A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF BRITISH PLANTS. IN FOUR VOLUMES. Qk? ’ da) i . 89 | SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT vel OF BRITISH PLANTS; WITH AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY. ILLUSTRATED BY COPPER-PLATES. BY WILLIAM WITHERING, M.D. F.R.S. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon ; Fellow of the Linnean Society ; Honorary Member of the Royal — Medical Society at Edinburgh, &c, THE FOURTH EDITION, IN FOUR VOLUMES: CORRECTED AND ENLARGED BY WILLIAM WITHERING, ESQ. Of the College of Glasgow and University of Edinburgh ; Extra- - ordinary Member of the Royal Medical Society ; : Fellow of the Linnean Society, &c. ‘ ** Primus gradus sapientize est res ipsas nosse,’” Linn. a RRR ** Tncrescunt quotannis Scientia, emendantur quotidie, et ad fastigium um sensim sensimque, plurium virorum opera et studio THUNBERG, suum optat junctis, feliciter properant.’’ VOL. I. oe ———————EEEEE LONDON: PRINTED FOR T. CADELL, JUN. AND W. DAVIES, G. AND J. WYNNE AND SCHOLEY, J. WALKER, J. ROBINSON, CUTHELL, AND JAMES WALLIS. 1801. Missour! BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY. ADVERTISEMENT. 4 unexpectedly rapid sale of the Third Edition of this work has compelled the Editor of the pre- sent Edition to submit it to the Public under several very unfavourable circumstances, which it is here unnecessary to particularize. Nevertheless, he trusts, the discriminating Bo- tanist will think the numerous corrections and additions sufficient to justify the publication, espe- _ cially when it is considered that the last thoroughly reformed Edition was nearly ten years in prepara- tion, this only three, ait ; ‘Beside the many respectable names contained in the list affixed to the Preface, several other correspondents have liberally contributed their assistance : particularly 3 Mr. George Carey, Strangeways, near Manchester. Mr. W. Evans, Tildsley- Chaddock, Lancashire. Sir Tho, FRANKLAND, Bart, Thirkleby, near York. Mr. Garnier, Wickham, near Fareham, Hants. Rev. Tho. Gisporne, Yowall Lodge, near Litchfield. Rey. John Harrman, Eglestone, near Barnard Castle, county of Durham. 3 vi ADVERTISEMENT. Tho. Andrew Kyrour, Esq. Elion, near Ludlow. Rev. Jelinger Symons; Vicarage, Hac Muthor the Pocket Fira. Baa ehney of Mr. Travis, Surgeon, Scarborough. Dawson Turner, Esq. Yarmouth. 3 : 8S | yi a; se. Tue Laxcnes, neat Birmingham, : October 1800, PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. Eexcounacen by the public reception of the for- mer editions, the Author has spared neither labour nor expence, to render this as perfect as his op- portunities and abilities would permit. The pro- gress of botanic knowledge is so rapid, and the discoveries so numerous, both at home and abroad, that this. may rather be regarded as a new work | than as a republication of an old one. On this account, a short enumeration of the more important changes may possibly be expected by the reader. The Genera are now taken from Scureger’s Genera Pianrarum, published at Frankfort in 1789, and 1791. The structure of each Genus is ~ illustrated by references to such figures as are best calculated to give an idea of it, particularly those ‘in the Jnstitutions of Tournerort, the works of : _Garrner, and the Cryptogamia of Hepwic. The " exceptions and observations at the end of cach Genus are also. a augmented. : The characters of the species have been com- pared with the third edition of the Species Plan- tarum,andwith GMeuin’s Systema Nature published wi PREFACE. at Leipsic in 1791. Many of.the Specific Cha- ‘Tacters, particularly in the more. difficult tribes, are entirely new, and many have undergone con- . siderable alterations. The. Author has shot hesi- tated in these attempts at improvement, because he is fully convinced that neither the > amendment, nor the entire change of these characters can pro- duce confusion in the science, so Tong 4 as the trivial hames remain inviolable. es “Many of the aaditidnal descriptions taken from foreign Authors have been discarded, to make room for others made by the Author or his friends from recent examinations of the plants as they grow in this island: other descriptions are shortened, . ; especially where the plants are well known, and indubitably distinguished by the specific character. The references to figures so ably executed by Dr. Stokes for a great part of the second edition, are mostly preserved in this, though not without some changes in the order of excellence, the era- sure of a few which were found to be erroneous, and of others which were thought too bad to be quoted. The historical facts relative to the older figures, stating which are copies andwhich originals, though perhaps thought curious by some few peo- ple, are omitted, partly because they are foreign to the purpose of this work, and partly to make room for additional references now given to infinitely better figures, in the continuations of Jacavix, PREFACE. iK Buttrard, Hepwice, Dickson, Retztvs, Secvrer, Horrman, the Flora Rossica, the Flora Danica, the Flora Londinensis, and the ‘Transactions of the Lin- nean Society; besides many from other writers, before omitted, and from the following Books not before noticed, viz. Auuiont Mora Pedemontana, Horrmay’s Historia Salicum, Kniexorr’s Coloured - Impressions, Smirn’s and SowERBY’S characteristic figures, Statkuouse and Vetiey on Marine Plants, and Woopvitie’s Medical Botany, SWAxNE’s Gra- mina pascua and Diexson’s Fusciculi of dried plants are also referred to. Se eee roo (seg eae pets fee . derable changes have been made in the Terms, by a nearer approach to the Linnean language; but in this point the Author rather willingly follows than presumptuously attempts to lead the public. taste ; and as the Explanatory Dictionary of terms is much enlarged and improved, he hopes that no person will have cause to regret the change. _-) The classes Gynandria, Monoecia, Dioecia, and Polygamia are now incorporated with the other’ Classes; that is, the plants they contained are distributed, each in its proper class, according to the number of Stamens. This alteration in the System has not been made without the approbation _ of Professor Tuunzene, the worthy suceessor of the great Linnzus; and it meets the concurrence of most of the first botanists of the age. x a PREFACE. ~The reader will find in the present . edition, many Species added to the British Flora; some of, them non-descript: A few have been discarded. be- cause confessedly not indigenous, but some doubt- ful ones are yet retained, upon the principle, that their retention can produce no inconvenience, whilst their omission might = a real defect. “In the Cryptogamia class, and in some other patts where the Species are’ very numerous, new arrangements have been attempted, in hopes of facilitating their investigation. The system of Agarics formed for the second edition, has been improved, and considerably augmented: and lastly, _ to gain more room, the uses of the different plants have beén thrown into Notes at the foot of the page. ge! 3 ~ The Author cannot conclude without expressing his gratitude for the very liberal assistance he has experienced, and his hopes of its continuance; con- scious that the efforts of any individual would avail but little towards perfecting the — of the pore Islands. Besides the list of contributors to the present edition he begs leave more particularly to mention the respectable names of, Mr. Arzetivs, Demon-- _strator of Botany in the University of Upsal, who looked over great part of the Author's collection, PREPACE, _ xi and afforded many valuable observations concern- ing the identity of several Swedish and English Species ;—the Rev. Samuel Dickenson, who. sent several curious observations on the difficult genus Agrostis;—Mr. James Dickson, who furnished many specimens and answered several queries respecting plants of the Cryptogamia class, in which he so particularly excels;—the Rey, Dr. GoopEnovex, who, in addition to his masterly elucidation of the genus Carex in the Trans. of the Linn. Society, sent several specimens of the rarer kinds,and ascertained several doubtful species both in that genus and also in the Fuci;—J. W. Grirritn, Esq. whose numerous and instructive specimens and observations have greatly enriched the catalogue of Mosses and Lichens;—Dr. Hope, whose specimens from his own collection, and from that of his late worthy father, the Pro- fessor of Botany at Edinburgh, have much contri- buted to elucidate the Flora of Scotland;—the Right Hon. Lady Elizabeth Norx, who furnished the first Byssus ever observed in fructification :— Dr. Putrenzy, whiose specimens and remarks assisted in correcting some mistakes respecting some of the plants in the Southern Counties ;— | Mr. Edward Roxzson, who has enriched the work with more new Species, and several valuable obser- _ vations on the Plants of the Northern Counties;— the Rev. Richard Rezwan, whose indefatigable tesearches have greatly increased the Catalogue of xii PREFACE.” English plants;—Dr.. J.-E. Smurs,. who has ever shewn the utmost readiness to answer such en- guiries as the Author has been led to make, parti- cularly such as depended upon the inestimable Herbarium, so happily for science, in his possession; —John Sracxnovusz, Esq. who, with the ut- most liberalty, contributed by every means in his _ power to illustrate the’ Fuci and Conferve; ;+—the Rev. G. Swayne, ‘whose practical. knowledge of the Grasses enabled him to furnish many ob- servations of*high importance to agriculture ;— Sir Charles Tuunzerc, who, in the most’ hand- some manner, sent a collection of Swedish plants, which have not a little assisted in clearing up doubts respecting some species insufficiently discriminated by Linnzus ;—Thomas Woonwarp, Esq. the fruits of whose accurate and unceasing tesearches need not be particularly mentioned; they are con- spicuous in almost “an page of the work, It witihd be. easy to add the names of several other persons whose friendship and assistance would appear highly honourable to the Author, but some he is restrained from mentioning, and others will be found in the following List, and also affixed to their respective communications, fui j A List of the Names of those who have favoured this Edition with their Assistance. Adam Arzetius, A. M. Demonstrator of Botany in the ' University of Upsal, &c, Reverend Arthur Arkin, Dr. Thomas Agnoip, Fellow of the R sb College of Phy- - sicians, and of the Royal Medical Society of Edin- _ burgh, Physician at Leicester. Mr. William Atkinson, of Dalton in Lancashire. Rev. W. Baker, of Stout’s Hill, Gloucestershire, G. Bourne, Esq. of Grimley, Worcestershire. Mr, Brown, Surgeon, Ediniusgh. Reverend Samuel DICESNEO Wy i L.B. Rector if Blymhill Staffordshire. ~— Mr. James Dickson, F. L. 5: “Author of thee Plant togam. Britannia, and publisher a Fasciculi of pe nts, Dred. fee Physician at Ceciistiey. Davies Gippy, Esq. Tredrea, Cornwall. Rev. Samuel Goopenouen, L.L.D. F.R.S. &F. 158% Mr. John Goucu, Kendal, Westmoreland. J. Wynne Grirrirn, Esq. of Garn, near Denbigh. Mr. Isaac Hatt, of Newton Cartmel, Lancashire. Mr. J. A. Hunrer, Nursery yman, Perry Hill, near Bir- mingham, Thomas Ch. Horr, M. D. A. L.S. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. Priascs Matthew Knappe, Esq. Shenley, Buckinghamshire, Matthew Martyn, Esq. | Mr. Thomas Miung, late Curator of the Botanic Garden at Oxford, f.owyv. } James Nonnis, Esq. Nonsuch House, Devizes, Wiltshire. Richard Purrenry,M.D. F. R.S.S. Lon. and Edin, and F.L.S. Blandford, Dorsetshire. Mr. Edward Rosson, A. L. S. Darlington, Durham. Rev. Richard Renan, A.M. F.R.S. and F.L.S. J. E. Smrrn, M.D. F.R.S. P. LS. &c. John Sneyp, Esq. Belmont, Staffordshire. John Srackuouse, Esq. F.L.S. duthor of the Nereis Britannica. Reverend George SWAYNE, A.M. Author of the Gramina Pascua, Rev. T. THompson, Penzance, Cornwall. Sir Charles P. Tounsere, Professor of Bota: pond Me- dicine in the University of Upsal, &c. Thomas VELLEY, Koga, Author ao le pCokioes €5 6, _... Marine plants. — eS a f | Thoms J, Woopwanp, Es. F.L, S, Bungay, Suffolk. | AN EASY INTRODUCTION | A + TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY, $553 ed dour Of the Parts. ofa Flower. Toone it for granted, that no person can be ata. ies to distinguish a: Vegetable at first sight, from an Animal, or a Fofsil, and that all Vegetables are capable of producing Flowers and Fruit,* we shall immediately enter upon a description of the parts composing a Flower; for as the Linnezan System of Botany is‘chiefly founded upon the number, shape, situation, and proportion of : these parts, an accurate knowledge and discrimi- nationof) them is wien to’ paper emeny, the grog 2 of. the: Science, | t OF baz Citvs (or Piegalomasd ye zTepeeon »soue)tue o/{} BLossom-(or Corolla.) lcd lb epilen og STAMENS (or Chives.) A FroweR consists of the Pistixzs (or Pointals. Sisal aa be | SES AY — JHA SAG SEED-VESSEL (or Peri m) ness rade: Szeps (or Semina.) ee To these may be shied, ‘the Necrany (or Honey-up ) oa the poping: 08 Receptacition ees A Rife von go yine Vou, I. | a“ 2 INTRODUCTION TO Some flowers pofsefs all these different parts, whilst others are deficient in some of them; but either Stamens or Pis- t1Ls, or both, are to be found in every perfect flower. The CaLyXx is formed of one, or more, green, or yellowish green leaves, placed at a smal dptance from, or close to, the blofsom. © The different kinds of ane are (1) a Pate, or Perianthium ; (2) an InvoLtucrum, or Fence ; (3) a CaTkIn, or Amentum ; (4) a Suzatu, or Spatha; (5) a Husx, or Gluma; (6) a VEIL, or Calyptra ; (7)a Curtain, or Volva; but the most common is the Copr., For an| explanation | jof these see the Dictionary ‘of Terms ; r look at a Rose, and the green cover- ing which incloses and supports the blofsom, is called the Cur. Pl. 3. fig. 1. (a. avavava.) The Cup ¢ of a Polyanthus is represented in pl. 3. fig. 10. According to Linneus, the Catyx is formed by the outer bark of the plant, . The Brossom is. that beautifully ceaiae of a flower, which attracts the attention of every, one. It is composed of one or more Petals, or Blofsom-leaves. If it be in one piece, as in. the Polyanthus or Auricula, it.is said to be a blofsom of. one Petal; but, if it be composed. of , several «parts, it is: accordingly: said. to .be..e, blofsom. of one, twa, three, &c, or many parts, or Petals,. Thus the blofsom of the-Tulip is formed. of six Petals ; and the Garden Roses: bear blofsoms) composed. of many Petals. The blofsom is supposed to be an-expansion of the inner bark of ci plant. = qa 29 hx ~ The Sa anaiwa are wuhoidiek thread -like substances, generally placed within ‘the’ Blofsom; and © ounding the Pistils, . Stamen is composed. ‘of two parts, the Filament (or Thread) 4 the Anther; but the ‘Anther i is the efsential part. Stamens are formed of the seh substance of ae plant. ol et 1 ge ogy “The tre are to be found, in, ie pee the flower: they are composed of three parts, the Germen (or Seed- ~bud), the — Style (or Shaft); and the Summit (or, Stigma ;) but the Style is often wanting, Some ste Seite only one- sivas 3 Ltt THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 3 have two, three, four, &c. and some have more than can be easily counted. Linnzeus says, the Pistils are formed of the pith of the plant. The Szrp-vesset. In the newly-opened flower, this part was called the Germen ; but when it enlarges, arid approaches to maturity, it is called the Seed-vefsel. Some flowers have no Seed-vefsels : in which case, the seeds are said to be naked : the Cup, however, generally incloses and retains the Seeds until _ they ripen; and in the Tribe of Grafses, this office is frequently performed by what was before called the Blofsom, _ Szeps are sufficiently well known; the substance to which they are affixed within the seed-yefsel is called the Receptacle of the Seeds, g _ Necrantzs are those parts of a flower which are destined to contain or prepare a honey-like liquor. The tube of the blofsom serves the purpofe of a Nectary in many flowers, as in the Honey-suckle: but in other flowers there is a peculiar organization created for this purpose. Sce pl. 5, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ~—It must be acknowledged, that the term Nectary is fre- quently given to parts which do not appear to contain, or to secrete any honey-like liquor; but until the uses of these parts be better ascertained, and the economy of vegetable life more fully understood, an attempt to limit the use of the term, and to create new ones, would be premature. — The Rucepracte is the Seat or Base to which the above- mentioned parts of a flower are fixed. Thus, if you take a flower and pull off the Calyx, the Blofsom, the Stamens, the Pistils, and the feeds, or Seed-vefsels, the remaining part at the top of the stalk is the Receptacle. In many flowers the Receptacle is not a very striking part, but in others it is very large and remarkable: thus in the Artichoke, after we have taken away the leaves of the Calyx, the blofsoms, and the bristly substances, the part remaining, and. so much esteemed _ as food, isthe Receptacle. © = Having thus briefly mentioned the different parts which enter into the composition of Flowers, let us, for the sake of illus- . : a2 : 4 . INTRODUCTION TO tration. examine some well-known instance. Suppose it be @ flower of the Crown ImPzriaL. CROWN IMPERIAL. : Catyx ...,. None. : Biossom.... Six Petals. (Pl. 3, fig. 2. a. a. a. a. a. a.) STaMENS.... Six. (Pl. 3, fig. 2. bc. be. bc. be. be. be.) Fila- ments six ; shaped like an awl. (PI. 3, fig. <, "b. 5. bb. bby Anthers oblong ; four-cornered. (PI. 3, fig. 2. We Ge ©. Ca. Co) PIsTIL..,... single, : Ben oblong: three-cornered, (Pl. 3, fig. a 2. d.) Sty we longer than the Stamens, (PI. 3, fig. 2.¢.) = _ Summit with ‘three divisions. (Pl. 3, fig. 2, f-) Spxp- VESSEL. An oblong capsule, with three cells and three valves. (PI. 3, fig. 4.) represents the Seed- — _vefsel cut acrofs ‘to shew the three cells in eee _ “which the seeds < are contained, _ SEEDS. ssn7 Numerous ; flat. ae t By considering this description with some attention, and comparing it with, _the flower itself, and likewise with the engraved figures, » we e shall s soon beet a pretty. “good idea of the different parts of a flower. Tf a a Crown Imperial be not at hand, a Tulip or a Lily will correspond pretty well with the above description. But if we examine the Crown Imperial, we shall find at the base of each. Petal, a cavity « or hollow, filled with a sweet liquor : this is the Nectary.. In pl. 3, fig. 3; is a Tepresentation of one of the Petals separated | from the rest, to shew the Nectary at (k) and ¢ one of the Stamens Gh 2. ) ei It is natural to ask the uses of these different parts—A full eply to such a question would lead to a long disquisit curious in itself, but quite improper in this place. 3 ee ‘therefore suffice to observe, that the production of perfect ae Seed is the obvious use of the flower; that for this purpose — the Germen, the Summit, and the. Anthers, are all. that: re ef- fentially necefsary ; and Pa the Summit might be dispense ’- ee THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 5 with. The fine dust, or Pollen, contained in the Anthers,. is thrown upon the Summit of the Pistil. This Summit is moist, and the moisture acting upon the particles. of the Pollen, occa- sions them to explode, ‘and’ discharge. avery subtile vapour. ' This vapour pafsing through the ominute tubes 6f ‘the Pistil, arrives at the Embryo Seeds: inthe: Germen, and fertilizes them. The seeds of many plants have been observed to be- come; to all appearance perfect,-without this. communication : but these seeds are incapable of vegetation. In pl, 3, fig. 5, at f. one of the Anthers is represented discharging its Pollen and at fig. 8. you see a particle of this Pollen greatly magnified and throwing out its vapour: |The Calyx and the Petals seem primarily designed as Covers, to protect the. more efsential Creator, _ tage of the differe ber, figure, size, and’ situation of these parts, and afsumes them as the foundation of a systematic arrangement. He divides all ‘the vegetable productions upon the surface of the globe’into Clafses, Onders,:Genera, Species, and Varieties. The Clafses:\ are composed-of Orders > the Orders are compofed of Genera; the Genera of Species); and the Species admit of Varieties, hg i eteds oy" a ae » ‘. , ois ot pre ey wicck <3 Fas ee, ee : 4 "Fn z Se oe * a 8, x , B % £F vei Murer ors aoe Clafsification explained. 98 9) m4 sa Pay pad We a PET: e ; FES 25 ie Eee eek S-noags pahardt gear tu > A Ctasss wwisis toan Army ; An Ornper ...toa REGIMENT; A Grtnus.... toa Company; And a Specrzs to a SoLDIER, But no comparison can be more in point, than that which considers the Vegetables upon the face of the globe, as ana+ Pa logous to the inhabitants ; ‘thus, VecErasues resemble the Innasitants in general ; Cuasses.... resemble the Nations = j » ORDERS «-+- resemble the Trrzgs ; Gsyera..., resemble the Famrurzs ; ‘. SPECIES -.-. resemble the Inpivipvats ; And Varieties are the same Individuals in different eire cumstances, Eat ae Pet All the Vegetables in Great Britain are divisible, according to the System of Linnazus, into twenty-four Clafses. ‘These have, of late, been reduced to nineteen, as will be more, parti- cularly noticed hereafter, —-_- nas Sth evohatt The characters of the CLassrs are taken either from the number, the length, the connection, or the situation of the Sva- MENS; but those founded upon the difference of situation, are now given up; the Genera and Species formerly so arranged, being now dispersed through the other Clafes, according ta the number of their Stamens, ~ OAS hits “elt = '- The characters of the OrpERS are most frequently taken from the number of the Pistits; but sometimes from some other circumstances, either of the Stamens or Pistils, as will be noticed in the proper place, | foal The ¢/sential characters or marks of the Genera, are taken from some particulats in the flower, before unnoticed ; but "generic descriptions are designed to contain an account of all _ the most obvious appearances in every part of the flower... e. . ~ Some authors, therefore, have reckoned them as dis THE STUDY OF BOTANY. ? °'The SpEctés are ‘mostly chatacterized from peculiarities in’ the Stem or Leaves ; sometitiés from parts of the Frower ; rarely from the Roors. nee Seterete Varieties ~Both leaves and flowers arc subject'to Variations H some of them evidently dependert upoh soil and siftiation': but others owing to'causes hitherto dnascértainéd: Thus thé leaves of ‘the Ranunculus aquatilis, or’ Water Crowfoot). growing beneath the’surface of the waterparéinuch mote divided than those which grow above the surface; so that a person unac-’ quainted with this circumstance, ‘would hardly believe: they belonged to the'same plant. ‘Again; the leaves of the Poly- gonum amphibium, or Amphibious Snakeweed, in wet situa~ tions, are smooth; but, in dry and warm situations, rou he species ; but, let them change situations, and the appearances will be chan, 1 likewise. But why the leaves of Mint are Sometimes curled, those of Holly or, Mezereon variegated with white, &c. is a more difficult matter to dete nine ; seeing that slips from these plants, though transplanted into different soils, do not lose their peculiarities: but young ones raised from seeds return to, their original form.. It. is evident, therefore, that these, however different in appearance, are not to be con- 4 2 +4, 2g F ies . ers; Sine moO Hie Tae tees OLY, YAPICLC. * ran tect 3 eVTRQuisr Gg} in,2 ory 36 29 : MS 2016 Sy No variations are more. common than, those of, coloun;,,but Os } desirable as, these, changes are to,the Florist, they haye.Jittle weight with the Botanist, who considers them. as variable acci- dental circumstances, and th refore by no means admifsible in the discrimination of species. It must, however, be allowed; that in some plants the colours of the flowers are not liable to variation, and that they often, afford the readiest marks. of distinction ; on which account they are generally mentioned.in the course of this work. ; lg eee oiliia: i Many flowers, under the influence of garden culture, become double; but double flowers are monsters, and therefore can only rank in a System of Botany, as varieties. When we consider, that every plant is composed of an outer bark, an inner bark, a wood, and a heart or pith ; and that flowers are formed by an expansion of these parts; when we recollect P Se ‘ _ -ENTRODUCTION ‘TO 4 too, that the Stamens are formedsof the woody substance; and are told, that. this woody substance was originally formed by. many coats of the inner bark consolidated, we shall not beat, a lofs to account for the production of dawtly flowers, ‘The woody substance; instead .of being formed ,into_ Stamens, is expanded into Petals... This seems to be effected, by, too, much succulent, nourishment, which, prevents the. wood., becoming, sufficiently.solid. Hence jt ,is, that the flowers.,with many. Stamens, ‘are more apt to become double, and,.to a ter - degree, than those which have few; as appears if: ‘the Ane- mone, the; ‘Ranunculus, the Poppy, and the Rose.;, Where the Petals are so, much multiplied as to exclude, all.the — the flowers necefsarily become, barren, emidia of Cafes; 6 Orders, aid Geers att by Of B21 9M "said 0 sl ve wel Seip ha ses.” : ~~ dic py Took over the following Table’ of ‘the Clatses 5, by. ‘referring to plate 1; and’ sometimes by havi ing ‘recourse. ito the plants mentioned as ‘examples, the learner 4 il “soon commit the names and characters of the Clafses to memory, “90 that upon the first sight of a flower, it will be no ‘difficult i ‘matter for him to’refer it to its proper Claff’ The "examples are. adduced by their English names, as being more obvious’ to’ the youn English Botanist, who ‘will readily find’ the Corresponding Linnean names, ‘by turning to the General Index, at rhe end of the third volume. In’ a few i itistances, these ‘examples, to illustrate’ the Clafses, are taken from foreign” Genéra ; : ‘and therefore are not to be found in the Index; ‘but they: are plants very generally, known, and may be found in almost every . garden. The names of these are printed in Italic, a THE STUDY OF BOTANY. - GIB SasTe[ asey} JO sjuqg UI, “€3 Bs ‘IS ‘0% mA ‘T ‘Jd oog ‘erm “TaMopUNg* opstyy,” UOTOpUBK*FOO}s}O & ssmIooIysN yy eciaalieserichiaaary ‘SJOWT “wray : sopdurexny ‘a “2 “a oT ‘ad re " Wy By 1 “d ose : wo 90 oy UoHONposwy By} dag .. ‘snonoidsuoout si9Mmopy **** vMUNdodAIy “Fy pioode Burposoid oy yun porerodsoour mou DAOE “SB “BID20IC| “BS “BIIVOUOTY “1% “wupueudy "og Eopenodilog ssodiony (poztun sroyuy oy} ‘suaureyg ¢) * visauoBudg “GT Hes esseseees (S198 SI0UI JO ¢ UT powun syuaureyiy) erydyope tog "ST s-hyiaqing wosfong (s198 10 T ur payiun suse) * wrydjepercy * ZT ee ee eS “m4 oe we (pajiun SqUTUe|L] ayy lv) viydya RUuoy ‘OL salam ee a (104 % pue Suoy F ‘g suourerg) viureudpenoy, *¢T y" tees ee joys % pur Suol % “p suaurvys) * ewieutpyy “#1 gy f° + +(ajovydavay ay} 07 PeXY ‘O0OT 92 OS suauIeIS) * wuipuvdjog “SE ag [e19q 10 xXyeq on} 0} pexy ‘SI Wey} o1OUT sudUIe}S) * viIpuLsOd] “ST st +s** (lamoyp yoee Ut ‘susute}g GT 0} ZT Wor) BiupuBsapog “IT papun Jou sjuoumpuy ayy (s9moy yove ul ‘sudUIR}g OL ) * BiIpuRseg ‘OL ‘ ¢ ee a etenes nat . 3° srere (aamoy yora ul ‘suadUure]g 6) . euipuRouUy 6 ‘ ‘ see able a owe 3° oe wee ++ (lamoy yee ul ‘suoureyg: 8) . BUpURIIO) eg Ss ee br las ** (somoy yovo ut ‘suoweig Z) * Btupuezdazy *Z ** + y38uay aus ayy fo yo (Iamoy yore ut ‘suaweIg g) * LLIpUBKof] “g me ing jou suaygup ay} (AQMOY YOva ul ‘suaUIBIg ¢) *BlUpuTAjUIg *G “ye °° yjzouaz guns ay) Jo pv (JoMoYy Yee Ut ‘sUOWR}g F) **BpUrAIey, “py - a eee mere see es ween ee (1t9M0y yora ur ‘sugule}g £) oe BILpURLL |, ¢ Rist ee eeeees sete Ss ce Clomoy yoeo Ul ‘SUaMIEIS Z a8 Blipuridy "3 3 a eee are . (1amoy yore ul ‘uOUtIg” ae i tebe “* stn “suaUIt}g May} JO Jequinu oy} 07 Fu *}10 AA S,UYOL 3g" veFuviD Ye ‘WOOIg ‘aZINY IO B10) “vag ~ » ? “MINTURION) “MOTTRTAT — *9. *youtsarpe’y oats) raBeqqey "9'q"D" ‘XBYpBOy, oaojsxog *Aay punosy ‘9 ‘9 ‘9; ‘auourouy‘indsyivy] yoojmosryAddog on a ‘acing: ‘arom Mey P =pPMH |, -s “Tysny SuLIMO]] *ee1j-Keg “qIOP MOTE, "UyBaFT “UCR eo *ynusa Jiasi0 *TIpoyeq ssnSeredg mh ge ‘asvlog ‘asolMug “epyonsAouozy ‘shoIqvog ‘asvay, “urBjURLg a hak UL, — ale MOTI e 7 3 3 Ygshiyitang % 10 ys INTRODUCTION FORT = OF ORDERS. nt \nidptelae of the Orders will Sry readily y be attained, by Whicg that In the Clafs cis abe they depend upon the Seeds >asing b ee oe ere! or not. bis In n to that it Clafy j= 2 ee ae S Geeteestehe upon ‘the natural afsemblages of plants resembling one another. “And Gat in all the other Clafses, not partion specified, : rders depend 1 the number .of the Pistils only. In i of Pistils, Count the Styles, as they appear at their bottom: ‘party. ae butif: ‘the Summits are, not su roe hen ; fore we can eet ix the. ae of : a Geis, must again-considér the. different parts: which enter mto the. "structure: of flowers,. and_learn low a different parts may. ro ed. As for insta ne Ls ae tae THE STUDY OF BOTANY. it ~), coun bene ff Cur (Perianthium) fixed near to the flower; >» of ).'}, . as in the Rose, the Cowslip, or the Fox- ie Stace orf 20 SAMs axe | so ena Invotucrum, remote Pit the flower ; ek bee generally belonging to the Rundle-bear- ing, or Umbelliferous plants ; as Hem- lock, or Carrot., When it surrounds the base of the Umbel, it is called the general 1 Involucrum; but, when it surrounds the base of an Umbellule, or little Umbel, it smqsosneidin is called the partial Involucrum, or Invo- sey beer Tce, alesse: CarkIn, (Amentun) as in Willow, or “ =f a ‘ti Hasel. oo} ee i ee ep Steatn, CSpatha) i as in | Sateedsony ¥ 2 eee Me 3 Daffodil. ~ ee: ee Vet, PCalgperes ) covering the fructification ’ ~ of some of the Mofses, and resembling an ORTON” extinguisher, av Currarit, (Volva) surrounding. the Stems, and attached to the Pileus of ee of ‘the: hig r : _ For a further uate ny these terms, and for references to the plates, examine the Dictionary of Botanical ae placed at the close of this inippaiostory part. eek & 45 ae | af ane a as the ia or “ici ; The Brossom_ ) of many Perats, asthe Rose or Anemone; may be cither ) but in many flowers the Prrats are. alto- gether ven 2 For amore full piss of the modifications of Petals and Blofsoms, see the Dictionary, and likewise plate 4. The Stameys and Prstrts have been sufficiently explained befores" but it is necefsary here to remark, according to % | * 12 - INTRODUCTION TO © the Linnean System, Which from ‘its Deitig founded upon the distinction of the sexes of plants, is also called the Sexual System, that the Stamens are considered as the male, and the Pistils as the feinale parts ; so that flowers containing only the former, até sometimes called male flowers, and such as have only the latter, are called female flowers ; but as the greater part of flowers contain both Stainens and id Pistils, they are of course called Hermaphrodites. aint . fs tee te (Capsula) L iaihtaille opening variously ; as in Poppys Wohvel> woth tbe: YVolus,. Pimpernel... 2 | a Pop, (Siliqua ) membranaceous, of 2 ibypoae fii VS. the, Seeds, fixed to each seam ; as in Wall-flower, and Honesty. ©) »4. @ LEGUMEN ; membranaceous, of 2 valves, |. the Seeds fixed to one seam only 5 3 as in sie Rion 5 ods Pea.and Broom. ..-; .. witidengest 2. an AIR-BAG, (Folliculus ) m A Szrp- distend a at one side, Dot cobra th Seed ; as phe in Periwi a Berry, < Bacea ) pulpy} without valves ; the Seeds separate; as in Gooseberr ‘Y> Currant, and Elder. , ‘ oo a Drura, pulpy, ena! without. Wales” in- ee “closing a hard hat, ovstong, as theChierry, "or the Peach,’ “° ' a a Pomum, fleshy or pulpy, covering a cap- jorouess *° 1 sulle’ containing' the seed 5) as in a Ale” s HIO AIST e q f * or Apple. ; ; LaCoxz, (Strobitus ) tiled; as in vite or Pie, * These Terms. will be found. more fully explained i in’ ithe Dictionary and illustrated in plate 5. Sle bun ARscrrracts (Receptaculum). is either peculiar to one flower, as in the Rose, Lily, and Polyauthus ; or common to _ THE STUDY OF BOTANY. | 13 many flowers, as in the Dandelion, Hawkweed, and: Artichokes, (See the Dictionary.) nit ) fa Spike, (Spica.) a Panicxe, (Panicula, ) se a Corymgus, (or broad-topped spike.) : a Buncu, (Racemus.) an UMBEL, (Umbella.) i _|.a Turr, (Cyma.) 7 a WuiRL, (Verticillus. ) ve ‘ 2 LCatxin, (Amentum.) sate ee a Frowenrs may be _ collected into Each of these terms may be found in the Dictionary, where they are explained by familiar examples, and by references to the plates, _ ee om ee _ Fora proper understanding of Compounp Frowers, the reader is lkewise refered fo the Dictionary, and fo the ex: Planation of the 4th plate, 9° 9) en The reader having now, it is supposed, attained tolerably precise ideas of the constitution of Clafses and Orders, and likewise of the parts upon which the Generic Characters are founded 3 we shall select a few instances of well known plants, and, after investigating them systematically, we shall hardly be ata lofs to investigate others which we do not know, > : 3 > ¥ fh erg i 4 i* eh 4 4° i me 3 Ne : : , Rules for Investigation. First, When a plant offers itself to our inspection, the. first thing to be determined is the Clafs to which it belongs... his is to be done: by examining the number of the Stamens,: ayd referting to the preceding Table of the Cxasszs. .. Should there be a difficulty in ascertaining the number of the Stamens, on account of the number appearing different in different flowers, though belonging, to the same plant, it is advisable to \/ “ INTRODUCTION TO for the Anthers are in that state more distinct, ‘and’we may be certain that none of them have been lost, Havitig fixed upon the Clafs which we believe to be right, let us turn to the Introduction to that Clafs, in this volume, and if the perusal of this. gives us no reason to alter our opinion, we are pretty certain of being so far right. It is best not to trust to the examination of one flower only; for we sball sometimes find the number of Stamens to be really different, in different flowers upon the. same plant; but in that case the clafsic | character must be taken from the terminating flower. Second. Having. thus determined the Clafs, we must next refer to the beginning of that Clafs in the second or third volume, where we shall find the Synopsis of the Genera con- tained in that Clafs. Here also we must look of how many Orpers the Clafs consists ; and after observing the cir- cumstances by which the Orders are determined, we must compare these with the plant before us. If the Order we refer it to has any subdivisions, we shall soon perceive under which of a gut cneg grieeedin blaroe ; Third. ‘After eninparton the. Flowers with’ the Characters of the different Geer contained in the Order, or in | the par- ticular subdivision of the Order, we shall soon perceive with which of them it best corresponds. , We now turn back to the description of that Genus in this volume, and if the description agrees pretty exactly with our specimen in all the leading characters, we conclude that we are now certain of the Genus. Doubtful matters will sometimes arise ; but these are for the Most part made clear by observations subjoined to the generic descriptions. In consulting the generic deecsibliona: the learner is desired to pay particular attention to the structure of the Pistil, and especially to that of its Germen, when it begins to ripenintoa | Seed-vefsel ; because these parts being most efsential to the continuation of the species, they are lefs poe to variation than’ conan ss gio aa yas shag duit: ee ft none of t ee Genéric Callas at the beginning of the Clafs agree with the Flower, we must then look at the THESTUDY'OF BOTANY. —S>_ ig end of the: Order, or subdivision of the Order, to which we had referred it, and sce what plants are there mentioned and included between crotchets. If we have not found the plant before, it must be some one of these; therefore looking for these in the Index to this volume, and comparing the generic descriptions with the specimen in hand, we shall not only dis- cover the Genus, but likewise the circumstance which occa- — our perplexity. e€ young Students are desired to practise the investigation. of Genera only, for a considerable time, before they attempt to ascertain a Species; and when by this means they have attained a pretty accurate knowledge of Clafses and Orders ; also of the parts composing a flower, and its subsequent state of fruit, or fructification, and likewise of the terms employed in describing them, they sans next proceed to determine the Species. - sete OF SPECT. ES. Fifth. Either in the second or third “i ng we shall find the name, and the Efsential-Character of the Genus, followed ‘by the several British Species which belong to it. Whenever the Species are numerous, they are subdivided, Consider, then, with which of these subdivisions it agrees ; and having determined, that, compare it with the several . Specirie Characters., Your plant wl, probably. agree with, some one of these... If you still are in dascanan by: the ite to figures which follow the Specific Character, turn to such figures as you pofsefs.; and, to make the point. still more certain, com- pareyyour plant with the descriptions which follow the refer- ences to. figures; for these will remove many an existing doubt, and obviate many a pofsible mistake. _If the plant in question be any remarkable Variety, you will probably. find it apagdnges 8 after the additional boageen mentioned shai as 9a equ. baa geh fire on * Sixth. Make it puinaisiahe ale: not to § pass Bocca te term, the. precise meaning of which you do not thoroughly understand, without ‘consulting the Dictionary... By this, mean you will very. soon be able to do without consultiz jitat all, . iy 16 -/ INTRODUCTION TO . Seventh. When you gather plants for examination, collect 4 considerable number: of the Flowers, and if pofsible, some just opening, others fully expanded, and others with the Seed- vefsels almost ripe; take care also to gather at least one Specimen of the plant. as perfect and as entire as pofsible. It was thought necefsary to give.a variety of examples for investigation... 1. Because only some of them are to-be found at any one season. 2. Because plants common in one:;Country are not equally common invall, 3. Because the Studentis not _ supposed previously to, be acquainted with many plants, and such as he does-know are probably, only a few of the more common kind. 4, He is not desired. to-examine and compare ail the examples : perhaps it will be: better he should sometimes try his strength; by examining unknown pias ahah he may _ pick. up in his walks. - 5 rants ene isn Prone SF ALO of To ERAMPER 410° _LIGUS‘TRUM, (Privet.) ee ~The Privet is ashrub common in hedges and dhtubbeties i in. many parts of England, It generally blofsoms’in June, anil its blofsoms are white. Let us suppose a-branch_of it in blofsom before us: that we are ignorant what plant it is; and * ‘are required to investigate if:’ We look into several of thé Blof- soms, and find’2' Staiidae'’ in each, This circuinstance informs us it belongs to the Clafs Diandria. ‘Turning to the begitining of that Clafs” in the second — we find it ecintiitis ei in each’ so that out plant belot fo the Ofder Monséyiat— — We find this Order subdivided i hi he and, observing what these subdivisions depend upon, see that in our specimen the Blofsom is formed of one Germen. ‘These circumstances ‘correspond only with the first subdivision, which subdivision contains | only one | Genus; so that there can be no-doubt but the’plant is a too that the Blofsom is ‘¢loven’into four parts, aad that it THE STUDY OF ROTANY. 17 " succeeded by a Berry containing 4 Seeds. Looking therefore ta the Genus Ligustrum, in this volume, we compare it with the generic description, and have the satisfaction to find it agree with that. Being now pretty certain of the Genus, we look forwards to the Species, and as there is only one Species, ‘we soon determine that it must be the Ligustrum vulgare of Linnzus, or the common Privet. EXAMPLE ff, ’ ARUNDO. (Reed.) Upon the banks of rivers, in wet ditches, and upon the borders of pools the Reed is sufficiently common. It is a sort of large grafs, five or six feet high, and flowers in June. . Having gathered.a specimen of this, we proceed to examine it systematically. At first sight we observe that the Flowers grow in panicles, and that each Flower contains 3 Stamens. “We therefore turn to the beginning of the third Clafs, and find that Clafs divided into three orders, which depend upon the number of Pistils.* Each of our flowers contains 2 Pistils, which brings us to the Order Digynia, This Order is subdi- vided into four parts. The Ist subdivision contains the plants with Flowers scattered, or irregularly disposed, one only in each Calyx. Our plant agrees with the first circumstance, but not with the last, for we find jive flowers in each Calyx. The 2d subdivision contains only 2 flowers in each Calyx ; therefore we pafs that over, and come to the 3d, with scat~ tered flowers, and several in each Calyx. Before we proceed further, we just look at the 4th and last subdivision, but find- ing those flowers in form of a Spike on a long and slender Receptacle, we immediately recur to the 3d subdivision. This subdivision contains 6 Genera, and we compare the Characters of each with the plant in hand. The want of an Awn, and the woollinefs at the base of the blofsoms, determines us to call it Arundo. Turning therefore to the Genus Arundo, we com- pare it accurately with the Generic description, and find it * N.B. Once for all, let it be observed, that the ‘Student should “Clafses, until he be perfectly acquainted with the constitution of each, and the exceptions which are most likely to involve him in difficulties. Vou. I, Cc 3 ). INTRODUCTION To correspond with it. But as the parts constituting the Flowers of Grafses are frequently very minute, we make use of the Botanical Microscope and the Difsecting Instruments, to dis- play them more clearly to the eye;* and likewise take the advantage of comparing them with the figures in the plate of Grafses. Having determined it to be an Arundo or Reed, it remains for us to ascertain the Species. We see that only four species of Arundo are natives of Great Britain; and the circumstances of the five Florets in each Calyx, added to the flexibility of the Panicle, which we had observed whilst grow- ing to be waved about with every wind, leave us no room to doubt that it is the Arundo phragmites of Linnzus, or the common Reed, — : EXAMPLE Hl. ee PLANTA’GO. (Plantain.) | The Plantain flowers in June and J uly. It is very common, in mowing Grafs, and on the sides of roads. It is frequently stuck in the cages of Linnets and Canary Birds, who are fond of the seeds, Upon examining a specimen of this, we find that each flower contains 4 Stamens, nearly of the same length ; therefore we refer it to the fourth Clafs. We find this Clafs contains 4 Orders, dependent upon the number of Pistils. Each of our flowers contains only one Pistil, and therefore belongs to the first Order, This Order admits of ten subdi- visions. The specimen we have, contains Blofsoms of one Petal ; and this Petal is fixed beneath the Germen. From these circumstances we look for it in the third subdivision, - and finding by cutting acrofs the Seed-vefsel, that it is divided into 2 + cells, we conclude that it is a Plantago. We now * N.B. The Botanical Mi ‘ope and Difsecting Instruments are figured in Plate XII. They may be had of the Publishers, or of the Country Booksellers, price 158. This Microscope is now in a form more convenient for the Pocket, and is at the same time made to stand more Steady when in use, <9 + To judge whether a Capsule consists of one or more Cells, the best method is to cut it through horizontally with a sharp knife, then care- fully to pick out the seeds, leaving the dividing mesnbranes entire, If it be very minute, cut off a thin slice horizontally, place it on the stage of the microscope, view it through the magnifier, and at the same time difsect it with the instruments, THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 19 compare it with the Generic description, and finding it agree, we try to determine the species. In the 2d volume we find there, are five species of Plantain, natives of Britain. These species are not subdivided, therefore we begin with the first ; the Plantago major; but the leaves are not egg-shaped ; nor are the stalks cylindrical. The Plantago media, which is the second, agrees pretty well; but the leaves are not pubescent, nor is the spike of Flowers cylindrical. With the third species, it agrees in every particular ; therefore we call it the Plantago lanceolata of Linnzus, or the Ribwort Plantain, - EXAMPLE Iv. BETULA. (Birch.). . The Birch is a tree very generally known. The flowers are disposed in Catkins, which appear in April and May. Some of these Catkins contain only Stamens within their Scales, and.others on the same tree only Pistils. In the former, each Aoret contains 4 Stamens, and in the latter 2 Pistils, These circumstances direct us to the Clafs Tetrandria, and to the Order Digynia. This Order contains 4 Genera, the second ' and third of which bear the Male and Female flowers in sepa- rate Catkins, as we had before observed to be the case in our plant. An attention to the other parts of ‘the characters induces us to believe it a Betula, and a comparison with the Generic description, removes every pofsible doubt. The Spe- cies are only three, and the shape of the leaves decides us to call our plant the Betula alba, or common Birch Tree, ) "EXAMPLE V. LONICE/RA. (Honey-suckle.) This plant is common in our hedge-rows, and is very uni-_ versally known; but let us suppose a person, who never saw it before, struck with the beauty and the fragrance of its blofsoms, carrying a piece of it home for examination. _ Find- ing 5 Stamens in each flower, and the Anthers not united, he refers it to the fifth Clafs. The Orders in that Clafs being determined by the number of Pistils, he knows it belongs to the Order Monogynia, for he obseryes only one Pistil in each See S. 20 INTRODUCTION TO flower. This Order is subdivided into seven parts. The want of the 4 naked Seeds, and the Rovcu Lxaves, immediately determine him to reject the Ist subdivision. ‘The blo/som being fixed beneath the Germen, not corresponding with his flower, he rejects the 2d, and pafses on to the 3d subdivision, where he finds (3) Flowers of 1 Petal superior ; and the Sceds in a vefsel. This Flower consists of 1 Petal, and this Petal is fixed supe- ' rior to, or above the Germen. This subdivision containing 4 Genera, he observes the 3 first have Capsules ; but in the last the Seed-vefsel is a Berry with 2 Cells; this circumstance, _ added to the inequality of the BRlofsom, and the knob at the top of the Pistil, induces him to believe it to be a Lonicera. He looks for the Generic description, and comparing the flower with that, is contirmed in his opinion. Under this Genus he finds only two Species; he compares. it with the Specific Character of each, and readily determines it-to be the Lonicera Periclymenum, or Wood-bine Honey-suckle. A sull more attentive examination will now convince him of the propriety of the remark subjoined to the Generic description. EXAMPLE VI. | ay DAU ‘CUS. | (Carrot.) 3 ae We select this as an example of the Umbelliferous or Re x= pie-bearing plants. (See the introduction to the 5th Clafs.) “2 The 5 Stamens with Anthers not united, and the 2 Pistils, evident in each Floret, determine us to look for it in the Order _ Digynia, of the 5th Clafs. This Order admits of four subdi- — visions. (1.) Flowers incomplete. The Genera here do not at all accord with our plant; Xanthium has the Male and Female flowers separate; the Ulmus bears a dry berry, and a Calyx of 1 leaf; the Humulus has the flowers Male and Female’ on different plants ; and the other five Genera have only one seed in each flower—2. Flowers of 1 Petal; beneath. But our plant has. five Petals; therefore we go to the 3d, Flowers of 5 — Petals ; beneath. ‘Che Florets in hand have 5 Petals, but the _ Petals are not placed beneath “the Germen; “This subdivision _ contains only a reference to the Staphylea; therefore wepro- _ ceed to the 4th, Flowers of 5 Petals ; mostly of 2 Seeds, UM- — THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 21 BELLIPVEROUS. All these circumstances agreeing with the plant before us, we must look for it here; but observing that this subdivision of the Order is farther divided into Plants that have the Involucrum both general and partial ; into plants with the Involucrum only partial ; and into plants without any Invo- lucrum ; we examine the specimen, and find an Involucrum to each Uumbel or Rundle, and likewi ise an Involucellum to each Umbellule, or Rundlet. The unequal size of the Petals; the winged Involucrum, and the prickly Seeds, agreeing with ‘Daucus, we turn to that Genus. Finding our plant agree with- the Generic description, we readily know it to be the Daucus Carota, or Wild Carrot. EXAMPLE VII. » GALAN'T HUS, (Snow-drop ds * ‘The ye gros not frequent in a wild state, is to be found in almost every garden, and is among the first of our spring flowers, When we look at it attentively, the first cir- cumstance which strikes us is the want of a Cup, but instead of that we find upon the fruit-stalk, a sheathing substance, which covered the blofsom in its infant state. The 6 Stamens direct us to the Hexandria Clafs, and the single Pistil fixes us to the first Order of that Clafs. This Order is pea into, (1.) Flowers with a Cup and a Blofsom. (2.) Flowers with a Sheath or Husk. : Sis GM x (3.) Flowers naked. +:: j a -(4.) Flowers without Petals. The want of a cup, and the presence of the sheath, Shai us to expect it in the 2d.subdivision, which contains 4 Genera. In the Allium the blofsom is fixed beneath the Germen, but in our plant it is above it. In the Narcifsus there is a bell-shaped -nectary and 6 petals, but our plant has 6 petals only, and no such bell-shaped nectary. The circumstance of 3 inner petals, shorter and notched at the end, is sufficiently observable in our plant, and clearly distinguish it from the Leucojum ; so ; that it can be no other than: a ‘Galanthus, Bs ie yeneric 22 INTRODUCTION TO description* agrees with our flower, but there it appears that the 3 inner and shorter petals may be considered as a Nectary. As there is but one species, it must therefore be the Galanthus nivalis, or common Snow-drop, i EXAMPLE VIII. ‘ DAPHNE. | (Mezereon.) In February the Mezereon is in blofsom, and, though rarely found wild, is often met with in the garden. Its Stamens being 8 in number, we turn to the Clafs Octandria, and its single Pistil confines our enquiries to the Order Monogynia, ‘This being divided into complete and incomplete flowers, we conclude that the flower before us belongs to the latter subdivision, because it wants a Calyx, The character of Daphne corre- sponds with our Flower, and there is no other Genus in that subdivision. The examination of the Generic description, confirms our determination. We find two British Species, but in that before us, the flowers are sitting, and grow by threes ; it must therefore be the Daphne Mezereum, orcomman Mezereon, — | EXAMPLE IX. _ LYCH'NIS. (Cuckow-flower.) White or Red Campion ; Batchelors Buttons; Lychnis: it grows wild in woods and ditch-banks, flowering all summer. After examining several of the flowers, finding 10 Stamens in each, and the Filaments not united ; observing also no vestige . of any Pistil, we begin to suspect that it is one of those plants - in which the Stamens and Pistils ‘are_contained in separate flowers, and upon distinct plants, In this state of doubt we go to the place where the plant was gathered, and, after exe amining several, at length find that the Flowers containing Stamens, and the Flowers containing: Pistils, do grow upon distinct plants, Directed by the number of Stamens, we there- * N. B. Until a little familiarized with the disposition of the System, the learner is desired to consult the Index at the end of the first volume, to find the Generic descriptions; and the General Index at the end of the third yolume to find the Species, . THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 23 fore turn to the Decandria Clafs, and finding the Orders of that Clafs founded upon the number of Pistils, we look for it in the _ .Order Pentagynia, 5 Pistils being the number we count in the Female Flowers. This Order cotitains 7 Genera, the first three of which have 5-celled Capsules; but in the Female Flower beore us, the Germen cut a-crofs, or the Capsule, if we happen to have got a ripe one, appears to have only one cell. Cerastium and Spergula are mentioned to have a five-leaved Calyx, whilst the flowers before us have a Calyx of one leaf. They must therefore be referred either to Agrostemma, or to Lychnis. But the difference between these two Genera is not very obvious in the artificial characters now before us; we therefore turn to the Generic descriptions of Agrostemma and Lychnis ; compare all the parts of the flower carefully with both these, and find reason to believe it a Lychnis. The Oxs. subjoined to that Genus support this conclusion, and amongst the species of Lychnis we find the,Lychnis dioica, with the Stamens and Pistils on different plants, _ : EXAMPLE X. PY'RUS. (Pear.) Finding about 20 Stamens in each flower, we conclude that it belongs either to the 12th, or to the 13th Clafs, ; , The introduction to the 12th, or Icosandria Clafs, informs us, that the number of Stamens alone, will not sufficiently distinguish it from the Clafses, Dodecandria and Polyandria ; we therefore attend to the directions there delivered, and finding in our Plant that the Calyx is formed of a single concaye Leaf; that the Petals are fixed to the sides of the Calyx; and that the Stamens do not stand upon the Receptacle, we con- clude that we are at the right clafs; and seeing each Flower furnished with § Pistils, we look for the Genus under the Order Pentagynia. This Order contais.s three Genera, In the last Genus the Calyx is fixed beneath the Germen, but in our Plant it is above the Germen. In that and in other re- 2 spects, it corresponds with the two first Genera, The Calyx being cloven into 5 parts, and the Blofsom being composed of 5 Petals, are circumstances common to both. But the fruit of the first is a Berry, containing 5 seeds, and the fruit of the s 28°, _ INTRODUCTION TO second isa Pomum, or Apple, with 5 Cells, and many seeds. Hence it appears that our plant is undoubtedly the Pyrus; and turning to the Generic description, we are confirmed in this opinion. We next compare it with the only two British Species, and are soon enabled to determine whether we have got the Pyrus communis, or the Pyrus malus, i. e. the Pear or the Apple, — : EXAMPLE XI. : RANU'NCULUS. (Crowfoot.) “The beautiful shining yellow Blofsoms of Crowfoot, and the frequency of it in pastures in the months of June and July, will probably attract our notice ; especially as cattle leave it untouched, even when the pasture is bare. We therefore collect some of it; and finding a great number of Stamens in each Blofsom, we refer it to the Polyandria Clafs. The intro- duction to this Clafs tells us, that the Stamens stand upon the Receptacle, and not upon the Cup or the Blofsom. As this ap- pears to be the case, we next examine the Pistils, and finding them more than can readily be counted, we refer to the Order Polygynia. This Order includes eleven Genera, Of these only Sagittaria, Ranunculus, and Adonis, have a Cup to the Flower. The first eight that occur have no Cal Flower has a Cup of 5 Leaves. It is clear then, that it must be one of these three. Sagittaria it cannot be, because there the Flowers are Male and Female on the same plant, but” those before us are all Hermaphrodite. Upon an accurate examination, we observe a little Pore or Nectary, within the claw of each Petal, and governed also by the number of Leaves forming the Cup, and of Petals composing the Blofsom, we turn to the Generic description of the Ranunculus. Quite satisfied about’the Genus, we observe the Species are nume- Yous, and arranged according as the Leaves are divided, or not divided. In our spécimen the Leaves are divided. We then compare it with each of the Species, and, from its open or — | expanded Calyx, its cylindrical Fruit-stalks, its Leaves with 3 divisions, many clefts, &c, find it to be the Ranunculus | acris, or upright Crowfoot. yx; but our : Meee JHE STUDY OF BOTANY. as EXAMPLE XII. A’'RUM. (Cuckow-pint,) : Or Wake-robin; or Lords. and Ladies. Not unfrequent in stiff soils. It generally grows in rough shady places, and at hedge bottoms. It flowers in May. . . There is something so very peculiar-and unusual -in the structure of this plant, that we find ourselves at a lofs how to set about the investigation of it. . What shall we call this long purplish substance which stands upright within the sheathing conical Calyx? We remove the Sheath to inspect the lower ~ part, and there we find this purple substance surrounded at its base by a number of Germens. It must therefore be a sort of a Fruit-stalk, or a Receptacle of an unusual length. Ona further examination we observe a number of hair-like fibres, or threads, but without any Anthers, and between these and the Germens, we perceive a number of Anthers without any ~ Filaments. As the Anthers are numerous, we tes to the Clafs Poly- ; andria, and the Germens being more than 6, we look in the Order Polygynia. Zosteraand Arum are the only Genera in which the existence of a Blofsom is not mentioned; and as our plant shews nothing like a Blofsom, it must be one or other of these. The conical Sheath of one Leaf, and indeed all the other circumstances mentioned, assure us that it is an Arum. The Generic description, and the subjoined observa- - tions, fully explain the structure of this wonderful and extra- ordinary plant. The shape of the leaves accords with the Specific Character, and we pronounce it to be the Arum maculatum, = SxaMpLe XIII. LA'MIUM. (Archanrgel,) =: Or White or Red Deadnettle. It grows every. where upon ditch-banks, amongst rubbish, and i in orchards, Upon opening the Blofsom we observe 4 Stamens, and as 2 - of the Stamens are considerably longer than the other two, we expect to find it in the Clafs Didynamia. After reading. the introduction to that Clafs, we have no doubt of having clafsed 26 _. INTRODUCTION TO » ° it right. We then obsetve that the two Orders in this Clafs are characterised from the Seeds being naked, (GyMNOSPER- MIA ;) or covered, (ANGIOSPERMIA.), In our specimen we find 4 naked Seeds at the bottom of the cup: so that it belongs to the first Order. This Order admits of two subdivisions, founded upon the clefts of the cup: our plant arranging under’ cups with 5 clefts, we carefully compare it with each of the Generic characters ; and, after some difficulty, guided by the | bristle-shaped tooth on each side the mouth of the Blofsom, we suspect it may be a Lamium; though we are not certain but it may be a Galeopsis. We therefore compare our plant with the Generic descriptions ‘of both; and further aided by the Efsential Generic characters at the head of the Species, — we find that it isa Lamium. Upon reading the characters of the three British Species, we are soon determined by the taper pointed, heart-shaped Leaves, &c, to call it the Lamium album, or White Archangel, : tei EXAMPLE XIV. a CHEIRAN'THUS. -(Wall-flower.) This plant is very generally known. It grows wild upon old walls, and is frequently cultivated in gardens, “data Carefully remove the Calyx and the Petals, and you-will find 6 Stamens; two of which are shorter than the other 4. It belongs therefore to the Clafs Tetradynamia. The Orders of this Clafs depend upon the form of the Seed-velsel; and, — _ after examining the specimen, you necefsarily refer it to the — first subdivision of the second Order; for the Seed-vefsel is a long Pod, and the leaves of the cup stand upright and close to _ the Blofsom., It is possible you must difsect several Flowers before you can ascertain the Genus; for this Clafs, like the preceding, is composed of a natural afsemblage of plants, — whose flowers bear a strong resemblance to each other, and the differences, when this is the case, are not very obvious. At Tength, however, the small glandular substance on each side the base of the Germen, determines you to refer it to Cheiran- thus. Upon a comparison with the Generic description, you find it accurately described ; and the shape of the leaves, &¢. put it beyond a doubt that it is the Cheiranthus Cheiri, of Wall July-flower, : Con fe _ 'THE STUDY OF BOTANY. | a7 ee EXAMPLE XV. aed ALTHA’A. (Marsh- -mallow,) Or Wymote. It naturally grows in salt marshes, but upon account of its medical uses, it is cultivated in most gardens, and is pretty generally known. Upon examining the flower, we find the Stamens numerous, and the filaments all united atthe base, We recollect that this circumstance characterises the flowers of the Clafs Mona- delphia. We find the Orders in that Clafs depend upon the number of Stamens ; and observing that the flowers before us contain more than 10, we must expect to find the plant in the OrveR Polyandria. Our plant having many Pistils, we refer it to the 3d subdivision. The three Genera contained in that subdivision nearly resemble each other; but the outer cup being cloven into 9 parts, we must suppose it an Althza. ’ Under that. Genus we find only one Species, and as our plant agrees both in the Generic and Specific character, we nounce it to be the Althea officinalis, or Marsh-mallow, EXAMPLE XVI, SPAR’TIUM. (Broom.) ‘Pont the appearance of the Stamens, which are all united by the Filaments, we should be at a lofs whether to expect this plant in the Monadelphia, or in the Diadelphia Clafs ; but the butterfly-shape of the Blofsom determines us to the latter. After reading the introduction to that Clafs, we observe that the Orders depend upon the number of Stamens, The flowers of our plant contain 10; and, as the Filaments are all united, we are at no lofs to see that it belongs to the first subdivision of the Order Decandria. We now compare it with the cha- racters of the different Genera; but, as the Genera of this Clafs are a natural afsemblage, and, from their similarity, admit of one general NatuRAL Cudsatren, the differences between each'Genus must depend upon minute circumstances, and therefore demand a good deal of attention. At length we perceive, from the hairy Summit, and the Filaments clipping ' the Germen coerly, that it must be the SSPE Comparing INTRODUCTION TO it therefore with the Generic description of Spartium, and still further confirmed. by the Efsential-Character, we find it must be the Spartium scoparium, or common Broom which happens ‘to be the only English Species belonging to that Genus. aA EXAMPLE XVII. LEON'TODON. .(Dandelion,) ~ Or Pifs-abed. This plant is ‘in Blofsom during great part of the spring and summer; it grows in pastures, road sides, and the uncultivated parts of gardens. At the first view we perceive its structure to be very different from any we have examined before; we hardly know what to call Stamens, or what Pistils. The fact is this: it is a true Compounn FLoweEr, or a flower formed of a number of little flowers (or florets) sitting upon one common Receptacle, and inclosed by one common Calyx. Turning to Comvounn FLowrrs and Frorers in the Dictionary, and reading the explanation of Compound Flowers, with references to the fourth plate, we soon attain atruevidea of the matter ; and therefore separating one of the Florets, and examining it carefully, we find 5 Stamens with the Anthers united ; and the Pistil pafsing through the cylinder formed by the union of the Anthers. We therefore — refer it to the Clafs Syngenesia. By carefully studying the introduction to that Clafs, weunderstand still more clearly the nature of Compound Flowers, and the Florets which compose them. We learn too how the Orders are constituted ; and, "upon examining the Flower before us, and finding that all the Florets are furnished with Stamens and Pistils, we perceive that it belongs to the first Order. From the shape of the Blofsoms of the Florets, which are all long and narrow, we know that we must look in the first subdivision of that Order. | Perceiving that the Receptacle is an important circumstance in the character of Compound. Flowers, we pull off all the | Florets in one of the Flowers, and expose the Receptacle to _ - view. We find it naked; that is, not beset with chafly or bristly substances. We find too, a sort of down adhering to the Seeds ;* and observe the scales of the Calyx laid one over * The Doww attached to the Seeds in the Compound Flowers is either formed of simple hairs, or of hairs set with other finer hairs; in the ai : e cE. * ‘THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 99 another like the tiles on a roof, the outer scales loose, flexible; and turnéd ‘back. ‘These characters corresponding pretty well with the Leontodon, we fix upon that as the Genusi Now we look forward to the Generic description for further — information ; with this it perfectly agrees, and in the Onserva- TIONS subjoined, we are told that in the Leontodon Taraxacum the Down of the Seed is supported ona long pedicle, which we had already remarked in’ the flower batts us. We now _ read the characters of the different Species ; and, from the deep notches'in the leaves, judge our plant to be the. pureed Taraxacum, or common Dandelion. — rt It will be very proper for the learner thus to examine several more Genera of this Clafs, as the Coltsfoot, the Burdock, the Thistle, the Tansy, the Daisie, and the Groundsel ; for, by doing this, he will soon overcome the difficulties which. present themselyes; and when any of the books are at hand which are mentioned in Italic print, ‘after the Specific Character, it will be satisfactory to turn to them, and to geste the pe in question wth the figures referred to. It may'not be amifs for him to begin with a go which, though not an English plant, and therefore not to be found in this book, may yet, from the large size of its Florets _ enable him to form a good idea of the structure ee Compound Flowers in general. By paying a proper atterition to the ontape of Compound Flowers, we soon learn to distinguish them from double Flow- ers; and when by accident or cultivation any of the true Compound Flowers become double, we shall always find it depends upon the multiplication of some of the parts, and the exclusion of others, : These examples will, it is ied afford sufficient instruc- tion to the learner, but, if he wishes for others, he may examine such plants as are mentioned in the Table of the Clafses. ‘It still remains to say something of the Cryptogamia Clafs. The plants in that Clafs are not arranged like the other parts - former case, it is said to be hair-like: in the latter it is said to be feathered. ; Now as these circumstances must be attended to, in forming Generic Distinctions, it is necefsary to apprise the learner, that the Down must be exposed to the air a little time before he can pronounce whether it be hair-like, or feathered ; for whilst it is moist in the gos 8: the lateral hairs often lie 90 close as not to be visible, ee 30 INTRODUCTION, &c. of the system, and therefore cannot be investigated in the — same manner. We can only recommend a careful perusal of ~ the Introduction to the Clafs, and an intimate acquaintance with the terms This being done, the industry of the student cannot fail of ‘its proper reward. After conducting my Pupils in this familiar manner through the different parts of the System, I must suppose that they no longer stand in need of my assistance, and that they will soon find themselves equal to the investigation of every British plant which may come before them. But this is not all: they will find that the Study of Nature is ever attended with pleas- ing reflections : that the Study of Botany, in particular, inde- ' pendent of its immediate use, is as healthful as it is innocent. That it beguiles the tediousnefs of the road, that it furnishes amusement at every footstep of the solitary walk, and, above all, that it leads to pleasing reflections on the bounty, the wisdom, and the power of the great CREATOR. DIRECTIONS FOR - DRYING AND. PRESERVING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS. Maxy methods have been devised for the preservation of Plants; we shall relate only such as have been found most succefsful. . _. First prepare a prefs, which a toner cae ans by the following, directions. — = Take two planks of =o eae steal not liable to warp. The planks should be two inches thick, eighteen inches long, twelve inches broad. Get four male, and four female screws ;* such as are commonly used for securing sash windows. Let the four female screws be let into the four corners of one of the planks, and corresponding holes made through the four corners of the other plank for the male screws to pafs through, so as to allow the two planks to be screwed tightly together. It will not be amifs to face the bearing of the male screws upon the wood, with iron plates ; and, if the iron plates went acrofs from corner to corner of the wood, it would bea good security against warping. When a prefs is not at hand, the specimens amay be dried tolerably well between the leaves of a large folio book, laying other books upon it to give the necefsary prefsure; but in all cases tog much prefsure must be avoided. Secondly, get a few sheets of strong card pasteboard, and half a dozen quires of large, soft, spongy paper; such as the stationers call blofsom blotting paper, is the most proper. The plants you wish to preserve should be gathered in adry_ day, after aes sun has exhaled the dew : :: taking eee care © * Wedges of ‘oh aval oensonst. ‘wood, pafsing through uprights affixed to each end of the lower plank, and rising through the upper one, have been since found mere manageable and efficacious, ~ 52 DRYING AND PRESERVING to collect them in that state wherein their Generic and Specific characters are most conspicuous, Carry them home in a tin box, which may be made about nine inches long, four inches and a half wide, and one inch and a half deep. Get the box made of the thinnest tinned iron that can be procured ; and iet the lid open upon hinges. The box should be painted, or Jacquered, to prevent it rusting. If any thing happen to prevent the immediate use of the specimens you have collected, they will be kept fresh two or three days in this box, much — better than by putting them in water; but the Blofsoms of some plants are so very delicate, that they shrivel in a very short time, and often before you can well exatnine them. In this case, put the stems in water, cover the whole with a glafs hell, like those used in gardens, or the receiver of an air-pump | will do; expose them to the sun, and in half an hour, you will find them completely expanded: When you are about to preserve them, lay them down upon a pasteboard, as much as pofsible in their natural form; but; at the same time, with a particular view to their-Generic and Specific characters. - For this purpose it will be advisable to separate one or more wers, and to display them so as to shew the Generic character. If the Specific character depend upon the flower, or upon the root, a particular display of that will be like= wise necefsary. When ‘the plant is thus disposed upon the pasteboard, cover it with eight or ten layers of the blotting paper, and put it into the prefs. Exert only a small degree” of prefsure, for the first two or three days ; then examine it, unfold any unnatural plaits, rectify any mistakes, and, after _ putting fresh paper over it, screw the prefs a little harder. In about three days more, separaté the plant from the paste=_ : hoard, if it be sufficiently firm to allow of a change of place; _ put it upon a dry-fresh pasteboard, and, covering it with fresh blofsom paper, let it remain’in the prefs a few days longer. The prefs should stand in the sun-shine, or within the influ- ence of a fire, for nothing is so destructive to the beauty of the ¢ Specimens as along continued dampnefs.* Shrubs and many _ * One of my correspondents afsures me, that he finds old broad cloth he better than paper, for absorbing the moisture of the plants; but I have not had occasion te try it, - x _ SPECIMENS OF PLANTS, © 33 of the harder perennial plants willlie much neater in the Her- _ barium, if the bark of the principal Stem be slit up with the point of a sharp knife, so as to allow the inner woody part to be extracted. ~~ When it is perfectly dry, the usual’ method -is. to fasten it down with glue, or paste, or gum water, on the right hand inner page of a sheet of large strong writing-paper. It requires some dexterity to glue the plant neatly down, so that none of the gum or paste may appear to defile: the paper. .Prefs.it gently again for a day or two, witha half sheet of blofsom-paper be- tween the folds of the writing-paper. When it is quite dry, write upon the left hand inner page of the paper, the name of the plant; the specific character; the place where, and the time when it was found; and any other remarks you think proper. Upon the back of the same page, near the fold of the paper, write the name of the plant, and then place it in your cabinet. A small quantity of finely powdered arsenic, or cor- -rosive sublimate, is frequently mixed with the paste or gum- water, to prevent the devastations of insects; but the seeds of Staves-acre finely powdered, will answer the same purpose, without being liable to corrode or to change the colour of the ‘more delicate plants. A little Alum added to the paste makes it keep longer, and a little very coarse brown Sugar dissolved in the gum-water, renders it less brittle when dry, Some Botanists put the dried plants into the sheets of writing-paper, without fastening them down at all, which I think much the most useful way: others only fasten them by means of small slips of paper, pasted across the stem or branches, and others again sew them to the paper with a needle and fine thread. Another more expeditious method is to take the plants out - of the press, after the first or second day ; let. them remain upon the pasteboard; cover them with five or -six leaves of blofsom paper, and iron them with a hot smoothing i iron, until they are perfectly dry. If the iron be too hot, it will change the colours ; but some people, taught by long practice, succeed very happily. This is quite the best. ‘method to treat the different species of Orchis and aihet slimy euelaginnes plants... 2 I am indebted to 7. ices; Esq. of Bath, for the following improved method of drying plants, which, being the i of : Vou. I. D “4 & failed full as much or more, when. preserved by other means. The colours of the blofsoms in the clafs. Didynamia, 1 could * ~“ &c, some litile art must be employed in cutting away the Jt DRYING AND PRESERVING much experience, cannot —_ peehe mene to the alee Botentists» —— “TF place the plant when fresh, eine several shiny « of blotting paper, and iron it with a /arge smooth heater, “ pretty strongly warmed, till all the moisture; is difsipated.— - © The flowers and fructification I fix down with gum, upon the *¢ paper on which they are to remain, and iron them in that * state, by which means they become almost incorporated into “ the paper in their proper forms. Many colours I have been able to fix, which frequently forsook the flowers during the “ gradual and tedious procefs of sand-heats, and other methods — “ which I had before tried. “Some plants require a more moderate heat than others: “experience must determine this: and herein consists the “‘nicety of the experiment. The forms and colours seem to — “ remain more qaelact by this mode than by any other I have — “ been able to try." —“ If the mucilaginous and succulent — te plants do not sueceed so well with respect to their colour, — “ under the hot smoothing iron, I have always found that they “never fix by a sand-heat. Several of these, as well as of “ the —- plants, I have ies tolerably well by ** jroning. ie “ Tt is sieicinatty to observe, that i in compound flowers, or ‘a “ thofe of a solid and more stubborn form, as the Centaurea, “under part, by which means the profile and form of the “ flowers will be more distinctly exhibited, provided they are “to be pasted down.”—~“ After all, it must be remembered * that a plant, when preserved in a most perfect state, isa “ kind of Hygrometer, and if exposed for any time to a moist “atmosphere, or laid up:in a situation which.is not perfectly : “ dry, will imbibe a degree of humidity that mist 5 soon ee “« injurious to the beauty of the specimen.” Major Velley sent me some plants dried by mies means, Z which are the most beautiful specimens I have seen. ‘The facility of drying plants by ironing, must render this method particularly acceptable to the travelling Botanist. ee. In addition to, the methods. of poping a — siccus ” ‘SPECIMENS OF PLANTS, _ 35 already pointed out, I am desired by my friend Mr. Whateley, Surgeon, in London, to insert the following account of a method which he has used with the greatest advantage; and such of my readers as observe his rules, and execute them with adroitnefs, will find their attentions well rewarded. * Approved Method of iiiepuoiag Plants for an Herbarium. — i PREVIOUS to the drying of Plants by this plan,.. it will be necefsary to. procure the following apparatus : 1. “ A strong oak box of the size and shape of those used “‘ for the packing up of tin plates. _ 2. “ A quantity of fine ary. pg peoreed sand af any kind, *< sufficient to fill the box. io Fe 3. “ A considerable sig a peed a peaks paper, hin * one to four inches square, 4. “ Some small flat leaden weights, and a few small bound ‘“bookss) 5... “ The specimen of any plant intended for the Herbarium, “ should be carefully collected when dry and in the height of “ its flowering, with. the different parts as perfect as pofsible, “and in the smaller plants the roots should be taken up. It * should then be brought home in a tin box well closed from — ee air.—The plant should be cleared from the decayed * leaves and dirt, and afterwards laid upon the inside of one of the leaves of a sheet of common cap paper. The upper “* leaves and flowers should then be covered in an expanded “« state by * pieces of the prepared paper, which may be placed “in any irregular way, and kept down by the fingers till these “ parts of the plant are entirely covered by them: and after ‘* that, let one or two of the leaden weights be placed upon the “ — The = of the pores below should then be et * As a the Tocca Fake very much ben: this ce of’ the procefs, each large petal ought to be laid flat separately witha piece of paper, and the utmost care taken that every part of the plant be laid dowa without folds, which may be done in general in 2 short time. D2 * ’ 36 DRYING AND PRESERVING ‘“‘ with the pieces of paper, and likewise with the weights, and ‘‘ thus the whole plant should be laid in its proper expanded ‘‘ form by the same method. The weights should then be “‘ carefully removed, and the other leaf of the sheet of paper “ applied to its opposite one, having the loose pieces of paper “ and plant between them. After which, one or two of the “‘ books should be placed on the outside of the paper, and “ remain there till as many other plants as are intended to be ‘“* preserved, have been prepared i in, like manner.* ANTHERS, leaning towards each other, as in Gill, and White Archangel or Deadnettle. CLAUGZ > Convex (convexus) opposed to concave. Rising like the sur- face of a globe. ‘The receptacle of the garden Tansey is convex. ct . Convoturvs, rolled or twisted spirally. = CorcuLvum, corcle, or heart of a seed, Corpatum, heart-shaped. Coriacevs, leather-like. PEI REDE LAE! Cornvutus, horn-shaped. Pita en begetiaeks Cono.ra, Hlehethy ere net ee See ey Nar op rere CoRONA, Crown ; see crowned, : CorTex, bark. a t ovis ag Sat tape he eth sa ie Corymavs, ditiers from a spike in having the flowers of which it is composed not sitting, but Standing each on its proper _ fruitstalk, each of which again springs out of one common _ fruitstalk. "They are unequal in length, the lowermost being the Jongest, the others gradually shorter ‘as they i BQ 52 _ DICTIONARY OF ascend, so that the whole collection of flowers forms nearly a flat and broad surface at the top. See Pl. 6. £7; or look at a Pear Tree when in flower. CostatuM, ribbed (leaf.) od A Corton (tomentum) Corrony (tomentosus) or:downy $ co- * vered with a whitish cotton-like substance, as the leaves. of the Great Mullein and of the Marsh-mallow. a CoTyYLEDONES, seed-lobes. a CREEPING (repens) Stem; creeping along the ground, and _ sending forth little roots ; the Violet and Fry are instances. _ Pl. 10. f. 8. é ns Root, as in the Spearmint. Pl. 10. £. 7. CRENATUS, scolloped. < if CRESCENT-SHAPED (lunularis) (lunatus) shaped like anew moon; as are the Anthers of the Strawberry, : Lzar.° Pl. 7. f. Tees , CresteD (cristatus) flowers, furnished with a tuft or crest, af is the common Milkwort. be CristaTus, crested, «> eee Saceeots BENT BACK (retrorsum-sinuatum.) See Pl.7. --- riz “a Cross-Parrs (decussatus) when leaves: grow in pairs,and each pair points in a different direction to the pair next above or below it. Thus, if one. pair point East and * - West, the pair next below it point North and South; the _ third pair crofses the second, the fourth the third, andso on. Pl. 9. f- 1.—Braccntarus seems to apply to” branches growing in the same manner. 3 ea Cross-sHAPED (cruciatus) (cruciformis) FLrowrrs; are _ ae Gulls four pore disposed in the form of @ cro{s, e ower, Cand: and Cabbage, are fami liar instances. PI. 4. f. 11, nas “a ‘ oem ae Crownep (coronatus) SEED; is a seed to. which the CALYX. * adheres, as.in Teasel ; or it is a seed furnished with down, asin Dandelion. Pl. 4,°f,22. £97, Brrry, is a berry with the Calyx adhering; asin the Honeysuckle. ; ie eGo De Cruciarus, crofs-shaped, CRUCIFORMIS, see crofs-shaped. © . , Cryprocamia, see the introduction to the Clafs so called. _ CucuLiatus, cone-shaped. ; Pod ssue ee Cuntr, about half a yard; see measure. CuLMuws, straw. i eenaes as CuNEIFORMIS, wedge-shaped. tend ¢37R0e Cur (perianthium) a species of Calyx contiguous to the other — _ parts of the flower. It either includes one flower, as in ’ the Convolvulus and Gillyflower ; or several florets, as in the Sunflower and Daisie. Pl. 3. f. 1. f. 10. f. 5, (ay Pl. 4 £.7,(C.) £12, (.) f. 13. 14. 18. (@qva) ae va . ~ - a BOTANICAL TERMS. — 53 Cur, Dovsxe (calyculatus) when one Cup has another sur- rounding its base. CurRLep (crispus) Leaves; as in Endive and Curled Mint. Pl. 8. f. 67. Curtarn (volva) the Calyx of Agarics and Boleti. It is some- times fibrous, but generally like thin white leather. It surrounds the Stem, and is attached to the Pileus. When torn by the growth of the former and the expansion of the latter, the part surrounding the Stem often remains, and in that state it is called the Ring. See Pl. 1. f. H. (@.) CuspipaTvs, prickly-pointed. Cor-Rrounn (circumscifsus) when a seed-vefsel does not open longways, in the usual manner, but in a circle surround- ing it, like a snufi-box or an ivory egg; as in Pimpernel. LSS : CyaTuirormis, glafs-shaped. Cy iN DRICAx or round, (teres) like a walking stick ; the form of the rruwx of a tree. of a Straw; Bullrush. of a Svaux ; Great Plantain. - of a STEM; agus. — of a Lear; Wild Garlick; Onion. PI. 8. f. 68. of a Cup; Pink. £ Catkin ; Reedmace ; Hazle. Cra, tuft. DaGGER-POINTED (mucronatus) not gradually tapering to a point, but ending suddenly in a sharp-pointed substance, like the blade of a dagger from its handle ; as in the Calyx of Phleum. 3 : Desrxis, feeble. DecaGynra, 10 Pistils. DecanpRra, 10 Stamens ; see the introduction to the Clafs socalled. . Decarnyxuvs, 10 leaved; (cup.) Drcemripus, with 10 clefts, (cup.) - Decemiocunare, 10 celled, (Capsule.) _ Drcrpvovs (deciduus) Leaves; those which fall off at the approach of winter. Catyx or Cup; falling off before the blofom; as does that of the Thorn-apple, the Cabbage, the Ladysmock, and the Poppy. nee HE ; ——— Seep-vessex; falling off before it opens, as in the _ Sea Rocket and Woad, Decurnrne (declinatus) bent like,a bow, with the arch down- wards ; as the seed-vefsel of the W ater Crefset ; the fila- ao of the Buglofs, See tle lower Stamens in pl. 1. : ~ Figf. 12, : at 3 Decomposirus, doubly compound, — t . “ Ducumpens, lying down. 54 DICTIONARY OF DecurRENT (decurrens) leaf; when there is no leaf-stalk, bit the base of the leaf runs down the stem. The White Mullein and Musk Thistle are examples. Pl. 9. f. 4. e.)) Decursivum (leaf) when the leafits of a winged leaf are | f decurrent upon the leaf-stalk, 7 3 Decussatvus, crofs pairs, — : DerLexus, bending outwards in a small degree. DeEFLoRATUS, spoken of Anthers which have shed their Pollen, DENISCENS, opening or standing open, oi. oe DeELroipeus, triangular spear-shaped, or trowel-shaped. DeMERsUS, see submersus. Denvrorpes, shrub-like, : DenTaTo-SERRATUS, tooth-serrated. DeNTATO-SINUATUS, toothed and indented. Denratvs, toothed. DenTep (retusus) a blunt leaf, &c. with a dent or blunt notch-at the end ; as in the Broad-leaved Sea Heath. DENTICULATUS, set with little teeth, Drpenpens, hanging down. : Derressvus, deprefsed, .- a Depressep (deprefsus) when the surface of a leaf, &e, is im a small degree. concave—prefsed down—flatted. a Driave.rata, see the introduction to the clafs so named. F Diamonb-sHaPeD (rhombeus) applied to leaves which ree ____ semble the figure of a diamond as painted on cards. ge Diawprta (2 stamens) the name of the second clafs. x Dicnoromus, forked, Dicoccus, 2 capsules united, each with I cell, - Drpyma, double. DipyNamia, see the introduction to the clafs so named. - Dirrormts, irregular in shape; of different shapes. Dirrusus, spreading. | Diertratvs, finger-like, Pe ares are Dicynra (2Pistils) the name of several of the Linnwan Orders. Dimip1atvs, half round, extending half way round, . Dimpxep (umbilicatus) having a little hollow dot; as in the + . fruit of the Barberry. ee Droxctra, signifies that the flowers bearing Stamens, and those # _ bearing Pistils, grow on different plants. Thus inthe Yew. Tree, if you find it in flower, and one of the flowers is furnished with Stamens, all the flowers. upon that par- ticular tree have only Stamens and no Pistils ; but if- you find a flower with a Pistil and no Stamens, then’ all the — ~ flowers upon that tree will be found ‘equally destitute of en tae A ek, Sey oS Re | Di-PETALA,2petaled, - =. . Diruyaxus, 2 leaved, _ : Piscus, disks zi : Spates 2 of rygirs 08 Disk, of a leaf, signifies its surface, either upper or under. of ‘ BOTANICAL TERMS. 55 Disk, compound or incorporated flower, signifies the central part only. Thus in, a Daisy, the minute yellow florets form the Disk, and the larger white strap-shaped flurets othe Rays. 5 DIspeRMvus, 2 seeded. DrssEctTuM, see laciniatum. DiIssEPIMENTUM, partition. Diss1L1Ews, bursting suddenly asunder. Distant (distans) far asunder; as the Stamens of the Mint ; or the whirls of the flowers in the Corn Mint. DisrEnTED (ventricosus) or bellying, as the cup of the Rose, or the under part of the blofsom of the Foxglove. - Pl. 4, f. 4. Disticuvs, 2 rowed. Distinct, unconnected, separate from each other, Divanricatvs, straddling. DiveRGiNG (divergens) spreading wide from the stem almost horizontally. This term is oppesed to compact. Drvisrons. See the next article. — DivipeD (partitus) applied to a leaf, acup, or a petal; it signifies that it is parted more than half way down; as the petals of Chickweed ; the cup of Comfrey, or Borage. PIT. £28, eee Dopecanpria (12 stamens) the title of a clafs, which see. Doprans, a palm ; about a quarter of a yard; sée measure, - DoLasrirormeE (leaf) hatchet-shaped. -Doxrsatts, fixed to the back. Dorrep (punctatus) marked with little hollow dots; as are the leaves of the Sea Chamomile; and the receptacle of some of the compound flowers. Pl. 4. f. 23. Dovusien together (conduplicatus) as are the leaves of the Black Cherry before they unfold. Dovusxez (didymus) applied to the anthers of several flowers, when upon one filament there are two anthers united; like a double nut; as in the Ranunculus, Anemone, Celandine, Plumb, Cherry. Pl. 3. £..6. (4.) nua Catyx (duplex or calyeulatus) when the calyx of a » flower hath another outer calyx surrounding it, as in the Marshmallow, and Hollyhock. ——— Germen, when two Germens are united together, as in Goose-gra/fs or Cleavers. ie, mee Dovs.ty-comrounp (decompositus) Leaves, having the primary leaf-stalk divided, so that each division forms a — compound leaf, They are of three different kinds. 1, Twrxrorx (bigeminus) when a forked Jeaf-stalk bears several leafits at the end of each division or fork. Pl. 10. fi 4, ‘ < : ; i ale 2. Douniy-THREEFOLD (bi-ternatus) when a leaf-stalk with three divisions bears three leafits upon the end of each — division. Pl. 8. f. 67. : a DICTIONARY OF - 3. Dovsiy-winerp (duplicato-pinnatum) .(bi-pinnatum) when a leaf-stalk has lateral ribs, and each of these ribs forms a winged leaf ; example Tansey, Yarrow, PI, 8. £.56. For leaves more than doubly compound, see TripLy-Com- “POUND. Down (pappus) the fine hair or feather-like substance crown- ing the seeds of some plants, and enabling the wind to scatter them abroad. In Sow-thistle it consists of simple or undivided hairs, but in the Goatsbeard it is branched, and then is called feathered down. PI. 4. f. 22, (7.) Pl. 6. f. 2. (a. 6.) Downy (leaf) see Cottony. ; 3 Droopine (nutans) for such is the most exact meaning of the term when applied to a Panicle, as it frequently is when speaking of the Grafses, whose spikets often hang down in a beautiful pensile form. ‘Drupa,a pulpy seed-vefsel without valves, consisting of a hard nut or stone, encompafsed by a pulpy substance; exem- plified in the Plumb, the Cherry, and the Peach. P1.5. f, 21. Durticatus, doubled. DuPLicatTo-cRENATUM, doubly scolloped. PinnatuM, doubly winged, SERRATUM, doubly serrated. _ ———— TERNATUM, doubly three-fold. Dust, see Pollen. > ; . _ Dustep (pulveratus) some plants appear as if covered with a kind of dust or powder ; e. g. the English Mercury, and the leaves of the Auricula. : Ear-sHaPED (auriculatus) somewhat resembling a human ear, It is also used to exprefs a little appendage at the base of a leaf or leafit. ' : EsRacreartvus, without any floral leaf, — EcALCARATA, without a spur or horn. EcuInatus, set with prickles, ais ie Eec-sarep (ovatus) signifies a shape resembling the solid substance of an egg, as the seed-bud of Jacob's Ladder, and the seeds of Fennel ; or it implies only the form of an — egg, if divided longways, as in the leaves of the Beech- tree or Peppermint. PI.7.£.3. , FERS EARE A PED (ovato-lanceolatum.) See spear-cggr shaped, ELLirricum, see oval. EMARGINATUM, notched at the end. Empracine (amplexicaulis) the Srem; when the base of 2 _ leaf nearly surrounds the stem, as in Solomon's Seat, Poppy, and Borrage. PI, 9, f, 4. (f-) EMPALEMENT, see Calyx, ENERVIUM, nervelefs, ENNEAGYNIA, 9 Pistils, ‘ BOTANICAL TERMS, 57 EnNEANDRIA, 9 Stamens. Enopts, jointlefs, or without joints. EnsirorMe (leaf) sword-shaped. Entire, (integer) Lear, or Petar; this term is opposed to cloven, gashed, indented, &c. but it does not signify that it is not serrated or scollopped. When a leaf is said to be very entire (integerrimus) we understand that it is not even scollopped or serrated. The leaves of a Nettle are entire, but those of a Lilac are very entire. Pl. 7. fig. 31. 35. entire leaves, f. 39. 40. very entire leaves. Eqvuau (equalis) sometimes signifies regular; all alike; as _ the blofsoms of Angelica. The florets forming the com- pound flowers of the first Order of the Clafs Syngenesia are said to be equal: that is, they are all alike in being equally furnished both with Stamens and Pistils, Equitans, folded one upon another ; laminated. Erectus, upright. ERrosum, gnawed. if RRs SSSENTIAL CHaracrer (character efsentialis) is a single circumstance serving to distinguish a genus from every other genus. Thus the Crowfoot (Ranunculus) is distin- ' guished from other genera by the Nectary at the base of each petal ; and the Colewort is known from all the other genera in the same natural order, by the four longer threads being forked at the top. Evrn (levis) Surrace, level, regular; in opposition to scored, furrowed, or other inequalities, occasioned by deficiency of substance, or by the presence of hairs, &c. Exaratus, see furrowed. EXCRESCENCE (apophysis) a substance growing from the seat of the flower in some of the Mofses, | EXPANDING (patens) standing in a direction between upright and horizontal; as the petals of the Strawberry, the _ branches of most plants, and the leaves of the Brookline Speedwell. PI. 9. £. 5. (ex ¢.) EXsERTUs, protruding; opposed to inclosed, Extipvnatus, without Stipule. Ex?RaFroLtiaceus, underneath the leaves. Eve (hilum) the external scar upon a seed by which it was fixed to the seed-vefsel ; it is very remarkable in a Bean, Pl. 6. f. 3. (e.) een : Farctus, filled full. | pbs see Pollen, “ASICULARIS, Fascicu.arus, Poundled, Fasicuxus, a bundle. Fasticiatys, flat topped. Fatuom (orgya) see measure, - Faux, mouth, 58 DICTIONARY OF Favosum, honey-combed. | aS FEATHERED, (plumosus) the down of seeds, sometimes consists’ of fine simple or undivided hairs, in others it sends out '>- Jateral hairs, and then it is said to be feathered. Ph4. - Baa (L PoP L 62k Qh. pets! is Fersest (debilis) not strong enough to stand upright. FemaLe Frowers, or FLorers; such as contain one or more Pistils, but no Stamens, Femineus, see Female, : Fence, see Involucrum, and Involucellum, Frerwns, see Firices. . : Ferrite Frowers (fertiles vel feminei flores) those that pro- duce seed capable of vegetation ; as is very generally the ‘case in flowers which have both Stamens and Pistils. Flowers that have only Stamens never can produce seeds ;_ and flowers that have only Pistils must be barren, if they are so situated as to be out of reach of the Pollen, from the Anthers of the stameniferous flowers; in some in- _ stances they will indeed produce seeds to all appearance _ perfect, but these seeds will never vegetate. Frares (nervi) woody strings or nerves, running. undivided from the base to the extremity of a leaf; as in the broad and. narrow-leaved Plantain, Pl 7. f.46.. These kind - of fibres,-whether branched or not, have been indifferently called nerves, and veins, but without much proof that ~— they are destined to the office of either. Perhaps they ought only to be considered as ribs, formed to strengthen __« the leaf. a » a Fiprovs(fibrosus) Roots; composed of small threads or fibres, PLA0sf- 7: “2 Fippi-su rep (panduriformis) oblong, but narrowed in the _ middle and broader below, as is the leaf of one species of _~, Dock, supposed to resemble a violin, therefore called a “Fiddle Dock. . ee = ae FILAMENT, or thread (filamentum) the thread-shaped-part of a Stamen supporting the Anther. See Stamen ; see also Pl. 3. f. 3. (2.) £. 6. (g.) and Pl. 1. £.19. (a. @.) 7 EER Frrices, Ferns, the name of the natural afsemblage of plants ~ constituting the first Order of the Clafs Cryptogamia. FintrorMis, thread-shaped. nape Asa: Pee Fimertatus, see fringed, Fissum, cloven. Fisturosvs, hollow. va : FIVE-cORNERED (quinquangulare) leaf. .See pl. 7. fig. 20. Fiaccipvs, limber, teeble ; sce debilis. — Be es ee - rd. LAGELLUM, a Runner. = FLATTED, see comprefsed. Rt Sak ae Bd FInGER-LIKE (digitatus) a species of compound Leaves, fe- sembling the expanded fingers of a man’s hand; so. that BOTANICAL TERMS. 59 =» wo or more leaves are joined to the end of an undivided leaf-stalk, e. g. those of the Wild Black Hellebore, Lupine, and Horse Chesnut. Pl.7. £248. FINGER-LIKE, they may be In PAtRs (binatus) with two ters minating leafits. Pl. 7. f. 50. ; ~ ~- IN THREES (ternatus) with three terminating leafits. Pl.7. f. 51, : . - IN Fives (quinatus) with five terminating leafits. 2m . Firm (compactus) applied to the texture of a leaf. FLAt-ToPPED (fastigiatus) rising to the same height, so as to _ form a flat, or nearly flat surface at the top, = >. Fresuy Srrep-vessex, see-Pomum. ———— Lear, or Root (carnosum) as the leaves of Se Dasyphylilum, ————, more solid than pulpy; as the fruit of the Apple; the root of the Turnip; and the leaf of the Round-leaved Stonecrop, cee ee ; FLex1s1s (flexilis) readily bending without breaking. FLExvosus, zig-zag ; without angles; gently winding. § FLoatine (natans) applied to aquatic plants, whose leaves or — float upon the surface of the water: e, g. Water- Frora.-teaves (bractew) differ in shape or colour from the other leaves of the plant; they are generally placed on the fruit-stalk, and often so near the flower as in some instances to be easily mistaken for the Calyx; but the . Calyx dries or withers when the fruit is ripe, whereas the floral leaves endure as long as the other leaves of the plant. Examples of floral leaves may be seen in the Pansie, the Limetree, the Hellebore, the Passion-flower, ~ Sage, the Wild Marjoram; and many others. Pl. 9. . 8. (a. a.)- : ( ponte fol.) means also, sometimes the leaves more immediately approaching the flower, though not properly floral-leaves. - v4 me a FLorer (flosculus) a little flower, one of the small flowers composing a compound or incorporated flower. See the introduction to the Clafs Syngenesia. They are Tusu- LAR; that is, formed of a tube cloven into five parts at the border, as in the Tansie: or NaRRow, when the blofsom is long and strap-shaped, as in Dandelion. In the Daisie and Sunflower, the florets in the centre are : TusuLar, and those in the circumference Narrow, or Ravrare. Pl. 4, f. 21. f, 24. £..26.. In the second — - Order of the Clafs Pentandria, which contains the Um=— belliferous plants, the florets composing the Umbels are each formed of five Petals. When the petals are all of — the same size and shape, the florets are said to be EQUAL; i 60 = DICTIONARY OF as in Angelica and Celery ; but when the outer petals are larger than the others, the florets are said to be Rapiatex; as in Shepherd’s Needle and Carrot, Fxros, flower. - Frioscu.us, florets. Froscuosvus, a tubular floret. FLower (flos) a temporary part of a plant appropriated to the - production of seeds: it is composed of seven parts ;_ the. Catyx; the Birossom; the Sramews; the Pistits; the Seep-vesseL; the Sxeps; and the Recerracue. To these perhaps we may add an eighth, wiz. the Nrc- tary. It is not necefsary that all these parts should be present to constitute a flower. INCoMPLETE flowers are’ deficient in one or more of the parts. The Hyacinth and Tulip have no Calyx. The Misletoe, Gale, Hop, Yew, Dog’s Mercury, Nettle; and the flowers of the plants. bearing Catkins, have no blofsoms. The Ground Ivy, the White and Red Deadnettle, and all the plants in the first . Order of the Clafs Didynamia, have no seed-vefsels. Fouracevs, leafy. Fo.rotvum, leafit. Four, leaf. ' FoLuicuLvs, ait-bag. ie Foor (pes).see measure. ForkeEp (furcatus) (dichotomus) dividing and often subdividing into forks, as the branches of most of the Spurges; the fruit-stalks of the Common Calamint, and the Pink ; the Style of the Currant. Pl. 10. £ 4. Fornicatus, vaulted. It also signifies closed, when applied to the blofsom of the rough-leaved plants in Pentandria i act meaning that the top of the tube is shut, or closed, Four-cornerep (tetragonus) as the stem of the Deadnettle. FrinGep ({ciliatus) as the blofsom of the Buckbean, and the Garden Nasturtium ; or the leaves of the Crofs-leaved Heath. Pl. 7. f, 43. The term fimbriatus has also been used to exprefs the fringe of a blofsom, but it seems an uselefs distinction, © my, Frons, frond, a term designed to signify that the stem, root, and leaf, are all in one, as in the Ferns, the Fuci, &c. but there is no great use in such a term, neither does it strictly apply in all cases, according to its original in* tention. noe ve iad Frverops, fruit, - Fruvex,.a shrub. is ete, ick pea Frutr (fructus) a part of a, flower consisting of the Szxp- VESSEL, the Srxp, andthe Recerracte, ’ FRuit-staLx (pedunculus) a part of a stem or branch, bear- _ ing flowers but not leaves, Pl. 9. £..5. (m.) £8. (c.) pl. 0. £7. (a.a.a.a.a.@.) : ; BOTANICAL TERMS. ~s—i(‘ié‘SG Frvttcosvs, shrub-like. FULCRA, props. FULIGINOSUS, sooty. ‘ FunGt, the last Order of the Clafs Cryptogamia. FuNNEL-SHAPED (infundibuliformis) applies to a blofsom of one petal’; the lower part of which is tubular, the upper part conical, as in Hound's Tongue, Buglofs, Cowstips, Z Paste 7: =v Cur; as in Thrift. ¥Furca, fork: ~ re Furcatus, forked. o Ghied§3 att cet FuRROWED (sulcatus) marked with deep lines rurining length'- WayS. PERG ) Fustrorats, spindle-shaped. Gaga, helmet. : ap GaPine (ringens) (personatus) Brossoms ; so called from the resemblance to a gaping mouth, when squeezed on each >» “side. Toadflax and Snapdragon are instances. ' Pl. 4. { 8. GirarMrousjely-like tit ne ore: ex Tireeo ay ra en gare GEMINIS, in pairs. IPH te Haase: vox osie iA Grm™a, bud. ; res Ge lg sin og ee oR ) cat Genera Invotucre (involucrum) a° speciés of Calyx placed at the base of a general Umbel, as a Carrot, An- gelica, or Lovage. It consists of one or more leaves. Ph 6. f. 9. (ce. ¢.) j oneaess + See the Introduction. oe . Generic Description consists of an accurate description of the different parts composing a flower; and all those plants whose flowers agree with this description, are spe _ cies of the same genus. © (See the Introduction.) GunicuLatus, knee-jointed. © GanicuLuM, knee-joint; sometimes it also signifies simply a j knot or joint without'implying any bend. ‘Geren, or Szxp-3vp, the lower part of a Pistil. It is thie rudiment of the seed-vefsel, or of the embryo fruit. See Pistin, Pl. 3. f. 2. (d.) fe be (6. £7 i) Gizsus, bulged, or bulging, : Gitts (lamelle) the thin plates on the under side of the Pileus or Hat of an Agaric. Well known in the commoa, GLABER, smooth. ee Gianps (glandule) secretory vefsels, differently situated in different plants, In the Willow they are placed at the margins of the leayes; in the Bird's Cherry and Almond Tree at the base of the leaves; in Butterwort and the Sundew upon the surface of the leaves, and in the Plumb on the inner side of the Calyx, Pl, 10. f. 6, (¢,¢.}pl. 11. f.1 (a. 4. a. a.) 62 : _. DICTIONARY OF GLAss-SHAPED (cyathiformis) tubular, but dilated towards the top like.a drinking-glafs ; as the cup of Jacob’s Ladder; the summits of the field Southern-wood ; the Nectary of - the Nettle... "} tal? « ‘Griaucovs (glaucus) a kind of hoary, or grey bluish green, as the back of a Cabbage leaf. It is frequently called _ Sea-green., Guozosvs, globular. GLoBuLar (globosus) like a round ball; as the cup of the Burdock ; the seed-vefsel of the Flar; the seed. of the Pea ; the capsule of the Poppy. Pl. 5. fi 5s GLocuis, a, barbed point. GLOMERATUS, congregated, Guiuma, husk. : Guurtyosiras,glutinou. G.urinous (glutinosum) covered with a slippery or adhesive slime : Guossy (nitidus) smooth and shining, as the fruit of the Sweet Briar : the leaves of the Holly, ivy, and Bow. »Gwyawep (erosum) as when an indented leaf appears as if it~ had also been gnawed or bitten at the edges, Pl. 7. f. 21. ~ Grain (granulum) an excrescence upon the valves of the . » Calyx.of some of the Docks, in size and shape somewhat dike a grain of corn. It is alsocalieda Bead, - Grainep (graniferus) bearing a grain, or bead... GRAMINA, vrafses, ae i GraNnvuLations (acini) the small berries, which joined toge- ther compose a large one, as in the Mulberry, Blackberry, GranuLatus, beaded, et Guistiy (cartilagineus) as in the edge of some leaves, being __ Stronger and more transparent than the rest of the leaf. GYMNOSPERMIA, seeds naked ; the title of the first Order of _ | the Clafs Didynamia. es ti ee) GyNaANpR14, Stamens on the Pistils. The 20th Clafs of the - Linnean System, but the plants of that clafs are-now _ arranged amongst the remaining claises, according to the number of their Stamens, _ Hasrrarro, the natural place of growth of a plants ite its: wild state. This'is now generally exprefsed by the word | Harr-trxe (capillaris) slender, undivided, and cylindrical ; as'the filaments in Plantain, Raygrafs, Reed, and most et Harns (pili) are supposed to be secretory ducts. Harks-BReaDTH, see measure. HaLBERT-sHaPED _ (hastatus) as the floral-leaves of the Pansie ; the leaves of Sheeps Sorrel and Cuckow-pint, V1.7. BOTANICAL TERMS, : 6% Hamosvs, hooked. Hamus, hook. HaNDS-BREADTH, palmus. .Hawp-saarep. (palmatus) resembling a human hand ah the fingers expanded; as-the leaves.of White Briony; Pafsion- Slower ; and the roots of nlite Orchis.. Pl. 7. f. 22. Hastatus, halberd-shaped. Hav (pilens) the upper broad expanding. part of Sonputers: In Mushrooms the hat, i is often called the flap. Pi. tab fH. {e.) Harcner-suapep, Lear (dolabriforme) and like.a. hatchet or axe of unéqual thicknefs. | Heapep (capitulus) Sra ; when a stalk supports one com- pact knob or head of flowers upon its extremity, as in Thrift. Heaps (capitatus) of FLowgrs ; when flowers grow together = pane riohes as. in Peppermint, ch caaianicg Common Babi ‘{corculum) that ets a seed which i isa future plant | ag “inet . re. Pl. 6. f. 3. (0.). - -Hearr-sHapep (cordatus) a term used: to exprefs_ the form of a petal, a leaf, &c. the leaves of Waterlily, Deadnettle, Burdock, and Violet, are heart-shaped. PI. 7. f. 10, HEART-ARROW-SHAPED (cordato-sagittatum) applied to ex- prefs the shape of a leaf. Pl. 7.-f. 14. ‘Heimer (galea) a term to exprefs the upper part of a gaping blofsom, which bears some resemblance to.a helmet. See the introduction to the Clafs Didynamia. HeEMisPHERICAL (hemisphericus) in the shape of half a globe; as the cup of the Tansey. Herranpria, seven-stamened. ie name ot the seventh ~ clafs. Herpacevs (herbaceus) Sten 3 one that is égpeaadent and > tender, in opposition to one that is woody: it perishes - annually down to the root. The Pea and the Nettle are instances. ‘The stem of the Gillifower is somewhat woody. HekMaPwrRopite (hermaphroditi) flowers or florets ; such as contain one or more Stamens, and also ene or more Pistils, as is the case with the greater pete of fewest. Hexaconvs, hexagonal, or 6-sided. 19 Hexacynta, having 6 Pistils. Hexanpxra, six-stamened. The name of the sixth Clas. HEXAPETALUS, 6-petaled. i HexaPHy LLUS, 6-leaved. Hrawns, open; in opposition to closed. HixtvuM, eye, of a seed. Hirsutvs, rough with strong hints ; ; shaggy. Hirtvs, rough-haired. ve we se Hispipvs, hispid ; rough with suff bristly hairs, t 64 DICTIONARY OF Hoary (incanus) covered on one or both sides with a very fine white silvery looking ‘substance. Hottow (cavus) as is a straw. Honey-comsep (favosum, alveolatum) a receptacle divided into cells, open at the top, with a seed in each cell. - Hownry-cup, see Nectary. ; HoopDED, see cone-shaped. —- Hoor-sHaPep (ungulatus.) a. Hoox (hamus) a thorn or a bristle is sometimes hooked at the end. Horizontat (horizontalis) a leaf or branch which ‘grows from the stem pointing to the horizon, and parallel to the surface of the earth. PI. 9. f. 5. (d. d.) Horn-suaperp (cornutus) like the Nectary or spur ‘of the: Larkspur. Pi. 5. f. 4. 4a.) Huwncuep, see bulging. Husk (gluma) the Calyx and: the blofsoms 51 Grafses are called husks; they are thin, dry, and semi-transparent, like chaff; a husk consists of one or more leaves, called Valves, and, when contiguous to other parts of the flower, inclosing the Stamens, and Pistils, answers the; purpose ‘of a Blofsom: but, when placed on the outer side, and inclosing the inner valves, as well as the Stamens and Pistils, it is called the Calyx. ‘This kind of Calyx fre-— quently contains several florets. See the plate of Gra/ses. Hysripa, a plant produced by the Pollen of one flower fer- tilizing or impregnating the Germen of another flower, of a different species. These productions are — Hybrids, or Mules. HyYPocraTERIFORMIS, salver-shaped. JaccED (laciniatus) Leaves; such as are variously divided ~ Into lobes, -and these lobes again divided in an irregular manner. The'Pansie is an instance. PI. 7. f. 242. Tcosanprra, 20-stamened; the name of the 12th Clafs in the Linnwan System, but now incorporated with the Clafs Polyandria. Iusersis, beardlefs. ImBricatus, tiled. impERrecr (imperfectus) flowers, such as want either Anther or Pistil, or both. “ IN £QUALIs, “unequal. ‘ “eg : In awis, pithy. Incanvs, hoary. © Inca (pollex) see measure, {ncisus, snipt. Incirvans, leaning. incLuDENSs, inclosing. Incrusus, inclosed. . 3 od Speed IxcomPLetus, incomplete. ~ BOTANICAL TERMS. 65 IncomPLeTe (incompleti) FLowrrs; such as want either the ‘cup or the blofsom. The Tulip wants a cup; and the . Nettle is without a blofsom. . IncRassaTus, thickest upwards. ~ [xcumpens, fixed by the side when applied to Anthers ; lean- ing or resting against, when applied to Stamens, Incurvatus, bowed inwards. INDENTED (sinuatus) Lear; the edges of an indented leaf are hollowed, or deeply scolloped, the lobes standing asunder as if part of the leaf had been cut out. The leaf = the Oak or the Turnip are familiar examples. See also ple 7. f. 25. InDisTinc? (obsoletus) not well defined. Ixvivipvuat (proprius) Buossom ; the blofsom belonging to a single floret ini a compound flower, Thus in a Carrot, each floret is composed of five petals, which constitute the blofsom of that individual floret: The. individual blofsoms in Tansey are all-tubular ; in Dandelion they are tubular in the centre, and strap-shaped in the Inpivisum, leafundivided, © © =) INERMIS, unarmed. be, 2 InrEeRUs, beneath. Yet INFLATED (inflatus) distended, as if inflated like a blown up bladder... Inriatvs, bladder-shaped ; or inflated. INFLEXIBLE, see rigid. InFLExvs, bent inwards. ; Inriorescientra, mode of flowering, See the Introduction, InFUNDIZULIFoRMIS, funnel-shaped. ids # INTEGER, entire. aii ial beat INTEGERRIMUS, veryentire. Seeentire. — IrtERNopivuM, the space between the joints. CMs 2 INTERRUPTED (interruptus) broken in its regular form; as the spike of Wood Betony; the leaves of some species of the Ladies Finger. A spike may be interrupted by the intervention of leaves, or smaller sets of flowers, or by the naked stem appearing; a winged leaf may be interrupted by theintervention of smaller pairs of little leaves. PI.8.£.55. Ix toRsI0, twisting. ge le. Wald oe INTRAFOLIACEUS, within the leaves. PER Sa BH Bi INVERSELY-HEART-sHAPED (obcordatus) with the point of the heart next to the stem; as the seed-vefsel of the Shepherds Purse ; the petals of Geranium or Marshmailow ; and the leaves of some of the Trefoils. Pl. 8. f. 69. where” each of the leafits is so shaped. © ws INvoLucetium, or partial Involucram, is the Calyx surround- Sate i base of an er ae Pl. 6. £. 9. (dd. dd.) OL. lL. 7 : ia 3 - Kyov (nodus) a joint; remarkable in the. stems or straws of LaMINATED (equitans) when the flat surfaces of Jeayes lie, $a: CIO AMOIDON ORONEE IG) oes ono naa oe gu nw ek Lana, wool... ee nes isc oe _ Lanatus, woolly, 66 z DICTIONARY OF InvotucruM,or Fence, the Calyx of an Umbel. It is placed — _atsome distance from the flowers. It is either General or Partial. The Carrot furnishes instances. of both. The General Involuctum is placed under the Umbel; the Partial * ‘under the Umbellules. Pl. 6. £. 9. (c.c.) (d. d. d. bh) 3444 Invoturys, rolled inwards, re er JOINT, articulus, re 3 6h JoinvEp (articulatus) Srem; a wheat straw is an. instance” familiar to every one. Pl. 10. £,.3% Leaves; as in the Indian Fig. Pl. 9. f. 3..(a.) Juca, pairs; Bi-juga, 2 pairs, Tri-juga, 3 pairs; applied to the leafits of a compound leaf, _ » IrreGuvar (irregularis) a term applied to compound flowers — _ Wherein the florets are not uniform; as in the Carrot and Coriander, : ——— Buiossom. See Rreeurar.. KEEL (carina) a name given to the lowermost petal in a but- terfly-shaped blofsom, from its supposed resemblance to _ _. thekeel of a ship; see the introduction to the Clafs Dia- . . delphia. See also pl. 4. f. 17. and £. 13..(d.) ; KEELED (carinatus) bent like the keel of a ship or, boat ; as Ne Style of the Pea; the Calyx of Canary Grafs. Pl. 2 ~ 10. (a.a.) : dear oie gag oe eeciceeaeniin {reniforme) as the seed of the French Bean, a the Anthers of the Mallow; the leaves. of Ground Icy, é Golden Sazifrage, and Meadowbout. PI. 7. £. , ERE : Ky rE-Jorn rep (zeniculatus) when a straw or stem is.a little — bent at the joints. Pl. 2. f. 21. the Awns, > cee ce eee Kyos (capitulum.) See Heap. ie Grafses, «bei (ares Lazratus (flower) having lips, tio .exnsen LaBium, lip., one a2 | : tutes oat tee Lacerus, ragged, id cpanvr} mtd? wai ee Lacintra, segments, aod (as:tenwstal} uses seth Laciniatus, jagged. 2 Lacrescent (lactescens) abounding with a milk y_ juice. ic Lavis, level asa smooth even surface of a. stalk or leaf, &¢. eueeae aly saws nacimmaveetniads eee | : co Lamina, a thin plate, or border. LANCEOLATUS, spear-shaped. tS Tiny aes LaNcEoLatTo-ovatum, spear-egg-shaped,. LAN UGO, soft wool, or down, - et 4c RH Latrrat (lateralis) Brancues, growing from the sides the stem; opposed to terminating. aoe BOTANICAL TERMS. 67 LaTERAL FLOWERS; those which grow from the sides of the stems or stalks ; thus the spikes of flowers in the Common Speedwell grow on lateral fruit-stalks, or on fruit-stalks proceeding from the sides of the stem. Latricep (cancellatus) open like lattice-work, _ Laxvs, limber or loose, in opposition to crowded or compact, Lear (folium) the green leaves which are the lungs of plants, and the organs of motion. The leaf of a flower is called a petal. ? ‘4 t . Learit; or little leaf (foliolum) one of the single leaves of a . compound leaf. ADs TRS et Leaf-8TaLK (petiolus) the foot-stalk of a leaf. It supports the leaves but not the flowers. In the Great Periwinkle the leaf-stalks are very long. Pl. Q f. 4 (a. b,c.) Lzary (foliaceus) furnished with leaves. ; ———— Ca yx auctus) when the base of a Calyx is surrounded by a series of leaves, different from those which form the ‘Calyx, 2425.0 a Se eee Bee : Sean 3 a'seed that is surrounded by a thin leafy edge, as in Cow’s Madnep. = ) Sh. tients LEaTHER-LIKE (coriaceus). tough and pliable like leather ; e. g. the cup of the Corn C , and most of the plants in - , the fifth division of the 24th Clafs. este ee wrt Lzecumen, or shell; a seed-vefsel of two valves, wherein the seeds are fixed to one seam only ; as in the Pea, and most of the plants in the fourth order of the Clafs Diadelphia. It isnot unusual in common language to call these Legu- » minous Plants. Pl. 5. f. 16. - Lenticu Lar, spherically convex on both sides ; resembling the seed of a Lental.. mises he _ Lerrosvs, rough like the skin of a leper, generally applied to -exprefs the ground or crust on which are formed the tubercles or saucers of the crustaceous Lichens. Levex (fastigiatus) when several branches or fruit-stalks grow | to equal heights, so as to form a flat surface at the top ; asin the flowers of the Sweet Wiiliam. : Liner, the inner bark. pond ~ Lip (operculum) a cover to the Capsules of several of the Mofses ; as in the Bogmgs. Pi. 1. f. D.(b.) Licnosus, woody. fit = Licuxatus, strap-shaped. Does not seem to differ from _ linearis;* unlets it is that the latter is applied to the leaves, &c. and the former used exclusively to petals. Limp (limbus) the upper spreading part of a. petal, in blofsoms — com of more than one regular petal. Thus in the Wallflower, the upper flat broad part of the petal is called * The Britisn Critic the terms /igu/atus and Jinearis. differ in ae ae 3 the former is cut of at fs is and the latter is drawn to a 2 68 DICTIONARY OF the limb; the lower slender part included within the cup is called the claw. Pl.4. f.11. (6.0. bb.) £. 12. (a. 4.4.0.) Limser (flaccidus). FruitsraLx, bending with the weight of its own flowers. baci Limsuvs, limb. ’ 9} tasziTiTad Live (linea) the breadth of the white part at the root of the middle ‘finger nail; about the tenth of an inch; see Measure. yeaa bits Lrvezar, strap-shaped. ; oS eee Lin EaRI-CUNEIFORME, strap-wedge-shaped. t see! spear- LINEARI-LANCEOLATUM, strap-spear-shaped. egg-shaped, LinEARI-SU BULATUM, strap-awl-shaped. ee HY Lin £atvus, streaked. _ LinGutrorme, or lingulatum; tongue-shaped,: Lip (labium) the upper or under division of a gaping blofsom. The Deadnettle and the greater part of the plants in the _ Clafs Didynamia furnish examples. See the introduction to that clafs. See also pl. 4. f. 8. f. 9. and £10, - Lirrze Favurr-starx. (pedicellus) the little foot-stalk that ‘Supports an individual flower, when ‘there are several flowers upon one common fruit-stalk. PI. 6, f. 7. (a. a. @, .- @. aa.) ie tips 3 Lozep (lobatus) divided nearly half way down, into’lobes — which are convex at the bdins elbedintent from each sont — the leaves of Ladies-Mantle and Water-Elder. Losers (lobum) the divisions of a Jobed leaf;‘ see LOBED. : Lobes are rounded at the edges, and stand: distant from each other. The leaves of the Hop, Anemone, Hepatict, — and Sycamore, furnish examples. » Ph, 7, FAPLE ID, Setone nein cell. ie alt oak dguot eyeut eRe Lone (longus) a cup is said to be when it is equal in lengthtolthé tube eftke bliin te : Loprep (truncatus) appearing as if cut off with a pair of sci sors: the leaves of the Great Bindweed are lopped at the — a Sees of the Periwinkle are lopped ‘at the end. Luctpum, transparent. — L909 2 (eruluoteaa) oii ae odecennem MP Cectcdit hapeds See? Be i296 se Lunvuxarum, § “shaped. phase 2330 oe LYRATUS, see ch begedaueie our sc oe a Lyre-su aren (lyra s)as the leaves of Herb Bennet,or P1.8.£.62- Maxx (masculi) FLowsrs, are such: as contain one or more Stamens, but no Pistils ; see barren. ud) Bs Oe Manrcescens, shrivelling, Marcinatws, bordered... es Mascu ct, male (flowers,) . weg Matrep (cespitosus) thickly interwoven together, as the fibres in turf-bogs. Sometimes also, it signifies many stems rising from the same root. ote Lae BOTANICAL TERMS. 69 Mees when used to exprefs the size of any particularparts: » of plants, are generally exprefsed by mentioning the pro« portion which those parts bear to other parts, but some- times reference is made to certain standards of measure» as A Hairs-BREADTH, a 12th part of a line. . A Linx (linea) the 12th part of an inch, orthe breadth of the white at the root of the nail of the middle finger, ———— A Natu (unguis) about 2 an inch. Aw Iwncu (pollex) the breadth of the broadest part of the thumb. A Hanps-sreapta (palmus) about 3 inches, or the breadth of the four fingers. A Span (spithama) the space between the end of the thumb and the fore-finger, when extended; about 7 inches. Patm(dodrans) the space between theend of: thethumb and the end of the little finger, when fully extended; about Qinches. This is nearly the palm of foreign arene and is something more than a quarter of the English yard A Foor (pes) from. den cctee eaedek dovaikcostc, the lower joint of the thumb; or from the inner bend of the "arm, to the second joint of the thumb; about 12 inches. © A Cvusrrt (cubitus) from the outer bend of the elbow to the end of the middle finger; about 18 inches, or half an English yard. Aw Arm (brachium) from the armpit to the base of the middle finger; about 24 inches, or two feet. A Faruom (orgya) about 6 feet, or the space be- tween the ends of the Abgers:when theesma are- meboth widely stretched outs Mepvutta, pith. — MEMBRAN — {membranaceus thin, skinny, and semi- transparent, like chment Seuas whén the edges. of the stem are bordered with a thin leafy substance, as in rom —— and Broad-Leaved Pease Everlasting. MeENSURA, measure. - Mrp-rrp, the principal nerve which runs from the “we towards ie ain leaf, along its middle. MONADELPHIA, united threads or filaments; the name of a clafs in the Linnzan System ; see the introduction to that clats. Monanprta, one Stamen; ‘the naine of the: first intel in ‘the Linnzan System. « Mownorctra, one house; the name of the. Qist daa’ in ‘the Linnzan System. In the plants of this Clafs the Stamens and Pistils are in different flowers, but on the same plant. _ These plants are now distributed among the other Clafses, according to the number of their Stamens. Monoeywta, one Pistil in each flower, ‘This circumstance “© characterizes an Order in several of the Clafses, 70) DICTIONARY OF Monopzetata, monopetalous. aS . Mownoretatovs (flower) having a blofsom consisting of only one petal, as the Convolvulus or the Primrose, He Monopuy.tuvs, one-leafed. . i Monosrerma, one-seeded. - etpet Mownosracuyos, a single spike. Mosses (musci.) ‘ Mourtu (faux) the upper and opening part of the tube,-in- -\ blofsoms consisting of a single petal; as Borrage, Hounds» _ tongue, Deadnettle. PI. 4. f. 9. (d.d.) ¥ Mucronatvum (leaf) sharp pointed at the end. -Dagger~- pointed, Mutts, see Hybrid. MULTANGULARIS, many-cornered, — MULTIFIDAM, many-clefted. : ate a MULTIFLORES, many-flowered. MULTILOCULARE, many-celled. Mu trpartira, having many deep divisions. MULTIvALvis, many-valved; more than two. Muricartvus, covered with sharp paints. j a Mousc1, Mofses; the name of a natural afsemblage of plants constituting the second Order of the Clafs Cryptogamia. Muricus, awn-lefs, a2 is SES “ae Natt (unguis) see Measure. | 3 i Narrow (ligulatus) the florets: in some species of com flowers are tubular at the bottom, but flat and narrow like _ a strap or fillet at the top. In Dandelion the florets areall natrow: in the common Daisie the florets in the circum- ference only, are narrow. PI. 4. f. 10. f.21. f. 24. The term inearis (strap-shaped) seems to convey the same idea, but has been more particularly appropriated to leaves. NakeEp as destitute of leaves ; as the stalk of the Tulip — or Cowslip, : "es ot ~———— Mout: when the mouth of the tube of a blofsom is _ not closed by valves or hairs, The mouth of the blofsom ¥ of Borrage is closed by five valves, or teeth: but that of — a is open and naked. . dt ee: i ee ECEPTACLE; neither chaffy n iry; as thatot | . the Daisie, - ms :. = seed aie” ——— Leaves; leaves destitute of hairs: Nap, or Nappy, sec Cottony, from which this term does not appear to differ, Nartans, floating. erie ’ Nectarium, nectary. % t. Pee Nectary, or Honey-cup, a part of a flower designed to se- crete and contain honey. In flowers that have only one » «petal, the tube of the blofsom contains the honey; or else t 1S contained ina sort of horn-shaped appendage, as in ee BOTANICAL TERMS. a the Buéterwort. In the Violet, the Larkspur, the Cohim- bine, and the Fumitory, it is a sort of spur, orhorn. In the Ranunculus, the Lily, and the Crown Imperial, it is a hollow cavity in the substance of the petals. In the ~ Daffodil and Hellebore it is tubular. In the Frazinella and Campanula it is fixed to the Anthers; in the Gillifower and the Turnep, it is placed on the Germen in form of a gland. Its structure is no where more singular or beau- tiful than in the Grajs of Parnafsus. Pl. 5. f. 2. (a. j £2. (a. a. a. a. a.) f. 3. (a. a.) £4. (a) Nenvosow, fibrous ({leat.) 4 NEUTRAL flowers or florets ; such as contain: neither Stamens nor Pistils, and of course produce no seeds. - ; Nripvutantra (semina) seeds dispersed i in pulp. Nitrpvs, glofsy. Noppine (nutans) FioweERr; when the fruit-stalk is $ bent near the end, as in the Chequered Daffodil, Narcifsus, and Jon- quil. PL3.f 9. ooreurene “* F Gale és meant tf the term oes. in “a _Nopus, knot. — : (emarginatus at” “ie ‘ens: athe petals othe Small Campion and Dove's-foot Crane’s-bill ; the little leaves of Vetch; the leaves of the common Maple. Pl. 7. f. 16. 36. Notcnep (runcinatus) Leaves; the edges cut something like the teeth of a large timber saw. Dandelion, Broad-leaved Watercrefs, Long-rooted Hawke’s-cye, and mooth Succory Hawkweed, are eae Nvuctevs,a kernel. Nuopvus, naked. : NuTAawns; nodding bie applied to a ras more 3 aed drooping. —~ Nox, pute) Nor (nux) a idod cteded bi a hard wii} shells e.g. the Hasel Nut. ‘This woody shell is sometimes covered bya soft pulpy or fleshy substance, as in a Peach ot Apricot, and then it is called a stone. Pl. 5: £. 21. ¢. —. Op, inversely ; thus, Os-contcum, signifies inversely aeegeh AiR ae heart-shaped ; which see. ouere tae longer th ‘sae BLONG oblonga considerabl an browd; nar- ; ii houg Seem ee Seah as the leaves of the Daisie ; the. inthers of the Honeysuckle. PL i £5." Ostoneruscutus, rather oblong. — OsLoNnGo-ovaTuM, oblong-egg-shaped. OntowG-rce-sHarED, oblong at the base, but cegshaped : more towards the end. ge Os-ovarum, inversely- - SEED-COVER (alee) the real cover of the seed. _ SEED-LEAVES, see Seminal-leaves, - BOTANICAL TERMS. 81 SzrpD-LoBeEs (cotyledones) the perishable parts of a seed, des signed to afford nourishment to the young. plant when it first begins to expand. ‘They furnish the Seminal leaves. A Bean, after being soaked in water, or moist earth, easily parts with its external skin, and divides into ee called the Szep-Lopes. PI. 6. f. 3. (a. a.) SEED-VESSEL (perjcarpium) a vefsel to contain the seed. It is of several kinds; asa CapsuLte; a Pop; a Leaumen; an AiR-BaG; a Drupa, including a nut or stone; a PomumM; aBrnay: anda Cowe. See those terms. See also pl. 5. from f. 5. to f. 21, SEGMENT’ (lacinium) the small parts of a leaf, cup, or petal, included between the incisions. SEGREGATA tae see See the introduction to the clafs Syngenesia. SEMEN, seed. SEMI-AMPLEXICAULTA,halfor in partonly,embracingthe Stom pre oe verona the oi of a tree — lengthwise through would semi-cylindrical. The stalk of Kamo — beep peste i pa @ term used to exprefs such compound SEMINAL-LEAYES ; thosewhich arise inniietialily fecal a sed, or rather from the seed-lobes. . SEMI-ORBICULATUM, in the shape of half.a globe. Semi-saGitTata, shaped like half the head ofa an arrow, as are the Stipule of some plants. — precast EMPERVIRENS, evergreen, Sents (foliis) growing in sixes. SEPARATE (monoecia) Stamens and Pistils are aide to be separate when they are found upon the same , but in different flowers. Thus in the Boz, the Bi the Cucum- ber, and the Melon, some of the flowers contain Stamens, _. and others contain Pistils ; er _ together. Pi. 1. L.A Sericeus, silky, Searenains (ry dus) the elgatt ime leaves is formed like ane nae without aly et: ‘Pi.7. ae ra i = i on Porth pa the ves of the ‘Pl 7. “e 31. ome leaves as omni nelepiniel dint is, the teeth ‘eanieenin cut into other little: teeth. The Common Elm is an example. Pl. 7. £32. peat Suanbuaren sap _ miansely — Sussrxis, sitting. SOR Se og - 82 DICTIONARY OF SeTAcEvs, bristle-shaped. Sera, bristles. Sxrosus, bristly, or set with bristles. SEXANGULARE, 6-sided, or cornered, Sex-Fipvus, 6 cleft. SEx-LOCULARE, 6-celled, Suart, see Style. SuaGey, (hirsutus) rough with stiff hairs. Srarp, see Acute, : : SHARP-POINTED (mucronatum) tapering into’a hard sharp point. SHEATH (spatha) a species of Calyx,exemplified in the Crocw, the Jris, and the Daffodil. Pl. 3. f. 9. (a.a) See also the Introduction. SHEATHED FRutt-sTaLxk (spadix) one that is furnished with — asheath. Pl. 3. f. 9. (d.) - ee SHEATH-SCALE, a membrane found at the top of the sheathes _ which surround the stem of Grafses, just where the sheath - ends, and the proper leaf begins, It is generally white; _ tender and brittle when dry. : SHEATHING (vaginans) Leaves ; when the base of a leaf — enfolds the stem ; as in most of the Grafses. Pl. 9. f. 4. (i.) | SHEDDING (caducus) continuing but a’short time. Applied to _ & Calyx, it signifies that it falls off before the blofsom; a3 in Poppy. ss Sook Ses wiat-codtes 7 SHELL, see Legumen. — dee = gies ee = 4 Ee Suoor (surculus) the branch of a Mofs. batt 6. eee Sxort (abbreviatus) a cup is said to be short,when itis shortet than the tube of the blofsom, as in ph. 4.:f2- Tee Te SHRIVELLING (marcescens) fading and withered, but not fall ing off. e. g. the blofsoms of Plantain and Stichwort. SuRuBBY (fruticosus) somewhat woody and perennial, as the stems of the Rose. : Dee T's SrLicuLa, a broad and short pod, or pouch. oe 7 SILICULOSA, the name of the first Order of the Tetradynamia Chats, containing the plants with a broad short pod of pouch. - Ro eek Eek TE A SILIQuA, a pod, or more particularly along pod. = SILIQguos®, the second Order of the Clafs Tetradynamia; — containing the plants whose seed-vefsel is along pod. = SILky (sericeus) set with very soft hairs lying close, so 4 hardly to be felt. apts oil verter eee eee SimpPxe (simplex) undivided. ——— Stem; one that is undivided : or only sending out small ——— Lear; when there is only one upon aleaf-stalk. -——— Cur; one that consists of a single series of segments: — i, g. Goat’ s-beard, = oe Sis: ] aN Dee Lee Ss Fe ¢ HE : ofthe up, an that ame STALK ; undivided, as the stalk of Thrift : BOTANICAL TERMS. 83 SimPLICISSIMUS, very simple, absolutely undivided. « StwoLe (unicus) one flower only upona stalk, as the Tulip. Sin VATO-ANGULOSUM, indented and angular. Srv vuaTo-DENTATUM, indented and toothed. Sinvatvus, indented. Sirtine (sefsilis) Leaves have no leaf-stalk, as Spearmint and Hounds-tongue. Pi. 9. f. 4. (d.) FLowers, are those which have no Fruit-starx, as the flowers of Mezereon. Skinny, or SKIN-LIKE (scariosus) tough, thin, -— semi-trans- _ parent, like gold-beater’s skin ; as the cup of Stantine (obliquus) er but in a direction between _. horizontal and pe Smoot (glaber) eoeors smooth to the touch, without any hairinefs, or any rough inequalities ; opposed to rough, prickly, or other inequalities occasioned by promisiencies a anion ) the edges without any regulari Snipt (incisus) cut at Soxrp (solidus) Stem ; without a cavity; ‘onpoeds to hollow. ‘Root; fleshy and uniform, as that of a Soxrrary (solitarius) only one in a place; as but one flower ona fruit-stalk, or er one fruit-stalk gery ip from ‘the same part of a plant. =< Soory (fuliginosus) dark and dirty as if sooted, as are some of _ | ‘the Lichens. Spapix, a sheathed fruit-stalk. Span (spithama) a measure of mers! 7 inches ; see Measure. Srarsuvs, scattered. Spatua, sheath. SPaTULATUS, ietshedctociaipeds aw see the Introduction. es ie PEAR-SHAPED (lanceolatus) as leaf Ribwort Plant and Spearmint. PI. 7. f. 6. 7 SPEAR-EGG-SHAPED Guacevlsto-ovasuint) applied toa leaf, _ &c. signifies that it is shaped like a spear towards the _. base, and like an egg towards stg eencreey So in the __ following, and other compound terms of this kind, the first term applies to the base of the leaf, or the part next the “stem or branch, ‘the second term to the part towards the extremity. . Thus A x just the reverse. of : LATUM, strap-spear-shaped, &C. Sraciric Cuanactens ‘one or more circumstances of a t, F file Seievea: eae * oo _ DICTIONARY OF Spiker (spicula) or Lartie SPIKE, constituting a part of: ; Spik@ (spica) a composition of flowers placed alternately on each side of a common simple fruit-stalk, and not standi upon little fruit-stalks, Great Mullein, Agrimony, many of the Grajses have their flowers: collected into spikes. P.6.f.5 larger composition of florets, . Its use.is mostly confined to the Grajses, and to exprefs the soraposition of their florets contained within one common Calyx. ; ae SPIKE-STALK (rachis) a long, rough, slender caine upon — which the flowers composing a spike are placed. Take a spike, (or as it is frequently called, an ear) of wheat; pull off all the seeds and chaff ; what remains is a SPIKE- STALK. «Pl. 2,£1:24 (e-€.)- fel axe ed my Spina, a thorn, hae SPINDLE-SHAPED (fusiformis) a. gradually tapering Root e. g. a Carrot, or Radish. Pl. 11. £. 6. Spin EscEns, becoming hard and sree Heian) Te Spxrnosus, thorny. oxsee : SPIRAL fepiraliag | twisted likea orieaseeats Pl 10. £ 6. (a. a) SPITHAMA, a span. ig Spokes (radii) the fruit-stalks of flowers collected intid Unwitly or UMBELLULES ; see those terms. They spring from one Be Abe et atacand like thespokes of a wheel. Pl. ee £9. & Fo €e. : SPREADING (diffusus) not rising high; but ppdeadingwidecupel _ the ground ; as the stems of Fumitory and-Pansie, Some-— times also applied to a panicle, wherein the little spikes and fruit-stalks stand wide and distant. i Se Spur (calcar) shaped like a ofraicoeky asthe Nectar of the Larkspur. EB SquaMatus, Squamosus, Pecaly. A ee Bee we SquaRRosus, scurfy. MU E-OD ia0. STALK (scapus) that species of: rae eds reed - sup - e. ports the flowers, but not the leaves ofa plant. It differs trom the Frurr-sravx, for that springs from the stem, oT _ branches ; but this rises immediately from the root ; as in te Narcifsus, Lily of the Valley, and Hyacinth. Pl. 6.f.4. Seana on Cav open the blofsom. ofa Tulip or a Lily, and _ you will see six long threads or , placed 1 the central pillar, with an Anther on the top of each. One - of these filaments, together with its Anther, 'is called 6 $0. - Stamen. Pl, _ £2. (bb, b. b. bb) £3. (hed) f 6. AMENIFEROUS Flow ERS, Or FLoreEts, such such as contain ae verge Seo hesearenc tion to sthe el f, 14. (b.) f. 15. BOTANICAL TERMS. | 85 Srarry (stellatus) omar whose leaves grow in whirlseround / (the stem; as t , Cheese-rennct, and several - other plants in the rien gh ct Pl.9. f. 3. (b. b.) STELLATA;, starry, or star-like. Srem (caulis) the proper trunk of a plant supporting the leaves, | branches, and flowers. It rises immediately from the root. Srem (stipes) formerly called the pillar, which supports the pileus of some of the Fungi. Pl. 1. f. Hob.) | STEM-CLASPING (aimplexicaulis) see embracing the Stem. Sren-Leaves ‘(caulina) such: as:grow we tt — the _ stem, without the intervention of branches... Stewdinee (acaulis) without a stem. a3 leoes Srertuis, barren. is fateh 3 Stirr, see rigid. STieMa, summit. STIMULI, stings. ©» Strives (stimuli) badeaniasid itilntiiiden conveying poison into the part they eA exonerate Few epaplesen igen at the sting Of a Ni a Stipes, a pillar, or pedicle. ‘Also the stem ‘some kind of Sone Fungi. oer “Sate ‘Aottiy: éPoore ; 2247 EO Sririrarvs, standing ona p jun-pelitalens ; “So SriPuL2, asort of props; small leaves or scales situated oneach - side the base ea — or fruit-stalk, for the | of supporting them at their first appearance. ‘They are suficlently evident in the Cardes Pea. Pk 10, bey 6. (0. Sro.o, a sucker. — SToLONIFERUS, putting forth suckers. Srone; see Nut. Stnavputse (divaricatus) branches standing wide from each other, SrratcHr (rectus) not pending; StRap-sHAPED (linearis) long and narrow ike a:strap: ora) fillet ; as the leaves of Thrift, Crocus, and Rosemary, P1.7. £4; ‘when the same shape is exprefsed as existing in @ floret of a compound flower. Linnaeus uses the term Ligue latisss Phite fe 2s: > <4 STRAP-SPEAR-SHAPED (lineati-lanceolatum) see Spear-egg- STRAW (culmus) a kind of trunk proper to Grafses.. Pl. 10. f.3. Pep nr nm i ic ee PO : STRIATUS, scored. ~ ; by Srricosum, furnished ‘Strige. Srrrv@s (nervi) see fibres ; as in the broad | andro ed Plantain. © Pl. 7. 4. 46, Liasiany, : Sumeiaces, «i cone. | nigh £ eben eo STROBILIFORMIS (spiea) a ‘spike like pieones 555 345, 86 DICTIONARY OF © Styx, or Suart, is a part of a Pistil standing upon the ger= _ men, and supporting the summit. See Pisrin. Pl. 3, f, 2. (e.) £5. (d.) f. 7. Ch) 1) ae Suz, is prefixed to many of the Linnean terms, and signifies that the term is not precisely and exactly applicable in its strictly defined sense, to the subject spoken of, but that te must be understood with some latitude. Thus sub-sefsilis, signifies nearly sitting ; sub-rotundus, roundish, or nearly tound; sub-ovatus, nearly egg-shaped, &c. te This modification of meanings occasions much difficulty to the learner, and its inaccuracy is a reproach upon the sCk 5 ence. It is much to be wished, that Botanists would avoid it as far as may be, which a little attention would often — enable them tu do. s 7 once: ats SupeRricies, the surface. A oe, 2 SUPERFLUA, superfluous; see Polygamia superflua, in the introduction to the Clafs Syngenesia, fie SUPERIOR (superus) Cup or Biossom; when’ the cup oF ~ blofsom is situated above theGermen, it is said to be Superior; as in the Honeysuckle, Currant, and Campanula, es it eee SuPERUs, superior, above, Supryvs, the upper surface. y tte! Su PRA-DECOMPosITUS, more than doubl compound, | SUPRA-FOLIACEUS, placed above the leaf, FASE Surcvtus, a shoot; the branch of a Mo/s. SutTurRa, seam, ete lank} wg eee: Sworp-smapep (ensiforme) as the leaves of the Iris, OF — Flower de Luce. hans pwr ee SYNGENESIA, united Anthers; the name of aClafs; which see. Tart (cauda) a sortof slender pointed append: :to some seeds, — e Tress - i rene Lear, gradually tapering to a point. a fe ee SE a : ep : i : “tes (attenuatus) a fruit-stalk, growing plehiders cae a Tarcer (pelta) a kind of fructification.on the leaves of some < the Lichens, which is cireular and a little convex. S¢¢ AUCER, BOTANICAL TERMS. 87 Teneheoepeten (peltatum) applied to a leaf having»its leaf- talk fixed, not at the edge, but nearly in its centre; as in Water Lily. Pl. 9. f. 4. (a.) Sumit, one that is circular and flat. Tes DRIL (cirrus) a spiral shoot or string, by means of which some plants support themselves against adjacent noes It is well known i in the Vine and Pea. Pi. 10. f. 6. PB f, 58. e33 TENUIs, thin, slender. ‘TERES, columnar, TERETIVSCULUS, roundish. TERGEMINU™ (leaf) doubly-twinfork, TERMIN ALIS, terminating. TERMINATING (terminalis) (opposed to lateral) standing at the end of the stem or branches; as the fruit-stalks of Borrage, the blofsoms of Groundsel. TeRNATIS (leaves) growing: three a fam, the same point. PL 7. f. 47. and 51, Ternts, by threes ; ittetelengiets a Ste a4isi4e. TESSELATUM, cs : Taras Dee dsRbx Stamens longers the title o of one of the _ Clafses; which see. | a 5 £442 xt Parson us, 4-cornered. rs Tes Tetracrnta, Pistils; a cireymstance awe gives ‘title to an Order in several ‘of the Clafses, Teta apenieg 4 Stamens; the title of the fourth Clafs ; which see. Terna-Pera tia, 4-petaled. ‘Fetra-Puytuvus, 4-leaved. ' TeTRA-SPERMA, 4-seeded, wan Taacamvs;the seme as Receptacles ; which see. oe Tuorwn (spina) asharp-pointed projection growi woody substance of of a plant ; as in Gorze pt Fare ak LO.fi28 ecesk THREAD, see Filament. Tureap-sHaPep (filiformis) of the same thicknefs Tee to bottom, like a piece of packthread. ‘Take for example the leaves of Fennel, or the style of the Crocus, or Honeysucle. THREE-EDGED (trigonus) or three-cornered; a stem having three corners or angles, and the sides not flat. _ THREE-FIBRED (trinervatus) having three veins or nerves running ‘from theese 60 Aisha Rene branching off. . se _ Turex-Losep (trilobatum) Pl, 7. f.. 17. he THRONGING (confluentia) afsembled in close parcels, vith intervening Tuyrsvs, cluster. Titep (imbricatus) one leaf or seple nae coveri like the tiles on a house, e. g. the cup of De Burdock, Pl. 4, f. 25. (a) and Pl. 9. f. 2. 88 DICTIONARY OF Trip, see Anther. Ad boils Le fe 3 2 TomMENTOSUS, cottony. : 2 ToMENTUM, Cotton. ee. TonGv £-sHaPED (lingulatum) applied to exprefs a thick fleshy leaf, somewhat in the shape of a:tongue. ¥ ToorneEn (dentatus) when the edges of a leaf aré set with lit * steeth, at some distance from each other, not pointing towards the end, as in the serrated leaves, nor towards the base, as in the inversely serrated leaves. Common Eyebright, — Primrose, Cowslips, and Mountain Willowherb,have toothed — leaves. PI. 7. f. 30, ’ ToOTH-SERRATED (dentato-serratum) when the edge of a is set with teeth, and these teeth are serrated. tae ToP-sHAPED, (turbinatus) nearly conical ; some Pears are of « «> this form. — : i t Torosvs, protuberating. he Torvosvs, a little swelling out. 97801) Ce TORTILIs, twisted. a TRAILING (procumbens) Stems; lying along upon theground, — and not sending out roots. e. g. Common Speedwell, Red TRANSVERSUM, placed acrofs, or crofswise, as when the par- — tition of a seed-vefsel is not placed inthe same direction _ __ or plane with the valves, but perpendicular to them. TRAPEZIFORME, the shape ofa fiat leaf having 4 unequal sides. _ TREBLY-ComPouND. SeeTRiPLy-compounp. Le age three Stamens; the name of the third a F RIANGULAR (triangularis) exprefsing the form of ‘a’ leaf, i stem, or stalk, with three les and three angles, or cof= ners. PI. 7. f. 12. Soe Ee eee of ot ees (deltoideus) leaves in this form _ are t at the base, and nearly triangular, but speaf> _. shaped at the point. e.g. Black se PI.7.f. 45. The . term deltoideum, applied to thick fleshy leaves, bears &@ _ different meaning, but no such leaf occurs amongst the - British plants. Lue aa 8 He TRicnoromus, dividing by threes. : Tricocca, 3-celled, and 3-seeded, swelling out. TRICUSPIDATUS, 3-pointed. xs TRIFIDUs, 3-clefted. _ sate fe TRIGONWs, 3-cornered. : }. $a ei 5-eee ee Triexnta, 3 Pistils; giving name to an Order in several of the Clafses, er gett set TRILOBATUM, 3-lobed. Trirocvrarg, 3-celled. _ TRINERVE, 3-fibred. 5 TRIPARTITUS, with 3 divisions. 30h ott TRIPLE-THORN (triplex) Pl. 10. f. 4: (b. 6. eo TRIPHYLLUS, 3-leaved. — the ; TarPiny atom, triply-winged, 3 i a ‘BOTANICAL TERMS. 89 TRIPLY-comPOUND Leaves (folia supra-decomposita) are of 1, DovsLe-1win Pork (tergeminus) leaf-stalk, with two ~ Jeafits at the end of each, and two more at the division of the fork. Pl. 8. f 57. 2, TRIPLY-THREEFOLD (triternatus, triplicato-ternatus.} Pl. 8. f. 59. the divisions of a triple leaf-stalk again subdivided into threes, and three leafits at the end of 3. TRrPLY-wixcep (tripinnatus ; triplicato- pinnatus) when ©. the lateral ribs of a doubly ~adikoeteen other leaf-stalks with winged leaves. Pl. 8. f. 60. 61. TRIQUETER, with 3 flat sides, as the stem of the Pansie. emai 3-seeded.. ITERNATUM, triply-threefold. TRIVALVE, 3-valved. TriviaL Namek, a name added to the Generic name, for the more ready discrimination of species of the same Genus.” ‘TROWEL-SHA PED, of TRIANGULARLY-SPEAR-SHAPED (del- Pav pcus; tank, ort besser eligi to asie ban TRUNK (truncus) the main ie ge it is either a Stem, a STALK, or a Straw. those terms. Poser Tube (rusus) the lower part of a blofsom of one petal is frequently lengthened out into a tube, as in Crocus, and Polyanthus. Pl. 4. £. 1. (a.) £.7. (a) TUBERCLE (tuberculus) a little solid pimple. TusErcuLarti, tube A name given to the plants of one division of the Genus Lichens, on account of their bearing UBULATUS, oe TuBULosus, Peubular.. — tube. 5 iaiperae - Piha ee _ Tusgrous (tuberosus) Root; consisting of many roundish knobs col peters bundle, as the root of Paony and ~ el 2 Ei wee Tusuxar (tubulosus) in the shape of a hollow tube, as the cup of Privet, the blofsom of the Honeysuckle, or the nec- tary of the Heilebore. — fucimey eter z — Frorets, in com flowers of the Syngenesia Clafs are shaped like a ww tube, and the top of each — is cloven into 5 segments. pseabagrits 0 orets are tubular, but, in the Sunflower he Daisic, T pas Ee ee sgereeic oo ae e Vet (cyma) a composition of flowers in which a number fruit-stalks proceeding from one common centre, Tise to. fruit-stalks, which do not proceed from one central point. 90 . DICTIONARY OF The Elder, the Gelder Rose, and the Laurustinus, are in= stances. Pl. 6.f.10. iv 2 it Tunicat vs,coated. {2st} z<00 TURBINATUS, top-shaped ; nearly conical. _ Turerpvs, swollen, turgid. 6 _ TuRrzio, a young unexpanded shoot, as is the Asparagus in the state it is gathered for eating. 28249 TwininG (volubilis) twisting round other bodies, and ascending ina spiral line. Some plants twine from. the left to. right, thus, ¢ in the direction of the sun’s apparent mo- tion, when the spectator faces the South, as Hop, Hom suckle, and Black Briony. Others twine from the right. the left, thus ) contrary to the sun’s apparent motion, a Bindweed and Scarlet Kidney Bean. Pl. 10. £. 5.5 00> - Twin-Fork (bigeminus) see Dousny Compounp LEAvEs. Two-EDGED (anceps) as the s os into several smaller fruit-stalks, and these smaller set flowers are called Umbellules >, Hemlock, Carrot, am Angelica, furnish instances. The fruit-stalks of an Umbe are called Spokes. Pl. 6. f. 9. (b. 6. b.b.) Those of Umbellule, Spokets, or little Spokes. . > aed Umaiticatus, resembling a navel ; dimpled. Un-anGuLatvus, one-edged. oe et agreed Unarmep (inermis) without weapons of defence. — WEAPONS, spe _ Uncrnatus, hooked at the end, Unpatus, waved, . ee Unpver-survus (suffrutex) like a shrub in its woody texturt at the bottom, but the top shoots herbaceous, tender dying in the winter. . Lavendar is an example. UnDIvIDED, see simple, ia bbe UNEQUAL FLORETS (radiati) when an Umbel is not composed of equal florets, but those in the circumference are larget than those in the centre, and the outer petals are large” and different in shape from the inner petals. As in the Carrot and Cow-parsnep. See Rapiate, for Linnwus the same term (radiatus) to exprefs the difsimilarities the florets in the umbelliferous plants of the Clafs Pentan” BOTANICAL TERMS. oT = a8 RN en arr onan ge ga Syngenesia. 3 Uxqv 1s, a nail, see Measure, © ‘Also the a ofa Petal; see Claw. Uncutatus, hoof-shaped. . Unicvus, single ; only one. UniFrtorus, one-flowered; 14 Uniror™ (equalis) a term iasptindtty semace Radke A the florets which compose them are alike as those of Fennel, Lettuce, and Burdock. UNILATERALIS, growing from one side UnrLocutare, 1-celled. only Univatve, l-valved. UnIversa is, general. — ' Unirep (connatus) Leaves, two opposite leaves growing to- gether at the base. PI. 9. f.4. {4.2.0 Upricut {evyectus) standing upright, or nearly so, as the cups of Periwinkle ~ i prague. Ts abo appied to .: stems Sparagus. 4 1s to leaves. Pl. 9. f. 5. (b. 6.) emg Usteemeensrgiigteres-cas tks RENS, stinging. Utricutvs, a little bag or hollow. i ; Vacina, a sheath formed by a part of a “est, distinct. Wier ' the Sheath (Spatha) which is ere of mtb im is — frequent in the Gra/ses. Vacinans, sheathing. a ; Soneeae sheathed. ~ i ke ALvE (valvula) the different picees that 8 capa awe called vaives. Thus in the- are: four valves, ger f. ld. (cx een.) In ae trent ibe » Daffodil, and Hyacinth three. » Pl Sut. 6. : 12. (a. a. -——— The Petals and Calyxes sultich constitute te iowers of Grafses, are called valves; thus in the Common Meadow | Grafs the cup is a dry chaffy husk, composed of two valves} and the blofiom is’formed of two other valves, : See — f. 1. (a. a.) (6. 6.) and most of the other: igutes in _—— mouth of the tube of a blofsom is frequent! dosed Doren ae thus in the blo of Borrage and Jacob’s Ladder, the talate elteectty Five of these substances, and these also are called valves.~ VANE-LIKE 5 ese Pomee about like a vane, or weather- cock, as is the case | the Anthers” of Geranium and : Crown Imperial, — ARIETY (varietas) is applied to such individual plants as dif- fer in some circumstances from others of the samespecies, but not differing so so efsentially or so a induce us to reckon them as distinct species, 92 - DICTIONARY OF VavuLTED (fornicatus) like the roof of one’s mouth. The lip of many plee: ge blofsoms is. vaulted 5 e.g. Red und White yriveEahh ose Ng Vern (calyptra) the Calyx of Mofses, covering pe Capsules, It is generally in a conical fori; dike’ ee Pl. 1. f. D. (a.) Verne (venosum) a leaf is said tobe. veined when its fi ee ie (ota) e104 Vaneines (ledibvdinedi > cdr seoqmery dsihy oto oN eat VENTRICOSUS, Renee s bellying. rok Asncerh 4 Verrvucosus, warty oi42 onoaiia! gn fwore errs ete VERSATILIS, vane-like, bolls ’ rin? VERTICILLATI, growing in — é VERTICILLI, whirls. Jaton once Vnspewnn; tladderties: cows 20 yao Co peniap)y oe! VEXILLUM, a a APS 2° IG -loend art tg tal Varna soft Wadreeriec 0°) ding eatbresty (-utoore} ViLLosus; soft dived: + slip wee? Vimen, a slender and flexible trig. VirGartus, rod-shaped.’ ap 49 Viscrp, or clammy, (vinehdion:) »sdotig Viscositas, clamminefs. ViviPaRous aetoae a’ it Voxva, Curtain. Iti is en re - some Authors, but 1 by Linnzeus, to signify the Wrappers.) o.) oP Warry Lesser! — listle heres “amps or warts Uj : Wence-smareD: Peete es ke pred the: Spurge, and the Garden Purslain, Pl.8. f. 65. Warsrstaren (rota a term used to exprefs.a b Wusaea (rerticili of nc nomen ate or nigaw. The branches of the Fir, the leaves of Ladies Bed-st and the flowers of the Deadnettle, grow in whirls BOTANICAL TERMS. 93 their “respective ‘stems. “They bihidhal resemble the spokes round the nave of awheel. PI. 6. f. 11. Wrygs (alz) the lateral petals of a butterfiy-shaped blofsom ; e. g.in the Pea. See the Introduction to the Clafs Dia- delphia. See also pl. 4. f. 13. (e.c.) and f. 16y Wincep (alatus) Lear-staLx, flattish, with a thin membrane _ or leafy border on each side. WincGep (pinnatus) Lear; when an undivided leaf-stalk hath many little leaves growing from each side, as in Jacob’s Ladder, Bladder Sena, Ash, and Pea. Pi. 8. f. 52. 53. 54, &c.—The reader is desired particularly to study this plate with its annexed explanation,’ in’ order to obtain good ideas of the different kinds of winged leaves. WinGep (alatus) Stem, or Learstatx, such as have a thin flat membrane on each side, as the leafstalk of the Orange. Wine-crerr (pinnatifidus) is applied to a leaf that is cut and divided so deeply on each side, down towards-the middle rib, as almost to resemble'a winged leaf. The Corn Poppy and the Polypody are examples ; and sorare: the root-leaves of the Shepherd’s Purse. Pi, 7. f. 23. a ee ry WisesnsHoors' (surculi pinnati) wehoin tb whots-sizike out fro ey mie of a quill. the Feather- mofs, or Hypnum. Wires (flagelli) see Riiwtores ra Woopy (arboreus) opposed. bipbarbaoeehite The main stems of the Wallflower or Gillyflower are woody. Woot (lana) a kind of curly haired cloathing upon the surface of some plants. The leaves of —— Mullein and Gorze are woolly. sibs Woo tty (lanatus.) — Weraprer (volva) but not. the tobe of Someine a peer membrane which invelopes the whole plant of some of the Fungufses in its younger state. See the Introduction te the Clafs Cryptogamia ; see also pl. a9. fig. FL m. m. ~ mm, | erm (rugosus) as are sree Sines of Sage; Seats : ood Strawberry, and Hi vieeme (flexuosus) having ae contrary ete and bend= ings, as the stems of Rough Bindweed and oy ete — af — Rollé Seni o Pap vite 0% 4 Stas A Parts CO , 7 csinig a a Flower. Fic. 1. A Back View oft a Ross, to shew the Ce a. a. a. a. a. the Segments of the Cup: Fic. 2. A figure of the Crown Imperial, to shew ; a. a. a, a. a. a. the Petals. yet b. b, by b b. 8. the Stamens. iS wk €.¢. €.C. €. c. the aarconar . d. c.f. the Pistil. d. the Germen. fethe Summit.) ‘Pre. 3. ag the Crown, Anrentan spate the. s he Stilling. Stillingfleet’s miscellaneous tracts. 1762. 8vo. Stoerck, [See Spalowsky.] ; : Swayne. [See Gram. pascua.]} _ Swert. Swertii florilegium. Tomi II. fol. Frank. 1612. _ Symons. Pocket Flora of Great Britain, 12mo. Syst. nat. Linnai systema nature. ed. XII. Tomi IIL. 1766, _and 1767, Svo. ; : ‘Syst. pl. Linnei systema plantarum curante Reichard. Tomi 1V. 1779 & 1780. 8vo. é fo Syst. veg. Linnzi systema vegetabilium, editio XIV.. Murray. 1784. Thal. 'Thalii sylva Hercynia sive catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniz qua ege Saxoniam. 1588. small 4to, (published with Camerarii rt.) i Theophrasti opera. Lugdun. Batav. fol. Thunb. Thunbery flora’ Japonica. 1784, Svo. Till: catalogus plantarum horti Pisani. 1723. fol. Tourn, Tournefort institutiones rei herbaria. Tom, HI. 1700, 4to. : : Trag. Tragi de stirpium maxime vero earum que im Germania nascuntur commentarii, interprete Kybero. 1552. small 4to. Trew. rar. Plantz rariores edente Keller. 1763. fol. .. Trew, editor of the Nuremberg edition of Blackwell. [See Blackwell.} , Vaill. Vaillant botanicon Parisiense ou denombrement par ordre alphabetique des plantes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris, 1727, fol. 7 t12 CATALOGUE OF BOTANICAL WORKS. Vandelli Fasciculus plantarum. 4to. 1771. Vell. Coloured figures of marine plants, with descriptions, by T. Velley, Esq. Bath, 1795. fol. Volek, Volckameri flora Noribergensis, sive catalogus plan- ¢ tarum in agro Noribergensi tam sponte nascentium, quam exo- ticarum In viridariis ac medico horto enutritarum. 1700. 4to. Wale. Walcott flora Britannic indigena. No. I. to XIV. Wallace. Account of Orkney. 8vo. Lond. 1700. Walther. Designatio plantarum quas hortus Waltheri pa- thologiz profefsoris Lipsiensis complectitur. 1735. 8vo. Warner plant Woodfordienses ; a catalogue of the more perfect plants growing spontaneously about Woodford in Efsex. 1771. 12mo. f ; _Weber., Weberi spicilegium flore Goetingensis plantas im- primis crytogamicas Hercyniz illustrans. 1778. Svo. Werner, observationes botan. 4to. Weig. fl. Weigel flora pomerano-rugica exhibens plantas per Pomeraniam anteriorem suecicam & ‘Rugiam sponte nas- centes. 1769. 12mo. Weig. hort. Weigil hortus Gryphicus. 1782. 4to. Weis. Plante Cryptogamice Flore Gottingensis. 8vo. 1770. Weg. Wiegel observationes botanice, 1772. 4to. Wiggers primitia flora Holsaticz. 1780. 8vo. + Wilcke flova Gryphica exhibens plantas intra miliare sponte naseentes, 1765. 12mo.9 9 = _ Willdenow Flora Berolinensis. 8vo. eae Willich obs. Willich observationes botanicz ‘de plantis qui- busdam observationes. Gotting. 1762. ‘ Me ting, 1766 7. Willich illustrationes quedam botanicz. Got-. Wood. Woodville’s medical botany. 4 vols. 4to. 1793. Wulf. flora borufsica. 1765. 8vo. iets Zanon. Zanonii rariorum stitpium historia, edente Montio. Bonon. 1742. pein inn catalogus plantarum horti academici & agri Gottin- gensis. 1757. 8vo. FIR L 413°] _ ABBREVIATIONS. ——— Cat. Calyx. - Bross. Blossom. Stam. Stamen, Pist. Pistil. _Fiuam. Filament. S. Vess. Seed-vessel. _ Germ. Germen. Cars. Capsule, Necr, Nectary. Recepr. Receptacle. Ess, Cuar. Essential Character. A. annual; enduring for a year or less, B. biennial ; enduring two years. P. Perennial ; enduring many years. 8S. Shrub, eee T. Tree, Jan. January. —Feb. February. — Aug, August. — Sept. September.—Oct. October—Nov. November.—Dec. December. M. male, or stameniferous flower. F. Female, or pistilliferous flower. Hl. Hermaphrodite flowers 3 such as contain both stamens and pistils, N. Neutral flowers; such as contain neither stamen nor pistil. Tnvoluer, Involucrum. Involucell, Involucellum, Vor, I. I Pea. RULES FOR THE _ PRONUNCIATION OF THE LINNZAN NAMES. . ue English reader is desired to observe, that the accent, or the force of the voice, is to be thrown upon that syllable or letter which precedes the mark, Thus in Arbutus, the Ar is to be the accented or strongly sounded syllable, and not the bu, as is commonly, though erroneously, the case ; and in Veroni'ca, the Ni is to be the accented syl- lable, and not the Ro, which is also a common error. 7 ‘2, That the letter e at the end of a name is always to be sounded ; thus, the word Elat'ine, is to be pro- nounced E-laé'-ti-ne, with four syllables, and not E-la-tine. . 3. That in words ending in ides, thei is always to be — pronounced long. ria 2% ie - That ch is to be pronounced hard, like the letter h. : . That in words beginning with sce and sci, the c is to be Pronounced soft; though it is allowed that some — few words derived from the Greek are exceptions t0 this rule, SRY oe a . ee - That in such words as have sch, the c is to be pro- nounced hard. Thus Sche’nus is-to be pronounced on =) as if it were written Ske’nus. . jovak - Thatc and g, before e and i, and before @ and @, aft : to be pronounced soft, but before the other vowels - and diphthongs, hard, | ~e [116 ] CLASS I. MONANDRIA. Containing flowers with 1 Stamen only. Tur flowers arranged under this class contain only one stamen. It might be supposed, that flowers containing only one stamen, and one, or at most, two pistils, must, from the simplicity of their structure, be easy to investi- gate; and undoubtedly they would be so, were it not for the minuteness of their parts. It fortunately happens, however, that the inexperienced botanist is not likely to encounter them at the commencement of his progress; the Salicornia is only found on the sea coast; the Hipputis is not very common ; the Zanichellia and Chara are less rare, ses the Callitriche is frequent enough in watery ditches and very slow streams, but neither of them ale | likely to attract attention, until a habit of accurate obser- vation has been formed. The Aphanes, the only ——- | Genus, may occasion some difficulty from ifs want agreement with the Generic description ; but the observa- tions subjoined to that description will obviate every pos sible doubt. ——____— MONANDRIA (1 Stamen.) Monoeynta (1 Pistil.) Chara. Hippuris; Salicornia, ' Aphanes. — Dieynta (2 Pistils.) ' Callitriche. _ Terracynta (4 Pistils.} Zannicheltia, MONANDRIA. MONOCYNIA, . 417 1 MONOGYNILA. CHA'RA. Schmidel. tab. 14. Geertner. tab. 84. Male flower at the base of the female, on the out- side the calyx. CaLyx none, . BLossoM none. StamEn, Filament none. Anther globular, placed be- fore the germen on the outer side, and at the base of the calyx ; of one cell, not opening. : Female flower. Catyx. Cup 4 leaves; leafits yi Mhaped, unequal, per- _ manent. Sometimes there is no calyx. Brossom none. Pistiz. Germen turban-shaped, marked with 5 spiral grooves. ‘Style none. Summits 5, undivided. SEED-vEssEL; Berry egg-shaped, but ernie ig ge grooved, of one cell, inclosing the seeds wi a very thin crust. . ' wee: SEEDs numerous, spherical, extremely small. Ozservation.—For Summits 5, we should rather read with 5 clefts, as in the former editions of the genera; but the fact is, that the parts are so very minute as scarcely to allow of this point being ascertained.’ In this doubtful case, the seed- vessel having only one cell, determines its place in the order . Monogynia. . A’PHANES. Gaertn. 73, : Catyx, Cup 1 leaf, tubular, permanent : Mouth flat, 4- clefted, wk: rie 6 pa Bross. None. aay ines Stamens; Filaments 4; upright; awl-shaped ; very small ; standing upon the rim of the calyx. _Anthers roundish. Pistit; Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped ; as long _ 4s the stamens; growing from the base of the germen. Summit somewhat lobular. ace S. Vess. None; the Rim of the calyx closing, confines € seeds, : os ae Seep aes se j tapering ; compressed; as long as the Style. . Obs. It is nearly allied to the Alchemilla. It has some- “mes only 1 pistil and 1 seed. Liny.—lIt seems now pretty 118 | MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. generally agreed that the flowers contain only 1 stamen, 1 pistil, and 1 seed; so that notwithstanding its natural affinity to the genus Alchemilla, in the class Tetrandia, it ought in an artificial system to occupy its present place. SALICOR'NIA. Tournefort, 485. Geertner, 127. Catyx 4-comered ; lopped ; bellying ; permanent. Boss. none. | oe StaMEN. Filament single, undivided, longer than_ the cup. Anther double, oblong upright. } PistiL. Germen oblong-egg-shaped. Style undivided, ___ Standing under the stamen. Summit cloven. 8 S. Vess. none. The calyx bellying and inflated contains the seed. Se. ry SEED single. , _ Oxs. The number of stamens is not very certain; some- times there are 2 in each flower, Linn, HIPPURIS. Gaertn. 84. Canyx a 2-lobed rim, crowning the germen. __ _ Bross, none. . Mid Stamen, Filament single, upright, fixed within the outer: lobe of the calyx. “Anther roundish, compressed. Pist11.. Germen oblo , beneath. Style single, upright,’ — awl-shaped, longer than the stamen, fixed to the mner — lobe of the calyx, Summit acute. : S. Vess. none. SEED single, roundish, naked. Oxs. Mr. Curtis descrihes the stamen as standing upon the top of the germen: and says, that at the close of summer, he has found flowers without a stamen ; and Scopoli has observed, _ that such flowers are sometimes intermixed with the others. DIGYNI4. CALLITRICHE, Gertn. 68, Caryx none, Paes aeol 5 bowed inwards, chenpeliens ete _ STAMEN. Filament single, long, bowed. _Anther simple. Pist, Germen nearly round, Siyles 2, hair-like, bowed. MONANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 119 Summits acute. _§. Vess. Capsule roundish, compressed; with 4 angles, and 2 cells, Szeps solitary, oblong. Ons. Seeds 4, naked, with a membranaceous border on the outer edge. (Gaertn, )—In the Callitriche verna, the stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers, but growing on the same plant. Linn. But sometimes even in this species, flowers are found which contain both stamens and pistils. TE TRA GYNIA. ZANNICHEL‘LIA,. Mich. 34. Gertn. 19. Male flower, Cat. none. Bross. none. : - Sram. Filament eingle; single, long, vpright, att arrow-shaped, upright. Female ikon + eed near the other. é Car. Cup 1 leaf, hardly perceptible, bellying, with 3 sbeth Bioss, none. Pisr. Germens 4 to 8, horned, approaching, Styles 4 to 8, simple, rather expanding. Summits egg-shaped, flat, a Peete S. Vess, ntlane ht, but a ewer. ; compressed, taeokay “tibekel on the back, the ‘reclining ‘style forming a beak ; crust leather-like, of 1 cell, valve-less. SEED solitary, oblong, bulging on one side. Male flowers solitary, scattered. CAL. Cup of 1 leaf, mouth slanting, very entire, acute at the back, AYO. 14034 CLASS, II. DIANDRIA. Containing Flowers with 2 Stamens only. . = Tins class does not present any particular difficulty to the young botanist, except such as arises from the singular structure of the flowers in the genera Orchis, Ophrys, Serapias, Satyrium, and C wipedium ; and this difficulty : consists in distinguishing the lip of the nectary from the — petals, A reference to the figures of Orchis and Ophrys, in vee XII. will explain the matter, and it is necessary = $ mould be well understood, because the Giger REE the species much upon the lip of the — peter explai saan Sativa the Viola, and some other genera, Linnzeus considered the expanded lip of the nectary as one of the petals, and the horn-shaped projection behind it as the nectary. Had he done the same in the instances now under consideration, no peculiar — difficulties would have arisen, 3 Pl. XII, Fig. A. A front view of the flower of the Orchis mascula, B. A side view of the same. pie - Pp. p.p. The upper expanded petals, be- . for ce stash schiok may Be seen the — inner approaching petals. : : 1.1. the lip of the nectary. 7m. m. its pro- Jecting horn. g. the twisted germen. m.m. floral leaves. Fic. C. A front view of a flower of the Ophrys myodes, D. A side ven of the same, Pp. p. p. p. the petals. t . f l. The ty of the nectary. &- The twisted germen, DIANDRIA. .-MONOGYNIA. 121 In the 5 genera mentioned above, though the germen is sufficiently obvious, the style and the summit are ve indistinct. The stamens are evidently two. The anthers are composed of a number of elastic fibres united together; so that you may forcibly extend them to twice their natural length, _but on ‘releasing them, they instantl contract again. These elastic fibres are.simple or branched, and each terminates in a minute body, but not containing pollen. From these singularities of structure, it is pro- bable that the generation of these plants is effected in some mode not yet understood, The seeds are numerous, though very small ; but I: believe no person has yet been able to raise plants from them. DIANDRIA. (2 Stamens.) — Monoeynta (1 Pistil.) Ligustrum. oe Serapias. Cypripedium. Lemna. Salix. Fraxinus. Dieynta (2 Pistils.) Anthoxanthum, 122 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. DIANDRIA.. MONOGYNLA. LIGUS'TRUM. Tourn. 367. Gaertn. 92. °° Caryx. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, very small, with 4 upright blunt teeth in its rim. oi sacs Sides Buoss. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tube cylindrical, longer than the cup. Border expanded, divided into 4 egg- shaped ay iene 1 AGS Stamens. Filaments 2, simple, opposite. Anthers up- right, nearly as long as the blossom. Pistit. Germen nearly round. Style very short. Swm- _ mit thick, blunt, cloven, . S.Vess. Berry globular, smooth, of 1 cell. SEEDs 4, convex on one side, angular on the other. Oxs. Berry 2-celled, lined with a thin membrane. Seeds, 2 in each cell. Gzrtn. Roe tee CIRCA VA, Tourn. 155. Gaertn. 24. Catyx. Cup 1 leaf, superior, deciduous. Tube thread- shaped, very short. Boriler with 2 divisions, seg- ments sharp, egg-shaped, concave, bent outwards. Bross. Pet i equal, mostly shorter than the cup. Sram. Filaments 2, hair-like, upright, as long as the cup. Anthers roundish, Pist. Germen turban-shaped, ‘beneath. Style thread- shaped, as long as the anthers. Swmmit blunt, notched at the end. ee S. Vess. Capsule betwixt ege and turban-shaped, covered - with strong hairs, with @ cells and 2 valves, opening from the base upwards. oe SEEDS solitary, oblong, narrow towards the base. Oss, Calyx properly 2-leaved, VERONICA. Tourn. 60. Geertn. 54. Cat. with 4 divisions, permanent, Segments spea- shaped, acute, ; fi, 2, inversely heart-shaped, expanding, - DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ~ 123° Bross. wheel-shaped, of 1 petal. Tule nearly as long as the cup. Border flat, divided into 4 egg-shaped seg- ments. Lower Segment narrowest, that opposite to it the broadest. | Stam. Filaments 2, thinnest at the bottom, ascending. Anthers oblong. : | e Pist. Germen compressed. Style thread-shaped, declin- ing, as long as the stamens. Summit undivided. S. Vess. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed at the point, with 2 cells and 4 valves. SEEDs several, roundish, Oss. The tube of the blossom is generally very short ; less so in the first 3 species. Lrvw. In Veronica montana, the seed-vessel is roundish, with a notch at the base, and at the top, (Reich.) and in V. hederifolia, it is like 2 united globes. PINGUL-CULA. Tourn. 74. Gertn. 112. Cau. Cup gaping, small, acute, permanent. Upper Lip RE phe clefts; Lower Lip reflected, cloyen. Buoss. 1 petal, gaping. Longer Lip straight, blunt, with 3 clefts, falling back; Shorter Lip cloven, some- what blunt and expanding. Nectary seine fee png a production of the lower and hinder part of the petal. a. Stam. Filaments 2, cylindrical, crooked, ascending, shorter than the cup. _4nthers roundish. Le Pisr. Germen globular. Style very short. Summit with 2 lips; Upper Lip largest, flat, reflected, covering the anthers ; er Lip shorter, very narrow, upright, cloven. S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, of 1 cell, compressed, and Opening at the point. SrEDs many, cylindrical. Receptacle loose. UTRICULARIA. Fl: dan. 198 and 138. CAL. Cup 2 leaves, leafits equal, very small, egg-shaped, 7 concave, deciduous. fat. bi 3 Loss. 1 l, gaping: Lip flat, blunt, upright. Lower Pip Gare, at, ae A heart-shaped Pai standing prominent betwixt the lips. Nectary a little horn, projecting from the base of the petal. aS let; § DIANDRIA.) MONOGYNIA. Sram.' Filaments 2, very short, bent inwards. Anthers - small, and. adhering together.» Pisr.. German 7 es ‘Sil thread-shaped, as long as~ the cup. Summit conical. $1.35 _ §. Vess; i ea large, globular, of 1 cell, SEEDs several. Seti Tae 3 ~ Ons. The plants of this genus are very remarkable ; the, Toots being loaded with small membranaceous bladders. . LY'COPUS. Tourn. 89. Cat. Cup 1 tubular leaf, with 5 shallow clefis ; Segments _ harrow and acute, SENIORS 8 Bross. 1 petal, irregular, Tube cylindrical, as long as the cup. Border with 4 clefts, lant open ; Segments _hearly equal, but the lowermost somewhat smaller ; the _ uppermost broader, and notched at the endiy oo He Sram. Filaments 2, generally longer than the blossom _ _. and bending under its. upper segment. Anthers small. Pisr. Gefmen with 4 clefts, Stylethread-shaped, straight; _ » a8 long as the stamens. Summit cloven, reflected. _ SBBDS'4, roundish, blunt, at the botiom of the cup. ~ SAL/VIA, Tourn, 83. 82. Geertn. 66. Gale 1 leaf, tubular, scored, enlargi adually Ey eh and compressed at the top, Rin uptight with 2 lips ; Lower Lip with 2 teeth, s Boss. 1 ser irregular. Tube compressed, enlarging . gradually upwards, Border gaping, Upper Lip con- _ cave, compressed, bowed inwards, notched at the end. Power Lip broad, with 3 clefts. “The Middle Segment eo st roundish; notched at the end, ; ee Stame Filaments 2, very short, supporting 2 others cross- ___ wise by the middle, which “have Glands at the lower, __ and Anthers at the upper end. wer ee Pisr. Germen with 4 clefis, Style thread-shaped, very yaw ane ay stamens. Summit cloven. 9. 4 SS. le @ ‘ee tt ey , ane setae ae 4 closing a little, contains the = ie S&EDs 4, roundish, | x magne -DIANDRIA] MONOGYNTA. — fz Orns. The singular forked filaments constitute the “essential character of this genus. Linw. ,The rudiments of: 2>stamens appear in the mouth of the blossom, but they haye no anthers. The glands in most species are callous, but in a few they appear like anthers, and sometimes contain a small quantity of pollen, OR'CHIS. Vaill. tab. 31. Tourn. 247. ties fo Cat. Sheaths scattered. Fruit-stalk undivided. — . ‘ff _. * Cup none. voles corsets iy Bross. Petals 5, outer ones 3, inner ones 2, approaching upwards, so as to form ahelniet. Mo heey Nectary \ leaf, fixed. by. the lower side to the receptacle between the division of the petals. Upper Lip upright, very short. Lower Lip large, expanding, broad. Tule standing behind, shaped. like a ; eee ai - down, ye or allt ig Sghs seni ait Stam. Filaments 2, very slender, and very short, stand ing on the pistil. Anthers inversely egg-shaped, up- — right, covered by a fold of the upper lip of the neetar forming 2 cells. At CRS HTP BCEeee Pist. Germen beneath, oblong, twisted, Style fixed to the upper lip of the nectary,-very short. - Summit compressed, Pe So ee AS ose S. Vess. Capsule oblong, with 1 cell, 3'keels, 3 valves, — Opening in 3 places under the keels, continuing con- nected at the base and-at theend. = - es SEEDs numerous, very small, like saw dust... «9. % & ‘Mo SATY'RIUM. Vaill. 30. f. 6. i 0 Cat. Sheaths scattered. Fruit-stalk undivided, Cup _ none. ehieaehe Bross. Petals 5, oblong egg-shaped, 3 more outwards, the 2 inner approaching above, in form of a helmet, Nectary of 1 leaf, fixed by the lower side to the reccp- ae At tacle, between the division of the petals. Upper Li - Very short, upright. Lower Lip flat, penden - bag like a. double purse projecting behind; 5.0 Stam, Filaments 2, saa sige short, standing on. «the pistil. _Anthers inversely egg-shaped, covered by __2 fold of the. upper lip of the nectary, forming 2 cells. St. Germen beneath, oblong, twisted. .Séyle very.short, fixed to the wpper lip of the nectary. Samnitt:com- Pressed, blunt, asia i weirs eC rss | 126 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. S. Vess. Capsule oblong, with 1 cell, 3 keels, 3 valves, opening in 3 places under the keels, connected at the | base and at the end. SEEDs numerous, very small, like saw-dust. O'PHRYS. Tourn, 250. Car. Sheaths scattered. Fruit-stalks undivided. Cup none. Bioss. -Petals 5, oblong, approaching upwards, equal, 2 of them placed outwards. a Nectary longer than the petals, hanging down, behind only slightly keeled. 9 eo ne Stam. Filaments 2, very short, standing on the pistil. Anthers upright, covered by the inner edge of the nectary. 7 Pist. Germen beneath, oblong, twisted. Style fixed to the inner edge of the nectary. Szmmit indistinct. _ S. Vess. Capsule somewhat egg-shaped, 3-edged, blunt, — with 3 valves, and 1 cell, opening at the keeled angles. SzEps numerous, like saw-dust. Receptacle strap-shaped, growing to each valve of the seed-vessel. _ Ons. In Ophrys Corallorhiza there are 4 Stamens, viz. 2 in each cell. (R.) MALAX"S. (Swartz) E: bot. 72. . Cat. Sheath none. Cup none. — Seat 55 3 anes 2 above and 1 below, spear- s » Dlunt, expanding; 2 inner strap-sha acute, bent round the ieee a Nectary in the centre of the blossom, smaller than the petals, concave with convex edges, tapering to 4 = Pepa , oe ea fenc i fl ‘ o2, sha with scarcely any fila- ‘ment, fixed to the cable orgy hollow of the ‘il with 2 little cavities at the bottom. Zi Pist. Germen on a little fruit-stalk, roundish beneath. Style, a little cup-like hollow in the centre of the nec- _ tary, very short, expanding, extending half way round, with the stamens fixed to its hinder edge. | Summit “ aces of the —— near the stamens. “4 . Vss. Capule oblong, 3-keeled, of 1 cell, opening under the keels, but continu; united hend. SEEDs extremely minute, se is — om DIANDRIA. -MONOGYNIA. 197 Oss. Dr. Smith. considers the blossom in this genus as being reversed, the odd Petal of the 3 outer ones being lower- most, and that this has therefore beén erroneously called the Jip ; and that the most striking character is the 2 upright petals at the top, instead of the single one in all our other Orchises. The nectary, moreover, points upwards, embracing the stamens and style. See E. bot. p. 72. : SERA'PIAS. Gertn. 14. Tourn. 249. Helleborine. Cat. Sheaths scattered. Fruit-stalk undivided. Cup none. Bross. Petals 5, oblong egg-shaped, open, but rather upright, approaching upwards. ectary as long as the petals, hollowed at the base, filled with honey, egg-shaped, bulging beneath, cloven into 3, segments acute, the radiates heart-shaped, blunt, cloven at the seam of the base, with 3 teeth. Stam. Filaments 2, very short, fixed to the pistil. Anthers upright, under the upper lip of the nectary. ar Pist. Germen beneath, oblong, twisted. Siyle growing to the upper lip of the nectary. Summit indistinct. S. Vzs. a inversely egg-shaped, with 3 blunt edges, 3 keels growing to them, and 3 valves opening - under the keels, 1 celled. SEEDs numerous, like saw-dust. Receptacle strap-shaped, growing to each valve of the seed-vessel, ‘CYPRIPE/DIUM. Tourn. 249. Calceolus. Cat. Sheath scattered. Fruit-stalk undivided. Cup none. Bioss. Petals 4 or 5, spear-shaped, very long, expand- ing, upright. : os ‘Nectary within the lower petal, shaped like a slipper, blown up, blunt, hollow, shorter and broader than the petals; the Upper Lip small, egg-shaped, flat, bent inwards. | __ ee oe Stam. Filaments 2, very short, standing on the pistil. _ Anthers upright, covered by the’ upper lip of the nec- ag a beneath, long, twisted. : Style very short, eta to the upper lip of the nectary. Summit in- f istinct. a oS S. Vgss. Capsule inversel -shaped, with 3 blunt ig and 3 seams, ae which it opens at the angles; Valves 3; Celli, 128 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. SeEps numerous very small. Receptacle sttap-s growing | lengthvvise to each valve of ie secevend PEER, Mich. Se ~ Male flower. Caz. 1 leaf, circular, opening at the side, obliquel ee _ lated’ outwardly, blunt, expanding, depressed, age, entire. Bioss. none. Sram. Filaments 2, awl-shaped, verooked, as long as the calyx. Anthers double, globular, short, rmanent. Pist. Germen egg-shaped. hs short. ummit indis- hehe Fao : S. Vzss. barren. _ Female flower on the same Sr Cat. as above. ~ Bioss. none. . Pist. Germen somewhat aires ey Style short, pe manent. Summit simple. s. Met Capsule ater tapering to a point ; with 1 - Sexps several, oblo , acute at each end, nearly as long as ‘ the capsule, scored on one side. | Oss. Perfect hermaphrodite flowers have sori been — (Schreb.) SA'LIX, Tourn. 364, Male flowers. et Cat. Cathkin oblong, tiled on every ody Trvolucrum forming a bud, which is composed of y Scales, inelosing a single flower, pilots aie a sete ne P Shon Petals none, E “Nectary a cylindrical ind; very small eatelee con- ee Sram til hon > apis in the ane of the flower. — an oe ; fs 2, straight, thread-sha lo fot the cup. Anthers dou le, with 4 gant Sse ye : DIANDRIA.” MONOGYNIA, 199 Pist. Germen egg-shaped, tapering into a Style hardly distinct from the germen, rather longer than’ the scalés of the calyx. Summits 2, cloven, upright. S. Vess. Capsule egg-awl-shaped, with 1 cell; and. 2 - valves. Valves ooltoe back. SEEDS numerous, egg-shaped, very small, crowned with undivided hair-like down. Ozs. Stamens in some species 3 or 5, unequal in length. In the S. hermaphroditica the stamens and pistils are within the same calyx. Liynn—In some species the filaments, in others the anthers, are united. Scures.—In S. monandria there is only 1 stamen, FRAX'INUS. Tourn. 343, Gertn. 49. Hermaphrodite flowers. CAL. none, or a Cup of 1 leaf, with 4 divisions, upright, small, acute. . ; L Bros, none ; or Petals 4, strap-shaped, long, acute, up- ri ht. i. Sia Filaments 2, upright, much shorter than the blossom. -Anthers upright, oblong, with 4 furrows, Pist. Germen egg-shaped, compressed. Style cylindrical, upright. Swmmit rather thick, cloven. ; S. VEss. spear-shaped, compressed, membranaceous, with ued. Cell, ? ; SEED spear-shaped, compressed, membranaceous,of 1 cell. Female flowers. — | ‘Empau. Buoss. Pisr. S. Vess. and SeEp as above. Oss. In Frax. eacelsior, the hermaphrodite flowers are fre quently interspersed with female ones, and the reverse. ‘This has neither blossom nor calyx. Linn.—Capsule, egg-oblong, se upwards, 2-celled, but 1 cell barren. Gaertn. ont dedi. Dees DIGYNIA. - ANTHOXAN'THUM. PI. II. i Fae : Cat. Husk, 2 valves containing 1 Duvets Felee! con Cave, egg-shaped, taper, the innermost the largest. Buoss. Husk 2 valvess the length of the larger valve of the calyx. Each valve sends out an awn from its back, at the leaner part, and 1 of the awns is jointed. Néc- _ tary 2 leaves, very slender, ope ihe lene Reier? -shaped, and one 2° a Stam,” lame 2, hair-like, ‘yery long. -Anthers oh- y forked at cach end, “ OL, I, ‘30 «= DIANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Pist. Germen oblong, Styles 2, thread-shaped. Summits undivided. fax ae S. Vess. The Husks of the blossom grow to the seed. Seep single, nearly cylindrical, tapering at each end. Oss. It was very justly remarked to me by Miss Giddy, that the valves of the blossom are shorter than the calyx, and so they are figured very properly in the Flora Danica, 666 ; and less distinctly so in the fig, referred to above. “LASS II. TRIANDRIA. | Containing Plants with 3 Stamens in each Flower. yee: Lins cas the Unssinee wal sos opt edi SSES, and some other nearly allied to them. Although the flowers in ese ae generally disregarded, they will not, to an attentive ob- server, appear less curiously constructed, than those which of gayer colours and more conspicuous parts; The great solicitude of Nature for the preservation of grasses 1s evident from this; that the more the leaves are - consumed, the more the roots increase. The reat Atithor — of Nature designed, that the delightful verdure of these ae should cover the surface of ‘the earth, and that they ford Rsdiet ance ey Brmmeioe animals. But what increases a peteniene port liberty in, the TRIANDRIA, = tay Grasses are, the Festuca ovina, the Poa alpina, and the _ AtRA ceespitosa, all which are viviparous, and consequently propagate themselves without seeds. ; In general, the leaves furnish pasturage for cattle ; the smaller-seeds are food for birds, and the larger for men. But some are preferred to others; as, the Festuca for Sheep; the Poa for Cows; the Puataris for Canary- birds and Linnets; the Avena for Horses; the SECALE, Horpeum, and Triticum for Man. ; Variety of Insects also derive their nourishment from orl as the Papilio mera, Pap. Aigeria, Pap. Galathea, ap. Jurtina, Pap. Cinzia, Phaleena quercifolia, Ph. Po- tatoria, Ph. culmella, Chrysomela Graminis, and several others, which will be mentioned under the different species. No part of Botany appeared to me more difficult than the study of Grasses; but the method of accurate dissec- ‘tion and observation once adopted, no part was more cer- tain or more easy. However, when the great importance of the subject is considered, we cannot labour too much to fix the public attention to it, by: rendering it as easy as possible: for which reason the exceptions are carefully noted under such subdivision of the orders, and in the fol- ing plate an example is selected from each genus, taken from the Ameenitates Academica of Linneus. To gain a clear idea of the structure of the flowers, they must be #xamined just before the Anthers discharge their Pollen ; and by comparing them in that state with the figures in the plate, and with the generic description, the principal fficulties will soon be surmounted. The Botanic Mi- croscope will be found extremely useful in dissecting the minuter parts. : | ; Fw a ma ern wed Fic. 1. Antuoxan'rauM. a a husks of the calyx, d the ' ~* “awn of the inner valve of the blossom, twisted and jointed. ¢ the straight awn of the outer valve ‘of the blossom. dd the two anthers. ‘ee the two styles, meer i@’nus. The six petals, the three’stamens, “anthers ; the germens, the style, and the summit cloyen into three parts. Kk? 2 « La Fie, 2. ta pear eae as TRIANDRIA. Fic. 3. Cypre’rus. a the tiled spike pointing from two opposite lines, 4 the scale of the calyx... ece the anthers. d the style. ee e the summits, Fic. 4. Scrr’pus. 0 the tiled spike. a@ the seale of the calyx. cece the stamens and anthers. d the germen, a little woolly, ; Fic. 5. Ertopy’orum. a. the woolly tiled spike. the scale of the calyx including the hairy germen, the stamens, and the pistil. Fic. 6. Nar’pus. A the spike pointing one way. ¢ce the blossoms. B one of the florets a little magnified. @ the lower and larger valve which embraces the smaller valve 4, which is here drawn out of its natural situation. ccc the . anthers. ' Fic. 7. Pan‘icum. b b the two equal valves of the calyx. a the third smaller and outer. valve. c ¢ the valves of the blossoms. ddd _ the an- thers. ee the downy summits of the styles. Fig. 8. Atopecu’rus. a a the valves of the calyx. Lb the. sage valve of the blossom, -with the awn net ppl ing from its base. dd d the anthers. Fic. 9. Pute’um. aa the husks of the calyx, opened . and magnified to shew the blossom. & the floret in its natural state to shew the two points — at the top of it.. ¢ ce theanthers. Fic. 10. PHaa’ris. aa the keeled husks of the calyx. _ _ bbthe husks of the blossom. ¢ ¢ the anthers. Fic..11. Mrt’1um. a a the husks of the calyx. 6) the | anthers. ¢ ¢ pencil-shaped summits. Fic. 12. Acro’stis. aa the two-pointed valves of the calyx. bb the two vides of the blossom. ccc the anthers. Fig. 13. Dac’tyuis. a the outer and larger valve of the calyx. 6 the shorter valve. c the keel-shape¢ ; valve of the dlossom. ¢ e the anthers. dthe __ panicle pointing one way. ' ; Fie, 14. Str’pa, a ate vane “Of the calyx. -¢ the >... Outer valve of ‘the blossom, with the awn 4) Jointed at the base and twisted... c the inner ea. ov Valve of the blossom. dd the downy awn. €¢ AiG. U5e AY RAS, aa. the, a; 4 Pand tg de ‘the hairy shafts andsummits ff “the anthers. | i@ the, calyx, 2. the. blossom » ove Without the rudiment of a third betwixt them- Sided Sais Stitt ivory! 4: sprints be Cl wake 2 & «ih TRIANDRIA. 133 Fre. 16. Mer’tca. aa the calyx. lb the fertile blos- 4 _ soms with e the rudiment of a third blossom * betwixt them. sehr Fic. 17. Bri’za. aa the valves of the calyx. 2113) the blossoms, of which the outer valves only are visible. B one of the blossoms taken out _ of the little spike. ¢ ¢ the outer heart-shaped - valye of the blossom. dd the inner valve inversely egg-shaped, ae fic. 18. Po’a. Aan entire little spike. aa the two husks of the calyx. L404 the blossoms. B one of the florets separated from the little spike. e the outer valve. d the inner valve of the ; blossom. eee the forked anthers. ff the ; woolly summits. fic. 19. Fesru’ca. aathe valves of the calyx. bb) bbb1 > the blossoms of the little spike terminating in acute points. c¢ the inner valve of one of the blossoms. : Fic. 20. Bro’mus. aa the calyx. § 4 the blossoms, = the outer valves only of which are visible, with the awns growing from beneath the point. Fig. 21, Avr’na. aa the valves of the calyx, bh the florets, the outer valves of which are ’fur- nished with a twisted jointed awn, growing - from the back. d dd the inner valves. cc cc cc the anthers, hs Fic. 22, Arun’po. aa the valves of the calyx. 210 the woolly blossoms. Ric. 23, Sxca’tz. aa the valves of the calyx. LbLd the blossoms ; the inner valve of which is flat, but the outer concave and furnished with — an awn. ce the spike-stalk with its little teeth. Fic. 24. Tarr’icum. aa the blunt valves of the calyx, embracing the three blossoms ¢ dt, the outer valve only of which is seen, furnished with an __ awn. ec the spike-stalk. Fic. 25. Hor’prum. aaaaaa the six valves of the calyx, two of which belong to each of the blossoms 26. ccc the long awns of the outer. valves of the blossoms. ee the naked spike stalk as it appears after the florets are pulled clei, Buakages E’tymus. aaaaaa the valves of the caly : which bel to each little spike J bd, “thes calyx as i it appears the nie spikes ¢ Bie some the caly. of 1 one valve, bl b the little spikes sting of several florets. cone of the florets oper to shew nie Pekan _ the two valves of the blossom. : Fic. 28. Crease’ Rus. (A) the pane all one : : way, composed of the (B) in which a i Se nts the involucrum with many clefts; ‘ sh poeiee: several . ob te germen, re) of the gcmeny hh of 27 barren floret. of ia rH ar Cc yperias Ser - pus ele slg Festuca en El ymus } Lb slide ha iio gn .acad Kku.t.2and 3a fi LG 6. ae s Srom ASCun 136 TRIANDRIA.. MONOGYNIA. TRIANDRIA. ~ MONOGYNIA. VALERIA/NA. Tourn. 52. Geertn. 86. Cat. hardly any, but a border on the germen. _ Bross. Tule bellied on the under side, containing honey. Border with 5 clefts. Segments blunt. ie Stam. 3, or fewer than 3, peraape: upright, as Jong as_ the blossom. Anthers roundish. 7 Pist. Germen beneath. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Summit thickish. : S. VEss. a crust, not opening, deciduous, crowned. Sexps solitary, oblong. ; Oss. There is a wonderful diversity in the parts of the flowers in different species of Valerian, as well in numberas in figure. Lryw.—Thus, in Valer. rubra, the flowers have only 1 stamen ; in Val. dioica, the stamens and pistils are on dif- ferent plants, : ; “as ae BRYONIA. Tourn. 28, Gertn. 88. Car. Cup look ee AL. 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped teeth. Bross. with 5 divisions, Cl cher fixed nee cup. Segments egg-shaped. eo Sram. Filaments 3, very short. Anthers 5, only 1 onthe — estate but 2 on each of the others growing — er, an: oe _ Female flowers on the same plant. Car. Cup as above, superior, deciduous. agi or as above. ee. Ist. Germen beneath. Style with 3 clefts, as long as the 5 es So when open, ‘Svmmits notched at the end, ing. | . S. Vkss. ‘roundish, smooth. | Szeps few, enclosed in distinct cells, ae Oss. In the Bryonia dioica the stameniferous, and pistil- ore * OF male and female flowers, are found on different TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 137 RUS'CUS. Tourn. 15. Garin. 16. Male flowers, * Car. Cup with 6 leaves, upright, but expanding. Leajfits eggs » convex, the edges at the side reflected. Boss. none, unless you consider every other leaf of the cup ne gece hi ‘ ; ectary egg-s , central, as large as the cu blown cn ae nog Tim, upright, coloured. 2 Stam. Fi ts none. Anthers 3, expanding, placed upon the end of the nectary, united at the base. Female flowers. Ca. Buoss. and Nectary, as above. Pist. Germen oblong egg-shaped, hidden within the nec- tary. Style cplindtion? as long as the nectary. Swmmit blunt, projecting through the mouth of the nectary. S. Vss. Berry glo ular, with 3 cells, SEEDs 2, globular. : Oss. In this and other genera nearly related to it, it is seldom that all the seeds come to perfection ; for the most ye one seed takes to enlarge, and by pressure destroys the others, CRO’CUS. Tourn. 184. Car. Sheath ileaf. fo Bioss. Tube simple, long. Border with ott upright. Segments equal, oblong, egg-shaped. STAM. Pilinent a aA aaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers arrow-shaped. | Pist. Germen beneath, roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Summits 3, rolled in a spiral, _ Serrated. _ s. ibe ec Capsule roundish, with 3 lobes, 3 cells, and 3 Valves. . 3 SEEDs several, round. VRIS. Tourn. 186, 188. Gaertn. 13. Cax. Sheaths 2 valves, separating the flowers . Buoss. with 6 divisions. Segments oblong, blunt. . The 3 outer ones reflected, the other 3 upright, more acute, is ateestaae together by the claws, so as to form @ _ tube, 138 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Sram. Filaments 3, awl-shaped, lying upon the reflected segments. -Anthers oblong, straight, depressed. Pisr. Germen beneath, oblong. Style simple, very short. Simmits 3, very large, resembling petals ; keeled with- ~ in, furrowed on the outside, leaning on the stamens, 2-lipped, outer lip small, notched at the end; inner - lip larger, cloven, a little bent inwards. S$. Ves. Capsule oblong, angular, with 3 cells and 3 valves, Segps several, large. 3 ‘ ge oe Oss. In some species the nectary is a Jong line marked on the base of the reflected petals, and set with hair-like sub- stances, in others there are 3 nectariferous dots at the base of the flower on the outside. In some the capsule has 3, in others 6 angles. Linn.—The outer lip of the summit performs the - proper office of the summit. (Schkuhr. from Schreber.) NARDUS. Pl.2.f. 6. Sohrébu 7. F. GoE, DeCiH. Cat. none. : A Bios. 2 valves. Outer valve lo speat strap elite sharp pointed, enclosing the Lesser Valve, which 13 - strap-shaped, and sharp pointed. ge Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom. — Anthers oblong. - Pist. Germen = ng. Style single, thread-shaped, long, downy. Summit undivided. i. © S. Vzss. none; the blossom adheres to the seed, without SEED single, enclosed in the blossom, long and narrows tapering to a point at each end, the upper part narrowest. ERIO/PHORUM. PI.II. f. 5. Gaertn. 2. Car. Spike tiled on every side. Scales ratings te - florets, eg hecige flat, but bent Sa membra- naceous, er, taperi int. SARS Boss. none. Bete Jae Ss om a Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. _Anthers upright, oblong: ~~: — anal Sip tliead seed, ss long A as the scale of the Bs nmi od ee plating ee A ed 3-cornered, tapering to a point, furnished with sof hairs, which are saa that the toile me . aoe haat a TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 139 Ons. The presence of the stamens and pistils is different in some of the species; in some they are as described above, in the same floret ; in others in different florets on the same or on different plants. (Schreb.) SCIR'PUS, Pl. II. f..4. Tourn. 300. Geertn. 2. Car. Spike tiled on every side, the florets separated by — Scales, which are egg-shaped, flat, but bent inwards. _ Bross. none. Stam. Filaments 3, which continue growing longer. Anthers oblong. * Pisr. Germen very small, Style thread-shaped,. long. Summits 3, hair-like. S. VEss. none. . pat SzEp single, 3-cornered, taper pointed, sometimes fur- nished with soft hairs, which are shorter than the calyx. 7 Oss. Soft hairs in some species grow to the point, in others to the base of the seed. Linw.—lIn Scirpus palustris, there are only 2 summits. (Leers.) In this genus all the scales con- _ tain fertile florets, whilst in the Schenus the lower scales are always barren, CYPE’RUS. Pl. II. fig. 3. Tourn. 299. Gerin. 2. Cau. Spike 2-rowed, tiled. Scales egg-shaped, keeled, flat, but bent inwards, separating the florets. Boss. none. ; . Sram. Filaments 3, very short. Anthers oblong, fur- rowed, ; Pisr. Germen very small. Style thread-shaped, very _ long. Summits 3, hair-like. a S. Vess. none. pcaele. r Szep single, 3-cornered, tapering to a point, without hairs, ~ SCHGENUS. Pl. IL. f. 2. Car. Husks chaffy, of 1 valve, crowded together. Buoss. none. ag Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers oblong, upright. Pistt. Germen ege-s , somewhat 3-cornered, blunt. Style bristle- , as long as the husks, Summit slender, with 2 or 3 clefts. | S. Vess. none. SEED single, roundish, within the husks. 140 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, | -Ozs. In some species the seeds, are,surrounded by small bristles growing to the proper receptacle. Lrnn.—Outer husks hard, stiff,/short, empty. . Upper or inner husks soft, longer; fertile. Sv. Lower husks barren, upper ones fertile; but in the genus Scirpus, they are all fertile, and this seems the best distinction of the two genera. (Scop.) : CA‘REX. PI. II. fig. 29. Tourn. 300. Cyperoides. Gerrtn.2.. ~ =». Male flowers forming a spike... i5- -\n.3 Car. Catkin oblong, tiled, consisting of Scales, each.n- cluding a single floret, spear-shaped,. acute, : concave, permanent, | by pet Boss, none. Heats at}? “Sax Sram. Filaments 3, bristle-shaped, upright, longer than ’ aa scale. Anthers upright, long, strap- shaped. - ices a Female flowers the same, but sometimes on distinct plants. * eken Cau. Catkin as above. Ct a ae ee uate Fer none. ee ectary inflated, oblo: -shaped, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end, Sate a s the. upper part, mouth open, permanent. aid Se Pist. Germen 3-cornered, within the nectary. Style simple. Summits 3 or 2, awl-shaped, bent inwards, long, sig SS apoint,downy, A S. Vess. none. The nectary enlarging contains the seed. SEED single, egg-shaped, but pointed, 3-cornered, one of the angles generally smaller. ak _ Oss. In some species the male and female florets ate in separate spikes, though on the same plant. Lrnw. 4. \ Female flowers. Caz. as above. Common Receptacle roundish. LOSs. none. a Pisr. Germen egg-shaped, ending in a short awl-shaped Style. Summits 1 or 2, acute, channelled, permanent. S. Vess. Drupa juiceless, turban-shaped, but terminated by a point, angular beneath. tig BED a Nut, hard as bone, oblong, egg-shaped, angular. _ Oss, The seed in some with 1 cell, in others with 2. Tourn. quoted by Linnzeus. seb bas bec: sli: DIGYNEA: -PHAL/ARIS. Pll. £10. Gertn 80. — CAL. double, containing 1 flower. st vss, - Outer gaat 2 yalvks: compressed. Valves boat- t.« Shaped, compressed, keeled, acute, nearly equal; edges * » Straight, parallel, approaching. wy “340 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Inner, 2 valves. Valves spear-shaped, acute, small, pubescent, resting against the back of the blossom at the base. BHO Bross. 2 valves, smaller than the calyx. Valves oblong, concave, sharp; the innermost the smallest. phtes Nectary achaved ; leafits spear-shaped, i toa point, transparent, greenish, bulging at the base. 9 ‘Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers oblong, forked. | Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 2, hair-like, united at _ the base. Summits woolly. ae S. Vess. none. The blossom grows to the seed like a crust, and does not open. gan SEED single, egg-oblong, tapering to a point, smooth. ~~ Oss. In our Phalaris arenaria (the Phleum arenarium of _ Linneus) the calyx is single, but not being lopped, or furnished with 2 spit-points, accords less with the genus Phleum than with that of Phalaris. | PA’NICUM. PI. Il. f. 7. Gaertn. 1. on Cat. Husk 2 valves, containing 2 florets. Valves 7 yi fibrous, the outer rather lower, very small. me floret hermaphrodite, the other either male or ~ “neutral. . 4 Bross. of the hermaphrodite floret, a Husk of 2 valves; valves nearly egg-shaped, istly; Outer convex, its — Fhe embracing the /nne ia which is smaller and atter. if | Neutral or Male floret, a Husk of 2 valves, the Outer (placed in the bosom of the smaller yalye of the calyx) fiattish, fibrous; Inner valve mempbranaceous, flat, its = turned a generally small. 468 . ectary Q-leayed, v all, bulging. In. neutral oes none, ee Steed = denaint See Anthers oblong. ee Tt. Germen roundish. Style ir-like. Summits — "Racor ‘yles 2, hair-like wer S. Vess. none; the blossom adheres to the seed, and does _ Not open, eed SEED single, covered, Toundish, but flatted on one side. : Ons. Overlooking the inner valve of the neutral floret, the outer seeins to belong to the calyx, so that most Botanists have mentioned the calyx as having 3 valves, one of them very small.—-Valoes generally 4. The 1st or outermost; the 2nd opposite to the outermost, and covering the outer valve of the -TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 143 blossom; the’ 3rd ‘opposite and similar to the 2d; the 4th between the 3d and the inner valve of the blossom, flat, mem- _ branaceous, -and. generally smaller:than the Ist-—Mr. Curtis has seen and figured it in the P. Crusgalli, f. 5. 6.; but calls it a membrane between the calyx and bloss. It exists in the P. glaucum, viride, miliaceum, capillare, patens, and even in the sanguinale, where, still observing its proportion to the outer , valve, it is with difficulty discovered. In the patens, with the assistance of the 3rd valve, it performs the office of a blossom, inclosing 3 naked stamens. _In-the P. Dactylen there are only a... BT. . Z -PHLE’UM: Pl. II. f..9. Gertn. 1. _ Car. Husk 2 valves, including a single floret ; oblong, _ Strap-shaped, compressed ; open at the end, and fur- __nished with 2 dagger points. Valves equal, straight, - concave, compressed; one embracing the other; __ lopped ; with a sharp point at the end of the keel. Buoss. 2 valves, shorter than the calyx; Outer Valve embracing the Inner Valve, which is smaller. » . Nectary 2 leaves’; leafits egg-shaped, concave, acute _ (Schreb.) Stam. Filaments 3; hair-like; longer than the calyx. _ Anthers oblong, forked at each end. Pisr. Germen roundish. Styles 23 hair-like ;, reflected. Summits feathered. S. Vss. none. The calyx and the bloss. inclose the > cgeed, paar . ia A SEED single; roundish. . _ po dag Ons. In Phleum arenarivm the florets-are egg-spear-shaped and the calyx not lopped, on which account it is now referred to the genus Phalaris. iets ~~ ALOPECU’RUS. PI. II. £8. Gert. 1. Cane’ Husk oe! valves, containing 1 floret. Valves egg- Spear-shaped, conipressed, equal, united at the base. Bross) pihalees Seglipedre ah : , concave, rather shorter _ than the calyx, its edges united at the base. dun _ twice °as"long ‘asthe blossom, jointed, fixed on the _ 6 back of the bloss, towards its base. 9 cee PORN elire One) wtte ods dyudsll ae ogee Stamey: “pat bs 3, hair-like, flattish at the bottom, onger' than the calyx. Anthers forked at each end. ad TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Pist. Germen roundish. Styles 2, hair-like, united at the base, longer than the calyx. . Summits woolly, S. Vess. none; the blossom inclosing the seed. SEED egg-shaped, covered. Ons. In Alop. agrestis the calyx is of one piece, divided rather more than half way down, Alop. monspeliensis and paniceus have 2-valyed blossoms. . MI’LIUM. PI. Il. f.11. Tourn. 298. Ca. Husk 2 valves inclosing a single floret. Valves egg- shaped, tapering to a point, nearly equal. Bross. 2 valves, smaller than the calyx, Valves egg- — 3 1 smaller. 5 _ Nectary 2 egg-shaped blunt leafits, bulaing at the base. (Schreb.}” : He: soaps Filaments 3, hair-like, very short. Anthers oblong. 3s : ; Pisr. Germen roundish, Styles 2; hair-like. Summits pencil-shaped. . S. Vess.. The blossom incloses the seed, which is very © smooth, ; SEED single, covered, roundish. ddiyelos —— in the M. efusum nearly as long as the. AGRO‘STIS. Pl. Il. f. 19. Car. Husk 2 valves, inclosing 1 floret, tapering to a . point, —— smaller than the blossom. Loss. 2 valves tapering to a point, one Valve | bulging at the base, “Gechreb, pie ae oe acute leafits, 6 AM. Fi $ three ; hair-like; the bloss. Anthers forked. : Pea ay : pipes Pisr. Germen roundish. Styles ¢; reflected, woolly. _ Summits set lengthwise with stiff co ee oe S..VEss, The blossom adheres to the seed without open- Fans eg ; : ee. SEED single ; cylindrical, but tapering towards each end. _Ons. Scopoli says the Agr. capillaris has only 1 petal: but migutt B35 2 though the smaller one from its minuteness SUY be overlooked, I Species th "1S, ee longer than the blossom, “ * our Spe ieee ome ~ TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 146 HOL/CUS, Pl. IL. f. 30. Flermaphrodite florets, sitting. . Car. Husk of 2 valves, nearly e e-shaped, blunt, leather- like, awnless, containing 1 floret. Valves, outer one large, concave, with about 3 teeth at the point, embrac- ing the inner valve, which is oblong, the edges rolled ‘in. Boss. Husk 2 valves, delicate, woolly, smaller than the calyx. Outer valve smaller, placed within the inner valve of the calyx, mostly cloven, awned. _Awn growing out of the cleft, longer or shorter, jointed, twisted ; sometimes absent. Nectary of 3 leafits, 2 of them gristly lopped ; the ~ third opposite, egg or spear-shaped, woolly. Stam... Filaments 3, hair-like, very delicate. Anthers oblong, cloven. feue Pista, Germen egg-shaped. Styles 2, hair-like, diverging. = bea Summits testes 5 i down: * ; igs % S. Vess. none. The husks of the blossom and of the calyx inclose the seed. Szep solitary, egg-shaped, covered, easily shedding, armed with the awn of the blossom. Male florets smaller, on foot-stalks, solitary or in _. pairs, standing by each hermaphrodite floret. Cat. Husk 2 valves. Valves egg-spear-shaped, rather acute, chaff-like, awnless. Outer valve concave, em- bracing the immer, which is narrower. Buoss. Hush 2. valves, smaller, delicate. Outer valve within the inner valve of the calyx, shorter, with 2 - teeth, awnless. Inner valve with its edges turned in. _ Nectary as above. . fit Stam. Filaments 3, as above. Pisr. Germen small, angular, barren. Styles 2, like _ bristles... Swmmits none. ) _ Obs. In the Holeus lanatus, the blossom of the male flower ‘only is awned, and in the H. mollis, both flotets are herma- Phrodite, the upper one only awned. ATTRA. PIII. fig. 15..Gertn. 1. Car. Husk 2 valves, containing 2 florets. Valves egg- ‘p. SPear-shaped, equal, acute. . 5 At a BLOSS Guapdses-remmaiitne tore of the calyx. No rudi- Ment.of a flower betwixt the florets. Sg oe ees Is 146 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Nectary 2 \eafits, acute, bulging at the base. (Schreb.) Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, as long as the blossom. Anthers oblong, forked at each end. __ Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 2, like bristles, ex- panding. Swmmits pubescent. . S. Vess. none. ‘The blossom incloses and adheres to the Seep nearly egg-shaped, covered. Ops. Florets from 2 to 3 in-each calyx. (Reich.) The species with awns have the structure of Avena, those without, that of Poa, so that this may be considered as an artificial genus. St. ; ME/LICA. PIII. fig. 16. Gaertn. 80, Car. Husk 2 valves, containing 2 florets. Valves egg- shaped, concaye, nearly equal. Bross. 2 valves. Valves egg-shaped, awnless, one con- cave, the other flat and smaller. Betwixt the 2 florets eit - a small turban-shaped substance standing on 8 pedicle. , fs -Nectary 1 leaf, fleshy, horizontal, surrounding the ‘Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, as long as the blossom, thicker, and united at the base. Anthers oblong, forked ateach end, Aa Pisr. Germen rom egg-turban-shaped. Styles 2, like bristles, expanding, naked at the base. uit oblong, woolly. . es 'S.Vess. none, the blossom incloses the seed until it ripens. SEED single, egg-shaped, furrowed on one side. Os. The rudiment of a third floret standing upon a little fruit-stalk betwixt the other two florets, gives the essential cha- racter of this genus. It consists of two rudiments, ‘or florets, lopped, alternate. The husks rolled spirally inwards, and pel- lucid. Linn.—=To this may be.added, the union of the stamens ‘at the base, and the nectary of 1 leaf, (Schreb.) When there is only one floret in each calyx, the rudiment is.placed be- tween the inner valve of the calyx and the blossom. Bie Jacq. ic. i, Cynosurus,._ Rs re Cau. Involucrum. 2 leaves at’ the bottom of the'spik espike or | bunch, Hush 9 valves, ‘containing 1, 2, or 3 florets. — : Valves egg-shaped, taper ‘pointed, nearly equal. ‘SESLE/RIA. * (Scop: Auuuin, Apansox Hau) TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 147 Bioss. Valves 2, oblong, compressed, about the length * of the calyx; the outer concave, embracing the inner, toothed at the end, the keel running out into a short . awn; miner flat with the edges folded in, cloven at the end, : : Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, longer than the blossom. : Anthers oblong. : Pist. of the length of the filaments. Germen inversely egg-shaped, hairy. Styles 2, bristle-shaped, upright. Summits pubescent. . : S. Vess. The blossom inclosing the seed. SEED single, hairy. Ons. The above descriptions were made from a collective view of the Sesleria spharocephala. Arduin. spec. ii. t.17. Hall. ap. Scheuch. app. ii. n. 30. and the Sesl. caerulea. St. POA. PILTE, fig. 18.00 Cat. Husk 2 valves, awnless ; containing several florets pointing from 2 opposite lines, and collected into an bitte cag- depots spike, Valves egg-shaped, tapering _ to a point. . Buoss. Paltes Valves egg-shaped, rather acute, con- _ cave, compressed, somewhat longer than the calyx, skinny at the ee sos sink Claes, aaa Nectary 21 Ves 5 ts acute or “atthe base. (Schreb.) ’ Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers forked at each Pist. Germen roundish. Style 2, bent back, woolly. Summits like the styles. : sats , 8..Vess. The blossom adheres to the seed without open- SEED single, oblong, compressed, tapering at each end, covered by the blossom. _ Oss. Different species vary much in the number of florets m each calyx, viz. from 2 to 10, or more, and even in the same species the number is not very constant. _ BRYZA. Pl. IL. fig. 17. Gaertn, 1. | Cr Fas valves, expandi , containing several florets _* pointing from stwe Gosiie tes, callectel into a heart- — spiket. Values blunt, heart-shaped, concaye, L@ : 148 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Bross. 2 valves. Lower Valve the size and figure of the calyx. Superior Valve small, flat, roundish, closing the hollow of the other. Nectary 2 strap-shaped leafits, a little scolléped, _ (Schreb.) Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers oblong. Pist. Germen roundish. Styles 2, hair-like, bent back. Summits feather-like. | _S. Vgss. none. The blossom unchanged, contains the seed until it is ripe. SEED single, very small, roundish, compressed, ‘= DACTYLIS, Pi, Ti. £13. Cat. Husk 2 valves, containing many florets collected © into an egg-oblong spiket. Valves concave, keeled, convex, broader, and half egg-shaped on one side, narrower on the other ; inner valve larger. Boss. 2 valves, Lower valve large, concave, acute, pointed or awned; inner valve spear-shaped, acute, eet scarcely shorter than the other, ectaries 2, spear-shaped, tapering t int, bulg- | ‘ ing at the base. ok ET Se ct Sram. Filaments 3, hair-like, longer than the blossom. : Anthers oblong, forked at each end. | és ist. Germen egg-shaped. Style nding. Sum- mits feather-li is Meat ees eves ‘S. Vess. none. The blossom closes upon the seed until it is ripe. SEED single, oblong, furrowed on one side. Ors. In some species there is only 1 floret in each calyx; ww others 3, 4, or-more, er he -CYNOSU’RUS. Pl. IT. fu; Grin 1. Ca. “Common Receptacle unilateral, often leafy. bwolt- vonieniay ate of 1 leaf, lateral, Husk 2 valves véaning several florets, Valves strap-shaped, equaly ; gl fee a point, — ee LOSS. 2 : oss Ec pelt 43 od Teg. aves 5 Outer concave, longer ; inner flat, gee’ Nedlaty waa cages tae dee § eth Ie base, (Schneb Shaped, acute leafits, bulging at the Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, “Anthers oblong. ae TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 149 Past. Germen'turban-shaped. Styles 2; woolly, reflected. _ Summits simple. a} oe S. Vass. none. The blossom closely wrapping round the seed, and not opening. | | SEED single, oblong, tapering at each end. _ Oss, Involucrum in most species with winged clefts, or like acomb. Linn.—The number of florets is variable. (Reich.) ” PESTU’GA. Pl. II. f.19. Cat. Husk 2 valves, upright, containing several florets collected into a slender spiket. Valves awl-shaped, tapering. Inferior Valve the smallest. ° - Boss. 2 valves. Lower and larger valve the figure of the calyx, but larger, roundish, tapering, ending in an ee point. - a 6 . Cae Se ee ectary 2 leaves, leafits -S -shaped, acute bulging aa thie buises sometimes 0 ‘leaf-whichts D anos concave, horizontal, notched at the end. (Schreb.) Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom. Anthers oblong. | ad Pist. Germen turban-shaped. Styles 2, short; reflected. Summits simple. Sop ne _ S. Vess. none, the blossom closely invelopes the seed, and does not open again. clog eeedks ee ee oo Szrp single, slender, oblong, very acute at each end, marked with a longitudinal furrow. bP ag it Ons. In Festuca the outer valve of the blossom gradually _ arrows into an awn, in Bromus and Triticum, the awn is in- serted as it were, below the point of the valve, or the edge of the valve swells out into a thin membrane on each side of the base of the awn. — In Festuca, the awn is an extension of the Whole valve, in Bromus and Triticum, ouly of the keel or ‘mid- Tib, as in Avena, Sv. x -BRO’/MUS,. PI. II. f..20. os ‘ Cat, Husk 2 valves, expanding, containing several florets collected into a spikes. alves oblong-ege-shaped, _taper, awnless ; the Inferior Valve smaller. BLoss. 2 valves. The Inferior Valve large, the size and figure of the calyx; concave, blunt, cloven, sending Out a straight dwn from beneath the end. The Supe- rior Valve spear-shaped, small, awn-less. 150 -TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA: _ Nectary 2-leaved ; leafits egg-shaped, acute, bulg- ing at the base. (Schreb.) Sram. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom, Anthers oblong. : Pist. Germen turban-shaped, ending in 2 leafits, egg- shaped, delicate, greenish and transparent, notched at the end, upright. Styles 2, short, reflected, woolly. Summits simple. 2 S. Vess. The blossom shuts close upon, and adheres to the seed. ; SEED single, oblong, covered, convex on one side, furrowed on the other. STY’PA. PL II. f. 14, | Car. Husk 2 valves, tapering to a point, flexible, inclos- _ Ang 1 floret. Buoss. 2 valves. Outer Valve, its point terminated by a very long, straight, twisted awn, jointed at the base. — Inner Valve strap-shaped, without an awn, as long a8 the ous oie Eee ates , Nectary 2-leaved ; leafits strap-spear-shaped, mem- branaceous, bulging at ag peetcgtgs nice Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. . Anthers stra shaped, - Pist. Germen oblong. Styles.2, hairy, Bolo ge the base. __ Summits downy. ) a _ §&.Vexss. The husk adhering. SEED single, oblong, covered, ' AVE/NA. PIII. f..21. Tourn, 297. Cat. Husk 2 valves, most. fr uently containing several florets loosely collected, Valves large, loose, speat- shaped, bellying, acute, awnless, eo Buoss. 2 valves. Inferior Valve the size of the calyx, but — harder, somewhat cylindrical, bellying, ae ae : @ point at each end, sending out from its back an Awm, avrally prist ons heat tone as if jointed. Se r iry 2-leaved ; bulgin a bi base,” (Schre a sss ts ‘appar echaped " ng ee ashen if hair-like. Anthers oblong, forkel# - ist. Germen blunt, Siyi : iry. Suttle mits simple, sii ages re: TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA: 151 _ §. Vess. The Blossom shuts close upon, and adheres to the seed without opening again, 68: SEED single, slender, oblong, tapering to a point at each end, marked with a furrow lengthwise, , Oss. The 4wn proceeding from the back of the blossom and bene Evasten and jointed, constitutes the essential cha- _ Facter of this genus. Linn. : ‘ithe ‘LAGU‘RUS, Pl. II. f. 32. Garin, i Car. Husk 1-flowered, 2-valved. Valves long, strap- shaped, open, very slender, each ending in a downy Hid = awn. Bross.. 2-valved, stronger than the calyx. Outer valve ' longer, ending in 2 small straight awns. Inner valve Song ApeTinS te a point. dwn from the middle of the _ back of the outer valve of the blossom, twisted and bent. Nectary 2-leaved, leqjits speat-shaped, blunt, bulg- si Oe ibe a a Ete SM Pry Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, Anthers oblong. Pist. Germen sd ngcoaig i) _ Styles 2, Sees woolly. Summits simple. ; S: Vess.’ none; The blossom adheres to the seed. SEED single, oblong, covered, awned. i t ~ARUN’DO. Ph. II. fig. 29. _ Car. Husk 2 upright valves, containing 1 or more florets. Valves oblong, tapering to a, point, awnless, One Valve ‘ shorter. | agape cary Bioss. 2 valves. Valves as long as the calyx, oblong, _ tapering toa point, with soft down rising from the base, and nearly as long as. the blossom. _ Nectary 2-leaved, very minute. (Schreb.) Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers forked at each _ end. . Pist. Germen oblong. Styles 2, hair-like, reflected, woolly. Sxmmits simples ieee Ss. Vess, The blossom adheres to the seed without open- : ing. Z SEED single, oblong, tapering to a point at each end, fur- “ished with long down at the base, . 152. TRIANDRIA.. DIGYNIA. LO’LIUM. Pl. Il. £97... : Cat. Common Receptacle \engthened into a spike, The florets pointing from 2 opposite lines, and each pressed close to a bend in the straw. #8 Husk \ valve, awl-shaped, permanent ; standing op- posite to a bend in the receptacle. © es Bross. 2 valves. Inferior Valve narrow, spear-shaped, rolled inwards, tapering to a point, as long as. the-calyx. — Superior Value shorter, more blunt, strap-shaped, con= _ cave on the upper part. Nectary 2-leaved, leafits egg-shaped, blunt bulging _ at the base. (Schreb.) ee ae Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom. _ Anthers oblong, pyres Je a s Pist. Germen turban-shaped, Styles 2, hair-like, re- _ flected. Summits downy. ae ese oe S.'Vess. none. The blossom encloses the Seed until it is bbe Sa Tee er ES ce ta i S#ED single, oblong, compressed, convex on one sidé, flat — and furrowed onthe other, =. hie ey te: _Oss. The angles in the spike-stalk lying inthe same plane with the spikets of florets, supply the defect of inner yalves to the calyx. Lin. But sometimes the calyx lias a minute | inner valve, as in the Lolium temulentum, bt -ROTTROULIA. Pl. II. f.3. (laxn. fil.) 4) > Common Recepracie a long jointed ike-stalk, in a — cylindrical spike; the joints alternately hollowed, ‘and set with florets of 2 kinds ; one with a calyx of 1 valve, hermaphrodite, sitting on the thickened projection of the receptacle; the other 2-valved; one on each side of the former, but rather lower, ‘and alternating with it. _are something smaller, and are cither herma- — Phrodites or females, though in some species they are only of one of these 2 kine. - nite Seton Hermaphrodites, of 1 valve. — ve Re ee Husk 1 valve, including 1 floret. Valve gristly, — ee Ne » lopped at the base, often notched at the be scored, gee Se hollow in the spike-stalk jot a cover; the ho! jing uurpos ane other valve, ” SEVIS ME PULP One OE Os | Cat. TRIANDRIA. ' DIGYNIA. 153 Bross. Husk 2 valves, parallel to that of the calyx, and shorter. Valves spear-shaped, acute, concave, mem- branaceous, transparent and greenish... Outer. valve longer, its edges turned inwards, . : Nectary 1-leaved, spear-shaped, blunt, membrana- ceous, transparent and greenish, longer than the germen, Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. Anthers oblong, cloven at each end, 5 Sc ' Pist. Germen oblong. Styles 2, thread-shaped. Summits oblong, downy, expanding, protruding, __- S. Vess. none. The valve of the calyx confines the seed . in the hollow of the spike-stalk, until the latter sepa- rates at the joints. Szzp single, oblong, é preg ist ite florets with 2 pase pautiiall ‘AL. us. 2 valves. “Seb Fk jt ung 1 Horet, pia trans~ . versely, Valves gristly, oblong, sharp-pointed, scored ; outer valye somewhat shorter ; with a short awn. oss. Husk 2-valved, placed transversely, Valves spear- __ shaped, membranaceous, shorter than the calyx; outer .) concave, longer ; inner edges rolled inwards. __ Nectary as above, or else of 2 spear-shaped leafits, _ tapering to a point. ‘AM. as above, Pisr.. Germen oblong, (or egg-shaped.) Styles 2, hair- like. Summits as above. S, Vess. none. The calyx and blossom protect the seed, which is fixed to the spike-stalk, until it separate at ‘the joints, Sree: : SEED single, egg-shaped, or oblong, , : Ons. The R. incurvata has all the florets with 2 husks, and the nectary of 2 leafits. Scures. E’LYMUS. Pl. II. f:26. Caz. Common Receptacle lengthened into a spike, __ Husk 4 leaves, pointing from two opposite lines, 2 of = leaves, which are awl-shaped, belonging to each ittle spike. te ee ‘ Buoss. 9 valves, Outer valve large, tapering to a point, furnished with an awn. Inner valve flat. : ieee 2-leaved, leafits oblong, acute, fringed. re 2 x ‘ Stam. Filaments 33 hair-like, very short. Anthers ob- long, cloven at the base, 154 TRIANDRIA..° DIGYNIA. Pisr. Germen turban-shaped: Styles 2, straddling, hairy, - bent inwards.. Summits simple. iste S. Vess. none. The blossom incloses the seed. SEED single, strap-shaped, convex on one side, covered. Ozs. The calyx may be considered as a 2-leaved husk, and 2 of these husks growing together, — -HOR’DEUM. Pl. I. f..952 Tourm.995. Common Receptacle \engthened into a spike. ce Car. Husk 6 leaves, containing 3 florets. “Flovets sitting. ~ Leaves strap-shaped, tapering to a point, distant, in pairs. Sah is i Bross. 2 valves... Lower. Valve longer than’ the calyx, bellying, angular, See shaped , but ‘pointed, ending in a a awns ack bt spear-shaped, flat, smaller. ectary 2-leaved'; leafits exe-shaped, acute fringed. (Schreb.) “The near ee genet: (Sr.) = BS Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom. — Anthers oblong 222208 Nok a RCS CN. IRE Pisr. Germen egg-turban-shaped. Styles 9, woolly. ~~ reflected. Seige iheaie © i! me i S. Vess. none. The blossom grows round the seed with- F out mine S mG J EED single, oblong, ‘bellying, angular, tapering at each end, furrowed on one side. e é a) GQ _ Oss. In some species all the 3 florets that grow together are fertile,and have both stamens and pistils ; but in others, the middle floret alone is fertile, and furnished with stamens and pistils ; the dateral florets having only stamens. LINN. _ TRITICUM. Pl, II. f. 24, Tourn. 292, 293. Geerin6l- Buoss. 2 valves, nearly equal, the size of the cal x. Outer Valve baying blunt, ut pointed. Inner Valve flat Poe a rSattere 2-leaved 5 leafits acute, bulging at the base — chreb. . Dist c Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like. forked - a cach IA r Anthers oblenys Bye Pist. Germen turban-shaped. Sty] hair-like, te flected. Szmmits oeraaget its Cera “i : : TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 5 S. Vess. none. The blossom contains the seed until it is SEED, single, egg-oblong, blunt at each end, convex on one side, furrowed on the other, Oss. The outer valve of the blossom in some species is fur- nished with an awn; in others not. The middle floret is fre~ quently male. Linn.—The disposition of the spikets constitutes the only difference between this genus and Bromus. Score. TRIGYNIA. AMARAN’THUS. Tourn, 118, H.1.K. L. Malgflowers on the same plant with the female ones. Cup, leaves 5 or 3, upright, coloured, permanent, pie acute. Bross. none ; unless the calyx be conbidened as such. Stam. Filaments 5 or 3, han ike; 4 by aN oo but standing raliae ne te ae Sitar at the eo: ors Chlomg, torn- t DoF enale flowers in the same bunch with the others. Cat. Cup the same as the other. Bross. none. Pist. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 3, short, awl-shaped. Summits “A permanent. S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, as is also the cup; of the size of the cup which contains it, and coloured like that, 3-beaked, cut round, gepled. Szep single, globular, compressed, large. Ons. There is only one species native — i and that has but 3 stamens in a flower. MON’TIA. Mich. 13. : Car. Cup 2 leaves ; leafits egg-shaped, concave, , blunt, | upright, permanent. Boss. 1 petal, with 5 divisions; the 3 alternate segments smaller, and suppo the stamens. Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, as long as the blossom, into _ which they are inserted. Anthers small. Pisr. Germen turban-shaped. Styles 3, woolly, expand- ing. Summits simple. S. Vess. Capsule a eS blunt, covered, of 1 cell and 3 valves. SEEDs 3, roundish. - Oxs. The cup has frequently 3 leaves, and then dere are often 5 stamens, Lin v. 156 TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA, TILL#’A.. Rose 2. 2. Gertn. 112. Wg Cat. Cup with 3 divisions, flat. Segments egg-shaped, large. (Segments pointed, concave, approaching. Rose.): Buoss. Petals 3, egg-shaped, pointed, flat, mostly smaller than the cup. (Petals concave, Roser.) De Sram. Filaments 3, simple, shorter than the blossom. Anthers small. ; = rhea Seon Pist. Germens 3. Styles simple. Summits blunt: S. Vess. Capsules 3, oblong, tapering, reflected, as long: as the blossom, opening lengthwise upwards, SEEDS 2, egg-shaped. Ons. The T. muscosa being the only species yet found with us, and its structure leading’ us to this class, it is@laced here; but the three foreign species having 4 stamens, 4 pistils, and 4 capsules, the genus is properly arranged by Linnzus, in the , class Tetrandria, order Tetragynia.. The fig. of Gzertner. re- ferred to above, and also by Schreber, is the T. muscosa in its cultivated state, when it bears flowers with 5 stamens, 5 pistils, and 5 capsules, . HOLO’STEUM. E. lot. 97. Car. Cup 5 leaves. Leafits -shaped, permanent. < Buoss. Petals 5, dee ly divided, blunt, equal. Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, shorter than the blossom. Anthers roundish. 3 : Pist. Germen roundish, Styles 3, hair-like. Summits bluntish; ; S. Vess. Capsule 1 cell, rather cylindrical, opening at the 2206p : | SEEDs several, roundish, Oss. H. umbellatum has petals with 2 or 3 tecth ; stamens 3 _ or 5; styles 3 or 4; capsule with 6 valves at its apex, (Schreb.) POLYCAR’PON, Car. Cup 5 leaves. Leafits egg-shaped, concave, keeled, ending in a sharp point, permanent. 1 gia Bross. Petals 5, very short, egg-shaped, notched at the end, alternate, permanent, ice Stam. Filaments 3, thread-shaped, half the length of the calyx. Anthers roundish, es 3 Pist. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 3, very short. Sum- | oy mits blunt. S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, of 1 cell and 3 valves. SEEDS many, cg: -shaped, TRIANDRIA. ENNEAGYNIA, 157 ENNEAGYNILA4. EM’PETRUM. Tourn. 421, _ Male flowers. Cat. Cup with 3 divisions. Segments egg-shaped, per- manent. _ Buoss. Petals 3, oblong-egg-shaped, narrowest at the base, larger than the cup, shrivelling. Stam. Filaments 3, hair-like, very long, hanging down. Anthers upright, short, cloven.. - Male flowers. Car. Cup as above. Bross. Petals as above. Pisr. Germen depressed. Style hardly any. Summits 95 bent back, but ney 2 8. Vuss. Berry round and flat, depressed, larger than the cup, with 1 cell, Skeps 9, placed in a jointed circle, bulging on one side, angular on the other. Ons. Sometimes, though very rarely, flowers have been found containing both stamens and pistils, ahs _/Bec CLASS: FV: TETRANDRIA. "Tue stamens. in this: class are 4, and all of the same length ; whereas in the class Didynamia, which is ‘like- wise composed of flowers of 4 stamens, thes stamens are unequal in length, 2 of them being long, and @ short. ) *; ye TETRANDRIA (4 Stamens.) . Monoeynia (i Pistil.) Dipsacus. Centunculus. Beabigsg OS im ye ‘Sanguisorba. _ Eviocaulon. _ Epimedium. Sherardia, * Cornus. _ Asperula. Parietaria, Galium Urtica. Rubia. Viscum, Litiorella. Hippophae. Plantago, : Alchemilla, Dicynta (2 Pistils.) Buffonia. Myrica, merle, => <= Cuscuta. Tricyn1a (3 Pistils.) Bus : . TETRAGYNIA (4 Pistils.) Tex, ee Ruppia. 2 Potamogeton, Saran : Z TETRANDRIA. .MONOGYNIA. 159 TETRANDRIA - MONOGYN1A. DIPSA’CUS. Tourn. 265. Gertn. 86. Car. Common Cup of many leaves containing many florets. Legfits longer than the florets, flexible, permanent. Proper Cup superior, scarcel perceptible. . Buoss. general, regular. Individuals of 1 petal, tubular. —— Borderwith 4 clefts, upright; the outer Segment larger and more acute, ~ Stam. Filaments 4, hair-like, longer than the blossom. Anthers fixed sidewise. ‘ 3 Pisr. Germen beneath. tyle thread-shaped, as long as the blossom. Summitsimple. = = = S. Vess. none. oe OE nes Szxp solitary, resembling a square pillar, crowned with the entire margin of the proper eup. Receptacle com- ~ mon, conical. Fiorets separated by long chaff. SCABIO’SA. Tourn, 263. 264. Gertn. 86. Ca. Common Cup of many leaves, expanding, containing. . _ many florets. The Leafits sit upon, and surround the receptacle in several rows, the inner ones of which become gradually smaller. he teres Re: Proper Cup double, superior. ogiis sav Outer Cup shorter, membranaceous, plaited, per- “manent. : 3 _, tuner Cup with 5 divisions. Segments awl-shaped, but very slender. se eg ; Bross, general, regular, but mostly composed of irregular orets. : eae : _. Andividuals of 1 petal, tubular, with 4 or 5. clefts, Stam: Filaments 4, between awl and hair-shaped, limber. p.__ Gnthers oblong, fixed sidewise. erst Pisr.. Germen beneath, rolled in'a” proper ‘sheath, like a - little cup. Style thead-shaped, as long as'the blossom. _ Stmmit blunt, obliquely notched at the end. 160 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. S. VEss. none. : SEED solitary, egg-oblong, rolled in a cover, variously crowned by the proper cups. Receptacle common, Convex, chaffy or naked. Oss. Outer blossoms generally larger and more irregular, Seeds crowned differently in different species. The florets hay- ing 4 or Sclefts, afford a primary specific distinction. Linn. U ERIOCAU’LON. Phil. Trans. vol. 59. p. 246. t. 12. Male and Female florets in a termining. hemis- t herical head; the former in the centre, the: latter lhencamd rows in the circumference. — Ca. common, scales numerous, roundish, concave mem- -~ branaceous, black, fringed towards the top. Male florets, central, numerous. =. Cup (proper) 2-leaved ; leafits wedge-shaped, con- cave, Engr fe ~) er Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped, mouth 2-lipped, fringed. — Stam. Filaments 4, thread-shaped, as long as the blossom. _Anthers roundish. __ eel eee = in es circumference. _ at } sup (proper) 2-leaved; leafits egg-shaped, con- cave, black, fringed at the By eeee at the base into a narrow claw. : . Bross. 2-petaled; petals oblong, concave, tapering at the rere into narrow claws, fringed at the top and on the ac > : wi Prst. Germen roundish, but flatted. Style short. Sum- mits 2, thread-shaped, lone. — Som S. Vess. Ca sule roundish, but compressed, 2-celled. SEEDs smooth, 1 in each cell. : Oss. This generic character is taken from the very excel- lent description of the Eriocaulon, given by Dr. Hope in the 59th vol. of the Philos. Trans. and though it may not apply t the whole genus, yet as the foreign species have not hitherto been sufficiently examined, whatever may be its place in the system hereafter, it was judged proper at present, to insert It where an English botanist would expect to find it, Mr. Hudson has since called it Nasmyruta, and given @ generic description — ccue Flees phates: sekedppsin ‘tive: fonlOning un in the circumference very numerous. Germen ior, double, ts shorter than the blossom. Female florets . TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 161 SHERARDIA. Gertn, 24. Cat. Cup small ; with 4 teeth, superior, permanent. Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tube cylindrical, long. é Border with 4 divisions. Segments flat, acute. ~ Stam. Filaments 4, situated at the top of the tube. -da- thers simple. | neeee veel Pist. Germen beneath, double, oblong. Style thread- shaped, cloven at the top. Summits little knobs. __ S. Vess. none, Fruit oblong, crowned, separable length- _ wise into 2 seeds. Ea SzEDs 2; oblong convex on one side; flat on the other ; with 3 sharp points at the top. ae | : Oss. The Sherardia arvensis has generally 5 or 6 teeth on acu. EOS GOD ; ASPE’RULA. Curt.249, : Cat. small, 4 toothed, superior. © = Border with 4 diyisions,: segments’ oblong, blunt, reflected. eae : . : Stam. Filaments 4; situated at the top of the tube, Anthers simple. * Pisr, Germen beneath,!double, roundish. Style thread- _ shaped, cloven at the top. Swmmits knobbed.» — S. Vess, 2 dry globular lerries adhering together. SkEps solitary, roundish, large. a aa , Ozs. The distinction between AspenuLA and Ga.ivum, taken from the length of the tube of the blossom, is sufficiently - Obvious in their respective extremes, but in some of the former, It becomes so shott, that the 2 genera seem to run into one. (Wigg.) , GA'LIUM. Tourn. 39. Gertn. 24, Car, very small, with 4 teeth, superior. Bross. Thoed, wheel-shaped, with 4 divisions, acute, without a tube. — Bes ‘ Stam. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, shorter than the bloss. Anthers simple. fe Pisr. Germen double. Style thread-shaped, cloven half _ way down, as long as the stamens. Summits globular. S. Vess. @ dry pire berries ; united. == SzEp solitary, large, kidney-shaped. Vox. I, 'M 162 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Ons. In G. cruciatum male flowers are sometimes found, and the number of stamens varies, as likewise do the divisions of the blossom, from 3 to. 5... RUBIA. Tourn, 38. Car. Cup very small, with 4 teeth, superior, Bross. 1 petal, bell-shaped, with 4 divisions, without a ““S=tide. 7 : Sram. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers simple. Pisr. Germen beneath, double. Style thread-shaped, __Cloven at the top. Summits knobbed. ie S. Vrss. 2 smooth lerries, united, ‘SEED solitary, roundish, with a hollow dot. Ozs. The blossom has frequently 5 divisions. Linn. EX’ACUM. Gertn.114. © pete — Car. * leaves ; leafits egg-shaped, blunt, upright but expanding, permanent. ; Buoss. 1 aN permanent. Tule globular, as long as the falye. Border 4 cleft. Segments roundish, ex- panding, : scare Stam. Fy 84, thread-shaped, fixed to the tube, as long as the border. Anthers roundish. | Pist. Germen roundish, filling the tube. Style thread- rie upright, as long as the border. Summit # nob, - Sek es | S. Vess. Capsule roundish, compressed, 2-furrowed, 2-celled, as long as the calyx. pea SEEDs numerous, fixed to the central receptacle. LITTOREL’LA. Fi. dan. 170. Male flowers. : Car. Cup 4 leaves, w right, ea 7 ee Bian, fetal 1, Tube as long as the cup. Border with — 4 divisions, upright, permanent, +3 Wig Sram. Filaments 4, ‘thread-shaped, very long, inserted — into the receptacle. _Anthers heart-shaped. gree a Female flowers on the same DAR cnciat’. eee VALEMONG, 3 c | ape se Bross. Petal 1, conical, mouth mostly with 4 clefts, permanent, % tiles - f.4 ey TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 163 Pist. Germen oblong. Style thread-like, very long: _. Summit acute. j S. Vess. The blossom investing the seed. SEED. Nut of 1 cell. Oss. It has the flower of the PLAN TAGo, but not the fruit: Lixn.—Blossom with 3 ill-defined clefts. Syst. pl. and Hudson, PLANTA’GO. Tourn. 48. Gaertn. 51, | Car. Cup 4-clefted, very short, upright, permanent. Bross. 1 petal, permanent, shrivelling. Tule cylindrical, but somewhat globular. Border 4-clefted, reflected, Segments egg-shaped, acute. Stam. Filaments 4, hair-like, upright, exceedingly long. __ Anthers rather long, compressed, fixed sidewise. Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, half as long at the stamens. Swmmits simple. _ S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, with 2 cells, cut round. | Pee ee ee SEEps several, oblong. ee Ozs. The calyx in some species is equal, in others unequal. NN. CENTUN’CULUS. Gertn. 50, Cat. with 4 clefts, nding, permanent. Segments ne spear- haped longer ais the blossom. Buoss. 1 petal. Tube somewhat globular. Border flat, with 4 clefts. Segments nearly egg-shaped. Stam, ee: 4, nearly as long as the blossom. Anthers simple. 5 Pisr.. eR roundish, within the tube of the blossom. Style thread-shaped, as long as the blossom, permanent. Summit simple. S. Vzss. ses at Jobular, of 1 cell, cut round. SEEDs several, aieuh: very small. SANGUISOR’BA. Fi: dan.97. = © oo Cup 2 leaves. Leafits opposite, very short, shed- Bross i petal, wheel-s » with 4 divisions. Segments egg-shaped, blunt, united by the claws. ae TAM.. Filaments 4, broader upwards, as long as the blos- . Som, dnthers small, roundish. : . M 2 164 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Pist. Germeén 4-cornered, situated between the cup and the blossom. Style thread-shaped, very short. Summit - blunt. ; oie S. Vess. Capsule small, with 2 cells. SEEDs small. Oss. The blossom has sometimes 5 clefts. - EPIME’DIUM. Tourn. 117. vi i Cau. Cup 4 leaves, Leafits egg-shaped, blunt, conehtg, expanding, small, placed directly under, not alternating with the petals, shedding, . Bross. Petals 4, egg-shaped, blunt, concave, expanding¢ Nectaries 4, as large as the s, leaning against _ them, glass-shaped, rounded at the bottom, fixed to the receptacle by the rim of the mouth. re Stam, Filaments 4, awl-shaped, pressing on the style. Anthers oblong, upright, ad iy 2-valved, opening from the base upwards, the partition loose. a Pist. Germen oblong. Styles shorter than the germen, | "as long as the stamens. “Swmmit simple. S. Vess. Pod oblong, tapering to a point, 1-celled, 2- valved. SEEDs many, oblong, COR’NUS. Tourn. 410. Gaertn. 26. per Car. Involucrum generally 4 leaves, including several florets. Leafits -shaped, coloured, deciduous, 2 opposite, smaller. “Cup very small, 4-toothed, superior, deciduous, ee Boss. Petals 4, oblong, acute, flat, smaller than the in- = eel, : , “ eo aa TAM. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, upright longer than the blossom. Anthers fay at sidewise. ele Pist. Germen beneath, roundish. Style thread-shap as long as the blossom. Summit blunt. S. Vzss. Drupa nearly lobular, dimpled. tf SEED a heart-shaped or o long nut, with 2 cells. — PARIETA’RIA. Tourn. 289, anal ; __L Wo Hermaphrodite flowers inclosed within 1 flat — involucrum of 6 leaves ; the 2 opposite and outer the largest, TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 165 Cau, Cupt leaf with 4 clefts, flat, blunt, the size of half the involucrum. te% Bross. none, unless the cup be considered as such. Stam. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, longer than. the eup, _» bursting it open, permanent. Anthers double, Pist, Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, coloured, Summit poscliebarek withaknob,.. S. Vess. none. The Cup becoming longer, larger, and bell- shapes and its segments approaching, closes upon e seed, ; SEED single, egg-shaped. : One Female flower placed between the other 2, .. within the same involucrum, ig 5 3 Cau, as above. Boss. none, 8 ide rag tases nad arts ba . VEss. none. Cup slender, inclosi e fruit. SEED as above. * ibis URTY'CA. Tourn. 308. Male flowers. Cat. Cup 4 leaves, circular, concave, blunt. Buoss. Petals none. Nectary in the centre of the flower, glass-shaped, entire, narrower at bottom, very small. exit. _ Sram. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, ‘as long as the cup, ex- panding, 1 placed within each leaf of the cup. Anthers with 2 cells. ; OT be Female flowers upon the same, or upon a different lant. 16 « : Ca, Cup with 2 valves, egg-shaped, concave upright, permanent. Buoss. none. ” Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Style none. Summit woolly. S. Vess. none. Cup closing. 3 S Szep single, egg-shaped, compressed, blunt, shining. VIS’CUM. Tourn. 380. Gerin. 27. Male flowers. Car. Cup with 4 divisions; leaves egg-shaped, equal. Bross, none. 3 yi eg Sram. 4. Filaments none. Anthers oblong, tapering, } fixed to each leaf of the cup. 166 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. . Female flowers mostly growing opposite the other, Car. Cup 4 leaves, egg-shaped, small, sitting on the germen, deciduous, peers bis Boss. none. Pist. Germen beneath, oblong, 3-edged, indistinctly crowned with a border with 4 clefts. Style none, Summit blunt, a littlenotehed. ~~ we §. Vess. Berry globular, with 1 cell, smooth. . ~ — imversely heart-shaped, compressed, blunt eshy. HIPPO’PHAE. Tourn. 481; Rhamnoides. Geertn. 42. Male flowers. | er Car. Cup 1 leaf, divided into 2 parts, forming @ valves, but joined at the base. Segments circular, blunt, con-— mets upright, but the points approaching, open at the sides. ; | oe BLoss. none. oe Stam. Filaments 4, very short. Anthers oblong, angular, almost as long as the cup. ; . * 6 ete 5b chee wo AL. Cup -oblong, tubular, club-shaped, cloven at the rim, py = aa faci aint eg Buoss. none. etait a . Pisr. Germen roundish, small, Style simple, very short. mse rather thick, oblong, upright, twice as long as € cup. S. Vess. Berry nearly globular, with 1 cell, Szrp single, oblong. : Oss. In H, Rhamnoides, an hermaphrodite flower has some- times been found amongst the male flowers. (Schreb.) | * 1 -ALCHEMIL/LA. Tourn. 989. Geertn. 73. = ae, — permanent. Rim flat, with 8 — Ions; every ot pom Bross, dns “yr . er Segment smaller, 7 TaM. Filaments 4 awl-shaped, upright, small, standing i, on the rim of the calyx, “tele Fouts ; oe x —— egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long _ Suiits Pebilers g on the base of _ ene TETRANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 167: S. Vess. none, The neck of the cup closes upon the seed, and does not open again, sia S43 Szep solitary, oval, compressed. Oszs. The Alchemilla vulgaris has sometimes 2 seeds. | DIGYNIA. _ BUFFONIA. Car. Cup 4-leaved, upright, permanent. Leafits awl- shat keeled, friesrib erect at the wipe = Bioss. Petals 4, oval, upright, equal, notched at the _.__end, shorter than the calyx. se Bigot e ments 4, equal, as Jong as the germen. Anthers ouble. ep Pist. Germen egg-shaped, compressed. Styles 2, as long as the stamens. Swmmits simple. Ss mee S, Vess. Capsule oval, compressed, of 1 cell and 2 valves, SEEDs 2, oval, compressed, Sse marked with a little pro- tuberance; convex on one side, Sea” asa: ee aD Oss. Lofling thought he once found 4 stamens, but after- wards altered his opinion. Alstreemer often found 4. Gerard Sometimes 4, sometimes 2, rarely 3. Linn, BE’TULA. Tourn. 360. 359. Geerin. 90. Male flowers. SP oe : stale’ Car. Cathkin tiled on every side, limber, cylindrical. Scales 3-flowered, with 2 very minute scales, one on each side the larger scale. Three equal florets fixed to the centre of each scale of the calyx, Cup to each floret, of 1 leaf, small, entire, but with 3 or 4 divisions. Segments egg-shaped, blunt. Bioss. none. | ; AM. Filaments 4 (3, or 2) to each floret ; very small. _ Anthers roundish. ae seed _ Female flowers on the same plant. ans Can. Catkin cylindrical, roundish, tiled. Scales 2- flowered. : . : re Ase Bross. none. ‘ Pisr. ‘“Germen to each flower, compressed, very small, 2-seeded. Styles 2, like bristles. Swmmits simple. _ S. Viss. none ; each scale of the catkin protects the seeds- of 2 florets. 3 SkEps solitary, egg-shaped, yes 4 -« TETRANDRIA. DIGYNTA. ~ Oss. In Betula alba, and B. nana, the catkins are cylindrical, the scales 3-forked, and the seeds with a double lateral border, In B. alnus, the catkin forms a kind of roundish cone, the scales are circular, and the seeds are angular, not bordered, Linn. MYRI’CA. Garin. 39. Male flowers. : ie: Cau. Cathkin egg-oblong, tiled on every side, limber, ¢on- sisting of Scales inclosing a single flower, crescent. hapa, tapering to a blunt point, concave, ) Proper Cup, none. . Bross. none. — : Sram. Filaments 4, (rarely 6) thread-shaped, short, upright. Anthers large, double, with cloven lobes. — ‘ emale flowers, ; an Cat. as above. : : Buoss. none. “tie vg Pisr. -Germen somewhat ege-shaped. Styles 2, thread- shaped, longer than the cup. Summits simple. S. Vess. Berry of 1 cell. ‘ia SEED single. = Oss. In Myrica Gale, there are 4 stamens. The berry is » or like a leathery crust, compressed at the end, and 3 sobea. “Livy, ea hs : CUS’CUTA. Fourn. 422. Gerin. 62. Cane Cup 1 leaf, glass-shaped, 4-clefted, blunt, fleshy at e : Bross. 1 petal, ¢ -shaped, a little longer than the cup. Mouth 4-cleft, blunt. oe Nectary 4 scales, strap-shaped, cloven at the end, in ga ae to the — at the base of the stamens _ rAM. Filan 4, awl-sha: ; | as the cup: Anthers roundish. ne ING zo Prst. Germen roundish. Styles2, upright, short. Sum= __mits simple, ~ ao S. Vess. fleshy, roundish, 2-celled, cut round. SEEDs in pairs, | re oerisetale, pe . as a is the prevailing ae ! s - “a - TETRANDRIA, TETRAGYNIA. 1§9 BUX’US, Tourn, 345. ‘Male flowers projecting from the buds of the tree. . Car. Cup 3 leaves; leafits circular, blunt, concave, ex- Bioss. Petals 2, circular, concave, resembling the cup, . but larger, ; TAM. Filaments 4, aw\-shaped, upright, but expandi generally longer than the cup. Intl ; ad thers upright, double. — Pist. Germen only a rudiment, without sttle or summit. Female flowers in the same bud with the others. — Car. Cup leaves; leafits circular, blunt, concave, ex- panding. Bioss. Petals 3, circular, concave, resembling the cup, . butlarger. — eee e : Pist. Germen roundish, with 3 blunt edges, ending in 3 | very short permanent Styles. Summits blunt, rough S. Vess. Capsule roundish, with 3 beaks and 3 cells, i astically in 3 directions. 7 SEDs 2, oblong, roundish on one side, flat on the other. TETRAGYNIA. VLEX. Tourn. 371; Aquifolium. CaL. Cup 4-toothed, very small, permanent. © | Bioss. {pail with 4 dorian; wheel-shaped. Segments roundish, concave, expanding, rather large, alan __ by the claws. Sram. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers small. ieee Pist. Germen roundish. Styles none. Summits 4, blunt. 8. Vess. Berry roundish, with 4 cells. sd Szeps solitary, hard as bone, oblong, blunt, bellying on ~ one side, angular on the other. wast _ Ops. Great variations take place in the flowers of the Ilex aquifolium; sometimes the stamens and pistils are found on distinct plants ; sometimes on the same es but in different flowers; sometimes again the flowers have 5 stamens; and | tly there are male and female, as well as flowers, on the same, or on different plants. 470 TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. POTAMOGE’TON. Tourn. 103. Gaertn, 84. CAL. none, Ss Boss, Petals 4, nearly circular, blunt, concave, upright, furnished with a little claw, deciduous. © ) Sram. Filaments 4, flat, blunt, very short. .Anthers dou- ble, short. “ae Pisr. Germens 4, egg-shaped, but tapering to a point, Style none. ‘Summits blunt. = : S. Vess. none. . i SEEDS 4, roundish, ‘taper pointed, bulging on one side, flatted on the other, and angular, » RUPPIA. Gertn. 84... ae Ca. Sheath, hardly any but what is formed by the base ; of the leaves. Sheat a Fruit-stalk awl-shaped, undi- vided, ‘straight, bending when the fruit ripens, beset _ with flowers which point in 2 opposite directions. . Cup none, ? ee 2 Boss. none, fe Stam. Filaments none. Anthers 4, sitting, equal, some- nS wie: rently rather double. h IST. ens 4 or 5, somewhat ego-sha approach- ing. Style none. Summits ri = ee S. Vess. none. The seeds aré supported upon little foot- stalks, thread-shaped, and as long as the fruit, SEEDS 4 or 5, egg-shaped, oblique, terminated by a flat circular summit, a ee ‘hed SAGI’NA, Cyrt. iii. 27. F136, & 291, Cat. Cup 4-leaved, Leafits exo-shaped. concave greatly expendi: eel - Pedy : ee i ee LOSS, SES cereres. 75: 2 i xp i % shorter Stam. Filaments 4, hair-like. Anthers roundish. . tag Pist. Germen somewhat globular. Styles 4, awl-sha jee bent backwards, downy. Summits simple. a. Sui S..VEss. Capsule egg-shaped, straight, with 4 cells and SEEDS numerous, very small, fixed to the receptacle. - Lie S — Sagina procumbens has flowers with or without petals. . as @ has no petals; and in S. erecta the cup leatits ate Spear-shaped, tapering to a point. (Reich.) The S, apetalats not destitute of petals, but they are very minute. Sty a : ae prancy TK a - CLASS VY. PENTANDRIA. SSS Tire teedatalbeasoehetgeebiOetdieen of this clans Gh cludes the plants with Roucu Leaves ; which, Linnzus says, are mucilaginous, and esculent. Phil. bot. 340. As there is no seed vessel, the cup does not fall off, but re- mains after the blossom decays, and contains the seeds. — In the second division of this order, those plants which bear berries, and have a blossom. composed of one petal, are orally. poisonous, The third division of the Seconp OrveEr consists of lants whose flowers are disposed in UMBELs or RuNDLEs. ese are divided into such as have both a general and a partial InvoLucruM, such as have only a partial one, and such as have none at all; but as the involucrums are ° not very constant, and in some species are apt to fall off, and as the blossoms, stamens, and pistils, are so much alike as to afford but little assistance in the determination of the pane and species, the student is desired to pay Particular attention to the seeds, which furnish the most unequivocal generic characters, and often come powerfully in aid of the specific character. On this account, it 1s Necessary to gather some specimens in which the seeds are Nearly ripe, and others but just ing into flower. | The Umbelliferous Plants in dry situations are aromatic d carminative ; in moist ones, acrid, and sometimes Poisonous, The greatest virtues are contained in the seeds roots. Many of them are eaten at our tables, as the roots of Carrot and Parsnep, and the leaves of CELERY. — feck seeds of CORIANDER and CaRAWAY are used in con- — onary, . 172 + PENTANDRIA; MONOGYNIA. | PENTANDRIA, (5 Stamens.) Monocynta, (1 Pistil.) MM yosotis, = Lysimachia. Atropa. | Lithospermum. nagallis. Solanum. Anchusa. Azalea. Chironia. Cynoglossum. ” Canvaluulus. \ Rhamnus. Pulmonaria. Polemonium. Euonymus, Symphytum. Campanula. Viola. Borago. . P. ame 4 Impatiens, _ Asperugo.. pins aes Riles. ¥ e Samolus. : Hedera. ie oa Echium, Lonicera. Illecebrum, | Primula... _ Jasione. Glaux. ‘ke Cyclamen... ; | Verbascum, . Thesium. > Menyanthes. Datura. Vinea. aed Alottonia, » Hyoscyamus, - “ | Dicreta. (2 Pistils.) © CG : t . i Caucalis,. * Aumulus,, Bunium. Beta, — Conium. Salsola, Selinum. Ulma, Athamanta, Swertia Peucedanum, Gentiana Crithmum. ..... Triernra. G3 Pistils.) ge Us PENTANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. 173 | TETRAGYNIA. (4 Pistils. ) x Parnassia, _ Pantacynna. (5 Pistils.), . Statice. © °°" Linums ~ Drosera. _ Sibbaldia. é -Poryeynra. (many Pistils.) . 'M yosurus. birt i efi! j a Mei? ‘ acted: a4 Fe ep oti ; TAN DR Bopp serio: “BONL OTR somos StF ist petals eg 2 aie gid nas] ee vie “elt Ld + id Pt pee ere be a eft end : a ; ge MONOGYNLA (ois os t > f 7 a - Be EN si veJ - ott aE ie: 3 CELIO & 4 fi a oi af one! as: Soaede-heowl « gq _ MYOSO’TIS. Gertn. 68. rats CAL. Cup with 5 shallow clefts, oblong, upright, acute, permanent. 3 Bioss. 1 petal, salver-shaped. Tube cylindrical, short. ~~ Border flat, with 5 shallow clefts. “Segments blunt, _ Notched at the end. Mouth closed with 5 convex, ‘pro- minent, approaching valves. , Stam. Filaments 5, very short, in the neck of the tube. . Anthers very small, covered. A tet fe Pist, Germens 4. Style thread-shaped, as long as the __tube of the blossom. Summit blunt. f MOF ED S.Vss. none. The Cup enlarged and upright contains __ the seeds within it. Steps 4, egg-shaped, tapering to a point, smooth. i _Oxs, In some species the seeds are smooth, in others set se 4 ‘With hooked prickles, . -LITHOSPER’MUM, Tourn. 55, Gaertn, 67.. Cat. Cup with $ divisions, oblong, pepe eats” fer set Segm ts awl-shaped, keeled. 5 a Bross. 1 petal, fi -shaped, as long as the calyx. Tule cylindrical. Border with 5 shallow clefts, blunt, up- _ Tight. Mouth open, raked. ie : 174 | PENTANDRIA: MONOGYNIA. Stam. Filaments 5, very short. Anthers oblong, in the mouth of the blossom, 6455+ 597 Pisr. Germen 4. Style thread-shaped, as long as the tube of the blossom. Swmmit blunt, cloven: S. Vess. none. The seeds are contained in the bottom of the open cup, which is longer than the seeds, SEEDS 4, egg-shaped, tapering, hard, smooth. ANCHU’SA. Tourn. 53. Buglosum. Gertn. 67. Cay. Cup with 5 divisions, oblong, cylindrical, acute, . permanent. _ Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped, Tube cylindrical, as _ Tong as the cup. Border with 5 shallow clefts, blunt, alittle expanding. Mouth closed by 5 convex, pro- minent, oblong, approaching: valves,: | Stam. Filaments 5, very short, in the mouth of the bloss. Anthers oblong, fixed sidewise, covered (by the valves _ of the tube.) & #7 Pisr. Germens 4, Style thread-shaped ; as long as the ‘ oe Sorel: bist notched at the end. bag: - VEss. none. The Cup growing larger and upright in- closes the seeds, ‘a wens | ‘ ys : SEEDs 4, rather long, blunt, bulging. 6% a Oxs.. When the blossom is fully expanded it is nearly — salyer-shaped. mia os CYNOGLO’SSUM. Tourn. 57 @& 58, Omphalodes. Gertn. 67. walt Ca. Cup with 5 divisions, oblon acute, permanent. Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped, a dee as the cup. Tube — » Shorter than the border, Border with 5 Shallow clefts, blunt. Mouth closed by 5 convex, pro- -_ munent, approaching valves, i PE Stam. Filaments 5, very short, fixed to the mouth of the blossom. Anthers roundish, nakéd. Perk Pist. Germens4, Style awl-shaped, as long as_the sta-— mens, permanent. Summit notched at theend. __ S. Viss. none, but the seed-coats of the four seeds, de- pressed, roundish, outwardly more blunt, rage am ante flattish upon the outer side ; fixed by. ther PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: 175 SEEDS 4, somewhat egg-shaped, bulging, tapering tora “point, smooth. DEoigas conoid) Ons. The essence of this genus consists itt the 4 seed-coats fixed to the style, each containing a single seéd. Linn. PULMONA‘RIA. Tourn. 55. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 teeth, a 5-sided prism, per- manent, = 5 ET a : 1 Ragtiod Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tule cylindrical, as long as the cup. Border with 5 shallow clefts, blunt, up- right but expanding. Mouth open. Stam. Filaments 5, very short, in the mouth of the tube. _ Anthers upright, approaching. OF UAT 2: Pist. Germens 4. Siyle thread-shaped, shorter than the cup. Summit blunt, notched at the end. : S. Vass. none. The Calyx unchanged contains the seeds in its base. ‘i eo Pi Se os aA Sreps 4, roundish, blunt, ~ SYM’PHYTUM. Tourn. 56. Gertn. 67. Cau. Cup with 5 divisions, and 5 corners, upright, acute, permanent. , ; Buoss. 1 petal, bell-shaped. Tule very short. Border tubular, distended, thicker than the tabe. Rim with 5 blunt reflected teeth. Mouth of the Tube furnished with 5 valves, spear-shaped, toothed at the edge, shorter _ than the border, approaching so as to form a cone. Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, alternating with the _ valves in the mouth of the tube. -dnthers upright, acute, covered. ‘ type Pisr. Germens 4. Style thread-shaped, as long as the blossom. Summit simple. _. ste a S. Vess. none. The Cup grows larger and wider. W SzEDs 4; bulging, tapering, approaching at the points. BORA’GO. Tourn. 53. Gaertn, 67. Can. Cup with 8 divisions maneity ae Loss. | petal, wheel-shaped, as long as the cup. . Tu shorter than the cup. Border with 5 divisions, wheel shaped, flat.. Mouth crowned with 5 prominenties, which are blunt and notched at the end. " 176 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, approaching. -Anthers oblong, approaching, fixed to the inner side, and about _. the middle of the filament. ee Pisr. Germens 4, Styles thread-shaped, longer than the’ anthers. Summit simple. at S. Vess. none. The cup grows larger, and inflated, SEEDs 4, roundish, wrinkled, keeled outwardly towards _» the point, globular at the base, lying lengthwise in a ~ hollow of the receptacle. : Oss. ‘The shape of the segments of the cup, and the size of the tube of the blossom, are apt to vary. Linn. - ASPERU’GO. Tourn, 54. rea Car. Cup 1 leaf, permanent, with 5 upright unequal _. . segments. _ Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tube cylindrical, iat short. Border with 5 shallow clefts, blunt, small a closed by 5 convex, projecting, approaching « valves. : ; ee Stam. Filaments 5, very short, fixed in the mouth of the ans Anthers rather oblon » covered, ; - Vermens 4, compressed, Style thread-shaped, short. P 8 blunt. oo. es. ee ae ». VEss. none. The Cup very]. upright, compressed, the sides flat and parallel indeed ; SEEDs'4, oblong, compressed, in distant pairs. LYCOP’SIS, Gertn. 67. Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, permanent. Segments oblong, : = acute, —— : ie Loss. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tule cylindrical, crooked» _ Border with 5 shallow Ric, blunt. Mouth closed by — >.” Prominent, convex, approaching valves. == Sram. Filaments ‘, ry ana fixed to the bend of the — tube. Anthers-small, covered by the valves... vig “5 * Pist. Germens 4. a thread-shaped, as long as the SEEDs 4, rather lone. as = ie ali Ons. The essential character of this genus consists in the Curvature of the tube of the blossom, Linx. mame PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 177 E’CHIUM. Tourn. 54. Car. Cap with 5 divisions, upright, permanent. Seg- ments awl-shaped, upright. Buoss. 1 petal, bell-shaped. Tube very short. Border gradually widening, with 5 clefts, blunt, upright. Seg- _ ments gener unequal, the 2 upper being the longest ; the lower smaller, acute, reflected. Mouth open. © Stam. Filaments 5, as long as the blossom, awl-shaped, declining, unequal. Anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Pist. Germens 4. Style thread-shaped, as long as the ' stamens. Summit Sink cloven. S. Vess. none. The cup becoming more rigid, contains the seeds. SEEDs 4, roundish, obliquely tapering to a point. : Oxs. In the Echium ttalicum the blossom is nearly regular. INN. a a = ; PRI’MULA. Tourn. 47. Garin. 50. Cau. Involucrum small, many leaved, including several flowers. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, acute, upright, perma- Ment, with 5 angles, and 5 teeth. Buoss. 1 petal. Tube cylindrical, as long as the cup, ter- -_ minated by a short hemispherical os anle expe ing, with 5 shallow clefts. Segments inversely heart-, shaped, notched at the end, blunt. Mouth open. — Stam. Filaments 5, very short, within the neck of the blossom, Anthers upright, approaching, tapering to a point, within the tube. : Pist. Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, as long as the cup. Summit globular. , S. Vess. Capsule cylindrical, nearly as long as the cup, — covers it, of 1 cell, opening at the top with 10 teeth. SEEDS numerous, roundish. Receptacle oblong, egg- shaped, loose. CY’CLAMEN. Tourn. 68. ote Can, Cup with 5 shallow clefts, roundish, permanent. ' | Segments egg-shaped. i Boss. 1 petal ; Tube nearly globular, twice the size of the - Vout small, nodding. Border reflected upwards, very on, I, N 178 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. large, with 5 divisions. Segments spear-shaped. Neck protruding. Rosy Stam. Filaments 5, very small, in the tube of. the blos- som. Anthers straight, acute, approaching, in. the neck of the blossom. . apcial Pist. | Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, straight, longer than the stamens. . Summit acute. ee S. Vess. Berry globular, of 1 cell, opening at the top in - 4 directions, covered by a shell likea capsule... > SEEDs many, somewhat egg-shaped, but angular. Recep- tacle egg-shaped, loose. at: ‘eoet " MENYAN’THES, ‘Tourn. 15, €& 67, Nymphoides. Gerin. 114,00 adhe soul Cau. Cup 1-leaf, with 5 divisions, upright, permanent. Bross. 1 petal, por ate et Tube short, somewhat ~ cylindrical at bottom, but funnel-shaped upwards. Border cloven more than half way down into 5 seg- ments. Segments blunt, reflected and expanding, re- markably shaggy. ee eee Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, | short. Anthers acute, = up caps et FR ery & bt a) cise nce ST. Germen conical. Style cylindrical — as long : as the blossom. ©, , cloven, inti; Jd OP One, Sy — Capsule egg-shaped, of 1 cell, bound round by ~ e cup. Le oat: tteke i pity 7 oe SEEDS many, egg-shaped, niinute, pbsqene ,_ O88. In the M, ‘nymphoide’,’ the’ petals are fringed at the edge, but not hairy on their upper “th ha Bie Al wee es HOTTONIA, Cartat. Aine ote wees aa Can. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions. Seoments strap-shapeds Buoss. 1 petal, sa ver-shaped. Tube as long as the cup. ~. Border with 5 clefts, flat. ° Segments egg-oblongs — notched at the end. _ ORs eS Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, short, upright, standing’ — the tube, and opposite to the segments of the blossom. Anthers Obl Sel + Fon ey ae Pisr. Germen globular, but ing to a point.) Style Bano » Short. Sizmmit globular. an alt ' D. ESS. globular, i to a point, of i ee rang penne res Opa La ‘ PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA: 179 SEEDS many, roundish. Receptacle globular, large. . Oss. In the Hottonia palustris, the flowers have sometimes 6 stamens, and then the cup and blossoms have 6 divisions. - “ LYSIMA/CHIA. Tourn. 59. Garin. 50... Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, acute, upright, permanent. Bross. 1 petal, wheel-shaped... Tube none. Border with 5 divisions, flat. i Se egg-oblong. Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, opposite the segments of the blossom. Anthers tapering. ig Pist. Germen roundish. yle thread-shaped, as long asthe stamens. Summit blunt. 8. x pape i ate globular, sharp-pointed, of 1 cell and 10 valves, [Oo .pSgene aye wien. ~~ sewcialanageins Becipiariatetes longs: globular, Otted.. dsshernit- paid SEPM, ©. SEERRTELS - Oxns. In some species the stamens are united at the base. (Schreb,) In L. thyrsiflora the segments of the cup and the blossom vary from 5 to 8, as does likewise’ the number of stamens. » gl : ANAGAU/LIS. Tourn, 59. Gaertn. 50. = ts with 5 divisions, acute, permanent. Segments Bross. 1 petal, wheel-shaped. Tube none. Border with 5 divisions, flat. Segments egg-shaped, but rounded,. connected by the claws. ete ae aE Stam. Filaments 5, upright, hairy towards the bottom, shorter than the blossom. Anthers simple. = Pisr, Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, rather lean- NB. Summit knobbed. S a» e globular, of 1 cell, cut round. SEEDS A gre Receptacle very large, globular, _ AZA'LEA. Gertn. 63. ‘ai oe ~ Cup with 5 divisions, acute, upright, small, co- ou permanent, : Bross. 1 petal, bell-shaped, with 5 shallow clefts. Seg= _ ments with the edges bent inwards. gutta Stam. Filaments 5, deme ig growing on the re- ceptacle, loose. Anthers simple. ae N2 180 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Pist. .Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long. as the blossom, permanent. Swmmit blunt. S. Vess. Capsule roundish, with 5,cells and 5 valves, — SEEDS many, roundish, ; Oss. The blossom in some species is funnel-shaped. In some the stamens are very long, and declining. Linn. - CONVOL‘VULUS. Tourn. 17. Caz. Cup with 5 divisions, approaching, egg-shaped, blunt, small, permanent. fee Buoss. 1 petal, pics i expanding, large, plaited. Border slightly 5-lobed. ae Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, half the length of the blossom. Anthers ege-shaped, compressed, ~ Pist. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as .. the stamens. Summits 2, oblong, broadish. a S. Vzss. -Capsule inclosed by the cup, roundish, of 1 cell, - with 1, 2, or 3 valves, seen SEEDs 2, roundish. ot 3 eg Oss. The blossom has generally 10 notches, but sometimes only 5; and in some species it is funnel-shaped. Liny. = -sPOLEMONIUM, Tourn. 61. Goorin, 62.95) 100 Ca. Cup beneath, of 1 glass-shaped leaf, permanent, x acute, with 5 shallow clefis. rs ve = Loss, 1 petal, wheel-shaped. Tule shorter than € Cup, closed by 5 valves, Pic at the top of it. Border with 5 divisions, large, flat. Segments roundish, blunt. | Stam. Filaments 5, thread-shaped, inclining, shorter than the blossom, standing upon the valves of the tube. : stapeete roundish, fixed sidewise, tee IST. Germen egg-shaped, acute, superior. Style read= ‘shaped, as long as the blossom, isnt B48 3 clefts, brs back, “ie 7 S. Vess. Capsule covered, ege-shaped, but with 3 angi ~ 3 cells, and 3 valves, aap top. Pi cartitions “nt - Opposite to the valves, . SEEDS several, irregular, rather acute, ae omens. it P- carulewn, though the capsule is seamed asf composed of 8 valves, they only open at the'thp. os ogee | PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNTA. asi * CAMPANULA. Tourn. 37. Geertn. 31. . Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, acute, upright but expanding, superior. re Bioss, 1 petal, bell-shaped, with 5 shallow clefts, imper- ‘vious at the base, shrivelling. Segments broad, acute, spreading. & Set CF a Nectary in the bottom of the blossom, composed of 5 valves, acute, approaching, covering the receptacle. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short, growing upon the points of the valves of the nectary. Anthers ¢om- pressed, longer than the filaments. Pist. Germen beneath, angular. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens, Summit thickish, oblong, _with 3 divisions, which are rolled backwards. S. Vess. Capsule roundish, angular, of 3 or 5 cells, and ___ letting out the seed at as many lateral holes. me _SzEps numerous, small, fixed to a columnar receptacle, _ x Oss. The figure of the seed-vessel is uncertain. In Camp. | -Trachelium, it is 3-celled, woolly, and rough ; in C. Rapunculus itis 3-celled, eygeshaped, and smooth; in C. hybrida, it is 8-celled, columnar, and prisin-shaped, Linn. rr PHYTEUMA. Tourn. 38, Rapunculus. Gaertn. 30. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions, acute, not quite up- _ tight, but expanding, superior, ance, Fai Bross. 1 petal, wheel-s * ae with 5 divisions. Segments strap-shaped, acute, bent back. Stam. Filaments 5, shorter than the blossom. | Anthers oblong. | Ba BASE Pisr, os beneath. Style thread-shaped, as long as the blossom, bent back. Swmmit with 2 or 3 clefts, oblong, rolled back. — ‘ iM Vess. | e roundish, 2 or 3 celled, opening at each _ by a lateral hole. + SEEDS several, small, roundish. LOBE'LIA, Tourn. 5A; Rapuntium. Gertn. Et CaL.. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefis, very small, embracing the _ Sermen, shrivelling. Little Teeth nearly equal, t é 2 Upper ones pointing more upwards. = Bhoss. Petal 4 ibreat ar, Tube cylindrical, longer than the cup, above divided lengthwise, “Border with 5 182 PENT. ANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. divisions. Segments spear-shaped,. the 2 Upper Ones smaller, more reflected, more deeply divided, formi the upper lip. The 3 Lower Ones generally larger, and more expanding. Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, as long as the tube of the blossom, united at the top. -Anthers connected so as to form an oblong cylinder, opening at. the base in 5 different directions. ne Pist.. Germen beneath, tapering to a point. Style cy- lindrical, as long as the stamens. Summit blunt, rough _. with hair. | | S. Vzss. Capsule egg-shaped, with 2 or 3 cells, and 2 or _ 8 valves, opening atthe top, encompassed by the cup. __ Partitions opposite the valves. cet SEEDs many, very small. Receptacle conical. SA’MOLUS. Tourn. 60. Gaertn, 30. Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, superior, blunt at the base, permanent. Segments upright. Buoss. 1 petal, salver-sh fh Tale open, very short, as oh Sy the cup. Border flat, blunt, with 5 divisions. _ Falves very short, approaching, fixed to the bottom of the clefts, in the See | Stam. Filaments 5, short, protected by the scales of the blossom. . Anthers approaching, covered. - Pisr. Germen beneath. Style thread-shaped: as long 4 the stamens. Summit knobbed. es S. Vess. Capsule -shaped, of 1 cell, and 5 valves, bound round by € cup. ee SEEDS many, egg-shaped, small, Receptacle large, globulat. LONICE/RA. Tourn, 378, Periclymenum, Geertns31- = Cat. Cup superior, with 5 divisions, ‘small; Buoss. 1 petal, tubular. Tule oblong, bulging. Border g with 5 divisions. : Segments tolled hacked it i ment more deeply separated than the others. : * blossom, Anthers oblong . as long as the blossom. Summit ak S. Vess, Berry with 2 cells, dirap SEEDS roundish, inlabeai ice unt knob. ; 4 Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, nearly as Tong as yi r Pist. Germen beneath, roundish. Style threads aptly _ PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 183 Oss. In the Lonicera Periclymenum, the segments of the blossom are cut nearly to an equal depth, and the berries are distinct. Linn. ‘, JASIO’NE. Gerin. 30. ‘Car. Common Cup of 10 leaves, permanent. Leafits alter- nate, the inner narrower, inclosing several flowers upon very short fruit-stalks. 2 ... Proper Cup with 5 clefts, ais Pig permanent... Buoss. Individuals of 1 petal, regular, deeply divided into __\ 5 parts... Segments spear-shaped, upright. | Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, short. Anthers 5, oblong, united at the base. ae Pisr. Germen roundish, beneath. Style thread-shaped, the length of the blossom, Sumit cloven. S. Vess. Capsule roundish, of 5 angles, and 2 cells, crowned with the proper cup, opening with a circular hole at the point. Partition divided down the middle. SzEDs many, somewhat eon Receptacle nearly globular, loose, on a little foot-stalk at the base of the capsule, , -' Ons. The central ‘florets are frequently barren, in which _ ease the summit is club-shaped and undivided. Linn. | VERBAS’CUM. Tourn. 61. Gaertn. 55. — Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions, small, permanent. Segments upright, MD ce erik S 53 Bross. 1 petal, wheel-shaped, somewhat unequal, ule cylindrical, very short. Border with 5 divisions, ex- panding. Segments sap apes blunt. Stam. Fi $5, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. __. Anthers roundish, compressed, upright. a Pisr. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, leaning, : long as the stamens. Swmmit rather thick and unt, ; S. Vess. Capsule roundish, with 2 cells and 2 valves, opening at the top. Receptacle the shape of half an egg, fixed to the partition. _ ot sg Seeps numerous, angular. Set ae Ons. In most species the stamens are leaning, unequal, a the lower pat oe filaments clothed with sott, coloured airs, LINN, id Opis 184 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. DATU’RA. Tourn. 43, & 44. Stramonium, ‘Car. Cup,! leaf, oblong, tubular, bellying, with 5 angles and 5 teeth, separating horizontally near the base, the remaining part sibs ipo permanent, Bross, 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tule cylindrical, gene- rally longer than the cup. Border upright but expand- ing, almost entire, with 5 angles, 5 tapering tecth, and 5 plaits. : Stam, Filaments 5, awl-shaped, as long as the cup. An- thers oblong, blunt, gg seg Ode Pist, Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, straight. Summit thick, blunt, composed of 2 flat plates. S. Vess. Capsule nearly egg-shaped, with 2 cells and 4 valves, standing upon the remains of the cup. Recep- tacle large, convex, dotted, fixed to the partition. SEEDs numerous, kidney-shaped. Ons. The smoothness or thorny state of the capsules is subject to vary. Linn. . HYOSCY’AMUS. Tourn. 42. Gerin.76. Car. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, bellying in the lower part. Rim with 5 clefts, acute, permanent. a fae Buoss. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tule cylindrical, short, Border upright, but’ex anding, with 5 shallow clefts. — Segments blunt, 1 broader than the rest. an Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, leaning. Anthers roundish. - Pist. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as 3 a pie Poe Be nt “an » Vess. Capsu r-shaped, blunt, marked with 2 — groove upon tails ide; of 2 cells formed by 2 capsules sping” orem." Hoeptnl ha ages ; zontally, tacle -shapet — Hed te the budticn.. decomp a ae i SEEDs numerous, unequal. | gone A’TROPA. Tourn. 13. Belladonna. ieee Can. Cup | leaf, permanent, with 5 divisions, bulging. Segments acute. fat Bioss. 1 petal, bell-shaped. Tube very short. Border — bellying, egg-sha longer than the cup. Mouth small, with 5 clefts open. Ségments nearly equal. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 15 Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, fixed to the base of, and as long as the blossom, approaching at the base, but bowed outwards, and diverging towards the top. An- thers rather thick, rising. Pist. Germen ‘cbiemmihaped: Style thread-shaped, leaning, as long as the stamens. Szmmit knob a erores a 4 . Vess. Berry of 2 cells, globular, sitting upon the cup, which enlarges. peat fleshy, Noket-sheoek, convex on both sides. va SEEDs numerous, kidney-shaped. SOLA’NUM. Tourn. 62. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, upright, acute, permanent. ee Boss. 1 petal, wheel-shaped. Tube very short. Bor- does with 5 shallow clefts, turned back Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, very small. -Anthers ob- long, approaching, a little united, with 2 open pores at the end. Pisr. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, longer than _ the stamens. Summit blunt. S. Vess. Berry roundish, glossy, with a hollow dot at the rik and 2 cells, Recept convex on both sides, eshy. 7 SEEDs onan roundish, dispersed among pulp. CHIRO'NIA. Tourn. 48, Centaurium. Gaertn. 114. Car. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions, permanent, little leaves oblong, upright, acute. i Buoss. 1 petal, equal. Tube narrower. Border with 5_ divisions, expanding. Segments egg-shaped, equal. — Stam. Filaments 5, broad, short, growing from the top of the tube. Anthers oblong, upright, large, approach- ing, spirally twisted when their isshed. Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Style spr iere ga little longer than the stamens. Summit knobbed, rising up. _S. Vess. Berry egg-shaped, of 1 cell, or Capsule 2-valved half divided into 2 cells. Lie Szeps numerous, small, fixed to the receptacle by the 2 Opposite sides, or to the seam, 186 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Oxs.. The seed-vessel in some species is a berry,’ in others a capsule. Linn. In Chironia centaurium and pulchella the bloss. is funnel-shaped, and the summits SEE IO5 Pe RHAMNUS. Tourn. fee e 383, Prag. Gertn. 106. Cau. Cup none, except the Gonsiine We bonsidshed hake | Bross. 1 petal, funnel-shaped, closed at the base,’ ro outwardly, but coloured within. Tube turban-shaped cylindrical. Border expanding, divided, acute: Soiiles 5, very small, 1 at the base of each division of the blossom, approaching inwards. ... Sram. Filaments as many as the segments of the awl-shaped, upon the bloss. under the scales. Anthers a —— Pisr. Germen roundish. cee os thredd- stiaped, as long i the stamens. Summit ments than the blossom. S. Vess. Berry roundish, naked, divided into fewer eal s Senos satay round b $5 4 : Sas s0. ae $8S s ng on one si & compres + on the'other, | = es oe Rhamnus cabhartiba hae’ a aelefe summit «iil blos som, and bears a 4-seeded berry; it also bears male and female flowers on separate plants. Rh. Frangula has a 5-cleft, Mc es a 4-seeded ies and a summit petched at the aad-4 ‘ EUONYMUS. Tourn. 388. Gaertn. 113. Car. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 divisions, flat, Segments Youndish, concave, Bunes ie Petals ay egg-shaped, fat, expanding, longer than Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, shorter than the ' p Standing: u thégerth as Anthers double. © ogee = Pisr. Germen in toa int. S le short simple {S ct aaa 4 a ¥ 2 S. Ves. Capsule succulent, coloured, with Pe sides, 5 angles, 5 célls, and:5 valves, Seep -— ce -shape, inclosed iar beryl sel COats se Z Fay unt, divided into erty! Z PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 487 Ons. In some species & is the prevailing number in the parts ‘of the flower and fruit, and in others there are no filaments except the tapering points of the germen, Linn. - VYVOLA. Tourn. 236. Car. Cup 5-leaved, short, permanent ; leafitse v-oblong ; rather acute at the end, blunt at the base, feat ond the base, equal but variously disposed ; 2 support the upper petal, 2 the 2 lateral petals, and 1 supports the lower petals. Loss. Petals 5 Eepties unequal, the Upper straight, facing downwards, roader and blunter than meee _ notched at the end, terminating at the base in a blunt horn-like Nectary, projecting between the leaves of the cup. ee Lateral Petals 2; opposite, blunt, Straight. Lower Petals 2; larger, reflected upwards. — é Stam. Filaments 5, very small, the 2 near the uppermost ~ petal furnished with little appendages which enter the nectary. -Anthers generally united, blunt, with mem- _ branes at the end. Pist, _Germen roundish, superior. Style thread-shaped, projecting beyond the anthers. _ Szmmit oblique. S. Vess. Capsu egg-shaped, 3-edged, blunt, with 1 cell " and 3 valves. - ‘i is i - ” EEDS many, -shaped, furnished : with appendages, fixed to the vee. | tacle narrow, running likea line along each valve. ; “ ; Oss. In some species the summit is a simple reflected hook, in others a little concave knob, perforated at the end. IMPA’TIENS. Tourn. 235, Balsamina. Gertn, 113. Cat. Cup 2 leaves, very small. Leafits circular, but ta- - pering 1 a eat, aa, placed ee sides of the _ blossom, coloured, deciduous. Bross. Petals 5, gaping, unequal. Be go Upper Petal circular, flat, upright, with 3 shallow 0 _ Segments, tapering to a point, forming the Upper Lip. Titer Peal Se bens back, large, tides of, the _ Outer part, blunt, irregular, forming the Lower Lip. _ 188 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Intermediate Petals 2, opposite, from the base of the upper petal. pS teat aS eee ectary 1 leaf like a hood, receiving the bottom of the flower, mouth oblique, rising outwards, the base ending in a horn. Stam. Filaments 5, very short, narrower towards the base, ___ bent inwards. Anthers 5, united,. but separate at the ~ base. apt Pisr. Germen egg-shaped, but tapering to a point. Style none. Summit simple, shorter than the anthers. S. Vess. Capsule 1 aa with 5 valves, which, opening _. with a spring, roll up into a spiral. . ag SEEDs many, roundish, fixed to a pillar-like receptacle. — _ Oss. In some species the intermediate petals are wanting; in others the nectary has no horn. Capsule in some species - Jong, in others egg-shaped, © ae RVBES, Tourn. 409, Grossularia.. Gaertn, 98. CAL. Cup 1 leaf,’ with 5 shallow clefts, bellying, pera nent, Segments ae concave, coloured, reflected. ee 5 < s, small, blunt, upright, growing to the : >of the cup. we Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, standing on the os iS nig fixed sidewise, compressed, opening a e edges. oo en et Germen beneath, roundish. Style cloven, Sum unt, S.Vess. Berry globular, of 1 cell, dimpled. Recepte 2, opposite, fixed to the sides, extending lengthwise. Sreps several, roundish, somewhat compressed. 9 Oss. In the Ribes alpinum, the male and female flowet® _ are sometimes found on ditlerent plants. (Leers.} oe tee: ares” oh es % - HE/DERA. Tourn. 384. Garin. 26. soe Car. Involucrum of the simple umbel very small, wit ay many teeth, Cup very small, with 5 teeth, binding round the germen. ; i. ee ~— Pt 5, oblong, expanding, bent inwards. yee ints. iieuip te Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, as long asthe blossom. Anthers fixed ive forked at the bases Pist. Germen turban-shaped, bound round by the cup. Style simple, very short, Summit undivided. , PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 189 _ S. Vess. Berry globular, with 5 cells. / SEEDS 5, large, bulging on 1 side, angular on the other, covered with a seed-coat. Oss. With us the berry has rarely more than 4 cells, arid in general only 2 or 3 seeds attain perfection ; but. sometimes I have found it with 5 cells, and 5 perfect seeds, ILLE/CEBRUM. Tourn. 288, Paronychia. Cau. Cup 5 leaves and 5 angles, gristly. Leafits coloured, tapering to a point, distant at the points, permanent. Buoss. none. } Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, within the cup. -Anthers simple. 7 Pisr. Germen egg-shaped, acute, ending in a short cloven ___style. Swmmut simple, blunt... - ‘S. Vzss. Capsule roundish, tapering at each end, with 5 valves and 1 cell, covered by the cup. Aengac SEED single, very large, roundish, but acute at each end... Ons. The fruit varies in several species. Linn. _ GLAU’. Town. 60. CAL. none, unless you consider the blossom as ‘such. Bross. Petal single, upright, with 5 divisions, —bell- shaped, permanent. Segments blunt, rolled back. __ Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, as long as the . blossom. ene el - as Mapes f Ist. Germen egg-shaped. t -8 , as long as the iene Summit a ob: Le S$. Vuss. Capsule globular, tapering to a point, of 1 cell and 5 valves. kd SgEps 5, roundish. Recepéacle very large, globular, with hollows where the seeds lie. THE’SIUM. Jacq. austr.410. Caz. Cup 1 leaf, permanent, turban-shaped, with 5 shal- _ lowclefts. Ss fark half-spear-shaped, upright, blunt. Bross. none, unless you consider the cup as such, from its being coloured on the inside. Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, inserted at the base of - the segments of the cup, shorter than the cup. dnthers roundish, . - 190 _.PENTANDRIA. ‘DIGYNTA: Pisr. Germen beneath, at the bottom of the cup. fer thread-shapéd, as long as the stamens. Sammut thick and blunt. -bs oat ; -§. Vess. none... The cup contains the seed in its bottom, without opening. _ Se has tare Seep single, roundish, covered by the closing cup,, Oss. In the Thesium alpinum there are only 4 stamens in each flower. Linn. VIN’CA. Tourn. 45. IE Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, upright, acute, ermanent.) Bross. 1 petal, salver-shaped. Tube longer shaaiahereheg es cylindrical in the lower part, wider above, marked with — — and § angles ‘at the mouth. Border with — 5 divisions, horizontal. Segments connected to the top — - — broadest at the outward edge, and obliquely | lopped. a vd Bansyoa lies if baa soviet Stam. Filaments 5, very short, ‘first bent inwards, and then backwards. Anthers membranaceous, ‘aed right, but bowed inwards, with the pollen at the margins. Pisr. Germens 2, roundish, with 2 roundish bodies lying contiguous to them. Style 1, common to both ger _mens, cylindrical, as long as. the stamens. Swmmit & Sy ae ano » VESS, 2 dir-bags, cylindrical, long, tapering to a poimty upright, of 1 valve op i Pe ita San Re SEEDs numerous, oblong, cylindrical, furrowed, naked. : _, DIGYNIA, — HERNIA/RIA. Tourn.-289. —— Cup a. xen 5 it ae acute, expanding Bost none, | 7 = son gy os TAM, Filaments 5, awl-shaped,,minute, within the seg- - is me? cu Anthers ake There ate 5 Oaae cs en t . } seer ; a uae . : eres ager ae nt a (ae) Seis Pist. Germen egg-shaped. Style hardly any. Seamamits: 2, tapering to 4 point, as long as the style, PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIAy 19% S. VEss. Capsule small, at the bottom ofthe cup, coma, : ‘searcely opening. - SEED solithey, egg-shaped, but tapering to:a point, shining. Ons. The H. lenticulata is a little different from the above character, egeee es CHENOPO’DIUM. Tourn: 288. Gerin. 75. Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, concaye, permanent, Segments, egg-shaped, concave, membranaceous at ‘the edges, Bross. none. at Sram. Filaments 5, awl- shaped, as long as he segments of the cup, and standing opposite to them. . dnthers roundish, double. - Pist. Germen round and flat. Sil shorts deeply divided. Summits blunt. et miti nt ee S. Vgss. none. _ 1e cup. . sing aren the seed, has 5 sides, and compressed angle, deciduous, aa —_ single, round, flatted, superior. Ops. In some species the ie has 3 divisions. ey: eel ~ A/TRIPLEX. Tourn, 286. Gertn. 75. : Hermaphrodite flowers. 7 AL. Cup 5 leaves, concave, permanent. Segments ego- aeaneie concave, anemnbangecon at tbe ove a Besde is ohescelcitchalld copmete os Aecteoe os AM. filaments 5, awi- $40 ves = cup, and longer than them. dnthers roundish, ouble. Pist, _Germen round. Style deeply divided, short. Sum- mits reflected. . Vess. none. The cup elesing, with 5 sides and 5 angles, the angles compressed, deciduous. _ Skep pinglens e, roundish, flatted and depressed. | le flowers on the same plant. > Can, Cup 2 leaves. Leafits flat, upright, eerie acute, large, compressed. LOSS. none, — Pisr, Germen compressed. Style deeply divided. Summits __ _Teflected; acute, > S. Abe none. The valves of the cup, which are gs and heart-shaped, inclose the seed between them. Seep iat roundish, compressed. ange eos ‘tog PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Oss. There is a very great affinity between ATRIPLEX, and CHENoPopium ; the presence of the female flowers in the Atriplex is the only mark of distinction ; for if the CHENOPO- pium had these flowers, it would be ATRIPLEX; and the ATRIPLEX without them would be Cuznoropium, Lryy. a, > HU’MULUS, Tourn. 309, Lupulus. Geertn. 15. Male flowers. : Cat. Cup 5 leaves, oblong, concave, blunt. Boss. none. ara, Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. -Anthers ob- 4 en flowers. : Cat. General Involucrum with 4 clefts, acute. p= Partial Involucrum, \eaves 4 » egg-shaped, inclosing — 8 florets, each of which is furnished with a a Cup of 1 leaf, egg-shaped, very large, flat on the outer side, approaching at the base. _ le Boss. none. o i Prsr, Germen very small. Styles 2, awl-shaped, bent_— back, and standing wide. mits acute. pagel 8. = none. The cup closing, contains the seed in its SEED 1, roundish, covered by a coat. ni. aaa an Ream BETA. Tourn. 286. Gertn. 75. Cau. Cup with 5 divisions, concave permanent. | Bhi He Sblanth na Bioss. none. ee Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, as‘lone as the segments — of the cup, and opposite n graaig Aahiors roundish. n Pist. Germen in a manner below the receptacle. Styles . x22 very short, ae Sa neo acute. ie deciduous, 4 : ie a me a : re ae | * ae be single, kidney-shaped, compressed, enfolded in the 7 mp SAL/SOLA. Tourn, 198, Kali, Geertn. 75. Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, Segments egg-shaped, cave, permanent, pee Sa, LOSS, none, unless you call the cup the blossom. — PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. 193 Sram. Filaments 5, very short, standing upon the sec- ments of the cup. Anthers oblong. TN EIS Pist. Germen globular. Style short, with 2 or 3 divisions, Summits bent back. © S. VEss. Capsule ege-shaped, of 1 cell, lapped up in the cup. SzeD single, very large, spiral like a snail shell, » Oss, Some species have 3 styles. (Reich.) ‘UL/MUS. Tourn. 372. Gertn. 49. Cau. 1 leaf, turbay-shaped, wrinkled, permanent. Bonde with 5 clefts, See coloured aie BLoss.none. Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, twice as long as the cup. _ Anthers with 4 furrows, upright, short. ~ _Pisr. Germen roundish, upright. . Styles 2, reflected, -shorter than the stamens. gg ie downy. ' 8. Vuss. Berry oval, large, juiceless, compressed, winged with a membrane, of 1 cell. D single, somewhat globular, but a little compressed. _ Oxs. The number of stamens varies, from 4 to 8. (See Schreb.) SWERTIA. Gaertn. 114, Car. Cup with 5 divisions, flat, permanent. Segments spear-shaped, : “e Boss. 1 petal, wheel-shaped. Border flat, with 5 divi- _ sions... Segments spear-shaped, larger than the cup, connected by the claws. _ Nectaries 10, consisting of 2 hollow dots in the inner side of the base of each ent of the blossom, en- - « ompassed with small upright bristles. | Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, upright, but expanding, ,. Shorter than the blossom. -Anthers fixed sidewise. ~ ST. Germen egg-oblong. Style none. Summits 2, Yee Osi. zule cylindrical, tapering each : VEss, indrical, tapering to a point at ¢ tad, with 1 sell sad 2valves. Szzps numerous, small, fixed to the seams of the capsule, 4 a) ae Vou, I. re) oa 19! PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. GENTIA’NA. Tourn. 40. Gerin. 114, Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, acute, permanent, Segments oblong. . Vie Bioss. i petal tubular below. Tube closed, with 5 clefis upwards, flat, shrivelling, and variously shaped, Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom, Anthers simple. oe Pist. Germen oblong, cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Styles none. Summits 2, egg-shaped. 2 S.Vess. Capsule oblong, cylindrical, tapering, slightly cloven at the end, of 1 cell, and 2 valves. AES SEEDs numerous, small, fixed to the sides of the capsule on every part. : pi Ons. The figure of the fruit is constant; but the flowers vary in different species, both as to the number and shape of _ the parts. In one species the throat of the blossom is ope, in another it is closed with soft hairs. In some, the segment of the blossom are fringed : in others, the border is bell-shapet _ upright, and plaited. Some have a starry appearance, with » small segments betwixt the larger; others are -shapeds &c. Linn.—In Gentiana campestris, and G. filiformis, the blossoms have only 4 clefts, but the latter is now removed 1 the genus Exacum. © ; eal ¢ XAN’THIUM, Tourn. 252. He: . _ Male flowers compound. i CAL. Cup common to many florets, formed of many : leaves, tiled with slender scales, as long as the floret’ ae oe Ss eae Se equal. ee Bross. Compound, uniform, tubular, equal, formed into® bepisphee = gee: Individual petal 1, tubular, funnel-shaped, up" — with 5 aes spews: i TAM. Filaments 5, forming a hollow cylinder. 4 upright, parallel, not united. ioe Recepr. Common, next to none, the florets b by chaff. . Io 3 i ee Female flowers beneath the others, on the 2 together, " meme Cau, Involucrum containing 2 flowers, formed of 2 A opposite, each divided into 3 sharp lobes, the ™ lobe projecting farthest, set round with hooked ple surrounding and entirely covering the germens ” which they are fixed, Little Segments loose, ie os PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA, 195 Boss. none. ; Pist. Germen oval, rough with hair. Styles 2, similar, hair-like. Summits simple. | S.Vess. Berry dry, egg-oblong, cloven at the end, entirely covered with hooked prickles, : SEED. Nut with 2 cells, fi ERYNGIUM. Tourn. 173. Gaertn. 20. Cat. Common Receptacle conical, florets is S separated by chaff. Involucrum of the receptacle flat, many- leaved, taller than the florets, _ Cup 5 leaves, upright, acute, taller than the blossom, sitting on the germen. . Boss. General, uniform, roundish. Filorets all fertile. Individuals of 5 oblong petals, with the points bent inwards towards the base, and contracted by a line cn arhinet Teae ne ise: Stam. ~ s 5, hair-like, straight, taller than the _ florets. Anthers oblong. . Pist, Germen beneath, rough with hair, Styles 2, thread- shaped, straight, as long as the stamens. Summits simple. S. Vess. Fruit evg-shaped, divisible into 2 parts. SzEps oblong, ‘tchtly er Ro x? __ Ons, In some species the seeds escape from the crust of the seed-vessel, in others they continue inclosed. ~HYDROCO’TYLE. Tourn. 173. Geertn. 99. Umbel simple. Cat. Involucrum frequently of 4 leaves, small. Cup hardly perceptible. BLoss. General, uniform in figure, but not in situation. . Plorets all fertile. ie Individuals of 5 petals, egg-shaped, acute, entire, ee 4 J Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. _ Anthers very small. Pisr, Germen beneath, upright, compressed, round, tar- _ get-shaped, Styles 2, awl-shaped, very short, Summits simple, : 02 196 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. S. Vess. none. Fruit compressed, round, divisible, cross- wise into 2 parts. : SEEDs 2, compressed, in the shape of a half meon, _ SANI’CULA. Tourn. 173. Gerin, 20.. Car. Umlel with very few spokes (generally 4.) Um- bellules with many spokes crowded into heads, General Involucrum going half way round, on the outer side, Partial Involucrum going quite round, shorter than the florets. Cup scarcely perceptible. sg Bioss. General, uniform. The florets in the centre barren. Individuals, petals 5, compressed, bent inwards, 8 as to close the flower. gle Sram. Filaments 5, simple, upright, twice as long as the petals. -Anthers roundish. me paste Pist. Germen beneath, rough with stiff hairs. Styles’, _. awl-shaped, reflected. Summits acute. _ “ipa S. Vess. none. Fruit egg-shaped, but acute, rough, _ dividing into 2. a SEEDS 2, convex and prickly on 1 side, flat on the other. BUPLEU’RUM. Tourn. 163. Garin. 22. Abe: Umbel with fewer than 10 spokes. Unabellules with about 10 upright expanding spokes. = General paces a of Sin leaves. P artial Imo- lucrum larger, of 5 leaves, Leafits expanding, ¢8 shaped, acute, Si Shy TOUGnGaE Cup indistinct. 5 ¢ ae Bioss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. ap Individuals, petals 5, very short, entire, rolled : ow: : mabe Fi : Sram. Filaments 5 simple. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath. : Styles 2, reflected, small. Sut mits very small. 1 ee die : ea hone, Fruit roundish, compressed, scored, cat sible into 9. . pt Ae eee SEEDS 2, egg-oblong, convex and scored on one side, on the other Oxs. In most of the species the partial Involucrum shown, and generally taller than the blossom. LinN+ PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 197 ECHINO’PHORA. Tourn. 423. Cat. Umbel of many spokes, the middlemost shortest, Umbellules of many florets, those in the centre ‘sitting, with germens amongst the little fruit-stalks. General Involucrum of several acute leaves. Partial Involucrum turban-shaped, of 1 leaf, with 6 — ~~ clefts, acute, unequal. Cup very small, with 5 teeth, permanent. Bioss. General, irregular, radiated. Male florets barren. Female florets central. Individuals of 5 wnequal petals, standing open, Stam. Filaments 5, simple. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath, oblong, wrapped in the involu- erum. Styles 2, simple. Summits simple. 5. Vess. none; but instead thereof the involucellum grows hard and sharp pointed, and incloses the seed. SEED single, egg-oblong. bet Seta x TORDYL/IUM. Tourn. 170. Gaertn. 21. Cat. Umlel unequal, of ore spokes. Umbellules un- _ equal, of many parts, very short, flat. ~- General Involucrum ; the little leaves slender, undi- vided, frequently as long as the umbel. Partial Invo- _ luerum going half way round, outwardly longer than _ the umbellule. Cup with 5 teeth. ... Bross. General, irregular, radiated. Florets all fertile. Individuals in the centre, with 5 equal petals, heart- shaped, but bent inwards, those of the circumference like the others, but the outermost petal very large, and deeply divided. | oS okt Stam. Filamenis hair-like, 5 in every floret. Anthers simple. Pisr. -Germen beneath, ‘in all the florets roundish. Styles 2, small. Swmmits blunt. POS ae S. Vess. Fruit roundish, almost flat, a little scolloped at the edge, divisible into 2 parts. _ at 48 SzEps 2, roundish, almost flat, but raised and scolloped at the edge. : Oxs. In Tord. Anthriscus, the umbel is but little radiated, and the florets of the centre are barren. Linn. 198 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. CAU’CALIS, Tourn. 171. Gaertn. 20. Cat. Unmlbel unequal, of very few spokes. Unmbellules unequal, with more spokes, the 5 outermost of which are the longest. General Involucrum, leafits as many as the spokes, undivided, membranaceous at the edge, egg-shaped short. Partial Involucrum with leaves sim ar to the foregoing, longer than the spokes, generally 5 m number, Cup with 5 teeth, standing out, : Buoss. General, irregular, radiated. Florets in the centre barren. cet Individuals in the centre, male, small, petals 5, equal, _ heart-shaped, but bent inwards ; in the circumference hermaphrodite. Petals 5, heart-shaped, bent inwards, the outermost very large, and-cloven. pn oo Stam. Filaments hair-like, 5 in all the florets. Ant rs small, yee Pist. Germen beneath, in the florets of the circumference . - oblong and rough. Styles 2, awl-shaped, Swmmits 2, blunt, ing. ian S. Vuss. Fruit egg-oblong, scored lengthwise, rough with bristly hairs, dite SEEDs 2, oblong, flat on 1 side, convex on the other, armed with awl-shaped prickles placed along the scores Oss. The general Involucrum is sometimes absent. (Reich) DAU’CUS. Pour. 161. Gaertn. 20. Cat. Unbel of many s kes, flat while in flower; os when. in fruit Roceae and approaching. Unnbellule similar to the foregoing, ; | General Involucrum of many leaves, as Pare umbel ; Leafits strap-shaped, with winged clefts. e, tial Involucrum more simple, as long as the umbelul. Cup hardly perceptible, Fl “ts n Bross. General, irregular, somewhat radiated. ee € centre barren, nt *sevaty 8, petals 5, heart-shaped, bent gee the outermost the largest. ene Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, Anthers simple. a en beneath, small, Styles 2, reflected. Summits | unt, | _ PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, 199 S. Vess. none, Fruit egg-shaped, divisible into 2, gene- rally rough with inflexible hairs. SEEDS 2, somewhat egg-shaped, convex, and rough with hairs on one side, flat on the other, BU'NIUM. Tourn. 161, Buitocastanum. Cat. Umbel with fewer than 20 spokes, Umbellules very short, crowded. Wes _ General Involucrum of many strap-shaped short leaves. Partial Involucrum like bristles, as long as the umbellule, Cup hardly discernible. Bross. PR uniform. Florets all fertile, Individuals, petals 5, equal, heart-shaped, bent in- wards. ig a : Stam. Filaments 5, shorter than the petals. Anthers simple. Pisr. Spam beneath, oblong. Siyles 2, reflected. Sum- mits blunt, < i rie. £ Peres S. Vess. none, Fruit egg-shaped, divisible into 2 parts. SEEDs 2, egg-shaped, convex on one side, flat on the other, ~ CO/NIUM: Tourn. 160. Cicuta. Gertn, 22. Car. Umlel of many spokes, expanding. Unilellules the same. : General Involucrum of many leaves, very short, une- ae, Partial Involucrum of 3 leaves, going half way round, | _ Cup hardly perceptible. Bross, edad te . Individuals, petals 5, unequal, heart-shaped, but bent inwards. / ae Stam. Filaments 5, simple. Anthers roundish, : Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 2, reflected. Summits blunt. S. Vess. none, Fruit nearly globular, with 5 scolloped ridges, divisible into 2 parts. eee SEEDs 2, convex on one side, almost hemispherical, scored, flat on the other side, . 200 . PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA: SEL’NUM. Gertn. 21. Cat. Umbel of many spokes, flat, but expanding ; Um- bellule similar.. General Involucrum, leaves several, spear-strap-shaped, bent back, the partial similar, expanding, as long as the blossom. Cup hardly discernible. Bioss. General, uniform. All the florets fertile. Individuals, petals 5, heart-shaped, equal. Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like. _Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, bent back. Summits simple. 5S. Vess.none. Fruit compressed and flatted, oval-oblong, scored on each side along the middle, divisible into 2. : SeEps 2, oval-oblong, flat on each side, scored along the — _ middle, edges membranaceous. ___ Ops. The figure of the seeds and the number of leafits form- _ Ing the Involucrum, is apt to vary. (Reich.) a ATHAMANTA. Tourn. 169. Oreosclinum. Cat, Umbel of many spokes, expanding. Umbellules with fewer, spokes. 7 Sea _ General Involucrums many strap-shaped leaves, 4 little shorter than the spokes. Partial Involucrum strap-shaped, as long as the spokes. * ae Cu Shae eae ; Loss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals, petals 5, heart-shaped, bent inwards, and notched at the end, not quite equal. Lene, Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, as long as the petals. An- thers roundish. . Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, distant. Summits blunt. S. = none. Fruit egg-oblong, scored, divisible into 2 SEEDs 2, egg-shaped, convex and scored on 1 side, flat on the other, ae PEUCEDANUM. Tourn..169. Gerine@1.” Abe pas: Si nany very long, slender spokes. Uinbel- xpanding. ae General Involucrum of many leaves, strap-shapeds small, reflected. Partial still smaller, Cup with 5 teeth, very small, PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 208 Bioss. General uniform. » Florets in the centre barren. eng petals 5, equal, oblong, entire, bent in- wards. : Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like. Anthers simple. = Germen beneath, oblong. Styles 2, small. Summits blunt. S. Vess. none, Fruit egg-shaped, divisible into 2, scored on each side, encompassed round by a membranaceous border, - SEEDS 2, egg-oblong, compressed, convex on one side, and marked by three rising ridges; edge surrounded by a broad, flat membrane, notched at the end, CRITH’MUM. Tourn. 169. Cax. Umbel of many spokes, hemispherical. Umlellules the same. . General Involucrum many leaves, leafits sp -shaped blunt, reflected. Partial Involucrum: Her ge so as long as the umbellule. : up hardly perceptible. Buoss. aneral, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals, petals 5, egg-shaped, bent inwards, nearly equal. Sram. Hiledeets 5, simple, longer than the petals. An- thers roundish. eI a cee ~~ Germen beneath. Styles 2; reflected. Summits unt, S. Vess. none. Fruit oval, compressed, divisible into 2. SEEDs 2, oval, compressed and flattish, scored on one side. ae as HERACLE’UM. Tourn. 170, Sphondylium. Geertn. i; : Car. Umlel very large, many-spoked. Umlbellules flat. General Involucrum many leaves, shedding. Partial, going half way round on the outer side; Jeafits from 3 to 7, strap-spear-shaped, the outermost longest. Cup indistinct. — General irregular, radiated. Florets nearly all fer- tile, Individuals of the centre, of 5 equal petals, bent and hooked inwards, notched at the end: of the circum~ $02 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. ference, of 5 unequal petals, the outer’ petals largest, _ with the deepest notches, hooked, oblong. Sram. Filaments 5, longer than the petals. Anthers small. SF Pist. Germens beneath, somewhat egg-shaped. Styles 2, short, approaching. Summits simple. S.Vess. none. Fruit oval, compressed, scored ‘the middle on each side, notched at the end, bordered. SEED 2, egg-shaped, compressed, with a leafy edge. — Oss. In some species the florets in the circumference have only pistils without stamens, and produce seeds; the central florets have stamens without pistils, and are:barren! In the H. Sphondylium the florets have all stamens and pistils. The general Involucrum is sometimes altogether wanting. Linn, In the British species the florets are generally all radiated, though — they are said sometimes to have been found otherwise. LIGUS’TICUM. Tourn. 171, €9 -Cicutaria, 11. Cau. Unmbel of many spokes, Umbellules the same. General Involucrum 7 unequal membranaceous leaves. Partial of about 4 membranaceous leaves) Cup of 5 teeth, but indistinct. oe, Buoss. G neral, uniform. Florets all fertile. eee ~ Individuals, petals 5, equal, flat, entire, rolled in ‘ by Saas on the inside, one TAM. Filaments 5, hair-like, shorter than the petals Anthers simple. ' aa " - Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 2, approaching. Swm-— mits simple, | | S. Vess. none. Fruit oblong, divisible into 2. SEDs 2, oblong, glossy, marked on one side with 9 ridges, flat on the other. Bye Oxs. Male florets have sometimes been observed. (Reich.) . angular, with 5 furrows, ANGELICA, Riv. 17. pe kg _ Car. Unmbel of many spokes, nearly globular. Unbellules exactly globular whilst in flower. rigs General Involucrum small, of 3 or 5 leaves: P atid small, of § leaves. oA oe Cup with 5 teeth, hardly discernible. Bioss, General, uniform, Florets all fertile. ee ee ee eee ie PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 203 Individuals, petals 5, spear-shaped, rather flat, but a little bent inwards, shedding. Sram. Filaments 5, simple, longer than the petals. An-< thers simple. eg Bet Germen beneath. Styles 2, bent back. Swmmits lunt. ; S$. Vzss. none. Fruit roundish, angular, solid, divisible into 2, Sgxrps 2, egg-shaped, flat on one side and encompassed with a border, on the other convex, with 3 furrows. Ozs. In Angelica sylvestris the general Involucrum is not always to be found. SVYUM. Tourn. 162. Gerin. 23. Car. Umlel different in different species. Unmlellules _ General Involucrum many reflected leaves, shorter — _ than the umbel ; leafits spear-shaped: Partial many leaves ; strap-shaped, small. Cup hardly perceptible. - Bross. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals, petals 5, equal, heart-shaped, bent inwards, ! : Sram. Filaments 5, simple. Anthers simple. Prstr. Germen beneath, very small. Styles 2, reflected. ~ ‘Summits blunt. Fi. S. Vess. none. Fruit nearly egg-shaped, scored, small, divisible into 2. SEEDs 2, nearly egg-shaped, convex and scored on one side, flat on the other. Oss. In the Sium nodiflorum the general Involucrum is frequently wanting. Linn. SI’SON. Jacq. hort. iii. 17, & 134. Caz. Umbel unequal, with fewer than 6 spokes. Umlel- lules unequal, with fewer than 10 spokes. : General Involucrum mostly of 4 leaves, unequal : Partial the same. ' Cup hardly perceptible. : Bross. General, uniform, Florets all fertile, 204 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNITA. 2 Individuals, equal, of 5 “petals, spear-shaped, flat, but a little bent inwards. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, as long as the petals. An- thers simple. Pisr. Germen beneath, nearly egg-shaped. Styles 2, reflected. Summits blunt. ‘tne S. Vess. none. Fruit egg-shaped; scored, divisible into 2. | SOF SEEDs 2, egg-shaped, convex and scored on one side, flat on the other. ft Oxs. 8. mundatum has no general Inyolucrum. OENANTHE. Tourn. 166. Gaertn. 22. Caz. Umlel with few spokes. Umlelliles with many very - ‘short spokes, crowded together, often without spokes.) General Involucrum many leaves, simple, shorter than the umbel: Partial many leaves; small. Cup with 5 awl-shaped teeth, permanent. . Bioss. General, irregular, irradiated. Florets in the cir- cumference barren. - ieee’ _ Individuals in the centre hermaphrodite, petals 5, _ nearly equal, heart-shaped but bent inwards, in the cir- cumference male, with 5 very large, unequal, petals, bent inwards, cloven. Saget Stam. Filaments 5, simple. .Anthers roundish. . Pist. Germen beneath, Styles 2, awl-shaped, permanent. Summits blunt. : sre & S. Vess. none. Fruit nearly e -shaped, crowned with | the cup and the pistils, divisible into 2 parts. SEEDS 2, somewhat egg-shaped, convex on one side, scored, flat on the other, toothed at the point. Ors. In this genus the cup is more evident than in the other plants of the wmbelliferous tribe. In some of the species the Involucrum is often wanting. Lin, | PHELLAN’DRIUM. Tourn. 161. Cat. Umlel with many spokes. Umbellules the same: General Involucrum thé 4s Partial of 7 leaves; leafits acute, as long 4s the umbellule: & yo >. Cup of 5 teeth, permanent, * f PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA,' 203 Bross. General, nearly uniform. Florets all fertile, those of the centre smaller. ‘ Individuals unequal, Petals 5, tapering to a point, heart-shaped, but bent inwards. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, longer than the petals, ‘Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, awl- shaped, upright, permanent. Summits blunt. S. Vess. none. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth, crowned with the cup and the pistils, divisible into two parts. SEEDs 2, egg-shaped, smooth. CICU’TA. Fi. dan. 208. Car. Umbelroundish, with many equal spokes. Rundlets - roundish, with many equal, bristle-sh spokes. — General Involucrum none. Parti many leaves ; leafits like bristles, short. Cup scarcely evident. Bioss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals, petals 5, egg-shaped, nearly equal, bent imwards. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, longer than the petals. Anthers simple. Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, thread-shaped, longer than the petals, permanent. Swmmits knob-like. S. Vgss. none. Fruit nearly egg-shaped, furrowed, divi- sible into 2. SEEDs 2, somewhat egg-shaped, convex and. scored on one side, flat on the other. ABTHU’SA. Tourn. 165, Meum. Gertn. 22. Cax. Umbe/ expanding, the inner spokes gradually shorter, those in be cenit shortest ofall Fim bellules small, expanding. General Involucrum none. Partial gomg half way round, upon the outer side; leafits 3 or 5, strap- shaped, ver ve ry long, pendant. perceptible. hina p hardly nearly uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals, petals $; cin heart-shaped, bent inwards, Sram. Filaments 5, simple. Anthers roundish. 206 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, reflected. Summits blunt. : > : Jy S. Vess. none. Fruit roundish-egg-shaped, scored, divi- sible into 2. aiding. SeEps 2, roundish, scored: on the other side, which is about a third part, flat. ~CORIAN’DRUM. Tourn. 168. Gaertn. 22. Car. Unmbel of few spokes. Umlellules of many. General Involucrum sometimes a single leaf. Partial 3 strap-shaped leaves, going half way round, Cup with 5 teeth, standing out. ; Buoss. General, irregular, radiated. Florets in the centre barren. 2 : Individuals of the centre male, petals 5, equal, notched at the end, bent inwards. Individuals oft circumfes rence hermaphrodite. Petals 5, heart-s d, but bent inwards, the outermost very large, divided, those on each side of it more deeply divided. | Stam. Filaments 5, simple.“ Anthers roundish, Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 2, distant. Summits in _ the florets of the circum erence, knobbed. S. VzEss. none. Fruit globular, divisible into 2. SEEDs 2, hemispheric » concave, 7 SCANDIX. Tourn. 178. Geertn. 23, Charophyllum. Caz. Unmlellone, with few spokes. Umbellules with more, ; General Involucrum none, Partial of 5 leaves, as long as the umbellules. Cup indistinct. ae SF Buoss. General, irregular in its shape, radiated. Florets in the centre barren. Individuals, petals 5, heart-shaped, bent inwards, the inner ones small, the outer one ‘ Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, Anthers roundish, Pisr, Germen beneath, oblong, Styles 2, awl-shaped, distant, permanent, as long as the smallest petal. Summits in. the radiated florets blunt, Sager S. Vess. none, Fruit awl-shaped, very long, divisible into 2, . SEEDs 2, awl-shaped, convex and furrowed on 1 side, fiat on the other, PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, —_go7 * Ons. In Scandix odorata the seeds are angular, and the Involucrum shedding. In S. Pecten the seeds are thread. shaped, with a kernel or nut at the base. . In the S, cerefoliusm, the seeds are egg-awl-shaped, scored, the Involucrum greenand permanent, the florets all hermaphrodite. Liyw. and in the — Scandix anthriscus the seeds are prickly, as in the genus Caucalis, CHAEROPHYL’LUM. Tourn. 166. Gaertn, 23. Car. Umbel expanding. Umbellules with nearly the same number of spokes. se General Invelucrum none. Partial of about 5 leaves, legfits spear-shaped, concave, reflected, nearly as long as the umbellules. ; Cup indistinct, — ae General, pretty uniform. Florets in the centre arren. Individuals, petals 5, heart-shaped, bent inwards, flattish, with a sharp point bending inwards, the outer- most petals rather the largest. Stam. Filaments 5, simple, as long as the umbellules, Anthers roundish, Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 2, reflected. Summits blunt. S. Vess. none. Fruit oblong, tapering to a point, smooth, . divisible into 2. ; i SzEps 2, oblong, es ee upwards, convex on one side, flat on the other. Orns. Seeds of the centre often barren. Figure of the fruit variable, Linn, : IMPERATO/RIA. Gertn. 21. Car. Umiel expanded, flat ; wmlellules unequal. General Involucrum none. Partial of 1 or 2 leaves, - very slender, nearly as long as the umbellule. Cup indistinct, bee Boss. General, uniform, all the florets fertile. Individuals, petals 5, bent in, nicked, nearly equal. Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 2, bent back. Sawmmits blunt. S. Vess. none. Fruit roundish, compressed, bulging in the middle, bordered, divisibleinto2. SexEps 2, -shaped, marked on the outside with 2 fur- TOWS, ae with a broad margin. 208. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, $ : _ PASTINA’CA. Tourn. 170. Geertn. 21. : Car. Umlel of many spokes, flat. Umblellules of many spokes. Involucrum none. G Cup indistinct. Bross. General, uniform. Flores all fertile. i Individuals, petals 5, spear-shaped, entire, rolled _ inwards. nid Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like. Anthers roundish. - Pist. Germen beneath, Styles 2, reflected. Summits blunt. ) ? S. Vess. none. Fruit oyal, compressed and flat, divisible into2. . Szxps 2, oval, nearly flat on each side, encompassed with a border, Neaceae : _SMYR’NIUM. Tourn. 168. Gaertn. 22, (Car. Umbel unequal, daily growing larger. Umbellules upright. Invo ucrum none. PURE Bina Sout a _ Cuphardly:perceptible: hl AS Bross. General, iform. Florets in the centre barren. — \ Indwiduals, petals 5, ‘Spear-shaped, keeled’ under- neath, slightly bent inwards. . fe Stam. Filaments 5, simple, as long as the petals. An- thers simple. : ee _Ptsr, Germen beneath. Styles 9, simple. Summits 2, _ simple. | ‘ees ee S. Vess. none. Fruit oblong, scored, divisible into.2. " SEEDS 2, crescent-shaped, convex on one side, marked with 3 angles, flat on the other, _ANETHUM. Tourn. 164, Feeniculum. Gaertn. 93. Cat. Umitel of many spokes. Umlellules the same. In- votucrum none, : ae We Y : ; oe indistinct. is Loss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. | 2 Individuals, petals 5, rolled inwards, entire, very shotte _ Sram, Filaments 5, hair-like, dnthers roundish, Pisty Germen. beneath. Styles 2, placed close together — * ¥ sy not very fiseerible. Summits blunt. . _S.Vess. none. Fruit neasl daha ompressed, scored, divisible into 2, . mae a 4 3 “ PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 209 Srxps nearly egg-shaped, bordered, convex and scored on one side, flat on the other, Orgs. In the Anethum Feniculum the seeds are without 2 membranaceous border. CA’RUM. : Tourn. 160; Cari.’ Gertn. 93; Cat. Umlbel with 10 spokes, long, and often unequal, .. Umlellules crowded. General Involucrum often of 1 “leaf. Partial none. — Cup hardly perceptible. Boss. eee: uniform. Florets in the centre barren. kadar unequal. Petals 5, unequal, blunt, keeled, bent inwards, and, notched at the end. | STam. Filaments 5, hair-like, as_long as the peels, shed- ding. Anthers very small, roundi Prsr, Germen beneath. a 2, very ‘small. Summits simple. - S Vesna Fruit egg-o long, score Gividble into“. SEEDs 2, egg-oblong, convex on one side, and scored, flat on the thee Ozs. The central florets. Xi sometimes neither stamens nor Pats: Linn. - PIMPINEL/LA. Tourn, 163, Tragoselimem. Car. Unmlel of many spokes. Umlellules of still more. Involucrums —e faa Cup not istinguis Boss. Ciara testy uniform. Florets all fertile. Bis ord agus 5, nearly equal, heart-shaped, ut { mwar ad be tgeests 5, simple, longer than the petals. Anthers this es 7 iesek beneath: Styles 2, very minute. Summits obular. S. ee Fruit egg-oblong, divisible into two. Skeps 2, oblong, narrower towards the sig meacnee side, convex and scored on the other. Ops. In the Pimpinella dioica, tals are not notched at the end; the ir pen the termaporodite flowers are on — plant. Liny..- ey 7 iss Se iiaiiiat Bo 210 PENT. ANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. A’PIUM. Tourn. 66. Subd 22. Cau. Umlel with few spokes. Unmbellules with many. '-- General Involucrum none; or else of one or more leaves. Partial the same. _ Cup indistinct. Bross. General, uniform. Florets almost all fertile. Individuals, petals circular, equal, bent inwards. Stam. Filaments 5, simple. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath. Bas 2, reflected. Summits bunt, S. Vess. none. Fruit egg-shaped, scored, divisible into 2. SEEDS. 2; SR scored on one side, ‘flat on the other, 7 EGOPODIUM. Pided-@7o. Cat. Umlel of many spokes, convex. Unbellules the same, but flat. Involucrums none. “eo Cup hardly discernible. Bioss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. — ay Individuals, petals 5, inversely egg-shaped, equa), 5 cae bent inwards “ the point. — th pals TAM. Filaments 5, simple, twice as long as e ~ Anthers roundish. : mg Pist. Germen beneath. Styles *% simple, cpnatal as long as the petals. Swmmits roundish. S. Vess. none. Fruit egg-oblong, scored, divisible at 2. SEEDs 2, ege-oblong, convex and scored on one | flat on the other, , TRIGYNIA. VIBUR'NUM. Tourn.976, Opulus, €371. Geertn. a Cau. Cupwith 5 divisions, : superior, yerysmall, p permanent, —— 1 petal, bell-shaped, with 5 cle "Segments las ‘ STAM. Faia 5, awl-shaped, ie dnae! as ie et e : Anthers roundish, . ist. Germen beneath, roundish. Sty but instead thereof a turban-shaped ¢ na ma = 20s S. Vess. Berry roundish, of 1 cell. cafes Suto single, roundish, hard as bone. wer ineie SAMBU’CUS. Tourn. 376. Gerba en. é Cat. . Cup superior, of 1 leaf, very ape: with sss permanent, PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 211 Bross. 1 petal, wheel-shaped, but concave, with 5 clefts, blunt. Segments reflected. Stam. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, as long as the blossom. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen beneath, Pee a4 blunt. ‘Style none, but instead thereof a belly land. Summits 3, ments S. Vess. Berry roundish, of ea SEEDS. 3, convex on 1 side, angules on the other. - STAPHYLEYA. Tourn. 386, Staphyllodendron. Geertn.69. Ca. Cup with 5 divisions, concave, roundish, coloured, nearly as large as the blossom. Bross. Petals 5, oblong, upright, resembling the cup . Nectary concave, urn-shaped, situated at the sotto of the flower, upon the receptacle of the fruit. Stam. Filaments 5, oblong, upright, maton a the cup. Anthers simple. Pist. Germen rather thick, with 3 divisions. Sys 8 simple, : eee longer than. the stamens, ' blunt, conti 8. Vuss., C s 5 bladder-shaped, flaccid, joined by seams lengthwise, tapering at the points, opening in- wardly. SEEDs 2, ‘hard as bone, somewhat globular, obliquely tapering, with a.circular pit at the side, near the point. Oss. The S. pare has 3 = but way 2 seeds. Linn. TA’MARIX. Gertn. 61. Car. Cup with 5 divisions, u upright, blunt, permanent, but half the length of the b Buoss. Petals 5, -shaped, concave, blunt, expanding. Sram, Filaments 5, hair-like.’ Anthers roundish. . Germent to a point. lenone. Summits , Tolled: ee 3, oblong, A Aen Gaps oblong apering toa point errmel, i oh rr i tment ; : thie year rt 63 ae j har f = _cOMLGIOA. Gr ea 15. : i ee permanent, about the size of the —— ve “are —— ee ae 212 PENTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. | Bross. Petals 5, egg-shaped, expanding, scarcely larger than the cup. Sram. Filaments 5, awl-shaped, small. Anthers simple. Pist. Germen egg-shaped, 3-cornered. Style none. Sum- “< mits 3, — “a estan b S. Vess. -A 3 ego-sha ut somewhat $s cornered, within ae, eldeea ears SEED single, roundish, but with 3 furrows, connected a thread which rises from the bottom of the seedl- “ALS'NE. Curt, 1. 12. Car. Cup 5 ferves: leafits concave, oblong, tepeing toa point. Buoss. Petals 5, equal, longer than the cup. Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen nearly egg-shaped. Styles 3, thread-shapd Summits blunt. | S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, of 1 cell, and or 6 vale . covered by the cup. SEEDS ci een roundish. nish “ie Oxs. In A. media the stamens soon fall oso tha itis Unusual to;find: flowers withfewerthan 5. Lin Kc*: ce er fe. #5 TE TRA GYNIA. PARNA‘SSIA, Gertn, 60. Cat. — with 5 divisions, permanent. Segments i » expandir ing. Buoss. Petals 5 neatly circular, sored, concave expanding Nectaries 5, each being a concave heart- shaped sub: stance, furnished with 13 rays set along the edge, § : dually taller, and each terminated by a ittle glo! Cy __ With 3 divisions, rays équal, ‘each. a giobu" Stam... Filaments 5, , Anthers dey sidewise to the filaments: | Pist. Germen numerous, me psa Mig HP EE Ons. The nectary gives th ani anc ‘ -PENTANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 213 PENTA GYNIA. = STA’TICE. Tourn. 177. Gerin. 44. Ca. Common Cup different in different species. ~ Proper Cup 1 leaf, funnel-shaped. © Tube narrow, Border entire, plaited, "skinny. ate Bross. funnel-shaped. Petals 5, united, and narrower at ’ the base, broader upwards, blunt, expanding, Stam. Filaments 5, aw i shaped, shorter than the Wisdicm, ~ fixed to the claws of the petals. Anthers fixed sidewise to the filaments. — Pist. Germen extremely small. Styles 5, thread-shaped, 5. Vea The ther cylindrical, memb Ess. Capsule ra 5 membrana- ceous, with 5 sharp po points, 1 cell, without valves, in- closed in’ the shrivelled blossom, nh closed « SEED single, oblong, hanging to a long thread. _ Oss. The Statice Armeria has its flowers in a roundish head, inclosed by a triple common calyx: In the S. Limonium they are disposed in an oblong form, with a tiled common calyx. imeibol LYNUM. Tourn.176. Cax. Cup 5leaves, small, spear-sha upright; permanent. Bross. sshepele Petals $s ins oe blunt, gra- dually expanding upwards. Stam. Filaments 5, oa teapeds ore ant a as sie as the cup, (alternating with these are the rudiments of 5 __ more.) Anthers simple, arrow-shaped. Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Styles 5, thread-shaped, up- right, as long as the stamens. Summits simple, reflected. S. Vess. Capsule globular, with 5 imperfect angles, 10 cells, and 10 valves, opening, at the — i Borsititas _ membranaceous, very valves. oa —— egg-shaped but flatted, —— to a point, ossy. Ons. In many species, ( apis ‘in all) “fhe? filaments are “united at the” watt In Be ann 2 aepen there © are one a naw 4 ee &e. Linn. 214 PENTANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. DRO’SERA. Tourn. 127, Ros Solis. Gertn. 61. AL. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, upright, permanent, Buoss. el-shaped. Petals 5, nearly egg-shaped, blunt, somewhat larger than the cup. — | Stam. Filaments.5, awl-shaped, as. long as the cup. Anthers small. . ee A Pist. Germen roundish. Styles 5, simple, as long as the stamens. Swmmits.simple. 4 S. Vess. Capsule nearly egg-shaped, of 1 cell, with 3 or 5 valves. at the top. a SEEDs numerous, very small, nearly egg-shaped, rough. Oss. D. rotundifolia, and D. longifolia, have 6 styles, and SIBBA’LDIA. Gertn. 73. egg-shaped, very short. Styles as long an tnmicohanadls f Che Ok Nig MYOSU’RUS. Gaertn 74. 0 fated el, en cee ‘Stayt lament (or more) a ongas the cup Ae Pist. Germens numerous, sitting upon the receptacle forming anoblone cone, Styles none. Summit simple. HEXANDRIA’ MONOGYNIA: 215 S. Vess. none. Receptacle very long, shaped like a style, covered by the seeds, which are laid one over another like tiles. SrEps numerous, oblong, tapering to a point. Oss. The number of stamens very variable. This genus is nearly related to.the Ranunculus, Linn #us; who sometimes considered the petals as so many nectaries resembling petals. CLASS VI. "Tue flowers of this class contain 6 stamens, all of the © ‘same length, whereas in theTetrad ia class, the stamens, _ though 6 in number, are unequal in length, 4 of them being ‘ong, and 2 of them short; but as the difference in their length is not always very obvious, it may further be re- ‘marked, that in the Hexandria class, none of the flowers ‘have 4 petals, as is the case with all those of the class ~The Butzous Roors in this class are some of them noxious, as those of the Narcissus, the Hyacyntuus, ‘and the FriritiariA ; others are corrosive, as ALLIUM, but by roasting or boiling, they lose great part of their acrimony. HEXANDRIA. (6 Stamens.) MonoeyntA. (1 Pistil.) Galanthus. ee Belle = MANS Leucojum. Anthericum. Juncus. ene ; Narthecium. — yaencbesi a ee ee ak Frankenia, Fritillaria... «3 pe ee : eg - , Hyacinthus. eat Ornithogalum. . Acorus. uid aoe covered, 3-cornered, with 1 lor3 bie. and 3.v. ) SEEDs several, roundish, Ons. Husks brown, or approaching’ to black, aber’ ve - | hot expressed to be otherwise. The I. cong I. ns Hare Bt ons 3 stamens i ja each flower. BER'BERIS, Tourn. 385. Giortn 42. Cat. Cup 6 leaves, standing ) fe narrowest at the base, = ee . alternately smaller, ae Bioss. Petals 6, roundish, concave, upright, but expand ; ing, scarcely. larger prieslpr the cup...” a Nectary 2, roundish, coloured substances, owing . to the base of each petal, oe Stam. Filaments 6, upri ) the petals, Anthers 2, be sisi at the end. a HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 993 Pist.. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style none. Swmmit round and flat, broader than the grea, encompassed by a thin. ed border. S. Vess. Berry ett blunt, dimpled, with 1 cell. SeeEDs 2 or 3, oblong, cylindrical, blunt. Oss, There isa perforation at the top of the berry. (Gertn.) FRANKE/NIA. io bot. 205. Can. Cup 1leaf, nearly cylindrical, 10-cornered, perma- nent. Rim with 5 pear teeth, standing out. Buoss. Petals 5, the claws as long as the cup. Border flat, limbs circular and expanding. Nectary a ehednched Dime, tapering to a point fixed to each claw of the petals. ee _— ts 6, as vat as the cup. Anthers roundish, ouble. | Pist. Germen oblong, superior. Style simple, as long: as the stamens. Summits 3, oblong, upright, blunt. $V Capsule oval, of 1 cell, and 3 valves, SEEDs many, ona very small. PEP’LIS, Gerin. 51. Car. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, very large, ipermapent. Rim with. 12 teeth, every other tooth bent back. 3 Bioss. Petals 6, egg-shaped, very minute, fixed to the ener gree ene Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, short. Anthers Religie Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Style very. short, Summit round and flat. S. Vess. Capsule heart-shaped. Cells. 2 partition. op- posite.’ REDS many, 3-cornered, small. Ons. In the greater number of the flowers, of one and the fame plant, the blossom is alsogettine wanting. 7 .agtid _TRIGYNIA. “RUMEX. Tourn, 287, acetosa. Cat. 3 leaves. Leafits blunt, reflected, sermanent. | in pee egg-shaped, not unlike the € cup, but proaching, permanent. rained 294 HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Sram. Filaments 6, hair-like, very short. Anthers up- right, double. Pist. Germen turban-shaped, but 3-cornered. Styles 3, hair-like, reflected, standing out in the spaces between the approachin als. Swmmits large, jagged. — 5. Wabi aes. The blossom AP Oe becoming _ $-cornered, contains the seed. _ - SEED single, 3-sided. Oxns. Rumex digynus has a third less in number of all the — parts of fructification, except the stamens. © R. acetosa and R. acetosel/a have the stamens and pistils in different flowers and on distinct plants. In some species a callous grain or bead is form- ed upon the outside of the petals, when they close like valves upon the seed. Lin. In which state they are called valves. ~TOFIEL/DIA. FI. dan. 36. (Huds) bee CaL. none. } oe Bross, Petals6, equal, oblong, blunt, concave, perman Sram. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, smooth;..a¢ longas the petals. Anthers small, roundish, fixed sidewise. Pist. Germen 3-cornered. Styles 3, awl-shaped, ee ie panding ndi Sonn Seer blunt. SS . VEss. le roundish, rather 3-cornered, wi z cells and 6 valves, ot. {1 ye SEEDs numerous, oblong, nearly 3-cornered, small, "Ons. This is the Anthericum calyculatum of Linnaeus, who hinted the necessity of forming a distinct genus of this and the A. ossifragum, but Mr. Hudson separated it from both, and I think with propriety ; for though it has the habit of the latter, the structure of the seed-vessel will not allow them to associate in an artificial system. sine Cat. Cup 3 leaves ; leafits roundish, blunt, concave, de- ciduous, : : ae cies 6 ei ot Bueas Petals 3, ege-shaped, concave, blunt, resembling i . ; Bh oll oe Sram. Filaments 6, very short.. Anthers 6, shorter that pe : ee aid Dee iba 2g _ Pist. Germen large. Styles none. Summits 3 ot 6 "> ete Feira ae a S. VEss. Capsule ege-oblong, blunt, with as many" — as Summits, Opening at the hase, Valves acute. SEEDS solitary, oblong, oe HEXANDRIA, TRIGYNIA. 295 CO’LCHICUM. Tourn, 181, 182. Gertn. 18. Cau. none, (except some scattered sheaths.) Bross. with 6 divisions. Tube angular, extending down to the root. Segments of the border spear-egg-shaped, concave, upright. ¥ Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers oblong, with 4 valves, fixed sidewise to the filaments. Pist. Germen buried within the root. Styles 3, thread- shaped, as long as the stamens. Swmmits reflected, channelled. : S. Vess. Capsule of 3 lobes, connected-on the inside by a seam, blunt, with 3 cells, opening inwards at the seams. SEEDs many, nearly globular, wrinkled. __ ARISTOLO’CHIA. Tourn. 71. Gaertn, 14, 5 ¢ Ca, € none. . : : ? 4 oe) aad a ee fs Bross. Petal 1, tubular, irregular, the Hee, HONS, nearly globular, with protuberances. Tule oblong, cylindrical, but 6-sided.. Border spreading, extending _ downwards into a long tongue. ‘ ) Stam. Filaments none. -Anthers 6, growing to and under- Sew 5 the summits, with 4 cells rag : T. Germen oblong, angular, beneath. hardlyany. Summit near] eka, with 6 divisions, concave. S. Vess. Ca fa e, with 6 corners and. 6'cells..” SEEDs many, flatted, fixed sidewise. : - Ons, The ripe capsule is either long’ or roundish, Laxw. .. POLYGYNIA. ALIS’MA. Tourn. 132, Damasonium. ‘Ca. Cup 3 leaves; leafits egg-shaped, concave, permanent. Boss. Petals 3, circular, large, flat, greatly expanded. Stam. Filaments 6, aw]-shaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers roundish. ; Pist. Germens more than 5. Styles simple. Summits blunt, S. Viss. Capsule compressed. SEEDs solitary, small. : Oxs. The Alisma Damasonium has 6 pistils, and Gcapeiley tapering to a point. The A. natans, has generally 8. LinN ? A. plantago has from 12 to 18 capsules, and as many pistils, OL, I. Q ty ~ HHT 9988 TATA f CLASS VII. i i ie 1Ode lana * rato i: aan eo fae is ee: = . HEPTANDRIA. | (7 Stamens.) 0 3 ae 2 Monoeyara.. (1 Pistil.) TRIENTA'LIS. Cal. 7 leaves.” Bloss. flat, with 7 divisions, Caps, 1-celled. TRIENTA'LIS. Geertn. 50. Cay Cup 7 leaves; leafits spear-shaped, tapering to 4 - Gee point Stpanding, "permanent: 0! <5 90>" Buoss. starry, fue ae with 7 divisions, slighty pote: ~adheri ing at the ; a gments -spear-shaped. +: . # Stam. Filaments 7, halflife; growing on the claws of the ~ blossom, standing wide, as long as the cup. Anthes simple. | | Sayer? Pist. Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, as long the stamens. Swmmit a knob. nN Ae ‘S. — Berry not unlike a capsule, dry, globular, of ! cell, coat very thin, opening by various seams. Sueps several, a Sipcls large, hollowed out (0 receive the seeds, p gee Oss. Though 7 is commonly the prevailing number in this — genus, it is not always so. The ‘uit is a dry ber, not opel- — ing at valves like a capsule. Linn. Stamens 5, | 19F 7, with os many segments in the calyx, (Pallas.) | | be ey kee .. “ft 997 y CLASS VII. -OCTANDRIA. (8 Stamens.) Monoeynia. (1 Pistil.) Epilotinm. ~— Chlora. ~ Populus. Oenothera. ~ Faccinium. Daphne. Acer 7° Erea, Dieynta. (2 Pistils.) | Corylis. ~ , Tricynta. (3 Pistils,) Polygonum. TeTraGyniA. (4 Pistils.) Paris. Adoxa. Elatine. Quercus. Rhodiola. Myriophylium. ——__—__ MONOGYNIA. Ries ee Tourn. 157, Chamenerion, Gerin. 31. 1 leaf, with 4 divisions, superior. Segments cg to a point, col : , deciduous. — Petals 4, circular, expanding, broadest on the outer _ notched at the end, growing to the divisions of Stam, ig: es 8, awl- " ~— a4 S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped,»with 2 cells. Valves 9, reflected. SEEDs numerous, egg-shaped, furnished with down. - DAPHNE. Tourn. 366, Thymeleea. 'Gertn. 7 Hou. 1 eolgdeetn . inclosing the Loss. I pe -shaped, shrivel inclos ithe stamens. Tube ake sinaings is rend ther border. Border with 4 clefts, otegmionts: ebershapeds acute, flat, expandi Stam.» Filaments 8, short, iruterted into: th tube, 4 oft them alternately lower than: the other 4. Anthers 3 right, roundish, with 2 cells. ’ Pist. Germen .egg-shaped, . Style very short, "Seeman knobbed, flat, but somewhat d rar “ede S. Ves; - of 1 cell, roundish SEED single, as globular, fleshy.” . DI GYNIA. CO/RYLUS. Tourn. 347. Geertn. 89. Male flowers forming along catkin. Cau. Catkin Common, tiled on every side, cpenanest: consisting of Scales, each inclosing a singlé flower, _;Marrower at the base, broader and more. fun at the end, bent inwards, with 3 clefts. The middle as long, but twice as broad as, the eo and contig them. netting x Bross. none. Stam. Filaments 8, very short, fixed to thei inner Sim of the scale of the cup. Anthers egg-oblong, atoiyer than the cup, upright. — Female flowers at a distance from the ‘thers on the same plant, sitting, inclosed in the bud. ; Car. Inyolucrum 1 leaf, fleshy below, turgid, upwards 2- lipped and torn at the edge, containing 1 flower. Cup indistinct, superior, encircling the styles Boss. none. | Pist. Germen roundish, very small, with the. Stas of 2 seeds, Styles 4, bacyaes ie Semmits aw]- S. Vess. none. SEED. Nut egg-shaped, as if rasped. at the base, the end alittle compressed, and tapering toa point. Ons, This genus is nearly allied to the Panini dens 232° OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA: cet co} sae TRIGYNLA.. orrine setae POLYG'‘ONUM. Tourn. 290 & 291, Bistorta, Cat. Cup turban-shaped, with 5 divisions, coloured ees s egg-shaped, blunt, permanent. ct Bross. none, unless you call the cup the blossom. * ; Stam. Filaments ‘generally 8, awl-shaped, very: shor. Anthers roundish, fixed sidewise. Pisr. Germen 3-cornered. Sty yles generally 3, thread + shaped, very short. Swmmits simple. S. Vess. none. The Cup laps round the seed. a _ SEEp'single, 3-cornered, acute. ae | | Oss. In somé species there are 6 or 7 Stamens, and i 4, others only 5. In some the pistil is cloyen. Teab he TETRAGYNIA. _PA/RIS.. Tourn. 117, Herba Paris. : Can. Cup 4 leaves, permanent ; leafits sie 5a acute, as as the blossom, expandin oe Buoss. Petals 4, expanding, eee a resembling the cup, permanent, Stam. Filaments 8, awl-shaped, short, beneath the anthers. Anthers long, growing to the middle of the filaments, | ee on each she of them. roundish, but with 4 angles. Sé les 4, ex nang shorter than the stamens, Summits si ESS globular, with 4 angles, and 4 55 Sass several, ying in a double range. ADOX’A. Tourn. 68, “Moschateltina: Cat. Cup beneath, cloven, flat, permanent. Bross. 1 seal with 4 clefts, flat. Segments egg-shap"s acute, “than the cu ies jhiemens 8, awl- shied as long as the a2 Pist. CanitiSiemadh the receptacle of the blossom. Sil 4, simple, re as long as the stamens, P Summits simple. & OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA) . 033: S. Vess. Berry globular, between the cup and-the blos- som, the cup being connected with the under side of the berry, of 4 cells, dimpled at the end,’ ’ Segps solitary, compressed. Orgs. Such are the characters of the ferininglill flowers ;, but the /atera flowers have blossoms with 5 clefts, 10 stamens, and pa. ‘ _ELAPINE. Vaill,... f, 6. a Cau. Cup 4 leaves ; leafits sont flat, as = Tage as th the ~ blossom, ' permanent, Bios. Petals 4, egg-shaped, blunt, sitting, expanding. Sram. Filaments Bane [ong 2 as the blossom» Anthers si simple. aoe Germen large, round, globular, but depressed. Styles = upright, parallel,. as ni, 3. as the stamens. _ Summits: a adeaghe S. Vess. © lage “sound. globular, but Seretied, with 4 cells and4 valves. SEEDS several, crescent-shaped, upright, surrounding the any sone ‘like a wheel. QUER’ CUS. Tourn. 349. Gerin. 37. 3 Male flowers. Can. Cathkin thread- shaped, long, loose. Cup 1 leaf, with a 5 clefts. “Segments. acute, often cloven. Bross. none. — Stam. Filaments from 5 to 10, very short. Auer large, double. Female flowers seated in a bud on the same lant. Car. Involucrum, Scales numerous, tiled, united at the base so as to form a little hemispherical, permanent, —— cup, containing 1 flower ; outer scales the es very small, superior, with 6 clefts, permanent. Saree ute, contiguous to, and surrounding the base of the style. Pisr. Germen beneath, very small, sag, shaped, aped, with 3 cells, and the rudiments He: 2 seeds le simple, short, thickest at the base. Simmits 3, sage S. Vess. none. Seep. Nut -cylindrical, leather-like, smooth, as vit rasped te base, of 1 cell, placed in an hemisphe- tical goblet, which is short, and tubercled on the outside. 234 CREA “A. irscscpeamaumae 3: ~ RHODYOLA, Fl, dan. 183. Male flowers.» Cau. Cup with 4 divisions, concave, upright, ‘tine per manent.. Bross. Petals 4, oblong, blunt, upright, but expanding, ~ twice as long as the cup, deciduous. és Nectaries 4, upright, notched at the end, shorter than the cu Sram. Filaments 8, awl-shaped, longer than the blossom. Anthers simple. Pist. Germen 4, ee tapering t to.a anes Styles ad Summits imperfect. s; RAB barren. . —s ' : Ke _ Female flowers. sg! stcertae) ee Cat. Cup as above. Bross. Petals 4, rude, aprigit blunt, fe in height to the cup, permanent. saat 2 5 Nectaries as above. fae ; Pisr. Germens 4, oblong, ‘tapering toa 1 point, straight simple styles. Summits blunt. 2 S. Vess. Capsules 4, crooked, opening. on the inner ile. : SEEDs many, roundish, _ Ons, Having been ‘sometimes found with beripnaetle : flowers, with 10 stamens, and 5 pistils in each, it might be associated with the Sedums, (Schreb. ) of whose general habit it very much partakes, MYRIOPHYL/LUM. Gaertn. 68. Male flowers, : eo Car. Cup 4 leaves; legfits, oblong, upright, the outer 7 the largest, and the i tmnermost the smallest. _ Bross. none, or of 4 petals. ae Stam. Filaments 8, hair-lik longer than th cu, fim ber. Anthers oblon ng. ss — ‘ Mo ee Female flowers placed : Ca. Cup as above, . ~~ ~ mete Boss. none, or of 4 petals. fp aees Pist. Germens 4, oblong. Styles n none. Summits downy. se : S. Vess. none. SEEDs 4, oblong, naked. _, Ops. The Myri hyllum verticillatum often bears bernie phrodite flowers, the - spicatum seldom. Linn. pes ae CLASS IX. -ENNEANDRIA. _ (9 Suankne) | Dioynta. (2 Pistils,). die ee : HexacyniA. (6 Pistils.) Butomus. Hydrocharis. | : DIGYNIA., MERCURIA'LIS. Tourn. 308. Male flowers. Suporte. Ca. Cup with 3 divisions, Segments egg-spear-shaped, concave, expanding. LOSS. none. Stam. Filaments 9 or 12, hair-like, straight, as long as the cup. Anthers globular, double. : Female flowers. Cat. Cup as above. — ~ Bross. none. | Nectaries 2, awl-shaped pointed substances, 1 placed __ oneach side the germen, and pressed into its furrows. -Pisr. Germen roundish, compressed, with a hollow furrow on each side, h with hairs. Styles 2, bent back, horned, rough with hair. Summits acute, bent back. S. vee C roundish, purse-shaped, double, with 2 cells. Szeps solitary, roundish. \ 936 + ENNEANDRIA:: HEXAGYNIA, “~~ | HEXAGYNIA. BU’TOMUS. Tourn. 143.. Gertn. 19.. Ca. Involucrum simple, of 3 leaves, short. oe Boss. Petals 6, circular, concave, shrivelling, every other petal standing on the outside, smaller and more - acute. ivi vis 2 Stam. Filaments 9, awl-shaped, 6 of them on the out- side of the others. Anthers composed of 2 plates. _ Pist. Germen 6, oblong, tapering to a point, ending in «styles. Summits simple. eg, S. Vess. Capsules 6, oblong, gradually tapering, upright, of 1 valve, which opens at the inner side. s SEEDs many, oblong, cylindrical, blunt at each end, fixed to the side of the capsule. Be HYDRO’CHARIS. Curt. 167. A . | Cau. Sheath of 2 leaves, oblong, inclosing 3 flowers. © — proper, of 3 leaves ; leafits egg-oblong, a al membranaceous at the edge. oe oe sai 3, circular, flat, large. ae | TAM. Litaments 9, awl-shaped, upright; disposed in 3 _ Tows, the middlemost Sos Os paige sends out an awl-shaped little, pillar, resembling a style, from the inner side of the base. The othet @ rows are COn- nected at the base, so that the outer and inner filament — adhere together, Anthers simple. oe a Pist. Germen only a rudiment, in the centre of the flower» — gn Female flower. Cat. on — Flowers solitary. as above, superior, : Bross. as above, soe ties ET Hg Pist. Germen beneath, roundish. Styles as long a5 _ = cups compressed, cloven, and furrowed, Swmim by Seperiie th 6 point 05 Cor S. Vess. Capsule like leather, roundish, with 6 célls. SEEDs numerous, very small, roundish. — tae Ane 237 Ris CLASS K . DECANDRIA. (10 Stamens.) Monoeynia. (1 Pistil.) | Monotropa. ri pAatromeds. _ Arbutus.” Py ihe Ses oR roids -Droysta, Sa Fist) sn Saxe ad ae - scan, Ss 2i% 2 e Tacs % Pistils) ‘ Cucubalus, Silene. ” Stellaria, Arenaria. Cherleria. S pagnee “ -MONOGYNIA.. AS’ARUM. Tourn. 286. Garin. 14. Cau. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 3 or 4 shallow clefis, like leather, coloured, permanent, Segments upright, with the point bent inwards, Bioss. none. a Sram. Filaments 12, awl-shaped, half as long as the cup. Anthers oblong, growing to the middle of the filaments. Pisr. Germen either beneath, or else hidden within the substance of the cup. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Swmmit star-like, with 6 reflected divisions. S. Viss. Capsule like leather, generally with 6’cells, in- closed within the substance of the cup. SEEDs many, egg-shaped. CERATOPHYL/LUM. Gartn, 44, Male flowers. : Cau. Cup with many divisions, Segments awl-shaped, Buoss, none. Stam. Filaments twice as many as there,are segments in the cup, (16 to 20,) hardly discernible. dnthers ob- Jong, upright, longer than the cup. : 248 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA, — Female flowers on the same plant. Cau. Cup as above, | Boss. none, ee _ Pist. Germen egg-shaped, compressed. Style none. Sun mit Blunt, obheae. z3 vo a. S. Vess. Drupa egg-shaped, tapering to a point ; coat thin. Srep. Nut of 1 cell, “pf ~-LY’THRUM. Tourn: 199, Salicaria. Ceertn. dg CaL. Cup leaf, cylindrical, scored, with 12 teeth, every — other tooth smaller, ; ser Buoss, Petals 6, oblong, rather blunt, expanding, fixed ; by the claws to the divisions of the cup. vue Sram. Filaments 12, thread-shaped, as long as the oe the upper shorter than the lower ones. Anthers simple, TISL . : 4 pee Pist. 7. an oblong. Style awl-shaped, declining, as — long as the stamens. Swmmit round and flat, rising. S. Vess. Capsule oblong, tapering to a point, covered; cells 2, orl, : eee SEEDS numerous, small. _ i ons: In the Lythrum hyopifolia, there are only Gstammed. — Linn, - DIGYNIA, “CAR’PINUS, Tourn, 348. Gertn, 89. Male flowers. +, elec Caz, Catkin cylindrical, loosely tiled on every side, coll sisting of scales, with a single flower in each, egg- dared concave, acute, fringed, eat ee Bross. none, nics ant Sram. Filaments 10 or more, very short. Anthers dou _ Compressed, woolly at the end. a Female flowers on the same ll Ca. Cathkin loosely tiled, consisting of scales, inclosi a single flower ; spear-shaped, woolly, reflected ‘ the end. ste: ” es Involucrum of 1 leaf, © -shaped, permanent, 6 clefts. Segments unequal. = ; ee ok aaa Cut very small, superior, with 6 unequal teeth. Pist. Geren very small, 2-celled, with the rudiments of 2 secds, Style very short. Summits 2, hair-like, a DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA, 249 S.Vess. none. The catkin enlarges, and contains the seed within the base of each scale. Srp. Nut egg-shaped, compressed, covered by the per- manent involucrum, which is egg-shaped, compressed, ribbed ; rim with 6 clefts, 2 opposite teeth larger than the others. AGRIMO'NIA. Tourn. 155. Garin. ag: Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, small, superior, Sermanent, surrounded by another Supe 7, Ree Fa ow? 5, flat, notched at the end; claws narrow, to the cup. Sin "Fi ments hair-like, shorter than the blossom, fixed to the cup. Anthers small, double, compressed. Pist. Germen beneath. Ho ag 2, ‘simple, as long as the stamens. Summits blunt. S. Vgss. none. “agprsh canes hard and closes a f Sih neck, SEEDS 2, roun, roundish, Ons. The number of stamens Gceattaalye th uncertain ; in some flowers 12, sometimes 10, frequently 7. In the Agri- - monia eupatoria the outer cup adheres to the inner one; the seeds are 2, the stamens from 12 to 20; the fruit surrounded by bristles. Liyn.—Stamens from 5 to 12. 7 “TRIGYNIA. | . FA’/GUS. Tourn. 351 © 352, Castanea. Gertn. 37. Male flowers. Feat” Cat, Cathkin roundish, or cylindrical. : - Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with about 6 clefts. Boss. none. Stam. Filaments many, (5 to 20,) as long as ‘the cup, bristle-shaped, -Anthers oblox ne Female flowers in a bud on the same plant. Cat. Involucrum 1 leaf, with 4 clefts, upright, acute, _. permanent, inclosing 2 or 3 florets. of each floret, very small, e.mee with 6 clefis, upright, acute, permanent. Bioss. none. ~ Pist. Germen somewhat 3-cornered, with 3 or 6 cells, rudiments of the seeds in pairs, Style very short, with 3 or 6 divisions, Summit simple. 250 ‘DODECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. S. Vess. Capsule (heretofore the involucrum,) very large, roundish, beset with thorns, of 1 cell and 4 valves, Sreps. Nuts 2 or 3, egg-shaped, but 3-cornered or com- pressed, tapering to a point. ‘Oss. The Fagus Castanea has its male flowers disposed in a cylindrical catkin, and they each contain from 5 to 20 sta- mens. The female flowers inclose 12 barren stamens; the style has 6 divisions; the germen 6 cells; the nuts are 2 or 3, con- vex on one side, flattish on the other. The capsule’is armed with stiff branching thorns, 7 to “ee In the F. sylvatica, the male catkins are globular, the stamens from 8 to 12; the style with 3 clefts, the germen with 3 cells; the nuts 2, 3-cornered ; the capsule set with soft thorns. Lin. La oe are * ae . RESE’DA. Tourn. 238, & Luteola. Gerin. 76. Car. Cup | leaf, divided. Segments narrow, acute, up- right, permanent, 2 of them standing more open on — account of the nectariferous petals. 3 Buoss. Petals several, unequal, always some with 3 shal- low clefts; the uppermost bulging at the base, as long as the cup, and containing honey. + gee Nectary a flat upright gland, rising from the recep- tacle, situated between the stamens and the uppermost petal, closing with the base of the petals, which on that side are dilated. Ee: ‘Stam. Filaments 11 to 15, short. Anthers blunt, upright, as long as the blossom, i Pisr. . Germen bulging, ending in some very short style. Summits simple. : we S. Vess. Capsule bulging, angular, tapering to the styles, ees with 1 cell, opening between the styles. ; Szeps many-kidney-shaped, fixed to the angles of the capsule. has 4 divisions, the petals are 3; the uppermost, containing pes, nectary, has 6 shallow clefts.. The lateral and opposite pe have 3 clefts; and there are sometimes 2 other very sii@ entire petals, Styles 3. Stamens many, Liny. DODECANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 251 EUPHOR’BIA. Town. 18, Tithymalus. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, permanent, somewhat coloured, bellying; mouth with 4 (and in a few species with 5) teeth. Boss. Petals 4, (in a few species 5,) turban-shaped, bulging thick, lopped, irregularly situated, alternating with the teeth of the cup, and fixed by their claws to its edge: permanent. Stam. Filaménts many, (12 or more,) thread-shaped, jointed, standing on the receptacle, longer than the lossom, coming forth at different times. dnthers double, roundish. : Pist. Germen roundish, 3-cornered, standing on a little . fruit-stalk. \Styles 3, cloven. Summits blunt. S. Vess.. C roundish, consisting of 3 united berries, and 3 cells, opening with a jerk, prssls seinen Seeps solitary, roundish, Ops. Petals generally 4, sometimes 5. Male and female flowers are often found on the same plant. Capsule either smooth, hairy, or warty. Linn. ; POLYGYNIA. SEMPERVIVUM. Tourn. 140, Sedum. Gaertn. 65. CaL. Cup from 6 to 12 divisions, concave, acute, perma- nent. ‘ Bioss. Petals 6 to 12, oblong, spear-shaped, acute, con- cave, a little larger than the cup. Stam. Filaments 6 to 12, awl-shaped, slender. Anthers roundish. Pist. Germens 6 to 12, placed in a circle, upright, each ending in a style ; expanding. Summits acute. S. VEss. cepale 6 to 12, oblong, compressed, short, placed in acircle, tapering to a point outwardly, opening on the inner side. SEEDs many, roundish, small. Ons. When of a luxuriant growth, the numbers often in- crease, especially the number of the pistils. Nearly allied to Sedum, but differs in always having more than 5 petals. f 252. }-- CLASS XII, ICOSANDRIA: Saas Aurtuoucu this is called - class of pikes Sramens, because the flowers a under’ it generally contain about that number ; yet the ager character 1s not to be taken merely from he number of stamens, but from a consideration of the follo circumstances, which — will sufficiently distinguish it bo sah fom the a cand ensuing classes, 1, CaLyx consisting of 1 dest concave, 2. Perans fixed by claws to the inside of the cl | 3. SrAMENs more than 19; standing upon the petals, or upon the calyx ; (but not upon the Receptacle Oxs. Hardly any of the plants of this class are Sal ‘The fruits are mnpady pulpy and esculent. ICOSANDRIA, (20 Stamens.) Monoeynra. (1 Pistil.) | 1 hyde 4 Prunus, : Dieynta. (2 Pistils.) : Crategus, oe aos ‘Trigynta. (3 Pistils.) Sorbus. ” ects Pentacynta. (5 Pistils.) | Mespilus. Pipa. oe Spirea. | PoLyGyniA. (many Pistils.) | = Rosa. Rubus. Fragaria. Potentilla, Tormentilla, Geum. Dryas. ~ Comarum? SEED a Nut, somewhat glob ICOSANDRIA. TRIGYNIA, —_—_95 MONOGYNI4A, | PRU’NUS. Tourn. 398, &F 301, Cerasus; Cat. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 5 clefts, deciduous, Segments blunt, concave. Buoss. Petals 5, circular, coneave, large, expanding, fixed to the cup by claws, Stam. Filaments 20 to 30, awl-shaped, nearly as lone as _ the blossom, standing on the cup. Antlers double, short. Pist, Germen superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Summit circular. S. Vess. nearly globular, pulpy, including a nut or stone, ar; but compressed, seams Projecting 32 oe ee a Oss. The inside of the cup, in most of the species, is covered with a number of small glands, which make an appearance like . @ hoar frost; St.—In P. insititia there are sometimes 2 pistils. DIGYNIA. CRATA’GUS. Gertn, 87, Oxyacantha. Car. Cup 1 leaf, concave, but expanding, with 5 teeth, permanent) ©) ort 54 ite itt Bioss. Petals 5, circular, concave, sitting, fixed to the cup. Stam. Filaments 20, awl-shaped, fixed to the cup. Anthers roundish. ; Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 2, thread-shaped, upright. Summits knobbed. S. Vess. Berry fleshy, nearly globular, dimpled. SEEDs 2, rather oblong, separate, gristly. | Ops, In Crategus Aria the pistils vary from 2 to 4. With bond in the Crategus monogynia, there is uniformly only 1 pistil and 1 seed, - TRIGYNIA. SOR'BUS. Gaertn. 87, Sorlus 8 Aucuparia. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, concave, but expanding, with 5 teeth, permanent. . a Bross. Petals 5, circular, concave, fixed to the cup. | 254 ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Sram. Filaments 20, awl-shaped, fixed to the cup. Anthers — roundish, : Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 3, thread-shaped, upright. Summits roundish, =| | Le Vices: S. Vess. Berry soft, globular, with a hollow dimple. Szeps 3, rather oblong, separate, gristly. Pepe Oxs. The number of pistils is not very constant. (Reich) PENTAGYNIA. MES’PILUS. Tourn. 410. Gertn. 87. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, concave but expanding, with 5 teeth, — ‘permanent. ree Xs Bross. Petals 5, circular, concave, fixed to the cup. Sram. tisemnte 20, awl-shaped, fixed to the cup. Anthers simple, | AE i Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 5, simple, upright. Summits — roundish, ae S.Vuss. Berry globular, with a deep hollow nearly pet vading it, but closed by the cup. ae SEDs 5, hard’as bone, bulging. see. Ors. From the above ‘description, it appears, that the Craracus, Sorsus, and Mesrixus, are very neailyallied, so as hardly to be distinguished, otherwise than by the n ber of pistils. The leaves: of the Sorbus are generally winged the Crategus angular; and of the Mespilus entire, LINN The number of styles variable. (Reich.) ila he _ PY’RUS. Tourn. 404, 405, & 406. Gaertn. 87. ie Ca. Cup 1 leaf, concave, with 5 shallow clefts, perm nent. Se Ss expanding, | . Sat pas ee Bross. Petals 5, circular, concave, large, fixed to the cup: Sram. Filaments 20, aw]-shaped, shorter than the blossom, fixed to the cup. Anthers simple. pp Pisr. Germen beneath. Styles 5, thread-shaped, 35 1008 3 as the stamens. Szmmits simple. hee S. Vess. a Pomum, somewhat globular, with a hollowaim™ ple, fleshy, with 5 cells, divisions membranaceous SEEDS several, oblong, blunt, tapering to a poi base, convex on one side, flaton the other, < ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 258 SPIRAYA. Tourn. 141 Ulmaria, 150 Filipendula. Gertn, 69. Cau. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, flat at the base. Segments acute, permanent. Bross. Petals 5, oblong, but rounded, fixed to the cup. Stam. Filaments more than 20, thread-shaped, shorter than the blossom, fixed to the cup. -dnthers roundish. Pist. Germens 5 or more. Styles the same number, thread- shaped, as long as the stamens. Summits somewhat : globular. ae S. Vess. Capsules oblong, tapering to a point, compressed, 2-valved, 2 SEEDs few, tapering to a point, small, fixed on the inside the seam of the ¢ B. Oss. In Spiraea Ulmaria, the capsules are numerous, and placed in a circle; in S. filipendula they are numerous, and twisted like a cork-screw. Lin. POLYGYNIA. RO’SA. Tourn. 408. Gertn. 73. Car. Cup 1 leaf. Tube bellying, narrow at the neck; border globular, with 5 divisions, expanding, Segments long spear-shaped, narrow, (2 of which are in some species furnished with appen on each side, and the other 2 alternate ones naked, in others only one ent has these appendages.) Bioss. Petals 5, inversely heart-shaped, as long as the cup, and fixed to its neck. | . Stam. Filaments many, hair-like, very short, fixed to the neck of the cup. Adnthers 3-edged. Pist. Germens numerous, at the bottom of the cup. Styles as many as there are germens, closely compressed by the neck of the cup; fixed to the side of the germen. — Summits blunt. + S. Vess. none. Berry fleshy, top-shaped, coloured, soft, of 1 cell, crowned by imperfect segments, closed at the neck, formed by the tube of the cup. SEEDs numerous, oblong, rough with hair, adhering to the inside of the cup. — ? -Oxs. The S. Vess. is formed of the calyx, and resembles @ berry, Linn. . 956 ICOSANDRIA, POLYGYNIA, RU’BUS. Tourn. 385. Gertn. 73. Cat. Cup | leaf, with 5 divisions. Segments oblong, ees | panding, OA ora ce Lhd. Buoss. Petals 5, ae, as tong as the cup, upright, but: . expanding, | Bs Sram. Filaments numerous; shorter than the petal: yfsed = to the cup. Anthers roundish, comp ice Pist. Germens numerous. Styles small, hairs foi f ing on the sides of the germens. Summits simple, per- — manent. S. Vess. Berry composed of little granulations, collected é into ois knob, aa i is convex above, and concave bee - tion hath 1 cell. He RSUNIR Sanne stays oblong - Receptacle of the. seed sressls ‘conical ¥ jf agg oe Oss. The little bcikoa or granulations, are united soasto form one compound berry, nor can they be separated without tearing them. Rubus savatilis has a berry in which the — granulations aré distinct, and Rubus Chamamorus bears male “ and female flowers on different plants, Linn. pik FRAGA/RIA. ink. 132. Gaertn. 73. Cax. Cup 1 leaf, flat, with 10 shallow clefis. | alternately narrower, the narrow ones on t the broad ones. Stn Boss. Petals 5, circular, expanding, fixed to ee up Stam. Filaments 20, aw\-shaped, s norter than the b fixed to the cup. -Anthers Chebeeit chad ie 2 Pist. Germens numerous, very small, fone a set Styles simple, from the sides of the germens. § simple, SH Ss. Vass. ray aoe ee sie eae a sort of _ ry, glo- EEDS numerous, very small, tapering to a int, se ee on the surface of the receptacle. é ge: __ Orgs. The receptacle of th died e baer Lins. € 0 © seeds in this casey Car. Cup 1 leaf, flattish, with 10 shallow acho alternately smaller, reflected, ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 87 Bross. Petals 5, roundish, (or heart-shaped,) expanding, fixed by claws to the cup. ; Stam. Filaments 20, awl-shaped, shorter than the petals, _ fixed to the cup. -Anthers oblong-crescent-shaped. _ Past. .Germens numerous, very small, forming a knob. Styles thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, fixed to : the sides of the germens. Summits blunt. _ S. Vess. none. Receptacle of the seeds roundish, juiceless, very small, permanent, covered with seeds, inclosed in the cup. ii SEEDs numerous, tapering to a point. Ons. This genus agrees with-the Potentilla, excepting only that it has one-fifth more in number in all the parts of the fructification, so that the two genera might be united. Linn. — -TORMENTIULA. Tourn. 153... Car. Cup 1 leaf, flat, with 8 clefts, every other segment smaller and more acute. re Buoss. Petals 4, inversely heart-shaped, flat, expanding, fixed by claws to the cup. iil caaa Stam. Filaments 16, awl-shaped, half as long as the petals, fixed to the cup. Anthers simple. Pist. Germens 8, small, approaching so as to form a knob. - ‘Styles thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, fixed to. the sides of the germens. Swmmits blunt... * S. Vess. none.’ Receptacle of the seeds-very small, loaded with seeds, and inclosed by the cup. SEEps 8, roundish, naked, GE’UM. Tourn. 151, Caryophyllata. Gerin. 74. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 10 clefts, nearly upright. Segments alternately very small and sharp. Boss. Petals 5, rounded; claws narrow, as long as the cup, fixed to the cup. : ‘ Sram. Filaments numerous, awl-s' » as long as the cup, fixed to the cup. Anthers rather broad, unt. Pisr. Germens numerous, forming a knob. Styles long, hairy, fixed to the sides of the germens. Summits simple. S. Vess. none. Receptacle of the seed oblong, hairy, standing upon the reflected cup. : : SEEDs numerous, compressed, covered with strong hairs, ¥ furnished with a long —— by the style. ou, I, 258 ICOSANDRIA: POLYGYNIA. ‘DRY’AS. Gertn. 74. Car. Cup 1 leaf, with 8 divisions. Segments expanding, _ strap- eae blunt, equal, ite wat shorter than the blossom. e Buoss. Petals 8, oblong, notched at the end, expanding, fixed to the cup. : Stam. Filaments numerous, hair-like, short, fixed to the cup. Anthers small. . Pist. Germens many, small, crowded together, Styles hair-like, fixed to thie sides of the Spsmicget penta simple. S. VEss. none. ‘SEEDS: mumerous, roundish, corhpressed, retaining the styles, which grow very long and woolly. ; Oxs. The calyx has from 6 to 10-segments, and the — vary the same, (Schreb.) dary! “ES CO/MARUM. Gertn. 73. Cau. Cup leaf, with 10 shallow clefis, very tae exe panding, coloured. Segments alternately smaller, cand : under the others, permanent. bal Bross. Petals. 5, oblong, to a point, 6 ee smaller than the cup, to which they are fixed. Sram. Filaments 20, awl-shaped, fixed to the cup, a8 as the blossom, permanent. »Anthers crescent-shaped, _ deciduous. ae Pist. Germens numerous, roundish, very small, forming aknob. Styles simple, short, fixed to the sides of the ermens. Summits simple. S. Vzss. none. Rect of th sos cegshapal i p> LEO EOS egg 4 Pv Fe 44 CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. Tue flowers of this class have, as its title implies, many stamens, that is, from 20 to 1000 or more, so that it is unnecessary to attempt to count them, further than to be satisfied that they amount to 20 or upwards. The situation of the stamens, as standing UPON THE RECEPTACLE, is sufficient to’ distinguish it from the preceding class, in which they do not stand upon the receptacle, but either upon the sides of the Calyx or else upon the Petals. A regard to this circumstance will be a surer guide than an attention merely to the NUMBER of the stamens. - If the e does not at once determine the exact situation of the Tames, carefully and slowly pull off the petals and the segments of the calyx, if the stamens remain in their places they may then be considered as growing: upon the receptacle, Oss. Most of the plants of this class are poisonous. © POLYANDRIA. (many Stamens.) ; Monooynia. (1 Pistil.) | Actea. — ~*~—~Chellidonium. Papaver. Nymphaea. __. Tilia. — Cistus. $33 __Dioynta. (2 Pistils.) Poterium. “ Trieynta. (3 Pistils,) ba PENTAGYNIA. (5 Pistils.) Aquilegia. ‘ s2 260 POLYANDRIA.. MONOGYNIA. ° Hexacyn1a. (6 Pistils.) Stratiotes. va ca 3 Poryoynta. ony Pistils.) : Zostera. ‘A Mpotut. _ Helleborus, Arum. Adonis. — Caltha. Anemone. Ranunculus, Aagtistia. Clematis. Trollius, Mf Eh i wage ma ~-ACTAYA, Tour 154, Christophoriana. Gaertn, 114. oa 36 fae ae = Cup 4 leaves... Leafits citcular, blunt, concave, shed Bross Baa tapering each way, larger than t : Sram. Filaments about 30, hair-like, broader tc tow top. Anthers roundish, double upright... ‘of Pisr, Germen ege- “Style non Seam eg ngs SEEDs many, scl eid, standing i ina dole : CHELIDO’NIUM. Tourn, 116 & 130, Gla Gertn. 115, Can, Cup 2-leayed, roundish. Leafits patie e q nape coneaye, bhint, Loss. Petals 4, circular, fla expanding, nail at the base, ? ee: Stam. Filaments about 30, flat, broader upwards, on the a TRS Ant - ees compressed, = af = generally with 2 rie EEDS many, sha shi adhering to stalk that wae with the ceptac i tacle narrow, situated between the seams of and applied close to the seams through their length, continuing entire, sini POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA” os} Oss. The Ch.'smajus produces along pod of 1 cell; the Ch. glaucium and Ch. corniculatum a long pod of 2 capsules, and the Ch. hybridum a long pod with 3 valves. Linn. Ch. majus has a capsule resembling a pod, with knots where the seeds are placed, it has 1 cell and 2 valves. The seeds are egg-shaped, with a kind of crest along the back, and fixed by each end to a thread-shaped receptacle, and between the edges of the valves. The Ch. glaucium et hybridum have a very long pod- like capsule, compressed transversely, of 2 cells, 2 valves, and - @ partition inserted between the edges of the valves.. The seeds "are globular, and fixed in hollow cavities to the middle of the spongy receptacle. (Geertn.) ; PAPA’/VER. Tourn. 119, 120. Gaertn. 60. Car. Cup 2-leauatiedgsshaped, nicked at the end. Leafits 2, somewhat € haped, concave, blunt, shedding. Boss. Petals 4, circular, flat, expanding, large, narrowest at the base, alternately smaller. Sram. Filaments numerous, hair-like, much shorter than - blossom. Anthers oblong, compressed, upright, lunt. ; | Pist. Germen nearly globular, large. Style none, Summit target-shaped, flat, radiating. . S. Vess. Capsule of 1 cell, divided half way into many cells, opening by several apertures beneath the crown formed by the large and flat summit. sa ‘ - SEEDS numerous, very small.» Receptacle consisting of as many longitudinal plaits as there are rays in the sum- “mit, connected to the sides of the capsule. Oss. The seed-vessel varies in figure, from globular to ob- jong, and the number of rays in the summit are likewise vari- ous. The species may be divided into such as have smooth and such as have rough havry seed-vessels, Linn. NYMPHZ’A. Tourn. 137 8138. Gaertn. 19. Cat. Cup beneath, 4-leaved, large, coloured on the upper surface, permanent. pede a Bioss. Petals numerous, (often 15,) fixed to the side of the germen, in more than] row. | Sram. Filaments numerous, (often 70,) flat, crooked, blunt, short. -Anthers oblong, fixed to the edge of the filaments. | : Pist. Germen egg-shaped, large. Style none. Summit circular, flat, central, sitting, marked with rays, scol~ loped at the edge, permanent. 062. POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.: S. Vess. Berry hard, egg-shaped, fleshy, rough, narrow at the neck, crowned at the top, with many cells, (10 to 15,) filled with pulp. SEEDS many, roundish. Oss. The Nymphza /utea has a cup composed of 5 circular leafits, and the petals are smaller than in the other species. tive <* ree TILIA. Tourn, 381. Gaertn. 113. Cat. Cup with 5 divisions, concave, coloured, almost as large as the blossom, deciduous. Bross. Petals 5, oblong, blunt, scolloped at theend. ~ Stam. Filaments many, (30 or more,) awl-shaped, as eae blossom. Anthers simple. — } SD Pist. roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Swmmit with 5 blunt edges. S. Vess. Capsule like leather, globular, with 5 cells, and 5 valves, opening at the base, Oe) AE SEEDs solitary, roundish. cee Ons, In general only 1 seed comes to perfection, and this _ pushes aside the others, which are barren, so that an incautious Ferg would be apt to pronounce, that the capsule has but Dia os . ; J). te te CIS’'TUS. Tourn. 136, & 198, Helianthemum:Garrtn. 16: Cav. Cup 5 leaves, permanent. Leafits circular, concave, 2 of them smaller, placed below, but alternating with se the ea og is pieier Loss. Petals 5, circular, flat, expanding, very large. Stam. Filaments numerous, hain like, shore than the blossom. Anthers roundish, small. = Pist. Germen roundish, Style simple, as long as the sta- mens. Swmmits flat, circular. . ahr ¢ S. Vess. Capsule roundish, covered by the cup, SEEDs numerous, roundish, small. ‘ Oss, The essential character of the genus consis in the 2 smaller and alternate leaves of the calyx. Some species have a capsjle of 1 cell and 3 valves, in others it has 5 oF 10 cells and as many valves as there are cells. Linw, jit POLYANDRIA. DIGYNIA. _263 DIGYNIA. POTE/RIUM. Tourn. 68, Pimpinella. Gertn. 32. Male flowers forming a spike. Cat. Cup 4 leaves. Leajits egg-shaped, coloured, shedding. Buoss, with 4 divisions, roar egg-shaped, concave, - © expanding, permanent. cabs Sram. Filaments many, (30 to 50,) hair-like, very long, limber. Anthers roundish, double. => > Female flowers, above the male, on the same spike. Car. Cup as above. ah OF: - thick, hard, and closed.» ~ SEEDS 2. ~ Ons. P. Sanguisorba bears a berry which is ‘angular and juiceless, its seeds are 4-cornered, tapering to a pomt at each end. The male flowers produce 2 fecble pistils. Linn. and the calyx has 2, 3, or 4 leaves. (Reich.) TRIGYNIA. DELPHIN’IUM. Tourn. 241. Gertn. 65. Car. Cup none. i, ote te Bross, Petals 5, unequal, placed in a circle, the upper- ‘most before blunter than the rest, behind extended into a straight, tubular, long, blunt horn, the other egg- spear-shaped, expanding, nearly equal. ‘Nectary cloven, its front standing in the upper part of the circle of the petals, and its hinder part inclosed by the tube of the uppermost petal. Sram. Filaments many, (15 to 30,) awl-shaped, broadest at the base, very small, leaning towards the uppermost petal. Anthersupright, small. 7 Pst. Germens 8 or 1, egg-shaped, ending in styles as long as the stamens. Swmmits simple, reflected. S. Vess. Capsules 3 or 1, egg-awl- haped, straight, with 1 valve, opening inwards, =~ SEEDs many, angular. * 964 POLYANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. PENTAGYNIA. . AQUILE’GIA. Tourn. 142. Garin. 118. CaL. ap eens: 2 oe dingy cl . Buoss. Petals 5, spear-egg-sha at, expan z Nectaries 5,equal, Sailibge with the petals, horned, adually widening upwards, the mouth ascending ob- de quely outwards, fixed to the receptacle inwardly, ex tending below into a long tapering tube, blunt at the end. Sram. Filaments many, (30 to 40,) awl-shaped, the outer ones the shortest. nthers oblong, uptight, as tall. as P og blong, endi 1 ped IST 5, egg-o > ing in awl-s co _ longer than Sawai Sinemet upright, und ede | 10 short, wrinkled, chaffy substances separate and in- — close the germens. S. Vess. Capsules 5, distinct, cylindrical, parallel, straight, tapering to a point, with l-valve, opening from the point inwardly. SEEDS saad sacle keeled, fixed to the ping seam. | ; "EXA GYNLA. STRATIO’TES, Gertn. 14. Male flowers. Cat. Sheath 2-leaved, containing 3 or 5 florets. nt boat-shaped, compressed, blunt, approaching, 3 nearly equal, permanent. Cup 1 leaf, with 3 divisions, u ight deciduous. ee Petals 3, inversely heart- . hes 2 ww ‘ Es em S ding, twice as as the ae eg aries 20, resemb) ling anthers, strap-spear-s et Be ed es acute, psig in a circle, standing on the Dae Sram. Filaments 12, thread-shaped, shorter than the - nectaries, fixed to the receptacle, Anthers 8 ‘ap-shapes upright. oie emale flowers. * eee Cau. Sheath as above, but inclosing only 1 fort. ' Cup as above, superior. Boss. as above, ; Nectaries as above, but rather larger. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 265 Pist. Germen beneath, egg-shaped, but with 6 angles, and compressed. Styles 6, divided down to the base. Summits simple, bent outwards. S. Vess. Berry egg-shaped, tapering at each end, with 6 sides, and 6 cells ; pulp pellucid. SEEDs many, oblong, cylindrical. | Oss. Nectaries from 21 to’ 31. Stamens from 11 to 13. (Schreb.) The Stratiotes aloides, in cold climates, bears herma- ? phrodite flowers, with 20 stamens in each. (Gertn.) - POLYGYNIA. ZOSTE/RA. Gertn. 19. Male flowers. 3s Car. Sheath none, except the base of the leaf, inclosing the spike-stalk, approaching, and notched on each side Bn meg: e hirel — ef ae ike-stalk strap-s at, bearing stamens on sea reien Sid pitisla oni ita pubes. sce, sip LS Bross. none. _ Sram. Filaments alternate, numerous, very short, fixed to the spike-stalk above the germens. Anthers, 1 on each filament, egg-oblong, nodding, blunt, awl-shaped and crooked upwards and backwards. Female flowers. Cat. as above. Cup none, Boss. none. Pisr. Germens fewer, egg-shaped, compressed, alternate, 2-edged, nodding, fixed by the top to a little fruit- stalk, Style, 1 on each germen, simple. Summits 2, hair-like. : S. Vess. fe er egg-shaped, beaked, terminated by the style, rather compressed, membranaceous, transparent, of 1 cell, without valves, (Gzertn.) opening length- wise at a Jateral angle. (Linn.) . Szep single, elliptical, compressed, scored. (Geertn.) A/RUM. Tourn. 69. Gaertn. 84. Male flowers on the same fruit-stalk with the females, closely crowded, between a double row of tendrils. Cau. Sheath of 1 leaf, very large, oblong, lapped round at the base, approaching at the top, compressed in the middle, coloured peas inside, 266 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Sheathed Fruit-stalk club-shaped, undivided, a little shorter than the sheath, coloured, set round with ger- _ mens on the lower part, above the germens, shrivelling, Cup none. eats aie esas E t MOLY ae Buoss. none. EME Uae se Nectaries, thick at the base, ending in thread-shaped _ te placed in two rows round the middle of the : t-s co Hike HS thf AS Stam. Filaments none. Anthers sitting, 4-cornered. — Female flowers on the lower part of the fruit-stalk, near together. te Cat. Sheath and sheathed Fruit-stalk as above. Cup none. =, eerie ea segs ROME. + = Sigl a! Pisr. Germens each inverse] -shaped, Style none. — - Vess. Berry globular, of 1 cell. 3. champs gee SEEDS many, Lenadialt dbogere-o7 BAG) onae Oxzs. The wonderful and unparalleled structure of this ower hath given rise to many disputes amongst the mést eminent Botanists.—The Receptacle is lengthened out into-a naked club, with germens surrounding its base. The stamens, which is truly — wonderful, are fixed: to the receptacle more within than the germens, and consequently standing less in nged of filaments to elevate them. Hence it may be said to be an inverted flower. —What are the above-mentioned threads noticed under the name of tendrils? Linn. : Me ANEMONE. Tourn. 147 €8 148. Gaertn 74s ‘CAL. none. ie Bross. Petals in 2 or 3 rows, rather oblong, 3 in each row. Stam. Filaments numerous, hair-like, half as long 8 .,.. the blossom. Anthers double, upright. = Pisr. Germens numerous, forming a knob. Styles tape _ Summits blunt. ee eee eae gee, S. Vess. none. Receptacle globular, or oblong, with hollow dots. p a : . ; eo 7 SEEDs many, tapering to a point, retaining the style Oss. The Anemone Pulsatilla has a many-cloven leafy a Tnvolucrum, and the tails of the seeds are hairy. LINN. oe ee CLEMATIS. Tonirn. 150, Clématitis. Gata: Car. Cupnone, seteul? Bross, Petals 4, flexible, oblong. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA: 267. Sram. Filaments many, awl-shaped, shorter than the blossom. Anthers fixed to the sides of the filaments. Pist. _Germens many, roundish, compressed, ending in ae pe Styles, lenges than the stamens, Summit “sim : S. VEss. none. Recepiaclica:ersall Sioa) SEEDs many, roundish, compressed, ening the style, which i is variously — THALIC’TRUM. Tourn. 143. Gertn. “74. ‘i Cat. Cup none, (unless we call the blossom the cup.) Bross. Petals 4, circular, blunt, concave, shedding. Sram. Filaments many, broadest in the upper part, com- aie ee hoa ate blossom. Anthers oblong, te “ 1S 7 ‘oun i OR or gia little hoe Si none. Summits thick. S. Vgss. none. — SEEDS many, furrowed, egg-shaped, Wier. awns, Oss. The number of Stamens and Pistils is different in dif- ferent species. Linn. In some species there are styles of considerable length. In no well known genus are the species “more eificolt to ‘distinguish and characterise than in this. ~ADO‘NIS. gael Pie Can. Cup 5 leaves, Leafits blunt, concave, a “tele cO- . lou despyese Sa see re ; = Loss. Petals 5 to 15, 0 » blunt, shi Stam. Filaments thitry, ir short, cranial: Anthers _ oblong, bent inwards. Pisr. Germens numerous, forming a knob. Styles none. Summits acute, reflected. S. Vess. none. Receptacle oblon , spike- like. SEDs numerous, irregular, a at, without awns, bulg- ing at the base, bent back at the api with a air : propio. : RANUN’ CULUS. Pitas « 149. Carbs 74, Car. Cup 5 leaves. Lea -shaped concave, a little ~ coloured, deciduous. His Bs : Bioss. Petals 5, blunt, shining, with small claw 1 268 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA: Nectary a little cavity, gost above the claw of. ‘each “ps STAM. ‘Filaments many, ni half as long as the peta - Anthers upright, oblong, os donihle: potheeil Pisr. Germens numerous, forming a knob. ‘Styles none, Summits reflected, very small. at Ave _ §. Vzss. none. Receptacle connecting the acol ei short foot-stalks. d . SrEps many, iregular, crooked at the point, fie various. ney i Ons. The essential character of this genus consists in the nectary, the other parts of the flower are inconstant. ‘This nectary is in some species a naked pore, in others, assed RyacT ney border, and, in others again, closed. by a scale ich is notched at the end, In the R. ficaria, the 1 Teaves, and'the blossoms more than. 5 petals. The R. A has only 5 stamens, and the R. sceleratus an awl-shaped tacle, Sid the fruit in a spike. In some species the seeds are roundish, in others depressed ; sometimes they are beset wi ae prickles like a hedge-hog, -and sometimes they are but fewmm n: aba eg fF _TROLILIUS. Gerin. 118, | ine 5. Petals abo Loss. Petals about 14, ‘nae te in each of the 3 outer me “aes 5 in the a i Nectaries 9, strap-shaped, flat, crooked, piece on the inner side at the base. ay ae ‘Sram. Filaments numerous, bristle-shaped, shor the blossom. -Anthers upright. Aggie Pist. Germens numerous, sitting, like pillars. Styles Summits sharp-pointed, shorter than the stamen S. VEss. Capsules numerous, forming avs ogg -sna __ with a crooked point. we Sreps solitary, HELLEB/ORUS. Tourn. 144. Gaertn. 65. Cau. Cup none, (unless we reckon the blosso which in some species is nt. ) Buoss. Petals 5, circular, blunt, | ies Nectaries man ery short, placed i in a cit sisting of one Sah, tulaa tubular, narrowest | with 2 lips, upright, notched at the end, the inet the shortest, ; POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 269 Stam. Filaments numerous, awl-shaped. _Anthers com- pressed, narrowest in the lower part, upright. Pist. Germens generally 6, i Sapa Styles awi- shaped. Swmmits rather thick. S. Vess. Capsules compressed, keeled at both edges, the lower edge the shortest, the upper the most convex, openi Sips several, round, fixed to the seams. _CALITHA. Tourn. 145, Populago. Gartn 118. : Car. Cup none. es etals 5, egg-shaped, flat, eniataiaie large, thers Filaments numerous, thread-shaped, shorter than “the petals. Anthers ip a a blunt, upright. Pist. Germens from 5 to 10, oblong, "esse Regs oa Styles none. granting! simple. Ss, Vie Capsules m 5 to 10, short, dtctaamec, si SAGITTA'RIA. Garth: 845 -. Male flowers, numerous. _ : cai ies 3 leaves. Leafits. gas concaye, at a 3 hong, "Petals oa prclat, Peale flat, expanding, thrice as large as the cup. Stam. Filaments many, (gen generally 24,) awl-shaped, col- lected into a little Dike upright, as long as the cup. _ Female flowers fewer, heneath the other, yeh: Ci hor y Loss. Petals 3, as above. Pist. Germens humerous, compressed, | forming a little _head, 2 nS on the outer side, ending in very s ‘short styles. Summits acute permanent. S. Vess. none. Receptacl goby, and set round with — te whee nt bea 8 rm a : snc FEDS numero Aantal eae enc length- th- wise by brad membranaceous border, bulging on one side, tapering towards each end. . [i270 J ai; Se CLASS"RIVe* DIDYNAMIA. (2 Stamens longer.) : ——— yar Tue essential character of this Class consists. in the Flowers being furnished with 4 stamens, 2 of which are long, and 2 short. The short stamens stand next together | nile adjoining to the style'of the pistil. They are covered by the blossom, which is irregular in its shape... Kaan comprehends the. whirled, the lipped, the masked, the g the gaping, Sesh} the grinning flowers of other authors. It the followir ing Natunan Cuanacrer: , Cas, Cup 1 leaf, upright, tubular, with 5 aes. - Segr unequal, permanent: tients Bross. 1 petal, upright, ‘the base talulary? ontainin honey, and serving for a nectary. Border genet gaping, upper lip straight, Loder lip expanding, 3 segments, ee seta one the weeny sit Sram. Filaments 4, strap-shaped, fixed to the tube of the ~bloss. but leaning towards theyback of it.) Filaments all parallel, seldom taller than the blossom... The? | middle ones shorter than those én each side. 2 pat! LSearstie f covered by the upper lip of the blo som, and i Pees ning each other so as to stand ey per ST. men generally superior. Style pe ie iSined. bent in the ior ntae oy the fi alsa oe agete stone HA the midst of’ them, but § onger, and a little crooked at the top. Sw rally cloven. : : S. Vzss. either none, (as in the first Oider,) there is one, (as in the second Order,) it ger _ sists of 2 cells, st ‘SEEDs in. Saag Order 4, seated at the bottom oF ‘cup. In the second Order fixed to the rect _. cle, which is placed in the aad of the seed~ oA Oxs. The flowers of this class are, for the most. oe ae upright,-but leaning a little Somshs, Haims $0 that the b the may more effectually cover the anthers from ain, a™ ict pollen more an fall upon the summit. ‘The plants in| 5 eG Order of this Class are odoriferous, cephalic, and resolve” None of them are poisonous. . DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA, 971. GyMNosPERMIA. (Seeds naked.) Ajuga. ss Galeopsis. Clinopodium. Teucrium. _ Galeoldolon. —— — Origanum. Nepeta. -___—_._ Betonica. Thymus. Verbena. - Stachys. Melissa. Mentha. Ballota. _ Melittis. Glecoma. Marrubium. Scutellaria. Lamium. . Leonurus. Prunella. — _ ANGIOSPERMIA. (Seeds covered.) ¢ Pe } 3 7 is. Pde gar ‘Silt ad ia. Die Tate Scrophularia. _- Orobanche. __. Digitalis. ni Bae teas Hasse ag Linnea. = . GYMNOSPERMIA ~A/JUGA. Tourn. 08, Bugula, & Chamepitys. — Cat. Cup 1 leaf, short, with 5 shallow clefts, nearly equal, permanent. o ie ages oe Bioss. 1 petal gaping. Tube cylindrical, crooked. Upper lip ‘very small, upright, cloven, blunt. Lower lip _ large, expanding, with 3 segments, blunt, middle ‘seg- ment large, inversely heart-shaped, lateral segments small. Stam. Filaments 4, (2 short, and 2 long,) awl-shaped, : - upright, taller than the upper lip. Anthers double. — Pisr. Germen with 4 divisions. Style thread-shaped, ing in size and situation with the stamens. Swm- mits 2, slender, the lowermost the shortest. | S. Vass. none. The Cup closes and retains the seed. Szeps 4, rather long. Si ai wt 972 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIAI _ TEU’CRIUM. Tourn. 97, Chamedrys, & 98. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, nearly equal, acute, bulging on one side the base, permanent, Buoss. petal gaping. Tube cylindrical, short, ending in a crooked mouth. Upper lip upright, acute, deeply divided, even lower than its base. Segments standing wide. “Lower lip with 3 clefts, expanding, lateral’ eg ments a little upright, of the shape of the upper lip, the -middle one large, circular. yee dy Stam. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, longer than the upper lip of the blossom, and projecting between its seg- ments. Anthers small. ee Pist. Germen with 4 divisions. Style thread-shaped, ~ agreeing in size and situation with the stamens. Sum- mits 2, slender. ge S. Vess. none. The Cup remaining unchanged contains the seeds within it. ee re: 4 SEEpDs 4, roundish, ei Oss. The very deep division of the upper lip of the blo: and its segments standing so wide apart, give the appearance of 2 flower without any upper lip. The T. Chamedrys has a tubular calyx, and bears its flowers in the bosom of the leaves, Lin. NEPETA. Tourn. 95, Cataria. Gat. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, cylindrical ; mouth with 5 teeth, — acute, upright, upper teeth the longest, the lower mos e expanded. ; Ka Aus sas Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tule cylindrical, crooked; ord open. Mouth expanding, heart-shaped, terminé 2 ver short, reflected, blunt segments, Upper upright, circular, notched at the as rey! 1 » concave, larger, entire, a little scolloped at th Stam. Filaments 4, 2 long, and 2 short, Hr hap proaching, covered by the upper lip. Anther. ~ sidewise. ee Pist. Germen with 4 clefts. Style thread-shaped, : ing in length and situation with the stamens. cloven, acute. 5 oie ieee s. Vess. none. The Cup standing upright con 2 ARSE a es Be SEEDs 4, somewhat egg-shaped. Ts ase Ons. If we reckon the segments of the mouth as a part of : the lower lip, that lip must ihe be considered as having if divisions, Linx. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. ¢73 a : petal, gapir TT ube short. Bortler ope — Mouth somewhat wider than the tube, and as sate the cup. Above the base of the lower lip on each ch sie = - little tapering tooth, hollow on the ng Se yore lip circular, concave, serrated at the top. nt ip with 3 segments, the lateral ones circulaty ®' — Ks riddle one lagger, scolloped, notched athe ends DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 73 Stim. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 short, awl-shaped, ‘co= vered by the upper lip. Anthers roundish, cloven, Pist. Germen with 4 clefts. Style thread-shaped, agree~ ing in length and situation with the stamens, Summit cloven, acute. S. Vess. none. The Cup stiff, straight, containing the seed in its bottom. 2 Scie Oxs. In G. Ladanum the upper lip of the blossom is a little re- flected, but not very evidently scolloped. Linn. ‘The G, Gale- obdolon has no teeth on the lower lip of the blossom, but it is di- vided into three equal segments, and the upper lip is entire, being ouly fringed with a few soft hairs. On these accounts Mr, Hud- son pade a distinct genus of it, under the name of Galeobdolon. GALEOB‘DOLON. (Hops.) Curt, 223. ae Involucrum ‘underneath the whirls. Lenfits strap- , acute, shorter than the calyx. "1 leaf, tubular, ball cote with teeth, taper- ing to a point, the upper tooth upright, distant, the 2 e expanding: Bioss. 1 petal, gaping. Tube cylindrical, short. Up er lip oval, vaulted, nearly entire, fri » woolly, Lower lip shorter, with 3 clefts, unequal, , the dateral Segments Magy Soar So to a point, the outer edge bent back, the Segments longer, straight, tapering to a point. - Stam. Fi ts 4, awl-shaped, covered iy ae eat 2 of them longer. Anthers in pitta convex above, concave underneath Pisr. Germen with 4 divisions. Style thread-shap: or the length and situation of the stamens, — cloven, acute. S. Vess. none, The Cup unchanged contains the seeds in. its bottom. SzEps 4, short, 3-square, lopped. (Hups.) BETON’ICA. Tourn. 96. Can. aes tubular, cylindrical, s.rotthe, awed, Scares rages a peel geo ing. Tule cylindrical, ig ae lip ate” flat, u vith Lower gE wi “segments, the middle one iroedet; sircolar, meee at the end, T3 276 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Sram. Fikaments 4, 2 long and. 2 short, as. as sthe mouth of the blossom, and leaning towards e ee if lip. -Anthers roundish. Pist. Germen with 4 divisions. Style in shape, size; aa is situations, resembling the stamens. Swit cloyen, S$. Vzss. none. The.Cupcontains theseeds. | SEEDs 4, > egg-shaped. | i oe BS eb ae , - STCHYS. Tourn. 86. ~ Welope on E -Can...Cup 1 leaf, tubular, angular, with 5 ; shallots ‘leh f soec reti teeth rng tapering: to a. ‘ps Buoss. H es ae Tube very short. Mouth oblong, bulging aaeeatt towards the base. Upper lip up- an somewhat egg-shaped, vaulted, generally n ched at the end. See ne anges with 3 ee the 2 after aacenn bent to the sides che the mouth “Al BY ce simple. © | a . Germen with 4 divisions. “Style. thread- naped, cing in length: and situation with the ss aaa Summit cloven, acute.” a S$. Vass. none, ‘The Cap; but little c change ae the seeds. SEEDS 4, egg-shaped, angular. Oss. In. arvensis me ie " id the Blossom is is ve ‘~BALLO'TA, Tourn. 85... ok | , Cat. Involucrum beneath the whirls, , formed ~ shaped leaves. 1 leaf, sahabe, salver-sha , regula corners, and 10 scores, obl taped, DE Rim ax open, plaited, with 2 5 teeth. a. Buoss. se gaping. Tule cylindrical, as Jo _ cup. Upper pfs Ea g-shaped, Sn ‘ pec with 3 ents, bli .. One the largest, t h d. Sram. _Filaments 4, 2 m SELL Apa ee . Ig towards and ‘hanes than the obpet! ‘ DIDYSANMA. GYMNOSPERMI (I 277 Prst. Germen with 4 clefts; © Style thread- shaped, in shape and situation similar to an stamens. Summit ~ slendery cloven. S. Vess. none. The Cup unchanged contains the ierds, SEEDS 4, egg-shaped. _. Oss. It has the involacram of the Biiapodiuva, the coutys of the Marrubium, and the blossom of the Stachys, but is most nearly allied to the .Marraliagss Eats ed a pager rings td ae MARRU’BIUM. Tourn, Ol. — Cup 1 leaf, ‘dalver-shaped tubular, ovith 10 scores. » Rim equal, open, generally ‘with 10° teeth 5 iveett aher- r ies re a Tube ini Border Loss. 1 petal, gapi cyl rical. 2 Miaatt Otis eetnatats RBe. Eze. ~- acute, © ‘eloven. Lower lip vesder,. pond with 3 shallow : , middle secment: broad, notched at ' the end; » lateral. segments acute.” ¥ STAM. HFiletitents 4, 2 long and 2 short, shorter than the blossom, covered by the wpper lip. -dnthers simple. Pist. Germen with 4 clefts.’ Style thread-shaped, agree- ang in length and situation with the stamens. Summit * cloven. S. Vess. none. The Cup closed atthe — but expand at the rim, wes 2 the seeds. SEEDs 4, rather oblong. Bap ot fe Rake saae ye ay me LEONU’RUS. Tourn.-87. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, cylindrical, tes cau 5 edges, mit 5 teeth, permanent. gaping. Tube narrow. Border opening, Bioss. 1 _ with ie: mouth. Upper lip the longest, semi-cylin- drical, concave, bulging, roundish and lunt at the end, te LOTR, with soft hairs. sors lip sei” with _ 3 divisions. Segments spear-shaped, nearly equal. STAM. Filaments y ti Bit Sy 2 short, covered. by the ARPS lip. -Anthers oblong, compressed, cloven half ay down, fixed sidewise, sprinkled. with very small, “eof: shining, elevated, globular particles. Pisr, Germens4. Style thread-shaped, agreeing in length and situation with the stamens. Summits cloyen, acute. 278 #DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. S. Vuss, none, ‘The Cup remaining ‘wochanged conteing the seeds within it. SzEps 4, oblong, convex on one side, angular on. the other. Oss. The lip of the blossom varies in diffrent srs (Reich. si In L. Cardiaca it is egershaped. CLINOPO’DIUM. Tourn. 92. Cau. Involucrum of many bristle-shaped leaves, as long as the Cap whe ee under the whirls. alee cylindrical, very slightly curv oieithy Salen me broader, with 3 segments, acute, ee Lower lip ey divided, slender, - Peg 1 petal, gap Tube short, dually: widening ) cu nou Tia ig, eae blunt, notched at the nie with 3 clefts, blunt. Middle Segment broader, seeten at theend.. Stam. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 short, covered by the upper lip. Anthers roundish, Z. Pist. Germen Iran 4 Ss Yovaeat Style: thread-shapeds yes. 9 and situation with the. ee, me acute, compressed. : S.Vxss. none. The Cup closing at the neck, and ni out in the body, contains the a sendeca 48 7 SEEDS 4, egg-shaped, ae ORIG/ANUM. Tourn. 94. Lit: 4 Palas Cat. Involucrwm spike-like, tiled with Flas ; = » coloured, compound. 1, various. Buoss. 1 | gaping. Tule cylindrical, compress’ Upper li “pra flat, bhai notched at the €n& — Lower lip with 3 clefts, énts nearly qual. Stam. Filaments 4, 2 long a 2 short, thread-sha Prone 28 the blossom. Anthers simple. slightly doves. | : S. Vzss. none. The Cup closing a little c contains des : SEEDs4, egg-shaped, 3 DIDYNAMIA..GYMNOSPERMIA; 979 Ons. The Involucrum of the cups constitutes its essential character. The cup, in some species, is nearly equal, with 5 teeth; in. others it consists of 2 lips, the upper. lip large and entire, the lewer lip hardly perceptible ; in ethers again, the cup is formed of 2 leaves. Linn. - THY’MUS. Tourn. 93. : Car. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, cloven half way down into 2 lips, permanent. Mouth closed by soft hairs. Upper lip broader, flat, upright, with 3 teeth. Lower dip with . 2 bristles, of equal length. ‘ Loss. 1 petal, gaping. ube as long as the cup. Mouth - small. "Upper lip short, flat, upright, Foiled at the ~ vend, blunt. Lower lip long, expanding, broader, with 3 segments, blunt; middle Segment : Sines Samal, @ lerigpand- shott; crooked. dathers - Pist.Germen. with 4 divisions, Style thread-shaped. “Summit cloven, acute. eee: S. Vess. none. The Cup becoming narrow at the neck incloses the seeds. zs ee SrEps 4, small, roundish. — MELIS’SA. Tourn. 91 & 92, Calamintha. ..... Can. Cup 1 leaf, somewhat bell-shaped, dry and skinny, 6 litte expanding, angular, rae wart Aue Mouth with 2 lips. Upper lip with 3 teeth, reflected, gee ing, flat. Lower lip short, rather pointed, divided, Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tube cylindrical. Mouth open. “Upper lip short, upright, vaulted, roundish, cloven. — Lower lip with 3 clefts, the middle Segment largest, heart-shaped. . Ae gee Stam. Filaments 4, aw)-shaped, 2 as long as the blossom, the other 2 but half as long. Anthers small, leaning __ together in pairs. Sergey tt Pist. Germen ag 4 clefts. Style thread-shaped, as long as the blossom, leaning along with the stamens under the upper lip of the blossom. Summits slender, cloven, reflected. arg i a2 pe #0) S. Vess. none. The Cup unchanged, but enlarging, con~ '- tains the seeds. ee Steps 4, egg-shaped. ge Mane ial 280 | DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA| MELITITIS. Curt. 68. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, cylindrical, aie) Mouth * with 2 lips. Upper lip tall, notched, acute. Lower lip shorter, cloven, acute. Segments standing wide,” Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tule much more slender than the cup. Mouth but little thicker than the tube. lip upright, roundish, entire. Lower lip ex with, 3. segments, blunt; middle Segment: ings, fa entire, Sram. Filaments 4, the middle ones shorter shan: the outer ones, awl-shaped, standing under the upper lip. — blunt, cloven, each pair orming a cross. | Pisr. Germen: blunt, with 4 clefts, covered with sil bain '»/ Styles thread-shaped, agreeing in length and situation __with the stamens. Summit cloven, acute. a S.Vess. none. The Cup unchanged contains nthe se é SEEDS four. Oss. The lower lip of the calyx i is sometimes’ scollo lanms 2 Psion Pes 64, Cassida. i leaf, very short, tubular. Rim almost entire, after Howerin closed by a lid, which is formed by a expansion of the upper part of the cup.’ <. Sakae Buoss. 1 petal, gaping. Tule very short, bent backwa ; . Mouth long, compressed. Upper lip concave, 3-cle Middle ees concave, notched at, the end. Latera? — Segments flat laced under the middle s¢ AE Lower lip broad, notched at the end. yee Sram. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 short, conse the upper lip. -Anthers small. a ae Pisr. Germen with 4 divisions. Style ‘linea we agreeing in length and situation with the st mm role. crooked, taper.’ ee ae S. Vess. none. The Cup 3-cornered, covered rth | resembling a helmet, answering the Paton, of sule, and opening at the lower margin. - Ye el SEEDS 4, roundish. Oss, This genus is abondantly distinguishable Pe a others by its singular and. beautiful calyx, which, inclosing seeds as a seed-vessel, resembles, in its external apie! helmet with its crest. Pes DIDYNAMIA, ANGIOSPERMIA, og ~ PRUNEL/LA. Tourn. 84: AIR Cat. ‘Cup 1 leaf, with 2 lips, mouth’ short, permanent. Upper tip flat, broad, lopped, with 3 very small teeth. - Lower lip upright, narrow, acute, with a shallow cleft. Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tube short, cylindrical. Mouth oblon He ae lip concave, entire, nodding. Lower lip reflected, blunt, with 3 segments, the middle Seg- ment broadest, notched at the end, serrated. Stam. Filaments 4, 2 a little longer than the other 2, awl- - shaped, forked at the end. Anthers simple, fixed to — the filaments beneath the top, and only to one of the divisions of the fork. ieee | Pist: Germen with 4 divisions. Style thread-shaped, <- Mies lip. S. Vzss. none.” The Cup closes and contains the seeds. _ SEEDS 4, somewhat egg-shaped. ie Se ‘Oss. "The essential character consists in the forked fila- ¢ era gaa . ment, as in the genus Crambe. Linw. Z = ANGIOSPERMIA. BART’SIA. Lightf.14. ~ Oi Car. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, permanent. Mouth blunt, ‘ cloven. Segments ms at a end, tat ate og Loss. 1 ing. er lip upright, slender, en- tire, ong Ee lip aie: with 3 clefts, blunt, very small, Pe apecias e Stam. Filaments 4, 2 a little shorter than the other 2, ~~ pristle-shaped, as long as the upper lip. Anthers oblong, approaching, standing under the top of the upper lip. Pisr. Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Summit blunt, noddmg. S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, compressed, tapering to a point, with 2 cells and 2 valves, partition opposite to the valves. 5 9° | a | SEEDs numerous, angular, small. Oss. This genus is a sort of connecting link between the Rhinanthus, Euphrasia, and Pedicularis, but distinguished by its coloured calyx. Linn.—If the coloured calyx be admitted 4s an essential generic mark, nearly half the Order must be placed in it. (Mr. Woodward.)—And the Bartsia viseosa has a Calyx not at all coloured. (Mr. Giddy.) a 262, DIDYNAMIA, ANGIOSPERMIA. RHINAN’THUS. Tourn, 77, Pedicularis., Garin, 54, Car. Cup leaf, rpeaagal inflated, compressed, with 4 cle nie tee ee petal, g Tube nearly cylindrical, as long as the epi. open, compressed. at the. base, Upper. Ps baie as, compressed, notched at the end, narrower. Lower lip open, Silke ae allow ‘clefts, blunt ;. the middle repent eae : Sram. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 pee ! the ae lip which conceals them, Anthers fixed a wise, cloyen at one end, hairy, pha Fist. | tee Soak ame compre Am C hread ES He eh Ss. Vee 2 enesiin cits compr. , 2, val 2, partition opposite to ARGANES, opening at he Ss SEEDS many, compressed. soa Ons. Rhinanthus Crista alli ok a bosdeted ja seeds surrounded by a loose membrane ; anda calyx. equal, with: lefts. Linn. EUPHRA’SIA. Tourn. 76, Gaertn, 54. Car. Cup 1 leaf, eee with 4 clefts sequal, manent. | i om I petal, ga Tule as | as the cup. \U lip concave, eens: at the m Jong 4b xpanc _with 3 divisions. Se, Si ted Weal ena! Stam. Filaments 4, apt, “iy ne upper lip. Anthers 2-lobed, ie lower r e8 lower anthers tapering into a little thorn. _ Pist. Germen g-shaped. Style thread-shape ~ dn shape and ‘situation with the stamens. S. Vass. : ee egg-oblong, npressed seat tition opposite to the valves. Sat Tie SEEDS numerous, very small, roundish, _, Obs. This description applies to the Euphr, pete the Euphr. Offcinalis s admits of the following remarks ver made by Mr, Hudson. — Cup tubular, bell-shaped fe tapering to a point, equal, Bloss. lower lip with th clefts, segments cloven, the middle one large: cloven at the base, the Johes at the base tapering in Summit a knob. Capsule 4-comered at the base, nickle top. a5 HO DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA, 283 MELAMPY’RUM. Tourn, 78. Garin. 53. Car. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, with 4 shallow clefts. Segments slender, permanent. si. Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tube oblong, bent back. Border comprsseet pper lip helmet-shaped, compressed, notched at the end ; Jateral margins bent back. Lower Zp flat, upright, as long as the upper, with 3, shallow Peper, blunt, marked with 2 projections in the middle. ' ' Sram. Filaments 4,2 long and 2 short, awl-shapeé |, crooked, concealed under the upper lip. Anthers o long. Pisr. Germen tapi to a point. Style simple, agreeing in length and situation with the stamens. Summit blunt. 8. Vess.” Capsule oblor , oblique, tapering to a point, | compressed ; upper edge » convex, lower sige Straight ; cells 2, valves 2, partition opposite to the valves, open- ging at the upper seam. | Speps 2, egg-shaped, bulging, bordered at the base. LATHRA’A. Tourn: 424, Clandestina. Gertn. 52. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, straight. Mouth with 4 > deep cer : — Loss..1 petal, gaping. Tule longer than the cup, Bor- der gaping, bellying. Upper lip concave, helmet. shaped, broad, with a narrow hooked top. Lower lip smaller, reflected, blunt, with 3 clefts. “9 Nectary a gland notched at the end, depressed on each side, very short, situated upon the receptacle of the flower, at one corner of the germen. - Stam. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, as long as the blossom, concealed under the upper lip. Anthers blunt, depress- ed, approaching. Pisr. Germen globular, compressed. Style thread-shaped, > Seog. in length and situation with the stamens, iElopped, nodding, = S. Vess. Capsule roundish, blunt, but furnished with a _ small point, with 1 cell, and 2 elastic valves, surrounded _ by the cup, which is large and i oge 2 | SEEDs few, globular, fixed to the middle of the valves, Oss. On account of its nectariferous gland, it approaches Hear to the Orobanche. Liny. ad, 684 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA\ PEDICULARIS. Tour “77, ‘A.D. E. Ht Pet ; Gertie S681 ge} [ Se} Busit | ones Bad val oe ape Tube ‘einai, be Ube zt he cada uy right, compres narrower, “notched at the end, lip tet i ats W h ~ 3 shallow : Laci blunt. aes ee y e nar _Towest. SrEDs many, ie hig ar. 5 saat ne tl globular, in ae base of mgr - Ons. Capsule for the most part oblique. In si the cup is chess at ae rim pte 2 ig ge ba Ve oe ~ANTIRREUNUM. Tourn. 7 @ 0 : a Gaertn. 53) om Cat. Cup with 5 ged ar the 2 dower more expanding Bross. 1 petal, gaping. Tule bones bul ig _ Baraer with 2 lips, oF pper lip cloven, reflected sid _ Lower eo peh with 4 Nhs os Palate convex, mou __ generally closed projection, of the lower li 1s channelled | ae 2 Ripe oe. f “ iy Nestor Projecting backwards: from the ba ane Oe eilabee: 4, 9 short and 9. long, nearly as preaching and inclosed by the POR ie _ _approac se Pisr. Germen roundish. Style simple, agreeing In IS" and situation with the stamens, Summit blunt. S. Viss. ( sule roundish, blunt, cells 2. Figu manner 0} ing ae thes in different sp SEEDS many. rstas kidn ,ey-shaped, ae iy tothe partition, as ee DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMITA. 285 ». Oss. Themectary and the seed-vessel’ differ’ greatly in the different species, 'In-some, the former ig long and awl-shaped, and the latter opens equally. _ In others, the nectary is blunt, scarcely protuberating; the capsule unequal at the base, open- ing at the top obliquely ; and, in others again, still different. SCROPHULA’RIA. Tourn. 74. Gerth. 53. Car. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, permanent. Segments — rounded, shorter than the blossom. =) Buoss. 1 petal, unequal. Tule globular, large, mflated, Border very small, with 5 divisions... The 2 upper Seg- . ments larger than the others, upright; the 2 lateral _ones open ; the lower reflected. Sram. Filaments 4, strap-shaped, declining, as long as _ Pus. Germen egg-shaped. Style simple, agreeing in length E De eeune wath = A Bea ta ger #8 S.Vess. Capsule roundish, tapering toa point, cells 2, _ valves 2, partition formed by the edges of the valves ___ turning in, opening at the top. . ee SEEDs many, small. Receptacle single, roundish, extending é itself into each cell. Ozs. Inthe mouth of the blossom, beneath the upper seg- ments, lies another little segment resembling a lip; but this is not common to every species. The blossom, in this genus, should be considered as reversed. The upper lip smaller, bowed back, rounded, the stamens bowed down towards it ; the lateral seg- ments scolloped, rounded, equal to the upper; the lower Lp larger, open, with 2 divisions; the intermediate lip very small, placed in the fore part. Linn.—When ripe, an oval opening appears in the partition. (Gertn.) bait cn ia ey "DIGITALIS. Tourn. 73. Garin. 53. Can. Cup with 5 divisions. Segments roundish, ‘acute, permanent, the upper narrower, = Bioss. 1 petal, -shaped. Tube large, expanding, Bulgi the under side, cylindrical and narrow at _» the base. Border small, with 4 clefts. Upper Segment most expanded, notched at the end.» Lower Segment Sram. Filaments 4, 2 long and 2 short, awl-shaped, fixed ‘to the base of the Seo, declining. Anthers cloven, tapering to a point at one end, 286 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA, Pist, Germen tapering to. a point. Style simple, uti along with the stamens. Summit acute. | S. Vess. Capsule egg-shaped, as long as the cup, tapering to a point, cclls 2, valves 2, tearing open in 2 ditec- tions. Partition double, formed by the edges of the valves, turned in. SEEDS many, small. LINN AA. Fl, , pig tif yi i a : Cat. Cupdouble, — Cup of the! Fruit betieath; 4-leaved : 2 leafits site, very sin , acute, the other 2 elliptical, dave, ; Pie i rough with hairs, embracing the ~ con » permanent. : Cup o the Flowers ga of I leaf with 5 divi- ; sions, upri cht, slender, acute, eqtial. Bross. 1 petal, bell-shaped, with # shallow clefts, it 2 zeit equal, twice the size of the flower cup. © m. Filaments 4, wii colts 5 fixed to the om ‘fie oakerke 2 very small, the other @ ‘near to Cthely ep ae but eee bag the blossom. Anthers ae Ale EE - globular. ee S. Vgss. merit juiceless, -shaped, 3.ielled, covered by ‘the rough hairy gush ee of te fruit, ‘deci fut ‘a SEEDs 2, roundish, - SIBTHOR'PIA, Gerin, 55... ee Cate Oat ia turban-shaped, with 5 re Semp xpan ing 5 leafits egg-sh anente os Soteh Bross. 7 petal, wih § sions expanding, Summit a S. VEss. Copies ae oe tea deat, valves “2 cells, parti wan ott Fane DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 987. . Sexps several, mendieh oblong, convex on one side, flat on the other Receptacle g sir fixed to the middle of the pee: LIMOSELLA, Gertn, 50. Car. Cup Ileaf, with 5 shallow clefts, acute, upright, — permanent. Bross. 1 petal, bell-shaped, upright, equal, with 5 shallow clefts, acute, small. Segments expanding. . Sram. Filaments 4, upright, 2 leaning to the same Sts shorter than the blossom. -Anthers simple. Pist. Germen oblong, blunt, of 2 cells. Style simple, as long as the stamens, declining. Swmmit globular. S. Vess. le egg-shaped, — f inclosed in the Sati with 1 cell, and 2 valves. Partition divided below Sa ets ped oer ess shaped, darge. _ OROBAN’ CHE. Tourn. SI. Car Cup 1 leaf, with 2 or 5 steht, fine ealodicd, permanent. Pape 1 1 petal, ping: Tule \eaning, large, bellying, ‘order expe pper lip concave, open, notched at a end. Lower lip reflected, with 3 clefts, unequal, at the edge. Segments nearly equal. Sram. Filaments 4, 2 lo: "and 2 2 short, awl-shaped, c con- cealed under the upper lip. Anthers upright, approach- ing, og than the border. Sea lone caine cdiane Sample eeeiemaattias % O f simple, in and situation With A the stamens. Summit with a shal- - * low cleft, blunt, thick, nodding. S. Vess. Capsule egg-oblong, tapering to a point, with } cell, and 2 valves. Senne numetous, very small. Hecate 4, strap-shaped, lateral, connected. ~ Ozs, Each segment of the summit ‘wotehed? at the end Lasse ee different species. (Reich.) . | s{288 J Ga CLASS XV. ee TETRADYNAMIA, * ; 2 Stamens shorter. . ae ae In the flowers of this Class there are 6 Stamens; 40 them long, and.2 short. . (It is also worthy of observation, — that the Havers of this Class have uniformly 4 Petals. An — attention to this circumstance will probably save the learner some trouble, as the difference of length in,the Stamens is — not always very obvious, and especial y as the plants of the Hexandria Class have none of them 4 Petals.) fe The Orpers are 2, and are distinguished by the of the seed-vessel, which, in the 1st Order is a broz short Poucu; that is, a roundish flat seed-vessel, fi with a Style, which is frequently as long as the seed itself. Tn the 2d Order, the seed-vessel is a long ee a very long seed-vessel, without any rem Were ee , tT Be ‘8 : eae The Plants of this Class admit of the follow n Naturat CHaracrer. ft Se Cat. Cup oblong, of 4 leaves; deciduous. Leafits °° oblong, concave, blunt, apy roaching, standing in op- : posite pairs, at the base. | persetic: The Nectary is formed of the calyx, which | “ Buoss. cross-shaped. Pet 4, . Claws Hath®’ awl-shaped upright, generally than Border flat. Limls broadest towards the end, hardly touching one another at the edges... The _,__ fixed in the same circle with the stamens... Stam. Filaments 6, awl-s aped, upright, the 2 oy _ Ones as long as the cup, the other 4 somewhat ! but shorter than the blossom. Anthers rather 0 tapering to a point, thickest at the base, up! with the top bent outwards, a TETRADYNAMIA. ———sag89 . _Nectariferous glands, which differ in different genera, ow near the stamens, and are mostly fixed at the ase of the shorter filaments, which are generally bent outwards, to prevent the compression of the eiids, _ and therefore appear shorter than the others. Pist. Germen superior, daily growing taller. Style. the length of the longest stamens, but in some genera there is no style. Smmit blunt. _ S. Vess.- Pod with 2 valves, often with @ cells, opening from the base to the point. Partition projecting be- yond the points of the valves, and occupying the place of the style. SeEps roundish, inclining downwards, lodged in the par- tition lengthwise and alternately. Receptacle strap- shaped, surrounding the partition, “and lodged in the seams of the seed-vessel, Oss. This class is truly natural, and has been considered as such by all the best systematic writers, nevertheless, they have thrown into it one or more genera that do not naturally _ belong to it; but this we have avoided. The plants of this Class are universally called Anti-scorbutic: their taste is acrid _and watery ; they lose most of their virtues by drying. None of them are poisonous. _ Sp ve - In moist situations, and wet seasons, they are most acrimo- nious. Thus the CocHLEaRia Armoracia (Horse-radish) grow- ing near water, is so very acrid, that it can scarcely be used ; and Brassica Rapa, (the Turnep) whose root in a dry sandy soil is so succulent and sweet, in wet stiff lands is hard and acrimonious. * TETRADYNAMIA. (4 Stamens longer.) ~ Sizicunosa. (Pouch, or broad Pod.) Myagrum, __—‘Felila. Thlaspi. | Binds. . Subularia. =~ hi ae \ Crambe, Draba. Lleris Ksatis, _ Lepidium. = - Stzravosa. (long Pod.) Dentaria. Cheiranthus. Brassica. C aa dam rine. : He. iS. : Sin ° Sisymbrium. ae “Raphanus. urysimum, Turritis. 2909 #TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. SILICULOSA. MY’AGRUM. Tourn. 99. Gertn, 141. Cai. Cup 4 leaves ; leafits egg-oblong, concave, standing open, coloured, deciduous. io Buoss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals flat, circular, blunt ; claws slender. See Stam. Filaments 6, as long as the cup, the 4 opposite — ones rather longer than the other 2. _Anthers simple. - Pist. Germen pon Style thread-shaped, as long as the cup. Swmmit blunt. lager oe S. Vess. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, somewhat com- _ pressed, entire, rigid, terminated at the point an | oF conical style.” Valves 2, (Some of the ¢ ten empty.) hese SEEDs roundish. wie Oss. Myagrum satiowm is the only British plant that has been referred to this genus, but it ill accords with its charac- ters; on which account Professor Gmelin has constituted @ new genus called Mancura, which includes the Myagrum sativum, Draba aizoides, Alyssum incanum, and campestre. 4 BU/NIAS. Town. 103, Erucago. Geertn, 142. Se 4 leaves ; leafits egg-oblong, expanding, de: ciduous. i Buoss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals inversely $68" _ shaped, twice as long as the cup; claws taper, upghh — STAM. Filaments 6, as long asthe cup, the 2 opposi® — a not quite so long. Anthers upright, cloven at the ase. + Th UT AY eee Pist. Germen oblong. Stylenone. Summit blunt. S. Vess. Pouch irregular, ege-oblong, with 4 sides, 0g — _ .with 1 or 2 projecting points, not opening, dec SEEDS fe roundish, 1 placed under each point pouch, 7 see oe CRAM’BE. Tourn. 100 & 99, Rapistrum. Gaertn. 143. Cat. Cup 4 leaves; leafits exg-shar “channelled, ra expanding, deciduous. ea ee Boss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals large; NO? broad, expanding; claws upright, but standing °°” open, as long as the cup, ; ee ‘TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA, 291 Stam. Filaments 6, 2 of them as long as the cup, the other 4 longer, and cloven at the end. Anthers simple, fixed to the outermost division of the filaments. Nectariferous Glands placed on each side, between the blossom and the longer stamens. Pist. Germenoblong. Style none. Summit rather thick. S. Vuss. Berry dry, globular, of 1 cell, deciduous. SEED single, roundish. __ Ons. The cloven tops of the filaments constitute the essen- tial character. Linn. VSATIS. Tourn. 100. Geertn. 142. Cau. Cup 4 leaves ; leafits egg-shaped, rather expanding, ‘ coloured, Frege eae LoL rage Loss. 4 , forming across. Petals oblong, blunt seca , gradually tapering into claws. ows Ee Sram. Filaments 6, upright, but expanding, as long as 3 gai but 2 of them shorter. Anthers oblong, _. lateral. . Pist. Germen oblong, 2-edged, compressed, as long as the shorter stamens. Stylenone. Swmmit a blunt knob, S. Vess. Pouch oblong-spear-shaped, blunt, compressed, 2-edged, with 1 cell, not opening, Valves 2, boat- shaped, compressed, keeled, deciduous. Szzp single, egg-shaped, in the centre of the seed-vessel. VEL/LA. Gerin, 141. Car. Cup 4 leaves, upright, cylindrical; deafits strap- . shaped, blunt, deciduous. wee Buoss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals inversely egg- , expanding ; claws as long as the cup. Sram. Filaments 6, as long as the cup, the 4 opposite ones a little longer than the other 2.’ Anthers simple. Pisr. Germenegg-shaped. Style conical. Summit simple. S. Vzss, oo ae entire. Cells 2. Partition twice as large as the pouch ; the part extending beyond the pouch egg-shaped, and upright. SBEDs several, roundish. u2 a 292 += TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA, - aed SUBULA’RIA. Fl. dan. 35. Sk aaa Can. ‘Cup 4 leaves ; leafits ‘egg-shaped, voenves: alle - éxpanding, deciduous. Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals inversely ce. shaped, entire, rather larger than the cup. ie Sram. Filaments 6, shorter than the blossom, the 2 sand ; ‘ing opposite still shorter, Anthers simple. ee Pist. Germen egg-shaped. Style shorter than the pe Summit blunt. a S.Vess. Pouch eg egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, | _ furnished with a very short style. Cells 2. Partition placed in a contrary direction to the valves, which oe egg-shaped and concave. i SEEDS Br ievehh very minute, roundish. sat e DRA‘BA. Gerin. 141. Car. Cup 4 leaves; leafits ege-shaped, concave, u but expanding, deciduous. ~ a Buoss, 4 petals, forming a cross; petals oblong, expanding; claws very minute. 2 ge Fae i a ah as the cup, 4 opposite 0 e longer t e other 2, upright uw Anthers simple. Bile pe Pist. Germen egg-shaped. Style hardly aye: um flat knob. eet S. Vess. Pouch oval-oblong, compressed, entire, without a style. Cells 2. Partition parallel to the valves: Valves flat, but a little concave, SEEDS many, small, roundish, Sas sail Ons. In some species the petals are divided down to a? base, in others they are only notched at the end, and in others” again-they are quite entire. The essential Charact in the pouch being oval-oblong, compressed, and alir a style —These circumstances readily Gistiniguieh! it Adyeaumt, the Subularia, and the ppedig esiihe “LEPIDIUM. Tourn. 103, Gertn. Mie 3 ah nate Car, Cup4 leaves; leafits egg-shaped, coneaves ids Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross; pet es ap shaped, twice as long as the cup; claws AO : Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, as long as the CUPyT opposite ones shorter than the others, Anthers ee TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA, 993 Prst. Germen heart-shaped. Style simple, as stamens. Summit pene 4 ee S. Vess. Pouch heart-shaped, notched at the end, com- pressed, sharp at the edge. Cells 2. Valves boat- _ shaped, keeled. Partition spear-shaped, placed in a contrary direction to the valves, Sexps several, egg-shaped, but tapering to a point, nar- rower at the base, inclining downwards, = __ . Ops. L. ruderale has only 1 seed in each cell. (Sr.) The Lepidium anglicum has either 2 or 4 stamens only, as is also the case with the L. ruderale. THLAS’PI. Tourn. 101. Gertn. 141. Car. Cup 4 leaves; lea -sha concave, upright pti coe: = ee ite “a Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross; petals inversely ego- shaped, twice as long as the cup ; claws narrow. Sram. Filaments 6, half as long as the blossom, the 2 opposite ones shorter than the others, Anthers taper- ‘ ing to a point. ‘Pisr. Germen circular, compressed, notched at the end. Style simple, as long as the stamens. Summit blunt. S. Vess. Pouch compressed, inversely heart-shaped, notch- ed at the end, the depth of the notch being equal to the Jength of the style, Cells 2. Partition spear-shaped, Valves boat-shaped, bordered with a keel. Srxps many, inclining, fixed to the seams, Ons. InThlapsi Bursa-pastoris the pouch is inversely heart- shaped, but without a border; but in some other species itis — - surrounded by a sharp border. Livn,—In T. campestre there is only one seed in each cell. Sr. COCHLEMRIA, Tourn, 101. “Car. Cup leaves ; leafits egg-shaped, concave, standing open, deciduous. pee ; Buoss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals inversely egg- shaped, expanding, twice as large as the cup 3; claws natrow, shorter than the cup, standing wide. - Sram. Filaments 6, sal tees as long as the cup, the 2 opposite ones shorter than the others. Anthers blunt, - compressed, 294 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Pist. Germen heart-shaped. Style simple, very short, ermanent. Summit blunt. ec ines S. Vess. Pouch heart-shaped, bulging, turgid, 2-celled, notched at the end, furnished with a style, rough Valves bulging, blunt. SEEDS, about 4 in each cell. : VBERIS. Gertn. 141. Cat. Cup 4 leaves; leafits inversely egg-shaped, concave, — expanding, small, equal, deciduous. He Buoss. 4 petals, unequal. Petals inversely egg-shaped, — blunt, expangiing, the 2 outer ones much larger, equal, the 2 inner small, reflected ; claws oblong, upright. Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, upright, the 2 later ones shortest. -Anthers roundish. age Pist. Germen roundish, compressed, Style simple, short. — Summit blunt. Sieg S. Vess. Pouch upright, nearly circular, compressed, notched at the end, encompassed by an acute border. Cells 2, Partition spear-shaped. Valves boat-shaped, Keeléd, compressed, iii SEEDS several, somewhat egg-shaped. SILIQUOSA. oa DENTWRIA, Tourn. 110. i eee Ca. Cup 4 leaves; leafits egg-oblo , approaching t0- wards the top, blunt, dscllipa She Dns Buoss. 4 petals, He a cross. Petals circular, blunt, shghtly notched at the end, flat, ending in claws as. as the cup. ae pnt Te Stam. Dias 6. awl-shaped, as long as the cup, 2of them shorter. Anthers heart-oblong, upright. Pist. Germen oblong, the le of the stamens. le, very short and thick. Swmmit blunt, notched at the ene S. Vess. Pod long, cylindrical ; cells 2. Valves 2, penis with a jerk, and the valves rolling back. Partiit” rather longer than the valves. oF a SEEDS many, somewhat egg-shaped, TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA, 295 CARDAMINE. Tourn. 109. Geekin. 143. Cau. Cup 4 leaves; leafits egg-oblong, blunt, rather o - bulging, small, devia e : ae Boss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals oblon ~ego~ shaped, greatly expanded, ending in claws, which are vpn and twice as long as the cup. Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, the 2 opposite ones twice as long as the cup, the other 4 still longer. Anthers small, heart-oblong, upright. ay skein Pisr. Germen slender, cylindrical, as long as the stamens, Style none. Summit a blunt knob, entire. _ S. Vess. Pod long, cylindrical, but compressed. Cedls 2. Valves 2, when they open rolling back in a spiral. SEEDS many, roundishe Oxs. One species is often found destitute of the 2 shorter stamens ; in some others the petals are wanting. In C. pefrea the valves open at the base, but do not roll back. Linn. SISYM’BRIUM., Tourn, 109. Car. Cup 4 leaves; leafits spear-strap-shaped, expanding, e ; Colqueet, deciduans- Sie Loss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals oblong, expand- ing, generally eae than the cup; claws very . minute. 5 aa Stam. Filaments 6, longer than the cup, the 2 opposite ones, somewhat shorter. Anthers simple. Pisr. Germen oblong, thread-shaped. Style very short. Summit blunt. : ae S. Vess. Pod long, crooked, bulging, cylindrical; celés 2. Valves 2, nearly straight when open, rather shorter than the partition. SEEDs many, small. aie Oxs. S. Sophia has the petals shorter than the cup; and a very long and very slender pod. In 8. sylvestre and S$. amphi- bium, the pod is bulging, and yery short. Liwy. ’ 296 TETRADYNAMIA, SILIQUOSA. ERYS’IMUM. Tourn. 111. Gertn. 143. Cau. Cup 4 leaves; leafits egg-oblong, parallel, but proaching, coloured, deciduous. — toad Bxoss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals oblong, flat, v _ blunt at the end ; claws as long as the cup, upri ae Gland double, on the inner side of t _ shorter filament. ee Stam. Filaments 6, as long as the cup, the 2 opposite ones shorter than the others. Anthers simple. se Pist. Germen strap-shaped, 4-edged, as long as the sta mens. Style very short. Summit a small knob, per. Vas, Podiong sep alinpied ote, axsd tural xactly S. Vzss, Pod long, strap-shaped, stiff, and strai exactly — _ 4-cornered, with 2 vives, and 2 cells, r mn 8 SEEDs many, small, roundish, at f a: RE 5: ; ish CHEIRAN THUS. Tourn, 107, Leuogjum. Geertn.143,. Can. Cup 4 leaves, compressed ; leafits spear-shaped, con- cave, upright, parallel, but a ae, asd towards the — top, deciduous, the 2 outer bulging at the base. ~ eee Buoss. 4 petals, fo ing across. Petals circular, long ae than the cup; claws aslongasthe cup. © Sram. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, Siaradte as long as the — _ Cup, 2 of them shorter and bulging at the base, within — ‘the cup. Anthers upright, cloven at the base, acute and refleeted at the top. a A Nectariferous Gland surrounding the base of the short stamen on each side, gee’ Pist. Germen prism-shaped; with 4 edges, as Jong as the stamens, with a small tubercle on each side the base. Style very short, compressed. Summit oblo , divided,” ected, thick, permanent. ee S. Vess. Pod long, compressed, the 2 opposite angles 0D- literated and marked with a little tooth ; ces 4 valves 2, furnistied with a very short style, and at upright cloven summit. : ae A 2 SEEDs many, pendant, alternate, somewhat egg -shapee compressed, with a membranaceous border. ae Oss. The little tooth on each side of the germen, in some species, almost disappears, in others it grows larger. - In the © 2 Ch, tricuspidatus the pod has 3 points at the end, LINN. TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 297 HES’PERIS. Tourn. 108. Car. Cup 4 leaves; leafits spear-strap-sha arallel approaching towards the top, and eae ey other, wide at the base, deciduous, the 2 opposite ones bulging ee 4 ‘at the base. ' . _ Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals oblong, the length of the cup a little bent obliquely to the leit ending in taper claws which are as long asthecup. _ Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, as long as the tube, 2 of them only half as long. Anthers strap-shaped, upright, reflected at the.top. Nectariferous Glands tapering to a point, placed between the shorter stamens and the germen, surround- ing the stamen. itil Pist. Germen as long as the cup, prism-shaped, with 4 edger, - Style none. Summit divided, placed inwards, oblong, upright, forked at the base, approaching at the top, shrivelling. ae S. Vess. Pod long, compressed and flat, stiff and straight, of 2 cells. Valves 2, as long as the partition. ee SEEDs many, egg-shaped, compressed. AR’ABIS. E. lot. 178. Curt. ii. 13. Car. Cup 4-leaved, deciduous; Jeafits parallel, and ap- ssackiog at the top, 2 of them opposite, egg-oblong, acute, larger, a little prominent at the base, bulging, concave ; the other 2, pains upright. - Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals egg-shaped, ex- panding, ending in claws as long as the cup. Nectaries 4, each composed of a little, reflected, per- manent scale, fixed to the receptacle at the bottom, and on oe side of the leaves of the cup; reflected, permanent, Stam. Filaments 6, aw)-shaped, upright, 2 as long as the cup, 4 twice as long. Anthers heart-shaped, upright. Pisr. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style none.. Summit blunt, entire. S. Vess. Pod compressed, very long, ‘ stra -shaped, un- equal from protuberances occasioned by the seeds. Valves mostly as long as the partition. SEEDs many, roundish, compressed. _ Oss. The nectaries and the summit demonstrate that it is neither a Cheiranthus nor a Hesperis, Linn. 298 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA, TURRITIS. Gerin. 143; . Cau. Cup 4 leaves; leafits egg-oblong, parallel, ‘but-ap spun towards the ace aticuss . A 4 Buoss. 4 petals, forming. a cross. Petals egg-oblong blunt, upright, entire; claws upright. 97h sale Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, upright, as long as _ tube, 2 of them shorter. _Anthers simple. Boe Pist. Germenas long as the blossom, cylindrical, a ‘compressed. Style none. Summit blunt. = S. Vess. Pod exceedingly long, stiff and straight, with edges, but 2 of the edges, which are opposite, aln obliterated, and somewhat compressed; cells 2. Valu _ @, rather shorter than the partition. isabel SEEDS very numerous, roundish, notched at the end. - BRAS/SICA. Town. 106 69 113, Rapa. Gartn.143. Ca. Cup 4 upright leaves; leafits spear-strap-shaped, Sateen sid Shatin sited! bulge at the base, parallel, deciduous. ee Bross. 4 petals, forming a cross, Petals. nearly egg- shaped, flat, expanding, entire, gradually tapering into claws, which are > oi long as the os ee re Nectariferous Glands 4, egg-shaped, 1 placed bet each short stamen and the germen, and 1 between¢ _ pairof the longer stamens and the cup, Stam. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, upright, the 2 opposite ones . long as the cup, the other 4 longer. Anthers — upright, ta ‘to a point. 1 ican Pisr. AS ASD long as the stamens. Style short, as thick as the germen. Swmmit a knob, entire: — S. Vess. Pod long, nearly cylindrical, but dep ressed | each side. Partition projecting at the end, cyl cells 2. Valves 2, shorter than the partiti SEEDs many, globular. i fing? igo nae Oss. In Brassica Rapa the cup and the blossom are of the same colour, Liny. meee SINA’PIS. Tourn. 112. Geertn. 143. Car, Cup 4 leaves, expanding ; leafits strap-shaped, om on channelled, standing ‘crosswise and expandings ee eciduous, aie TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 299 ss. 4 petals, forming a cross. Petals circular, expand- ing, entire; claws upright, strap-shaped, rather shorter than the cup, sitting, Nectariferous Glands 4, egg-shaped, 1 between each shorter stamen and the sats and 1 between each pair of longer stamens and the cup. ‘Am. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, upright, the 2 opposite ones as long as the cup, the other 4 longer. Anthers upright, but expanding, tapering to a point. ST. Castacs cylindrical. Style as long as the germen, and as tall as the stamens. Swmmit a knob, entire. §.Vess. Pod oblong, with protuberances on the lower part, rough ; cells 2. Valves 2. Partition large, com- pressed, poedly twice as long as the valves. SEEDs many, globular, _ Oss. Differs from the Brassica in having the claws of the petals upright, and the leafits of the calyx expanding. Linn. RAPH’ANUS. Tourn. 114 & 115, Raphanistrum. Gertn. 143, . ; Ga. Cup 4 leaves, upright; Jeafits oblong, parallel, ap- proaching, deciduous, bulging at the base. Buoss. 4 petals, forming - ea oe inversely heart- shaped, expanding; claws a little longer than the cup. Neetariporens nds 4,1 eowleens eas shartinistse men and the pistil, and 1 on each side, between the longer stamens and the cup. - Sram. Filaments 6, awl-shaped, upright, 2 opposite ones as long as the cup, the other 4 as long as the claws of the blossom. Anthers simple. bon Prst. Germen oblong, bellying, slender upwards, as Jong as the stamens. Style hardly any. Summit a knob, entire, ; ; 3 ; 8. Vess. Pod oblong, but pointed, bellying with protu- berances as if jointed, round. SEEDs roundish, smooth. 3 ~ Oss. The Raph. Raphanistrum has a jointed pod, which separates at the joints. Linn. 4 ee ae = = ; CLASS XVI. -MONADELPHIA, I this Class the filaments are all united together bottom, but separate at the top, The Orpers are deter mined by the number of stamens. The flowers admit of the following : aoe NATURAL CHARACTER. Cax. Cup always present, permanent, in many it double we Sa | ive ee the edge of the next, from the righ +6 the eft. Stam. Filaments united at the bottom, se arate at thet the outer ones the shortest. Anthers fixed sidewise. Pisr.. Receptacle of the fruit projecting in the centre of the flower, = ae ae Germens upright, surrounding the top of the recep- tacle in a PRN gins, Styles united at the be ; into one body with the receptacle, but at NY epee oa ban parts as there are germens. » Slender, , —prekel S. Vess. Capsules divided into as many cells as tl styles; of various figures in different genera; and composed of the same number of seed-coats ul SEEDs kidney-shape a | "Saag Oxs. The plants of this natural class were considered Tourn. as having only 1 petal. But all the petals are @ at the base, though by the intervention of the united file 5 they cohere all together as one body ; on which account ™ may more properly be considered as having 5 petals. MONADELPHIA. TRIANDRIA: . _ The fruit does not afford sufficient marks whereby to distin- guish the genera, in this class; but the calyx is of the utmost im- portance, and furnishes invariable characters. Linn. The petals are truly a continuation of the cylindrical sheath, formed by the united filaments, which incloses the styles and germens as it descends; when rising upwards, it spreads out into petals. 4 La EnAEEneInaREEEEEEEn { MONADELPHIA. (Filaments united.) es _ Trianpria. (3 Stamens.) Juniperus, _ Decanpria. (10 Stamens.) POLYANDRIA. (many Stamens.) Althee, | — Malva, — Lavatera, Taxus, Pinus, 302 | MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA, _ TRIANDRIA. JUNIPERUS. Tourn. 361. Gertn. 91. te: ie Male flowers. Paik ete Cat. Catkin conical, consisting of a common spike-stalk, in which 3 opposite flowers are placed in a triple row, _ and a 10th flower at the end. At the base of each flower is a x Scale; broad, short, fixed sidewise to a little pillar like a foot-stalk, : BLoss. none. ee Sram. Filaments (in the termindting flower) 3, awl-shaped, united at the bottom into one body; in the lateral — flowers ais perceptible. Anthers 3, distinct in the terminating flower; but in the lateral flowers fixed to the scale of the calyx® pe Female flowers. meee Car. Cup with 3 divisions, very small, growing to the — germen, permanent. a: Buoss. Petals 3, rigid, acute, permanent. oe Pist. Germen beneath. Styles 3, simple. Summits simple. S. Vess. Berry fleshy, roundish, marked on the lower _ part with 3 a tubercles which were formerly the E. cup, and marked at the top by 3 little teeth which — were originally the petals. Sua SEEps 3, bony, convex on one side, angular on the othe _ oblong. 2 DECANDRIA. GERA‘NIUM, Tourn. 142. Gertn. 19. . Ca. Cup 5 leaves, or 1 leaf with 5 divisions; Jeafits ¢gB- shaped, acute, concave, permanent. Be ae Bross. Petals 5, inversely lata: or egg-shaped, — expanding, large. Boe ae Stam. Filaments 10, awl-shaped, united at the bast, 509% to form a sort of cup, expanding towards the t ee a nately tongs and shorter, shorter than the blossom. Anthers oblong, turning about like a vane. Pist. Germen with 5 angles, beaked. Style awl-shapcs rie than the stamens, permanent. Summits 5," ected, . MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. 304 S. Vess. Capsule 5-seeded, beaked,’cells opening inwardly, each terminated by an awn-like tail, very long, and para up spirally. SEEDS solitary, rarely in pairs, egg-oblong. Oss. In some species the blossom is irregular ; in others it is regular, and the union of the filaments is not very evident. in the G. cicutarium, pimpinellifolium, moschatum, and mariti- mum, the flowers grow in umbels ; the cup consists of 5 leaves ; the blossom is not quite regular; glands are placed betwixt the petals ; the filaments are 10, but only every other filament is furnished with an anther; the awn of the seed is hairy. In the other (British) species, the flowers are solitary, or in pairs; the cup has 5 leaves ; the petals are regular, with glands placed betwixt them; the stamens are 10, distinct, all bearing an- thers ; the awn of the seed is smooth. Linn. In the Geranium pusillum 5 of the filaments are without anthers, and the awns of _ the seeds are covered with fine hairs. — : POLYANDRIA.. ALTH#’A. Tourn. 23 & 24, Malva. Gertn. 136. Car. Cup double. Outer cup of 1 leaf, small and permanent, with 6 to 9 clefts. Segments very narrow. Inner cup \ leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, Segments broader, more acute, permanent. 3 Bross, Petals 5, united at the base to the tube formed b the union of the filaments, inversely heart-shaped, bitten, flat. Sram. Filaments numerous, united-at the bottom into a cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of the tube. -Anthers nearly kidney-shaped. Pist. Germen round and flat. Style cylindrical, short. Summits numerous, (about 20,) bristle-shaped, as long _as the styles. , 8. Vess. Capsule round and flat, composed of many cells, ~ (as many as there were styles,) 2-valved, disposed in a whirl round the pillar-like receptacle; when quite ripe, separating. SEEDS slau, kidney-shaped, but compressed, MAL’VA. Gertn. 136. | Car. Cup double. ‘ na fare cup 3 leaves, narrower ; leafits ae! 2 Pa acute, permanent. Inner cup 1 leaf, with § shallow _ clefts, larger, broader, permanent. 301 MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA, | Bross. Petals 5, inversely heart-shaped, bitten, flat, united — at the base to the tube of the stamen, gs ee ‘AM. Filaments numerous, united at the bottom into a cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of the — tube. Anthers kidney-shaped. i ae Pist. Germen round and flat. Style cylindrical, short. — Summits many, bristle-shaped, as long as the style S. Vess. Capsule roundish, composed of several cells (as _ ‘many as styles,) 2-valved, disposed in a whirl round — the pillar-like receptacle ; at length falling off. ee SEEDs solitary, (sometimes, though rarely 2 or 3,) kidney- shaped. » pease Oss. All the species of this, as well as of the Genera Althea and Lavatera, are mucilaginous and emollient. The Farina i @ pretty microscopic object, appearing toothed like the wheel a watch. Linn. It is globular and covered with prich which give it the toothed appearance, so _ LAVATE’RA. Gaertn. 136. Cau. Cup double. eee ~ Outer cup 1 leaf, with 3 clefts, blunt, shorter, Manent. f : 4 Inner cup 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts. § Tore acute, upright, permanent, ae Bross. Petals 5, united at the base to the tube of stamens, inversely heart-shaped, flat, expanding. _ Sram. Filaments numerous, united at the bottom in cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of tube. Anthers kidney-shaped. : iin Pist. Germen round and flat. Style cylindrical, st Summits many, (7 to 14,) bris e-shaped, as long the style. “a S. Vess. Capsule round and flat, composed of _ cells as there were summits, 2-valved, place eer the pillar-like receptacle; at leng ing off, be Sreps solitary, kidney-shaped, | jet Me ery Me TAX’US. Tourn. 362. Gertn. 91, Male flowers. oe Cax. none, except the Bud, which resembles a cup 4 leaves, ; ve Buoss, none, g MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. 305 Stam. Filaments numerous, united below into a column longer than the bud. Anthers depressed, blunt at the edge, with 8 clefts, opening all round at the base; after shedding their pollen, flat, target-shaped, and the clefts in the edge become more remarkable. Female flowers on another plant. Cat. as above, j Boss. none. © ~~ . Pist. Germen egg-shaped, but tapering to a point. Style none. Summit blunt. athe S. Vess. Berry an expansion of the receptacle, succulent and globular, open at the end, coloured. In course of time it grows dry, decays, and disappears. SEEDS single, egg-oblong, its top standing out of the open end of the berry. eS _ Os. This species of berry is very singular, and,. strict] speaking, it ought not to pened eoaowe Linn. z PINUS. Tourn. 356. Gertn. 91. ~~ Male flowers forming a bunch. Cau. none, but the gaping scales of the bud. - Buoss. none. Stam. Filaments many, united below into an a pil- lar, divided at the top. Anthers upright, naked. Female flowers on the same plant. Cat. Cone somewhat egg-shaped, composed of : Scales, with 2 flowers in each, oblong, tiled, perma- nent, inflexible. Bross. none. ) eat es Pist. Germen yery small. Style awl-shaped. Summit simple. ae S. Vitus none. The Scales gine cone, which before stood open, closing upon the seed. Stko- ‘Nat en ed by a membranaceous wing, larger than the seed, but smaller than the scales of the cone, oblong, on one side straight, but rounded on the other. Voz, I. x [ 306 J} GLASS XVID, -.4 ss afi ae DIADELPHIA. ‘i ee. pee Ts Class comprehends the lutterfly-shape d Flowers, and the Leguminous Plants of some Authors. Linne takes the Cassic character from the disposition, and character of the Orders from the number of the stamens. From the title of this Class, the youn Botanist will led to imagine, that the filaments are always formed two sets, but this is by no means the case ; in many Ml stances they are united into ome set. The er fiy-Sha of the blossom will, therefore, be a surer guide. If # student will get the flower of a garden pea, and con with the following Narurat Cuaracter, there Ww! longer remain any difficulty in pronouncing, at first § whether a plant belong to this class or not. . Natura CHaracTer, Car. Cup 1 leaf, bell-shaped, shrivelling, bul base, the lower part aa with: the fw upper part blant, containing honey. Rim "teeth, acute, upright, oblique, unequal. The ~ most tooth longer ; 2 upper teeth shorter, an farther — The bottom of ae | receptacle, moistened with a liquor-like h Bross. butterfly-shaped, siheguak eat petal hay = aes Thus the sy ee _ Standard, is the largest petal, lying upon, an ing the others. It yey cee, Bxed by to the upper edge of the receptacle ; that part: which stands out of the cup nearly circular and e a rising line, marking it lengthwise, particularly t 4 the end, as if it been pressed down at the SH That part of the petal next the base is somew! ‘ DIADELPHIA, = 307 half a_cylinder, and it incloses the parts which lie under it. The border is deptessed on each side, but the sides next to the edge are turned upwards, where the half cylinder terminates. At the commencement of the border there are 2 concave impressions, promi- nent on the under side, and compressing the wings which lie beneath them. The : Wings are 2 equal petals ; 1 placed on each side of the flower‘under the standard. The borders incum- bent, parallel, rounded, and oblong, broadest outwards, the upper edge pretty straight, the lower extended and rounded. e base of each wing is cloven, the lower segment si ae a claw, fixed to the side of the receptacle, and about as long as the cup; the upper segment shorter, and bent inwards, e Keel is the lowermost petal, generally deeply divided, placed under the standard, and between the wings. It 13 boat-shaped, concave, compressed at the sides, placed -in' the position of a boat upon the water. It is muti- ated at the base, the lower part extending into a claw as long as the cup, and fixed to the receptacle. The upper and lateral segments shorter, and enfolded with those parts of the wings which resemble them in shape. The sides of the keel are shaped like the wings, and have a similar situation, only lower and more in- - ward. The line that forms the keel, in this eal is y straight as far as the middle, and then gradually rises in an arch ; but the marginal line runs straight to the extremity, until it meets with, and is lost in that of the keel. Stam. Filaments united into 2 mer veers in sha The lower filament inclosing the pistil ; the upper ‘fla. ment lying upon it. ‘ | : Bethey plameht inclosing, sheathing the germen, membranaceous below the middle, and cylindrical, opening upwards and lengthwise, terminating in 9 aw]- shaped filaments, bent like the keel, and equal to it in length, alternately 2 longer and @ shorter, pper Filament awl or bristle-shaped ; similar in situation to, and lying upon the grea | of the cylin- drical part of the lower filament, simple, and a little shorter than that: separated from the others at the base, so as to give a vent on each side for the honey. Anthers 10, 1 upon the upper filament, g upon the lower, small, equal in size, terminating. = x2 Se 308 . DIADELPHIA- Pist. single, superior. : a _. Germen oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly comt- ressed, straight, as long as the cylinder of the lower ; lament, wick yalors att Ee 7 re Style awl-s , or thread-shaped, ascending, - be ni and situation with the Gea of the lower filament, and. placed in the middle of them, shrivelling. : ee Summit downy as far as it is turned upwards, placed directly under the anthers. nas bike S.Vess. Legumen oblong, compressed, blunt, with 2valves, — and a seam running lengthwise both above and below; — both seams straight, but the upper seam falling near — the base, and the lower seam rising towards the end. — ‘Tt opens at the seam. ge ei eR Szxps several, roundish, smooth, fleshy, pendant, marked — with a prominence caused by the young plant near the — insertion of the eye. When the young plant is ex- cluded, the side lobes retain the » of half the seed. Receptacles to the ; small, very she slender at the base, blunt and oblong at the part which they an = eae we lengtwiss fe upper seam only of the pod, but alternately, so thé valves being separated, the seeds adhcre alternately _» _ Oss. This class is perfectly natural, and the structure the flowers extremely singular: their situation is gem obliquely pendant. Reigee _ The figure of the Lecumen is not of so much q in ascertaining the genera as some have imagined ; but the Cu which has been hitherto thought unworthy of notice, is of t greatest use. The Leaves never should be considere® forming the characters of genera. “ 2 - _The Szeps of this ciass furnish food for men, and ot animals: they are farinaceous and flatulent. The Lea food for cattle. None of them are poisonous. Dr. Pulteney, in a note added to his translation of Suecicus, says, “ A general view of this class shews at one “ very acceptacle its plants are to almost all cattle ; “ sheep refused none, and horses not ‘more than thre “ the whole number with which they were tried. “They: “ the richest food for cattle, and are cultivated in divers P* “ Europe, with all possible attention. With us, the Tat! “* pratense (or Clover) is mostly sown. Lately some t11@® “been made with the Hepysarum Onobrychis, (S@ “and some have thought that it answers better than clover , ' DIADELPHIA. =———_09 “ say nothing of the exotic Lucern. Among these plants the An- “ THYLLIS vulneraria is particularly acceptable to sheep; in- “‘somuch, that the separate cultivation of it has been recom- “mended, but it will not succeed well. except on chalky “rounds.” (See Dr. Pulteney’s accurate and judicious work, entitled, “ A General View of the Life and Writings of Lin- “ nzeus.)” DIADELPHIA. (Filaments in 2 sets.) __ Hexaxpats, (6 Stamens.) Pumariag, eee | ee -OCTANDRIA. (8 Stamens.) is | Polygala. — low DecaAnprRiA. (10 Stamens.) Spartium. Orobus. Hedysarum. 4 renista. Lathyrus. Astragalus, Ulex. Vita." ** © Trifolnm. ~~ Ononis. Eroum. -; Ae Anthyllis. Ornithopus. Medicago. — Pisum, Hippocrepis. 310 _DIADELPHIA. -OCTANDRIA. HEXANDRIA. FUMARIA. Tourn. 937. Gertn. 115. Car. Cup 2 leaves ; a opposite, equal, lateral, Pr right, acute, small, ciduous. Bross. oblong, tubular, gaping, palate projecting and fll ing up the mouth. “Upper lip flat, blunt, notched at the end, reflected. (The “Standard. ) The Nectary is the base of the upper lip projecting i lpmeetiaalapihersimilar +o tho uppee pam t er similar to the upper li the base keeled ed. 45 (The Keel.) Nectary at the base keeled, but projecting less be . in the other. : larly. ee Mouth 4-cornered, blunt, cloven perpendicu i 2 P met: he Wings) Stam. Filaments 2, equal, broad, tapering, one inclosed within each lip. Anthers 3, at the end of each filame Pist. Germen oblong, compressed, tapering to 2 pm Style short, Summit round, compressed, upright. ae S. Vess. Pouch with 1 cell. re SeEDs roundish. 2. * Oxzs. The stamens are almost the only invariable pertin ‘3 = WF ii genus. The Fumaria officinalis has a roundish pouch Saree containing a single seed, deciduous. Liss.” ig F. claviculata the seed-vessel is an oblong, taper-pointed pod 1 * 3 OCTANDRIA. POLYG’ALA. Tourn. 79. Gertn. 62. ae Cat. Cup 5 leaves, small ; leafits egg-shaped y acute Pe manent, 2 placed er 1 above ag bio: the 2 middle leafits nearly egg-shaped, flat, We é - loured, (the Wings) desir Sa Boss. nearly butterfly-shz a St mals cylind ndrical, tubular, short. in ie reflected, small, clov oh Keel concave, com reseed, bulging — . Appendages to the i (generally) 9 a substances, with 3 pacer fixed t the keel, -DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. . 31; Stam. Filaments 8, united, inclosed in the keel. Anthers 8, simple. : Pisr. Germen oblong. Style simple, upright. Summit terminating, rather thick, cloven. : S. Vess. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, _ acute at the edge; celis 2, Valves 2. Partition placed crosswise to the valves, opening at the edge on each side. SeeEps solitary, egg-shaped. . Oss. The appendages to the keel are different in differen species, and in many they are not to be found. Liyw. | DECANDRIA. SPAR’TIUM. Tourn, 411. Genista. Gaertn. 153. Car. Cup 1 leaf, heart-shaped, but tubular, small, co- feared ed, the upper margin very short, the lower towards the end set with Ai teeth. — ge ae Bross. butterfly-shaped. Petals 5. . meee "~~ Standard’ inversely heart-shaped, entirely reflected, ba? : ings egg-shaped, oblong, shorter than the standard, connected in the filaments. oe rae Keel, petals 2, -shaped, oblong, longer tham the wings, Tesch an abe keel- meee margin by soft _ hairs, fixed to the filaments. tne lao ae * “Sram. Filaments 10, connected, unequal, adhering tothe = germen, the uppermost og short, and from that grow- ing radualy longs the lower cloven into 9 parts, ‘ Anthers rather oblong. ae i ’ Pisr. Germen oblong, hairy. Style awl-shaped, risin upwards. Summit fixed to the uppy, Fide of the en of the style, hairy. ‘ S. Vs. +s halk gle long, blunt, with 1 cell and 2 valves, : SrEps many, globular, but somewhat kidney-shaped. GENIS’TA. Tourn. 419, Spartium. Gerin. 151. Can. , Cup Vleaf, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Upper lip with 2 teeth, more deeply divided than the lower lip, which _ has 3 teeth nearly ae ae. Bross. butterfly-shaped. — Pisr. Germen oblong, cylindrical, hairy. Style head so \ 312 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. Standard oblong, distant from the keel , entirely bent back. Wings oblong, flexible, shorter than the other petals, Keel straight, notched at the end, longer than the standard. Sar. Filaments 10, connected, rising out of the wa Anthers simple. ae Pist. Germen oblong. Style simple, rising upwards. ‘Sun mit acute, rolled inwards. fe S.Vess. Legumen roundish, turgid, with 1 cell and 2 valves, : SEEDs solitary, generally kidney-shaped. Oss. In G. pilosa there are 2 or more ‘seeds ; in G. oe ‘ from 3 to 14, and eeny in G, tinctoria, ‘ -UWLEX. Tourn. 412. Gertn. 51. Cav. Cup 2-leaved, permanent ; leafits e ‘oblonga e cave, straight, mn a little io than the —o te is upper with 2 teeth, the lower with 3. OMe ee Bross. butterfl y-shaped, of 5 petals. ee Soe ae! invert heart-shaped, notched at the a arge. i s oblong, Neat: shorter than the standard, f 2 petals, straight, blunt, approaching ¢ at the . "Filaments 10, united, (1 simple, and 1 with clefts.) Anthers simple. __ shaped, rising upwards. Summit blunt very small. _ S. Vess. Legumen oblong, turgid, little longer than te cup, straight, with 1 cell and 2 valves, A SEEDS few, roundish, notched, ONO'NIS. Pourn. 2299, Anonis. Gaertn. 154. bee Cat. Seattmn with 5 divisions, nearly as long as the blo: shaped. ring to a point, a : i te aed aves the Be sed the keel, Bross. butterfl -shaped. at 2 Standard heart-shaped, scored, the sides depres more than in the rest. ee Wi Se egg-shaped, half as long as the standard eel tapering to a point, generally longer ale : a, fi Stam. Filaments 10, united and forming a complete ux — vided cylinder. Anthers simple, DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 313, Prst. Germen oblong, woolly. Style simple, risi > bie y- style simple, rising up. wards. Summit : S. Vess. Legumen diamond-shai id, a little wooll with 1 cell and @.valves, ma cng: es Szxps few, kidney-shaped. ANTHYL‘LIS, Tourn. 211, Vulneraria. Gertn. 145, Car. Cup 1 leaf, egg-oblong, bellying, woolly ; rim with 5 unequal teeth, permanent. : Bross. butterfly-shaped, Standard longer, with reflected sides, and a claw as long as the cup. e. ings 2, oblong, shorter than the standard. Keel compressed, as long as the wings, and like them. Stam. Filaments 10, connected, rising upwards. Anthers SIM PiGy 25 ea, Ee ge — Patios oblong. Style simple, ascending. Summit S. Vess. Legumen roundish, inclosed in the cup, verysmall, with 2 valves. — . SEEDS 1 or 2. ' Oss. The singular structure of the filaments in the Anthyllis vulneraria merits attention. The top of each filament is dis- tended like a hollow bladder, in form of an inverted pyramid, and the anther is fixed in the centre of the base of the pyramid. This hollow vesicle probably answers the purpose of a nectary, © PI’SUM. Tourn. 215. Geertn. 152. Cat. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, permanent, the 2 _ upper Segments the shortest, Bross. butterfly-shaped. fs ie Standard very broad, inversely-heart-shapéd, re- flected, notched at the end, with a point between. Wings 2, circular, approaching, shorter than the standard. bask OF compressed, half-moon-shaped, shorter than e€ wings. | | Stam. Filaments 10, 1 simple, superior, awl-shaped, but flat ; 9 awl-shaped, united from the middle downwards into a cylinder, which is cloven towards the top. -An- thers roundish. : Pist. Germen oblong, compressed. Style ascending, tri~ _ angular, membranaceous, keeled, the sides bent out- _ SEEDS many, oo . #14 .DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA, 3 . wards. \Swmmit fixed to the superior angle, oblong woolly. S. Vuss.° Legumen large, long somewhat cylindrical, or com ease underneath 3 the point tapering —— 1 cell, 2 valves. # or opus. Tourn, 214. Geertn. 151. Ca. Cup } leaf, tubular, blunt at the base ; rim obliq very short, with 5 teeth, the 3 lower the sharpest, the 2 upper shorter, deeper, and more pas fis. | shriv Bross. butterfly-sha wae Standard an heart-shaped, longer, reflected : the end and at the sides, ge sar’ _ Wings 2, oblong, nearly as long as the — approaching. | eel evidently cloven in the lower part, ta a point, = upwards, edges approaching, ; compressed, the bottom bellying. “ Sram. Filaments 10, ascending, Qunited. Anthersre mun ‘Pisr. Germen cylindrical, compressed. Style ‘Shaped, bent upwards, upright... Summit stra of the style. S. VEss. Temas cylindrical, long, ta ascending at the end, 1 cell, 2 valves. SEEDS many, roundish; LATH’YRUS. Tourn. 216, 217, @9 223, Gaertn, 152. : rape leaf, bell-shaped, witha alone ts. 08 ments spear-shaped, acute, the 2 ae a one longer. t Boss. butterfly-shaped. s Standard inversely erty Bo very large, at pe end and at the sides, zs oblong, crescent-shaped, short, 3 blunt, = eel half a circle, as large as the wings, but meses emigre at the middle. Es Sramook lo, ting porte oni counaiah: DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 315 Pist. _Germen compressed, oblong, strap-shaped. S¢ upright, flat, broader al ~ "i peti at 6 end. Summit extending from the middle of the style to the end, woolly along the fore part. S. Vess. Legumen very long, cylindrical, or compressed, tapering toa pomt. Valves2. Cell1, . SEEDs many, either cylindrical, or globular, but somewhat angular. _ Ons. This Genus is nearly allied to Pisum, but its style is evidently different. VI'CIA. Tourn. 212. Gertn. 151, Car, ri 2 leaf, tubular, upright, with 5 shallow clefts, _ acute, the u teeth shortest, approaching, all the = teeth equal io breath: Fa " Loss. ice aaa. 92 iP Sra pereraes Standard oval, with a broad oblong claw, notched at the end, with a sharp point in the middle, reflected at the sides, compressed and raised in a line running ge Ba ings 2, oblong, upright, in the shape of half a heart, with an oblong claw, shorter than the standard. Keel with an oblong cloven claw, the bellying part compressed, in the shape of half a circle, shorter than the wings. be cae 3 st Sram. Filaments 10, 9 united. Anthers upright, roundish, = 4 as Z i : = lect short, tape toa point, arising from the veces: and toad etween the nite fila ments and the germen. és Pist. Germen strap-shaped, compressed, long. Style thread-shaped, shorter, bent upwards, at a right one E Summit blunt, bearded across the under side below the end. S. Vess. Legumen long, like leather, with 2 valyes and 1 cell, terminated by a point. SEEDs many, roundish. , ER’VUM. Tourn.291. Gertn, 151... Car. Cup with 5 divisions, as long as the blossom, Seg- ments tapering to a point, nearly equal. 2 aa Bross. butterfly-shaped, : 316 DLADELPHIA. DECANDRIA! Standard flat, a little reflected, circular, large, 3 Wings blunt, half as long as the standard. Z Keel shorter than the wings, tapering to a point. _ Stam. Filaments 10, rising upwards, 9 united. Anthers ~~ simple. | ! Ee Pist. Germen oblong. Style simple, tising ups yards, Summit blunt, wien i bane. E sd ae 3 S. Vess. Legumen oblong, blunt, cylindrical, with protu- berances formed by the seeds, Ty ae SEEps 4, nearly round. rest Tae Oss. It differs from Vicia solely in the summit. Lryx. In E. tetraspermum the cup has 5 unequal tecth ;.and the summit, — when viewed through a microscope, appears bearded, so that it should be arranged with the Vicie,. In E, hirsutum there are — ONYS Hee, ; fe ae 4. 155. Car. Umilel simple. ere | Cup 1 leaf, tubular; rim with 5 teeth, early Buoss. butterfly-shaped, = a bad ae egg-shaped, straight, hardly so large _ORNITHOPUS, Tourn, 224, Ornithopodium. ( standard. : Keel compressed, very'small. oe Stam. Filaments 10, 9 united. Anthers simple, » Pisr. Germen strap-shaped. Style bristle-shaped, } ~ ying: Summit a dot at the end of the style. wee S. Vess. Legumen awl-shaped, cylindrical, bowed, j separated by transverse partitions, separating joints. wes Gc ee Szxps solitary, roundish, HIPPOCRE’PIS. Tourn. 225, Ferrum equinum. Cat. Umlelsimple. © © thee Cup 1 leaf, with 5 teeth, the 2 upper conj less deeply divided, anent, Bross. butterfly-shaped. _ sli ne Standard heart-shaped, with a claw as_long | po Wings eégecblong, 8 mgs egg-oblo unt. Keel crercent-tharee, compressed, DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA; 317 Sram. Filaments 10, 9 united, ascending. . Anthers simple. Pisr. Germen slender, oblong, ending in an.awl-shaped style, ascending. Summit undivided. S. Vess. Legumen compressed, membranaceous, very lo crooked, deeply indented along one seam into roundis hollows, so that it appears as if composed of many 3- edged blunt joints, connected together by the upper seam. : Mint a wert: SrEps oblong, crooked, 1 in each joint. __, i Oss. The Ess. character consists in the Legumen being _ shaped like a horse-shoe. Linn. HEDYS’ARUM. Tourn. 225 & 211, Onobrychis. -shaped, scored. — ee ee : reflected and compressed, egg-oblong, — notched at the end, long. . Wings oblong, narrower than the other petals, ~ straight. E Keel straight, compressed, broader at the outer part, and transversely blunt, cloven from the base to the — Stam. Fi ts 10, 9 united, bent at a right angle. Anthers roundish, compressed. Se ve Pisr. Germen slender, compressed, strap-shaped. Style awl-shaped, bent like the stamens. Summit undivided. _ S$. Vss. Legumen with roundish joints, compressed, with / 2 valves and 1 seed in‘each joint. _ Wes Sagtie SzEps kidney-shaped, solitary. : waht Wiss 4 _ Oxs. The Hedysarum onobrychis has a legumen of only 1 Joint, and a single seed. Linn. ASTRAG’ALUS. Tourn.233. Gaertn. 154, — Caz. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, with 5 acute teeth, the lower teeth gradually smaller, ste Bxoss. butterfly-shaped. Guia Standard longer than the other petals, reflected at the sides, notched at the end, blunt; straight, . 318 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA‘ Wings oblong, shorter than thestandard. Keel as long as the wings, notched at theend, AM. Filaments 10, almost straight, 9 united. Anthers Pisr. Germen nearly cylindrical. Style awl-shaped, — ascending. Summit blunt. =. > bewaetgeg es. S. Vess. Legumen with 2 cells, the cells bending toone _ Szeps kidney-shaped. if Ons. The Legumen differs in different species.) 7 TRIFO'LIUM. Tourn. 998 @&F 229, Me Car. - Umbellule or little head, upon a common tacle. 9 ~ Cup \ leaf, tubular, with 5 teeth, permanent. Buoss. buttery shaped generally permanent, shrivellir __ Standard reflected. ba ‘Wings shorter than the standard. Keel shorter than the wings. nk ee Stam. Filaments 10, 9 united. Anthers simple Pist. Germen somewhat egg-shaped. Style awl- S. Vess. Legumen scarcely longer than the cup, valve, not opening, deciduous, Ss Skeps very few, roundish. Oxs. It is, perhaps, more difficult to give a true and tial character to this genus, than to any other that 1 notwithstanding the general habit, which is at once p and the properties of the plants which compose it shew: is a natural one ; and those who have attempted to di have not been able to fix any certain limits to theif Ss at fe a | 2: _ LOTUS. Tourn. 227. Gaertn. 153. Ca. Umbel sim le. ae me 2 ‘Cup 1 leaf, tubular, with 5 shallow clefts acute. I, upright permanent. Buoss. Stitt op é Standar ae bent downwards, claw ¢ concave, = Wings circular, shorter than the stand: approaching upward, _DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 319 Keel bulging in the lower part, closed above, taper- ing to a point, ascending, short. Stam. Filaments 10, ascending, 9 united, broadish at the ends. -dnthers small, simple. Pist. Germen cylindrical, oblong. Style simple, ascend- “ing. Summit a dot, bending inwards. S$. Vess. Legumen cylindrical, stiff and straight, filled full, longer than the cup, valves 2, cells many. SEEDS many, cylindrical. . MEDICA/’GO. Tourn. 231. Gertn. 155. Cau. wei 1 leaf, straight, bell-shaped-cylindrical, with shallow clefts, tapering to a point, equal. | Boss, pottery shapes ee 4s tandard egg-shaped, entire, bent inwards at the anges egg-odiol Ixed to the appendage of the pre roaching at the sides under t PA ett Keel oblong, cloven, expanding, blunt, bent down- _ wards by the pistil, and with the standard forming a gaping mouth, . Sram. Filaments 10, united almost the whole length. __ Anthers small. Pisr. Germen standing on a little fruit-stalk, oblong, bowed inwards, compressed, inclosed by the filaments, bursting out of the keel, pe gp back the standard, efiding in a stye which is short, awl-shaped, generally __ straight, Summit terminating, very small. S. Vass. Legumen compressed, long, bent inwards. SzEDs many, kidney-shaped, orangular, _ Os. The Legumen in some species is bent like a sickle; i Others it is spiral like a snail-shell. Linn. . be pe SE C3208] i RARE CLASS XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. "Tus Class comprehends the plants whose flower stamens united by the filaments itl 3°or more depend upon the number of stamens. only a Single genus belonging to this Class, in: of which the filaments are so far separated, they are examined quite down to the e Botanist would be apt to search for them i in the Icosandria or sph inion ~ POLYANDRIA. ~ -HYPE/RICUM. Tourn. 131 e 198, a Gertn. 62. Car. with 5 divisiote:i Segment : shaped, concave, permanent; Bross. Petals 5; cblong-egg-shaped, blunt 3 bending from. left to right. a Stam. inate numerous, hsir-likes cor hase into 3 or 5 sets. Anthers small. roundish. Styles 3, Coomera 1 simple distant, as long as the stamens. Sam S. VEss. Capsule wench; with as apse cells are styles. SEEDS spp oblong. ten) CLASS XIX. SYNGENESIA. ‘Lins Class rp those flowers which Botanists ave very generally agreed to call compound. The essential charastieaae a Callous: FLowenr consists in the An- _ THERs béing united so as to form a cylinder, and a single SEED béing placed upon the receptacle, under each floret. The DanpELIon and the THISTLE are compound flowers ; that is, each of these flowers are composed or compounded of a number of small flowers, called FLORETS, Character of the FLowER. A Compounb FLower is composed of many Fiorets, sit- ting upon a Common Recepracte, and inclosed by 1 Common Catyx, The Surface of the RECEPTACLE is either concave, flat, convex, yramidical, or globular. It is either, Nuke, that is, marked only with little dots, as in DanDE+ LION} Or 2 : iry, covered with soft upright hairs as in THISTLE; Or Chaffy, beset with awl-s » narrow, compressed, up- right, chaffy substances, separating the florets, as in CHAMOMILE or YARROW. | The Common Catyx is a Cup which surrounds the fio- rets and the common receptacle. (When the florets have blossomed it contracts ; but when the seeds are ripe it expands, and falls back.) It is either Simple, when formed with only a single row of scales or ves, as in GOATS-BEARD ; Tiled, when the scales are numerous, the outer ones gra- dually growing shorter, and lying upon the inner ones, % like the tiles upon a house, as in ARTICHOKE ; ou, I, 7 $99 SYNGENESIA, _ Leafy, when a single row of equal and longer segments. stands next to the florets, and another row of y _ small scales surrounds the base only of those segments, as in Daisey. The structure of the FLorers which compose a com- | pound flower, will be best understood by pulling to pieces the flower of a Thistle, of Dandelion, or of the Sunflower, and ames the florets with the following atural Character of a FvoRet. Car. none, but the crown of the seed sitting upon the top of the germen. Buoss. 1 petal. Tube very slender and long, sitting - the getmen. (It is either) ne ULA nari Sega 5 clefts. | * wah 7 , dings as in THistTLE or Burpoor. 2 oe pata at, peat lopped at i ae ena is ‘yery 5,1 ms hy Pay oes | ona YO nee y er, as as the border, blossom at the top sath $ toert 2 re "ee Pist. Gowen discs, standing under the little ble upap, the spramon receptacle. . Style threa upright, as long as the stamens, passing, th hollow avian formed. Rages oan ve vided, the segments rolled hack and expandi S. a Se ly spcaking, none; though, in O )steos and Strumpfia, (fi (foreign eee te. bes 80 de ling ay iG Bi Boiae is permanent. : - neither with a Cup, nor ‘with ye T Oss. In examining the minuter florets, the Dissee — and the Botanic Microscope, will be found x emery use o£ dees, SYNGENESTA. 398 The disposition of the stamens _ til occasions the following " - varying, Distinctions of FLoners. F LORET. ‘Tubular, Hermaphrodite, containing both: sta- "mens and pistils. tg Ch. Praag stamens butr ho pis- tis. i 2 i Natal, soistltnidg athe" ‘stamens any Strap-shaped, ermaphrodite, as above, —_— eh as above. as above. 33; ei: sha oe : = Nii, ag above. ae Florets teinlar in the centre, with's stamens and. pis~ tils. Tubular in the circumference, with stamens and pistils. 2, Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens and pis- tils. Tubular in the circumference, with pally ett 3. Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens and pis tils. Tubular in the circumference, with neither stamens nor pistils. } 4. Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens 40 pis- tils. Narrow in the circumference, with stamens and pistils. 5. Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens aiid pis- Of. tils, Narrowin the circumference, with only pistils. ~-[-6. Florets ¢udular in the centre; with stamens and pis- | ~~ tils. Narrow in the circumference, with neither ; ~ stamens nor pistils. | 7. Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens and pis- - tils. Pistils in the circumference without blossoms. 8. Florets tubular in the centre, with stamens and im- perfect pistils. Pistils in the circumference with- out blossoms. 9. Florets narrow in the centre, with stamens and pis- tils. Narrow in the circumference, with stamens and pistils, al 7.2 go4 . SYNGENESIA. The Orpers, therefore, according to the System we have adopted, will be as follows: |. 1o1ea9Ne I. Po.yGamia aQuatis; (florets all hermaphrodite.) That is, when all the florets are furnished with stamens and pistils. (9.1.4. of the preceding table:) Pe I], PoLyGamra surERFua. (Florets of the circumference female.) That is, when the florets in the centre have both stamens and pistils ; but the florets in the cireum- ference only pistils. (2. 5. 7. of the preceding table.) TIT. PotyGam1a FRusTRANEA. (Florets of the circum- ference neutral.) That is, when the florets in the cen- tre have both stamens and pistils ; but the florets in the circumference neither. (3. 6. of the preceding table.) TV. PoLyGamia NucEssarta., (Necessary female florets.) _ That is, when the florets in the centre have both sta- mens and pistils ; but, from some defect in the —_ : pedie no seed. The florets in the cir rence ave pistils only, and produce perfect seeds, (8. of the receding table.) At” siekaeue V. Potyeamia Srcrecata, or a a florets.) That is, when several florets, each having its own pr per cup, are inclosed within one common calyx, so as to _, (The British Flora does ot Farah by ach this order.) : niet fe The plants of this class are supposed to have various specific virtues. Most. of. them are bitter ; none of t ee poisonous, except, perhaps, the Lacruca virosa, when — growing in shady situations, et ees PP The elasticity of the calyx in the Pror1s, CARDUUS; — and many other genera, is too remarkable to pass unnoticel by the slightest observer, It seems as if the expansion the florets first burst the calyx open, and when the — wither it closes again. The downy hairs that crow seeds, before upright, now begin to expand, and, b €xpansion, again open the leaves of the calyx, and bené — them quite back. The seeds now escape, and the ny ee becoming dry and withered, no longer retains. its a ase - power. wee (pegs Paes _ The hairy, or downy appendages of the seeds, ' them to be wafted about in the air, and disseminated © and wide. The structure of this down deserves, our B tice: there is hardly a child that is insensible to its bea} in the Leonropon or Dandelion, —* Bee eer SYNGENESIA. 995 SYNGENESIA. (United Anthers.) POLYGAMIA ZQUALIS. | (Florets all Hermaphrodite.) Tragopogon. Crepis. Carduus. Picris. _ Hyoseris.. i don. Sonchus. ypocheris. Carlina. Lactuca. . Lapsana. _—_—s Bidens. Prenanthes. << Cichorium. =~ — Eupatorium, Leontodon.. Arctium. Santolina, EMieracium. Serratula. 4 fest Povyeania. SUPERFLUA, Ouse of the Circumference emale.) Fikscetson. | Senecio A Bellis. Artemisia. Chrysanthemum. Gnaphalium. — Solidago. _ Matricaria. - Conyza. Cinera ia. Anthemis. Erigeron. Inula, Achillea, Tussilago. _ Doronicum. P ds POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANBA. (Florets o of tl the it Neutral.) a Centaurea Povyamia NECESSARIA, (Necessary Female Florets. s.) Calendula. Filago, 326 SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA ZQUALIS. POLYGAMIA MQUALIS, , TRAGOPO’GON. Tourn. 270. Gertn. 159. Caz. oa si le, with 8 leaves; ‘leafits'spear-s equal, every her standing more “award all on # the base. Bross. compound, tiled, uniform. Florets hermaphtodite, 4 numerous, the outer rather long Individuals of 1 petal, ‘strapssheped, lopped, wth teeth. PE, Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, y very. short. Anthers rr nin a cylinder. | wea Pist. Germen oblong. Style thread-shaped, the stamens. Summits fe rolled back. S. Vzss: none the calyx “aa to/a long as the sesda; £ Ii a Tithe SEEDs soli oblo: fore tomes each end, ang Tar, rough crane by a Jong awl-shaped’ pi suppo as which i is feathered and ff y | about mee 49 - > flat, » tough.” Oss. Ins some species the weal’ straight, and te longer than the Bloch: in others, the seeds crdoke the cup shorter nee the blossoms, ‘ sPryt PYCRIS. Gertn. 159. CaL. common, double, the outer y large, with 5 slaves leafits heart-shaped, flat, flexib e *pproschings $e inner tiled, Boss. 4 tiled, uniform. Florets herm: | numerous. is pints Individuals of 1 petal, narrow, ntact d with 5 teeth, : Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers : ing a hollow cylinder. he sT. Germen nearly egg-shaped. Style as long = stamens. Serials 2, reflected ela S. Vess. none. The calyx unchanged, at length ee SEEDs s bell ying, blunt, furrowed transverse) Down f -_ Germen in the females, egg-shaped. ‘Style th shaped, as long as in the other florets. Summit | < agysin rs , ach lied.aiaee S. VEss. none. Calyx anent, shining. "9 7 SEEDs ‘in all the Rorets volit r Story a one ~ with down, which is hair-like or feathered - a ee Oss. In Gnaph. dioicum the male and female floret: distinct plants; a circumstance very unusual in this clas _ CONY’ZA. Gertn. 166. tka oie Cax. common, tiled, oblong, scurfy: scales acute, outer a little éxpuided: oa ee Bross. con ; tubular. Florets hen Tous, tubular, in the centre. Florets fi like the others, in the circumference. ieee Individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped. with 5 clefts, open. gripes Individual females, funnel-shaped. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anth ing a hollow cylinder. = Pist. Germen in the hermaphrodit oblong, 9! long as the stamens, chresd-abiiged Summit ¢ rmen in the females oblong. Style thr as long, but more slender than in theo us 2, very slender. Ee. S. Vess. none. Calyx closing, ae SEEDS in all the florets solitary, oblong. Down 8 _ Recepr. naked, flat. Oe ue, 1 pee, SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, ‘337 ERIG’ERON. Gertn. 170. Cax. common, oblong, cylindrical, tiled. Scales awl-shaped, upright, gradually longer, nearly equal. Boss. compound, radiate. Florets homeehtee tubular, in the centre. Florets female, strap-shaped in the circumference. | Individual hermaphrodites funnel-shaped. Border with 5 clefts. nd Individual females narrow, between strap and awl- shaped, upright, generally very entire. — Stam, Filamenis 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers form- ing a hollow cylinder. gles” oie. Pist. Germen in the hermaphrodites, very small, crowned with a down longer than the blossom. Style thread- _ shaped, as long as the down. Summits 2, oblong, rolledinithe, 2199 * sat tid: stint: eres. _Germen in females, very small, crowned with down, nearly as long as its blossom. Style hair-like, as long as the down. Summits 2, very slender. S. Vess. none. Calyx closing. ; SEI oe in all the florets oblong, ‘small. Down long, hair- ike. . Receprt. naked, flat. Oss. There are sometimes a few male florets in the centre. TUSSILA’GO. Tourn. 258, Petasites. Garin: 170. CAL. common, cylindrical. Scales strap-spear-shaped, equal, (15 or 20,) somewhat membranaceous, even with the top of the flower. Sats BLoss. compound, various. Florets hermaphrodite, in some » species all tubular, in others only tubular in the centre. Florets female, in some species strap-shaped, in others entirely wanting. Individual’ hermaphrodites funnel-shaped. Border with 4 or 5 clefts, acute, reflected, ee than the calyx. Individual females either none at all, or strap-shaped and very narrow, entire, longer than the ony, Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers form- ing a hollow cylinder. __ Piste. Geralen in the hermaphrodites, short. Style thread- shaped, longer than the stamens. Swmmit thickish, Germen in the females, short. Style thread-shaped, as long as the other, Summit thickish, cloven, Von. I. Z 338 SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. S. Vsss. none. Calyx but little changed. . ae Szeps in all the florets solitary ; ae compressed. — _. Down hairy, standing on a pedicle. Ae Recerr. naked. ee _ Oss. In T. hybrida and T. Petasites there are no strap- ‘shaped florets in the circumference, but there are female florets, without blossoms. The 7. Farfara has always strap- ‘shaped florets in the circumference, which are female. Linn. #4 SENE’CIO: Tourn. 260. Gaertn. 166. Hy Cax. common, double, conical, lopped. Scales awl- |»; Bumerous, contiguous, equal, dead at the ends, parallel, - €ontracted above into a cylinder, the base bys Bioss. compound, taller than the c be phrodite tubular, mumerous, in centre. Florets Semale, (if any) in the circumference, strap-shaped. Individual hermaphrodites fannel-shaped. gst reflected, with 5 clefts. mes genet Semales (if any) oblong, with 3 indisti t ss . fe. Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, very small. Anthers' _ Ing a hollow cylinder. . ' “it eee Pist. Germen in both sorts of florets egg-shaped. Sipe a as long as the stamens. Summ Ss Vase, es mie . VEss. none. closing so as to form a cone. a Szeps in both sorts of florets solitary, egg-shaped. Down hair-like, long, Recep. naked, flat. eee Ons. In some species the florets are all tubular, in the florets of the circumference are strap-shaped, Lin . AS'TER. Tourn. 274. Garin. 170. CAL. common, tiled, the inner scales standing points, the lower open, we Bioss. compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrot _, Tous, in the centre. Florets females, 10, oF - sha ‘din the circumference, _ site Andividual hermaphrodites, farnel-shaped with 5 clefts, open, "ae SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 329 Individual females, narrow, spear-shai i teeth, (at alot rolling up.) OC agree — STAM. Filaments 5, huabestiie very short. Anthers form- ing a hollow cylinder. ‘ Pisr. Germenin the hermaphrodites, oblong. Style thread- shaped, as long asthe stamens. Summit cloven-ex- panding. ee i Germen in females, oblong. 5 the same as the other. Summits 2, oblong, rolled back. ; S. Vess. none. Calyx but little rage SEEDs in all the florets, solitary, oblong or egg-shaped. Down hair-like. Recepr, naked, flattish. SOLIDA’GO, Tourn. 275, Virga aurea. Gaertn. 170. Cax. common, oblong, tiled ; scales oblong, narrow, taper- ing to a point, straight, approaching. Pe Buoss. compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrodites, tubular, numerous, in the centre. Florets female, strap-shaped, fewer than 10, (mostly 5) in the circumference. Individual. hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped. Border with 5 clefts, open. Individual female, narrow, spear-shaped, with 3 teeth. ‘Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers form- ing a hollow cylinder. see cae Pist. Germen in hermaphrodites, oblong. — as long as the stamens, thread-shaped. Swmmit cloven, ex~- ding. Lara in the females, oblong. a a thread-shaped, as long as the other. Summits 2, rolled back. S. Vzss. none. Calya but little changed. Serps in all the florets, solitary, inversely egg-shaped, oblong. Down hair-like. Recepr. flat, naked. : CINERA/RIA. Garin. 170. Cat, common, simple, of leaves. Leafits equal. Bross. sindtad ranttate.“Florets herma batt, equal, in the centre. Florets female, strap-shaped, equal in number to the leaves of the calyx, in the cir- erence, Z2 349 SYNGENESIA, POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, Individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts, upright. | vod Individual females, narrow, spear-shaped, finely toothed at the end. . Stam. Filaments 5, thread-shaped, short. Anthers form- _. ing a hollow cylinder, with 5 clefts at the top. Pst. Germen in hermaphrodites, oblong. Style thread- shaped, as long as the stamens. Summits 2, rather upright. eee i men in females, oblong. Style thread-sh short. Swmmits 2, oblong, rather blunt, rolled ck. S. Vess. none. Calyx unchanged. a ora SEEDs in all the ib, solitary, strap-shaped, with 4 “angles. Down hair-like, in large quantity. ro Recepr. naked, rather flat. INULA, Gertn, 170. NT ae CAL. common, tiled. Leafits flexible, open, the outer ones a the largest, equal in th, vs Eas, Buoss, pseartste radiate, broad. Floret ag ae equal, very:numenons, in nar oe gee strap-s numerous crow in ast: Sollee Tndiatoad bermapheadines esse anaped, Bet with 5 clefts, somewhat upright. Individual females, narrow, strap-shaped, ¥ Ty enure the stamens, thread-shaped. 4 , wpright, © jactier pe oe _'Germen in females long. tyle. thre little cloven, Summits upright. S. Vrss. none. Calya unchanged. 68 ee SEEDs in all the florets, solitary, strap-shaped, WH * — angles. Down hair-like, as long as the seed. _ Recept. naked, flat. x Oss, The 10 bristles at the base of the anthers, is sufficient to distingui genera. Linn. Coe Pisr. Germen in he hrodites, long. Style as long 48 ; : trap d Soe oF loven, y the cylin It » eae ie SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLIA. 41 DORO/NICUM. Tourn. 277. Gerin. 173. Caz. paces st ra nae leafits, about 20, ual, upright, in 2 rows, often as lone as s foot: : ” cig ene the? Bross. compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, numerous, in the centre: Florets female, strap-shaped, equal in number to the leaves of the calyx, in the cir- cumference. SESS - Individual hermaphrodites, farnel-shaped. Border with 5 clefts, segments open. ; = vidual females, narrow, spear-shaped, with 3 eetn. _ Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united, forming a hollow cylinder, = Pisr. Germen in hermaphrodites, oblong, Style thread- ~ shaped, as long as the stamens. Summit notched at the _ _ Germen and Style in females, the same. Summits 2, ~~ bent back, eee S. Vess. none. The Calyzx slightly closinc. : SEEDS in hermaphrodites solitary, inversely egg-shaped, «compressed, furrowed. Down hair-like. ~ In femaies the same, only slightly compressed. Down none. OS oe Receprt. naked, flat. pee lara BELLIS. Tourn. 260. Geertn. 168. Car. common hemispherical, upright. Leajits from 10 to _20, placed in a double row; spear-shaped, equal. Bross. compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, numerous in the centre. Florets female strap-shaped, more in number than the leaves of the calyx, in the ‘circumference. Fe ce ee individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts. ; ae J Individual females, nattow, spear-shaped, very __ Slightly marked with 3 teeth. se Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers form- ing a hollow cylinder. : . Pist. Germen in hermaphrodites, egg-shaped. Style simple, Summit notched at the end. : A 342 SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Germen in females a aia i Style thread-shaped. e. egg Summits 2, standing wi eae S. Vess. none. Calyx unchanged. Bit SEEDS in all the florets, solitary, inversely egg-shaped, — compressed. Down none. . a eee Recepr. naked, conical. iain wren eed CHRYSAN’THEMUM. Tourn. 280. Geertn. 168. CAL. common, hemispherical, tiled. Scales lying close upon each other; the inner gradually larger ; he rey innermost terminating in a skinny scale, : ee Oe Buoss. compound, radiate, Florets “hermaphrodite, nume- rous, tubular, in the centré. Florets female, 12 or more, in the circumference, i. eee: Individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped, with 5 — clefts, open, aslong asthecup. =, Individual females, strap-shaped, oblong, with3 teeth, Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers formimg — a hollow cylinder, generally shorter than the blossom. Pist. Germen in hermaphrodites, egg-shaped. thread-shaped, longer than the stamens, Summit as long as the other. — its 2, fee rolled b S. Vess. none. Calyx unchanged. ‘ete SEEDS in all the florets, solitary, oblong. Down none, ot only a border, Recepr. naked, dotted, convex. Ons. In the first division of the species, the female florets are spear-shaped, and the membranes of the calyx narrows = but in the second division egg-shaped and lopped, and’ membranes of the calyx egg-shaped. Linn. i sete -MATRICA’RIA, Tourn, 281. Gaertn. 168. Cat. common, hemispherical. Scales strap-shapt not quite equal; not skinny. gk Buoss. compound, radiate. Florets h rmaphrodite, tubt numerous, in the centre, which is hemispherical. £4 female many, in the circumference. _ io Individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped, wit Individual females oblong, with 3 teeth, = Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers form ee ing a hollow cylinder, " : Recept, naked, convex. : ra SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA, 343 Pisr. Germen in’ hermaphrodites, oblong, naked. Style as long as the stamens, thread-shaped. Swmmit cloven, expanding, —~ 5 Germen in females, naked. Style ‘thread-shaped, nearly as long as in the others. “Summits 2, rolled back. S. Vess. none. Calyx unchanged. ° ; SEOR 822 SEEDs in all the florets, solitary, oblong. Down none, ° sty AN’THEMIS. Tourn. 281, Chameemelon, Gaertn. 169. Cau. mts hemispherical. Scales strap-shaped, nearly ual. eq Bioss. compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, _ numerous, in the centre, which is convex. Florets female, more than 5, in the circt MEA TA Individual hermaphrodites, funnel-shaped, with 5 teeth, upright. _ fete F Er on BIBT Individual females narrow, spear-shaped, sometimes _ with 3 teeth. Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthersform= . ing a hollow cylinder. Prst. Germen in hermaphrodites, oblong. Style as long as the stamens, thceut sane. Summits 2, bent back. Germen in females oblong. Style the same as in the others. Summits 2, rolled back, © S. Vgss. none. Calyx unchanged. Se Oe Ssxps in all the florets solitary, oblong. Down none, or only a border. ; sgt _ Recepr, chaffy, conical or convex. ACHILLE’A. Tourn, 283, Millefolium. Gaertn. 168. Cat, common, egg-shaped, tiled. Scales egg-shaped, acute, approaching. paler) Biome compound, radiate. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, in the centre. Florets female, 5 to 10, strap-shaped, ber the citreumference. | ee tes ied Gees Individual hermaphrodites funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts, open. wie aS Individual females strap-shaped, inversely heart- shaped, expanding, cloven into 3 segments, the middle- most the smallest. : Sram. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers forming ~ a hollow cylinder, 344 SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA PRUSTRANEA, Pist. Germen in hetmaphrodites small. Style thread- ane eae as long as the stamens. Summit blunt, eds es ee ERE ‘“ le thread- » as ideog as the other. Summits 2, blunt, bent back. . S. Vess. none. Calyx but little changed. Receptacle hre wie shaped, | ens out when lees with Sy seeds, egg- seeds, ¢gg- . shaped, and twice as long as the calyx. SEEDs irf all the florets, solitary, cas lapels ce Down none. Recert. chaffy, elevated. Chaff spear-shaped, ee the florets. ify : 7" oat hed f . > - 4 ¢ t ; poLYoamrs FRUSTRANEA "CENTAUREA, Tourn. 254 fo] 296. Geert, 16 _Cyanus, : te ts tiled, roundish ; cota oe terminati Bross. om florets all tubular, but, of different shape orets hermaphrodite, in the centre. Pore female not so many, a ig in the ference. 7 Y deidaal was shaped Border bal in 5 py ped uprig t segm . Ri magus wall ar wider, bent —— alge lique, unequally ave Ons, The scales of the caly x, and the down of rhe me are decane in different species. Lin. ey & SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. 345 POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. CALEN’DULA. Tourn, 284, Caltha. Gertn, 168. Ca. common, simple, of many léayes, rather upright. Seo- ments strap-speat-shaped, 14 to 20, neatly equal. - Buoss. compound, radiate. Florets, hermaphrodites many, in the centre. Florets, females many, very long, in the circumference ; as many as the scales of the calyx. Individuals, hermaphrodite, tubular, with 5 shallow clefts, as jong as the calyx. - Individuals, females, strap-shaped, very long, with 3 teeth, without nerves, woolly at the base. Stam. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united so as to form a hollow cylinder, as long as the blossom. Pist. Germenin the hermaphrodites, oblong. Style thréad- shaped, hardly so long as the stamens. Summit blunt, See eae en eames, Sopa Wise _ Germen in the females, oblong, 3-sided. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Summits 2, ob- long, tapering to a point, reflected. S. Vess. none. Calyx closing, roundish, depressed. SEEDs in the hermaphrodites in the centre, none : more outwardly, few, solitary, membranaceous, inversely- heart-shaped, compressed. . Females (in the circumference) solitary, larger, ob- long, bent inwards, triangular, membranaceous at the ti marked on the outer side lengthwise, as if en- graved with the figure of a plant. Down none. Recepr. naked, flat, FILA’GO. Gertn. 166. Cau. common, cylindrical or 5-cornered, tiled. Scales outer, eeg-spear-shaped, acute, cottony ; inner shining, coloured, tapering to a point. i, Boss. compound. Florets, hermaphrodites, few, tubular, in the centre. Florets, females tubular, numerous, sur- rounding the former. Other females, mostly without petals, fewer, placed immediately within the scales of the calyx. “ig Individuals, hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped. Border with 4 clefts, expanding, 346 SYNGENESIA. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA, _ Individuals, female, immediately surrounding the — preceding, ppoecshaped, Tube very slender, swollen at the base. Border cloven, acute. Stam. Filaments in the hermaphrodites 4, very short, _ Anthers forming a cylinder. LM eee _ Pisr. Germen in the hermaphrodites, ve small, abortive. _ Style hair-like, as long as the border. Summits 2, upright, but standing wide, coy eres Germen in the females immediately surrounding the - above, oblong. Style hair-like, longer than the border. Summits 2, open, ; ae Females immediately within the calyx. Germen ob- ts long. Style hair-like, fe, than the border, Summits — 2, long, expanding. > Kane S. Vess. none. Calyx unchanged, i wpe. Seeps of the hermaphrodites barren, crowned with down, - af the inner females oblong, crowned. Down shorty — .. simple, a —-- ze the outer females oblong, naked, Oss. This generic description is taken from the obs tions of the a accurate and admirable Leers; it ac with our'species, which is by no means the case with that by Linnzus, who is said to have formed it from a view of eas i St * lago acaulis, fags CLASS Xx, _ CRYPTOGAMIA. === j Ir ape) pnewny: that the attention of Linnzeus was much less engaged by the Class Cryptogamia, than by the other ise tok fu formed of sc with more peiere fructifications. It was his glory to have established a system UpoR the organs of generation, (the stamens and pistils) of all others the most essential parts of a plant, and this system he has wrought up to such a state of perfection, that little, compared to what he himself has done, remains for his successors to do ; except the additions it may receive from more extended researches in countries im thecty, or not at all explored before. But the plants of the Crypto- garni Class, not falling under his peculiar system, were to im, less interesting, and therefore, pa were less attended to. Of the four natural Orders into which he divided this class, he seems chiefly to have improved our’ knowledge of the Finices. ‘The Muscr and the ALcx had been so successfully explored and so excellently figured by Micheli and Dillenius; and Gmelin having done much on the subject of the Fuci, there remained, in these extensive tribes, but little more for Linnzus to do, than to . distribute and characterize them according to his own ideas. The Funei, at one time, attracted his attention, but the difficulty of preserving them in a state fit for a together, and the impracticability of transporting his books along with himself in his various journies, seem t6 have checked his pursuits ; neither could he benefit, as we now do, by the almost innumerable figures which have been published since the formation of his system, From these causes he has done but little in the Fune1, and that little has been ill understood. Our countryman, the excellent Ray, paid great attention to these subjects ; but for want of figures, or more extended descriptions, it is often diffi- Cult, sometimes impossible, to determine his species, eae CRYPTOGAMIA. It has just been observed, that we are indebted for the _ knowledge we have of the Mosses, the Lichens, and most of the ot ke enera of the » to the indefatigable i ine dustry of Dillenius, and the ions scrutiny of preg _» from these authors, therefore, as well as from the Histona Fucorum of Gmelin, the reader will find most imp “e tant parts of the descriptions extracted subjoined to each species. These can hardly fail to be considered \ acceptable additions to the present work, not only because — none can be expected to describe these plants better than those who have figured them so well, but also on account of the feat ye scarcity of the original work of Dille which so happy to possess. The copies were only 250, and of these, but few remain in| _ Impressions. of his plates are easily obtained, scarcity of the letter-press will, hereafter, in this be the less regretted. Nor have the labours of Jac Hoffinan, of Wi ; or of Batsch, of Pollich, been neglected ; ; and several others, now ce to thie illustration of the species, ‘and instruction of the English Botanist. It must be 0 literal translation he has endeavoured to catch the pi ir a ar wg erg "eac mae English language would well ing to each cadets Beil tributed. But in | “4 “rir Asi orkut ie Known oe ‘ * See Theoria fcr et Bructificationis: gamicarum Linnie —Petropoli. 1784. quarto. # CRYPTOGAMIA. ‘a though he mentions the mistakes in which many of them had been involved, he does ample justice to those who had anticipated him in any part of his discoveries. The Cryprocamia Class may be considered as con- taining a number of vegetables whose flowers and fructifi- cation are but little or very imperfectly known, and whose stamens and pistils are too minute to admit of that mode of investigation which prevails through the preceding classes. The structure, too, of these vegetables, differs considerably from that of other plants. r They may be divided imto the following orders or assemblages: 1, MISCELLANEA; 2, FILICES: 3. MUSCI; 4, HEPATIC; 5, ALG‘; 6, FUNGI, mmeerning each of these we shall now speak more par- ticularly. é; 4 RU 9 got Saeed MISCELLANE. (Sehreb.) Miscellaneous. * The plants comprized in this Order, are such a8 are incapable of arranging under any of the subsequent Orders, neither do they agree one with another. They are redu~ cible to some one of the following Genera. Equisetum. Lycopodium. ~ Pilularia. Toetes. EQUISE’TUM. Hepwic illustrates the structure of this genus by a particular examination of the EquiseTum ‘ sylvaticum, and E. palustre. The former, as well as the i arvense, protrudes its club-shaped head out of the earth vera may be dist discovers green oval bodies, and attach after looks like cotton or tow. So far ‘the naked eye, but a good microscope rie se red \ each of them, 350 CRYPTOGAMIA. generally 4 pelhuicid and ye slerider filanients, $pootts shaped at the end. f. 3.4, These are almost constantly in motion, contracting upon the least breath of moist air, and when wet with water rolling round the oval body. f. 5, _ In the Equisetum palustre the filaments ws broader, and the green oval or globular subtance more pointed. f. 6. This is undoubtedly the Seed, for it gradually increases in bulk, and when it falls, the spike shrivels. _ Its point is the Summit, and the conical substances: under '— a targets are the capsules. : The scales which surround the flowerin stall at cet tain distances after its protrusion, served whileed it was” ae young, as a general fence to the spike. , it appears, that the genus Eavisnron contains - both stamens and a within the same c i: hie The flowering Spike, or general calyx, caval the partial calyx target-shaped. pees ilaments 2. an $4, one at each end ofthe filament. It “Capsule a target of 4; 3° 6, or 7 cells. wee Sy -shaped or globular ; placed . and lapped up within the filaments. na For the other three genera in this age, the cea eh to look ——— to thet respective ors characters, z FY'LICES. (Ferns.) _ The plants of this Order have their flowers get disposed in spots or lines on the under surface of the’ as in the Asprenium, (plate I, B.) but s¢ spikes, as in the Osmunda. fh Male flowers. ciel Anrusrs sitting, or supported on a very. short eB shaped oF plbul ar, speek Bae in the leaves. _ Female flowers, uniting so as to form 2 _ collected into a bunch ; or forming lines or 4 are found underneath the eaves, either on at the edge, or at the point; and in sor entirely covering the whole under surface. | CALYx none, or only a scale formed from fe ; containing globules, _ en (CRYPTOGAMIA. 351 Boss. none. Pisr. A globule sitting, or supported on a pedicle. Style none. | S. Vess. Capsule sitting, or on a pedicle, nearly globular ; in most instances surrounded by an elastic and jointed rmg which is produced from the pedicle; opening transversely when ripe, and discharging the seeds. . SEEDs many, very minute, globular. (Schreb.) _ Inthe months of September and October this curious mechanism is very evident in the Common Brakes, (PTE’RIS,) or in the Hart’s-tongue, (ASPLE’NIUM Scolop.) by the assistance of a good single Microscope with a reflecting a The sudden jerk of the springing cord frequently carries the object out-of the field of view, so that it requires some patience to observe the whole of the process. — wae i. RE: SSS ae As there are no-certain distinctions in the flowers them- selves sufficient to establish the Genera, these are known by the disposition-of the seeds under their covers. - OPHIOGLOS’SUM vulgatum. Examining the spike in its advanced state, with a moderate magnifier, we find ‘colimns on each side, with cavities opening transversely, scattering a powder, and beset with innumerable eminences tiled one upon another like scales. With a very fine knife slice off a portion, so as it may have a little of the column on each side. Examine this in a good compound microscope, reflecting the light through it. Transverse lines will then appear, which, as well as the interstices between them, are more opake than the part on each side. PI, xiii. f.7. Tt is easy to scrape off some of the eminences with the back of a knife ; put them into a little water, and use higher and higher magnifying powers; you will then dis- cover simple and. compound bodies, mostly oval, surround- ed with a more pellucid line, and containing a granulated substance within. f.8. segs “Others may decide whether the leaf in this plant an- swers the purpose of an Involucre or Calyx whilst it 1s in flower; but I consider the spike as bearmg both Stamens and Pistils; the Anthers occupying the interstices of the Germens, which are furnished with a transverse Summit. 352 CRYPTOGAMIA. It may be remarked that the Spike is at first yellowish, — changing to brown, when the Capsules open and discharge their powder. This powder is the real seed, for after its — discharge the plant gradually perishes, though new shoots are sent out the ensuing year, eee OSMUN’DA spicant. Hedwig thinks this undoubtedh belongs to the Genus AcrosticHUM, but we rather refer it - with Dr. Smith to the BLecunuM. wate sia Early in the spring the flowering leaves come up, al- most rolled into a ball, and not the leaves only, “¢ leafits also are rolled up. f.9.. On the back si _ of these leafits there are two white lines, exten the base of the leafit to the point ; they are bordered wit green, and depressed in the middle. f. 10. “These w ines are fine membranes, and on carefully separating the at their union with the leafit, we discover yery minul pellucid bodies, srpporied upon footstalks. f.. 11. ¢e¢ In the younger leafits, by the assistance of nifiers, we may discover small bodies of a brow composed of two parts, the one very slender and: proceeding from the rib, the other a coloured oval standing upon it. Pl. 13. f.11. When the leafit unfolded, and the lines become more turgid, puscles upon the rib disappear. (Hedwig.) POLYPO’DIUM Thelypteris. This, as Hed “serves, does not well rank with the Acrosticha, Genus Li referred it. The disposition of it fication accords with the Polypodiums. Schmidel. Icon. plant, t. xi. 13. p. 45. has de and described this plant so accurately, that nothing to be added, but that the vesicles of a shining colour, viz. the Anthers, are found upon the ml ramifications, as well as upon the projecting membranes which cover the clusters of s¢ (Hedwig.) geri, tome - ‘POLYPO’DIUM FP. foemina. When it first out of the earth, and is yet in its curled state, we the assistance of a good Microscope, the back leafits covered with turgid capsules, f.12, Ontht ‘CRYPTOGAMIA. 353 abundance of spherules of a milky colour, supported upon edicles. ee Under the highest magnifier, these substances appear to consist of a very pellucid and tender pedicle, supporting a nearly opake globule, filled with a granulated mass. f. 13. When ‘the leafits and leaf are quite unfolded, all these substances disappear, whilst those on the under surface gradually enlarge, and ripen their seed. (Hedwig.) ASPLE’NIUM Trichomanes. Whilst this springs out of the ground, and is yet rolled inwards, the leafits are very minute and fleshy. On their under surface, when highly. magnified, crescent-shaped membranes may be perceived covermg the minute grains, which afterwards become capsules. f.14. At the same time, but chiefly towards the middle nerve of the leafit, white shining glo-., bules are found. These put into a drop of water, and viewed with the highest magnifier, will be seen to consist of a thick and very transparent foot-stalk, supporting a globule filled with a granulated mass. f. 1. It is unnecessary to be particular respecting the AspLenium Scolopendrium, Aspv. Ruta-muraria, Poty- popium F. Mas. Potyrop. Phegopteris, Potypop. Dryoplestt all which I have He Hh in.a recent state, and in all which I have found similar organs, at the time the leaves first, put forth. nea A ei The membranaceous scaly productions upon the stalks, so plentiful in some species, have probably been the cover- ings of the now expanded parts, during the winter seasons. _ There can be no doubt as to the uses of the other parts described above. None of these are found in the full grown plant. It is well known that whilst perennial plants ripen their seeds, the formation of new fructifications is going on... It is shewn, that the Eavisera perform | their impregnations before they spring up. When the ~ curled-up leaves of the Ferns begin to unfold, the Capsules are generally swollen; this a agodarg obvious in the 1S i bai oe up early in the spring, and ripen their capsules in July. ly Pacet caie ee dhe in these chiles are real horizontally into two hemispheres, which are surrour by an elastic ring. (Hedwig.) eee Vox, I. AA 354 CRYPTOGAMIA. _Eapanatin of the Plate Nai to te : FILICES, © « © Pls Xili, Fie. ¥. A fruit: beari a of the’ sylvaticum of its natural size, I to disperse its seeds, 2. A Capsule mene baer, csc with its stalk magnified.* 3. An unripe Seed, with its st mens, 4. A ripe . with the dust of _ thers scattered on the apes 48's rme , with the Stamens re a it in their natural position. nae -. 6. A Seed of the Equisetum palu sine ' f reas pees from e side of the Si ossum vulgare, V ee HOS + young 777) the convex pa mee oth the Stamens and Pistils tion of the skin, with a little ns outer t side: of the oe view i leafit of t Stare Ser its natural size. . OS Tia le ccateastaed ee ane, amongst — nified. (a) the rib, with the $ On it. (Ut) the membrane’ * To prevent tepetitions'4 | parts are moré or less magnified, u particularly ¥ expressed: ‘Phe Author 1 Microscope, with six ee powers. NY CRYPTOGAMIA. 353 leaf. The Globules supported on foot- stalks are the Stamens, the oblong spots the membrane covering the pistils. Fig. 15. Two of the Stamens taken out, 16. A particle of the receptacle of the female florets. (a) the receptacle. (@) the skin of the leafit, with its air ducts, Tue Uses of the Frrices are but little known: few of them are esculent, They have a disagreeable heavy smell. In large doses they destroy worms, and some of them are purgative. The ashes produced by a slow inci- neration of the green plants, contain a considerable por- tion of vegetable alkaly, and in this kingdom are very Sega sold under the name of Ash-balls, to make lye or scouring linen, : ‘* In the hot-house they become evergreens, and their *¢ heauty is greatly improved in colour and delicacy. The *¢ Jeaves, if cut down when fully grown, and properly ¢ dried, make a thatch more durable than that Dany “kind of straw. : ** In most of the Genera of the second puPeavecn, s¢ the seedling plants require a succession of seasons before ‘* they produce their fructifications. The first year a single *¢ Jeaf is produced, which seldom attains to more than an << inch in height, is thin, semi-transparent, and most com- “¢ monly entire. The second year two or three are pro- «¢ duced, one larger than the other. The third year, four *¢ or five are orogssed, and the fourth year, more in num- “ber proportionable to the richness of the soil and the “ suitableness of the situation. In moist fertile soils, “¢ shaded situations, mossy dripping rocks, or near currents “ or rills of spring water, the leaves are thin, light and « semi-transparent ; larger and more numerous, and apt © to become monstrous in shape or size. On dry rocks, ‘© and in barren soils exposed to air and sun, the leaves © are few, short, firm and opaque, producing seeds in | “€ fewer years from the first springing up, and they gene- ~ * rally retain their own proper figure.” Bort. AA? osc CRYPTOGAMIA. MUS’/CI. (Mosses.) The female parts of fructification are inclosed in a Veil, which adheres to the top of the ripe capsule, and covers it, Capsule (rarely entire) opening transversely. Stems leafy. Leaves membranaceous, reticulated, after. being dried reviving, when soaked in water. Male flowers. Ca. common, of many leaves. Leafits in structure re- - Boss. none. S | : Phe, nile He eS _ Sometimes intermixed with the males, aan Cav. Perichetium many-leaved. Leafits various, Bross. Veil cylindrical or conical, investing the germ a py 8. __ of a star or the petals of a full blown rose, or sembling those of the plant, but gd broader, : Sometimes coloured, open and ex ing like the rays — closing and approaching like abud. A few have no appearance of a calyx. TAM. numerous, within the common calyx, mostly sepé rated by succulent threads or chafflike su tal Sometimes they unite so as to form a little knob, or placed in the bosoms of the upper branches. Filan short, thread-shaped. Anthers sometimes heart or: shaped, but mos y cylindrical, 1-celled, opening i ulated pollen. same or on a different rally inclosing several pistils intermixed with sv ec threads, . and fixed to its top, united at the base to the: se the fruit-stalk, but not elsewhere attached. ST. Germen cylindrical re : ing on the veil. Summit | Vite. i ne ed at its base, when unri agers at its base, adh €, but falls off when that sule then opens horizontally, the lid separating. Lid with or without a nng, single; or doub! outer one cartilaginous, sometimes swollen, or else tracted at the base, forming a kind of excrescence Apophysis. : Mouth of the capsule either naked, or closed outer fringe, : CRYPTOGAMIA. ais? Outer fringe with from 4 to 32 teeth, which are upright or reflected, straight or twisted, triangular, spear-shaped, or bristle-shaped ; acute or blunt. Inner fringe finer, either closely adhering to the outer, or joined to it by threads from its inner side, or loose unconnected, or fixed to the pedicle on its’ little bulb. Mouth naked, or covered with a membrane or net-work of the inner fringe, or variously jagged, or © closed by distinct and regular teeth. Column extending from the base to the point of the capsule, thread-shaped, straight, passing through the lid into the style, and often giving the lid a pointed appearance. SEDs numerous, minute, spherical, smooth or rough. Such is the general character of the Mosses, which Schreber has made out from the discoveries and observa- _ tions of Hedwig, but we shall now introduce some more a wee from Hedwig himself. =a _ _Hepwie defines Mosses, as being vegetables in which the female parts of fructification are furnished with a veil- Jike petal, bearing a style. He divides them into two Orders : . pele 2 1. Capsule either entire, lidded, and opening transversely : ae a i PON ES si ; ioe ‘ ’ é frondosi. ‘2 tf DT 211 BERR 2. Capsule with 4 valves, opening lengthwise hepatici. ‘These definitions exclude the Lycoropra from amongst the Mosses. Perhaps they should rank with the Osmun- = da; but their fructification has not yet been sufficiently + examined. The Musci hepatici are now formed intoan assemblage of themselves, separate from the proper Mosses, See the fourth Order. | ie nudist 5 Observations on the proper Mosses, or Muscx of Linneus. If we except the Bryum pomiforme, subulatum ° Haller,—tric , and a few tt non-descript species, the Mosses bear the stamens and pistils in separate flowers, either on the same, or on distinct plants, ieee C RYPTOGAMIA. The time of flowering generally coincides with that of | the fruit attaining maturity, as happens in other evergreen % perennials. Thus, in the PoLtyrricHuM urnigerum, - Mn fontanwm, hornum, punctatum, undulatum; Bry- um frichodes, ccespiticium, &c. the veils fall off early in the spring, and the seed is scattered abroad; whilst-at the same time the less obvious unimpregnated gérmens, and the male or stameniferous flowers are their respective functions. This circumstance has ca’ these — ripe capsules to be mistaken for —* and he ee. fal the pollen, os A » Catyx.or Pericuatium, — Both as Mae and Pemaue Acwasue are + Rarnished winks an Involucrum, which | gives the outward figure flower. This Involucrum in Mosses has attained the jate name of Perichetium. It varies more in than in the female flowers ; and is more to be @ ssdtaliel i The radiated disks of the PoLyTRICHA the Mura, are very remarkable, and the scales them differ im many respects from the other lea plant.. The heads which put forth at the ex the Brya have been’ hitherto ‘unnoticed, tho contain the parts of fructification, and are leafits or scales, different both in shape and size from the stem-leaves, Thus in the Bryum rurale, they are not _ ite su by non and are shorter than the stern ea . in R. cens, Br. scoparium, Br. h _ Br. aeSealabe &c. they are broader than the other ® and more hollow at the base. — iceman eS Ke “Re. they are 1 leaves ; are also concave, egg or §| patie of the hairs which a r plant. These therefore are truly the calyx, | include the florets with stamens Only, we call them Pericheetia of the male FLORETS. — 3 capi les towards their'extremities, § we. female flowers) observe that the leaves adjoining to the fruit-stalk are rruch more beautiful than those on the stems. But somes TT “2 Pe 110720 ty fe ‘. ae A 3 ef we vit wu ‘ iI 4) ‘eters. ate Sa 8 e 16%) b o>. CRYPTOGAMIA. times theanner eaves become gradually smaller, and those _ Nearest to the:flowers so very minute, that without a mi- croscope it is mot possible to dissect them away so as to expose the flower. Thus pl. xiv. f. 19. exhibits.a plant of the Brrumpyriforme, (a) contains the male, (2) the fe- male flo 20. shews the female flower laid bare to us Hem removed, other stil] smaller scales EHDY He Vewine tea aes y e, are to be considered as the Involu- flowers, surrounding and embracing : olucrums, like those’in many other ts, often grow larger as the capsule ad-~ . Pl, xiv, £217. Assmall plant of the 1m, with the lower leaves taken away, to ike the male floret. fa.) Bryum pulvinatum PS ‘ female anda male: tof the Bry u pyriforme. mgerd, 20. The female floret inclosed within its innermost leaves, § ie 9M = ‘f.21, The same, with x xe 4 all but aa of sad leaves removed. , are almost universally cylindrical, and crooked, but in the SruaGNum palustre drogynum, they are egg-shaped and more s to explode in sides the Anthers ne Involu : we BL some very. delicate succulent bodies, of various shapes. . In the PoLyrRICHUM commune ac iets ‘es “: “ee club-shaped, but tapering to a point ; sain tanum, and palustre, in Bryum rurale and they are jointed and bluntish.. -In the Bryum hornum last joint i8 acute. In — serpylli ifolinnep cuspidatum, and BryuM » they have stem terminated by a es. 94, In the -metricum they have different sh. im the We must. add, respec i thts florets, that. i in the src the led 2 like disks, others like roses, and some like star a fully expanded state. In the stellated Poly! scales are placed in Ly —: dn, num, palustre, fontanum, are more a disk. Die ten ool is a these become more expanded, but. prev spounslscenicgalioaiipadicsrensescttthi contain. In some Mosses the flowers term) enous alow sight the ing be past. Some florets are bosom of the leaves, and others in termination of the branches, enn "Two stamens of the Brrum ex Z to burst, (d) one throwing __ Tent vessels, Pl. xiv. f..99, 0" f. 23. An Anther of the Baym tr 361. men begins to swell, in consequence of its im ation, These substances, of whose gt acknowled. cyene igno- rant, may for the present be called mendes pistils; see fig. 26. They are so like the real pistils, that one might readily believe nature had formed the flowers with many _ pistils, in order that some might have the better chance of impregnation. But there are several circumstances which refute this supposition. Probably they are intended to supply the flowers with moisture in dry weather.* Ti fe rudiment of the fruit, or pistil of the Buxpaumra sessilis, Pl. xiv. f. 25... : f. 26. A female flower of the Bryum extinctorium, with the swecudent pistils. of the Carsuxe and the CAcyprra or Vet. The pistils, after impregn ation, daily growing larger, and rising upwards, shew. the part “a known by the thrown off, the NG and the Pertsroma, or Frincx, become visible. f, 29.*The Vex of the JunGERMANNIA pusilla f. 99. The Vern, ~ Of the Carsute or Seed-vessel. From what has been alledged, it is evident that what (cree the Anthers, are really the Seed-vessels, and by sowing the seed which they contam, [ have re- peatedly procured a crop of young plants, in all respects similar to their parents. | | | The Capsules of Mosses are always supported upon a fruit-stalk, though sometimes it is very short; and except~ * These substances may aptly be compared to the florets with superfluous pistils in the order Polygamia superflua of the class Syngenesia, or to the barren florets in the umbel~ liferous plants of the Pentandria class; and their uses may probably be the same, whatever those uses may be. sition. They surround the opening of the. caps single or double, rarely in a triple series. These sub I shall beg leave to call the * P. OMA, or The use of this Peristoma, or Fring to be tod the seeds in wet weather. In dry leaves the mouth of the capsule open, but 1 moisture, even that of one’s breath, it closes. many peop siderable. they first begi of the _ moss _. forit * On the varying structure of the Peristoma and disposition of the barren florets, the aut establish the Genera of. Mosses. ee - Mosses retain moisture a long time without being dis- posed to'putrefy. The angler takes advantageof this cir cumstance to preserve his worms, and the gardener to kéep moist the roots of such plants as are'to be transported to any considerable distance. ) It is a vulgar error to suppose that Mosses impoverish land. It is true they grow upon poor land which can sup- port no else ; but their roots penetrate very little, m general hardly a quarter of an inch into the earth. Take away the Moss, and instead of more grass you will have less ; but manure and drain the land, the grass will increase and the Moss disappear. , cry ~The Spaacnum palustre, the Mxium triquetrum, the Bryum paludosum and estivum, the Hypnum -aduncum, scorpoides, riparium and cuspidatum grow upon the sides and shallower parts of pools and marshes ; and ‘in process of time, occupying the space heretofore filled wit “water, are in their half decayed state, dug up and usec el — the of Peat. These ree drain y chaman i dustry, and partly y the lo contin ned operations of vegetables, are at length elie versal into fer- tile meadows. mee Very few Mosses are eaten by cattle. The Bishop Moth, and the Brussels Lace Moth feed upon some of them. ‘Their medicinal virtues are but little known, and less attended to. I think it probable, that on account of their astringent properties, some of them might be Md : “ 7 trying as a substitute for oak bark im tanning va ee He Female fructifications inclosed in a veil, which splits open at the top, and disch pate Paste | CApsuLE opening lengthwise, with seeds. | SEEDS BER fixed to an elastic cord, formed of one or two spiral threads. eee ers _ Some plants are referred to this subdivision on account of their agreement in general habit, though the female fructification has no —— is placed upon, or immersed in the substance of the leaf. TAS s | The leaves are mostly lobed, exhibiting a network of vesicles, and though dried, reviving again when moisten with water, 364 Hedwig observes that all the female florets have: o ble calyx, or a Cup = a oss veh In shape and struc ture he says th resemble the p Mosses, bi that he wate Gilad: te anal thresde's heh Pistil-like substances are however found, accompanying both th rmen and the ripened capsule; but not in all the species. The Capsule, like those of the pre inclosed in a Veil, to which the style adheres 5 is not as in ther, loosened - at ~“ attachment> anid: pals along with the growing Capsule, it tears open in two, Shestatitirs:giechay Seal ben a fore been. sometimes gai as a petal. 1: » oh _ All. these Mosses agree in ripening their These seeds proved upon trial to ep ther il ERMAN’NIA naniotiene “lk bears its ma barren flowers, which are of a-reddish brown ¢¢ summit or extremity of the Stem, in one female florets at the extremity of another plant. Ply xiv. male plant of its natural siz fat. wering summit of the male plan f. 33. The germen of the female plant, with its and 3 pistil-like bodies at its base, taken im the ail ctiet of the plant. r otengs tale _ JUNGERMANNIA asplenioides. ‘The extremity of the male plant forms a beautiful tiled, two-rowed Ins crum of Jeafits, very concave at the base _ within | _ which are found 2 or 3 stamens of a milky ~ also ina yx or perichtetium, at : f. 35. A 8 Jant of its natural size. one f. 36. The tiled leaves at the extremity « of which includes the anthers. “eg taken out of the Perichestinm << iee a An anther open at the end, after: head f. 39. A female plant of its natural sizes BAT 708 nee eey, ALS Bots Ais (EFS ) SOMA (Spite > giant she ALI SAN) Simi A, PASS A eine = Got eethe tleg “gg "fall e~iz Oe fE4 Y “ay, 365 - f. 40. The germen: iil its othe ‘unit ‘ecko ng satis vessels, taken out of i its ae ad ace mapasying ity of the plant. f,41. The Seeds, with the elastic threads to which they are attached. ; : l _ pusilla. The stamens very _ much resemble those oF the Sphagnum pauses 3 they are placed upon the Stem, in the bosom of the leaves; their _ colour greenish, changing to yellow. The female ‘flower | : vans the top of the same plant, in a periche- the growth of the plant during the ripening s, they are at length found about its middle. e plant of its natural size. : eae Te: same _ ified, to shew the 4 ghly ma = germen and style saken .out 08. ; he Veil separated from the ripened, Seed, with its elastic thread. _JUNGERMANNIA palmata. The flowers with sta- are found at the extremities of the branches; after they fall off, and give the branch the appear- g been lopped. The female flower is gene- e base of Oe branches, but sometimes < also at PI m barren plant of the fd size. Pl. xv. f, 48. The s nag sig ao nla soe (aa) (¢) one of them open at the end. — Bee yb 49. Two stamens separated, a tile or female plant of the same species Japsule open, its valves turned back, § at its extrem! elastic thread, with the seeds JUNG: RMANNIA reata. The as flowers af this are con concealed fs substance of its trunk; the female ones are on the same plant, and poset nearly. a similar situation. Pl. xv. f. 52. The plant o of the natural size. f, 53. A small bit of it highly magnified, to shew the two Ke florets - and the axe floret (U). 366 CRYPTOGAMIA. f. 54.- A male floret further magnified. $7 NT 3 f, 55. A Stamen separated, » aoe f. 56. The Perichetium of = female floret cut wise. f. 57. The ripe Capsule ps aod the Seeds to the atic threads, : _JUNGERMANNIA ¢piphylla.- - The male floret ao on the upper surface of the leaves. emale florets are formed at the extremity of the: as they ripen, the growth of the leaf continuing, mately appear on its disk. Want of attention cumstance has given rise to errors Ee pecting? bec these i: ee “ 455 BEE BE OS Pit » 2fs8F Phe pline ‘somewhat magnified, to distinctly: ‘the dots of male florets, and the fi concealed under its scaly calyx at the end of the =f Bo. eee ee -MARCHAN’TIA polymorpha, find ape this plant certam glass-shaped cu a te Pp P Po berve some ate t ‘their foot-stalks, on age of on a different tuft, stellated targets 5 v taller than the entire ones. i pp pk e » Vertically, are found to Contain the stamens ; str rounded by their ‘succulent vessels. ‘The stellated _ contain the germens, two or three of which are found un- sich ae oe rays, invested with its membrane, Which the -. projects previous to_ nos ‘These do o time. In a fa situation this plant flo in July. From what has been said, it is eviden this species the male and female florets are to be st for on distinct plants. SF sage ee Pl. xv. f. 60. A target of male flowers eut vie : cularly down through the foot-stalk, = f. 61. A follicle of stamens taken out and more mags = nified, to shew its surrounding ring. va. f. 62, A Gemien wishys projecting styles 367 yo ps aby gan its 3 succulent fibres. __ ¥, 64, An elastic Cord taken out of the ripe C _ with one of the seeds. as en ~ MARCHANTIA conica. ‘The male flowers are sit- _ ting; In every other reSpect they so exactly resemble those of the precedin species, as to render any further descrip- ecessary ; but the female flowers have a Pi. xv. f. 65. A Disk of male florets cut down : Midasty.! 6 Oe f. 66. Six female flowers taken from the common fruit-stalk, with the six styles bent back. f. 67, A ripe Capsule opened by the rolling back of the Valves (h.) shewmg the seeds fixed to the elastic Cords (i.) a _ ANTHOCE’ROS levi. The stamens, covered by the ~ outer skin of the leaf, form spots of a yellowish green co- lour, and somewhat raised, As they approach to maturity, the skin bursts and contracts into an oval shape, forming a kind of calyx. Each of these spots contains three or more follicles of Stamens, of a reddish. yellow colour.— Each Stamen is furnished with its filament, and’surrounded by a jointed succulent vessel. At the same time the female flower assumes an elevated conical figure, supporting a Veil on its extremity, furnished with a very short Style, When ripe, it changes to a dark brown colour, divides into two valves, scattering its seeds with an explosive power. _ ‘The Anruoceros punctatumn resembles this species in its parts of fructification, | ; DL xvi. f. 68. A part of the leaf magnified, to shew one female, and four male florets, | abu =. CRYPTOGAMIA. Pl. xvv i690. Two ofthe Stamens floret. f. 70. A perpendicular section; to shew just emerging from its sheaths, and PL xvi. f. 71. The ripe Cap and a few ren on -BLA’SIA ple It flowe a which time the leaf is narrow, 2 very near to its rib; works Fit a aig pand with the growth of the they at leng a distance from the rib. ‘ The anthers are yel ) Towards the endo we Stibcover ¢ pistil, with its summit sitting on ment of oes fruit, but it is very meine As before occupied pp , not ea the conical horn ae the Anthoe » now becomes more heart. » and _ point looks towards the root of the —— At ar seeds in its sd the Meum ore f.73. The pla ore ma ified, to shew the ¢ ‘Male florets, and the two 2 ale florets. ., Pl. xvi, f..74, A Stamen tz £.75. An unripe Capsule shew the eo. vasa The leaf has no by RAS ¥ AQASs tS 2 = = ce a ew 3 pe CRYPTOGAMIA. 369 will conceive the difficulty of observing the very minute pistil of this plant, buried as it is in the substance of the plant, its summit only, opening on its surface. As the capsule swells, it becomes more apparent, and by a per- pendicular section through the substance of the leaf, we discover the style of a beautiful brown colour, ascending from the capsule to its surface, The seeds are at first white, afterwards greenish, but nearly transparent, and surrounded with a very transparent white border. The capsules, when ripe, open on the surface of the plant, forming a black spot, visible to the naked eye. They are generally observable towards the base of the leaf. f. 76. The plant of its natural size. .f.77. Part of the same magnified, to shew the more iperficial spots containing the stamens, and the deeper seated female flowers (aa). ; __f. 78. A follicle of anthers separated, and highly mag- nified. f.79. A dicular section through the substance perpen of the plant, iD aew the ripening capsules, and their styles rising up to the surface of the leaf. wT 60. A Capsule taken out, together with its style. AL’/G. The plants comprized under this division scarcely ad- mit of a distinction of root, stem, and leaf; much less are we enabled to describe the parts of the flowers. The Genera, therefore, are distinguished by the situation of what we suppose to be the flowers or seeds, or by the re- semblance of the whole plant to some other substance we are well acquainted with. PI, 1. E. and F. represent Li- chens, and C. a Fucus. : : tifications are either to be found in The female ! : saucers Perce es, as in Lichens 5 in hollow bladders, as in Fucus, or dispersed through the substance of the plant, as in Ulva. 2 é oe “The substance of these plants varies much ; it is flesh- like, or leather-like ; membranaceous, oF fibrous ; jelly- like, or horn-like ; or resembli calcareous earth. / Some of them possess irritability, or an appearance of. Sensation. as Vou. I, wee = 370 CRYPTOGAMIA,. Hedwig has done less to elucidate this Order than those which we Ga already spoken of ; but shapeless and un- organized as some of the Lichens seem to be, his genius, aided by indefatigable industry, has explored the ar fore latent secrets of their fructification, as will appear from the following account of the ig RS LIC’/HEN ciliaris, The fringes from the extremities destined to take root, and the downy matter on the surface, have nothing to do with the real parts of fructification, These are to be found in the concave saucers, or convex — targets or warts, either on the same or on a different plan ee They both arise from a kind of knot on the under surface of the plant. The warts change to a brown, and then t black colour at the top ; but before they become brown perpendicular section through one of them, rs single or double cell buried in the tender pulp of the plant, and filled with a granulated substance. never the — top of this wart or tubercle turns black, the granulated — mass has then escaped through it, and only a kind of jelly remains in the cells ; which, however, soon vanishes, dna ae the whole tubercle becomes black and hard. This process 1s performed in a short time. sh The rising particle, which is destined to form a con — ‘cave saucer, becomes hollow and green at the top, troup? — which, if we make a pecpendiaaied section, we find fibres radiating from its centre, and forming a semi-circle, bound- ed by a more opake line. As this continues growi saucer becomes larger, and more and more open, it is at first reddish, gradually becoming darker. At ler it becomes a perfect saucer, either sitting, or supported ¢ a short foot; its border scolloped or entire, black when moist, and greyish when dry. oe" rea 3 now we cut the saucer through, and examine tical section of it ina little water, we shall find ately under the black crust at the top, the seeds in seaigh icular columns, Wie very: ese seeds r egg-shaped, but ma a Tracers groove tmapecnie Novunpr ae can therefore doubt that the warts with lack tops the male, and the saucers the female flowers, gy, : The saucers, in all the species of Lichens, resem! above in the mode of flowering, and in the same ¢® CRYPTOGAMIA. 371 tion of their fruit. The male flowers are imilar, whether contained like those of the L. Psiloc the sub- stance of the plant, or as in others, on its surface. In some species, as in the L. physodes, they are found on the extre- mities of the branches; in others on the edges, as in the L. farinaceus; fraxineus; in others again on the under ae as in ee L. Ae ilps apthosus, &c. where ey sometimes form circles somewhat resembling s as in the L, stellaris. | eee Pl, xvi. f. 81. Part of the plant magnified to shew (0 00) the male, and (m) the female flower. (nn) the pings which strike root ; some of them expanding at the end. ’ f, 82. The section of a stameniferous flower cut through perpendicularly. f. 83. The section of an unopened flower. f. 84, Section of a flower, with the ripe seeds. f. 85, Ripe seeds taken out. LICHEN physodes. f. 86. The male, or barren plant of its natural size. - . £,87. Its stameniferous extremity highly magnified. Some of the Fuci and Conferve have been lately illustrated by the accurate enquiries of Major Velley; * and my friend Mr. Stackhouse has_ undertaken the histo of the Fuci, the Ulvz, and the Conferve of the British shores, particularly with a view to the discovery of their modes of fructification; { so that we may hope soon to _ attain a more scientific knowledge of these obscure tribes | of plants. Usrs.—Some of the Fuci are used as food, and all of them, as well as the Conferva, are an useful manure, of the greatest importance to our farmers on the sea coast. The Lichens, though generally looked upon as unwor- thy of notice, are of great consequence in the economy of nature, and afford the first foundation for vegetation. The * See coloured figures of marine plants, with descriptions and observations, by Thomas Velley, Esq. fol. 1795. t Nereis Britannica, or a Botanic Description of the British Marine Plants, with drawings from nature, by John Stack- house, Esq. F, L. S. fol. 1795. : BB? “312 CRYPTOGAMIA. crustaceous kinds fix upon the barest rocks, and are nou- rished by such slender supplies as the air and the rains afford them. When these die, they are converted into a very fine earth, in which the tiled LicuEns find nourish- ment, and when these putrefy, and fall to dust, various Mosses, as the Brrum, Hypnum, &c. occupy their place; _ and in length of time, when these perish in theirtum, there is a sufficiency of soil, in which trees and other plants take root. This rocess of nature is sufficiently a upon the mb and barren rocks upon the sea shore. | Many of the Licuens are a grateful food to goats; and the rein-deer, which constitutes the whole ceconomyof — the Laplanders, and supports many thousand inhabitants, lives upon one of the species. Many of the species afford colours for dying. One of them, brought from the Canary Islands, viz. the Orchel, or Argol, pi a very consider- — able article of traffic. It is not improbable, that someof — the species ges in our own saad, me afford very beautiful and useful colours ; but this matter has not been — ss examined. Mr. Hellot gives us the following — process, for discovering whether any of these plants will — yield a red or purple colour. Put about a quarter of an — ounce of the plant in question inta.a small glass, moisten — it well with equal parts of me water, and spirit of Sal Ammoniac ; or the spirit of Sal Ammoniac madeWi eer lime, will do, without lime water. Tye a wet bla close over the top of the .vessel, and let it stand th or four days. If any colour is likely to be obtained, the small quantity of liquor you will find in the glass will be of a deep crimson red ; and the plant will retain thesame colour when the liquor is all dried up. If neither the liquor nor the plant have taken any colour, it is to make any further trials.” FUNGI. This Order consists of plants mostly of a cork-! texture, of short duration ; bearing their seeds either gills or tubes, or attached to fibres, or to a spongy oa stance. As we know but little of their fructification, Generic characters are taken from their external form, from the disposition of their seeds, Amn Agaric is rep! CRYPTOGAMIA. gee sented in pl. 1. at H. to shew (a) the Rinc; (2) th SteM 3 (c/ the Przeus, ; Pegs The following are the principal discoveries of | Hepwie on the subject of Fungi. AGA’RICUS (Amanita) arborea mollis, coloris exacte crocei, Dill, Giss. p. 182. On dividing a plant of this species longitudinally through the middle, before the curtain had began to sepa- tate from the edge of the Pileus, the whole inner surface appeared white; but whilst my attention had been arrested by some still whiter lines observable in the flesh of the Pileus and. of the stem, the upper and inner surface of the curtain changed to a violet, and in a short time to a brownish colour, On nicely raising a small portion of this surface, and viewing it under high magnifiers, I dis- covered pellucid succulent vessels, and innumerable oval globules connected therewith, of a dilute brown colour. The part from which this portion had been taken away did not change colour again. I next examined a portion taken from one of the gills, whilst it was yet white. It was divisible, though not rea- dily, into twojlamine. The lower edge was thickly set with tender cylindrical substances, some of which had a lobule at their extremities, but others not. The gill | itself appeared of a reticulated structure, with larger and more distinct spots, a little raised. : ae In another older plant of the same species, wherein the curtain was torn, the pileus pretty fully expanded, and the gills turned yellow, the upper part of the stem began to be tinged by a brown powder shed from the gills. It was evident, on examination, that this brown powder was the seeds, and that it proceeded from the larger spots before observed in the gill, the two lamin of which now readily separated. =. : Pl. xvi. f. 88. A view of the plant cut down length- wise. f, 89. Strings of the Stamens ve f. 90. A portion of the Gill, to s fi-9¥.-The ripe-seeds. © 9° bed Bes There is therefore reason to believe that the stamens are the globules attached to the threads found within the much magnified. | ew the sitive seeds. 374 . _CRYPTOGAMIA. curtain. After these vanish, the plant continues to until it scatters its seeds, and then it dies, ieee We learn from these observations, that the full expan- sion of the pileus indicates the maturity of the seeds, and that the fructification is performed previous to the rupture — of the curtain. eee On examining the curtains and the rings of different Agarics and Boleti, I have always found the above-men- tioned globules on their upper or inner surface. In some of the yellow Agarics, they are so numerous on the upper — surface, as to stain the fingers when touched, but the under side is smooth, and entirely destitute of them, Some few — Agarics seem to have only a row of these threads beset with globules at the of the Pileus, whilst it is in con- tact with the stem, and upon this expansion they shrivel and drop off. : : > hte Oe: It is true that in many Agarics we neither find curtain nor ring, nor these threads at the edge of the pileus; but — when this is the case, the threads are placed upon the stem, and may readily be —a by examini pe: plant in its very young state, before the e of ileus separates — from the stem. This Soe tn plates many of the — Agarics, the Hydnum imbricatum, and the ogra ar Terehy fot ie a in. After the re ese 1S expanded, the stem n longer, its upper per where the stamens were seated, pt reticulated. e seeds of the Boleti are found within the membrane — that lines the tubes. , eee The stemless Agarics and Boleti present similar ap- — ances about the edge, and at the base. I have also ound something of the same kind in the Peziza cyathoides, — whose seeds appear to be inclosed in a kind of pod ; and likewise in one or more of the Lyco ns ; but these have not yet been sufficiently examined. = Whether the succulent vessels in the — fgg or the surface of the gills, or the mouths of tubes bey | | or be not, styles ad summits ; or whether they are @- for any other purpose, I shall not determine. 2 ‘It is, however, sufficiently evident, that the Aga — and the Boleti, are vegetables, and that they bear theit - stamens and pistils on the same plant. (Hedwig-) | : For the practical purposes of investigation, It IS there= fore evident, that the minutia of the fructification ca? avail us but little, eae NTA : t % - t CRYPTOGAMIA, 375 _ The ics and the Boleti, numerous and beautiful tribes of plants, are now arranged in a method which the author hopes will be found sufficient to obviate the princi- pal difficulties which have attended the study of them, and to render the investigation of the species, at least as _ easy as any other part of the system. He therefore requests the attention of the reader to the following explanation of the principles on which they are arranged, referring him, for the preservation of the specimens, to what has been already said at page 38 and 39. AGARICS are composed of a Cap, or PrtEus, with Grits underneath, and have either SreMs or no Stems. 5 ~ x The Stems are either central or lateral : hence arise 3 primary divisions of the Genus, already in use, and adopted by Linnzeus. - : . A. Stems central, B. Stems lateral. ~ C. Stemless. They have also a Root, more or less dbvious, and some of them, in a yet unfolded state, arewholly enclosed in a membranaceous or leather-like case, called a WRAPPER. Some of them have a Curtain, or thin membrane, ex- tending from the stem to the edge of the pileus; this cur- tain tears as the pileus expands, aud soon vanishes ; but the part attached to the stem often remains, forming a ring round it, This Rrnc is more or less permanent, as its substance is more or less tender, but some of the species appear some years with, and other years without a Ring,* so that though it forms a very obvious character, it cannot be admitted as a ground of specific distinction. Pl. 19, fie. (F.) (borrowed from M. Bulliard,) shews a vertical ation Cr 4 Agaric of thor: compleat kind, in its egg-state, in order to demonstrate all the parts mentioned above.—(m.m.m.m.mi.) the Wrap .—(n.n) the Pileus. (0. 0.) the Gill.—(p.) the Stem, fore it shoots up.— (q--q.) the Curtain. On the section of a Stem at (B.) * e.g. Ag. eruginosts. “s 376 CRYPTOGAMIA. may be seen the remains of a Curtain, then called a Ring. The Curtain and the Ring must be rejected in formir characters of Agarics, for the reason just now mentio and the Wrapper is not easily accessible, nor is it very often found, so that it does not afford much aid in the dis- crimination of the species. The Curtain and its remnant the Ring, are common to all our secondary subdivisions of Agarics with central Stems, but the Wrapper seems to be confined to. the plants with solid stems only; nor has it been found attendant even upon those when the Gills are decurrent, . The Stem of an Agaric is either solid, or hollow. The solid Stem is represented at (A.) the hollow Stem at {B.) When an Agaric is to be examined, cut the stem across about the middle, with a sharp knife, and it must immediately appear whether it be solid or hollow. Letit be remarked, however, that the solid Stem varies much m degree ; it may be as solid as the flesh of an apple, or as spongy as the pith of an elder stick, or a sun-flower stalk, but still it is solid, 7. e. there is no regular hollow rvad- _ing its whole length ; though the more mig hr 1 larger Stems sometimes’ shew irregular and partial hollow places from the shrinking of the pithy substance when the plant grows old, but this can never be mistaken for a regulaty © orm, and native hollowness, (B.) represents a hold Stem. The width of this hollow part varies much in dil- ferent species, and is by no means always proportioned to the size of the Stem; though it is uniform and regulal throughout its whole length, except perhaps at the bottom, — it changes to a root. This hollow is sometimes entirely empty, sometimes loosely filled with a pithy sub- stance, but its regularity is not affected by that. circum — stance. Next to the Gills, the Stem of an Agaric is the _ part least liable to variation. When its shape is not that - of a cylinder, its diameter, as expressed in the descriptions, - must understood igbe the diameter of its middle part. fe he Giixs are the flat, thin substances, found under- — neath the Pileus, and attached to it ; they are of a texture — evidently different from that of the Stem or the Pileus, they assume different colours in different species, and vary muc mm their respective lengths. Each Gill consists of two membranes, and between these the Seeds are formed. _ a a ee ; _ CRYPTOGAMIA. 972 The Gills are always attached to the Pileus, and sometimes to that only, as at fig. (E.c.c.) They often shoulder up against the Stem, and are fixed to it, as at fig. (A. b.) pete seta they are not merely fixed to the Stem; but extended along it, downwards, as at (a) in the last men- tioned figure. This is what we shall call a decurrent Gill. e fixed and decurrent Gills are attached to the Stem only by their ends, which are next to the centre of the Pileus, not by their edges, as is sometimes the case in some of the Agarics whose Pilet or Caps are nearly cylindrical. _ In some of these the edges of the Gills are pressed close to the Stem, and even adhere to it more or less in the young state of the plant, but separate before it attains its full ex- pansion. This, therefore, is a very different kind of attach- ment to that which we mean to express by the terms fixed or decurrent. Ee Our secondary subdivisions of the Agarics, are founded oe been just now explained, and are ag Ows = ' 1. Grits decurrent. STEM solid ; . Grits fixed. 3. Gi1Ls loose. (4. Grits decurrent. STEM hollow ;4 5. Guts fixed. “3 ; 6. Grits loose. But the Gitrs containing the fructification of these plants, are of the utmost importance, and therefore demand more particular notice. They vary ve much in |} " for though they all extend to the edge of the Pileus, they do not, except in a few instances, reach to the Stem 5 moreover they are sometimes forked or divided, and some- times connected or anastom one with another. - these circumstances are explained by the two circular figures at the bottom of plate XIX.—Thus, : 3) Gills uniform. ‘These uniform Gills sometimes seem i" cokaeatcl together at the edge of the Pileus, as represented below (d.) 373 _ CRYPTOGAMIA; {e.) Gills in pairs. 2 i al (f.) Gills 4 in a set. : io Seeriae ts.) Gills 8 in a set, ‘ : + Sigal {b.) Gills irregular, that is, no determinate number ina set ; tee (i.) Gills branching. | (k.) Gills branching and anastomosing. dot C, Gills loose from the stem, but the inner end fixedto a — Collar which surrounds the top of the Stem, — _ though not in contact with it. ; TB oe These various circumstances of the’ Gills seem at first : sight well adapted for subdivisions of the species, and also for the formation of ‘specific characters ; but they areso much subject to variation, that no use can be made of them , for either purpose. Thus, the Gills called wniform, are seldom strictly so, a shorter Gill now and then interve ing. The Gills in pairs have place only in’ a few spec and are subject to vary ; the Gills 4 in a set, occupy far the greater part of the species, and those which ha 4 in a set in the younger plants, are very apt to shew when more fully expanded, some of the longer Gills te ing from the Stem. Moreover, though 4 in a set be the ominant number in many oft 1ese plants, we often find ser ut three, or even two, owing to the absence of one or more of the smaller Gills. “The colour of the Gills is fortunat an obvious, and at the same timea permanent cir umstan and when we reflect; that their colour is principally, # not solely, caused by that of the Fructifications or Seeds fe within them, we might (a priori) have expected, what experience has taught me to be the case, that it js, the most 2 fixed, the most certain characteristic, on which to foun¢ the distinctions of the species; and that this, together with - the structure, will be at all times sufficient to afford ae manent specific distinctions. It is allowed that these ¢0 lours change when the plant begins to. decay, but Botanist would complain that the characters are W in a subject sellertad in a rotten state. The colour © Jat sides of the Gills is what I wish to be attended to, be cause the colour at the edge, in some plants, is differen through all the stages of growth, and in others it chi sooner than that of the = 0 evidently from the dischal of the Seeds when ripe. The colour of the whole of the being sometimes te by the ripened Seeds, it 18 © CRYPTOGAMIA, 379 that this colour ought to be described, where it is liable to such a change, not only in the perfect and vigorous state of the plant, but also in its mature and neart decaying state, tak~ ing its character from the former, Thus in several of the deliquescent Agarics, especially such as dissolve in decay to an inky liquor, the plants, when very young, have white Gills ; these become grey when the Seeds are formed, and black when quite ripe, and the plant dissolves in decay. , These circumstances may be properly noticed in the his- tory of the plant, but no one would think of taking its character from its yet but half unfolded state, any more: than from its state of decay ; such a plant, therefore, must be placed amongst others whose Gills are grey, The Srem is a less variable part than the Pileus; its shape, the proportions of its I to its breadth, and of both to the Pileus, afford tolerable distinctive marks, and its colours, though more changeable than those of the Gills, are, perhaps, rather more fixed than those of the eus, ; The Prrevs, or Cap, is the part of an ic the last to be attended to, and the least to be 4 ed on. Its shape is either conical, convex, flat, or hollowed at the top like a funnel ;* it is constantly yarying in the same plant, but is pretty uniformly the same in the same species when the plant is in am that is, when fully or nearly fully expanded, but before it exhibits symptoms of decay. The colour of the Pileus is often extremely uncertain, and in that case can no further be admitted into acharac- ter, than as it may serve to mark the varieties, The Viscidity, or clamminess on the surface of the Pileus and Stem, frequently obseryed in some Agarics, has been made a part of their character; but it is not much to be depended on; for in dry weather some of the viscid species shew no symptom of a moist or even adhesive sub- stance, and in a moist atmosphere, many, at other times dry to the feel, become more or less viscid, ; * (E.) represents a conical, (D.) a convex Piles. » exception must be allowed, and extended to one oF © 380 _ CRYPTOGAMIA. The Lactescent, or milky juiced Agarics, at one time seemed to force themselves into observation, as laying claim to a well-founded subdivision; but further experience demonstrated, that neither those with a mild, nor thosewith an acrid milky juice, were invariably milky. This was” an unexpected circumstance, nor does it yet appear upon what it depends. Some plants, apparently healthy and be shall shew no signs of milk when wounded, whilst others of the same species on the same spot, and at the same time, shal! pour out their milk in abundance. Jt must be acknowledged, that this difference is not very — common, but it certainly does take place.* ee eee Such are the grounds of the present attempt to reduce the Agarics to a System ; an attempt, which, if established, will greatly facilitate the investigation of the species, and if it fail to merit the countenance of the public, will pro- bably give birth to another and a better. ae The author is sensible that some of the specific charac- ters may be thought too long, whilst a few may be found too short; but these cannot be ultimately adjusted ut the discovery of new species shall cease. That many new ones still remain to be ascertained, is highly probable, simee so many have occurred within his own observation, and — that of his correspondents, ae +3 See A few, and only a few exceptions have occurred to the general laws of the System; and it will be right to men- tion them here. The Agaricus velutipes, and the Ag. sulcatus, have such a striking resemblance, that they must be pronounced to be the same, were not the Stemt hollow in the one, and solid in the other. Can such a dif- ference of structure be supposed to exist in the same Spe- — cies ? If this question be answered in the affirmative, ‘the: “ . more of the minuter species. The other exception ¢e- pends upon the different colours of the Gills of the Aga cus aurantius. This sportive species disdains the rules 0» the System, and exists under almost every kind of colo that can be imagined; the chief variations, howevet, obviate difficulties, are inserted where the inve Botanist would be led to look for them. 3 In the execution of the preceding plan, the refe to figures are not very numerous, because pecuilat © _ ® The Agaricus rubescens, and Agaricus aerampelinisy = instances of this kind of deviation. CRYPTOGAMIA, ast has been taken to avoid doubtful references. What use can there be in the insertion of a figure or a synonym with a note of interrogation at the end of it? If the Author; with all his attention collected upon the subject, and possi- bly with the plant before him, cannot decide, why perplex ‘his readers by desiring them to do it? In: some cases it may be useful to refer to a figure which it is well known was not drawn for the plant in question. Thus, when a new species occurs, or one which has never yet been figured, a reference to a drawing which resembles it in size, and in habit, may be useful, if care be taken to announce the circumstance, and to point out the dissimi- litudes, - ‘The reader will find, on turning to other authors, that a number of references to the species before known, are omitted in this work; but he is not hastily to conclude that this has been in consequence of careless inattention, He may be assured that they have been examined, and aré not omitted without a cause. Sometimes circumstances made it necessary more directly to point out these errors but it was an invidious task ; fe edieving: that notwith- standing his utmost care, the present work will still be liable to errors of the same nature, he has felt unwillin to censure his predecessors, to whose labours he shoul have thought himself greatly indebted, even were their errors ten fold what they are. ‘The specific character of Linnaus is always added, where no doubt existed of the identity of the species, and it was the Author’s wish to have quoted all the cs of Mr. Ray under their proper heads, but the want of figures, and the brevity of ie descriptions, deterred him from assigning a place to many of them. Here it ma be ob- served, that where the descriptions of that admirable Bota- nist are sufficiently full, or where he could refer to a figure, the Agarics of the present day a to be precisely what their predecessors were a hundred years ago. This it was thought necessary to remark, to quiet the apprehensions of some who have been deterred from the study of these sub- jects, by a prevalent hse that art ie ped age ng ng ently in e of any fixe tle eee irl St ficult to oa out the origin character. It would not be dit yut of this opinion, but it is sufficient to say that it is not true, $82 CRYPTOGAMIA, and that no part of the Vegetable System is less liable ta change, or more steady to the rules of a well formed me. thod than the Agarics are. te _ It must however be allowed, that new species of Fungi are daily discovered; but this may be owing partly to the greater attention that has of late been bestowed upon these subjects, and partly, as Major VELLEY suggested to me, to the introduction of so many exotic trees. IG It remains now only to speak. of the trivial names, This has been a much more arduous labour than can well _ be imagined. Much of the difficulties of Botanists, and — many of the confusions of writers, have been owing tothe application of different names to the same species, or of the same name to different species. The extent of this evilis hardly credible. Some species have six or eight different names, given by as many different authors, and in several ve instances the same name has been applied to tenora dozen different plants. Surely it is time to put astopto this useless increase of difficulties. In the execution of — this work, the following rules have been adopted, and they are submitted to the consideration of others who may be engaged in similar pursuits. oe Ist. When a well-known species occurs, to continue the name given it by its first inventor, unless obviously and highly improper, or unless a long continued attachment to another name had quite superseded the use of the former, or unless the former name had been previously appropriated to another species, ane a 2d. Never to change a name adopted by Linnaeus, except where his name included more than one species, and then to assign it to that which he has more particularly described. 3d. In naming a non-descript species, to use the _ The discoverer of a new species may find some trow in complying with these rules, but he will be rewaré considering, how much more trouble he will save to oth and how much his fellow labourers in the science will themselves obliged by his attentions, sh CRYPTOGAMIA, — 383 _ The Genus Boerus, and the other Genera of the Order of Funar, require no particular explanation » for the System adopted in the AGarics has been applied to them, as far as it was applicable, and imperfect as our knowledge of these plants at present is, such ts the ardour of numbers in enquiries concerning them, that we may soon expect to strike out more perfect characters of the’ Genera, as well 4s a more judicious distribution of the species, ; T. MiscELLanea, (Miscellaneous.) Equisetum. . Lycopodiun, Pilularia, OIL. Frurces. (Ferns.) — Ophioglossum, Pteris. ; Polypodium. Osmunda. Asplenium, Adiantum. Acrostichum. Blechnum. Trichomanes, III. Muscz. (Mosses.) @ Phascum. Polytrichum, Hypnum, ee Mnwm. ___ Fontinatis. plachnum, | Broum. Buxlaumia,— | IV. Hepatica. a Marchantia. — Targionia. Blasia. Jungermannia. — Anthoceros. Riccia. | , V. Atca, Lichen. Ulva. Conferva. Tremella, ~ Fucus. Byssus. - ‘ VI. Funer. (Fungusses.) Agaricus. —»-- Pewiza. Reticularia. Fistulina. Nidularia, Spheria. Boletus. Phallus, richia. Clavaria. = = — Mucor. ae delvella, Tuber. 384 CRYPTOGAMIA. a MISCELLANEZ. EQUISE’TUM. Pl. 1. A. & Pl. 13, f. 1-6. Fructirications forming an egg-oblong, club-like ter- minating spike. Pl. 13. f. 1. ‘igo Individuals in whirls, on foot-stalks, target-shaped, flat, many-sided, furnished underneath with tubes. Lubes trom 4 to 7, parallel to the foot-stalk, angular, rounded at the end, opening on the inner side, con- taining a powdery mass. Pl, 13. f. 2. LYCOPO'DIUM. Pl. 1. C. FRUCTIFICATIONS forming oblong spikes, tiled with scales, pall ice the fruit sitting within the bosom of the scales, +, eae Capsules kidney-shaped, 1-celled, with 2 elastic cee eaves. ioe Seeds very numerous, and extremely minute. _ PILULA/RIA. Dill. 79. 1. Betis Frucrirication globular, sitting within the leaves at each joint. pee Catyx common, globular, woolly, 4-celled; each cellin- closed within its own thin membrane, which opens In 4 directions. ae Bross. none. ee Sram. Filaments none. Anthers in the upper part of each cell, numerous, inversely conical or pyramidal, tapef- ing downwards, membranaceous, 1-celled, opening crosswise, Pollen spherical, copious. « eee Pist. Germens in the lower part of each cell, numerous, reg spear-shaped, fixed by the slender end. Style a none. Summit on the crown of the thicker end, comt- — S Fy furrowed. a - YESS. none, except the oblique -shaped membrane empty in the lower, but a ge te seed in the upper part. Sexzps globular. a Receptacle fleshy, fixed to the outside of each cell in the space between the @ partitions, supporting the pistll and anthers, CRYPTOGAMIA. ISOETES. 385 ISO’ETES. Dill. so. MaITI Male flowers solitary, within the base of the inner leaves. Ca. Scale wensaayer ays: acute, sitting, BLoss. none. Sram. Filament none. Anther 1-celled, roundish. _.... Female flowers solitary, within the base ofthe. outer : ‘Teaves of the same plant. Cat. as above. : me Boss. none. Pist. Germen egg-shaped, within the leaf—Style.— Summit.— — ‘S. Vess. Capsule somewhat evo-shaped, 2-celled, con- cealed os the leaf. a a SEEDS numerous, globular. _ 4 :4 FULICHE casunivienans * Capsules without an elastic ring. OPHIOGLO’SSUM. P1. 13. f. 7. 8. Tourn. 395. on “CApsuLEs numerous, united by a membrane into a ¢ _ rowed spike, nearly globular, opening crosswise when rl santo taille very minute, OSMUN’DA. Le rig, Capsutes distinct, either forming a 1-rowed bunch, or pear? gemete cron t, or a segment of the leaf, sitting, nearly globular, g-valved, opening cross- wise, (or lengthwise.) ~ SEEDs numerous, very minute. : _* * Capsules roundish. DORE ERR AE : saeoae and opening irregularly into 2 — _ACRO/STICHUM. Bolton 8. Fl. dan. 60 Capsuxes accumulated upon the under surface of the leaf, so as entirely to cover it. Vox. I. Ce Se 386 _ “CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. PTE/RIS. Bolt. 10. AU payraees CarsuLEs disposed in a line under the ce of. the lat : which is turned back. : : : “ASPLE/NIUM, Pl.13, f:14. 15. 16. Tourn: 315.319. Carsures disposed in oeaights scatteted lines on ‘the aise surface of the leaf, mn SROE some SREECH NOM. F198. 9040011, 8D ea ieee disposed in lines poral to the rib of ihe ai : approaching, | : fi a ee i POLYPO’DIUM. Pl. 13, f.12. 13. Tourn. 314. 316. ae ae in circular spots on the under —_— of the le @ ADIAN’TUM. Tourn. 317. - Capsures crowded i into oval ts ene te

Enca, Engeron, Fagus, Festuca, iy ilago, Fistalina, INDEX: 263 941 285 159 Eve? H. -Glaux, ~-Hippocrepis, Doronicum, Sogay 4 Draba, ee Drosera, mgr Diyas 5 m0g58 Aeaiige< ke ta} aot gi Eriocaulon, Eriophorum, - Ervum, Eryngium, Erysimum, Exonymus, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Euphrasia, Exacum, — Frankenia, Fraxinus, Fritillaria, Reus, umaria, Glecoma, 3 Gnaphalium, Hesperis, Hieracium, Hippophae, Hippuris, Holcus, ‘Holosteum . ‘Hordeum, Hottonia, . Humulus, Hyacinthus, Hydnum, _ Hy Tberis, Hex, Hlecebrum, Impatiens, 28 wie gay 4 393 H othante: BBGCL iP Gf : 400 Mespilus, Milium, Manium, Monotropa, Montia, ‘Mucor, Narcissus, Nardus, Narthecium, rdon, _ Ophioglossum, Peucedanum, Peziza, INDEX. . 954 Myagrum, >» 144 Myrica, _ 887 Myriophyllum, 237 —Myosotis, 155 Myosurus, 995 eo6 . N. 217. Nepeta, 351, 138 Nidularia, 219 Nymphea, Pate af, Oost 204 Onganum, 228 Ornithogalum, ~~ 312 Ornithopus, " 333 Orobanche, 385. Orobus, 126 -Osmunda, 125 Oxalis, aoe PX 142 Pisum, 261 Plantago, — 164 Poa, 232 eee, 212 Polycarpon, 208 Pélvgale, 284 Polygonum, © 223 Polypodium, 200 Polytrichum, |. 394 Populus, \ 141 Potamogeton, - Quercus, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Reseda, Reticularia, Rhamnus, Rhinanthus, Rhodiola, Ribes, Sagina; ‘Sagittaria, Salicornia; Salix, 5 8 402 8 : INDEX, Tamarix, 211 Tragopogon, 326 Tamus, 221 Tremella, 392 Tanacetum, 335 Trichia, 395 Targionia, 390. Trichomanes, 386 Taxus, 304 Trientalis, 226 Teucrium, _ 272 Trifolium, 318 Thalictrum, 267 =Triglochin, . 224 Thesium, 189 Triticum, 154 Thiaspi, 293 Trollius, 268 Thymus, 279 Tuber, . «394 ata . 1962 Tuhpa, 218 Tillza, . i056 Turritis, 298 Tordilium, . 197 Tussilago, : 337 Tofieldia, 224 Typha, 140 Tormentilia, 257° | U | : Mies, < .. * eigediege dl ptica, 165 Ulmus, 193 Utricularia, aes Ulva, ECRBUS -