Division _i. Section "1
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015
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THE MISSIONARY
Review of the IVorld
Vol. XLV Old Series Vol. XXXV New Series
Founded in 1878 by Editor-in-Chief, 1888 to 1911
REV. ROYAL G. WILDER, D.D. REV. ARTHUR T. PIERSON, D.D.
January to T)ecember, 1922
EDITOR DELAVAN L. PIERSON
EDITORIAL ASSOCIATES Mrs. H. W. Peabodt Mrs. E. C. Cronk
Woman's Foreign Mission Bulletin Best Methods Department
Florence E. Quinlan Woman's Home Mission Bulletin
EDITORIAL COUNCIL
Rev. Alfred Williams Anthony, D.D. Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery
Eev. A. E. Bartholomew, D.D. Eev. F. C. Stephenson, M.D.
Eev. Enoch F. Bell Florence E. Quinlan
Franklin D. Cogswell Eev. Wm. P. Schell
Eev. W. E. Doughty Eev. Mills J. Taylor, D.D.
Eev. S. G. Inman Fennell P. Turner
James E. Joy Rev. Charles L. White, D.D.
Mrs. Orrin E. Judd Robert P. Wilder
Eev. Ealph Welles Keeler, D.D. Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D.
Eev. Artley B. Parson
Copyrighted, 1922 — Published by the MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc. Third and Eeily Streets, HAEEISBUEG, PA., and 156 Fifth Avenue, NEW YOEK
Board of Directors
Robert E. Speer, President Mrs. E. C. Cronk
Wm. I. Chamberlain, Vice-President Harlan P. Beach
Walter McDougall, Treasurer Mrs. Henry W. Peabody
Delavan L. Pierson, Secretary Fleming H. Revell
Frederick L. Colver Dickinson W. Richards
Eric M. North
i
INDEX FOR 1 922
MAPS, CHARTS AND POSTERS
Page
CHINA, Distribution o£ Protestant Com- municants in 625
— National Christian Conference of 696
— Progress of Christianity in 613
— Protestant Mission Fields in 624
— Protestant Missionary Occupation of .... 621
— Protestant Missionary Occupation o£ in
1900 '. 620
Distribution of Four Principal Religions in India 272
— of Missionaries in India and Ceylon 271
Fisk University, Fifty Years Growth 460
Hebrews in America 942
Page
INDIA and Ceylon, Distribution o£ Mission-
aries in 271
— Distribution of Four Principal Religions
in 272
— Occupancy of by Subsections 278
Mass Movement Areas in India 270
Near East, The 26
— Relief 31
Negroes, Distribution of 436
Peking — Map of Mission Work 94
— Temples 961
"Triangle of Peace" 463
UNITED STATES, Hebrew Population in ... 944
PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
ABYSSINIA, Galla Woman of 785
— Protestant Coys' School at Sayo 787
— Reigning Prince of 783
Abyssinian General, An 781
AFRICA, Albino Man and Black Woman ... 718
— Boys at Bender, West, 112
Jungle, Carrying the Fever-stricken Mis- sionary Through the 956
— Native Teacher in 719
— Open Air Service in West 717
Africans Building a Church in Livingstonia. . 961
ALASKA, Preaching to Indians in Ill
Alexander, Will W 469
Alexandropol, Distributing Bread in 33
Armenian Leaders, Future 38
— Priests, Heads of 865
Batang, Feeding the Hungry at Dr. Shelton'a
Hospital 357
— Tibet 353
Belgian Gospel Mission, Children's Meeting.. 629
— Street Meeting 627
Booker T. Washington Statue 420
Brazilian Indian 893
Brown, Frank L 349
Chatterjee, Dr. K. C 286
Cheng Ching Yi 932
Children Eating in Near East Orphanage ... 34
Children's Week Posters 673
CHILE, Some Women of 883
CHINA, Granite Arch Erected In 88
— Independence Day Celebration in 704
— Man Examining Pictures 99
— Student Demonstrations 97
Chinatown, San Francisco, Christian Enter- prises in 608
Chinese Boy Scouts, Shanghai 109
— Church Built by 105
— Students Going to Preach 101
Christie, Thomas Davidson 789
COLOMBIA, How Indians Live in 897
— Unevangelized Indians of 891
Community Center, Class in 40
Constantinople, Boy Burden Bearers of .... 709
Convert of the Mission, A 959
Cross Surmounting Crescent, Jerusalem 213
Czecho-Slovak Boy Choir 113
Eskimo Children of Labrador Mission 339
Filipino Missionaries to Hawaii 807
Flsk Unlverpity, Manual Arts Department.. 461
Flag, Missionary Service Cover, January
Girls' Industrial and Educational Institute,
Free Town, W. Africa 477
Goucher. John F 877
Highlanders— Old and New Cottages 123
Highlands, Community Store in Southern ... 120
Hindu Fakir 288
Hindus Bathing In Tomple Tank 274
— Praying by the Roadside 281
Ibuka. Dr. K 633
Igorotes of Northern Luzon 808
Page
INDIA, Baptismal Service at Mungali 283
— Country Chapel and Schoolhouse 287
— Group of Convalescents ?n Mhow 129
— Hindu Temple in South 244
— Hospital at Ambala City 373
— Hospital Matron at Ambala City 667
— Mission Motor Truck in 641
— Missionaries on Tour in Zaffarival 305
— Native Pastor and Congregation 286
— Preaching in Village Bazaar 297
— Where Some Boys Live in 707
Indian Christian Convention, So. Dakota ... 110
— Fashion Revue 823
— Festival Performance 207
— Girl in Training 815
— People in Religious Procession 266
— Workers, Dr. Lewis and 371
International Missionary Union 723
Invitation of Lama to Dr. Shelton 368
JAPAN, Express Train in Modern 683
— Nurses in St. Luke's Hospital 113
Kim Ik Doo 115
Kokegolo School for Boys 666
KOREA, Kim Ik Doo 115
— Student Independence Demonstration 678
Koreans Attending Kim's Meetings 117
LABRADOR, Missionaries on Journey in ... 197
Laws, Robert, Maker of Livingstonia 957
Lewis and her Indian Workers, Dr 371
Livingstonia, A Convert of the Mission in .. 959
— Pioneering in — Crossing a River 955
Lumkin's jail, Where Virginia University
Began 458
Manila, Every Member Canvass in 809
— Protestant Episcopal Cathedral 107
— Training Camp, Bible Class at 810
McAll Automobile Evangelist 340
— Mission Boat 340
— Mission Jubilee 898
Mexican Newsboys 173
— Womanhood, One Type of 168
MEXICO, Graduating Class, Sanangel 176
Migrant Workers, Children of 193
Moravian Mission Ship, Labrador 201
Morgan Community House, Babies at 468
— for Negroes 453
Moslem Harems, Girls Rescued from 32
— Reactionaries in Persia, A Group of 962
Moton, Robert R 455
Mountaineers, Missionary Pastor Visiting .. 125
Murray, J. Lovoll 45
Near East Children dressed for Church 35
— Relief Emblems 7
Negro Cabin, Typical Old Stylo 430
— Christian Community House, Cleveland .. 44S
— Home of Thrifty Southern 440
— In America Yesterday and Today, The .. 430
— Methodist Church, Philadelphia 447
— Progress, Symbol of 43S
— Savings Bank, Interior of 439
II
ni
Pago
— Women, School for 457
Negroes, Church in Detroit Purchased by ..451
Newspaper Evangelism Library 689
Olivet Church Kindergarten 467
Open Air Service at Batanga, W. Africa 717
Pandita Ramabai, Last Portrait of 697
Peking Rescue Home, Inmates of 100
• PERSIA, A Modern Caravanserai 541
— A Group of Moslem Reactionaries in 962
— A Sufferer in 548
— Caravan of Dr. Speer and Party 639
Persian Moslem in Meshed District 637
Persians Rescued by Near East Relief 649
— A Group of Modern Educated 962
PHILIPPINES, A Flagellant 804
— Carabao Sled 802
— Gymnastic Drill 801
— Protestant Episcopal Cathedral in 107
— Modern Travel in 803
— Roman Catholic Parade in the 808
— The Open Bible 806
— Tree Worship in the 772
Ramabai, Her Daughter and Child Widows . 703
Rumanian Country Boy, A 706
Russian Children at Lunch , 189
— Children in Book Binding Class 191
Sadhu Sundar Singh 291
Sailors, Group of Christian 127
Sand Map of Africa 576
Scouts, Trained in Near East 37
Service Flag, Missionary Cover, January
Page
Alexander, Will W 469
Archer, John Clark SS-i
Baker, Benson 297
Beach, Harland P 93, 619, 955
Berry, George T 367
Bishop, Mary Lathrop 745
Bleckwell, Mrs. E. A 900
Borton, Mrs. J. Harvey 400, 748
Brain, Belle M 289
Brockaw, Harvey 689
Brown, Charlotte H 484
— George William 265
Browning, W. E 891
Burgess, Paul 205
Burroughs, Nannie H 454
Cady, George L 607
Chapell, Harriet 193
Clark, Franklin J 107
Cogswell, Franklin D 483
Conning, John Stuart 943
Cory, Abram E 351
Crane, Helen Bond 315
Cronk. Mrs. E. P. 46, 56
131, 216, 306, 389, 488, 569, 643, 737, 818, 899, 980
Curtis, Mary Carr 829
Dan, Takuma 118
Darrow, B. H 977
Davis, Jerome 189
Deck, Northcote 881
Doughty, Wm. E 31
Duncan-Clark, S. J 62
Edmonds, Florence 490
Eddy, George W 974
Erdman, Charles R 613
Fahs, Charles H 877
Ferguson, Henrietta H 723
Fish, Milton R 821
Fisher, Isaac 441
— Miles B 398
Fleming, D. J 384
Forder, Archibald 212
Fulton, A. A 101
Gandier, Alfred 44
Garland, J. D 978
Gibson, Julia R 813
Goheen, R. H. H 385
Gollock, G. A 797
Gordon, David R 641
Hall, Ernest F 393, 646
Hamilton, Charles R 801
— J. Taylor 197
Hannum, William H 275
Harlow, S. Ralph 863
Harrison, Paul 527
Haymaker, E. H 209
Page
Sewer System of Peking 93
Shanghai Harbor, Panoramic View of 634
Shelton on his Favorite Mule, Dr 357
Sing, Bishop 108
Smyrna, Before Burning by Turks 852
— Christian Girls in 863
— Group of Students in 864
— International College Campus st>o
SOLOMON ISLANDS, Christian Chief and
Missionary 565
— Raw Heathen in 563
— War Causes in 561
— Young Men at Drill 567
Spelman Seminary, School for Negro Women 457 St. Augustine's Industrial School, North
Carolina 112
Students of Union Christian Colleges 654
Tarsus, St. Paul's Collegiate Institute 791
TIBET, View of Batang 352
Tibetan Border Bandits 351
— Lama and Dr. Shelton 355
— Sunday School 354
Tiruvamali, Hindu Temple 244
Tokyo, Sunday School Parade, 685
Tsing Hua College Auditorium 531
Turkish Barbarity, Sample of 865
Tuskegee Institute, Commencement at 430
Virginia Union University 459
Williams' Church in Chicago, Dr. Lacy 466
World Student Conference, Delegates 537
World's Christian Student Conference, Peking 517
Page
Hayne, Coe 464
Hill, Charles B 644
— Leslie P 907
Hodge, Margaret E 986
Hovey, George R 824
Hudnut, William H 717
Inman, Samuel Guy 179
Jensen, Andre 377
Jones, Eugene K 479
Kelley, John Bailey 138
Kingsley, Harold M 473
Kirschner, Carrie 900
Lambie, Tom 781
Lee, William Porter 640
Lerrigo, P. H. J 203
LeSourd, Gilbert Q 54, 818
Leverich, Mrs. Henry 491
Little, John 738
Long, I. S 280
McKenzie, F. A 457
McKibben, Frank M 889
Miller, Kelly 476
Mills, John Nelson 115
M'Kinsey, Folger 989
Montgomery, Helen Barrett 905
Nassau, Robert Hamill 639
Norton, Mrs. Ralph C 627
Peabody, Mrs. H. W 55, 576, 653 , 827 985
Penn, I. Garland 446
Polhemus, Sarah 909
Quinlan, Florence E 52
137, 223, 312, 397, 483, 578, 650. 745, 824, 906, 987
Russell, F. H 381
Schmelz, Mrs. H. L 743
Scott, Charles R 705
— Emmett J 612
Scudder, Lewis R 301
Searle, Robert W 888
Sears, Chas. H 39
Shimizu, Sojiro 694
Smith, Florence E 883
Sparham, C. G. 952
Speer, Robt. E. . .19, 255, 359 , 538. 632, 711, 867, 962
Spence, F. H 552
Spencer, David S 683
Stacev. Hubprt G 127
Vennllye, Elizabeth B 223
Vickery, Kate Campbell 696
Vickers, Charlotte E 53
Waid, Eva C 819
Wallace, Mrs. William 173
Washington. Mrs. Booker T 741
Weatherford, W. D 737
Wenrick, Lewis A 811
Wilder, Robert P 970
AUTHORS
IV
Page
Wheen, John G 661
Wherry, E. M 283
Wightnian, Robert S 120
Page
Wilder, R. P 530
Winsborough, Mrs. W. C 740
Work, Monroe N 431
ARTICLES AND NEWS
(Subjects marked (a) are three pages or more
and others are Page
ABYSSINIA, Pioneering in, Tom Lambie (a) 781
— Slavery in 408
Achievements of Christian Missions in India,
E. M. Wnerry taj i83
— of One Hundred Vears (a) Franklin J.
Clark 107
Advertising and Registration Day (b) Mrs.
Henry Leverich 492
Aeroplane, Mail Orders by 490
— Preacher in 414
AFGHANISTAN, Teachers for 500
AFRICA, A Lost Opportunity 148
— Another Kikuyu Conference bati
— Belgian Missions in 236
— Breaking with Idolatry 148
— Building a Church in (a) William. H.
Hudnut 717
— Candidates for Church Membership 603
— Chief an Inquirer 916
— Chief's Appeal for Schools 407
— Chiefs at Church Convocation 604
— Chiefs Hostile to Christianity 236
— Christians Stand Firm 916
— Decision on Native Labor 330
— Inland Mission, The 662
— Lost Opportunity 604
— Lutheran Missions in Bast 833
— Mass Movement in 71
— Mass Movement Perils 832
— Missions Help Commerce 239
— Moslem Progress in 329
— Moslems in South 601
— Nyasaland Convention 998
— Portuguese Hostility 686
— Power of a Changed Life 833
— Senussl Order Destroyed 662
— Sunday Schools in South 663
— Swiss Missions in 833
— The Blank in the Text 407
— Three Hundred Converts 71
— U. P. Church Proposed for South 71
— What Converts Give up 408
— Y. M. C. A. Secretary for 149
African Chief Builds a Church 235
— Christian Lady, An 663
— Christians, Courage of 833
— Commandments, Native 757
— Demand for Books 999
— King, Baptism of 237
— Pastors, Native 686
Alntab, Resuming Work in 600
Air Mail over Desert 324
ALASKA 908
— Christian Cooperation In 667
— Mission Damaged in 763
Alaskan Leaders 914
Aleppo, New Church in 230
ALGERIA, Newspaper "Ads" in 998
All of Us (poem) Folger M'Kinsey 989
AMERICA and the Turks (b) 853
— Biggest Business In 328
— Buddhism In 993
— Indian Population in 993
— Jewish Situation in (a) John Stuart
Conning 943
— Orientals in 994
American Church Census for 1921 (b) 253
— Christians and Oriental Students 937
— Jewish Population 162
Anti-Christian Movement in China (b) 597
— Papal Organization 669
— Peyote Legislation 914
Appeal to Christians, Hindu 999
Paul Harrison 527
Arab Hospital, A Spiritual Clinic in an, (a)
— Surgery 833
Arctic Circle, A Mission in the (a) F. H.
Spence 552
ARGENTINA. Motor Car reportage in .... 2"fi
Argentine S. S. Convention 154
ARMENIA, Awaiting Opportunity In 66
Armenians again In Danger 146
Armenians Flee from Cilicia 324
in length ; those marked (b) are one page, short items.)
Page
ASIA, Wanted— Christian Women Leaders in
(b) 936
Assiut, Waiting List at 147
Atlanta, First Church in Prison in 992
AUSTRALIA, An Appeal from 663
— and Elsewhere. Church Union in (b) .... 678
AUSTRIA, "Christocrats" in 498
Austrian Protestant Orphans 842
Awakening of the Women of Chile (a)
Florence E. Smith 883
Bahaiism Dies, Leader of ♦ 145
Baptists, Foreign Speaking 237
Basel Mission in Kamerun 686
— Industries 64
Bataks, Among the 329
Belgian Eagerness for the Bible 684
— Missions in Africa 236
— Protestants 410
BELGIUM, Feeding Hungry Souls in (a)
Mrs. R. C. Norton 627
Berea's Work for Mountaineers 68
Berlin Mission, Reorganization of 228
Best Methods, Mrs. E. C. Cronk
46, 131, 216, 306, 389, 488, 569, 643, 737, 818 , 899, 980 Bible Anniversary, Plans for 760
— as a Newspaper Serial 581
— Begging for 1001
— Belgian Eagerness for the 684
— Bindings, Poison in 844
— by Radio, The 761
Bible, Influence of the 1001
— in Modern Greek Forbidden 229
— League for India, A 1000
— Reading, Greek Opposition to 684
— Study in Prison 835
— Union, A New 69
Bibles in Phonetic Script 233
— in Russia, Demand for 412
Bitter Opposition in Brazil (a) By Andre
Jensen 377
Bolshevism, Russian Church and 151
Booth on Prohibition, Commander 992
Boy Scouts in India 317
BORNEO, Pioneering in 73
Boys of the World, The (a) Charles R.
Scott 706
ington 741
— World Conference for 990
Boys, Community Goal for 988
Boys' Pig Club Day, A, Mrs. Booker T. Wash- BRAZIL, A Japanese Missionary to 760
— A Sunday School in 911
— Baptist Progress in 911
— Bitter Opposition in (a) By Andre Jensen 377
— Papal Warning in (b) 15
— Secretary Hughes in 994
— Sunday Schools in 62
Brazilian Endeavorers 994
British-Afghan Treaty 323
— Isles, Revivals in the 249
— Mission Boards, Work of (a) G. A. Gollock 797
Brown. Frank L 347
Buddhism in America 993
Buddhists Define Salvation 1004
Budget of $14,500,000, A 69
Building a Church in Africa (a) William H.
Hudnut 717
BULGARIA, Religious Education in 151
BURMA, A Leper's Sacrifice 755
— A Self-made Man 1000
— Census Figures from 999
— S. S. Union 68
Cairo, Ragged Sunday Schools In 585
— University, Building for 409
— University, Growth of 147
Calcutta, Two Scenes in 231
Canadian School of Missions (b) Alfred
Gandler *4
Canal Zone, The Church on the 760
Canterbury Pilgrim, Notes from, Mrs. H. W.
Peabody 827
Carey's Mission House 841
V
Page
Catholic, America not Turning 237
Census for 1921, American Church 253
— Figures from Burma 999
CENTRAL AMERICA, Progress in 154
— Roman Church in 325
Cheng Ching Yi, a Chinese Christian Leader,
C. G. Sparham (a) 952
Chicago House of Refuge 238
CHILE, Awakening of the Women of (a)
Florence E. Smith 883
— Temperance in 227
— Y. W. C. A. in 227
Chilean Northfield, A 683
CHINA, A Christian Statesman 404
— A Governor's Proclamation 688
— A New Industrial Mission 1003
— A Missionary Dog 836
— A Prison Convert 502
— An Unselfish Philanthropist 661
— Anti-Christian Movement in (b) 597
— Bible Union, Meeting of 836
— Business Men in 404
— Call from Yunnan 320
— Christian Governor in Shensi 69
— Club House for Women 141
— Confusion and Distress of (a) Robert E.
Bpeer 19
— Experiences with Bandits 405
— Famine Fund 140
— Forward Movements in South (a) A. A.
Fulton 101
— General Wu's Gift 753
— Gov. Feng in Shensi 319
— Hair Net Schools 233
— Heart Cleaning Society 660
— Home Missions in 920
— Influence of the Bible 1001
— Japanese Christians in 602
— Kiao-Chau to be Restored 1001
— Latest News from Gen. Feng 837
— Merchants Welcome Christians 920
— Mission School and Modern House 661
— Moral Effects of Famine 140
— National Christian Conference of (a)
Charles R. Erdman 613
— National Christian Council of (b) 599
— Our Opportunity in 920
— Overcrowded Schools 233
— Present Opium Problem 405
— Progress in Church Union 835
— Purity Campaign in Canton ' 1002
— Recruiting for the Ministry 589
— Restored by Prayer 1001
— Southern Presbyterian's Letter to 681
— Stirring Scenes at Paotingfu 589
— Student Influence in 142
— The Christian Occupation of (a) Harlan
P. Beach 619
— The Improved Outlook in (b) 524
— The Swatow Typhoon 1002
— Union Language School 319
— Union University Proposed 763
— Unwanted Baby Girls 141
— Vacation Schools in 68
— Visit from a Diplomat 660
— Woman's Progress in (b) 423
China's Education Problem 501
— Path to Peace 680
— Present Need 601
Chinatown, San Francisco, Missions in (a)
George L. Cady 607
Chinese American Friendship, Cementing (b) 87
— Captors, Escape from 405
— Christian Athletes 141
— Christians, Activities of 501
— Christian Leader, Cheng Ching Yi, A,
C. G. Sparham (a) 952
— Church, Women in the 919
— City, Secrets of (a) Harlan P. Beach 93
— Conference, National 403
— Home Mission Efforts 403
— in Ottawa 327
— Lip Reading in 232
— Renaissance, The 140
— Soldiers. Religion of 319
— Woman, The New 404
— Womanhood, Freedom for 140
— Woman's Business, A 141
Chosen Christian College, Growth of 322
Christian Endeavor in Portugal 759
Page
— Fellowship Movement 580
— Fundamentals League 761
— Leadership, India's Need for (a) F. H.
Russell 381
— Occupation of China, The (a) Harlan P.
Beach 615
— Service, A Student Fellowship for (b) .. 260
— Women, Training for 761
Christianity in Action, John Little 738
— in Japan, Takuma Dan (bj lid
Christmas, Best Methods for, Mrs. E. C.
Cronk 980
Christie, An Appreciation of Dr. Thos. D. (a) 788
"Christocrats" in Austria 498
Church and National Problems, The 92
— Growth, Comparative 919
— Survey of St. Louis 328
— Union in Australia and Elsewhere (b) .. 518
— Union Progress in 835
Churches in Needy Places, New 665
Citizens, Our Indian 496
C. M. S. Retrenchment 918
Colleges, A Visit to Women's Lmion Curis-
tian, By Margaret Hodge 98o
Colored Women, Summer Conferences for, Mrs. W. C. Winsborough 740
— Y. M. C. A. Conference 153
Colportage in Argentina, Motor Car 226
Congo Missionary Conference (a) P. H. J.
Lerrigo 202
— Prophet Movement, The 329
Conference for Boys, World 990
Cooperation Among Home Mission Executives 90
— Among Independent Missions (b) 773
— Between White and Colored Women (b)
Charlotte H. Brown 484
Coptic Sunday Schools 147
Council of Nanking, Church 501
— of Women for Home Missions 312
CUBA, American Interest in 668
— Conditions in 226
— Material and Religious Progress in 170
— Revival in 412
Czech Break from Rome, The 63
Czecho-Slovak Church 996
CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Church in 63
— Family Prayers In 584
— Needs of 843
— News from 768
— Religious Revival in 13
Danish Missions 150
— Women's Work 843
Day of Prayer for Missions 908
DEATHS —
— Bennett, Miss Belle H 764
— Butler, Mrs. John W. of Mexico 73
— Gates, Rev. Lorin S 1005
— Gift'en, Dr. John of Cairo 606
— Goucher, Dr. John F. of Baltimore 764
— Gulick, Rev. William H 764
— Hayter, Mrs. James 1024
— Kinnear, Mr. James W 1005
— Pandita Ramabai 606
— Post, Mrs. Sarah R 1024
— Powar, Sunderbai of India 330
— Robinson, Bishop John E. of India 330
— Searle, Robert W 844
— Shelton, A. L. of Tibet 330
— Smith, Mrs. W. E. of W. China 764
— Wright, Frank Hall 844
Demand and Supply, the Missionary, Robert
P. Wilder (a) 970
Democracy in India, True and False 8
Denominational Promotion of Mission Work
(b) 775
— Reorganization (b) 517
Denominations Give, How 413
Detroit, Michigan, Mosque Abandoned in 992
Disciples' Annual Convention 911
Disciples, Evangelism among the 413
Doctrinal Declaration, One Society's (b) .. 857
Dollar Day, December 9, 1922 985
Education Problem, China's 501
— Perils of Secular 1005
— White and Colored 61
Educational Commission Report 920
EGYPT, A Poisoner Baptized 757
— Eager for Knowledge 756
— Politics and Missions in 520
— Sunday-schools in ,,. 998
— The New Woman in 91$
VI
Page
— Wife Beating in 503
Egyptian Independence and Missions 343
— independence, Outlook for 141
Ellis Island, Making over 413
Endeavorers, Brazilian 994
ENGLAND, Crime in 410
— Mormon Propaganda in 410
— Religious Life in 995
— The Gospel in a Synagogue in 995
Enver Pasha Killed ..830
Episcopal Missionary Budget 761
Eskimos of the Labrador Coast (a) By J.
Taylor Hamilton 197
— Self-Governing 763
Etivani and His Wives (b) R. H. Nassau .. 639 EUROr-E. Churches Need Help 758
— Through the Children, Christianizing .... 62
— Young Life Campaign 149
European Protestants, Conference of (b) .. 859 Evangelism in Malaya 67
— in New York, Open Air 838
— Organized New York 580
— vs. Education in India (b) 780
Every Day Problems, Solving, Mrs. E. C.
Cronk 899
i^veryland Babies, Mrs. E. C. Cronk 982
Factories, Girls in Japanese 406
Faith Healing Among the Maoris 605
Famine Relief Methods 69
Federation of Women's Boards, Annual Meet- ing of (b) By Helen B. Crane 315
— Progress of Church 412
Fellowship of Christian Social Order 666
Fight for Life in the Near East, The (a)
William E. Doughty 31
Filipino Pastors. Future 679
— Students, Reaching 1004
— Teachers 238
Filipinos, Largest Church for 328
Finnish Mission Work 64
— Missionary Society, The 843
Foreign Born in America. Increase of 344
— Mission Beards in Conference (b) S9
— Missions to Home Church, Presenting 389
Foreign Mission Bulletin, Woman's, Mrs.
Henry W. Peabody 985
Foreigner, The Soul of the (a) Charles H.
Sears 39
FORMOSA, Paul Kanamori in 323
— Self-Support in 73
Forward Movements in South China (a) A.
A. Fulton 101
FRANCE, For the Children of 149
— Protestant Progress in 9
French Bible Institute. New 228
— Churches, Conditional Gift to 63
— Churches, Resuscitating 171
— Missionary Activity 227
— Protestant Courage 62
— Protestants. Helping 842
Friends' Work in Russia 499
Fundamentals League, Christian 761
Furlough. I'se and Misuse of the Missionary
(b) Chas. B. Hill 644
Furloughs Worth While, Making (b) Ernest
F. Hall 646
Gandhi, Estimates of 587
— on India's Need 144
Gandhi's Advice to Missionaries 754
GarretsvUle, Ohio. Getting Together in,
George W. Eddy (a) 974
Gates, Rev. Lorin S 1005
Geisha Girls. Freedom for 1""^
German Church. New Rules of the 228
— Foreign Missions at Home 915
— Free Church Movement 759
— Missionaries 500
— Missions in Palestine 65
— Missions in South Africa 71
GERMANY, Church Progress in 842
Getting Together in Garretsville, Ohio,
George W. Eddy (a) ^4
Gifts, One Denomination's 163
Girls, Community Goal for
— School. A Promising MJ™
Giving, Systematic 912
Gospel by Radio, The gg
— in Nias, The »"5
Goucher, Missionary Educator, John IF. (a)
Charles H. Faha 877
Greek Opposition to Bible Reading 584
Page
— Church, Changes in 996
— Patriarch, The New 917
Gregorians, Request from 659
Growth of Religious Liberty in Persia, The
(a) Robert E. Speer 632
— of Religious Tolerance in Persia (a) Robert
E. Speer 711
GUATEMALA, Church Politics in 583
— Henry Strachan Stoned in 325
— Indians of 226
— Revolution and Revival in 17
— Sentenced to Hear a Sermon 667
— Since the Earthquake (a) E. H. Haymaker 209
Gypsies, Transformed 232
HAITI, An Appeal for 582
— The Challenge of 496
HAWAII, Japanese-American Movement in 345
Hayter, Mrs. James 1024
Hebrew Christian Synagogue 495
— Mission, Chicago 328
Hindrances to Christianity in India (a) I.
S. Long 280
Hindu Appeal to Christians 999
Hindu on Christianity, A 834
— Sadhu's' Prophecy 587
Holy Places — Moslem and Christian (a) S.
Ralph Harlow 863
Home Field. Recruiting for 152
— Mission Executives, Cooperation Among . 90 Home Mission Bulletin, Woman's, Florence
E. Quinlan 987
Hong Kong, Slave Girls of 837
Hughes in Brazil, Secretary 994
Hungarian Protestants in America 913
Hungarians Join Episcopalians 60
Igabos, Mass Movement among 237
Immigrant Problem, Move to Solve 150
Immigrants, For Protestant 991
Immigrants, Our Protestant 913
— School for 327
INDIA, A Missionary Martyr 919
— A Christian College 999
— Achievements of Christian Missions in (a)
E. M. Wherry 283
— A Bible League for 1000
— Among the Santals 1000
— and the Way Out, Darkest (b) 246
— as a Mission Field (a) George W. Brown 265 V— Bible Study in Prison 835
— Boy Scouts in 317
— Rrotherhood in 232
* — Christianity's Place in 753
— Church in Tinnevelly 68
— Church Union Movements in (a) Lewis R.
Scudder 301
— Fating Carrion 835
— Evangelism vs. Education in (b) 780
— Fashion Revue, An 821
— German Missionaries in 500
— Government Grants and Mission Schools . 317
— Hindrances to Christianity in (a) I. S.
Long 280
— Hungering after Righteousness 402
— Important Facts About 273
— Influences at Work in (b) 428
— Life of a Lady Doctor in (a) 371, 555
— T.^rd Reading's T^pssage QO*
— Maharajah's Tribute 660
— Motor Truck Mission Work in (b) D. R.
Gordon 641
— New Christian Settlement 764
— Mission, A New 1003
— Population 993
— Prinre of Wales and Christians 587
— Prohibition Progress in 402
— Prophecy about 264
— Religious Education in 145
— Religious Rites and the Law 318
— Religious Self-Government in 806
— Remarkable Mass Movements in (a) Ben-
son Baker 297
— Pfmcily for Discontent in (b) (W*
— Righting Wrongs 10 Women 834
— Santals Discuss Christianity 145
— Teacher Training in 403
— The Future of 660
— The Mission of Medicine in (a) R. H. H.
Goheen 385
— the Study of, John Clark Archer 983
— The Teacher's Opportunity In (b) D, J.
Fleming 384
VII
Page
— The Women of (a) Julia R. Gibson 813
— Today, Politics and Missions in (I, II)
(a) Robert E. Speer 255, 359
— True and False Democracy in 8
— Unoccupied Regions of (a) William H.
Hannum 275
Indian Children on Tour 67
— Christianity, Progress of (b) 856
— Christians and Missions 402
— Christian's Views on Politics 659
— Church and Missionaries, The 659
— Church, Race Question in 501
— Conferences, Declarations of 249
— Customs in the Church 402
— Home Missionary, An 918
— Potlatch, The 762
— Survey Completed, American 414
Indians, Great Need of American (b) Rob- ert W. Searle 888
— In Nevada, Neglected 496
— of Guatemala 226
— Work Among American, Florence E.
Quinlan 650
India's Christian Sadhu, Sundar Singh (a) Belle M. Brain 289
— Need for Christian Leadership (a) F. H.
Russell 381
Indo-China, Beginnings in 753
Industrial Order, Christian 656
Influences at Work in India (b) 423
International Missionary Union, Annual Con- ference (a) 723
Interpreting Christ to Japanese in New York
(b) Sojiro Shimizu 694
Inter-Racial Cooperation 906
— Cooperation, Progress in (a) W. W. Alex-
ander 469
— Methods, Practical 737
— Work, Women's 60
IRELAND, Religious War in 842
Islam, Converts from 231
ITALY, Church at Fiume Reorganized 325
— Fellowship With 656
— Papal Opposition in 228
— Protestant Progress in 411
— Signs of Spiritual Hunger m (b) 602
JAPAN, A Grateful Mother 921
— A Great Memorial Fund 751
— "A School of Great Learning" 837
— Advertising Christianity 70
— and the Old Gospel, New (a) David S.
Spencer 683
— Answered Prayer in 320
— A Promising Girls' School 1003
— Christian Ideas in 320
— Cooperation Increasing 405
— Doubling Church Membership 662
— Every Student a Christian 662
— Freedom for Geisha Girls 1003
— Influential Church Members 320
— Kimura's Work Among Students 321
— Liberal Movement in 233
— Missions and Social Service in (b) 678
— National Christian Conference, The 777
— New Standards in 143
— Newspaper Evangelism in (a) Harvey
Brokaw 689
— Only Christians Wanted 921
— Paul Kanamori's Campaign 752
— Peace Movement ir. 321
— Preaching to Railway Employees 503
— Public Recognition of Christianity 502
— Sunday Officially Recognized 321
— The Gospel in Prison 234
— The Lighted Cross 752
— The Power of the Word 751
— The Printed Message in (b) 778
— The White Slave Trarnc 751
Japanese-American Movement in Hawaii (b) 345
— Christians in China 502
— Evangelists, Conference of 234
— Factories, Girls in 406
— Girls Think, What 234
— in Brazil 412
— in New York. Interpreting Christ to (b)
Sojiro Shimizu 694
— Leaders, Training 321
— Missionary to Brazil, A 760
— Missionary Activity 329
— Student's View of America (b) 215
— Tribute, A 590
Page
— View of Christianity in Japan (b) Ta-
kuma Dan 118
— Woman, Modern 234
JAVA, Mohammedans in 921
Jew and the Christian, God, the, J. L.
Garland (a) 978
Jewish Situation in America (a), John Stuart
Conning 943
Judaism Decadent in New York 991
Kanamori's Campaign, Paul 752
Kemalists, Missions and the 658
Kiao-Chau to be Restored 1001
Kimura's Work Among Students 321
Kinnear, Mr. James W 1005
KOREA, Appointing a Missionary 503
— Baron Saito on 143
— Better Conditions in (b) 14
— Cause of Changes in (a) John Nelson
Mills 115
— Centenary Campaign in 144
— Christian Sign in 322
— Eager Millions 1004 .
— New Life in Pyeng Yang 70
— Results in 322 •
— Social Problems in 407 \
— Spiritual Life in 838
— Sunday School Advance in 752
— Sunday School Growth in 407
— Sunday School in 235
— Transformed Lives 590
Korean Missionary, A 68
— Forward Movement 100V
— Women Organize 406~
Ku Kim's Conversion 505
LABRADOR Coast, Eskimos of (a) J. Tay- lor Hamilton 197
— Mission Burned 61
Lahore, A Christian College 999
LATIN-AMERICA, Hopeful Signs in 346
— Real Problem in (a) Paul Burgess 205
— Unoccupied Fields of (a) W. E. Browning 891 Laws, Robert, Maker of Livingstonia, Har- lan P. Beach (a) 955
Laymen's Movement, Resuscitating the (b) 425 Legitimate Ambitions of the Negro (a) Nan- nie H. Burroughs 454
LIBERIA, Religious Sects in 235
Liverpool, Chinese Missions in 149
Livingstonia, Robert Laws, Maker of, Har- lan P. Beach (a) 955
Lutheran Missions in East Africa 833
MADAGASCAR, Christian Endeavor in 587
Magyar Presbyterian Church 60
Malagasy, Reaching the Young 916
MALAYA, Evangelism in 67
Manila S. S. Workers Unite 921
— Union Seminary for mi
Mandates, Missionaries and 990
Maoris, Faith Healing Among 505
Mass Movement Perils 832
— Movements in India, Remarkable (a)
Benson Baker 297
McAll Mission, Half a Century of the (a) George T. Berry 367
— Jubilee, The 898
Mechanics vs. Dynamics 169
Medicine in India, The Mission of (a) R.
H. H. Goheen 385
Memorial Chapel at Nowgong 67
Mennonites to Enter Mexico 226
MESOPOTAMIA, The Need of (b) 677
Methodist Results, Southern 581
— World Program 152
Methodists in Rome 656
Methods for Literature Circulation, Mrs. E.
C. Cronk 56
Mexican Student Volunteers 325
Mexicans, Chapel Car for 582
MEXICO, Persecution in 759
— A Better Outlook in (b) 938
— Present Outlook in (a) Mrs. Wm. Wallace 173 Migrant Workers on Farms and in Canneries
(a) Harriet Chapell 193
Migrants, Among Farm and Cannery 9 7
Mission Funds, D. M. Stearns 496
— in the Arctic Circle, A (a) F. H. Spence 552
— of Medicine in India (a) R. H. H. Goheen 385
— Work, Denominational Promotion of (b). 775 Missionaries at Home 912
— Better Care of 665
VIII
Page
Missionary and the Message, The (b) 62J
— Conference, Charlotte E. Vickers 53
— Demand and Supply, The, Robert P.
Wilder (a) 970
— Education Conferences, .'At the, G. Q.
LeSourd 818
— Education in Sunday School 398
— Money Wasted 922
— Opportunity of Christmas, The 980
— Unions, Two Active 137
Missions, Washington Conference and (b) .. 167 Mohammedan Converts, Interviews with (a)
R. E. Speer 867
Mohammedans, A Prayer for 796
— in Java 921
— Liberal 830
Monastir, Report from 684
Moody Bible Institute, The 666
Moravian Bi-centenary, The 495, 656
— Bi-Centennial 229
Mormon Propaganda in England 410
— New Phase of (a) 2i3
— Secret Temples &tl
Mormonism — A Report 746
MOROCCO, Native Christians in Peril 998
Moslem and Christian, Holy Places (a) S.
Ralph Harlow 863
— Convert, Notable 66
— Lands, Signs of the Times in (a) 27
— Recipe for the Turk, A (b) 817
— Unrest in Islands 504
Moslems, Accessibility of Persian, Robert E.
Speer (a) 962
— Beginning to Think 230
— God's Call to Work for 755
— of Palestine, Reaching the (b) A. Forder 212 Mosque Abandoned, Michigan 992
— in Paris, A 995
Mother's Prayer, A (Poem) 222
Motor Truck Mission Work in India (b)
D. R. Gordon 641
Mountain Problem, Southern (a) Robert S.
Wightman 120
Mountaineers, Berea's Work for 68
— of Tennessee, Teaching the (a) Lewis A.
Wenrick 811
Nanking, Church Council of 601
Narcotic Traffic, Blow to 667
Nassau, Dr. Robert Hamill, William P. Lee.. 640
National Baptist Convention, The 604
Navajo Children, Neglect of 914
Near East, Fight, for Life in the (a) Wil- liam E. Doughty 31
— Relief, Task of 997
Negro Americans (b) George R. Hovey 824
— An Asset or Liability (b) 421
— Education, Practical Ideals for (a) F. A.
McKenzie 457
— Education that Paid, Coe Hayne (a) .... 464
— Efforts for Betterment 494
— In America, The (b) F. D. Cogswell 483
— In American Life, Place of the (a) Isaac
Fisher 441
— Population, Shift of 839
— Religious and Social Life, The (a) I.
Garland Penn 447
— Rural Schools 494
— School, Important 494
— Sunday-School Conferences 993
— View of the White Man (a) H. M. Kings-
ley 473
— Wants, What the, Emmett J. Scott 612
Negroes, Institute for 913
— North and South — A Contrast (a) Eugene
K. Jones 479
— Spiritual Capacity of 495
— Theological Training for 495
— Who Have Made Good 61
Negroes' Work at Home and Abroad (a)
Kelly Miller 476
Negro's Chance for Education 494
NEW GUINEA, Magic in 72
— Superstition In 579
NEW HEBRIDES Christians 72
New York, Judaism Decadent in 991
Newspaper Evangelism In Japan (a) Harvey
Brokaw 689
— "Ads" in Algeria 998
Nlas, The Gospel In 505
NICARAGUA, Education In 841
NIGERIA, Christians Win their Case 685
Nigerian Women, Training 236
Page
Nyasaland Convention 998
Ohio, The Church Situation in, B. H. Darrow
(a) 977
Orientals in America 994
— Students, American Christians and 937
Opium Problem, Present 405
PALESTINE as it is Today 409
— and Syria, the Outlook in (b) 933
— German Missions in 65
— Mandate, The 831
— More Missions Not Needed in 831
— Reaching the Moslems of (b) A. Forder.. 212
— The Future of the Holy Land 997
— The British in 917
— Zionist Position in 658
PANAMA, Children's Home in 61
— Moral Forces in 840
Papal and Protestant Activity 682
— Methods in India 318
— Opposition in Italy 228
— Warning in Brazil, A (b) 15
PAPUA, Missionary Success in 414
— Picture Preaching in 664
PARAGUAY'S Leaders, Training 412
Paris, A Mosque in 995
Peking, Student Conference in 318
— World's Christian Students at (a) Robert
P. Wilder 530
PERSIA, Encouraging Contrasts in 146
— Growth of Religious Liberty in (a) R. E.
Speer 632
— Growth of Religious Tolerance in (a)
Robert E. Speer 711
— Harvest after Many Years 409
— Less Bigotry in 146
— New Eyes and a New Heart 756
— The Poverty of (a) R. E. Speer 538
Persian Missionary, A 832
Persian Moslems, Accessibility of, (a) Rob- ert E. Speer 9R'i
PERU, New Hospital at Lima 326
— Religious Question in (a) S. G. Inman .. 179 PHILIPPINES, Gov. Wood on the 72
— Yesterday and Today in the (a) Charles
R. Hamilton 801
— Perils of Secular Education 1^05
Phonetic Script, Bibles in 233
Pioneering in Abyssinia (a) Tom Lambie .. 781 Pitfalls for the Unwary, Helen Barrett
Montgomery 905
Poems to Use in Mission Study, Leslie P.
Hill 907
POLAND, Methodist Mission in 758
— Religious Clash in 63
— Religious Liberty in 916
Policemen as Missionaries 839
— Organized Christian 839
Politics and Missions in India Today (a)
(I, II) Robert E. Speer 255, 359
PORTUGAL, Christian Endeavor in 759
Portuguese East Africa 409
Post, Mrs. Sarah R 1024
Poverty of Persia, The (a) R. E. Speer 538
Practical Ideals for Negro Education (a)
F. A. McKenzie 457
Prayer in Japan, Answered 320
— of the Race that God Made Black (Poem) 446
— Restored by 10O1
— the Call to 990
— Wopk of 58
Preaching to Fifth Avenue Heathen 580
Presbyterian Headquarters, Southern 60
Present Outlook In Mexico, The (a) Mrs.
Wm. Wallace 173
Priesthood, Celibacy and the 995
Princeton Missionary House 327
Prison, First Church in 992
Progress in Tnter-Racial Cooperation (a) W.
W. Alexander 469
Prohibition and the Colleges 582
— Commander Booth on 992
— in the Transvaal 148
— Progress In India 402
— Rome Results of 838
Protestant Progress In France 9
— Work, Priest Advertises 497
Protestants March in Texas 326
PRUSSIA, New Church in 150
Purity, The Demand for 144
— Campaign in Canton 1002
Race Problems, Southern Women and 493
— Question In Indian Church 501
IX
Page
Racial Cooperation, Church 762
Radio, The Gospel by 915
Ramabai, The Hindu Widow's Friend (a)
Kate Campbell Vickery 696
Reaching Students from Other Lands (b)
Florence Edmonds 490
Recruits, Experience Wins 764
Relief Administration Work 493
Religion in Soviet Russia (a) Jerome Davis 189 Religious Instruction, Week Day (b) F. M.
McKibben 889
— Question in Peru, The (a) S. G. Inman.. 179
— Revival in Czecho-Slovakia 13
— Self-Government in India 605
Reports of Religious Delegations (b) 861
Revival the World Needs, The (b) 938
Robert College, Gift to 65
Roman Catholic Missions 764
— Church in Central America 325
— Politics in Latvia 497
Rome, Czech Break from 63
RUMANIA, Persecution in 758
— Conditions in 996
Rumanian Baptists, Liberty for 498
RUSSIA, Demand for Bibles in 412
— Famine in 64
— Flour Wanted for 324
— Friends' Work in 499
— Help for Starving 151
— Religious Revival in 427
Russian Christians in Need 844
— Church and Bolshevism 151
— Church and the Soviet 844
— Church, Split in the 997
— Reforms 229
— Relief, Church Funds for 326
Russians, Bible School for 657
Russia's Pressing Needs 12
Salonica, Difficulties in 757
SAMOA, American 579
San Francisco Jungle, The 840
SAN SALVADOR, Needs in 841
Santals Discuss Christianity 145
— Among the 1000
SANTO DOMINGO, Outlook in 840
— Results in 497
SCANDINAVIA, Revival in 915
— The Canadian (b) Alfred Gandier 44
Scotch Missionary Campaign 227
Seattle, New Type of Church Extension in.. 991 Secrets of a Chinese City, The (a) Harlan P.
Beach 93
Seoul, Liberty for College at 406
SERBIA, Rebuilding 411
— The "Y" in 150
— Transferred, Work in 229
Shanghai, Beggars' Union in 142
Shelton, Murder of Dr 589
— of Batang (a) A. E. Cory 351
SIAM — Answer to Prayer 401
— Begging for Bibles 1001
— Mission Schools in 919
— Wickedest City in 401
Siamese Men's Club 401
— Temple, Functions of 588
SIBERIA, Fruitful Mission in 65
— Light From 657
Slessor Memorial Home 148
Smyrna, Heroes in 918
— The Sacking of 830
Social Message of Jesus, The, S. J. Duncan- Clark 52
— Service in Japan. Missions and (b) 678
SOLOMON ISLANDS, In the (a) John G.
Wheen 561
Soochow, Union Campaign in 232
Southern Baptist Progress 327
— Mountain Problem (a) Robert S. Wight-
man 120
— Women and Race Problems 493
Soviet Officer and Missionaries 498
— Russia, Religion in (a) Jerome Davis ... 189 Spanish Americans, Cooperation and 912
— Speaking Peoples In the United States .. 578
Statistics. Recent Religious 761
Stearns Mission Funds, D. M 496
Stoker to Missionary, From (a) Hubert G.
Stacey 127
Student Conference in Peking 318
— Fellowship for Christian Service, A (b) . . 250
Page
— Volunteer Conference at Bear Mountain.. 581
— Volunteers 152
Students' Movement, Glasgow 915
Students, Visiting College 909
— Reaching Filipino 1004
Study Book, Presenting the, Eva C. Waid .. 819
Suisse-Romande, Mission 411
SUMATRA, Taking the Light to 401
Sundar Singh, India's Christian Sadhu (a)
Belle M. Brain 289
Sunday School Advance in Korea 752
— Children Not in 665
— Convention 664
— Merger, The 493
— Missionary Education in the, Gilbert Q.
Le Sourd 54
— Missionary Education in (b) John Bailey
Kelley 138
Sunday Schools in So. Africa 663
— Conferences, Negro 993
— in Egypt 998
— Socialistic 172
Swatow Typhoon, The 1002
Swedish Mission Statistics 324
— Missions 657
Swiss Missions and the War 228
— in Africa 833
SYRIA, A Fruitful Year in 657
— Demand for Books in 230
— The Outlook in Palestine and (b) 933
Syrian Missions, Century of 323
Taoist Priests, Gift of 319
Teachers Unite, Protestant 992
Teaching the Mountaineers of Tennessee (b)
Lewis A. Wenrick 811
Temperance in Chile 227
Theosophy, The Founder of 526
TIBET, A Highway to 661
— Shelton of Batang (a) A. E. Cory 351
— Telegraph Line to 1000
— Travelers in 70
Tokyo, Christian Center in 70
Turk. A Moslem Recipe for the (b) 817
TURKESTAN, Miss de Mayer in 756
TURKEY, Christian Preachers for 585
— Forty-Three Years in (a) (An Apprecia-
tion of Dr. Christie) 788
— Misgovernment in (b) 523
— Missionary Conditions in 146
— The New Woman in 830
Turkish Empire, Restoration of 499
— Horizon, Cloud and Sunshine on (b) 342
Turks, America and the (b) 853
— New Promises from the 230
— Oppose Y. M. C. A 658
Uganda, Present Perils in 408
— Progress in 71
Union a Success, Lutheran 153
— Christian Colleges, Women's, Mrs. H. W.
Peabody 653
— Language School, China 319
— Movements in India, Church (a) Lewis
R. Scudder 301
— Postponed, Presbyterian 153
Unoccupied Fields of Latin America (a)
W. E. Browning 891
— Regions of India (a) William H. Han-
num 275
VIRGIN ISLANDS, Opportunity in 154
Virginia Woman's Inter-racial Creed, A,
Mrs. H. L. Schmelz 743
Waldensians Influential 411
Washington Conference and Missions (b) 167
Week Day Religious Instruction in Evans- ton (b) F. M. McKibben 889
— of Prayer, The 1923 922
White Man, Negro View of the (a) H. M.
Kitigsley 473
— Slave Traffic, The 751
Womanhood, Freedom for Chinese 140
Woman's Foreign Mission Bulletin, Mrs. H.
W. Peabody. .55 . 313, 400. 576, 653. 748. 827 , 909
— Home Mission Bulletin, Florence E. Quin-
lan
52, 136, 223 . 312, 397. 483 , 578, 650, 745, 824, 906
— Progress In China (b) 423
Women of India. The (a) Julia R. Gibson.. 813
— Leaders in Asia, Wanted — Christian (b) .. 9^6
— Righting Wrongs to 834
— Students' Program 762
X
Page
Women's Missionary Societies and Com- munity Endeavors, Mary Lathrop Bishop 745
World's Christian Students at Peking (a) Robert P. Wilder 530
Yam Garden, — A Parable, A, (b) Northcote Deck 881
Page
Yesterday and Today in the Philippines (a)
Charles R. Hamilton 801
Y. M. C. A. Conference, Colored 153
— Meeting, World's 922
Zionist Position in Palestine 658
NEW BOOKS
Page
American Asset, An. S. J. Fisher 671
American Diplomat in China, An. Paul S.
Reinsch 765
America's Stake in Europe. By Charles H.
Fahs 1008
An Afghan Pioneer. H. F. Musgrave 848
Anskar, Apostle of the North. Chas. H.
Robinson 768
Bells of the Blue Pagoda, The. Jean C.
Cochran 671
Bible a Missionary Message, The. E. 0.
Carver 767
Black Man's Burden. By E. D. Morel 332
Book of Missionary Heroes. By Basil
Mathews 1010
Boyhood Consciousness of Christ. By P. J.
Temple 1007
Building With India. D. J. Fleming 670
Career of a Cobbler, The. Margaret T.
Applegarth 816
Carpenter and His Kingdom, The. By Alex- ander Irvine 1007
Century of Endeavor, A. Julia C. Emery .. 767
China Awakened. M. T. Z. Tyau 669
Chinese as They Are, The. J. R. Saunders 846 Christ and International Life. By Edith
Picton-Turbevill 1006
Christianity and Industry 847
Church and the Immigrant, The. George E.
Harkness 848
Church and Sunday-school Publicity. By
Herbert H. Smith 1008
Church Cooperation in Community Life 416
Coming of the Slav, The. Charles Eugene
Edwards 845
Community, The, By Edward C. Lindeman. 1009 Crescent in Northwest China, The. G. Find- lay Andrew 239
Crusading in the West Indies. W. F. Jordan 923*
Day Spring in Uganda. By A. B. Lloyd 1009
Dictionary of Religion and Ethics 331
Directory of Protestant Missions in China.. 501 Egyptian Painting Book. Constance Padwick 847 Enduring Investments. Roger W. Babson .. 766 Evangelistic Sermons of J. Wilbur Chap- man. By Edgar Whitaker Work 1008
Facts and Folks in our Fields Abroad. Anna
A. Mllligan 75
First Fruits in Korea. Chas. Allen Clark.. 767 Foreign Relations of China. Mingghien
Joshua Bau 156
Foreigners or Friends. Thomas Burgess .. 924 Friends of All the World. Margaret La T.
Foster 848
Fundamentals of Christianity. Henry C.
Vedder 691
Gentleman in Prison, A, Caroline Ma<donald bl2
Glimpses of Persia. By M. M. Wood 1010
God's Principles of Gathering. George Good- man 847
Gospel and the Plow, The 1010
Haiti. J. Dryden Kuser 923
Hill of Goodbye, The. Jessie M. Currie 924
His Appearing and His Kingdom. Fred E.
Hagin 848
Hunter Corbett. J. R. E. Craighead 155
In Christ Jesus. By Arthur T. Pierson 1010
In the Eyes of the East. Marjorie -B.
Greenbie 846
In the Land of the Salaam. Bert Wilson .. 671 In the Prison Camps of Germany. Conrad
Hoffman 847
India— Its Life and Thought. John P. Jones Ttis
Introduction to Missionary Service 333
Japan in Transition. L. L. Shaw 846
Japan's Pacific Policy. K. K. Kawakaml .. 691 Japanese-American Relations. lichiro Toku-
tomi 765
Jesus Christ and the World Today. By
Grace Hutchens and Anna Rochester ....1006 John Mackenzie of South Africa. W. D. Mackenzie 766
Page
Jungle Tales. Howard A. Musser 670
Laborers Together. Margaret M. Lackey ... 768 Life and Letters of Toru Dutt. Haribar Das 155 Lives of Great Missionaries. Jeanne M.
Serrell 670
Magic Box, The. Anita B. Ferris 670
Making the World Christian. By John Mon- roe Moore 1006
Man Who Did the Right Thing, The. Sir
Harry Johnson 767
Medical Missions in Africa and the East.
S. W. W. Witty 847
Men and Methods that Win in Foreign
Fields. J. R. Saunders 512
Men of Might. A. C. Benson and H. F. W.
Fatham 768
Mending and Making. W. H. P. and M.
Anderson 846
Mexican Mind, The. By Wallace Thompson. 1007 Mission Study Class Leader. T. H. P. Sailer 333 Missionary Stories for Little Folks. Marga- ret Applegarth 75
Mother Cecile. Sister Kate 848
Mysterious Japan. Julian Street 591
Natives of the Northern Territories of the
Gold Coast. A. W. Cardinall 239
Negro Boy and Girl, The 671
Negro Year Book for 1921-1922 6U
Next Door Neighbors. Margaret T. Apple- garth , 672
New Japanese Peril. Sidney Osborne 331
Noble Army, A. By Ethel Daniels Hubbard. 1010
Old Trails and New. Coe Hayne 333
Old Trails and New Borders. E. A. Steiner 672 On the Edge of the Primeval Forest. Al- bert Schweitzer 845
Out Where the World Begins. Abe Cory .. 155
Outline of Social Work in Japan 767
Outlines of the History of Christian Mis- sions. Wm. O. Carver 848
Peking, A Social Survey. Sidney D. Gamble 74
People of the World. Edith A. How 512
Playing Square with Tomorrow. Fred East- man 156
Problems in Pan-Americanism. S. G. Inmail 415 Promise of His Coming, The, C. C. McCown 672
Rebuke of Islam. W. H. T. Gairdner 416
Reconstruction of Religion, The. Charles
A. Ellwood 672
Return of Christ, The. By Charles R.
Erdman 1009
Rising Temper of the East, The, Frazier
Hunt 765
Servant of Jehovah, The. David Baron 847
Siwi Language, The. W. Seymour Walker .. 77 Specimens of Bantu Fnik Lore from North- ern Rhodesia. J. Torrend 333
Stories From Foreign Lands. Cora B.
Pierce and Hazel Northrop 670
Storv of a Mashovaland Boy. As Told by
Himself 848
Swartz of Tanjore. Jesse Page 416
Taming New Guinea. C. A. W. Moncton .. 74 Through the Second Gate. Charles A.
Brooks 845
Training of Children in the Christian Fam- ily, The. Luther A. Weigle 846
Trend of the Races. The. George R. Haynes 670 Turkey, A World Problem of Today. Tal-
cott Williams ">H
Two Arabian Knights. M. E. H. Griffith .... 511
Unfinished Business. Fred Eastman 333
Vanguard of a Race, The. L. II. Hammond 670 What Shall I Think of Japan? George
Gleason 76
Why and How of Foreign Missions, The.
By Arthur J. Brown 1010
William M. Morrison. T. C. Vinson 766
Wonders of Missions. Caroline Atwater Mason 692
769
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THE MISSIONARY
Review of the World
DEL A VAN L. PIER SON, Editor
CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1922
Page
FRONTISPIECE Tree Worship in the Philippines
EDITORIALS 773
Cooperation Among Independent Japanese National Christian
Missions Conference
Denominational Programs in Mission The Printed Message in Japan
Work Evangelism vs. Education in India
PIONEERING IN ABYSSINIA By Tom Lambie 781
A stirring account of how a United Presbyterian missionary entered Abyssinia to carry on medical missionary work at the invitation of the Government.
FORTY' THREE YEARS IN TURKEY By E. P. Hale 788
The inspiring story of the work of Thomas 1). Christie of Tarsus and the estab- lishment of St. Paul's Collegiate Institute.
THE WORK OF BRITISH MISSION BOARDS By Miss G. A. Gollock 797
An account of the present status- of missionary interest in the British Isles and the new steps taken since the war.
YESTERDAY AND TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES. .By Charles R. Hamilton 801
A striking contrast, told by picture and paragraph, between the conditions under Roman Catholic influences and progress made under American and Protestant education.
TEACHING THE MOUNTAINEERS IN TENNESSEE By Lewis A. Wenrick 811
Pioneer educational work among the backward Americans of the Tennessee high- lands.
THE WOMEN OF INDIA By Julia R. Gibson 813
A moving picture of the sufferings and limitation,* of our sisters in India and the ministries of modern medical missions.
A MOSLEM RECIPE FOR THE TURK 817
A diagnosis of the troubles that afflict the people of Turkey and a Mohammedan's
■prescription for the remedy.
BEST METHODS FROM SUMMER SCHOOLS By Mrs. E. C. Cronk 818
WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN Miss Florence E. Quinlan 823
WOMAN 'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN. . Edited by Mrs. Henry W. Peabody 826
NEWS FROM MANY LANDS 829
THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY i 845
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Copyrighted, 1921
771
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TREE WORSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINES
This illustrates the superstition of the people under influence of the Roman Catholic Church. A broken branch left a scar which formed a faint outline of what was interpreted to be the form of the Virgin Mary. A priest claimed that the Virgin had made the tree sacred so the people worshipped it all day and all night, until the drippings from the candles were a foot deep. The results of Protestant Christian education will be noted in the article by Dr. Hamilton (page 801)
THE MISSIONARY
^?vL- OCTOBER, 1922 NUT^ER
COOPERATION AMONG INDEPENDENT MISSIONS
IN addition to the more than one hundred denominational foreign missionary boards and societies in North America there are some thirty independent, interdenominational or undenominational societies supported by evangelical Christians but not responsible to any ecclesiastical organizations. These independent missions vary in size and importance and in the number of years they have operated. Most of them had their origin in the British Isles where independence is a characteristic of many "non-conformists." Some of these so- cieties, like the China Inland Mission, have been operating success- fully for half a century and support a thousand missionaries. Others have only been organized a few years and have only a handful of laborers on the field. Most of them are so-called "Faith Missions," not making direct public appeals for funds, and the salaries paid to their workers being dependent on the contributions received. Prac- tically all of these societies emphasize evangelistic mission work in contrast to educational or medical work. The schools they conduct are elementary and are chiefly for children of Christian converts.
A number of these societies, with American headquarters, have thought it might be helpful to join in a Federation or Association for the sake of closer cooperation in their selection and preparation of candidates, their stimulation of missionary interest and their cooperation in world evangelization. Five years ago they formed an organization under the name "The Interdenominational Foreign Missionary Association of North America."
Among the Societies that have thus far joined the Association are the China Inland Mission, the Africa Inland Mission, the South Africa General Mission, the Sudan Interior Mission, the Inland South American Mission, the Bolivian Indian Mission, the Evangelical Union of South America, the Central American Mission, the Woman's Union Missionary Society and the Bible House of Los Angeles. A number of other similar Societies are not yet included.
773
77 I
THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WOULD
[October
In view of the advantages to be obtained the following Articles of Association were agreed upon at a meeting held in Princeton, N. J., September 29, 1717. They show the purposes and plans of the Association :
First. That the representatives of the Interdenominational Foreign Mission Societies assembled decide, subject to the ratification of the Societies represented, that a confederation shall be formed which shall be known as The Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association of North America.
Second. That the purpose of the Association shall be three-fold: first, to secure spiritual fellowship and intercessory prayer ; second, to open the way to mutual conference concerning missionary principles, methods and action and cooperation ; and third, to make possible the bearing of a united testimony to the need of a complete and speedy evangelization of the world.
Third. That the Association membership shall consist of the representa- tives of those Societies which shall be asked by the Executive Committee, after full consideration of their spiritual standing and financial methods, to join the Association, which shall accept the invitation, and which shall sub- scribe to the Articles of Association and the Doctrinal Basis of the Association.
Fourth. That, the officers of the Association shall be a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary and a Treasurer and an Executive Committee elected and constituted as provided for in the By-Laws.
Fifth. That the meetings of the Association shall be held, at least once a year, at the time and place appointed by the Executive Committee.
Sixth. That the Doctrinal Basis of the Association shall be as follows: 1. The Plenary Inspiration and Divine Authority of the Scriptures; 2. The Trinity, including the Deity of Christ; 3. The Fall of man, his moral de- pravity and his need of regeneration ; 4. The Atonement through the sub- stitutionary death of Christ; 5. Justification, apart from works and by the death of Christ ; 6. The bodily resurrection of Christ and, also, of the saved and the unsaved; 7. The unending life of the saved and the unending con- scious punishment of the lost; 8. The personal, bodily and visible return of Christ.
Seventh. That the relationship of the Societies and their officials to the Association shall bo entirely voluntary, it being understood that it rests with each and all concerned whether connection with the Association shall be begun and whether, if begun, it shall be continued.
Eighth. That each Society of the Association shall be asked to subscribe $.">.00 per annum "to the general fund to provide the necessary expense of printing, postage, etc.
There may be many advantages in such an Association — as a witness to truth and an effective means of cooperation in world evangelization. Most of these Societies are working in fields un- occupied or very inadequately occupied by other evangelical mis- sions. They arc generally conducted at comparatively small e xpense, on spiritual lines and under able, consecrated leadership. Caution needs to be exercised, however, to guard against disproportionate expense in collecting and distributing funds, to avoid selecting as execntive leaders those whoso chief ability lies in their ability in pub- lie address, and to guard against an attitude of unnecessary criticism and non-cooperation with other devoted missionary workers in de- nominational organizations. God has honored the efforts of many
1922]
EDITORIAL COMMENT
775
of these independent societies by "working- with them with signs following." There is need for the work they are doing and reason to bid them Godspeed in their work for the Master.
DENOMINATIONAL PROMOTION OF MISSION WORK 4 N effort more adequately to meet the present need for Chris-
tian work among non-Christians and to arouse Christians at
home to a deeper sense of their responsibility, has led twenty- six Protestant denominations in the past ten years to form "For- ward" or promotional movements. Their aim has been to educate, unify and stimulate the Church. Some of these movements have had very ambitious programs including appeals for men, money, prayer and study. Most of them cover a five year period but the promoters are finding it advisable to have an annual canvass for subscriptions.
Most of the denominations have avowedly sought more money for their work. The total askings were over $110,000,000 a year or twice the normal incomes. The Centenary of the Methodist Epis- copal Church sought $113,750,000 during the five year period, and about $102,000,000 were subscribed. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, sought $35,000,000 for its missionary work alone and $51,000,000 were subscribed. The Southern Presbyterians sought $12,000,000 for the first three years and each year the budget was over-subscribed. The Reformed Church in the United States sought approximately $11,000,000, over and above the regular and normal apportionments, and $6,500,000 were pledged. The United Presby- terians sought $16,750,000 and $11,000,000 were subscribed. The Men and Millions Movement of the Disciples sought $6,300,000, all to be secured from individual gifts of $500 or over, in addition to every- thing else which the individuals were already doing, and $7,000,000 were pledged. The Episcopalians sought to raise $42,000,000 for the triennium and reached a little less than half of the objective. The Northern Baptists sought $100,000,000 on a five year basis and about $53,800,000 were subscribed. The Evangelical Association asked for $2,500,000, which was over-subscribed. The Evangelical Synod sought $1,000,000 and over 60 per cent was raised. The Churches of God, seeking $35,000 a year, secured $57,000 a year, which has since been set as its normal standard. The United Evan- gelical Church sought $1,000,000 in five years, all of which has been pledged. The Seventh Day Baptists sought $405,000, of which 68 per cent has been secured. The Christians sought $5,000,000, parts of the total being distributed among several of the denominational agencies. The United Brethren secured pledges of $2,750,000 for a two year period, 70 per cent of the goal. There is, however, in almost all cases a considerable difference between the amount pledged and the amount actually paid.
776
THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
Other denominations laid less emphasis upon a specific amount. The Friends sought to increase missionary gifts by at least 15 per cent, which has been far exceeded. The Reformed Church in America undertook to secure a more adequate support for its Boards, desig- nating a budget of $1,000,000 a year, which was reached in 1920-1921 and has now been increased to $1,225,000. The Congregationalists originally set a goal of $3,000,000 for the first year, of which $1,- 750,000 was subscribed, but now lays its emphasis upon the current budget.
In the cultivation of these financial resources great emphasis was laid upon the development of the ideal of stewardship. In a considerable number of cases the practice of tithing has been insist- ently urged as a definite expression of stewardship. In some cases, though not in a majority, the denominations have set a definite numerical goal in the enrollment of tithing stewards. The Methodist Episcopal Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and the Canadian Methodist Church undertook to secure a Methodist Million of tithers.
In developing the resources of the Church, however, men as well as money were in mind. New recruits for the ministry, foreign mis- sions and other forms of Christian life service were prominent objectives. Some denominations undertook to secure definite enroll- ments. The Methodist Episcopal Church reported 10,000 young people enrolled for Christian work and set up a permanent Com- mission on Life Service. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, reports 6,000 enrolled; the United Brethren over 2,000. Other churches set as their goals not the general enrollment of young people for Christian life service, but a definite number actually entering Christian service, the Disciples asking for 100 new missionaries, the Christian Church seeking 50 new persons entering Christian service annually, the Evangelical Association asking for 500 young men for the ministry. In the case of the Disciples, young people were asked to sign a covenant, not to devote their life to Christian service but to study seriously the question of their life calling, five thousand signatures having been secured for this purpose.
All the Forward Movements have given attention to the develop- ment of spiritual resources. In a few cases, for example the Pres- byterians, the United Presbyterians and the Southern Presbyterians, the development of family worship was one of the cardinal objectives. In other cases, prayer and intercession, in more general terms, are urged. Some denominations adopted the method of enrolling inter- cessors, asking men and women to sign a prayer covenant. The Methodist Episcopal Church enrolled 500,000, the Reformed Church in the U. S., 20,000, the United Brethren, 40,000, the Evangelical Association, 17,000. The Episcopalians, in connection with the cen- tennial of their Missionary Society last November, set 100,000 inter-
1922]
EDITORIAL COMMENT
777
cessors as a definite goal. The Christian Church is seeking 5,000 signers of a prayer covenant. The Moravians are developing a "Prayer Union."
Evangelism, or the securing of new members for the churches, was also, explicitly or implicitly, an important objective. Only a. few, however, aimed at a specific increase in church membership, the Christian Church seeking 50,000 new communicant members in the five year period, the Evangelical Association 100,000, and the Reformed Church in America proposing to double its membership within the five year period. The Churches of God undertook to secure an increase of one-third in the Sunday-school enrollment.
Missionary education is the foundation for missionary giving but only four of the movements seem to have regarded missionary education as directly a part of the promotional work. In the great majority of cases, there was the purpose of securing a more effective coordination of the appeals of the missionary, educational and benevolent boards. In several denominations important develop ments have taken place in the direction of an inclusive organization of the boards.
Thus the Forward Movements seem to have rendered a notable service to the Church in bringing about an increased unity of ap- proach to the Church's many-sided work and in eliminating compe- tition among the boards of single denominations. There has, however, been a temptation to over-emphasize money, to develop elaborate "overhead" organization, and to intensify denominationalism.
The benefits of the Forward Movements can be preserved by a continued systematic educational campaign through the pulpits, study classes, missionary societies, Sunday-schools, conventions and literature and by the coordination, not necessarily the combination, of the various agencies of the Church. Above all the spiritual life of Christians must be fostered in order to promote their fellowship with God in His program for the salvation of men.
THE JAPAN NATIONAL CHRISTIAN CONFERENCE 4 GREAT event in the history of missions in Japan was the
holding of the recent National Christian Conference. This
promises "to mark a new epoch in Christian work in Japan," says Dr. D. B. Schneder of the Reformed Church in the United States. It was the last of three great conferences held in the Far East this year, the other two being held in China. The Tokyo con- ference was predominantly Japanese in personnel, in language and in leadership. The conviction that was felt by those present was that, even if all foreign missionaries were withdrawn, the work of evangelizing Japan would go on.
Real advance has been made during the past decade along all
778
THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
linos. Christian education of college grade and above has advanced by oOO per cent, especially noteworthy being the establishment of the Union Woman's Christian College in Tokyo. Christian social work is increasing rapidly but the direct work of evangelism is most important and very encouraging. A nation-wide evangelistic cam- paign is to be launched as soon as the present denominational For- ward Movements are over.
One important step of the conference was the plan to form a Christian Council for all Japan, composed of Japanese and mission- aries of all denominations. There are now three representative Christian bodies, namely — the Federation of Churches, the Federa- tion of Missions, and the Japan Continuation Committee, all of which work separately and so lack unity.
It is hoped that the various bodies will be merged into one organization to consist of 100 persons, ministers, laymen and women, about three-fifths of whom are to be Japanese and two-fifths mis- sionaries. A central office is to be established with two secretaries.
The formation of this Council offers an opportunity for greater unity, for more intelligent planning for the whole work, and indi- cates that from now on the Japanese Christians will assume a greater share of responsibility for the evangelization of their own country. Thus in China, India and Japan, the mission forces are drawing together and the native Christians are assuming larger responsi- bilities of leadership.
THE PRINTED MESSAGE IN JAPAN
COLD type can never take the place of the living witness to the Gospel of Christ. The printed message, however clear and complete, must be translated into life. As Jesus Christ was the Living Word of God so the disciple of Christ is called to be the living epistle of God whose character and works interpret the mes- sage. Nevertheless, there are many places into which living messen- gi ps cannot go and the Gospel in type has been wonderfully used to awaken interest so that men have become earnest inquirers after the truth.
Japan is one of the fields in which newspaper evangelism has been successfully used, as is described elsewhere in this number. The Japam Advertizer, one of the most influential papers published in the Far East, has also recently inaugurated the custom of includ- ing each day a page of translations from Japanese Christian papers, thereby giving wide publicity to Christian truth and to the progress of mission work.
Rev. Paul Kanamori is making use of the printed page by dis- tributing hundreds of thousands of copies of his "Three Hour Ser- mon" on God, sin and salvation. Thousands of Japanese have been
1922]
EDITORIAL COMMENT
779
blessed through this means as well as by his evangelistic meetings. Still another successful movement has been the distribution of Chris- tian papers among the students in Japanese schools. Ten years ago it seemed almost hopeless to try to introduce Christian teaching into those schools. Today fourteen hundred government schools, with an aggregate enrollment of 400,000 students are receiving and read- ing, with the full knowledge and consent of their principals, 50,000 copies a month of Myojo, (Day Star), a Christian paper especially prepared for pupils in schools. This work is carried on by the Christian Literature Society of Japan and the paper is donated to the schools through the kindness of Christian friends in England and America. Only the lack of funds prevents a still wider distribu- tion of this printed message. At present it can be sent only to the higher grade schools but appeals are coming from 25,000 schools of the lower grades and cannot be met without further help. Last year there were, on the average, applications from over 150 new schools a month. Bishop Tucker is Chairman of a special committee to raise funds for this work.
Newspaper evangelism furnishes a point of contact with Japa- nese. They read the Gospel message in print and write to the missionary asking for further light. This opens the door into Japa- nese hearts. Rev. H. Kuyper, of Oita, writes :
"The contents of these letters give great ground for encouragement to those engaged in evangelizing the Japanese. Many letters express a feeling of dissatisfaction that the writer himself is often at a loss to explain. The Japanese word 'hammon' meaning anguish occurs in most of the letters, and this anguish is in many cases about religious problems. It is sometimes said that there is a lack of sense of sin among the Japanese. No doubt it is not so strong as one would like to see it, but the letters are evidence that it is by no means lacking. A young lady school teacher has been using the Newspaper Evangelism Office as a sort of confessional. The sin that seems most to burden her was committed nine years ago but it seemed to lie like a weight on her mind until she found forgiveness in the blood of Christ.
"Along with this sense of sin, there is often revealed the sense of the need of something or someone to depend upon in the emergencies of life. As one reads the letters one is struck with the constant recurrence of the word 'unmei' — fate.
"The sense of dissatisfaction, the sense of sin, the sense of need of higher help, the realization that life and its issues do not lie within their own power, all these are the working of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of the Japanese and open the way, in many cases, to present the Gospel of Christ. Many who imagined themselves in the grasp of a cold hard relentless fate, have learned to realize that they were being led by a Father's hand through difficult ways in order that they might become a 'partaker of His holiness.' "
Similar methods are being carried on successfully in China, India and Moslem lands. Here is an opportunity for Christians in the home lands to help preach the Gospel directly to multitudes of hungry souls.
780
THE MISSIONAEY EEVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
EVANGELISM VERSUS EDUCATION IN INDIA
Y X THEN there seems to be need for retrenchment in missionary yy expenditure on the field shall the cut be made first in educa- tional or in evangelistic work? This is a question which faced the Church Missionary Society recently. One answer was given by the deputation of the Home Board and another by the Indian Board on the field. The Home Board delegates recommended retrench- ment by discontinuing some of the evangelistic work, drawing in their cords and pulling up outlying stakes. The Indian Board has stoutly protested against this procedure, contending that if retrench- ment is necessary it should take the form of closing institutions of learning chiefly attended by non-Christians rather than in a dimu- nition of evangelistic work, especially in Mass Movement areas. Their argument is in part as follows (according to Rev. Roland Allen in The Challenge) :
(1) . Some of the mission colleges are in localities where other similar institutions can do the work that is necessary in training Christian leaders.
(2) . Mission colleges are very expensive in proportion to their value as evangelistic agencies.
(3) . The emphasis upon educational work tends to decrease the amount of attention given to spiritual evangelism. It often "absorbs most of the ablest men and most of the funds." Even evangelistic missionaries become engrossed in administrative work and evangelism is delegated largely to catechists.
(4) . The great need of millions of the unevangelized for the Gospel of Christ. More direct evangelistic work is the crying need.
No Christian will deny that evangelism, education and social service all have a definite place in the plan of God for men. It is of first importance to bring to men a knowledge of the Gospel of Christ so that they may come into right relations with God. It is next of importance to train Christians to understand the will of God and to prepare for service. Then they must set out to obey the command of Christ to give the full Gospel to others. Our Lord's
commands are— "Come unto Me Learn of Me Abide with
Me Love one another Go preach the Gospel teaching
them to observe whatsoever I have commanded."
It is a serious situation when a delegation from the Home Board and an Indian Board on the field agree (as in this instance) that the Church in their field is "in an almost dying condition." There must be something radically wrong and the situation demands a radical remedy. Surely that remedy is not to be found in cutting down the amount of effort expended in reaching the unevangelized who are willing to hear the Gospel, in order that a smaller number, however important, may receive secular education which they desire and Christian teaching which most of them do not wish.
AN ABYSSINIAN GENERAL (Center) AND HIS GUARD CALLS ON DR. LAMBIE
Pioneering in Abyssinia
BY TOM LAMBIE, SAYO, ABYSSINIA Missionary of the United Presbyterian Church
THE pioneer missionaries of Abyssinia were the Portuguese who at one time nearly succeeded in persuading the king of Abyssinia to embrace the Eoman Catholic religion. As in so many other places, however, they made the fatal mistake of inter- fering in the politics of the country and in attempting to place their converts in the positions of authority. The inevitable result was the awakening of resentment which led to their ultimate banishment.
Long before the Portuguese came, however, in the very dawn of European history when Charlemagne was gathering the forces of France against the Saracens, there were pilgrims and jongleurs who sang of a Christian King far away — "Prester John," who might come to the assistance of the Christian knights against the pagans. No one seemed to know where the land of "Prester John" was. They did not know that Johannes, the king or negus of Abyssinia, was him- self engaged in warfare against the Moslem tribes bordering his country. There was no one to tell them of how the good bishop Frumentius had several centuries before carried the name of Christ to that far-off land.
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Was it any wonder that, cut off from western civilization and Christianity, they never heard of the Reformation that lifted Europe from the darkness of mediaeval night to the clearer knowledge of the glory of God, from the evil deeds of an ignorant and degraded priest- hood to the spiritual strength of a Savanorola or a Huss? Was it to be wondered at, that the religion of Abyssinia became formal and lifeless, tainted with Jewish and Persian elements and imitating many of the practises of its Moslem neighbors until it became but faintly related to the teachings of Jesus Christ? The Portuguese Jesuits brought a somewhat purer religion but, accustomed to intrigue, they found that they had met their match in the Abyssinians. Although their followers still persist in parts of Abyssinia yet they are so unpopular, that to be called a "Catholique" is an insult and often means an action at law for slander.
A few years ago the writer and Mr. McCreery were engaged in onenina- a mission to the Nuer tribe on the Sobat River, a White Nile tributary far up in the Egyptian Sudan near to the Abyssinian boundary. One never-to-be-forgotten night we were visited, on our little house boat "The Evangel," by three Abyssinian dignitaries who wanted two things — medicine and an Amharic Bible. The first Ave were able to supply and we promised to procure the Bible and to send it later if possible. At the conclusion of the interview the leader, who had come down to the Sudan to confer with some of the British officials upon the boundary question, said to us, "Why waste your time upon these miserable black slaves ! Come up to us and we will receive you gladly and you can do us much good. ' '
Far away on the horizon as we from day to day worked with the naked Nuers upon the boundless Sobat yjlain we could see upon clear days the top of one lofty mountain of Abyssinia. The marshes of the Sobat are pestilential and the great heat near the equator made us long for some place where we might rest from the endless fight against miasma, heat and mosquitoes. We looked wistfully at the distant highlands wondering if they might not hold something good in store for us.
The same pandemic of influenza that devastated Europe and America reached Abyssinia in 1918 and accounted for the very ear- nest desire of the governor of western Abyssinia, Dejaz Biru, adopted son of Menelik, for a European doctor. He communicated his desire to Major McEnery, a competent British army officer stationed at Gambeila. This is a small trading town at the foot of the Abyssinian plateau and near the point where the mighty Sobat comes bursting through from the highlands, falling 4000 feet in a distance of forty miles.
Major McEnery knew something of our work and sent a mes- sage by wireless to the Sudan. We were summoned to Khartoum and were questioned by the Sudan Government and by the Sirdar
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himself. General Sir Lee Stack and Lady Stack invited us to the Palace for tea and the General expressed his hearty approval of our going-. In the meantime cables had been sent to the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia and in reply we were authorized to go up to see the land and report.
Dr. J. Kelly Giffin, Mr. McGill and the writer took the steamer to Gambeila where we mounted on Abyssinian mules and were soon cantering along through an undulating plain that reached to the foot of the escarpment. After several hours' riding we approached a somewhat less precipitous part of the mountain called Lilmo or The Needle. In most places the cliffs are impossible to climb but here a narrow path wound tortuously up- ward, after an hour's steady climb- ing we reached the top breathless and exhausted and camped in a whispering bamboo forest.
The next day, after several hours' traveling through many val- leys beside rushing torrents and over hills, we approached Sayo, the nearest Abyssinian town. Five miles out we were met by a small sized army that the governor had sent as a guard of honor. Some Greek traders gave us the privilege of occupying a room in one of their houses. Soon Galla serfs appeared bearing great jars of fermented honey water, several hundred loaves of native bread from tef flour (a grass grain), sheep and even an ox, enough food for a hun- dred times as many as there were in our party. My wife and our two children had been left at Gambeila with our "Lares and Pena- tes," so that the next thing was to bring the family up the mountain. The preliminary trip had convinced us that they could stay at Sayo so that the journey was accomplished without very great difficulty except for an encounter with very heavy rains which drenched us and chilled us to the bone.
Dejaz Biru, the governor of western Abyssinia, lived at Aussa, two day 's journey from Sayo. Having been the means of bringing us from the Sudan, he was naturally anxious to see us and a few days later we were summoned to Aussa. Although the house in which we were staying was by no means palatial, yet we were loath to leave it for the insufficient protection of a tent on a wind swept mountain in the season of torrential rains. The Dejaz however sent delegation after delegation to persuade us to make the trip even
RAS TAFARI
THE REIGNING PRINCE ABYSSINIA
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sending a general and fifty or more men to accompany us and so we at last consented. We started oft' in a rain and as most Abyssinian mules are too tricky to permit of one's carrying an umbrella we were soon wet again. Finally the sun came out and we enjoyed a wonderful panorama of mountain, forest, plain and valley. Abys- sinian farms were scattered everywhere on the gentler slopes of the mountains. The mighty Walel, the largest mountain in Western Abyssinia, lifts its head to such a height that it is visible for hun- dreds of miles, and no one has ever climbed it.
Before reaching our camping place we scrambled down two thousand feet over a steep pass made slippery from the recent rains. It rained in the night so that the next morning the path was even more slippery and the mules could scarcely keep their footing. Aussa is built upon a high, steep mountain and the ascent was very difficult. Near the top we had to pass through a thick forest through which it is doubtful if the sun ever shines. As we emerged on the top of the mountain we were surprised to see a company of three or four hun- dred men waiting for us. They had magnificent mules with velvet trappings for us to ride but alas we were so cold and stiff that we could scarcely summon strength to mount them. The rain was be- ginning again and we were not sorry to come in sight of the town itself. Our military escort, with their rifles on their shoulders and their swords at their sides led us to a specially prepared enclosure into which they streamed. The house that had been assigned to us was locked and the general was discomfited at not being able to find the key. Messengers went hurrying off in all directions to find the custodian of the key. Soon he appeared running with all his might through a gauntlet of blows from the guard of honor. He was after- wards put into chains for this offence!
Our large native hut had been lined with new unbleached muslin and the floor was spread with fresh rushes over which some Persian carpets were laid. Three legged Abyssinian stools composed the furniture. Apparently no one was considered great enough to stay and talk with us so we were left in solitary grandeur. Soon a large number of slaves appeared carrying hundreds of loaves of native bread, jars of honey wine, earthen pots of native beer, several sheep, two pots of honey and many other supplies enough for a hundred men.
It was a very cold day and the fog covered the top of the mountain. As we sat in our house how we wished for a little of the warmth of the Sudan! After several hours a messenger came to say that the Dejazimatch was anxious to see us so that we hastily exchanged our travel-stained garments for our best clothes and wended our way to the top of the mountain where was the "gibi" or palace of the governor. This is a large enclosure with a strong palisade of posts set close together twelve or fifteen feet high and further protected by a moat and a "cheveau de frise" around the
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base of the palisade. In the various courtyards through which we passed we saw hundreds of men lounging about, guarding the gate- ways or waiting their opportunity to see the great man. We were ushered through several rooms, Avith bowing attendants, until we reached a large room whose floor was covered with Persian carpets. The central portion was occupied by a velvet covered dais on which sat or reclined the "Dejaz." He hastily arose to meet us and politely handed us to chairs which had been arranged before the throne. We engaged in polite banalities and when honey wine was offered us we explained that we never took intoxicating drinks. The "Dejaz" had never seen a for- eigner who did not drink wine but was very courteous about our re- fusal and ordered coff ee and honey water which we accepted.
Business was deferred until the next day, when we had a long- conversation with the governor about ourselves and we told him that we hoped to eventually start schools and teach the people about Christ. He was in favor of the medical work but although he was willing to have us establish schools, permission must be obtained from the government of Addis Ababa. He was, however, unwilling to have us build a church with a bell on it! Several officers told us privately when the big man was absent that they hoped that we would start schools. Every few moments as we were talking to the governor, a chamberlain w7ould enter and whisper something to him, being careful to cover his mouth with the edge of his robe lest his breath might be offensive to his majesty.
The next day we were invited to a feast in honor of the birthday of the governor's little daughter "Torowerk" ("Fine gold"). She was a very plump little miss of three years who played quite happily with our children, Betty and Wallace, and with the ruler's ivory scepter. A very good meal was served in eight courses on plates with knives and forks and a white cloth, probably the only ones to be had in all this part of Abyssinia. Then we were shown the win- ders of the palace, — his dwarf, his little dog which is said to be half pig and half dog and which resembled a pig but had the bark of a 2
A GALLA WOMAN OF ABYSSINIA CARRY- ING FIREWOOD
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
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dog, his magnificent mules costing thousands of dollars, his golden shields and court regalia, his crown and golden order of St. George, his fair skinned wife and other wealth.
A general was sent to convey us back to Sayo and we were again thoroughly soaked by a heavy downpour which brought on an attack of malaria. The children had to be assisted down the mountain by men on either side of them as a slip would have meant a disastrous slide into the valley far below. At last we reached camp where we started a fire and tried unsuccessfully to dry our clothing. We were glad finally to reach our mud plastered room at Sayo.
Later the "Dejaz" came to call upon us and presented us with a beautiful mission site. He has since been recalled to the capitol and put into chains for some political offense but the good that he did to us lives after him.
Since our first entry we have made long trips over hundreds of miles of mountain and valley, over rushing streams that threatened to carry us away, and up precipices that seemed to demand a ladder; we have looked upon districts probably never before seen by a white man, except some Greek trader or Portuguese priest many years ago; we have gazed upon scenery that is beyond our power to describe or paint.
We have seen people that are degraded almost beyond belief. A certain number of the Abyssinians are nominal Christians but the bulk of the population is pagan. They worship mountains, rocks, snakes, trees, men. It is a country that has boundless possibilities yet is so backward that the government itself practises something like the poison ordeal to discover thefts, divorce is the rule and few men have not been divorced at least once. Drunkenness is com- mon among both priests and people. The slave trade, although ostensibly suppressed, still flourishes. An English gentleman who has resided in Abyssinia for many years and is a trusted government servant, speaking of the religion of Abyssinia, said to me: "Call it anything you like but do not call it Christian. I have been here for many years and I have yet to see a Christian act."
The sick are nowhere more common than here where there is total ignorance of the first principles of hygiene and where the filth is indescribable. A little school started a few months ago has rapidly increased under the lead of Airs. Ashenhurst who came only two months ago and is assisted by a priest who seems to be touched by the Gospel message. Although we have no better place than part of a tumble down stable for a school house, it is full to overflowing. Mr. and Mrs. Russell, an agricultural missionary and his wife, have just come out and Miss Beatty, a nurse.
A year ago the wife of our one Christian helper, Govri, went to the weekly market held five miles from here every Monday. It was a very cold and rainy day. Besides the path she saw a poor Galla,
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meanly clad, with two small gourds of food by his side, lying in the weeds beside the path apparently very ill. She went to market and returned as did many hundreds of others that day. She saw that the sick man was still there and he had been robbed of his rags and the little gourds of food. Hundreds had seen him lying there in great distress but not one had helped him but instead had stolen his all. The rain was coming down upon his poor naked and now un- conscious body. The woman came and told us and we hired boys to bring the young man in and nursed him for three days. He never regained consciousness and we never found any of his friends. If the people had brought him in sooner his life might have been re- stored. It has been our privilege to rescue many others who
THE PROTESTANT BOYS' SCHOOL AT SAYO, ABYSSINIA This School erew in attendance from 7 to 75 in three months. It met in cow stable with no
equipment, not even slates
recovered. Not one Galla or Amhara, priest, soldier, ruler or people have we ever known to care for a stranger in distress.
Is this treatment cruel? Yes. But after all which is of more value the soul or the body ? Here are souls dying daily without hope and without God in the world. Abyssinia is perhaps the most neg- lected foreign land today and its people seem very willing to hear the word of God. That little stable room was crowded last Sabbath day as we told them how the early disciples left their nets by the lake and followed Jesus. Intently they listened as we repeated the words, "Henceforth ye shall become Fishers of Men."
Here are white harvest fields. Here is a sea of needy men. Where are the laborers — the harvesters, the fishers catching men alive and the good Samaritans who will come to the rescue1? "All the world," includes Abyssinia and here are many millions without any saving knowledge of Jesus Christ.
Are you one of the hurrying crowd to leave the poor dying Abyssinian uncared for by the roadside?
Forty-three Years in Turkey
An Appreciation of Thomas Davidson Christie, B.J)., LL.T).,
of Tarsus
BY COLLEGE CLASSMATES
THOMAS Davidson Christie was a citizen of two worlds, and he never ceased to feel strongly upon him and within him the thrill of them both. In this world he was an American, body, mind and soul, intellectually and enthusiastically. He knew well the story of America and he loved its traditions. For the four best years of his early life he fought for its liberties. He bore a Scotch name and lineage, and the ancestral tales of highlander and low- lander, of Flodden Field and Bannockburn, of Jennie Geddes and of John Knox, tingled in his blood. More than four decades of his later life he gave to Turkey, which he loved and hated in one breath. He hated its atrocious cruelties and lust, but he loved its mixed and struggling nationalities, its men and women whom he met and taught with fatherly affection and interest. He believed in its possible fu- ture, after education had beaten down ignorance, after brotherliness had kissed away racial hatreds, after the gospel of Jesus had won its battle against age-long superstition and degradation.
Truly Thomas Christie was a citizen of this world. He loved it; he believed in it; he sympathized with its best, ancient and modern. He caught its drift, as of the turbulent waters of a river forcing its way over rocks and precipices to the sea. Wherever these waters raged about him, whether it was at Shiloh and Corinth, or at Marash and Tarsus, there with eager eye and brave heart he plunged in.
But not less conscious and sensitive was he concerning his heav- ( uly citizenship. The invisible Kingdom was as real to him as any earthly realm, and his loyalty to his Lord Christ controlled all his thinking and kept his heart perpetually ardent. No one was freer from formalism in religion nor from artificiality or narrowness. He believed that Christ still lives and calls men as of old into disciple- ship and soldier service. Thomas Christ ie owned as brothers all who recognize the divine call and service, and he found them everywhere.
One year ago last May this honored servant of God passed from the militant company of Christ's followers to join the host invisible. His college classmates first met him at Beloit College, Wisconsin, in ]Ko7. He had already crowded two years of preparatory work into one and was entering college with the class of 1871. He was older than most of us for he had given the four years of the Civil War to his country's service. He was more of a man, more balanced and mature. He brimmed over with natural enthusiasm, charmed us
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with his stories of personal adventure, led us in scholarship, and at the close took the valedictory as all expected he would.
We had great men in the faculty in those old days at Beloit, but it is questionable whether any man of them all influenced our after years more distinctly than did Tom Christie, though none of us then recognized anything of the sort ; least of all, himself. But his wholesomeness, his high purpose, his scholarship, carried a contagion with them and lived in us afterward. He was short, stocky, "broad- faced with reddish hair, rather careless of appearance yet punctilious in true courtesies, impetuous yet always fair and loyal to every friend and every duty. No one was merrier, no one more widely interested in the humanities, no one of a quicker humor, no one fonder of adventure. Even as a student he was recognized as a pro- foundly religious man. His nature was delicately poised with esthetic ideals and vibrant with high thought and aspiration, so that he was an ever recurring surprise even to us who knew him best.
We all knew his story. Born in Sion Mills, County Tyrone. Ire- land, January 21, 1843, of a Scotch father and an Irish mother, he was brought to Clyman, AVisconsin, when a boy of three. There he en- joyed few school privileges, and after twelve years of age, none at all. From childhood he was a prodigy of memory, often repeat- ing on a Sunday from 80 to 100 verses of Scripture. The home in- fluences were not particularly religious, for his father was not then a believing Christian, but he was a man of bright mind and there was no lack of intellectual life about the home.
Before he was eighteen young Christie had read much of Gibbon, Macaulay, Froissart, Scott, Douglas Jerrold, Thackeray, Bollin ; and from two uncles who had been in Cuba had gained some knowledge of Spanish. In 1861 he carried the chain for a surveying party in the wilds of Minnesota.
When the Civil War broke out and President Lincoln called for troops young Christie and his brother enrolled in the First Minnesota Light Artillery. Without much preliminary discipline, they were plunged into the very thick of the fighting. His battery held the Hornet's Nest with the troops of Wallace and Prentice at Shiloh, and fought at Corinth, Iuka, Holly Springs and Oxford. He dug ditches
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
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in the Vicksburg campaign and was present at the surrender of the city. Then till 1864 he drilled raw recruits, when his battery joined in the campaign to Atlanta, afterward in the pursuit of Hood, and then in the march through Georgia, where he was captain of a squad of bummers that foraged supplies for Sherman's army. Then came the campaign of the Carolinas, the surrender of Johnston, and the grand review up Pennsylvania Avenue, the war being won. Out of 153 who with him had organized the battery, he was one of 54 who answered the final roll call.
The war over, he again took up surveying, this time in Wiscon- sin, and in the spring of 1866 went to the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. Here he was caught up into a new and still more heroic career through his conversion to Christ and the dedica- tion of his life to the great Captain of his salvation. In the fall of that year he began study at Beloit with his life mission full in view. For three years after college days, for financial reasons, he followed the profession of a teacher. Then came three finely disciplinary years at Andover Theological Seminary in those days when Pro- fessor Park and Professor Phelps were in the full ripeness of their maturity. It was therefore not till the autumn of 1877 that he set sail with his wife and little daughter for Asia Minor under the com- mission of the American Board as a missionary to Central Turkey.
Once in Turkey, the first great task was the mastery of the Turk- ish tongue, which was alien, root and branch, from any language, ancient or modern, he had known. In characteristic fashion he set for himself the highest goal, the perfect mastery of the new speech, and in a few months he wrote his classmates that he had the back of the language broken. He immersed himself in Turkish, plunging into places where nothing else was spoken, denying himself for a year the sight of English newspapers and taking the news second- hand from his wife. He took his family for a summer to Hadjin, where no European had then lived and where conditions, they as- sured him, were unbearable. But he attained his goal. In the com- mon Turkish speech he was as fluent as a native, and he was equally ready with the scholastic forms spoken in official circles. His wife thought he preached with greater freedom and power in Turkish than in English, perhaps because of his feeling toward his audience.
His work became increasingly varied as time ran on. He was professor in the school of theology at Marash, but he shared with Mr. Montgomery, his senior, a care for all the churches and interests of the great field. After Mr. Montgomery's transfer, he was looked to as counsellor and leader for all the mission work. Those years were full of joy and of astonishing vitality. When the Central Turkey College tor Girls was established by the Women's Board, it had no advocate more useful than he. When the Boys' Academy was launched, In; carried the whole financial responsibility for a time and
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TARSUS. ASIA MINOR. AND ST. PAUL'S COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE
became its principal. Nothing did lie enjoy more than his touring trips among the villages and the rural churches, where he encour- aged the pastors, conducted revival services, and gathered about him groups of poor people whose wretched homes he shared and whose hearts he comforted. All these interests he carried upon his heart and bore them on his prayers to the throne of God.
But intense religious interest did not narrow his human sympa- thy, for out-door life, for literature, for politics. None of his fellows, except perhaps Dr. Shepard of Aintab, equalled him as a horseback rider. Soon after he first arrived, he had occasion to visit Aintab, and sent the night before to inquire of the post if he might accompany them. They replied they were in a good deal of a hurry and had to ride fast, and couldn't be delayed with travelers. Mr. Christie took his breakfast as usual and set forth an hour or more after the post. After noon he overhauled them, much to their surprise. They then invited him to join them, but he replied that "he was in something of a hurry, and couldn't be delayed by driving with the post." So he passed on. They afterward sent him word that whenever he was going their way again, they would be proud of his company. His horse Iskander ("Helper of men") had a reputa- tion through all that region.
The most noted ride Mr. Christie took was when he traveled in two days to Aleppo and saved the town of Zeitoom from massacre. Some rebels in the town had enraged the Turkish soldiers who in consequence were threatening to attack the city. Rev. Henry Marden, a fellow missionary, had secured from them promises of submission.
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THE MISSIONARY EEVIEW OF THE WOBLD
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But the Turks had set their hearts on slaughter. It was necessary to get the papers into the hands of the British Consul at Aleppo, which lay five days of ordinary travel to the south. This Mr. Christie engaged to do. So in the dusk he drove leisurely out with a com- panion as though for pleasure. Once beyond the suburbs, they turned at full speed to the south. At midnight they reached a deep river which they had to swim, and on the further bank they lay down beside their mounts for. a few hours sleep. Before light they were again in the saddle. At Aintab, and again the next day at Killis, they secured fresh mounts, and pushed on, through the falling rain. On the evening of the second day they reached Aleppo, covered with mud and completely exhausted, after thirty-six hours in the saddle. Mr. Henderson, the consul, lifted Mr. Christie from his saddle and re- ceived the papers. Soon the wires were hot with messages to Zeitoom which saved the town.
So life for the Christies moved on for sixteen years. Then of a sudden, between night and morning the scene changed from Mar ash to Tarsus. On a visit to America in 1S93, Mr- Christie incidentally met Col. Elliott F. Shepard, editor of the New York Mail and Ex- press, son-in-law of Commodore Vanderbilt, and a man of deep Christian conviction and sympathies. Some years before he had met him in Asia Minor and had pointed out to him the possibilities of a school at Tarsus to perpetuate the influence of St. Paul in his own city. On his return to America the colonel had organized a com- mittee to realize this dream. They were just then looking for a man with the qualifications necessary to head their enterprise and a single night spent with Mr. Christie convinced Col. Shepard that he had found the very man he sought. The result was that Mr. Christie returned to the Near East the President of St. Paul's Institute.
Before the family was fully settled in Tarsus, Col. Shepard died, and their great plans for the school suffered serious modification, though flic directors, Mrs. Shepard, and her daughter, Mrs. William Jay Scheffielin, stood by the enterprise generously. Property was secured and buildings were erected, though never sufficient for the demand. The students occupied every inch of the room and often slept in tents and on floors, attended classes about the dining table or under the friendly shade of a tree, and suffered all sorts of incon- venience. This did not so much disturb Dr. Christie, for both he and the boys were; not unused to privations, but he did long for equipment and teachers and books. Dr. Christie always kept the standards of the class room high, and kindled both teachers and scholars with his own enthusiasms. They loved him for it. Its religious atmosphere was always genial and warm and there were lew students that were not impressed and moulded by it, even though they did not all profess the Christian faith.
Improvements such as required government permission were
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made in Turkey only in the face of persistent opposition and delay, but perseverance won, point by point through long years. One of the officials said of Dr. Christie: "You can annoy him and delay him, but you can never stop him." Once after meeting long delay in securing a permit for a dormitory, the official document finally came, and was discovered to be only a permit for a coal bin. Dr. Christie complained to the officer, who replied: "Well, will you not keep coal in your building ? " " Why, probably, ' ' returned the presi- dent, "in a basement bin." " Very well then ; put up your building, and store your coal." So up went the building, and to be sure it contained a bin for coal !
At Marash and Tarsus hundreds of students came under Dr. Christie's influence and there were few of them who did not carry deep within them the impress of Dr. Christie's self. In the first six classes graduated at Tarsus were 100 men, 56 of them ministers or teachers and 15 physicians. They learned their own languages, Turkish, Armenian, Greek, besides English ; they took applied math- ematics, geology, mechanics; they studied history, political economy, pedagogy; they learned passages in the great English classics, and were thoroughly drilled in the teachings of the Bible and of religion.
Dr. Christie himself, if not a great scholar, was a great student and a great teacher, because of his glorious enthusiasms and the intensity of his own intellectual life. He would beg his teachers to allow him to take this class in Milton or that in geology for the sheer pleasure he took in opening those treasures to his students. He would spend a night with the boys of the astronomy class on some hill top that he might study with them the midnight stars. Out of a missionary's scant salary he collected over 3,000 choice books which he left to the college library. Of all books he loved his Bible best, and would allow nothing to lie upon it except a flower. He was impatient of trashy books, and anything vile he hated. Sometimes he would tear a book out of its covers and throw it down, and then send for the tongs, refusing to touch it with his fingers as he con- signed it to the flames. Books, he thought, were to give tone to the mind.
Men who visited the town and knew nothing of him, were sur- prised to meet so unusual a man in such an obscure corner of the world. To some German railway surveyors he told stories of his surveying experiences in America, showed them the best railway route to Marash, and, much to their astonishment, pointed out the best timber, the soda and sulphur and silver mines. A company of archaeologists were still more surprised at his knowledge of their lore and took his notes of inscriptions which he had copied on his tours. "Why did he bury himself here, when he had the knowledge, the instinct and the discerning eye to make him distinguished as an archaeologist?" Dr. Christie smiled quietly. To him the world had
794 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [October
no such adventure as that in which he was himself embarked.
His son Emerson, who has been in service in the Philippines and then in the State Department at AVashington, says this interest- ing thing of his father: "When a child I took my father as a matter of course; it is only as I have lived and seen, that I have realized how he towered above the ordinary run of men, in character and power and love. I have had unusual opportunities to see and measure people usually called great — generals, diplomats, scientists; and I have never met any one who overtopped my father in mind power, and who combined such delightful personal characteristics."
The Christian populations of Turkey were always living over volcanoes, and heard their rumblings continually. No one knew when they would burst forth in fearful and deadly eruption. Three times did they so break forth over the heads of the Christies. The first occurred in 1895 in and about Marash. The Christies had already moved to Tarsus so that they were out upon the fringes of the terror, but it wrung their hearts. "Murder, pillage, burning, occur throughout all these regions" wrote Dr. Christie in a class letter. "Dearest friends in Marash and all about have died bloody deaths. All around Corfu, Aintab, Adana and Hadjin, it is the
Sioux massacre of 1862 in Minnesota over again Our very
presence here saves many lives, so we are all resolved to stand at our posts, whatever happens."
The massacre of 1909 broke over their very heads. The annual meeting of the Central Turkey Mission occurring at Adana, had brought most of the pastors there, Dr. Christie and Miner Rogers, his beloved son-in-law, with the rest. Without warning the firings began Wednesday forenoon. Twenty-two pastors and five delegates were that day murdered on the road. The next day Rogers and Maurer were shot while trying to save a burning building in which women and children were taking refuge. Dr. Christie and Stephen Trowbridge brought their bodies to the school building under fire of Turkish guns. By noon Friday, 15,000 Christians had been murdered in the province. Before Dr. Christie could return to Tarsus, the massacre had swept through the city where 800 houses had been burned in one day. The presence of Mrs. Christie had kept the school from attack, and Dr. Christie found nearly 5,000 refugees crowded in their grounds. His first sad duty was to tell his daughter Mary that she was a widow and her baby boy was fatherless. Then followed the long and woeful ministry to those poor destitute, broken- hearted creatures who had fled to them without food or bedding, or change of raiment. Dr. Christie bought bread upon credit, wrote hundreds of letters that in time brought them thousands of dollars for relief, and with Mrs. Christie and the rest, nursed the sick, fought fevers and vermin, comforted the dying, buried the dead— and grew old prematurely.
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FORTY-THREE YEARS IN TURKEY
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After these terrible days Dr. Christie was never quite the same. The wonderful combination of light-heartedness and seriousness which we observed in college days were characteristic of him all through but after those days of massacre, a certain buoyancy faded out and never returned. He carried in his spirit, if not in his body, "the marks of the Lord Jesus."
The following winter he visited England, Scotland and Ire- land pleading the cause of stricken Armenia, speaking daily before all classes of people and meeting many distinguished men. It was exhausting work for body and spirit, and on his return during a storm on the Mediterranean he caught a severe cold which developed into asthma that dogged him all his after days. Dr. Christie received another honorary degree as a result of this visit to Great Britain when the University of Aberdeen conferred on him a Doctor of Laws in 1906. He had been made Doctor of Divinity by the College of the City of New York when he became president at Tarsus. Now the University of Aberdeen conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws in recognition, as they rehearsed, of his scholarly attainments and his service for humanity.
Fruitful years followed at Tarsus until the breaking out of the, World War. Now and then Dr. Christie had to flee from his old enemy, asthma, now to the mountains, now to Egypt, once even to Khartum. The great war brought another reign of terror, but most of that Dr. Christie bore mentally. To plead for Armenians and prevent if possible their cruel deportations, he visited Constantinople in June, 1915 and the authorities forbade his return. He fled to Greece, but was unable to get back to his wife and college.
In all his aims and struggles and achievements his life was never separated from the loved companion whom a kindly Provi- dence had brought to Thomas Christie on the eve of their graduation from college. Carmelite Brewer was a distant cousin of Justice Brewer of the United States Supreme Court and belonged to one of the renowned Puritan families of Massachusetts. Their married life was one long love story — the two lives blended together and consecrated in a common service, and dearer each to the other because they shared to the innermost and the uttermost the anxieties and hopes belonging to a divinely great mission. She was balance wheel and counsellor to him, and collaborator. Both at Marash and at Tarsus the mission work and the rearing of their six children exer- cised heart and hands for her as well as for him.
Coming to America in broken health, he gradually found im- provement in southern California, where he grew strong enough to engage in mission work till the armistice and the peace opened the way to the Orient for him. Then in a wonderful adventure he made his way across the Pacific and the Indian sea, to his college and his devoted wife. On his return to Tarsus, Dr. Christie received a
796 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [October
wonderful welcome from all classes. But they did not remain long. The great chapter God gave them in the missionary annals of the Church was written. The asthma began to trouble him again, and husband and wife relinquished their task into other hands. Returning to California, Dr. Christie began work upon a projected manu- script, but it was never finished. Early in January of 1921 he sub- mitted to a surgical operation from which he never recovered and in the little bungalow in Pasadena his life ebbed away, with his wife and daughter Jean beside him.
During those last days with his much worn Bible upon his breast, he could be heard whispering the words of the Master to whom he had given 54 years of his life. His fellow soldiers of the Grand Army, some of his Armenian students then in California, a graduate of Beloit who had taught under him at Tarsus, a representative of the American Board, friends he had made in the California churches, and his own loved ones laid him away to rest. His Armenian stu- dents now in America have asked to erect a Memorial to him in Turkey— a beautiful tribute truly. But his truest memorial after all, is the love for him that is cherished in a thousand hearts, the nobler ideals he awakened in many a life doomed without him to commonplace, and the permanent streams of influence he set in mo- tion or nourished into vigor, in a land over which the full light of day is yet to break.
A PRAYER FOR MOHAMMEDANS
Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, "Who hast made of one blood all nations, and hast promised that, many shall come from the East and sit down with Abraham in Thy Kingdom: we pray for Thy two hun- dred million prodigal children in Moslem lands, who are still afar off, that they may be brought nigh by the blood of Christ. Look upon them in pity because they are ignorant of Thy truth. Take away their pride of intellect and blindness of heart, and reveal to them the sur- passing beauty and power of Thy Son, Jesus Christ. Convince them of their sin in rejecting the atonement of the only Saviour. Give moral courage to those who love Thee, that they may boldly confess Thy name. Hasten the day of perfect freedom in Turkey, Arabia, Persia, and Af- ghanistan. Make Thy people willing in this new day of opportunity in China, India, and Egypt. Send forth reapers where the harvest is ripe, and faithful plowmen to break furrows in lands still neglected. May Hie pagan tribes of Africa and Malaysia not fall a prey to Islam, hut he won for Christ. Bless the ministry of healing in every hospital, and the ministry of love at every mission station. May all Moslem children in mission schools be led to Christ, and accept Him as their personal Saviour. Strengthen converts, restore backsliders, and give all those who labor among Mohammedans the tenderness of Christ. 0 God, show Thy power. Glorify Thy Son in the Mohammedan world. For Jesus' sake, Amen.
The Work of British Mission Boards
BY G. A. GOLLOCK, LONDON, ENGLAND Associate Editor of the "International Eeview of Missions"
iHE British Mission Boards are as closely knit together in
their National Conference, formed in 1912, as are the boards
A of North America in their Foreign Missions Conference of North America. It is from the Report of the Annual Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland that one can obtain the best view of what British mission boards are doing. Fifty organizations are members of the Conference, which includes all the larger general boards— Anglican, Presbyterian, Free Church and interdenominational as well as three women's societies, several mis- sions to Jews, the Student Christian Movement and the United Coun- cil for Missionary Education. The Conference has a Standing Com- mittee, several committees to deal with special subjects, a secretary (Mr. Kenneth Maclennan), and attractive headquarters at Edinburgh House, Eaton Gate, London, where are also the offices of the Inter- national Missionary Council and of the International Review of Missions.
In the three international commissions on Christian Education — to India, Africa and China respectively — British boards have in varying proportions taken part. Difficult and highly confidential work has been entrusted to the Committee on Missions and Govern- ments, of which Mr. J. H. Oldham is secretary. "When it is remem- bered that during the past year such matters have been dealt with as the admission of alien missionaries to British colonies and pro- tectorates, the problems of the property and work of German mis- sions, the examination of articles safeguarding religious liberty in mandates and newly drafted constitutions, and questions of the rights of subject peoples regarding land and labor, it will be realized that this Committee has a bearing on mission work far outside the area of the Conference under which it acts.
The growing realization of the dependence of work abroad upon the responsive life of the Church at home is reflected in the activities of the Home Base Committee. A three-days' conference in January, 1922, attended by some seventy representatives of all the mission boards, resulted in a report which advocates a joint advance in the training of Home Base workers and in the preparation of furloughed missionaries for the presentation of their work to the Church; the provision of better material for various branches of missionary education ; the development of united intercession ; and the holding, at suitable centres, of united missionary demonstrations.
The Committee on Recruiting, which has already done remark
797
798 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [October
able work in drawing students still in college and board secretaries together, is cooperating by an inquiry into the influences and motives which have led men and women, whether junior missionaries or student volunteers still in college, to offer for foreign work. The mission boards should gain much from this inquiry.
The report of the Board of Study for the Preparation of Mis- sionaries shows that the British boards are maintaining common action, in addition to that which they separately take, to provide modern equipment for the mission field. The report shows a total attendance of 250 students at the Three-Term Thursday Lecture Course in London and of 125 students — about half being furloughed missionaries — at the two residential courses held during the year. One hundred missionaries have already taken advantage of the Special Education Course arranged by the Board of Study at one of the Training Centres of London University.
Two other committees of the British Conference claim notice — the Committee on work among Jews, and the Committee on Christian Literature, which is at present engaged in the study of Christian literature in Africa. This new chapter of literature survey is per- haps the most thrilling, the most arresting of all. There is a great map of Africa set with tiny colored Hags, crossed and re-crossed with mysterious lines, which, when interpreted, show the supply of Chris- tian literature available in any district. Ten years has seen the once prosaic work of the Literature Committee lifted into the region of romance.
One of the most active agencies in the cooperative work of British missions is the United Council for Missionary Education. This representative body, which works entirely on a self-supporting basis, produces for all the mission boards mission study textbooks and other volumes, high-class graded missionary literature for boys and girls of all ages, and various missionary aids in the form of yarns or lessons for the use of teachers. The Council has issued during the ten years of its existence over one million graded text- books. In 1921, 83,000 books were issued, and at the time of writ- ing (May, 1922) the Council has in preparation twelve volumes in nine different grades. The British boards also cooperate in main- taining a successful Press Bureau under the direction of Mr. Basil Mathews, the versatile editor of Outward Bound.
The present situation of the British mission boards may be characterized as full both of difficulty and of hope. On all of them pressure, resulting from the war, is still heavy. The promising can- didates on the horizon in 1914 have not yet been replaced. The necessity of rendering service to the German missions has been, and still is, a heavy additional responsibility. Recovery is slow from the effects of adverse exchange, increased cost of living and of travel, and the financial situation at home is embarrassing. Working not
1922]
THE WORK OF BRITISH MISSION BOARDS
799
only throughout the British Empire but also in French and Portu- guese territories, in the Far East, and in Moslem lands, currents of political unrest have swept round British missions with varying power. Situations so complex as to be all but impossible have had to be faced in some parts of the field. There has been — alike in mis- sion station and at home — a repeated call for the reconsideration and reconstruction of what passed for established work, a challenge to a fuller acceptance of inter-racial brotherhood, a summons to meet the desires of churches in the field for self-government. While adjustments are in process of arrangement, the great, quiet, far- reaching work goes on in unfaltering faith.
A few points of general interest in British missionary work and a brief note on some missionary incomes for the year must bring this paper to a close.
The Scottish Churches have recently had a United Missionary Campaign, led by the Rev. Donald Fraser of Livingstonia, Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland for 1922-23. There has been deep spiritual response in the centres visited and plans are in prog- ress for a great United Congress in Glasgow in October. Other British missions hope to learn much from this Campaign.
The formation by the National Assembly of the Church of Eng- land of a Missionary Council, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Don- aldson, Bishop of Salisbury, formerly Archbishop of Brisbane, has a significance recognized by the missionary societies of the Anglican Church. The new Council brings foreign missions into direct rela- tion with all the accredited organizations of the national Church. Summer Schools have laid hold of all the mission constituencies and are being strongly worked with definite educational purpose and excellent results. General Boards include two such schools in their summer plans.
"Whilst the National Laymen's Missionary Movement has not rooted itself firmly in Great Britain, the denominational Laymen's Missionary Movements — especially in the Free Churches — have be- come strong, and well-established. During the past year they have once more made a worthy contribution to the cause, both in advocacy and in support.
The official or fraternal visits paid to missions by secretaries or committee members have been an outstanding feature of recent Brit- ish work. Within a year or two each of the larger boards has sent out at least one such representative. The result has been unvaryingly good.
With the hope of widening the area of missionary interest, the C. M. S. organized a Missionary Exhibition — " Africa and the EJast" — on a colossal scale. Thousands of stewards were carefully trained. The exhibition was held in North London for six weeks from the middle of May.
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[October
In the financial situation of the mission boards there has been, almost without exception, ground for deep anxiety and a call to sac- rificing effort and ceaseless prayer. Since the results of the year's giving have become known, thanksgiving and in some cases, wonder, overweigh all other thoughts. There is no ground for an expectation of easy times or of self-raising incomes adequate for the work, but one Board after another reports a result which proves that the Spirit of God is working in the Church. The British and Foreign Bible Society urged the need for an added £75,000 and when the year closed, the income had risen, expenditure had been reduced and there was a balance of nearly £12,000 on the year's work. The Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, which had closed a splendid year's work with a deficit of £17,000, reported the whole debt wiped out be- fore its anniversary. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel reported the largest income of its long history and the China Inland Mission has had the yearly miracle of its supplies maintained. The Zenana societies were both able, after a time of strenuous seeking, to write of a distinct encouragement. The Church of Scotland also reports an increase of income from living members, though owing to a decrease in legacies and the fact that many gifts are designated for special objects, the net result is a deficiency of about £5,000. The United Free Church of Scotland, notwithstanding the new worn, undertaken in the Gold Coast and Tanganyika, has been able to meet its more than £67,000 increase of expenditure with only a small transfer from its reserve funds.
Three British boards record a considerable deficiency. The Church Missionary Society, with its vast commitments has found its available receipts of over £447,000 short by some £57,000 of the amount needed to cover the year's expenditure, and with the adverse balance brought forward from 1920-21 enters its new year with a total deficiency of over £138,000. The Baptist Missionary Society, in the midst of innumerable encouragements, reports a deficiency of between £12,000 and £13,000; the London Missionary Society though tampered with an adverse balance gives thanks that at a time of acute financial strain its home income has dropped by only £10,000, and that for every £1 given by the constituency in Great Britain 16/- is raised in the mission fields.
Hearts bound with triumphant gratitude as the year closes once more with myriad proofs of the faithfulness of God. The missionary executives turn to meet the great calls of the coming year, rich enough to be freed from utterly hampering restrictions and poor enough to be kept dependent and watchful that every venture shall be a true following of God.
Yesterday and Today in the Philippines
BY REV. CHARLES R. HAMILTON, D.D., MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.
F I AHE world has been accustomed to underrate the importance of the Philippine Islands in world relationships. It is time for a recasting of this thought. To obtain the most accurate, unbiased, up-to-date information possible and in order to avoid mis- takes in a Philippine policy, President Harding deemed no expense too great, no man too high in station or character to be brought under tribute to assist in the task. After four months of most careful and painstaking study in company with former Governor General W. Cam- eron Forbes, General Wood accepted the Governor-Generalship of the Islands, instead of taking the position as Provost of the great Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. The attitude of this typical American in sacrificing personal desire to patriotic duty reflects the high motives which have actuated hundreds of men and women from the United States who, during these two and a third decades, have served their country and the Filipino people in this Far Eastern outpost. The Philippines bulk large, viewed from the standpoint of opportunity, menace, burden, promise or problem. Pregnant with possibility, they are a standing challenge alike to Church and State.
A brief span of years reaches back into the yesterday of the Philippines, but measured by the contrast in conditions of the past and present, the journey has been great. The most accurate and adequate picture of the life of the former day is found in the novels, "Nole me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," by Jose Rizal, the 3 sci
802
THE MISSIONARY EttJVlEW OK THE WORLD
[October
hero martyr, written a few years before the uprising in 1896. The first constituted a satire on existing conditions and an appeal to the ruling country to change its ways. The second was a warning of impending revolution. Spain was deaf to both appeal and warning and the storm burst. In ' ' Nole me Tangere ' ' all the defects of public administration of affairs, the ignorance of the functionaries, and their corruption, the vices of the clergy and the inferiority of Spanish culture in the Islands were made manifest.
The laws governing the Philippines under the Spanish rule, while protecting the natives (theoretically), also forced them into a condi-
TRANSPORTATION BY CARADAO SLED AS IN SPANISH DAYS
t ion of perpetual tutelage. "The character of the Filipinos, developed on these lilies," writes Dr. T. II. Pardo de Tavera, who was a member of the Philippine Commission, and is still a living and leading force among his people, "was exactly what could have been expected from the paternalistic legislation and from the teachings of the Church sifted through the character of its representatives in the [slands. Although the laws recognized no difference between the various races, nevertheless from the beginning of the nineteenth century the Spaniards claimed superiority over the Filipinos and so taught their children. On the other hand the Filipino did not parti- cipate in the government of his own country The townspeople
were obliged to remove their hats when a Spaniard passed, especially if he occupied some official position; if the Spaniard happened to be a priest, in addition to the removal of the hat, the native was
1922] YESTERDAY AND TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES 803
obliged to kiss his hand. No Filipino was allowed to sit at the same table with a Spaniard, even though the Spaniard was a guest in the Filipino's house."
It was the friars, as pictured in "Nole me Tangere," whom the people came to regard as the greatest obstacle to Filipino progress and they also rightly regarded the friar as the backbone in the de- tested Spanish system of colonization. What the conditions were under the government of that day is sufficiently indicated in the reforms which Rizal and other influential Filipinos demanded. They were principally: — The expulsion of their oppressors, the friars, and restitution of the friar lands to the municipalities; representation in the Spanish parliament; freedom of the press; religious tolera- tion; the laws and jurisprudence of Spain and equality before the law; administrative and economic autonomy and the abolition of the right to banish citizens. It was not the intention at first to secede from Spain ; they wanted simply justice and personal freedom, with a reasonable degree of local autonomy.
The present government, under American sovereignty, offers a contrast which is apparent also in the practical results of the two forms of colonial administration. Gradually self-government has been extended until today almost all the active part of the Philippine government machinery is in the hands of the Filipino people. The national legislature is composed of a Senate and Assembly, both
MODERN TRAVEL BY A SUNDAY-SCHOOL EXCURSION TRAIN IN THE PHILIPPINES
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
elected by the people. The Philippines are represented at Washing- ton by two Resident Commissioners. The Governor General, Vice- Govemor General, Insular Auditor and Deputy Insular Auditor and members of the Supreme Court, a majority of whom are Filipinos, are the only officials appointed by the President of the United States. Every province lias its Court of First Instance and every munici- pality its Justice of the Peace. The heads of the six departments of government and all but a few of the chiefs of the bureaus within the departments are Filipinos. All the reforms, and more, demanded by Rizal and his compatriots are now enjoyed by the people of the
Islands. An example of justice and altruism is that written on the page of American colonial adminis- tration in the Philippines. The Filipino people are keenly appre- ciative and grateful for all that has been done for them, though they naturally aspire to complete na- tional independence.
Three of the salient results of this wholesome administration are seen in the improved transporta- tion, public health and education. Very few roads existed formerly and those often were practically impassable in the rainy season. Today 6,000 miles of good highway connects the towns of all the im- portant islands. Nearly 1,000 miles of railway afford, transportation in ' a flagellant-religious ideals the islands of Luzon, Panay and under Spanish pRfESTs Cebu, whereas in the Spanish days
there was but one short line of 125 miles. Prior to the American oc- cupation periodical epidemics of small-pox, cholera and plague carried away thousands. These scourges are now under almost as complete control as in the .United States. Leprosy was scattered all over the archipelago, but today the lepers have been segregated on the island of Culion where they are cared for in the most approved modern fashion, living,under the form of an organized municipality and carry- ing on many industries. The public health service has become one of the inosl efficient in the world. The Philippine General Hospital in Manila is probably the largest and best equipped in the Far East. Most of the Provinces have a Provincial Hospital. The Anti-Tuber- culosis Society has its branches all over the islands and children's dispensaries have been established in many towns. Formerly the com- mon source of dr inking water was the polluted stream or the surface
1922]
YESTERDAY AND TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES
805
well. Today artesian wells have been provided in a great many towns affording pure, drinking water. All these measures have reduced the mortality rate by a large percentage.
The education of the Spanish period was very unsatisfactory. Primary education was a monumental failure, and secondary educa- tion was a farce. No freedom was allowed for mental activity and growth. Although several colleges were established, among them the Santo Tomas University, founded in 1619, and the College of San Juan de Letran in 1640, yet these institutions were intended for the education of the children of Spaniards, and only a very limited num-
THE OPEN BIBLE — RELIGIOUS IDEALS UNDER PROTESTAXT TEACHERS
ber of Filipinos attained degrees here. "From the first days of Spanish sovereignty in 1565," according to Dr. Tavera, "until its final termination in 1898, the object of all teaching appeared to be to avoid anything that was not genuinely Spanish and absolutely accepted by the traditional orthodoxy of the Roman Catholic Church. . . . .All experimental science and all advances of the human mind in the line of independent thinking, which disregarded the tradition and influence of the religious andempiricalforms,werealsoanathema. The Filipino civilization was evolved under the influence of intoler- ance which prohibited free thought and delivered the individual to the functionary to attain prosperity if he could while on earth, and to the absolute control of the priest to secure salvation in the future. ' ' The system of public education which was inaugurated immedi-
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
ately upon the commencement of the American regime introduced the modern educational era. Its prelude was the instruction given to the native children by the American soldier. Its present day de- velopment is the splendid system of education carried on under the Bureau of Education and characterized by the latest and most ap- proved methods. The schools include 4,412 primary schools, 509 intermediate schools and 50 secondary or high schools. In attend- ance at these schools are over 900,000 pupils, without any compulsory attendance law. The University of the Philippines, a government institution, has an enrollment of about 4,000 and gives, besides the ordinary arts course, training in the principal professional and occu- pational courses. The annual appropriation for education is about $4,000,000 and recently a special appropriation of $15,000,000 was
IGOKOTES OP NORTHERN LUZON AS AMERICA FOUND Til EM
made, to be spread over a period of live years. The Philippine Normal School is training hundreds of Filipino teachers for the public schools. Delegations from the neighboring nations have been sen! to study the excellent Philippines public school system to obtain ideas for their own schools.
However, the true story of education in the Philippines is not told in statistics, but is found in the new spirit that has come to per- vade the people of the islands, the ambitions and aspirations aroused, the forward look acquired, the esprit de corps developed among the students who have come to be a mighty factor in the new life of the country. Already this new student generation has begun to occupy places of leadership and trust. What this student body becomes will determine what the Filipino people are to be, for the students will become the molding influence in the years just ahead.
1922]
YESTERDAY AND TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES
807
The American guns at Cavite not only destroyed a Spanish fleet but they boomed the opening of the day of religious freedom con- tended for by the Filipino reformers. Some writers and speakers refer to the Philippines as a country whose people have been Chris- tian for centuries. It is true that the Philippines had the forms and terminology of the Roman Catholic Church, and these, together with the paternalistic sway of the friars, distinctly modified the lives and customs of the people but they were only nominally Christian. For- eigners had formerly the greatest difficulty in even sojourning in the Islands and all the inhabitants were baptized and enrolled as members of the Roman Church. Dr. Tavera, shortly after the be- ginning of the Amercan occupa- tion, referring to the attitude of til ' people toward the Christian faith as applied by the Spanish friars, wrote: "As the native customs of t h e Filipinos became modified and their natures more gentle the wealth and splendor of the reli- gious ceremonies attracted them greatly. All their ancient fears of the mysterious and occult powers which were supposed to bring ill- health or misfortune, to reward with victories or punish with de- feats, were preserved by these peo- ple. The only change in their relig- ious beliefs was in the personnel of
the spirits who governed the affairs RBSULT of protestaxt education and the phenomena of nature. The Rev- and Mrs- Simon Ygioria. Filipino mis-
x - . sionaries to Hawaiian Filipinos
patron saints whose protection
they now asked merely supplanted the ancient anitos of their an- cestors who in their former idolatry had intervened in all the affairs of life." This describes the early days of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. There came to be a more intelligent view of religion on the part of certain classes, but the sad fact is that among many of the masses of the people the above statement still applies in large measure to the devotees of the Roman Catholic faith.
Missionaries of the evangelical faith came with American occu- pation. The only form of religion which will lead the people away from a semi-idolatry is a spiritual worship devoid of elaborate cere- mony and the use of images. The new gospel was offered them in place of old forms and their seeing this distinction became the first step in their adoption of the spiritual religion of Jesus Christ, How they have responded to that offer in these twenty-three years since the
808 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OP THE WORLD [October
A ROMAN CATHOLIC EASTER PARADE IN THE PHILIPPINES
first Protestant missionary arrived! A safe estimate of the total number of communicants in the churches of the various Protestant missions would be in the neighborhood of 120,000. Double this number to indicate the true sympathizers with the Protestant faith, and we have nearly a quarter of a million whose lives have been definitely touched by the gospel. They are a virile force and their standing and influence are out of all proportion to their numbers. They present an eager, aggressive forward movement, strong, in- digenous bodies of believers endeavoring to win their land for Christ, rapidly developing as self-extending, self-governing and self-sup- porting churches. Their goal is one Evangelical Christian Church for the Philippines.
One of the first actions taken after the arrival of the missionary representatives of several leading denominations of the United States was the division of territory among these Missions. The Evangelical Onion was formed to associate the Missions for fellowship and for handling matters which concerned all. Under this principle of divi- sion the city of Manila was looked upon as proper territory for all of the Missions although only Methodists, Presbyterians, United Brethren and Episcopalians have operated in the city. While the Episcopalians have never become members of the Evangelical Union, there have been between them and the other Missions the most cordial relations. The Methodists, the United Brethren and Disciples of Christ were assigned Provinces in Luzon, north of Manila; the
1922] YESTERDAY AND TODAY IN THE PHILIPPINES 809
Presbyterians were given the island of Luzon south of Manila and five islands of the Visayas in the south, two of which they divide with the Baptists. The Congregationalists have stations on the north coast of Mindanao and about the Gulf of Davao on the southeast coast. The Christian and Missionary Alliance have worked in their own region in Mindanao. The Episcopalians, besides working in Manila, have stations in the Igorote country of northern Luzon and in parts of Mindanao. The missionaries, looking back over the years during which this principle has operated, are today convinced that their vision in the early days was a true one and they would adopt the same method, were they to be confronted by the same situation again. One exception is that of the Disciples of Christ, who are members of the Evangelical Union but do not theoretically accept the principle of division. As a matter of fact, however, this Mission has confined its work for the most to certain well denned areas. Cases which might cause friction have been happily adjusted through conference.
The chief aim of the Evangelical Union has been to cultivate a spirit which would demand a single united Evangelical Church for the Philippines and to work out methods which are calculated to attain that ideal. Two steps have been taken recently which are believed to be long strides in that direction. One was the action of the Evangelical Union last year by which membership in the organi- zation should be no longer confined to the Missions and missionaries,
THE AMERICAN CHURCH EVERY MEMBER CANVASS IN MANILA
810 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OE THE WORLD [October
but should be opened to the Filipino pastors and churches. This gives a new interest on the part of the native churches in the work of the Missions as such and will open up this vast native membership as a sympathetic and supporting constituency to the projects of the Union. It will, without doubt, facilitate and accelerate the move- ment toward the United Church of the Philippines.
The second step is the action of the Presbyterian Mission at its annual meeting- last year, and is significant as the pioneer step in actual union. It also indicates the authority recognized in the two native church bodies. The resolution is as follows:
"That it be proposed to the Presbyterian and Congregational churches that the two denominations become one and that invitation be extended to other communions to join in the movement to form one evangelical Church in the Philippines."
These two denominations have already united in conducting a Bible training school and as seven denominations have united in a theological seminary in Manila it is hoped that they will unite in one Church and thus inaugurate the movement which shall make it pos- sible to sing in truth as well as in sentiment :
"Like a mighty army moves the Church of God; Brothers, we are treading where the saints have trod. We are not divided, all one Body we, One in hope and doctrine, one in charity."
A BlIiLE .CLASS AT A MANILA MILITARY TRAINING CAMP
Teaching the Mountaineers of Tennessee
BY LEWIS A. WENRICK Recently a Missionary at Alpine Community, Livingston, Tenn.
THE mountaineers who inhabit that section of highland country just back of Old Colonial America are admirable Americans. They may be schooled in simplicity but are not lacking in courage, vigor or patriotism. Their struggles with the Indians proved their courage ; the part they took in the Revolution evidenced their patriotism; their part on both sides in the Confederate War showed their love and devotion to duty, and their part in the late war indicated their ideals and loyalty to humanity.
The people of this section of the Carolinas, West Virginia, Ten- nessee and Kentucky might be divided into three classes. First there are the original holders of the land in the valleys, who, with fertile land and improved machinery, are lacking in nothing.
A second class was hit by the recession of slavery and had to take the upper parts of the valleys and has been only partially successful.
The third class are the inhabitants of the upper hillsides. They usually possess a single room log cabin, the doors of which are open all day, for hospitality is a cardinal virtue. A big fireplace at one end completes their domestic possessions. There may be a "ginky black iron contraption" (a stove) but it is not a frequent possession. Cooking is done in the "Bake Kettle" (Dutch oven). You have never eaten corn pone 'till, from one of these methods, you have tasted it as made from pure white corn meal.
The old wooden plow is a thing of the past but the "Bull Tongue" (shovel plow) still does duty on the steep hillsides. Often it is too steep for a plow and is cultivated with a home made hoe. Recently a man was reported as falling out of his com field and breaking his neck. A pig or two, an axe and some sort of gun usually completes the mountaineer's worldly possessions. When circumstances and op- portunity agree he may take his axe and go down to the valley for a day's work. The spinning wheel is still to be seen but is not so much in use today as formerly. We still often see garments made from coon and other skins.
This class of mountaineer, however, is not the only inhabitant of this country. Hi o h up in the Cumberland mountains and just west of the centre of Tennessee we find the promise of better things in the establishment of a modern school. The Presbyterian Board is re- sponsible for its existence. Livingstone is a settlement far above the average in education, industry, and religious love for all that makes for civilization. Alpine School has a rectangular tract of land of about 140 acres, purchased and deeded to the Board with money
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
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raised by the mountaineers in two days. This is evidence of their worth and the value they place on education. If additional proof is desired consider the growth of the school from 50 to 230 in two years. Part of this is due to the efficient corps of teachers but part to their awakening to the essentials of life.
A large building of stone has recently been begun and is to be modern and complete in every way. An equally well built stone house for the teachers is nearly finished. School houses are far apart in this district and only three months of school is provided each year with inadequately paid teachers. Education has therefore lapsed so that instead of cultivated minds the people have the sharp eye, the .skillful hand and the shrewd reasoning of the pioneer.
Religion is a natural part of the mountaineer's makeup. We may not agree with the way he expresses his religious emotions, but none can doubt his sincerity. The protracted meeting Spring and Fall, with the circuit rider making an appearance twice a month, offers about the only outlet to his emotions. Occasionally a singing master will hold forth for several nights in a settlement and at such )ii nes we hear such songs as "I Feel Like Going On" set to the sort of music that renders it of little worth outside. The lassies have high sweet voices though inclined to be loud and shrill.
During many months of the year it requires a good team and skillful driving to bring an empty wagon to this place. Therefore it is only natural that the man of the community will be content with what he lias and makes the best of it to supply his needs. Shut in, he becomes a living monument of the past and only where lines of com- munication are open can the pulse of civilization be felt. Back in the hills he remains the "contemporary ancestor."
The conditions are changing and are bound to change more. In the distance we hear the rumble of the giant blast breaking up the boulders. These old hills are rich in coal and minerals and the slopes are covered with valuable timber. Shafts, tunnels, forges and anvils are at the door and industry is going to enter with the insistent driving civilization of the twentieth century.
Will the change be for good or evil? There are elements that make for the best and there are others that make for the worst. One thin^ is sure, the Christian religion and education make for the best. The question is, will it prevail over modern business and Mammon? Some of the children are already assimilating the knowledge of the church and school and a few have gone back into the hills. Much, but not all, depends upon the diligence and devotion of those en- trusted with this work. Something depends upon those at home in the "second line defence" with prayers, interest and gifts. Educa- tion and religion will ultimately win. The vital thing for each of us is to do our Ix'sl in the pari assigned to us by God in His work. All engaged in His program have the promise of His partnership.
The Women of India
BY .JULIA E. GIBSON, M.D. Missionary of the Church of the Nazarene
WHAT poison is that which appears like nectar ? " ' ' Woman. ' ' "What is the chief gate of hell?" "Woman." "What is cruel! The heart of a viper. What is more cruel? The heart of a woman. What is the most cruel of all ! The heart of a soulless, penniless widow."
Thus read some of the Hindu proverbs on women. Is it possible to conceive anything more heartless than the last quoted proverb — "the heart of a soulless, penniless widow?"
A similar sentiment was expressed by Buddha when he rejoiced that he had escaped the three curses of being born in hell, or as a vermin, or as a woman.
Would that we could depict the women of India to you as we saw them, so that you too might become acquainted with them and learn to love them !
Small of stature is the rule, and slender of form. The life-long habit of unshod feet and the unrestrained action of the musculature of the body produce a perfect and natural poise, and give a sweet dignity and grace even to the low caste women.
Straight black hair is smoothly parted and fastened at the back of their small, shapely heads with gold or silver ornaments. Perfect Aryan features and beautiful olive complexions characterizes the higher castes. Demure, modest brown eyes sometimes laugh, but more often reflect the sadder emotions of life. Theirs seems to be the music of the minor key, and while they are not fully conscious of their lack, nor of the undeveloped possibilities within them, a subtle and pathetic appeal arises from their woman's heart and dies in the shadows of their dark eyes. Love them ? Ah ! Who would not love the women of India! More devoted wives, more patient and loving mothers one could not find the world over !
Caste, an intrinsic part of the Hindu religion, practically forbids the full development of women. Married in childhood, mothers as soon as nature permits, and widows often ere they are truly wives,- — the natural trend of their lives offers no opportunity for maturity either physical or intellectual. And in regard to spiritual develop- ment, the Hindu religion makes not even a pretense of such a pro- vision for women. Her salvation depends entirely upon the merits of her husband and on her faithfulness in carrying out her duties as wife and daughter-in-law. Quoting from one of the Hindu holy books, Dubois says:
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"Her husband may be crooked, aged, urifirm, offensive in his manners. Let him also be choleric and dissipated, irregular, a drunkard, a gambler, a debauchee. Let him live in the world destitute of honor. Let him be deaf or blind. His crimes and infirmities may weigh him down, but never shall his wife regard him but as her god."
Over 9,000,000 of young girls under fifteen years of age are in such servitude today, and more than two and a half million under ten years of age. Betrothed in babyhood, they become widows at all ages : ' ' The most cruel of all — a soulless widow. ' ' There are thou- sands of them under five years of age, doomed to a life of slavery and degradation. And all because of sins supposed to have been committed in some past existence, of which, naturally, they have no knowledge.
The greatest burden of heathenism falls upon its women. It is the Christian religion alone which gives women her rightful place by the side of man as his true helpmate. The temples of South India are filled with little maids who are "married to the gods." Innocent and pure as the lotus buds, to which Miss Carmichael likens them, when taken there, but withering in the polluted atmosphere of the sin and shame which emanate from the vile beings who call themselves priests.
Infanticide is common in India, but girls are the chief victims. Among the Rajputs of Northern India some years ago in a com- munity of 30,000 people there was not a single girl. This fact alone might help to elucidate the meaning of another rather pertinent saying: "The parents look after the boys and God looks after the girls." Alas! Many of them are but the helpless victims of the old mid-wife's thumb on the exposed brain ere breath has been drawn. Some are drowned; some are left for the jackals; others are dis- posed of in various ways. If, perchance, they escape these methods, they are cruelly neglected until they die.
When a mother and father died of plague, two little babies — a twin brother and sister — were brought by the relatives to our dis- pensary for treatment. To our surprise the boy, who was a weakling in comparison with the healthy, robust girl, began to improve, while the baby girl lost weight from day to day and eventually died — starved to death by the design of the relatives.
Not cruelty so much as heartless apathy is the real cause, and also the immense burden of financing the procuring of a husband and the cost of an elaborate wedding feast. Heavy debts are thus contracted, money borrowed at usury, and the resulting obligations are transmitted from father to son. The burden of heathendom is certainly heavy !
"Educating a woman is like putting a knife in the hands of a monkey," is another Hindu proverb which needs no interpretation. The fact that after so many years of British rule and missionary
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THE WOMEN OF INDIA
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effort only 1% of the women of India can read and write is demon- strative of the tenacity with which they adhere to their religions and caste principles.
The little brown-skinned maid who is indissolnbly betrothed in babyhood, and while yet of tender years leaves her little wooden doll to live for several months of the year in her husband's home, under the tyrannical discipline of the mother-in-law, has little time or opportunity to attend school, even were it desirable from the parent's standpoint. She must become the mother of men, truly, but is con- sidered purely as a physical, almost a mechanical instrument in the propagation of the race. The Hindu philosophers seem to have no knowledge of even the rudi- mentary principles of biology. They do not realize that debasing and stunting the development of one sex, must of necessity cause great loss to the other.
The results of heathenism are nowhere more spectacularly dem- onstrated than in the physical con- dition of its women and children. The social conditions to which we have referred are the cause of a train of evils : mental, moral and physical. Childhood is abused and womanhood outraged; female in- fant life is considered of little value.
There were some startling and gripping challenges heralded dur- ing the war, such as made our pulses beat the faster with impassioned loyalty, or struck cold chills to our hearts in apprehension. But none stirred the depths of our soul more truly than one which was used by the Woman's Federation. "They are dying in the trenches on the battlefields of motherhood!" Xo doubt because we had seen these loyal soldiers consecrated to home and religion in these same trenches, on that very battlefield ere we were prepared to help them, had heard their call for medical help when none was nigh ; had seen one life ? — no, two go out at once un- aided. And we had stumbled away from the sight with our hearts sick with the sorrow of it all.
Young, undeveloped mothers give birth to puny, sickly infants in a land w*here the laws of proper hygiene and sanitation are un-
AX IXDIAV GIRT. IX TRAIVIXG FOR A CHRISTIAX TEACHER
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known. This neglect results in an infant mortality of twice that of England. Of the "fittest" who survive, both male and female, 1,300,000 fall victims to malaria in one year, not to mention plague, cholera and many other diseases incidental to a heathen and Eastern country.
In India we have 159 women doctors to 150,000,000 women, and 40,000,000 of these women live in purdah, and may be treated only by women. "It is these medical missionaries who are winning the hearts of our people," said a Mohammedan. "We, too, must build hospitals and care for the sick and the dying if we wish to keep our religion alive."
The response of the women of India to the Gospel of Jesus Christ is attended by many difficulties, and therefore is not so rapid as we would desire.
Caste forbids the mingling of the sexes an 1 interchange of thought. It is offensive even to ask after the welfare of a man's wife. The Hindu's conception of womanhood and modesty is so diametrically opposed to ours, and ours to theirs, that a revolution of life's principles in training and thinking must take place. With mature women this is exceptional, while our greatest results and fullest harvests are realized in the "buds of promise." AVe are speaking not of isolated localities, nor unique conditions, but of the mass of women as we have studied them in the province of Berar.
As to the ultimate personal response it can be no better demon- strated than in the photo before you of one of our girls now in training for a teacher. Compare her with the little neglected, unloved, unwanted piece of humanity which one of our missionaries is receiv- ing from the hands of a relative — ' ' Do as you please with her. ' ' Christ shall touch her life, and in a few years she also will have developed into as promising a young woman. For in spite of the "soulless" con- ception of themselves, the transforming power of Jesus is marvel- ously demonstrated in their lives. Latent possibilities are realized in teachers, nurses, doctors and beautiful Christian wives and mothers.
It has been said that "the condition of its women is the truest tesl of a people's civilization. Her status is her country's barometer." The condition of India's women points to the need of the Christ. Ram and Krishna and Siva have so signally failed, but we have a Saviour with such a salvation that He can enter into the very web of life and weave His holy and uplifting principles into a country's civilization until through Christianization its women stand redeemed side by side with its men.
Our Christ is "the Saviour of the world" not of a sect or race, but one who adapts Himself to the heart need of each one in His own created universe !
A Moslem Recipe For the Turk
An educated Moslem enumerates the following four points as im- portant and essential for the freeing of the Turk from his present disabili- ties and limitations :
1. Secure to the people the right and opportunity of untrammeled religious instruction.
2. Effort should be made to develop a religious entente.
3. Secure absolute freedom of con- science.
4. The acceptance of a mandatory power to act in the interest of and to be a guide for the gov- ernment and people.
To accomplish this, the Turks do not possess the religious instincts or traditions, much less the necessary re- ligious counsels or organizations. The Turkish sultans had no such ideals. They were as lions seeking territory to conquer, and ever ready to spring for- ward to conquest. The Ulema [Mos- lem doctors of sacred law, with the Sheik ul Islam at their head] and other leaders served the purpose of the Sultan without consideration of the people. The past six hundred years demonstrate that the Turks of themselves cannot make progress. The Magyars, the Rumanians, the Bulgarians and others, freed from Turkish domination, made advance. Compare Sofia and Adrianople, neigh- boring cities. If the Ulema, the Khoja [teachers attached to school of mosque] and other leaders had been men of culture and education, serious and open-minded, they would have considered the needs of the country, and would have introduced those changes necessary for the welfare and best interests of the people of the country in all the phases of life. Six hundred years of this is sufficient. Now is the time to inaugurate those movements that will make for the peace and the best interests of all the people.
Western Christianity stands ready to extend a helping hand in accord-
•From the Missionary Herald.
4 817
ance with the spirit and on the broad basis of the teachings of the Messiah. Glance at the history of India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, North Africa. Is there not demon- stration enough that these Moslem countries have remained stagnant through all these centuries ? Examine the physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual conditions. Injunctions against murder, robbery, intemper- ance, immorality, have been and are dead letters as far as the Turkish sultan and other leaders are con- cerned. Nothing has been done for the material, moral and spiritual re- form and welfare of the people.
Must we not admit that Islam is too small a religion, too circumscribed, too formal? Must we not place the responsibility of our backwardness, and not only of ours, but the backward- ness of Moslem lands, at the door of Islam ? We are challenged for an an- swer. Should we not seek the reason in what appears to be the fact that Islam does not furnish the high ideal that inspires to investigation, desire for progress, and the different phases of life — material, social and spiritual?
The holy Koran is in a language known to but comparatively few in the Moslem world. The repetition of its words and other religious exercises enjoined, do not develop moral ex- cellence or, as history shows, an im- pulse for progress and human wel- fare. Is the assertion that the Koran supersedes the gospel tenable? Is it necessary that Allah should withdraw a revelation, or substitute a different one for one already given ? We recog- nize Jesus, the Messiah of the gospel, as true prophet of God. Let us turn what light he may give on the human problem. Let that stand which can give light and leading.
Should not Moslems consider wheth- er Jesus the Messiah does not offer that which is necessary to the preser- vation of their rights, and furnish the ideals that would make possible growth in that righteousness which exalteth a nation?
BEST METHODS
■ LnjTj«,""Lnru"""Lrw'i
Edited by Mrs. E. C. Cronk, 1G12 Grove Avenue, Richmond, Va. BEST METHODS AT SUMMER SCHOOLS
The 1922 Summer Schools and Con- ferences have surpassed those of other years in attendance, in interest and in thoroughness of work done. When it was yet winter, Florida started the chain which went north, south, east and west until it ended at Chatauqua in tlie last week of summer. The Wil- son College School conducted success- fully "A School Within a School." Children of the city attended this demonstration school for the week. They were divided into beginners, primary, junior and intermediate sections. A general superintendent was in charge, with superintendents and helpers for each section. A pro- gram of worship and study was con- ducted each day with summer school delegates as visitors. At the close of the week's work an exhibit of hand- work, done by the children, was given.
Dramatizations. In addition to the more elaborate pageants, there have been many dramatizations pre- sented so simply and so effectively that delegates felt they could go home and present them.
A Mother's Prayrr at Los Angeles. Mrs. Fish suggested a possibility for Mothers' Meetings or Cradle Roll Receptions by having a young mother, holding her baby in her arms, recite to musical accompaniment* "For My Baby's Sake," after which a soloist sang "The World Children for Jesus. ' '
A similar idea was introduced in a pageant at Lakeside, Ohio, and also at Wilson College and Chatauqua when a reader gave "A Prayer for Mothers "t while a mother leaned over a baby in a bassinet, and a group of
children in the costumes of non-Chris- tian lands and a soloist sang "The World Children for Jesus" and "I Think When I Hear That Sweet Story of Old."
Dr. Scudder's Call. At Northfield, Dr. Ida Scudder was introduced by a simple dramatization of "Three Knocks That Summoned in the Night, "t
The Service Flag is becoming an established and impressive feature of many schools. To the flag is added each year a star for every summer school delegate of previous years who lias sailed for the foreign field during the year, or for every delegate present who is to sail within the coming year.
AT THE MISSIONARY EDUCATION CONFERENCES
By Gilbert Q. LeSourd
A Pageant Produced With Two Rehearsals: That a pageant requiring over an hour lor production could be successfully staged with only two re- hearsals would ordinarily seem in- credible; yet this was accomplished at Ocean Park. The pageant was based on the story of Jonah. The out- line of the plot is briefly as follows:
A young man, who is Chairman of a Missionary Committee, is not taking his task seriously and is also failing in his responsibility for taking care of his younger brother. At a summer conference he is persuaded to attend the missionary play which presents the story of Jonah. This leads him to realize that he has a responsibility for being his brother's keeper and he returns to his home to be a better
•American Haptist. Foreign Missionary Society, 27C Fifth Avenue, New York. Price 2 cents.
tPublishcd by Literature Headquarters, 844 Drexel IJullding, Philadelphia, Pa. Price 3 cents.
818
1922]
BEST METHODS
819
brother and to put new life into his work as Chairman of the Missionary Committee of his Young People's So- ciety. The production of the pageant with only two rehearsals was made possible by the work of the director who impressed upon the cast the fact that they were not attempting to give a show but to present a missionary message in a dramatic way. The re- hearsals were opened with prayer and a spirit of intense earnestness per- vaded the entire session. All the players assembled for prayer just be- fore the giving of the pageant with the result that its production was a spiritual service which conveyed a great missionary message to all who saw it.
Impersonation Method Used in Teaching a Mission Study Class: Vividness in teaching a mission study textbook may often be secured by making an assignment which, as closely as possible, duplicates the situation which might arise in real life. A class studying "Building With India" is given this assignment :
For the next lesson the leader will impersonate Mr. Smith, who is a young man of fine Christian character and purpose who is willing to devote his life to missionary work in India if he feels that this is advisable. It is his opinion, however, that in view of the great heritage and wonderful re- sources of the Indian people, it is no longer necessary to send them mis- sionaries. From the material in the chapter of "India's Handicaps" con- vince Mr. Smith that there is still need for him to go to India as a mis- sionary. Such an assignment as this was used in a study class this sum- mer and the argument between Mr. Smith and the class made the session an exceedingly interesting one.
Teaching by the Project Method: The latest thing in secular education seems to be the project method. As an illustration of this a class studying Junior Methods based on "The Won- derland of India" attempted to con- struct a number of models which would illustrate Indian Home Life.
Some of the class made a house repre- senting the home of a very rich Indian of the higher caste. This was made from cardboard, plasticine, a few bits of cloth and other material which was readily secured with little or no ex- pense. One of the interesting things discovered in this connection was that while this particular house was typical of the rich man's home in one city, a fully different type of house would be found in another of the great cities. Other members of the class construct- ed an outcaste village. The materials for this were easily found, consisting of twigs, leaves, straw, mud and plas- ticine for modeling earthenware, cooking utensils, etc.
A Demonstration of Suit day -school Programs: At Blue Ridge an hour is given each Sunday morning to the demonstration of programs for the monthly missionary meeting of the Sunday-school. This would be an ex- cellent idea for a city institute or Sunday-school convention. The pro- grams presented consisted of demon- strations of simple dialogs, playlets and ot her dramatic ways of presenting the missionary message. Although many of these were very simple and have been used for a number of years, a great many of the delegates had not seen them and were agreeably'sur- prised to find how interesting a mis- sionary program can be made.
SOME WAYS OF PRESENTING THE THEMES OF THIS YEAR'S STUDY BOOK— THE TREND OF THE RACES
By Eva C. Waid By Committees
I. Instead of having a regular mis- sion study class, divide the large group of women into committees and let each prepare one afternoon's pres- entation of committee results. These committees could be Local Survey, Newspaper Clippings, Charts and Statistics, Racial Background, De- nominational History. As to Negro work, each committee chairman should outline the purpose and plan of the meeting and use the textbook material
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
in at least one talk or paper. She should hold at least one meeting of her whole group previous to her pub- lic program. The regular social and music committees of the society could be called on for supplemental service in the programs. If a whole program cannot be given, have at least one feature by one of the committees on each program.
II. A committee of seven from the mission study group could be chosen to introduce subjects from the mis- sion study textbooks in the mid-week prayer-meeting, Ladies' Aid Society, Sunday-school missionary period, Church bulletin, Christian Endeavor Society, Men's Club of the church and the primary class.
The biographies of "In the Van- guard of a Race, ' ' the stories of ' ' The Magic Box," the "Book of Amer- ican Negro Poetry," Chapter VI of "The Trend of the Races" and the articles published in the Missionary Review, June 1922, will furnish ma- terial. Also use denominational leaflets and magazine literature.
III. The committee on Christmas boxes can well use the preparation of a box for a Negro school or hospital as the occasion for a program on that particular institution and also intro- duce one or two general features such as, "What Negroes Give to America," "Helping Negro Boys and Girls," and "Negro Churches and Communities."
"Where you have a well-to-do Negro church, cooperate with it in this plan to help some of the struggling Negro schools.
IV. The committee on music may ask for a special musical service in the church, using the most devotional of the "spirituals," one or two of Paul Lawrence Dunbar's hymns, and having a specially sympathetic talk on "The Negro and His Religious Ex- pression."
V. A committee on posters may introduce a wealth of material con- cerning the Negro into church life even if no mission study class is held. Secure some definite space, preferably the vestibule of the church, the
prayer-meeting room or a much used class-room, and make frequent changes of poster material. Use the posters, with colored children, prepared by the National Child Welfare Associa- tion, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York. Use denominational posters and charts. Use cover photos such as Record of Christian Work, June, 1922, Booker T. Washington Memorial; Missionary Review, June, 1922; Borglum 's Lincoln ; reproductions of the Lincoln memorial in Washington ; the Survey Graphic numbers; photo- graphs from church missions; leaders among Negro people; pictures of cunning Negro children; a lettered poem or words from some Negro folk rhyme ; famous sayings about the Negro race. The first poster or notice card should tell of the mission study topic, the use of the book all over the United States and the purpose of these posters. Once in a while put up a notice to pique curiosity such as " What Will Be Here Next Sunday Morning?" or "You Can Sing the Next Poster," or "What Next!" Always have some information on the poster in very simple form.
VI. A committee on dramatics in the church may be formed and asked to use Negro material for study dur- ing the year. Refer them to "The Caroline Plavers' Survey," July 1, 1 922 ; use " Emperor Jones, " " Tabu ' ' and "The Open Door" (pageant given by Atlanta University) for study material. Ask for original pageant and pantomime material. Dramatize Uncle Remus and Octavius Roy Cohen's stories. Assign episodes to groups of colored friends. Follow simple suggestions given by Alma Srli il ling in "Leader's Manual for The Magic Box." Use Paul Lawrence Dunbar's story in prose, "The Ordeal at Mt. Hope." Study dramatic ma- terial in "Children of the Mist," (a group of short stories by George Mad- den Martin), and "J. Poindexter, Colored" by Irvin Cobb. If possible, have an original pageant presented by this group showing the appeal of the different races in America and
1922]
BEST METHODS
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the Christian answer to that appeal. Prepare a simple little play that Negro children in one of the mission schools can give.
A witty statesman once said, ' ' Con- gress is simply an outlet for com- mittees." Perhaps we can make the church the outlet for our devoted missionary committees this year.
AN INDIA FASHION REVUE
Prepared by Mrs. Milton E. Fish, and presented at the los angeles school of Missions
India, land of mystery and beauty, offers a wealth of material for varied and vivid dramatic demonstrations. Adapt the plan of our big stores and issue invitations to ' ' An India Fashion Revue." Invite leading girls to take part and display various styles in the fashion show. To introduce it, the manager should make a statement sim- ilar to the one given below. Then the girls should come to platform, and walk about, turning this way and that. As they move about the manager sum- mons first one and then another and calls attention to special marks of costume, as suggested in the following notes.
Manager of Fashion Revue: Clothes have a more primary purpose than to protect from climatic condi- tions. "We are accustomed to think of American dress as the most ideal in the world and regard the styles of other nations as "foreign" and queer. In reality we seem more and more to be turning to the bizarre and striking and our everchanging style books show that we have even made the human form hideous with false lines and humps. Rarely does the Amer- ican woman, even in a period of a hundred years, wear a gown of really classic line.
In contrast how beautiful is the costume of India with its truly classic lines restful in their simplicity and harmonious in coloring. It veils the form but does not deform it. Though the dress itself is simple, there is often a superabundance of extraneous orna- ment and a rich variety of gay colors.
The costume consists usually of three pieces — the sari or mantle, skirt and bodice. Every religion and caste has some more or less marked varia- tion, especially in the arrangement of the sari, that shows at once the wearer's place in society to which she must conform. But no two women wear their draperies alike. There is possible an infinite variety in the ex- pression of personal taste in color, ornament and arrangement |bf the sari. The feet are usually bare, and never having been confined are small and beautifully shaped. Often they are tinted with henna. Slippers of velvet or leather are sometimes worn, and the ladies of the very rich are occasionally now seen riding in their luxurious cars, with high heeled French slippers on their dainty feet. They are also discarding the skirt for trim lace petticoats. Gold on the feet is forbidden. The nose ring is usually a cluster of jewels affixed to the nos- tril, the most attractive being the single diamond. Bangles denote the virgin and bracelets the married woman. Too much jewelry can hardly be worn. The people are scrupulously clean except the gypsies, criminal castes, beggars and untouchables, who wear their clothes until they fairly drop off because they are so ragged and foul.
The waist fits snugly! across the breast, with tight sleeves of almost any length. This may button or tie in front or if made without any back, ties in back with a bit of tape.
The skirt may drop in simple folds or, if pleated, it flares at the ankles (See Benjara costume). The skirt is fastened at the waist by a silk cord or silver girdle.
The sari is hemmed with em- broidery and edged with a sort of closed fringe. When worn with a skirt it is fifteen feet long, and when worn without, it is twenty-five feet long.
Colors and patterns are infinite. The sari must be loose enough to allow graceful folds to drop naturally from head to shoulder, yet tight enough to
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
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fit across the breast, displaying the embroidered edge. The armlet on the right arm may be seen. Sometimes the sari is drawn not only to conceal the arms but the face also. This has been called the instrument of love and the coquette knows well how to use it to express her personality.
Manager beckons Assamese maiden.
Manager: Most charming is the girl from Assam.* Her skirt of pon- gee is fastened like all of the straight bag skirts. The long narrow strip is started at the left side, tucked in where the skirt is held, wound twice around the skirt, then around the breast, and over the left shoulder. The top, or large square cloth is worn over the head and shoulders with one end a little the longer to throw over the left shoulder.
The Naga dress (2)1 consists of two pieces, resembling the American Indian blanket in color, weave and design. The loin cloth measures twenty-seven inches by forty-six inches and the mantle forty-four inches by six feet.
The Karen costume (3) pictured here is a bit "old fashioned." It has the narrow bag-like skirt, heavy em- broidered jacket, and the inevitable bag.
Much We wears her own lovely Burmese dress in picture 4. The skirt is of heavy, pale pink silk, with a small design worked in silver thread, and made with the very long, straight, bag effect. The skirt is pulled tight to the front, one big fold is taken and then it is tucked under the belt. A short jacket of fine muslin, scarf of pale blue, tiny blue slippers, paper umbrella, flowers in the hair and a plentiful supply of jewelry complete the costume.
A small girl, the smaller the better, should take the part of the Hindu widow. Without any jewelry, a scant sari of white is all that she needs, for her dress. A small child is also better for the temple girl with her saffron- colored mantle.
The Benjara costume (5) is the most spectacular of all. The women
wear pleated skirts of glaring red and yellow, with the bodice open from the neck to the waistline, thickened with pieces of glass and heavy embroidery. The mantle is short, heavy and coarse. The hair is worn in two braids on each side, ending with a tassel-like ornament. A stick is worn in the hair to prop the mantle like a tent over the head. Odd shaped pieces of jewelry tinkle about the face.
The Hindu (6) with her gracefully draped sari and the tiny red mark in the forehead, to show she has been to the temple, comes next in the revue.
Numerically the Mohammedans come next to the Hindus and Brah- mans. The Mohammedan women (7) wear trousers, full and baggy to the knees, then fitting tight to the ankles. A mantle, shorter than the sari and of delicate color, is worn over the head. The long fine skirt is in- evitable. It is worn open at the neck and hangs to the knees. (The trousers are easily made by sewing a straight piece of goods four yards or more long together at the ends. Put a draw string at the top and sew up the bottom to within a foot of the sides, gather the open parts into tight fitting hands.)
The Parsees (8) are Zoroastrians and although few in number are con- spicuous for their great wealth. They are called the "Jews of the East." The Parsce woman always wears silk, a fold of white silk or lace across her head, and a piece of lace on the right side of the skirt. A short mantle of silk is worn over the shoulders. Her clotlies are all of delicate hue.
Last in our Fashion Revue is the high-caste Brahman woman (9) with tier rich jewelry, beautiful sari, anklets, and nose-ring. Yet none of them need Christ more.
The Fashion Revue may he closed by a pica from the women of Tndia for the robes of righteousness in Christ Jesus and the singing of "Tell me I he 01.1. Old, Story." (See Gospel Hymns) substituting the word "us" for "me."
•No. 1 Picture not Riven. See "Women of India" by Otto Etotbfleld.
Woman's Home Mission Bulletin
Edited by Florence E. Quinl:
NEGRO AMERICANS
Abridged from the report of the Committee, George R. Hovey, Chairman.
All too much of the old Negro re- mains r but there is a new Negro. To his- voice we must listen. This voice is resonant with a new hope based on solid achievement. A new era has dawned. The day of Booker Washington has not passed; it can never pass. His soul goes marching on, not in solitary leadership, but in a host of wise racial generals in all fields of life. They are insisting that the principles and ideals of American democracy shall be applied to them and their people. All too slowly, yet on all hands there is developing a de- termination of white Christian lead- ers to meet this reasonable request and to find a way out in the Christian demands of Negroes for better treat- ment, a fair chance for education, a more even-handed justice, reasonable economic conditions in city and coun- try, a fair appreciation of accomplish- ments under difficulties, a single standard of morals, security of life, property, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Missionary workers and represen- tatives of Boards doing mission work among Negroes are conscious of the new mind of the Negro, of his new sense of race worth and race dignity, his new determination to have applied to him the principles of a safeguarded and complete American life. The mere words or appearance, so far as the attitude of white people is con- cerned, are not sufficient. Each white person must actually make good in the fields of real achievement. The reality of such actual achievement is the unshaken rock of confidence on the part of Negroes in the trustwor- thy accomplishments of missionary workers and mission Boards. They stand a sure defense of mighty hope in the Negro mind. On such Chris-
^n, 156 Fifth Ave., New York
tians Negroes rely. They have loved much and love never fails. They have been weighed in the balance and have not been found wanting.
Principal Moton has recently said that "the better white South was never more friendly to the Negro than to-day." This is but another way of saying that in the principles of Jesus is the solution of the Negro problem. The test of Christianity rests in the criterion of real worth. Is a man "a man for a' that"'? Is color, or real achievement, to be the test? Heart- ening confirmation of a new point of view is at hand in the increasing num- ber of Christian men and women who are no longer asserting that they know the Negro, but are reappraising the progress of racial development during the last half century. It must be fresh- ly called to mind that the Negro lead- ers responsible for this changed atti- tude of the better South have been largely trained through the white teachers and trained Negroes sup- ported by Christian beneficence. Such fruitage of the greater life challenges to faithful continuance in well doing, an earnest of larger results yet to be.
Negro Population
The census of 1920 places the total Negro population of the United States at 10,463,013, as against 9,827,763 in 1910, and 8,833,990 in 1900; an in- crease in the one case of 635,250 and in the other 993,773. The first na- tional census in 1790 revealed that L9.3 per cent of our total population was Negroes. At the time of the Emancipation Proclamation the per- centage had decreased to 14.1 per •cent; in 1910 to 10.7 per cent, and in 1 920 to 9.9 per cent. At the close of the Revolutionary War every fifth prison in the United States was col- ored ; in Civil War days every sev- enth person; and, when the World
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War was ended, one person out of 10.5 was a Negro.
Save for one or two decades in our national life, the percentage of in- crease in white population has always been larger than the percentage of Negro increase. Even after making due allowances for census inaccur- acies the decreased percentage of growth in Negro population during the last four decades has been posi- tively startling. Eighteen hundred and ninety represented the maximum increase of all census decades ; it was 37.5 per cent. In 1900 it was 32.3 per cent; in 1910, 11.2 per cent; in 1920, 6.5 per cent. In the first four decades of freedom from slavery the increase in Negro population was phenomenal; in the last two decades the change in the other direction has been even more phenomenal.
As anticipated, the census of 1920 reveals a significant change in the location of Negroes in different sec- tions of the country. While the total change from South to North has meant a real trek of population, it has not assumed the inflated propor- tions carelessly claimed by some speakers and writers. Sixty years ago 92 per cent of the Negroes lived in the South. Ten years ago 89 per cent were in the South. Now 85 per cent of the Negro people are in the South. With a relatively small number in the North the change of 4 per cent of the total Negro population in the whole country in a decade is noteworthy. It means that three-fourths of the in- crease for the last decade has been in the North and West. The total in- crease of Negroes in the United States in 1910-1920 has been 635,250. The North and West have absorbed 472,- 418 of this increase, the South 162,- 832. The line between North and South follows the northern boundaries of Delaware. Maryland, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Arkansas and Okla- homa. The West is that part of the country lying west of the eastern limits of Montana, Wyoming, Colo- rado and New Mexico. The summary of changed geographical locations of
Negro population assumes rather startling form when it is realized that in the last decade the increase in Negro population in the South has been 1.9 per cent ; in the North 43.3 per cent and in the West, 55.1 per cent.
City and Country
The Negro, quite as much as the white man, has heard the summons of the city life, and has obeyed. While three-fourths of the Negro popula- tion is still rural there has been a steady stream to the cities. In 1890 less than one out of five Negroes lived in towns 2,500 or larger. By 1910 one out of four were living under urban conditions. A study of the latest census indicates acceleration in this movement. Even in southern cities the change in the last ten years is marked. The large recent migra- tion to the North has been most largely absorbed into city life. Na- tural segregation has occurred so that as never before these people constitute Negro cities within cities. Harlem (in the City of New York) in num- bers, wealth and life has become the largest purely Negro metropolis, not only of America, but of the world.
Facts in other cities have similar significance. During the last ten years the Negro population of St. Louis has increased 60 per cent, Omaha 133 per cent, Chicago 150 per cent, Youngstown 244 per cent, Cleve- land 300 per cent, Tulsa 330 per cent, Detroit 600 per cent, Gary 1,300 per cent. It will be observed that new economic conditions have caused the largest growths in places where a half-dozen years ago the Negro popu- lation was relatively very small. This was especially true of Detroit, and still more true of Gary.
In southern cities the increase in Negro population as a whole is pro- nounced, although local conditions and the northward drift have meant a lessened percentage from the previous decade, when the urban increase was large. In a number of southern cities the increase has been nominal, in a
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
large group the increase has ranged from 10 per cent to 18 per cent ; in a group of larger cities and those of exceptional economic opportunities the increase has been as follows : New Orleans, 13.1 per cent; Memphis, 16.7 per cent; Atlanta, 34 per cent; Richmond, 45 per cent; Norfolk, 73 per cent; Portsmouth, 100 per cent.
Closely allied to Christian work for Negroes in cities is the social service work of the National Urban League, with headquarters at 127 East 23rd Street, New York City. Through funds made available by the Carnegie Foundation, this organization has set up a Department of Research and In- vestigation. Already a careful study of a thousand Negro families in Hart- ford, Conn., has been made. In print- ed form this valuable study, includ- ing religious as well as industrial and social conclusions, will be available for those interested. Further studies of an industrial character are under way in Baltimore, Maryland. A study will soon be made of Negroes in northern New Jersey. Another de- velopment of its work will be of an extension character, in interesting Negro leaders of the country and se- curing their personal interest in the work of the League and its financial support.
Conditions in Indxistry
Industrial conditions in the coun- try at large have been reflected in adjusted conditions of work, especially in the cities. Negro women are all working, although those formerly in industrial pursuits have returned to the lower wages and often longer hours of domestic service. Negro homes have been maintained by the wives turning to household work, when the husbands have been denied the opportunities furnished them dur- ing the war and the earlier months of peace. Investigations by the Na- tional Urban League indicate that Negro laborers, usually of the un- skilled classes, have been laid off in about the same proportion as white
workmen in the same grades of labor.
The drift of population, the vicis- situdes of economic conditions in cot- ton areas, the presence of pellagra clue to crop failure and malnutrition, the prevalence of widespread igno- rance and superstition freshly fasten attention on the rural Negro. Recent articles in the Atlantic Monthly have awakened interest in these neglected ones of plantation areas. Without a sufficient number of rural schools of right quality, no wonder that Mr. Sedgwick writes of ignorance, lack of progress, superstition, vice. But with adequate attention to rural schools, not only are Negro leaders developed, but each school becomes a center of great value in community service. It means a small Tuskegee in the county of its location and the local country- side ministering in countless ways for a better social welfare to Negroes of varying affiliations and interests. Every such institution becomes a cen- ter of life and light in better homes, improved sanitation, more Christian family life, the development of farm- ing, higher ideals of personal character and the practical application of Christian principles of living.
Higher Education
An outstanding opportunity for Negro education is the use of funds in (he field of higher education. All southern states have made real strides during the last few years in provid- ing elementary education. The Jeanes and Slater Funds, together with the Rosenwald benefactions, have greatly aided in extending the number and improving the quality of rural ele- mentary schools. The realm of higher education of Negroes is a great open field of Christian educational service. Leadership in teaching and the other professions, in the practice of medi- cine and in the pursuit of the whole range of scientific achievement there must be. No race can rise without its own leadership. For training in the grades of college and professional schools there is a great open door.
Woman's Foreign Mission Bulletin
Edited by Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Beverly, Mass.
NOTES FROM A CANTERBURY PILGRIM
There will be a complete account of the important meeting of the Execu- tive Committee of the International Missionary Council held in the Old Palace July 27th to August 1st. These notes from the woman member of the committee will touch on some points which may be interesting to women and which a masculine mind might overlook.
Do our American women, generally, or even those in our Boards, realize fully that the war has made acute certain international situations that bear directly on our whole missionary problem? Some important matters for consideration are religious free- dom under mandates, or in newly ac- quired territory where new govern- ments have displaced the old ; collapse of German missions and the method of restoration ; questions of interna- tional law — shall it restrict the opium and liquor traffic? — the need of new and better cooperation not only be- tween denominations in one country, but internationally ; the new emphasis on nationalism in the countries of the East which will necessarily mean greater initiative and responsibility on the part of native churches in Asia.
These and many other very diffi- cult and delicate questions can be considered effectively not by one Board nor by one nation but must be studied prayerfully in conference if our large investments in missions are not to suffer in these perilous days.
The Edinboro Conference which brought us together in 1910 was prov- idential. The Continuation Commit- tee of the Edinboro Conference was of necessity quiescent during the war but it had pointed the way to the organization of a new and repre- sentative International Missionary Council. The organization was
planned at Lake Mohonk in Septem- ber 1921. Dr. Mott was elected chair- man of the new committee, the British secretary is Mr. Oldham, and Dr. Warnhuis serves in the British office. Other important and valuable aids are Mr. Turner of the Foreign Mis- sions Conference in America with Mr. Kenneth Maclennan of the British Standing Committee. The continent has been represented by Pastor Couve of Paris and Baron van Butzlaer van Dubbledam, M.P., of Holland.
This first meeting of the Executive Committee of the council which was formed in Mohonk, has just been held by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury at his residence in the Old Palace. Perhaps no other place in the world could have been so frag- rant with memories, historic and mis- sionary. Here the Gospel entered England, we are glad to think, through the young queen Bertha, daughter of the King of Paris, who had become a Christian. When she was married to the heathen king, Ethelbert of Kent, she asked to be free to continue in her own faith. She was only a girl of seventeen but she so lived Christ that Ethelbert was ready, when Augustine came a few years later, to receive him and receive baptism. Bertha's own ancestor, Clovis, had become Christian also through his wife Clothilda, and as Dean Stanley says, "It is no new story, a careless, unbelieving husband converted by a believing wife."
This may well strengthen Women's Boards of Missions in their work for women in modern mission fields, for the same story will repeat itself again and again in newly opened lands. God will speak to the men of the na- tion through devout women.
We lived again in scenes of long ago, such as that of the Saxon king going out to the Isle Thanet with his
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
companions to meet Augustine who bore in his arms a huge silver cross. As they advanced to Canterbury along the old Roman road they saw the little church of St. Martin. The present church still retains some of the Roman cement and bricks of Queen Bertha's chapel. We wish that every woman missionary worker might make this pilgrimage as we made it.
On the 2d of June, 597, Ethelbert was baptized and on Christmas Day 10,000 of his people followed his ex- ample. Later the king gave up his palace to Augustine for the founda- tion of the new cathedral, the first established English church. Later he gave to Augustine land on which to build the monastery which grew into the abbey which bore Augustine's name. It was designed in part that the new Christian clergy might de- vote themselves to study and learn- ing. It is fitting that on this site today stands a great training school for missionaries.
Somewhere among the ruins of the old cathedral lie the bodies of Bertha, Augustine and Ethelbert, a great foundation of life for the structure built up in England and in our new world.
We quote for those who work as missionaries of the Cross in the lands of the East these other words of Dean Stanley's: "The view from St. Mar- tin's Church is indeed one of the most inspiring that can be found in the world. There is none to which I would more willingly take one who doubted whether a small beginning could lead to such a lasting goal, none which carries us more vividly back into the past or more hopefully into the future."
Tn the old palace, while our host, the Archbishop, was not with us, be- in*: si ill at Lambeth, every care had been taken for the comfort and con- venience of the Executive Committee. The rooms assigned to the guests in many cases, were named for Chaucer's pilgrims. The room we came to know best u;is 1he committee room where we spent three sessions a day study-
ing the situation of the world in refer- ence to missions. Just above us, in the Archbishop's own chapel, we joined in prayer, morning and eve- ning, one family in Christ. We were led in our morning service by Bishop King, formerly Bishop of Madagascar, and now head of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.
It was a few steps down from the chapel by a stone staircase past the door where Thomas a Becket entered the cathedral the night he was mur- dered, into the garden, with high stone walls, centuries old, brightened by climbing roses. As we saw our own familiar gay Dorothy Perkins scram- bling up the stones we felt less like intruders. We saw other flowers, Canterbury bells, of course, named for the little silver bells on the altar, near spires of white foxglove and blue veronica, tufts of pinks and gay little poppies which made us feel at home. Internationalism finds realization in a garden !
In the dining room we became ac- quainted with our neighbors. In ad- dition to those we have mentioned, Dr. Ritson, secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Basil Mathews, author of charming books and a keen student of events, whose story of the conference will well repay your reading. Dr. Forgan repre- sented the great Free Church As- sembly of Scotland. Honorable New- ton Rowell spoke for Canada, while Col. Sir Robert Williams, M. P., president of the Church Missionary Societjr seemed to embody the best in statesmanship and churchmanship. Our own Americans, Dr. Brown, Mr. Turner, Dr. Franklin and Dr. Wat- son, who ran over from Egypt, com- pleted our American circle. Miss Gollock, associate editor of the Iwter- national Review, whom we met in America last year, was invited to sit with the committee, and Miss Hunter, Honorary Secretary of the Committee on Missions and Government, also lent her aid. We had the keen mind of Kenneth Maclennan, secretary of the Standing Committee of Great Britain
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WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN
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and head of the' Educational Depart- ment, as our constant advisor. It was of the greatest value to have lay- men of wide experience in the coun- cils.
Perhaps the most important part of the whole program was the report given by Dr. Mott of his trip through China and Japan, and that of Mr. Oldham on India, where he spent the winter. All the nations of the East are passing through new and strange experiences which will require clear understanding by all the Boards if they are to deal with the situation fairly and wisely. It will be well worth while if through all these changes we are being brought closer together and are able to work more and more cooperatively where co- operation is needed.
There is not time to speak of the delightful luncheon given us by the British Standing Committee, and of the meeting that followed with admir- able addresses from several of our number. Nor can we speak of the mam- kindnesses of our hosts at Edin- boro House where, in the interim, the work of the Council is done. There are many International Committees, Conferences and Alliances but none more essential than this Council of the great Mission Boards of the entire world. The meeting of the whole Council will be held in Great Britain next year and will include the repre- sentatives from all the Oriental con- ferences. Among other appointments to the membership of the Council was that of Mrs. Woods, wife of the Bishop of Peterboro, who will serve as the British woman representative.
One of the delightful features of our meeting in Canterbury was the opportunity to visit the Cathedral daily under the direction of Canon Bickersteth, son of the author and hymn writer. His knowledge of his- tory and his love for the cathedral made him an unusual guide.
In the light of our common history and Gospel there came visions of the greater Church which must have been in the thought of our Lord, something
comprehensive enough, large enough, with freedom enough to take us all in. A spiritual cathedral with many chapels, each emphasizing the phase of truth for which each of our various denominational divisions stand!
A COLLEGE EXHIBIT*
' ' You are cordially invited to visit an ex- hibit, presenting Oriental Colleges for wom- en, to be held in Boston University School of Religious Education, Saturday afternoon, November 26th.
"Plans for the new buildings and equip- ment, for which the Laura Spelman Rocke- feller Foundation offers a conditional gift of a million dollars, will be shown.
"Tea will be served from one to five o 'clock. ' '
This invitation was the expression of a desire on the part of Student Volunteers and missionaries attend- ing Boston University School of Re- ligious Education to assist in the Union College Campaign promoted in greater Boston by an interdenomina- tional committee. It went out as a general invitation to students of the many colleges about Boston, and in a personal way to about three hundred Oriental students. Through their own officers the invitation was extended to Baptists and Congregational, as well as Methodist missionary societies in and about Boston.
Besides the charts and posters and flags on the walls, tables were used to show the opportunities, the work and the needs of these colleges. Hua Nang and Ewha exhibits were prepared and explained by graduate students from these two colleges. Chinese girls from Wellesley helped in the exhibit of their sister college in Peking. Indeed, the presence and hearty cooperation of the Oriental students, both men and women, was the finest feature of the exhibit. Who could discount an investment in Oriental education in their presence ? The common interest and active cooperation made "world fellowship" something different from a much worn phrase.
— Mary Carr Curtis.
*From Woman's Missionary Friend.
NEWS FROM MANY LAND
■ u~wu w~\_nj '*■''- i_rvn-» ■
The Sacking of Smyrna
CHRISTIANS all over the world have been shocked by the delib- erate and cold-blooded murder of more than one thousand Armenians and Greeks when Smyrna was captured and burned by Turkish Nationalist troops under Mustapha Kemal Pasha in September. The Turkish Nation- alists have been repeatedly urged by the Allies to put an end to the atroci- ties but have refused to give any as- surance which might create greater confidence in their humane and right- eous purposes.
The capture, sacking and burning of Smyrna will go down in history as one of the most atrocious acts of the present day. Almost the entire city has been destroyed by fire. At least one thousand have been killed and about six hundred thousand have been rendered destitute. The Y. M. C. A. and relief workers were held up and robbed. Dr. McLaughlin, Presi- dent of the American Collegiate Insti- tute (an American Board college) , was robbed and beaten and other foreign- ers were abused. It is said that the girls in the American College, as well as many other women, were carried off by the Turks.
Here is fresh evidence of the inabil- ity and umvorthiness of the Turks to govern either themselves or other peo- ples. Individually, the Turk is often lovable and trustworthy but when op- posed or given power over his enemies he is ruthless and bestial. Govern- ments (including America), that make any claims to enlightenment should unite to put an end to these Turkish atrocities. Christians of every name must do their utmost to save the un- fortunate sufferers by gifts of money and clothes through the Near East Relief — not by entertainments given to coax contributions from unwilling pockets but by free-will offerings to relieve this unspeakable distress.
The New Woman in Turkey
THE new freedom that is being claimed by Turkish women is described in an article in the Asso- ciation Monthly, entitled "Turkey in Terms of Girls." It is stated that "the modern, enlightened Turkish girl, who is beginning to assert her independence, if contemplating mar- riage, insists that she be the only wife." Again, that while the women in the interior of Turkey still go heavily veiled, "in Constantinople, not only the young Turkish women but the majority of their mothers either throw back the face covering or wear none at all." They are find- ing a place in the business world : in offices, in stores, as translators for newspapers, interpreter in banks and in governmental departments.
Liberal Mohammedans
IN Smyrna and in Constantinople there is a growing and influential body of Mohammedans who are far from satisfied with present religious and political conditions. * * * These liberal Mohammedans are eager for modern education, for a larger meas- ure of liberty of thought and action, and take a stand quite in opposition to the traditional attitude of the con- servative Turks. This body of lib- erals is not a small or uninfluential group, but they will be opposed by the fanatical conservatives in any at- tempt which they may make to lib- eralize a Turkish regime.
Missionary Herald.
Enver Pasha Killed
lN August 4th, Enver Pasha met
o
his death at the hand of Soviet troops in southwestern Bokhara. Tims (comments the New York Times) the entire Turkish trium- virate, notorious alike for having steered Turkev into the World War
830
1922 J
NEWS FROM MANY LANDS
831
on the side of Germany and having actively schemed to solve the problem of minorities by annihilation, has now been wiped out by violent deaths. Talaat Pasha was assassinated by an Armenian student in Berlin in 1920, and Djemal Pasha by Armenians in Tifiis. After the Armistice, Enver Pasha was reported to have engaged in a conspiracy with the Bolsheviki to facilitate their invasion of Egypt, India and Afghanistan. At the be- ginning of this year, he was accused by the Soviets of betraying them. A like charge was made against him by the Turks, and both sought his arrest, but he always managed to elude his pursuers. He has carried on a campaign in recent months against the Bolsheviki.
More Missions Not Needed in Palestine
AT a recent meeting, the United Missionary Conference for Syria and Palestine took the following ac- tion :
This Conference strongly supports the findings of the United Conference of 1920 in regard to the establishment of additional missionary societies in Palestine, and depre- cates their settling here without first con- sulting the United Missionary Conference. The Conference also record it as their con- viction that there is no need for further organizations in this country at the present time. It was unanimously resolved:
' ' That this Conference, having heard of the proposal of the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention of America to commence missionary work in Palestine, invite the Bishop of Jerusalem, as Chairman of the U. M. C, to communicate with Dr. Rushbrook on the matter, and point out to him — (a) that there is a United Missionary Conference for Syria and Pales- tine, and (&) that in order to preserve the true comity of Missions, the Baptist Church would do well to take the opinion of the U. M. C. on their proposals before deciding to open work in a country already so well occupied from the missionary point of view, and, moreover, a country actually allotted, by common consent, amongst a number of other missions."
The Palestine Mandate
THE action of the Council of the League of Nations in approving the British mandate for Palestine has been greeted with enthusiasm by Zionists all over the world.
According to a manifesto issued by the executive committee of the Zionist Organization of America, the ap- proval is a confirmation of "the right of the Jewish people to establish their National Home in the land from which they were exiled over nineteen hundred years ago." "We remember with gratitude," continues the mani- festo, "the chivalrous cooperation of the men of vision and statesmanship, the representatives of great nations, who made our cause their cause, and who fought our battle as their battle, and who now rejoice with us in an achievement which is an honor to them and to humanity."
Non-Zionist Jews are emphasizing the economic development of the Holy Land. However Jews may differ on the subject, the approval of the man- dates opens up what has been called "one of the most interesting experi- ments in history. The task of safe- guarding the rights of Arabs and Christians, as well as Jews, is tre- mendous, and the responsibility of the British Government is very great. T'nlike some of the other mandates, this Palestine mandate carries with it the promise of more cost than profit for the mandatory power."
The Revived Sanhedrim
THE official revival of the ancient Sanhedrim at Jerusalem is an event of no small significance, at least sentimentally, as a symbol. It will mean much to Jews the world over, though what its authority or power may be remains vague. At its most modest valuation it is a grace- ful and generous political gesture. Sir Herbert Samuel, the English High Commissioner in Palestine, opened the first session of this venerable council with a speech which has been compared to "the first appeal of Nehemiah after the return from Babylon." It aims to mark a genu- inely new beginning, but harks back also to the misty beginnings of Jew- ish history. Oddly enough, this is not the first official attempt to revive this ancient council. Napoleon enter-
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t 1 1 1-: Missionary rkvikw of the worl!)
[October
tained tlie idea in 1807, but planned to recreate the body in Paris. The present British revival, following other lines, may conceivably become permanent. — The New York Sun.
A Persian Missionary
THE Church Missionary Society reports of its work in Persia: "The long years of patient work in the past are beginning to tell. The stones have been gathered out, the soil prepared, the seed sown, and the harvest must be reaped in God's time. Native church councils have been formed, lay readers set apart for church work, and now the first Persian Anglican deacon has been or- dained to the ministry of the Church in Persia. Large classes of inquirers are being taught at each of the sta- tions. The wandering tribespeople of Persia consist of Turcs, Lurs, Kash- gais, Bakhtiaris, gypsies, and others, who move their camping grounds in spring and autumn. Many of them are wealthy and powerful. For sev- eral years the chiefs of the large Kashgai and Bakhtiari tribes have appealed for missionaries. In July last the first missionary farewell service of the Persian Church was held in Isfahan. The service was Persian, the missionaries were Per- sian, and the money for the venture was Persian. The Persian Church lias sent forth this first medical mis- sion to the Bakhtiari country."
Arab Surgery
DR. E. LLOYD, who has had charge of the hospital of the Church Mis- sionary Society at Omdurman in the Sudan, gives the following account of Arab surgical methods in the C. M. Outlook for May:
"There is a very common disease in the Sudan which follows a prick in the foot by a thorn. A slowly- growing swelling develops, and the patient loses the use of his leg, and finally dies of exhaustion. No treat- ment is of any use except amputation, and this operation is, therefore, one
of the commonest which we have to ' perform. Before our arrival it used to be carried out as follows : the pa- tient was seated in one of the grass- walled huts which the Arabs build, and the diseased foot was thrust through the wall. An obliging friend then took a two-handed sword, such as is still carried by the Arabs, and with one blow removed the diseased leg, the wound then being cauterized. The Arabs have now realized that modern surgery can improve on this method. "
Mass Movement Perils
REV. E. T. PAKENHAM, of Owo, Nigeria, writes in the Church Missionary Outlook of some of the problems which a mass movement creates in any field where there are not enough workers to give the new Christians pastoral care. He says of his field :
"The number of workers has now grown to about seventy, but it is still far from adequate, especially as re- gards pastors and the more qualified catechists. One Irish, one Jamaican, and four African clergy can scarcely be called a ministry adequate to a district with some 6,500 baptized Christians, and which has an average Sunday church attendance of 11,000 persons. Extension has been so rapid that we have been unable to provide proper teaching and ministrations for our converts, and now we see positive harm arising from this lack. Churches allowed to grow up without adequate care and supervision tend to become undisciplined, and to commit ex- cesses that should never be tolerated; and unless the needful pastoral help is provided now, one trembles for the future of a Church which today is so full of promise, and so ready for spir- itual upbuilding. I always feel that if our converts are to grow in depth and spirituality, they have more need of the ministrations, teaching, and guidance of a pastor or missionary after their baptism than before."
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Power of a Changed Life
IN Kavirondo, Kenya Colony, where the Church Missionary Society is at work, there has been a noticeable movement toward Christianity, which has received perhaps its greatest im- petus from the remarkable trans- formation in the lives of those who have become Christians. In the Church Missionary Outlook, for Au- gust is told the story of Mulama, half-brother to the paramount chief Mumia, who on his baptism relin- quished eleven of his twelve wives, a complete reversal of the custom of the land. For about two years after his baptism the tribe had before their eyes what to them was a very strange example. Their chief sought honor, not in a large harem, but in walking justly and righteously before his people. His decisions in the native courts of law were no longer to be bought, but every case was settled on its merits. He gave his people an entirely new conception of what home life meant, and delighted to do honor to his wife.
Courage of African Christians
SOME churches in the Kukuruku country have recently suffered se- vere persecution. The Christians of onft village were scattered far and wide for several months, not daring, at the peril of their lives, to return home till peace was restored. Their visiting teacher was seized, and after being fined ten shillings, was put in irons for several days, during which he was fastened to a post, being brought indoors at night. He bore the suffering and indignity like a Christian, and he now has the joy of seeing the congregation in their own homes again, and 'worshipping the one true God. Several of those who suffered had been Christians for a short time only, and were almost un- instructed; but it speaks well for their faith that they preferred to suf- fer, rather than to perform a simple act of worship that would have gained them recognition as good heathen.
—C. M. S. Outlook.
(5)
Lutheran Missions in East Africa
THREE Lutheran missions in the Tanganyika Territory suffered more after the War than while it was in progress. They are the fields of the Leipsic, the Bielefeld, and the Berlin Mission societies from which all the German missionaries and their fam- ilies were expatriated. In the Leipsic field 200 persons were sent away and only two Esthonian missionaries were permitted to remain. The Leipsic Mission sent an S. 0. S. call to their friends across the sea in the Lutheran Synod of Iowa and in reply the Na- tional Lutheran Council of America sent two men to East Africa to look over the field and, if possible, to re- tain it for the Lutheran Church. Dr. C. L. Brown, of Baltimore, Md., and Rev. A. C. Zeilinger, of Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, entered into nego- tiations with the Governor of the ter- ritory and were able to make satis- factory arrangements. Consequently American Lutherans may now occupy the fie)kl. The Americans started out on their long "Safari" of almost four hundred miles on foot to visit the various stations as well as some of the Bielefeld and Berlin Missions. Dr. Brown contracted typhoid fever and passed away in Liberia on De- cember 5, 1921. Mr. Zeilinger re- mained at Moshi, East Africa, and is now studying the Kidschagga lan- guage in preparation for missionary work. At Moshi there is a congrega- tion of about 1,600 to whom a native missionary -helper preached every Sunday. The church is "packed" at every service and the annual har- vest-home festival last fall was at- tended by about 2,000 native Chris- tians. G. J. Zeilinger.
Swiss Missions in Africa
THE Mission Swiss Romande re- ports that during 1921 two ques- tions received special prominence. The first was the temperance question. It seems that the food of the natives in Africa is so poor that it causes, scurvy. On the advice of a physi- cian, the natives were allowed beer
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to correct the searbutic tendency. The conference recommended that better food be substituted for beer and re- ferred the matter to the physicians. Another question was the great prob- lem of the white man's oppression. The natives, among whom this mis- sion works, have heard the same call as the rest of Africa, to greater self- determination and are much agitated over the oppressions to which they are subjected. Missionaries present de- scribed the forced labor in Mozam- bique, the use of native land in the Transvaal and the exclusion of na- tives from higher paid labor in Jo- hannesburg. In South Africa Euro- peans, numbering one and a half millions, occupy fifty times as much land as the natives, who number five millions.
INDIA
Lord Reading's Message
THE influence of Christian educa- tion on the peoples of heathen lands has been attested by statesmen the world over. A short time ago Lord Reading, Viceroy of India, gave Bishop Fred B. Fisher of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church a message to the 500,000 Indian Methodists in which he said: "Every administrator in India must acknowledge that the educational system of India was cre- ated and developed by missionaries, that many of the reform movements in society and government were brought about by missionaries, that the human contacts of one race and color with another race and color, which are creating a new India, were the direct result of the preaching and practicing of the brotherhood of man by the missionaries."
A Hindu on Christianity
MR. G. M. THENGE at the public meeting held in the Hall of the Wilson College, Bombay, in memory •of Pandita Ramabai, is reported to have said, "We Indians ought to be very grateful to that great lady for administering relief to our own girls and women, providing for them hap-
piness and comfort all along. But for her, what would have become of these poor and helpless creatures — our own kith and kin, so to say ? We left them to die and they were saved by Christian charity and love, and yet the Christian missionary instead of being thanked comes in for a share of blame. Is it not strange? Our own kith and kin whom we have will- fully discarded and neglected are as safe, or perhaps more safe, under that religion than our own ! What a debt of gratitude we owe to Christian love and charity ! Our untouchables be- come quite touchables to us and enjoj- as good a social position as our own as soon as thejr become Christians ! What a magic wand Christianity is ! The spread of education in this coun- try would never have been so rapid, so general, so cheap, but for the ex- traordinary help rendered by the Christian missionary.
— Wcsleyan Mission Fields.
Righting Wrongs to Women
A GOVERNMENT return indicat- ing no less than 865 houses of ill-fame in Bombay city, with 5,023 Indian prostitutes, 76 Japanese, and 31 European and Eurasian (including 5 British), making a total of 5,130, shows that government action in this matter has come none too soon. While the Non-cooperators are quarreling among themselves about their destruc- tive policy, the various Councils are going steadily on with their con- structive work, the Legislative As- sembly at Delhi having carried Sir William Vincent's motion recom- mending that India should sign the International Convention for sup- pressing traffic in women and children subject to the reservation that India may substitute "sixteen completed years of age" for "twenty-one com- pleted years of age," the modification being introduced to ensure the prac- ticability of enforcing the law in In- dia. It is matter for encouragement that on such a question as devadasis, or girls procured for service in Indian temples, Indian statesmen are begin-
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ning to speak out plainly against this crying wrong to India's womanhood and girlhood. — Dnyanodaya.
Bible Study in Prison
MAULANA MUHAMMAD ALI, recently sentenced to two years' imprisonment, is reported by the Dnyanodaya to be spending much time in Bible study. He wrote from Bi.japur Jail to a missionary friend as follows :
"Here I have the opportunity and the much desiderated leisure to satisfy the old longing, and while I devote, after my jail-work is over, a good deal of time to Quran reading and memorizing, I am devoting perhaps as much to a study of the Bible. I have already read through the five books of Moses (on whom be God's peace). I have read all the four gos- pels and the Acts of the Apostles and Paul's letters. But the more I read, the more I feel the need of one or two books which could give me a correct idea of the manner in which the Old and New Testaments have come down to our own times. Who were the chroniclers ! How can we satisfy our- selves about their trustworthiness? How are we to reconcile their dis- crepancies? I should, therefore, like to get from you, if possible and con- venient, the loan of a few books of such a kind as would help me to un- derstand these things from the point of view of a believer, as I know you to be, who is large-minded enough to take a rational view of them."
Eating Carrion
MISSIONARIES in India require their outcaste converts to give up the eating of carrion if they have done it. An English missionary, writing in the Mission Field, explains the reasons for this regulation as follows :
"The eating of carrion is not con- nected with idolatry, and there is no objection to it on that ground. It is simply that it is a very unclean and degrading habit. The practice is par- ticularly abhorrent to Indians of
caste ; and so long as the outcaste persists in the habit the caste Indian has a good excuse for regarding him as 'untouchable.'
"When outcastes have been con- verted to Christianity, there is a special obligation upon them to give up the practice, both because they ought to form cleaner habits of liv- ing, and also because it is not fair to ask caste Christians to come to church and drink out of the same cup as people who eat carrion. Persistence in this habit puts a stumbling-block in the way of other Indians who might become Christians.
"At the same time we have never condemned it as a sin, or made per- sistence in the habit a reason for de- barring people from Communion. I believe that some Protestant sects have gone so far as to do this, and I believe that educated Indians would like to see it done; but we have al- ways felt that it could not really be called a sin. "
CHINA
Progress in Church Union
THE article in the August Review on the great National Christian Conference which was held in Shang- hai in May referred to the meeting in the preceding week of the first regular General Assembly of the Pres- byterian Church in China, which brought together twelve different Presbyterian bodies, and which was followed by action to unite this Pres- byterian Church with the two Con- gregational bodies in China (London Missionary Society and American Board), under the title, "The Church of Christ in China." This meeting is more fully reported in the Christian Observer by Rev. J. Y. McGinnis, missionary of the Southern Presby- terian Church in Chekiang Province. The sessions were bi-lingual, most of the addresses being given in both Eng- lish and Mandarin. Two-thirds of the membership was Chinese, and both the Moderator of the General Assembler and the Co-moderator of the special conference on union were
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Chinese of outstanding ability. Con- firming action will have to be taken by the lower bodies of the denomina- tions involved before the union, which is now felt to be a reality, will be- come one in fact, and there are mat- ters of creedal statement and church polity still to be decided.
Meeting of China Bible Union
FOLLOWING the National Chris- tian Conference of China in Shang- hai in May, the China Bible Union met for three days to complete its organization. V e n. Archdeacon Moule, nephew of the late Bishop of Durham, was elected President. Dr. J. Walter Lowrie, chairman of the China Council of the American Pres- byterian Mission (North), writes to the Sunday School Times of the meet- ing : ' ' There was deep and real unity of heart — every soul of the one hun- dred and fifty present proud to con- fess faith in the whole Bible record and eager to get the spiritual refresh- ment that several experienced teach- ers of the Word were able to provide. The Union organized permanently, and plans to enlarge its magazine and endeavor through it to confirm the faith of its readers, and to stimulate to more faithful preaching and teach- ing of the glorious Gospel that opened the Christian era and is still a thou- sand years ahead of all the imagina- tions of the twentieth century lati- tudinarians. ' '
A Missionary Dog
WHEN the Bethel people first came to Shanghai they were told that Arsenal Road near the barracks was the wildest part of Shanghai, that the soldiers would molest the nurses, etc.
But they felt that they had been guided in coming and therefore left secondary questions to God. Dr. Mary Stone and Miss Jennie Hughes had not been here long when they wished to begin evangelistic work among the soldiers but, as they were all women, they could not gain entrance to the barracks.
One day Miss Hughes was having a room cleaned where some boarding school pupils slept and found a torn New Testament. She gave the scraps of various kinds to the coolie to burn, but as he was preparing to light the fire, one of the prowling, semi-wild dogs that abound all over China, grabbed the Bible in his mouth and made off with it. The dog ran down the road, between the sentries at the gate, and into the courtyard of the barracks. Some soldiers who had nothing to do chased him to find out what he had in his mouth. When they captured the torn book, they sat down to read it. None of them had ever seen a Bible and they read all there was of it. The next Sunday when Dr. Stone was leading the morn- ing service, what was her amazement to see two officers and a group of soldiers come into the church and sit down at the back ! They had read the dog's Bible and have been coming ever since. Their wives and children are now Dr. Stone's patients, and an entrance has been gained into the military community. Is not that as wonderful as Elijah and the ravens?
Pioneers in Yunnan
HE activitiesi in Indo-China of A both missionaries and native Christians of the Presbyterian mis- sion in Siam were reported in the September Review. Reports now come of similar efforts in Yunnan Province, in southwestern China. Claude Mason, M.D., of the same mis- sion, now at Chieng Rung, Yunnan, the only European worker, who for five months was without a line from (lis family, writes, in putting before the Board the imperative need for reinforcements: "These illiterate Tai to the north of us are now coming to
us by whole villages No one
man can possibly do one-tenth of this work here as it should be done — let alone an unordained layman .... The Chiengmai churches have sent up with me two Tai families, one a grad- uate of the Chiengmai Theological Training School, another a good
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steady evangelistic family who have come up on a three-year contract, and at least three-quarters of their salaries are pledged or given already by the Chiengmai Christians,— the first real missionary families to be sent by the Siamese Church. Evangelists have come and gone but these are to live there and open this work for Christ's sake withoiit a resident foreign mis- sionary. God bless them and make them to be a blessing."
Latest News from General Feng
IT is worth while to keep track of news of the Chinese Christian, General Feng, now acting Governor of Shensi Province, for he is con- stantly expressing his Christian con- victions in unusual ways. Recently on the birthday of General Wu Pei-fu, Feng sent his superior officer a large wine jar full of distilled water, with a homily urging General Wu to in- augurate a temperance campaign amongst his soldiers. China's Mil- lions also reports that General Feng has erected a preaching hall in the busiest part of the city of Sianfu, Shensi, and has given the use of it to the different missions for eight hours a week for preaching the Gospel. Other societies and I religions also have the use of it for a definite time. The Mohammedans have two hours a week and the Taoists two hours, whilst the Buddhists have four hours, and the Confucianists four hours. There would seem to be a kind of parliament of religions. Presumably the General has felt obliged to give way to the wishes of the other officials in this matter, or perhaps he has felt that, seeing China 'allows religious liberty, he as Governor was not free officially to give countenance to any one in particular.
Slave Girls of Hong Kong
HONG KONG, something over eighty years, has been a British Crown Colony, and that relationship makes its 600,000 Chinese residents British subjects. Yet there has pre- vailed here a system of child slavery,
known as mui tsai, under which little girls were openly bought and sold for domestic service and other purposes in spite of the fact that the Republic of China had forbidden by law such a system.
Deliverance for these girls, whose number is estimated at some fifty thousand, has come at last through the devotion of a brave and self-sacrific- ing woman, who determined to risk everything for the good of these poor girls. Her husband, Commander Haslewood, after a distinguished ca- reer in the Navy, was sent to Hong Kong, and she went with him. One night they were horrified by the screams of a child which came from a native house beneath their hotel. Mrs. Haslewood made investigations, and indignantly proclaimed her abhor- rence of the whole bad business. The Commander was compelled to be silent by the Service regulations, but in loyalty to his wife and the cause of righteousness he resigned and came home. That added fuel to the agita- tion. He used the press to make the scandal known. Having interested some Members of Parliament, the Sec- retary for the Colonies was bombarded with questions in the House of Com- mons.
Such a volume of public opinion was created that on March 21st, Mr. Churchill, Secretary for the Colonies, informed the House of Commons that both he and the Governor of Hong Kong were determined to effect the abolition of the mui tsai system at the earliest practicable date, and that he bad indicated to the Governor that he expects the change to be carried out within a year.
JAPAN-CHOSEN
"A School of Great Learning"
THE ' Japanese Government has now granted to St. Paul's College, Tokyo, its long-hoped-for university license. For a number of years, through the courtesy of the Depart- ment of Education, St. Paul's, in common with other private universi-
THE MISSIONAEY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
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ties, has bad the privilege of granting degrees. More than three years ago the government enacted certain regu- lations for raising the standard of university training, so that so far as possible academic degrees shall repre- sent reasonable uniformity in scho- lastic training and attainment. The government feared that with the growth of unofficial universities there would be danger of lowering academic standards. The granting of a license to St. Paul's is a signal recognition of the excellence of its work, insures the academic standing and scholastic future of St. Paul's graduates. This in turn will mean a still further in- crease in the number of students. The buildings formally opened three years ago are already overcrowded. More dormitories, more class-room space are needed. The Japanese name for this institution is Daigaku, "a school of great learning."
— Spirit of Missions.
Spiritual Life in Korea
A RETURNED missionary, in speaking of the wonderful spiri- tual movement which has recently taken place in Korea, is quoted in the Sunday School Times as having given the following explanations of it :
"First. The Korean Christians have literally devoured the Word of God. They commit great sections of it and will put Christians in America to shame by their intelligent use of Scripture passages.
"Second. They depend mightily on prayer. Their early morning prayer-meet- ings arc often as early as 2 A. M., — and what crowds gather, and how they pray!
' ' Third. As soon as they are converted they are told to go and win at least one other soul to Christ before they will be ac- cepted into church membership.
"Fourth. They have been taught to give until it hurts, but they love to feel the hurt of giving.
"Fifth. Feeling that this old world will never be right until He comes to reign whose right it is to rule, they spread the news of the 'Messed Hope,' and, expecting His speedy return, they want to be found busy when He comes. ' '
NORTH AMERICA
Open Air Evangelism in New York
THE outdoor work of the National Bible Institute last year, ending March 31st, reached approximately half a million people in the streets of New York. There was also a distribu- tion of 75,000 tracts, all of value to the work of Christ, and affecting people in all parts of the city. There were distributed 50,000 gospels or parts of gospels and 3,181 people professed conversion at these meet- ings. All this was accomplished at a cost of $9,500, or under two cents a person to tell the unsaved of the un- searchable riches of , Jesus Christ. This figure is not approached by the work of any church. One of the largest religious institutions expend- ed $200,000 last year and had 131 professed conversions. It cost $1,500 per professed conversion in that insti- tution against $3.00 per professed conversion in the out door work of the N. B. I.
It would be impossible for any church to reach 500,000 people. The overhead expenses and salaries would be approximately $200,000 for the five largest churches to reach the number of people this Institute reaches through its outdoor evan- gelistic meetings, at the expenditure of $9,500. Some day we may pro- claim this Message to greater multi- tudes with ever-increasing results. Instead of 3,000 professed conver- sions there should be 12,000, 15,000, 25,000. God bless every agency preaching Jesus Christ as a Saviour from sin. H. N. Dougherty.
Some Results of Prohibition
THE great moral reform, which the United States is now engaged in establishing on firm foundations, is being watched, with varying motives but with the greatest interest, by the whole world. The results of such an undertaking can never be measured in dollars and cents. A recent sum- mary in the daily press, however, gives some of the economic results at- tributed to prohibition.
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It has stopped the waste of 16,- 655.125 bushels of grain in making distilled liquors and 1,909,998,457 pounds of food material in making fermented intoxicating liquors. Sav- ings banks, the natural barometers of the thrift of the country, indicate a marked increase in savings and in the number of depositors, according to the report from the Comptroller of the Currency.
Life insurance statistics disclose an enormous increase in the amount of insurance in force.
Policemen as Missionaries
A HIGH standard is set for the po- lice forces of our cities by Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, D.D., in an arti- cle in the Christian Herald. He points out what a serious thing it is for a municipality to find its police more or less in collusion with lawbreakers, as has so often been the case, and how wastefully police energies are devoted to punishing instead of preventing crime and disorder, but all this, he says, "is no more than the citizens ought to expect, when they continue to treat the police system as ignorantly and stupidly as they always have done ....
' ; The only right way to police cities is to put in charge of the city for its protection and guardianship as well educated and well-equipped men and women as those we send as mission- aries to foreign lands to convert the heathen. The police force of the cities of the United States should be educated men and women, trained in special schools for their service as thoroughly as people ought to be trained for service as civil engineers or railroad experts.
"But we shall never have good city government, or safe city surroundings for the citizens, until we change com- pletely our definition of the word ' policeman. ' Missionary police are as much a necessity in a city as mission- ary types in China or Japan or Af- rica. They would in time prevent crime and lawlessness, and save the
municipality enormous sums of money now spent to punish crime and dis- order. ' '
Organized Christian Policemen
THE Toronto Christian Police As- sociation, which for over thirty years has held weekly meetings in the Central Y. M. C. A. building, is a branch of an international organiza- tion which is actively at work in In- dia and Japan and was founded in London fifty years ago by Miss Kath- erine Gurney, the daughter of the founder of one of the wealthy and old- established banking firms of London. She went once into a mission hall, where she accepted Christ, and before leaving the mission she vowed to speak to the first person she met of his soul's salvation. She proceeded for some distance without encountering a hu- man being, until she saw a policeman. The temptation to pass without say- ing anything was strong, but, remem- bering her vow to God, she summoned her courage and spoke to that London "bobby" of things eternal and that pertained to his soul's salvation. From that conversation grew the In- ternational Christian Police Associa- tion, which has been the means of blessing to thousands of policemen in all parts of the world. — Evangelical Christian and Missionary Witness.
Shift of Negro Popnlation
THE Joint Committee on the Negro of the Home Missions Council and the Council of Women for Home Missions is authority for the follow- ing statement :
"As anticipated, the census of 1920 reveals a significant change in the location of Negroes in different sec- tions of the country. While the total change from South to North has meant a real trek of population, it has not assumed the inflated propor- tions carelessly claimed by some speakers and writers. Sixty years ago ninety-two per cent of the Ne- groes lived in the South. Ten years ago eighty -nine per cent were in the South. Now eighty -five per cent of
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the Negro people are in the South. With a relatively small number in the North the change of four per cent of the total Negro population in the whole country in a decade is note- Avorthy. It means that three-fourths of the increase for the last decade has been in the North and West. The total increase of Negroes in the United States in 1910-1920 has been 635,250. The North and West have absorbed 472,418 of this increase, the South 162,832."
The San Francisco Jungle
SOME missionary workers who are in close touch with the situation write :
"The laws of the jungle seem to have become common practice in San Francisco Chinatown. The gunmen of the tongs have made killing so fre- quent and so cold-blooded that a Chi- nese from the country loafing about the streets and associating with the hired savages of the powerful char- tered Chinese tongs comes to look upon murder as a not unusual inci- dent of the struggle for self-protec- tion and the satisfaction of self- interest. With organized murder breaking out almost every week at the command of warring tongs and the gun flashes in distant cities respond- ing with electric swiftness to the death warrants issued from tong headquarters in San Francisco, is it any wonder that, life has become cheap and law contemptible? The whole vicious circle of American in- difference and Chinese contempt for law is plain to one who applies mod- ern methods of community study to San Francisco Chinatown. From this vicious circle the expanding waves of influence spread out to the farthest Chinese community."
LATIN AMERICA
Moral Forces in Panama
REV. ROY B. GUILD, D.D., who has just returned from the Canal Zone, where he went on the special invitation of the Christian workers there to study the moral and religious
needs, reports: "A prominent official of the government of the Republic of Panama recently V declared that the government could not exist if it were not for the revenue from prostitution, the liquor traffic and the lottery. The sight of hundreds of our marines, sailors and soldiers being preyed upon by these forces in Panama City makes one sick at heart. Yellow fever is bad enough, but this is worse. We must make our Union Church strong to offset all this."
The development of this Union Church, with congregations at Cristo- bal, Balbo, Pedro Miguel, and Gatun, was described in the September Review. The Protestant Episcopal Church, which declined to join in this enterprise, has appropriated $100,- 000 for a cathedral, which is to be a memorial to General Gorgas. In ad- dition, the Y. M. C. A. has plans for the erection of two buildings to cost $100,000 each. The Y. W. C. A. has two branches. The American Bible Society has its fine headquarters building in Cristobal. The Salvation Army has two buildings in which work is done for the seamen under direction of the Zone government.
Outlook in Santo Domingo
THE Board for Christian Work in Santo Domingo, referred to in the June Review, has the backing of the Home Boards, men and women, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. and recently the Board of the United Brethren has entered into the organi- zation so they are carrying only a small financial responsibility. The first year's budget was $80,000. There is a hospital with a physician and four American nurses, and a number of evangelistic workers with a rapidly '.M owing church work. The field of Haiti lias been referred especially to the Baptist Missionary Society, which has recently made a survey. The real leaders in Santo Domingo are waking to the necessity of spending more for education and less for politics. At present the Republic is spending
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$1,000,000 annually for education, while its neighbor Republic, Haiti, which has three times the population, spends only $300,000 annually. Yet the percentage of illiteracy in the Dominican Republic is great, especial- ly in the country districts.
Needs in San Salvador
THE recent dedication of the new Baptist church building in San Salvador was the occasion of great rejoicing among the evangelical Christians, not only there in the capital city but in various parts of this new Central American state. It has also been made by the missionary workers the occasion for reflection on the many unmet opportunities which lie before them. For instance, Miss May Covington, writing in Missions, says: "Among the ten organized churches we now have four church buildings, and two more are needed immediately, for the work is grow- ing so fast in some places that the little rented halls are in no way sufficient We have a great prob- lem and responsibility for our young people. There are a few young people's societies, where they are be- ginning to learn how to work for Christ ; and from among them have come several young men and women, dedicating their lives to definite Christian service. But how shall they receive the necessary preparation? In the whole of Central America there is no training school where they may study I wish I could pic- ture the sufferings and needs of the babies and children of this country ! And the thousands of over-burdened, care-worn mothers, ignorant of the first principles of hygiene and health ! Something must be done for them."
Education in Nicaragua
REV. C. S. Detweiler, of the Amer- ican Baptist Church who recently visited Nicaragua, writes in Missions of the missionary work in that coun- try: "We are not ashamed of the reproach of being numbered with the poor of the land, but we do not ex-
pect for long to suffer reproach for the ignorance or illiteracy of our members. Under the supervision of our Woman's Board day schools have been established in four towns. The school in Managua has had a wonder- ful growth and will soon be of high school grade. This year 179 pupils were enrolled, a few of whom were in their first year of high school work. . . . .We were gratified to hear from the Director of the health work con- ducted by the Rockefeller Foundation in Nicaragua that a prominent Nicara- guan in remarking on the low educa- tional standards of the country said to him that 'there was only one good school in Nicaragua, and, confound it, it was the Baptist school, but he must give the devil his due!' "
EUROPE
World Alliance through the Churches
THE conference of the World's Alliance for International Friend- ship through the Churches, which was held in Copenhagen in August, with more than two hundred dele- gates, opened its sessions with a dec- laration of profound conviction that the only path to true reconciliation and peace among nations lay in ap- plying the spirit of Christ 's teachings in all human relationships. The Rev. Charles E. Jefferson of New York, preaching in the Cathedral, demand- ed that in the name of Christ war preparations cease, and that the united Church insist with passion that all the nations lay down their arms. Secretary Hughes sent a message ex- pressing President Harding's sympa- thy with the aims of the conference.
Carey's Mission House
THE mission house at Kettering, Northamptonshire, England, where William Carey on October 2, 1792. founded the first missionary society which is recognized as the basis of the modern missionary enterprise, was put up for sale, the owner having died and the estate thus having be- come purchasable for the first time since that memorable occasion. The
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
purchase was made on behalf of the Baptist Laymen's Missionary Move- ment of England. The property will not only be retained for the denomi- nation as an historic memorial, but will probably be used as a hostel for returned missionaries. — Watchman Examiner.
Religious War in Ireland
THE Literary Digest reports that Presbyterians and Methodists are leaving the south of Ireland in such numbers that in some districts there will soon be few left. According to The Church Times (Anglican, Lon- don), "the rate of decline in member- ship of the Church of Ireland is even higher, and it was lately alleged, at the annual meeting of a Church of Ireland society, that in one parish every Churchman had been driven out or killed." On the other hand, it reports that in Belfast and other places in the North there are harry- ings of Roman, Catholics, who are leaving Ulster in considerable num- bers, avoiding the risks of having their houses burned and themselves shot. Over wide areas there is a war which has its religious aspect.
Helping French Protestants
ONE way in which American Christians are helping to rehabil- itate and strengthen Europe in these days of difficult reconstruction is by strengthening the Protestant churches that have suffered so much. Since the Armistice American Protestants have given over one million and a half dollars for this purpose in France and Belgium alone. Among the churches, that have been rebuilt are those of Verdun, Conipiegne, Lille, Roubaix, Epernay, Wanguentin, St. Quentin and Rheims. The French Evangelical Foreign Mission Society (sometimes called the Paris Mission- ary Society) is also in need of help because of the financial distress among Protestant Christians and the en- larged missionary responsibilities due to taking over some of the German
missions in Africa. The gifts from America have also assisted the McAll Mission, the Institut Jean Calvin at Montanbau, the Reformed Churches, the Homes of La Force and several orphan asylums and schools in France.
Church Progress in Germany
THE constitution of the German Republic, drawn up in 1919, de- clared, "There is no state church," and permitted all who wished to with- draw from the existing church to do so. It is estimated that the with- drawals in 1919 alone numbered 250,000. The definite movement to- ward a free church organization was reported in the September Review, and attention was called there to the financial problem as an element in the situation. Howard R. Good says of this in the Christian Herald: "A pastor's salary ranges from 15,000 to 30,000 marks, or from $50 to $100 a year."
At the July meeting of the Federal Council, an official message was re- ceived from the newly formed Ger- man Evangelical Church Federation in response to the message of good will authorized by the Executive Com- mittee of the Federal Council at its meeting last December, and a con- crete evidence of the reconciling in- fluences at work between German and American churches was the welcome given at the same meeting to Dr. George Michaelis, president of1 the Student Christian Federation and formerly Imperial Chancellor, a wel- come which was expressed in a signif- icant speech by Dr. Robert E. Speer.
Austrian Protestant Orphans
THE seventeen Protestant orphan- ages and homes in Austria, which are threatened with ruin, have formed tin' Board of Help for Christian Young People, which has sent two representatives to the United States to present their appeal. The Federal Council has formed a special commit- tee to assist in securing the necessary funds. About $50,000 is needed. The
1922]
NEWS FROM MANY LANDS
843
Roman Catholic institutions are being- rescued by funds from other nations. There are no funds in sight in Austria or other European countries to care for the Protestant institutions. The relatives and friends of the children are paying all that is possible in the face of economic conditions which are constantly growing worse. Only help from the United States will prevent the dissolution of every Protestant or- phanage and home maintained for the orphaned babies and children of the quarter of a million Protestants in Austria. In this case ' ' He gives twice who gives quickly." Checks should be sent to Dwight H. Day, Treasurer, 156 Fifth Avenue, and must be marked for the Board of Help for Christian Young People in Austria.
— Christian Work.
The Finnish Missionary Society
THE Finnish Mission Director, M. Tarkkanen, reports that the Fin- nish Missionary Society which was organized in 1857 when the people of Finland were celebrating the coming of Christianity to Finland 700 years before, has now 187 native helpers in Portuguese West Africa with thirtj^ more in the Seminary. The whole Bible has now been translated and this year a hymnbook containing 335 hymns left the press. Books to the value of 6,000 crowns were bought by the native Christians during 1920. Last year as many converts were bap- tized as in the whole period of thirty- eight years preceding. The natives themselves are supporting all the schools, in which there are 5,500 scholars.
The Finnish Society China Mission is in northwestern Hunan where there are now ten men and seven women missionaries at work.
Danish Women's Work
THE heroic Danish women mission- aries in Armenia are working in close proximity to those wonderful American women who risked their lives so constantly during the per- secutions. In a recent letter to
''Bring Lyo" the official paper of the Danish women, Miss Jacobsen writes that the Turks in Harpoot and Mezret have forbidden boys and girls over fifteen years of age to remain in the orphanages because they want to keep them in their houses.
One Kurdish chief in this territory boasted one day in the presence of the director of the Mission that he had seventy-two Armenian wives, and so many children in the orphanages, that if they were taken out he would have to establish orphanages of his own.
Another Turk said to Miss Jacob- sen : "We Turks were ordered to kill all Armenians but we did not finish the job. The result is that there are many thousands left. Our motto is "No Armenian shall be left alive, no Christian shall remain in Turkey."
The Needs of Czecho-Slovakia
THE needs of Czecho-Slovakia are many, but some are outstanding, such as (a) ministers and workers of undoubted spiritual experience and power, and native where possible. Native students should be assisted to take a course of theological study at some reliable training college.
(b) There is great need of Czech Bibles and portions of the Scriptures, any quantity of which can be used, and in circles where, up to 1918, the Bible had been a forbidden book. There is also great need for Christian evidential literature, and a reliable Bible Commentary in the Czech lan- guage.
(c) Evangelistic work, allied to the churches, including personal work, and Bible teaching. The secessions from the Roman Church are not necessarily converts, but they are enquirers, con- stituting a harvest-field of rare op- portunity, which if not grasped may not recur.
(d) Influences tending towards the deepening of the spiritual life of min- isters and congregations alike. There is need for a Pentecost and the answer to the question, "Have ye received the Holy Spirit since ye believed?"
— M. C. Gouch, in Evangelical Christendom.
844
THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
Russian Church and the Soviet
A CORRESPONDENT of the New York Times reports: "The sit- uation in the Russian Church has be- come a three-cornered struggle. On one side is the Bolshevist Government, in principle and by doctrine an avowed opponent of religion yet forced by its position as the ruling power in Russia to recognize the Church's importance as one of the great factors in Russian national life. On the other side are the churchmen divided into two hostile camps, the Reformers against the Con- servatives. ' '
The former, who have chosen the title "The Living Church" were brought into power by a struggle be- tween the Soviet and the Conserva- tives, demand that the Church become genuinely popular, that its priests be truly of the people and not a caste apart, and that its control be in the hands of a representative assembly of clergy. They have been holding a "living Church Congress" in Moscow, in which they have passed resolutions approving the revolution and the Soviet Government, abolishing mon- asteries and generally carrying out its program.
Russian Christians in Need
WRITING from Poland in July, 0. R. Palmer, reports: "We are about to enter the famine- and-pestilence-stricken districts of Russia ; for this we now have all our papers and the active cooperation and assistance of the government officials, who promise us every assistance in administering relief, making investi- gations and establishing centers for feeding the hungry. Ukrainia is the first district we enter; here there is a dense population, both Jewish and Gentile ; the government reports show 0,000,000 in a starving condition and these must die before another winter is over unless help comes from outside.
Our Russian Christian brethren, be- lievers of simple faith and apostolic practice, are amongst the greatest sufferers. The laws of the country are such that only those who labor with their hands can receive govern- ment help ; and so the shepherds of these flocks are deprived of the little pittance which others receive and they suffer great want."
ISLANDS OF THE SEA Poison in Bible Bindings
NOT only must Bibles be attrac- tively bound and well printed, but some of them must be perfumed, peppered, and poisoned as well. Bibles going to the Gilbert Islands contain in the binding glue and the paste which fastens the cover a mix- ture of oil of cloves, cayenne pepper and corrosive sublimate.
This is to ward off a certain worm, peculiar to these islands, which de- stroys the bindings of books. Twelve hundred such Bibles have been sent recently by the American Bible So- ciety on their fifteen-thousand-mile journey to Ocean Island by way of Sydney, Australia. Rev. Dr. Hiram Bingham, the famous missionary translator, gave his life to the prepar- ation of the Bible in the Gilbertese language. The Bibles are printed and bound by the American Bible Society in New York and a consignment is shipped every few years to the Gil- bert Islands.
— American Bible Society.
OBITUARY NOTES
Rev. Frank Hall Wright, known as "the singing Indian evangelist" through thirty years of devoted serv- ice, died in Canada on July 26th.
President Searle, of New Bruns- wick Theological Seminary, of whose faculty he became a member in 1893, died in July, aged sixty-eight.
On the Edge of the Primeval Forest. By
Prof. Albert Schweitzer. Illustrated. 12mo. 180 pp. 6s. A. & C. Black, Lon- don. Macmillan Co., New York, 1922.
A physician, a theologian, a musi- cian, a missionary, a philosopher and a professor are combined in the author of these notes on equatorial West Af- rica. He went out from Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, and worked in co- operation with the Paris Missionary Society as a self-supporting mission- ary. Prof. Schweitzer's narrative of ten years' experience on the field is pleasantly informing and deals with a variety of subjects such as African customs, diseases, fetishism, laws, re- ligion, polygamy, slavery, hunting, labor, commerce and last, but not least, Christian missions. He declares emphatically that Christianity is not too high for primitive men and that African savages develop into strong consistent Christians. The chapter dealing with this subject is especially illuminating but many will not agree with the author in his advocacy of a lowering of Christian standards to avoid too rapid a change in some native customs and beliefs. The vol- ume will prove of interest to all who are interested in West Africa.
The Coming of the Slav. By Charles Eu- gene Edwards. 12mo. 148 pp. The "Westminster Press, Philadelphia. 1921.
Dr. Charles E. Edwards is one of the few Americans who is really well informed on questions pertaining to the Slavic nations, and at the same time is convinced that Protestant Christianity holds the key to the solu- tion of these problems. He has ren- dered a real service in calling atten- tion to the great opportunity and need for the Gospel message among the Slavic peoples. One of the most significant religious movements of the day is taking place in Czechoslavakia, which country, as Dr. Edwards points out, is really the key to Slavdom.
Missionary work among Slavic im- migrants in America is closely related to the religious situation in their home-lands and we could have no bet- ter proof of the fact that home mis- sions and foreign missions constitute one work, each supplementing and aiding the other.
The author has, however, intro- duced some material which seems quite irrelevant to the subject, as for instance, his discussion of the Apoc- rypha. Consequently even one in- tensely interested in the subject finds himself skipping a number of pages.
Dr. Edwards' proposed solution of the problem of the evangelization of the Slavs by organizing branches of the Hussite Society along the lines of the Waldensian Aid Society may be the best way. Certainly some solu- tion must be found, and we must make a place in our missionary pro- gram for work in Europe, including the Slavic nations.
Japan in Transition. By L. L. Shaw. 12mo. 126 pp. 2s. 6d. London Missionary So- ciety. 1922.
Japan has made such rapid prog- ress in modern arts and methods that it is difficult for those not on the field to keep pace with her growth. Miss Shaw, a British missionary, briefly describes the land and the people and then considers the rise of democracy, the new ideals in commercial and social life and the spread of Chris- tianity. The book contains much use- ful information for all interested in Japan and its regeneration.
Through the Second Gate. By Charles A. Brooks. Illustrated. 12mo. 166 pp. Paper. American Baptist Home Mission Society, New York. 1922.
The first gate is Ellis Island, or the "Port of Eentry"; the second gate is that leading to the highest and best of American Christian ideals — a gate opened by the Church. Dr. Brooks, a missionary secretary to foreign-
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THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD
[October
speaking peoples, describes the gen- eral missionary aspects of the problem and then takes up, one by one, immi- grants of twenty -two different nation- alities. Finally he tells of Baptist work among them and its relation to the world task. An excellent hand- book.
Mending and Making. By W. H. P. and
M. Anderson. Pamphlet. Mission to Lepers. London. 1922.
No sufferers awaken deeper sym- pathy than the Lepers. They are out- casts in all lands but their case is no longer hopeless since the Mission to Lepers began its work to relieve their sufferings, to lead them to Christ and to "rid the world of leprosy." The British secretary of the Mission gives, in this booklet, some outstand- ing facts and very interesting inci- dents that cannot fail to enlist new friends in work for lepers all over the world.
The Training of Children in the Christian Family. By Luther A. Weigle. 12mo. 224 pp. $1.50 net. The Pilgrim Press. Boston. 1922.
There can be no doubt but that the present low moral standard among many young people in America and England is due to lack of proper parental training in the family. Professor Weigle is well known as a teacher of teachers, including parents. He believes in practical Christian standards for parents and children and tells how to make a right home atmosphere; to build strong bodies; to form right habits of thought, work, play, study and reading ; how to make good friends, to choose a life work and to enter into right relation to the Church. The chief lack in the book is the absence of emphasis on personal accountability to God and the neces- sity of full surrender to Christ. The book is intended for study and is valuable for reference.
Chinese as They Are. By J. R. Saunders.
]2mo. 176 pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H.
Revell Co. New York. 1921.
We cannot know the Chinese by coming in contact with a few laundry-
men, by meeting Chinese students, diplomats or business men ; we cannot know the great country and people by reading what Japanese or Chinese writers think or what missionaries, travelers and political agents have to say. To know the Chinese we must study them from all angles and must become acquainted with all classes. Dr. Arthur Smith, who has spent half a century in China, says that he is "continually discovering a new un- explored continental area in China."
Dr. Saunders, who has been for twenty years a Southern Baptist mis- sionary in South China, gives us in his book very enlightening, entertain- ing and varied glimpses of the Chi- nese as he has seen them. He de- scribes their country, language, characteristics, business, government, education, science, religion, missions and forecasts their future. It is an excellent general introduction to these wonderful people from a sympathetic point of view. It is a book of facts rather than of incidents and presents both the shadow and the sunshine of the Chinese landscape. An index would be helpful for reference.
The Career of a Cobbler. By Margaret T. Applegarth. 12mo. 85 pp. 75 cents. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1922.
William Carey's life story is given local color and is told in a unique way as by a Hindu in an Indian market place. It is written in Miss Apple- garth's usual captivating style, es- pecially adapted for young people
In the Eyes of the East. By Marjorie Bar- stow Greenbie. Illustrated. 8vo. 420 pp. Dodd, Mead & Co. New York. 1921.
Entertainment and information combine to make this an alluring vol- ume telling in a chatty way of a young lady traveler's observations and experiences on a tour of the world. It is not an ordinary record of impressions for the narrator, who traveled with a Bishop and his lively daughter, is unusually vivacious and knows how to tell her romantic and exciting adventures in China, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Burma and
1922]
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India. She touches missions sympa- thetically but lightly here and there and dwells more in detail on gossip and unconventional happenings. The story has a readable quality but little missionary value.
In the Prison Camps of Germany. By
Conrad Hoffman. 8vo. 279 pp. Asso- ciation Press. New York. 1922.
The Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation did a remarkable work among soldiers and in prison camps during the World War. Individual workers were sometimes unworthy and the Christian character of the work de- pended largely upon those in charge of a camp or hut but the war would have been much more horrible and disastrous morally and physically ex- cept for the "Y." Mr. Hoffman, a secretary of the International Y. M. C. A. in charge of prisoners of war work in Germany, tells here in a graphic way some of the experiences in prison camps and also gives valu- able information concerning the gen- eral situation in Germany. The work of the "Y" should be more widely known and deserves this permanent public record.
The Servant of Jehovah. By David Baron. 12mo. 158 pp. Morgan and Scott, Lon- don. 1922.
Any Bible message from Rev. David Baron is a message with power. This Hebrew Christian here expounds the fifty-third chapter of the Prophecy of Isaiah in a lucid and practical in- terpretation. He shows, as a truly converted Hebrew can show, the rela- tion of this prophecy to the sufferings of the Messiah and the glory that is to follow. It is a sublime theme treated in a sublime way, for Mr. Baron believes the prophecy to be in very truth the Word of God to men and believes that Jesus is the Son of God who fulfills the prophecy. At the same time, Mr. Baron knows and presents the ancient Jewish inter- pretation and the modern Jewish and rationalistic thought as well as the enlightened Christian position. This is an excellent study for all Christians and for open minded Hebrews.
Christianity and Industry. Seven Pamph- lets. 10 cents each. George H. Doran Co. New York. 1921.
There is sure to be a vast difference of opinion as to what are industrial facts and even more difference in the interpretation of them and the les- sons drawn from them. In this series of pamphlets Mr. Kirby Page, Dr. Sherwood Eddy and Mr. Basil Math- ews endeavor to state the facts and to relate them to Christian principles and practice. The brief papers are put out by the new "Fellowship for a Christian Social Order" organized at Lake Mohonk a year ago. It will be well if both sides in the industrial controversy will give these booklets a careful reading.
Egyptian Painting Book. The Boy by the River. Story by Constane Padwick. Pic- tures by Elsie Anna Wood. 1 shilling. Church Missionary Society. London 1921.
Here is a fascinating book for pri- mary children— one that will give them something to do and something to think about at the same time. The story relates to Ali, the Egyptian boy, who was taken to the mission hospital in Cairo.
God's Principles of Gathering. George Good- man. 12mo. 115 pp. 2s. 6d. Pickering and Inglis. Glasgow. 1921.
To-day many are looking upon the Church as a human organization. This series of lectures deals with it as a Divine institution, with a Divine work to do. The author also takes up the subjects of Christian liberty, Church government, gifts and sacraments. It is a helpful. Scriptural study, espe- cially for Church officers and other Christians.
Medical Missions in Africa and the East
By S. W. W. Witty. Booklet. 9d. Church Missionary Society. London. 1921.
The C. M. S. missionaries are doing a wonderful work in Egypt, West Africa, Uganda, Palestine, Persia, India and China and employ 69 doc- tors, 81 nurses and 8 other foreign helpers. This booklet gives interest- ing facts and incidents concerning
848 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [October
their medical missions and shows the twofold work of Christ — physical and spiritual.
Friends of All the World. By Margaret LaT. Foster. Booklet. Is. Church Mia- • sionary Society. Loudon. 1921.
Girl Guides, the British counter- part to Boy Scouts, are here given some fascinating stories and evening programs relating to Uganda, China, Persia, Japan and India calculated to inspire them to become well informed guides in world friendship.
His Appearing and His Kingdom. By Fred E. Hagiu. 8vo. 313 pp. $1.75. Flem- ing H. Revell Co. New York. 1922.
This subject is of great present in- terest. Many have written on the theme to expound their own peculiar ideas but Mr. Hagin, a missionary to Japan, expounds the Bible. It is one of the very best books on the subject, and is thoroughly scriptural in its interpretation and application. It is comprehensive and definite without making unauthorized predictions in regard to dates and current events. Those who believe the Bible and are ready to take the obvious meaning of the words of Christ and His Apostles will generally agree with the main line of thought. This volume should have a large sale and exert a wide influence.
Outlines of the History of Christian Mis- sions. Fourth Edition — Revised. By Wm. O. Carver. Pamphlet, 77 pages. Baptist Book Concern, Louisville, Kentucky, 1922.
This very careful and useful outline of Christian missions is an excellent basis for study. The list of books which accompanies each lecture sug- gests the necessary sources of informa- tion. Dr. Carver, the Professor of Religion and Missions in the Southern Baptist Seminary. Louisville, Ky., takes up the Apostolic, Roman, Medi- aeval, Reformation, and Modern peri- ods of Church history, and in each period outlines the characteristics, the methods used, the progress made and the culmination. There is 'an im- mense amount of meat here as well as a good skeleton.
Story of a Mashonaland Boy, as Told by Himself. Pamphlet. Society of Christian Knowledge, London; Macmillan, New York.
Children will like this little illus- trated story of an African boy. It tells of his work and his play, his education and his conversion to Christ.
An Afghan Pioneer. By H. F. Misgrave. 12mo. 65 cents. Church Missionary So- ciety, London, 1921.
Johan Khan, the hero of this story, was a Moslem lad whose prejudice was overcome by the work of a mis- sionary physician, the famous Dr. Pennell. The young man's questions, experiences, sufferings and influence are remarkably well told. It is es- pecially adapted for young people.
Mother Cecile. By Sister Kate. Illustrated. 12mo. 55 pp. S. P. C. K., London, 1922.
This brief biography describes the life and work of one of the Church of England "Sisters of the Resurrec- tion" who went out to do missionary work in Grahamstown, South Africa. She lived a consecrated life of service and this record contains much of in- spiration and information.
The Church and the Immigrant. By George E. Harkness, Instructor in Boston Uni- versity, School of Religious Education and Social Service. 110 pp. George H. Doran Company, New York, 1922.
Under the chapter titles of "The Immigrant in Europe," "The Immi- grant in America," "The Present Si at us of the Immigrant," "Teaching English and Citizenship," "Organi- zation of Americanization Courses," "Racial Cooperation and Industrial Brotherhood." "Agencies of Racial Progress," the author has prepared a book for young people and others in schools and churches in dealing with foreigners in America. The book is admirable for use in Young People's Societies or for class work in church societies and Sunday-schools.
It gives practical suggestion for English, citizenship and Americaniza- tion courses ami breathes the atmos- phere of real Christian brotherhood.
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