THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY Fllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Mature BY CHARLES EDWARD FAXON AND ENGRAVED BY PHILIBERT ann EUGENE PICART VOLUME IV. ROSACEA —SAXIFRAGACEA BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Qhe Riverside Press, Cambridge MDCCCXCII Bissount Boranrane MWanoey Liandng Copyright, 1892, By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT. All rights reserved. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Co. To HORATIO HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, A TRUE LOVER OF TREES, AND A WISE AND GENEROUS PATRON OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, THIS FOURTH VOLUME OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA IS DEDICATED SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME IV. OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Sus-Crass I. Angiosperme. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit. Diviston I. Polypetales, Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter divided into separate petals. C. CALYCIFLORA. Sepals rarely distinct. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous or wanting (Mimose). Petals usually as many as the lobes of the calyx, or fewer by abortion, inserted on the margin of the calyx-tube or of the disk, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite or indefinite, perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary superior. 20. Rosaceze. Flowers usually regular. Stamens distinct, usually indefinite. Carpels 1-many, distinct or (in Pomez) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Style often lateral or basal. Ovules usually 2, anatropous. Seeds generally exalbuminous. Leaves usually alternate, dentate, lobed or divided, usually stipular. 21. Saxifragacece. Flowers usually regular. Stamens mostly 5 to 10. Carpels usually 2, united or rarely free. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Styles free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or alter- nate, stipular or exstipular. Synopsis or ORDERS . CurysoBaLANus Icaco PRUNUS NIGRA. 3 Prunus AMERICANA. PRUNUS HORTULANA PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA Prunus ALLEGHANIENSIS PRUNUS SUBCORDATA . PRUNUS UMBELLATA . Prunus PENNSYLVANICA . PRUNUS EMARGINATA Prunus VIRGINIANA. PRUNUS SEROTINA . Prunus CAROLINIANA PRUNUS SPHAIROCARPA . PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA . VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS . CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS PyYRUS CORONARIA PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA . . PyRUS RIVULARIS Pyrus AMERICANA PyRus SAMBUCIFOLIA Crataeus Doverasi CRATHGUS BRACHYACANTHA Cratmoeus CRUS-GALLI CRATAGUS COCCINEA . CRATHGUS MOLLIS . CRATHGUS TOMENTOSA CRATHGUS PUNCTATA CRATHGUS SPATHULATA . CRATHGUS CORDATA CRATGUS VIRIDIS CRATHGUS APIIFOLIA CRATHGUS FLAVA. CRATHGUS UNIFLORA CRATHGUS AISTIVALIS . HeETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA LyONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS TABLE OF CONTENTS. Plate cxlviii. Plate cxlix. . Plate cl. . Plate cli. Plate clii. Plate cliii. Plate cliv. Plate clv. Plate clvi. Plate elvii. . Plate elviii. Plate clix. . Plate elx. Plate clxi. Plates elxii., elxiii. Plate elxiv. . Plate clxy. . Plate elxvi. . : Plates elxvii., elxviii. Plate clxix. . 6 : Plate clxx. Plates elxxi., celxxii. Plates elxxiii., elxxiv. Plates elxxy., elxxvi. Plate elxxvii. Plates clxxviii., elxxix. . Plates elxxx., clxxxi. Plate clxxxii. Plate clxxxiii. . Plate elxxxiy. 5 é Plate clxxxy. Plate elxxxvi. Plate clxxxvii. . Plate elxxxviii. Plates clxxxix., exe. . Plate exci. Plate excii. Plate exciii. Plates exciv., exev. Plate exevi. Plate exevii. 5 alls: SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CHRYSOBALANUS. Fiowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in ewstivation ; petals 5, im- bricated in estivation ; stamens 15 to 50; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, ascending. Fruit a fleshy drupe, 1-seeded. Leaves alternate, entire. Chrysobalanus, Linneus, Gen. 365.— A. L. de Jussieu, 1251. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 606. — Baillon, Hist. Gen. 340. — Meisner, Gen. 102. — Endlicher, Gren. Pi. i. 480. Icaco, Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 805. Trees or shrubs, with stout branchlets covered with pale lenticels, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers short- pedicellate, small, creamy white, in axillary or terminal dichotomously-branched silky canescent cymes with divisions developed from the axils of conspicuous deciduous bracts. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, five-lobed, ebracteolate, deciduous. Disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube. Petals five, inserted in the mouth of the calyx-tube on the margin of the disk, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, spatulate, deciduous. Stamens fifteen, in groups of three opposite the lobes of the calyx, or indefinite in a single continuous series, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, free or slightly connate at the base; anthers ovoid, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, or sometimes wanting. Ovary sessile in the bottom of the calyx-tube, hirsute or glabrous, one-celled ; style rising from the base of the ovary, filiform, terminated by a minute truncate stigma; ovules two, collateral, ascending, anatropous; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous ; epicarp smooth, membranaceous; mesocarp pulpy; putamen coriaceous or crustaceous, more or less adherent to the mesocarp, smooth and indehiscent, or five or six-angled toward the base and imperfectly five or six-valved, the valves reticulate-veined. Seed suberect, exalbuminous; testa chartaceous, light brown. Embryo fillmg the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy ; radicle inferior, very short. The genus Chrysobalanus is represented in the southern Atlantic states by a shrubby species? confined to the coast region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama ; and a second species which occasionally attains the size of a small tree inhabits the shores of southern Florida, and is widely distributed through the maritime regions of tropical America, and, in various forms which have sometimes been considered species, along the coast of western tropical Africa.’ 1 Chrysobal blongifolius, Michaux, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 283.— _ inclined to believe that Chrysobalanus Icaco was of American origin, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 329.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 301. — Elliott, St. and had been naturalized on the African coast by seed carried i. 539.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 526.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. from one continent to the other by the Atlantic currents, or by Am. i. 406.— Chapman, Fi. 119. man. The view that it was transported across the Atlantic from Persea longipeda, Bertoloni, Misc. Bot. fase. xiii. t. 2. the New World to the Old by ocean currents is supported by the 2 Alphonse de Candolle (Géographie Botanique, ii. 784, 792) was fact that the early European travelers found the Cocoa Plum in 2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ. The generic name, from ypvods and BdAaros, was established by Linnzus, who discarded Plumier’s name of Iecaco.1 America ; the seeds, too, are well suited to float, their structure protecting them for a long time from the influence of salt water, and as the species inhabits the shores of the ocean the seed washed up on such shores would find suitable diti ti The t ly in Africa only on the for ger: Cocoa Plum, » ZLOWS sp west coast, or opposite America, while in the New World it is as common on the Pacific as on the Atlantic seaboard. On the other hand, the fact that the French in Senegal call it Prune d’ Amérique might indicate that it had first been carried to Africa by man, and then, having become naturalized, had gradually spread along the coast. 1 Nov. Pl. Am. Gen. 43, t. 5. ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3 CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO. Cocoa Plum. STAMENS indefinite. broadly elliptical or round-obovate. Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnzus, Spec. 513 (excl. vars.).— Jacquin, Hnum. Pl. Carib. 23; Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94; Select. Stirp. Am. Hist. 75, t. 141.— Icon. Am. Gewich. ii. 36, t. 157. — Aublet, Pl. Guian. i. 513. — Houttuyn, Syst. i. 756, t. 11, £. 2. — Lamarck, Dict. iii. 224; IIL. ii. 542, t. 428. — Willdenow, Syec. ii. pt. ii. 998. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 86. — Rees, Cyclopedia, viii. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iii. 185.— Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 211.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 244.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Afquin. iii. 483. — De Candolle, Stone 5 or 6-angled, imperfectly 5 or 6-valved. Leaves Hist. Vég. i. 369, t.5, £. 4. — Torrey & Gray, F7. N. Am. i. 406.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 46. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 1; Ann. iv. 642. — Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 91. — Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 90. — Richard, Fl. Cub. ii. 237. — Chapman, FV. 119. — Grisebach, F?. Brit. W. Ind. 229. —Schnizlein, Icon. t. 274. — Baillon, Adanso- nia, vii. 221; Hist. Pl. i. 427, £.486, 487. — Hooker f. Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 7. —Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 8365. — Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 18, 50.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 64. Chrysobalanus Icaco, £. purpureus, Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. Prodr. ii. 525.—Dict. Sci. Nat. xxii. 480, t. 236.—Sprengel, Syst. ii. 478. —Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv. 91, t. 31.— May- cock, Fl. Barb. 215. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 477. — Spach, A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a long straight trunk occasionally a foot im diameter, or more often a tall broad bush with many upright virgate branches, or often, in exposed situations, a semiprostrate shrub a foot or two high. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, with a light gray surface tinged with red which separates into long thin scales. The branches, when they first appear, are glabrous or sometimes slightly pilose and dark reddish brown ; they are soon marked with conspicuous pale lenticels, and in their second year are brown or gray-brown. The leaves are broadly elliptical or round-obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, and wedge- shaped at the base; they are borne on short stout petioles, and are glabrous, coriaceous, obscurely reticulate-veined, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and light yellow-green on the lower surface, with broad conspicuous midribs rounded on the upper side, and thin primary veins; they vary from an inch to three inches and a half in length, and from an inch to two inches and a half in width, and, standing on the branches at an acute angle, seem to be pressed against them. The stipules are acumi- nate, an eighth of an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced in cymes one to two inches in length, which in Florida appear continuously on the growing branches during the spring and summer months; they are borne on short thick club-shaped pedicels which, like the acute deciduous bracts and bractlets, and the outer surface of the calyx, are covered with thick hoary tomen- tum. ‘The calyx-lobes are nearly triangular, acute, more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and half the length of the narrow spatulate white petals. The stamens are exserted, with slender hairy filaments, and are sometimes abortive on one side of the flower by the suppression of some of the anthers. The ovary is covered with hoary pubescence, and from its base rises the long slender style, clothed nearly to the apex with pale hairs. The fruits, of which one or two only develop from an inflorescence, are nearly spherical, or often slightly ovoid, and from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half in diameter; the skin is smooth, bright pink, yellow, purple, creamy white, or sometimes nearly black; the flesh is white, sweet, and juicy, often a quarter of an inch thick, and more or less adherent to the stone. This is pointed at both ends, five or six-angled, especially below the middle, half an inch to an inch and a quarter in length and twice as long as broad, indehiscent, or finally dehiscent into five or six valves; the wall is composed of a thin red-brown dry outer layer, and a thick A SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. interior layer of hard woody fibre, or in the black-fruited form is thin and soft. The testa of the seed is thin and papery, light red-brown, and lined with a thick white reticulated fibrous coat. Chrysobalanus Icaco grows in Florida from Cape Canaveral to the shores of Bay Biscayne, and on the west coast from Caximbas Bay to the southern keys. It is common on the shores of the Antilles and on those of southern Mexico and Central America; it is found on the northern and eastern coasts of South America, where it extends as far south as southern Brazil, and occurs on the west coast of Africa from Senegambia to the Congo country.’ In Florida the Cocoa Plum is usually shrubby, and attains the size and habit of a tree only on the shores of the islands of the Everglades, in the neighbor- hood of Bay Biscayne, and on the banks of the Miami River above the influence of tide-water, where it sometimes forms dense impenetrable thickets of considerable extent. The wood of Chrysobalanus Icaco is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, and contains a few irregularly distributed open ducts and many thin medullary rays ; it is light brown, often tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7709, a cubic foot weighing 48.04 pounds. The fruit, which resembles a plum in size and shape, is sweet and rather insipid ; it varies in color and in the amount of juice contained in the flesh, in the degree to which this adheres to the stone, and in the thickness of the wall of the stone? It appears to have been a favorite food of the Caribs at the time of the discovery of America, and it is mentioned in many of the early narratives.? It is eaten by negroes and sometimes by whites, both fresh and preserved in sugar.. The seeds when fresh have an agreeable odor, although they soon become rancid, and are considered a delicacy in the West Indies ; they contain a considerable quantity of oil, and under the name of varach seeds are sometimes sent to England from tropical Africa; strung on sticks, they are used instead of candles by the natives. The 1 Guillemin, Perrottet & A. Richard, Fl. Seneg. Tent. i. 272.— Hooker f. & Bentham, Hooker Niger Fi. 336.— Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 365. ? In Florida Chrysobalanus Icaco varies but little in the size and shape of the leaves, or in the form of the fruit. This is usually pink, or occasionally nearly white ; on some individuals, however, it is black, and then is smaller and more or less ovate, with narrower and rather softer stones than occur in the more spherical pink or white-skinned fruit, the two forms apparently never growing on the same plant. Within the tropics it shows a greater tendency to va- riation. Hooker f. (Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 7) considered the American and African plants specifically identical, and proposed. these varieties : — a, genuinus: leaves broadly obovate, obcordate, or orbiculate ; drupe fleshy, ovoid or obovoid, obtusely ribbed. B. pellocarpus : leaves.as in the variety a, although often smaller ; drupe obovoid, narrowed at the base, subacutely ribbed ; flesh thin. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, Meyer, Prim. Fi. Esseq. 193. —Ben- tham, Hooker Jour. Bot. ii. 214. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 229. Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. p. pellocarpus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 525. Guiana. vy. ellipticus: leaves elliptical-oblong, acute or subacute at the two extremities ; drupe as in variety a, but smaller. _ Chrysobalanus ellipticus, Sabine, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 453. —De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 526.— Hooker f. & Bentham, J. c.— Oliver, J. c. (?) Chrysobalanus luteus, Sabine, 1. c.—. De Candolle, J. c. Upper and Lower Guinea. To this form, too, should perhaps be referred the African Chryso- balanus orbicularis, Schumacher & Thonning, Kongl. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afh. iv. 6 ; Pl. Guin, ii. 5. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 907. 8 De los drboles & fructas Uamados hicacos, Oviedo, Hist. Nat. Gen. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 9. “La Fruta de Cuesco son Hobos, Hicacos, Macaguas, Guiabaras, i Mameis, que es la mejor de todas.” (Francisco Lopez de Gomara, Hist. Gen. de las Indias, cap. xxviii.) Arbor folia fert similia Lauri foliis, Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras. lib. iii. cap. ix. (cum icone). Des Prunes de Icaques. “Ce fruit est fort dous, & tellement aimé de certains Sauvages, qui demuerent pres du Golfe d’Hon- dures, qu’on les appelle Icaques, 2 cause de l’état qu’ils font de ces Prunes, qui leur servent de nourriture.” (Rochefort, Hist. Nat. et Morale des Antilles, 74 [cum icone].) Prunier @Icaque. “Tl y en a de plusieurs especes, qu’on distingue seulement par la couleur du fruit, dont les uns sont rouges, les autres violets, les autres blancs, mais tous de méme forme, méme chair, © méme gotit, méme vertu.” (Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de PAmérique, iii. 40.) Frutex cotini fere folio crasso in summitate deliquium patiente, fructu ovali ceeruleo ossiculum angulosum continente, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. 1, 25, §. 25. Chrysobalanus, Linneeus, Hort. Cliff. 484 (excl. syn.).— Plumier, Pl. Am. ed. Burmann, 151, t. 158. The Fat Pork-Tree, Griffith Hughes, Nat. Hist. Barbados, 180. Chrysobalanus fruticosus, foliis orbiculatis alternis, floribus laxe racemosis, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 250, t. 17, f. 5. Icaquier, Nicolson, Essai sur V Histoire Naturelle de UIsle de Saint- Domingue, 248. Chrysobalanus seu Icaco, fructu nigro, fructu albo, fructu violaceo, Pouppé Desportes, Histoire des Maladies de S. Domingue, iii. 244. * Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1414, — Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv, 92. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5 bark, leaves, and roots are astringent, and have been employed in tropical America in the treatment of diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, and hemorrhages.’ The earliest mention? of Chrysobalanus Icaco as an inhabitant of Florida appears in A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, written by the distinguished engineer Bernard Romans,’ and published in New York in 1775. Chrysobalanus Icaco was introduced into the Physic Garden at Chelsea in England by Philip Miller * in 1752, and is occasionally cultivated in tropical regions of the Old World.’ Icaco, the specific name, is probably of Carib origin.’ 1 Tussac, Fl. Antill. iv. 92.— Endlicher, Enchirid. Bot. 665.— Treasury of Botany, i. 278.— Martius, Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 75.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 459. 2 « A few spots of hammock, or upland, are found on this island ; these produce the itri-folio, Coecoloba, Mastic, Borassus, and a few trees of the live oak and willow oak, the Chry- sobalanus, & the Cereus Triangularis, and with these that kind of Cactus commonly called Opuntia,’’ 283. i) ficus 8 Bernard Romans, a native of Holland, received in England the education of an engineer, and was afterwards employed by the English government as a surveyor in the southern colonies of North America. He appears to have lived from 1763 to 1771 in Florida, where he paid some attention to natural history, enjoying a salary of fifty pounds a year as King’s Botanist. During his residence in New York Romans became imbued with the revolu- tionary spirit and was engaged by the Committee of Safety to pre- pare a scheme for the defense of the Highlands ; but his relations with the ittee were tisf y, his plans were not adopted, and he was relieved from duty. In 1776 he was commissioned captain of a company of Pennsylvania artillery. Charges of mis- conduct were soon preferred against him, but he was probably acquitted, as not long afterwards he was deputed by General Gage to inspect the works at Fort Ann and Skenesborough, and in 1780 was ordered to South Carolina to join the Southern Army. Ro- mans sailed from New Haven or New London in a vessel which was captured by the British and taken to Jamaica, where he was held as a prisoner until the end of the war in 1783, when he was put on board of a ship bound for the United States. He died on the voyage, his friends believed a violent death (see Munsell’s Historic Series, No. 5, Obstructions to the Navigation of Hudson’s River, by E. M. Ruttenber, Introduction, 9). In addition to the work on Florida, of which only the first volume appeared, and which is now an extremely rare book, as the largest part of the edition was destroyed by fire in New York, Romans, who was a member of the American Philosophical Society, printed in 1778, in its Trans- actions, a paper on The Marine Compass; in 1775 he published A Map of the Civil War in America ; in 1778, at Hartford, Connec- ticut, the first volume of his Annals of the Troubles in the Nether- lands, the second volume of which appeared four years later, and in 1779, with J. G. W. de Braham, A Complete Pilot for the Gulf Passage. The History of East and West Florida is a work of no little interest to botanists, as Romans was the first person with any knowledge of plants who visited the coasts and islands of southern Florida ; it gives the earliest account of the Ogeechee Lime, and of the Florida Fig, Ficus aurea, and first makes known the fact that several West India trees are found on the Florida coast. 4 See i. 38. 5 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 166. ® Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calcutt. 265.— Hooker f£. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 307. — Naudin, Manuel de l Acclimateur, 204. 7 Hicacos was first used by Oviedo y Valdes (Hist. Nat. Gen. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 9), who landed in San Domingo in 1514, to describe the fruit of this plant, which has given its name to numerous capes and points of land on the coast of the West Indies and Central America. a ro CHNantrwn EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare CXLVIII. Curysopatanus Icaco. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Diagram of a flower. . A flower, enlarged. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged. . A pistil, a vertical section of the ovary removed, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. . A stone, natural size. . An embryo, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CAL Vin CHRYSOBALANUS ICAGO., ls. A.Riocreux direx * Imp. R.Taneur, Paris. ‘ ROSACEA SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. PRUNUS. Fiowers perfect, or rarely polygamo-dicecious by abortion; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; petals 5, imbricated in estivation, rarely wanting ; stamens 15 to 30; pistil 1, rarely 2 or more; ovules 2, suspended. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, 1-seeded. Leaves alternate. Prunus, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 609.— Baillon, Hist. P1478. Amygdalus, Linneus, Gen. 141.— Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 305.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341.— Meisner, Gen. 102. — Endlicher, Gen. 1250. Prunus, Linneus, Gen. 141. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 305.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341. — Meisner, Gen. 102. — End- licher, Gen. 1250. Cerasus, Linnzus, Gen. 141. — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 305.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 340. — Meisner, Gen. 102. Padus, Linneeus, Gen. 142. Armeniaca, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 341. — Meisner, Gen. 102. Amyegdalophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 70. Trichocarpus, Necker, Elem. Bot. ii. 70. Prunophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 71. Cerasophora, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. T1. Chimanthus, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 26. Persica, Meisner, Gen. 102. Ceraseidos, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. ii. 743. Amygdalopsis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 15. Laurocerasus, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89 Microcerasus, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 93. Emplectocladus, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 10, t. 5 (Pl. Fremont.). Tubopadus, Pomel, Mat. pour la Flore Atlant. 8. Trees or shrubs, with bitter and astringent properties, and scaly buds with scales imbricated mm many rows, those of the inner rows accrescent and often colored. Leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation, alternate, simple, usually serrate, petiolate, deciduous or persistent; stipules free from the petiole, usually lanceolate and glandular, often minute, deciduous. Flowers solitary or in fascicled corymbs or racemes, appearing from separate buds before, coetaneous with, or later than, the leaves, or on leafy branches. Calyx five-lobed, ebracteolate, the tube obconic, urseolate, or tubular, deciduous or rarely persistent. Disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube, glandular, often colored. Petals white or rose-colored, inserted in the mouth of the calyx-tube on the margin of the disk, deciduous or rarely wanting. Stamens usually fifteen to twenty, inserted with the petals in three rows, those of the outer row ten, parapetalous, those of the next row opposite the sepals and alternate with those of the inner row; or sometimes thirty in three rows; filaments filiform, free, incurved in the bud; anthers oval, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Gynccium unicarpel- late, or rarely composed of two or more carpels, rarely suppressed by abortion ; ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, one-celled ; style terminal, dilated at the apex into a truncate stigma; ovules two, suspended, collateral, anatropous; raphe ventral, the micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous ; epicarp membranaceous, often glaucous or velutinous ; mesocarp pulpy, or dry and coriaceous and two-valved ; putamen bony, smooth, rugose, or foraminulose, compressed, indehiscent, one or rarely two- seeded. Seed suspended; testa thin, membranaceous; albumen thin, or usually wanting. Cotyledons thick and fleshy; the radicle superior. 1 The genus Prunus may be divided into the following sections, which by many authors have been considered genera : — Amyepatus (including Amygdalophora, Trichocarpus, Persica, and Amygdalopsis). Flowers solitary or -geminate, subsessile, often precocious. Fruit velutinous or rarely smooth ; the flesh dry and membranaceous and splitting irregularly, or thick and succulent ; the stone compressed, generally thick-walled, rugose and deeply pitted. Leaves conduplicate in yvernation. Empiectociapus. Flowers solitary or geminate, short-pedicel- late, appearing with the leaves. Fruit velutinous, with thin dry flesh, and a smooth or slightly rugose stone. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. ARMENIACA. Flowers solitary or geminate, subsessile or short- pedicellate, precocious. Fruit pubeseent, or in cultivation rarely smooth, with succulent flesh, and a thick lled ly wing- margined smooth or pitted stone. Leaves convolute in vernation. Prunus (including Prunophora). Flowers pedicellate in fascicled umbels, precocious or coetaneous with the leaves. Fruit more or 8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. Of the genus Prunus, now extended to include the Plums, Almonds, Peaches, Apricots, and Cherries, about one hundred and twenty species are distinguished. They are generally distributed over the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in eastern Asia,’ in western and central Asia,” Europe,’ and North America.* The genus is represented in tropical America by numerous species,> and occurs in southern Asia.° It has no representative in tropical and southern Africa, in Australia, Polynesia, or the southern countries of South America. In North America the genus is spread from the shores of the Atlantic to those of the Pacific, and from near the northern limits of tree-growth to southern Mexico. The territory of the United States contains at least twenty-five indigenous species, of which fourteen attain arborescent habit, and one is a large and important forest tree.” less succulent, often covered with a glaucous bloom ; stone com- pressed, smooth or slightly rugose, acute-margined along the ven- tral suture, grooved on the other. Leaves conduplicate or convo- lute in vernation. Cxrrasus (including C pl C idos, and Mi Ns Flowers pedicellate, fascicled, or corymbose, precocious or coeta- neous with the leaves. Fruit smooth or rarely pilose, with succu- lent flesh ; stone smooth or slightly rugose, ridged on the ventral suture. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. Papus. Flowers in slender terminal racemes, on lateral leafy or leafless branches of the year. Fruit subglobose, smooth, with suc- culent flesh ; stone turgid, ovate or obovate, thick-margined on the ventral suture. Lavrocerasus. of the previous year. Fruit smooth or rarely covered with a waxy Leaves conduplicate in vernation. Flowers in racemes from the axils of the leayes bloom ; flesh usually thin and subsucculent ; stone smooth, rugose, = . leeaceniee Pp d, obscurely margined on the ven- tral suture. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. 1 Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxix. 74 (Mel. Biol. xi. 657). — Franchet, Pl. David. i.103 ; Pl. D yanee, i. 194. North America, where two small shrubby species are recognized (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70). Armeniaca is Asiatic ; two species are now recognized. Prunus Armeniaca, Linneeus (Spec. 474), the Apricot, is probably a native of northern China and Mongolia, whence it was carried into north- ern India, Persia, Armenia, and other countries of southwestern Asia, where it has long been naturalized (A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 171). The second species, Prunus Mume (Siebold & Zucearini, FZ. Jap. i. 29, t. 11), is a native of Japan. Prunus, the true Plum, of which about twenty species are dis- tinguished, is generally distributed in the t p regions of North America and eastern and western Asia. The native country of Prunus domestica, Linneus (Spec. 475), the original of many of the races of the cultivated Plums of the Old World and the most important species of this section of the genus, is still undetermined. Many authors believe that it is a native of Anatolia and northern Persia, and that it was brought into Europe, where it is now widely naturalized, not more than two thousand years ago (A. de Candolle, i.c.). It has been cultivated in northern China and Japan from t fin 2 Boissier, FZ. Orient. ii. 640. — Aitchison, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 50. — Franchet, Pl. du Turkestan, 57. 8 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 212. 4 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 406.—Chapman, Fi. 119.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 166. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 151.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 102 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 5 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 241, 243, t. 563, 564.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin. iii. 480.— Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 231. — Hooker f. Martius Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 55. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 367. § Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 363. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 190.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 312. . * Of the sections of the genus, Amygdalus is confined to eastern Asia, which is believed to be the home of the tree from which the cultivated Peach (Prunus Persica, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 609) has been derived (A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 176. — Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, 10), and to southeastern Asia, where many species are found, particularly in Persia, Arabia, the Transcaucasian provinces, and Turkestan. Prunus Amygdalus, the origin of the cultivated i ial times, and now grows sp ly on the near Pekin and on those of Shensi and Kansuh (Bretschneider, Early European Researches inio the Flora of China, 149.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 218). Cerasus belongs to the cold and temperate parts of North Amer- ica, Europe, and Asia ; nearly forty species are now recognized, of which a larger number grow in China and Japan than in any other geographico-botanical region. The two most important species are Prunus Avium, Linneus (Fi. Svec. ed. 2, 165), and Prunus Cerasus, Linnzeus (Spec. 474), from which are derived the two races of garden Cherries (A. de Candolle, J. c. 163). The former, believed to be a native of the region bordering on the Caspian, has become natural- ized and now grows spontaneously in southern Europe as far north at The latter inhabits the forests of northern Persia, Armenia, and the Caucasus; it grows in Algiers, and in least as central France. Europe is distributed through southern Russia and the mountainous regions of Greece, Italy, and Spain to Scandinavia ; it has become naturalized in northern India (Hooker £. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 313) and Madeira (Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 235), and occasionally in the east- ern part of the United States (Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 73). Padus, with twelve or fourteen species, occurs in the temperate and subt Almond, was believed by Boissier (Fl. Orient. ii. 642) to grow on the Anti-Lebanon, in Turkestan and Mesopotamia, and on some of the mountain ranges of Persia. By cultivation this tree has spread through the Mediterranean basin, and now grows spontaneously in many of the southern countries of Europe and in northern Africa, where perhaps it is really indigenous (Cosson, Ann. Sci. Nat. xix. 429. — A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique, ii. 887). Emplectocladus is confined to the dry interior regions of Pacific regions of the two hemispheres, with its centre . of distribution in China and Japan. The type of this section, Pru- nus Padus, Linnzeus (Spec. 473), is the most widely distributed of the genus, growing naturally in nearly every part of northern and central Europe, and through Siberia, Manchuria, northern China, Mongolia, and northern India. Laurocerasus, with about twenty species, is the most generally distributed group of the genus. The largest number of the species occur in the Indian Archipelago and in tropical America ; the ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9 Few genera of plants are more useful to man. Many of the species contain in the seeds and leaves considerable quantities of hydrocyanic acid, to which is due their peculiar odor... Some bear delicious fruits, which, fresh and dried, are important articles of human food, and others, espe- cially the Almond, produce valuable seeds. The dried fruit of the Old World Plum has laxative others are found in southern China, Japan, India, and the Cauca- sian provinces, in southwestern Europe and the north Atlantic African islands, and in the southern part of the United States, Cali- fornia, and Mexico. 1 Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 453. — Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. English ed. 388. The leaves and young branches of some species of Laurocerasus at the period of active vegetation contain such quantities of hydrocyanic acid as to be dangerous to animals browsing on them. A city ordinance of Mobile prohibits throwing the trimmings of Prunus Caroliniana, a favorite hedge plant in that city, into the streets where they might be eaten by cattle. 2 More than three hundred varieties of plums are now recog- nized in the collections of Europe, where this tree has been culti- vated from the time of the ancients. The origin of the different races of the cultivated Old World Plums is obscure ; they are now generally supposed to have been derived from the crossing of dif- isout y ferent species, p ly Prunus and Prunus insititia, Linnzus (Spec. ed. 2, i. 680), or of the different varieties of the former which many authorities have considered species (Lucas, Einleitung in das Studium der Pomologie, Introduction. — Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, viii. Prunier, 11). The cultivation of the Plum on a large scale is principally confined to the valley of the Loire and to the department of Lot-et-Garonne in France, to central Germany, and to Bosnia, Servia, Croatia, and California. In the valley of the Loire, which is one of the great sources of supply of the ordi- nary prunes of commerce, the variety principally grown is the Prunier de St. Julien (Prunus domestica, var. Juliana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 584). The best French prunes are produced in the re- gions lying about the town of Clariac in the valley of the Lot, from a variety known as Prunier d’Ente, which has been grown for at least a century in this region, where the cultivation of the trees and the harvesting and drying of the fruit is managed with the greatest care and skill. (For accounts of the production of prunes in France, see U. S. Consular Reports, Sept. 1888, 444. — Kew Bull. Miscellaneous Information, Dec. 1890, 263.) ‘The German prunes are principally the product of a tree considered by De Candolle to l ica (var. Pr li 1. c. 534), and by Koch (Dendr. i. 94) a species, Prunus economica of Borkhausen (Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1401). The Possavina district of northern Bosnia is now the most impor- be a variety of Prunus tant prune-producing region of southeastern Europe, the best fruit being grown on the sides of the hills descending into the plains of Possavina. The methods of cultivating and drying the fruit are rude and primitive, and the product is inferior to the best French and German prunes. The prunes grown in Bosnia and Servia are, however, largely exported to the United States, Germany, and Hungary (Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 1027.— Kew Bull. Miscellaneous Information, 1. c. 264). The Apricot, which has been cultivated in Europe since the ‘be- ginning of the Christian era, is now grown in most temperate coun- tries, especially in France, Italy, southern Germany, India, and California ; in some parts of India, where it flourishes in all the Himalayan region, as well as in Thibet and Afghanistan, the Apri- cot-trees constitute the chief wealth of the inhabitants, the dried fruit being an important article of trade (Jacquemont, Voyage, ii. 211, 434.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 191. — Hooker f. FV. Brit. Ind. ii. 318. — Balfour, Cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 299). The Apricot is commonly cultivated in northern China, where the seeds are used in the place of almonds (Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, 10; Early European Researches into the Flora of China, 149.— Franchet, Pl. David. i. 104). In Japan the Apricot is occasionally cultivated, although the climate does not appear to suit it. The Japanese species, Prunus Mume, produces a small hard sour fruit which is sometimes eaten salted or dried, and is made into vinegar (Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Stu- dien im Auftrage der Kiniglich Preussischen Regierung, ii. 102). Bitter and sweet almonds are produced from trees which botanists regard The Almond is the most important plant of the genus. as varieties of one species, and which have been cultivated in the (M. Porcius Cato, De Re Rustica, cap. 8. — Harris, Nat. Hist. Bible, 6.) In the beginning of the four- teenth century almonds had become an important article of com- Orient from very early times. merce in Venice, and their consumption in medieval Europe was enormous. Sweet almonds are produced in great quantities in Italy, Portugal, the Canary Islands, and the countries which surround the Gulf of Persia (Spons, /. c. i. 1022), and in California, where the cultivation of the Almond has recently assumed importance (Wick- son, The California Fruits and How to Grow Them, ed. 2, 512.— C. H. Shinn, Garden and Forest, iv. 495); the best are now raised in Spain, and are known as the Jordan almonds. Bitter almonds are grown principally in the regions bordering on the Mediterranean, the best being produced in France and Sicily. The chief value of the Almond is in the oil which is pressed from the seeds; it is of two kinds, a fixed or fatty oil, and a volatile oil. The first is obtained from the fresh fruit of the bitter and of the sweet almond, and is manufactured in southern France, Italy, and The bitter almonds are first peeled in order to free them of the essential or volatile oil, Spain, the best quality being made in Majorca. and are then crushed; the sweet almonds are crushed without peel- It is of a clear yellow color and possesses an agreeable flavor, and is princi- ing, and the oil is then pressed from the crushed seeds. pally used by perfumers and, purified of its hydrocyanie acid, in medicine (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 216, 219.— Spons, J. ¢. ii. 1377, 1416). The Peach has been cultivated in northern China from time im- memorial ; it is also commonly grown in Mongolia and Cochin China (Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 315), in Japan, where it is the most abundant of the stone-fruits (Rein, J. c. 101), in northern India, and in central and western Europe, where it appears to have been brought from Persia at the beginning of the Christian era (Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 191.— Balfour, 1. c. 166). It flourishes in the southern and central portions of North America ; and in some parts of the middle Atlantic and Pacific states the cultivation of the Peach is an important agricultural industry (Wickson, J. c. 293). The Cherry, as a cultivated fruit-tree, has been known in Europe for at least two centuries, and innumerable varieties have been raised there and in the United States. These are of two races, the Bigarreau and Heart Cherries, with large, sweet, or slightly bitter fruit, derived from Prunus Aviwm, and the Morello and Duke Cherries, with smaller and often astringent fruit, derived from SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA, 10 properties; and the bark of many species is bitter and astringent and has been used, particularly that of the North American Prunus Virginiana and Prunus serotina and of the Old World Prunus Padus, in medicine.” The aromatic leaves of the Caucasian Prunus Laurocerasus*® generate by distillation a volatile oil, and are used in making Cherry-cordial water.* The flowers of the Peach are sometimes used in Kurope and the United States as a mild purgative ;* sedative and serve as a vermifuge; in the same country the seeds are employed in the treatment of many diseases, and vinegar was formerly made from the pulp. The flowers of the Blackthorn or Sloe, in China they are considered laxative and Prunus spinosa,' ave purgative, and the fruit, which is astringent and austere until mellowed by frost, The seeds of Prunus Maha- leb, a native of the Caucasian provinces, and now naturalized in southern Europe and sparingly in is sometimes used in medicine for its refrigerant and styptic properties.® some parts of eastern North America, possess an agreeable flavor; and the oil pressed from them is used in perfumery,” and is valued by the Arabs as a cure against calculus of the bladder.“ Cordials or ratafias are made by steeping in spirits the fruit of Plums, Cherries, and Peaches, or the seeds of the Bitter Almond, the Cherry, and the Apricot; from the fruit of the European wild Cherry, Prunus Avium, kirschwasser and maraschino” are prepared, and from that of the European Plums, zwetschen- wasser and raki."° A limpid oil is obtained from the seeds of various species of Prunus in Europe and India ; “ and Plum-trees, the European Cherries, the Peach, the Apricot, and the Almond secrete from their trunks and branches a gum which was once employed in medicine, and is now used in France in various industrial processes.” Prunus Cerasus. The origin, however, of many of the varieties of cultivated Cherries is obscure, as species, subspecies, and varieties have crossed and recrossed in their production. 1 Linneus, Spec. 473.— Koch, Dendr. i. 120.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 315.— Maximo- wiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxix. 108 (M¢l. Biol. xi. 705). Cerasus Padus, De Candolle, Fl. Franc. ed. 3, iv. 480 ; Prodr. ii. 539. — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 2, t. 1.—Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 650. 2 B.S. Barton, Coll. ed. 3, i. 11.— A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Med. ed. 3, iii, 632.—Endlicher, Enchirid. 663.— Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 978.— Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 317. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 454. — U.S. Dispens. ed. 14, 749. — Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 1177. — Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 223. 3 Linneus, Spec. 474. — Koch, Dendr. i. 125. Cerasus Laurocerasus, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 6.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540.— Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 650. . * Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— A. Richard, J. c. 632.— Rosenthal, 1. c.— Baillon, J. c. 453.— Fliickiger & Hanbury, J. c. 226.— Gui- bourt, 7. c. 318, f. 678. — Jackson, Commercial Botany of the 19th Century, 81. 5 Guibourt, l. c. 314. 6 Smith, Contrib. Mat. Med. China, 168. 7 Linneeus, 1. c. 475. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 582. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Adbild. Deutsch. Holz. i. 87, t. 66.— Koch, Dendr. i. 98. ® Linneus, Mat. Med. 79.— Woodville, Med. Bot. ii. 233, t. 84. From the green fruit of the Sloe, a strong astringent extract, known as acacia nostras, was formerly made in Germany (A. Richard, J. c. 630). ® Linneeus, Spec. 474. — Jacquin, Fl. Austr. iii. 15, t. 227. — Koch, TecotlG: Cerasus Mahaleb, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 6, t. 2.—De Candolle, 7. c. 539. 10 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 708. u Le Maout & Decaisne, Traité Gén. Bot. English ed, 388, — Guibourt, 7. c. 316. #2 Kirschwasser is principally produced in the valley of the Rhine in Germany, France, and Switzerland. A wild black-fruited variety of Prunus Avium (var. macrocarpa, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 535) is thought to produce the best quality, which is made from carefully selected ripe fruit ; this is crushed over wicker strainers that separate the pulp and stones from the juice, which is allowed to flow into large tubs ; the stones are then collected and added to the juice which is fermented in tightly covered vats, and at the end of four or five days is drawn off and distilled. Kirschwasser of an inferior quality is made from cherries shaken from the trees and thrown into open hogsheads, in which the ripe, half ripe, and rotten At the end of twenty or thirty days, when fermentation is complete, the whole fruit is all crushed together and allowed to ferment. mass is distilled over an open fire. Made in this way, kirschwasser has a strong and disagreeable flavor, due to the mould developed during the process of fermentation. Maraschino is made from the Marasea Cherry, a variety of Pru- nus Avium with small acid fruit (Nouveau Duhamel, v. 21), by a pro- cess similar to that by which kirschwasser is prepared, except that honey or sugar is added to the liquor after it is distilled. Mara- schino is principally manufactured in Dalmatia, that made in the neighborhood of Zara being considered the best (Loudon, J. c. 697. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 224). 18 Loudon, 1. c. 690. 14 Le Maout & Decaisne, J. c. 388. In India, oil pressed from the seeds of the Apricot and the Peach is used for illuminating, in cookery, and on the human hair (Brandis, 7. c. 192. — Balfour, Cyclopedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 166). Cherry-oil is now manufactured in England from the seeds of Pru- nus serotina, imported from the United States (Spons, /. c.). 15 See Trécul, Maladie de la gomme chez les Cerisiers, les Pruniers, les Abricotiers, et les Amandiers, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. li. 624 ; Pro- duit de la gomme chez le Cerisier, le Prunier, ? Amandier, l’ Abricotier et le Pécher, Mém. Inst. xxx. 241. The gum which exudes from the bark of Prunus, known gener- ally as Cherry-gum, is only partially soluble in water, with which it ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 The wood of Prunus is close-grained, solid, and durable, and is usually light brown, more or less tinged with red. The most valuable timber tree of the genus is the North American Prunus serotina. The wood of, Prunus domestica and of Prunus Aviwm is much esteemed in Europe by makers of furniture and musical instruments, and by turners.1 The wood of Prunus Mahaleb is hard, dark- colored, and fragrant; known in France as bois de St. Lucie, it is valued by cabinet-makers, and is employed in the manufacture of tobacco pipes and of many small articles.’ The spiny stems of Prunus spinosa are used for canes, and for the handles of agricultural implements and other tools. In India the wood of the Peach-tree is utilized in building, and that of the Apricot for many domestic purposes ; * and in Japan the wood of Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus® and of Prunus Mume for engraving and for the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper.® Prunus contains many plants valued in gardens for the beauty of their flowers and foliage. Vari- ous forms of the Cherry, the Peach, and the Plum, with double flowers, or of abnormal habit, have long been cultivated. The parks and gardens of temperate Europe are enlivened by the evergreen foliage of Prunus Laurocerasus, the so-called English Laurel, a native of the Orient, and of Prunus Lusi- tanica,’ the Portugal Laurel, which are replaced in those of the southern part of the United States by Prunus Caroliniana ; in Japan Prunus Mume and Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus hold the first place among flowering plants in the affections of the people, and no Japanese home is without them. The first, when its leafless branches are covered with white or red flowers, announces the arrival of spring and a time of rejoicing, while the blossoms of the second invite the people to another festival.* Numerous insects prey upon the different species of Prunus, which are also subject to serious fungal diseases.” makes a thick mucilage, the insoluble portion, to which the name It is brittle, with an insipid, sweet, or astringent flavor, and is at first liquid and color- of Cerisin is given, merely swelling in water. less, but with exposure to the air hardens and grows darker; in commerce Cherry-gum appears in the form of large, irregular shaped pieces, and is lustrous and transparent, varying in color from pale yellow to brown, that produced by the Cherry-tree being of a darker color than the gum of the Plum-tree. transparent, odorless, and tasteless (Henry Watts, Dictionary of Chemistry. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufac- tures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1638.—Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 318). 1 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 698.— Matthieu, FU. Forestitre, ed. 3, 125, 129. 2 Loudon, J. c. 708.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 195.— Mat- thieu, J. c. 127. 8 The common Blackthorn canes of northern Europe are cut from the stems of Prunus spinosa. — Loudon, 1. c. 686. — Matthieu, 1. c. 130. 4 Brandis, J. c. 191. 5 Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 90. 6 Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der Kéniglich Preussischen Regierung, 297. 7 Linneus, Spec. 473. — Koch, Dendr. i. 124. Cerasus Lusitanica, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 5.— Lowe, Fi. Mad. 236. 8 Rein, l. c. 319. —Conder, The Flowers of Japan and the Art of Floral Arrangement. ® The North American species of Prunus furnish food to a large number of insects, some of which have become injurious to the cul- tivated fruit-trees of this genus. The original food-plant of the Peach-tree Borer (Ageria exitiosa, Say) is believed to have been Prunus serotina, which is sometimes attacked by this insect ; and a number of beetles are known as borers in the wood of the different Cerisin is colorless, species. Dicerca divaricata (Say) attacks the trunks of the Wild Cherry, and the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobothris femo- rata, Fabricius) those of the Wild Plum ; and another borer, Cyrto- phorus verrucosus, Olivier, is found in the wood of Prunus serotina, and of Prunus Pennsylvanica. The number of insects which prey upon the foliage of Prunus is very large. Packard (5th Rep. U.S. Entomolog. Comm. 1886-1890) records sixty-eight species as feeding on the Wild Plums and the Wild Cherries of eastern America; but this list probably repre- sents only a small proportion of the insects which feed on the foli- age of trees of this genus in North America, as little is known of The Tent-cat- ‘ly partial to the native Plums those that attack the western and southern species, pa), are p and Cherries, and in those parts of the country where these trees 1 erpillars (Clisi are plentiful, they are considered a menace to neighboring orchards by their harboring these pests. The Canker-worms and the Fall Web-worms also feed on the trees of this genus. Larve of Pla- tysamia Cecropia (Linnzus) and other large moths of the Silk-worm family are found on the Plum and the Cherry ; and the caterpil- lars of Sphinx drupiferarum, Abbot & Smith, occasionally defoliate their branches (Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruits, 162). ‘The leaves also are affected by several species of leaf-moths. The Cherry-slug (Selandia Cerasi, Peck) and one or two other Saw-flies feed on the Wild Cherry. A small Curculio (Anthono- mus quadrigibbus, Say) is often abundant in the seeds of Prunus serotina. The fruit of the Wild Plum is destroyed by the Plum- cureulio (Conotrachelus Nenuphar, [Herbst]), whose ravages seri- ously interfere with the cultivation in the United States of the European and native plums. The Plum-tree has been found to be the food-plant of the Hop- aphis (Phorodon Humuli, Schrank) during certain periods of the year, and the destruction of Plum-trees in the vicinity of Hop-fields is recommended by C. V. Riley (Insect Life, i. 183). 10 The number of described species of fungi which infest arbores- SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACE. Prunus, the classical name of the Plum-tree, was adopted by Linneus for a section of the genus as now extended. cent Rosacee is very great, and as the fruit-trees of the temperate zones belong to this family, they have been more carefully studied. than those affecting any other family, with the exception of Vitacew. Of the fungi which attack the North American species of Prunus, one of the most striking is Plowrightia morbosa, Saccardo (Spheria morbosa, Schweinitz), which produces the warty excrescences known as Black Knot. These were formerly supposed to be due to the attacks of insects, but their fungal nature is now known (Farlow, Bull. Bussey Inst. i. 440, t.4, 5,6). Plowrightia morbosa is peculiar to North America, and is found on Prunus Americana, Prunus nigra, Prunus hortulana, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus maritima, Prunus subcordata, Prunus Pennsylvanica, Prunus serotina, and Prunus Vir- giniana. The ugly black knots which often cover the branches of these plants are familiar ; there are two forms of fructifica- tion, one called the conidial stage found in early summer when the surface of the knots is dark green, and the other ripening in midwinter or early spring when the knots begin to break up. Hor- ticulturally considered, the Black Knot is a serious pest, as it passes from our native species of Prunus to the cultivated Plums and Cherries of Old World origin. abandoned in some of the eastern states, owing to the ravages of The cultivation of Plums has been this fungus ; and in some parts of the country, varieties of cultivated Cherries are also badly diseased. The disease has been known for many years in the eastern states, but has not developed on the cul- tivated Plums and Cherries of California, although, as the fungus is endemic on the native species of the Pacific coast, it may be ex- pected to spread sooner or later to the fruit-growing regions of the coast. In Europe no native disease corresponds to Black Knot, which has not yet been imported from America. Next in seriousness among the diseases which affect our spe- cies of Prunus are the prominent deformities caused by species of Taphrina, which produce Leaf-curl. The most striking of these is Taphrina deformans, Tulasne, which causes the leaves of Peach-trees * to become thickened, curled, and wrinkled, doing, however, less real injury than the disease called The Yellows, the origin of which is not yet satisfactorily determined. The plant which by some authori- ties is considered a variety of Taphrina deformans (var. Wiesneri, Rathay) is occasionally seen on Prunus serotina, although the exact A similar dis- ease, Taphrina Pruni, Tulasne, causes the distortion known as Plum- determination of the species is not beyond question. pockets on cultivated Plums, and on the fruits of our native Prunus serotina and Prunus maritima, and of a few other species. The pock- ets are best seen in the cultivated Plums, which are attacked in early summer soon after the fruit sets; the young ovaries swell, often almost to the size of full-grown plums, by the latter part of June, when they are hollow with the exception of a few fibrous bands, and are white and powdery. Similar, although smaller, pock- ets are sometimes found on wild Plum-trees, and it is probable that the disease is a native of America as well as of Europe, where it is common. It should not be confounded with Monilia fructigena, Persoon, a mould-like fungus which attacks cherries, plums, and peaches as they ripen, covering them with a grayish powder without, however, causing them to become hollow. The leaves of the different species of Prunus are attacked by a The Rust, Puccinia Pruni-spinose, Persoon, causes small yellow or brownish number of small fungi, some of which are destructive. yellow spots to appear on the under surface, with accompanying purplish-red spots on the upper surface, of the leaves of Prunus serotina, Prunus Virginiana, and other species, as well as on those of the Peach and the Almond. In the southern states, especially, this Rust is common on Peach-trees, and is often accompanied by a thin white mould (Cercosporella Persica, Saccardo). The Mildew, Podosphera Oxyacanthe, De Bary, is widely dis- tributed in Europe and America on wild and cultivated species of Prunus, as well as on various species of Pomew. Other fungi which attack North American species of Prunus are Septoria cerasina, Berkeley & Ravenel, which forms destructive small black spots on the leaves ; Monilia Linhartiana, Magnus, which covers the leaves of Prunus Virginiana with a web-like moyld, causing them to dry and fall; the curious Cornularia Persice, Saccardo, which forms small black club-shaped bunches on the bark of Peach-trees ; and the cinnabar-colored Punk-fungus, Polyporus cinnabarinus, Fries, common on the native Wild Cherries used for fencing. ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. Prunus. Flowers in fascicled umbels; fruit often slightly two-lobed by a ventral groove; leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. eee red or orange-colored, destitute of bloom. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous on the inner surface; stone compressed ; leaves broadly oblong-ovate to obovate; petioles biglandular . . . . . . 1. P. nigra. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent on the inner surface; stone turgid; leaves oval or slightly obovate; petioles usually eglandular. . . . . - + + ss s 2. P. AMERICANA. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, pubescent on the two surfaces; stone turgid, com- pressed at the two ends; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petioles glandular . 3. P. HORTULANA. Calyx-lobes glandular-ciliate, glabrous; stone turgid; leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate; petioles biglandular. . . . . . . - »- 2 + s+ «+ ee @ 4. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA Fruit blue, covered with a glaucous bloom. Calyx-lobes entire, puberulous on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface; stone turgid, acute at the two ends; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate; petioles eglan- Giitie, 6 G6 5 60 606 506 915 6 666 6 6 6 5 Ge oi Ce Ie Nii imme, Leaves convolute in vernation. Fruit red or yellow, nearly destitute of bloom. Calyx-lobes pubescent or puberulous, with ciliate margins; stone flattened or turgid, pointed at the two ends; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular; petioles eplandular). 29. . 9. . : op he ee ee oe 0. . BUBCORDATAT Fruit dark blue or black, covered ak a ce oe Calyx-lobes entire, glabrous or puberulous on the outer, fone on the inner surface; stone slightly compressed, acute at the two ends; leaves ovate-lance- olate to oblong; petioles eglandular. . . . eae te cued. © ele) a bs UMBELUATAS Crrasus. Flowers fascicled or corymbose; fruit globular ; aes cE ETn in vernation, Calyx-lobes obtuse, entire ; stone oblong-globular ; leaves a -lanceolate; pe- mds ako? 2° 6° Gc 5 6 6 4 6 Gob 65 oe er. . 28k. PENNS LY ANICA. Calyx-lobes rounded or sometimes emarginate at the apex; stone ovoid, acute at the two ends; leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate . . . . . . . .- . 9 P. uMARGINATA. Papus. Flowers racemose on leafy branches of the year; fruit globular; stone cylindrical; leaves conduplicate in vernation. Calyx-lobes deciduous ; stone oblong-ovate; pointed at the apex; leaves broadly oval or oblong-obovate, usually abruptly acuminate. . . - BG . . 10. P. Vireinrana, Calyx-lobes persistent on the ripe fruit; stone oblong-obovate ; Hee sting or : lanceolate-oblong, usually gradually acuminate . . . - . . 11. P. szROTINA. Lavrocerasus. Flowers racemose, from the axils of persistent leaves ‘of a previous year ; fruit globose or slightly two-lobed ; leaves conduplicate in vernation. Calyx-lobes rounded, with undulate margins; stone broadly ovate, cylindrical ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate . . . . 12. P. CAROLINIANA. Calyx-lobes acute, with laciniate margins ; stone ae leaves ellip- tical to oblong-ovate, entire . . . - b Se gy hon. SPH AROCARE AY Calyx-lobes acute, entire; stone ovate, slightly Soe ae ovate to lan- ceolate-acuminate, coarsely spinulose-toothed or rarely entire . . . . . . 14, P. micrrona. ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 PRUNUS NIGRA. Red Plum. Canada Plum. CaLyx-Lozgs glandular-serrate, glabrous on the inner surface. Stone compressed. Leaves broadly oblong-ovate to obovate; petioles biglandular. Prunus nigra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 165.— Willdenow, Prunus mollis, Torrey, FU. U. S. 470. Spec. ii. pt. ii. 993; Hnum. 518; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, Prunus Americana, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407 311. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 674. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — Bot. Mag. t. 1117. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 331. — Torrey, Fv. U. S. 469. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477. — Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 399.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 59. (in part). —Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 19 (in part). — Torrey, F7. NV. Y.i. 194 (in part). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, i. 162. — Koch, Dendr. i. 101 (in part). — Emerson, Trees Wass. ed. 2, ii. 511. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cerasus nigra, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 32. —De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 538. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 167.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 518.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 704 (in part), £. 411, 412. Census U. S. ix. ‘65 (in part). — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 151 (in part). — Gray, Forest Trees NV. Am. t. 46. A small tree, twenty or thirty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes five or six inches in diameter, dividing, usually five or six feet from the ground, into a number of stout upright branches, which form a narrow rigid head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, and light gray-brown, with a smooth outer layer which exfoliates in large thick plates composed of several papery coats, and in falling exposes a darker slightly fissured sealy inner bark. The branches in their second year develop stout spiny lateral spur-like secondary branchlets, which are sometimes two inches in length and grow into leafy branches. The branchlets, when they first appear, are bright green, glabrous or puberulous; they are slightly zigzag and marked by numerous pale excrescences, and in their second year are dark brown tinged with red. The winter-buds are acuminate, an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length, and covered with chestnut-brown triangular scales with broad pale scarious margins. The leaves are oblong-ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted at the apex into long narrow points, wedge-shaped, trun- cate, or slightly heart-shaped at the base, and doubly crenulate-serrate with small dark glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are faintly tinged with red, and are pubescent on the under surface, or are glabrous with the exception of conspicuous tufts of slender white or rufous hairs in the axils of the primary veins; at maturity they are membranaceous, rather opaque, light green on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, three to five inches long and one and a half to three inches broad, with conspicuous pale midribs and slender veins, and are borne on stout petioles from half an inch to an inch in length, and furnished near the apex with two large dark glands. The stipules are lanceolate or, on vigorous shoots, often three to five-lobed, glandular-serrate, half an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers, which are an inch and a quarter across when expanded, appear before the leaves, from the first of May in eastern New England to the end of the month at the north; they are proterandrous, and are produced in three or four-flowered umbels, with short thick peduncles conspicu- ously marked by the scars left by the falling of the bud-scales, which when fully grown are one third of an inch long, pale green tinged with pink, and usually persistent until the expansion of the flowers. These are borne on slender glabrous dark red pedicels which vary from one half to two thirds of an inch in length. The calyx-tube is broadly obconic, dark red on the outer, and bright red on the inner surface, with narrow acute glandular lobes, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on the outer surface, and reflexed after anthesis. The petals, which are white, turn pink in fading, and are broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, with more or less erose margins, and contracted at the base into short claws. 16 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. The fruit, which ripens between the middle and the end of August, is oblong-oval, and an inch to an inch and a quarter long, with a tough thick orange-red skin nearly destitute of bloom, and yellow rather austere flesh adhesive to the stone, which is nearly oval, compressed, an inch in length, two thirds of an inch in breadth, thick-walled, and acutely ridged along the ventral, and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture. The seed is ovate and compressed, with a thin brown testa and a short exserted radicle. Prunus nigra is distributed from Newfoundland’ through the valley of the St. Lawrence, and westward to the valleys of the Rainy and Assiniboine Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Mani- toba.? It is found in the neighborhood of streams in rich alluvial soil, or grows on low limestone hills in open glades with Hawthorns and Viburnums, or along the borders of the forest.’ The wood of Prunus nigra is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is rich bright red-brown, with a lustrous surface and thin lighter colored sapwood, and contains many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6918, a cubie foot weighing 43.17 pounds. Jacques Cartier, on his second voyage to North America, landed in September, 1535, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, near the island of Orleans, which he named Isle de Bacchus, on account of the wild grapes which he found growing in the woods, and was there the first European to see the Canada Plum-tree ;* its dried fruit he had already seen in the canoes of a tribe of Indians whom he had met during the previous season in the Bay of Chaleur.’ Prunus nigra was introduced into English gardens in 1773° by Lee & Kennedy,’ nurserymen at Hammersmith near London; and the earliest botanical description was drawn up from the cultivated tree. Prunus nigra is often planted in Canadian gardens, and occasionally in those of the northern states, for its fruit or for the beauty of its large slightly fragrant flowers.° 1 Teste Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 167. 2 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 288. — Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 20.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1867-69, Appendix, 8 (Pl. Manitoulin Islands) ; 1879-80, 54°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i, 124. The range of the Canada Plum has been much extended through cultivation, and it is now naturalized and grows spontaneously in the neighborhood of houses and along the borders of highways in northern New England and New York in the territory adjacent to It is to be looked for growing indigenously in northern Minnesota, and is the Canadian boundary, and in eastern Massachusetts. probably naturalized in Wisconsin and Iowa, and some of the va- tieties of cultivated Plum-trees which are believed to have been taken from the woods of these states can be traced to this species. 8 Prof. D. P. Penhallow notices that the leaves of Prunus nigra, when it grows on limestone hills in the Province of Quebec, are pubescent on the lower surface, and that they are glabrous or puberulous when it grows on bottom-lands. Prunus Americana under similar conditions shows the same variations in the valley of the Mississippi River. 4 «Pleine de moult beaux arbres de la nature et sorte de France : comme chesnes, ormes, fresnes, noyers, pruniers, ifs, cedres, vignes, aubépines qui portent fruit aussi gros que prunes de damas, et autres arbres.” (Voyages de Decouverte au Canada, 2" Voyage, 34 Reprint].) 6 «Tis ont aussi des prunes qu’ils stchent comme nous faisons (Idem. 1° Voyage, 17. See also Hakluyt, Voyages, ed. Evans, iii. 258.) 6 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 165. 7 James Lee (1715-1795) ; a native of Selkirk, Scotland, was employed in the gardens of Syon House, a seat of the Duke of [Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. pour Vhiver, et les appellent Honesta.” Northumberland, and afterwards in those of the Duke of Argyll at Whitton ; in 1760, in partnership with Louis Kennedy, he estab- lished a nursery at Hammersmith, which soon became famous and for many years was considered the most important in the world. Lee was a correspondent of Linneus, who dedicated to him a genus of Old World tropical plants related to the Grape Vine (Leea) ; he was the author of an Introduction to Botany, arranged according to the Linnzean system, which passed through several editions and was long held in high repute, and in 1774 he published a catalogue of the plants and seeds grown in his garden. Louis Kennedy (1775-1818) made many contributions to horti- cultural literature toward the end of the last century, and articles from his pen are found in the Botanical Repository (1799-1804). Kennedya, a genus of Australian leguminous plants, well known in gardens, was dedicated to him by the French botanist Ventenat. Lee & Kennedy were exceedingly active and successful in in- troducing new plants, and maintained collectors in North and South America, and, in partnership with the empress Josephine, one in South Africa also. They first cultivated in England severat North American plants, as well as the China Rose and Fuchsia coccinea, which was the first of its genus introduced into gardens. 8 The fruit of Prunus nigra is sold in large quantities in Cana- dian markets ; it is eaten raw or cooked, and is made into preserves and jellies. Like the fruit of all Plum-trees, it varies in size and . shape, in the thickness and color of the skin, and in the flavor and juiciness of the flesh ; and some attention has been paid in Canada to selecting the best wild varieties for cultivation. Varieties of this species are propagated and sold by nurserymen in some of the western states, and to it can be referred the well known Purple Yosemite, Quaker, and Weaver Plums. gc Ree San So aON Bee Bono EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CXLIX. Prunus NicRA. A flowering branch, natural size. Diagram of a flower. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A pistil, with a vertical section of the ovary removed, enlarged. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. An oyule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A stone, natural size. . A seed, natural size. . An embryo, enlarged. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Part of a leaf, with stipules, natural size. Silva. of North onerica. : ee ; Tab. CXLIX, PRUNUS NIGRA, Ait. A. Riocreux diren* Imp. R. Taneur, Paris, ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19 PRUNUS AMERICANA. Wild Plum, CALYX-LOBES entire, pubescent on the inner surface. Stone turgid. Leaves oval or slightly obovate ; petioles mostly eglandular. Prunus Americana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 111. — Dar- lington, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 87, t.1; Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 72. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407 (in part). — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 19 (in part), t. 48. — Torrey, #7. N. Y. i. 194 (in part); Hmory’s Rep. 408; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 82. — Koch, Dendr. i. 101 (in part). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 65 (in part). — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 151 (in part). — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 102 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). ? Prunus Mississippi, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 112. Prunus spinosa?, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not Linnzus). Prunus hiemalis, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. i. 284 (in part). — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 206 (in part). — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 539.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. y. 679 (in part). — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — Nouveau Du- hamel, v. 184 (in part). — Elliott, Sk. i. 542. — Schmidt, Ocstr. Baumz. iv. 48, t. 231.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 398. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 59 (in part). Prunus nigra, Muehlenberg, Cat. Pl. Am. Sept. ed. 2, 49 (not Aiton). Cerasus hiemalis, De Candolle, Prodr, ii. 538 (in part). — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 168 (in part). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 514 (in part). — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 704 (in part). Cerasus nigra, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24 (not Loiseleur). Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24. A tree, twenty to thirty-five feet in height, with a trunk which rarely exceeds a foot in diameter and divides, usually four or five feet from the ground, into many spreading branches, often pendulous toward the extremities, which form a broad graceful head, and are furnished with long slender remote sometimes spinescent lateral spur-like branchlets. The bark of the trunk is half an inch thick and dark brown tinged with red, the outer layers separating into large thin persistent plates. The branchlets, when they first appear, are light green and glabrous or puberulous, or coated with dense pale tomentum ; they are light orange-brown during their first winter, and in their second year are darker, often tinged with red, and marked with minute circular excrescences. The winter-buds are covered with chestnut- brown triangular scales with more or less erose margins; the inner scales when fully grown are folia- ceous, half an inch long, oblong, acute, remotely serrate, furnished below the middle with two narrow The leaves are oval or slightly obovate, acuminate, narrowed and occasionally rounded at the base, sharply and often doubly acuminate lobes, and fall after the small colorless scales of the outer rows. serrate; when they unfold they are sometimes nearly glabrous, or are furnished on the lower surface with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs, or are pubescent or densely coated below with thick pale tomentum ; at maturity they are rather coriaceous, more or less rugose, dark green on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, and glabrous or coated below with pale or rufous pubescence or tomentum; they are three or four inches long and an inch and a half broad, with slender midribs grooved on the upper side and narrow primary veins, and are borne on slender petioles one half to two thirds of an inch in length and usually destitute of glands. The stipules are linear or often three-lobed, sharply serrate, 1 The amount and character of the pubescence on the leayes and shoots of Prunus Americana vary considerably on different indi- viduals and in different parts of the country ; in the eastern and southern states the leaves are either glabrous or slightly pubescent on the lower surface along the midribs and primary veins ; in the valley of the Mississippi the lower surface is offen covered with pubescence ; and from Missouri to northern Mexico, especially south of the Red River, the young branches, the lower surface of the leaves, and the petioles are coated with pale tomentum. This form which gradually passes into the smooth form of the east and of the Rocky Mountains is Var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 65.—Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 512.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 102 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 20 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA, one half to three quarters of an inch long, and early deciduous. The flowers, which appear in Texas early in March, and in Pennsylvania two months later, when the leaves are half grown, are produced in two to five-flowered umbels, and are borne on slender glabrous green pedicels which vary from one third to two thirds of an inch in length; on some individuals they are unisexual by the abortion of the pistils, and are, when expanded, an inch across and exhale a disagreeable odor. The calyx-tube is acutely obconic, light red, glabrous or puberulous, and green on the inside, with acuminate lobes, reflexed after anthesis, and slightly pubescent on the outer, and pilose on the inner surface. The petals are pure white, half an inch long and a quarter of an inch broad, rounded and irregularly laciniate at the apex, and contracted below into long narrow claws which are bright red at the base. The fruit, which ripens in June at the south, and from the end of August to early October at the north, is subglo- bose or rarely slightly elongated, and usually rather less than an inch in diameter ; in ripening it turns from green to orange, often with a red cheek, and when fully ripe is bright red, usually destitute of bloom, and more or less conspicuously marked with pale spots; the skin is tough, thick, acerb, and easily separated from the bright yellow succulent rather juicy acid flesh which adheres to the oval stone; this is slightly rugose, pomted at the apex, more or less contracted at the base, turgid, often nearly as thick as it is broad, and slightly and acutely ridged on the ventral, and obscurely grooved on the dorsal suture. Prunus Americana is distributed from middle and northern New Jersey’ and central New York? to Nebraska,’ the valley of the upper Missouri River in Montana,‘ the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,’ the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, the valley of the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, and the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In the middle and northern states it is found in rich soil, growing along the borders of streams and swamps, where it often forms thickets of considerable extent; in the southern Atlantic states it sometimes inhabits river-swamps, which are submerged during several months of each year, and west of the Mississippi River it grows on bottom- lands and sometimes on dry limestone uplands. At the north the Wild Plum-tree is rarely more than ten or fifteen feet in height, and it is in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas that it attains its greatest dimensions. The wood of Prunus Americana is heavy, hard, close-grained, and strong. It has a lustrous surface and is dark rich brown tinged with red, with thin light-colored sapwood, and many medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7313, a cubic foot weighing 46.95 pounds. The fruit is sometimes used in the preparation of jellies and preserves, and is eaten raw or cooked.‘ Prunus Americana was first described by Humphrey Marshall, in his Arbustum Americanum, published in 1785; and in most subsequent works it has been confounded with Prunus nigra of Aiton, published four years later.” ; As an ornamental plant Prunus Americana has real value; the long wand-like branches form a wide graceful head, which is handsome in winter, and in spring is covered with masses of pure white flowers, followed by ample bright foliage and abundant showy fruit.® 1 Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 91. 2 Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. ii. 27 (Cayuga Fl.). 8 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 16. 4 Where it was collected by Lester F. Ward, whose specimens are preserved in the U. S. Nat. Herb. 5 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 76. ® Much attention has been given in late years by American po- mologists to the selection and cultivation of the best fruited varie- ties of Prunus Americana, and their lists now contain the names of many Plum-trees which are selected wild forms of this species. Of these perhaps the best known and the most generally esteemed are De Soto, Itaska, Forest Garden, Louisa, Minnetonka, Cheney, Deep Creek, Kickapoo, Forest Rose, and Miner. 7 In the Linnean Herbarium there is an unnamed specimen of Prunus Americana without flowers or fruit, and without locality, from Kalm the Swedish traveler, who included in his list of trees growing in the woods near Philadelphia, in 1748, the Wild Plum- tree and the Sloe-Shrub, which he called Prunus domestica and Prunus spinosa (Travels, English ed. i. 67, 68). 8 As an ornamental plant Prunus Americana is not so often seen in the gardens of the eastern and northern states as Prunus nigra, which is a less beautiful plant although its flowers are earlier and considerably larger. It is well established in the Arnold Arboretum, where it flowers and fruits abundantly every year, and has proved to be one of the most beautiful plants of the genus. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CL. Prunus AMERICANA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 5. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 6. A stone, natural size. 7. An embryo, enlarged. 8. A winter branchlet, natural size. Tab. Chi Silva of North America. SC, cage CE. Faxon del, PRUNUS AMERICANA, Marsh. Wee, Paris LTaneur, Imp. te ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 PRUNUS HORTULANA. Wild Plum, CaLyx-LoBEs glandular-serrate, pubescent on both surfaces. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long pointed ; petioles glandular. Stone turgid, compressed at the two ends, conspicu- ously rugose and pitted. Prunus hortulana, L. H. Bailey, Garden and Forest, v. Prunus Chicasa, Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, QO, 9 152 (in part). : Prunus Americana, var. (?), Patterson, List Pl. Oquawka, 5: A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a slender often inclining trunk frequently five or six or occasionally ten or twelve inches in diameter, dividing, usually several feet from the ground, into stout spreading branches; or often a shrub with many upright stems, forming thicket-like clumps. The bark of the trunk is thin and dark brown, and separates into large thin persistent plates which in exfo- liating display the light red-brown inner layers. The branches are stout, rigid, marked with minute pale lenticels, glabrous or sometimes puberulous during their first summer, rather dark brown when the tree grows in the shade of the forest, and usually unarmed; or on vigorous trees grown in the open ground they are sometimes bright red or red-brown in their first year, and darker brown in their second, and are then often armed with stout spinescent spur-like branchlets. The winter-buds are minute and obtuse, and are covered by chestnut-brown scales with slightly ciliate margins, those of the inner ranks accrescent with the growing shoots, oblong-lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and sometimes half an inch long at maturity. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the apex into long slender points, wedge-shaped or more or less rounded at the narrow base, and finely serrate with incurved lanceolate glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are pilose with slender white hairs, and at maturity are gla- brous with the exception of the hairs which are gathered on the under surface in the axils of the primary veins or are scattered along the midribs; they are rather thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, and four to six inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, with broad conspicuous midribs orange-colored on the under, and slightly grooved on the upper surface, conspicuous orange-colored veins connected near the margin of the leaf, and prominent reticulate veinlets; they are borne on slender orange-colored petioles which vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and are furnished above the middle with numerous small scattered dark glands; and on vigorous shoots stand nearly at right angles with the stems. The stipules are lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous. The flowers, which in the neighborhood of St. Louis appear by the end of April or early in May with the unfolding of the leaves, vary from two thirds of an inch to an inch in diameter, and are produced in two to four-flowered subsessile umbels, on slender puberulous pedicels half an inch in length. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic, puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate glandular-serrate lobes acute or rounded at the apex, pubescent on the outer, and pubescent or tomentose on the inner surface, and reflexed after the unfolding of the petals; these are narrowly obovate, rounded and occasionally emarginate at the apex and contracted below into long narrow claws, entire, erose, or occasionally serrate, and pure white, or often marked toward the base with orange. The stamens are as long as the petals or sometimes rather longer, with slender glabrous filaments and minute orange-colored anthers. The pistil is glabrous, with a slender style crowned by a thick truncate stigma. The fruit, which ripens in the neighborhood of St. Louis 24. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, in September and October, is borne on stout stems, and is globose or oblong and two thirds of an inch to an inch in diameter, with thick acerb deep red or sometimes yellow skin, and hard and austere thin flesh, which adheres to the turgid stone; this is acute and compressed at the two ends, conspicuously ridge-margined on the ventral, and broadly and deeply grooved on the dorsal suture, thick-walled, rugose, and. deeply pitted. Prunus hortulana inhabits the banks of the Mississippi River near Oquawka, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri ; it is common on the banks of the Maramee River in Missouri, and will probably be found wild in southern Illinois and Indiana, in western Kentucky and Tennessee, and ranging through Arkansas to eastern Texas. It grows on the low banks of streams in rich moist soil, overflowed every winter and spring for several weeks, in forests of the Hackberry, the Honey Locust, the Sycamore, the Big-nut Hickory, the Swamp White Oak, the Pin Oak, the Green Ash, the Box Elder, and the Red Birch, with the Red Bud, the Silky Cornel, the Pawpaw, dwarf Willows, the Burning Bush, and the deciduous-leaved Holly. For many years Prunus hortulana was confounded with Prunus angustifolia, the Chickasaw ' Plum, to which numerous cultivated Plum-trees that have been derived from it have been referred by pomologists. Mr. Harry N. Patterson* many years ago noticed its peculiarities, and Prof. L. H. Bailey? has recently pointed out its true characters. The fruit of the wild trees is gathered in large quantities, and for years has been sold in the markets of St. Louis, and used for jellies and preserves; selected varieties sometimes produce excellent fruit, and have been largely cultivated, in the western states especially, for many years.° 1 Harry Norton Patterson was born in 1853 in Oquawka, Illinois, where he was educated, and where from early youth he has been employed in printing. An early acquired love of botany led him to study the flora of the neighborhood of his native place, and has since carried him on several occasions to Colorado, where he has botanized extensively during four summers, and has made several interesting botanical discoveries. Mr. Patterson is the author of A List of Plants collected in the Vicinity of Oquawka, published in 1874, A Catalogue of the Plants of Illinois, published in 1876, and a Check List of North American Plants. 2 Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in South Haven, Michigan, in 1858, graduated at the Agricultural College of his native state in 1882, and then, having studied botany with Professor Asa Gray at Cambridge during two years, was appointed in 1888 professor of horticul pe gi g in the Michigan Agricul- tural College. This position he soon left to accept the chair of q and 1 horticulture in Cornell University, which he still fills. Professor Bailey is the author of two important papers on North American Carices, three annual volumes of the Annals of Horticulture in North America, The Horticulturist’s Rule Book, The Nursery Book, and Field Notes on Apple Culture, and of many horticultural and botan- ical articles. He has devoted special attention to the study of American fruit-trees, and our present knowledge of the history and. distinctive characters of the various races of cultivated Ameri- can Plum-trees is due to his long and careful study of this difficult and interesting subject. 8 The first variety of this species which attracted attention, the now well-known Wild Goose Plum, believed to have been a native of Kentucky, where it originated about forty years ago, is now a valuable fruit-tree in some parts of the country ; it is esteemed for its rapid growth and the excellence of its large juicy fruit, and is more largely cultivated than any other native Plum. Other varie- ties of Prunus hortulana well known to pomologists are Cumber- land, Indian Chief, Garfield, Sucker City, Missouri Apricot (Honey Drop), Wayland, Indiana Red, Golden Beauty, Indiana Chief, Forest Rose, Parsons, and Miner (L. H. Bailey, Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Stat. No. 38). A sterile tree, known as the Blackman Plum, believed to be a natural hybrid between the Peach and the Wild Goose Plum, ap- peared in Tennessee many years ago (Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1886, 261 ; 1887, 636) ; and Professor Bailey reports another hybrid of similar origin, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLI. Prunus nortunana. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. Interior face of a calyx-lobe, enlarged. 4. A petal, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A fruit cut transversely, natural size. 7, 8, and 9. Stones, natural size. 10. A seed, natural size. 11. An embryo, natural size. 12. A sterile branch, natural size. 13. A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America ae) 160: 27. CE Faxon del. A. Riocreux direx t ; limp. Fe. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA. ‘Chickasaw Plum. CALYX-LOBES glabrous, glandular-ciliate. Stone turgid. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, thin and lustrous; petioles biglandular. Prunus angustifolia, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 111.— Koch, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 56. — Ridgway, Dendr. i. 103. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65.— Watson & Coulter, sus U.S. ix. 66. Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152 (in part). — Gray, Forest Trees Prunus Chicasa, Michaux, 27. Bor-Am. i. 284. — Du NV. Am. t. 47. Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 540. — Poiret, Zam. Prunus insititia, Walter, FZ. Car. 146 (not Linnzeus). — Dict. vy. 680. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — Nouveau Duhamel, Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. t. 60. v. 183. — Elliott, Sx. i. 542. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 476.— Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe, De Candolle Prodr. ii. 538. — Audubon, Birds, t.53.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 397. — Tor- Hooker, £7. Bor.-Am. i. 168 ; Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 24. — rey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 407. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 514. Syn. iii. 58. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 73. — Curtis, A small tree, fifteen to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding eight inches in diameter, and slender spreading virgate branches often armed with long thin spinescent lateral branch- lets; or more often a shrub five or six feet high, with many stems, forming broad thickets. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, dark red-brown and slightly furrowed, the surface broken into long thick appressed scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are glabrous or covered with short caducous hairs, and are bright red and lustrous; in their second year they lose their lustre and grow darker, and are then often brown marked with occasional horizontal orange-colored lenticels. The winter-buds are acuminate and a sixteenth of an inch in length, and covered with chestnut-brown scales. The leaves are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pomted at the two ends, apiculate, and sharply serrate: with minute glandular teeth; they are glabrous or, while young, are sometimes furnished on the lower surface with tufts of long pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, bright green and lustrous on the upper, and paler and rather dull on the lower surface, one to two inches long and a third to two thirds of an inch broad, and are borne on slender glabrous or puberulous bright red petioles, from a quarter to a half of an inch in length, and furnished near the apex with two conspicuous red glands. The stipules are linear or lobed, glandular-serrate, and half an inch long. The flowers, which appear before the leaves from the beginning of March in the extreme southern states until the middle of April at the north, and which are one third of an inch across, are produced in subsessile two to four-flowered umbels, and are borne on slender glabrous pedicels which vary from one fourth to one half of an inch in length. The calyx-tube is glabrous and campanulate, with oblong obtuse lobes, reflexed at maturity, ciliate on the margins with slender hairs, and covered on the inner surface with pale pubescence. The petals are white or creamy white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and contracted at the base into short broad claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens between the end of May and the end of July, is globose or subglobose, half an inch in diameter, bright red, rather lustrous, and nearly destitute of bloom, with a thin skin, and tender juicy subacid yellow flesh adherent to the turgid stone, which is more or less thick-margined on the ventral, and conspicuously grooved on the dorsal suture. Prunus angustifolia is widely naturalized, especially in the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, in all the region from southern Delaware and Kentucky to central Florida, eastern Kansas and eastern Texas. Occupying the margins of fields and other waste places near human habitations, usually in rich soil, it 26 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. appears like an escape from cultivation rather than an indigenous plant ; and its origin and true home are still uncertain.’ The wood of Prunus angustifolia is heavy, although rather soft and not strong; it is ight brown or red, with lighter colored sapwood and many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the abso- lutely dry wood is 0.6884, a cubic foot weighing 42.90 pounds. The fruit, which varies greatly in quality, like that of all Plum-trees, is often sold in the markets of the middle and southern states, and it is eaten raw and cooked, and used for jellies and preserves.’ William Strachey, who accompanied Admiral Sir George Somers to Jamestown, Virginia, where he landed in May, 1610, and afterward published an account of the colony, is probably the first author to mention the Chickasaw Plum,’ which was not described by any botanist until a hundred and seventy- five years later, in 1785, when it was included in the Arbustum Americanum by Humphrey Marshall.* 1 The Chickasaw Plum has been occasionally cultivated a little to the north of the region in which it has become naturalized, but it has not been able to secure a foothold beyond the northern limits of this region, which is coextensive with that occupied by the Taxo- dium and several other southern trees. This fact seems to indicate a southern origin, as a plant of such peculiarly domestic habits, able to follow man everywhere in the south, and to hold its own against the native inhabitants of the soil, would have spread through the The shrubby Plum of the high plateau east of the Rocky Mountains, which trav- north if it had come originally from a cold region. elers have believed to be the original of the Chickasaw Plum, is probably distinct from this species, and it is not improbable that its natural home must be looked for south of the boundary of the United States. The fact that when the country was first visited by Europeans the Chickasaw Plum was always found in the neigh- porhood of Indian settlements in the south, seems to confirm the early Indian tradition that the tree had been brought by their an- cestors from the region beyond the Mississippi River. It is inter- esting to note that the elder Michaux, who resided for several years in South Carolina toward the end of the last century, was told there that the Chickasaw Plum had been brought from the West Indies (Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 285). 2 The fruit of Prunus angustifolia is sold in early summer in the markets of some of the cities of the middle states, under the name selected for the excellence of their fruit, are cultivated in the southern states. Of of “Mountain Cherry.” Varieties of this tree, these, the best known to pomologists are Pottawattamie, Jennie Lucas, Early Red, Caddo Chief, Transparent, and Colleta, although many others are in cultivation. 8 “ They have cherries, much like a Damoizin, but for their taste and cullour we called them cherries ; and a plomb there is, som- what fairer then a cherrie, of the same relish, then which are sel- dome a better eaten.” (Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, ed. Major, 118.) 4 According to Loudon, Prunus angustifolia was d into European gardens in 1806 (Arb. Brit. ii. 705). In eastern New England it is barely hardy, seldom flowering and never producing ro [al fruit. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLIL Prunus ANGUSTIFOLIA. SAAR wre . A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A stone, cut transversely, natural size. An embryo, natural size. The end of a young leafy shoot, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. ‘toes Gad Silva of North America. ~— er en. Rena “ aan C.E. Faxon del. Preart fr. se. PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Marsh. t Imp f. Taneur, Paris . A.Riocreux direx. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 PRUNUS ALLEGHANIENSIS. Sloe. CALYX-LOBES entire, puberulous on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface. Fruit usually subglobose, dark blue covered with bloom; stone turgid, acute at the two ends. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate. Prunus Alleghaniensis, T. C. Porter, Bot. Gazette, ii. 85; Garden and Forest, iii. 428, £. 58. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 151. A small slender tree, occasionally eighteen to twenty feet in height, with a trunk which is some- times six or eight inches in diameter, and which divides into numerous erect rigid branches; or more often a shrub, usually four or five feet high. The bark of the trunk is dark brown and a quarter of an inch thick, the fissured surface broken into thin persistent scales. The branches, when they first appear, are coated with pale pubescence; this soon disappears and in their first winter they are dark red and rather lustrous, later becoming brown or finally nearly black, and are unarmed or sometimes armed with stout spinescent lateral spur-like branchlets, and are covered with minute pale lenticels. The winter- buds are a sixteenth of an inch long, and acuminate or obtuse, the accrescent inner scales scarious, oblong-acute, two thirds of an inch long, and bright red at the apex. The leaves are lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate and finely and sharply serrate with glandular-tipped teeth, and bear at the very base of the blade two large rather conspicuous glands; when they unfold they are covered with soft pubescence, and at maturity are puberulous on the upper surface, and on the lower surface are sometimes quite glabrous with the exception of a few hairs in the axils of the veins, or are covered, espe- cially along the broad midribs and conspicuous veins, with rufous pubescence; they are rather thick and firm in texture, dark green above and paler below, two to three and a half inches long and two thirds of an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and are borne on slender grooved pubescent or puberulous peti- oles which vary from a quarter to a third of an inch in length. The flowers, which appear in May with the unfolding of the leaves, are half an inch across when fully expanded, with slender puberulous pedi- cels from one half to two thirds of an inch in length, arranged in subsessile two to four-flowered umbels. The calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and pubescent or puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate-oblong lobes rounded at the apex, scarious on the margins, and coated with pale tomentum on the inner surface. The petals are pure white, rounded at the apex and contracted at the base into short claws, and in fading turn pink. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which is produced in great quanti- ties and often quite covers the branches, ripens in the middle of August; it is borne on stout puberulous stems, and is subglobose or slightly oval or pear-shaped, and varies from one third to two thirds of an inch in diameter; the skin is thick, rather tough, and dark reddish-purple, covered with a glaucous bloom ; the flesh is yellow, juicy, and austere, and adheres to the thin-walled turgid stone which is two thirds as thick as broad, from a quarter of an inch to half of an inch long, pointed at both ends, ridged on the ventral edge, and slightly grooved on the other. Prunus Alleghaniensis is not known to grow spontaneously outside of a small elevated region in central Pennsylvania, which extends from the slopes of Tussey’s Mountain in the northwestern part of Huntingdon County, across Bald Eagle Mountain and Valley, and over the main range of the Allegha- nies into Clearfield and Elk Counties, and has a north and south range of only twenty or thirty miles. Tt grows in low moist soil, where it forms shrubby thickets, sometimes of considerable extent, and on the 28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ. dry ridges of the so-called “ barrens”? of Huntingdon County, where it occasionally assumes the habit of a tree, associated usually with the Wild Crab-apple, the Scarlet Haw, the Bear Oak, the Black Oak, the Pig-nut, and the Red Cedar, reaching its largest size on the limestone bluffs north of the Little Juniata River.” The wood of Prunus Alleghaniensis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with many thin medullary rays; it is brown tinged with red, with thin pale sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth; when absolutely dry the specific gravity is 0.7073, a cubic foot weighing 44.13 pounds. The fruit is collected in large quantities, and is made into excellent preserves, jellies, and jams, which have a considerable local consumption. Prunus Alleghaniensis was first distinguished by Mr. J. R. Lowrie ° of Warriorsmark, Pennsyl- vania, in 1859; and the first account of it was published by Professor Thomas C. Porter*im 1877. It was introduced into the gardens of Lafayette College at Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1885, by Professor Porter, through whose agency it has now become an inhabitant of the Arnold Arboretum. As an ornamental shrub or small tree, Prunus Alleghaniensis deserves a place in the garden for its abundant flowers and handsome fruit; this also possesses considerable culinary value, and, like that of other Plum-trees, will probably be improved by selection and cultivation. 1 The name “barrens” is given to a plateau some twelve hun- dred feet above tide-water. lies north of the Little Juniata River between Tussey’s Mountain on the east and Bald Eagle Mountain on the west. and underlaid by limestone which crops out in many places, with It is ten or twelve miles broad and The soil is sandy many extensive beds of iron ore in the troughs of the limestone. The soil, however, is by no means sterile, and when properly culti- vated yields good crops. 2 There is preserved in the Herbarium of Columbia College a specimen of a Prunus collected in Alabama many years ago by Mr. S. B. Buckley, and referred by Torrey & Gray (FU. N. Am. i. 408) to their var. 8. of Prunus maritima, and, in the same collection, a specimen of what is described as ‘‘a small tree ten to fifteen feet high ; fruit oval, small, blue, glaucous, very austere to the taste,” and. which was seen many years ago in Lincoln County, North Caro- lina, by Mr. M. A. Curtis, who mentions it in his report of the trees of that state (Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 56). It is possible, as Professor Britton is inclined to believe, that these specimens represent a southern form of Prunus Alleghaniensis ; but they are without flowers, and hardly suffice to justify the extension of the range of the species, of which no other trace has been found in the now well explored region of the southern Alleghany Mountains. 8 Jonathan Roberts Lowrie (1825-1885) ; a native of Butler, Pennsylvania, and the son of Walter Lowrie, a senator of the is said to have amounted to a passion, led him to establish a large and interesting arboretum in his park at Warriorsmark, where many noble trees bear witness to his knowledge and skill. 4 Thomas Conrad Porter, D. D., LL. D., was born at Alexandria, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, January 22, 1822, and graduated from Lafayette College in 1840, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1843. His father was a Presbyterian elder of more than fifty years standing, a man of influence and note, whose father came to Pennsylvania from Donachedy, Ireland, late in the last century. His maternal great-grandfather, John Conrad Bucher, of a German-Swiss family from the canton of Schaffhausen and a minister of the Reformed Church, emigrated to America in 1755 and died in 1780, the pastor of a congregation at Lebanon, Penn- ion-church in Monticell Alabama, for one year, and for another year was pastor of the He then became successively professor of natural science in Marshall Col- lege, in Franklin and Marshall College, and in Lafayette College, where he has occupied the chair of botany since 1866. For nearly sylvania. Thomas C. Porter served a Second Reformed Church of Reading, Pennsylvania. forty years Professor Porter has devoted particular attention to the flora of his native state, and he has built up the great collec- tion of Pennsylvanian plants now preserved in the Herbarium of Lafayette College. botany, including A Catalogue of the Plants of Lancaster County, He is the author of many papers relating to United States from Pennsylvania, g ted from Jeff Col- lege in 1843 and devoted himself to the study of law, first prac- tata his profession at Hollidaysburg in Blair County, and then at W: ‘k in Huntingd slope of the Alleghany Mountains. County, at the foot of the eastern Here he passed the remainder of his life, occupied in the management of large business interests, which, however, left him leisure to devote himself to a critical study of the local flora. Lowrie’s love of trees and shrubs, which P. Wwania, published in Mombert’s history of the county in 1869; A Sketch of the Botany of Pennsylvania, in Walling & Gray’s Topographical Atlas, published in 1872; A Sketch of the Botany of the United States, in Gray s ee published in 1873; A List of the Carices of P Ti din the P lings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1887 ; and of vari- ous papers relating to the flora of Colorado and other western ter- ritories, included in the reports of government surveys. has Ie EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLIT. Prunus ALLEGHANIENSIS. OSV oo OE a Ge ho ae A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A stone cut transversely, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. A winter branchlet, natural size. ‘Silva of North America. EI Ae CE Faxon del. fiimely se. PRUNUS ALLEGHANIENSIS , Porter A. Riocreux direx © Imp. R.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 31 PRUNUS SUBCORDATA. Wild Plum. CALYX-LOBES pubescent or puberulous. Stone flattened or turgid, pointed at the two ends. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular. Prunus subcordata, Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 308. — Wal- Bot. Cal. i. 167 (in part). —J. G. Lemmon, Pittonia, ii. pers, Ann. ii. 464.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 82.— 68. — Greene, Fl. Francis. 49; Garden and Forest, iv. Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73. — Brewer & Watson, 255. A small tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, dividing, six or eight feet from the ground, into stout almost horizontal branches ; or often a shrub, with stout ascending stems ten or twelve feet tall, or a low scraggy much branched bush. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, gray-brown, deeply fissured, and divided into long thick plates, their surface broken into minute persistent scales. The young branchlets are glabrous or pubescent, and are covered with bright red bark marked by occasional minute pale lenticels, and in their second year become darker red or purple, ultimately turning dark brown or. ashy gray. The winter-buds are acute and an eighth of an inch long, and are covered with chestnut-brown scales with scarious margins, those of the inner rows acerescent with the young shoots and at maturity a quarter of an inch in length, oblong, acute, and generally bright red. The leaves are broadly ovate or orbicular, usually cordate, sometimes truncate, or rarely cuneate.at the base, and are sharply and often doubly serrate; when they unfold they are puberulous on the upper, and pubescent on the under surface, and at maturity they are glabrous or more or less puberulous below, an inch to three inches long, half an inch to two inches broad, slightly coriaceous, dark green on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, with broad midribs, grooved on the upper side, and conspicuous veins. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and caducous. In autumn at the north the leaves assume, before falling, brilliant scarlet and orange or red and yellow colors. The flowers, which appear before the leaves in March or April, are two thirds of an inch across and are produced in subsessile two to four-flowered umbels on slender glabrous or pubescent pedicels which vary from a quarter to one half of an inch in length. The calyx is campanu- late and glabrous or puberulous, with oblong-obovate lobes rounded at the apex, pubescent on the outer, and more or less covered with pale hairs on the inner surface, and half the length of the white petals which are obovate, rounded above and contracted at the base into short claws, and in fading turn rose-color. The filaments and ovary are glabrous, and the slender style is funnel-shaped at the apex. The fruit, which ripens in August or September, is oblong and from half an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, and is borne on a stout stem from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in length; the skin is dark red or rich purple or sometimes bright yellow; the flesh is more or less succulent, subacid, often of excellent flavor, and adherent to the flattened or turgid stone, which is acute at the two ends, narrowly wing-margined on the ventral edge, conspicuously grooved on the other, and from a third of an inch to an inch in length.’ Prunus subcordata inhabits the region west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains from 1 E. W. Hammond, Garden and Forest, iii. 626. orbicular or elliptical leaves wedge-shaped at the base, and yellow 2 J. G. Lemmon distinguishes (Pittonia, ii. 67) as variety Kelloggii, ovate juicy fruit an inch or more in length. (See Hutching’s M ‘ag- a form of Prunus subcordata first noticed many years ago by Dr. azine, v. 7. — Wickson, California Fruits and How to Grow Them, Albert Kellogg, and common in Sierra County and at the base of ed. 2, 51.— Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 49.) Mount Shasta, California, with ashy gray branches, nearly glabrous 32 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. -— ROsACER. southern Oregon to central California. It is found in the neighborhood of streams, sometimes forming thickets of considerable extent, on dry rocky hills and in open woods, and is most common in southern Oregon and northern California, and there produces the best and most abundant fruit, reaching its great- est size on the borders of small streams, in deep rich rather moist soil, where it grows with the Oregon White Oak, the Choke Cherry, the Oregon Hawthorn, the Crab-apple, and various species of Cornel. In central California, where Prunus subcordata is common on the foothills of the coast ranges, and often ascends to considerable elevations on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, it is usually a low shrub, producing sparingly small acid fruit. The wood of Prunus subcordata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of taking a good polish. It is pale brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of five or six layers of annual growth, and contains many thin inconspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6412, a cubic foot weighing 40.01 pounds. The fruit of Prunus subcordata is collected in Oregon and northern California, and is consumed in large quantities both fresh and dried, and is used for preserves and jellies.’ The first botanists who explored Oregon and California failed to notice the Wild Plum, and it was not known until 1836 or 1837, when Karl Theodore Hartweg” found it in the upper valley of the Sacramento River. 1 In northern California, where for several years some attention It has also been found useful as stock upon which to graft varieties: has been paid to improving it, Prunus subcordata produces in culti- of the European Plums. (See Rep. Cal. Agric. Soc. 1858, 183. — vation more abundant crops of larger fruit than are borne on the Pacific Rural Press, iv. 163, 198. — Wickson, California Fruits and wild trees ; and the quality of the fruit of selected seedlings shows How to Grow Them, ed. 2, 52.) that valuable garden varieties can be obtained from this species. 2 See ii. 34, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLIV. Prunus suBcoRDATA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 5, 6, and 7. Stones, natural size. 8. An embryo, enlarged. 9. Winter branchlet, natural size. Tap. ClLly. Silva. of North America. fat i if ; y i 7 i : | : i — NS CE Faxon de. PRUNUS SUBCORDATA | Benth. A. Riocreuz direx? Imp. BR. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 PRUNUS UMBELLATA. Sloe. Black Sloe. CALYX-LoBEs entire, glabrous or pubescent on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface. Fruit black covered with bloom. Leaves obovate-lanceolate to oblong. Prunus umbellata, Elliott, Sk. i. 541. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, ? Prunus pumila, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not ‘Linnzeus). 44. — Chapman, FV. 119. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Cerasus umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Hl. N. Am. i. 409. — 10th Census U. S. ix. 67. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 78. A tree, sometimes fifteen or twenty feet in height, with a short often crooked or inclining trunk six to ten inches in diameter, and slender unarmed branches which form a wide compact flat-topped head; or frequently a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, the dark brown surface separating into small appressed persistent scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are more or less densely coated for a short time with pale pubescence; they soon become glabrous and are covered with a lustrous bright red bark which, in their second year, is dark brown and lustreless, and is marked with occasional orange-colored oblong lenticels. The winter-buds are a sixteenth of an inch long and are protected by acute chestnut-brown apiculate scales ; those of the inner rows lengthen with the young shoots and at maturity are a quarter of an inch in length and red-tipped. The leaves are obovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or sometimes rounded or slightly cordate at the base, finely and sharply serrate with remote incurved glandular teeth, and usually furnished with two large dark glands at the very base of the blade; when they unfold they are bright bronze-green with red margins, midribs, and petioles, and are membranaceous, glabrous on the upper surface, and. pubescent or glabrous on the lower with the exception of a few hairs along the prominent orange-colored midribs and primary veins; at maturity they are two to two and a half inches in length and an inch to an inch and a half in breadth, membranaceous, dark green above and paler below, and are borne on stout glabrous or pubescent petioles. The stipules are lanceolate, setaceous, glandular-serrate, from one fourth to two thirds of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which expand in March and April before the appearance of the leaves, are two thirds of an inch across and are borne on slender glabrous pedicels half an inch long, in three or four-flowered subsessile umbels. The calyx-tube is broadly obconie, glabrous or puberulous on the outside, with acute red tipped lobes sometimes slightly cleft at the apex, scarious on the margins, and coated on the inner surface with thick white tomentum. The petals are nearly orbicular and are contracted at the base into short claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens from July to September, is borne on a slender stem which varies from half an inch to nearly an inch in length; it is globose without a basal depression, half an inch in diameter, and is tipped with the remnant of the style; the skin is tough, thick, and bright red when the fruit is first fully grown, but black or nearly so when it is ripe, and then covered with a glaucous bloom; the flesh is thick and acid and adheres to the flattened stone, which is half as thick as it is broad, acute at both ends, slightly rugose, conspicuously ridged on one margin and slightly grooved on the other, with thin and brittle walls. Prunus umbellata is distributed through the maritime portions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states from South Carolina to Mosquito Inlet in Florida, and from Tampa Bay to eastern Mississippi ; it reappears on the banks of the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and is scattered through the valley of the Red River from Alexandria to Shreveport, Louisiana, and to near Camden in southern Arkansas. It grows on the rich sandy bottom-lands of rivers and large creeks, and along 34 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. the borders of the forests of Long-leaved Pine, which it enlivens in the early days of spring with its profusion of pure white flowers. The wood of Prunus umbellata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with many thin medullary rays ; it is dark red-brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of about thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8202, a cubic foot weighing 51.11 pounds. The fruit is gathered in large quantities and is used in making jellies and jams. Prunus umbellata appears to have escaped the notice of the botanists who explored the flora of the southern states during the last century, and was first distinguished by Stephen Elliott, who pub- lished the earliest account of it in his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. 1 It is remarkable that this very distinct and common plant, which in early spring is a most attractive and conspicuous feature of the coast region of Georgia and northern Florida, should have been overlooked by such keen observers as Catesby, John and Wil- liam Bartram, and the two Michauxs, who were all familiar with this region and who traveled several times through a portion of it at least. Elliott considered the Prunus pumila of Walter (Fl. Car. 146) identical with his Prunus wmbellata, but Walter’s description is so meagre and vague that the identity of his plant is very doubtful. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLV. Prunus UMBELLATA. ON OMI ee A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, part of the flesh removed, natural size. Vertical section of a stone, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. A stone, natural size. Part of a leafy young branchlet with stipules, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab CEY C.E. Faron del. Prcart fr. SL, PRUNUS UMBELLATA , Ell. it Median ing ot Lop. R. Taneur, Paris ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 35 PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA. Wild Red Cherry. CALYX-LOBES obtuse, entire. Stone pointed. : Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 18, Suppl. 252.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 248; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 992; Enum. 518.—Abbot, Insects of Georgia, i.t. 45.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 673.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 35. — “Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 331. —Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 73. — Die- trich, Syn. iti. 42.—Chapman, FU. 120.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 57. — Koch, Dendr. i. 117. — Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 21. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 513. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 66.— Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 77. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152. Prunus-Cerasus montana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 113. Prunus lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3, £. 3. Bird Cherry. oblong. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long- Syst. ii. 5138.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 703, £. 410. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 78. Prunus borealis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vy. 674.—Pursh, FV. Am. Sept. i. 330.— W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. i. 223. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1598. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 193. Prunus persicifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 205. Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Loiseleur, Vouveau Duhamel, v. 9.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 539.— Hooker, FV. Bor.- Am. i. 168.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 514. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 409. — Gray, Forest Trees N. Am. t. 48. Cerasus persicifolia, Loiseleur, Nowveaw Duhamel, v. 9.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 580.— De Can- dolle, Prodr. ii. 537. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 518. — Spach, Cerasus borealis, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. i. 286. — Nou- veau Duhamel, v. 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Ard. Am. iii. 159, t. 8.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 538.— Don, Gen. Hist. Vég. i. 411.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. ui. 81.— Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1869, 272, £. 63. A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk often twelve or eighteen inches in diameter, and regular slender horizontal branches which form a narrow head usually more or less rounded at the summit; or, at the extreme northern and western limits of its range, often a low shrub. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one third to one half of an inch in thickness, separates horizontally into broad persistent papery plates with a dark red-brown surface marked with irregular horizontal bands of orange-colored lenticels, and is smooth on young stems or branches but on old trees is broken into minute persistent scales. The branches, when they first appear, are light red and sometimes slightly puberulous; they soon become glabrous, and in their first winter are bright red, lustrous, and covered with pale excrescences; in their second year short thick Jateral spur-like branchlets are developed, and the outer bark, which has now lost its lustre and is marked by bright orange-colored lenticels, is easily separable from the brilliant green inner bark. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, sometimes slightly faleate, long pointed and finely and sharply serrate with incurved teeth often tipped with minute glands; for a short time after they first unfold they are bronze- green, pilose on the lower surface and slightly viscid ; they soon become green and glabrous, and at maturity are bright and lustrous on the upper, and rather paler on the lower surface, three to four and a half inches long and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and are borne on slender glabrous or slightly pilose petioles which vary from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and are often glandular above the middle. The stipules are acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous. The leaves in autumn turn a bright clear yellow some time before falling. The flowers, which appear in early May when the leaves are half grown, or at the extreme north and at high eleva- tions as late as the first of July, are half an inch across when expanded, and are borne on slender pedicels nearly an inch in length collected in four or five-flowered umbels, which are generally clustered two or three together and are subsessile when the flowers expand, but ultimately stalked. The calyx- tube is glabrous, broadly obconic with obtuse lobes tipped with red and reflexed at maturity, and is 36 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. marked in the mouth of the throat with a conspicuous light orange-colored band. The petals are creamy white, a quarter of an inch long, nearly orbicular, and contracted at the base into short claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens between the first of July and the first of September, is globular, a quarter of an inch in diameter, tipped with the remnant of the style, and light red. with a thick skin, thin sour flesh, and an oblong stone which has thin brittle walls and is ridged on the ventral margin. Prunus Pennsylvanica is distributed from Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson’s Bay and west to the eastern slopes of the coast range of British Columbia in the valley of the Frazer River,’ and south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, and central Towa. It is common on the high mountains of North Carolina, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and in all the forest regions of the extreme northern states, growing in moist rather rich soil, reaching its greatest size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennes- see, and often occupying, to the exclusion of other trees, large areas cleared by fire of their original forest covering.’ The wood of Prunus Pennsylvanica is light, soft, and close-grained, with numerous medullary rays. Tt is ight brown, with thin yellow sapwood, and when absolutely dry has a specific gravity of 0.5023, a ‘cubic foot weighing 31.30 pounds. The fruit is often used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough-mixtures. Prunus Pennsylvanica® was first introduced into English gardens in 1773* by Lee & Kennedy, nurserymen at Hammersmith, although it was not described until eight years later ; and it was estab- lished in the Botanical Gardens of Berlin toward the end of the last century.” It grows rapidly in cultivation, and is a handsome and shapely although short-lived tree, and in early spring is conspicuous for the great quantity of flowers which cover its branches. 1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 125. 2 The ease with which the seeds of Prunus Pennsylvanica are important part in the reproduction and preservation of the forests. (See Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 160.— Robert Douglas, Garden disseminated by birds and mountain streams, their vitality and power of germination in soil where the upper layers of humus have been destroyed by fire, and the rapid growth of the young plants, which soon form a covering for longer lived trees, constitute the chief value and interest of this plant, which, in the northern part of the country east of the mid-continental plateau, has played an and Forest, ii. 285.) 3 In some parts of the country Prunus Pennsylwanica is also called Pin Cherry and Pigeon Cherry. 4 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 198. 5 Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 248. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLVI. Prunus PENNSYLVANICA. Snare . A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. An embryo, enlarged. Portion of a leaf with stipules, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. : ? i : ; Tab. CLYVI. CE. Faxon del. Puart fr. se. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA, L.F' A. Riocreuw direa”® Imp. 2. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 PRUN US EMARGINATA. Wild Cherry. CALYX-LOBES rounded or sometimes emarginate. Stone ovoid, pointed at the two ends. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, usually rounded at the apex. Prunus emarginata, Walpers, Rep. ii. 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 42.— Watson, King’s Rep. v. 79.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 284.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census US. 1x. 67. Cerasus emarginata, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 169.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 714.— Torrey & Gray, FU. N. Am. i. 410.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 79.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 83. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 79. Cerasus erecta, Presl, Hpimel. Bot. 194. Prunus erecta, Walpers, Ann. iii. 854. Cerasus Pattoniana, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1872, 135, £.17. Cerasus glandulosa, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 59. A tree, with exceedingly bitter bark and leaves, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk twelve to fourteen inches in diameter, dividing into a number of slender rather upright branches which form a symmetrical oblong head; or often a shrub with spreading stems three to ten feet tall. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a generally smooth dark brown surface marked by horizon- tal light gray interrupted bands, and by rows of oblong orange-colored lenticular excrescences. The branches, when they first appear, are coated with pale pubescence, and are slender and flexible; in their first winter they are covered with dark red-brown bark marked by many minute dots, and in their second season, when they develop short lateral branchlets, with bright red bark conspicuously marked by large pale lenticels. The winter-buds are acute, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with chestnut-brown scales often slightly scarious on the margins ; those of the inner ranks are acuminate at maturity, glandular- serrate above the middle, scarious, and nearly half an inch in length, with bright red tips. The leaves are oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, rounded, and usually obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, the two forms appearing occasionally on the same branch; they are. narrowed at the base, which is generally furnished with one or two and sometimes three or four large dark glands, and are serrate, the minute teeth tipped with short subulate glandular points; when they unfold they are puberulous or pubescent on the lower surface and slightly viscid, and when fully grown are glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, one to three inches long and from one third of an inch to one and a half inches broad, dark green above, paler below, and borne on short stout grooved and usually pubescent petioles. The stipules are lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous: The flowers, which appear when the leaves are about half grown, at the end of April at the level of the ocean or as late as the end of June at high elevations, and which when expanded vary from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, are produced in six to twelve-flowered glabrous or pubescent corymbs an inch to an inch and a half in length, on slender pedicels from the axils of foliaceous glabrous glandular-serrate bracts. The calyx-tube is obconic, glabrous, or puberulous on the outer surface, and bright orange-colored in the throat, with shért lobes rounded or emarginate or somewhat cleft at the apex, sometimes slightly glandular on the margins, and reflexed at maturity. The petals are white faintly tinged with green, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, and contracted below into short claws. The ovary? and filaments are glabrous, and the style, which enlarges into a stout clavate stigma, is sometimes slightly glandular. The fruit, which ripens from June to August, is globose, from one fourth to one half of an inch in diameter, and more or less translucent, and when first fully grown is bright red, becoming 1 In northeastern Idaho Professor Greene found bipistillate flowers of this species, with two drupes from each flower (Garden and Forest, iv. 243). 38 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. darker and almost black when ripe; the flesh is thin, bitter, and astringent; the stone is ovoid and pointed at both ends, with a prominent grooved ridge on the ventral margin, and is rounded and slightly grooved on the other, with thick brittle and slightly pitted walls.1 Prunus emarginata is distributed from the valley of the upper Jocko River in Montana? along the mountain ranges of Idaho and Washington and of southern British Columbia to Vancouver Island,? and through western Oregon and northern California and along the coast ranges. to the neighbor- hood of the Bay of San Francisco, and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where it sometimes reaches an elevation of five or six thousand feet, to the Yosemite Valley; it is common on the Santa Lucia and San Bernardino Mountains‘ in California: on the eastern slopes of the Sierras it ranges to the shores of Lake Tahoe and the neighborhood of Carson City,* and it oceurs on the Washoe Mountains® in Nevada. Prunus emarginata grows usually near the banks of streams in low rich soil, or less commonly on dry hill-slopes, attaining its best dimensions on Vancouver Island, in western Oregon and Washington, and on the Santa Lucia Mountains of California, where, at elevations of from three to four thousand feet, it becomes a tree sometimes forty feet in height ; on the coast ranges of middle California and on the Sierra Nevada Mountains it is commonly a shrub five to eight feet high." The wood of Prunus emarginata is close-grained, soft, and brittle, and contains numerous thin medullary rays ; it is brown streaked with green, with paler sapwood composed of eight or ten layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4502, a cubic foot weighing 28.06 pounds. The fruit is said to have been eaten by the Indians of the northwestern coast. Prunus emarginata was discovered in the valley of the Columbia River in 1825 by David Doug- las. It is cultivated as a shade tree in the streets of Portland, Oregon, where it attains the height of forty feet, and assumes the habit of the common European Cherry-tree ;*° in 1881 it was introduced from Oregon into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy, flowering and ripening its fruit every year.” 1 Prunus emarginata varies in the amount of pubescence which clothes the young shoots, the lower surface of the foliage, and the inflorescence. At the north it is more often pubescent than gla- on the tai of southern California. It has been distinguished as — Var. mollis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167.— Sargent, For- est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 67. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 125. Cerasus mollis, Douglas ; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 164.— Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 217.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 410.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 714. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 14, t. 46.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 79.— Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii. 406. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 131. Prunus mollis, Walpers, Rep. ii. 9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 42. — Tor- rey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 284. — Macoun, Rep. Geolog. Surv. . Can. 1875-76, 194. 2 Here it was found in 1883 by Canby and Sargent. 8 Macoun, J. c. 513. 4 The pubescent form of Prunus emarginata was discovered in Bear Valley in June, 1885, by Mr. S. B. Parish. brous, and the pubescent form is not 5 Here it was collected in 1864 by Dr. C. L. Anderson. ® Teste Watson, King’s Rep. v. 79. 7 The shrubby glabrous Cherry-tree of central California is con- sidered by Professor Greene a species, to which he has given the: name of Cerasus Californica (Fl. Francis. i. 50.— Garden and For- est, iv. 243). Numerous forms appear to connect this plant with the arborescent form of the north and of the Santa Lucia Mountains: in the south, and its shrubby habit, small leaves, and more astringent. fruit are perhaps the result of the peculiar climatic conditions to . which it has been subjected. 8 R. Brown (Campst.), Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 383. ® See ii. 94. 10 Greene, Garden and Forest, iv. 243. 4 Prunus emarginata was probably introduced into Scotch gar- dens by the Scotch collector John Jeffrey in 1851 or 1852, as at that time he sent the seeds of many of the plants of our northwest- ern coast to the members of the so-called Oregon Expedition, whose agent he was. It was sent from the Edinburgh Botanic Garden to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris in 1865, as Prunus Patto- niana, a name which does not appear to have been published (Car- riére, Rev. Hort. 1872, 135). AAP WN HE EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLVII. Prunus EMARGINATA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A stone, enlarged. . Part of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Dilva of Nom Ane. : : : Tab. CLVU C.F Faxon del. Picart [?. sez t PRUNUS EMARGINATA , Walp. A.Riocreuxr direx ! limp. B. Taneur, P aris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. Choke Cherry. CALYX-LOBES deciduous. oblong-obovate, usually abruptly acuminate. Prunus Virginiana, Linnzus, Spec. 473 (excl. syn.).— Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 238, t. 5, £1; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 985; Enum. 517. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 203. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl..70. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 43, t. 36. —Sprengel, Syst. ii. 478. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 42. — Torrey, Bot. Mea. Bound. Surv. 62.—Koch, Dendr. i. 121. — Chapman, Fl. 120. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 80. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 518, t. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152. Padus rubra, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. Prunus nana, Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. ii. 194, t. 4. Prunus-Cerasus Canadensis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 113. Prunus rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 162.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz, ed. 2, 299. —Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 98, t. 78. Padus oblonga, Moench, Meth. 671. Prunus serotina, Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 665 (not Ehrhart). — Pursh, £7. Am. Sept. i. 330. — Elliott, Sk. i. 541. — Tor- rey, Hl. N. Y. i. 196. Cerasus Virginiana, Loiseleur, Nouveau Duhamel, v. 3 (excl. syn. Michaux). — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 539.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 414. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 410. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 196; Nicollet’s Rep. 149; Frémont’s Rep. 89; Emory’s Rep. 408; Pacific R. R. Stone oblong-ovate, pointed. Wild Cherry. Leaves broadly oval to fiep. iv. 83. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 456.— Gray, Man. 115; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 42. — Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 74. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 30; Am. Nat. iii. 406. Prunus hirsuta, Elliott, Sz. i. 541. Prunus obovata, Bigelow, 7. Boston. ed. 2, 192. Cerasus serotina, Hooker, FU. Bor.-Am. i. 169 (excl. syn. 5 not Loiseleur). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515. Cerasus obovata, Beck, Bot. 97.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189. Cerasus micrantha, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 414. Cerasus densiflora, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 415. Cerasus fimbriata, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 416. Cerasus hirsuta, Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 417.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190. Cerasus Virginiana, var. 8. Torrey & Gray, Fi. i. 410. Cerasus Duerinckii, Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort. Lovan. 1840; Bull. Bot. Soc. Brux. viii. 68. Prunus Duerinckii, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10. Padus fimbriata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84. Padus densiflora, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84. Padus micrantha, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84. Padus obovata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86. Padus hirsuta, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87. A tree, with strong-scented bark’ and leaves, rarely thirty to thirty-five feet in height, with a short and often crooked or inclining trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small erect or horizontal branches, and stout branchlets which form a narrow irregular head; or more often a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, slightly and irregularly fissured, broken on the surface into small persistent scales, and often marked by irregular pale excrescences. The branches, when they first appear, are light brown, or bronze-green, and glabrous, puberulous, or sometimes pubescent, and in their first winter are light brown or brown tinged with red and marked with large oblong lenticels ; in their second year they become darker brown, and the tough outer layer of bark is easily separable in horizon- tal strips from the bright green inner layers. The winter-buds are acute or obtuse and are covered by pale chestnut-brown scales, more or less scarious on the margins and rounded at the apex, those of the inner rank accrescent, lanceolate or ligulate, sharply and often glandular-serrate, chartaceous, and from half an inch to an inch im length. The leaves are broadly oval or more or less oblong-obovate, usually abruptly acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at the base, and sharply and often deeply serrate with subulate spreading teeth ; when they unfold they are glabrous with the excep- matic and rather agreeable perfume. The branches of the former are usually much stouter than those of the latter. i The strong disagreeable odor of the inner bark of the branches of this species affords the best character for distinguishing it in winter from Prunus serotina, the inner bark of which has an aro- 42 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA, tion of conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins on the lower surface, or are puberulous or pubescent ; at maturity they are membranaceous, bright green above, paler and sometimes pubescent below, two to four inches in length and an inch to two inches broad, and are borne on slender grooved petioles biglandular near the apex, or sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, many-glandular. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, half an inch long, and early deciduous. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn some time before falling. The flowers, which are from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, appear from the first of April in the south to the end of June at the extreme north; they are borne on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels produced from the axils of scarious caducous bracts in slender many-flowered erect or nodding racemes three to six inches long. The calyx-tube is cup-shaped, glabrous or rarely puberulous, with short broad obtuse reflexed deciduous lobes, laciniate or more or less glandular on the margins. The petals are pure white, orbicular, and contracted below into short claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous, and the short thick style is abruptly enlarged into a broad orbicular stigma. The fruit, which varies from one fourth to one third of an inch in diameter, is globose or occasionally somewhat elongated, bright red when first fully grown, and when perfectly ripe is dark vinous red or almost black, or rarely yellow or amber-colored,' with a thick lustrous skin, dark juicy flesh, and an oblong-ovate stone, broadly ridged on one margin and acute on the other. In early autumn the fruit is austere and astringent, but later loses much of its astringency and becomes sweet and edible.’ Prunus Virginiana is the most widely Steines North American tree; it grows within the arctic circle,’ ranging across the continent from Labrador and the shores of Hudson’s Bay to the valley of the Mackenzie River in latitude 62°, and, crossing the Rocky Mountains, reaches the Pacific coast in * it extends southward through eastern North America to southern Georgia, In the eastern states it is one of the most common of the large tree-like shrubs, growing usually on the northern British Columbia ; Louisiana, Texas, northern Mexico,? and along the mountain ranges of western North America. margins of the forest, generally in rich rather humid soil, and along highways and fence-rows; in southern Oregon and northern California it inhabits low valleys where, in rich moist soil in the neigh- borhood of streams, it attains a large size and arborescent habit; on the mountain ranges of the interior of the continent, where it is confined to elevated valleys, in southern California, and at the northern and southern limits of its range, it is a low shrub. The wood® of Prunus Virginiana is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it con- tains numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of fifteen to twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6951, a cubic foot weighing 43.32 pounds. 1 A yellow-fruited form of Prunus Virginiana (var. leucocarpa, Watson, Bot. Gazette, xiii. 233) was found in Dedham, Massachu- setts, a few years ago; and plants with light-colored fruit are sometimes cultivated in Canadian gardens, and in those of northern Europe (J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, v. 135). 2 The western Choke Cherry has usually been considered a spe- cies. Extreme forms, especially those of the mid-continental re- gions, vary slightly from the eastern plant in the shape of their leaves, which are more often rounded or subcordate than cuneate at the base, and are sometimes pale on the lower surface, in their more abundant and persistent pubescence, and their greater thick- ness and consistency. It is not easy, however, to find stable char- acters upon which to establish even a geographical variety ; for the extreme forms pass insensibly one into the other, showing the gradual influence of a dry climate in increasing the thickness and the hairy covering of leaves. The synonymy of the western plant is as follows : — Prunus demissa, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 63.— Watson, King’s Rep. v. 80.— Rothrock, Pl. Wheeler, 37. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 167.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 125.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 69.— Greene, FV. Francis. 51.—T. 8. Brandegee, Zod, ii. 157. — Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 18. Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 169 (in part). Cerasus demissa, Nuttall ; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 411. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 88.— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 59. Padus demissa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87. Prunus Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes ona Exped. 284.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 381. 8 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290 (Distribution Arctic Pl.). 4 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pi. i. 125. 5 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 368. ® The specimen of wood tested in the United States Census in- vestigation was taken from a tree grown in southern Oregon. ROSACER, - SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 In Canada the fruit, which is gathered in great quantities and is sold in the markets of the large cities, is eaten by the French Canadians, and was formerly an important article of food among the northern Indians,' as well as among those inhabiting the western and central parts of the continent. Prunus Virginiana early attracted the attention of European colonists,’ although it does not appear to have been introduced into European gardens until the middle of the eighteenth century. The Choke Cherry is a handsome plant when it is covered with its abundant racemes of pure white flowers; but it is generally disfigured by the Black Knot, which makes it a dangerous neighbor to orchards of cultivated Plum-trees. 1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 190. throate wax horse with swallowing those red Bullies (as I may call * «The Cherrie trees yeeld great store of Cherries, which grow them), being little better in taste. English ordering may bring on clusters like grapes ; they be much smaller than our English them to be an English Cherrie, but yet they are as wilde as the Cherrie, nothing neare so good if they be not very ripe ; they so Indians.” (Wood, New England’s Prospect, pt. i. chap. 5, 18.) furre the mouth that the tongue will cleave to the roofe, and the EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. PLATE ANOahone CLVIII. Prunus VirGInraAna (FROM OREGON). A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A stone, enlarged. . Part of a leafy branch with stipules, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. ‘- Silva of North America. : Tab . CLVIY CE Faxon del. Peart fr Sl. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA, L. A. Riocreux dirent Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 PRUNUS SEROTINA. Rum Cherry. Wild Black Cherry. CALYX-LOBES persistent. long, usually gradually acuminate. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 20. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 239, t. 5, £2; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 986; Hnwm. 517. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 531. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 204. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 302. — W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. i. 222. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 45, t. 37.—Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 70. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 478.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iti. 56. — Chapman, F7. 120. — Koch, Dendr. i. 122. — Emerson, Trees Vass. ed. 2, ii. 515, t. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 68.— Wat- son & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 152. Prunus Virginiana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No.3 (not Lin- nzeus). — Du Roi, Obs. Bot.12; Harbk. Baumz. ii. 191. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 34, t. 14. — Medicus, Bot. Beob. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 112. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 163.— Walter, Fl. Car. 146.— Poiret, Stone oblong-obovate. Leaves oblong to lanceolate-ob- Lam. Dict. v. 664. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.329.— Big- elow, ZU. Boston. 118. — Elliott, Sh. i. 540. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. 467. Cerasus Virginiana, Michaux, FV. Bor.- Am. i. 285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 151, t. 6. — Darling- ton, £1. Cestr. 61.— Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 169 (excl. syn.). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 710, £. 418. Cerasus serotina, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, v. 3.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540. — Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 416. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 410. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 712, £. 419. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 196. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 453. — Gray, Man. 115; Forest Trees N. Am. t. 50.— Darlington, FZ. Cestr. ed. 3, 75. Prunus cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1833. Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl. t. 14, £. 8. Padus Virginiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86. Padus cartilaginea, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 86. A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, sometimes attaining a height of one hundred feet, with a stout straight trunk four to five feet in diameter, and small horizontal branches which form a narrow oblong head ; usually much smaller and occasionally, toward the northern limit of its range, of shrub-like habit. On fully grown trunks the bark varies from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness and is broken by reticulated fissures into small irregular plates, the surface of which splits into thin persistent scales; it is dark red-brown, or in southern Florida and the coast region of the Gulf states is light gray. The branches are slender and rather rigid, and at first are pale green or bronze- green and glabrous; they soon turn bright red or dark brown tinged with red, and in their first winter are red-brown or gray-brown and marked by minute pale lenticels. In the second year the thin tough layer of outer bark is bright red and more conspicuously marked, and may be separated readily in hori- zontal bands from the brilliant green inner layer. The winter-buds are obtuse or on sterile shoots acute, and are covered with bright chestnut-brown broadly ovate scales keeled on the back and apiculate at the apex; those of the inner ranks are persistent on the growing shoots scarious at maturity, acumi- nate, and from one half to two thirds of an inch in length. The leaves are oval, oblong, or lanceolate- oblong, gradually or sometimes abruptly acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped, or occasionally rounded at the base, finely serrate with appressed incurved callose teeth, and furnished at the very base of the blade or at the apex of the slender terete petioles with one or more dark red con- spicuous glands; while young they are slightly bearded along the midribs on the lower surface, and are often bronze-green, and at maturity they are glabrous, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to five inches long, and an inch to an inch and half broad, with narrow conspicuous midribs deeply grooved on the upper side, and slender veins. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, from one half to three fourths of an inch in length, and early deciduous. In autumn the leaves turn clear bright yellow before falling. The flowers, which are 46 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEE. produced on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels developed from the axils of minute scarious cadu- cous bracts, are borne in erect or ultimately spreading narrow many-flowered racemes, four to six inches in length, and appear when the leaves are about half grown, from the end of March in Texas and Louisiana to the first week of June in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. They are a quarter of an inch across when expanded, with a cup-shaped glabrous or puberulous calyx-tube and short ovate-oblong obtuse lobes, slightly laciniate on the margins, reflexed at maturity, and persistent with the stamens until after the falling of the fruit, pure white, broadly obovate petals, glabrous filaments and _pistil, and a thick club-shaped stigma. The fruit, which ripens from June to October, is depressed-globular, slightly lobed, from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, dark red when first fully grown and almost black when ripe, with a thick skin, dark purple juicy flesh of a pleasant vinous flavor, and oblong-obovate pointed thin-walled stones broadly,ridged on the ventral margin and acute on the other. Prunus serotina is distributed from Nova Scotia westward through the Canadian Provinces to the valley of the Kaministiquia River,’ southward through the eastern states to the shores of Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to the valley of the Missouri River in Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Territory and eastern Texas, along the mountain ranges of western Texas, south- ern New Mexico, and Arizona, and on those of Mexico and the Pacific regions of Central America, Co- lombia, and Peru. In the United States Prunus serotina grows usually in rich moist soil, and was once common in all the Appalachian region, where, associated with the White Oak, the White Ash, the Blue Ash, the Sugar Maple, the Yellow Buckeye, the Hickories, and the Black Birch, it was an important element of the forest, reaching its greatest size and beauty on the slopes of the high Alleghany Moun- tains from West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama; sometimes it grows on light sandy soil, and it may be found on the rocky cliffs of the New England coast within reach of the spray of the ocean; in the coast region of the southern states it is nowhere common, and does not attain a large size; and in the southwest it is confined to the bottoms of mountain cafions, at elevations between five thousand and seven thousand feet about the level of the sea, and rarely grows to a greater height than twenty or thirty feet.’ Prunus serotina is one of the most valuable timber trees of the American forests. The wood is light, strong, and rather hard, with a close straight grain and a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it is light brown or red, with thin yellow sapwood composed of ten or twelve layers of 1 Brunet, Cat. Pl. Can. 43.—Delamare, Renauld & Cardot, Fl. Miquelon. 18. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 126, 513. ? Botanists have usually considered the Mexican Cherry-tree a distinct species, but it is impossible to find essential characters to distinguisl’ it from the northern species with which it is connected geographically through Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The leaves of the Mexican tree are often narrowly lanceolate and acu- minate, but this character is by no means constant, and leaves of a similar form are not uncommon on northern trees. The persistent calyx-lobes which distinguish Prunus serotina from the other species of the section Padus are found on the southern as well as on the northern trees. The synonymy of the Mexican Cherry-tree is as fol- lows : — Prunus salicifolia, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 241, t. 563. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Zquin. iii. 481. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 478. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 868. Cerasus Capollin, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 589.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 515. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 713, £. 420. — Bentham, Pl. Hart- weg. 10.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 412. —Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v. 54 (Pl. Wright. ii.). Cerasus salicifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540, — Spach, Hist. Veg. i. 422. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516. Cerasus Capuli, Seringe ; De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 541, — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516.— Spach, Hist. Véq. i. 422. Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles ; Sprengel, Syst. ii. 477. — Schlechten- dal, Linnea, xiii. 89, 404. — Koch, Dendr. i. 123.— Hemsley, Bot.. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 367. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 352. Prunus Capulin, Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. ii. 345, t. 8. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 87.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 62, — Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 53. Prunus Canadensis, Mocino & Sessé, Pl. Mex. Icon. ined. Laurocerasus salicifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89. Prunus salicifolia, var. acutifolia, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 411. As is generally the case with individual trees grown in dry cli- mates, the wood of the New Mexican Cherry is considerably heavier than the average of several specimens from trees which had grown in other parts of the United States, the specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood being 0.7879, and a cubic foot weighing 49.10 pounds. The Mexican Cherry is supposed to be an inhabitant of French gardens (Rev. Hort. 1884, 111; 1891, 62, f. 19, 20; 196. — Lavallée, Arb. Segrez. 115, t. 34), but as the plants which resemble in every respect the Wild Cherries of the east are perfectly hardy in the neighborhood of Paris and in the Arnold Arboretum, which received them from France, they are probably of more northern origin than the French horticulturists believe. In the elevated regions of western South America the Mexican Cherry is occasion- ally planted as a fruit-tree in the neighborhood of dwellings (Ed. André, L’Amérique Equinoxiale [Le Tour du Monde, xxxiv. 46]). ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Any) annual growth, but grows darker with exposure to the air. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5822, a cubic foot weighing 36.28 pounds; the wood of no other North American tree is better colored or more valuable for cabinet-making and the fine interior finish of houses, and the great demand for it for these purposes has caused the destruction of the largest and best trees in all parts of the country. The bark of the Wild Cherry, which contains the bitter principle * peculiar to plants of this genus, yields hydrocyanie acid when steeped in cold water, and, especially that of the branches and roots, is much employed in medicine for infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts, which are used as tonics and seda- tives in the treatment of pulmonary consumption and nervous debility? The ripe fruit is used domesti- cally to flavor alcoholic liquors; and under the name of capulinos it is sold in the markets of Mexico and Central America, where it is eaten fresh or preserved, and is fermented and manufactured into a liquor similar to kirschwasser.* The records of several early voyagers to the New World mention the Wild Cherry,‘ and, being established in English gardens before 1629, as John Parkinson records in his Paradisi in Sole Paradi- sus terrestris, it was one of the first American trees cultivated in Europe.® With its tall massive trunk, lustrous foliage, abundant and graceful inflorescence, and handsome fruit, the Wild Cherry is one of the stateliest and most beautiful trees of the eastern woods; and its hardiness and ability to thrive under varied climatic conditions and in different soils, its rapid growth, and the value of the timber it produces, commend it to the attention of the planters of forests. 1 Procter, Am. Jour. Pharm. iv. 197. — Perot, Am. Jour. Pharm. xxiv. 750. ? B.S. Barton, Coll. ed. 3, 11, pt. ii. 51.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 288. — Carson, Med. Bot. i. 41, t. 35.— Bentley, Pharm. Jour. v. 97.—Gobley, Jour. Pharm. et Chim. xv. 40.—Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7. iti. 317.— Flickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 224.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 14, 749. — Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 1177. — Bentley & Trimen, Med. Pl. ii. 97, t. 97. — Laurence Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. A. 135, £. 122. —Maisch, Organic Mat. Med. ed. 4, 184. 8 Hamelin, Rev. Hort. 1884, 111. 4 «Tt naturally yeelds mulberry-trees, cherry-trees, vines aboun- dance ; goosberyes, strawberyes, hurtleberyes, respesses.”’ (A Re- latyon of the discovery of our river from James Forte into the Maine ; made by Capt. Christopher Newport, and seveerely written and observed by a gentleman of the colony. Archeologia Americana, iv. 61 [1607].) De Capolin, seu Ceraso dulci Indica, Francisco Hernandez, Hist. Pi. Nov. Hisp. ed. Madrid, 1790, ii. lib. vi. cap. Lxxviii. De Capolin seu ceraso dulci, Nieremberg, Hist. Nat. lib. xv. cap. xxi. 343 (cum icone, p. 344). “The indigenous fruits consist . . . of mulberries, plums, but not many, medlars, wild cherries.” (Representation from New- Nether-Land, concerning the Situation, Fruitfulness, and poor Condition of the same. English ed. Henry C. Murphy, 15.) “ Wild Cherry, they grow in clusters like Grapes, of the same bigness, blackish red when ripe, and of a harsh taste.” (Josselyn, New England’s Rarities, 61.) 5 Laurea Cerasus, sive laurus Virginiana, the Virginian Bay or Cherry Bay, 599, t., £. 6. Cerasus racemosa, foliis Amygdalinis, Americana, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 158, £.4; Alm. Bot. 95. Cerasus sylvestris, fructu nigricante in racemis longis pendulis Phyto- lacce: instar congestis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 54,— Royen, Fi. Leyd. Prodr. 537. — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, i. 148. ® Sargent, Rep. Sec. Board Agric. Mass. xxv. 269. — Naudin, Man- uel de l’ Acclimateur, 198. AS See CE EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLIX. Prunus sEROTINA. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. A stone, enlarged. Portion of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. piwa of North America. Tak. CEES: C.E.Fazxon del. Preart fr. so. PRUNUS SEROTINA. Ehrh. A.Riocreux direx! Imp Rh. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 PRUNUS CAROLINIANA. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. CALYx-LoBEs rounded at the apex, with undulate margins. Stone broadly ovate, cylindrical. Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 163. — Willde- now, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 987. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 667. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 203. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 302.— Sprengel, Newe Hntd. i. 304; Syst. ti. 478. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sz. i. 540.— Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190. — Schlechtendal, Linnea, xiii. 89. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Chapman, Fil. 120. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 57.— Koch, Dendr. i. 124. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 69. Padus Caroliniana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6. Padus Carolina, Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 198. Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus serratifolia, Marshall, Am. 114. Prunus Lusitanica, Walter, #7. Car. 146 (not Linneus). Arbust. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate. Prunus Lusitanica, var. serratifolia, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 340. Cerasus Caroliniana, Michaus, 77. Bor.-Am. i. 285. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 582. — Nouveau Duhamel, vy. 5. — Michaux, Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 156, t. 7. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516. — Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 420. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 720, £. 423. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 411. Prunus sempervirens, Willdenow, Znum. Suppl. 33. ? Bumelia serrata, Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 155. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv. 498. ? Achras serrata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 36. Chimanthus amygdalina, Rafinesque, fl. Ludovic. 26. Laurocerasus Caroliniana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 90. A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a straight or inclining trunk sometimes ten or twelve inches in diameter, and small horizontal branches forming a rather narrow oblong or sometimes a broadly spreading head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, and smooth or slightly. roughened by narrow longitudinal ridges, and is gray, with large irregular dark blotches. The branches are glabrous and marked by occasional pale lenticels, slightly angled, at first light green, then bright red, and in their second season light brown or gray. The buds are acuminate, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with narrow-pointed dark chestnut-brown scales rounded on the back. The leaves, which are persistent on the branches until their second year, are oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and mucronate, with entire thickened slightly revolute margins, or are rarely remotely spinulose-serrate ; they are glabrous, coriaceous, and obscurely veined, with narrow pale midribs deeply grooved on the upper side, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to four and a half inches long, and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on stout broad orange-colored channeled petioles. The stipules are foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, and early deciduous. The flowers appear from February to April and are produced, in dense racemes shorter than the leaves, on slender club-shaped pedicels from the axils of long acuminate scarious red-tipped bracts; these mostly fall some time before the opening of the flowers, which are cream-colored, and have a narrow obconic calyx-tube with small thin rounded deciduous lobes undulate on the margins and reflexed after anthesis, minute erect boat-shaped petals, exserted orange-colored stamens with gla- brous filaments, large pale anthers, and a glabrous pistil and club-shaped stigma. The fruit ripens in the autumn and remains on the branches until after the flowering period of the following year; it is oblong, short-pointed, black, and lustrous, and half an inch long, with a thick skin, thin dry flesh, and a broadly ovate pointed cylindrical stone which has an obscure or rudimentary ridge on the ventral margin, and thin fragile walls. The coat of the seed is thin and papery and dark red-brown like the cotyledons which inclose the short radicle. Prunus Caroliniana inhabits the southern eoast region, and is distributed from the valley of the 50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. Cape Fear River to the shores of Bay Biscayne and the valley of the Kissimmee River in Florida, and through southern Alabama, Missouri, and Louisiana to the valley of the Guadaloupe River in Texas. It grows in deep rich humid bottom-lands, reaching its greatest size in the valleys of eastern Texas, where it often forms nearly impenetrable thickets of considerable size; in the eastern Gulf and Atlantic states it is nowhere common and is confined to the islands and the immediate neighborhood of the sea, rarely penetrating inland more than fifteen or twenty miles. The wood of Prunus Caroliniana is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is light red-brown or sometimes rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, a satiny surface susceptible of receiy- ing a beautiful polish, and many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8688, a cubic foot weighing 54.14 pounds. Prunus Caroliniana contains hydrocyanic acid in considerable quantities, and the partially with- ered leaves and young branches have proved fatal to animals browsing upon them.+ Prunus Caroliniana was first described by Mark Catesby in his Natural History of Carolina, published in 1731, and was first cultivated in Europe in the Physic Garden at Chelsea by Philip Miller, who received it from Catesby in 1759. The beauty of the foliage* of the Mock Orange, its early and abundant flowers, and the rapidity of its growth, make it a favorite garden plant in the southern states, where it has been used from early times to decorate the neighborhood of dwellings, and to form hedges, for which purpose it is well adapted by its rigid leaves and its power of withstanding the effects of annual prunings.° 1 Elliott, Sk. i. 540. which grows about 30 feet high in S. Carolina, and from the 2 Ligustrum Lauri folio, fructu violaceo, i. 61, t. 61. beauty of its evergreen shining leaves is called the Mock-orange ; Padus foliis | latis acute denticulatis sempervirentibus, Miller, the fruit of this steeped in brandy makes a fine flavoured ratafie.” Dict. ed. 7, No. 6. (Stork, An Account of East Florida, Bartram’s Journal, 9, note.) 8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 163. 5 Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 171. — Nau- 4 “There is an evergreen sort of this Bird or Cluster-cherry din, Manuel de ?Acclimateur, 197. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puatze CLX. Prunus CaRouiniana. A flowering and fruiting branch, natural size. A flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. An embryo, enlarged. Vertical section of a portion of the embryo, showing the radicle, enlarged. . A stone, enlarged. oo See . The inflorescence before anthesis, showing the bracts, natural size. . A spinulose-toothed leaf, natural size. iy i=) Silva of North America. , 7 . | Tab CLS. C.E Faxon del. Pwart fr. s¢. PRUNUS CAROLINIANA, Ait. A.Riocreux direx ! Imp. R.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 PRUNUS SPHASROCARPA. CALYX-LOBES acute, with laciniate margins. Stone globose. fleas elliptical to oblong-ovate, entire. Prunus spherocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. 81; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 927. — Willdenow, Spee. ii. pt. ii. 987. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 666. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 84.— Lunan, Hort. 276. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 516. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 43. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 478; iv. pt. ii. 406.— Schlechtendal, Linnea, xiii. 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 10. — Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 231.— Hooker f. Martius Jam. ii. endal, Linnea, ii. 542.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 721. — Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Vég. i. 421. Prunus Brasiliensis, Steudel, Nom. Bot. Cerasus Brasiliensis, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, ii. 540. Cerasus reflexa, Gardner, Lond. Jowr. Bot. ii. 342. Laurocerasus spheerocarpa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. Fl. Brasil. xiv. pt. ii. 55, t. 19. — Sauvalle, F2. Oud. 89. 36. — Chapman, ZV. ed. 2, Suppl. 620.—Sargent, Forest Laurocerasus sphzerocarpa, @. Brasiliensis, Roemer, Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 70. Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 89. Cerasus spheerocarpa, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, y. Prunus pleuradenia, Grisebach, FU. Brit. W. Ind. 231. 4, — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 540. — Chamisso & Schlecht- A small glabrous tree, in Florida rarely exceeding twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a trunk five or six mches in diameter covered with thin smooth or slightly reticulate-fissured light brown bark timged with red, and slender upright branches and branchlets. These, when they first appear, are orange-brown but become ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, and are covered with small circular pale lenticels. The leaves are elliptical to oblong-ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted into broad obtuse points or less commonly rounded or rarely emarginate at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, with slightly thickened undulate margins, eglandular, obscurely veined, with narrow mid- ribs deeply grooved on the upper side; they are persistent, subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to four and a half inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender orange-brown petioles which vary from one half of an inch to nearly an inch in length. The stipules are foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, entire, a quarter of an inch long, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced in slender many-flowered racemes shorter than the leaves and ebracteolate at the flowering period, and in Florida appear in November; they are one eighth of an inch across and are borne on slender orange-colored pedicels which stand remotely on the rachis and vary from one fourth to two thirds of an inch in length. The calyx-tube is obconic, bright orange-colored on the outer surface, and marked by an orange band in the throat, with thin minute acute deciduous lobes laciniate on the margins and much shorter than the petals, which are obovate, rounded, or acuminate above, contracted below into short claws, and reflexed at maturity, and are white marked with yellow on the inner surface towards the base. The stamens are exserted, and have slender orange-colored subulate filaments and small yellow anthers. The ovary is ovoid and contracted into a short stout style crowned with a large club-shaped stigma. The fruit, which in Florida is produced very sparingly and ripens either in the sprig or early summer, is subglobose to oblong, apiculate, orange-brown, and from one third to one half of an inch long, with thin dry flesh adherent to the thin-walled fragile stone which is obscurely ridged on the ventral edge. The seed is pointed at the apex, with a thin dark orange-colored testa and thick cotyledons inclosing the short radicle. Prunus spherocarpa is found in the United States only near the shore of Bay Biscayne, where, west of the Miami River on rich hummock-land, it grows as a slender tree in a dense forest principally composed of the Mastic, the Gumbo Limbo, the Pigeon Plum, and the Florida Fig-tree, and occasionally 52 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. on low ground near the borders of small streams and ponds. It is not rare in the West Indies, and is widely distributed through Brazil. The wood of Prunus spherocarpa is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with obscure medullary rays and numerous minute open ducts, and is light clear red, with thick pale sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8998, a cubic foot weighing 56.08 pounds. The fruit is used in the West Indies in the preparation of a cordial.’ Prunus spherocarpa was first found in Florida in 1877 by Dr. A. P. Garber.” 1 Bot. Mag. t. 3141. — Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 979. 2 See i. 65. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLXI. Prunus sPH#ROCARPA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower just expanded, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 5. A seed, enlarged. 6. Part of a young leafy shoot showing stipules, natural size. Silva of North America. . Tab. GOAL. 7 Pieart fr. se. CE. Faxon det. weart fr. se PRUNUS SPHAROCARPA, Sw. A.Riocreux direa® Imp. R.Taneur Parws. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA. Islay. CALYX-LOBES acute, entire. Stone ovate, slightly compressed. Leaves ovate to lanceolate-acuminate, coarsely spinosely toothed or rarely entire. ‘Prunus ilicifolia, Walpers, Rep. ii. 10.— Dietrich, Syn. Beechey, 340, t. 83. — Torrey & Gray, #7. N. Am. i. 411. — iii. 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 63; Bot. Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 16, t. 47. —Torrey, Zmory’s Rep. 139; Wilkes Explor. Exped. 285.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 83. — Walpers, Ann. iv. 654. — Cal. i. 168 ; ii. 448. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 22. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Census U.S. ix. 70. — Greene, Fl. Francis. 50. Acad. iii. 79; iv. 22. — The Garden, iii. 131, f. ‘Cerasus ilicifolia, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Laurocerasus ilicifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 92. A glabrous tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk rarely attainmg a diameter of two feet or rising to a greater height than ten or twelve feet, and stout spreading branches forming a dense compact head; usually much smaller, and often a shrub with stems sometimes only a foot or two in length. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one third to one half of an inch in thickness, is dark red-brown, its surface divided by deep fissures into small square plates. The branchlets are at first yellow-green or orange-colored but soon become gray or reddish brown, and are more or less con- spicuously marked by minute pale lenticels, and, in their second or third year, by the large leaf-scars left by the falling of the leaves. The buds are acuminate, with narrow dark red scales contracted into long slender points, those of the inner ranks being accrescent and persistent on the young shoots until these have obtained a length of several inches. The leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or emargiaate at the apex, wedge-shaped and rounded or truncate at the base, and very obscurely veined, with thickened margins coarsely spinosely toothed, the stout teeth near the base of the leaf often tipped with large dark glands; they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler and yellow-green on the lower surface, an inch to two and a half inches long, and an inch to an inch and a half broad, with slender yellow midribs grooved on the upper side; they are borne on broad channeled petioles from one eighth to one half of an inch in length, and fall during their second summer. The stipules are acuminate, obscurely denticulate, a quarter of an inch long, and early deciduous. The flowers, which are produced in slender racemes an inch and a half to three inches in length, on short slender pedicels developed from the axils of acuminate scarious bracts a quarter of an inch in length and mostly deciduous before the opening of the flower-buds, are a third of an inch across and appear from March to May. The calyx-tube is cup-shaped and orange-brown, with minute acuminate deciduous lobes reflexed at maturity and about one third as long as the obovate white petals which are rounded above and narrowed below into short claws. The stamens are slightly — exserted, with slender incurved filaments which taper from below upwards, and minute yellow anthers. The ovary is glabrous and abruptly contracted into a slender style usually bent near the summit at a right angle, or rarely erect, and surmounted with a large orbicular stigma. The fruit, which ripens in November and December, is subglobose, often compressed, from one half to two thirds of an inch in diameter, dark red when first fully grown, and purple or sometimes nearly black at maturity ; the flesh is thin, with a slightly acid astringent and agreeable flavor, and is easily separable from the stone. This is ovate, slightly compressed, pointed at the apex, light yellow-brown, and conspicuously marked with reticulate orange-colored vein-like lines, with three broad orange bands radiating from the base to the apex along one suture, and with a single narrow band along the other suture ; the walls are thin and brittle and are composed of two distinct coats, the inner being light yellow and lustrous on the 54 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. interior surface. The seed coat is thin and papery, light brown, and conspicuously marked with broad darker colored veins ; the cotyledons are orange-brown and inclose the short radicle. A form, Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia,’ common on some of the islands off the coast of Cali- fornia and not rare on the mainland, has entire or occasionally spinose-serrate ovate-acuminate or lanceolate-acuminate, or sometimes broadly ovate and abruptly acute leaves, apiculate at the apex, wedge- shaped, rounded, or truncate at the base, two to three inches long, and from half an inch to two and a half inches broad, and produces rather larger fruit than the more common form with spinosely toothed leaves. Prunus ilicifolia is distributed from the shores of the Bay of San Francisco southward through the coast ranges to the San Julio canon in Lower California,? and it occurs on the western slopes and. foothills of the San Bernardino, and on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. It grows as a low shrub on dry hillsides and mesas, or as a tree near streams in the bottoms of cations in moist sandy soil, reaching its greatest size in those of the Santa Inez Mountains near Santa Barbara, on the islands, and. in Lower California. The wood of Prunus ilicifolia is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. It contains numerous medullary rays and many regularly distributed small open ducts, and is light red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of eight or ten layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9803, a cubic foot weighing 61.09 pounds.’ It is sometimes used for fuel, and might be employed in cabinet-making. Prunus Wicifolia appears to have been first noticed by David Douglas‘ who discovered it on the mountains near Monterey ; it was next found by Thomas Nuttall,> whose description is the earliest that was published. It was introduced into Europe many years ago, and is now occasionally seen in the gardens of southern Europe,’ where it flowers and produces fruit abundantly, and in California is some- times cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges." Few of the broad-leaved evergreens of North America are more beautiful than the Islay,° or are better suited to adorn a garden in those parts of the world where the climate permits it to display all the beauties of its abundant lustrous foliage, its showy racemes of flowers, and its handsome fruit. Its rapid growth when planted in good soil,’ the vigor which enables it to withstand the effects of annual cutting, and its spinescent rigid foliage, make it a useful and interesting hedge plant.” 1 Prunus iicifolia, var. integrifolia, Sudworth, Garden and Forest, there. In 1850 it was seen by Herincq in the nurseries of Thibaut iv. 51. Prunus occidentalis, W.S. Lyon, Bot. Gazette, xi. 202, 333 (not Swartz). — Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 395. Prunus ilicifolia, var. occidentalis, T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 209.— Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 400. 2 Mr. T. S. Brandegee found the entire-leaved form of Prunus ilicifolia growing in the San Julio cafion at the southern limit of its known range in a tree-like form with trunks more than a foot in diameter (J. ¢. ii. 121 [Pl. Baja Cal.]). 8 The absolutely dry wood of a log of the entire-leaved form in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, collected by Mr. T. S. Brandegee on Santa Cruz Island, has a specific gravity of 0.7997, a cubic foot weighing 49.84 pounds (Garden and Forest, iii. 344). 4 See ii. 94. 5 See ii. 34. ° I find no record of the date of introduction of Prunus ilicifolia into Europe, or of the name of the first person who cultivated it & Keteléer near Paris (Rev. Hort. 1850, 246), and five years later: it was included in the list of plants which perished in the garden of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris during the severe winter of 1854-55 (Rev. Hort. 1855, 313). It had been intro- duced into England before 1853 by the Royal Horticultural Society (Paxton, Brit. Fl. Gard. iii. 44, £. 254). 7 The early Spanish settlers in California appreciated the beauty of Prunus iicifolia, and frequently used it to decorate their gar- dens ; and in those of some of the old missions, fine specimens, probably a hundred years old, testify to its value as an ornamental plant. 8 Prunus ilicifolia is also known in California as the Spanish Wild Cherry and the Mountain Evergreen Cherry. ® Plants in the nurseries of the Leland Stanford, Jr. University in Santa Clara County, California, which are only three years old, are eighteen feet high with heads fifteen feet in diameter. 10 Nicholson, Dict. Gard. £. 403, A. (as Cerasus). — Naudin, Manuel de VAcclimateur, 445 (as Pygeum). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats CLXII. PRunvs ILIcIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower just expanded, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 5. A stone, natural size. 6. An embryo, natural size. Prats CLXII. Prunus WiIciFOLIA, vai. INTEGRIFOLIA. ic) A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. OF Whe and 6. Leaves, showing variation. Silva of North America. 3 - | Tab. CLXII. C.E Faxon det. Powcart fr tes. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA , Walp. ~A Riocreux direx © limp. R. Taneur, Paris + Silva of North America. Tab, CLA C 9 e ir) Yo QQ ey) XO a, Soe, Ce Preart fr sc. CE. Fazon det. wart fP.sc PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA, Var .INTEGRIFOLIA. Sudworth. ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 VAUQUELINIA. FLOWERS regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation ; petals 5 imbricated in estivation ; stamens 15 to 25; carpels 5, united into a 5-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a dry 5-celled woody capsule. Leaves simple. Vauquelinia, Correa; Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Hquin. i. 140. — Meisner, Gen. 103. — Endlicher, Gen. 1249. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 615. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 472. Small trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches and scaly bark. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, lanceolate, serrate, long-petiolate, reticulate-vened, coriaceous, persistent ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers white, in compound terminal corymbs, the lower branches of the inflorescence from the axils of leaves, the upper from those of minute deciduous bracts. Pedicels slender, bibracteo- late. Calyx shortly turbinate, coriaceous, persistent, five-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse or acute, erect. Disk connate to and lining the tube of the calyx, glandular. Petals five, inserted in the mouth of the Stamens fifteen to twenty-five, inserted on the margin of the disk in three or four proximate rows, equal or subequal, those of the outer row para- petalous, those of the next alternate with them and with those of the other rows; filaments subulate, those of the outer row rather thicker at the base than the others, exserted, persistent; anthers attached on the back near the middle, versatile, extrorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels five, opposite the sepals, inserted on the thickened base of the calyx-tube, united below into a five-celled ovoid ovary coated with tomentum and crowned by five short spreading styles with dilated capitate stigmas; ovules two in each cell, subbasilar, ascending, collateral, anatropous, two-coated, prolonged calyx, orbicular or oblong, reflexed at maturity, persistent. at the apex into thin membranaceous wings; raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit a woody ovoid five-celled tomentose capsule inclosed at the base by the remnants of the flower and separating at maturity into five nutlets adherent below, tipped with the remnants of the styles, and at maturity split- ting longitudinally down the back. Seeds two im each cell, ascending, compressed, exalbuminous ; testa membranaceous, expanded at the apex into a long membranaceous wing. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flat; radicle straight, erect. Vauquelinia is confined to the New World, where it inhabits southern Mexico, northern Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California. Three species are distinguished. The type of the genus, Vauquelinia corymbosa; is a small tree widely distributed from the mountains of Oaxaca to those of Coahuila and Chihuahua ; Vauquelinia Karwinskyi, described as a shrub, inhabits southern Mexico, and Vauque- linia Californica the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and the adjacent portions of Sonora and Lower California. The genus is not known to possess properties useful to man. The generic name commemorates the scientific labors of the distinguished French chemist, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.? 1 Correa ; Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Aquin. i. 140, t. 40. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 238. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Ziquin. iii. 479. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 398, £. 452-455. — Maximowicz, Act. Hort. Petrop. vi. 236 (Adnot. Spireaceis, 132).— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 370. — Pringle, Garden and For- est, i. 524. 2 Maximowicz, l. ¢. 3 Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763-1829) ; a native of Saint-An- dré-des-Berteaux, after a youth of much privation, became the pupil and later the associate of Foureroy, with whom he published the results of many of his early investigations and through whom he obtained the position of inspector of mines, and professorships in V’Ecole des Mines, in VP’ Beole Polytechnique, and in the Collége de France. He became a member of the Institut de France, direc- tor of Ecole de Pharmacie, professor of chemistry in the Mu- séum d’Histoire Naturelle, and a member of the Conseil des Arts et Manufactures. In addition to many papers printed in the Pro- ceedings of learned societies, Wenge who was regarded as one of the most distinguished in physics and chemistry of his time, published Le Moa @Essayeur and edited the Dic- tionnaire de Chimie et de Métallurgie which formed part of the En- cyclopédie Methodique. ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, coated on the lower surface with white tomentum. Vauquelinia Californica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. Wauquelinia Torreyi, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147.— 400. Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 169. — Maximowicz, Act. Spirea Californica, Torrey, Hmory’s Rep. 140. Hort. Petrop. vi. 237 (Adnot. Spireaceis, 133). — Hems- Vauquelinia corymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. ley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 370. — Sargent, Forest Trees 64 (not Correa). NV. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 70. A small tree, eighteen or twenty feet in height, with a slender often hollow trunk five or six inches in diameter, and rigid upright contorted branches ; or more often a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a sixteenth of an inch thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into small thin square plate-like persistent scales. The branches are at first bright reddish brown and more or less thickly covered with pale tomentum ; and in their second year are light brown or gray and marked with large elevated leaf- sears. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, obliquely wedge- shaped or slightly rounded at the base, and remotely serrate with minute glandular teeth; when they unfold they are puberulous on the upper, and densely tomentose on the lower surface, and at maturity are coriaceous, bright yellow-green and glabrous on the upper, and tomentose, or late in the season puberulous, below; they are from an inch and a half to three inches long, and from one quarter to one half of an inch broad, with thick conspicuous midribs grooved on the upper side, and numerous thin primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets, and are borne on thick channeled petioles from one third to one half of an inch in length, and fall in spring or early summer. ‘The stipules are minute, acute, and early deciduous. The flowers, which appear in June, are a quarter of an inch in diameter and are produced in great numbers in loose wide-branched panicles two or three inches across and coated with white tomentum ; they vary from those of the type of the genus only in their slightly oblong petals and the pilose inner surface of the disk. The fruit, which is fully grown by the end of August, is then conspicuous on account of the contrast between the bright red faded petals and the white silky cover- ing of the calyx and carpels; it is a quarter of an inch long, and remains on the branches after open- ing until the spring of the following year. The seed is a twelfth of an inch in length, or one third as long as the oblong wing. Vauquelinia Californica inhabits the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and those of Sonora and Lower California,’ but has not been seen with the habit of a tree except on the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona; here at an elevation of some five thousand feet above the level of the sea it reaches its largest size in rich granite soil baked by the direct rays of the sun, growing on the bottoms or rocky sides of gulches, or often on grassy slopes and chiefly associated with Quercus grisea and Quercus oblongifolia ; and towards the base of these mountains is common in a shrubby form with Celtis pallida, Fendlera rupicola, Fouquieria splendens, and Rhamnus Purshiana. The wood of Vauquelinia Californica is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, and is susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is dark rich brown streaked with red, with thin yellow sapwood composed of fourteen or fifteen layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.1374, a cubic foot weighing 70.88 pounds.” Vauquelinia Californica was discovered in October, 1846, by a detachment of United States troops 1 T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii, 154 (Pl. Baja Cal.). American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in 2 The stems of Vauquelinia Californica increase very slowly in New York, which is only seven inches in diameter, with one hun- diameter“as shown by the specimen in the Jesup Collection of North dred and four layers of annual growth. 60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. under command of Colonel William H. Emory,‘ on one of the mountain ranges near the head-waters of the Gila River. The snowy whiteness of the under surface of its leaves and the abundance of its flowers make Vauquelinia Californica an attractive and beautiful plant well worth a place in the gardens of all dry temperate regions. 1 William Hemsley Emory (1811-1887) was born in Queen Anne County, Maryland, and was graduated from the military academy at West Point in 1831, when he was appointed a second. lieutenant of artillery. He resigned from the army in 1836 in order to practice civil engineering, but two years later was reap- pointed with the grade of first lieutenant of topographical engi- Emory served with distinction in California and in the Mexican War, and on the conclusion of peace was named astronomer to the ission for establishing the boundary between the United States and Mexico, and afterwards became a member of this com- He fought gallantly in the War of the Rebellion and ob- neers. mission. tained the rank of major-g 1 of volunt He is the author of Notes of a Military Ri Srom Fort L th in Mis- souri to San Diego in California, published in Washington in 1848 ; of Notes of Travel in California, published in New York in 1848, and of the Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Commis- sion, published in Washington in 1857. Emorya, a shrub of New Mexico and Arizona, dedicated to him by Torrey, comthemorates General Emory’s active and intelligent interest in increasing the knowledge of plants, and connects his name with the scenes of his scientific labors. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLXIV. Vavuquetinia CALiFORNICA. is SO St oe BRP a el . A flowering branch, natural size. Diagram of a flower A flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A stamen, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, enlarged. A fruit, after the splitting open of the carpels, enlarged. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A seed, enlarged. . An embryo, magnified. Silva of North America: Tab, GLXIV. CE. Faxon del. Part, fr SC. VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA. Sarg ' ; A. Riocreux direx® ‘ Limp. R.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61 CERCOCARPUS. FLowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; petals 0; stamens 15 to 30; carpel 1 or rarely 2. Fruit a linear-oblong akene tipped with the accrescent persistent plumose style. Leaves alternate, simple, persistent. Cercocarpus, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et 1245. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 618. — Baillon, Hist. Spec. vi. 232. — Meisner, Gen. 105.— Endlicher, Ger. Pi. i. 468. Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete branches, short lateral spur-like branchlets, and hard heavy dark-colored wood. Buds minute, the scales of the inner rows accrescent on the growing shoots, often colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate, coriaceous, straight-veined, short-petiolate, persistent ; stipules minute, adnate to the base of the petiole, deciduous. Flowers sessile or short- pedicellate, solitary or fascicled, axillary or terminal. Calyx-tube cylindrical, long and pedicelliform, abruptly expanded at the apex into a cup-shaped five-lobed deciduous limb. Disk thin, slightly glandu- lar, adnate to the tube of the calyx. Stamens inserted in two or three rows on the limb of the calyx, those of the outer row parasepalous and alternate with those of the inner rows; filaments incurved in the bud, free, short, terete; anthers oblong, usually pubescent, attached on the back, introrse, two- celled, the cells opening longitudinally, distinct, united by a broad connective. Ovary composed of a single carpel, inserted in the bottom and included in the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate or suleate, sericeous ; or rarely bicarpellate ; style terminal, filiform, villose, or glabrate, crowned with a minute obtuse stigma; ovules solitary, subbasilar, ascending, anatropous; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Akene linear-oblong, coriaceous, slightly ridged, angled, or sulcate, included in the persistent tube of the calyx and surmounted by the long persistent plumose style, which in enlarging and length- ening raises the limb of the calyx now separated near the apex of the tube by a circumscissile line. Seeds solitary, linear-acute, erect, exalbuminous, the conspicuous hilum lateral above the oblique base ; testa membranaceous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons ovate-oblong, elongated, fleshy ; radicle inferior. Cercocarpus is confined to the dry interior and mountainous regions of North America. Three species can be distinguished. The type of the genus, Cercocarpus fothergilloides,' inhabits the moun- tains of southern Mexico; the others are small shrubby trees of the central and western parts of the United States and of northern Mexico. The wood of all the species makes valuable fuel, and is occasionally used in the manufacture of many small objects for domestic and industrial use. The generic name, from xépxog and xapzdc, refers to the peculiar long-tailed fruit. 1 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 233, t. 589.— Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 381, f. 436, 437. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. 559.— Kunth, Syn. Pl. Ziquin. iii. 475.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. Am. Cent. i. 373. — Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iii. 39, £. 17. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Leaves narrowly linear, entire . . . meet dct ish pip a a ene rial ad COL inh TROT TUES Leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely Beer ee Aes the middle. . «2.1.7... 2. ©. PARvimonius, ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS. Mountain Mahogany. LEAVES narrowly lanceolate, entire. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. WN. Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 174. — Rothrock, Wheeler's Rep. vi. Am. i. 427; Sylva, ii. 28, t. 51.— Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 48, 111, 360.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- 324. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 46. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 119. — sus U. S. ix. 71. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 80. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 83, 420.— Parry, Am. Nat. ix. M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 244. 201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 146.— Brewer & A resinous and slightly aromatic tree, rarely attaining a height of forty feet, with a short stout trunk occasionally two and a half feet in diameter, and stout spreading usually contorted branches forming a round compact head; generally much smaller, or often a low intricately branched shrub. The bark of the trunk of old individuals is an inch thick and is divided by deep broad furrows, the red-brown surface being broken into thin persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are red-brown at first and coated with pale pubescence, but soon become glabrous and sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom, and in their second season are silver gray or dark brown, and for many years are marked by the conspicuous elevated leaf-scars which give a moniliform appearance to the branches of slow-grown stunted individuals. The leaves, which remain on the branches until the end of their second summer, are crowded, narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, apiculate, and entire, with thick revolute margins ; they are thick and coriaceous, reticulate-veined, with broad thick midribs deeply grooved on the upper side, and obscure primary veins, usually puberulous when young but at maturity glabrous on the upper surface, and more or less coated with pale or rufous pubescence on the lower surface, and are resinous, half an inch to an inch in length, a third to two thirds of an inch in width, and are borne on short broad petioles. The stipules are minute, nearly triangular, and caducous. The flowers are solitary, sessile in the axils of the clustered leaves, two thirds of an inch long, the calyx with acute lobes covered with pale tomentum. The enlarged calyx-tube of the fruit is almost half an inch long, nearly cylin- drical but rather larger above than .below, ten-ribbed, obscurely ten-angled, slightly cleft at the apex, and coated with pale tomentum. ‘The akene is chestnut-brown, pointed at the two ends, obscurely angled, a quarter of an inch long, and clothed with long pale or tawny hairs similar to those that cover the tail-like lengthened style which at maturity is two or three inches in length, and is generally con- tracted by one or two partial corkscrew twists. Cercocarpus ledifolius inhabits the mountain ranges of the interior region of the United States, and is distributed from western Wyoming to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains of Idaho, and the eastern portions of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and southward through the Wasatch Mountains and the ranges of the Great Basin to the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the northern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains and to the mountains of northern New Mexico and Arizona. It inhabits dry gravelly arid slopes at elevations of from five thousand to nine thousand feet above the level of the ocean, growing sometimes on almost precipitous cliffs and on rocky ridges, where it is a densely branched contorted shrub which often forms broad thickets, or, on better soil and with more moisture, rising to a shapely tree and reaching its greatest size on the high foothill-slopes of the mountain ranges of central Nevada between six thousand and eight thousand feet above the level of the sea.’ 1 Sargent, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvii. 420. 64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, The wood of Cercocarpus ledifolius is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, although brittle and extremely difficult to work. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is bright clear red or often rich dark brown, with thin yellow sapwood composed of fifteen or twenty layers of annual growth, and is susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0731, a cubic foot weighing 66.88 pounds. It furnishes the most valuable fuel produced in the region that it inhabits, and in the Great Basin is largely manufactured into charcoal used in smelting silver ore. A variety of this plant, Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatus,' a low intricately branched shrub, distinguished by its linear revolute leaves and small flowers and fruit, is common on the mountain ranges of Utah and Arizona, where, at high elevations, it sometimes covers cliffs and rocky mountain slopes, and at lower elevations gradually and by many intermediate forms passes into the large-leaved upright arborescent form.’ Cercocarpus ledifolius was discovered in 1834 by Thomas Nuttall® in the valley of the upper Snake River in western Wyoming. Few other trees produce more valuable fuel than Cercocarpus ledifolius ; this fact, and its ability to thrive under the most severe climatic conditions and to clothe and protect exposed mountain slopes. where few other trees could maintain themselves and where no other hard-wood tree is found, make it one of the most valuable trees of the North American forests‘ in spite of its small size and its slow rate of growth.® 1M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 244. tanical establishments of Europe from the Arnold Arboretum im Cercocarpus intricatus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 346.—Sar- 1878. It is still, however, exceedingly rare in cultivation, although gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71. it may be expected to flourish on the dry high mountain slopes of Cercocarpus brevifolius, Watson, King’s Rep. v. 83 (not Gray). southern Europe and northern Africa, and in some parts of India. Cercocarpus Arizonicus, M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 14. 5 A specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods: 2 Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 147. in the American Museum of Natural History in New York displays: 8 See ii. 34, one hundred and eight layers of annual growth, and inside the bark. 4 Seeds of Cercocarpus ledifolius were sent to the principal bo- is only thirteen inches in diameter. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CLXV. CrERcocaRPus LEDIFOLIUS. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Diagram of a flower. A flower, enlarged. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit inclosed in the tube of the calyx, enlarged. . An akene divided transversely, enlarged. CHOHNAMAEwWHH . Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. An embryo, much magnified. 11. A leaf with stipules, enlarged. Tae. CLA: “Silva of North America. Picart fr. se. CE Faxon det. CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS, Nutt. Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. A. Riocreux direx* ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS. Mountain Mahogany. LEAVES cuneate-obovate, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. vi. 111, 359. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 174; ii. Voy. Beechey, 337. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 427; 444,—M. E. Jones, Hacur. Bot. 12, 15, 20, 21; Zoi, ii. Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. 164. — Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 8323. — 245. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 374. — Watson, Walpers, Rep. ii. 45.— Torrey, Frémont’s Rep. 89; Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 353. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Limory’s Rep. 139; Sitgreaves’ Rep. 158; Pacific BR. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 71, — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mi. R. Rep. iv. 83; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 63; Bot. Wilkes Bot. 81. — Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 59. Explor. Exped. 287.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 119.—Gray, Cercocarpus fothergilloides, Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. Smithsonian Contrib. iii. 68 ; v.54 (Pl. Wright. i., ii.). — 198 (not Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth). Watson, King’s Rep. v. 82.— Rothrock, Wheeler’s Rep. A bushy tree, with aromatic leaves and branches, sometimes twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk which rarely attains a greater diameter than ten inches, and slender rigid upright branches ; or more often a small or tall shrub branching from a thickened base. The bark of the trunk is a six- teenth of an inch thick, the generally smooth surface being divided by narrow shallow fissures and broken into small square persistent red-brown scales. The branchlets are clothed at first with pale silky pubescence ; this soon disappears, and during their first year they are rather bright red-brown and are marked by occasional oblong light-colored lenticels, and in their second year are dark gray or brown and covered with the conspicuous ring-like leaf-scars. The leaves, which do not fall until the summer of their second year, are cuneate-obovate, rounded or obtuse or rarely acuminate and gradually con- tracted at the base, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, or rarely almost entire, or slightly three-toothed or apiculate at the apex; when they unfold they are coated with pale pubescence on both surfaces, and at maturity are puberulous or glabrous above and more or less pubescent below, and are subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green on the upper, and paler or often nearly white or sometimes ferru- gineous on the lower surface, half an inch to two and a half inches in length and a quarter of an inch to an inch in breadth, with slightly thickened and revolute margins, broad midribs, four to six pairs of conspicuous primary veins, and reticulate veinlets; and they are borne on broad channeled petioles which vary from an eighth to nearly half an inch in length. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate, apiculate, from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers, which are produced on slender hairy pedicels, are solitary or geminate in the axils of the crowded leaves, and are a quarter of an inch long, with a slender tube covered on the outer surface with pale tomentum and a narrow obtusely lobed limb. The mature calyx-tube of the fruit is spindle-shaped, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, deeply cleft at the apex, and from one half to three quarters of an inch long. The akene is more or less conspicuously sulcate on the back and is covered, like the persistent tail-like style which is often four or five inches in length, with long white hairs. Cercocarpus parvifolius is widely and generally distributed on the mountain ranges of the arid portions of western North America from western Nebraska* to the northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon’ on the north, and to western Texas* and northern Mexico on the south; in California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, it is common through the coast ranges, extending south to the San Jacinto Mountains; it occurs on Santa Cruz Island‘ and on some of the mountain ranges of Lower California. 1 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 19. 8 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 104 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 2 Greene, Garden and Forest, ii. 470. 4 Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 396 (as C. betulcefolius). 66 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. The wood of Cercocarpus parvifolius is heavy, hard, and close-grained and difficult to season and work; it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is bright red-brown, with thin light brown sap- wood composed of twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9365, a cubic foot weighing 58.36 pounds. It makes excellent fuel, and is sometimes used by turners for boxes and other small objects. The shoots and leaves, which possess a birch-like flavor, are relished by cattle, which browse upon them in late summer and autumn after the annual grasses have disap- peared." Cercocarpus parvifolius varies in the size and shape of its leaves and in the amount of their pubescence in different parts of the territory it inhabits; in the California coast ranges it frequently produces larger fruit than is developed in the dry interior parts of the country, and larger and propor- tionately broader leaves which are often quite glabrous,’ while near the southern boundary of the United States the leaves are sometimes much reduced in size* and are entire or sparingly toothed. Cercocarpus parvifolius was discovered in the Rocky Mountains on the head-waters of the Platte River in 1820 by Dr. Edwin P. James,’ the naturalist of Long’s expedition. In California it was first noticed a few years later by David Douglas. Cercocarpus parvifolius is sometimes seen in the botanic gardens of Europe, where it occasionally flowers and produces its fruit. 1 Greene, Garden and Forest, ii. 470. 2 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. betuloides. Cercocarpus betuloides, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 427.— Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 218. Cercocarpus betulefolius, Nuttall ; Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 322. — Wal- pers, Rep. ii. 46.—Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 396 ; Garden and Forest, l.c.; Fl. Francis. i. 59. Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. glaber, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 175. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71. Professor E. L. Greene, whose opportunities for studying the trees of western America in their native forests have been great, believes (Garden and Forest, l. c.) that the California coast plant is specifically distinct from the plant of the dry interior part of the country on account of “a certain constant difference in the general bearing or habit easily seen at a glance but not easily defined,” and of the character of the bark, which on the coast plant is smooth and gray, “the outer layer deciduous and falling away in irregular flakes in the early autumn,” while on the Rocky Mountain plant it is “dark-colored, thick, persistent, and fissured;” but these differ- ences, like the more arborescent habit, the better developed leaves, and the absence of pubescence, are perhaps due to the more fayor- able climatic conditions amid which the coast plants have grown. 5 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. brevifolius, M. E. Jones, Zoé, ii. 245. Cercocarpus brevifolius, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. vy. 54 @a Wright. ii.). — Walpers, Ann. iv. 665. 4 Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 353. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. bey (7ls and in the mountains of southern Arizona, is connected by many This form, which is not uncommon in northern Mexico intermediate forms with that of the Colorado mountains, which has large and coarsely serrate leaves, just as the last-named passes imperceptibly into the still larger-leaved plant of the California coast. 5 See ii. 96. 6 See ii. 94. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pruare CLXVI. Crrcocarpus PARVIFOLIUS. A flower, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. An akene, enlarged. § $2 A) Gb Cone i Sa . A seed, enlarged. es A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, inclosed in the tube of the calyx, enlarged. . Vertical section of an akene, enlarged. » An embryo, much magnified. Silva of North America. lab. tuAy. “a ~ CE Fanon det. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, Nutt. A Riocreux dirext Imp. L.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 PYRUS. FLowenrs perfect or rarely polygamo-diecious by abortion, regular; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, imbricated in estivation ; stamens usually 20, or indefinite ; ovary 2 to 5-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a pome. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate, deciduous. Pyrus, Linneus, Gen. 145 (excl. Cydonia). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 296 (excl. Cydonia). —A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 335.— Meisner, Gen. 106. — Endlicher, Gen. 1237. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 626 (excl. Cydonia and Mes- pilus). — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 403. Sorbus, Linnzus, Gen. 144. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. 296. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 335. Malus, Ruppius, FU. Jen. ed. 3, 141. — Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 138. Torminalis, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 134. Lazarolus, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 135. Aucuparia, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 138. Chamezmespilus, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 188. Pirophorum, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 72. Apirophorum, Necker, Hlem. Bot. ii. 72. Hahnia, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 81. Azarolus, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1224. Aronia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39 (excl. Amelanchier). Aria, Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 7. Cormus, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 96. Torminaria, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 101. Micromeles, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 168. Chloromeles, Decaisne, FU. des Serres, xxiii. 156. Trees or shrubs, with smooth or scaly bark, terete branches, imbricated bud-scales, and fibrous roots. Leaves involute or conduplicate in vernation, simple, palmately lobed or unequally pinnate, usually serrate, deciduous ; stipules entire or lobed, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers in simple or compound terminal cymes, rarely corymbose or racemose or one or two-flowered, from buds formed the previous year. Bracts and bractlets subulate or foliaceous, deciduous. Calyx-tube urceolate or rarely turbinate, adnate to the ovary and fleshy at maturity, the five-lobed limb with acuminate reflexed lobes persistent, or deciduous with the apex of the receptacle. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, more or less thickened over the ovary. Petals white, pink, or red, suborbicular, unguiculate, inserted on the slightly thickened border of the disk. Stamens usually twenty, inserted in three rows, those of the outer row of ten parapetalous, those of the other rows alternate with them and with each other; filaments subu- late, free or slightly connate at the base; anthers oblong, pale, red, or purple, attached on the back, two- celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels five, alternate with the petals, or two to four, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and united into an inferior ovary; styles-terminal, free, or united below; stigmas capitate, truncate; ovules two in each cell, ascending, collateral, anatropous, the raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit an ovoid globose or pyriform pome formed by the thickening of the walls of the calyx-tube and its consolidation with the ovary; mesocarp more or less fleshy, the flesh homogeneous or granular, adherent to the one to five-celled endocarp, the cells crustaceous or cartilagi- nous, usually two-valved. Seeds two or by abortion one in each cell, ovate, acute, erect, exalbuminous ; testa usually cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous, slightly mucilaginous on the outer surface. Embryo erect; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle short, inferior. 1 The genus Pyrus may be divided into the following sections which some authors consider entitled to the rank of genera : — Mavs. lateral branchlets ; ovary 3 to 5-celled ; styles more or less united below. Fruit globose, umbilicate or rounded at the base ; the flesh Flowers fascicled or subumbellate on short spur-like homogeneous. Leaves entire, or laciniate on vigorous shoots. Pyrus. Flowers in few-flowered corymbs on short spur-like lateral branchlets ; ovary 5-celled ; styles free. Fruit pyriform or subglobose, tapering at the base, the flesh granular. Leaves simple. Arr. Flowers in corymbose cymes ; ovary 2 to 5-celled styles free, Fruit pyriform or globose; flesh granular. Leaves entire or lobed. Aronia. Flowers in compound corymbs ; ovary 4 or 5-celled ; styles united at the base. Fruit berry-like, pyriform or subglobose. Leaves simple, their midribs glandular on the upper side. 68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA, The genus Pyrus is widely and generally distributed through the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere ; from thirty to forty species may be distinguished, the largest number inhabiting south- central and eastern Asia. In North America the genus is represented by seven species, of which five are small trees and two are shrubs of the eastern states ; * in Europe, where the genus is distributed from Great Britain and Scandinavia to Spain, southern Italy, and Greece, eight or nine species with many nat- ural varieties are recognized.’ Pyrus is spread through the mountain regions of the Orient, and abounds in the Himalayas with twenty-two species,’ and in China and Japan,’ where botanists recognize fourteen or fifteen species.° Pyrus is chiefly valuable to man for the fruits of Pyrus Malus,’ the Apple, and of Pyrus com- munis, the Pear, which supply him with important articles of food, and with alcoholic liquors. Mrcrome.es. Flowers in eymose corymbs ; calyx-lobes decidu- ous ; ovary 2 to 3-celled ; styles free or united. Fruit small, glo- bose, umbilicate. Leaves simple. Sorsus. Flowers in ample compound cymes ; ovary 2 to 4, usually 3-celled ; styles 3. Fruit subglobose, berry-like, crowned with the thickened and often incurved persistent calyx-lobes. Leaves un- equally pinnate, the leaflets conduplicate in vernation. 1 These both belong to the section Aronia and are distributed through all the country east of the mid-continental plateau from Nova Scotia to Florida and Louisiana. They are : — Pyrus arbutifolia, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 256. — Bot. Mag. t. 3668. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 471.—Chapman, Fl. 128. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 164. — Sargent, Gar- den and Forest, iii. 416, f. 52. Mespilus arbutifolia, Linneeus, Spec. 478. Pyrus nigra, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 416. Pyrus arbutifolia, var. nigra, Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1013. Mespilus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 292. Pyrus arbutifolia, var. melanocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 204.— Torrey & Gray, J. c.— Chapman, J. c. 129.— Watson & Coulter, J. c. 2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 240. 8 Boissier, EV. Orient. i. 653. 4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 372. 5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 138. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 169 (Mél. Biol. ix. 164).— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 254. ® Of the different sections of the genus, Malus is eastern and western North American, European, and Asiatic, one species being now, through cultivation, widely naturalized beyond its original home. Pyrus is southern European, western Asiatic, and eastern Asiatic. Aria is northern European, western Asiatic, Himalayan, and Aronia is eastern North American. Micromeles is Himalayan. Sorbus, the most widely distributed of the sections into which the genus is divided, is spread over the boreal and ele- vated portions of the three continents. 7 Linnzeus, Spec. 479. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Maximo- wicz, l. c. 165. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 205.— Hooker f. [h@, Malus communis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 140. — Boissier, 1. c. 656. — Decaisne, Nowv. Arch. Mus. x. 135. The native country of Pyrus Malus is uncertain ; it is believed to be indigenous in the northwestern Himalayas, where it ascends to an elevation of nine thousand feet above the level of the ocean and of eleven thousand four hundred feet in western Thibet (Hooker f. 1. c.), and in Anatolia, where, on the mountains of Trebizond along eastern Asiatic. the southern shores of the Black Sea, it forms forests of considera- ble extent (Boissier, 7. ¢.). In southern and central Europe it has existed either in a wild or cultivated state since prehistoric times (A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivées, 186) ; and in some parts of the eastern United States it already grows spontaneously (Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 99). Pyrus Malus has been cultivated in Europe since the days of the ancients, and from time immemorial in India, Cashmere, and north- ern China. zones, and thousands of varieties have been obtained from it by It is the most valuable fruit-tree of the temperate selection and cultivation, or by crossing its cultivated varieties with Pyrus prunifolia (Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1018.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635) or perhaps with varieties of Pyrus baccata. It is from these crosses that the best varieties of the cultivated Crab- apples have been obtained. 5 Linneus, 1. c. 479. — De Candolle, 7. c. 633.—Boissier, 1. c. 653. — Brandis, 1. c. 203. —Hooker £. 1. c. 374. Pyrus communis grows naturally in nearly all the elevated regions of Europe and in western Asia, especially in Anatolia, the southern Caucasian provinces, and northern Persia ; it grows spontaneously in northern and northeastern Europe and perhaps naturally in Cashmere and the northwestern Himalayas (A. de Candolle, 1. c. 183). The Pear-tree, which has been cultivated in Europe from ancient times, has given rise to innumerable varieties, many of which were known to the Romans in the time of Pliny, and the lists of pomol- ogists now contain the names of hundreds of cultivated Pears (Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, i. Poirier, 72. — Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2,639) which have been derived from Pyrus communis, and from Pyrus nivalis (Jacquin, Fl. Austr. ii. 4, t. 107. — Decaisne, /. c, 326, t. 21), from which is derived the race of Pears with hard acid fruit cultivated for cider (A. de Candolle, 1. c. 185), or from the intercrossing of the different species of the section Pyrus, which are sometimes believed to represent geo- graphical races of one widely distributed polymorphous species (Decaisne, /. c. 132). ® Cider, which contains from four to ten per cent. of alcohol, is made from the juice of the ripe fruit of the Apple, which is pressed from the pulp and allowed to ferment in open casks ; at the end of two or three days the liquor is drawn off, put into fresh casks, and allowed to settle in a low regular temperature for thirty or forty days when the process is complete. Cider is of three qualities, rough, sweet, and bitter. The first is made by grinding unripe or carelessly selected fruit, the juice being allowed full fermentation, and the second is made from fully ripe sweet apples, the process of fermentation being checked before completion. Bitter cider owes its peculiarities of flavor to the character of the fruit from which it is made. Ciderkin is made by infusing with boiling water ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 Pyrus Sinensis, a native of northern China, has long been cultivated on an extensive scale in China’ and Japan * for its large and handsome fruit, and recently has attracted the attention of pomologists in the United States and Europet The fruit of most of the species, especially of those of the section Sor- bus, contains malic and tartaric acids,’ and the unripe fruit and bark of these plants are astringent and are sometimes employed medicinally.® The wood of Pyrus is hard, heavy, and close-grained, and that of several of the species is esteemed by millwrights, turners, and engravers, and makes excellent fuel. The beauty and abundance of their — flowers and fruit, their excellent habit, and their hardiness, make many of the species valuable garden plants, particularly the Asiatie Pyrus baccata" with its numerous varieties, Pyrus Toringo, Pyrus spectabilis, Pyrus salicifolia,” the various North American species, and the species of Sorbus” and Aria.” the mare or refuse left after the juice has been extracted from the fruit for cider, the mass being again subjected to pressure. Cider is manufactured principally in the eastern United States, in several English counties, principally Herefordshire, Devonshire, and Somer- set, in Normandy and Brittany in France, and in northern Germany. Vinegar is sometimes made from cider which has soured owing to a deficiency of alcohol, by exposure to spontaneous acetification. Perry, which resembles cider, is made by the same process from varieties of the pear selected on account of their austere juice. It is principally produced in southern England and in western France, where Pear-trees are cultivated on a large scale for this purpose (Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 884. —Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 414, 421). 1 Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 396 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1248. — Decaisne, Le Jardin Fruitier, i. Poirier, 331, t. 5.— Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 172 (Mel. Biol. ix. 168). — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 257. Pyrus communis, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 207 (not Linnzeus). Pyrus Ussuriensis, Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 102. 2 Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 321.— Bretschneider, Early European Re- searches into the Flora of China, 150. 8 With the exception of the Persimmon the Pear is the most com- mon fruit-tree of Japan, where it was early introduced from northern China. Several varieties have been developed in Japanese gardens, but they differ less from each other than the pears of European origin, although some ripen in the summer and others in the autumn. In the neighborhood of large cities there are Pear-orchards in which the trees are carefully cultivated and manured ; the tops are trained. over Bamboo frames, and too vigorous shoots are removed to insure the production of large crops of fruit. The trees are propagated by grafting selected varieties on seedling stocks, and often by cut- tings which are made in March from stout yearling shoots ; these are pointed, their ends are charred, and they are then set in rows in deep rich soil, and at the end of a few years are transplanted into the orchards (Rein, Japan nach Reisen und Studien im Auftrage der Koniglich Preussischen Regierung, ii. 99). 4 Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2, 851. — Gard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 456, £. 95 ; ser. 3, ix. 141, £.36.— Rev. Hort. 1878, 310, t. ; 1885, 286, f. 49. 5 Baillon, Traité Bot. Med. 559. 6 Linneus, Mat. Med. 81.—Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. 1334. 7 Linneus, Mant. 75.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Maximo- wiez, 1. c. 166.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 373. — Forbes & Hems- ley, 1. c. 255. Pyrus baccata, which is widely distributed in Siberia, in the Hima- layas, and in northern China and Japan, has been cultivated as a garden ornament by the Chinese and Japanese from very early times, and many forms have been developed in their gardens dif- fering in the habit of the plants, in the size and character of the fruit, and in the color of the flowers, which are sometimes semi- double; among these varieties are some of the most beautiful of all flowering trees, and their free-fl ing habit, hardi munity from disease and the attacks of insects commend them to the attention of gardeners (Fl. des Serres, xv. 161, t. 1585, 1586, 1587. — Carriére, Pommiers Microcarpes, 68.— Garden and Forest, ii. 260, 520, £. 139). ® Siebold, Cat. Rais. i, 4.— Koch, Dendr. i. 212. — Maximo- wicz, J. c. 167. Pyrus Sieboldii, Regel, Gartenflora, viii. 82. Malus Toringo, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1872, 210, £. 25; Pommiers Microcarpes, 61, f. 11. 9 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 175. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 141, t. 42, £. 2.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 50, t. 50. — Koch, J. c. 209. — Maxi- mowicz, l. c. 166. — Forbes & Hemsley, J. ¢. 258. This tree, which is believed to be a native of northern China and is known in cultivation only in a form with semidouble flowers, is one of the handsomest of the small-fruited Apple-trees, appear- ing in gardens as a tree-like shrub with erect slightly spreading and im- branches, which are covered every spring with masses of fragrant pink or rose-colored flowers (Garden and Forest, i. 272, £. 214; ii. 260). 1 Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 255.— Pallas, FU. Ross. i. 20, t. 9; Voyages, v. 504, t. 11, f. 1.— Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 189, t. 56. — Bot. Reg. t. 514. — Decaisne, 1. c. 310, t. 12. — Koch, Lc. 218. 1. The Old World Sorbus (Pyrus aucuparia, Gertner, Fruct. ii. 45, t. 87 [Sorbus aucuparia, Linneus, Spec. 477. — Maximowicz, J. c. 170]), the Scottish Rowan-tree or Mountain Ash, is widely dis- tributed through the forests of mountainous regions from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to Japan, extending north to the arctic circle, where it is reduced to a stunted shrub. For centuries it has been a favorite tree with planters, and varieties with yellow and with orange-colored fruit and with pendulous branches have appeared. (See Gilpin, Forest Scenery, ed. 2, 138. — Loudon, J. c. 916.) The fruit of the Rowan-tree is greedily devoured by birds, and it is often planted to supply them with food. The fruit is sometimes made into flour, or is eaten uncooked in northern Europe and in Siberia ; infused with water it produces a pleasant subacid bever- age, and by distillation a powerful spirit. The wood, which is hard and close-grained, is often used for the handles of tools and the cogs of wheels, and by wheelwrights and turners (Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 211. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, ed. 2, 131). 22 Pyrus Aria (Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 20), the White Beam-tree, is distributed from western Europe to Japan, and is common in the 70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. Many insects’ feed upon the different species of Pyrus, which are also subject to serious fungal diseases.” Pirus, the classical name of the Pear-tree, was changed to Pyrus by Tournefort,’ and then adopted by Linnzus, who, in establishing his genus, united with Pyrus the Cydonia‘ and Malus® of Tournefort. forests of northern Europe and Asia, in the mountainous regions of central and southern Europe, and of central, southern, and western Asia. It is valued by planters for the beauty of its entire or vari- ously divided ample leaves, which are pale or sometimes nearly white on the lower surface, and for its subacid and astringent fruit, which is a favorite food of birds, and is sometimes made into flour and often fermented into a kind of beer or distilled into a powerful spirit. The wood of the White Beam-tree is hard, strong, and durable, and is largely employed for the handles of tools and the bearings of machinery, and by wheelwrights and turners (Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii, 910. — Mathieu, Flore Foresti¢re, ed. 2, 123). 1 Many of the insects which injure the different species of Pru- nus in America also attack the native Apples, and Mountain Ashes are sometimes seriously injured by them. ‘Tent-caterpillars and the larve of Tussock-moths are often abundant on the Apple, and the Mountain Ash suffers from attacks of the Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria cunea, Drury). Datana ministra, Drury, often com- pletely defoliates the branches of small trees, and Gidemasia con- cinna, Smith & Abbot, commits similar depredations. Great destruc- tion among the trees of this genus, and often their death, is caused by borers. The Apple-tree Borer (Saperda bivittata, Say) and the Flat-headed Borer (Chrysobothris femorata, Fabricius) are the most destructive to the Apple and the Mountain Ash. Several Scale-in- sects affect the bark and branches, the most harmful being the Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfurus, Fitch) and Mytilaspis pomi- corticis, Riley. The foliage is also injured by Aphids, and the fruit of the Wild Apple by the ravages of the Codlin-moth and a Cur- culio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say). No less than eighty-one species of insects which attack the cultivated Apple in America are enumerated by Saunders (Insects injurious to Fruits, 18), and most of them may be discovered on. the wild species also. ? Of the Fungi which attack the North American species of Pyrus, the most interesting are the different Restelie, found on the leaves and less frequently on the fruit and young stems of most of the species. The Restelice, commonly called Cluster-cups, belong to the order Uredinee or Rusts, a group of plants which pass through several different stages in their development, in some of the stages appearing as parasites on certain genera of flowering plants, while in others they may be parasitic on entirely different genera. In the most highly differentiated Rusts there may be as many as four dif- ferent stages during their development. The most destructive of these plants to our Wild Apples is Restelia pyrata, Thaxter, a Clus- ter-cup which usually grows in dense rings on the under side of the leaves of Pyrus coronaria, and sometimes on those of Pyrus angus- tifolia and several of the native species of Crategus, and in a less striking form on the leaves of the cultivated Apple-tree. This species is peculiar to North America, and its teleutosporic stage is reached in the large yellow gelatinous masses common on the young branches of the Red Cedar in May. In the northern part of the country the leaves of the Mountain Ash, Pyrus Americana, exhibit large yellow spots, and on their under surface bear groups of long narrow Cluster-cups which appear identical with those of the Euro- pean Restelia cornuta, Fries, although as yet the teleutosporic stage of this plant has not been detected in North America. Other fungi which attack the American species of Pyrus are Entomosporium maculatum, Levéillé, with curious ciliated spores, found commonly on the leaves of Quinces, Pears, and Apple-trees, as well as on Ame- lanchier and several species of Crategus ; and Nummularia discreta, Tulasne, most common on the branches of the Apple-tree, but sometimes seen on those of Pyrus Americana. 8 Inst. 628, t. 404. 4 Inst. 632, t. 405. 5 Inst. 634, t. 406. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. Matvs. 3 to 5, more or less united below. leaves, involute in vernation. Calyx-lobes persistent ; fruit depressed at the base. Flowers in simple umbellate or racemose cymes on spur-like lateral branches; styles Trees with small winter-buds, scaly bark, and simple Leaves ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base, incisely serrate, often lobed, membra- naceous soe . Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at the base, crenulate-serrate, or nearly entire, sub- CORIACOOUSI ass te hey Tone esi htc ae Calyx-lobes deciduous; fruit not depressed at the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, often 3-lobed Sorpus. Flowers in compound leafy cymes; styles usually 3, free. - id. P. coronaria. - . . . 2 P, ANGUSTIFOLIA. a4 eee aaa 3. P. RIVULARIS. Trees with large winter- buds, smooth aromatic bark, and odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets conduplicate in vernation. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. . .. .. . Leaflets oblong-oval to lance-ovate, mostly obtuse . 4, P. AMERICANA. 5. P. SAMBUCIFOLIA. ROSACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 PYRUS CORONARIA. Crab Apple. Fragrant Crab. LEAVES ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base, incisely serrate, often lobed, . glabrous to tomentose on the lower surface. Pyrus coronaria, Linneus, Spec. 480. — Du Roi, Harbk. 1882, 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census Baumz. ii. 229. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 118. — Castigli- oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 344. — Willdenow, Beri. Baumz. 265 ; Spec. ii. pt. ti. 1019; HLnum. 527. — Per- soon, Syn. ii. 40.— Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. i. 340. — Nut- tall, Gen. i. 307. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 86. — Torrey, 7. NV. Y. i. 223. — Bot. Mag. t. 2009. — Elliott, Sk. i. 559. — Bot. Reg. t. 651. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 510.— De Can- dolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. — Reich- enbach, Fl. Huot. iv. t. 240. —Torrey & Gray, 77. .N. Am. i. 470. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 154. — Chapman, F7. 128. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 69. — Brunet, Cat. Vig. Lig. Can. 26. — Koch, Dendr. i. 214.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 40 (excl. var.).— The Gar- den, xix. 400, t. 280. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. U.S. ix. 72. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 164.— L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 472.— Gray, Forest Trees N. Am. t. 52. Malus coronaria, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. — Moench, Meth. 682. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 292.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 562. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 140. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 427. — Nowveau Duhamel, vi. 139, t. 44, £. 1.— Michaux f. Hist. Ard. Am. iii. 65, t. 10. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 136, t. 8. — Roe- mer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 191.— Decaisne, Now. Arch. Mus. x. 154. — Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1877, 410, t. Cratzegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357. Malus microcarpa coronaria, Carritre, Pommiers Wicro- carpes, 133, f£.17; Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24. A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a trunk twelve or fourteen inches in diameter, dividing, eight or ten feet above the ground, into several stout spreading branches which form a wide open head; or usually much smaller and sometimes barely more than a bushy shrub with rigid con- torted branches. The bark of the trunk is one third of an inch thick, and longitudinally fissured, the The branchlets are at first coated with thick white tomentum which soon disappears, and in their first winter are glabrous or slightly outer layer separating into long narrow persistent red-brown scales. pubescent and covered with bright red-brown bark marked by occasional small pale lenticels ; in their second year they develop long stout spur-like and somewhat spinescent lateral branches, and are then light brown. ous ciliate margins ; those of the inner ranks enlarge with the growing shoots and at maturity are from one third to one half of an inch in length, oblong, acute, bright red, and glandular-serrate. are ovate or sometimes almost triangular, usually acute at the apex, often truncate or subcordate, and The winter-buds are minute, obtuse, and protected by bright red scales with dark scari- The leaves occasionally acute at the base, incisely serrate with glandular teeth, and often three-lobed, especially on vigorous shoots; when they unfold they are red-bronze, coated on the lower surface with pale tomentum, and pilose on the upper surface ; at maturity they are membranaceous, bright green above, and paler, glabrous, or sometimes slightly pilose below, three or four inches long, and an inch and a half to two inches and a half broad, with broad midribs and primary veins grooved on the upper side, and conspicu- ous veinlets, and are borne on slender petioles an inch and a half to two inches in length, tomentose or pubescent at first but ultimately glabrous and often furnished near the middle with two dark glands. The stipules are filiform, acuminate, half an inch long, and early deciduous. when the leaves are almost fully grown, are produced in five or six-flowered umbels on slender pedicels The flowers, which appear an inch and a half to two inches in length, and are an inch and a half to nearly two inches across when expanded, and very fragrant. The calyx-tube is obconic, and pubescent or coated with thick white tomentum ; this also covers the inner surface of the long acute lobes which end in rigid subulate points. The petals, which are inserted remotely one from another, are white or rose-colored, obovate, rounded 72 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. above, contracted below into long narrow claws, often crenulately serrate or undulate and sometimes irregularly and unequally dentate near the base of the blade. The stamens are shorter than the petals and for one third of their length, by a partial twist of the filaments at the base, form a tube narrowed in the middle and enlarged above. The ovary and the lower part of the styles are coated with long pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn, is suspended on slender stems and is depressed-globose, and an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. It is green when first fully grown and when ripe is yellow-green, somewhat translucent, deliciously fragrant, and covered with a waxy exudation. * Pyrus coronaria is distributed in Canada from the valley of the Humber River westward along the shores of Lake Erie ;! it ranges southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama, and westward to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,” eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, northern Louisiana, and eastern Texas.’ It usually grows in rich rather moist soil in forest glades where it sometimes forms consider- able thickets, or less commonly on dry limestone hills, and reaches its greatest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio basin and in the states west of the Mississippi River. The wood of Pyrus coronaria is heavy and close-grained, but not hard or strong; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is brown to light red, with thick yellow sapwood composed of eighteen or twenty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7048, a cubic foot weighing 43.92 pounds. It is employed for levers, the handles of tools, and many small articles of domestic use. The fruit is used for preserves and is often manufactured into cider. Pyrus coronaria varies somewhat in the form of its leaves, in the amount and persistence of the tomentum which covers their under surface, the young shoots and the calyces, and in the size of the fruit ; and, especially west of the Alleghany Mountains, the eastern plant passes into the variety Joensis,' which is distinguished by its elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong leaves irregularly obtusely toothed, and while young densely coated on the lower surface, like the young shoots, with thick white tomentum, and by its larger fruit which is sometimes two inches in diameter. This is the common form of the Crab- apple of the Mississippi valley. Pyrus coronaria did not attract the attention of early travelers in America; it appears, however, to have been introduced into English gardens as early as 1724,’ and was described by Philip Miller in the first edition of the Gardener’s Dictionary published in 1731. | As an ornamental plant the American Crab-apple has many attractions; its small size and excellent habit render it useful in shrubberies and small gardens; its flowers, which do not appear until after those of other Apple-trees have fallen, are large and sweet, and the fragrant fruit, hanging gracefully on its long stems and remaining on the branches until after the leaves have dropped, make it interesting late in the autumn. Its horticultural value was early appreciated by the settlers of the middle and 1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 26. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i, 145. 2 Bessey, Bull. Agric. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 20. ® Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 106 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 4 Wood, Cl. Book, rev. ed. 333. Pyrus Ioensis, L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 478, £. 7, 8. The Soulard Crab, which was first introduced many years ago into Illinois, has been variously considered a large-fruited variety of Pyrus coronaria, a natural hybrid between this species and the eultivated Apple-tree, and a native species (Pyrus Soulardi, L. H. Bailey, J. c.). Probably the first view is correct, as various forms appear to connect it with eastern and western varieties of Pyrus coronaria. The leaves are d-ovate to ellipti te, usually rounded at the apex, and acute or rounded at the base, irregularly cerenate-dentate, three or four inches long and two and a half inches broad, with short thick petioles; they are thick, rugose, and, while young, are coated on the lower surface with thick pale tomentum. The fruit is two to two and a half inches in diameter or often much smaller, but in color, in the waxy exudation from the skin, and in the character of the flesh is not distinguishable from that of the eastern tree (Downing, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, ed. 2, 426). This form, which is not common in a wild state, appears to be distributed from Minnesota to Texas (L. H. Bailey, /. c.). 5 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 908. ® Malus ; sylvestris, Virginiana, floribus odoratis, No. 3. Malus sylvestris, floribus odoratis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 55. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73 eastern states," and for more than a century it has been a favorite garden plant in America and Europe.’ 1 “Crab-Trees are a species of wild apple-trees, which grow in the woods and glades, but especially on little hillocks, near rivers. In New Jersey the tree is rather scarce ; but in Pennsylvania it is plentiful. Some people had planted a single tree of this kind near their farms, on account of the fine smells which its flowers afford. It had begun to open some of its flowers about a day or two ago ; however, most of them were not yet open. They are exactly like the blossoms of the common apple-trees, except that the colour is a little more reddish in the Crab-trees; though some kinds of the cultivated trees have flowers which are very near as red: but the _ smell distinguishes them plainly ; for the wild trees have a very pleasant smell, somewhat like the rasp-berry. The apples, or crabs, are small, sour, and unfit for anything but to make vinegar of. They lie under the trees all the winter, and acquire a yellow colour. The Crab-trees opened their flowers only yesterday and to-day ; whereas, the culti- vated apple-trees, which are brought from Europe, had already lost their flowers.” (Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii. 166.) 2 Rev. Hort. 1877, 410, t. They seldom begin to rot before spring comes on. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prater CLXVII. Pyrvus coronaria. A flowering branch, natural size. Diagram of a flower. Vertical section of a flower, parts of the petals removed, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. u A seed, natural size. SO COT Eo Cunt Co NOE te Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. B co) . An embryo, much magnified. . The base of a leaf showing stipules, natural size. . Winter-buds, natural size. a be Prats CLXVIII. Pyrus coronaria, var. Iornsis. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A seed, enlarged. An embryo, magnified. me Ge SE a a A vigorous leafy shoot, natural size. Silva of North America Tab. CLXVII, ai ne " Bale ; ee ee s — C.E.Fazxon del. Part fr se. PYRUS CORONARIA, L. A. Riocreux drext Imp ke. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North foie. : Tab. CLXAVHI. CE Faaon del. Rapine se. PYRUS CORONARIA, var IOENSIS , Wood. A. Riocreux direat Imp. h.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. : 75 PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA. Crab Apple. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at the base, crenulate-serrate or nearly entire, subcoriaceous. Pyrus angustifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176.— Willde- Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 292. — De- now, Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1020. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. v. 455. — caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 156. Persoon, Syn. ii. 40. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i.340.— Malus sempervirens. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 141. — Elliott, Sk. i. 559. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509. — De Can- -dolle, Prodr. ii. 635.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 132, t. 182. — Bot. Reg. t. 1207. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 471. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 154. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 24. —Chapman, F7. 128. — Cur- tis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 69. — Koch, Dendr. i. 213. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 428. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 138, t. 43, £. 1. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 524.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 135, t. 8.— Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii. t. 154. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. igi, P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig, Linnwa, xxxviii. 41. sus U. S. ix. 72. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, Chloromeles sempervirens, Decaisne, FU. des Serres, xxiii. 164. —L. H. Bailey, Am. Garden, xii. 472. 156. P. coronaria, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 61, t. 21, £. 47 (mot Linnzeus). — Walter, F2. Car. 148. Malus microcarpa, sempervirens, Carritre, Pommiers Microcarpes, 136, f. 1. 18. A tree, rarely attaining the height of thirty feet, with a short trunk eight or ten inches in diameter, and spreading rigid branches which form a wide open head. The bark of the trunk is from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness, dark reddish brown, and divided by deep longitudinal fissures into narrow ridges, the surface of which is broken into small persistent plate-like scales. The young branches are clothed at first with pale pubescence which soon disappears; in their first winter they are slender and covered with smooth brown bark slightly tinged with red, and in their second year produce slender spinescent lateral branchlets, and are light brown and marked by occasional orange-colored lenticels. The winter-buds are obtuse, and one sixteenth of an inch long, their outer scales chestnut-brown and slightly pubescent, with ciliate scarious margins, the inner ones oblong, acute, coated with long pale hairs, accrescent with the young shoots, and a quarter of an inch long when fully grown. The leaves are lanceolate-oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex, acute at the base, and coarsely crenu- late-serrate above the middle or sometimes almost entire ; when they appear they are more or less coated with pale tomentum on the lower surface, and are pilose on the upper surface, and at maturity are sub- coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, and glabrous or nearly so, with slender midribs grooved on the upper side and obscure primary veins; they are then an inch and a half to three inches long and one half of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender rigid glabrous or puberulous petioles from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are filiform, rose- colored, half an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which are an inch across when expanded, and very fragrant, appear from the end of March in Louisiana to the middle of May in Pennsylvania, and are produced in few-flowered umbels on slender pedicels an inch to an inch and a half in length, furnished near the middle with one or more inconspicuous glands, and are glabrous or sometimes, especially in the Gulf states, covered with pale tomentum. The calyx-tube is glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose on the outer surface, with narrow acuminate lobes, terminating in rigid points, and clothed on the inner surface with pale tomentum. ‘The petals are distant, narrowly obovate, rounded above, contracted below into long slender claws, undulate and sometimes irregularly denticulate-serrate at the base of the blade, and white, pink, or rose-colored. The ovary and the lower part of the styles are densely clothed with pale 76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA, tomentum. The fruit is depressed-globose or sometimes slightly pyriform, and is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in diameter, pale yellow-green, and very fragrant when fully ripe, with hard acid flesh. Pyrus angustifolia is distributed from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania,’ and southern Delaware through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states to the valley of the Chattahoochee in western Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Red River in Louisiana, and northward to middle Tennessee. In the Atlantic states, where it is more common than in the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, Pyrus angustifolia usually grows in open forest glades in stiff clay soil near streams, and in the Gulf states in the sandy soil of dry depressions in rolling Pine-covered uplands. The wood of Pyrus angustifolia is heavy, hard, and close-grained ; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick yellow sapwood and many obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the abso- lutely dry wood is 0.6895, a cubic foot weighing 42.97 pounds. It is occasionally employed for levers, the handles of tools, and other small objects. The fruit is used for preserves and is occasionally made into cider. Tt was this tree, no doubt, that William Strachey found on the James River in 1610,2 although it was not recognized by botanists until nearly the end of the next century, the earliest description having been drawn up from trees cultivated in England, where it was introduced in 1750* by Christopher Gray.* The southern Crab-apple is occasionally cultivated in the gardens of Europe. When in flower it is not surpassed in beauty by any of the small trees of North America, and the traveler in the gloomy and monotonous Pine forests of the southern states experiences no more delightful sensation than when he comes unexpectedly into some retired glade and finds it filled with these trees covered by their deli- cate and fragrant flowers. 1 Pyrus angustifolia was first noticed here by Professor Thomas C. Porter. 2 «“ Crabb trees there be, but the fruict small and bitter, howbeit, being graffed upon, soone might we have of our owne apples of any kind, peares, and what ells.” (Historie of Travaile into Vir- ginia Britannia, ed. Major, 130.) 8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 176.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 909, t. 4 Christopt in the eighteenth century, and appears to have been active in intro- Gray established a nursery-garden at Fulham early ducing North American plants, for Mark Catesby, in the preface to the Hortus Britanno-Americanus, published in 1767, remarks that “Mr. Gray at Fulham has for many years made it his business to raise and cultivate the plants of America (from whence he has annu- ally fresh supplies) in order to furnish the Curious with what they want ;” and that, “through his industry and skill a greater variety of American forest-trees and shrubs may be seen in his gardens, than in any other place in England.” According to Loudon, the first plant of Magnolia fetida which was brought to England was planted in Gray’s nursery ; it died in 1810, when it had formed a head twenty feet in diameter and a trunk nearly five feet in cir- cumference (Arb. Brit. i. 76). In 1755 Gray published a catalogue of the plants cultivated in his garden, which is supposed to have been written by Philip Miller. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt CLXIX. PyRus ANGUSTIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, parts of the stamens and petals removed, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 5, A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab, CLXIX. C.F. Faavon del. Preart fP.se. PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ait. A.Riocreur direx ' Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 PYRUS RIVULARIS. Oregon Crab Apple. LEAVES ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, often 3-lobed, pubescent on the lower surface. Pyrus rivularis, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 203, t. Pyrus fusca, Rafinesque, Med. FV. ii. 254. 68. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 647. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Pyrus subcordata, Ledebour, FV. Ross. ii. 95. Am. i. 471. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. Malus rivularis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 215. — De- 154. — Ledebour, FV. Ross. ii. 99. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 22, caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 155. t. 49. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Huplor. Exped. 292. — Koch, Malus diversifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 215. — De- Dendr. i. 212. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 38. — Brewer caisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 155. & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 188.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Malus subcordata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 192. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 73. Pyrus rivularis, 8. levipes, Nuttall, Sylua, ii. 24. Pyrus diversifolia, Bongard, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Péters- bourg, ser. 6, ii. 133. A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter; or often a shrub sending up from the ground many slender stems. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, the surface broken into large rather thin loose light red-brown plate-like scales. The winter- buds are obtuse, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by chestnut-brown scales rounded on the back and ciliate on the margins; the accrescent scales of the mner rows being lanceolate-acute when fully grown, usually bright red, and nearly half an inch long. The branches are at first coated with long pale hairs which are sometimes deciduous, and sometimes cover them more or less completely until the autumn ; in their first winter they become bright red and lustrous, and later are dark brown and often marked by minute remote pale lenticels. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, sharply serrate with appressed glandular teeth, and occasionally, especially on vigorous shoots, obscurely three-lobed, with prominent midribs and primary veins grooved on the upper side, and conspicuously reticulate veinlets ; when they unfold they are pubes- cent on the lower, and puberulous on the upper surface, and at maturity are thick and firm, dark green and glabrous above, and pale and slightly pubescent below, an inch to three inches long, and half an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on stout rigid pubescent petioles an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, acute, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. In the autumn the leaves assume beautiful shades of orange and scarlet. The flowers, which are produced in short racemose many-flowered cymes leafy at the base, are borne on slender pubescent pedicels biglandular near the middle, and are half an inch across when expanded; the calyx-tube is narrowly obconic and glabrous or puberulous, with acute lobes, minutely apiculate, coated with dense pale tomentum on the inner surface, and deciduous from the mature fruit; the petals are orbicular to obovate, with erose or undulate margins; they are contracted below into short claws, and are as long as the two to four glabrous styles. The fruit, which ripens in September and October, is obovate-oblong, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, with thin dry flesh and large seeds; on some trees it is yellow-green when fully ripe, and on others it is light yellow with a red flush on one side, or sometimes is almost entirely red. Pyrus rivularis is distributed from the Aleutian Islands southward along the coast and islands of Alaska and British Columbia’ and through western Washington and Oregon to Sonoma and Plumas 1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 294, — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 435 (Fl. Alaska). —G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. n. ser. ix. 330. 78 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEH Counties, California.’ It grows usually in deep rich soil in the neighborhood of streams, often forming almost impenetrable thickets of considerable extent, and attains its greatest size in the valleys of Wash- ington and Oregon. The wood of Pyrus rivularis is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface suscep- tible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of twenty-five to thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8316, a cubic foot weighing 51.83 pounds. It is employed for mallets, malls, the handles of tools, and the bearings of machinery. The fruit, which has a pleasant subacid flavor when fully ripe, is gathered and consumed by the Indians.’ Archibald Menzies,’ who sailed with Vancouver as surgeon and naturalist late in the last century, appears to have been the first botanist to notice Pyrus rivularis, although its character was not distin- guished until fifty years later." In 1882 it was introduced from Oregon into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy and flowers abundantly every year.5 1 Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53. 2 “The fruit of the Crab-apple (Pyrus rivularis) is prepared for food by being wrapt in leaves and preserved in bags all winter. When the apples have become sweet, they are cooked by digging a hole in the ground, covering it over thickly with green leaves and a layer of earth or sand, and then kindling a fire above them.” (R. Brown (Campst.), Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 383.) 5 See ii. 90, * Probably the earliest printed reference to this tree is in Georgi’s Geographisch-Physikalische und Naturhistorische Beschreibung des Russischen Reichs (pt. iii. iv. 1015), published in 1800, where the wild Apple-tree seen by Schelechow on the Aleutian Islands is mentioned, but is regarded as a variety of the common Apple- tree. dingly rare in Europ 5 Pyrus rivularis is gardens, and. does not appear to have attracted the attention of European horti- It is cultivated, however, in the garden of the Forest School at Miinden, where it flowers and produces fruit. culturists. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare CLXX. Pyrvus RIVULARIS. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged. 8. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. 5. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. 6. A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. ; Tab, CLXX. C.E Faxon del. Pieart fr. se, PYRUS RIVULARIS , Douél. A.Riocreua direx? Imp. R.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 PYRUS AMERICANA. Mountain Ash. LEAFLETS lanceolate, acuminate. Pyrus Americana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 637. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 54, t.54. —Sprengel, Syst. ii. 511.— Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 204.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648. — Audu- bon, Birds, t. 363. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 472. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 224. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 155. — Nut- tall, Sylva, ii. 25, t. 50. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 439. — Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 164. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 75. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 95. — Bigelow, FV. Boston. ed. 3, 207. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 138. — Koch, Dendr. i. 190. — Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 174 (Mél. Biol. ix. 171). —Wenzig, Lin- ned, xxxviii. 71.— Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 158. Lange, Pl. Grenl. 134. — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, i. 209. — Chapman, FV. 129. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. NV. Car. 1860, iii. 70.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 189. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 73. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 164. Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 145. — Willde- now, Hnum. 520. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 341. — Poiret, Sorbus aucuparia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 234 (in part). — Bigelow, £7. Boston. 119. — Decaisne, Nowv. Arch. Mus. x. 158 (in part). Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii. 38. Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81 (in part). — Schlecht- endal, Linnea, x. 99 (not Geertner).— Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290, 3827 (Distribution Arctic Pi.), in part. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk which rarely exceeds a foot in diameter, spreading slender branches, and stout branchlets ; or more often a tall or sometimes a low shrub sending up many stems from the ground. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, with a smooth light gray surface irregularly broken by small appressed plate-like scales. The branchlets are slightly clothed at first with fine pubescence, but soon become glabrous, and in their first winter are brown tinged with red, marked by the large leaf-scars and remote pale oblong lenticular spots, and often cov- ered with a faint glaucous bloom; in their second year they become darker, and the thin papery outer The winter-buds are acute, from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long, and protected by dark vinous red acumi- layer of bark is easily separable from the bright green and fragrant inner layers. nate scales rounded on the back, more or less pilose, and covered with a gummy exudation; the inner scales are coated in the bud with thick pale tomentum and enlarge with the growing shoots which, in falling, they mark with enduring narrow ring-like scars. The leaves are six to eight inches long, with slender grooved dark green or red petioles often furnished with tufts of dark hairs at the base of the petiolules and enlarged at the base, and from thirteen to seventeen leaflets; these are lanceolate, acute, taper-pointed, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded and entire at the base, and sharply serrate above, with acute often, glandular teeth ; they are sessile or shortly petiolulate, or the terminal one is sometimes borne on a stalk half an inch in length; when they unfold they are slightly pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity are membranaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the upper, and pale on the under surface, two to three inches long, and one half to two thirds of an inch broad, with prominent midribs grooved on the upper side, and thin veins. The stipules are broad and foliaceous, nearly triangular, variously cut, and caducous. The leaves turn a bright clear yellow before falling. The flowers, which appear after the leaves are fully grown toward the end of May or as late as July at the north and on the high Alleghany Mountains, are one eighth of an inch in diameter when expanded, and are borne on short stout pedicels in flat compound cymes three or four inches across. The bracts and bractlets are acute, minute, and caducous. The calyx is broadly obconic and puberulous, with short nearly triangular lobes tipped with minute glands, and half the length of the nearly orbicular creamy white petals which are contracted below into short claws. The fruit is a quarter of an inch 80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACE®, across, subglobose or slightly pyriform, and bright red, with thin acid flesh, a thick rather woody endo- carp, and light chestnut-colored seeds rounded at the apex, acute at the base, more or less flattened by mutual pressure, and one eighth of an inch long. It ripens late in the autumn, and, unless eaten by birds, remains on the tree until the end of winter, when it separates from the stems, which often remain on the branches until the leaf-buds open in the spring. Pyrus Americana is distributed from Newfoundland to Manitoba,’ and extends southward through the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec, and Ontario, the elevated portions of the northeastern United States, the region of the Great Lakes, and the high mountain ranges of Virginia and North Carolina. It is abundant in all the eastern provinces of Canada, where it grows in rich rather moist soil along the borders of swamps and on rocky hillsides, and probably attains its largest size on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior; in the United States, except in northern New England, it is more often a shrub than a tree, growing usually on the Alleghany Mountains in the form of a low bush with narrower foliage and smaller fruit than the tree bears at the north2 The wood of Pyrus Americana is close-grained, but light, soft, and weak; it is pale brown, with pale lighter colored sapwood composed of fifteen to twenty layers of annual growth, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5451, a cubic foot weighing 33.97 pounds. The fruit of the American Mountain Ash is as astringent as that of the Old World species, contains the same principles, and can be used for the same purposes; in the United States it is some- times employed domestically in infusions and decoctions,? and in homeopathic remedies.* Pyrus Americana was first distinguished by Humphrey Marshall, the Pennsylvania botanist, who described it in his Arbustum Americanum in 1785,5 although it is said to have been introduced into English gardens three years earlier.’ It is sometimes planted in Canada and in the northern United States in the neighborhood of houses on account of the beauty of its fruit. This, however, is smaller and less highly colored than that of the second North American and of the European species. » Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 26.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. Sorbus riparia, Rafinesque, New Fi. iii. 15. 1879-80, 54°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 146. ® Rafinesque, Med. Fi. ii. 265. — Stillé & Maisch, Nat. Dispens. ? Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ed. 2, 1333. i, 472. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 74. * Millspaugh, Am. Med. Pl. in Homeopathic Remedies, i. 56, t. 56. Sorbus aucuparia, var. a., Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 290. 5 John Josselyn includes in his list of plants mentioned in Vew Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 341.— Poiret, Lam. England’s Rarities the “ Quick Beam or Wild Ash.” This has been Dict. Suppl. v. 164.— Elliott, Sk. i. 555.—Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. supposed to be the American Mountain Ash (see ed. Tuckerman, 95. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 138. 98), and, although Josselyn probably never visited the part of Pyrus microcarpa, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 511.— De Candolle, Prodr. New England where this tree grows naturally, he may well have ii, 636. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 921.— learned of its existence from the Indians, who doubtless made use Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 71. of the fruit. Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 73. 6 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 920, t. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CLXXI. Pyrus Americana. Prats CLXXII. Pyrvus Americana, 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 3. An ovary divided transversely, enlarged. 3. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. Portion of a young branch showing stipules, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 5. An embryo, much magnified. 6. A winter-bud, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CLAXI. 2 of So. one Sis Rese aaNet C.F. Faxon detl.: Picart PSC. PYRUS AMERICANA. DC. A, Riocreux dren © ; Imp. R. Taneur, Parig. Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXII. Ei EBay vas Mn Nt tr ens tn, nny, inn, sno CE. Faaorn del. Part fr. PC. PYRUS AMERICANA , DC. A Riocreun direa.t imp. R-.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA. Mountain Ash. LEAFLETS oblong-ovate to lance-ovate, mostly obtuse. Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, Pyrus Americana, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 73 ii. 86. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 648. — Torrey & Gray, FU. (not De Candolle). — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. NV. Am. i. 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 53.— Dietrich, Syn. 60. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 292. iii. 155. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 92.— Brewer & Wat- Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81 (in part). — Schlecht- son, Bot. Cal. i. 189.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. endal, Linnea, x. 99 (in part). — Hooker, Trans. Linn. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 74. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Soc. xxiii. 290, 327 (in part). Man. ed. 6, 164. Sorbus sambucifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 139. — Sorbus aucuparia, var. 8., Michaux, 77. Bor-Am. i. 290. Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 73. — Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, Pf. Lab. 25 (in part; not Lin- Mus. x. 159. nus). Sorbus Sitchensis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 189. A tree, occasionally thirty fect in height, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and spreading branches which form a round handsome head; or often on the mountains of western America a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, with a smooth gray satiny surface some- times broken by small appressed scales. The branchlets are at first glabrous, pubescent, or pilose with long pale hairs, and in their first winter are brown tinged with red and are marked by scattered oblong lenticular spots. The winter-buds are acute, often three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, and in the shape, color, and texture of the scales which cover them hardly distinguishable from those of Pyrus Americana. The leaves are four to six inches long, with stout grooved and usually bright red petioles often tufted with dark hairs at the base of the petiolules, and seven to thirteen oblong-oval or lance-ovate leaflets ; these are generally blunt and rounded, or abruptly short-pointed, or acuminate at the apex, unequally wedge-shaped at the base, entire or undulate below, and sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle, with spreading and sometimes glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity are glabrous, dark green above, and pale below, with inconspicuous midribs and veins, and are sessile or short-petiolulate, or the terminal one long-stalked, and an inch and a half to two inches in length and one half to three quarters of an inch in breadth. The stipules are lanceolate to triangular, foliaceous, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and early deciduous. The leaves turn a deep orange-color in the autumn before falling. The flowers, which appear in the early part of July, are produced in small dense pubescent cymes two to three inches across ; they are a quarter of an inch in diameter when fully expanded, and are borne on slender clavate pedicels twice the length of the obconic calyx; this is glabrous or puberulous on the outer surface with narrow acute rigidly pointed lobes ciliate on the margins and much shorter than the obovate petals which are rounded above and contracted below into short claws. The fruit is subglobose, bright scarlet, and sometimes nearly half an inch in diameter, and is produced in dense red-branched clusters. Pyrus sambucifolia is distributed from southern Greenland! to Labrador? and the high moun- tains of northern New England, and ranges westward along the northern shores of the Great Lakes to those of Little Slave Lake, through the Rocky Mountains to Alaska*® and Kamschatka,! and through 1 Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 290, 327 (Distribution Arctic Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446 (Fl. Alaska). — Macoun, Cat. 2p hy), Can. Pl. i. 146. 2 Meyer, Pl. Lab. 81. 4 Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 99. 8 Bongard, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 6, ii. 183.— 82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. northeastern Asia’ and the Kurile Islands* to Japan,’ extending south in western America along all the mountain ranges of the interior* and western part of the continent to southern New Mexico, and to the neighborhood of the Yosemite valley in central California.> It inhabits the margins of cold wet alpine swamps and the borders of streams, and probably attains its greatest size in northern New England, where it grows at higher elevations above the level of the sea than Pyrus Americana, and in the region immediately north and west of Lake Superior. The wood of Pyrus sambucifolia is close-grained but soft, light, and weak; it is light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood and obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5928, a cubic foot weighing 36.94 pounds. Pyrus sambucifolia was first distinguished by the French botanist Michaux, who found it in Canada late in the last century. In cultivation it has been usually confounded with Pyrus Americana, from which it is best distinguished by its smaller cymes, its larger and later flowers and much larger fruit, and its usually more obtuse and broader leaflets. The large and brilliant fruit of this tree makes it the handsomest of all the Mountain Ashes, and it is a common ornament of gardens in northern Vermont and New Hampshire and in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, where it often grows to a large size and during the autumn and early winter is a conspicuous and beautiful object. 1 Trautvetter & Meyer, Fl. Ochot. 37. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. occidentalis, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 263 [Sorbus occidentalis, Amur. 103. 2 Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 232 (Fl. Kurile Islands). 8 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 140.— Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 174 (Mel. Biol. ix. 171). 4 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 89. 5 The subalpine form of the high mountains of Washington, Oregon, and California, a low shrub with small cymes and with leaves composed of seven to eleven oblong or elliptic-obovate leaf- lets usually serrate only towards the apex, has been regarded as a distinct species (Sorbus pumila, Rafinesque, Med. Fi. ii. 265. — Pyrus Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 54]), but intermediate forms appear to con- nect it with the northern and eastern tree, and it is perhaps better to consider it a variety of that species (var. pumila) until the American Mountain Ashes, which should perhaps be considered geographical varieties of one widely distributed species, are better understood than they are at present. 6 Pyrus sambucifolia requires a northern climate with long cold winters to develop all its beauties, and it does not flourish even in eastern New England, where it is a less beautiful plant than the Old World Mountain Ash. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CLXXIII. Pyrus sampBucirorta. 1. A flowering branch, ‘natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. An ovary divided transversely, enlarged. 4. Portion of a young branch showing stipules, natural size. Puate CLXXIV. Pyrvus sAMBUCIFOLIA. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 3. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 5. An embryo, much magnified. 6. Winter-buds, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXIII. pee “= — Se rd CH Faxon del. Peart fr. SC, FYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA, Cham: e& Schlecht. A. Riocreux direa® inp. R.Taneur, Paris Tab. CLXXIV. Silva of North America. iN } t \ \ ¥ TE es a ~ ~ ~ SINE “ Picart PP se. CE. Faxon del. PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA , Cham et Schlecht. imp. R.Taneur, Paris. A. Ruocreux dren © ROSACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 CRAT AGUS. FLOWERS regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, imbricated in estivation ; stamens usually 10 to 20; ovary 1 to 5-celled ; ovules 2 in .. each cell, ascending. Fruit a drupaceous pome with bony nutlets. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or pinnatifid. Crateegus, Linnzus, Gen. 143. — Adanson, Fam. Pl. ii. Halmia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 101. 296. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 335. — Meisner, Gen.106.— Anthomeles, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 102. Endlicher, Gen. 1239. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. Pheenopyrum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 103. 626. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 475. Phalacros, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 164. Oxyacantha, Ruppius, 27. Jen. ed. 3, 186. — Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 150. Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete and usually armed branches, small winter-buds cov- ered by imbricated scales, those of the inner rows accrescent and often colored, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, petiolate, conduplicate in vernation, simple, and generally serrate or more or less lobed or pinnatifid, membranaceous or coriaceous, commonly deciduous ; stipules often glandular-ser- rate, deciduous, lanceolate, acuminate, minute, or, on vigorous shoots, ample, foliaceous, usually lunate and stalked. Flowers pedicellate, in cymose panicled or slightly racemose corymbs, terminal on leafy lateral branches developed from the axils of leaves of the previous year. Bracts and bractlets linear, caducous, often colored, in falling marking the slender branches of the inflorescence and the ped- icels with persistent gland-like scars. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate, fivelobed or divided, the lobes reflexed after anthesis, entire or glandular-serrate, persistent or deciduous. Disk adnate to the interior of the calyx-tube, thin or fleshy, entire, lobed or slightly sulcate, concave or somewhat convex. Petals five, inserted on the margin of the disk in the mouth of the calyx-tube, orbicular, spreading, entire or sinuate margined, white or rose-colored. Stamens ten to twenty, or indefinite, inserted with the petals in one to three rows; filaments filiform, subulate, incurved, often persistent on the ripe fruit; anthers oblong, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, pale, rose-colored, or violet-purple. Ovary inferior, composed of one to five carpels inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and united with it; styles terminal, contracted or slightly spreading, free, persistent on the ripe nutlets; stigmas terminal, dilated, truncate; ovules two in each cell, ascending, collateral, anatropous ; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous, ovate or globose, red, yellow, or black, usually somewhat open or concave at the summit; sarcocarp dry and mealy ; endocarp composed of one to five one-celled slightly united nutlets, variously sulcate and, when more than one, flattened on the inner faces by mutual pressure. Seeds solitary by the abortion of one of the ovules, erect, compressed, exalbuminous; testa membranaceous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, inferior. Cratzegus is widely and generally distributed through the temperate regions of the northern hemi- sphere. About forty species, nearly equally divided between the Old World and the New, can be dis- tinguished. Fourteen are found within the territory of the United States, a larger number of species occurring in the region between the Red and the Trinity Rivers in western Louisiana and eastern Texas than in any other district of similar extent.' Three species at least occur in Mexico,” and of these 1 This region, which is one of the most interesting in North anywhere else, individuals of several of them growing to a America for the student of trees, must be considered the headquar- _ greater size and in greater numbers than in any other part of the ters of the genus Crateegus, which makes here a conspicuous fea- country. ture of the vegetation. More species occur here together than 2 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 379. 84 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. one’ ranges southward to the mountains of Ecuador, the most southern country which any member of the genus is known to reach. In Europe, where Crataegus is distributed from Scandinavia to the shores of the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic to the Black Sea, fourteen species are now generally recog- nized ;? in the Orient® six endemic species are known; two occur in the Himalayan regions of central Asia,* and three in China and Japan.’ Crategus has few useful properties. The wood of all the species is heavy, hard and solid, and is sometimes used for levers, the handles of tools, and other small articles.° In the United States the fruit of some of the species is made into jellies and preserves, and in northern China the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida’ is employed for the same purpose.® The Old World Crategus Oxyacantha, the most widely distributed plant of the genus, is sometimes cultivated in Afghanistan and the northwestern Himalayas as a fruit-tree,” and in some parts of Europe its fruit is fermented and used to strengthen cider and perry." Many of the species are esteemed as ornamental plants, and Crategus Oxyacantha, with its numerous varieties developed in cultivation, has been for centuries a favorite park and hedge plant in Europe.” The American species of Crategus are preyed upon by numerous insects,” and are often injured by serious fungal diseases.” The generic name, from xpévos, refers to the strength of the wood produced by the different species. 1 Crategus stipulosa, Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2, i. 434. Mespilus stipulosa, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 213, — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. iii. 462. 2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 243. 8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 660. 4 Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 383. 5 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 140. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg. xix. 176 (Mel. Biol. ix. 175).— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 259. 6 The wood of Crategus Oxyacantha has been found the best substitute for Boxwood in wood-engraving (Jackson, Commercial Botany of the 19th Century, 156). 7 Bunge, Mém. Sav. tr. St. Pétersbourg, ii. 100 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 26). — Franchet, Pl. David. 118. — Maximowicz, 1. c. — Forbes & Hemsley, J. ¢. 8 Bretschneider, Early European Researches into the Flora of China, 127. 9 Linneeus, Spec. 477. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Boissier, 1. c. 664. — Hooker f. J. c. 10 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 207. 11 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 837. 2 Crategus Oxyacantha is widely and generally distributed. through the forests of Europe and central Asia ; for many centu- ries it has been cultivated in Europe as a hedge plant, for which purpose it is fitted by its rigid and well-armed branches, and Haw- thorn hedges are common in all parts of Great Britain, where, too, this tree is a conspicuous and beautiful feature in all parks and many gardens. (See Loudon, /.c.) The Hawthorn was early in- troduced into the United States, but the heat and dryness of our summers cause the growth of many fungal enemies on its foliage and fruit, and its beauty is thus destroyed early in the season. 18 American Hawthorns are attacked by many insects which prey particularly on their foliage. Packard (5th Rep. U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 1886-1890, 532) enumerates forty-six species which afflict the trees of this genus in the United States ; these have been noted Tent-caterpillars, Fall Web-worms, and Canker-worms sometimes infest our Haw- chiefly in the eastern part of the continent. thorns to such an extent as to make them a danger to neighboring orchards, attack Hawthorns also, in addition to other species which are pe- The larvee of several species of Catocala have Most of the insects which live upon Prunus and Pyrus culiar to them. been found feeding on these trees as well as a number of leaf- miners, among which are Nepticula crategifoliella, Clemens, Ornix crategifoliella, Clemens, Lithocolletis crategella, Clemens, and others. Aphids and mites also affect the foliage, and the trunks are often injured by Apple-tree Borers. Certain species of Cureulio, like Anthonomus Crategi, Walsh, Conotrachelus Naso, Leconte, and Co- notrachelus posticatus, Say, live within the fruit. 4 Different Restelie occur on the fruit and young branches of most of the American species of Cratzgus as well as on Pyrus and Amelanchier, and a Cluster Cup, Restelia pyrata, Thaxter, makes rings on the under surface of the leaves of several species. Among other fungi which attack Crategus are Entomosy I Levéillé, with curious ciliated spores, and most of the species which attack Pyrus can be found also on Crategus. um ROSACEZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Flowers in ample many-flowered corymbs. Fruit subglobose, black or blue. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-ovate. . . . . . ss C. Dovexast. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate . Cc . BRACHYACANTHA. pre Fruit large, subglobose or pyriform, scarlet or cacy Sian. CRUS-GALLI. COCCINEA. Leaves subcoriaceous, obovate-cuneiform to broadly ovate or linear-oblong. . . . 3. Leaves membr 3 d-ovate, acutely incised, usually glabrous . . . . . 4 Leaves membranaceous, broadly ovate, acutely incised, pubescent on the lower sur- HD. “of 8G. g i 68S Ome oo oda ooo 500 on ooo Gs Ol kn Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong. . . . Bob 0 8 o of G oe 6 6 6 Goa Os nOmoON Leaves wedge-obovate, prominently valid = OG 9 0 ONG oO 6 4p oo. fo Ch THUR (oR, Fruit small, depressed-globose, nepelol: 1 1 lat hl. Jot 8 Leaves or . SPATHULATA. « CORDATA. C. Leaves broadly ovate or enenle OOo SO OE ab 6 (Gg ape oa a= Gh) Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate . ...... =.=... . 10. C. virivis. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5 to 7-cleft. . . . .. . . . . . 11. C. aprrorta. Flowers in simple few-flowered corymbs. Fruit pyriform or subglobose, red or greenish yellow. Leaves cuneate-obovate or rhombic-obovate. . . « + + + + « « « « « «12. CO. riava. Weaves obovate, spatulates,., . ..r w se es os os los ©-CUNINLORA, Fruit red, globose. Leaves elliptical to oblong-cunciform . . . . » + © © © © © © ~~ « » 14.C. msrivaus. 86 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, CRATAiGUS DOUGLASILI. Haw. Fruit black. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-ovate. Cratzgus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1810.— Koch, iti. 160. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 135. — Torrey, Bot. Dendr. i. 147. — Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 292. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 26.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 189. — Engelmann, i. 116. Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. dm. Crateegus sanguinea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 6, t. 44 (not Pal 10th Census U. S. ix. 75.— Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53. las). — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 407. Crategus punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas; Hooker, Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 140. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. Cratzgus rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 189 Crateegus sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. (not Nuttall). — Greene, FV. Francis. i. 53. N. Am. i. 464. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Dietrich, Syn. A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, with a straight stout trunk eighteen inches to two feet in diameter, dividing into many branches which form a compact round head, and slender rigid branchlets ; or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems, or, in the dry climate of the interior of the continent, a low intricately branched bush. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, longitudinally fissured, and broken into oblong plates, the surface of which separates into long thick dark red-brown scales. The branchlets are glabrous, green when young, and in their first winter bright red and lustrous, and marked by pale elevated lenticels; they are sometimes unarmed, but usually bear stout straight or slightly curved blunt or acute spines, three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, which are bright red in their first year, and, like the branches, later become ashy gray. The winter-buds are obtuse, one eighth of an inch long, and covered by broadly ovate scales which are keeled on the back, apicu- late, ciliate on the margins, bright chestnut-brown, and lustrous. The leaves are broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, gradually contracted at the base into short broad petioles, finely serrate except at the base with small glandular teeth, and often incisely cut towards the apex, or more or less three-lobed, especially on vigorous shoots ; when they unfold they are puberulous on both surfaces, and at maturity are glabrous, thick, and rather coriaceous, dark green and often lustrous above, and paler below, one to four inches in length, and half an inch to an inch and a half in breadth. The stipules are narrowly obovate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and caducous, or, on vigorous shoots, are foliaceous, broadly ovate-falcate, deeply incised, glandular-serrate, and short-stalked. The flowers are produced in broad or narrow leafy many-flowered cymes, furnished with lanceolate acuminate caducous bracts and bractlets ; they appear in May when the leaves are nearly fully grown, and are from one third to one half of an inch across, with broadly obconie calyx-tubes, glabrous or puberulous, and nearly as long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are acute or rounded at the apex, entire, ciliate-margined or finely glan- dular-serrate, and green or tinged with red or purple. The petals are pure white, broadly obovate, rounded above, and contracted below ito short claws, and are rather longer than the stamens which have stout filaments and small pale anthers and than the short styles which vary in number from two to five, and are often furnished at the base with tufts of long pale hairs. The fruit, which falls as soon as it ripens in August and September, is subglobose or rarely somewhat oblong, black, and lustrous, with thin sweet flesh and small thin-walled nutlets slightly grooved on the back. Orategus Douglasii is distributed from the valley of the Parsnip River in British Columbia* vv 1 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 148. ROS ACE: SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 through Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt River in California, and ranges southward through Idaho and Montana to the valley of the Flat Head River at the western base of the Rocky Mountains. It is found in wet sandy soil in the neighborhood of streams, where it often forms impene- trable thickets of considerable extent, and is most abundant and attains its greatest size in the valleys of western Oregon and northern California. The wood of Crataegus Douglasii is heavy, hard, tough, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it is rose-colored, with thick pale sapwood composed of thirty to forty layers of annual growth, and contains many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6950, a cubic foot weighing 43.31 pounds. It is used for wedges, malls, and the handles of tools. The fruit, which is produced in great profusion, is a favorite article of food with the Indians. Tn the dry interior parts of the continent Crategus Douglasii is represented by the variety rivu- laris,' which, in its extreme form, is distinguished by narrowly lanceolate simply serrate membranaceous pale leaves; but in northern Montana, where the black-fruited Thorns abound, it passes into the form with larger thicker incisely cut leaves, the plants in one thicket often showing both the extreme and all the intermediate varieties of foliage ever produced by this tree. Crategus Douglasii, var. rivularis, is usually a low intricately branched armed or unarmed shrub. It is common in the coast region of Oregon, and is the usual form in the region bordering the shores of Puget Sound; it ranges southward to Sierra and Plumas Counties, California,” and extends over all the mountain ranges of eastern Oregon and Washington ; it abounds on those of Idaho, Montana, and Utah, and spreads through Colorado * to the Pinos Altos Mountains of New Mexico, and grows along the borders of streams and mountain meadows, generally at high elevations. Crategus Douglasii was discovered by David Douglas‘ in the valley of the lower Colorado River, and in 1826 or 1827 was introduced by him into the garden of the London Horticultural Society, where it flowered ten years later. In cultivation Crategus Douglasii is a rapidly growing round-headed tree, soon attaining in good soil a height of eighteen or twenty feet; it is hardy on the Atlantic coast as far north as Nova Scotia, and in eastern Massachusetts covers itself every year with its handsome flowers and abundant black fruit. 1 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 400. Mespilus rivularis, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 187 ; Bot. Centralbl. Crategus rivularis, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. xxxy. 342. 464, — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 161. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Nuttall, 2 Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 53. Sylva, ii.9.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 107. — Watson, King’s 8 Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 88. Rep. v. 92.— Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest 4 See ii. 94. Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 74. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5 Garden and Forest, i. 201. i, 522. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pratz CLXXV. Cratmevs Doverasi. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Diagram of a flower. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . Front and back views of a stamen, enlarged. a 2. 3. 4, 5. An ovule, much magnified. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 7. A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged. 8. A nutlet natural size. 9. A nutlet. divided transversely, enlarged. 0. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 11. A seed, enlarged. 12. An embryo, much magnified. 13. A leaf from a young shoot with stipules, natural size. 14, Winter-buds, natural size. Puate CLXXVI. Cratmevs Dovenast, var. RIVULARIS. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. A nuitlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. Sar eN Silva of North America ee - — Tab, CLXXV. CE. Faxon del. Picart se. a | | CRATAGUS DOUGLASII, Lindl. > i Rican dren* | Imp. R.Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. } tao” CLAAVG: CE Faxon dev Rapine sc. GRATZCUS DOUGLASII, Var. RIVULARIS. Sarg A. Riocreue dren” Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 CRATZIGUS BRACHYACANTHA. Pometite Bleue. Hog’s Haw. Fruit bright blue. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate. Crateegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelmann; Engel- Crateegus spathulata, Hooker, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. 25 mann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest Trees NV. ‘(not Michaux). Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 75.— Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pil. i, 215. A tree, forty to fifty feet in height, with a straight trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, dividing, five or ten feet from the ground, into stout spreading light gray branches which form a broad compact round head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, dark brown, deeply furrowed, and broken into long persistent scales. The branchlets are at first light green and slightly pubescent, but soon become glabrous and pale red-brown, and in their second year are stout, more or less zigzag, and ashy gray ; they are armed with numerous short stout generally curved or sometimes straight and slender spines, from one third to two thirds of an inch in length, which often terminate lateral branchlets on vigorous shoots. The winter-buds are obtuse, nearly globose, one sixteenth of an inch across, and protected by chestnut-brown suborbicular scales ciliate on the margins and rounded on the back, those of the inner ranks being acerescent with the young shoots, and at maturity foliaceous, obovate, rounded above, nearly entire, and from one third of an inch to nearly an inch in length. The leaves are deciduous, and are lanceolate-oblong to ovate or rhombic, acute or rounded at the apex, grad- ually contracted into short broad petioles, and crenulate-serrate with minute appressed apiculate teeth ; when they unfold they are slightly puberulous on the upper, and glabrous on the under surface, and at maturity are thick, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous, with thin inconspicuous midribs and veins, and are one inch to two inches in length and half an inch to nearly an inch in breadth. The stipules are minute, subulate, one eighth of an inch long, and caducous. On vigorous shoots the leaves are some- times broadly ovate or almost triangular, wedge-shaped, truncate, or heart-shaped at the base and more or less deeply three-lobed, and are two and a half inches long and two inches broad, with foliaceous broadly ovate to triangular-oblong acute stalked stipules an inch in length, and early deciduous. The flowers, which appear toward the end of April and early in May, when the leaves are nearly fully grown, are one third of an inch across when expanded, and are produced in great profusion on lateral spur-like branchlets in glabrous umbellate corymbs with long slender branches. The bracts and bract- lets, which are narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length and tinged with red, fall when the flower-buds are half grown, leaving minute gland-like scars. The pedicels are half an inch long, or four or five times the length of the glabrous obconic calyces, which has broadly lanceolate acute entire deciduous lobes. The petals are white, nearly orbicular, and contracted below into short claws, and in drying turn a bright orange-color. The styles vary in number from three to five. The fruit, which matures and falls in the middle of August, is subglobose or occasionally some- what pyriform, and from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, with a deep cavity and thin flesh, and is bright blue and covered with a glaucous bloom ; the nutlets, which are a quarter of an inch long, pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, nearly triangular in section, and slightly two-grooved on the rounded and nearly smooth back, are composed almost entirely of the thick hard walls which inclose minute compressed seeds; these are not more than half a line thick and are covered with a pale brown testa. Crategus brachyacantha is distributed from the valley of Bayou Dorcheat in northwestern Lou- isiana through the western part of that state to the valley of the Sabine River in eastern Texas. It 90 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, grows on the borders of streams in rich moist soil, or surrounds with dense groves low wet prairies in western Louisiana, where, a few miles west of Opelousas, it is the most conspicuous and beautiful feature of the arborescent vegetation. The wood of Crategus brachyacantha is heavy, hard, and very close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it contains numerous very obscure medullary rays and is light brown tinged with rose, the thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth, being lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6793, a cubic foot weighing 42.33 pounds. Crategus brachyacantha was first collected, without flowers or fruit, by the Scotch botanist Thomas Drummond," but its true character was only made known fifty years later, when it was rediscoy- ered by Dr. Charles Mohr? near Minden in Louisiana in November, 1880. Crategus brachyacantha is the least widely distributed, and one of the largest and most beautiful representatives of the genus in North America. As it grows on the prairies of western Louisiana it is a striking and very attractive object, and its size, its compact well-shaped head, its lustrous foliage, its abundant flowers, and the color of its fruit, which is unlike that of any other Hawthorn, will make the Pomette Bleue, as it is called by the French Acadians of Louisiana, a valuable ornament of gardens and parks where the climate is sufficiently temperate for its full development. 1 See ii. 25. * Charles Mohr was born in Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, December 28, 1824, and early imbibed a taste for natural history and the woods from a relative employed in the forest service of Wiirtemberg, who made the boy his companion. In 1842 he entered the poly- technical school at Stuttgart, where he remained for three years, when, having made the acquaintance of the naturalist Kappler, an employee in the colonial service of Holland, he accompanied him as assistant to Dutch Guiana. Here, however, Mohr’s stay was short, owing to repeated attacks of malarial fever; and, after the chemical works at Brunin in Moravia, where he next found employ- ment, were closed in consequence of the political agitations of the year 1848, he sought a home in North America. The spring of 1849 found him crossing the plains to California, where he arrived on foot, after a journey of one hundred and seven days from the Missouri River. In California he made a collection of all the plants he could find in flower on the foothills of the Yuba valley and in the neighborhood of S to. Unfortunately this collec- tion, which doubtless contained a number of undescribed species, as Dr. Mohr was among the earliest botanists to explore central California, was lost during his return journey across the Isthmus of Panama. On reaching the east, Dr. Mohr first settled in Louisville, Kentucky, and, after a journey in Mexico, where he thought of establishing himself, and where he collected Mosses especially, and among them several new species afterwards described by Professor Karl Mueller of Halle, he made his home at Mobile, Alabama. Here for many years he has been a successful manufacturing drug- gist, and has devoted his spare time to the study of the flora and the natural resources of the state. Being appointed, in 1880, an agent of the Forestry Division of the 10th Census of the United States to investigate the forest resources of the Gulf states, he prosecuted this task during several years with great vigor and in- telligence, traveling through all parts of the Gulf region west of the Appalachicola River, and obtaining the first accurate informa- tion about the position and distril of the southern forests, besides adding much to our knowledge of the range and life-his- tories of the trees which compose them. Later, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, he again explored the southern forests to collect specimens for the Jesup Collection of North American Woods. southern woods under the auspices of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company for the New Orleans Exposition, and is now engaged, under the Forestry Division of the Department of Agri- culture, in studying some of the most important timber-trees of the south. Dr. Mohr is the author of numerous papers upon the botany and geology of the southern states published in the reports of scientific societies or in more popular form. (See Pharmaceu- tische Rundschau, v. No. 2, 4.) 3 Seeds of Crategus brachyacantha were distributed by the Ar- nold Arboretum, in 1883, to the principal botanical establishments of Europe. In eastern Massachusetts the climate has proved too severe for it, and the young plants have all perished. He made a collection of EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLXXVII. A nutlet, natural size. eet a eo aS CRATHGUS BRACHYACANTHA. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section ofa flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. A vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size. A lobed leaf, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CLAXVII., CE Faxon dab. : ~ Picart fr SCL CRATACUS BRACHYACANTHA, Engelm, et Sarg A. Riocreux durex! lip. f. Laneur Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ot CRATZiGUS CRUS-GALLI. Cockspur Thorn, Newcastle Thorn. LEaves subcoriaceous, obovate-cuneiform to broadly oval or linear-oblong. Crategus Crus-galli, Linneus, Spec. 476.— Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 5. — Medicus, Bot. Beob. 1782, 344. — Moench, Biume Weiss. 28.— Walter, Fl. Car. 147. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 87 ; Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1004. — Michaux, FV. Bor.-Am. i. 288. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, y. 448. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 338. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. — Elliott, Sz. i. 548. — Bige- low, FU. Boston. 118. —Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 56, t. 56. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 200. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 463. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 221. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 83. — Chapman, F7. 127. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 83. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 108. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 187. — Kale- niczenko, Bull. Mosc. xviii. pt. ii. 19. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 492, t.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 76.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Crategus lucida, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6.— Moench, Biume Weiss. 28.—Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangen- heim, Nordam. Holz. 53, t. 17, f. 42. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 629. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. Mespilus Crus-galli, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 88. — Castigli- oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 294, — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 441. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 157. — Nowveau Du- hamel, iv. 149. — Willdenow, Hnum. 522; Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 244. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80. — Koch, Dendr. i. 142. Mespilus lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 17. — Moench, Meth. 685. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57. Cratzegus laurifolia, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 84. Mespilus cuneifolia, Moench, Meth. 684. Crateegus Crus-galli, var. splendens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 202. Mespilus Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57. Crategus Watsoniana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. Cratzegus Carrierei, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1883, 108, t. Pl. W. Texas). Crateegus Lavallei, Hort. Paris. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk four to six feet tall and sometimes a foot in diameter, covered, like the stout rigid spreading branches which form a broad flat or round head, with light red-brown or ashy gray scaly bark, and usually armed with long stout often branched spines. The branchlets are glabrous, and at first green but soon become light brown or gray tinged with brown, or sometimes, in the southern states, bright red and lustrous ; they are stout, usually more or less zigzag, light brown to ashy gray in their second year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp- pointed chestnut-brown or ashy gray spines from one to four inches in length, which continue to enlarge for many years and eventually often become many branched and six or eight inches long. The winter- buds are obtuse, an eighth of an inch long, and covered by chestnut-brown lustrous apiculate scales rounded on the back and scarious on the margins, those of the inner ranks being at maturity lanceolate, acute, finely glandular-serrate, from one half of an inch to an inch in length, sometimes bright red and caducous. The leaves are obovate, cuneiform to broadly ovate or linear-oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually contracted below into short broad petioles, sharply serrate except towards the base with minute appressed usually glandular-tipped teeth, and rarely slightly three-lobed ; they are glabrous or occasionally puberulous on the lower surface, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, and pale below, reticulate-veined, with narrow midribs and primary veins, an inch to five inches long, and from one quarter of an inch to an inch and a half wide. The stipules are linear-acute to ligulate, minutely glandular-serrate, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and caducous; or, on vigorous shoots, they are foliaceous, obliquely ovate, stalked, coarsely glandular-serrate, and sometimes half an inch broad. The flowers, which appear after the leaves are fully grown from the middle of April in Texas to the middle of June In the autumn before falling the leaves turn bright orange and scarlet. 92 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES. in New England, are produced in many-flowered glabrous or sometimes puberulous thin-branched The bracts and bractlets are linear-spatulate, acute, finely glandular-serrate, half an inch to an inch in length, usually tinged with The flowers are two thirds of an inch across and are borne on slender pedicels one elongated racemose corymbs, the lower branches from the axils of leaves. red, and caducous. half of an inch to nearly an inch in length; the calyx is narrow, obconic, and glabrous or pilose on the outer surface, with linear-lanceolate entire or minutely glandular-serrate persistent lobes rather shorter than the white petals; the pistils are two to five and are surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs. The fruit is subglobose or rarely pyriform, and one third of an inch across, with a deep cavity surrounded. by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, and is dull red with thin dry mealy flesh. The nutlets are a quarter of an inch long, rounded at both ends, and two or three-grooved on the back, with broad rounded ridges and thick brittle walls. The seed is acute, one sixteenth of an inch in length, and covered with a thin papery light brown testa.' Crategus Crus-galli is distributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence to the northern shores of Lake Erie? ranging southward in the United States to the valley of the Chipola River in western Florida, and westward to Missouri and to the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It grows in rich soil, usually along the margins of swamps, on the borders of prairies, or in the neighborhood of streams ; it is generally distributed but nowhere very common in the northern and eastern states, and is abundant and attains its largest size in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. The wood of Crategus Crus-galli is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface, and contains many obscure medullary rays. It is brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7194, a cubic foot weighing 44.83 pounds. 1 The leaves of Crategus Crus-galli, although easily recognized by their texture and lustrous upper surface, vary considerably in form on different individuals and sometimes on the same individual. Botanists have end d to establish varieties based on some of these different leaf-forms, although such characters have little value in Crategus and are not at all constant or to be depended upon. These varieties are : — Var. pyracanthifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.—De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 820, t. 128, £. 580.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 109 (in part). —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 76. Crategus salicifolia, Medicus, Bot. Beob. 1782, 345. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. Crategus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 820, f. 551-553, 578, t.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 139. Mespilus Crus-galli, vax. salicifolia, Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80.— Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 244. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 80. Mespilus salicifolia, Koch, Dendr. i. 144. Crateegus Coursetiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 117. Var. ovalifolia, Bot. Reg. t. 1860. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 821, f. 579, t.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 109. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 189. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 76. Mespilus ovalifolia, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 52.— Koeh, Dendr. i. 148. Mespilus prunellifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 72. Crategus ovalifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ti. 598. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. — Sargent, For- est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 76. Crategus prunellifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 117. Mespilus elliptica, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 170, t. 144 (not Lamarck). — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 68. Var. linearis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 626. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 821, f. 577. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 140. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 76. Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 18. Crategus linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 118. Mespilus linearis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 70.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 57. This is the most distinct of all the forms of Crategus Crus-galli. It is not known to me in a wild state, and is believed to have origi- nated in Europe, probably in France, where it appears to be more often cultivated than the other forms of the species. Var. prunifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 821, f. 576, t. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 110.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 140. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 77. Mespilus prunifolia ? Marshall, Arbust. Am. 90. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 443.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 150, t. 40. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. Cratcegus prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Bot. Reg. t. 1868. Var. Fontanesiana, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 141. Mespilus Fontanesiana, Spach, Hist. Véq. ii. 58, t. 10, f. K. Mespilus Bosciana, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 58. Crategus badiata, Bose, Nouv. Cours d’ Agric. ii. 224, 11, 58. Crateegus Bosciana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 118. 2 Brunet, Cat.Vég. Lig. Can. 26.—Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147. ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 In some parts of the country the spurs are used as pins to close the mouths of sacks and for similar purposes. Crategus Crus-galli was introduced into English gardens toward the end of the seventeenth century,’ and the first description and portrait of this tree are those of Plukenet, made from cultivated plants and published in 1691 in his Phytographia? In western Louisiana, and eastern Texas and occasionally in the southern Atlantic states, a variety, Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, occurs with obovate leaves rounded at the apex and covered, as are the shoots, the corymbs, and the calyces, by thick pale persistent pubescence, and with orange- colored red-cheeked fruit. In its habit, however, in the appearance of its bark, the form and texture of its leaves, the character of its thorns, or the nature of its wood, this tree is not distinguishable from the ordinary form of the Cockspur Thorn which grows with it. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood of Crategus Crus-galli, var. berberifolia, is 0.6126, a cubic foot weighing 38.17 pounds.* It was discovered many years ago near Opelousas? in Louisiana, by Professor William M. Carpenter.° Crataegus Crus-galli has been more generally cultivated in the United States and in Hurope than any other American Hawthorn, and as a cultivated plant it is particularly beautiful. It flowers later than most trees, and after its large and beautifully lustrous leaves are fully developed. Its habit is always good and often striking; its foliage is less subject to fungal diseases than that of the other American species ; and its fruit, which birds do not devour, covers the branches until the spring without losing color. It is the best of the American Hawthorns to plant in hedges,’ and for more than a century has been used in some parts of the eastern states for this purpose.® 1 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 820, £. 574, 575, t. 2 Mespilus aculeata Pyrifolia denticulata splendens, fructu insigni rutilo Virginiensis, t. 46, f. 1; Alm. Bot. 249.— Miller, Dict. No. 9. Mespilus ; spinosa, sive Oxyacantha Virginiana. The Cockspur or Virginian Hawthorn, Miller, Dict. No. 8. Mespilus foliis lanceolatis serratis, spinis robustioribus, floribus corymbosis, Miller, Dict. Icon. 119, t. 178, f. 2. 8 Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 464. Crategus berberifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 469. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 59. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 115.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 123. — Engel- mann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 128. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 82. Mespilus berberifolia, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 125. 4 Garden and Forest, iii. 344. 5 This tree is common four miles west of Opelousas, Louisiana, on land adjoining the plantation of Monsieur Pierre Pompon Petre, in an open grove of Oaks and Hickories, growing on low moist ground with the Hornbeam, the Flowering Dogwood, and the Parsley Haw, close to the border of a prairie surrounded by broad masses of Crataegus brachyacantha. 6 William M. Carpenter (1811-1848) was born in St. Francisville in the parish of West Feliciana, Louisiana. In 1829 he entered the military academy at West Point, but two years later delicate health compelled him to resign, and he left the academy before graduation and began the study of medicine in the Louisiana Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1836, when he was called to the chair of natural history and chemistry in the Louisiana State Col- lege at Jackson in his native parish. In the six years during which ted with this i he devoted himself assiduously to studying the flora of Louisiana, communicat- Professor Carpenter was ing the results of his observations to the authors of the Flora of North America. ica and therapeutics in the Louisiana State College, a position which he held until his death, six years later. with a single species, a lovely white-flowered shrub of the Califor- In 1842 he was made professor of materia med- Carpenteria, a genus nia Sierras, was dedicated to his memory by his friend Torrey. 7 “The Virginian Azarole with a red fruit, or Linneus’s Crategus Crus-galli, is a species of hawthorn, and they plant it in hedges, for want of that hawthorn, which is commonly used for this purpose in Europe. Its berries are red, and of the same size, shape, and taste with those of our hawthorn. Yet this tree does not seem to make a good hedge, for its leaves were already fallen, whilst other trees still preserved theirs.” (Kalm, Travels, English ed. i. 115.) 8 The name of N tle Thorn, ti had its origin in the fact that it was once largely used as a hedge plant by the farmers of Newcastle County, Delaware. given to this species, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puare CLXXVIII. Cratmeus CRvs-GALLi. . A flowering branch, natural size. a . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. mB oO b . A fruit with a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size. . View of the back of a nutlet, natural size. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. . Winter-buds, natural size. . A leaf from a vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size. Oo CON DD O . A leaf of the linear-lanceolate form, natural size. Puare CLXXIX. Cratmeus CRUS-GALLI, var. BERBERIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. 3 4. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 5. A nutlet, natural size. 6. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. Tab. CLXXVIII. Silva of North America. Pricart se. del. P ef LL QO. 77 ha CRATZGUS: CRUS> GALLI 1, Ld Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. A Piecreie dreont Silva of North America. Tao. Sine C.£. Faxon del, " \ Gueenier SO CRATA GUS CRUS- GALLI, Var. BERBERIFOLIA, Sarg A. Riocreux direx ! imp. R. Taneur, Paris ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 CRATAiGUS COCCINEA. Scarlet Haw. White Thorn. LEAVES membranaceous, round-ovate, acutely incised. Crateegus coccinea, Linnxus, Spec. 476. — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4.— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 193. — Moench, Biume Weiss. 28. — Walter, Fl. Car. 147. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 81; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1000 (excl. syn.). — Michaux, 7. Bor.-Am. i. 288.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. — Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 337. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305. — Schrank, Pf. Lab. 26.— Elliott, Sk. i. 553. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.— Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 201; Bot. Mag. t. 3432. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Bot. Reg. t. 1957. — Torrey & Gray, i. N. Am. i. 465. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 3, 206. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Schniz- lein, Icon. t. 270, £. 18-20, 22. — Darlington, 7. Cestr. ed. 8, 83. — Chapman, F7. 127. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. NV. Car. 1860, iii. 82. — Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 9. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 493, t. — Ridg- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66.—Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 77. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. Mespilus coccinea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 87.— Casti- glioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 293. — Moench, Meth. 684. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 442. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156. — Willdenow, Hnuwm. 523; Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 238. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 451. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 77. — Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823, 699. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 64. Crategus rotundifolia, Moench, Biwme Weiss. 29, t. 1. Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 20. — Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823, 700. — Koch, Dendr. i. 148. Mespilus coccinea, var. viridis, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 293. ? Mespilus maxima, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 451. ? Cratzegus viridis, Elliott, Sk. i. 551 (mot Linneus). — Darlington, £7. Cestr. ed. 2, 293. Mespilus odorata, Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823, 700. ? Mespilus Wendlandii, Opiz, Regensb. Flora, 1834, 590. Mespilus flabellata, Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 63. — Koch, Dendr. i. 148. Crateegus coccinea, var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. NN. Am. i. 465.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cen- sus U.S. ix. 78. Cratzegus coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census (Oh, SE vee US Halmia flabellata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 136. Anthomeles rotundifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 140. Pheenopyrum coccineum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 156. Pheenopyrum Wendlandii, Roemer, Mam. Nat. Syn. iii. 156. Cratzegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 120. A bushy intricately branched tree, rarely twenty feet in height, with a short trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and stout spreading branches which form a narrow head; or more often a tall or low shrub. The bark of the trunk is light brown or ashy gray and is slightly fissured, the surface being broken into small persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets, which are at first light green and glabrous or pubescent, in their first winter are usually zigzag, bright red and lustrous or sometimes light brown or gray, and marked by many small pale lenticels, and in their second year become light brown or ashy gray, their bark ultimately separating, like that of the trunk, into persistent scales; they are armed with slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown or sometimes gray persistent spines an inch to two inches in length. The winter-buds are nearly globular, one sixteenth of an inch across, and covered with bright chestnut-brown scales, scarious on the margins and rounded on the back; at maturity the scales of the inner rows are from half an inch to an inch in length and are lanceolate, ligulate, or broadly obovate, glandular-serrate, and usually more or less tinged with red. The leaves are round-ovate, acute, wedge-shaped, rounded, truncate, or, on vigorous shoots, often subcordate at the base, acutely incised, or slightly five to nine-lobed, and sharply and irregularly serrate except at the base with acute glandular teeth ; they are very thin and membranaceous, at first glabrous or puberulous on the upper, and pubescent on the lower surface, and glabrous at maturity or sometimes puberulous below, and are borne 96 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES.. on slender glabrous or pubescent petioles often an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and vary from an inch to four inches in length and from an inch to two and a half inches in breadth. The stipules are glandular-serrate, caducous, linear, acute, or, on vigorous shoots, foliaceous, broadly ovate, and stalked. The flowers, which appear when the leaves are nearly fully grown, are produced in few-flowered elon- gated glabrous or pubescent corymbs with lanceolate or narrowly oblong acute glandular-serrate cadu- cous bracts and bractlets; they are borne on slender pedicels, and vary from half an inch to nearly an inch in diameter. The calyx is obconic, and glabrous or puberulous, with long lanceolate denticulate or rarely entire and usually glandular lobes much shorter than the obovate white petals, which are erose or occasionally denticulate towards the base. There are two to five pistils surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens in September and October and generally hangs on the branches until after the leaves have fallen, is subglobose or slightly elongated or pyriform, bright scar- let, and one third to one half of an inch in diameter, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the persis- tent calyx-lobes and remnants of the filaments, and thin dry flesh; the nutlets are acute at both ends, with two deep grooves and a prominent ridge on the back, and thick hard walls. The seed is acute, and is covered by a pale brown coat. Crategus coccinea is distributed from the western shores of Newfoundland through the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec, and Ontario, and extends westward through Winnipeg nearly to the east- ern base of the Rocky Mountains.’ In the United States it ranges southward to northern Florida and eastern Texas and westward to Nebraska and Kansas. It grows in dense thickets, in open upland woods, or rocky pastures, or in lower ground near the borders of streams‘and prairies, and is common in all the northern states, on the Alleghany Mountains, and in the valley of the Ohio River, but com- paratively rare in the south. The wood of Crategus coccinea is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with thin obscure medullary rays ; it is brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8618, a cubie foot weighing 53.71 pounds. A distinct form of the Scarlet Thorn, Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha,’ may be distinguished by the longer bright chestnut-brown thorns, two to five inches long, which cover its straggling branches, and by the broadly obovate leaves; these are acute at the apex, wedge-shaped, and contracted below into broad stout petioles, sharply and often doubly serrate with acute glandular-tipped teeth except at. the base, sometimes three-lobed, coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, with a few pale hairs along the prominent midribs and primary veins, three or four inches long, and two to two and a half inches broad. The flowers are smaller than those of the more common Crategus coccinea, with narrow pectinately glandular calyx-lobes, and are produced in broader looser pilose or pubescent corymbs. The fruit is oblong, or subglobose, smaller and less fleshy, with. larger nutlets. 1 Meyer, Pl. Lab. 82. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147. 2 Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. ii. 33 (Cayuga Flora). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 412. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. ? Crateegus glandulosa, Moench, Biume Weiss. 31. ? Pyrus glandulosa, Moench, Meth. 680. Crategus glandulosa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 84 (not Aiton) ; Spec. ii. 1002 (excl. syn.).— Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 337 (in part). — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1012. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 817, £. 550, 567, 568, t. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 120. Mespilus sanguinea, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 452 (excl. syn.). Mespilus glandulosa, Willdenow, Enum. 523. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 58, t. 58. — Schmidt, Oestr. Baume. iv. 33, t. 213. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 62. — Koch, Dendr. i. 145. Crategus macracantha, Loddiges ; Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819, £. 572, 578, t. Crategus glandulosa, var. macracantha, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1912. Crategus sanguinea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 464 (excl. var. B.; not Pallas). Crategus coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 86 (not Torrey & Gray). Crategus coccinea, T.S. Brandegee, Rep. Chief Engineer U. S.A. Appx. S. 1841 (not Linneus) ; Bull. U.S. Geolog. & Geog. Surv. Terr. ii. 236 (FU. Southwest Colorado). — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 90. Crategus Douglasii, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 522 (not Lind-- ley). SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Oy ROSACEA. Crategus coccinea, var. macracantha, is common in eastern Massachusetts, where it grows with Crategus coccinea ; it occurs on the Maine coast, in northern New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the province of Quebec, and ranges westward through Winnipeg. It occurs in Missouri and is not rare on the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Colorado and of New Mexico, in eastern Oregon, and on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington.! A shrubby form of the southern states with small thin glabrous deltoid-ovate leaves, usually wedge- shaped or sometimes cordate at the base, and borne on slender petioles, is distinguished as Crategus coccinea, var. populifolia? Tt produces small flowers in narrow few-flowered corymbs, and small fruit. Crategus coccinea was probably introduced into English gardens in the seventeenth century, and the earliest descriptions of it were drawn up from cultivated plants. In cultivation it is a less desirable plant than the related Crategus mollis, and than several other North American species, and it is now rarely found in gardens. 1 The synonymy of this variety, which is possibly the Crataegus glandulosa of Moench, is much involved. If it is the Crataegus glan- dulosa of this author, and is regarded as a variety of Crategus But the identity of Moench’s plant is so doubtful that it is better to pass over this coccinea, its name would be var. glandulosa. name and take up the much later one of Loddiges and Loudon, although it is in part the Crategus glandulosa of Willdenow, whose name, however, was published later than the Crategus glandulosa of Aiton, which is the Crategus flava of this author. The figure in Watson’s Dendrologia Britannica was made from this variety, which is admirably portrayed by Schmidt. 2 Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 78. Crategus populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i. 553 (not Walter). — Nut- tall, Gen.i. 305. Mespilus populifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447. Phenopyrum populifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 153. Crateegus coccinea, var. typica, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 121. 8 The confusion in the pre-Linnzan descriptions of the American Hawthorns makes it impossible in some cases to determine which species different authors intended to describe ; but it is apparent that some of the descriptions which have usually been thought to refer to Crategus coccinea relate rather to Crategus mollis, which was well figured by Plukenet. ? Mespilus Virginiana grossularie foliis, fructu rubro minore, Alm. Bot. 249 (excl. syn. Banister). Crategus foliis ovatis repando-angulatis serratis, Linneus, Hort. Clif. 187 ; Hort. Ups. 126. — Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 54. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 272. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CLXXX. Cratmeus cOccINEA. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size. View of the side of a nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. The end of a vigorous leafy shoot with stipules, natural size. CONSENT Co OURS Cohn A winter branchlet, natural size. Puate CLXXXI. Crarmeus coccineA, var. MACRACANTHA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. 1S OO Portion of a young branchlet with stipules, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXX. od “ ae yin 7 wae f cae, on C.F Faxon del. flumely SC, CRATEGUS COCCINEA L. A. Riocreux direx= Imp. Le. Taneur, Paris. : ts } Silva of North America. Tab, CLXXXI, CL. Faxon del, Toulet sc, CRATEGUS COCCINEA Var, MACRACANTHA, Dudley. A.Riocreua direa’ Imp. Tanéur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 CRATAIGUS MOLLIS. Scarlet Haw. LEAves membranaceous, broadly ovate, usually incisely lobed, pubescent on the lower surface. Cratzgus mollis, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 569; Roemer Texas, Appx. 473.—Walpers, Ann. ii. 523. Mespilus coccinea, Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 30, t. 210 (not Linnzeus). Mespilus pubescens, Wendland, Regensb. Flora, 1823, 700 (not Humboldt & Bonpland). Mespilus coccinea, 8. pubescens, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 718. Crategus tomentosa, Emerson, Trees Mass. 435; ed. 2, ii. 494, t. (not Linnzeus). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, 212. Pheenopyrum subvillosum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 154. Crateegus subvillosa, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 86. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 78. — Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 512. Crategus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, 454. Cratzegus tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Wan. ed. 5, 160. Mespilus tilizefolia, Koch, Dendr. i. 151. Crateegus coccinea, var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. — Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 186 (Pl. Lindheim. ii.). —Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 121. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 132. —Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and spreading often contorted branches which form a compact round head. The bark of the trunk is one third of an inch thick, slightly furrowed, and ashy gray to reddish brown, the surface being broken into small persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are coated when young with thick pale tomentum, and in their first winter are light orange-brown, lustrous, and marked by pale lenticels, becoming darker in their second year and eventually ashy gray; they are stout, zigzag, and armed with thick and straight spines which are chestnut-brown and lustrous or finally ashy gray and two or three inches in length. The winter-buds are obtuse, one eighth of an inch long, and protected by orbicular chestnut-brown lustrous scales ciliate on the margins and rounded on the back; the scales of the inner rows at maturity are obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex, glandular-serrate, and from half an inch to an inch in length. The leaves are broadly ovate, acute at the apex, cuneate, truncate, or cordate at the base, sharply serrate with slender spreading glandular-tipped teeth, and often incisely many-lobed; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface with pale tomentum, and are more or less pubescent on the upper surface ; and at maturity they are thin and membranaceous, pubescent or tomentose below, glabrous or slightly scabrous above, light green, with broad prominent midribs and primary veins deeply grooved on the upper side, three to five inches long, and three to four inches broad, and borne on stout pubescent petioles an inch to two inches in length. The stipules are glandular-serrate, deciduous, foliaceous, acute, or lunate, and sometimes an inch broad on vigorous shoots. The flowers, which are from an inch to an inch and a quarter across when expanded, are produced in broad pubescent or tomentose stout-branched corymbs, with large spatulate glandular-serrate deciduous or occasionally persistent bracts and bractlets, and appear several days earlier than those of Cratwgus coccinea, when the leaves are half grown, which in Texas is in March and in New England from the middle to the end of May. The calyx is obconic, coated with tomentum or pubescence, and lined with a bright red or green disk ; the lobes are acute, glandular-serrate, and persistent. The ovaries are pubescent or puberulous, and are surrounded at the base with tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls in September or early in October, is subglobose or pyriform, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the 100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. calyx-lobes and filaments ; it is often pubescent while young, and at maturity is an inch to an inch and a quarter in diameter, bright orange-scarlet, and covered with a glaucous bloom; the flesh is thin and mealy but sweet and edible; the nutlets are pointed at both ends, lunate, rounded on the back, with a single broad deep or sometimes shallow groove down the middle, thin brittle walls, and a large seed covered with a pale brown coat. Crategus mollis is distributed from the shores of Massachusetts Bay to northern New England and the province of Quebec,’ and ranges westward through central Michigan to Missouri and middle Tennessee, and through Arkansas to the valley of the San Antonio River in Texas, reappearing on the Sierra Madre near Saltillo in Mexico. It grows on the margins of swamps, along the banks of streams, and on prairies in rich soil; in New England it is more tree-like in habit and attains a larger size than the other native Hawthorns, and reaches its best development in Texas and southern Arkansas, where it abounds. The wood of Cratwgus mollis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong ; it is light brown or red, with thick sapwood composed of twenty-five or thirty layers of annual growth, and con- tains numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7953, a cubic foot weighing 49.56 pounds. Crategus mollis, although it was long confounded with Crategus coccinea, was introduced into European gardens and was described and figured before the end of the seventeenth century,’ and it is no doubt this species which is called the White Thorn in early accounts of New England.* It is the largest and handsomest of the Scarlet Hawthorns of North America, and its rapid growth, tree-like habit, ample foliage, and large and abundant flowers, as well as its brilliant fruit which, how- ever, has the disadvantage of falling as soon as it ripens, commend it to the attention of planters. 1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 25.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147. 8 « Also, mulberries, plums, raspberries, corrance, chestnuts, fil- 2 Mespilus Apii folio Virginiana spinis horrida, fructu amplo coc- berds, walnuts, smalnuts, hurtleberies, and hawes of whitethorne cineo, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 46, £.4; Alm. Bot. 249. neere as good as our cherries in England, they grow in plentie Mespilus spinosa, sive Oxyacantha maxima Virginiana, Hermann, here.” (Higginson, New England’s Plantation [Coll. Mass. Hist. Cat. Lugd. Bat. 423. — Boerhaave, Cat. Lugd. Bat. ii. 257.— Cat. Soc. i. 119].) Pl. Lond. p. 49. “The whitethorne affords haws as bigge as an English Cherrie, Mespilus aculeata pyrifolia denticulata splendens fructu insigni rutilo which is esteemed above a Cherrie for his goodnesse and pleasant- Virginiensis, Cat. Pl. Lond. t. 18, £. 2 (not Plukenet). nesse to the taste.” (Wood, New England’s Prospect, pt. i. chap. 5, Mespilus Canadensis, Sordi torminalis facie, Tournefort, Inst. 642. 20.) — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 16. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLXXXII. Crarmeus Mois. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A subglobose fruit, natural size. A fruit, part of the flesh removed, showing nutlets, enlarged. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. A stipule of a young branchlet, natural size. ee Ss ee eS A winter branchlet, natural size. ~ Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXXII ith wacsscn |N a Te | Wy] 4 ie CRATA GUS MOLLIS, Scheele. A. Riocrewa direa” Lmp. L, Taneur, Paris, ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 CRATZIGUS TOMENTOSA. Haw. LzAvEs ovate to ovate-oblong, contracted into margined petioles, densely coated with pubescence on the lower surface. Crateegus tomentosa, Linnzus, Spec. 476 (excl. syn. Clay- ton). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 9.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 183.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 465. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Torrey, FU. N. Y. i. 222. — Chapman, FU. 127. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 129. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 79; Garden and Forest, ii. 423, f. 126. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Cratzegus leucophlceos, Moench, Bédéume Weiss. 31, t. 2.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 106.— Lavallée, Ard. Segrez. 77, t. 22. Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii. 67. — Burgs- dorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 147. Cratzegus pyrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168.— Willde- now, Berl. Baumz. 83; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1001. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 131. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 192. — Pursh, FV. Am. Sept. i. 8337. — Nut- tall, Gen. i. 305.— Elliott, Sk. i. 550.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599.— Bot. Reg. t. 1877. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819, £. 571, t. — Kaleniezenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 15. Mespilus tomentosa, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii, 293. Mespilus latifolia, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 444. — Desfon- taines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 450.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 150.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 60. Cratzgus latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 37.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 119. Mespilus pyrifolia, Willdenow, Hnum. 523; Berl. Baume. ed. 2, 240.—Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 34, t. 216.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 78. Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 71. Cratzegus lobata, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. Halmia tomentosa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 135. Halmia tomentosa, f. pyrifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii, 135. Halmia tomentosa, §. leucophlea, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 185. Halmia tomentosa, «. Calpodendron, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 136. Halmia lobata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 136. Crategus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 160. A tree, fifteen or twenty feet in height, with a straight trunk five or six inches in diameter, sepa- rating, a few feet from the ground, into slender branches which often spread nearly at right angles and The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick, ashy gray to dark brown, fissured, and broken on the surface into form a wide flat head; or frequently a shrub with many distinct straggling stems. small persistent scales. The branchlets are coated at first with thick pale tomentum ; as this disappears they become dark orange-color, and in their first winter they are puberulous and marked by many minute dark spots, and at the base by the conspicuous ring-like sears left by the falling of the inner bud-seales ; they are ashy gray in their second year, and are slender, often contorted or zigzag, smooth, and usually unarmed, although sometimes furnished with slender ashy gray or very rarely chestnut-brown straight slender sharp spines an inch to an inch and a half in length. The winter-buds are nearly globular, and The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, gradually contracted below into are protected by orbicular chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins and apiculate at the apex. broad winged petioles, generally incisely lobed, and sharply and usually doubly serrate except at the base with broad spreading teeth sometimes tipped towards the lower part of the blade with minute glands which occasionally appear also on the petioles; they are thin but firm in texture, gray-green, coated with pale persistent pubescence on the lower surface, puberulous and ultimately glabrous on the upper surface, conspicuously reticulate-veined, with broad midribs and primary veins, from two to five inches in length and from an inch to three inches in breadth. The stipules are linear, acute, minutely 102 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. glandular-serrate, and from one quarter to one half of an inch long. The leaves turn brilliant orange and scarlet in the autumn before falling. The flowers are produced in broad leafy pubescent slender- branched cymes with lanceolate acute minutely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets. They are half an inch across and have a strong disagreeable odor, and in Texas open as early as the middle of March and at the north in the middle of June, or some two weeks later than those of the forms of Crategus coccinea with which this species has often been confounded. The calyx is coated with pale tomentum, and is obconic with long lanceolate acute taper-pointed persistent lobes, which are deeply or pinnately serrate and usually glandular, reflexed after anthesis, and equal or exceed in length the obovate erose white petals, and glabrous pistils, which are two to five in number. The fruit is pear-shaped or rarely subglobose and half an inch broad, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes, thin dry flesh, and short obtuse thick-walled nutlets rounded and sometimes obscurely two-grooved on the back ; it is erect and dull red, and remains on the branches with little loss of color until the leaf- buds unfold in the following spring. Crategus tomentosa is distributed from the valley of the Hudson River near Troy to eastern Pennsylvania,” and ranges westward through central New York to central Michigan, and Missouri; it occurs on the Alleghany Mountains from northern Georgia to central Tennessee, and extends through Arkansas to eastern Texas.’ It usually grows in low rich soil in the neighborhood of streams and on the margins of the forest, and, except in western New York and southeastern Missouri, is not known to be very common. The wood of Crategus tomentosa is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and contains numerous thin medullary rays; it is bright reddish brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7585, a cubic foot weighing 47.57 pounds. Crataegus tomentosa is often found in English gardens, where it was introduced by Lee & Ken- nedy in 1765,* and in those of France and Germany. The brilliant color of its foliage in autumn and the persistence of the fruit on its branches during the winter constitute its chief value as an ornamental plant. 1 Crategus tomentosa was discovered here by Professor H. G. 3 It was found near Dallas by Mr. J. Reverchon in 1880. Jesup in June, 1889. * Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 819, f. 2 It was detected by Professor Thomas C. Porter on Chestnut 571, t. Hill, Easton, Pennsylvania, in May, 1889. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CLXXXIII. Crarmeus tomentosa. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section. of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A subglobose fruit, natural size. . Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. . A fruit, a part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged. . A nutlet, natural size. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. BPANATPE WY . Portion of a leafy shoot with stipules, natural size. = S . Winter-buds, natural size. Silva of North America. 7 Tab. CLXXXIII. CA. Faxor det. Preart scx CRATA CUS TOMENTOSA. L. A. Riocreux dren’ lip. RLaneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 CRATAIGUS PUNCTATA. Haw. LEAvEs wedge-obovate, prominently veined. Cratzgus punctata, Jacquin, Hort. Vind. i. 10, t. 28.— Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 86; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1004.— Michaux, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 289. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 338. — Elliott, Sk. i. 548. — Tor- rey, Fl. N. Y. i. 222. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. i. 201 (excl. var.).— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 466. — Dietrich, Syn. iti. 159. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 435.— Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 84.—Provancher, Flore Canadienne, 211.—Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 106. — Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 14. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Mespilus cornifolia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 145.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 444. — Koch, Dendr. i. 134. Mespilus cuneiformis, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 88. Crateegus Crus-galli, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 52 (not Linnzus).— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 195. Mespilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 21 (not Moench). — Schmidt, Oestr. Baumz. iv. 34, t. 215. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 61. Mespilus punctata, Loiseleur, Nowveau Duhamel, iv. 152. — Willdenow, Hnum. 524; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 243. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 70.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 79. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 57, t. 57. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 61. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 128. Mespilus pyrifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 156 (not Willdenow).— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 452. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 60, t. 10, £. C. Crateegus punctata, var. rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170. Cratzegus punctata, var. aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170. Crateegus latifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. Crateegus flava, Darlington, FU. Cestr. ed. 2, 292 (not Aiton). Mespilus Trewiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 716. Crateegus cuneifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 118. Crateegus obovatifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 120. Halmia punctata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 134. Halmia cornifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 185. Phenopyrum Trewianum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 154. Crateegus tomentosa, var. punctata, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 124. — Chapman, FU. 127.— Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 26. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 80.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 147. Cratzgus tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, Cl. Book, 330; Bot. and Fl. 111. Crategus punctata, var. xanthocarpa, Lavallée, Ard. Segrez. i. 53, t. 16. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally eight or ten inches in diameter, and stout branches spreading nearly at right angles with the stem and forming a broad round or flat- topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into long persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are coated at first with pale pubescence; this soon disappears, and in their first winter they are light brown and conspicuously marked at the base by the scars left by the inner scales of the leaf-buds ; in their second year they are ashy gray, silvery white, or light brown, and ultimately become light brown, and are slender, rigid, armed with straight sharp light brown spines two to three inches long, or often unarmed. The winter-buds are obtuse, one eighth of an inch across, and covered by pale brown lustrous orbicular apiculate scales. The leaves are wedge-obovate, pointed or rounded at the apex, contracted below into long winged petioles, sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle with minutely apiculate teeth, entire or nearly so below, and sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, more or less incisely lobed ; when they unfold they are covered on the lower surface with thick pale pubescence and are pilose on the upper surface; at maturity they are thick and firm, pale gray-green and glabrous on the upper surface, the broad promi- nent midribs and principal veins, which are deeply impressed above, being more or less thickly covered with pale hairs on the lower surface, two or three inches long and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half broad. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and caducous. The leaves turn 104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEL. bright orange or orange and scarlet in the autumn. The flowers are produced in broad leafy thick- branched corymbs, covered with pale tomentum or pubescence, and furnished with long lanceolate cadu- cous bracts and bractlets; they are borne on stout hairy pedicels, and open from the middle of May at the north to the end of June on the high mountains of North Carolina, and vary from one half to three quarters of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is narrowly obconic and more or less tomentose, with a dark red disk and narrow acute nearly entire or minutely glandular-serrate persistent lobes covered on the inner surface with scattered pale hairs, and nearly as long as the white petals. There are from two to five styles surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls in the autumn, is pyriform or subglobose, dull red or sometimes bright yellow, marked by numer- ous small white spots, and three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, with a deep cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, thin dry flesh, and thick-walled nutlets rounded and slightly or deeply grooved on the back. Crategus punctata is distributed from the valley of the Chateaugay River in the province of Quebec, where, in the neighborhood of Montreal, it is not uncommon, to the valley of the Detroit River in Ontario ; it is not rare in northern New Hampshire and Vermont, and extends south through western Massachusetts, where it abounds, and along the Appalachian Mountain system to northern Georgia, ascending in North Carolina and Tennessee to an elevation of six thousand feet above the level of the sea; it is very common in northern and western New York, ranges westward along the southern shores of the Great Lakes, and crosses the Mississippi River into eastern and southeastern Missouri. It usually grows in rich moist soil in forest glades, or in rocky upland pastures, where it often spreads into broad thickets. The wood of Crategus punctata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous thin medullary rays, and is bright red-brown, with thick pale sapwood. The specifie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7681, a cubic foot weighing 47.87 pounds. Crategus punctata is said to have been introduced into English gardens in 1746 by the Duke of Argyll,’ and the first description of it, published in 1770, was drawn up from plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Vienna. In cultivation Crategus punctata is a hardy tree of good habit, especially beautiful in the autumn, when its spreading branches are covered with its abundant and showy fruit. 1 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 818, f. 569, 570, t. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt CLXXXIV. Crarmeus PUNCTATA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A flower, the petals removed, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 5. A nutlet, natural size. 6. A nutlet divided transversely, natural size. 7. The end of a leafy branch showing the stipules, natural size. 8. A subglobose yellow fruit, natural size. 9. A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North ~America. Tab. CLXXXIV. C.F. Fanon del. Toulet 8c, CRATEGUS PUNCTATA, Jacq. A. Riocreux. direx * Imp. 8. Taneur Paris. ROSACER, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 CRATAGUS SPATHULATA. Small Fruited Haw. LrAvses submembranaceous, spatulate or oblanceolate, crenately toothed or lobed above the middle. Crateegus spathulata, Michaux, FV. Bor-Am. i. 288.— Per- Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Pl. W. soon, Syn. ii. 37. — Elliott, Sh. i. 552.— Loddiges, Bot. Texas). Cab. t. 1261.—Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599.—Gray, Bot. Mespilus spathulata, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 68. — Reg. under t. 1957.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 157.— Du Mont de Courset, 467. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160.— Chapman, Fl. 126. — Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 455.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507.— Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 112.— Kaleniczenko, Budl. Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 66.— Koch, Dendr. i. 137. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 31. — Ridgway, Am. Nat. vi. 728.— Cratzegus microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1846. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. Pheenopyrum spathulatum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 81.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. — iii. 155. Cotoneaster spathulata, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 201. A tree, eighteen to twenty-five feet in height, with a straight trunk occasionally eight or ten inches in diameter, and slender upright branches; or more often a shrub with numerous spreading stems. The bark of the trunk is generally smooth, with minute red-brown appressed scales, and is rarely more than a sixteenth of an inch thick. The branchlets are slender, zigzag, and glabrous; during their first year they are light reddish brown and marked with minute pale lenticels, and later become darker brown; they are unarmed or armed with straight stout light brown spines an inch to an inch and a half in length. The winter-buds are one sixteenth of an inch long, obtuse, and protected by chestnut-brown ovate apiculate scales keeled on the back. The leaves are spatulate or oblanceolate, crenately serrate at the rounded or acuminate apex, on fertile branchlets fascicled, nearly sessile, three quarters of an inch to an inch long and one quarter of an inch broad, or on young sterile branches or vigorous shoots scattered, often deeply three-lobed above the middle, with rounded crenately serrate lobes deeply and sharply incised, contracted below into long winged petioles, and one to two inches in length, and an inch to an inch and a half in breadth; they are deciduous, subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green, and lustrous above, paler below, and reticulate-veined, with very obscure midribs and primary veins, except on those of vigorous shoots, which have broad and thick midribs often pilose along their lower surface. The stipules are linear, acute, minute, and caducous, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, lunate, sharply serrate, stalked, and often half an inch broad. The flowers, which appear from March to May after the leaves are grown to their full size, are produced on long slender pedicels in glabrous many-flowered narrow cymes with linear-lanceolate deciduous bracts and bractlets; they are half an inch across when expanded, with broadly obconic calyx-tubes and short nearly entire persistent calyx-lobes, minutely glan- dular-apiculate, and much shorter than the white undulate-margined petals, and than the styles, which are two to five in number. The fruit, which ripens in October, is subglobose, crowned with the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, lustrous, bright scarlet, and one eighth of an inch in diameter, with thin dry flesh, nearly orbicular thin brittle-walled nutlets rounded or slightly grooved on the back, and minute seeds covered with a thin brown coat. Crategus spathulata is distributed through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states from southern Virginia to northern Florida, and extends westward through the Gulf states to the valley of the Washita River in Arkansas, where it is abundant in the neighborhood of the Hot Springs, and to the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It grows in rich soil, usually near the banks of streams or 106 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. swamps, or in low moist depressions in the Pine forests, and attains its greatest size on'the bottom-lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. The wood of Crategus spathulata is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it is light brown or red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7159, a cubic foot weighing 44.61 pounds. Crategus spathulata was discovered late in the last century by the French botanist Michaux in South Carolina; it was introduced into French and English gardens early in the present century, but probably no longer occurs in cultivation. EXPLANATION OF. THE PLATE. Puare CLXXXV. Crarmeus spATHULATA. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. The end of a leafy shoot showing stipules. le 2. 3. 4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 5. 6. lle 8. A winter branchlet, natural size. Tab. CLXXXV Silva of North America. » Prcart fr se CE. Faxon del. TA, Michx. CRATAHCUS SPATHULA imp. R. 1, anew, Parts. A. Riocreux direx.t ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 CRATAIGUS CORDATA. Washington Thorn. LEAvEs broadly ovate to triangular, acute, long-petiolate. Cratzgus cordata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168. — Willde- now, Berl. Bawmz. 82; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1000. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 86. — Elliott, Sk. i. 554.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 63, t. 63. — Bot. Reg. t. 1151. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 467. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 825, t. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Chapman, 77. 127.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 82. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 114. — Kale- niczenko, Bull. Mose. xlviii. pt. ii. 31. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 80.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. Mespilus cordata, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 615. — Willdenow, Hnum. 523 ; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 239. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. T7. — Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 31, t. 211. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 167, t.142.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. Mespilus Phenopyrum, Linneus f. Syst. Suppl. ed. 13, 254. — Ehrhart, Beitr. i. 182; ii. 67. — Moench, Meth. 685. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 446. Crateegus acerifolia, Moench, Béwme Weiss. 31. Mespilus acerifolia, Burgsdorf, And/eit. pt. ii. 147. — Poi- ret, Lam. Dict. iv. 442. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 151.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 65. Crategus populifolia, Walter, FZ. Car. 147.— Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. i. 337. Mespilus corallina, Desfontaines, Tad. Bole Bot. Mus. 174.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 451.— Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 717. Phenopyrum cordatum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 157. Pheenopyrum acerifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. alse Phalacros cordatus, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 164. 507. — Koch, Dendr. i. 138. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, gener- ally dividing, four or five feet from the ground, into slender and usually upright branches which form a handsome oblong or occasionally a round head; or often much smaller and sometimes only a broad spreading bush. The bark of the trunk is light brown and an eighth of an inch thick, the generally smooth surface being broken into long persistent scales. The branchlets are slender, often zigzag, glabrous, pale orange-brown when they first appear, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous and marked by small lenticels in their first winter, and ultimately dark gray or reddish brown, and are armed with slender sharp spines an inch and a half to two inches in length; these, which sometimes terminate sterile lateral branches also, are bright chestnut-brown at first and finally, like the bark of the branches, gray or red-brown. The winter-buds are one sixteenth of an inch long and are protected by obovate apiculate light brown lustrous scales rounded on the back. The leaves are broadly ovate to triangular, acute at the apex, truncate, slightly wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, incisely three to five-cleft or three-lobed, and sharply serrate except at the base with acute or spreading often glandular-tipped teeth ; they are subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above and pale below, glabrous except for a few decidu- ous hairs on the upper surface when they unfold, or rarely pubescent on the lower surface, especially on the conspicuous orange-colored midribs and primary veins; they are one and a half to two inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender terete petioles three quarters of an ‘inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, entire, half an inch long, and caducous. The leaves turn very late in the autumn bright scarlet and orange before falling. The flowers, which open in the last days of May after the leaves are fully grown, are produced in few- flowered spreading slender-branched corymbs with lanceolate acute minute bracts and bractlets mostly caducous before the expansion of the flower-buds. The calyx is broadly obconie and glabrous, with short or nearly triangular persistent entire lobes abruptly contracted at the apex into minute points, pubescent on the inner surface, bearded on the margins, and much shorter than the obovate white petals ; 108 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACED. there are two to five styles surrounded at the base with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. The fruit ripens in September and October, and remains on the branches until late in the spring of the following year, although it loses its color early in the winter; it is depressed-globular, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the reflexed calyx-lobes and filaments. Crategus cordata is distributed from the valley of the upper Potomac River in Virginia,’ south- ward in the foothill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, and westward through middle Tennessee and Kentucky to the valley of the lower Wabash River in Illinois It grows near the banks of streams in rich moist soil, and is nowhere very common. The wood of Crategus cordata is heavy, hard, and close-grained; it contains many obscure medullary rays and is brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7293, a cubic foot weighing 45.45 pounds. Crategus cordata was known in Europe before the end of the seventeenth century, and Plukenet published in his Phytographia, in 1691,° a figure which well represents the foliage, and which was probably made from a cultivated tree. As an ornamental plant Crategus cordata is one of the most valuable of the genus, and few small trees of the North American forests exceed it in beauty; it is hardy as far north at least as New England, where it flowers in the middle of June and later than any other Hawthorn ; it grows rapidly, its habit is excellent, its handsome foliage is seldom injured by fungal diseases, and, late in the autumn after the leaves of many trees have fallen, changes slowly to brilliant shades of orange and scarlet which heighten the effect produced by the bright persistent fruit. The Washington Thorn was once much used in the middle states for hedges, and is still occasion- ally planted in American gardens; it is better known, however, in those of Europe, and fine old specimens are not uncommon in England, France, and Germany. 1 Crategus cordata now grows spontaneously and perhaps natu- rally, as Professor Porter believes, in Penryn, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, where it was found in 1891 by Mr. J. K. Small. 2 Patterson, Cat. Pl. Jil. 13. 8 Mespilus Virginiana Apii folio, vulgari similis major, grandiori- bus spinis, t. 46, £. 3; Alm. Bot. 249.— Miller, Dict. No. 10.— Cat. Pl. Lond. 49, t. 3, £. 1. EXPLANATION Puate CLXXXVI. A nutlet, natural size. GOES COIR LS SOS Mespilus folio cordato ovatis acuminatis marginibus acute serratis ramis spinosis, Miller, Dict. Icon. 119, t. 179. The popular name by which Crategus cordata is best known, at least in American gardens, is said to be due to the fact that early in the century it was introduced from the neighborhood of the city of Washington into Chester County, Pennsylvania, where it was afterwards more generally used than any other plant for hedges (Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 83). OF THE PLATE. CRATEHGUS CORDATA. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, a part of the flesh removed, showing nutlets, enlarged. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. A leaf of a vigorous young shoot with stipules, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. Biles of North America . | Tab. CLXXXVI. ma still. —— iS TLS Preart se. CRATAGUS CORDATA, Ait. A. Riocreux direx.€ Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 CRATAiGUS VIRIDIS. Haw. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate. Crategus viridis, Linneus, Spec. 476. — Willdenow, Spec. Chapman, #7. 127.— Wenzig, Linnwa, xxxviii. 203. — ii. pt. ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 36.— De Candolle, Engelmann, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 4.— Sargent, Prodr. ii. 630.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 601.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 75. — Coulter, Garden and Forest, ii. 411. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 107 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Man. ed. 6, 165. Phenopyrum arborescens, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. Cratzgus arborescens, Elliott, Sh. i. 550.— Torrey & 153. Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 466.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160.— Cratzegus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel, Act. Walpers, Rep. ii. 58.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 10, t. 45.— Hort. Petrop. i. 109 (in part). A tree, twenty to thirty-five feet in height, with a straight often fluted trunk eight to twelve feet tall and eighteen to twenty inches in diameter, and slender spreading branches which form a round rather compact head. The bark of the trunk is one eighth of an inch thick and is ashy gray to bright reddish brown, and divided by shallow reticulated fissures into small irregular plate-like scales. The branches are slender, glabrous, in their first winter sometimes ashy gray but usually light red-brown and lustrous and marked with minute lenticels, and later pale brown, ashy gray, or nearly white; they are unarmed or occasionally are furnished with slender sharp pale spines three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The winter-buds are obtuse, chestnut-brown, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by ovate minute apiculate scales slightly scarious on the margins; the scales of the inner ranks are foliaceous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, and are sometimes half an inch long at maturity and bright red towards the apex. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate, acute or sometimes rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped and gradually contracted at the base into long slender petioles, sharply serrate except at the base with spreading teeth often tipped with minute glands, and sometimes three-lobed towards the summit, especially on vigorous shoots ; they are membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the conspicuous primary veins, one to three inches long and half an inch to an inch and a half broad, with wide thick midribs, and are borne on petioles which vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, half an inch long, and caducous. The leaves turn brilliant scarlet late in the autumn before falling. The flowers, which appear from the end of March in Texas to the beginning of May in Missouri when the leaves are almost fully grown, are three quarters of an inch across when expanded, and are produced in many-flowered leafy glabrous thin-branched corymbs furnished’ with narrow spatulate often glandular-serrate deciduous bracts and bractlets ; the calyx is obconic and glabrous or covered with long pale hairs, and its lanceolate entire lobes are subu- late at the apex, reflexed after anthesis, persistent, and much shorter than the broadly obovate white petals; the styles, which vary from two to five in number, are surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. The fruit ripens in the autumn and remains on the branches through the winter without changing color; it is depressed-globular, bright scarlet or occasionally orange, and one eighth of an inch in diameter, with a shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and fila- ments, thin dry flesh, and thin-walled nutlets narrowed and rounded at the two ends, rounded and barely grooved or ridged on the back, and minute seeds covered with a thin pale brown coat.! 1 West of the Mississippi River from St. Louis to central Ar- flowers at the same time, and is not to be distinguished from it in kansas a form with larger, rather thicker, more lustrous leaves and _ habit. larger fruit is not uncommon. It grows with the ordinary form, 110 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, Crategus viridis is distributed in the southern Atlantic states, where it is rare, from the valley of the Savannah River in South Carolina to that of the Chattahoochee in western Florida, and is common west of the Mississippi River from the neighborhood of St. Louis to the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It grows along the borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil, and in western Louisiana and eastern Texas, where it attains its greatest size and is most abundant, often forming thickets of great extent, it makes in early spring a conspicuous and beautiful feature of the vegetation of the broad river-bottoms. The wood of Crategus viridis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong, and is sus- ceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contams numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6491, a cubic foot weighing 40.45 pounds. Crataegus viridis was known’ by Clayton,? who probably sent to Linnzus the specimen upon which the species was established, although the tree is not now known to grow so far north as Virginia, the field of Clayton’s botanical observations. In 1876 Crategus viridis was introduced from Missouri into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy, and is conspicuous late in the autumn by the splendid color of its foliage, which at this season is unsurpassed in brilliancy by that of any other North American tree. 1 Mespilus inermis, foliis oblongis integris acuminatis serratis parvis, Zee 8. utrinque viridibus, cortice albicante, Fl. Virgin. 163. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt CLXXXVII. Crataaus vIRIDIs. . A flowering branch, natural size. Se . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. <) A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size. . A nutlet, natural size. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. AO oR A spine, natural size. End of a leafy shoot with stipules, natural size. $2 90 A winter branchlet, natural size. Tab. CLXXXVII. Silva of North America . Picart se. C.E. Faxon del. | CRATEGUS VIRIDIS. L. A. Riocreuxr direx € Imp. R. Taneur, Paris . ROSACEM, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111 CRATAIGUS APIIFOLIA. Parsley Haw. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5 to 7-cleft. Crateegus apiifolia, Michaux, #7. Bor-Am. i. 287.—Per- Crategus Oxyacantha?, Walter, Fl. Car. 147 (not Lin- soon, Syn. ii. 38. —Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. nus). 2, v. 454.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 336.— Nuttall, Mespilus apiifolia, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 89.— Poiret, Gen. i. 305. — Elliott, Sh. i. 552. — De Candolle, Prodr. Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 68.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 508. — ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Audubon, Birds, t. Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 67. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 152. 192.— Torrey & Gray, FH. N. Am. i. 467.— Dietrich, Crateegus Oxyacantha, var. Americana, Castiglioni, Syn. iii. 160.— Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 121. — Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 292. Chapman, #7. 127.— Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. Crateegus apiifolia minor, Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 825. pt. ii. 29. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census Crateegus Oxyacantha, var. apiifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. U. S. ix. 81. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165. Petrop. i. 119 (in part). A tree, rarely attaining the height of twenty feet, with a slender often inclining trunk three or four inches in diameter, and branches which spread nearly at right angles and form a wide irregular open head; or more often a low shrub with many more or less contorted stems rising from the ground. The bark of the trunk is from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch in thickness, smooth, and light gray tinged with red. The branchlets, which when they first appear are covered with long pale hairs, are slender, often zigzag and contorted, and are usually armed with stout straight chestnut-brown spines an inch to an inch and a half in length; in their first winter they are light red or pale orange-brown, marked with minute lenticels, and usually puberulous, but ultimately become light brown or ashy gray. The winter-buds are acute, one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by lustrous chestnut-brown ovate scales apiculate at the apex and scarious on the margins. The leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular, acute at the apex, truncate, slightly cordate or wedge-shaped at the base, and pinnately five to seven- cleft with shallow acute or deep broad sinuses, and incisely lobed segments serrate towards the apex with spreading glandular-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are pilose on the upper surface with long pale hairs, and usually glabrous below, and at maturity are thin and membranaceous, bright green and rather lustrous above and paler below, glabrous or pilose on the lower surface along the prominent midribs and primary veins, or occasionally covered with pubescence on both surfaces, and are two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and borne on slender pubescent or ultimately glabrous petioles an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, a quarter of an inch long, and eaducous, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, short-stalked, and sometimes half an inch in length. The flowers, which appear late in March or early in April when the leaves are fully grown, are half an inch across and are produced on long slender pedicels in few-flow- ered villose-pubescent somewhat simple corymbs with minute lanceolate acute colored caducous bracts and bractlets; the calyx-tube is narrowly obconie and glabrous or villose-pubescent, with lanceolate acute usually glandular-serrate lobes, often tinged with red towards the apex, reflexed after anthesis, and deciduous or sometimes persistent. The fruit, which ripens in October and remains on the branches until the beginning of winter, is oblong, from a quarter to a third of an inch in length, and bright searlet, with a minute cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx, thin flesh, and one to three thick- walled rugose nutlets barely grooved on the back. Crategus aptifolia is distributed through the coast region of the southern Atlantic states from southern Virginia to central Florida, and ranges westward through the Gulf region to southern Arkan- 112 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEZ. sas and the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. It is nowhere very common, and usually grows near the borders of streams and swamps in low rich soil, or in Florida on hummocks in the Pine barrens, where it attains its greatest size. _ The wood of Crategus apiifolia is heavy, hard, very close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains many thin very obscure medullary rays, and is light brown tinged with red or rose, with lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood i is 0.74538, a cubic foot weighing 46.45 pounds. The earliest account of Crategus apiifolia appears in the Flora Caroliniana of Walter, who mis- took it for the European Hawthorn. It appears to have been introduced into English gardens early in the present century, but, although the form of its delicate leaves and the abundance of its flowers make it one of the most attractive of the American Hawthorns, it is still an extremely rare plant in cultivation. : 1 Loudon, A7b. Brit. ii. 824. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puare CLXXXVIII. Crarmeus arirozia. A flowering branch, natural size. A flower-bud, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit with part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged. . A nutlet, natural size. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. . A leaf from a vigorous shoot with stipules, natural size. WHAAATPR WN . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXXVHI. CE Faxon det. Leeart f? SCL CRATH GUS APIIFOLIA, Michx. A. Fuocreux direg.t Lmp. B. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 113 CRATAIGUS FLAVA. Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. LEAVES rhombic-obovate. Crateegus flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169.— Willdenow, Cratzegus Caroliniana, Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. — Elliott, Sk. Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 87. — Pursh, FV. i. 554, Am. Sept. i. 338. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 8305. — De Candolle, Mespilus flava, Willdenow, Enum. 523. — Poiret, Lam. Prodr. ii. 628.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. i. 59, t. 59.— Dict. Suppl. iv. 70. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 59, t. 10, #. H. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 600. — Bot. Reg. t. 1939.— Torrey & Cratzegus turbinata, Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. ii. Suppl. 735. — Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 468.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 160. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 548. — Elliott, Sk. i. 549. — Chapman, #7. 128. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. 1860, iii. 83. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 123.—Ka- Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. —Spach, Hist. leniezenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 27. — Sargent, For- Vég. ii. 66. est Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 82.— Watson & Crateegus lobata, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 628. — Don, Gen. Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Syst. ii. 599. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 824, £. 554, 586. Crateegus glandulosa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168 (not Crategus flava, var. lobata, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1932. Willdenow). — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Anthomeles flava, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 142. Suppl. iv. 69 (excl. syn. Moench). Anthomeles glandulosa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 141. Mespilus Caroliniana, Poiret, Zam. Dict. iv. 442.—Des- Anthomeles turbinata, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 142. fontaines, Hist. Ard. ii. 156. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Pheenopyrum Carolinianum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Cult. ed. 2, vy. 449.—Schmidt, Oestr. Bawmz. iv. 82, t. iii. 152. 212. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 507. Mespilus flexispina, Koch, Dendr. i. 189 (not Moench). — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 127. A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with a straight stout trunk ten or twelve inches in diam- eter, dividing, five or six feet from the ground, into short spreading often pendulous branches which form a handsome compact round head ; or often a wide much-branched shrub only a few feet high. The bark of the trunk varies from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark brown tinged with red or nearly black and often deeply furrowed, the surface being broken into small square persistent scales. The branchlets are at first villose-pubescent with long pale hairs, and often puberulous in their first winter but ultimately glabrous ; they are slender, very zigzag, unarmed, or armed with straight stout spines an inch to an inch and a half in length, and are red-brown, dark gray-brown, or nearly black. The winter-buds are globose, one sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and covered with bright chestnut-brown orbicular scales slightly scarious on the margins; the scales of the mner ranks at maturity are spatu- late, rounded at the apex, glandular-serrate, and often half an inch in length. The leaves are rhombic- ovate to obovate-cuneiform, three to five-ribbed, with obscure reticulated veinlets, rounded and sometimes abruptly contracted into short points, gradually narrowed below into broad winged glandular petioles, glandular-serrate with large dark glands, often incised and three to five-lobed on vigorous shoots; when they unfold they are puberulous above and pubescent below, especially along the principal veins, and at maturity are subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper, and pale and sometimes pubescent on the lower-surface, an inch to an inch and a half long, two thirds of an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, and borne on glabrous or pubescent petioles which vary from half an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are glandular-serrate, linear, acute, pubescent, and a quarter of an inch long, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceous, stalked, obovate or lunate, variously and irregularly lobed and incised, and sometimes nearly an inch in length. The flowers, which appear m March and April when the leaves are almost fully grown, are half an inch across when expanded and are produced in simple one to four-flowered thick-branched corymbs ; these, like the obovate glandular-serrate caducous bracts and 114 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. bractlets, the thick pedicels, and the narrowly obconic calyx-tubes, are coated with thick pale tomentum or are pubescent or puberulous ; the calyx-lobes are lanceolate, acute, conspicuously glandular-serrate, or rarely entire and eglandular, pubescent on the outer, and usually glabrous on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis, persistent, and rather shorter than the white petals which are often erose or crenate on the margins; the disk is dark red and glandular, and around the base of the styles, which are usually four or five in number, are tufts of pale hairs. The fruit is produced sparingly, and ripens and falls in the autumn ; it is pyriform or subglobose, half an inch long, and usually greenish yellow or yellow tinged with red, with a deep cavity surrounded by the long conspicuous calyx-lobes, thin austere flesh, and thick-walled nutlets rounded or obscurely grooved on the back. Crategus flava extends from the coast region of southern Virginia southward to the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, and ranges inland to the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and along the Gulf coast through southern Alabama and Mississippi. It usually grows in dry sandy soil on the borders of the Pine forests, or occasionally in lower situations near streams subject to overflow, and although generally distributed is nowhere very common, usually appearing singly or in groups of two or three individuals. The wood of Orategus flava is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a good polish; it is light brown tinged with red or rose-color, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous very obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7809, a cubic foot weighing 48.67 pounds. A variety of Crategus flava’ may be distinguished by its thicker broader leaves; these are usually rounded at the apex, more uniformly lobed and coated with pubescence while young, and at maturity are thicker and more lustrous on the upper surface; by its usually smaller flowers, and by its larger subglobose bright red or yellow fruit with thicker and sweeter flesh. This variety, Cratwqus flava, var. elliptica, is generally a shrub with spreading branches, or rarely a small tree, and often forms thickets in abandoned fields in the middle districts of the Carolinas and Georgia, where it is most common, although it may be found throughout the region inhabited by Crategus flava, the two forms gradually passing one into the other. The wood of Crategus flava, var. elliptica, is rather lighter than that of the species, although not otherwise distinguishable, the specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood being 0.7683, and a cubic foot weighing 47.88 pounds. The fruit of the Summer Haw, as this variety is called in South Carolina and Georgia, is gathered in large quantities in those states and made into a jelly which can hardly be distinguished from that made from the West Indian Guava-tree. Crategus flava, according to Aiton,’ was introduced into English gardens by Philip Miller in 1758, and the earliest descriptions of it were drawn up from cultivated plants.® 1 Crategus flava, var. elliptica. ? Mespilus hyemalis, Walter, Fl. Car.148.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447. Crategus viridis ?, Walter, Fl. Car. 147 (not Linnzeus). Crateegus elliptica, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168. — Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii, 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 37. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 337. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 305.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 201 (in part).— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 469.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159. — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 122. Mespilus elliptica, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447.— Wenzig, Lin- need, xxxvili. 125. — Koch, Dendr. i. 140. Crategus glandulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 288 (not Aiton nor Willdenow). — Nuttall, Gen. i. 105. —Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 84.— Chapman, F?. Crategus Michauzii, Persoon, Syn. ii. 38. Crategus spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 336 (not Mi- chaux).— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627.— Bot. Reg. t. 1890. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. under t. 1957. Mespilus Michauaii, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. 455.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 69. Crategus flava, Elliott, Sk. i. 551 (not Aiton). Crategus Virginica, Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 842, £. 560, 615.— Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. ii. 58. Crategus flava, var. pubescens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 160. —Sar- gent, Forest Trees N. Am.10th Census U. S. ix. 83. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Pheenopyrum Virginicum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 155. Phenopyrum ellipticum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 155. 2 Hort. Kew. ii. 169. 8 Mespilus Caroliniana apii folio, vulgari similis, major, fructu luteo, Trew, Pl. Select. 3, t. 17. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats CLXXXIX. Craraeus FLAVA. A flowering branch, natural size. A flower-bud, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. CONESE Kon SK aly SSS) A winter branchlet, natural size. Pruate CXC. Crarme@us FLAVA, var. ELLIPTICA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A flower-bud, enlarged. . Vertical section of a flower, the petals removed, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A subglobose fruit, natural size. A fruit, part of the flesh removed, showing the nutlets, enlarged. . A nutlet, natural size. . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. . A leaf from a vigorous young shoot with stipules, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. DONA APR WH pes —) Silva of North America. Tab. CLXXXIX. x" x?) a" SS | CL Faxon del, Part fr se. CRATAGUS FLAVA, Ait A. Riocreux direx.* Imp. . Laneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tad. CRC CLE Faxon del. Picart fr se. i CRATECUS FLAVA, Var. ELLIPTICA, Sarg A. Riocreux dirext Imp. R. Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 117 CRATAIGUS UNIFLORA. Haw. Leaves obovate-spatulate. Crategus uniflora, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 147. — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 184. Mespilus xanthocarpa, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 254. — Ehrhart, Beitr. i. 182 ; ii. 67. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 146. — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 623. — Poi- ret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 67. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 506. Mespilus flexispina, Moench, Béwme Weiss. 62, t. 4; Meth. 685. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 127. Mespilus Oxyacantha aurea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 89. Mespilus laciniata, Walter, 77. Car. 147. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447. Cratzegus parvifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 169. — Will- Crateegus tomentosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 289 (not Linnzus). — Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 122 (in part). Mespilus parvifolia, Willdenow, Hnum. 5238 ; Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 242. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 55. Mespilus axillaris, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39.—Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 447. Crategus unilateralis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 87.— De Can- dolle, Prodr. ii. 629. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 599. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 116. Mespilus tomentosa, Poiret, Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 153 (not Castiglioni). Mespilus unilateralis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 73. denow, Berl. Bawmz. 85; Spee. ii. pt. ii. 1002. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 538.— Elliott, Sk. i. 547.— De Can- dolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. — Dar- lington, F7. Cestr. ed. 2, 291.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 469.— Dietrich, Syn. iii. 159.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 384. — Chapman, FV. 128. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Mespilus flexuosa, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. iv. 73. Cratzegus flexuosa, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 627. — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 598. Pheenopyrum uniflorum, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iti. 153. Pheenopyrum parvifolium, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 152. Mespilus uniflora, Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 128. A low shrub, with slender stems one or two feet high; or rarely a bushy tree attaining a height of ten or twelve feet, with a short stout trunk ten or twelve inches in diameter and covered with thin ashy gray furrowed bark, the surface of which separates into small appressed scales. The branches, when they first appear, are coated with thick pale pubescence which often does not disappear until the end of their second summer ; they are slender, nearly straight or often zigzag, bright red-brown, dark gray in their first year and ultimately dark brown, and are armed with slender straight spmes one to two inches in length, and often furnished, when they first appear, with leafy serrate green or red caducous bracts. The winter-buds are small, obtuse, and covered by chestnut-brown scales with scarious margins ; the scales of the inner ranks are obovate at maturity, glandular-serrate, pubescent, pyriform to sub- globose, pale greenish yellow, half an inch long, and caducous. The leaves are obovate-spatulate to oblong-cuneiform, rounded at the apex or sometimes abruptly aeute, with short broad points, and are gradually contracted below into broad petioles or are sometimes nearly sessile ; they are crenately ser- rate, the broad teeth being sometimes tipped with minute dark glands, and are occasionally incisely lobed towards the apex; when they unfold they are pilose on the upper surface with pale deciduous hairs and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity they are subcoriaceous, scabrous, dark green and lustrous above, and paler and pubescent below, especially along the midribs and primary veins, and vary from an inch to two inches in length and from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in width. The stipules are ovate, acute, glandular-serrate, sometimes a quarter of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers, which are solitary or rarely geminate and vary from a half to three quarters of an inch in diameter, appear from the first of April in Florida to the middle of June at the north when the leaves are fully grown ; they are borne on short stout pedicels which are furnished with lanceolate acute glan- dular-serrate caducous bractlets, which, like the calyx, are hirsute-tomentose with long pale hairs; the calyx is narrowly obconic, with foliaceous lanceolate acute sharply incised and glandular persistent lobes 118 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEX, covered with pale hairs on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis, and longer than the obovate creamy white petals and than the styles, which are usually five in number. The fruit ripens and falls in Octo- ber, and is half an inch across, with a broad deep cavity surrounded by the large and conspicuous calyx-lobes, thick dry sweet flesh, and small thin-walled nutlets acute above, rounded below, and deeply grooved on the back. Crategus uniflora is distributed from the valley of the Delaware River in New Jersey southward to Florida, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas; it grows usually in sandy soil in abandoned fields or along the borders of the forest, and only on the banks of the Appalachicola River in Bristol, Florida, on the slopes of a ravine occupied by Torreya and the Florida Yew, has it been noticed in tree-like form. Crategus uniflora was probably detected by Banister,’ who sent it, in 1713, to Bishop Compton? in whose garden it first flowered in Europe, and the earliest description was made from plants culti- vated in England? It is still found in most botanic gardens, but is cultivated as a curiosity rather than for ornament. It is hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts. 1 See i. 6. Dict. ed. 7, No. 17). Banister’s description as quoted by Miller 2 See i. 6. (Oxyacantha folio parvo subrotundo, flore unico, theca foliaced incluso 3 Mespilus foliis lanceolato-ovatis serratis subtus villosis, floribus summitatibus ramulorum insidente) does not appear to have been solitariis, calycibus foliaceis, spinis longissimis tenuioribus (Miller, published. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CXCI. Cratmeus uNIFLORA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. . A nutlet, natural size. aorrannd . A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. Silva of North America. TRO. CALL. CE. Foacon det. loulet ve. CRATA GUS UNIFLORA, Muench. A. Riocreua dren’ lip. RiTaneur, Paris. ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119 CRATAIGUS AISTIVALIS. May Haw. Apple Haw. Leaves elliptical to oblong-cuneiform. Cratzegus eestivalis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 468.— ? Crateegus lucida, Elliott, Sk. i. 548 (not Ehrhart). Walpers, Rep. ii. 58. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 162.— Nuttall, Crateegus elliptica, Elliott, Sz. i. 549 (not Aiton). Sylva, ii. 12.— Chapman, FV. 127.— Regel, Act. Hort. Crateegus opaca, Hooker & Arnott, Compan. Bot. Mag. i. Petrop. i. 124.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 202.— Sar- 25. gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 82. Anthomeles eestivalis, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 141. Mespilus zestivalis, Walter, 77. Car. 148.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 447. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, with a stout trunk sometimes a foot in diameter and occa- sionally three or four feet tall, or more often divided close to the surface of the ground into several large upright branches which form a round compact bushy head. The bark of the trunk is a quarter of an inch thick, deeply fissured, and broken on the surface into thick dark red-brown persistent plate-like scales. The branchlets are at first covered with rufous or occasionally with pale hairs, and in their first winter are glabrous, lustrous, bright red or sometimes light brown, becoming darker brown or dark gray in their second year; they are stout, straight, or more or less zigzag, and often unarmed, or armed with stout straight lustrous spines an inch to an inch and a half long. The winter-buds are one eighth of an inch in length, oblong, obtuse, and covered with broad thick ovate scales keeled on the back, minutely apiculate, and bright chestnut-brown; the scales of the inner ranks at maturity are broadly obovate, rounded and conspicuously glandular-serrate at the apex, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The leaves are elliptical to oblong-cuneiform or on sterile branches often obovate, and are acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below into stout petioles, and irregularly sinuate-toothed or angled above the middle, or crenately serrate with minute glandular-tipped teeth, or, especially on vigorous shoots, rarely three-lobed or incised; when they unfold they are covered on the upper surface with deciduous pale hairs and on the lower surface with dense rufous tomentum, and when fully grown are subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous, glabrous or sometimes puberulous above and clothed below, especially along the broad midribs and primary veins, with thick rusty pubescence ; they are an inch and a half to two inches long, half an inch to an inch wide, and are borne on petioles which are coated with rusty tomentum and vary from a quarter of an inch to an inch in length. The flowers, which appear with the unfolding of the leaves in February and early in March, are an inch across when expanded, and are produced in two to five-flowered simple glabrous corymbs on long stout pedicels furnished with lanceolate acute caducous glandular bractlets; the calyx is glabrous, tur- binate, with nearly triangular persistent lobes which are minutely glandular-serrate, reflexed after anthesis, often flushed with red towards the apex, and much shorter than the obovate concave white petals. The fruit, which ripens in May, is depressed-globose, very fragrant, bright red dotted with pale spots, and half of an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, with a small shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and filaments, juicy subacid flesh, and three to five thin-walled nutlets rounded at both ends and deeply two-grooved on the back. Crategus estivatis is distributed in the coast region from the valley of the Savannah River in South Carolina to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas; it grows usually in moist sandy soil near the margins of streams and Pine-barren ponds, where the ground is often submerged during several weeks in winter. It is com- 120 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEA. paratively rare in the Atlantic states, and is most common and attains its greatest size in western Lou- isiana and eastern Texas. The wood of Crategus estivalis is heavy, hard, and close-grained, although not strong; it is light brown or red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6564, a cubic foot weighing 40.91 pounds. The fruit, which is collected in large quantities in all the region where the May Haw is found, is sold in the markets of the towns of southwestern Louisiana and is preserved and made into jellies. . Crategus estivalis appears to have been first noticed by Walter, who published the earliest account of it in his Flora Caroliniana ; it is probably still unknown in gardens, although one of the most beautiful trees of the genus. No other species produces such large flowers or such large well-flavored and valuable fruit; and as a fruit-tree the May Haw deserves the attention of pomologists in all warm- temperate countries. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Prats CXCII. Cratmeus msrIvauis. . A flowering branch, natural size. . Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. A winter branchlet, natural size. NO SOR wp Ep Silva of North America. : deb. CAC, CL. Faxon det. Pwcart fr. SC, P CRATASGUS AGSTIVALIS. Torr. et Gray. q A. Riocreue diren* imp. R.Taneur, Paris. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 HETEROMELES. FLowers regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, convolute in estivation ; stamens 10, parapetalous; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a fleshy drupe. Leaves alternate, serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Heteromeles, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 100. A small tree, with smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branches, pubescent or puberulous while young, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute at the two ends, sharply and remotely serrate with rigid glandular teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower surface, petiolate with stout grooved glandular petioles often furnished near their apex with one or two slender glandular teeth, feather-veined, with broad midribs grooved on the upper side and conspicuous reticulated veinlets; stipules subulate, ridged, minute, early deciduous. Flowers in ample tomentose terminal corymbose panicles, their branches developed from the axils of the upper leaves or from acute leafy bracts. Bractlets acute, minute, usually tipped with small glands, caducous. Pedicels stout, shorter than the turbinate calyx-tube, tomentose below, glabrate above ; the lobes short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, cup-shaped, obscurely suleate ; petals five, inserted on the margin of the disk, flabellate, erose-denticulate or emar- ginate at the apex, contracted at the base into short broad claws, thick, glabrous, pure white. Stamens ten, inserted in one row with the petals on the margin of the disk in pairs opposite the lobes of the calyx; filaments subulate, enlarged at the base, incurved, free; anthers oblong-ovate, emarginate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels two, adnate to the calyx-tube, at first only dorsally below the middle, and slightly united into a sub- globose tomentose nearly superior ovary; styles terminal, distinct, slightly spreading, enlarged at the apex into broad truncate stigmas; ovules two in each cell, ascending, anatropous ; raphe dorsal; micro- pyle inferior. Fruit an obovoid fleshy drupe formed by the thickening of the calyx-tube connate to their middle only with the membranaceous carpels which are coated above with long white hairs filling the cavity closed by the infolding of the thickened persistent lobes, their tips erect and crowning the fruit. Seeds usually solitary in each cell by the abortion of one of the ovules, or rarely two, ovate, lenticular, obtuse, slightly ridged on the back, destitute of albumen; testa membranaceous, puncticu- late, light brown ; hilum orbicular, conspicuous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, inferior. The wood of Heteromeles is very heavy, hard, and Blocosaesineds with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it is dark red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of seven or eight layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9326, a suborbicular, cubic foot weighing 58.12 pounds. The genus is not known to possess useful properties. The generic name, from érepos and Aor, refers to the fact that this tree differs from the plants of allied genera. It consists of a single species. ROSACES, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA. : Tollon. Toyon. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer, Fum. Nat. Syn. iii. Am. i. 473. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 162.— Bentham, Bot. 105, — Decaisne, Now. Arch. Mus. x. 144, t 9.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 188; ii. 444. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 83. — Greene, Voy. Sulphur, 14; Pl. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Hmory’s Rep. 140; Sitgreaves’ Rep. 159; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 85; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 64; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Fil. Francis. i. 53. Crateegus arbutifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 202 (not Poiret). — Loddiges, Bot. Cad. t. 201. Sei. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 180 (Mél. Biol. ix. 180).— Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, Gen. i. 306. Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 96. Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley, Zrans. Linn. Soc. xiii.103; Mespilus arbutifolia, Link, Znum. ii. 36. Bot. Reg. t. 491; and under t. 1956. — Sprengel, Syst. Photinia salicifolia, Presl, Hpimel. Bot. 204. — Walpers, ii. 508. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 631. — Chamisso & Ann. iii. 858. Schlechtendal, Linnea, ii. 542.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. Heteromeles Fremontiana, Decaisne, Now. Arch. Mus. 602.— Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 80.—Hooker & Arnott, iii. 144, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 139, 340.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Exped. 291.— Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iti. 80.— Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 599.— Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. A tree, sometimes thirty feet in height, with a straight trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, dividing, a few feet above the surface of the ground, into numerous erect branches which form a hand- some narrow or round-topped head ; or more often a low much-branched shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from two thirds to one half of an inch in thickness, and is light gray with a generally smooth surface broken by obscure reticulated ridges. The branchlets are at first coated with pale pubescence which gradually disappears, and in their first winter they are dark red and slightly puberulous, ultimately becoming darker and glabrous. The leaves, which appear in early summer with the flowers, are three or four inches long, an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on petioles which vary from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in length and usually remain on the branches during at least two winters. The flowers, which are produced from June to August in compact panicles four to six inches across, are often more or less hidden by young lateral branches which rise above them. The fruit, which is mealy, astringent, and acid, ripens in November and December and remains on the branches until late in the winter. Heteromeles arbutifolia is distributed through the Californian coast regions from Mendocino County to Lower California ;! it is most common, and reaches its largest size on the islands off the California coast” and extends inland to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Moun- tains. It generally grows in the neighborhood of streams, on dry hills, and especially on their northern slopes, and is often found clinging to the steep cliffs of the coast fully exposed to the sweep of ocean gales; on the island of Santa Catalina, where it is very abundant, it forms groves of considerable extent,’ and on the foothills of the Sierras, where it ascends to elevations of two thousand feet above the level of the sea, it usually grows as a shrub. The fruit-covered branches are gathered in large quantities and are used in California for Christ- mas decorations.* Heteromeles arbutifolia was discovered by Archibald Menzies, the Scotch surgeon who accom- panied Vancouver to the northwest coast of America, and, in 1796, introduced it into English gardens.° In winter, when its branches are covered with great clusters of scarlet fruit, whose effectiveness is 1 T.S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, iii. 136. 2 Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 397; Pittonia, i. 77, 88.—T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 209 ; Zoé, i. 136. 8 T.S. Brandegee, Zoé, i. 111. 4 K. Brandegee, Zoé, ii. 349. 5 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 868, f. 619, 124 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACES. increased by the contrasting color of the ample lustrous dark green foliage, the Tollon' is more beauti- ful perhaps than any other North American tree. It is still too seldom seen in the gardens of Cali- fornia and is rare in those of other parts of the world, although in southern Europe it is perfectly at home and flowers and fruits abundantly. 1 Heteromeles arbutifolia is sometimes also called California Holly and Christmas Berry. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. _ Puatz CXCII. Hereromeres aARBurirouia. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Diagram of a flower. 3. A flower-bud, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 5. A stamen, enlarged. 6. A pistil, enlarged. 7. An ovule, much magnified. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 11. A seed divided transversely, enlarged. 12. An embryo, much magnified, Tab. CXCII. Silva of North America CE Faxon del. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA, Rem. Imp. kh. Taneur, Paris A, Riocreux direx * ROSACEA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 125 AMELANCHIER. FiLowers perfect, regular ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 5, imbricated in estivation; stamens usually 20; ovary inferior or partly superior, 5-celled, each cell incompletely divided by a false dissepiment ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit apome. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous. Amelanchier, Medicus, Phil. Bot. i. 135, 155. — Lindley, Peraphyllwm).— Baillon, Hist. Pl. i. 477 (excl. Pera- Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 100. — Meisner, Gen. 106. — End- phyllum). licher, Gen. 1237. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 628 (excl. Aronia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39 (in part). Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, acute buds with imbricated scales, those of the inner rows accrescent and bright colored, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, conduplicate in vernation, simple, entire or serrate, penniveined, often lanate, petiolate, deciduous ; stipules subulate, elongated, caducous. Flowers in erect or nodding racemes, their pedicels slender, bibracteolate, devel- oped from the axils of lanceolate acuminate deciduous bracts. Calyx-tube campanulate or urceolate, the lobes acute or subulate, recurved, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, green, entire or crenulate, nectariferous. Petals white, obovate-oblong, spatulate or ligulate, rounded, acute or truncate at the apex, gradually contracted below into short slender claws, inserted on the thickened margin of the disk, spreading. Stamens usually twenty, inserted with the petals in three rows, those of the outer row of ten parapetalous, those of the other rows alternate with them and with each other ; filaments subulate, free, persistent on the fruit; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, glabrous or puberulous above, two to five-celled, each cell more or less divided after the fecunda- tion of the ovules into two compartments by the development of a false partition from the back; styles two to five, connate below, spreading and dilated above into broad truncate stigmas; ovules two in each cell, erect, anatropous, the micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose or pyriform, open at the summit, the cavity surrounded by the lobes of the calyx and the remnants of the filaments ; mesocarp sweet, rather juicy, red or dark purple; endocarp membranaceous or cartilaginous, the carpels free or connate, glabrous or villose at the apex. Seeds ten or often five by the abortion of one of the ovules in each cell, ovate-elliptical, not rarely subuncinate at the base, destitute of albumen; testa coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown, mucilaginous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex, the radicle inferior. Amelanchier is widely distributed through the boreal and temperate portions of eastern and the mountainous regions of western North America, and oceurs in Japan and central China, in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, southern Europe, and northern Africa. Five or six species are distinguished ; one is European, north African, and Anatolian ; a second inhabits the Orient ;* and a third, perhaps not dis- tinct from the arborescent species of eastern America, is found in the forests of Japan and of central 1 Amelanchier Amelanchier. Amelanchier rotundifolia, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, Mespilus Amelanchier, Linneus, Spec. 478. v. 459. Sorbus Amelanchier, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ii. 53. Crategus Amelunchier, De Candolle, Fl. Franc. iv. 432. Pyrus Amelanchier, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 256.— Aronia rotundifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39. Willdenow, Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1014. Amelanchier rotundifolia, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 134. Crategus rotundifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. 2 Amelanchier parviflora, Boissier, Diag. iii. 9; Fl. Orient. ii. Amelanchier vulgaris, Moench, Meth. 682.— De Candolle, Prodr. 668. ii. 682. — Boissier, FU. Orient. ii. 667. 126 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER, China,* while two belong to the flora of eastern and one to that of western America. Two of the American species attain the size of small trees; the third? is a shrub of the northern and alpine parts of eastern America. The Old World species are shrubs. The fruit of all the species is more or less succulent and edible, and the wood produced by the American arborescent species is strong, hard, and close-grained. The large white flowers, appearing before or coetaneous with the leaves, give the different species great beauty in very early spring, and make them desirable garden plants. The American species of Amelanchier do not suffer seriously from the attacks of insects, although they are subject to many of the fungal diseases which affect Pyrus and Crategus.! The generic name is derived from Amelancier, the popular name of the European species in Savoy. 1 Amelanchier Asiatica, Walpers, Rep. ii. 55.— Roemer, Fam. Amelanchier sanguinea, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 136 (not Nat. Syn. iii. 144. — Koch, Dendr. i. 180. De Candolle nor Lindley). ; Aronia Asiatica, Siebold & Zucearini, Fl. Jap. i. 87, t. 42. 8 The same insects which injure Pyrus in North America are also Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Japonica, Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. found on the different species of Amelanchier ; and Leaf-miners 229.—Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 142.—Maxi- like Nepticula amelanchierella, Clemens, and Ornix quadripunctella, mowicez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 175 (Mél. Biol. ix. Clemens, may be peculiar to them. 174). 4 A striking fungus attacks the leaves and young branches of 2 Amelanchier oligocarpa, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145.— Amelanchier Canadensis in the east, and of Amelanchier alnifolia in Watson, Garden and Forest, i. 245, f. 41.— Watson & Coulter, the west, covering them at first with an olive-colored down which Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167. afterwards changes to a black crenulated surface. Many leaves on Mespilus Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor-Am. i. certain branches are attacked simultaneously, and the so-called 291. bird’s-nest distortions are produced. This fungus, which belongs Amelanchier ? sanguinea, De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 633 (in part). to the order Pyrenomycetes, was first called Spheria Collinsii by Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl..N. Schweinitz, and by other authors has been referred to Dimerospo- Am. i. 474, — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 226. — Gray, Man. 131. rium, Lasiospheria, and Plowrightia. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong to broadly elliptical or suborbicular, acute or rounded at the apex, cordate orrounded atithebase... 2 69s 92. ss ee ee oll SAO ANADENGTSS Leaves broadly orbicular, obtuse, or rarely acute. . . ... =.=... +. +... ~~. ~. 2 A, ALNIFOLIA. ROSACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 127 AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS. Shad Bush. Service Berry. LEAVES ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, cordate or rounded at the base. Amelanchier Canadensis, Medicus, Gesch. Bot. 79. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 86.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 68. — Koch, Dendr. i. 180. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xix. 176 (Mél. Biol. ix. 174).— Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 503, t. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 84.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 166. Mespilus Canadensis, Linneus, Spec. 478. — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6.— Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 416. — Walter, Fl. Car. 148. Pyrus Botryapium, Linneus f. Syst. ed. 13, Suppl. 255. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 90, t. 28, f. 65. — Ehrhart, Beitr. i. 183; ii. 68.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 258 ; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1013; Hnum. 525.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iti. 207. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 839. — Bigelow, Fil. Boston. 120.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 83.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. 100, t. 79. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509. — Audubon, Birds, t. 60. Crateegus racemosa, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 148. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 133. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 292. y Mespilus nivea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 90. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. prunifolia, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 293. Mespilus Amelanchier, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii, 293 (not Linnzeus). Mespilus Canadensis, var. cordata, Michaux, #7. Bor.- Am. i. 291. Amelanchier Botryapium, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1260. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. v. 458.— Lindley, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 100.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 6382. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 202.— Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 604. — Spach, Hist. Vég. ii. 84. — Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145.— Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 110. — Decaisne, Nowy. Arch. Mus. x. 135. Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii. 39. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 306. — Elliott, Sk. i. 557. — Darlington, FU. Cestr. 63. Mespilus arborea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 68, t. 11.— W. P. C. Barton, Fl. Phil. Prodr. 55. Aronia arborea, W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. i. 228. Amelanchier sanguinea, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1171 (not De Candolle). Aronia cordata, Rafinesque, Med. F1. ii. 196. Amelanchier ovalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 202 (in part). Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Botryapium, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Die- trich, Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, £7. N. Y. i. 225. —Chap- man, Fl. 129. Pyrus Bartramiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 715. : Pyrus Wangenheimiana, Tausch, Regensb. Flora, 1838, pt. ii. 715. Amelanchier Bartramiana, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 145. Amelanchier Wangenheimiana, Syn. iii. 146. Roemer, Fam. Nat. A tree, sometimes forty to fifty feet in height, with a tall trunk twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and small spreading branches which form a narrow oblong round-topped head. The bark of the trunk is from a quarter to half an inch in thickness, pale red-brown, and divided by shallow fissures into narrow longitudinal ridges, the surface of which is broken into small square persistent scales. The branchlets are slender and at first bright green and glabrous or slightly puberulous, but are dark red and marked with many minute pale lenticels in their first winter, and later become dark brown or red-brown. The winter-buds are a quarter of an inch long and covered with pale chestnut- brown ovate apiculate slightly pubescent scales, scarious on the margins and obscurely keeled on the back ; the scales of the inner ranks are lanceolate, acute, bright red above the middle, ciliate with silky hairs, and sometimes an inch long when fully grown, and leave when falling narrow ring-like scars which mark the base of the branchlets during two or three years. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or often taper-pointed at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, and finely serrate with straight or incurved rigid subulate teeth ; when they unfold they are dark red-brown and pilose on both sur- faces with scattered deciduous white hairs, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, glabrous, 28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACER. dark green and dull on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, three or four inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, with prominent midribs grooved on the upper side and slender veins, and are borne on slender channeled petioles which vary from half an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent, at first pink but ultimately brown, and early deciduous. The leaves turn bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling. The flowers, which appear from the end of March at the south to the end of May at the north when the leaves are grown to nearly one third of their size, are produced in erect or nodding glabrous racemes three or four inches long, and are borne on slender pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, furnished with two lanceolate pubescent pink caducous bractlets, and developed from the axils of lanceolate bright-colored bracts which fall before the expansion of the flowers. The calyx is campanulate, with lanceolate acute lobes, villose on the inner surface, twice the length of the tube, and rather longer than the stamens and styles. The petals are strap-shaped or slightly obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually contracted at the base, thin, pure white, half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and from a quarter to half an inch in width. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens in early summer, is sweet and edible ; it is depressed-globular, from a third to half an inch broad, and borne on elongated slender stems conspicuously marked by the scars left by the falling of the bractlets ; when first fully grown it is bright red, but when ripe becomes dark purple and is covered with a slight glaucous bloom. The seeds are an eighth of an inch long, with a dark red-brown opaque coat. Amelanchier Canadensis is distributed from Newfoundland through the maritime provinces of Canada, where it is common, and westward along the northern shores of the Great Lakes,’ and in the United States ranges southward to northern Florida and westward to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,’ eastern Kansas, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas. Amelanchier Canadensis grows in rich soil in upland woods with Oaks, Hickories, Sugar Maples, and Birches ; it is abundant in all the northern parts of the country and on the Alleghany Mountains, where, in North Carolina and Tennessee, it reaches its greatest size. In the coast region of the Atlantic Gulf states it is represented only by a low shrubby form, while west of the Alleghany Mountains it is common in all the elevated regions but does not extend into the river-bottoms, and is more abundant at the north than at the south. The wood of Amelanchier Canadensis is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a good polish; it is dark brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7888, a cubic foot weigh- ing 48.85 pounds. It is occasionally used for the handles of tools and other small implements. Amelanchier Canadensis varies considerably in the form of its leaves and in the character of the pubescence which sometimes covers them, in the size of its flowers and fruit, and in its habit and stature. The most distinct of these forms is Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis.2 This is a tree sometimes twenty-five or thirty feet in height, with a single straight stem or often with a cluster of spreading stems springing from the ground and forming a broad tall bush. The leaves are oblong or broadly elliptical, acute or rounded at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, remotely serrate 1 Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. 27. — Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1867-69, Appendix 9 (Pl. Manitoulin Islands). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i, 148. 2 Bessey, Bull. Exper. Stat. Nebraska, iv. art. iv. 20. 8 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis. Mespilus Canadensis, var. obovalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 291. Pyrus sanguinea, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340 (in part). — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 509. Pyrus ovatis, Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 195 (not Willdenow). Aronia ovalis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 479. Amelanchier intermedia, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 85. — Wenzig, Linnea, xxxviii. 112. Amelanchier C is, var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fi. N. Am.i. 473. — Walpers, Rep. ii. 55. — Dietrich, Syn. iii. 158. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 225; Nicollet’s Rep. 149. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 504, t. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 84. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167. Amelanchier oblongifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 147. Amelanchier spicata, Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus. x. 135, t. 9, f.5 (not Lamarck). ROSACER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 or sometimes nearly entire below the middle, coated at first on the lower surface with thick white The flowers, which are produced in shorter racemes on hairy pedicels, are smaller, with pubescent calyces, their lobes being tomentum, and at maturity pale and more or less pubescent on the lower surface. densely tomentose on the inner surface, and narrower strap-shaped petals usually less than half an inch long. This variety is found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where, however, it is not common, and is abundant in Quebec and Ontario, extending northward to the valley of the Mackenzie River in latitude 65° ;* tains to Virginia and westward to Minnesota and Missouri, and occasionally occurs, much reduced in size, in the southern coast region from Bluffton, South Carolina, to the shores of the Bay of Mobile. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. obovalis, grows usually on the borders of streams and swamps in it is common in the northeastern states, ranging southward along the Alleghany Moun- low wet soil, and sometimes on high rocky slopes and ridges, where it is often a small shrub producing fruit when only a foot or two high. In the situations which it selects, and in the shape and covering of its leaves, it is usually very distinct from the upland form, but the two are connected by intermediate forms growing in intermediate situations which make it difficult to find constant characters upon which to establish a second species. The fruit of the tomentose form is rather more juicy and of better flavor than that of the upland tree; and of late years American pomologists have paid some attention to the cultivation and improve- ment of a large-fruited variety originally obtained from Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba.’ Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata,* is a variety with broader obovate sometimes suborbicular leaves which is common in the northern states, where it usually grows as a low shrub, but occasionally rises to a height of fifteen or twenty feet. The earliest account* of Amelanchier Canadensis is that of Clayton,> who also distinguished the It was first cultivated in Europe in 1746 by the Duke of Argyll.” Amelanchier Canadensis is a beautiful object in early spring when its large white flowers unfold tomentose variety.° with the red or with the silvery white leaves of the different varieties, and its beauty at this time is heightened by its brilliant silky bud-scales and bracts. As a fruit-tree, although the birds devour the fruit as fast as it ripens, it deserves more attention than it has yet received. 1 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 294. —Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.i. 149. 2 Am. Agric. xxx. 144.— Rep. Iowa Hort. Soc. xii. 203. — Gar- deners’ Monthly, xx. 141, 186, 306. 8 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. spicata. Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i.225.— Chapman, FT. 129. — Watson & Coul- ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 167. Amelanchier rotundifolia, Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 146 (not Du Mont de Courset). 4 It was probably one of the forms of Amelanchier Canadensis Crategus spicata, Lamarck, Dict. i. 84. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 132.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 192. Pyrus ovalis, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 259; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1014. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 340. Mespilus Canadensis, var. rotundifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 291. Amelanchier ovalis, Borkt Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1259. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, v. 459.— Lindley, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 100. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii. 635. — Hooker, FV. Bor.-Am. i. 202 (exel. var.). — Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 604 (excl. var.). —Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 85. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 876, f. 632. Aronia ovalis, Persoon, Syn. ii. 40. — Elliott, Sk. i. 558. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. 1 , Torrey & Gray, Fi. N. Am. i. 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 55.— Dietrich, Syn. 158.— yy PPA which John Mason, writing of Newfoundland in 1620, calls a Peare in this passage: “The Countrie fruites wild, are cherries small, whole groaues of them, Filberds good, a small pleasant fruite, called a Peare, Damaske Roses single very sweet, Grease Straw- tleberries with abound of Rasb Gooseberries somewhat better than ours in England, all which replanted would be much inlarged.” (A Brief Discourse of the Newfoundland [Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts relating to the Colonization of New Scotland, 1621-1638].) 5 Mespilus inermis, foliis subtus glabris obverse ovatis, Fl. Virgin. 54.— Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 15. 6 Mespilus inermis, folio ovato oblongis, serratis, subtus tomentosis, Fl. Virgin. 55. 7 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 173.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 874, £. 627- 629, t. berries, and H. and beep a PLATE CDS oe COIS) tee Bo) Sk ET OM eS): EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CXCIV. AmELANCHIER CANADENSIS. A flowering branch, natural size. Diagram of a flower. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. Front and rear views of a stamen, enlarged. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. A seed, enlarged. . An embryo, much magnified. . The end of a winter branchlet, natural size. CXCV. AmenancuterR CANADENSIS, var. OBOVALIS. A flowering branch, natural size. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. A seed, enlarged. An embryo, much magnified. Prcart 8e-. Tab. GACLY: x & mm § a oc « ee & ss * 2 ee on) | omen! WY z fx] a ae