrance
"S" Cave [IVA mi. S, 16 mi. E Coldwater], 14; 12 mi. S, 14 mi. E Coldwater,
1 (FHSC); 14 mi. S, 17 mi. E Coldwater, 3 (FHSC); S end Swartz Canyon,
sec. 16, R. 34 W, T. 85 S, 21 (FHSC). HARPER COUNTY: Harper, 7; no
specific locality [probably Harper], 4. KIOWA COUNTY: 4 mi. N Belvidere,
3. MEADE COUNTY: 5 mi. N, 6 mi. W Fowler, 6. PRATT COUNTY:
Pratt, 2.

Other record*.— BARBER COUNTY: Dancer's Cave, 4'A mi. S Sun City
(band record); Natural Bridge [4'A mi. S, % mi. E Sun City] (Hibbard, 1934b:
235); Aetna (Twente, 1955b: 7 12); 3'A mi. S, 1 mi. W Aetna (Cockrum,
1952:60); 4 mi. S Aetna (Loomis, 1956:1242); May Cave and Lost Colony
Cave (Twente, 1955a:381). COMANCHE COUNTY: near Protection (Cock-
nun, 1952:60).

Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte, 1831)
Silver-haired Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Probably state-wide during seasonal mi-
grations, but evidently not resident in Kansas ( see Fig. 4 ) .

This migratory bat is found in Kansas and adjoining parts of
adjacent states only in spring and again in late summer and early
autumn. It is a summer resident at higher latitudes and altitudes to
the north and west of the state and presumably spends the winter
mostly to the south of Kansas (although there are records of
hibernating individuals from some places in the northern part of
the range of the species ) .

All but two of the localities where this bat has been taken in
Kansas are in the western, less populous areas of the state rather
than in the eastern part, where more frequent contact between
humans and migrating bats might be expected. Possibly this in-
dicates that western Kansas is on one of the principal migratory

Bats in Kansas

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Fig. 4. Distribution of Lasionycteris noctivagans in Kansas. See Fig. 1 for

explanation of symbols.

routes. All records from the state for which a date of capture is

known are from the period September 12 to October 15, excepting

two non-pregnant females, from Thomas and Trego counties, taken

in May of 1966. At Meade County State Park two specimens were

found in June, 1959, in mouse traps that had been set, baited with

raisins, in closets of a building in late August of the previous year

(Getz, 1961:282). The dried condition of the bats indicated they

had been trapped in the previous autumn.

Specimens examined ( 11).— DECATUR COUNTiT: Oberlin, 1. DOUG-
LAS COUNTY: Lawrence, 1. FINNEY COUNTY: Garden City, 1.
MORTON COUNTY: 1 mi. W Elkhart, 1; Elkhart, 3. SHERMAN COUNTY:
no specific locality, 1 (USNM). THOMAS COUNTY: 3J^ mi. N Rexford, 1
(FHSC); Colby, 1 (FHSC). TREGO COUNTY: Wakeeney, 1 (FHSC).

Other records.— DOUGLAS COUNTY: Baldwin (Kellogg, MS). MEADE
COUNTY: Meade County State Park (Getz, 1961:282). TREGO COUNTY:
vicinity Wakeeney (A. B. Baker, 1889:57).

Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832)

Eastern Pipistrelle

Distribution in Kansas. — Eastern part of state, west certainly to
Marshall County in the north and to Barber County in the south
(see Fig. 5).

When Cockrum (1952:66-68) wrote about this species in Kansas,
he had examined only 20 specimens from the state. Many addi-

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Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

tional specimens have been collected since then and, in fact, this
species has been found to be relatively common in suitable places
in the eastern part of the state. Nonetheless, even though it is now
known from 12 rather than five counties, the area of estimated dis-
tribution in Kansas has been increased but httle in the past 16 years
(compare Fig. 5 with Cockrum's, 1952:66, distribution map).

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Fig. 5. Distribution of Pipistrellus sttbflavus mbfiavus in Kansas. See Fig. 1

for explanation of symbols.

Actually, the eastern pipistrelle is best known in Kansas in winter,
when individuals hibernate in humid caves and abandoned mines,
often in limestone. In our experience, they hang singly on walls
or ceilings of hibeniacula, in exposed places, and frequently have
droplets of water on the pelage. Mijotis kecnii, Myotis lucifugiis,
and Eptesicus ftiscus inhabit some of the same hibemacula as does
P. subflavus in eastern Kansas, whereas Myotis velifer and Plecottis
townsendii hibernate along with the eastern pipistrelle in the caves
of Barber County. The largest known concentration of pipistrelles
in the state is in an abandoned gypsum mine in Marshall County,
where more than 400 have been banded since the winter of 1962-63.
In the warm months these bats evidently do not seek daytime re-
treats in this mine (or, for that matter, in other hibemacula) but
reside someplace in the immediate vicinity because individuals
(mostly males) have been netted at the entrance of the mine as
they attempted to enter at night.

Other abandoned mines, caves, or sinks in which pipistrelles are

Bats in Kansas

15

known to hibernate in Kansas yield but a few individuals at any one
time.

Specimens examined ( 122).— ATCHISON COUNTY: 2 mi. S, % mi. E
Courthouse, Atchison, 1; JV£ % sec. 19, R. 21 E, T. 6 S, 1. BARBER
COUNTY: Havard Cave [2)^ mi. SW Sun City], 6 (1 KSU); 4 mi. SSE Sun
City, 1 (USNM); 4-5 mi. S Sun City (labeled with reference to Dancer's
Cave, Gyp Spring, or Sinkhole Cave), 5. BUTLER COUNTY: 5-6 mi. S
El Dorado, 9. CHEROKEE COUNTY: 1-U^ mi. S Galena, 12. CRAWFORD
COUNTY: no specific locality, 1 (PSC). COWLEY COUNTY: 1 mi. W
Winfield, 9; 1 mi. E Winfield, 1. DONIPHAN COUNTY: 5 mi. N, }i mi. E
Wathena, 4. DOUGLAS COUNTY: Lawrence, 1. FRANKLIN COUNTY:
2J^-3 mi. N, % mi. E Wilhamsburg, 5. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Ft.
Leavenworth, 2; 1 mi. SE Leavenworth, 1. MARSHALL COUNTY: }i-}2 mi,
N, m mi. W Blue Rapids, 64 (42 FHSC, 1 KSU).

Other records. — COMANCHE COUNTY: Double-entrance "S" Cave
(Twente, 1955b:708). WOODSON COUNTY: Neosho Falls (Cragin,
1885:47).

Eptesicus fuscus
Big Brown Bat

This species is the most abundant and widespread of Kansas
bats. In winter individuals hibernate in large caves, abandoned
mines or quarries, storm sewers, and buildings. Females form
maternity colonies in spring, normally in places other than hiber-
nacula although we know of two wooden structures in central Kan-
sas that serve both as hibemacula and maternity quarters. Males
and barren females may disperse from hibemacula in spring, but

Fig. 6. Distribution of Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (1) and Eptesicus fuscus
pallidus ( 2 ) in Kansas. See Fig. 1 for explanation of symbols.

16 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

remain in the immediate vicinity; some, however, utilize the same
area the year around. Such is the case in the abandoned limestone
quarry at the southeast edge of Leavenworth discussed by Phillips
(1966:180).

Nine of the individuals (eight males and one female) banded at
the Leavenworth quarry have been recovered elsewhere. All nine
were from within three and a half miles of the quarry. The longest
distance traveled by any Eptesicus banded by us in Kansas was
approximately 45 miles. The bat was a male banded in hibernation
in Lawrence on January 8, 1965, and captured the following April
in Kansas City, Missouri.

Two subspecies of Eptesicus juscus occur in Kansas, E. f. juscus
in the east and E. /. pallidus in the west. Our studies of available
specimens lead us to suggest that the boundary between these two
races Hes some 100 miles westward from where it was drawn by
Cockrum (1952:69). Evidently, Cockrum took bats from western
Kansas to be typical of pallidus (see also Black, 1938:150).
Actually, specimens from western Kansas that we have examined
are intergrades between juscus and pallidus, although assignable
to the latter. A graduate student at The University of Kansas, James
A. Howard, is studying geographic variation in this species in Kan-
sas and adjacent states; his findings may alter our tentative con-
clusions as expressed in the lists of specimens beyond and Fig. 6.

Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)

Distribution in Kansas. — Eastern two-thirds of state, west to
Comanche, Ellis, and Rush counties (see Fig. 6).

Specimens examined (390).— ATCHISON COUNTY: Atchison, 4; NE %
sec. 19, R. 21 E, T. 6 S, 1; 2 mi. S, % mi. E Atchison County Courtliouse, 13.
BARBER COUNTY: Sun City, 1 (KSU); Havard Cave [2Ji mi. SW Sun
City], 1 (KSU); Medicine Lodge, 46. CHEROKEE COUNTY: 1 mi. S, 1
mi. E Galena, 3. COMANCHE COUNTY: Double-entrance "S" Cave, 4.
COWLEY COUNTY: Winfield, 3 (1 FMNH, 2 USNM). CRAWFORD
COUNTY: Pittsburg, 13 (PSC). DOUGLAS COUNTY: Lawrence, 41; 1 mi.
N, 1 mi. W Lawrence, 1; no specific locality, 6. ELLIS COUNTY: Hays,
58 (42 FHSC). ELLSWORTH COUNTY: EUsworth, 17. FRANKLIN
COUNTY: no specific locality, 1. JEWELL COUNTY: 7 mi. N, 3 mi. E
Lebanon, 20. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Ft. Leavenworth, 9; Leaven-
worth, 78; 'A-1 mi. SE Leavenworth, 6. LINCOLN COUNTY: Beverly, 13.
LYON COUNTY: Emporia, 7 (2 ESC). MITCHELL COUNTY: Beloit,
1. MONTGOMERY COUNTY: Independence, 1. OSBORNE COUNTY:
Osborne, 13. RUSH COUNTY: McCracken, 1 (FHSC). RUSSELL
COUNTY: Dorrance, 22. SALINE COUNTY: Salina, 3 (ESC). SMITH
COUNTY: Lebanon, 1. WOODSON COUNTY: Neosho Falls, 2 (USNM).

Other records.— BARBER COUNTY (Twente, 1955b: 712, 724): Na-
tional Gypsum Mine [2 mi. S, PA mi. W Sun City]; Natural Bridge [4'A mi.
S, % mi. E Sun City]; Aetna; May Cave. COWLEY COUNTY: ^ mi. S, H

Bats in Kansas 17

mi. W Winfield (band record). LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Wadsworth
(band record). RILEY COUNTY: Manhattan (Cragin, 1885:46); Ft. Riley
(Allen, 1894:121). SHAWNEE COUNTY: Topeka (Cragin, 1885:46).

Eptesicus fuscus pallidas Young, 1908

Distribution in Kansas. — Western third of state (see Fig. 6),

Specimens examined (140).— GOVE COUNTY: Castle Rock, 21; "Old
Smoky Pyramids," 2 (KSU); Monument Rock, 2; I mi. S Monument Rock, 4.
LOGAN COUNTY: 5 mi. W Elkader, 37; Elkader, 6 (FHSC). RAWLINS
COUNTY: Hemdon, 22; Atwood, 19. SCOTT COUNTY: 10 mi. N, % mi.
W Scott City, 26 (8 FHSC); Scott County State Park, 1.

Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miiller, 1776)
Red Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Migrant; probably state-wide in suitable
habitats and seasons (see Fig. 7).

The red bat is known in Kansas and adjacent states only in the
warm months. Adults of both sexes (but predominately females)
migrate to the state in spring and return southward in late summer
or early autumn. Much remains to be learned about the migratory
habits and winter range of this bat; individuals have been reported
in recent years as over-wintering in Illinois and it is not incon-
ceivable that some may do so in Kansas, The earliest spring rec-
ord for the state is of a female taken on March 18, 1963, in Pitts-
burg although individuals evidently do not reach the northern part
of Kansas until the latter part of April (earliest records are April
21, 1961, from Emporia, and April 26, 1950, from Lawrence). The
latest record in autumn is of a female, presumably a migrant, that
struck a TV tower in Shawnee County on the night of October
15-16, 1957 (Janes, 1959:263).

Lasiurus borealis characteristically roosts in trees or tall bushes
by day and is one of the commonest bats in eastern Kansas from
May through July. We have rarely seen red bats after mid-August
in Lawrence. In the western half of the state, this species evidently
is rare, of sporadic occurrence, and limited in distribution to stands
of deciduous timber along water courses and in towns and cities.
One of us (Fleharty) searched unsuccessfully for red bats in Hays
for three consecutive summers. The first specimens from there,
seven in all (a female accompanied by four o£Fspring and two other
isolated immature individuals) were obtained in June and July of
1966,

We had always assumed that adults of both sexes occurred in
about equal abundance in Kansas but a tabulation of adults ex-

18

Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

100

Mui«um of Nalurol Hiflctry
Univotwty of Konsoi

39

36

100

97

Fig. 7. Distribution of Lasiurus horealis borealis in Kansas, See Fig. 1 for

explanation of symbols.

amined by us ( young of the year are excluded ) from the state indi-
cates that females far outnumber males in our sample.

Month Males Females

March 0 1

April 0 5

May 5 11

June 2 54

July 6 29

August 3 10

September 4 1

October 1 0

Three possible explanations to account for the preponderance of
females are: 1) many more females than males normally occur in
populations of this species, on account of imbalance in sex ratios
at birth, for example; 2) sampling techniques are weighted heavily
in favor of capture of females; or 3) males ordinarily spend the
warm months in places other than Kansas and adjacent areas. The
first possibility can be discarded because the numbers of males
and females in 18 Kansas litters of red bats for which the sex
is known for all offspring do not differ significantly and because
no evidence to substantiate a larger number of female young has
been published elsewhere. It is conceivable, of course, that differ-
ential mortality or longevity, or both, favor females but we doubt it.

The second possibility may be a partial factor in that a roosting
female accompanied by young likely would be more conspicuous

Bats in Kansas 19

than a solitary male and thus more liable to detection and collec-
tion and, furthermore, females with young clinging to them occa-
sionally fall to the ground as a result of being dislodged from their
roost by strong winds, heavy rain or hail, or for some other reason.
Our collections, like others in this region, are sprinkled with females
and their young that were captured on the ground. Nevertheless,
collections of red bats gathered by more conventional means —
shooting and netting — also consist mostly of females. For example,
15 of 16 adult bats shot as they foraged over water in May, June,
and July in three diflFerent years (1964-66) at The University of
Kansas Fisheries Laboratory in Lawrence were females.

The evidence strongly suggests, therefore, that males are uncom-
mon in Kansas in spring and early summer. Our limited data indi-
cate that their numbers approximate those of females in late summer
and early autumn but this could result, at least in part, from an
influx of migrants (of six individuals, presumably migrants, that
struck the same TV tower in Shawnee County between September
23 and October 16 in three different years, three were males and
three were females). Evaluation of information available from
other central plains states indicates that females also are more
numerous there in summer. Additional data on distribution of
adults from throughout the warm-weather range of L. horealis are
needed to test our tentative conclusions.

Females, pregnant prior to beginning northward migration in
spring, bear young in Kansas late in May and in June. Twenty-nine
pregnant individuals taken in May and June carried an average of
3.24 (2-4) embryos; 27 females (June and July) were accompanied
by an average of 2.96 (2-4) young. The youngest flying young of
the year among our specimens was taken on June 30, 1944, in
Hamilton County.

Specimens examined ( 286 ) .—ATCHISON COUNTY: 2 mi. S, % mi. E
Atchison County Courthouse, 2. BARBER COUNTY: 2 mi. N, 1 mi. E
Sharon, 1. BARTON COUNTY: Great Bend, 1 (FHSC). BOURBON
COUNTY: Ft. Scott, 5. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY: Cedar Vale, 1
(USNM). CHEROKEE COUNTY: Columbus, 2 (PSC); J^ mi. S Galena, 1;
no specific locality, 1. COWLEY COUNTY: Arkansas City, 2. CRAW-
FORD COUNTY: 1 mi. N Crawford County State Park, 1 (PSC); Pittsburg,
7 (PSC). DONIPHAN COUNTY: Doniphan Lake, 1; Geary, 2. DOUGLAS
COUNTY: 3 mi. up Kansas River from Lawrence, 1; Lawrence, 95 (3
USNM); 3 mi. SW Lawrence, 4; 3 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 3^2 mi. S, 3 mi. W
Lawrence, 3; Y'A mi. SW Lawrence, 3; 2 mi. S, 3 mi. W Clinton, 1; no specific
locality, 21. ELLIS COUNTY: Hays, 7 (FHSC). GREENWOOD
COUNTY: Hamilton, 34; 8 mi. SW Toronto, 1; 8^ mi. SW Toronto, 19; no
specific locality, 2. HAMILTON COUNTY: 1 mi. E Coolidge, 2. JACKSON
COUNTY: S% mi. SW Muscotah, 4. JEWELL COUNTY: sec. 1, R. 6 W,
T. 1 S, 2 (FHSC). KEARNY COUNTY: Lakin, 1 (KSU). LABETTE
COUNTY: 10 mi. SW Oswego, 1. LYON COUNTY: Emporia, 10 (ESC).

20

Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl, Publ.

LEAVENWORTH COUNTY: Ft. Leavenworth, 3; no specific locality, 1.
MEADE COUNTY: Fowler, 1; Meade County State Park, 3; 14 mi. SW
Meade, 1; 17 mi. SW Meade, 1. MONTGOMERY COUNTY: 4M mi. NNW
junction U. S. 75 and 160, Independence Twp., 4; 4 mi. N Caney, 2; 4 mi.
NW Caney, 1. RILEY COUNTY: 4 mi. S Randolph, 1; Manhattan, 1
(KSU). SALINE COUNTY: 5 mi. N, 3 mi. W Salina, 1. SCOTT COUNTY:
8 mi. S, 4 mi. W Scott City, 1 (FHSC). SEDGWICK COUNTY: Wichita,
10 (6 FHSC); Haysville, 1 (FHSC). SHAWNEE COUNTY: 1 mi. W
Topeka, 3. SMITH COUNTY: Kensington, 4 (FHSC). STAFFORD
COUNTY: Little Salt Marsh, 2. WILSON COUNTY: no specific locaUty,
5 (PSC). WYANDOTTE COUNTY: Kansas City, 1.

Other records.— DOUGLAS COUNTY (Cockrum, 1956:497): 3ii mi. NW
Lawrence; 6 mi. NNE Lawrence; 7/2 mi. W Lawrence; 6Y2 mi. SW Lawrence.
HARVEY COUNTY: 4 mi. N, }^ mi. W North Newton (Bethel College Col-
lection). POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY: no specific locality (Cockrum,
1952:77). RICE COUNTY: Sterling (Loewen, 1934:258). SHAWNEE
COUNTY: Topeka (Cragin, 1885:45). TREGO COUNTY: vicinity Wa-
keeney (A. B. Baker, 1889:57). WABAUNSEE COUNTY: no specific lo-
cality (Cragin, 1885:45). WOODSON COUNTY: Neosho Falls (Allen,
1894 : 153 ) . County unknown: Cimarron River ( Allen, 1894: 153 ) .

Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)

Hoary Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Migrant; probably state-wide in suitable
habitats and seasons ( see Fig. 8 ) .

Lasiurus cinereus is one of the largest bats occurring in Kansas.
Like its smaller relative, L. horealis, the hoary bat roosts principally
in trees and is migratory. The winter range of North American
populations of this species is in the southern United States and
northern and central Mexico. The earliest record in the year from

MuMiim of Natvral Hitlery
Un iveriity of Kanioi

39

38

100

97

Fig. 8. Distribution of Lasiurus cinereus cinereus in Kansas.

explanation of symbols.

See Fig. 1 for

Bats in Kansas 21

Kansas is of a female taken on March 26, 1953, in Cheyenne County
(R. H. Baker, 1954) although many individuals evidently do not
arrive until late in April or in May. The latest occurrence is
provided by a female captured on September 27, 1965, at Hays.
Although the hoary bat is widely distributed in Kansas, it is more
numerous in the eastern part of the state than in the west and is
nowhere so abundant as the red bat.

Findley and Jones (1964) have demonstrated that only females
(and young of the year of both sexes in the late part of summer)
are resident in Kansas and adjacent states. Males, some of which
migrate through Kansas, spend the summer at higher altitudes or
latitudes to the west or north of the state. The only adult male
known from Kansas is a specimen obtained on May 25, 1942, at
Hamilton, Greenwood County (the male from Lawrence, taken on
June 30, that was reported as an adult by Cockrum, 1952:73, is
clearly immature ) .

Females bear young in mid- June. Three with embryos (May
20-June 7) and nine with young (June 17- July 17) are on record
from Kansas. The number was two in each instance except for one
female accompanied by a single ofiFspring.

Specimens examined (70).— CHEYENNE COUNTY: 123$ mi. N, 5M mi. W
St. Francis, 1. DICKINSON COUNTY: Abilene, 1. DOUGLAS COUNTY:
Lawrence, 46 (1 ESC); no specific locality, 3. ELLIS COUNTY: Hays, 4
(FHSC). GREENWOOD COUNTY: Hamilton, 1. JEWELL COUNTY:
sec. 1, R. 6 W, T. 1 S, 2 (FHSC). MEADE COUNTY: Meade, 1 (USNM);
Meade Coimty State Park, 2. MITCHELL COUNTY: Cawker City, 1
(FHSC). LYON COUNTY: Emporia, 2 (ESC). PRATT COUNTY: State
Fish Hatchery, 2; no specific locality, 1 (ESC). SEDGWICK COUNTY:
Wichita, 1 (KSU). WOODSON COUNTY: Neosho Falls, 1 (USNM).
Coimty unknown (Marshall or Washington): Little Blue River, 1 (USNM).

Other records.— ANDERSON COUNTY: Colony (Kellogg, MS). DOUG-
LAS COUNTY: Baldwin (Knox, 1875:20). LEAVENWORTH COUNTY:
Ft. Leavenworth (Brumwell, 1951:209). POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY: no
specific locahty (Cockrum, 1952:75). RILEY COUNTY: Manhattan (Cragin,
1885:45).

Nycticeius humeralis humeralis (Rafinesque, 1818)
Evening Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Known only by 13 specimens from
Clay, Douglas, and Jewell counties; probably confined to eastern
half of state, principally in timbered areas (see Fig. 9).

The first specimens of the evening bat taken in Kansas were four
females collected 6 mi. SW Clay Center between June 25 and 30,
1937. Subsequently, single specimens were obtained in Douglas
County in 1945, 1952, and 1955, and six females were collected in

22

Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

northeastern Jewell County in June and September of 1964. Little
is known of the habits of this species. It is thought to be migra-
tory, to winter to the south of Kansas, and to roost primarily in
hollows in trees and man-made structures. The earliest and latest
dates of capture in the state are from Douglas County — a female
carrying two embryos (5 mm. crown-rump length) taken on May
25 and a male that was shot as it chased another bat over a clear-
ing on October 19. A female taken on June 9 in Jewell County
was lactating.

Mu»eum of Noturol Hiilory
iiniiwUty oi Kantai

39

38

100

97

Fig. 9. Distribution of Nycticeius humeralis humeralis ( 1 ) and Plecotus
townsendii pallescens ( 2 ) in Kansas. See Fig. 1 for explanation of symbols.

All specimens from Kansas are females save for the October-
taken male, which has unworn teeth and may well have been bom
earlier in the same year. Similarly, all specimens of N. humeralis
known from Nebraska are females or young. These data, together
with other published information, suggest that adult males may
not accompany females in spring to at least some parts of the warm-
weather range of the species.

[After this account was prepared, a female evening bat was
captured on October 12, 1966, in a residence in Overland Park,
Johnson County. This specimen subsequently was deposited in the
Museum of Natural History by T. H. Kunz.]

Specimens examined (13).— CLAY COUNTY: 6 mi. SW Clay Center, 4.
DOUGLAS COUNTY: Lawrence, 2; 7}i mi. SW Lawrence, 1. JEWELL
COUNTY: sec. 1, R. 6 W, T. 1 S, 6 (FHSC).

Bats in Kansas 23

Plecotus townsendii pallescens (Miller, 1897)

Long-Eared Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Known only from Barber and Comanche
^'ounties in south-central part of state (see Fig. 9).

Although relatively rare, this species is resident the year around in
south-central Kansas. Individuals are found primarily in caves and
caverns, but we know of one female obtained from the attic of an
abandoned building in Barber County.

Long-eared bats frequently are found singly (exceptions are
maternity colonies and occasional small clusters of hibernating in-
dividuals), both in summer and winter, hanging from ceilings or
walls of caves in relatively dry places. Plecotus associates in hiber-
nation with Pipistrelhis suhjlavtis, Eptesicm ftisciis, Antrozous palli-
dtis, and Myotis velifer; Twente (1955b: 721, 724) has extensively
studied selection of hibernating sites. As noted by Twente (1955a:
380), the long-eared bat tends to awaken more quickly when dis-
turbed than do some of the other cave-dwelling bats.

Records of banded individuals indicate considerable local move-
ment from one small cave to another within the range of this bat
in Kansas. A summer population of 300 to 500 individuals was
estimated by Twente (1955a: 387) for Barber and Comanche coun-
ties and the adjacent area in Woods County, Oklahoma. In Kan-
sas, females give birth to a single young in late June or early July.

Another subspecies of this species, Plecotus townsendii ingens
(Handley, 1955), has been taken in Washington County, Arkansas,
and in Stone County, Missouri (see Handley, 1959:189-190), each
some 85 miles distant from the southeastern comer of Kansas.
P. t. ingens is to be looked for in natural caves and abandoned
mines in the southeastern counties.

Specimens examined (40).— BARBER COUNTY: Sun City, 2 (USNM);
Havard Cave [2'/2 mi. SW Sun City], 4 (3 KSU); % mi. E Havard Cave, 1
(KSU); 4 mi. S Sun City [Triple Arch Cave], 2; IDancer's (ar Sinkhole) Cave
[4'A mi. S Sun City], 4; Natural Bridge [4'A mi. S, ii mi. E Sun City], 2 (1
ESC); Fallen Arch [5'A mi. S, ii mi. E Sun City], 1; 7'A mi. S Sun City, 1
(FHSC); 2ii mi. N, 19 mi. W Medicine Lodge, 1 (FHSC); Stevens Cave,
18 mi. S Sun City, 1; first cave S of Stevens Cave, 1; 20-21 mi. S Sun City,
2 (FHSC); no specific locality, 3 (2 ESC). COMANCHE COUNTY:
Double-entrance "S" Cave, 6 mi. NW Aetna, 3; Swartz Canijon, 4 mi. W
Aetna, 8; Swartz Canyon, 4.

Other records.— BAKBER COUNTY (Twente, 1955b: 712, unless other-
wise noted): National Gypsum Mine [2 mi. S, Hi mi. W Sun City]; May
Cave [4 mi. S Aetna]; Lost Colony Cave [% mi. SW May Cave]; cave 1 mi. S
Lost Colony Cave (Twente, 1955a: 380). COMANCHE COUNTY: Natural
Bridge, Hanging Fence Canyon ( band record ) .

24

Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscx. Pxibl.

Antrozous pallidas bunkeri Hibbard, 1934
Pallid Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Presently known only from western Bar-
ber County, but probably occurs also in at least adjacent Co-
manche County (see Fig. 10).

The palHd bat first was reported from Kansas by Hibbard (1933)
and for many years was known only from the "Natural Bridge"
south of Sun City, where specimens were taken only "during migra-
tion" in late August or early September of 1933, 1935, and 1939
(Hibbard, 1944). Twente (1955b: 712) later reported that May
Cave, 4 mi. S Aetna, was Tised as a hibemaculum by Antrozous
and that an imusued bam at Aetna served as a summer residence.
In late June of 1953 the bam contained an estimated 150 adult
females and 50 adult males, the females forming a maternity colony.

-39

Mu»«um of Noturol Hiilory
Univ»nrty of Konios

38

100

97

Fig. 10. Distribution of Antrozous pallidus bunkeri in Kansas. See Fig. 1 for

explanation of symbols.

We are uncertain as to the status of the pallid bat in Kansas at
this writing. None has been taken in recent years at the Natural
Bridge. This land mark collapsed in 1962, although a tunnel there,
probably the same one described as harboring Antrozous by Hib-
bard (1933:234 and elsewhere), remains intact. In December,
1964, we found only one living pallid bat in May Cave but found
a number of scorched carcasses below a large crevice where the
colony evidently had been hibernating. Later, we learned that

Bats in Kansas 25

"about 200" had been "burned out" of the crevice in late November
of that year by local ranch hands. Since that time, several visits
to the bam at Aetna in spring and summer have failed to reveal a
colony there. Twente (1955a:387) estimated the number of bats
of this species in Barber County and adjacent Woods County, Okla-
homa, to be between 200 and 400.

This bat was named as a distinct species by Hibbard (1934a:
227), but was reduced to subspecific status under A. pallidiis by
Morse and Glass (1960). As currently understood, the subspecies
A. p. bunkeri ranges from the vicinity of Sun City southward to
the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma. The type locality of bunkeri,
the "Natural Bridge" on the south fork of Bear Creek in Barber
County, was said to be 7 mi. S Sun City in the original description.
Actually, this former landmark properly is located as 4J2 mi. S and
}i mi. E of the center of Sun City (see Schoewe, 1949:fig. 35).

Specimens examined (103).— BARBER COUNTY: "5'A mi. S Sun City"
[approximately 4 mi. S Sun City], 56; Natural Bridge [4/2 mi. S, ii mi. E Sun
City], 29; Aetna, 16 ( 13 FHSC); 1 mi. SW Aetna, 2.

Other recard— BARBER COUNTY: May Cave [4 mi. S Aetna] (Twente,
1955b:712).

Family Molossidae

Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure, 1860)

Brazilian Free-tailed Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Probably state-wide as migrant or
wanderer; no established colonies presently known from the state.

This free-tailed bat is a migratory, colonial species that utilizes
caves, man-made structures, and occasionally crevices in rocks as
summer roosting sites. Little yet is known about the location of
winter quarters of free-tails that spend the summer as far north as
Kansas but the meager data suggest they may move as far south
as central Mexico.

We know of no permanent colonies in Kansas, although several
formerly inhabited buildings in Medicine Lodge (Hibbard, 1936).
The concentration nearest Kansas in the warm months is that at
Merrihew Cave, three-quarters of a mile south of the Kansas ( Bar-
ber County) line in Woods County, Oklahoma. As many as 100,000
Tadarida can be found in this cave at certain times in spring and
again in late summer or early autumn. Probably the cave serves as
a "staging area" in spring and prior to southward migration in
autumn. Merrihew Cave serves also as an "overflow" maternity
colony in some years — evidently when caverns farther south in

26

Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

Oklahoma are occupied to capacity. This cave has harbored fe-
males with young in about half the years in the past decade. Bats
that occupy Merrihew are known to forage northward into Kan-
sas as far as Aetna.

100

Mu»um o( Noturol Hillary
UnivarMty of Koruat

39

38

100

97

Fig. 11. Distribution of Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana in Kansas. See Fig. 1

for explanation of symbols.

When females bear young at Merrihew Cave they do so from
late June through the first half of July (Twente, 1956).

A number of Brazilian free-tailed bats originally banded in
northern Oklahoma have been recovered in Kansas in recent years
(see Fig. 11 and records beyond). All of these were banded in
Selman's Cave, Woods County, or Connor's Cave, Major County,
by field parties from Oklahoma State University. Selman's Cave
lies approximately 21 miles south of the Kansas (Comanche
County) border, whereas Connor's Cave is about 45 miles south
of the state (Barber County) line. Many of the returns are from
localities to the north or northwest of the mentioned caves, and
all appear to represent (irrespective of season or age) single indi-
viduals rather tlian bats taken from colonies or groups.

Ten of the 14 bats banded in Oklahoma and recaptured in Kan-
sas were taken in late summer or early autumn (10 August to 12
October) in the year of their birth. Of these, the greatest distances
of dispersal were registered by females banded at Selman's Cave.
One, banded on July 9, 1962, was found in southwestern RawHns

Bats in Kansas 27

County (approximately 230 miles to the northwest of the cave) on
September 4; the other, banded on July 5, 1956, was captured in
Lyon County, 190 miles to the northeast, on September 16. Mu-
seum specimens from Meade County (August 31, 1964), Shawnee
County (September 14, 1961— see also Long and Long, 1965), and
Morton County (October 26, 1953) also are young of the year as
judged by cranial and dental characteristics. It is obvious that
most of the stations of known occurrence of this species in Kansas
are represented by bats but a few months old that wandered north-
ward after leaving the caves in which they were bom. Glass
(1959:543) suggested that such movements were "probably only
indicative of a general scattering in late summer when numbers
were at a maximum."

Aside from specimens taken from colonies formerly present in
Medicine Lodge, we have examined the following adults from the
state: female from Cherokee County, March 28, 1951; male and
female from Gray County, March 30, 1955 — see Anderson and
Nelson, 1958:304; male from Marion County, August 15, 1936;
female from Gove County, October 8, 1934. Four bats banded in
Oklahoma, all females and all taken in June or early July in the
year following their birth, have been recorded — one each from
Edwards, Ford, Meade, and Seward counties. There is also to be
considered the pregnant female taken at Lincoln, Nebraska, on
June 27, 1931 (Jones, 1964:99).

Most of the adult bats recorded were captured in spring or early
summer. It is not known whether these were wanderers, indi-
viduals in search of new summer quarters, or simply bats that,
owing to some kind of navigational failure, "overshot" their in-
tended destination in northward migration.

Specimens examined (31).— BARBER COUNTY: Havard Cave [2% mi.
SW Sun City], 2; Medicine Lodge, 18; Aetna, 2 (1 FHSC). CHEROKEE
COUNTY: Galena, 1. DOUGLAS COUNTY: Lawrence, 1. GOVE
COUNTY: Castle Rock, 1. GRAY COUNTY: R. 27 W, T. 29 S, 2.
MARION COUNTY: Lincolnville, 1. MEADE COUNTY: 2 mi. N, 1 mi.
W Fowler, 1. MORTON COUNTY: Elkhart, 1. SHAWNEE COUNTY:
Tecumseh, 1.

Other recarJ^.— BARBER COUNTY: 3 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sharon (Loomis,
1956: 1327). CLARKE COUNTY: Ashland (band record). COMANCHE
COUNTY: 6 mi. NW Coldwater (band record). EDWARDS COUNTY:
10 mi. N Greensburg (band record). FORD COUNTY: 15 mi. NW Dodge
City (band record); Fort Dodge (band record). LYON COUNTY: 8 mi.
S Emporia (band record— see also Glass, 1959:543). MEADE COUNTY:
Meade County State Park (Getz, 1961:282). RAWLINS COUNTY: 25 mi.
NW Colby (band record). RILEY COUNTY: Manhattan (Cragin, 1885:44).
RUSH COUNTY: 4 mi. S, 2%, mi. W Otis (band record). SEWARD
COUNTY: Kismet (band record). STAFFORD COUNTY: St. John (band
record). TREGO COUNTY: SW }i sec. 27, R. 23 W, T. 12 S (band record).

28 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat, Hist. Miscl. Publ.

Tadarida macrotis (Gray, 1839)

Big Free-tailed Bat

Distribution in Kansas. — Known only from Morton County; to
be looked for in any part of state ( not mapped ) .

This species occurs from northern South America northward to
the central United States (where it is known from Colorado, Iowa,
Kansas, and Oklahoma) and to British Columbia. Probably it is
migratory and certainly the center of abundance of T. macrotis
lies to the south of the United States.

A single individual of unknown sex, which was found hanging
on the inside wall of a silo 9 mi. N Elkhart in the autumn of 1950,
is the only specimen known from Kansas. In the autumn of 1951,
a female was taken 4 mi. S Elkhart, in Texas County, Oklahoma,
providing the only specimen on record from that state.

The specific name molossa was applied to this monotypic species
for some 20 years before Husson (1962) pointed out reasons ne-
cessitating return to use of the specific name macrotis.

KEY TO BATS OCCURRING IN KANSAS

The following key stresses external and easily observable dental
characteristics with the hope that it will prove useful for ready
identification of specimens in the flesh. Where cranial measure-
ments or post-canine dental formulae are mentioned, it is to be
remembered that it frequently is necessary to have a thoroughly
cleaned skull in hand in order to appreciate the differential char-
acters. When identifying bats, consult also the distribution maps
in the foregoing text. Measurements are expressed in millimeters
and are of adults; the measurement "greatest length of skull" in-
cludes incisors.

1. Tail extending conspicuously beyond free border of uropatagiiun;
anterior border of ear with six to eight homy excrescenses; lower in-
cisors bifed (Molossidae).

2. Forearm more than 55; ear when laid forward extending well be-
yond tip of nose; greatest length of skull more than 21

Tadarida macrotis, p. 28

2'. Forearm less than 48; ear when laid forward not extending beyond
tip of nose; greatest length of skull less than 18

Tadarida brasiliensis, p. 25
1'. Tail not extending conspicuously (5 at most) beyond free border of
uropatagiiun; no horny excrescenses on anterior border of ear; lower
incisors trifed ( Vespertihonidae ) .

3. Single pair of upper incisors (total of 28-32 teeth).

Bats in Kansas 29

4. Upper surface of uropatagium thickly furred; two pairs of upper
premolars ( total of 32 teeth ) .

5. Dorsal pelage hoary (dark brownish tipped with grayish
white); forearm more than 45; greatest length of skull more
than 17.5 Lasiurus cinereus, p. 20

5'. Dorsal pelage reddish orange to yellowish brown; forearm
less than 45; greatest length of skull less than 14.5

Lasiurus borealis, p. 17

4'. Upper surface of uropatagiimi naked or only thinly furred at
base; one pair of upper premolars (total of 28 or 30 teeth).

6. Dorsal pelage dark brownish [this bat superficially resembles
Myotis lucifugus]; ear less than 15 from notch; three pairs of
lower incisors (total of 30 teeth). Nycticeius humeralis, p. 21

6'. Dorsal pelage yellowish brown; ear more than 25 from
notch; two pairs of lower incisors (total of 28 teeth)

Antrozous pallidus, p. 24
3'. Two pairs of upper incisors ( total of 32-38 teeth ) .

7. Dorsal pelage blackish frosted with white or, if not, ear elon-
gate ( more than 25 from notch ) ; premolars f ( total of 36 teeth ) .

8. Upper surface of uropatagium furred proximally for a third
to a half of its length; dorsal pelage blackish frosted with
white; ear less than 15 from notch

Lasionycteris noctivagans, p. 12

8'. Upper surface of uropatagium only thinly furred at base;
dorsal pelage brownish; ear more than 25 from notch

Plecotus townsendii, p. 23

7'. Dorsal pelage not blackish frosted with white; ear less than 25
from notch; premolars J, |, or f (total of 32, 34, or 38 teeth).

9. Upper surface of uropatagium furred proximally for a third
to a half of its length; dorsal pelage pale reddish brown;
two pairs of upper premolars (total of 34 teeth)

Pipistrellus subflavus, p. 13
9'. Upper surface of uropatagium only thinly furred at base;
dorsal pelage brownish or yellowish brown; one pair or
three pairs of upper premolars (total of 32 or 38 teeth).
10. Total length usually more than 110 (average about
120); greatest length of skull more than 18; premolars
i (total of 32 teeth) Eptesicus fuscus, p. 15

10'. Total length less than 110; greatest length of skull less
than 18; premolars f (total of 38 teeth).

11. Dorsal pelage "woolly" in appearance and rela-
tively thin; forearm more than 41; greatest length
of skull more than 15.7.

12. Dorsal pelage dark grayish brown; greatest
length of skull less than 16.5

Myotis grisescens, p. 5
12'. Dorsal pelage pale brownish; greatest length

of skull more than 16.5 .... Myotis velifer, p. 11
11'. Dorsal pelage thick, not "woolly" in appearance;
forearm less than 41; greatest length of skull less
than 15.7.

30 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

13. Dorsal pelage pale yellowish brown, contrast-
ing noticeably with blackish ears and mem-
branes; forearm usually less than 33.0; hind
foot small, usually less than 8 from heel

Mijotis leibii, p. 9

13'. Dorsal pelage brownish, not contrasting no-
ticeably with ears and membranes; forearm
more than 33.0; hind foot usually more than
8 from heel.

14. Ear 16 or more from notch, when laid
forward extending well beyond tip of
nose; maxillary tooth-row more than 5.5;
mandibular tooth-row more than 6.9

Myotis keenii, p. 7

14'. Ear usually less than 15 from notch,
when laid forward not extending notice-
ably beyond tip of nose; maxillary tooth-
row less than 5.5; mandibular tooth-row
less than 6.9 Myotis lucifugus, p. 10

SPECIES OF POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE IN KANSAS

Of the bats known from the central United States that are yet
unreported from Kansas, only one, Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen,
1928, seems likely to be found in the state. M . sodalis has been re-
ported from central and southern Missouri and from northeastern
Oklahoma and is to be looked for, particularly in caves and aban-
doned mines, in the southeastern counties. Of the species of Myotis
so far reported from Kansas, M. sodalis most closely resembles M.
lucifugus, but diflFers in having tricolored (rather than bicolored)
pelage dorsally that imparts a pinkish gray or chestnut color to the
dorsum, a smaller foot, and an evident keel on the calcar.

Other species that reach the Ozark Region and possibly (but
doubtfully) will be found in southeastern Kansas are Myotis
austroriparius austroriparius (Rhoads, 1897) and Plecotus rafin-
esquii macrotis (Le Conte, 1831). Several species of Myotis (for
example, M. evotis) are known from vdthin 100 miles or so of the
western border of the state but, owing to ecological considerations,
almost certainly do not occur in Kansas.

Bats in Kansas 31

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, H.

1894. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
43:ix+ 1-198, 38 pis.

Anderson, S., and Nelson, C. E.

1958. Additional records of mammals of Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad.
Sci., 61:302-312.

Baker, A. B.

1889. Mammals of western Kansas. Trans, Kansas Acad. Sci., 11:56-58.

Baker, R. H.

1954. A hoary bat from northwestern Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
57:196.

Black, J. D.

1938. Mammals of Kansas. Kansas State Board Agric, 30th Ann, Kept.,
pp. 116-217.

Brumwell, M. J.

1951. An ecological survey of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation.
Amer. Midland Nat., 45:187-231, 6 pis.

COCKRUM, E. L.

1952. Mammals of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:1-303,
73 figs.

1956. Reproduction in North American bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
58:487-511.

Cragin, F. W.

1885. Notes on some mammals of Kansas, with a few additions to the
list of species known to inhabit the state. Bull. Washburn College
Lab. Nat. Hist., 1:42-47.

FiNDLEY, J. S., and Jones, C.

1964. Seasonal distribution of the hoary bat. Jour, Mamm., 45:461-470,
17 figs.

Fitch, J. H.

1966. Weight loss and temperature response in three species of bats in
Marshall County, Kansas. Search, Univ. Kansas Publ., 6:17-24,
2 pis.

Fleharty, E. D., and Farney, J. P.

1965. Second locality record for Myotis keeni (Merriam) in Kansas.
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 68:200.

Getz, L. L.

1961. New locality records of some Kansas mammals. Jour. Mamm.,

42:282-283.

Glass, B. P.

1959. Additional returns from free-tailed bats banded in Oklahoma.
Jour. Mamm., 40:542-545, 4 figs.

Glass, B. P., and Baker, R. J.

1965. VespertUio stibulatus Say, 1823: proposed supression under the
plenary powers (Mammalia, Chiroptera), Bull, Zool. Nomen-
clature, 22:204-205.

Glass, B. P., and Ward, C. M.

1959. Bats of the genus Myotis from Oklahoma. Jour, Mamm., 40:194-
201.

Hall, E. R.

1955. Handbook of mammals of Kansas. Miscl. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Univ. Kansas, 7:1-303, 99 figs.

32 Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Miscl. Publ.

Handley, C. O., Jr.

1959. A revision of American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:95-246, 27 figs.

Hays, H. A., and Bingman, D. C.

1964. A colony of gray bats in southeastern Kansas. Jour, Mamm., 45:
150.

HiBBARD, C. W.

1933. A revised check list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
36:240-249.

1934a. Antrozous bunkeri, a new bat from Kansas. Jour. Mamm., 15:227-

228.
1934b. Notes on some cave bats of Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 37:

235-238.
1936. Established colonies of the Mexican free-tailed bat in Kansas.

Jour. Mamm., 17:167-168.
1944. A checkhst of Kansas mammals, 1943. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,

47:61-88.

HussoN, A. M.

1962. The bats of Surinam. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 282 pp., 30 pis., 39 figs.

Janes, D. W.

1959. Echo-location failure and a late seasonal record for the red bat in
Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 62:263-264.

Jones, J. K., Jr.

1964. Distribution and taxonomy of mammals of Nebraska. Univ. Kan-
sas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:1-356, 4 pis., 82 figs.

Jones, J. K., Jr., and Downhovs^er, J. F.

1963. Second record of Myotis grisescens in Kansas. Southwestern Nat.,
8:174.

Jones, J. K., Jr., Loomis, R. B., Krutzsch, P. H., and Webb, O. L.

1952. New records of bats from northeastern Kansas, with notes on the
bat chigger, Euschongastia pipistrelli (Acarina, Trombiculidae ) .
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 55:312-314.

Kellogg, R.

MS. The mammals of Kansas .... M. A. dissertation, Univ. Kan-
sas, 241 pp., 1915.

Knox, M. V. B.

1875. Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 4:19-22.

Lantz, D. E.

1918. Notes on Kansas mammals, 1915. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 28:
241-242.

LOEViTEN, S. L.

1934. A new cestode from a bat. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 37:257-258.

Long, C. A.

1961. First record of the gray bat in Kansas. Jour. Mamm., 42:97-98.

Long, C. A., and Long, C. F.

1965. Another Brazilian free-tailed bat from northern Kansas. Jour.
Mamm., 46:518.

LooMK, R. B.

1956. The chigger mites of Kansas (Acarina, Trombiculidae). Univ.
Kansas Sci. Bull., 37:1195-1443, 49 figs.

Merriam, C. H.

1886. Description of a new species of bat from the western United
States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 4:1-4.

Bats in Kansas 33

Morse, R. C, and Glass, B. P.

1960. The taxonomic status of Antrozous bunkeri. Jour. Mamin., 41:10-
15, 2 figs.

Phillips, G. L.

1966. Ecology of the big brown bat (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae) in
northeastern Kansas. Amer. Midland Nat, 75:168-198, 4 figs.

SCHOEWE, W. H.

1949. The geography of Kansas. Part II. Physical geography. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 52:261-333, 55 figs.

TwE^fTE, J. W., Jr.

1955a. Aspects of a population study of cavern-dwelling bats. Jour.

Mamm., 36:379-390, 2 figs.
1955b. Some aspects of habitat selection and other behavior of cavern-

dwelhng bats. Ecology, 36:706-732, 14 figs.

1956. Ecological observations on a colony of Tadarida mexicana. Jour.
Mamm., 37:42-47.

Ubelaker, J. E.

1966. Parasites of the gray bat, Myotis grisescens, in Kansas. Amer.
Midland Nat, 75:199-204.

Transmitted November 7, 1966.

University of Kansas Musemn of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this
series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas, Lawrence,
Kansas.

Requests of individuals are handled instead by the Museum of Natural
History, The University of Kansas, LaviTence, Kansas. When copies are re-
quested from the Museum, the amount indicated below should be included for
the purpose of defraying some of the costs of producing, wrapping and mailing,
but nos. 6, 12, 17, 27, 36, 37 and 38 are obtainable only from the Arctic
Institute.

" 1. The Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. By E. R. Hall and Ann
Murray. Pp. 1-16, illustrated. January 5, 1946.

• 2. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. By Hobart M. Smith. Pp. 1-336,

233 figures in text. September 12, 1950.
« 3. In memoriam, Charles Dean Bunker, 1870-1948. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-11,

1 figure in text. December 15, 1951.

* 4. The University of Kansas, Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp.

1-38, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. February 20, 1952.
** 5. Prairie chickens in Kansas. By Mamice F. Baker. Pp. 1-68, 4 plates, 15 figures in
text. March 10, 1953.

6. The barren ground caribou of Keewatin. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-163, 28 figs.
October 21, 1955. Copies, paperbound, $1.50 postpaid from the Arctic Institute of
North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington D. C. 20009.

7. Handbook of mammals of Kansas. By E. RajTnond HaU. Pp. 1-303, illustrated.
December 13, 1955. Paperbound, $1.50 postpaid.

8. Mammals of northern Alaska, on the arctic slope. By James W. Bee and E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-309, frontispiece colored, 4 plates, 127 figures in text. March
10, 1956. Paperbound, $1.00 postpaid.

9. Handbook of amphfbians and reptiles of Kansas. 2nd [revised] edition. By Hobart
M. Smith. Pp. 1-356, 253 figures in text. Aprd 20, 1956. Paperbound, $1.50
postpaid.

' 10. The raccoon in Kansas. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 1-76, 4 plates, 14 figures in text.

July 6, 1956.
'11. The tree squirrels of Kansas. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 1-67, 2 plates, 10 figures

in text. August 20, 1956.
12. The mammals of Keewatin. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-94, 6 plates, 8 figures in

text, 1 map. October 26, 1956. Copies, paperbound, 75 cents postpaid from the

Arctic Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington,

D. C. 20009.

' 13. Museum of Natural History . . . University of Kansas. By Roy R. Moore and

E. R. Hall. [An unpaged, illustrated "flier," 141/2 in x 8V2 in., printed on both
sides, and folded twice.] June 1, 1957.

• 14. Vernacular names for North American mammals north of Mexico. By E. Raymond

Hall, Sidney Anderson, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Robert L. Packard. Pp. 1-16, June
19, 1957.
' 15. The ecology of bobwhites in south-central Kansas. By Thane S. Robinson. Pp. 1-84,

2 plates, 11 figures in text. September 6, 1957.

' 16. Natural history of the prairie dog in Kansas. By Ronald E. Smith. Pp. 1-36, 4
plates, 9 figures in text. June 17, 1958.

17. Birds of the Ungava Peninsula. By Francis Harper. Pp. 1-171, 6 plates, 26 figures
in text. October 15, 1958. Copies, paperbound, $2.00 postpaid from the Arctic
Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, D. C.
20009.

18. Furbearers in Kansas: A guide to trapping. By Howard J. Stains and Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 1-100, 2 plates, 13 figures in text. November 19, 1958. Paperbound,
50 cents postpaid.

» 19. Natural History Museum. By Roy R. Moore and E. R. Hall. [An unpaged,
illustrated "flier," 14% in. x 8Vi in., printed on both sides, and folded twice.] May
29, 1959.

20. Handbook of gastropods in Kansas. By A. Byron Leonard. Pp. 1-224, plates 1-11,
87 figutres in text. November 2, 1959. Paperbound, $1.00 postpaid.

21. Management of channel catfish in Kansas. By Jackson Davis. Pp. 1-56, 8 figiues
in text. November 2, 1959. Paperbound, 50 cents postpaid.

22. Hand-list of the birds of Kansas. By Richard F. Johnston. Pp. 1-6 [folded twice].
May 7, 1960.

" 23. Directory to the bird-life of Kansas. By Richard F. Johnston. Pp. 1-69, 1 figure
in text. August 31, 1960.

• 24. Natural History Museum. By Roy R. Moore and E. R. Hall. [An unpaged,

illustrated "flier," 14V^ in. x 8V^ in., printed on both sides, and folded twice.]
October 19, 1960.
25. Guide to the panorama of North American mammals. By E. Raymond Hall, et al.
Pp. 1-31, silhouettes in black and white of panorama, life-zones, and taped com-
mentary for each zone. December 15, 1960. Paperbound, 50 cents postpaid.

" Out of print.

• 26. Beaver in Kansas. By F. Robert Henderson. Pp. 1-85, illustrated. December 16,

1960.

27. Land and fresh-water mammals of the Ungava Peninsula. By Francis Harper. Pp.
1-178, plates 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 11, 1961. Paperbound, $2.00 postpaid
from the Arctic Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW,
Washington, D. C. 20009.

28. Handbook of unionid mussels in Kansas. By Harold D. Murray and A. Byron
Leoniud. Pp. 1-184, 45 plates, 42 figures. May 10, 1962. Paperbound, $1.00
postpaid.

29. Farm ponds in Douglas County, Kansas. Bv Claude E. Hastings and Frank B.
Cross. Pp. 1-21. May 17, 1962.

30. Collecting and preparing study specimens of vertebrates. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp.
1-46, 34 figures. May 21, 1962. Paperbound, 50 cents postpaid.

° 31. Natural History Museum. By Roy R. Moore and E. R. Hall. [An unpaged, illus-
trated "flier," 14V2 in. x 8^,-2 in., printed on both sides, and folded twice.] Tune 1,
1962.

* 32. The bobwhite in Kansas. By Gary Packard. Pp. 1-12, illustrated. November 16,

1962.

33. Spiders of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation and Rockefeller Ex-
perimental Tract. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-202, 104 figures in text. December
20. 1963. Paperbound, $1.00 postpaid.

34. Habits of the red fox in northeastern Kansas. By William C. Stanley. Pp. 1-31, 3
plates, 3 figures in text. December 21, 1963.

35. Natural History Museum. By Roy R. Moore and E. R. Hall. [An unpaged, illus-
trated "flier," 14y2 in. x SVs in., printed on both sides, and folded twice.] March
2, 1964.

36. Caribou Eskimos of the Upper Kazan River, Keewatin. By Francis Harper. Pp.
1-74, 10 plates. April 20, 1964. Paperbound, $1.50 postpaid from the Arctic
Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, D. C.
20009.

37. The friendly Montagnais and their neighbors in the Ungava Peninsula. By Francis
Harper. Pp. 1-120, 20 plates. April 20, 1964. Paperbound, $2.00 postpaid
from the Arctic Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue, NW,
Washington, D. C. 20009.

38. Plant and animal associations in the interior of the Ungava Peninsula. By Francis
Harper. Pp. 1-58, 7 figs., 1 map. April 20, 1964. Paperbound, 50 cents post-
paid from the Arctic Institute of North America, 1619 New Hampshire Avenue,
NW, Washington, D. C. 20009.

39. The status of deer in Kansas. By Donald D. Anderson. Pp. 1-36, 8 maps. Sep-
tember 28, 1964.

40. PubUshed writings of Edward Alexander Preble (1871-1957). By W. L. McAtee
and Francis Harper. Pp. 1-16, August 16, 1965.

41. A directory to the birds of Kansas. By Richard F. Johnston, Pp. 1-67, 1 figure.
December 6, 1965. Paperbound, 50 cents postpaid.

42. The University of Kansas Natural History Reservation in 1965. By Henry S. Fitch.
Pp. 1-60, 8 plates, 2 figures in text. December 10, 1965.

43. Names of species of North American Mammals north of Mexico. By E. Raymond
Hall. Pp. 1-16. December 10, 1965.

44. The pocket gopher in Kansas. By Jerry F. Downhower and E. Raymond Hall.
Pp. 1-32, 8 figures. October 26, 1966.

45. Handbook of fishes of Kansas. By Frank B. Cross. Pp. 1-357, 4 colored plates,
20 numbered figures, and other illustrations. April 24, 1967. Paperbound $3.50,
clothbound $5.00 postpaid.

46. The Distributional Status of Bats in Kansas. Bv J. Knox Jones, Jr., Eugene D.
Fleharty, and Patrick B. Dunnigan. Pp. 1-33, li figs. May 1, 1967.

3 2044 093 361 590

Date Due