i? . aTiiey Cath FG : Weep Sah CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT — a3 “etl v oe u ad ty? Fieve dt THt NEw YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN LuEsther T. Mertz Library eoeeecoeceovece Gift of The Estate of Henry Clay Frick, II 2007 CHOCHCHCHCEHECEHOHH HOS OHHECEHEHHOOHEEHOHOEEHOSEOE CCCCCC CHOCO COLE OO OO HE OCC EX LIBRIS 1G00 aD | SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY Jllustrated with figures and Analyses drawn from Nature BY CHARLES EDWARD FAXON VOLUME VIII CUPULIFERA (Quercus) BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Che Riverside Press, Cambridge MDCCCXCV Copyright, 1895, By CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT. All rights reserved. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mfass., U. S.A. Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company, MERTZ LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TO THE MEMORY OF ANDRE AND FRANCOIS ANDRE MICHAUX, FATHER AND SON, WHOSE LONG AND ARDUOUS JOURNEYS IN THE TRACKLESS FORESTS OF THE NEW WORLD LAID THE FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE WITH REGARD TO THE OAKS OF EASTERN AMERICA, THIS EIGHTH VOLUME OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA IS DEDICATED. Synopsis QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS OF ORDERS . ‘ : ALBA . ‘ , : ALBA X MINOR ALBA X MACROCARPA . ALBA X PRINUS LOBATA . : . BREWERI : ; : GARRYANA : : GAMBELII : MINOR F : ; CHAPMANI : : MACROCARPA : ; LYRATA . : : : PrRINusS : : : ACUMINATA PRINOIDES . : . SADLERIANA . : PLATANOIDES . : MicHAvxiI : BREVILOBA . UNDULATA DOoUGLASII . ENGELMANNI . : OBLONGIFOLIA. ; ARIZONICA RETICULATA ; TouMEYI ; : DUMOSA . , : VIRGINIANA Emoryi ; ; CHRYSOLEPIS . : : TOMENTELLA , ; AGRIFOLIA PUMILA HYPOLEUCA WISLIZENI . : : WISLIZENI X CALIFORNICA MYRTIFOLIA RUBRA TEXANA . . : COCCINEA VELUTINA . ; ; CALIFORNICA . : CATESBEAI . . : CATESBXI X NIGRA . : TABLE OF CONTENTS. ° e e . . ° . . . e e e . : : Plates ceclvi., ceclvii., ecelviii. : : ; : : : : Plate ccclix. : . ; : : : : : . Phteccelx. . : , : : : : : : ‘. : Plate eeclxi. : : : : : : : : : Plate ececlxii. . : : : : : : : : Plate ccelxiii. ; : : : : : . Plates ecclxiv., eeclxv. . : ; : : : Plates ceclxvi., ceelxvii. : : : . Plates ccelxviii., ecclxix. . ; : , : : : : Plate ceclxx. : : : : : : : : ; Plates ecelxxi., eeelxxii., ceclxxiii. . : : ; i Plate eeclxxiv. . : : : : Plates eccelxxv., ecclxxvi. . ; , ; ; : : : : Plate ccelxxvii. . : : ; : : : : : Plate ceelxxviii. : ; : ; : : : . ; Plate ecelxxix. . : ; : : : : Plates ecelxxx., ceclxxxi. : : : : : : Plates ceelxxxii., ccclxxxiil. : ‘ Plate ecelxxxiv. : . , : : Plate ceclxxxv. . : ; : : . Plate ceelxxxvi. : : ; : Plate ccelxxxvii. . Plate ceclxxxvili. . Plate ceclxxxix. Plate ecexe. . F : . : : : ; Plate ceexci. ; Plates ceexcii., ccexcili. . Plates cecxciv., eeexev., ecexevi. , . Plate ceexevii. Plates eccxevili., cecxcix., ecce., eccci. Plate ececii . : ; : : Plate cecciii. Plate cecciy. Plate ccccv. . . Plate eccevi. Plate cccevii. : : : ; Plate ceceviii. . Plates ceccix., ecccx. . : Plate cecexi. . : : ; ; : : : : . Plates ececxii., eccexiil . : . : . . - Plates eecexiv., eeeexv. . ; ‘ ; ; : . . Plate ceeexvi. : : : : : : : F : ; Plate cecexvii. ; : : : : . . Plate cecexvilil. . P : : : : : Page vii . 103 105 . 109 111 . 115 117 . 119 120 . 123 125 129 133 . 137 141 . 143 14t V1 QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS CATESBI X LAURIFOLIA DIGITATA . : : : PALUSTRIS NANA. : ‘ : GEORGIANA. : ; MARILANDICA . : : NIGRA. LAURIFOLIA BREVIFOLIA . IMBRICARIA IMBRICARIA X MARILANDICA IMBRICARIA X COCCINEA PHELLOS . : . . PHELLOS X VELUTINA PHELLOS X MARILANDICA DENSIFLORA . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS. Plate cccexix. . . : ‘ : : : Plates ececxx., ececxxi. . . Plates eccexxii., eecexxiii. : Plate cccexxiv. Plate ceecxxv. Plates cceexxvi., eeccxxvii. .- Plate eecexxviii. . Plates cecexxix., eccexxx. . . Plate eccexxxi. : : ; Z Plate cccexxxii. . : : : : . Plate eceexxxill. . . ; : : : Plate eeccxxxiv. . : ; Plate eceexxxv. , : : : : : Plate ceeexxxvi. . : : : : . Plate eceexxxvii. . : : : : : Plate cecexxxviii. : : SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME VIII. OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Cuass I DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Suz-Cuass I. Angiosperme. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit. Division III. Apetalee. Corolla 0. Stamens inserted on the petaloid calyx, or hypogynous. 51. Cupuliferze. Flowers monecious or rarely perfect. Stamens 2 to 4 or indefinite. Ovary inferior, after anthesis imperfectly 2 to 3 or rarely 4 to 6-celled. Ovule solitary, or in pairs, ascending or descending, anatropous. Fruit a nut usually more or less inclosed in bracts free or united into a woody involucre. Leaves alternate, stipulate. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. QUERCUS. FLOWERS unisexual or rarely perfect, moncecious, apetalous, in unisexual or an- drogynous spikes or aments; calyx 4 to 7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in estivation; stamens generally 6; pistillate flower surrounded by an involucre of imbricated scales ; ovary inferior, usually incompletely 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending or descending. Fruit a nut surrounded at the base or embraced in the accrescent woody involucre. Leaves alternate, annual, or perennial, penniveined, stipulate. Quercus, Linnazus, G'en. 291 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Pl. 371 (Bidrag til Kundskab om Egefamilien i Nutid og ii. 375. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 410. — Endlicher, Gen. Fortid) ; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 19. 274. — Meisner, Gen. 346. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vi. 256.— Cyclobalanus, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjé- Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 407.— Prantl, Engler & benh. 1866, 80 (Bidrag til Egeslegtens Systematik) Prantl Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. i. 55. (1867) ; Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. Nat. Math. ser. 5, ix. Lithocarpus, Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 526 (1825). — 375 (Bidrag til Kundskab om Egefamilien i Nutid og Endlicher, Gen. 275. — Meisner, Gen. 346. Fortid) ; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 20. Syneedrys, Lindley, Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 441 (1836).— Pasania, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjébenh. Meisner, Gen. 346. — Hance, Hooker Jour. Bot. and Kew 1866, 81 (Bidrag til Egeslegtens Systematik) (1867) ; Gard. Mise. i. 175. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. Nat. Math. ser. 5, ix. 373 (Bidrag Cyclobalanopsis, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. til Kundskab om Egefamilien i Nutid og Fortid) ; Lieb- Kjobenh. 1866, 77 (Bidrag til ELgeslegtens Systematik) mann Chénes Am. Trop. 20.— Prantl, Engler & Prantl (1867) ; Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. Nat. Math. ser. 5, ix. Pflanzenfam. iii. pt. i. 55. Trees or shrubs, with astringent properties, watery juices, stellate pubescence, pale and scaly or dark and furrowed bark, hard and close-grained or brittle and porous wood, terete branchlets, buds? covered by numerous imbricated scales, thick perpendicular tap-roots penetrating deep into the ground, stout wide-spreading horizontal roots and few thick rootlets, and in some species long proliferous stolons. Leaves simple, alternate, five-ranked, variously folded in the bud, lobed, dentate, spinescent or entire, often polymorphous on the same branch, membranaceous or coriaceous, petiolate, penniveined, the primary veins prominent and extending to the margins or united within them and connected by more or less reticulate veinlets, deciduous in the autumn or persistent until spring, or until their third or fourth year; leaf-scars broader than high, slightly elevated, semiorbicular, more or less obcordate, marked with the ends of numerous scattered fibro-vascular bundles. Stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, caducous or those of the upper leaves sometimes persistent during the winter. Flowers mone- cious, unisexual, or rarely perfect, anemophilous. Staminate flowers (Lepidobalanus) solitary, subtended by lanceolate acute caducous bracts, or ebracteate, in graceful pendulous clustered aments from separate or leafy buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud or from those of leaves of the year; or (Pasania) in a three to five-flowered cyme in the axil 2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERE. of a persistent bract, the lateral flowers subtended by similar although smaller bracts, in erect unisexual or androgynous spikes from the axils of leaves of the year or rarely of the previous year. Calyx campanulate, lobed or divided to the base into from four to seven, usually into six, membranaceous lobes or segments. Stamens indefinite, generally from four to six or sometimes ten or twelve ; filaments inserted on the slightly thickened torus, free, filiform, exserted; anthers ovate, oblong or rarely sub- globose, glabrous or rarely pilose, attached on the back, two-celled, the cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Ovary obsolete, or (Pasania) rudimentary, minute and pilose. Pistillate flower solitary, subtended by a caducous bract, bibracteolate, in short or elongated few-flowered spikes from the axils of leaves of the year, or in some species of Pasania scattered at the base of the staminate inflorescence. Calyx usually urceolate, the tube adnate to the ovary, with a short campanulate limb, generally six- lobed or obscurely dentate. Staminodia minute, usually obsolete (Lepidobalanus), or in some species of Pasania developed into abortive stamens inserted on and as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary inferior, incompletely three or rarely four or five-celled by the development from the bottom, after fecundation, of thin partitions, inclosed more or less completely by an accrescent scaly involucre ; styles as many as and superposed to the cells of the ovary, short or elongated, erect or recurved, terete, or dilated or clavate above, stigmatic on the inner face or at the apex only, generally persistent on the fruit; ovules two in each cell, attached on its inner angle at or above the base, or suspended near the apex, anatropous or semianatropous; micropyle superior. Nut or gland maturing in one or in two years, ovoid, globose, or turbinate, umbonate at the apex, one-seeded by abortion, surrounded at the base or inclosed in the accrescent cupular involucre of the flower, attached by a large conspicuous raised or depressed circular umbilicus at the base, or (Lithocarpus) by the sides also. Pericarp crusta- ceous or coriaceous, or rarely thick, indurate, granular or bony, indehiscent, of two coats, the inner (Lepidobalanus) thin and membranaceous, or thicker and coated on the inner surface with pale tomentum. Involucral cup woody, free from the nut except at the base, or adnate to it throughout and indehiscent, its scales imbricate, thin or thickened and turbinate or often developed into teeth or spines, or united into crenulate or dentate zones. Seed filling the cavity of the nut, marked at the base or at the apex, or rarely on the side with the abortive ovules, hypogeous in germination.? Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually plano-convex and entire, undulate on the back or rarely sinuately lobed, or occasionally united into a solid mass; radicle minute, superior, included within the base of the cotyledons; hilum minute, basal or apical.° Nearly three hundred species of Quercus have been described.* Inhabitants of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, they occur also at high altitudes within the tropics, ranging south to the mountains of Colombia in the New World and to those of the Indian Archipelago in the Old World, where, a few degrees below the equator, they find their most southern home. The genus has no representative in central and southern Africa, in South America beyond Colombia, or in the islands of the Pacific, in New Guinea, or Australia. The great centres of distribution of Quercus are the highlands of Central America and Mexico,’ whence it spreads southward with a few species, and northward to British Columbia and the valley of the St. Lawrence River; and the Indian Archipelago and Malaya,’ whence it ranges to the Philippine Islands‘ and through China* and Japan °® to Saghalin and Manchuria," through southern India and along the Himalayas” to western Asia,’ where many. species occur, and through the Mediterranean basin to western and northern Kurope, where Quercus is less prolific in species than in other equally temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In North America, exclusive of Mexico, fifty species of Quercus are now distinguished.” With four exceptions they all, under favorable conditions, sometimes assume the habit of trees; among them are some of the largest and most valuable deciduous-leaved timber-trees of the continent; and in both the eastern and extreme western parts of the country Quercus is often the most conspicuous feature of vegeta- tion."© In eastern America at the extreme northern limits of its range the genus is represented by a single species; the number gradually mereases under the influence of a less rigorous climate, and in CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3 southern New England ten occur. They then gradually increase southward in numbers, and in the coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf states nineteen species are found collected together. This is the greatest aggregation of species in the United States, although in the central Mississippi valley Oak-trees are more abundant and grow to a larger size than in any other part of North America. Absent from the high, dry, and cold mid-continental plateau, Quercus reappears on the lower slopes of the southern Rocky Mountains, which are often covered with vast thickets of Quercus Gambelii, a species peculiar to the interior of the continent. Farther south this is joined by another species ; and on the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, six Oak-trees of the Mexican forests find their northern home. Extremely rare in the arid region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, where Quercus is represented only by stunted bushes clinging to the upper slopes of the mountain ranges, it is often an important element in the forests nourished by the more humid atmosphere of the Pacific coast, especially in the valleys of central California. Reaching British Columbia and Washington with a single species, the number gradually increases southward, five species occurring in southern Oregon and thirteen in California. The type is an early one. The ancestors of existing European species inhabited that continent during the late cretaceous and tertiary periods,’ when Quercus was also widely distributed in North America, ranging in the centre of the continent far to the north of its present home, and reaching its fullest development during the upper miocene and the eocene epochs.” Oak-trees, especially the species of Lepidobalanus with annual fructification, produce strong tough durable timber.” The most valuable timber-trees of the genus are the White Oaks and the Live Oak of eastern North America, the European and Asiatic Quercus Robur,® Quercus Lusitanica™ of the Mediterranean basin, Quercus dilatata”™ of the northwest Himalayas, Quercus Griffithic® of Sikkim and Boutan, and Quercus Mongolica™ of northeastern Asia. The wood of most of the species makes excellent fuel, and it is often manufactured into charcoal. The tannic acid” contained in the bark of Oak-trees makes that of many species valuable for tanning leather. Among the most useful for this purpose are the European Quercus Robur, Quercus Cerris,” Quercus Ilex,” and Quercus Toza,” the eastern American Quercus velutina and Quercus Prinus, and the western American Quercus densi- flora. The large fleshy seeds of some of the species, although slightly astringent, are eaten by man, and are often used for fattening hogs. Those most palatable to man are produced by Quercus Lex, var. Ballota, of the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa, Quercus dgilops” of the Orient, Quercus Emory of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and Quercus Michaux of the south- eastern United States, although the North American Indians used the acorns of many other species in the eastern * and western” parts of the country. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber * of the western countries of the Mediterranean basin, and of Quercus occidentalis,* an inhabitant of Portugal, Spain, and southwestern France. Galls caused by the punctures of different insects are produced on the ° From a parasitic insect branches of most Oak-trees, and are sometimes important articles of commerce.’ that inhabits the leaves and branches of Quercus coccifera*® of the Mediterranean basin kermes, a scarlet dye, is obtained. In the United States a decoction of the bark of the young branches of Quercus alba is used in external medicinal applications and sometimes internally in the treatment of hemorrhage or dysentery.” The bark of Quercus Robur is employed in medicine as an astringent,” and the acorns sometimes supply a tonic and astringent, and a remedy for scrofula.” In China and Japan coarse silk“ is made from the cocoons of larve fed on the leaves of Quercus .Mongolica, Quercus dentata," Quercus serrata,” and Quercus Bungeana ;* and in India a wild silk-worm * feeds on the leaves of Quercus incana® of the northwestern Himalaya. From time immemorial Quercus Robur, the symbol of strength and longevity, has been venerated. It is the great ornament of European parks,** and for centuries European foresters have devoted their highest skill to producing the timber of this tree. In the southeastern United States Oaks are largely used to shade city streets and country mansions; ‘ and the groves which surround the temples of southern Japan are chiefly 4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERLE. composed of the evergreen Quercus glauca,® Quercus acuta,® Quercus glabra, and Quercus cus- pidata.” In the United States Quercus is preyed upon by many insects,” and is attacked by numerous fungal diseases.” Oak-trees can easily be raised from seeds, which must not be allowed to become dry before they are planted, as they soon lose their vitality. Their long stout tap-roots make the operation of moving Oak-trees difticult, and only young specimens can be successfully transplanted.” Quercus, the classical name of the Oak-tree, was adopted by Linneus, who united in it the Quercus, lex and Suber of Tournefort.%° 1 The buds in the section Lepidobalanus are clustered at the end of the branches and are somewhat five-angled, covered with nu- merous chestnut-brown membranaceous slightly acerescent caducous scales keeled on the back, closely imbricated in five ranks, and often inclosing minute leaves. They represent morphologically stipules, and in falling mark the base of the branch with their ring-like scars. On vigorous shoots the terminal and axillary buds are often accompanied by minute lateral buds. On Quercus Cerris of south- ern Europe and some allied species the buds are surrounded by linear-lanceolate loosely imbricated or free scales and by the per- sistent stipules of the upper leaves; in Pasania the buds are covered with fewer erect or spreading foliaceous scales (Henry, act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 531, t. 40; xxii. 337, t. 32. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjibenh. 1866, 26, f. 1 [Bidrag til Egeslcgtens Systematil] ; Liebmann Chénes :im. Trop. 6, f. 1). * The radicle is imbedded near the apex of the seed between the fleshy cotyledons with the minute plumule or growing point between their petioles toward the middle of the seed, the radicle in the North American Black Oaks and in a few of the White Oaks being longer than the petioles of the cotyledons, and shorter in most of the White Oaks. In germination the petioles of the coty- ledons with the plumule lengthen, pushing the plumule outside the cracked shell of the nut within which the cotyledons remain ; and from between the bases of the petioles the plumule develops into the ascending axis of the plant, which is covered in its lower nodes with minute scales or rudimentary leaves, and is nourished by the food contained in the cotyledons, which rot and disappear toward the end of the first season after the radicle, by absorbing some of their nutritious matter, has become swollen and enlarged (Engel- mann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 190. — Marshall F. Ward, The Oak, 18, f. 3, 4). 3 The species of Quercus have been grouped under the following sections : — LEPIDOBALANUS (Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 24.— A. de Candolle, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. de Geneve, nouv. pér. xv. 96.—G. King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, ii. 21 [Indo-Malayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis] — (Sec. Robur, Cerroides, Erythrobalanos, Cerris, Gallifera, Suber, Coccifera, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 148. — See. Esculus and Ilex, Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 239, 242]). Staminate flowers on slender pendulous clustered aments from separate or leafy buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year or from the axils of the inner scales of terminal buds and at the base of shoots of the year or from the axils of leaves of the year, the flowers solitary in the axils of lanceolate caducous bracts, or ebracteate ; calyx usually irregularly divided ; stamens from two to ten ; anthers glabrous or rarely pilose. Pistillate flowers in abbre- viated or elongated few-flowered spikes from the axils of leaves of the year; styles from three to five, usually five, abbreviated, short and erect, or long, patulous or recurved. Involucre of the fruit open at the mouth, covered with imbricated scales free at the apex ; maturation of the fruit annual or biennial ; abortive ovules basal, apical, or rarely lateral. Leaves lobed, spinescent or entire. By Engelmann (Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 381) the North American species of Lepidobalanus are grouped in two subsections : Leuco- balanus, the White Oaks, with sessile or subsessile stigmas, annual or rarely biennial maturation of the fruit, basal or rarely lateral abortive ovules, and a glabrous or rarely pubescent inner sur- face of the pericarp; and Melanobalanus, the Black Oaks, with elongated styles, annual or biennial maturation of the fruit, supe- rior abortive ovules, and a tomentose inner surface of the pericarp. To Lepidobalanus belong, with one exception, all the species of America, Europe, and western Asia, most of the Himalayan spe- cies and those of northern China, Manchuria, and northern Japan, or about two thirds of all that are known. CycLoBaLanopsis (Bentham & Hooker, Gen. iii. 408. —G. King, I. c. 28). Aments of the staminate and pistillate flowers of Lepi- dobalanus. Scales of the fruiting involucre united in concentric laminz or zones with crenulate or dentate margins; abortive ovules superior. Leaves usually dentate, rarely lobed or entire. Inhabitants of India, Malaya, southern China, and Japan. PasaNniaA (Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 848.— A. de Can- dolle, 7. c. 97.—G. King, J. c.37 [Androgyne, A. de Candolle, /. c.]). Sterile spikes erect, simple or panicled from the axils of leaves of the year or of the previous year, the flowers in two to five-flowered cymes ; stamens usually twice as many as the lobes of the calyx; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers on short pedunculate sepa- rate axillary spikes or at the base of the staminate spikes ; styles terete, erect and abbreviated or elongated, stigmatic at the apex only; staminodia or abortive stamens as many as and opposite the ealyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in threes, the involucres cup-shaped, saucer-shaped, cr discoid, their bracts imbricate, free or united by the bases only ; abortive ovules superior. Leaves entire or spinose. Inhabitants of India, Malaya, southern China, and Japan, and of Pacific North America, where-a single species occurs. CYCLOBALANUS (Endlicher, J. c. 28. A. de Candolle, J. c.—G. King, J. c. 59 [Gyrolecana, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 299). Inflorescence and flowers of Pasania. Scales of the involucre united into concentric lamine or zones with crenulate or dentate margins ; abortive ovules superior. Leaves entire. Inhabitants of Malaya and southern China. CHLAMYDOBALANUS (Endlicher, J. c. 28, — A. de Candolle, J. c. — G. King, J. c. 75 [Castaneopsis, Blume, J. v. 288. — Encleisocarpon, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i.116]). Spikes erect ; flowers and leaves of Pasania. Fruiting involucres ovoid or globose, marked externally with concentric zones, or tuberculate with the thickened points of the scales, closed, or rarely open at the apex only, and enveloping but not attached to the nut except at the base, dehiscent at maturity ; abortive ovules superior. Inhabitants of India, Ma- laya, China, and Japan. LirHocarpus (Miquel, J. c. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 104. — G. King, 1. c. 81). Spikes erect ; staminate flowers, styles and leaves of Pasania. Fruiting involucres large, thick, and woody, CUPULIFERZ. ovoid or subglobose, concentrically or obliquely zoned, or echinate by the prominent rigid points of the scales, closed or rarely open at the apex by a circumscissile line, enveloping and more or less adnate to the nut, indehiscent ; pericarp thick and bony or granu- late ; abortive ovules superior. Inhabitants of Assam and Malaya. 4 A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 2.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 175 ; iv. 179. 5 Née, Anal. Cienc. Nat. iii. 276. — Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Azquin. ii. 24. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 6. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. diquin. i. 353.— Schlechtendal & Cha- misso, Linnea, v. 77.— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 55. — Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 159. — Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Brux. x. 208.— Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald, 332. — Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 166. 6 Blume, Verhand. Batav. Genoot. ix. 203 (Javaansche Eiken) ; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 517; Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 286. — Blume & Fischer, Fl. Jav. i. 6.— Korthals, Verhand. Nat. Geschied. Bot. 201. — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 844; Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 106.— Oudemans, Verhand. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam, xi. 1 (Anno- tationes Criticee in Cupuliferas nonnullas Javanicas). . 7 Blanco, Fl. Filip. 725 ; ed. 3, iv. pt. ii. 207. — Laguna, Apuntes sobre El Roble de la Flora de Filipinas. 8 Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 571.— Abel, Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, 165, 363. — Carruthers, Jour. Linn. Soc. vi. 31.— Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xviii. 229 ; Jour. Bot. xii. 240. — Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 319.— Forbes, Jour. Bot. xxii. 80. — Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 272 (Pl. David. i.). 9 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 175. — Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iv. 225.— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 445. 10 Fr, Schmidt, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xii. No. 2, 171 (Reisen in Amur-Lande). 11 Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ix. 241 (Prim. Fil. Amur.). 12 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 477.— Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 482.— Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 600.—G. King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, ii. 17 (Indo-Malayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis). - 18 Koch, Linnea, xxii. 317. — Kotschy, Die Eichen Europa’s und des Orients. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. iv. 1163. 14 Webb, Iter Hispan. 10.— Parlatore, Fi. Ital. iv. 175. — Will- komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 237.— Laguna, Coniferas y Amentaceas Espafiolas, 22; Fl. Forestal Espafiola, i. 211. — Borzi, Compend. Fl. Forestale Italiana, 147. — Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 47 (Os Quercus de Portugal). 15 A number of Oak-trees are known in North America whose characters, intermediate between those of recognized species asso- ciated with them, make it probable that they are natural hybrids. The rarity of these trees, which are always found growing with individuals of the species from which they are supposed to be derived, the variations in the leaves on one tree and often on one branch, and their apparent inability to spread in the forest, support the theory of their hybrid origin. The foliage and fruit of some of the best known and most remarkable of these trees are figured in this volume. The number and variety of such natural hybrids in the United States are probably much greater than is generally supposed ; and wherever Oak-trees of several species abound, and the peculiarities of individual trees are carefully studied, forms which can only be accounted for by the hypothesis of natural hy- bridizing are found. They appear to be most abundant in the mid- dle and southern Atlantic states and in the valley of the Mississippi River, although this may be due to the fact that good observers have happened to live in these regions. In the Pacific forests only SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5 one recognized hybrid has yet been discovered, although in southern California individual plants exist which may have been produced by the crossing of Quercus Douglasii with Quercus dumosa. Too little, however, is known of the innumerable forms which plants of these species assume to make possible any conclusions on this sub- American hybrid Oaks appear to be all derived from the crossing of species of the same section of the genus Lepidobalanus ; ject. and there are no indications that species with annual-maturing fruit cross with those whose acorns ripen in the second year (En- gelmann, T'’rans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 397). In addition to the supposed hybrids of Quercus Cerris which origi- nated in England among cultivated trees, several hybrids between closely related species, like Quercus Robur and Quercus Lusitanica with deciduous leaves, and between Quercus Ilex and Quercus Suber with persistent leaves, have been noticed in southern Europe, espe- cially in Spain and Portugal, where the genus is an important com- mercial element of the forest, and in recent years has been carefully studied. (See Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 31.—Saporta, Compt. Rend. Ixxxiv. 245. — Barros Gomes, Condi¢ées Forestaes de Portugal, 60. — Laguna, Rev. de Montes, 1881, 477 (Un Mesto Italiano y Varios Mestos Espaiioles) ; Fl. Forestal Espaiiola, i. 272. — Borzf, J. c. 149. — Coutinho, /. c. 104. — Debeaux, Fl. de la Kabylie du Djurdjura, 333.) 16 In the deciduous-leaved forests of eastern America, which, except in the extreme north, are largely composed of different Oak-trees, their numbers are increasing and they are gradually usurping the places formerly occupied by other trees. The vitality of the Oak and its ability to produce year after year shoots from the stump enable it to survive the effects of fire, which usually destroys other trees, but only checks and does not kill the Oak. Its seeds germinating under the shade of the coniferous forest produce plants which, kept alive by a few small leaves and de- veloping powerful roots, spring up into vigorous growth as soon as the forest that has dwarfed them is cut away, and take posses- sion of the ground to the exclusion of the species that covered it before. forests of eastern America are burnt extends its sway. Forests of The Oak thus replaces the Pine, and continually as the Oak, too, have recently spread over regions in the basin of the Mississippi where prairies existed before the white man checked the Indian fires which year after year had swept them bare of trees. The Oak forests of the middle and southern states, although increasing in area, are deteriorating, however, in composition, the White Oaks being gradually overpowered by the less valuable Black Oaks, whose bitter acorns are left to germinate by the hogs which pasture in the forest and devour the sweet acorns of the White Oaks. 17 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 159. — Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 433. 18 Lesquereux, Rep. U.S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 147 ; viii. 224 (Con- trib. Fossil Fl. W. Territories, ii., iti.) ; Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil. vi. pt. ii. 4 (Fossil Plants of the Auriferous Gravel Deposits of the Sierra Nevada). 19 Of the eighty or ninety species of Quercus that have been described in books devoted to the floras of Mexico and tropical America, little is known regarding their economic properties and value, and comparatively little of their specific characters and geo- graphical distribution. Little is known economically, too, of the noble Oaks of Malaya, or of those of China, where at least thirty species exist. Some of these are large and valuable trees, supply- ing timber for construction, and tanning material, or substances employed in the Chinese Materia Medica. (For an early account of the Oak-trees of China, see Mémoires sur les Chinois, iii. 484.) 6 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 20 Linneus, Spec. 996 (1753).— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 4. Quercus Robur, which once formed large forests in central and northern Europe, is generally distributed from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia Minor and the trans-Caucasian provinces of western Asia, and from those of the Mediterranean to Scandi- navia and northern Russia. Two races or subspecies (pedunculata and sessiliflora) with many natural and accidental forms are distinguished. Quercus pedunculata (Ehrhart, Beitr. v. 161) (Quercus Robur pe- dunculata, Smith, English Bot. xix. t. 1842.— Reichenbach, Jcon, Fi. German. xii. 8, t. 648. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutsch. 109, t. 12.— Kotschy, Die Eichen Europa’s und des Orients, t. 27.— Boissier, Fl. Orient. iv. 1163) is distinguished by its ovoid leaf- buds, short petioles, and elongated fruit-stalks. Usually found on alluvial plains, it often forms nearly pure forests in the valleys of central Europe. Quercus sessiliflora (Salisbury, Prodr. 392. — Smith, J. c. t. 1345. — Reichenbach, J. c. 7, t. 644. — Hartig, J. c. t. 11. — Boissier, J. c. 1164. — Hempel & Wilhelm, Baume und Stréiucher, t. 22, 23) is distinguished by its ovoid lanceolate leaf-buds, longer petioles, and short-stalked or sessile fruit. Widely distributed through Europe and western Asia, this form is usually accompanied by the Beech and the Hornbeam on broken, hilly, or mountainous ground. 21 Lamarck, Dict. i. 719 (1783).— Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 33. — Webb, Iter Hispan. 11.— Boissier, Voyage, ii. 575; Fl. Orient. iv. 1166. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. J. c. 17. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 240. — Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espafola, i. 235, t. 32, 33, f. 4, 5. — Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 66 (Os Quercus de Portugal). Quercus Lusitanica is widely distributed in numerous arborescent and shrubby forms through the countries bordering the Mediter- ranean. Of the three subspecies in which the varieties of this polymorphous species are grouped by A. de Candolle, the most important as a timber-tree is the Algerian Zéen (subspecies Betica a Mirbeckii [Quercus Mirbeckii, Durieu, Duchartre Rev. Bot. ii. 426 [1846] — Trabut, Rév. Gen. Bot. iv. 1, t.1-3]). This noble tree, which sometimes grows to the height of one hundred feet with a trunk three feet in diameter, is a native of southern Spain, where it is rare and local, and of Algeria and Tunis, where it grows in the humid littoral region and on the high mountains of the interior, which it ascends to high elevations. Requiring a comparatively moist soil, it selects deep ravines opening toward the north and rarely appears on south- ern slopes at elevations below twenty-five hundred feet above the level of the sea, growing often in dense forests with scattered Chestnuts, Cork Oaks, and Cedars. The wood of the Algerian Zéen, which is one of the largest and most valuable trees of north- ern Africa, is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and very durable, although difficult to season. It is used in construction and for rail- road ties and makes excellent fuel and charcoal, while the bark is valued for tanning leather. (See Renou, Annales Forestieres, i. 422 (Férets de V Algérie). — Legrand, Nouv. Ann. de la Marine et des Colonies, 1854 [Mém. sur les Richesses Forestieres de l’ Algérie, 15, 49].— Mathieu, Flore Forestiére, éd. 2, 250. — Cosson, Annuaire de la Société Impérial de Acclimatation, 1863, 298. — Livet, La Tunisie ses Eaux et ses Forets, 23.— Lamey, Forets de la Tunisie, 97.) Exceedingly umbrageous, the Zéen is recommended as an orna- mental tree for temperate regions with dry climates, and, as it opens its buds in the winter or very early spring, it has been sug- gested as a food-plant, in southern Europe, for the Oak-feeding silk-worms of eastern Asia, which hatch before the indigenous Oak- trees develop their leaves (Naudin, Manuel de I’ Acclimateur, 453). 22 A, de Candolle, J. c. 41 (1864).— Royle, Jil. t. 84, f. 2,— CUPULIFERZ. Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 482. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 602. —G. King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, 23, t. 15, f. 4-7 (Indo- Malayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis). This is a gregarious subevergreen tree distributed over the north- western Himalayas from Kumaon to Cashmere, sometimes ascend- ing to elevations of ten thousand feet above the sea-level, and often forming nearly pure forests of considerable extent. The wood is dark-colored, hard, heavy, and very durable, and is largely used in construction and for agricultural implements and axe-handles. The leaves are valued as fodder for sheep and goats (Gamble, J/an. Indian Timbers, 383). 28 A de Candolle, J. c. 14 (1864).— Miquel, Ann. Alus. Lugd. Bat. i. 104. — Hooker f. J. c. 602. —G. King, J. c. 24, t. 18. 2 Quercus aliena, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 298 (1850). — Miquel, 2. c. — A. de Candolle, J. c. 14. — Hance, Jour. Bot. xiii. 361.— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 445.—G. King, I. c. 25. Quercus Griffithii is a large deciduous-leaved tree which produces wood that resembles that of the European Quercus Robur, and is more valuable than that of the other Oak-trees of the eastern Himalayas (Gamble, J. c. 381). % Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. pt. ii. 589 (1849.) — Turezaninow, FV. Baicalensi-Dahurica, ii. pt. i. 136. — Ruprecht & Maximowicz, Buil. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xv.137 (Meél. Biol. ii. 432). — Ruprecht & Maack, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xv. 373. — Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ix. 241. (Prim. Fl. Amur.). —Regel, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, iv. 130 (Tent. Fl. Ussur.).— A. de Candolle, J. c. — Fr. Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xii. No. 2,171 (Reisen in Amur-Lande).— Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. xi. 365 (Pl. Radd.) — Korshinsky, Act. Hort. Petrop. xii. 388 (Pl. Amur.). Quercus Robur, Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii. 3 (in part) (1788). Quercus sessilifiora, var. Mongolica, Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 273 (Pl. David. i.) (1884). This tree, the eastern Asiatic representative of Quercus Robur, is the common Oak of eastern Siberia, and of Manchuria where it forms vast forests in the valley of the Amour River and in northern China. It is common on Saghalin and in slightly modified forms (Quercus crispula, Blume [I. c.], and Quercus grosseserrata, Blume [J. c. 296]) constitutes a large proportion of the deciduous- leaved forests of Yezo, where it grows to a large size and pro- duces timber of first-rate quality. By Franchet the Mongolian Oak has been considered a geographical variety of the European Quercus Robur. G. King (J. c.) has suggested its specific identity with the Indian Quercus Griffithii on one hand, and with the two White Oaks of Yezo on the other; and this view, in so far as it concerns Quercus grosseserrata, is substantiated by the observations of Miyabe (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 259 [Fl. Kurile Islands]). #6 Gerber, Archiv. der Pharm. xxxviil. 272 (Analyse der Eichen- rinde); ser. 2, xxiv. 167 (Ueber das Quercin oder den Krystallinischen Stoff der Eichenrinde). — Eckert, Vierteljahresschrift fiir Prak. Pharm. xiii. 494 (Untersuchung iiber die Bestandtheile der Eichen- rinde). — Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiche, 480. — Hchnel, Die Gerberinden, 59. — Procter, Text Book of Tanning, 38. — Henry, Ann. Sci. Agronomique Francaise et Etrangére, i. 358 (Répartition du Tanin dans les Diverses Régions du Bois de Chéne).— Trimble, The Tannins, ii. 11. 6 In North America no attempts have been made to raise Oak- woods for the sake of tan-bark, and trees growing spontaneously in the forests have been relied upon to furnish the oak-bark used in the United States in the preparation of leather ; but in France, Germany, Austria, and other European countries the production of oak-bark from plantations created for the purpose is an important CUPULIFERZ. industry and has been practiced for centuries. The bark is believed to be most rich in the astringent principle when harvested in May and June, and a warm climate or a southern exposure is considered most favorable to its production. The bark is usually gathered from saplings from twenty to thirty years old, or before they have devel- oped the corky layer of outer bark, which is useless for tanning pur- poses. In harvesting the bark the trees are cut, the plantations or coppice woods renewing themselves several times by the vigorous shoots which spring from the stumps of all Oak-trees. (See Per- rault, De lV Ecorgage du Chéne, de la Production et de la Consommation des Ecorces & Tan en France. — Neubrand, Die Gerbrinde.) 27 Linnzeus, Spec. 997 (1753). — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 182, t. 57.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 92, t. 92.— Reichenbach, Icon. Fi. German. xii. 9, t. 650. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutsch. 578, t. 14.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 41. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 185.— Boissier, Fl. Orient. iv. 1170.— Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 241.— Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espajiola, 268. Quercus Esculus, Linneeus, Mant. 496 (1771). Quercus Azgilops, Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 241 (not Linnzus) (1772). Quercus crinita, Lamarck, Dict. i.718 (1783). — Olivier, Voyages, Atlas, p. vi. Quercus Tournefortii, Willdenow, Sp. iv. pt. i. 453 (1805). Quercus Austriaca, Willdenow, Jl. c. 454 (1805). — Kotschy, Die Eichen Europa’s und des Orients, t. 20. Quercus Cerris is the type of « peculiar group of Lepidobalanus (subgenus Cerris, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjohenh. 1866, 66) with linear styles subulate at the apex, inferior abortive ovules, biennial maturation, and mostly persistent leaves, which is chiefly confined to the Mediterranean basin and western Asia, but also, with a few species, inhabits southern India, China and Japan, and tropical America. Quercus Cerris is a tree of rapid growth and noble size, abounding in the forests of northern Syria, southern Russia, the Turkish peninsula, and the country south of the Black Sea, and ranging westward through southern Europe and north- ward in Europe to Hungary and the Department of the Doubs in France. In the countries of southeastern Europe the wood, which is hard, heavy, and strong, is used in construction and ship- building (Mathieu, Flore Forestiére, éd. 2,251). The bark is con- sidered more valuable than that of Quercus Robur for tanning leather. Quercus Cerris is esteemed as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and is occasionally planted in the gardens of the United States, where it is hardy as far north as eastern Massachu- setts. Several accidental varieties or hybrids have appeared among cultivated plants. The most interesting of these, the Lucombe Oak, is supposed to be a hybrid with Quercus Suber. It was raised by a nurseryman of Exeter in England named Lucombe from a seed of Quercus Cerris gathered from a tree standing near a specimen of Quercus Suber, and planted about 1762. The original tree was cut when about twenty years old and during Mr. Lucombe’s lifetime, in order, it is said, to furnish material for his coffin ; it had been multiplied, however, by grafts, and specimens of this evergreen or subevergreen Oak may still be seen in English parks and pleasure- grounds (Zephaniah Holwel, Phil. Trans. lxii. 128.— Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 72. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ui. 1851, f. 1712-1714). The Fulham Oak (Quercus Cerris denticulata, Watson, 1. c. 93, t. 93. — Quercus Cerris Fulhamensis, Loudon, J. c. 1850, f. 1710, t.), a variety of Quercus Cerris, or perhaps a hybrid with some other species, originated in the Fulham Nurseries in Exeter about a century ago; it is a large tree with broad, subevergreen coarsely dentate leaves. Varieties of Quercus Cerris with pinnatifid or sinuate-toothed leaves, with variegated foliage, and with pendulous SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. rf branches, are also cultivated (Loudon, J. c. 1847. — A. de Candolle, l. c. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 95). 8 Linneus, 1. c. 995 (1753). — Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 33.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 156, t. 43, 44, £. 2.— Watson, 1. c. ii. 90, t. 90.— Reichenbach, J. c. 7, t. 642. — Kotschy, J. c. t.38. — A. de Candolle, 7. c. 38.— Parlatore, J. c. 197.— Willkomm & Lange, I. c. 243.— Boissier, J. c. 1167. — Laguna, 1. c. 252, t. 35, 36.— Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 94 (Os Quercus de Portugal). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 602. —G. King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, ii. 2-4, t. 17 (Indo-Mualayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis). Quercus Gramuntia, Linneus, l. c. (1753). — Loudon, J. cv. 1906, f. 1787, 1788. Quercus calicina, Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 216 (1811). Quercus expansa, Poiret, 1. c. (1811). Quercus Baloot, Griffith, Itinerary Notes, ii. 328 (1848).— A.de Candolle, J. c. Quercus Balout, Boissier, 1. c. 1168 (1879). Quercus Ilex is the type of Orsted’s (I. c. 61) section Ilex of Lepi- dobalanus, distinguished by rigid coriaceous, entire, or spinose-den- tate, subevergreen leaves, and confined to the Mediterranean basin, Asia Minor, Afghanistan, and the northwestern Himalayas, China, and Japan, Mexico, Central America, and the southeastern and southwestern United States. Quercus Jlex is distributed through the countries bordering the Mediterranean, from Spain and Mo- rocco to the Syrian coast, and reappears in Afghanistan and on the eastern Himalayas, where it ascends to elevations of from three thousand to eight thousand five hundred feet above the sea-level. In some parts of Spain, southern France, Corsica, Siberia, and Al- geria, great natural forests of the [ex exist, and in southern France it is cultivated in coppice to supply tanners with bark. The wood is close-grained, hard, and heavy, and dark reddish-brown or nearly black ; it makes excellent fuel and charcoal; and in India it is used for plows and other agricultural implements, and for the han- dles of small tools (Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 481). In southern Europe the comestible truffles (Tuber brumale, Vit- tadini, and Tuber melanosporum, Vittadini) are found growing near the roots of the Ilex and of several other Oak-trees, or can be pro- duced in the course of a few years by establishing plantations of it in calcareous soil (Bosredon, Manuel du Trufficulteur). From the time of the Romans the Ilex has been valued as an ornamental plant, and to the deep shade of its leafy crown many gardens of Italy still owe their greatest charm. Introduced into England in 1581, it is hardy in the neighborhood of London, where it ripens its fruit in favorable seasons. Several accidental varie- ties have appeared and are sometimes found in cultivation (Loudon, i. c. 1888). Of all acorns, those of a variety of the Ilex are most valued as human food. It is: — Quercus Jlex, y Ballota, A. de Candolle, J. c. 39 (1864). — Cou- tinho, J. c. 97. Quercus rotundifolia, Lamarck, /. c. (1783) 723 (excl. syn. Gra- muntia) (1781). — Brotero, 1. c. 33. Quercus Ballota, Desfontaines, Jfém. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1790, 394, t. 6; Fl. Atlant. ii. 350.— Webb, Iter Hispan. 14. — Boissier, Voyage, ii. 578. — Loudon, 1. c. 882, f. 1612, 1613. — Willkomm & Lange, J. c. 244. In some parts of southern France, Spain, and Algeria, where this form is common, the acorns are an important article of food for the lower classes, who prefer them to chestnuts and eat them roasted or boiled (Colmeiro y Boutelou, Examen de las Encinas y demas Arboles de la Peninsula que producen Bellotas, 10.— Mathieu, 1. c. 257). 2 Bose, Jour. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii. 155, t. 22, f. 3 (1792). — Bois- 8 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. oo t. 22, — Willkkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 239. — Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 384.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 12.— Laguna, FV. Florestal Espaitola, i. 231, t. 31. — Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 64 (Os Quercus de Portugal). Quercus nigra, Thoré, Chlor. Landes, 381 (not Linnzeus) (1803). Quercus pubescens, Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 31 (1804). Quercus Pyrenaica, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 451 (1805).— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 178, t. 56. Quercus Tauzin, Persoon, Syn. ii. 571 (1807). Quercus stolonifera, Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyr. 582 (1813). The Tauzin is a small, deciduous-leaved, bushy, usually contorted tree, and is common in southwestern France and the Iberian penin- sula and in some parts of Syria. On sandy soil in southwestern Europe it forms vigorous coppice-woods and supplies excellent ma- terial for tanning. The wood is hard and strong, and is esteemed as fuel and for charcoal (Mathieu, Fl. Floresticre, éd. 2, 247). 39 Linneeus, Spec. 996 (1753). — Olivier, Voyages, Atlas, p. vi. t. 13.— Tchihatcheff, Asie Alin. Bot. ii. 470, t. 41, 42.— Boissier, FV. Orient. iv. 1171. Quercus Ithaburensis, Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, iv. 348 (1835). — Kotschy, 7. c. t. 12. Quercus Trojana, Jaubert & Spach, Jil. Pl. Orient. i. t. 57 (1842). Quercus Pryami, Kotschy, /. c. t. 3 (1858). Quercus Ungeri, Kotschy, /. c. t. 13 (1858). Quercus macrolepis, Kotschy, /. cv. t. 16 (1858). Quercus Vallonea, A. de Candolle, 1. c. 45 (not Kotschy) (1864). An inhabitant of Syria, Anatolia, and Greece, the Valonia Oak ig a gregarious species, growing in Syria as a low tree with a stout gnarled trunk, and in one of its forms (8 macrolepis, Boissier, /. c.) forming great forests in some parts of Greece, especially on the The wood is hard and The nuts, which are large and lower slopes of Taygetos and in Crete. tough, and is valued for fuel. very variable in shape, are sold in great quantities in the bazaars and are eaten raw or cooked (Hooker f. J. c. 384, t. 88). The cups are used for tanning, and are exported under the name of valonia from Asia Minor and Greece to Europe and the United States. tannin, and, imparting a light color and greater weight and firm- They contain from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent. of ness to leather than the tannin of oak-bark, they are especially The fruit of the Valonia Oak is beaten from the branches as soon as it ripens in July and valued for tanning sole leather. August, and is allowed to lie on the ground under the trees for some time todry. It is then collected and sent to centres of ship- ment, where it is placed in piles five or six feet deep in well-venti- lated storehouses and left to heat for several weeks. During this process the nuts separate from the cups and are fed to hogs; and the cups are sorted according to their quality and are then ready for shipment. Smyrna is the principal market, although large quantities are also exported from different Greek ports (Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1226, 1992). A saccharine substance which exudes from the punctures of a coeccus in the branches of Quercus Vallonea and of Quercus Persica (Jaubert & Spach, J. c. i. t. 55 (1842). — Kotschy, J. c. t. 28) is gathered by some of the wandering tribes of Kurdistan and used to sweeten food. The exudation hardens in small grains, and is shaken in early morning from the trees on to sheets spread out on the ground or is obtained by dipping the branches into hot water and evaporating the solution to the consistency of syrup (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 372). CUPULIFER. 81 «These Akornes also they drie, and in case of want of Corne, by much boyling they make a good dish of them : yea sometimes in plentie of Corne doe they eate these Acornes for anovelty.” (Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America [R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll. i. 90]). “ And out of the white Oak Acorns, (which is the Acorn Bears delight to feed upon): The Natives draw an Oyl, taking the rot- tenest Maple Wood, which being burnt to ashes, they make a strong Lye therewith, wherein they boyl their white Oak-Acorns until the Oyl swim on the top in great quantity ; this they fleet off, and put into bladders to annoint their naked Limbs, which corrobarates them exceedingly ; they eat it likewise with their Meat, it is an ex- cellent clear and sweet Oyl.” (Josselyn, New England Rarities, 48.) 82 Newberry, Popular Science Monthly, xxxii. 37 (Food and Fibre Plants of the North American Indians). 83 Linneus, Spec. 1. c. 995 (1753). — Brotero, 1. c. ii. 34. — Nou- veau Duhamel, vii. 159, t.45. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 89, t. 89. — Boissier, Voyage, ii. 577. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xii. 7, t. 641.— A. de Candolle, J. c. 40. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 192. — Willkomm & Lange, J. c. i. 243.— Laguna, J. c. 243, t. 34. — Coutinho, J. c. 82. Quercus Ilex suberosa, Visiani, Fl. Dal. i. 208 (1842). The Cork Oak inhabits southern France, Catalonia, Andalusia, and Estremadura in Spain, Portugal, Tuscany, Sardinia, and Sicily, the Istrian Peninsula and Greece, forming extensive forests either alone or mixed with the Ilex and the Maritime Pine ; it inhabits also the coast region of northern Africa from western Morocco to While adapting itself to the climatic conditions of both plains and mountains, it Tunis, where vast Cork Oak forests still exist. appears to be most vigorous on low hills, and in Europe rarely ascends more than two thousand feet above the sea-level, although on some of the mountain ranges of Algeria the Cork Oak grows freely up to elevations of four thousand feet. Although attaining its largest size in deep rather moist loam underlaid with granite or porphyry, it flourishes in all soils except those composed of lime- stone or heavy clay, and reaches good dimensions in sand if its roots are able to reach a loose subsoil. It is a long-lived tree, usually not more than thirty or thirty-five feet in height, with a short trunk, sometimes growing, however, to twice this height under exception- ally favorable conditions. The roots are large and penetrate deep into the soil, and the vitality of the tree is so great that when it is cut, or destroyed by fire, it is able to continue producing shoots from the stump to an advanced age. The wood of Quercus Suber is hard, close-grained, difficult to split or work, and rather heavier than that of Quercus Robur 3 it is sometimes used for rude agricultural implements and the handles The chief value of the Cork Oak. however, is in the outer layer of the bark, a homogeneous spongy, elastic, and compressible mass often several inches in thickness, which can be removed without affecting the health of the tree and continues to renew itself as long as the tree remains vigorous. (For accounts of the structure and development of the bark of the Cork Oak, see Dutrochet, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. iv. 48. — Mohl, Flora, xx. pt. ii. 673. — C. de Candolle, A/ém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, xvi. 1.— Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches, 474. — Sanio, Pringsheim’s Jahrb. Bot. ii. 39.) Although well known to the Greeks and Romans, who used it to float their nets and for various domestic purposes, cork did not of tools, and makes excellent fuel and charcoal. become an important article of commerce until the seventeenth century, when glass bottles came into general use. The system- atic care of forests of Cork Oak, with the regular harvesting of their crops of bark, was instituted in northeastern Spain in 1760 (Artigas y Teixidor, Alcornocales y la Industria Taponera, 23); and in CUPULIFERZ. Gerona, which saw the beginning of this industry, the best man- aged forests of Cork Oak are still to be found. From Spain it gradually spread into France and Italy, and much later into Por- tugal and Algeria, but in recent years Portugal has taken the lead in the production of cork, her forests now yielding a larger quan- tity than those of all other countries combined. Cork is principally obtained from the natural forests, few artificial plantations having yet been established for this purpose. The management consists in protecting the forest from fires, which, in Africa especially, have destroyed great numbers of Cork-trees, and in dividing it into sections corresponding in number to the number of years required by a tree to produce a crop of bark of marketable thickness, so that a regular annual product may be insured by working each year the trees in one of the sections. Cork is first removed from trees with trunks six or eight inches The first crop is called virgin cork, and is of comparatively little value. in diameter, or from twenty-five to thirty years of age. Subsequently, the operation of harvesting the cork may be repeated once in every ten or twelve years for about a century, or as long as the tree retains its vigor. It can be most easily removed in early summer during the most active period of growth. Sometimes the cork is taken from the whole trunk at once, and sometimes in two or three annual sections. In either case, rings are cut with a hatchet through the outer layer of bark at the top and the bot- tom of the portion to be removed, and are connected by a horizon- tal incision or by two or three incisions if the trunk is so large that the cork cannot be removed in a single piece. Beginning at the upper ring, the workman then gradually loosens the corky layer with the flattened, slightly curved handle of his hatchet, and sepa- rates it from the inner layer of bark. This is the phellogen, or cork cambium, called mother cork, and upon its integrity depends all the future value of the Cork-tree ; the operation, therefore, of removing the cork should be intrusted to careful and experienced men, as a cut through the living tissue or a bruise made in it with the handle of the hatchet might injure the life of the tree or make a wound which would prevent the development of another crop of bark. The inner or mother bark of the Cork Oak is rich in tannin, and as it can only be obtained by destroying the tree, whole forests of Cork Oaks have been sacrificed during the last fifty years in Italy and Algeria to supply the demand for tanning material. Introduced several years ago into California, the Cork Oak flour- ishes in the southern part of the state and may in time become an important factor in its commercial prosperity, as it may in British India, where it has also been successfully introduced. (For accounts of the Cork Oak, its cultivation, products, etc., see Duchesne, Guide de la Culture des Bois, 171, t. — Jaubert de Passa, Annales Fores- tieres, i. 175. —Eymard, Annales Forestieres, iii. 245 (De la Culture du Chéne-Liége). — Lambert, Exploitation des Férets de Chéne-Liege et des Bois d’ Olivier en Algérie. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, éd. 2, 257. — Balaguer y Primo, /ndustria Corchera. — Artigas y Teixidor, El Alcornoque y la Industria Taponera.— Hope, Essai sur ?Ex- ploitation du Chéne-Liege en Algérie. —Lamey, Le Chéne-Liege en Algérie ; Notice sur les Férets de la Tunisie, 93 ; Le Chéne-Liege, sa Culture et son Exploitation. — David, Le Chéne-Liege, sa Culture et sa Maladie dans le Var. — Jordana y Morera, Notas sobre los Al- cornocales, la Industria Corchera de la Argelia. — De la Grye, Revue des Eaux et Forets, xxiv. 549. — Capgrand-Mothes, Revue des Eaux et Forets, xxv. 80. — Gaffigny, Le Livge et ses Applications. — Sousa Pimentel, Pinhaes, Soutos e Montados. — Combe, Région du Chéne- Liege en Europe et dans VAfrique Septentrionale ; Les Forets de PA [- gérie. —Jackson, Commercial Botany of the Nineteenth Century, 159.) 34 Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 243 (1856).— A. de Candolle, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9 Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 44. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 242. — Laguna, Fl. Florestal Espaiola, i. 271. This tree, which is distinguished by the biennial maturation of the fruit from Quercus Suber, with which it was long confounded, is an inhabitant of southwestern France, its principal station being in the Landes of Gascony between the Garonne and the Pyrenees, where it is found growing in company with the Maritime Pine in sheltered situations on the sandy coast plain ; in Spain it inhabits the shores of the Bay of Biscay and Estremadura ; and in Portu- gal, while often scattered through the forests of Quercus Suber, it is said to become the prevailing species in the forests of vvergreen Oaks in the immediate neighborhood of the coast. Producing cork as freely as Quercus Suber, it is not economically distinguished from it ; nor do Portuguese botanists now generally consider it specifi- cally distinct from that species, which, growing nearly continue ously and often flowering more than once during the year in the mild climate of the Atlantic coast region, often produces fruit on branches which appear to belong to the previous but are really of the current year. (See Barros-Gomes, Condi¢ées Florestaes de Por- tugal, 56. — Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 88 (Os Quercus de Portu- gal). — Faxon, Garden and Forest, viii. 52.) Quercus occidentalis was planted as an ornamental tree by Ber- nard de Jussieu in the park of the Petit Trianon at Versailles in 1756, and, being hardier than Quercus Suber, it is now more often seen in the gardens and parks of western France (Mathieu, J. c. 264. —Lamey, Le Chéne-Liege, sa Culture et son Exploitation, 7). 85 The Oak-galls, or nut-galls of commerce, are produced by Cynips Galle tinctorie, Olivier, on the branches of a variety of Quercus Lusitanica. This is :— Quercus Lusitanica, a infectoria, A. de Candolle, J. c. 18 (1864). Quercus infectoria, Olivier, Voyages, i. 253, t. 14, 15 (1801). — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 162, t. 49, f. 1. — Hayne, Arzn. xii. t. 45. — Carson, Med. Bot. ii. 40, t. 85.— Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 383 (excl. syn.). Quercus Lusitanica, a genuina, Boissier, Fl. Orient. iv. 1167 (1879). It is a small bushy tree or shrub distributed from the Island of Cyprus to the western borders of Persia, and very abundant on the mountain-slopes of Syria and Asia Minor. The female insect punc- tures the young and tender shoots of the tree with her ovipositor and deposits her eggs. This produces an abnormal affluence of the juices of the plant to the shoot and the growth of an excres- cence or gall, which attains its full size at the end of five or six months, when the larve are hatched and, transformed into winged The best galls are those which are gathered while the insect is in the larval state ; these are dark insects, bore an exit from the gall. olive-green, although after the escape of the insect they lose their color and become light yellow-green. Commercially, the galls in these conditions are distinguished as blue or green, and as white. Aleppo, which has given its name to the oak-galls of commerce, was once the chief centre of their collection and exportation ; but in recent years the Aleppo product has greatly decreased in impor- tance, and oak-galls are now mostly gathered on the Syrian coast and in Melelem, Cassaba, and Magnesia. They are also collected on the Kurdistan Mountains, and are exported in considerable quanti- ties from Bussora, Bagdad, and Bashire. Oak-galls, which contain from sixty to seventy per cent. of tannic or gallotannic acid, were known to the Greeks and Romans, and for tanning and dyeing and the making of ink have been used from ancient times. Once em- ployed in medicine, they are no longer used in this manner except in external applications (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 536. —Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, ii. 289, f. 429, 430. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Com- mercial Products, ii. 1983. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 717). 10 “6 Linneeus, Spec. 995 (1753). — Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. ii. 32. — Nouvean Duhamel, vii. 160, t. 46.— Webb, Iter Hispan. 15.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 52. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 245.— Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espaiiola, i. 263, t. 37.— Coutinho, Bol. Soc. Brot. vi. 100 (Os Quercus de Portugal). This very variable bushy tree is distributed from Portugal and Morocco to Syria and Asia Minor. The most interesting, perhaps, of its numerous varieties that have been described is : — Quercus coccifera, ¢ Palestina, Boissicr, Fl. Orient. iv. 1170 (1879). Quercus Palestina, Kotschy, Die Eichen Europa’s und des Ori- ents, t. 19 (1858). Quercus Calliprinos, 9 arcuata, A. de Candolle, J. c. 56 (1864). Quercus pseudo-coccifera, Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 381, t. 36, 37 (excel. syn.) (not Desfontaines) (1861). This is the most abundant tree of Syria, covering the rocky hills of Palestine with a shrubby growth and occasionally growing to a large size ; and to this variety belongs the famous Oak of Mamre, known as David's Oak, which is popularly supposed to mark the spot where grew the Oak or Lentisk-tree under which the patriarch pitched his tent, and which is revered by Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians (Garden and Forest, ii. 602, f. 153.— Kew Bull. Mis- cellaneous Information, vi. 226). The Oak kermes is produced in the countries of southern Europe and northern Africa, and is obtained by removing by hand from the leaves and twigs just before the hatching time in May and June the excrescences caused by the deposit of the eggs of the in- sect (Coccus Ilicis, Linneeus). The kermes as soon as gathered are subjected to the fumes of heated vinegar, which destroy the fecun- Although now replaced by other coloring materials in the United States and Eng- dity of the eggs and turn them to a dull red color. land, the kermes of the Oak are still largely employed in southern In Italy they are used in coloring liquids, and in France in various cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations (A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Méd. i. 318. — G. Planchon, Le Kermes du Chéne aux Points de Vue Zoologique, Commercial & Pharmaceutique. — Spons, Encyclopedia of the Indus- trial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 861). 37 Schoepf, Alat. Aled. Amer. 138.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 585.— Johnson, Jan. Med. Bot. N. A. 249.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1260. 88 A. Richard, /. c. iii. 157. — Endlicher, Afed. Pfl. 113. — Wood- ville, Jfed. Bot. ii. 344, t. 12€.— Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharma- cographia, 534. — Baillon, T'raité Bot. Med. 1006. 89 U.S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1261. 40 Inearville, Mémoires Concernant les Chinois, ii. 588.— Ber- Europe and in Algeria in dyeing leather and woolens. trand, Annales Foresti¢res, ii. 644.— Meadows, Commercial Report on the Consular District of New-chwang (Commercial Reports from Her Majesty’s Consuls in China and Japan, 1865, 257). — McCartee, North China Branch Asiat. Soc. n. ser. iii. 75. — Hance, Jour. Linn. Soc. x. 482 ; xii. 7. — Bretschneider, On Chinese Silk-worm Trees, 3. — Rein, Industries of Japan, 205. 41 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 177 (1784).— Blume, Afus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 297. — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 105.— A. de Can- dolle, 7. c. 13. — Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 243. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 445.— Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 272 (Pl. David. i.). Quercus obovata, Bunge, Mém. Sav. Etr. St. Pétersbourg, ii. 136 (Enum. Pl. China-Bor.) (1835). — A. de Candolle, 1. c. 13. Quercus pinnatifida, Franchet & Savatier, 1. c. (1875). This species, which is common on the hills in the neighborhood of Peking and on the borders of Mongolia, is very abundant in southern Yezo and northern Hondo, where, on gravelly plains little above the level of the ocean, it often grows to the height of eighty SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. feet and forms trunks three feet in diameter; farther south in Japan it is rare, and is found only on high mountain-slopes. The bark of Quercus dentata is used in Japan for tanning leather and in the preparation of a black dye. The wood, which is coarse-grained, porous, and brittle, is considered worthless except for fuel. As an ornamental tree it is occasionally cultivated in Japan, where it is the only deciduous-leaved Oak-tree seen in gardens. Quercus den- tata was introduced several years ago into the gardens of Europe, and into those of the United States, where it grows rapidly, being hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts. A variety of this species, with deeply pinnatifid leaves, is ulso occasionally cultivated by the Japanese (Sargent, Forest Flora of Japan, 67, t. £0). 42 Thunberg, J. c. 176 (1784).— Blume, J. c. 296. — Miquel, l. c. 105. — A. de Candolle, J. c. 50.—Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 447. — Franchet, 1. cv. 275. This small tree, with leaves hardly distinguishable from those of the Chestnut-tree, is very common on the coast and lower foothills of central Hondo, where it springs up on rough uncultivated land, and is planted in some of the silk districts of Japan to supply food for the oak-feeding silk-worms. The wood is used in large quan- tities for charcoal, and from the bark a black dye is made. Quercus serrata is said to be common in southern Manchuria, Corea, and several of the Chinese provinces, and is probably one of the Chi- nese silk-worm Oaks. It occurs also in India, on the Shan and Kasia hills, and in Natal and Sikkim, in a form with broader stipules and ovate-lanceolate cup-scales, distinguished as :— Quercus serrata, B Roxburghii, A. de Candolle, J. c. 51 (1864). — G. King, ie i x Ne SRY od See meray > a a Ly Wo a SAG Tae re are oo) a ae CE. Faxon det. fapine sc. QUERCUS ALBA, L. A. Riocreuz, direa, Lrp. J. Llaneur, Paris. Tab. CCCLVII. rilva of North America. Hlapine se. CE.Faxon det. QUERCUS ALBA, L. imp.J Laneur, Paris. A Riocreux direx.® Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLVIII a C & Faxon del, Himety se OUERCUS ALBA, L. A. Ruocreux. diez ©. Imp. J Taneur Paris | NANOnRhwonpe EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCLIX. QuERcUS ALBA X MINOR. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A cup-scale, outer surface, enlarged. . A cup-scale, side view, enlarged. . A leaf, enlarged. A leaf, enlarged. - Upper surface of a portion of a mature leaf showing stellate pubescence, enlarged. Puate CCCLX. QueERCUS ALBA X MACROCARPA. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. Piate CCCLXI. Quercus ALBA x PRINUs. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. ' Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLIX. C.F. Faxon del. Monzies se. QOUERCUS ALBA X MINOR. A. Riocreux direx.* inp. J. Taneur, Paris. | Silva of North America Tab! CCCLX . ~~. NaN \ \ . “ { Nw \ aN \ | | oN ~ \ : ~ oe ee flimely se. CE Faxon del | QUERCUS ALBA xX MACROCARPA A Rucrour direx © tmp. J Taneur, Paris . Silva of. North America. Tab. CCCLXI OUERCUS ALBA X PRINUS A. Riocreur direx ¢ Imp. J. Taneur, Paris CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 QUERCUS LOBATA. White Oak. Valley Oak. Leaves oblong or obovate, deeply lobed, pale and pubescent below. Quercus lobata, Née, Anal. Cienc. Nat. iii. 277 (Descrip- cion de varias Especies nuevas de Encina) (1801).— Persoon, Syn. ii. 570. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 180. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 224. — Bentham, Pl. Hart- weg. 337. — Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 172. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 205; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 461, t. 15.—R. Brown Campst. Hore Sylvane, 52, f. 1-3.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 24. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 230. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 66; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 23, t. 42, f. 1-3. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 53. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 388; Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 374; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 95. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 66. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Berlin, iii. 188. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 13, t. 8; Man. Bot. Bay Region, 302; Erythea, ii. 64. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 264, t. 2. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 75.— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 197 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). Quercus Hindsii, Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 55 (1844).— Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. pt. iv. 24. —Walpers, Ann. i. 635.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 138. — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 29, 89, t. 1, £. 7.—Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. 42, f. 4. Quercus longiglanda, Frémont, Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, 15, 17 (Senate Doc. Miscellaneous, No. 148, 30th Congress U. S. 1st Sess.) (1848). Quercus lobata, var. Hindsii, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 188 (1885). 10th Census U. S. ix. 188. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. The largest and most graceful of the Oaks of Pacific North America, Quercus lobata often rises to a height of one hundred feet. The trunk is generally three or four feet, but sometimes ten feet in diameter, and dividing near the ground, or usually twenty or thirty feet above it, into great limbs spreading at wide and varied angles, forms a broad head of slender branches which, hanging gracefully in long sprays, sometimes sweep the ground and cover a space from one to two hundred feet across. Less frequently the upper limbs grow almost at right angles with the trunk and form a narrow and more rigid head of variously contorted erect or pendent branches. The bark of the trunk and large limbs is usually from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is covered with small loosely appressed light gray scales slightly tinged with orange or brown; at the base of old trees it is frequently five or six inches in thickness and is divided by longitudinal shallow fissures into broad flat ridges broken horizontally into short plates. The branchlets are slender and are marked with oblong pale scattered lenticels, and when they first appear are coated, as are the young leaves and petioles, with short silky canescent pubescence ; in the first winter they are ashy gray, light reddish brown or pale orange-color, and slightly pubescent, or puberulous, becoming glabrous and lighter colored during their second year. The buds are ovate, acute, and usually about a quarter of an inch long, but often smaller, with orange-brown pubescent scales scarious and frequently ciliate on the margins. The leaves, which are very variable in shape on the same branch, are conduplicate in vernation, and are gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or broad and rounded or cordate at the base; the smuses which divide them slightly or nearly to the midribs are rounded, acute, or oblique at the base, and although irregular in width are generally narrow except near the middle of the leaf, where one or two pairs are often much wider than the others; the terminal lobe is broad, obovate or oblong, and somewhat three-lobed or entire at the rounded apex; the three to five pairs of oblique lateral lobes diminish in size from the uppermost to the lowest, which are usually not more than half as long as those of the next pair above them and are generally acute and entire ; the other lobes are obovate, obtuse or retuse, or rarely lobed-dentate at their broad apex, or are sometimes ovate and rounded ; or occasionally the 1 Garden and Forest, iii. 606, f. 24 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER. leaves are undulately or crenately toothed ; they are thin but firm in texture, deciduous, from two and a half to three inches or rarely four inches long, from an inch to two inches broad, dark green and stellate-pubescent on the upper surface, and pale and pubescent on the lower, with stout pale midribs, conspicuous yellow veins running to the slightly thickened and revolute margins, obscure lateral veins and veinlets, and broad hirsute flattened petioles varying from a quarter to a half of an inch in length. The aments of staminate flowers, which appear when the leaves are about half grown, from February at the south to the end of April at the north, are hirsute and from two to three inches in length; the calyx is light yellow and divided into six or eight acute lobes which are pubescent on the outer surface and ciliate on the margins; the stamens equal the calyx-lobes in number, and the yellow anthers are emarginate and glabrous. The pistillate flewers are solitary and sessile, or rarely are borne in elongated few-flowered spikes; the scales of the involucre are broadly ovate, acute, coated with dense pale tomentum, and about as long as the narrow calyx-lobes. The acorns are solitary or often in pairs, and sessile or subsessile; the nut is conical, elongated, and rounded or pointed at the apex, which is covered with persistent fine white pubescence and tipped with a short thick umbo ; it varies from an inch and a quarter to two inches and a quarter in length, and is bright green and lustrous when fully grown, ultimately turning bright chestnut brown; the cup, which varies from a quarter of an inch to nearly an inch in depth, is cup-shaped or rarely saucer-shaped, coated within and without with pale tomentum, and usually irregularly tuberculate below by the large thickened scales; these decrease upward in size and thickness, and, with the exception of those at the base of the cup, are elongated into acute ciliate chestnut-brown free tips which are longest on the uppermost scales, forming a short fringe-like border to the edge of the cup. Quercus lobata inhabits the valleys of western California between the Sierra Nevada and the ocean, from that of the upper Sacramento to the Tejon Pass, where it crosses the coast ranges into Antelope Valley, and to Santa Monica on the seacoast.' Never forming a dense forest, the California White Oak, either alone or with the Blue Oak, covers with open groves free of all shrubby undergrowth the central valleys of the state. Since the eyes of the white man first looked upon these natural parks, which surpassed in grandeur of broad effect and in the dignity of their graceful trees all the creations of the landscape gardener’s art, fields of wheat have replaced the wild grasses which covered their open No other region in North America, however, presents to-day anything that compares with their park-like glades, and many of their noblest trees have been sacrificed to satisfy the demands of civilization. beauty, the nobility of their individual trees, or the charm of the long vistas stretching beneath them. The wood of Quercus lobata is moderately hard, fine-grained, brittle, and difficult to season. It contains bands of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and smaller ducts arranged in lines parallel with the broad conspicuous medullary rays, and is light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7409, a cubic foot weighing 46.17 pounds. Of little economic value, it is used only for fuel. The nuts, which Quercus lobata produces in great profusion, were gathered and stored for winter use by the California Indians, who pounded them into coarse flour, which they mixed with water and baked or steamed in rude ovens dug in the sand. In March, 1792, Vancouver anchored in the Bay of San Francisco, and visited the Spanish Mission of Santa Clara situated in a beautiful valley which reminded him of England; and the earliest account of the California White Oak appears in his narrative of this journey. A year earlier, the Spanish 1 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, pt. ii. 333 (Death Val- ley Exped. ii.). —S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 345. 2 Newberry, Popular Science Monthly, xxxii. 37 (Food and Fibre Plants of the North American Indians). 8 “We had not proceeded far from this delightful spot, when we For about twenty miles it could only be compared to a park, which had entered a country I little expected to find in these regions. originally been closely planted with the true old English Oak ; the underwood, that had probably attended its early growth, had the appearance of having been cleared away, and had left the stately lords of the forest in complete possession of the soil, which was covered with luxuriant herbage, and beautifully diversified with pleasing eminences and vallies; which, with the range of lofty rugged mountains that bounded the prospect, required only to be CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 exploring expedition, under the command of Malaspina, had visited the coast of California, and the French botanist, Louis Née,’ who accompanied it, published in 1801 the first scientific description of Quercus lobata and of several other Californian and Mexican Oaks. Like other California Oaks, Quercus lobata does not flourish beyond the borders of its native state, and the attempts that have been made to establish it in eastern America and in Europe have not been successful. adorned with the neat habitations of an industrious people, to pro- duce a scene not inferior to the most studied effect of taste in the disposal of grounds.” (A Voyage of Discovery round the World, ii. 17.) 1 Louis Née, a Frenchman naturalized in Spain, began his scien- tific career by making large collections of plants in different parts of that country ; and in July, 1789, he left Cadiz as naturalist of the exploring expedition sent by the Spanish government under com- mand of Malaspina. Née made collections of plants in the neigh- borhood of Montevideo, on the coast of Patagonia, on the Island of Chiloe, in Chile, — where he was joined by the Bohemian botanist, Thaddaeus Haenke, — Peru, Mexico, and California. In Mexico, the botanists penetrated inland to the capital, and then returning to the coast, sailed with the expedition to the Philippine Islands and New Holland. Sailing again to South America, they finally left the ship at Callao, and going to Lima, separated there. Née then traveled through Chile, crossed the pampas to Montevideo, and embarked for Spain, reaching Cadiz in 1794 with an herbarium of ten thousand species, of which four thousand are believed to have been unde- scribed. Née’s tastes led him to gather material rather than to publish the results of his field labors, and his long journey had few literary results. He is chiefly to be remembered by the genus Neea, dedicated to him by Ruiz and Pavon, by a few short papers published in the annals of the Scientific Society of Madrid, in- cluding one on Oaks, in which are the first scientific descriptions of California trees, and by the fact that he and Haenke were the first Of the date and place of Née’s birth there is no record, and nothing has been published about his botanists who visited California. career after his return to Europe from his journey in America. His herbarium is preserved in the Botanic Garden at Madrid. (See Colmeiro, La Botanica y los Botanicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusi- tano, 183.) on nr oF Wd ive) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCLXII. QvueERcus LoBaTa. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . A cup-scale, enlarged. . Upper surface of a portion of a mature leaf showing the stellate pubescence, enlarged. . A winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXIL. loulet se. QUERCUS LOBATA, Née. A.Riocreux direx ! Imp. J. Taneur, Parts. bo =~] CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. QUERCUS BREWERI. Shin Oak. Leaves oblong, mostly acutely lobed, stellate-pubescent at maturity on the upper surface. Quercus Breweri, Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. Quercus lobata, var. Breweri, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. ii. 96 (1880). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 196 Berlin, iii. 188 (1885). (Bot. Death Valley Expedd.). ? Quercus Cirstediana, Greene, ITest Am. Oaks, 19, t. 10 Quercus lobata, subspec. fruticosa, Engelmann, Zrans. (in part) (probably not of R. Brown Campst.) (1889). St. Louis Acad. iii. 389 (1877). A shrub, with slender stems and ashy gray bark, usually five or six, or occasionally fifteen or twenty feet high, spreading into broad compact thickets by stoloniferous roots. The branchlets are slender and marked with pale lenticels; when they first appear they are light green and clothed with loose pale tomentum, and during their first winter are light reddish brown or rather bright orange- color and coated with fine pubescence, which does not entirely wear off until their second or third year. The winter-buds are ovate, rather obtuse, and an eighth of an inch long, and are covered with chestnut-brown scales coated with pale pubescence. The leaves are convolute in the bud, oblong, abruptly or gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, and mostly seven or occasionally nine-lobed, with broad acute or rounded and usually apiculate lobes; when they unfold they are clothed, especially below, with thick pale pubescence, and at maturity are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, which is roughened with scattered stellate hairs, paler and pubescent on the lower surface, from one to four inches long and from half an inch to an inch and a quarter broad, with stout pale hirsute midribs and primary veins, obscure veinlets, and hairy terete petioles gradually enlarged toward the base and from a quarter to a half of an inch in length. The stipules are brown and scarious, covered with long pale hairs, and nearly an inch long. In October the leaves turn a bright clear yellow before falling. The flowers appear toward the middle of May, usually when the leaves are about one fourth grown, and are borne the males in short hirsute aments, the females sessile or on short stalks. The calyx of the staminate flower is clothed with pale hairs, and is deeply divided into from five to seven acute lobes shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments, and ovate, slightly emarginate, yellow glabrous anthers. The involucral scales and the calyx-lobes of the pistillate flower are coated with pale tomentum, and the stigmas are bright red. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn, is sessile or subsessile and usually solitary; the nut is ovate or oval, from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length and from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch in breadth, and is inclosed only at the base by the shallow cup ; this is cup-shaped or turbinate, pubescent on the inner surface, coated on the outer with pale or ferrugineous tomentum, and covered by broadly ovate scales which are gradually narrowed into long lanceolate acute membranaceous tips, and at the base of the cup are slightly thickened on the back, gradually decreasing in size toward the rim. Quercus Breweri inhabits the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in California, and ranges from the northern borders of the state to the valley of the upper Kaweah River in Tulare County, forming on the upper San Joaquin, at an elevation of about six thousand feet above the sea, vast, almost impenetrable thickets, with slender stems from twelve to eighteen feet in height, and, for miles, standing as regular as the plants in an evenly sown field of wheat. bo CO SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. Quercus Breweri was discovered in August, 1862, by Professor William H. Brewer,’ growing on the top of a dry ridge a few miles west of Mount Shasta in northern California. 1 William Henry Brewer, of French Huguenot and Dutch de- scent, was born in Poughkeepsie, New York, on September 14, 1828, and in infancy was taken to Enfield in the central part of the state, his parents settling there upon a farm where his child- hood and youth were passed. In 1848 he entered the Scientific School of Yale College, from which he was graduated four years later. Beginning to teach in academies in 1850, while still « college student, he continued to do so in central New York until 1858, with the exception of two years which he passed in Germany and France studying botany and chemistry. In 1858 he was ap- pointed professor in Washington College at Washington, Pennsy]- vania ; but two years later, having received the appointment of first assistant in the newly organized California State Geological Survey, Professor Brewer went to California, where he remained for four years in charge of the field work of the survey. During this period he traveled all over the state, and made large and im- portant collections of plants, with copious field-notes ; and the first comprehensive and accurate knowledge with regard to the distri- bution and the scientific and economic characters of California trees was obtained from his field observations. In 1864 he was appointed to the chair of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific EXPLANATION Puate CCCLXIII. School at Yale College, which he still occupies. In 1865 Professor Brewer began in the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge the prepara- tion of a Flora of California, and in 1874 his friends in that state raised a sum of money to cover the expenses of this publication. The first volume appeared in 1876, the Polypetale being princi- pally described by Professor Brewer and the Gamopetale by Asa Gray. The second volume, from the pen of Sereno Watson and other botanists, was published in 1880. Since his connection with the Sheffield Scientific School, Profes- sor Brewer has exerted a wide influence by his lectures on agricul- tural science and his papers on many scientific subjects published in periodicals and in the proceedings of scientific societies. The genus Brewerina from the California mountains, now united with Arenaria, was established by Gray to commemorate Professor Brewer’s important services in elucidating the flora of that state. One of the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada, the remotest fast- nesses of which he explored, climbing all the high summits and crossing and recrossing all the passes, bears his name, which is also associated with a beautiful Spruce-tree of the California moun- tain forests. OF THE PLATE. QuERcUS BREWERI. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. Do p Ww hd A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. - Upper surface of a portion of a mature leaf showing stellate pubescence, enlarged. 7. A winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXII. C.E.Fazxon det. Lapin st. QUERCUS BREWERI, Engelm. A. Riocreux direx é Imp. 7. laneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 QUERCUS GARRYANA. White Oak. LEAVES obovate or oblong, coarsely pinnatifid lobed. Quercus Garryana, Hooker, F7. Bor.-Am. ii. 159 (1839). — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 391. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 1, t. 1. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 309. — Torrey, Pa- cific R. RK. Rep. iv. 1388; Bot. Wilkes Haplor. Exped. 462.— Newberry, Pacific R. Rh. Rep. vi. 89. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii. 407. —R. Brown Campst. Hore Sylvane, 60. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 131, 144. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 24. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 229. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 66 ; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. 40, f£. 3. — Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 435 (Fl. Alaska). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 389; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 95. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 89.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 138.— Greene, West Am. Oaks, 11, t.7; Man. Bot. Bay Region, 302. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 281, t. 2, 5. — Lloyd, Garden and Forest, vii. 494, f. 78. Quercus Nezi, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173. —Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 23, t. 41, f. 1, 2. Quercus Douglasii, 6? Nezi, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 24 (1864). ? Quercus Cirstediana, R. Brown Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. 250 (1871). — Greene, West Am. Oaks, t. 10 (in part). Quercus Jacobi, R. Brown Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. 255 (1871). — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 75, t. 35, 36, f. 1. Quercus Gilberti, Greene, West Am. Oaks, pt. ii. 77, t. 37 (1890). A tree, with an average height of sixty or seventy feet, but sometimes growing nearly one hundred feet tall, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, and stout ascending or spreading branches which form a broad compact head ; or frequently at high elevations, or when it is exposed to the direct winds from the ocean, reduced to a low shrub.t The bark of the trunk varies from an eighth of an inch to nearly an inch in thickness; it is divided by shallow fissures into broad ridges, and separates on the The branchlets, which are stout and marked with many conspicuous pale lenticels, are coated at first with thick pale surface into light brown or gray scales sometimes slightly tinged with orange-color. rufous pubescence, and during their first winter are pubescent or tomentose and light or dark orange- color, becoming glabrous and rather bright reddish brown in their second year, and ultimately gray. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, and from one third to one half of an inch in length, and are densely clothed with light ferrugineous tomentum. The leaves are convolute in the bud, oblong-obovate and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, with slightly thickened revolute margins, and are divided by shallow sinuses into seven or nine lobes, the terminal lobe being rounded and acute or three-lobed at the apex, and the lateral lobes, which increase in size from the bottom of the leaf upwards, being acute or sometimes apiculate or rounded and often notched or lobed; when they unfold they are coated with soft pale lustrous pubescence, and at maturity they are thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and glabrous on the upper surface, light green or orange-brown, pubescent, or glabrate in some shrubby forms, on the lower surface, from four to six inches long and from two to five inches broad, with stout light yellow midribs and conspicuous primary veins spreading at wide angles or gradually diverging from the midrib and running to the points of the upper lobes;” they are borne On one 1 On the shores of Puget Sound and on some of its islands what is evidently a depauperate form of this species is not uncommon, its low stems composing dense thickets from two to six feet in diameter and a few feet in height. The leaves are thin, pale on the lower surface, and acutely lobed, the usually divided lobes terminating in minute rigid points. The branchlets and winter- buds are not distinguishable from those of Quercus Garryana. These shrubs do not appear to produce flowers or fruit. of their sterile shoots, Quercus Gilberti was established. 2 The spreading of the primary veins at narrow angles from the midrib, which often occurs in individual leaves of Quercus Garryana (Plate ccclxv.f.2), as it does in those of many other Oak-trees, and is particularly noticeable in the leaves of Quercus Gambelii of the interior of the continent, has been used in connection with the digi- 30 CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. on stout pubescent petioles flattened on the upper side and from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and before falling in the autumn sometimes turn a bright scarlet. The stipules are linear- lanceolate, coated with dense tomentum, from half an inch to an inch in length and usually caducous, those of the upper leaves, however, sometimes remaining on the branch throughout the season. The staminate flowers are produced in hirsute «ments; their calyx-lobes are glabrous, laciniately cut, slightly ciliate on the margins with soft fine hairs, ovate-acute and but little longer than the stamens, with emarginate glabrous yellow anthers, or sometimes linear-lanceolate and much elongated. The pistillate flowers are sessile or short-pedunculate, and are coated with pale tomentum. The fruit is sessile or short-stalked, with an oval or slightly obovate obtuse sweet nut from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length and from half an inch to nearly an inch in breadth; the cup is shallow, cup-shaped or slightly turbinate, puberulous and light brown on the inner surface, and pubescent or tomentose on the outer ; the scales are ovate-acute, with acute and often elongated tips; they are thin and free, or sometimes thickened and more or less united toward the base of the cup, and, gradually decreasing in size from below upward, are minute at the rim.’ Quercus Gurryana usually inhabits valleys and the dry and gravelly slopes of low hills, and is distributed from the southern part of Vancouver’s Island and the valley of the lower Frazer River ° southward through western Washington and Oregon and the California coast-valleys to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Rare and local in British Columbia, where it is the only Oak-tree, Quercus Garryana 1s abundant and grows to its largest size in the valleys of western Washington and Oregon, ascending in shrubby forms to considerable elevations on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and occasion- ally reappearing on their eastern slopes, where it is common in the valley of the Yakima River. It is abundant in northwestern California, gradually becoming less frequent and of smaller size southward, and in the neighborhood of the Bay of San Francisco is exceedingly rare. As a timber-tree, Quercus Garryana is the most important Oak of Pacific North America. The wood is strong, hard, and close-grained, and that from young trees is frequently exceedingly tough and valuable. rows of open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It contains numerous and often conspicuous medullary rays and bands of from one to three It is light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7453, a cubic foot weighing 46.45 pounds. In Oregon and Washington it is used in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, in cabinet- making and shipbuilding, and in cooperage, and is also largely consumed as fuel. Quercus Garryana was discovered on the shores of Puget Sound by Archibald Menzies,’ the surgeon and naturalist of Vancouver, during his voyage of discovery at the end of the last century, although no account of it was published until after its rediscovery near the Columbia River many years later by David Douglas,* who named it in honor of Nicholas Garry, secretary of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by whom he was aided in his explorations in western America. tate lobing of such leaves at the apex as the principal character for distinguishing Quercus Jacobi. In specimens, however, taken by Professor Macoun from the tree in Vancouver upon which this species was founded, the subpalmate venation does not appear, the veins leaving the midrib at comparatively broad angles ; and on the same individual tree leaves with both systems of veining can often be found (Plate ccclxv. f. 1, from a specimen from the type tree of Quercus Jacobi). 1 On dry hillsides in the Klamath valley of northern California, at an elevation of twenty-five hundred feet above the level of the sea, what appears to be a dwarf form of this species (Plate ecclxv. f. 3) is very abundant, growing to a height of six or ten feet and producing fruit in the greatest profusion. The buds and branches and their pubescence are not distinguishable from those of Quercus Garryana. The leaves, although rather smaller than those pro- duced on vigorous trees of this species, are otherwise similar. The flowers are unknown ; and the fruit is peculiar only in the thicker and more tuberculate scales at the base of the cup. This is probably the Quercus Grstediana of R. Brown Campst., who found it in September, 1865, in southern Oregon. Unfortunately, however, the specimens upon which Quercus Grstediana were estab- lished have not been preserved, and his account of this species excites some doubt whether the author described this dwarf form of Quercus Garryana or Quercus Breweri. These two plants appear to have been figured in Greene’s West Am. Oaks as Quercus CErsted- tana. * George M. Dawson, Canadian Naturalist, nu. ser. ix. 330.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 440 ; pt. v. 355. 8 See ii. 90. 4 See ii. 94. bo WCONOMNPL HONE EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCLXIV. Quercus GARRYANA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. Calyx of a staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A cup-scale, enlarged. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Pirate CCCLXV. QuvueERcus GARRYANA. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. A fruiting branch of the dwarf form from northern California, natural size. “Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXIV fapine sc. Imp. J. Tanewr, Paris QUERCUS GARRYANA. Hook. A. Riocreux direx* C.E.Fazxon del. Silva of North America. | Tab. CCCLXV. C.£.Faaon det. Timely se. QUERCUS GARRYANA , Hook. A.Piocreuc direat Imp. J. laneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. QUERCUS White Oak. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 GAMBELII. Shin Oak. LEAVES broadly obovate to ,oblong-lanceolate, pubescent on the lower surface, variously lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes entire, emarginate or lobed. Quercus Gambelii, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. n. ser. i. pt. ii. 179 (1848). — Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 172, t. 18 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 205. — Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 169. — Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22, t. 40, f. 1.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 171. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 189. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 23, t. 13, f. 1, 2; pt. ii. 71, t. 33. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 471. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 415 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). — Koehne, Gartenjlora, xliv. 6, f. 2-10. Quercus alba 6 ? Gunnisonii, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. ii. pt. i. 180 (1855). — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 321. — Porter, Hayden’s Rep. 1871, 493.— Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorado, 127. Usually a shrub, forming by vigorous stolons fifteen or twenty feet in height, the central stems Quercus stellata, 6 Utahensis, A. de Candolle, Prodr. Xvi. pt. ii, 22 (1864). Quercus Douglasii, 8 ? Gambelii, A. de Candolle, Prodr. Xvi. pt. ii. 23 (1864). Quercus Douglasii, y Novomexicana, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 24 (1864). Quercus undulata, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 8302 (Plants of Northern Arizona) (in part) (1873). Quercus undulata, . Gambelii, Engelmann, Zrans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 382, 392 (1876). —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 189. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 333. Quercus Gambelii, var. Gunnisonii, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 190 (1885). Quercus venustula, Greene, West Am. Oaks, pt. ii. 69, t. 32 (1890). broad low thickets varying from three or four to often rising high above the others and assuming the habit of trees; or less commonly a tree, twenty or twenty-five feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter, or, rarely, forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk eighteen inches in diameter, and slender branches spreading nearly at right angles from the stem and forming a narrow round- topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and is deeply divided into broad irregular often connected flat ridges separating on the surface into thin dark gray scales frequently tinged with red or light brown. The branchlets are slender, and, when they first appear, are coated with short pale or ferrugineous tomentum; in their first winter they are light orange-color or reddish brown, glabrous or puberulous, and, gradually growing darker or The buds are ovate, acute or obtuse, covered with light chestnut-brown pubescent scales, and about an eighth of an inch in length. The leaves are convolute in the bud, broadly obovate to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ashy gray during their second and third years, ultimately become dark brown or gray. wedge-shaped or sometimes narrowed and rounded or broad and cordate at the base, and slightly or deeply divided by narrow or broad sinuses into from five to thirteen lobes, or pinnatifid; the terminal lobe is acute or rounded and three-lobed at the apex, and the lateral lobes are oblique, orbicular, broadly rounded, emarginate or auriculate or lobed, or are narrow, rounded or acute and entire or lobed ; when the leaves unfold they are coated below with thick white tomentum and above with scattered stel- late pubescence, and at maturity they are thick and firm, glabrous or rarely stellate-pubescent, lustrous and dark or yellow-green, or dull green above, and paler, often yellowish and soft-pubescent below ; they are from three to five inches in length and from one to five inches in width, with prominent pale midribs hirsute on the under and occasionally also on the upper side, primary veins deviating at broad or acute angles and running to the points of the lobes, secondary veins arcuate and united near the margins and conspicuous veinlets ; they are borne on stout persistent petioles flattened above, and turn CUPULIFER. ot SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. scarlet or orange-color before falling in the autumn. The stipules are linear, scarious, dark brown, hirsute with long pale hairs, and caducous. The flowers appear in May and June, when the leaves are The sterile flowers are borne in slender hirsute aments in the axils of ovate acute bracts about twice as long as the hirsute yellow calyx, which is divided into five or six acute lobes rather shorter than the stamens; the anthers are emarginate, yellow, and glabrous. The bright red pistillate flowers are sessile or short-stalked, and solitary or in elongated few-flowered spikes, with ovate rounded involueral scales coated with soft pale tomentum, and acute calyx-lobes. The acorns are sessile or pedunculate and ripen in August and September ; the nut is usually oval, broad at the base, obtuse and rounded or sometimes narrowed and acute at the apex, which is covered with rusty pubescence, and nearly half grown. usually about three quarters of an inch long and five eighths of an inch broad ; frequently, however, it does not exceed a quarter of an inch in length, and occasionally it is more than an inch long ; when fully ripe it is at first dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and ultimately turns light chestnut-brown ; the cups are saucer-shaped, cup-shaped, or rarely turbinate, and although occasionally shallow, generally inclose about a third of the nut; they are light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, coated on the outer surface with pale tomentum, and much roughened below by the thickened and more or less united ovate scales; these are rounded on the back and narrowed, except at the base of the cup, into short free scarious pointed tips, and are thin and minute near the rim of the cup ; or sometimes the lower scales are only slightly thickened and are free, with long loose tips.’ Quercus Gambclii is distributed from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, where it finds its most northern home on the divide between the waters of the Platte and Arkansas Rivers at elevations of from six to seven thousand feet above the level of the sea, westward to the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and southward over the mountain ranges and high plateaus to the mouth of the Pecos River in Texas, the Charlestown Mountains in southwestern Nevada,’ and the mountains of Common on the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, where it usually grows as a low shrub, it occasionally rises in their sheltered cafions to the size of a small tree; more abundant in northern Sonora. southern, and especially in southwestern Colorado, where it is the only Oak and often ascends to elevations of nearly ten thousand feet, it frequently covers hillsides with nearly uninterrupted thickets thousands of acres in extent and usually only two or three feet high; it is very abundant on the mountains of northern New Mexico and western Texas; it is the common Oak of the Colorado plateau and of southern Utah and northern Arizona, where it is scattered irregularly through the great forest of Pinus ponderosa, sometimes in broad clumps and often as isolated trees, probably attaining its largest size in northern Arizona at elevations of from six to seven thousand feet above the level of the sea; it is scattered through the open forests of Pinus monophylia, which clothe the mountain ranges of southern Nevada, and high up on those of southern New Mexico and Arizona it forms a narrow fringe above the groves of evergreen Oaks which enliven their lower slopes and just below the Nut Pines which usually crown their summits. 1 Three quite distinct forms of this species can be distinguished by the shape and coloring of the leaves, although they are con- nected by innumerable varieties and all three of them sometimes grow together in areas only a few yards square. The leaves of the first form (Plate ccelxvi. f. 1) are usually obovate in outline with few broad and rounded or emarginate lobes, and are dark green and lustrous on the upper surface. In the second form ( Quercus venustula) the leaves (Plate ecelxvii. f. 3) are oblong-lanceolate, sinuately lobed, usually smaller and bright yellow-green on the upper surface. In the third form the leaves (Plate ccclxvii. f. 2) are oblong, broad at the abruptly rounded or cordate base, divided deeply or slightly by narrow sinuses into broad rounded entire lobes, and dull green on the upper surface. Shrubby plants bearing leaves of the first and second of these forms are mixed together indiscriminately on the mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, and can be readily distinguished from a considerable distance by the color of the foliage. Plants of the third form I have seen only on the hills near the city of Durango in southwestern California ; they were shrubs without fruit, and grew in clumps among those of the two other forms. Arborescent individuals usually produce large dark green deeply lobed leaves, especially on the Colorado plateau, and this appears to be the only form on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona. 2 Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 333 (Death Valley Exped. ii.).— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 197 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). CUPULIFER.2. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3D The wood of Quercus Gambeli is heavy, hard, strong, and often tough, although difficult to season. It contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays and narrow bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is dark red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8407, a cubic foot weighing 52.39 pounds.’ It is largely used for fuel, and the bark is occasionally of service in tanning leather. The acorns, which are sometimes quite sweet, were probably eaten by the Indians. Quercus Gambelti was discovered in 1844 on the banks of the Rio Grande by William Gambel,’ whose memory is preserved in the association of his name with this beautiful little tree, which with its lustrous summer green and brilliant autumn tints delights the traveler through the sombre forests of the central regions of the continent. 1 Some idea of the slow rate at which the wood of this species is formed may be obtained from the log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, obtained from the neighborhood of Caiion City, Colorado. It is ten and a quarter inches in diameter inside the bark, and shows one hundred and fifty-eight layers of annual growth. 2 William Gambel was born in New Jersey. In his youth he appears to have attracted the attention of Thomas Nuttall, the In 1844 Gambel visited the southern Rocky Mountains with a party of trappers to collect birds and plants for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Returning to Philadelphia the following year, he entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in 1848. He was soon elected re- cording secretary of the Philadelphia Academy, but retired from naturalist, who employed him as an assistant. this position the following year and joined a party organized to cross the continent to the California gold-fields under the leader- ship of I. J. Wistar, afterward w distinguished officer in the Union army, a philanthropist and president of the Philadelphia Academy. The party started from Independence about the first of May, and proceeded up the Platte valley, where Gambel left it to join a party of Missourians led by a Captain Boone of Kentucky. Gambel’s fate is described in the following extract of a letter from General Wistar : — “In the year 1850, I met two men of Boone’s train at Foster’s Bar, who gave me the first information I had received of the fate of the majority of their overland party. Being well furnished and provisioned and mostly older men than we, they traveled leisurely and reached the Sierras only in October. After the loss of most of their cattle and consequent abandonment of many wagons in the Humboldt desert, they were caught by snow in the mountains ; and instead of abandoning the remainder and pushing through, they camped to await better weather, which did not come. The snow constantly accumulated, all the cattle died, provisions were con- sumed, and when too late they made snowshoes and tried to save themselves. those saved little but what they stood in. diminishing, the remnant pushed on down to Rose’s Bar, where But few got across the range, including Gambel, and With numbers rapidly several, including Gambel, died almost immediately of typhoid fever. Gambel was buried on the Bar, which, however, as I have understood, has since been entirely removed by hydraulic mining. His death occurred in the latter part of November, 1849, and I have never since seen any of the survivors of his party or heard any further particulars. “He was a genial, kindly man and delightful companion, but averse to the rough life, hard work, and short commons then in- separable from such a journey. He was about twenty-eight at the time of his death, and, had he lived to cultivate more congenial pursuits at home, would certainly have attained increased distinc- tion as a naturalist. His taste for natural science was great, his attainments considerable, and his work, even in youth, valuable.” (See, also, Meehan, The Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States, ser. 2, ii. 62.) Nuttall described the new genera and species discovered by Gambel in his first journey to the Rocky Mountains, dedicating to him the genus Gambelia, formed to receive a shrub with beau- tiful scarlet flowers from the island of Santa Catalina off the California coast, and now merged into Antirrhinum. * EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCLXVI. QvuERcus GAMBELII. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4, A fruiting branch, natural size. 5. A branch with spicate undeveloped fruit, natural size. Pirate CCCLXVII. Quercus GAMBELH. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. Par od bh . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXVI. — Wp Sy \y, AIS (Co ¥ My SA h A \ ee, ne a fe Fm 4) CE. Faxon del. fapine St QUERCUS GAMBELII, Nutt. A. Riocreux direx® Imp. J. laneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLAVII. CE. Faaon del. . Humetly SO. QUERCUS GAMBELII , Nutt. A Riocreuaz direa.* Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 QUERCUS MINOR. Post Oak. LEAVES oblong-obovate, usually 5-lobed, pubescent on the lower and roughened with stellate hairs on the upper surface. Quercus minor, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 471 (1889). — Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric. U. S. 1892, 327. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus alba minor, Marshall, Ardust. Am. 120 (1785). — Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 395. Quercus stellata, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 78, t. 6, ? Quercus villosa, Walter, Fl. Cur. 235 (1788). Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 1, t. 1 (1801); Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 36, t. 4. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 632. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 606. — Hooker, FU. Bor.-Am. ii. 158. — Torrey, Fl. N. ¥. ii. 190. — Gray, Man. 414. — Scheele, Roemer Texas, 446. — Darlington, Fil. Cestr. ed. 3, 265. — Brendel, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc. f. 15 (1787). —Smith & Abbot, Insects of Georgia, i. 93, t. 47. — Willdenow, Syec. iv. pt. i. 452; Hnum. 977 ; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 349.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 570. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 180. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 161. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 18. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 156. — Em- erson, Trees Mass. 133, t. 3; ed. 2, i. 151, t. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 811.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 22 (excl. var. y and 8). — Wesmael, Bull. Fed. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 340 (excel. var. y and 8).— Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 52.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 389. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 295. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 265, t.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s iii. 615, t. 2. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 32.— Chapman, FU. 423. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 66; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. H, t.33, £. 60.— Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 250, £. 158. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 178. —Sargent, Morest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 138. — Mayr, HVuld. Nordam. 144, t. 1, 2. Quercus Drummondii, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vi- densk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 170. — Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22. Quercus stellata, 8 Floridana, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 22 (1864). — Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Man. ed. 6, 475.— Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 79.— Belg. 1869, 340. Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 128. A tree, rarely a hundred feet in height,’ with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, and stout spreading branches which form a broad dense round-topped head, but usually not more than fifty or sixty feet tall, with a trunk one or two feet in diameter, and at the northeastern limits of its range generally reduced to a shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from half an inch to nearly an inch in thickness, and is gray more or less deeply tinged with brown, and divided by deep fissures into broad ridges covered on the surface with narrow closely appressed scales. The branchlets are stout and marked with small pale lenticels, and when they first appear are coated, as are the young leaves and petioles, the stalks of the aments of staminate flowers, and the peduncles of the pistillate flowers, with thick orange-brown tomen- tum ; this gradually falls from the branchlets, and in their first winter they are light orange-colored to reddish brown and covered with short soft pale pubescence which sometimes does not entirely disappear until their third year, when they are gray, dark brown, or nearly black, or bright brown tinged with orange-color. The buds are broadly ovate, rather obtuse, or rarely acute, and usually rather less than an eighth of an inch, although occasionally nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and are covered with bright chestnut-brown pubescent scales coated toward the margins with scattered pale hairs. The leaves are convolute in the bud, generally broadly oblong-obovate in outline, gradually narrowed and wedge- shaped or occasionally abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and deeply divided by a pair of wide lateral sinuses, which are oblique at the bottom, into two basal lobes and two upper lobes separated from the terminal lobe by narrow sinuses acute or rounded at the bottom ; the terminal 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 414. 5) SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERE. lobe is obovate and deeply three-lobed with rounded lobes, or ovate and sometimes elongated and rounded and frequently emarginate at the apex, or rarely it is entirely suppressed and the broad apex of the leaf is truncate or emarginate; the lateral lobes are oblique, broadly obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, undulate or concave in outline on the upper margin, and furnished on the lower with a large lobe deeply emarginate or irregularly lobed at the broad apex; the basal lobes generally widen gradually from the bottom and then spread abruptly into small ovate rounded or slightly emarginate lobes, or are sometimes nearly triangular with undulate entire margins; on some trees in the southern states all the leaves are three-lobed at the apex with short broad rounded or pointed lobes, and are wedge-shaped and entire or undulate below; on many of the leaves of other trees the basal lobes are suppressed and the lateral lobes are very oblique, narrow, entire, and rounded at the apex ; and occasionally a few individual leaves are oblong or oval and entire, or furnished on one side with a small entire lobe; when they unfold the leaves are dark red above, especially toward the apex ; soon losing a large part of their dense pubescent covering, at maturity they are thick and firm, deep dark green on the upper surface, which is roughened with pale scattered stellate hairs, and covered on the lower surface with gray or light yellow or rarely silvery white pubescence, and before falling in the autumn they turn dull yellow or brown; they are usually four or five inches long and three or four inches across the upper lateral lobes, although they vary from two to eight inches in length and from an inch and a half to five inches in width ; their midribs are broad, light-colored, and pubescent on the upper and tomentose or pubescent on the lower side; the veins which run to the points of the upper lateral lobes are much stouter than the others, and the lateral veins are arcuate and united near the margins and connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulate veinlets ; the stout pubescent petioles are slightly flattened on the upper side and from half an inch to nearly an inch in length.’ The stipules are brown, searious, pubescent, and ciliate on the margins with long pale hairs, and obovate, rounded or acute at the apex; they are half an inch long and from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch broad on the first leaves of the season, and, becoming gradually narrow, are linear on those at the end of the branchlet. The flowers appear when the leaves are about a third grown, from March in Texas to the end of May at the north; the staminate flowers are borne in aments three or four inches long and are produced from the axils of ovate acute hairy bracts rather longer than the hirsute yellow calyx, which is usually divided into five ovate acute lacini- ately cut segments; the anthers are emarginate, yellow, and covered with short scattered pale hairs. The pistillate flowers are sessile or pedunculate and covered with pale hairs ; the stigmas are bright red. The acorns are usually sessile or occasionally short-pedunculate ;” the nut is oval or ovate or ovate- oblong, broad at the base, obtuse and naked or covered with pale persistent pubescence at the apex, from one half of an inch to an inch long, and from one quarter to three quarters of an inch broad, and is sometimes striate with dark longitudinal stripes; the cup is cup-shaped or turbinate, or rarely saucer- shaped, and usually incloses from one third to one half of the nut, although rarely it is very shallow, embracing only the base of the nut; it 1s pale and pubescent on the inner and pale and tomentose on the outer surface, which is covered with thin free ovate scales rounded or acute at the apex, reddish brown, and sometimes, toward the rim of the cup, ciliate on the margins with long pale hairs.’ 1 In the northern and middle states the leaves of Quercus minor are quite constantly five-lobed with broad three-lobed or entire terminal lobes and two broad lateral lobes separated by wide sinuses from the small basal lobes. In the south, however, the leaves are often extremely variable on the same or on different individuals, and in a small grove of these trees on limestone soil near Austin, Texas, I found leaves varying from what may be called the normal five-lobed form to trifid, one-lobed, undulate and entire, or subentire forms, and from two to five inches in length (Plate ccelxix. f. 1, 2,3). Trees with rather thin trifid leaves seven or eight inches long and four or five inches wide I have seen only near Mobile, Alabama, where they grow side by side with those bearing leaves of the normal shape (Plate ccclxix. f. 4). 2 Near Austin, Texas, individual trees of Quercus minor produce acorns with large broadly ovate nuts pubescent at the apex and inclosed nearly to the middle in deep turbinate cups (Plate ecelxix. f. 5), while the acorns of others growing with them have ovate oblong narrow glabrous nuts and shallow saucer-shaped cups (Plate ecclxix. f.6). Ihave not seen such acorns in other parts of the country on this species, which usually produces short oval nuts about half an inch in length and cup-shaped or slightly turbinate cups. In all the forms of fruit the cup-scales are thin and remark- ably homomorphous, and no other North American White Oak appears to vary so little in the character of the cup-scales. 8 Two trees discovered by Dr. J. H. Mellichamp near Bluffton, South Carolina, several years ago, but now destroyed, were consid- CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3 (Juercus iinor is distributed from Brewster near the eastern extremity of Cape Cod,’ the islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Naushon off the coast of southern Massachusetts, North Kingston, Rhode Island,’ and Long Island, New York, to northern Florida and southern Alabama and Mississippi; from New York it ranges westward to Missouri, eastern Kansas,’ the Indian Territory, and Texas, where it extends southward to the valley of the San Antonio River and westward to the one hundredth meridian of west longitude.* Growing on the dry and sandy wind-swept soil of Martha’s Vineyard, the Post Oak is usually shrubby with low and much contorted stems; of larger size in Rhode Island and on Long Island, it is more abundant farther south, and from the coast of the south Atlantic and the eastern Gulf states to the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, and in the Mississippi basin it is one of the common Oak-trees on dry gravelly uplands, where it grows to its largest size; it is the most abundant Oak of central Texas, being usually found on limestone hills and sandy plains, and toward the western limits of its range, in Texas and the Indian Territory, it forms with Quercus Marilandica an open forest belt to which the name of the “ Cross Timbers” was given by the early travelers and settlers. The wood of Quercus minor is very heavy, hard, close-grained, and durable in contact with the soil, although it is difficult to season, checking badly in drying. It contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays and bands of one to three rows of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is light or dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8367, a cubic foot weighing 52.14 pounds. fencing, and railway ties, and in some states west of the Mississippi River, especially in Texas, in the It is largely used for fuel, manufacture of carriages, for cooperage, and in construction. Long confounded with the White Oak, Quercus niinor was first distinguished by the Pennsylvania botanist, Humphry Marshall, who published the earliest description of it, in 1785, in his Arbustum Americanum. According to Aiton,’ it was introduced into English plantations in 1800, although it is probable that the French botanist Michaux” had sent it to France before the end of the last century. Its dense round-topped head and its dark foliage, which at a distance sometimes appears nearly black, make it easy to recognize the Post Oak in the landscape; and, always a beautiful tree, it might be used to advantage in the decoration of parks and pleasure-grounds in the eastern United States. ered by Dr. Engelmann as possible hybrids between Quercus minor New World and was the principal American botanist of his time, and The buds of both trees were larger than those from him, no doubt, he acquired that love of botany which has made and Quercus alba. usually produced by Quercus minor ; the first had the normal leaves of Quercus minor, glabrous branchlets and anthers, and the second had rather narrow cuneate leaves with oval lobes and glabrous branchlets ; the stamens of the latter and the mature fruit of both are unknown (Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis -1cad. iii. 389, 398). 1 Farlow, Garden and Forest, ii. 48. 2 L. W. Russell, Garden and Forest, ii. 34. 3 Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 271. 4 Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Aus. viii. 505. 5 Humphry Marshall (1722-1801), the son of a Pennsylvania farmer who emigrated from England in 1697, and the eighth of nine children, was born in West Bradford, Chester County. After leaving school at the age of twelve, he worked on his father’s farm until he was sent to learn the trade of a stone-mason. He appears to have inherited a large part of the paternal farm, which he man- aged for some time after his father’s death in 1767, and upon which he continued to live until 1774, when he removed to a tract of land near the Bradford Meeting-house, now the town of Marshallton in Chester County, where he had built with his own hands a substan- tial stone house that still bears witness to his skill as a mason and the thoroughness of his work. Marshall was a relative of John Bar- tram, who planted near Philadelphia the first botanic garden in the his name also famous. Like Bartram, he collected plants and seeds for English correspondents ; and when he established his new home at Bradford Meeting-house he planted about his house a collection of trees and shrubs which lovers of plants still visit with interest and pleasure. Five years later Marshall began to prepare an ac- count of the forest trees of the United States. This was published in 1785 in a duodecimo volume of one hundred and seventy-nine pages, and was entitled the Arbustum Americanum, The American Grove, or an alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs natives of the American United States. of the observations of an acute field botanist of excellent judgment, the Arbustum Americanum is of special interest as the first book of Apart from its value as a record botany written and published by an American. Reappearing in German and French editions, it received wide recognition at the time of its publication, and students of American trees will always consult it. The memory of Humphry Marshall is also preserved by Jfarshallia, a genus of herbs of the southern United States, dedicated to him by the German botanist Schreber. (See Darling- ton, JJemorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall, 485.) 6 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 294.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1870, f. 1782, t. 7 See i. 58. oF wb Oo P OD EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCLXVIII. QueERcus MINOR. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Portion of the upper surface of a mature leaf showing the stellate hairs, enlarged. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Prate CCCLXIX. QvERCUS MINOR. . A fruiting branch showing nearly entire and deeply lobed leaves, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A fruit with a deep cup, natural size. . A fruit with a shallow cup, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXVIII. L.£. Faxon del. Migneauz se. QUERCUS MINOR, Sarg. A.Riocreuz direx* Imp. J. Taneur, Paris . Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXIX. X QUERCUS MINOR, Sarg. A. Riocreux direx® imp. J Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 QUERCUS CHAPMANTI. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, entire or slightly sinuate-lobed toward the apex. Quercus Chapmani, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 93 (not Quercus Robur, var. parvifolia, Lorey & Durey) (1895). (1860). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 178. Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, Chapman, 77. 423 Quercus stellata, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 389 (in part) (1877). Usually a rigid shrub, producing fruit on stems only one or two feet tall, but occasionally rising to thirty feet in height, with a trunk a foot in diameter covered with dark bark separating into large irregular plate-like scales, and stout branches forming a round-topped head. The branchlets are slender and marked with small scattered pale lenticels; they are coated at first with dense bright yellow pubescence, which soon begins to disappear, and becoming light or dark brown and puberulous during their first winter, they ultimately turn ashy gray. The winter-buds are ovate, acute or obtuse, and about an eighth of an inch long, and are covered with glabrous or puberulous light chestnut-brown scales. The leaves are convolute in the bud, from oblong to oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge- shaped or rounded or broad and rounded at the base, rounded at the apex, and entire, with slightly undulate margins or obscurely sinuate-lobed toward the apex; or, on vigorous shoots, they are often coarsely sinuately divided or deeply lobed and pubescent or tomentose below, the lobes frequently terminating in short rigid points; when they unfold they are coated below with thick bright yellow pubescence and are covered above with pale stellate deciduous hairs, and at maturity they are thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, and light green or silvery white and glabrous on the lower, except along the slender midribs, which are sometimes pubescent or puberulous; they are two or three inches long and an inch wide, but occasionally from four to five inches in length and from two to three inches in breadth, or often not more than an inch long and three quarters of an inch wide, with slender veins arcuate and united near the margins or running to the ends of the lobes, and obscure reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on broad petioles grooved on the upper side and rarely exceeding an eighth of an inch in length, and fall gradually during the winter, or sometimes remain on the branches until the appearance of those of the next season. The flowers open when the leaves are about a third grown, or on some individuals when they have attained nearly their full size. The staminate flowers are produced in short hirsute aments; the calyx is hirsute and usually divided into five acute laciniately cut seoments, and the stamens are emarginate and hirsute. The pistillate flowers are sessile or short-pedunculate, and their involucral scales, like the peduncles, are coated with dense pale tomentum. The acorns are usually sessile, and solitary or in pairs; the nut is oval, about five eighths of an inch long and three eighths of an inch broad, and is clothed with pale pubescence from the obtuse rounded apex nearly to the middle; the cup is deeply cup-shaped or turbinate, and incloses nearly half of the nut; it is light brown and slightly pubescent on the inner surface, and is covered by ovate oblong long-pointed scales thickened on the back, especially toward the base of the cup, and coated with pale tomentum except on their thin reddish brown margins. Quercus Chapmani is distributed from South Carolina to Florida, and inhabits sandy barren Pine lands usually in the immediate neighborhood of the coast. Comparatively rare on the Atlantic seaboard and in the interior of the Florida peninsula, it is very abundant in western Florida, where it is found from the shores of Tampa Bay to Appalachicola and Santa Rosa Island. Usually a shrub, it has only been reported as a tree in the streets of Tampa and in the neighborhood of Appalachicola. The character and value of the wood are not known. 42 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER.E. Long considered a variety of the Post Oak, which it resembles in the nature and color of the pubescent covering of the young branches and the under surface of the leaves, and in the hairy anthers, Quercus Chapinani differs from that species in its larger and more acute winter-buds, in its smaller and usually entire or only shehtly sinuately lobed leaves, which are glabrous at maturity on the upper surface, and in the thicker scales of its cup, and seems entitled to specific rank. The varietal name by which this tree was first designated having been previously used for another Oak, the name of the venerable author of the Flora of the Southern United States, Dr. Alvan Went- worth Chapman,' who first distinguished and described it, has been given to it. 1 See vil. 110. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCLXX. QueERcus CHAPMANI. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A sterile branch, natural size. o> oO Rm Ww dN . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. en ~~ Tab. COCLEX. LE. Faxon det. Lebrurm se. QUERCUS CHAPMANI, Sarg. A. Riocreux direx! Imp. J. laneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 QUERCUS MACROCARPA. Bur Oak. Mossy Cup Oak. LEAVES obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuately lobed or divided, usually pale and pubescent on the lower surface. Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 2, t. 2, 3 (1801); Fl. Bor-Am. ii. 194. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 453; Enum. 977; Berl. Buwmz. ed. 2, 350. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 570. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 224. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 34, t. 3. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 632. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 182. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 161. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 863. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 159. — Torrey, 7. N. ¥.ii. 191, t. 108. — Emerson, Zrees Mass. 132, t. 2, f.2; ed. 2, i. 149, t.—Scheele, Roemer Texas, 447. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 311. — Brendel, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc. iii. 621, t. 5. — Chapman, F7. 423. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 67 ; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. G, t. 33, £. 27, 28. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 250, f. 157.— Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 335, t. 2.— Koch, Dendy. ii. pt. ii. 51.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 381, 389. — J. F. James, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1, t.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 178. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 295. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 140. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 269, t. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 1438, t. 2.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Mun. ed. 6, 475. — Dippel, Handb. Luubholzk. ii. 79. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 128. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus oliveformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 32, t. 2 (1812).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 632.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215; Sylva, i. 14.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 181. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 864. — Loudon, Ar). Brit. iii. 1869, £. 1730. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 159. — Torrey, Fl. N. ¥. ii. 191. — Gray, Alan. 414.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjibenh. 1866, 67. — Wesmael, Bull. Léd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 336. Quercus macrocarpa, var. oliveformis, Gray, Aan. ed. 2, 404 (1856). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 179. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 80. Quercus macrocarpa, 8 abbreviata, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20 (1864). — Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 335. Quercus macrocarpa, y minor, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20 (1864). — Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 335. This is one of the largest Oaks of eastern North America, rising sometimes to a height of one hundred and sixty or one hundred and seventy feet, and forming a trunk six or seven feet in diameter and clear of limbs for seventy or eighty feet above the ground, and a broad head of great spreading Trees of this size, however, are not common, the average height of the Bur Oak being hardly more than eighty feet, branches with an ambitus of one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty feet. and its average trunk diameter not more than three or four feet, while toward the northwestern limits of its range it is sometimes reduced to a low shrub. During its early years the stout branches of some individuals grow nearly at right angles with the stem, and on others, spreading at narrow angles, form an open irregular head ; but in its old age the Bur Oak, unless it has been crowded in the forest, develops a massive and beautiful round-topped crown of branches.!. The bark of the trunk is from one to two inches in thickness, deeply furrowed, and broken on the surface into irregular plate-hke hght brown scales often slightly tinged with red. The branchlets are stout and marked with pale lenticels, and at first are coated with thick soft pale pubescence which usually soon disappears ; during their first winter they are light orange-color and usually glabrous or occasionally slightly puberulous, and in their second year grow ashy gray or light brown, ultimately becoming dark brown; and the corky wings, often from an inch to an inch and a half in width, which are formed on the branches of some individuals and persist for several years, usually begin to develop, although frequently they do not appear, before the third or fourth season. The buds are broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, and from an eighth to nearly a 1 Garden and Forest, ii. 497, f. 136 ; iii. 402, f. — Forest Leaves, iv. 22 f. 44 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERE. quarter of an inch in length, with light red-brown scales coated with soft pale pubescence. The leaves are convolute in the bud, obovate or oblong, and gradually contracted into long wedge-shaped or occasionally into narrow and rounded bases; they are sometimes divided by wide sinuses, which often penetrate nearly or quite to the midribs, into five or seven lobes; the terminal lobe is large, oval, or obovate in outline and regularly crenately lobed, or smaller and three-lobed at the rounded or acute apex; the upper lateral lobes are narrow, oblique, and three-lobed or variously crenately lobed at the apex, or oblong and rounded and entire at the apex, and much larger than the basal lobes, which ‘are nearly triangular and entire or crenately lobed below; or the leaves are broadly obovate and deeply or slightly crenately lobed with equal or unequal rounded or occasionally acute lobes, or are pinnatifidly cut into five or seven pairs of narrow lateral rounded lobes gradually increasing in size from the lowest to the three-lobed apex of the leaf; when they unfold they are yellow-green and pilose above and silvery white and coated with long pale hairs below ; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous or occasionally pilose on the upper surface, and pale green or silvery white on the lower surface, which is coated with soft pale or rarely rufous pubescence, and before falling in the autumn they turn dull yellow or yellowish brown; they are from six to twelve inches in length and from three to six inches in width, with stout pale midribs sometimes pilose on the upper side and pubescent on the lower, large primary veins running to the points of the principal lobes, secondary veins running to their divisions or arcuate and united within the slightly thickened and revolute margin, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; the thick petioles are flattened and grooved on the upper side, much enlarged at the base, and from one third of an inch to an inch in length; the stipules are linear-obovate, or ovate from broad bases and then sometimes abruptly contracted in the middle, brown and scarious, pubescent, especially on the margins and toward the ends, and often an inch long; or those of the upper leaves are linear-lanceolate and frequently remain on the branches during the winter. The flowers open when the leaves are about a third grown, from March in Texas to the beginning of June in the north. The staminate flowers are borne in slender aments from four to six inches in length, with yellow-green stems coated with loosely matted pale hairs ; the calyx is yellow-green, pubescent, and divided into from four to six laciniately cut acute segments ending in tufts of long pale hairs; the stamens are usually from four to six in number, with short filaments and yellow glabrous anthers. The pistillate flowers are sessile or pedunculate, with broadly ovate involucral scales often somewhat tinged with red toward the margins, and coated, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum; the stigmas are bright red. The acorns, which are usually solitary, are sessile or are borne on stout peduncles, sometimes two or three inches in length, and are exceedingly variable in size and shape; the nut is oval or broadly ovate, broad at the base and rounded at the acute obtuse or depressed apex, which is covered with soft fine pale pubescence; it varies from three fifths of an inch in length and one third of an inch in width on trees growing in the valley of the St. Lawrence River and in northern Minnesota, to two inches in length and an inch and a half in breadth on trees in eastern and central Texas; the cup is cup- shaped, and sometimes on northern trees thin and shallow, but on southern trees deep, thick, and woody ; it sometimes embraces one third of the nut and sometimes all but its extreme apex, and is light brown and pubescent on the inner surface and coated with thick hoary tomentum on the outer surface ; this is covered by large regularly imbricated ovate pointed scales, which at the base of the cup are sometimes thin and free and sometimes much thickened and more or less united and tuberculate, and near its rim are generally developed into long, slender pale awns varying greatly in length and numbers, and forming on northern trees a short inconspicuous and on more southern trees a long conspicuous matted fringe-like border to the cup. Quercus macrocarpa usually inhabits low, rich bottom-lands or intervales, or sometimes, in the northwest, low dry hills. In British America it ranges from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia westward through the valley of the St. Lawrence River, where, in the neighborhood of Montreal, it is the common White Oak, and up the valley of the Ottawa River to Pembroke, through Ontario, where it is common, CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 and along the northern shores of Lake Huron ; appearing again in the country south of Lake Winnipeg, it often forms groves of considerable extent in Manitoba, extending in depauperate forms to the mouth of Shell River, on the Assiniboine, and to the westward of Fort Ellice on the Qu’Appelle.! In the United States it occurs in the valley of the Penobscot River, in Maine; on the shores of Lake Cham- plain, in Vermont; in the valley of Ware River, in Massachusetts, and in Lancaster County, Pennsyl- vania, and ranges westward to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,” to western Nebraska * and central Kansas,* and southwestward to central Tennessee, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Nueces River in Texas. Comparatively rare and local east of the Alleghany Mountains, it is common in the lowland forests of the Mississippi Basin and in eastern Texas, growing probably to its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois ;° it is the common species of the scattered Oak forests or “ Oak Openings” of western Minnesota, where the eastern woodlands are gradually replaced by treeless prairies, and in all the basin of the Red River of the North, ranging farther to the northwest than any other species of eastern America, and as a low shrub maintaining a foothold in the cold dry regions of Manitoba, Dakota, and eastern Montana.’ It is the most frequent and generally distributed Oak of Nebraska, attaining a large size in caions and on river-bottoms in the extreme western part of the state, or remaining low and shrubby on dry hillsides. It is the most generally distributed Oak of Kansas also, growing to a large size near small creeks in all the eastern parts of the state, and spreading at the north to the valley of Bow Creek, in Phillips County, and to Sumner County in the south. Quercus macrocarpa is one of the most valuable timber-trees of North America, its wood being It is It contains superior in strength even to that of Quercus alba, with which it is commercially confounded. heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, and very durable in contact with the soil. conspicuous and often broad medullary rays and bands of from one to three rows of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is a dark or rich light brown in color, with thin much lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7453, a cubic foot weighing 46.45 pounds. finish of houses, in cabinet-making, in cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural imple- It is used in ship and boat building, for constructions of all sorts, and the interior ments, and baskets, for railway ties and fencing, and for fuel. Quercus macrocarpa was discovered by the French botanist Michaux in his journey west of the Alleghany Mountains in the spring of 1795." The vigor and rapid growth * of Quercus macrocarpa in cultivation, the beauty of its ample deeply lobed leaves, with the contrasting colors of their upper and lower surfaces, its handsome fruit and its curious and picturesque winter aspect, when the branches are furnished with their broad wings, make the Bur Oak one of the most interesting and desirable of American Oaks as an ornamental tree where it can be given room for its free development. 1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 48.— Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1879-80, 47°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 441. * Winchell, Ludlow Rep. Black Hills, Dakota, 68.— Warren, Rep. when he was within twelve miles of Nashville, Michaux makes the first mention of Quercus macrocarpa as “ Quercus glandibus magnis, capsuld includentibus, nommés, Overcup White Oak.” (See Proc. Nebraska and Dakota, 121. 3 Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1894, 109. 4 Mason, Highth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 271 ; Garden and Forest, iv. 508. 5 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Aus. v. 81. 6 Quercus stellata, y depressa, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ui. 22 (1864). 7 In an entry for the 15th of June, 1795, written in his journal Am. Phil. Soc. xxvi. 118 [Journal of André Michaux, 1795-1796 ].) 8 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, obtained from the neighborhood of Allenton, Missouri, is thirty- two and a half inches in diameter inside the bark, and shows two hundred and fifty-three layers of annual growth, fourteen of which are of sapwood. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE CCCLXXI. QvueERCUS MACROCARPA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2 3. A staminate flower, enlarged. A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. Puate CCCLXXII. Quercus MACROCARPA. 1. . A fruit, natural size. oom © to A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Puate CCCLXXIII. Quercus MAcROCARPA. he pl ote oo . A branch with immature fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. Silva of North Amenca. Tab. CCCLXXI. C.£E.Faxon del. Migneauxr sc. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, Michx. A. Fiocreuz direzx © Inp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tape CCCWxL. CE. Faxon del. Rapine sc. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, Michx. A. Riocreux direz. imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXIIL. C.E. Faxon del. Raping se. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, Michx. A.Riocreuz direx & Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 47 QUERCUS LYRATA. Overcup Oak. Swamp White Oak. Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply 5 to 9-lobed, or pinnatifid, pubescent and usually silvery white on the lower surface. Quercus lyrata, Walter, Fl. Car. 235 (1788).— Smith & Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. 165, t. 83. — Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 3, t.4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 195. — Willde- now, Spec. iv. pt. i. 453. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 570.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 224. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 42, t. 5.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 632. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215.— Nouveaw Duhamel, vii. 181. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 607. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 864.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 156.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 311.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 33. — Chapman, FV. 423, —A.de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 19. — Orsted, mael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort, Belg. 1869, 334, t. 1. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 53. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 389. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 80.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 295.—Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 140. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 178. — Houba, Chénes Aim. en Belgique, 273, t. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Alan. ed. 6, 475. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 146, t. 1, 2. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 78, £ 31.— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 127. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 66. — Wes- A tree, rarely one hundred feet in height, with a trunk from two to three feet in diameter, generally dividing, fifteen or twenty feet above the base, into comparatively small often pendulous branches which form a handsome symmetrical round-topped head and sometimes sweep the ground with their extremities ; or the trunk forks at narrow angles, and the branches, spreading gradually, form an oblong head; or they grow nearly horizontally and form a wider and less symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, and is light gray tinged, sometimes conspicuously, with red, and broken into thick plates separating on the surface into thin irregular appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and covered with pale lenticels, and when they first appear are green more or less tinged with red and pilose with scattered pale hairs, or pubescent ; during their first winter they are light or dark orange-colored or grayish brown and glabrous or rarely puberulous ; and growing darker, in their second year ultimately become ashy gray or light brown. The buds are ovate, obtuse, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered with light chestnut-brown scales, which are clothed, especially near the margins, with loose pale tomentum. The leaves are convo- lute in the bud, obovate-oblong, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base and divided into from five to nine lobes by deep or shallow sinuses, those near the middle of the leaf being often wide, and round, straight, or oblique at the bottom ; the terminal lobe is oblong-ovate, usually broad, acute at the elongated apex, and furnished with two small entire nearly triangular lateral lobes; the upper lateral lobes are oblong, ovate or obovate, broad and slightly or deeply emarginate, or narrowed and acute and often auriculate on the lower edge, and much longer than those below them, which are ovate, acute or rounded at the ends, usually entire and nearly twice as long as the nearly triangular entire basal lobes; when they unfold the leaves are bronze-green and pilose with caducous hairs on the upper surface and coated on the lower with thick pale tomentum, and are furnished on the teeth with small dark glands ; at maturity they are thin and firm, dark green and glabrous above, silvery white or rarely light green and coated with pale pubescence below, from seven to eight inches long and from one to four inches broad across the upper lobes, with stout yellow midribs and primary veins running to the points of the lobes, which are usually tipped with minute points, and obscure reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout grooved glabrous or pubescent petioles from one third of an inch to nearly an inch CUPULIFER. 48 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. in length, and before falling in the autumn turn bright scarlet or scarlet and orange. The stipules are linear-obovate or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious and coated with pale hairs, those of the last leaves of the season often remaining on the branch during the following winter. The flowers appear during March and April with the unfolding of the leaves, or when they are about a third grown. The stami- nate flowers are produced in slender hairy aments from four to six inches in length; the calyx is light yellow covered on the outer surface with pale hairs and divided into acute segments; the anthers are acute, glabrous, and yellow. The pistillate flowers are sessile or pedunculate, and are covered, as are their stalks, with long thick pale tomentum. The acorns are sessile or are often borne on slender pubescent peduncles marked with pale lenticels and sometimes an inch or an inch and a half in length ; the nut varies in shape from subglobose to ovate or rarely to ovate-oblong, and from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and usually its breadth at the base is greater than its length; it is light chestnut-brown and covered at the apex and often on the sides also with short pale pubescence ; the cup is ovate or rarely deeply cup-shaped or nearly spherical, and almost or entirely incloses the nut, or rarely only its lower half; it is thin and woody, bright red-brown and pubescent on the mner surface and hoary-tomentose on the outer, which is covered by ovate united scales produced into free acute tips; these are usually much thickened and contorted at the base of the cup, and, gradually growing thinner above, form a ragged edge to its thin and often irregularly split margin.’ Quercus lyrata inhabits river-swamps or small deep depressions in rich bottom-lands often filled with water and usually wet throughout the year, and is distributed from the valley of the Patuxent River in southern Maryland? southward near the coast to western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas, through Arkansas* and southwestern Missouri, where, in a swamp near Allenton, there is a single specimen, the most northern known representative of the species west of the Mississippi River, to central Tennessee, southern Indiana, and Jasper County, Illinois.’ Rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states, it is most common and grows to its largest size in the valley of the Red River in Louisiana and the adjacent parts of Texas and Arkansas; and in southern Illinois on the swampy bottom-lands of the Fox River it is the prevailing species of the forest. The wood of Quercus lyrata is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and very durable in contact with the ground, but is rather lable to check in seasoning. It contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of from one to three rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8313, a cubic foot weighing 51.81 pounds. Commercially it is confounded with the wood of Quercus alba, and is used for the same purposes. Although introduced into English plantations by John Fraser® as early as 1786,5 Quercus lyrata is still little known in cultivation. It is well established, however, in the Arnold Arboretum, proving perfectly hardy in the climate of eastern Massachusetts. 1 It is only from trees found by Dr. Charles Mohr in December, 1880, on Peyton’s Creek, Matagorda County, Texas, that I have seen acorns with deeply cup-shaped cups embracing only from one half to one third of the oblong ovate or oval nut (Plate ccclxxiv. f.5). The leaves on this tree are oblong-oval, crenately or undu- lately lobed with small nearly triangular acute or rounded lobes four or five inches in length, thick and firm in texture, dark green on the upper surface and pale and pubescent on the lower (Plate ecclxxiv. f. 8). 2 Quercus lyrata was discovered in Maryland in September, 1890, by Mr. Robert Ridgway. (See Garden and Forest, iii. 129.) 3 Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 453. 4 The most northern recorded station of Quercus lyrata in Illi- nois is at Rafe’s Mill on the Embarras River in the southeastern corner of Jasper County. (See Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 413.) 5 See i. 8. ® Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 295.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1871, f. 1733, 1734. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCLXXIV. QuERcUS LYRATA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A nut, natural size. . Part of the base of a cup, enlarged. A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. . An axillary winter-bud with persistent stipule, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXIV. C.E.Faxon del. Lebrun sc. QUERCUS LYRATA, Walt. A. Riocreun direx. © Imp. J Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 QUERCUS PRINUS. Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak. LEAVES obovate or oblong to lanceolate-acuminate, coarsely crenately toothed with rounded or acute teeth. Quercus Prinus, Linneus, Spec. 995 (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 9. — Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 252. — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 276, t. 6, £. 3. — Wangenheim, ? Quercus Prinus, 8 oblongata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 356 (1789). Quercus Prinus (Monticola), Michaux, Hist. Chénes Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 58; Nordam. Holz. 15, t. 4, f. 8.— Lamarck, Dict. i. 720.— Moench, Baume Weiss. 94; Meth. 348.—Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 69. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 271 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 439; Enum. 975. —Smith & Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. 163, t. 82.— Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 397. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 568.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 509. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 407.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 164. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 155.— Sprengel, Syst. iii. 859. — Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 157. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 308. — Darlington, FU. Cestr. ed. 3, 267. — Chapman, 7. 423. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 67. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 48. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 390. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 294.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 142. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 279, t. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 145, t. 2.— Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 476. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 127. — Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xiv. Am. No. 5, t. 7 (1801); #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. — Mi- chaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 55, t. 8.—Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 158. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 34.— Chapman, FU. 424. A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 21. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 451. — Wesmael, Bud. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 339, t. 4. — Bailey, Am. Nat. xiv. 892, f. 1-4. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 179. — Dippel, Handb. Laubhoizk. ii. 85. Quercus montana, Willdenow, Spee. iv. pt. i. 440 (1805) ; Enum. 975; Berl. Bawmz. ed. 2, 340. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 569. — Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. ii. 634. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 216.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 165, t. 47, £. 2.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 156. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 609. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 352. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 860. — Em- erson, Trees Mass. 138, t. 6; ed. 2, i. 156, t. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 192.— Gray, Man. 414.— Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 266. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 308. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 294. Quercus Castanea, Emerson, Trees Mass. 137, t. 5 (not Née nor Willdenow) (1838); ed. 2, i. 155, t. 616, £. 101. Quercus Prinus, u lata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 356 (1789). ? Quercus Prinus, a parvifolia, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 85, £. 35 (1892). A tree, usually sixty or seventy or occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk three or four, or rarely six or seven, feet in diameter, divided, generally fifteen or twenty feet above the surface of the ground, into large limbs which spread into a broad rather open irregular head ; or on dry exposed mountain-slopes often not more than twenty or thirty feet tall, with a trunk from eight to twelve inches in diameter. The bark of young stems and small branches is thin, smooth, purplish brown, and often lustrous, and on old trunks and large limbs it is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, dark reddish brown or nearly black, and divided into broad rounded longitudinal ridges separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are stout and marked with scattered pale lenticels, and when they first appear are green tinged with purple or bronze- color and glabrous, or pilose with long pale hairs; during their first winter they vary from light orange-color to reddish brown, and in their second year become dark gray or brown. The buds are ovate, acute or acuminate, from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, and are covered with light chestnut-brown scales more or less pilose toward the apex, and ciliate on the margins with pale hairs. The leaves are convolute in the bud, obovate or oblong to lanceolate, gradually or abruptly wedge- shaped, or rounded or subcordate at the narrowed base, acute, or acuminate with short or elongated pointed or rounded tips, or rounded at the apex, and regularly and coarsely crenulate-tvothed, except 52 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. toward the base, with rounded or acute sometimes nearly triangular oblique teeth, or rarely obscurely sinuately toothed with oblong rounded teeth; when they unfold they are orange-green or bronze-red and very lustrous on the upper surface, which is glabrous with the exception of the slightly pilose midribs, and on the under surface are green and coated with soft pale pubescence ; at maturity they are thick and firm or subcoriaceous, yellow-green and rather lustrous above, and paler and covered with fine pubescence below, with stout yellow midribs slightly impressed on the upper side and conspicuous primary veins which run to the points of the teeth or fork before reaching the margins and are connected by rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are from four and a half to nine inches in length and from an inch and a half to three inches and a half in width, those near the bottom of the tree being often much broader than those on fertile upper branches ; they are borne on stout or slender petioles varying from half an inch to an inch in length, and fall in the autumn after turning a dull orange-color or rusty brown. The stipules are linear-obovate to lanceolate, scarious, hirsute, green below, brown above the middle, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers appear in May and June, when the leaves are about a third grown, and are borne, the staminate in elongated hirsute aments, and the pistillate in short spikes on stout puberulous dark green peduncles marked with pale lenticels. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, pilose and deeply divided usually into from seven to nine narrow acute segments scarious and reddish brown toward the margins and tipped with clusters of pale hairs; the stamens equal its divisions in number and are composed of slender light yellow glabrous filaments and oblong bright yellow glabrous emar- ginate anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are coated with pale hairs; the stigmas are dark red. The acorns are borne on short stout stems, singly or often in pairs; the nut is oval or ovate, rounded and rather obtuse or pointed at the apex, bright chestnut-brown, very lustrous, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and from five eighths of an inch to nearly an inch in breadth; the cup, which incloses about half the nut or sometimes only its base, is cup-shaped or turbinate, thin, light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, and reddish brown and hoary-pubescent on the outer surface, which is roughened or tuberculate, especially toward the base; the scales are rather small, with a thickened and knob-like base, small thin nearly triangular free light brown tips, and are minute near the rim of the cup. Quercus Prinus is an Appalachian tree, and grows on hillsides and the high rocky banks of streams in rich and deep or sometimes in shallow and comparatively sterile soil. Inhabiting the banks of the Saco River and Mount Agamenticus on the coast of southern Maine,' and the slopes of the Blue Hills in eastern Massachusetts, it ranges southward to Delaware and the District of Columbia? and along the mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, and westward to the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Genesee River in New York, and to the northern shores of Lake Erie, where it is found from the Niagara River to Amherstburg,’ and to central Kentucky and Tennessee. Rare and local in New England and Ontario, it is abundant on the banks of the lower Hudson River and on all the Appalachian hills from southern New York to Alabama, and is most common and attains its largest size on the lower slopes of the mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee, where, on dry hills, it often forms a large part of the forest growth. The wood of Quercus Prinus is heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, although difficult to season, and durable in contact with the soil ; it is dark brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7499, a cubic foot weighing 46.73 pounds. It is largely used in fencing, for railway ties, and for fuel. 1 Emerson, 7'rees Mass. 137. in Maine has generally been overlooked by subsequent writers on Although Quercus Prinus was collected by William Oakes on the American flora. Mount Agamenticus, where it was found by Emerson, who also 2 L. F. Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 113 (Fl. Wash- saw it farther north on the Saco River, the fact of its occurrence ington). 8 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 442. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 The bark, which is rich in tannin and is considered more valuable than that of other American White Oaks, is consumed in large quantities for tanning leather. Quercus Prinus was one of the first American Oaks known to Europeans. Mentioned by Ray in 1688 in the Historia Plantarum,’ it was first figured and described by Plukenet in his Phytographiu® three years later, and, according to Aiton,* was cultivated in English gardens in 1730. Few of the Oaks of eastern America surpass this species in the beauty of strength and vigor ; it often grows to a venerable age,’ and, always an interesting and handsome object, is perhaps most attractive in the hazy light of a warm autumn day, when the sunlight, flickering through the branches, illumines its dusky stem and yellow leaves. 1 Trimble, The Tannins, ii. 15, f. 3-5. 2 Quercus Virginiana Castanee folio, ii. 1801. — Breyne, Prodr. ed. 1739, 93. 3 Quercus castanee foliis procera arbor Virginiana, t. 54, f.3 ; Alm. Bot. 309. Quercus foliis obverse ovatis utrinque acuminatis serratis : denticulis rotundatis uniformibus, Linneus, Hort. Cliff. 448.— Clayton, Fi. Virgin. 117. — Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 80. The early description of the Chestnut Oak might apply as well to the Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus Michauzit) as to this species, which does not grow near the coast of Virginia, where, however, the Swamp Chestnut Oak is common, and may have been the first of the Chestnut Oaks noticed by Europeans. * Hort. Kew. iii. 356.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1873, f. 1736 (Quercus Prinus Monticola). 5 One of the most interesting Oak-trees in the United States is a Chestnut Oak standing on the banks of the Hudson River, at Presqu’ile, near Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, under which Washington in 1782 and 1783 used to mount his horse when he went from his headquarters on the west bank of the Hudson to the army encamped at Fishkill. This tree, which is still in vigorous condition, although its companion was blown down several years ago, has a trunk diameter of seven feet, and is believed to be several hundred years old, as a century ago it was already famous for its size and age (Garden and Forest, i. 511, f. 81). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCLXXV. Quercus Prinvs. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A leaf, natural size. or ww by Pirate CCCLXXVI. Quercus PrRINus. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. A cup, natural size. . Vertical section of a nut, natural size. . A seed, natural size. . Part of the base of a cup, enlarged. . A winter branchlet, natural size. anton Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXV. flapire se. L.E. Faxon ded. QUERCUS PRINUS,L. Limp. J. faneur, Faris. A fiocreux direx.* Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXVI. LE. Faxon del. ; fapine sc, QUERCUS PRINUS,L 1 A. Riocreux. direx* Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5o QUERCUS ACUMINATA. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, or broadly obovate, equally sinuately toothed, puberulous, pale, and often silvery white on the lower surface. Quercus acuminata, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 93 (1895). Quercus Prinus acuminata, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 5, t. 8 (1801); FU. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. — Michaux Sprengel, Syst. iii. 860. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 158. —Tor- rey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 193. — Gray, Man. 416. — Darlington, Fil. Cestr. ed. 3, 267.— Brendel, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 61, t. 9.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 167. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 451. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. Xvi. pt. ii, 21.— Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 339. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 284. Quercus Castanea, Willdenow, Muehlenberg & Willdenow Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 396 (not Née) (1801) ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 441; Hnum. 976; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 569.— Bosc, Mém. Inst. Nat. Sci. Phys. Math. viii. pt. i. 341.— Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 407. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 634. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 219. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. iii. 34.—Chapman, Fl. 424.— Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjibenh. 1866, 68; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. H, K, 33, £. 31, 32. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 281, f. 173. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 86, f. 36. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 127. Quercus Muehlenbergii, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 391 (1877). — Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xiii. 40. Quercus prinoides, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 142 (in part) (not Willdenow) (1884). — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 145, t. 1, 2. 216.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 156. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 610. — A tree, from eighty to one hundred or occasionally one hundred and sixty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk three or four feet in diameter above the broad and often buttressed base and comparatively small branches which form a shapely narrow round-topped head ; or east of the Alleghany Mountains and on dry hills often not more than twenty or thirty feet tall. The bark of the trunk is rarely more than half an inch in thickness and is broken on the surface into thin loose silvery gray or nearly white scales, sometimes slightly tinged with brown. The branchlets are slender and marked with scattered pale lenticels, and when they first appear are green, more or less tinged with red or purple, and pilose with scattered pale hairs; during their first winter they are light orange-colored or reddish brown, and, gradually growing darker, become dark brown or orange-colored in their second year, and ultimately gray or brown. The buds are ovate, acute, from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and covered with chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins. The leaves, which are usually crowded at the ends of the branches, are convolute in the bud, oblong or lanceolate or broadly obovate, abruptly or gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or slightly narrowed and rounded or cordate at the base, acute, or acuminate at the apex with long and narrow or with short and broad points, equally serrate except at the base, the teeth, which are acute and often inflexed or broad and rounded, being tipped with small glandular mucros; or the leaves are rarely slightly undulate ; when they unfold they are bright bronzy green and puberulous on the upper surface, and tinged with purple, and coated on the lower with pale tomentum which soon disappears, leaving in the axils of the veins tufts of pale hairs which are very conspicuous when the leaves are about half grown; at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, light yellow-green above, pale, often silvery white, and coated with short fine pubescence below, from four to seven inches long, and from one to five inches broad, with stout yellow midribs impressed on the upper side, and conspicuous primary veins running obliquely to the points of the teeth and connected by reticulate cross veinlets ; they are borne on slender nearly terete or shghtly flattened petioles varying from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length, and in the 56 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. autumn, before falling, turn orange-color and scarlet.!| The stipules are linear-obovate or lanceolate, pilose, brown and scarious, and caducous. The aments of staminate flowers are three or four inches long, with slender yellow-green pilose stems, and, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves, do not fall until they are nearly half grown; the calyx is light yellow, hairy, and deeply divided into lanceolate ciliate segments; the anthers are oblong, slightly emarginate, yellow, and glabrous. The pistillate flowers, which are sessile or borne in short spikes, are coated, like their peduncles, with thick white tomentum ; the stigmas are bright red. The fruit is sessile or raised on a short stout peduncle, and is solitary or often in pairs; the nut is broadly ovate or oval, narrowed and rounded at the pubescent apex, from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, light chestnut-brown, and contains a sweet sometimes edible seed ; the cup, which embraces about half the nut, is cup-shaped, thin, light brown and pubescent on the inner, and hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, which is covered with small obtuse scales, more or less thickened and rounded on the back toward the base of the cup, the small free red-brown points of the upper ranks forming a minute fringe-like border to its rim.” Quercus acuminata is distributed from Gardner’s Island, in Lake Champlain, and the banks of the Hudson River north of the city of Newburgh, westward through southern Ontario * to southeastern Nebraska‘ and eastern Kansas,® and southward in the Atlantic states to the District of Columbia ® and the valley of the upper Potomac River and, west of the Alleghany Mountains, to central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas’ and northern Louisiana to the eastern borders of the Indian Territory and to the valley of the Nueces River in Texas, reaching the western limits of its range in the cafions of the Guadaloupe Mountains in the extreme western part of this state.° Rare and comparatively local in the Atlantic states, where it is usually found on limestone soil, it is exceedingly abundant in the Mississippi basin, growing on limestone ridges or sometimes on dry flinty hills and on deep rich bottom lands and the rocky banks of streams, and probably attains its largest size on the bottoms of the lower Wabash River and its tributaries in southern Indiana and Ilinois.® g, close-grained, and durable in contact It is dark brown, with thin light-colored sapwood, The wood of Quercus acuminata is heavy, hard, very stron with the soil, but liable to check badly in drying. and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8605, a cubic foot weighing 53.63 pounds. It is largely used in cooperage and the manufacture of wheels, for fencing, and for railway ties. Its tall straight stem, its pale and often snow-white bark, and its long leaves hanging close to the branches or fluttering on their slender stalks with the faintest breeze, now yellow-green and then silvery 1 In the Atlantic states the leaves of this tree are usually oblong-lanceolate and long-acuminate, with sharp often inflexed teeth, and are from four to six inches in length and from one to two inches in width. West of the Alleghany Mountains, especially when growing on deep rich bottom-lands, it produces, even on fertile branches, broader obovate mostly short-pointed and larger leaves with broad, rounded teeth. Such leaves, while they resemble in outline those of Quercus Prinus, can be distinguished from them by the presence of the glandular tips on the teeth. Ovate acute leaves, rounded at the broad bases with only slightly undulate glan- dular margins, were found in 1879 near the Chain Bridge, in the District of Columbia, by L. F. Ward, whose specimens are pre- served in the National Herbarium. 2 A tree found by Mr. E. J. Hill at Robey, Indiana, in 1892, is possibly a hybrid between Quercus acuminata and Quercus macro- carpa. The leaves are oblong or slightly obovate, acute, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, and silvery white and pubescent on the lower. Some individuals are regularly sinuately lobed with small acute or rounded gland-tipped lobes, and others are deeply divided in the middle by a pair of broad oblique sinuses, the upper half of the leaf being sinuately lobed and the lower divided into two pairs of narrow acute and usually entire lobes. The fruit is short-stalked, with an oval pilose nut half an inch long, inclosed to the acute apex in a deep cup-shaped cup, with the hoary basal scales of Quercus macrocarpa, but without its mar- ginal fringe. 8 Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 442. * Bessey, Rep. State Board Agric. Nebraska, 1894,110 (Quercus prinoides). 5 Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 272 ; Garden and Forest, iv. 508. -° L. F. Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22,113 (Fl. Washing- ton). 7 Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 454. According to Professor Harvey, Quercus acuminata is also called in Arkansas Chinquapin Oak, Pin Oak, and Rock Oak. 8 Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 105. ® Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 82 ; xvii. 415. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 white as first the upper and then the lower surface is turned to the eye, make the Yellow Oak one of the most beautiful trees of the regions in which it attains its finest development. Little known in cultivation, although it is said to have been planted in England in 1822,’ the Yellow Oak is well worthy of a place in the parks and pleasure-grounds of the eastern United States. 1 Loudon, Ard. Brit. ili. 1875, f. 1637. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt CCCLXXVII. QveERcUS ACUMINATA. 1. . A staminate flower, enlarged. NI Ol RP G bo A flowering branch, natural size. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Tab. CCCLXXVII. Silva of North America. Miumety sc. C£. Faxon del. QUERCUS ACUMINATA, Sarg. Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. A Riocreuzx. dhrex CUPULIFERZA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 QUERCUS PRINOIDES. Chinquapin Oak. LEAVES usually obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at the base, undulate-toothed with rounded or acute teeth, soft-pubescent and often silvery white on the lower surface. Quercus prinoides, Willdenow, Aluehlenberg & Willdenow Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 397 (1801) ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 440.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 568. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 219.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 166. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 193, t. 109. — Darlington, 27. Cestr. ed. 3, 267. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 309. — Chapman, Fl. 424.— Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 281, f. 174.— Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 49. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 391. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 476. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 83, f. 34. Quercus Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 125 (not Quercus humilis, Lamarck) (1785). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 346.— Gray, Man. ed. 5, 452. Quercus Prinus (pumila), Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 (mot Quercus pumila, Walter) (1801); FV. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. Quercus Prinus Chincapin, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 64, t. 10 (1812). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 21. — Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Hort. Soc. Belg. 1869, 339. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Bertin, iii. 180. Quercus Chinquapin, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 634 (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 216. — Elliott, Sé. ii. 611. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 2, 536. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 140; ed. 2, i. 158, t.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. ed. 3, oT. Quercus Muehlenbergii, var. humilis, Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xiii. 41 (1886). A shrub, spreading into broad clumps by vigorous prolific stolons, with slender stems usually from two to four feet in height ; or occasionally, in the east, from twelve to fifteen feet tall, and in the prairie regions of Missouri and Kansas sometimes almost tree-like in habit, with trunks covered with pale scaly bark, often four or five inches in diameter and from ten to fifteen feet in height. The branchlets are slender and marked with conspicuous pale lenticels, which persist for many years, and when they first appear are dark green tinged with red and covered with pale scurfy caducous pubescence ; during their first winter they are orange or reddish brown, and, becoming brown tinged with red in their second year, they ultimately turn dark brown. The buds are ovate or subglobose, and obtuse or slightly narrowed at the apex, about an eighth of an inch in length, and covered with light chestnut- brown scales thin and scarious on the margins. The leaves are convolute in the bud, ovate-oblong or rarely oblong, usually gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped, or rarely rounded at the broader entire base, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely undulate-toothed with equal acute incurved or with broad rounded teeth tipped with small glandular mucros; when they unfold they are orange-red and puberv- lous, or pilose with short pale hairs on the upper surface, red and coated on the lower with thick sil- very white tomentum, and furnished at the points of the teeth with large dark glands, and at maturity they are thin and firm, dark yellow-green and rather lustrous above, coated with soft fine pubescence and silvery white or rarely light green below, from three to six inches in length and from an inch to three and a half inches in breadth, with slender narrow yellow midribs, primary veins running obliquely to the points of the teeth, and conspicuous reticulate cross veinlets; they are borne on stout glabrous or puberulous petioles grooved and flattened on the upper side and from one quarter to three quarters of an inch in length, and in the autumn turn bright orange and scarlet before falling. The stipules are obovate or linear lanceolate, red above the middle, coated with pale hairs, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, soon becoming brown and scarious, and caducous. The flowers open in May, when the leaves are nearly a third grown, and are borne, the staminate in hirsute aments from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length, the pistillate on short peduncles clothed, like their invo- 60 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. lucral scales, with dense silvery white tomentum. The calyx of the pistillate flower is light yellow-green, coated with pale hairs on the outer surface, and divided into from five to nine acute segments ending in tufts of rusty hairs and shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender elongated filaments and emarginate yellow glabrous anthers. The stigmas are bright red. The acorns, which are produced in the greatest profusion, covering the branches in favorable seasons with abundant crops, are sessile or are borne on short stout orange-brown stalks; the nut is oval, rounded and obtuse at the apex, which is covered with white pubescence, light chestnut-brown and lustrous, from one half to three quarters of an inch in length and from one third to nearly one half of an inch in breadth, with a sweet seed; the cup, which embraces from one half to two thirds of the nut, is thin, deeply cup-shaped, light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, and hoary with pale tomentum on the outer surface, which is covered with loosely imbricated ovate acute scales usually considerably thickened on the back toward the base of the cup and ending in small acute reddish brown tips. (Quercus prinoides inhabits rocky slopes and hillsides, or, west of the Mississippi River, some- times low undulating prairies, and is distributed from Essex County, Massachusetts, to North Carolina,! and westward to southeastern Nebraska,? central Kansas,’ the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.‘ First described by Plukenet in 1696,° this pretty shrub was, according to Loudon,® introduced into English gardens in 1823. 1 Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 35. 5 Quercus pumilis Castanee folio Virginiensis, The Chinquapin 2 Bessey, Rep. State Board Agric. Nebraska, 1894, 110. Oak, Alm. Bot. 309. — Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 203. 8 Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 272. ° Arb. Brit. iii. 1875, f. 1738. 4 Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 415 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pruate CCCLXXVIII. QvuERcuUs PRINOIDES. = . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. OW WADNTP ww . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXVII. CL. Faxon del. Monies se. QUERCUS PRINOIDES, Willd. J. Riocreuz direx € Imp. J. Laneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 61 QUERCUS SADLERIANA. LEAvEs oval to obovate, coarsely denticulate, thick and coriaceous, pale and usually puberulous on the lower surface, persistent during the winter. Quercus Sadleriana, R. Brown Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vii. 249 (1871). — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 477. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 46. A shrub, with slender ashy gray stems from three to six feet tall, forming large thickets. The branchlets are stout and marked with oblong scattered pale lenticels; when they first appear they are green tinged with red and glabrous or pilose with occasional caducous pale hairs, and during their first winter they are light orange-colored or light reddish brown, becoming ashy gray in their second or third year. The buds are ovate, obtuse, bright red-brown, covered with loose pale hairs, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, the scales of the inner ranks being coated with thick white tomentum. The leaves are convolute in the bud, oval or slightly obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded equally or unequally at the narrow base, acute or rounded at the apex, and coarsely dentate with incurved gland-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are thin, bronze-green and puberulous on the upper surface, and pale or silvery white and coated with soft short pubescence on the lower, and at maturity are thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and lustrous above, and paler, sometimes silvery white, and glabrous or puberulous below ; they are from two to four inches in length and from one to two inches in breadth, with slender midribs rounded on the upper side, and simple or rarely forked oblique veins running to the points of the teeth and connected by obscure reticulate cross veinlets ; they are borne on stout glabrous grooved petioles varying from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and, turning yellow in the autumn, remain on the branches until after the appearance of the leaves of the followmg year. The stipules are obovate, pointed, narrowed into long slender stalks, coated with long loose white tomentum and often nearly an inch long, those of the last leaves being usually persistent on the branches during the winter. The staminate flowers are subtended by linear hairy bracts, and are produced in slender glabrous aments three or four inches in length from the inner scales of the terminal bud and from the axils of the first four or five leaves; the calyx is light yellow, pubescent, and divided into ovate acute lobes much shorter than the stamens, from five to nine in number, which are composed of slender filaments and oblong pointed glabrous yellow anthers. The pistillate flowers are borne in few-flowered spikes on stout peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves, and, like the imvolucral bracts, are covered with dense pale tomentum; the stigmas are bright red. The acorn is sessile or short-stalked, and usually solitary ; the nut is oval, rounded or acute at the apex, about three quarters of an inch long, light chestnut-brown, and slightly puberulous; the cup, which incloses about a third of the nut, is cup-shaped, thin, light brown, and coated with soft white hairs on the mner surface, and reddish brown and tomentose on the outer surface, which is covered by small ovate acute scales with minute free tips, and thick and rounded on the back toward the base of the cup. Quercus Sadleriana is confined to the high slopes of the mountain ranges of the coast region of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, forming vast thickets on the Siskiyou Mountains between four and nine thousand feet above the level of the sea. Discovered in southern Oregon in 1852 or 1853 by John Jeffrey, the Scotch collector, whose spe- cimen of a sterile branch is preserved in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, it 62 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. remained unknown until its rediscovery by Robert Brown,’ who, in September, 1865, found it at an elevation of two thousand feet above the level of the sea, close to the California boundary on the Crescent City trail, and published the first description of this beautiful and distinct plant,’ the only Chestnut Oak of Pacific North America, with which he afterward associated the name of John Sadler,’ the secretary of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. ? Robert Brown, who affixes Campsteriensis to his name to dis- tinguish himself from the other botanist of the same name, was born in Caithness, Scotland, in 1842, and received the degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Rostock with a thesis on the North American species of Thuya and Libocedrus. From 1861 to 1866 Dr. Brown traveled in America from Venezuela and the West Indies to Alaska and the shores of Behring’s Sea. As botanist of the British Columbia Exploring Expedition he visited the then little known interior regions of Vancouver’s Island and southern Oregon. Returning to Europe, Dr. Brown traveled in Greenland and in the Barbary States, and has been a lecturer on geology in Scotland and a voluminous writer of popular works of science. In addition to his paper on the North American Thuyas he has pub- lished an essay on the geographical distribution of the Conifere and Gnetacee (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, x. 175); descriptions of some new and little known species of Oaks from northwestern America (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vii. 249) ; and Hore Sylvane, an incomplete work on the forests of North America. 2 Quercus sp. nov. No. 253, The Farmer, May 16, 1866. 8 John Sadler (1837-1882) was born at Gibbleston in Fifeshire, Scotland, and in his infancy was carried to Moncriffe, where his father was gardener to Sir Thomas Moncriffe. Here his early years were spent, and on the completion of his schooling he became his father’s assistant. In 1854 he joined the staff of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, and at the end of a few years was made assistant to Pro- fessor Balfour, a position which he filled for nearly a quarter of a century. In 1858 he was chosen assistant secretary of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, to whose Zransactions he was a constant contributor, and in 1862 he became secretary of the Scottish Ar- boricultural Society, interesting himself deeply in its affairs during the remainder of his life, and contributing largely to the success of its work. In 1879 he was made curator of the Edinburgh Botani- cal Garden. His discoveries of new stations for Scottish plants were numerous, and his name is perpetuated by several species, including a small Willow which he found on the cliffs above Loch Chander. (See Bailey Balfour, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xvi. 11.) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCLXXIX. Quercus SADLERIANA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. 5. End of a branch showing winter-buds, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXIX. C.F. Faxon del. . Migneaux se. QUERCUS SADLERIANA, R.Br. Campst. A. Riocreuz direx& Imp. J. laneur, Paris. CUPULIFER A. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 QUERCUS PLATANOIDES. ‘Swamp White Oak. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, generally coarsely sinuate-dentate or lobed, pubescent and usually hoary on the lower surface. Quercus platanoides, Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric. U. S. 1892, 327 (1893). Quercus Prinus, 8 platanoides, Lamarck, Dict. i. 720 (1783). — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 423. Quercus alba palustris, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 120 (1785). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 348. — Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Newe Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 395. Quercus Prinus tomentosa, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. t. 9 (1801); Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1876, f. 1739. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 180. Quercus bicolor, Willdenow, Muehlenberg & Willdenow Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 396 (1801) ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 440.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 569. — Bose, Mem. Inst. Nat. Sci. Phys. Math. viii. pt. i. 341. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 219. — Pursh, £7. Am. Sept. ii. 633. — Bigelow, FV. Boston. 226.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 165. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 860. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 135, t. 4; ed. 2,1. 153, t. — Torrey, #7. N. Y. ii. 192. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 308. — Darlington, £7. Cestr. ed. 3, 266.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20 (exel. syn. Jichauxrii). — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 67. — Wes- mael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 337. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 280, £. 172. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 47.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 389. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 294. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 141. — Houba, Chines Am. en Belgique, 275, t. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s dan. ed. 6, 476. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 144, t. 1, 2. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 127. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 86. Quercus Prinus discolor, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 46, t. 6 (1812). — Brendel, Trans. ll. Agric. Soe. iii. 617, t. 8. — Chapman, Fil. 424. Quercus bicolor, 8 mollis, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215 (1818) ; Sylva, i. 14. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. NV. States, 359. Quercus Prinus, 6 bicolor, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 158 (1842). Quercus bicolor, 8 platanoides, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 21 (1864). — Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 336. A tree, usually sixty or seventy, or, exceptionally, a hundred feet in height,’ with a trunk two or three or occasionally eight or nine feet in diameter and rather small limbs generally pendulous below and rising above into a narrow round-topped open head, and often furnished with short lateral pendulous branches. The bark on old trunks varies from one to two inches in thickness, and is deeply and irregularly divided by continuous or interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges covered with small appressed gray-brown scales sometimes slightly tinged with red; on young stems and small branches it is smooth and reddish or purplish brown, and separates freely into large papery persistent scales which in curling back or falling display the bright green inner bark. The branchlets are stout and marked with pale lenticels, and when they first appear are green, lustrous, and shghtly scurfy- pubescent; during their first winter they are light orange-colored or reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous, and in their second or third year become darker and often purplish and clothed with a glaucous bloom. The buds vary in shape from broadly ovate and obtuse or subglobose to ovate and acute, and are about an eighth of an inch in length and covered by light chestnut-brown scales usually pilose above the middle with pale scattered fine hairs. The leaves are obovate or oblong-obovate, grad- ually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the entire base, acute or rounded at the apex, and coarsely sinuate- varied little in size between the ground and the branches, had an average circumference of twenty-seven feet with a minimum cir- cumference of twenty-four. (See Buckley, am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 1 The largest specimen of Quercus platanoides of which a record has been preserved grew on the bottom-lands of the Genesee River on the Wadsworth estate, « mile from the village of Geneseo in the western part of New York. The Wadsworth Oak, as this tree was called, was destroyed several years ago by the washing away of the bank of the river. In 1851 the short trunk, which xiii. 397 [Notice of some large Trees in Western New York]. — Downing, Landscape Gardening, ed. H. W. Sargent, 122. G4 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. dentate or sometimes pinnatifid with oblique rounded or acute entire lobes; when they unfold they are light bronze green and pilose on the upper surface and on the petioles, coated below with silvery white tomentum, and conspicuously glandular-toothed ; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale or often silvery white and downy with short soft pubescence below, five or six inches long and from two to four inches broad, with stout pale midribs rounded on the upper side and from six to eight pairs of conspicuous primary veins connected by reticulate cross veinlets and running obliquely to the points of the teeth or lobes, which are tipped with minute callous glandular points; they are borne on stout petioles grooved and flattened on the upper side and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and late in the autumn turn dull yellow- brown or occasionally orange-color and red before falling. The stipules are linear, acute, brown and scarious, coated with pale hairs, from one third to one half of an inch in length and caducous. The staminate flowers are produced in hairy aments three or four inches long; the calyx is light yellow- green, covered with pale hairs, and deeply divided into from five to nine lanceolate acute segments rather shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and oblong apiculate glabrous yellow anthers. The pistillate flowers are produced in few-flowered spikes on elongated peduncles covered, like the involucral scales, with thick white or tawny tomentum ; the stigmas are bright red. The fruit, which is usually in pairs, is borne on slender light or dark brown peduncles gradually thickened toward the apex, marked with pale lenticels, glabrous, puberulous or pubescent, and from an inch and a half to four inches in length; the nut is oval with a broad base, rounded or acute and covered with pale pubescence at the apex, light chestnut-brown, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter in length and from one half to three quarters of an inch in width; the cup, which incloses about a third of the nut, is cup-shaped, thick and woody, light brown and pubescent on the inside and hoary- tomentose on the outer surface, which is sometimes tuberculate or roughened toward the base by the thickened contorted tips of the ovate acute scales; higher on the cup these are free, thin, acute, chestnut-brown, and at the margin sometimes form a short fringe-like border, which, however, is frequently wanting ; or sometimes all the scales of the cup are thin with free acute tips. Quercus platanoides inhabits the borders of streams and swamps, growing in low moist fertile soil. It ranges from southern Maine to northern Vermont and southwestern Quebec, westward through Ontario! and the southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, and southward to the District of Columbia,’ northern Kentucky and Arkansas,’ and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. Widely and generally distributed through all this region, it usually grows in small groyes, rarely forming an important part of the forest, and is probably more abundant and of larger size in western New York and northern Ohio than in other parts of the country. The wood of Quercus platanoides is heavy, hard, strong, and tough, although liable to check in seasoning ; 1t contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of from one to three rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is light brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7662, a cubic foot weighing 47.75 pounds. It is used in construction, for the interior finish of houses, and in cabinet-making, in carriage and boat building, and in cooperage, for agricultural implements, railway ties, and fencing, and for fuel. Commercially it is not distinguished from the wood of Quercus alba and Quercus macrocarpa. Quercus platanoides was first described by the French botanist Lamarck in 1783, from trees growing in the park of the chateau of Malesherbes. 1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 48.— Bell, Geolog. Rep. Can. crocarpa, the range of which eastward of Toronto he now doubts, 1879-80, 55°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 441. although Mr. J.G. Jack has found this species on the St. Law- The Blue Oak mentioned by Professor Macoun, which at one rence River south of Montreal. time furnished much of the oak timber exported from Ontario 2L.F. Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 112 (Fl. Washington). west of the Trent River, is now believed by him to be Quercus ma- 8 Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 454. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 The specific name relates to the bark of the young trees, which resembles that of Platanus in its manner of separating into large thin scales. This juvenile flaky bark, peculiar to the species, and the small contorted and generally pendulous branches which often appear on the larger limbs and some- times on the trunk, make it easy to recognize the Swamp White Oak at all seasons of the year. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCLXXX. QuERCUS PLATANOIDES. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. PuateE CCCLXXXI. QUERCUS PLATANOIDES. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A nut, natural size. . A cup, natural size. . Vertical section of a nut, natural size. . A seed, natural size. Ook wr A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXX. L.E. Faxon del. Lebru St QUERCUS PLATINOIDES, Sudw. id. Riocreux direx.t Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXYN!. Kh, Hae kk Kees Matsa gare! Naat aha ‘LRP CE Faxon del, Manet ve. QUERCUS PLATINOIDES. 5udw. A.Riocreuxr direx.t Imp. J Taneur, Parts. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 QUERCUS MICHAUXII. Basket Oak. Cow Oak. LEAVES broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the broad or narrow base, undulate-lobed with rounded or acute lobes, tomentose or pubescent and often silvery white on the lower surface. Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215 (excl. syn.) No. 5, t. 6 (not Quercus palustris, Muenchhausen) (1801) ; (1818). — Elliott, Sx. ii. 609. — Sprengel, Syst¢. iii. 860. — Fil. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 51, Dietrich, Syn. v. 308. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis t. 7. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. iii. 1872, £.1735, t. — Wenzig, Acad. iii. 390. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 179. Census U. S. ix. 141. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Jan. Quercus Prinus, var. discolor, Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. ed. 6, 476. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 145, t. 1, 2. — N. Car. 1860, iii. 33 (not Michaux f.) (1860). Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Jan. Pl. W. Quercus Prinus. var. Michauxii. Chapman, Fl. 424 Texas). (1860). Quercus Prinus, Walter, Fl. Car. 234 (not Linneus) Quercus bicolor, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20 (in (1788). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 346. — part) (1864). Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 633. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 608.— Quercus bicolor, subspec. Michauxii, Engelmann, Trans. Gray, Man. 414. St. Louis Acad. iii. 390 (1877). Quercus Prinus (palustris), Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. A tree, often a hundred feet in height, with a trunk sometimes free of branches for a distance of forty or fifty feet above the ground and from three to seven feet in diameter, and stout branches ascending at narrow angles and forming a round-topped rather compact head. The bark of the trunk is from half an inch to an inch in thickness, and separates into thin closely appressed silvery white or ashy gray scales more or less deeply tinged with red. The branchlets are stout and marked with scattered oblong pale lenticels, and when they first appear are dark green and covered with pale caducous hairs; during their first winter they are bright red-brown or light orange-brown, and ultimately become ashy gray. The buds are broadly ovate or oval, acute, a quarter of an inch long, and covered with numerous thin closely and regularly imbricated dark red puberulous scales with pale scarious margins, those of the inner ranks being coated on the outer surface with loose pale tomentum. The leaves are convolute in the bud, broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the broad or narrow entire base, acute, or acuminate with short broad points at the apex, and regularly crenately lobed with oblique rounded entire lobes sometimes furnished with glandular tips; or rarely they are entire, with undulate margins; when they unfold they are bright yellow-green, lustrous and pubescent with scattered pale hairs above and coated below with thick silvery white or pale ferrugineous tomentum, and at maturity they are thick and firm, or sometimes membranaceous, especially on young and vigorous branches, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, which is glabrous or occasionally roughened with scattered stellate hairs, more or less densely pubescent on the pale green or silvery white lower surface, from six to eight inches long and from three to five inches wide, with stout midribs impressed on the upper side, and slender primary veins running obliquely to the points of the lobes and connected by conspicuous reticulate cross veinlets; they are borne on stout pubescent flattened and grooved petioles, varying from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, and late in the autumn turn a dark rich crimson before falling. The stipules are linear-obovate or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, covered with thick pale hairs, and caducous. The flowers appear from the end of March to the middle of May, when the leaves are nearly half grown, the staminate in slender hairy aments three or four inches in 68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERE. length, the pistillate in few-flowered spikes on short peduncles coated, like the involucral scales, with dense pale rufous tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow-green, pilose with long pale hairs, and divided into from four to seven acute lobes; the stamens are composed of slender filaments and broad oblong slightly emarginate yellow glabrous anthers. The stigmas are dark red. The fruit is solitary or in pairs, and is sessile or subsessile or borne on a short stout puberulous peduncle marked with pale lenticels and rarely half an inch in length; the nut is oval or ovate, with a broad base and an acute rounded or occasionally truncate apex, which is clothed with a narrow ring of rusty pubescence ; it is sometimes pilose nearly to the middle, and is bright brown, rather lustrous, from an inch to an inch and a half in length and from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch and a quarter in width, and contains a sweet seed; the cup, which incloses about a third of the nut, is thick, cup-shaped, and often broad and flat on the bottom, reddish brown and pubescent within, and hoary- tomentose on the outer surface, which is covered with regularly imbricated large ovate acute free scales rounded and much thickened on the back, with thin reddish margins and short tips which sometimes form a rigid fringe-like border to the rim of the cup. Quercus Michauxii inhabits the borders of streams, low swamps, and bottom-lands often covered with water, and is distributed from the neighborhood of Wilmington, Delaware, southward through the coast and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky and the valley of the lower Wabash River in Illinois and Indiana.’ Quercus Michauxti is one of the most important timber-trees of eastern North America, and the largest and most valuable White Oak of the southeastern states. The wood is heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, and easily split. It is hght brown, with thin darker colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8039, a cubic foot weighing 50.10 pounds. It is largely used in all kinds of construction, for agricultural implements and wheels, in cooperage, for fences and for fuel, and in the manufacture of strong baskets, for which purpose, as it can be so easily split into thin plates, it is excelled by the wood of no other American tree. The seeds are sweeter than those of the other Oaks of eastern North America, and are eaten by domestic animals, and by children and negroes. Quercus Michaux is the most beautiful of the Chestnut Oaks and one of the most striking and imposing of the trees of eastern North America, always conspicuous from the silvery white bark of the tall massive trunk and the broad crown of large and finely colored foliage. First described in 1731 in The Natural Mistory of Carolina? by Mark Catesby, who confounded it with what has usually been considered the Chestnut Oak of Plukenet, the Quercus Prinus of Linneus, it was long considered a variety of that tree. 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 81; xvii. 414. Mariana, muricatis Castanee foliis subtus villosis (Amalth. Bot. 180) ? Quercus castanee foliis, procera arbor virginiana, i. 18, t.18 (not referred to this species, but the description is too vague to make Plukenet). this certain. Michaux (Hist. Chénes Am.) considered that Plukenet’s Quercus EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCLXXXII. Quercus MIcHAvUXII. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. 4. Base of a leaf, natural size. 5. Base of a leaf, natural size. Puate CCCLXXXIII. Quercus Micuavxu. . A fruiting branch, natural size. = to . A nut, natural size. jew) . A winter branchlet, natural size. Tab. CCCLXXXII. Silva of North America. Io Be ae) ay COS GS SS, a aa BS Oy WH Of ) te 2 (Po (ge Me SB Kelas. CBD ~ we ASO tee pi S (HS fess A Lovendal sc. C.E.Fazon del. QUERCUS MICHAUXII, Nutt. Imp. J. Taneur , Paris 4A. Riocreuz. direx.t Tab. CCCLXXXIIL. Silva of North America. Lebrun se. CE. Fazxon del. QUERCUS MICHAUXII, Nutt. Imp. J. Laneur, Paris. A.Puocreux direxa* CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 QUERCUS BREVILOBA. White Oak. LEAVES obovate or oblong, undulate, lobed with short broad lobes or entire, pale, often silvery white and pubescent on the lower surface. Quercus breviloba, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. Nordam. 145. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 415 93 (1895). (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus obtusifolia, var. ? breviloba, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Quercus annulata, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, Bound. Surv. 206 (1859). 445, Quercus Durandii, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, Quercus San-Sabeana, Young, Bot. Texas, 507 (1873). 445.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507. —Sargent, Forest Trees Quercus undulata, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 145.—Mayr, Wald. iii. 392 (in part) (not Torrey) (1877). A tree, sometimes eighty or ninety feet in height when growing east of the Mississippi River, with a tall straight trunk frequently from two to three feet in diameter ; in Texas much smaller, rarely more than twenty or thirty feet in height, with a short trunk usually dividing near the ground into two or three spreading limbs and seldom more than twelve or fifteen inches in diameter; and frequently, especially toward the western limits of its range, small and shrubby, often forming extensive thickets. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness and separates into long narrow plate-like scales about a sixteenth of an inch thick ; it is silvery white and tinged with reddish brown on the surface, and thus trunks seen from a little distance produce the effect of being reddish in general color. The branchlets are slender and marked with pale lenticels, and when they first appear are coated with hoary tomentum; during the following winter they are gray, faintly tinged with red, or ashy gray and grow darker during the second and third years. The winter-buds are broadly ovate or oval, acuminate, and from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch long, and are covered with light chestnut- brown closely and regularly imbricated puberulous scales pale and scarious on the margins. The leaves are convolute in the bud, obovate or oblong, usually gradually narrowed and acute or rarely broader and equally or unequally rounded at the base, and broad and rounded and often emarginate or narrowed and rounded or rarely acute at the apex; they are undulate-lobed with from four to seven broad lobes, or are obscurely three-lobed at the broad apex and entire below, or are undulate or coarsely and remotely dentate with acute spinescent teeth, or are often entire, and on vigorous shoots are frequently oblong-obovate and more or less deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into broad lobes which increase in size from the base to the apex of the leaf; when they unfold they are thin, covered with scattered pale stellate hairs on the upper surface and coated with thick pale pubescence on the lower, and at maturity they are thin on trees grown in the eastern Gulf states and thicker and often subcoriaceous on those grown in the drier climate of Texas, light blue or yellow-green and usually lustrous above, and pubescent and paler and often silvery white below; they are usually from an inch and a half to three inches long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half wide, although on trees east of the Mississippi River and on young vigorous branches they are sometimes from four to six inches in length and two and a half inches broad ; they are obscurely reticulate-venulose and furnished with narrow pale yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, and slender veins running to the slightly thickened and revolute margins of the leaf or forked within them; borne on stout grooved petioles rarely more than a quarter of an inch in length, they turn pale yellow and fall in the autumn, or in western Texas sometimes irregularly during the winter or in the early spring. The flowers appear with the first unfolding of the leaves from March to the end of April, the staminate borne on hairy 72 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER.E. aments from an inch and a half to two inches long, the pistillate on short peduncles coated with thick hoary tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is pale yellow and divided into nearly triangular segments much shorter than the from five to seven stamens, which are composed of short slender filaments and broad oblong emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The scales of the pistillate flowers are coated with pale tomentum, and their stigmas are dull red. The acorns are sessile or subsessile and usually solitary ; the nut is ovate, obovate or oval, acute or rounded and sometimes depressed at the broad apex, which is usually clothed with a narrow ring of pale pubescence, from half an ich to an inch in length and from three eighths to three fifths of an inch in width ; the cup, which incloses only the base of the nut, is saucer-shaped, thin and shallow, bright reddish brown and pubescent on the inner surface, and covered on the outer with regularly and closely imbricated ovate bright red-brown scales clothed with hoary pubescence except at their acute or rounded appressed tips. Quercus breviloba inhabits the rich limestone prairie region of central Alabama and Mississippi, finding its most eastern home in the valley of the Mulberry Fork of the Tombigbee River in Blount County, Alabama.? It reappears on the banks of the Red River at Shreveport,’ and in Texas ranges from the neighborhood of the city of Dallas westward to the central part of the state and southward near streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico to the mountains of Nuevo Leon in the vicinity of Monterey.’ Kast of the Mississippi River, where it attains its largest size, it grows on dry prairies with the Post Oak, the Black Jack, the White Oak, and the Nutmeg Hickory, or in low ground subject to overflow, where it is scattered through the forests of the Swamp Chestnut Oak, the Willow Oak, and the Texas Oak ; in Texas, where it grows on the dry limestone banks of streams and rocky bluffs,’ it is usually asso- ciated with the Post Oak, the Texas Oak, the Cedar Elm, and the western Juniper. The wood of Quercus breviloba grown in Texas is very heavy, hard, and strong, although brittle and inclined to check in drying. It is brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous conspicuous medullary rays and bands of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolute dry wood is 0.9507, a cubic foot weighing 59.29 pounds. When grown in Alabama and Mississippi it is said to equal the best white oak and to be used for the same purposes as that wood ; it is especially valued for the pins in cotton-gins and in the manufacture of spools, baskets, and wagon-hubs. Quercus breviloba was discovered in western Texas in 1850 by Dr. J. M. Bigelow,® one of the botanists of the Mexican Boundary Survey ; in September, 1859, it was found near Clinton, in Wilcox County, Alabama, by Mr. 8. B. Buckley,’ who saw it in October of the same year at Shreveport, Louisiana, and, finding it afterward in Texas, first distinguished the specific characters of this useful and beautiful tree. 1 In Mississippi Quercus breviloba has been seen by Dr. Mohr * Quercus breviloba was discovered in Nuevo Leon on April 6, only near Columbus, and in the neighborhood of Mhoons Valley, 1887, by C. S. Sargent. in the centre of the state. 5 Reverchon, Garden and Forest, vi. 524. 2 Mohr, Garden and Forest, vi. 372. ® See i. 88. 8 Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1881, 121. 7 See iii. 3. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCLXXXIV. QuERCUS BREVILOBA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. bo . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A sterile branch, natural size. “1m Ctl W& . A nut, natural size. A leaf, natural size. Oo . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXXIV. LE. Faaon del. Himely sc. QUERCUS BREVILOBA. Sarg. A, Riocreuc direx= imp. J. Janeur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 QUERCUS UNDULATA. Scrub Oak. Shin Oak. Leaves oblong, sinuate-dentate, entire, pinnatifid, lobed or spinescent. blue-green, pubescent. Quercus undulata, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 248, t. 4 (excl. fruit) (1828); Marcy's Rep. 284 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 206.—Nuttall, Sylva, i. 8, t. 3 (excl. fruit). — Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 302 (Plants of Northern Arizona) (in part). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 384 (excl. a Gambelit, B Gunnisoni), 392 (in part). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iti. 199.— Greene, West Am. Oaks, 27 (in part), t. 13, £. 4; pt. ii. 65, t. 80. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 415 (Man. Pl. W. Texas) (excl. var. Gunnisoni). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 92. Quercus Fendleri, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 170. — Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22.— Greene, West Am. Oaks, pt. ii. 67, t. 31. Quercus grisea, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 171.—Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22.— Coulter, Contrib. DO. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 415 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus pungens, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensh. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 171. —Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22, (1869). — Greene, Pittonia, ii. 112. Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 206 (not Sitgreaves’ Rep.) (1859). Quercus undulata, 8 obtusifolia, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. 11.23 (1864). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, i. 199. Quercus undulata, y pedunculata, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 23 (1864). Quercus Emoryi, Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorado, 127 (not Torrey) (1874). Quercus undulata, y Jamesii, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 382 (1876). Quercus undulata, 6 Wrightii, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 382 (1876). Quercus undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 392 (1877); Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 199. Quercus undulata, var. grisea, Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 393 (1877). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 200. Quercus undulata, var. oblongata, Engelmann, Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250 (1878). Quercus turbinella, Greene, West Am. Oaks, 37 ; pt. ii. 59, t. 27 (in part) (1889). This little Oak, which is widely distributed from the cliffs above the cafion of the Arkansas River in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to western Texas, and through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah and Nevada and to northern Mexico, is extremely variable in size and habit, in the shape of its leaves, and in the size of its fruit. Usually a shrub, forming small thickets by vigorous stolons, and with stout more or less contorted stems from two to eight feet tall, it rises only in the cafions of some of the mountain ranges of southeastern Arizona to the height of twenty-five or thirty feet, with a straight trunk from six to eight inches in diameter and scaly pale bark slightly tinged with reddish brown.’ The slender branches, which are marked with pale lenticels, are coated, when they first appear, with dense hoary tomentum, and during their first winter are light reddish brown or ashy gray and pubescent or tomentose, ultimately becoming glabrous and dark brown or gray. The buds are oval and about an eighth of an inch long, and are covered by a few thin light red-brown scales often ciliate on the margins with loose pale hairs. The leaves are convolute in the bud, oblong, sinuate-dentate, entire, pinnatifid, lobed or spinescent, broad and rounded or cordate or rarely abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, and usually acute or occasionally rounded at the apex; when they unfold they are coated with hoary tomentum, and at maturity they are thick and firm, light blue-green, more Gambelii, 2 common tree in this region, it is possible that he may have confounded the two species. His collection preserved in the National Museum contains specimens almost identical with the type of Quercus grisea, which is now united with Quercus undulata. 1 Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 13. Dr. Havard (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 505) speaks of Quercus grisea as a small tree and the most abundant and characteristic Oak of western Texas, but as he makes no mention of Quercus 76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. or less thickly covered with stellate hairs on the upper surface, and clothed on the lower with pale or yellow pubescence, and vary from an inch to three inches in length and from one to three quarters of an inch in width, with pale slender midribs, few conspicuous primary veins running to the points of the teeth or arcuate and united within the more or less thickened and revolute margins, reticulate veinlets, conspicuous both above and below, and stout pubescent or tomentose petioles rarely more than a quarter of an inch, although sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, nearly an inch im length. In the north and at high elevations the leaves fall in the autumn, but in southern New Mexico and Arizona they sometimes remain on the branches until the appearance of the new growth of the following spring, or fall gradually and irregularly during the winter. The flowers appear with the first unfold- ing of the leaves, the staminate borne in short tomentose aments from one to two inches in length, the pistillate sessile or on tomentose peduncles. The hairy calyx of the staminate flowers is divided into acute segments shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and broad oblong emarginate light yellow glabrous anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are coated with pale tomentum, and the stigmas are red. The acorns, which are solitary or in pairs, are sessile or raised on stout hoary peduncles varying from a quarter of an inch to nearly two inches in length; the nut is oval, rounded and rather obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch long, with sweet seeds; the cup is cup-shaped, thick, light reddish brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose on the outer, and covered by ovate acute scales usually thickened and tumid on the back toward the base of the cup, and above its middle ending in thin bright red free ciliate tips ; or sometimes all the scales are thin with free tips. The seeds, raw or baked, are eaten by Indians and Mexicans, and furnish hogs with excellent food. In Colorado Quercus undulata grows on dry rocky mountain ridges mixed with clumps of shrubby forms of Quercus Gambelii, from which it can be readily distinguished by the blue color of the leaves ; it is found in similar situations on the mountains of western Texas, and in New Mexico and southern Arizona, where it is comparatively rare; in central Arizona, south of the Colorado plateau, it covers low mountain ranges with vast thickets from six to eight feet tall, furnishing valuable and nutritious fodder to cattle and sheep, which eagerly browse on the leaves and young branches. In southern Utah and Nevada it is less common and is local in distribution.’ Quercus undulata was discovered on the head-waters of the Canadian River in 1820 by Dr. Edwin James,” the naturalist of the expedition sent under the command of Major Long by the government of the United States to explore the Rocky Mountains. 1 On the type specimen (Plate ccclxxxv. f. 4) of this species preserved in the herbarium of Columbia College in New York city, the leaves are oblong, narrowed and rounded at the base, acute and rounded at the apex, coarsely sinuate-dentate, pubescent with scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, covered with pale tomentum on the lower surface, and from an inch and a half to two inches and a half in length ; this is the variety Jumesii of Engelmann, and plants of this form produce leaves which vary from entire to deeply pinnatifid and from oblong to linear-oblong, those on vigorous‘shoots being deeply lobed with rounded or acute oblique lobes and sometimes three to four inches in length, with petioles sometimes nearly an inch long. An unattached nut, pre- served with the type specimen of Quercus undulata which appears in the original figure and in Nuttall’s copy of it, probably belonged to some other plant, as was suggested by Torrey himself. A form with nearly oval pubescent leaves rounded or pointed at the apex, rather deeply cordate at the base, an inch long and three quarters of an inch broad, is the type of Liebmann’s Quercus grisea ; and a form with leaves of the same size and shape, but with spines- cent teeth, is his Quercus pungens (the varieties pungens and. Wrightii of Engelmann), a not unusual plant from western Texas to south- ern Utah and Nevada. form sometimes bears larger and more undulate leaves (Plate ecclxxxy. f. 5), and in central and southern Arizona small ovate In southern Arizona this spinescent-leaved acute sometimes entire or slightly spinescent broad or narrow acute and mostly cordate leaves covered on the lower surface with pale or yellow pubescence and from half an inch to an inch in length. This last, which produces small acorns with shallow cups usually covered by thin scales, is the common Oak of the mountains of central Arizona. 2 See ii. 96. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. PLATE Pod OONINH CCCLXAXXV. QUERCUS UNDULATA. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A sterile branch, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A fruit, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXXV. CE Fanon deb. Himely sv. QUERCUS UNDULATA, Torr. A. Riocreuxa direx * lop. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 QUERCUS DOUGLASII. Blue Oak. Mountain White Oak. Leaves oblong, lobed, spinescent or entire, blue-green and pubescent. Quercus Douglasii, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 391 (1841). — Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 382, 383. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 55.— Nuttall, Sylva, i. 10, t. 4.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 311.— Torrey, Pacific R. BR. Rep. v. 365; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 462. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 23. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 230.— Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 66; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. 41, f. 3, 4.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 392; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 95.— Hall, Bot. Gazette, ii. 93. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 70. — Sar- gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 143. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 17, t. 9, f. 1, 2; t. 12, f. 4, 5; Man. Bot. Bay Region, 302.— Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 264, t. 2, 5.— Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 76, f. 30.— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 128. — Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 333 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). —Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 196 (Bot. Death Valley Hxped.). Quercus Ransomi, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 25 (1855). — Mary K. Curran, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 146. — Brandegee, Zoé, i. 156. ? Quercus oblongifolia, R. Brown Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser 2, vii. 252 (not Torrey) (1871). Quercus oblongifolia, var. brevilobata, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 460 (1874). A tree, rarely eighty or ninety but usually fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter and short stout branches which, spreading nearly at right angles, form a dense round- topped symmetrical head ; or frequently not more than twenty or thirty feet high, and sometimes, especially toward the southern limits of its range, shrubby in habit. The bark of the trunk is from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is generally pale, although the small scales into which the surface divides are tinged with brown or light red.!| The branchlets are stout and marked with pale lenticels, and, beng extremely brittle at the joints, can be easily broken from the branch; when they first appear they are coated with short dense hoary tomentum, which continues to cover them more or less thickly during the summer, and in their first winter they are dark gray or reddish brown and tomentose, pubescent, or puberulous, and in their second or third year grow ashy gray or dark brown. The winter-buds are ovate, obtuse, from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and are covered with light and rather bright red pubescent scales. The leaves? are convolute in the bud, and are oblong, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or broad and rounded or subcordate at 1 Miss Alice Eastwood, the curator of the botanical department of the California Academy of Sciences, whose unrivaled collection of California Oaks made in the central and southern parts of the state during the autumn of 1894 has been of great assistance to me, calls my attention to the fact that Quercus Douglasii has very light gray bark on trees growing on exposed hillsides and open plains, and much darker bark on trees in sheltered valleys and arroyos. 2 On the foothills and in the valleys of northern and central California the leaves of Quercus Douglasii are perhaps larger and more commonly lobed than in the southern part of the state, where they are usually small and often spinescent and entire, but trees with large lobed leaves sometimes bear on the same branch smaller and nearly entire leaves also, and individuals with lobed leaves are common at the south. A specimen collected in Round Valley, Mendocino County, in June, 1893, by Mr. G. W. Blankinship, with thin broadly obovate-oblong leaves entire or slightly notched- toothed at the wide rounded apex, apparently belongs to this spe- cies, and to it also must probably be referred the Quercus oblongifolia of R. Brown Campst. (not of Torrey), described as a bush three feet high from the mountains of southern Oregon, which, in the speci- men without fruit preserved in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, has ovate or oblong-elliptical and nearly entire leaves hardly distinguishable in size and shape from those of some forms of Quercus Douglasii from southern California. No American Oak, with the exception perhaps of Quercus dumosa, is more variable than Quercus Douglasii in the size, shape, and den- tation of its leaves. They are readily recognized in the field by their blue color, as this is the only blue-leaved Oak of northern and central California ; but in the herbarium it is not always easy to distinguish some of the southern forms of this species from the green-leaved Quercus dumosa, and Miss Eastwood suggests that natural hybridizing between these trees would account for the apparent running together of the two species, which in most of their forms are, however, very unlike. 80 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER&. the base, acute or rounded at the apex, and divided by deep or shallow wide or narrow sinuses acute or rounded at the bottom into four or five broad or narrow acute or rounded and often mucronate lobes, and are from two to five inches long and from an inch to an inch and three quarters broad ; or they are oval, oblong or obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, equally or unequally wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, regularly or irregularly sinuate-toothed with rounded acute and rigid spinescent teeth or denticulate toward the apex and entire below, from one to two inches long and from a quarter of an inch to an inch wide; when they unfold the leaves are covered with soft pale pubescence and are tomentose on the petioles, and at maturity they are thin, although firm and rather rigid, pale blue and pubescent with scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, and on the lower pale blue or often yellow-green and covered with short soft pubescence; they are more or less conspicuously reticulate- venulose, furnished with pale prominent hirsute or puberulous midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, with primary veins which, when the leaves are lobed, are conspicuous and run to the points of the lobes, and prominent lateral veins arcuate and united near the slightly thickened and revolute margins ; or when the leaves are entire or dentate the veins are less prominent and are usually united before reaching the margin ; the leaves are borne on stout grooved petioles varying from a quarter to a half of an inch in length and fall late in the autumn. The stipules are lanceolate-obovate or linear-lanceolate, thin and scarious and coated with pale hairs. The flowers appear from February to April, the staminate, which are subtended by linear-lanceolate bracts, are borne in hairy aments, and the pistillate in short few-flowered spikes coated, like the involucral scales, with hoary tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is yellow-green, covered on the outer surface with pale hairs and deeply divided into broad acute laciniately cut segments shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and ovate- oblong emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The acorns are sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs, and are sometimes produced in such abundance that they make the trees, seen from a little distance, appear green ; the nut is broadly oval, often ventricose with a narrow base, gradually narrowed and acute at the apex, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and from half an inch to nearly an inch broad, or it is often ovate acute and from an inch to an inch and a half in length and not more than a quarter of an inch in breadth ; it is bright green and lustrous, soon turning dark chestnut-brown in drying, and is furnished at the apex with a small ring of hoary pubescence; the cup, which embraces only the base of the nut, is cup-shaped, thin and shallow, light green and pubescent on the inner surface and covered on the outer with small acute and usually thin, although sometimes, especially in the south, thicker tumid scales coated with pale pubescence or tomentum and ending in thin reddish brown points. Quercus Douglasii inhabits low hills, dry mountain-slopes and valleys, and is distributed from Mendocino County, California, and the upper valley of the Sacramento River, southward along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, which it ascends to elevations of four thousand feet above the level of the sea, and through the valleys of the coast ranges to the Tehachapi Pass, which it crosses, with occasional stunted individuals, to the borders of the Mohave Desert, and probably grows to its largest size and is most abundant in the Jolon and other valleys between the coast mountains and the interior ridges of the Coast Range south of the Bay of San Francisco. The wood of Quercus Douglasit is very hard, heavy and strong, although brittle and inclined to check badly in drying. It is dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, with thick light brown sapwood,’ and contains numerous medullary rays, scattered groups of small ducts, and rows of larger ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8928, a cubic foot weighing 55.64 pounds. Of little use for construction and in the arts, it makes excellent fuel. 1 The sapwood of Quercus Douglasu is thicker than that of most shows two hundred and thirty-two layers of annual growth, of American White Oaks. The log specimen in the Jesup Collection which eighty-eight, measuring three and three fifths inches in thick- of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural ness, are sapwood. History, New York, which is twenty-three inches in diameter, CUPULIFER®. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 With its pale bark, its dense round head of light blue foliage, and its large acorns, Quercus Douglasii, which was discovered by the indefatigable and successful collector’ whose name it helps to commemorate, is one of the most beautiful of the California Oaks. Never forming forests, it is scattered in innumerable numbers over foothills and high valleys, and, either alone on the hills or with the statelier Quercus lobata in the valleys, gives them their characteristic park-like appearance. 1 See ii. 94. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCLXXXVI. Quercus Dove.asit. A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. CHNAMAR WYP . A leaf, natural size. a= oO . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXXVI. MAN! eS L.E Faxon det, Lebrurn st: QUERCUS DOUGLASII, Hook.& Arn. A. Riocreuz diez t imp. J. Taneur, Pare. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 QUERCUS ENGELMANNI. Evergreen White Oak. LEAVES oblong or obovate, usually obtuse and rounded at the apex, entire or remotely dentate, dark blue-green. Quercus Engelmanni, Greene, West Am. Oaks, 32, t. 15, Sitgreaves’ Rep.) (1861). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis f. 2, 3; t. 17 (1889). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, Acad. iii. 393 (in part) ; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 96 ii. 471. — S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 345. (in part). —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey, Ives’ Rep. pt. iv. 28 (not U. S. ix. 143 (in part). A tree, fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, and stout branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a broad rather irregular handsome head. The bark of the trunk is from an inch and a half to two inches in thickness, light gray tinged with brown and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into small thin appressed scales. The branchlets are stout, rigid, and marked with pale lenticels, and at first are coated with hoary tomentum which soon begins to disappear; during their first winter they are light or dark brown tinged with red and clothed with short fine pubescence, and become glabrous and light brown or gray during their second or third years. The winter-buds are oval or ovate, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by thin light red puberulous scales. The leaves are revolute in the bud, oblong or obovate, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded or cordate at the base, and usually obtuse and rounded but sometimes acute at the apex; they are entire and often undulate, or sinuate- toothed with occasional minute rigid teeth; or near the ends of sterile branches they are frequently coarsely and crenately serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth or rarely lobed with acute oblique or broad rounded lobes ; when they unfold they are light red and coated, like the petioles, with thick pale rufous tomentum, which is soon replaced by scurfy pubescence ; and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dark blue-green and glabrous or covered with scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, and pale and usually yellow-green on the lower surface, which is clothed with light brown pubescence or is puberulous or frequently glabrous ; they vary from one to three inches in length and from half an inch to two inches in width, but are usually about two inches long and an inch wide, with stout midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the margins, and slender reticulate veinlets ; and, borne on slender pubescent petioles varying from one quarter to one half of an inch in length, they fall in the spring with the appearance of the new growth. The stipules are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, thin, scarious, light brown, puberulous, from one half to three quarters of an inch long and caducous. The flowers appear early in April, the staminate borne in slender hairy aments two or three inches in length, the pistillate usually on slender peduncles clothed, like their involucral scales, with dense pale tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, pilose, and divided into lanceolate acute segments rather shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and oblong slightly emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The fruit is sometimes sessile, but more frequently is borne on a slender pubescent stem sometimes three quarters of an inch in length ; the nut is oblong, oval, gradually narrowed and acute, or broad, full and rounded at the obtuse apex, broad or narrowed at the base, dark chestnut-brown and more or less conspicuously marked with darker longitudinal stripes, which soon disappear, but turning a light chestnut-brown as it dries, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and about half an inch broad; the cup, which incloses about a third of the nut, is deep saucer-shaped, broad and flat on the bottom, or is cup-shaped or turbinate ; it is ight brown and pubescent within and covered on the outer surface by ovate bright 84 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERE. red-brown scales coated with pale tomentum, usually thickened, united, and tuberculate at the base of the cup and produced into small acute ciliate tips near the margin; or sometimes only the lower scales are thickened and the others are thin and furnished with free elongated tips. Quercus Engelanni inhabits southwestern California, where, mingling with Quercus agrifolia, it is scattered over low hills west of the coast ranges from the neighborhood of Sierra Madre to the mesa east of San Diego, occupying a belt about fifty miles in width and extending to within fifteen or twenty miles of the coast. The wood of Quercus Engelmanni is very heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained, but brittle and difficult to season; it is dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter brown sapwood, and contains small open cells arranged in numerous groups parallel to the broad and very conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9441, a cubic foot weighing 58.84 pounds. It is valued and sometimes used for fuel. First noticed by Dr. C. C. Parry,! this tree was long confounded with Quercus oblongifolia of New Mexico and Arizona, from which it was separated by Professor E. L. Greene,’ who associated with it the name of Dr. George Engelmann.’ Quercus Engelmanni is a handsome tree, easily distinguished from the green-leaved evergreen Oak, with which it usually grows, by the blue color of its leaves, and from its nearest botanical congener, Quercus oblongifolia, by its darker furrowed bark, its thicker and darker leaves, larger fruit with thicker cup-scales, and yellow cotyledons. 1 See vii. 130. 2 Edward Lee Greene was born on the 20th of April, 1842, in Hopkinton, Washington County, Rhode Island. Beginning the study of plants at the age of five, he had gained, with the assistance of Mrs. Lincoln’s Botany, a good understanding of the local flora before he was twelve years old, when he went with his family to central Ili- nois, and, two years later, to southern Wisconsin, where he had the advantage of instruction from the Swedish naturalist, Thurn Kumlien. Having then engaged in teaching for several years, and having tramped repeatedly over almost all the country between Lake Michigan and northern Georgia and Alabama in pursuit of botanical knowledge, Mr. Greene went to Denver, Colorado, in 1870 and became connected with Bishop Randall’s new “Jarvis Hall” institution as an instructor in science and a student of theology. He was ordained in the Episcopal Church in 1873, and was sta- tioned successively at Pueblo, Colorado, at Vallejo, California, at Georgetown, Colorado, and then as a missionary in northern Cali- In 1881 he was called to St. Mark’s Church in Berkeley, California, and in 1882 was appointed fornia, Arizona, and New Mexico. lecturer, in 1884 instructor, and in 1885 assistant professor of In 1884 Mr. Greene re- nounced the Episcopal faith, and was received into the Roman botany in the University of California. Catholic Church, and in 1894 was named professor of botany in the Catholic University of America in the City of Washington. In addition to papers in which many new species of plants are pro- posed, in the Bulletin of the Academy of Science of California and in botanical journals, Mr. Greene has published two papers on the Oaks of western America, an incompleted Flora Franciscana, parts of a Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay, and two volumes of Pittonia, a series of papers relating to betany and botanists. Greenella, an herb discovered by him in southern Arizona, was named in his honor by Asa Gray. 3 George Engelmann (1809-1884) was born at Frankfort-on-the- Main, where his father, a member of the younger branch of the Engelmann family, which for many generations had furnished clergymen to Bacharach on the Rhine, was likewise a clergyman and the master of a successful school for young ladies. George Engelmann was the oldest of thirteen children. He entered the University of Heidelberg in 1827, and in the following year, owing to some political difficulties at Heidelberg, he joined the Berlin University, where he remained for two years, going thence to Wiirzburg, where in 1831 he took his degree in the department of medicine, his inaugural thesis, De Antholyst Prodromus, a morpho- logical dissertation, being published the following year and attract- ing some attention. A few months of study having been spent in Paris with Agassiz and Alexander Braun, later the distinguished Berlin botanist, Dr. Engelmann sailed for America, where some members of his family had become interested in land investments in the Mississippi valley. After a long and adventuresome solitary journey through the forests of Arkansas and northern Louisiana, Dr. Engelmann established himself in St. Louis, where he resided during the remainder of his life, engaged in the practice of medi- cine, which brought him high standing, fame, and wealth, while the few leisure hours snatched from the demands of an absorbing profession were devoted to botany and meteorology. As a botanist, Dr. Engelmann confined himself to mastering by patient study the most difficult groups of flowering plants, studying them year after year, and leaving when his work was done little for the followers in his chosen fields to garner. In this manner he elaborated the Cactacee and the North American species of Cuscuta, Juncus, Yucea, Agave, Quercus, Pinus, Abies, and Juniperus. Nearly all his life a closet botanist, working with scanty and often insufficient material in his own herbarium or in those of Europe, which he visited several times for botanical investigations, it was only to- ward the end of his career that he was able to see with his own eyes living individuals of many of the western plants he had first made known to science. Those who knew George Engelmann well will never forget this friendly broad-minded, learned, and modest man, his many kind- nesses, his practical common sense, his unbounded good nature and good fellowship, or the pleasure of his society. His name is pre- served by the yellow-flowered Engelmannia of the western plains, dedicated to him by Torrey and Gray, by the handsomest of all Spruce-trees, by a conspicuous Cactus of the deserts and coasts of California, and by many smaller plants ; and it will live in honored remembrance as long as the trees of the New World remain a subject of interest to students. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pratt CCCLXXXVII. QueERcus ENGELMANNI. = A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A cup-scale, enlarged. A leaf, natural size. PHAAAE wh . A leaf, natural size. _ 2 A leaf, natural size. _ he . A winter branchlet, the leaves removed, natural size. = bo . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXXVII. CL. Faacon ded. ; Lovendal sc. QUERCUS ENGELMANNTI, Greene. A. Riocreua direa = , Ip. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA., White Oak. LEAVES ovate, oval or obovate, usually cordate, entire or remotely spinulose-dentate, pale blue. Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 173, t.19 Quercus undulata, var. oblongata, Engelmann, Roth- (1853). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 36. — Wat- rock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250 (1878). son, Pl. Wheeler, 17. Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Quercus undulata, 6 grisea, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Acad. iii. 393 (excl. hab. California).— Sargent, Forest Berlin, iii. 200 (in part) (1885). Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 148 (excl. hab. Cali- Quercus undulata, var. grisea, Greene, West Am. Oaks, fornia). — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 416 29 (in part), t. 15, f. 1 (1889). (Man. Pl. W. Texas). A tree, rarely more than thirty feet in height, with a short trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter and many stout spreading and often contorted branches which form a handsome round-topped symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter in thickness, and is ashy gray and checkered with small nearly square or oblong close plate-like scales. The branches are slender, rigid, and marked with pale lenticels; at first they are coated with thick pale or fulvous tomentum which gradually disappears, and during their first winter they are light red-brown, dark brown, or dark orange-color, becoming ashy gray in their second or third year. The winter-buds are subglobose, obtuse, from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch long, and covered with thin light chestnut-colored scales, those of the imner ranks being coated with thick pale tomentum tinged with red or pink. The leaves are revolute in the bud, ovate, oval or slightly obovate, usually cordate or sometimes rounded at the base, rounded and occasionally emarginate or acute at the apex, which is often furnished with a minute ridged tip, and entire and sometimes undulate, with thickened revolute margins, or occasionally remotely dentate with small callous teeth; or on vigorous shoots or young plants they are oblong, elongated, rounded or wedge-shaped at the narrow base, acute at the apex, and coarsely sinuate or undulate-toothed with gland-tipped teeth, or three-toothed at the broad apex and entire below; when they unfold they are bright red and coated, especially on the lower surface, with hoary tomentum which soon disappears; when they are half grown they are membrana- ceous, light green, and glabrous, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, bright blue and lustrous on the upper and paler on the lower surface, from one to two inches long and from one half to three quarters of an inch broad, or on vigorous shoots sometimes from three to four inches long, with prominent pale midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, slender primary veins arcuate and united near the margins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout nearly terete petioles about a quarter of an inch in length, and, remaining on the branches during the winter without change of color, gradually turn yellow in the spring and fall with or just before the appearance of the new growth. The stipules are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, coated with pale pubescence and caducous. The flowers appear during March and April with the first unfolding of the leaves; the staminate are borne in short aments, their slender stems covered with white tomentum, and the pistillate are usually sessile, or are raised on tomen- tose peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, pilose, and divided into five or six laciniately cut or entire acute segments tinged with red above the middle, and shorter than the stamens with slender filaments and ovate emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the 88 CUPULIFERZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. pistillate flower are coated with pale tomentum, and the stigmas are bright red. The acorns ripen in the autumn and are usually solitary and sessile, although occasionally they are raised on slender stalks sometimes nearly two inches in length; the nut is ovate, oval or slightly obovate, full and rounded at the apex, which is furnished with a narrow ring of white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, striate and very lustrous, but soon becoming light brown in drying, from one half to three quarters of an inch long and about one third of an inch broad, with a thin papery shell and dark purple very astringent connate cotyledons ; the cup, which embraces about a third of the nut, is shallow, cup-shaped or rarely turbinate, thin, yellow-green and pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by ovate-oblong scales ; these are regularly imbricated, slightly thickened on the back, coated with hoary tomentum, and produced into thin acute bright red tips ciliate on their margins with slender white hairs which some- times form a minute fringe to the rim of the cup. Quercus oblongifolia is distributed from the Chisos Mountains, in western Texas,’ through southern New Mexico and Arizona, and ranges southward into northern Mexico. in Texas, it is abundant on the foothills of all the mountain ranges of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, at elevations of about five thousand feet, and, with Quercus Hmoryi, dots the Comparatively rare upper slopes of the mesa where narrow canons open to the plain. The wood of Quercus oblongifolia is very heavy, hard, and strong, but brittle and liable to check badly in drying ; it is dark brown or nearly black, with thick brown sapwood, and contains conspicuous medullary rays, the layers of annual growth being hardly distinguishable. Exceedingly difficult to cut and split, it is sometimes used as fuel, but has no other economic value. Quercus oblongifolia was discovered in western New Mexico in the autumn of 1851, by Dr. 8. W. Woodhouse,’ naturalist of the expedition sent by the government of the United States, under the It is a tree of the foothills and one of the most beautiful of the Oaks of the southwest, always easily recognized by its pale checkered bark, its handsome compact round-topped head, and its light blue foliage. command of Captain Sitgreaves, to explore the Zuni and Colorado Rivers. 1 Quercus oblongifolia was collected in western Texas by Dr. V. Havard, U.S. Army (teste Herb. Engelmann). 2 Samuel Washington Woodhouse, son of Samuel Woodhouse, a captain in the United States Army, was born June 27, 1821, in Philadelphia, where he was educated, and in 1847 was graduated from the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania and elected an assistant physician in the Philadelphia Hospital. In 1849 Dr. Woodhouse, who had early developed a love of natural history, especially of ornithology, was appointed surgeon and nat- uralist of the expedition sent under command of Captain L. Sit- greaves and Lieutenant J. C. Woodruff to establish the boundary of the Creek and Cherokee Nations ; a year later he joined the Zuii exploring party under command of Captain Sitgreaves in the same capacity, and published the account of the mammals and birds included in the general report of this expedition. In 1854 Dr. Woodhouse took part in a scientific expedition to Central America, and two years later resigned his position inthe army. The natural history collections made in his long journeys are preserved in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington and in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCLXXXVIII. QveERcus oBLONGIFOLIA. CANA TR WHY HE a co) A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . Leaf of a vigorous shoot, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . The end of a winter branchlet, natural size. . A winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. COCLXXXVII CE. Faxon det. Raping se. QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA, Torr. A, Riocreuz dren” Imp, J. faneur, Paris . CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 QUERCUS ARIZONICA. White Oak. LEAVES oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, cordate or rounded at the base, acute or rounded at the apex, spinose-dentate, blue-green, pubescent and conspicuously reticulate-venulose on the lower surface. Quercus Arizonica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 92 Quercus undulata, var. grisea, Engelmann, Rothrock (1895). Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250 (not Quercus grisea, Liebmann) Quercus Emoryi, Watson, Pl. Wheeler, 17 (not Torre (1878). — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 30 (in part), t. 14. A I (1874). Quercus grisea, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 144 (excl. syn.) (not Liebmann) (1884). A tree, occasionally fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter and stout contorted branches spreading nearly at right angles from the stem and forming a handsome round- topped symmetrical head; usually not more than thirty or forty feet tall, and at high elevations sometimes reduced to a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is about an inch thick, and is deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad ridges broken into long thick plate-like scales pale or ashy gray on the surface, that of the young stems and the branches being thinner, pale, and scaly with small appressed scales. The branchlets are stout, and when they first appear are clothed with thick fulvous tomentum which continues to cover them during their first winter, and in their second season they are reddish brown or light orange-color, marked with pale lenticels, and pubescent or puberulous, becoming glabrous and darker the following year. The buds are subglobose, about a sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown puberulous scales often ciliate on the margins. The leaves are revolute in the bud, oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at the base, generally acute or sometimes rounded at the apex, and repandly spinose-dentate with minute callous teeth usually, except on vigorous shoots, only above the middle or toward the apex; or they are entire and sometimes undulate ; when they unfold they are light red, clothed with bright fulvous or hoary tomentum, and furnished with dark dental glands, and at maturity they are thick, firm and rigid, dark blue-green and glabrous or covered with stellate hairs above, and yellow-green or pale blue and clothed with thick fulvous or pale pubescence below ; they are extremely variable in size as well as in shape, varying from an inch to four inches in length and from half an inch to two inches in width, but are usually about two inches long and an inch wide, with yellow midribs broad and thick on the under and slender and raised on the upper side, and slender yellow primary veins arcuate and united near the thickened and slightly revolute margins and connected by coarsely reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout tomentose slightly flattened petioles from one quarter to one half of an inch in length and fall in the early spring with or just before the appearance of the new growth. The stipules are obovate- oblong or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, coated with pale tomentum below and furnished at the apex with clusters of long hairs, and are caducous, or those of the last leaves sometimes persist during the winter. The flowers appear in April; the staminate are borne in short tomentose aments two or three inches in length from the axils of the inner bud-scales of the terminal buds, and the pistillate on short peduncles clothed with thick pale tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is pale yellow and pubescent, and is divided into from four to seven broad acute lobes often ciliate on the margins with pale hairs, and shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and oblong slightly emarginate red or yellow anthers. The fruit, which is sessile or is sometimes borne on a stout CUPULIFEL. 90 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. peduncle covered with hoary tomentum and rarely more than half an inch long, is usually solitary and ripens irregularly from the first of September to the end of November; the nut is oblong, oval or slightly obovate, obtuse and rounded at the puberulous apex, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long, and about half an inch broad, and is dark chestnut-brown, lustrous and often striate when ripe, but soon becomes light brown and losing its stripes as it dries ; the cotyledons are connate, dark purple, and very astringent; the cup, which incloses about a third of the nut, is deeply cup-shaped or hemispherical, light brown and pubescent within and covered by regularly and closely imbricated broadly ovate scales coated with thick pale tomentum, furnished with thin light red pointed tips, and below the middle of the cup much thickened and rounded on the back. Quercus clrizonica is the most common and generally distributed White Oak of southern Arizona and New Mexico, covering with Quercus Emoryi the slopes of the cafions of the mountain ranges south of the Colorado plateau * at elevations of from five to ten thousand feet above the level of the sea, and many of those of northern Mexico.” Growing at the upper edge of the mesa with Quercus oblongifolia, it ascends nearly to the summits of the high peaks, where it mingles with Quercus chryso- lepis, Quercus Ganbelii, and with Pines and Junipers. The wood of Quercus Arizonica is very heavy, strong, hard, and close-grained, although liable to check badly in drying ; it is dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth and connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0092, a cubic foot weighing 62.89 pounds. Extremely difficult to cut and split, it is only used for fuel. Quercus Arizonica,® which has been long confounded with one of the Texas forms of Quercus undulata, appears to have been first collected in Arizona in 1871 by the party, under command of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, sent by the government of the United States to explore the territory west of the one hundredth meridian. To this tree, less beautiful in color, perhaps, than Quercus oblongifolia, but always attractive from its pale bark and shapely head of cheerful foliage, is due much of the beauty of the forest-covering of the Arizona Mountains, where Quercus Hmoryi is the only broad-leaved tree that grows in more abundance. 1 The sterile branches of a shrubby Oak collected by Coville and _gifolia, connate cotyledons. It differs from Quercus oblongifolia Funston in December, 1890 (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 234, No. 4 [Bot. Death Valley Exped.]), near Flagstaff, Arizona, on the Colorado plateau, I can refer only to this species, although the region is far north of its range as otherwise known. An Oak found without flowers and fruit by Brandegee on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California and referred to Quercus grisea (Zoé, iv. 209) is probably of another species. 2 Pringle, Garden and Forest, i. 142, 238, 441. 8 Quercus Arizonica is intermediate in many of its characters Like these species it has purple and astringent seeds, and, like Quercus oblon- between Quercus oblongifolia and Quercus reticulata. in its thicker pubescent and much more coarsely reticulate leaves and in its pubescent branchlets and larger fruit with thicker cup-scales. In the texture, pubescence, and coloring of its leaves, and in the shape of some of the large broadly obovate and rounded individual leaves (Plate ccclxxxix.f. 6, 7) which may sometimes be found on branches bearing oblong acute leaves, it resembles Quercus reticulata, but its fruit is much larger and has thicker cup-scales than the fruit of that species ; its bark is thicker and fissured and generally lighter colored, and in Arizona it grows to a much larger size and at lower altitudes. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCLXXXIX. Quercus ARIZONICA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A sterile branch, natural size. 7. A leaf, natural size. 8. A leaf, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCLXXXiX, LE. Faxon del. fapine se. » QVDUERCUS ARIZONICA, Sarg. A. Riocreux direx. € Imp. 1. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 91 QUERCUS RETICULATA. LEAVES broadly obovate, cordate, usually rounded and obtuse at the apex, repandly spinose-dentate, coarsely reticulate-venulose, dark blue-green. Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Aquin. ii. Census U. S. ix. 144.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Ber- 40, t. 86 (1809). — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. lin, iii. 194. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 31, t. 16. Gen. et Spec. ii. 12. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aiquin. i. 307.— Quercus spicata, Humboldt & Bonpland, Pl. Ayuin. ii. Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. v. 609. —Sprengel, Syst. iii. 46, t. 89 (1809). — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. 860. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1944, f. 1865. — Dietrich, Gen. et Spec. ii. 13. — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aquin. i. 858. — Syn. v. 308. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 33. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 56. Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 67; Lieb- Quercus decipiens, Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Sct. mann Chénes Am. Trop. t. H, t. 34, f. 10-16: t. 35, Brux. x. 214 (1843). £. 15-22. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 383; Quercus reticulata, 8 Greggii, A. de Candolle, Prodr. Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 250. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. xvi. pt. il, 34 (1864). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. Am. Cent. iii. 176. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th iii. 176. Quercus reticulata, a large tree in the canons of the Sierra Madre of Mexico,’ rarely grows more than thirty feet tall on the mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico or produces a trunk that exceeds a foot in diameter, and is usually shrubby in habit and sometimes only a few feet high. The bark of the trunk is about a quarter of an inch thick, and is dark or light brown and covered with small thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets, which are stout and marked with pale lenticels, are coated, when they first appear, with thick fulvous tomentum, and during their first winter are light orange-colored and more or less thickly clothed with pubescence, ultimately becoming ashy gray or light brown. The winter-buds are ovate or oval, often accompanied by the persistent stipules of the upper leaves, about an eighth of an inch long and covered by thin loosely imbricated light red scales ciliate on the margins. The leaves are revolute in the bud, broadly obovate, usually cordate or occasionally rounded at the narrow base, obtuse and rounded or rarely acute at the apex, repandly spinose-dentate above the middle or only toward the apex with slender teeth, and entire below ; when they unfold they are coated with dense fulvous tomentum, and at maturity are thick, firm and rigid, dark blue and covered with scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, paler and clothed with thick fulvous pubescence on the lower surface, from one to five inches long and from three quarters of an inch to four inches broad, with stout midribs slightly raised on the upper side and remote primary veins running to the points of the teeth or arcuate and united within the slightly revolute margins, coarse conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout petioles about a quarter of an inch in length. The stipules are linear, scarious, light brown, pubescent, and caducous, or those of the last leaves sometimes persist on the branches until the opening of the buds of the following season. The flowers appear in Arizona in May and June, and are borne, the staminate in short tomentose aments from the axils of the leaves of the year, the pistillate in spikes on elongated peduncles clothed, like their involucral scales, with hoary tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow and coated with pale hairs, and is divided into from five to seven ovate acute segments shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and smooth ovate emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The stigmas of the pistillate flowers are dark red. The acorns are borne usually in many- fruited spikes or occasionally in pairs or rarely solitary, on slender hirsute or glabrous peduncles from two to five inches in length and persistent on the branches for one or two years ; the nut is oblong, rounded or acute at the pilose apex, broad at the base and about half an inch long, with deep 1 Pringle, Garden and Forest, i. 441. CUPULIFERZ, 92 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. purple astringent cotyledons ; the cup, which incloses about a quarter of the nut, is shallow, cup-shaped, dark brown and pubescent within, and coated with pale or fulvous tomentum on the outer surface, which is covered by small ovate acute scales with thin free scarious tips, and, at the bottom of the cup, shehtly thickened and rounded on the back. The wood of Quercus reticulata, which is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, and contains numerous small scattered open ducts and many broad medullary rays, 1s dark brown with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9479, a cubic foot weighing 59.07 pounds. In the United States Quercus reticulata was discovered on Mt. Graham, Arizona, at an elevation of nine thousand five hundred feet above the sea by Dr. J. T. Rothrock * in 1874. It has also been found near the summits of the Santa Rita, Huachuca, Chiricahua, and Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona and on the San Luis and Animas Mountains in southern New Mexico.” 1 Joseph Trimble Rothrock was born in McVeytown, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, on April 9, 1839, and received his early edu- cation in Pennsylvania in the Freeland Seminary and in Academia, Juniata County ; he then entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, from which he was graduated in 1864, and three years later received a degree in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania. He was botanist to a party sent to the Northwest in 1865 to explore a route for a proposed telegraph line across Behr- ing’s Sea, and from 1873 to 1875 was surgeon and botanist to the United States Geographical Survey of the country west of the one hundredth meridian, which, under command of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, explored parts of Colorado, Mexico, Arizona, and Cali- fornia. He largely prepared the volume in which are described the plants collected by him at this time, and is the author of a report on the flora of Alaska, published in the Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for 1867. In 1877 Dr. Rothrock was appointed professor of botany in the University of Pennsylvania, and in November, 1892, general secretary of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. 2 Quercus reticulata was found on the mountains of southern New Mexico in the summer of 1892 by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, surgeon and naturalist of the International Boundary Commission, growing on their summits as a little shrub and at lower eleva- tions as a small tree with rough whitish bark. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCXC. QUERCUS RETICULATA. a Ou PB © bo . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCKC re a . i CE. Faxon det. Rapine sc. QUERCUS RETICULATA, Humb. & Bonp. A. Biocreua dex © Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 QUERCUS TOUMEYI. LEAVES ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, entire or remotely spinose-dentate, blue- green. Quercus Toumeyi, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 92, £. 138, 14 (1895). A tree, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, with a short trunk six or eight inches in diameter dividing not far above the ground into several stout wide-spreading branches which form a broad irregular head. The bark of the trunk is about three quarters of an inch in thickness and is deeply furrowed, dark brown tinged with red, and broken on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, and at midsummer are light rather bright red and more or less thickly coated with pale tomentum, and during their second and third years are covered with thin dark brown nearly black bark broken into small plate-like closely appressed scales. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, rounded or cordate at the base, acute and apiculate at the apex, entire with thickened and slightly revolute margins or remotely spinulose-dentate, or often minutely three-toothed at the apex; they are thin but firm in texture, light blue-green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale and puberulous below, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, from one quarter to one half of an inch wide, and conspicuously reticulate-venulose, with slender midribs raised and rounded on the upper side and thin arcuate primary veins; they are borne on stout tomentose petioles about one sixteenth of an inch long and probably fall early in the spring with the appearance of the new growth. The flowers are unknown. The fruit is sessile, solitary or in pairs, and ripens in June; the nut is oval or ovate, one half or two thirds of an inch long, one quarter of an inch broad, light brown and lustrous, and furnished at the acute apex with a narrow ring of pale pubescence ; the abortive ovules are at the base of the seed; the cup, which incloses about a quarter of the nut, is thin and shallow, cup-shaped and tomentose, light green and pubescent within and covered on the outer surface by thin ovate regu- larly and closely imbricated ight red-brown scales ending in short rounded tips and coated on the back with pale tomentum. The wood of Quercus Toumeyt is light brown, with thick pale sapwood, and contains numerous medullary rays and narrow bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. Quercus Toumeyi inhabits the Mule Mountains in Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, where it was found in July, 1894, by Professor J. W. Toumey,' forming stunted open forests extending from the belt of Quercus Hmoryi to the summits. 1 James William Toumey was born in Van Buren County, Michi- professor of botany and entomology in the University of Arizona. gan, April 17, 1865, and was graduated from the Michigan Agri- Professor Toumey has made large collections of Arizona plants cultural College in 1889, becoming a year later an assistant in the gathered in different parts of the territory, which he has explored botanical department of that institution. In 1891 he was appointed _ botanically more thoroughly than any one else. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCXCI. Quercus TouMEYI. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A cup-scale, enlarged. . A seed, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. JID oF Re & b . A leaf, natural size. Tab. CCCXCI. Silva of North America. Himely se. C.E Faxon det. QUERCUS TOUMEY!I, Sarg. Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. A Riocreux dirext CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AJIERICA. 95 QUERCUS DUMOSA. Scrub Oak. Leaves oblong or obovate, entire, sinute-toothed or lobed, green, pubescent, and often pale on the lower surface. Quercus dumosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 7 (1842).— Torrey, Quercus dumosa, y acutidens, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 207. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Berlin, iti. 204 (1885). Louis Acad. iii. 382 (excel. syn. Quercus berberidifolia), Quercus MacDonaldi, Greene, West Am. Oaks, 25 393; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 96. —Wenzig, Jahrb. (1889) ; pt. ii. 73, t. 34. — Sargent, Garden and Forest, Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 203.— Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii. 471. ii. 412; West Am. Oaks, 35, t. 18, 19; Man. Bot. Bay Quercus MacDonaldi, var. elegantula, Greene, [est Region, 302. — Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, Am. Oaks, 25 (1889) ; pt. ii. 61, t. 29. — Parish, Zvé, iv. 334 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U.S. 346. Nat. Herb. iv. 197 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.).—Sar- Quercus dumosa, var. polycarpa, Greene, [Vest Am. gent, Garden and Forest, viii. 93. Oaks, 36 (1889); pt. ii. 61, t. 28. Quercus acutidens, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 207, Quercus dumosa, var. munita, Greene, West Am. Oaks, t. 51 (1858). 37, t. 20 (1889). Quercus undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann, Brewer & Quercus turbinella, Greene, West Am. Oaks, 37 (1889) ; Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 96 (in part) (1880). pt. ii. 59 (in part), t. 27. An intricately branched rigid shrub, with stout stems covered by pale gray bark, usually from six to eight feet in height, often forming dense thickets; or occasionally in the sheltered cations of the California islands rising to the height of twenty-five or thirty feet, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter covered by bright brown scaly bark, and a round-topped head of slender branches. The branchlets are slender, marked with scattered pale lenticels, and coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum ; during their first winter they are ashy gray or light or dark reddish brown and usually pubescent or tomentose. The winter-buds are oval, generally acute, from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch long, and covered by thin pale red scales often pilose and ciliate. The leaves are convolute in the bud, and when they unfold are thin, clothed with scattered stellate hairs or rarely tomentose on the upper surface, and coated on the lower and on the petioles with hoary tomentum; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green and rather lustrous above and paler and covered more or less thickly with pubescence below. The leaves of no other North American Oak vary so much in shape; often on the mainland they are oblong, broad and abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, sinuate, spinescent-toothed or entire or occasionally lobed, and usually about three quarters of an inch long and half an inch broad, with obscure midribs and primary veins, conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and short stout petioles rarely more than an eighth of an inch in length; generally furnished with a few small remote spinescent teeth, oblong-obovate leaves, and leaves with undulate and entire or coarsely spinescent margins are common on individual plants, and leaves of all these forms may be found on the same plant; small lobed leaves are not uncommon on plants near the coast, but are most abundant on the islands, where individual plants frequently produce oblong or oblong-obovate leaves narrowed. at the base into long slender petioles and divided by deep sinuses rounded at the bottom into from five to nine oblong lobes, these being acute, rounded or emarginate and bristle tipped, and increasing in size from the base of the leaf to the apex, which is three-lobed, rounded or acute ; such leaves are sometimes from two to four inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with stout midribs, primary veins running to the points of the leaves, and obscure reticulate veinlets; and, borne on petioles varying from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length, they appear to fall CUPULIFERZ. 96 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. earlier in the winter than the smaller dentate or entire leaves on mainland plants.’ The stipules are linear, obovate or lanceolate, scarious, light brown, coated with pale hairs and caducous. The flowers are produced in early spring with the unfolding of the leaves; the staminate are borne in pubescent aments about three inches in length, and the pistillate are sessile or pedunculate ; or rarely the flowers are perfect in long many-flowered tomentose spikes.” The calyx of the pistillate flower is divided into from four to eight ovate lanceolate hairy segments much shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments and ovate emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales and the calyx of the pistillate flower are clothed with pale tomentum, and the stigmas are red. The acorns are usually solitary, and are sessile or short-pedunculate ; the nut is oval, broad at the base, broad and rounded or narrowed and acute at the apex, from half an inch to an inch and a half long and from one third to nearly two thirds of an inch broad; the cup, which incloses from one third to nearly two thirds of the nut, is deeply cup-shaped or hemispherical ; it is light brown and pubescent within, and is covered by ovate pointed scales coated with pale or rufous tomentum ; these, except on the upper part of the cup, are generally much thickened, united and tuberculate, and are sometimes furnished with thin free acute tips; above they are small and thin with minute free hairy tips which form a slight fringe to the rim of the cup, or frequently the basal scales are scarcely or not at all thickened and are furnished with larger free tips. In northern California, and occasionally in southern California, a variety of Quercus dumosa® occurs with rounder, thicker, and paler leaves, which are concave and covered with hoary tomentum or are glabrous on the upper surface and strongly revolute with entire or spinescent margins, and usually with less pointed nuts and rather shallower cups. Quercus dimosa is sometimes found on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California ;* it is common on the coast ranges south of San Francisco Bay, inhabits the islands off the coast of the southern part of the state, where it grows to its largest size, and extends inland to the borders of the Mohave Desert and the cations of the desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, ranging southward in Lower California to the hills near San Telmo.® North of San Fran- cisco Bay it is replaced by the variety revoluta, which ranges as far north as Mendocino County and to Napa Valley. Quercus dumosa was discovered by Thomas Nuttall on the hills near Santa Barbara in the spring of 1835. 1 No one could imagine simply from an examination of herba- rium specimens that the insular form, with lobed leaves (Plate ecexciil. f. 1, 4) resembling those of some forms of Quercus Gam- belii, could belong to this species. When the plants, however, are seen in the caiions of Santa Catalina Island it becomes apparent that the occasional trees with large lobed leaves are only more vigorous individuals of a species which in the same thickets pro- duce small and entire or spinescent or slightly lobed leaves ; in these thickets individual plants bear entire, spinescent, and variously lobed large and small leaves on the same or on different branches, and vigorous shoots on plants with otherwise mostly small entire leaves often bear large lobed leaves ; and these large-leaved indi- viduals seen from a little distance cannot be distinguished by habit, color, or general appearance from their smaller leaved associates. Half a dozen species or well marked varieties might be established from as many isolated branches selected from plants of Quercus dumosa on Santa Catalina Island (Plate ecexciii.), and all their characters might be found on a single plant. A low shrubby form (Quercus turbinella) from the two moun- tain-slopes on both sides of the Mexican boundary, with oblong acute entire or dentate thick and rigid leaves about three quar- ters of an inch long, slender elongated nuts and comparatively shallow cups with thin scales, appears distinct in extreme forms, but more spinescent leaved forms with thicker and more tuberculate cups grow with it, and I cannot find varietal characters by which to separate them. I have not seen this plant alive. ? A monstrous condition (Quercus dumosa polycarpa) noticed by Professor Greene, who believed it to be a second flowering from a second annual growth. % Quercus dumosa, var. revoluta, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 93 (1895) (Plate ccexcii. f. 5, 6). Quercus dumosa, var. bullata, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 393 (not Quercus Robur bullata, A. de Candolle) (1877); Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 96.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 204. — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 302. 4 A common small-leaved form of Quercus dumosa was collected at Sherlock, in Mariposa County, by Mr. J. W. Congdon, in the spring of 1894. 5 Brandegee, Zoé, iv. 209. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCXCII. QvuERCUS DUMOSA. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, natural size. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch of the variety revoluta, natural size. . The end of a branch of the variety revoluta, with nearly entire leaves. oP © te 6. A fruit, natural size. 7. A fruit, natural size. 8. A fruit, natural size. Puate CCCXCIII. Quercus pumosa. . A fruiting branch, natural size. no . A fruiting branch, natural size. ~~ The end of a vigorous shoot with sharply dentate leaves. 4. A leaf, natural size. 5. A leaf, natural size. 6. A leaf, natural size. 7. A leaf, natural size. 8. A fruit, natural size. 9. A fruit, natural size. 10. A fruit, natural size. 11. A fruit, natural size. 12. A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCXCI. C.£E.Fazvon del. Hapine se. QUERCUS DUMOSA, Nutt. A, Riocreuc direg, © imp. J.Llaneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCXCIIL. CLE. Fazron del. Migneaur sc. QUERCUS DUMOSA Nutt. A. Riocreue. direct Imp. J. Taneur, Paris, CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 QUERCUS VIRGINIANA. Live Oak. LEAVES oblong, elliptical or obovate, entire or remotely spinose-dentate, pale or silvery white on the lower surface. Quercus Virginiana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 16 (1768). — Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 72.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 426. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 57. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 91, £. 39. —Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric. U. S. 1892, 328. — Coulter, Contrid. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 416 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus Phellos, ~, Linnzus, Spec. 994 (1753). Quercus Phellos, c, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 255 (1770). Quercus Phellos, y obtusifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 722 (1783). Quercus Phellos sempervirens, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 124 (1785). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 345. Quercus sempervirens, Walter, #7. Car. 234 (not Miller) (1788). Quercus virens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 356 (1789). — Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 6, t. 10; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 196. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 425; Hnum. 974. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 718. — Bose, Mém. Inst. Nat. Sci. Phys. Math. viii. pt. i. 342. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 507. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 213. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 404. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 67, t. 11. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 626. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214; Sylva, i. 16. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 595. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 858. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 177. — Scheele, Roemer Texas, 446; Linnea, xxii. 147. — Die- trich, Syn. v. 307. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 206.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 35.— Chapman, Fl. 421. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii 37.—Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 69; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. 282, £. 175.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 383. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 178. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 145.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 181. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 302, t.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 477. Quercus oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, v. 79 (1830). — Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. x. 208. —Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 69. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 218. Quercus Sagrzana, Nuttall, Sylva, i.17 (1842). Quercus Cubana, A. Richard, FV. Cub. iii. 230 (1853). Quercus retusa, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 187.— Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 69. A tree, forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter above its swollen and buttressed base, and usually dividing a few feet from the ground into three or four great horizontal wide-spreading limbs which form a low dense round-topped head often covering an area from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet across; occasionally sixty or seventy feet tall, with a trunk diameter of six or seven feet, but often shrubby, and sometimes not more than a foot high. The bark of the trunk and large branches is from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark brown tinged with red and slightly furrowed, the surface separating into small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, rigid, marked with pale lenticels, and coated at first with hoary tomentum which soon begins to disappear, and during their first winter are ashy gray or light brown and pubescent or puberulous, becoming darker and glabrous the following season. The winter-buds are globose or slightly obovate, about one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by thin light chestnut-brown scales with scarious white margins. The leaves are revolute in the bud, oblong, elliptical or obovate, gradu- ally narrowed and wedge-shaped or, in Texas and Mexico, sometimes rounded or cordate at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, and usually entire with thickened and conspicuously revolute margins, or rarely furnished above the middle with a few rigid spinose teeth; when they unfold they are thin, light green tinged with red, covered with scattered pale stellate hairs on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with thick hoary tomentum ; and at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, very dark green and lustrous above, pale or silvery white and pubescent or puberulous below, from two 100 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. to five inches in length and from half an inch to two inches and a half in breadth, with narrow yellow midribs, few slender obscure primary veins forked and united at some distance from the margins, and conspicuous or inconspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout petioles, grooved and flattened on the upper side and rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, and, gradually turning yellow or brown at the end of the winter, fall with or soon after the appearance of the new growth in the spring. The stipules are linear-obovate or lanceolate, hairy, brown and scarious, and about half an inch in length. The flowers appear in March and April, and are borne, the staminate in the axils of linear- lanceolate pubescent bracts in hairy aments from two to three inches in length, the pistillate in spikes on slender pubescent peduncles from one to three inches long. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, hairy, and divided into from five to seven ovate rounded segments shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender filaments about as long as the large oblong emarginate hirsute yellow anthers. The involucral scales and ovate calyx-lobes of the pistillate flower are coated with hoary pubescence, and the stigmas are bright red. The fruit is usually produced in from three to five- fruited spikes, or sometimes in pairs or singly, on stout light brown puberulous peduncles marked with pale lenticels, enlarged toward the apex, and from one to five inches in length; the nut is oval or slightly obovate, narrowed at the base, rounded or acute at the narrow apex, dark chestnut-brown and very lustrous, and about an inch long and one third of an inch wide, with a sweet seed and light yellow connate cotyledons; the cup, which incloses about a quarter of the nut, is turbinate, light reddish brown and puberulous within, and covered with thin ovate acute scales slightly keeled on the back, coated with dense lustrous hoary tomentum and produced into small closely appressed reddish tips. In germinating, the petioles of the cotyledons grow from one to two inches long, the plumule forcing its way up through a slit near their base; the radicle and the upper part of the fruit, by absorbing the sweet and starchy matter contained in the cotyledons, enlarges and forms a spindle-shaped tuber often two inches long which furnishes the young plant with an immediate supply of nourishment and, when this function has been performed, becomes merged with the root.’ Quercus Virginiana is distributed from the shores of Mobjack Bay in Virginia southward on the islands and in the neighborhood of the coast to those of Bay Biscayne in Florida ; it abounds in all parts of the Florida peninsula, and, ranging from Cape Romano along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to beyond the mouth of the Rio Grande, spreads inland through Texas to the valley of the Red River and to the Apache and Guadaloupe Mountains in the extreme western part of the state, and to the mountains of northeastern Mexico; it inhabits the island of Cuba and the mountains of southern Mexico, Central America, and Lower California.” On the Atlantic and east Gulf coasts, where it is very abundant and attains its largest size, the Live Oak grows on rich hummocks and ridges a few feet above the level of the ocean with the Water Oaks, the Hickories, the Red Bay, and the Mulberry; it is abundant in Texas, growing in the coast region near the banks of streams in low rich soil, and farther westward toward the valley of the Rio Grande often forming on low moist soil the principal part of the shrubby growth. In sandy barren soil in the immediate vicinity of the coast, or on the shores of salt water estuaries and bays, the Live Oak is often a shrub with numerous stout contorted stems and thick rigid branchlets. Such shrubby forms bear leaves which, except in their smaller size, resemble the leaves of the large trees, or on some individuals the leaves are thin and but slightly or not at all revolute and frequently not more than an inch in length,® and on others, sometimes bearing fruit on stems not more than a foot high, they are obovate-oblong, often spinosely toothed, three or four inches long and 1 Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 190. Quercus Phellos (maritima), Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 7, These tubers are eagerly sought for and eaten by the negro chil- t. 13, f. 3 (1801). dren in the southern states. Quercus maritima, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 424 (1805). — 2 Quercus Virginiana was collected by Mr. T. S. Brandegee at Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214 ; Sylva, i. 13. Miraflores, Lower California, November 14, 1890. Quercus virens, var. maritima, Chapman, Fl. 421 (1860).— En- 3 Quercus Virginiana, var. maritima. gelmann, T’rans. St. Louis Acad. iti. 383. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 half an inch wide. On one form ? growing from one to two feet high and spreading by underground stems, which is common in the sterile Pine barrens of the south Atlantic and eastern Gulf coasts, the lower leaves are oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed at the base, acute at the broad apex, coarsely repand-serrate with large triangular spreading or oblique teeth, or three-toothed at the apex and entire below, and three or four inches long, while the upper leaves are oblong-lanceolate with entire shghtly revolute margins. On these dwarf forms the fruit is usually larger and borne on shorter peduncles than that of large trees. Quercus Virginiana is one of the most valuable timber-trees of North America. The wood is very heavy, hard, strong, tough, and close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish, but is rather difficult to work; it is light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays, the layers of annual growth being hardly distinguishable. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9501, a cubic foot weighing 59.21 pounds. Formerly it was largely used in ship-building, and is still occasionally employed for this purpose.’ The sweet acorns were gathered and eaten by the Indians, and afford valuable food for hogs.’ The importance of the Live Oak as a timber-tree was recognized in the seventeenth century,’ and the first description of it was published by Plukenet in 1696.2 It was cultivated by Philip Miller in 1 Quercus Virginiana, var. minima (Plate eccxcvi.). Quercus virens, var. dentata, Chapman, Fil. 421 (not Quercus dentata, Thunberg) (1860). 2 The President of the United States having been authorized by an Act of Congress approved March 27, 1794, to procure four ships of war for the purpose of protecting American commerce against the attacks of Algerian pirates, the attention of the government was called to the value of Live Oak timber in ship-building (see Am. State Papers [Does. Legislative and Executive], i. 8). Writing on the 11th of January, 1797, to the committee on naval questions, James McHenry, Secretary of War, argued that “early precaution should be taken to secure to the United States a lasting fund of live oak for future use” (ibid. 27) ; and by an Act of Congress approved February 25, 1799, $200,000 were appropriated by Con- gress for the purpose of purchasing growing or other timber or lands on which timber was growing suitable for the navy. Under this act, Grover Island, of three hundred and fifty acres, on the Georgia coast, was purchased by the President for $7,500 in December, 1799 ; and in the following year Blackbeard Island, of sixteen hundred acres, also on the Georgia coast, was bought for $15,000. The acquisition of Louisiana by the United States in- creased the available supply of live oak, and on the 1st of March, 1817, an act was passed authorizing the withdrawal from entry of lands in the new territory covered with Live Oak and Cedar suita- ble for naval construction which might be designated by the Presi- dent. Under this act Cypress and Six Islands in Louisiana, of about nineteen thousand acres in extent and estimated to contain thirty- seven thousand Live Oaks suitable for naval use, were reserved. The ceding of Florida to the United States called attention to the value of its Live Oak trees and to the great quantities of this tim- ber that were exported annually from the St. John’s River to for- eign countries. The land was so covered by private titles, however, that no timber-land could be reserved in the new territory until 1825, when Congress appropriated $10,000 to purchase land on Santa Rosa Sound and cultivate Live Oak timber. The cultivation appears to have consisted chiefly in clearing the ground about young trees to improve their growth. Attempts to transplant seedlings were not successful, but large quantities of nuts were planted and experiments in pruning young trees were made. Under the Act of 1817, 208,224 acres of Live Oak land in west- ern Florida, including the island of Santa Rosa, were withdrawn from entry on October 23, 1830 ; two years later the reservations were increased by 26,218 acres on the coast of Mississippi, includ- ing Round Island, and by two hundred and forty acres in south- ern Alabama; on October 21, 1845, 9,170 acres in three islands on the coast of Louisiana were added to the reservations. Previous to the War of Secession large quantities of Live Oak timber were cut from the reservations and used in the construction of war-ships or stored in the shops of the different navy-yards, but the substitution of iron for wood in naval architecture diminished their value, and they were gradually neglected and occupied by squatters who cleared the land for agricultural purposes. On March 3, 1879, an act was passed providing that all lands in Florida reserved for the use of the navy should be restored to the public domain ; no action was taken under this authority, however, but under an act passed by the Fifty-third Congress, approved in Febru- ary, 1895, all the naval timber reservations in Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and Alabama were transferred by the Secretary of the Navy to the Secretary of the Interior on the 15th of March, 1895, and opened to the public for entry and occupation, the Florida reser- vations being still retained by the Navy Department for further investigations. 8 “Tt bears a prodigious quantity of fruit ; the acorn is small, but sweet and agreeable to the taste when roasted, and is food for almost all animals. The Indians obtain from it a sweet oil, which they use in the cooking of hommony, rice, &c., and they also roast them in hot embers, eating them as we do chesnuts.” (W. Bartram, Travels, 85.) 4 « Trees for the Service of building Houses and Shipping, besides those and many more which we have not nam’d; they have all such as we in England esteem Good, Lasting and Serviceable, as the Oak of three sorts, the White, Black and Live Oak, which for Toughness and the Goodness of its Grain is much esteemed.” (Thomas Ash, Carolina, or a Description of the Present State of that Country, 10.) 5 Quercus Virginiana sempervirens, foliis oblongis sinuatis, § non sinuatis, Alm. Bot. 310. — Ray, Hist. Pl. iii. Dendr. 8. Quercus sempervirens, foliis oblongis non sinuatis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 17, t. 17. 102 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. the Physic Garden at Chelsea, near London, in 1739,! and, although now rare in European plantations,” the Live Oak is said to have produced fruit in the King’s Garden at Kew early in the present century.’ In the southern United States its beauty has been appreciated for more than two hundred years; and noble single specimens or avenues of Live Oaks guarding the approaches to the stately colonial man- sions of Carolina and Georgia, and unsurpassed in majesty by planted trees of any other kind, testify to the ornamental value of this species, which surpasses the other Oaks of North America in grandeur of port, beauty of outline, and solidity of trunk and branches.‘ No American Oak grows more rapidly ° or is more easily transplanted, and its general use as a shade-tree, with the scarcely less beautiful Laurel Oak, in the streets of southern cities, gives them their greatest charm. 1 Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1918, f. 1802, 1803, t. 5 The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American ? Nicholson, Garden and Forest, i. 136. Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, ® Cobbett, Woodlands, No. 446. obtained from northern Florida, is eighteen inches in diameter 4 Sargent, Garden and Forest, i. 476, f. 74. Lamborn, Garden inside the bark, with sixteen layers of sapwood, and is only forty- and Forest, v. 483, £. 82, 83. — Garden and Forest, vi. 2, f. 2. four years old. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Purate CCCXCIV. QuveERcUS VIRGINIANA. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A stamen, enlarged. . A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A germinating nut, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. ONAN PWD . A winter-bud, natural size. PuiateE CCCXCV. QuERcus VIRGINIANA. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . End of a young shoot with small oblong lanceolate leaves. . A fruit, natural size. amr owner . A fruit, natural size. Pratt CCCXCVI. QuERcus VIRGINIANA, var. MINIMA. 1. A fruiting plant, natural size. 2. Portion of a plant, showing the large obovate lower leaves and the small oblong-lanceolate upper leaves, natural size. 3. A leaf, natural size. 4. A leaf, natural size. 5. A peduncle and cups, natural size. Tab. CCCXCIV. Silva of North America. apine $c, CE. Faaon del, QUERCUS VIRGINIANA, Mill. imp. J. Taneur, Pari. A. Riocreun direa © Silva of North America: Tab. CCCXCV. LE. Faxon det. loulet sc, QUERCUS VIRGINIANA, Mill. A. Riocreux direx imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Tab. CCCXCVI. Silva.of North America. Hunely SC. C.E Faxon del. QUERCUS VIRGINIANA,var. MINIMA, Sarg lop. JS. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERA, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 QUERCUS EMORYI. Black Oak. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or repand-serrate, coriaceous, dark green. Quercus Emoryi, Torrey, Emory’s Rep. 151, t. 9 (excl. £. Oaks, 45.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 416 2) (1848); Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 206; Pacific R. R. (Man. Pl. W. Texas). fep. iv. pt. i. 138; Ives’ Rep. 28.— Engelmann, Trans. Quercus hastata, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. St. Louis Acad. iii. 382, 387, 394; Rothrock Wheeler’s Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 171.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. Rep. vi. 250.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 170 xvi. pt. ii. 36. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. (excl. syn. Quercus pungens). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Kjobenh. 1866, 69; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22. — Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 146.— Greene, West Am. Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 205. A tree, usually thirty or forty feet in height, with a short trunk two or three feet in diameter and stout rigid rather drooping branches which form a round-topped symmetrical head; sometimes sixty or seventy feet high, with a trunk-diameter of four or five feet and a head occasionally one hundred feet across; and often at high elevations or on exposed mountain-slopes reduced to a low shrub.!' The bark of the trunk is from one to two inches in thickness, very dark brown or nearly black, and deeply divided into large oblong thick plates separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, rigid, and marked with small pale lenticels, and when they first appear are coated with close hoary tomentum, which covers them during the summer; in their first winter they are rather bright red and pubescent or tomentose, and then gradually become glabrous and dark red-brown or black. The winter-buds are oval, acute, nearly a quarter of an inch long, and covered by closely imbricated thin light chestnut-brown scales, ciliate with pale hairs, and toward the point of the bud clothed with loose pale pubescence. The leaves are revolute in vernation, oblong-lan- ceolate, acute and mucronate at the apex, cordate or rarely rounded at the slightly narrowed base, and entire, or remotely repand-serrate with from one to five pairs of acute rigid oblique teeth ; when they unfold they are thin, light green, more or less tinged with red and coated with silvery white tomentum, which is thickest on the lower surface and on the petioles; this rapidly disappears, with the exception of two large persistent tufts of white hairs, which usually remain on the under surface at the base of the midrib, and at maturity they are thick, rigid and coriaceous, dark green, very lustrous and glabrous or coated with minute stellate hairs above, and below pale and glabrous, or puberulous especially along the slender midribs, which are raised and rounded on the upper side, and the primary veins, which are often more prominent on the upper than on the lower surface of the leaf and are arcuate and united close to the thickened revolute margins; they are obscurely reticulate-venulose, and vary from one to two and a half inches in length and from half an inch to an inch in width, and, borne on stout slightly pubescent petioles, fall gradually in April with the unfolding of the flowers. The stipules are obovate- oblong or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, ciliate on the margins, from half an inch to an inch long, and caducous. The staminate flowers are produced in hoary-tomentose aments, from two to three inches in length; the calyx is light yellow, hairy on the outer surface, and divided into from five to seven ovate acute lobes; the stamens are composed of short slender filaments and large oblong, acute, or rounded yellow glabrous anthers. The pistillate flowers are sessile or borne on short peduncles, clothed, like the involucral scales, with hoary tomentum. The fruit, which matures during the first sea- son, ripens irregularly from June until September, and is sessile or short-stalked ; the nut is oblong, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base and rounded at the narrow pilose apex, from one half to three quarters 1 Toumey, Garden and Forest, viii. 13. 104. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. of an inch long and about a third of an inch wide, light dull green when fully grown and dark chestnut- brown or nearly black when ripe, but soon becoming light red-brown in drying, with a thin brittle outer coat and an inner coat lined with thick white tomentum, abortive ovules which are sometimes basal and sometimes are scattered irregularly over the side of the seed, and sweet yellow cotyledons; the cup, which incloses from one third to nearly one half of the nut, is deeply cup-shaped or nearly hemi- spherical, light green and pubescent within, and covered with closely imbricated broadly ovate acute thin and scarious light brown scales clothed with short soft pale pubescence. Quercus Emoryi grows on the mountain ranges of western Texas, on those of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, and on those of Nuevo Leon, Chihuahua, and Sonora.’ In Texas it is common in the canons and on the southern slopes of the Limpio Mountains, and is the only tree in some of the canons of the Chisos Mountains.’ It is the most abundant Oak of southern New Mexico and Arizona, forming a large part of the open forests which clothe the mountain-slopes, and extending from the upper limits of the mesa, where it is mingled with Quercus oblongifolia, nearly to the highest ridges; often a shrub at these high elevations, it attams its greatest size and beauty in the moister soil of sheltered cafions. The wood of Quercus Hmoryi is very heavy, although not hard, strong, brittle, and close-grained ; it is dark brown or almost black, with thick bright brown sapwood tinged with red, and contains bands of several rows of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth and connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.9263, a cubic foot weighing 57.73 pounds. The sweet nuts, called by the Mexicans biotis, are an important article of food for Mexicans and Indians, and are sold in large quantities in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico. Quercus Emoryi was discovered on October 15, 1846, in the valley of Pigeon Creek in southern New Mexico, by Colonel W. H. Emory,’ while in command of a military reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, California. One of the most beautiful of North American Oaks in its symmetry of outline and in the rich color of its foliage, Quercus Hmoryi forms with Quercus Arizonica the principal part of the open forests which clothe with perennial green the stony sun-baked lower slopes of the mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico. 1 Pringle, Garden and Forest, i. 142 ; iii. 338. 3 See iv. 60. 2 Havard, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. 505. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCXCVII. Quercus Emoryz. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. oP © Pe Sections of a pericarp showing the tomentum on the inner surface, enlarged. 6. A seed with basal, abortive ovules, natural size. 7. End of a branch, the leaves removed, showing winter-buds, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCXCVII. QUERCUS EMORY, Torr. A. Riocreua ciregt Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS. Live Oak. Maul Oak. LEAveEs oblong, acute or cuspidate, entire, dentate or sinuate-toothed, fulvous- tomentose and ultimately pale below, persistent. ii. 97. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 204. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 146. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 39, t. 21, 22; Alan. Bot. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173.— Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 336. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 207 ; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 459.— Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 45; Forest Trees of California, 73.— A. de Candolle, Prodr, xvi. pt. ii. 37. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 231. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 69; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 23, t. 47.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 383, 393; Roth- rock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 374; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. Bay Region, 302.— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 196 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.).—S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 346. Quercus fulvescens, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 67 (1855). — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 27, £.5; 89. Quercus crassipocula, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. i. 137 (1856) ; v. 365, t. 9. This California Live Oak is usually not more than forty or fifty feet in height, with a short trunk from three to five feet in diameter dividing into great horizontal limbs, sometimes covering a space one hundred and fifty feet across, and often sweeping the ground with slender often pendulous branches ; occasionally at low elevations in sheltered canons it produces trunks eight or nine feet in diameter ; on exposed mountain-sides it forms dense thickets fifteen or twenty feet high; and on high subalpine slopes it is a low prostrate shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is light or dark gray-brown slightly tinged with red, the generally smooth surface separating into small appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and rigid or flexible, and are marked with occasional elevated lenticels; when they first appear they are coated with thick fulvous tomentum, and during their first winter are dark brown somewhat tinged with red, and tomentose, pubescent or glabrous, ultimately becoming light brown or ashy gray. The winter-buds are broadly ovate or oval, acute, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by closely imbricated light chestnut-brown and usually puberulous scales pale and scarious on the margins. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong-ovate to elliptical, cordate, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, acute or cuspidate at the apex, mostly entire on old trees and on young ones often dentate or sinuate-dentate, with one or two or many spinescent teeth, or on vigorous shoots the two forms frequently appear together; when they unfold they are clothed with a thick tomentum of fulvous articulated hairs which soon disappears from the upper and more gradually from the lower surface, and when fully grown they are thick and coriaceous, bright yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, and on the lower more or less fulvous-tomentose during the first year, ultimately becoming glabrate and bluish white ; they are from one to four inches long and from half an inch to two inches wide, with slender yellow midribs slightly impressed above, obscure primary veins running to the teeth or forked near the thickened revolute margins, and slender inconspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on slender yellow grooved petioles rarely half an inch in length, and do not fall until the third or fourth year. The stipules are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, clothed with fulvous tomentum, hairy at the apex, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers open in May and June, the staminate in the axils of linear-lanceolate acute bracts on slender tomentose aments from two to four inches in length, the pistillate sessile or subsessile or rarely borne in short few-flowered spikes. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow and pubescent, and is divided usually into from five to seven broadly 106 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. ovate acute lobes ciliate on the margins and often tinged with red above the middle. The stamens are composed of slender filaments and large oblong acute cuspidate glabrous yellow anthers. The broadly ovate involucral scales of the pistillate flower are coated with fulvous tomentum, and the stigmas are bright red. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn of its second year, is usually solitary, and is sessile or short-stalked; the nut is oval or ovate, acute or rounded at the full or narrow slightly puberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, from half an inch to nearly two inches long and about half as wide, with a thick shell covered on the inner surface, especially toward the apex, by a thin coat of loose pale tomen- tum, abortive ovules scattered irregularly over the side of the seed, and distinct or sometimes connate cotyledons ; the cup is thin, hemispherical or turbinate, or thick and saucer-shaped, with a thick broad rim; it is pale green or dark reddish brown within, and covered by small triangular closely appressed scales which are clothed with hoary pubescence or are often hidden in a dense coat of fulvous tomentum, and are produced into short free tips.’ Quercus chrysolepis, although not rare, is not a gregarious tree, and often grows singly. It is distributed from Cow Creek Valley in southern Oregon along the California coast ranges and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca Mountains, and south- ward to Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California ;” and as a low shrub or occasionally as a tree from twenty to thirty feet tall it grows on the high summits of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico and of northern Sonora. Generally a small tree in Oregon, or often a shrub producing small leaves and small fruit with thin deep cups clothed with pale tomentum, Quercus chrysolepis attains its greatest size with large leaves and large thick-cupped acorns on the steep rocky slopes of the cafions of the coast ranges of central California and on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, which it ascends to from eight to nine thousand feet above the sea, gradually decreasing in size and producing smaller leaves and fruit ;* at its highest elevations it is reduced to a shrub,* which sometimes extends over great areas in dense thickets of slender rigid or semiprostrate stems often only two or three feet tall, with entire or remotely dentate oblong or oval leaves acute or rounded at the base, acute or rounded at the apex, and rarely an inch in length, ovate or oval acute nuts sometimes not more than half an Near the boun- dary between California and Lower California a form of this species, discovered by Dr. Edward Palmer ® inch long, with purple separable cotyledons, and shallow cup-shaped or turbinate cups. 1 The cups of different individuals of this species vary more than those of any other North American Oak. In Oregon and often at high elevations in California they are clothed with hoary pubescence and produced into long light red tips ; in the coast ranges and on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada they are more often flat, very thick, sometimes fully an inch across, with broad rims, and so cov- ered with fulvous tomentum that the scales are indistinguishable ; and on the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, and on the Siski- you and other high mountain ranges of northern California, they are small and deeply cup-shaped and are covered with red-brown slightly pubescent scales, much thickened on the back toward the base of the cup, and towards its rim produced into short free tips. 2 Brandegee, Zo’, iv. 209. 8 Garden and Forest, v. 121, f. 20. 4 Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. vacciniifolia, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 393 (1876) ; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 97.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 204. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 146. Quercus vacciniifolia, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 96 (1855). — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 45. 5 Edward Palmer was born in Wilton, England, January 12, 1833. a love of flowers and a knowledge of their cultivation. to America in 1849 with a family of friends and settled in Cleve- land, Ohio, where he was first occupied as attendant and nurse to His father was a commercial florist, and he early acquired He came Mr. J. W. Taylor, who had been Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives in the Sixteenth Congress. His love of flowers could for- tunately be gratified by several good gardens in the neighborhood of Cleveland, in which he passed all of his spare time. In 1853 he was appointed collector to an expedition sent by the government of the United States to Paraguay. Two years later he returned In 1861, having previously resided in Colorado, he went to San Francisco, and, connecting himself with the Geological Survey of California, was stationed at San Diego. Anxious, however, to take some part in the Civil War, he returned to the East and secured the position of hospital steward in a Colorado regiment, serving in the west in this capacity until 1865, when he was appointed one of the con- to Cleveland and obtained some instruction in medicine. tract surgeons of the army and stationed in Kansas, and in Arizona where he remained for several years, beginning at this time his real work as a collector. Since leaving the army Dr. Palmer has devoted himself to collecting plants and other natural objects, prin- cipally in the employ of the Smithsonian Institution and the De- partment of Agriculture of the United States. He has made large and important collections along the southern boundary of the United States from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to those of the Pacific Ocean, and in many of the Mexican states. In his long, laborious, and arduous career as a collector, Dr. Palmer has discovered many valuable and important plants. Palmerelia, a genus of Californian herbs of the Mint family, was CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 in 1875, Quercus chrysolepis, var. Palmeri,' is less often a tree than a shrub, with stems usually fifteen or twenty feet tall, forming on low hills or on the plateau at the foot of the mountains large nearly impenetrable thickets. It has rigid branches, rigid coriaceous oblong or semiorbicular and mostly spinose-dentate leaves, pistillate flowers sometimes borne on long slender peduncles, sub- sessile or pedunculate fruit, with ovate acute nuts from an inch to an inch and a half long and from one third to two thirds of an inch wide, clothed on the inner surface of the shell with thick or thin pale tomentum, abortive ovules generally scattered on the side of the seed, and purple separable cotyledons. More valuable as a timber-tree than the other Oaks of central California, Quercus chrysolepis? produces heavy very strong hard tough and close-grained wood; it is light brown, with thick rather darker colored sapwood, and contains many small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8493, a cubic foot weighing 52.93 pounds. Although difficult to cut and work, it is used in the manufacture of agricultural implements and wagons. Quercus chrysolepis was discovered by the German collector Karl Theodore Hartweg on the mountains near Monterey in 1846,’ and was probably first noticed in New Mexico by Professor Edward L. Greene. The most beautiful of the California Oaks as it grows in the sheltered valleys of the coast ranges or on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Quercus chrysolepis is surpassed in majestic dignity and massive strength by no other American species except the Live Oak of the south Atlantic and Gulf states. dedicated to him by Asa Gray, and his name, by its association Mary K. Curran, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 146 (1885). — Greene, West with many species of plants, is inseparably connected with the bot- Am. Oaks, 46. any of southwestern North America, which he has labored long and Quercus Palmeri, Engelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 97 faithfully to make known. (1880). — Greene, J. c. pt. ii. 55, t. 25. 1 Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. Palmeri, Engelmann, Trans. St. 2 In Kern County, California, Quercus chrysolepis is called the Louis Acad. iii. 393 (1877). Hickory Oak. Quercus Dunnii, Kellogg, Pacific Rural Press, June 7, 1879. — 3 See Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii. 124. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Piate CCCXCVIII. Quercus CHRYSOLEPIS. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. ANaarwnwre Piare CCCXCIX. QuERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. . A sterile branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. CAD AP wb . A winter-bud, natural size. Puate CCCC. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, var. VACCINIIFOLLA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A sterile branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. oO Ct Rm & bb . A fruit, natural size. Puate CCCCI. QuERcus CHRYSOLEPIS, var. PALMERI. . A flowering branch, natural size. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, enlarged. A fruit, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. CARD AP WON A fruit, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCXCVII. CE. Faxon del. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, Benth. A. Riocreuzx. direa ® Lmp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab; GCCXACIX. CE. Faxen del. Rapine SC. OWERGUs CHRY SOLE PIS. Benth. 4. Riocreux dire. * Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. CE. Fazon det. QUERCUS CHRYS OLEPIS, var. VACCINIIFOLIA, Engelm. Afiocreuzx drez Imp. J. aneur, Paris. Tab. CCCC. ffimely se. Silva. of North America. “Tab. CCCCI. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS ,var. PALMERI ,En§elm. A. Riocreuzx direx® imp. J. Taneur, Parts. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 QUERCUS TOMENTELLA. LEaveEs oblong-lanceolate, acute, crenate-dentate or entire, conspicuously veined, pubescent on the lower surface, persistent. Quercus tomentella, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 393 (1877); Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 97. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 209. — Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 218; West Am. Oaks, 45, pt. ii. 57, t. 26. — Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 217.— Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 471. — Franceschi, Zoé, iv. 138. Quercus chrysolepis, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 119 (not Liebmann) (1876). A tree, as now known, thirty or forty or occasionally sixty feet in height, with a trunk from one The bark of the trunk is thin, reddish The branchlets are slender and roughened with to two feet in diameter and a shapely round-topped head.’ brown, and broken into large closely appressed scales. small elevated lenticels, and at first are coated with hoary tomentum which sometimes entirely disap- pears during the summer, or continues to cover vigorous shoots until their second year, when they are light brown tinged with red or orange-color. The winter-buds are ovate, acute or obtuse, nearly a quarter of an inch long, and covered by numerous loosely imbricated light chestnut-brown scales more or less clothed with pale pubescence. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong-lanceolate, broad and rounded or gradually narrowed and abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, acute and sometimes cuspidate or occasionally rounded at the apex, and remotely crenate-dentate with small acute spreading or incurved callous-tipped teeth, or entire; when they unfold they are light green tinged with red, covered above with scattered pale stellate hairs, and below and on the petioles with dense hoary tomentum, and at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, and pale and covered with stellate hairs on the lower surface which, however, especially on vigorous shoots, is sometimes clothed with close pale pubescence sparingly mixed with articulate hairs; they are from two to four inches long and from one to two inches wide with thickened and strongly revolute margins, stout pubescent midribs, and numerous prominent primary veins which are often forked and which run to the points of the teeth or are arcuate and united within the entire margins and are connected by inconspicuous cross veinlets; borne on stout flattened pubescent petioles about half an inch in length, the leaves remain during at least two years on the branches. The stipules are oblong- The flowers appear in April; the staminate are borne in the axils of linear-lanceolate scarious bracts on pubescent aments which are from two and a half to fourteen inches in length and are produced from the axils obovate or linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, covered with pale hairs, and caducous. of the scales of the terminal bud or from those of young leaves, and the pistillate are subsessile or in few-flowered spikes on short or elongated pubescent peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, stellate-pubescent, and divided into from five to seven ovate acute lobes shorter than the nine or ten stamens composed of slender filaments and oblong acute cuspidate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales and the calyx of the pistillate flower are coated with stellate hairs, and the stigmas are red. The fruit ripens at the end of the second season, and is subsessile or borne on a short stout 1 It is probable that under favorable conditions this tree once grew to a much larger size. The only plants I have seen are in a sheltered cafion opening toward the sea on the eastern side of the island of Santa Catalina south of Avalon, where there is a small grove of stems about thirty feet high growing in a regular circle twelve feet in diameter and evidently shoots from the stump of a large tree, the remains of which can still be traced. Thirty years ago a company of United States soldiers was stationed on Santa Catalina, and a great deal of wood is said to have been cut at this time, when the tree whose stump produced these suckers was prob- ably destroyed. Had this great tree been spared, it would have given a better idea of the species than can be obtained from the small and often stunted individuals scattered over the California islands, which preserve it from extinction. 110 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFER&. peduncle ; the nut is oval, broad at the base, full and rounded at the apex, and about an inch and a half long and three quarters of an inch wide, with a thick shell slightly scurfy-pubescent on the inner surface and purple separable cotyledons; the cup, which embraces only the base ot the nut, is cup- shaped, shallow, thickened below and thin at the rim, light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate acute scales, with free chestnut-brown tips more or less hidden by a thick coat of hoary tomentum. Quercus tomentella inhabits deep narrow cafions and high wind-swept slopes on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands south of Santa Barbara and on Santa Catalina Island south of Cape St. Vincent in California, and on Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower California, where it was discovered by Dr. Edward Palmer in the spring of 1875. The wood of Quercus tomentella is heavy, hard, close-grained, and compact, with a satiny surface ; it is pale yellow-brown, with lighter colored sapwood, and contains broad bands of open ducts parallel with the wide conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7214, a cubic foot weighing 44.95 pounds.’ 1 Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 355. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCCII. QueERcuUs TOMENTELLA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. A stamen, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. NOT PP wh . A nut, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCII. C.E.Faacon del. Lovendal sc. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA , Engelm. A. Riocreuz dirext Imp. 7. Taneur, Paris, CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 111 QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA. Live Oak. Encina. LEAVES oval, orbicular, or oblong, entire or sinuately spinose-dentate, convex on the upper surface. Quercus agrifolia, Née, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii. 271 (Deserip- cion de varias Especies nuevas de Encina) (1801).— Willdenow, Syec. iv. pt. i. 431. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 568. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214; Sylva, i. 5, t. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii. 859.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 894. — Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 55. — Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 377. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 391.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 308.— Carriere, FV. des Serres, vii. 137, £.— Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 173; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. i.138 ; v. 365 ; vii. 20; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 206; Ives’ Rep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Hzplor. Exped. 460. — Paxton, Brit. Fl. Gard. ii. 44. — New- berry, Pacific R. RB. Rep. vi. 32, f. 9. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 229.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. il. 37.— Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 69; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. 44.— Engel- mann, Zrans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 383; Rothrock Whee- Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 167. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 78. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 208. —Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 146. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 7, t. 5; Man. Bot. Bay Region, 303; Pittonia, ii. 114. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk, ii. 124, f. 61. Quercus oxyadenia, Torrey, Sitgreaves’ Rep. 172, t. 17 (1853). Quercus berberidifolia, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 172. — Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 22. Quercus arcoglandis, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. i. 25 (1855). Quercus agrifolia, var. frutescens, Engelmann, Brewer &: Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 98 (1880).— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 2038. Quercus agrifolia, y berberifolia, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 203 (1885). ler’s Rep. vi. 374; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 98. — This is a low round-topped tree, occasionally eighty or ninety feet in height, with a short trunk three or four or rarely six or seven feet in diameter, dividing a few feet above its base into numerous great limbs which often rest on the ground and frequently cover an area one hundred or one hundred and fifty feet across; or sometimes the stem, rising to a height of thirty or forty feet, is crowned by a narrow head of smaller branches; or often it is much smaller, or shrubby in habit, with slender stems only a few feet high. The bark of the trunk is from two to three inches in thickness, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales ; that of the young stems and the branches is much thinner, and is close, light brown or pale bluish gray. The branchlets are slender, dark gray or brown tinged with red, and coated at first with hoary tomentum which often does not entirely disappear until the second or third year. The winter-buds are globose and usually about a sixteenth of an inch in length, or ovate-oblong, acute, and sometimes on vigorous shoots nearly a quarter of an inch long, and are covered by thin broadly ovate closely imbricated light chestnut-brown glabrous or pubescent scales. revolute in the bud, oval, orbicular or oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded or acute and apiculate at the apex, and entire, or sinuate-dentate with slender rigid spinose teeth ; when they unfold they are tinged with red and coated with caducous hoary tomentum which in disappearing sometimes leaves conspicuous clusters of white hairs in the axils of the primary veins on the lower surface of the half-grown leaves; and at maturity they are subcoriaceous, convex, dark or pale green, dull and obscurely reticulate on the upper surface, and on the lower surface paler, rather lustrous, glabrous or stellate-pubescent, and often furnished with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal veins; or, on occasional individual trees, they are covered above with pale stellate hairs and coated below with thick hoary pubescence; usually from two to two and a half inches long and about an inch and a half wide, The leaves are CUPULIFERZ. 112 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. they vary from three quarters of an inch to four inches in length and from half an inch to three inches in width, with slender midribs and few primary veins often forking near the thickened strongly revo- lute margins and running to the points of the teeth, and obscure reticulate veinlets ; borne on stout or slender pubescent or glabrous petioles from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, they fall gradually during the winter, disappearing entirely from some individuals before the appearance of the new growth in the spring, or on others persisting several weeks longer. The stipules are obovate-oblong or linear- lanceolate, brown and scarious, about half an inch long, and caducous. The flowers open early in the spring and sometimes, when insects! have injured the early foliage or abundant autumn rains have stim- ulated a second growth, again late in the season; the staminate are borne in slender hairy aments three or four inches long from the axils of bud-scales or from those of leaves of the year, and the pistillate are sessile or short-pedunculate. The calyx of the staminate flower, which in the bud is bright purple- red and sometimes furnished with a tuft of long pale hairs at the apex, is thin, scarious, glabrous or glabrate, and divided nearly to the base into from five to seven ovate acute segments reddish above the middle and shorter than the stamens, which vary from six to ten in number, and are composed of slen- der filaments and oblong emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower, like the stigmas, are bright red, and are coated with thick hoary tomentum or are sometimes glabrous or puberulous. Rarely the flowers are perfect and are produced in elongated spikes.” The fruit is sessile or subsessile, solitary or in few-fruited clusters, and ripens in the autumn; or the small fruit of autumnal flowers sometimes remains on the branches during the winter and increases in size in the spring, but falls before reaching maturity; the nut is elongated, ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base, gradually narrowed to the acute puberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and one half long and from one quarter to three quarters of an inch wide, with a thin shell lined with a thick coat of pale tomentum, abortive ovules at the apex of the seed, and yellow cotyledons ; the cup, which embraces about a third or rarely only the base of the nut, is thin, turbinate, light brown and coated on the inner surface with soft pale silky pubescence, and is covered by thin papery scales rounded at the narrow apex and slightly puberulous, especially toward the base of the cup. Quercus agrifolia, which usually forms open groves often of great extent, is distributed from Men- docino County, California, southward through the coast ranges and islands to Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California.’ Less common at the north, it is very abundant and grows to its largest size in the valleys south of San Francisco Bay, and with low semiprostrate and contorted stems frequently covers the sand-dunes on the coast of the central part of the state. In southwestern California it is the largest and most generally distributed Oak-tree between the mountains and the sea, often covering low hills and ascending to an elevation of twenty-eight hundred feet above the level of the ocean in the canons of the San Gorgonio Pass.* The wood of Quercus agrifolia is heavy, hard, and close-grained, but very brittle ; it is light brown or reddish brown, with thick darker colored sapwood, and contains many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel with the broad conspicuous medullary rays, the layers of annual growth being hardly distinguishable. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8253, a cubic foot weigh- ing 51.43 pounds. Valued and largely used for fuel, it is little esteemed for other purposes. The nuts are an important article of food to the Indians of Lower California. The first authentic reference to Quercus agrifolia was published in 1798 in the narrative of the 1 In the neighborhood of the Bay of San Francisco, trees of this species are often stunted by the annual destruction of the foliage by Phryganidia Californica, Packard (Fifth Rep. U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 122. — Rivers, The Oaks of Berkeley and Some of their Insect Inhabitants, 1). 2 In 1885 Professor Edward L. Greene (West Am. Oaks, 8) found a tree on the island of Santa Cruz with perfect spicate flow- ers on erect rigid peduncles (Plate cccciv. f. 4). 8 Brandegee, Zoé, iv. 209. 4S. B. Parish, Zoé, iv. 346. 5 The nuts of Quercus agrifolia are considered by the Indians of Lower California superior to those of all other acorns. After taking off the shells they grind the seeds into flour, which is thoroughly washed to remove its astringency, and then boiled with water into mush or rolled into balls and baked in the ashes (Palmer, Am. Nat. xii. 596). CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 113 voyage of Vancouver, who arrived in the Bay of San Francisco in November, 1792, and obtained a supply of the wood of this tree for fuel,’ and the following year, being at Santa Barbara on the Califor- nia coast, had some of the trees cut to repair one of his ships.” The valleys and low hills of the California coast owe their greatest charm to this Oak-tree, which, dotting their covering of vernal green or their brown summer surface with its low broad heads of pale contorted branches and dense dark foliage, gives them the appearance of incomparably beautiful parks. Introduced into the gardens of England in 1849° by Karl Theodore Hartweg, it is occasionally cultivated in the temperate countries of western and southern Europe. 1 « A tent was immediately pitched on the shore, wells were dug for obtaining water, and a party was employed in procuring fuel from small bushy holly-leaved oaks, the only trees fit for our pur- pose.” (ii. 5.) 2 «We here procured some stout knees from the holly-leaved oak, for the security of the Discovery’s head and bumkins; this, and other occupations fully engaged our time until the evening of the 17th, when preparations were made for sailing on the day follow- ing.” (ii. 454.) Professor Edward L. Greene has suggested (Erythea, ii. 46) that the Evergreen Oak seen by Fathers Kino and Juan de Torquemada between the Colorado River and the coast of California, and men- tioned by Venegaz in the Noticia de la California y de su Conquista (i. 54), published in 1758, was this species, but they may as well have seen Quercus Engelmanni, Quercus Wislizeni, or some other Evergreen Oak of Lower California, as Quercus agrifolia. 8 Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vi. 157, t. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCCIII. Quercus AGRIFOLIA. 1. . A staminate flower, enlarged. OCOAD NS w ro A flowering branch, natural size. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A spike of perfect flowers, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . End of a sterile branch, natural size. . End of a sterile branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Tab. CCCCIII. Silva of North America. Ye - ; “Saal og CL. Faxon del. Himely se. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, Muench. A.Riocreuz direx.*t Iinp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155 QUERCUS NANA. Bear Oak. Scrub Oak. LEAVES obovate, mostly acutely 5-lobed, coated on the lower surface with pale pubescence. Quercus nana, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 93 (1895). Quercus rubra nana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 123 (1785). — Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Newe Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 401. Quercus ilicifolia, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 79, t. 6, £. Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 72; Lieb- mann Chénes Am. Trop. t. D.—Wesmael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 343. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 66.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 297, f. 121. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 184. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 262, t.—Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 17 (1787). — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 275 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 447 ; Enwm. 977. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. ii. 1504. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 569.— Bigelow, FV. Boston. 228. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 605. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abdild. Holz. 67, t. 54. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 863.— Torrey, FU. N. Y. ii. 190. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 150, t. 11 ; ed. 2, 170, t. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 311. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 268. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 41. — Chapman, F7. 423. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 59. — Orsted, ed. 6, 478.— Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 113. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 132. Quercus Banisteri, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 15, t. 27 (1801); Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 199. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 510. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 222. — Mi- chaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 96, t. 19. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 631.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 173, t. 50.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 158. Quercus discolor, y Banisteri, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 164 (1842). An intricately branched shrub, with numerous contorted stems from three to ten feet tall; or occasionally rising with a single trunk five or six inches in diameter to the height of eighteen or twenty feet and forming a small tree with a round-topped spreading head.1 The bark of the trunk is thin, smooth, dark brown, and covered with small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and marked with small pale or dark raised lenticels; when they first appear they are dark green, more or less tinged with red, and coated with hoary pubescence, and during their first winter are red-brown or ashy gray and pubescent or puberulous, growing glabrous and darker in their second year and ultimately dark brown or nearly black. The winter-buds are ovate, obtuse, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by dark chestnut-brown rather loosely imbricated glabrous or pilose scales. The leaves are convolute in the bud, obovate or rarely oblong in outline, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, and from three to seven but mostly five-lobed, with acute bristle-tipped lobes and wide shallow sinuses ; the terminal lobe is ovate, elongated, and rounded and three-toothed or acute and dentate or entire at the apex; the lateral lobes are spreading, mostly triangular and acute, or the upper pair, which are generally much larger than the others, are broad, oblique, and repand-lobulate at the apex; or the leaves are broad at the apex and slightly three-lobed and entire below, or deeply three-lobed above and sinuate below, or occasional leaves are oblong or oblong-obovate and entire with undulate margins ; when they unfold they are dull red and puberulous or pubescent on the upper surface and coated on the lower and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum ; when half grown they are light yellow-green, lustrous, slightly pubescent above and tomentose below, with conspicuous tufts of silvery white hairs in the axils of the veins; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, and covered below with pale or silvery white pubescence, from two to five inches long and from 1 Davis, Torrey Bot. Club, xix. 303. central Pennsylvania, at the eastern base of the Alleghany Moun- The largest specimens of Quercus nana that I have seen are on tains. (See iv. 28.) the dry ridges of the so-called “barrens ” in Huntingdon County in 156 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. an inch and a half to three inches and a half wide, with stout yellow midribs, slender primary veins running obliquely to the points of the lobes, and obscure secondary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by conspicuous primary reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on slender nearly terete glabrous or pubescent petioles from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and in the autumn turn dull scarlet or yellow before falling. The stipules are linear-obovate to linear-lanceolate, brown and scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, and caducous. The flowers appear in April and May when the leaves are about half grown ; the staminate in the axils of linear-lanceolate bright red caducous bracts furnished at the ends with tufts of long pale hairs are borne on hairy- stemmed aments four or five inches in length and often persistent until midsummer ; the pistillate are raised on stout tomentose peduncles. The bud of the staminate flower is bright red and coated with matted soft white hairs; the calyx after opening is red or green tinged with red, and irregularly divided into from three to five ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens; these are from three to five in number, with oblong sometimes apiculate anthers at first bright red but gradually becoming yellow. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are ovate, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, red and covered with tomentum, and the stigmas are darker red. The acorns, which are produced in great profusion and ripen during the autumn of the second season, are sessile or borne on stout peduncles sometimes half an inch long, and are in pairs or rarely solitary ; the nut is ovoid, broad, flat or rounded at the base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at the apex, about half an inch in length, and somewhat less in breadth, light brown, lustrous and usually faintly striate, with a thin shell lined with a thick coat of pale tomentum and light yellow astringent cotyledons; the cup, which embraces about half the nut, is cup-shaped or saucer-shaped and often abruptly enlarged above the stalk-like base ; it is thick, light reddish brown and puberulous within, and covered by thin ovate closely imbricated reddish brown puberulous scales darker on the margins and acute or truncate at the apex, the minute free tips of the upper scales forming a fringe-like border to the cup.’ Quercus nana inhabits dry sandy barrens and rocky hillsides, and is distributed from the island of Mt. Desert, off the coast of Maine,’ southward through eastern and southern New England, where it is common ; it occurs on the shores of Lake George*® and in the valley of the Hudson River in New York, and is abundant in the Pine barrens of New Jersey and in eastern Pennsylvania, and ranges along the Alleghany Mountains to southwestern Virginia.’ Discovered in Virginia by the English missionary John Banister,? Quercus nana was included in his catalogue of American plants published by Ray in 1688,° and was first described by Clayton in the Flora Virginica! 1 A tree, forty feet high, found by Dr. J. W. Robbins in 1855 in a wood half a mile southwest of Whitinsville in Northbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts, is believed to have been a hybrid between Quercus nana and Quercus coccinea (Quercus coccinea X ilicifolia, Gray, Man. ed.,5, 454.— Quercus ilicifolia x coccinea, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 542). The leaves are ob- long or oblong-obovate, sinuate-lobed with five acute bristle-pointed lobes, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, coated below with rusty pubescence, four or five inches in length and about three and a half inches in breadth. The nut is oval, narrowed and rounded at the apex, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and in- closed to the middle in the turbinate cup, which is covered by thin closely imbricated light chestnut-brown scales. The pubescence which clothes the branchlets during the first season and the lower surface of the leaves resembles that of Quercus nana. ‘The leaves, as Dr. Engelmann pointed out, are more like those of Quercus rubra than of Quercus coccinea in shape. The fruit, although the cups are a little deeper, is otherwise hardly distinguishable from that of some forms of Quercus nana. At Ocean Grove, New Jersey, in 1892, Mr. J. K. Hayward found in a small wood a plant without fruit which has the appear- ance of being a hybrid between Quercus nana and Quercus velutina. The leaves are oblong, sinuate-lobed with five acute nearly trian- gular bristle-pointed lobes which are entire or furnished with occa- sional small teeth, from five to seven inches long and from three to four inches wide, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and brown and pubescent on the lower. The winter-buds are ovate, pilose with pale hairs, and intermediate in size between those of the supposed parents. This plant is a shrub, with three or four stems rising to a height of twelve feet. 2 Rand & Redfield, Fl. Mt. Desert Island, 145. 8 Teste Herb. Engelmann. * In 1894 Quercus nana was found by Mr. J. K. Small on King and Crowder’s Mountains on the northern boundary of North Car- olina, the most southern recorded stations for this species, which apparently does not reach central New York, nor cross the Alle- ghany Mountains into the Mississippi Basin. 5 See i. 6. 8 Quercus pumila, Hist. Pl. ii. 1927. 7 Quercus pumila bipedalis, foliis oblongis sinuatis subtus tomentosis, 189. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. PuateE CCCCXXIV. QUERCUS NANA. fe . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A fruit, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. CWONA TR Wd . A leaf, natural size. = =) . A leaf, natural size. fend ay - A winter branchlet, natural size. ry bo . An axillary winter-bud, enlarged. Tab. CCCCXXIV. Silva of North America. QUERCUS NANA, Sarg. A, Riocreuc. dire? Imp. J. Taneur , Parts. CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 159 QUERCUS GEORGIANA. LEAvEs glabrous, oval or obovate, variously sinuately lobed with usually acute entire lobes. Quercus Georgiana, M. A. Curtis, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, Acad. iii. 395.— Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. vii. 406 (1849). — Chapman, 77, 422.— A. de Candolle, 186. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 116, f. 55. — Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 60. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 132. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 72.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis A bush, with stems usually six or eight feet tall spreading into broad thickets; or rarely of arbo- rescent habit and thirty feet in height, with a trunk twelve or fourteen inches in diameter. The bark of the trunk is thin, light brown, and covered with small appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and marked with minute pale lenticels; glabrous and dark green more or less deeply tinged with red when they appear, in their first winter they are red and lustrous, and grow darker in their second season, and ultimately dark brown or gray. The winter-buds are ovate, acute or obtuse, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by light chestnut-brown scales thin and scarious on the margins. The leaves are convolute in the bud, oval or obovate in outline, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, and divided, generally about half way to the midribs, by wide or narrow oblique sinuses, which are rounded at the bottom, into from three to seven bristle-tipped lobes; the terminal lobe is ovate, acute or rounded, and entire or frequently furnished with one or two small lateral teeth; the lateral lobes are oblique or spreading, mostly triangular, acute and entire, or those of the upper or of the middle pair which are usually much larger than the others are often broad and repand-lobulate at the oblique ends; sometimes the leaves are slightly three-lobed at the broad apex and gradually narrowed and entire below, or are equally three-lobed with broad or narrow spreading lateral lobes, or occasionally they are pinnatifid, and entire and often undulate ; when they unfold they are bright green tinged with red, ciliate on the margins and coated on the midribs, veins, and petioles with loose pale stellate pubescence; and at maturity they are thin, bright green and lustrous above, and paler below and glabrous or furnished with tufts of villous hairs in the axils of the primary veins; usually about two and a half inches long and an inch and a half wide, they vary from one to four inches in length and from half an inch to three and a half inches in width, with slender yellow midribs and primary veins rounded on the upper side, obscure secondary veins arcuate and united near the thin firm margins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on slender slightly grooved petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and turn dull orange and scarlet in the autumn before falling. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, about half an inch long, brown and scarious, and caducous. The flowers appear in April when the leaves are about half grown, the staminate borne in slender glabrous or pubescent aments two or three inches in length, and the pistillate on short glabrous slender peduncles. The calyx of the stamimate flower is divided into four or five broadly ovate rounded segments rather shorter than the stamens, which are four or five in number with oblong slightly emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are rather shorter than the acute calyx-lobes and are pubescent or puberulous; the elongated stigmas are bright red. The fruit ripens in the autumn of the second season and is borne on a stout peduncle rarely more than a quarter of an inch in length; the nut is ellipsoidal or subglobose, from one third to one half of an inch long, and light reddish brown and lustrous; the cup, which incloses from one third to nearly one half of the nut, is cup-shaped, thick, light red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate bright light red-brown truncate scales erose on the margins.’ 1 A supposed hybrid between Quercus Georgiana and Quercus nigra, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxii. 75, t. 233), who found it on the Marilandica is described by Mr. J. K. Small (Quercus Georgiana x northern slope of Stone Mountain in January, 1894. 160 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERX. Quercus Georgiana inhabits the slopes of Stone Mountain, an isolated granite rock with an altitude of nearly seventeen hundred feet above the level of the sea, in De Kalb County in central Georgia, where it was discovered by Mr. H. W. Ravenel,! and on a few other granite hills between the Yellow and Oconee Rivers in the region immediately south and east of Stone Mountain.’ Introduced into the Arnold Arboretum in 1876, Quercus Georgiana has proved perfectly hardy in eastern Massachusetts, growing as a tall shrub, and flowering and ripening its fruit. 1 Henry William Ravenel (1814-1887) was born in the Parish of St. John’s, Berkeley, South Carolina, and was graduated from the South Carolina College in 1832. to planting in his native parish, Mr. Ravenel moved to Aiken, South After twenty years devoted Carolina, where the remainder of his life was passed. Born with a fondness for natural history, he devoted himself to botany with enthusiasm and success, exploring minutely in his youth the region about St. John’s, and later with equal care the vicinity of Aiken. He critically studied flowering plants and Mosses, Lichens, Fungi, and Alge; a large number of cryptogamous and a few flowering plants were discovered by him, and his knowledge of the crypto- gamic flora of the southern states was unsurpassed. Mr. Ravenel was at one time the agricultural editor of the Weekly News and Courier of Charleston, and at the time of his death was botanist to Although not a voluminous writer, Mr. Ravenel was the author of a number of the Department of Agriculture of his native state. critical botanical papers, but he is best known by his Fungi Caroli- niani Exsiccati in five volumes, the first published series of named species of American Fungi. This was followed by a second series in which he was associated with Mr. M. C. Cooke, an English mycol- ogist, of which eight volumes devoted to the species of South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Texas were issued. His name is also preserved by Ravenelia, a genus of the Uredinee, and by many species of Cryptogams. No other American botanist, perhaps, has minutely studied so many forms of the vegetable kingdom as Ravenel, and none has been more respected or beloved. Ruined financially by the War of Secession and afflicted for many years by deafness, which almost deprived him of the sound of the human voice, he bore his misfor- tunes with cheerfulness and equanimity, and labored industriously until the end of his life to increase knowledge and benefit his race. (See Farlow, Bot. Gazette, xii. 194.) 2 For many years known only on Stone Mountain, in July, 1893, Quercus Georgiana was found by Mr. John K. Small on Little Stone Mountain, nine miles south of Stone Mountain, on an isolated gran- ite hill eighteen miles east of Stone Mountain, and on a second granite hill twelve miles east of the first. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCCXXV. Quercus GEORGIANA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. TD OP go to [o/e) . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Silva of North America. . Tab. CCCCXXV. C.£.Facon del. Raping sc, QUERCUS GEORGIANA, M.A. Curts. A.Riocreuax direx. © lip. J. laneur, Paris. CULULIFERZA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 161 QUERCUS MARILANDICA. Black Jack. Jack Oak. LravEs broadly obovate, dilated and often 3 or rarely 5-lobed at the apex, rusty pubescent on the lower surface. Quercus Marilandica, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 253 (1770). — Du Roi, Obs. 36; Harbk. Baumz. ii. 274, t. 6, f. 2.— Moench, Béwme TWetss. 94.— Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 399. Quercus nigra, 8, Linneus, Spec. 996 (1753). — Wangen- heim, Nordam. Holz. 77, t. 5, £. 18. Quercus nigra, Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 133 (1781). — Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 70. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 137. — Walter, Fl. Car. 234. — Castigli- oni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 346.— Abbot & Smith, Insects of Georgia, ii. 115, t. 58. — Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am, No. 12, t. 22, 23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 198. — Bork- hausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 712. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 442. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 408. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 509. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 424.— Pursh, FV. Am. Sept. ii. 629. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 168. — Elli- ott, SX. ii. 600. — Sprengel, Sysé. iii. 862. — Spach, Hist. Syn. v. 310. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 267.— Brendel, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc. iii. 625, t. 7. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 38. — Chapman, Fl. 421. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 63. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjibenh. 1866, 72; Lieb- mann Chénes Am. Trop. t. A.—Wesmael, Bull. Féid. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 350. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. i. 313, f. 198. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 61. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 82. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 296. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. ix. 150.—Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 251, t. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s dun. ed. 6, 478. Quercus nigra, @ latifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 721 (1783). Quercus nigra integrifolia, Marshall, Arbdust. Am. 121 (1785). Quercus ferruginea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 92, t. 18 (1812).— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 296. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 110, f. 51. Quercus nigra, 8 quinqueloba, A. de Candolle, Prodr. Vég. xi. 162.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 188; Bot. Mex. Xvi. pt. ii. 64 (1864). Bound. Surv. 206. — Audubon, Birds, t. 116. — Dietrich, A tree, twenty or thirty, or occasionally forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk rarely more than eighteen inches in diameter, and short stout spreading often contorted branches which form a narrow compact round-topped or sometimes open irregular head. The bark of the trunk is from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is deeply divided into nearly square plates from one to three inches in length and covered with small closely appressed dark brown or almost black scales. The branchlets are stout and marked with minute pale lenticels, and are coated at first with a thick pale tomentum of articulate and stellate hairs; during the summer they are light red and scurfy pubescent, and during their first winter light or dark reddish brown, and glabrous or puberulous, gradually growing dark brown or ashy gray. The winter-buds are ovate or oval, prominently angled, acute, light reddish brown, covered with rusty brown hairs, and about a quarter of an inch long. ‘The leaves are convolute in the bud, broadly obovate, and rounded or cordate at the narrowed base, and are usually three or rarely five- lobed at the broad and often abruptly dilated apex, with short or elongated, broad or narrow, rounded or acute, entire or dentate, bristle-tipped lobes ; or they are entire or dentate at the apex; some individual leaves are oblong-obovate, undulate-lobed at the broad apex and entire below; others are almost equally three-lobed with elongated spreading lateral lobes broad and lobulate at the apex, and others are sinuate- lobed or deeply divided by shallow sinuses into broad oblique rounded lobes; when they unfold they are coated with a pale clammy tomentum of articulate hairs and are bright pink on the upper surface ; when half grown they are thin, covered with pale pubescence, dark green above and rusty brown on the lower surface, which is furnished in the axils of the veins with large tufts of whitish hairs; and at maturity they are thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and very lustrous above, and yellow, 162 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. orange-color, or brown and scurfy-pubescent below ; usually six or seven inches long and broad, they vary from three to eight inches in length and from two to eight inches in width, with thick broad orange- colored midribs much raised and rounded on the upper side, primary veins that are stout when they run to the points of the lobes and slender and arcuate on the lower part of the leaf, thin secondary veins, and coarsely reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout yellow glabrous or pubescent petioles grooved on the upper side and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and turn brown or yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, coated, especially above the middle, with long hairs, about three quarters of an inch in length, brown and scarious, and caducous. The flowers appear from March in the south to May in the north, when the leaves are about half grown, the staminate borne in hairy aments from two to four inches long, the pistillate on short peduncles clothed with thick rusty tomentum. The calyx of the staminate flower is thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, coated on the outer surface with pale pubescence, and divided into four or five broad ovate rounded lobes; the stamens are usually four in number, with oblong apiculate dark red glabrous anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are coated with rusty tomentum and are about as long as the acute calyx-lobes ; the short broad stigmas are reflexed and dark red. The acorns, which ripen in the autumn of the second year, are solitary or in pairs and are generally borne on stout peduncles rarely half an inch in length; the nut is oblong, full and rounded at both ends, rather broader below than above the middle, about three quarters of an inch long, light yellow-brown and often striate, with a thin shell lined with a coat of dense fulvous tomentum ; the cup, which incloses from one third to nearly two thirds of the nut, is thick, turbinate, light brown and puberulous on the inner surface, and covered by large reddish brown loosely imbricated scales often ciliate with long hairs, and coated with loose pale or rusty tomentum ; inserted on the top of the cup in several rows smaller scales stand erect and form a thick rim around the inner surface, or occasionally are reflexed and cover the upper half of the inner surface of the cup. The Black Jack grows on dry sandy barrens or sometimes in the southwest on heavy clays, and is distributed from Forbell’s Landing and Pine Island, Long Island, New York, through northern Ohio and Indiana to southeastern Nebraska,’ central Kansas’ and the Indian Territory, and southward to the shores of Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and to the valley of the Nueces River in Texas. Rare in the north, it is very abundant in the south, and west of the Mississippi River, forming on sterile soil in some parts of western Missouri and eastern Kansas, in the Indian Territory and central Texas, a great part of the forest-growth, and attaining its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. The wood of Quercus Marilandica is heavy, hard, and strong, but checks badly in drying ; it is dark rich brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and broad bands of several rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7324, a cubic foot weighing 45.64 pounds. It is largely used as firewood and in the manufacture of charcoal, but has little value for other purposes. Quercus Marilandica appears to have been first described by Ray in the Historia Plantarum, 1 Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1894, 110. they are red and covered on the upper surface with pale stellate 2 Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 272. 3 A group of small shrubby trees discovered in September, 1892, at Watchogue, Staten Island, New York, by Mr. William T. Davis and described by him as Quercus Brittoni (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xix. 301) were believed by the author to be hybrids between Quercus Marilandica and Quercus nana which grow together at this place. The leaves are broadly obovate, gradually narrowed to the wedge- shaped base, sinuately lobed toward the broad apex with bristle- tipped mostly entire or remotely dentate lobes ; when they unfold hairs, and are pale and tomentose on the lower, with large tufts of whitish hairs in the axils of the primary veins ; and when fully grown they are about four inches long and from three to four inches broad, dark green and lustrous above and rusty brown and scurfy-pubescent below. The fruit I have not seen. From the pale color of their bark, these supposed hybrids are said by Mr. Davis to present a lighter appearance than Quercus Marilandica, which they resemble in the general aspect of their leaves. CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 163 published in 1704.1 According to Aiton,’ it was cultivated by Philip Miller in the Physic Garden at Chelsea, near London, in 1739. The Black Jack is one of the most distinct Oaks of North America. Its presence indicates sterile soil, but it is often handsome in habit, and its large lustrous and peculiarly shaped leaves are always beautiful. 1 Quercus (forte) Marilandica folio trifido, ad Sassafras accedente, 2 Hort. Kew. iii. 357.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1890, f. 1764, iii. Dendr. 7.— Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 19, t. 19.— Charlevoix, 1765. Histoire de la Nouvelle France, ed. 12™, iv. 334, f. 44. — Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 18, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCCXXVI. Quercus Marinanpica. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate inflorescence, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. A nut, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. NID OP oO bo . A winter branchlet, natural size. Pirate CCCCXXVII. Quercus MaArinanpica. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A cup, natural size. . A cup, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. Oor WD . A leaf, natural size. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXVI. CLE. Faaon del, Lapine se. QUERCUS MARILANDICA, Muench. A. Riocreua direa® tmp. J. Taneur, Paris. Tab. CCCCXXVII. 7 y Silva of North America. ffimely se. C.E.Faaon del. QUERCUS MARILANDICA , Muench. A. Riocreuz direct Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 165 QUERCUS NIGRA. Water Oak. Leaves glabrous, usually oblong-obovate, entire or obscurely 3-lobed at the broad rounded apex. Quercus nigra, Linnzus, Spec. 995 (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 10. — Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 252. — Mueh- lenberg & Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Ber- lin, iii. 399. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 61 (in part). Quercus nigra, a aquatica, Lamarck, Dict. i. 721 (1783). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 346. Quercus nigra trifida, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 121 (1785). Quercus uliginosa, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 80, t. 6, f. 18 (1787). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 131. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 109, £. 50. Quercus aquatica, Walter, £7. Car. 234 (1788). — Abbot & Smith, Insects of Georgia, ii. 117, t. 59. — Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 11, t. 19, 20, 21; FU. Bor.-Am. ii. 198. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 569. — Bose, Mém. Inst. Nat. Sct. Phys. Math. vii. pt. i. 346. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 509. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 424. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 220. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 89, t. 17. — Pursh, £7. Am. Sept. ii. 628. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 168. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 599. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 862. — Audubon, Birds, t. 24. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 161. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 310. — Cur- tis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 37. — Chapman, Fil. 421. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 67. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 72; Lieb- mann Chénes Am. Trop. t. D. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. i. 312, f. 197. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 152. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6,478. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 150, t. 1, 2. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 417 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus hemisphezrica, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 443 (1805). — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 220. — Pursh, F7. Am. Sept. ii. 628. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214. ? Quercus nana, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 443 (1805). — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 220. Quercus aquatica, a cuneata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 290 (1813). Quercus aquatica, y elongata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 290 (1813). Quercus aquatica, 6 indivisa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 290 (1813). Quercus aquatica, « attenuata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 290 (1813). ? Quercus hemispherica, var. nana, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214 (1818). Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fv. 421 (1860). A tree, occasionally eighty feet in height, with a trunk from two to three and a half feet in diame- ter and numerous rather slender branches which, spreading gradually from the stem, form a symmetrical conical round-topped head, or often, on young trees, spreading nearly at right angles, form a flat and broader head. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, with a smooth light brown surface slightly tinged with red and covered with smooth closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, glabrous, marked with minute lenticels, light or dull red during their first winter and grayish brown in their second season. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, strongly angled, and covered by loosely imbricated dark red-brown puberulous scales slightly ciliate on the thin scarious margins. The leaves are convolute in the bud, usually oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge- shaped at the base, enlarged, sometimes abruptly, at the broad generally rounded or sometimes pointed entire or slightly or deeply three-lobed bristle-tipped apex; or they often taper from near the middle to the acute ends, or on upper branches are often linear-lanceolate or linear-obovate and acute or rounded at the apex; on the same shoot they are frequently divided above the middle by deep wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into elongated lanceolate acute entire lobes, or are pinnatifid above the middle; and on vigorous shoots they are often oblong-obovate, sinuately lobed with numerous acute dentate lobes, and four or five times as large as on fertile branches, or are lmear-lanceolate, entire or furnished with a few small rounded lateral lobes; when they unfold they are thin, light green more or less tinged with red, covered with fine caducous pubescence, and furnished on the lower surface 166 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins; and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, dull bluish green, paler below than on the upper surface, and glabrous or marked with axillary tufts of rusty hairs; usually about two and a half inches long and an inch and a half wide, they vary on fertile branches from an inch and a half to six inches in length and from one to two and a half inches in width, with midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, slender primary veins generally arcuate and united within the slightly revolute margins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout flattened grooved petioles from one eighth to nearly one half of an inch long and fall gradually during the winter. The flowers appear from February to April, the staminate borne on red hairy-stemmed aments from two to three inches in length, and the pistillate on short tomentose pedun- cles. The calyx of the staminate flower is thin and scarious, coated on the outer surface with short hairs, and deeply divided into four or five ovate rounded segments; the stamens are four or five in number, with oblong emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are a little shorter than the acute calyx-lobes and are coated with rusty hairs; the stigmas are reflexed and deep red. The fruit ripens late in the autumn of the second season and is sessile or borne on a stout peduncle rarely more than an eighth of an inch long, and is usually solitary; the nut is ovoid, broad and flat at the base, full and rounded at the apex, which is covered with rufous pubescence, light yellow-brown and often striate, from one third to two thirds of an inch in length and a little less in breadth, with a thick shell lined with fulvous tomentum, and bright yellow cotyledons; the cup is thin and flat on the bottom and is generally saucer-shaped, embracing only the very base of the nut, but occasionally is cup-shaped and incloses fully a third of the nut; it is coated on the inner surface above the large yellow scar with pale silky tomentum, and is covered by ovate acute closely appressed light red-brown scales which are clothed with pale pubescence, except on their darker colored margins, and are sometimes slightly thickened toward the base of the cup. Quercus nigra inhabits the high sandy borders of swamps and streams and the rich bottom-lands of rivers, and is distributed from southern Delaware southward to Cape Malabar and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, ranging inland through the south Atlantic states to the base of the Appalachian mountains, and westward through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado River in Texas, through the eastern borders of the Indian Territory and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black River in southeastern Missouri, and to central Tennessee and Kentucky. The wood of Quercus nigra is heavy, hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains thin conspicuous medullary rays and broad bands of open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7244, a cubic foot weighing 45.14 pounds. Except as fuel it has little value. Quercus nigra* was first described by Catesby in the Natural History of Carolina, published in 1731,’ although according to Aiton® it was cultivated by Mr. Thomas Fairchild* in England before 1733. The ease with which it can be transplanted and the rapidity of its growth have made this Water Oak a favorite shade-tree in the southern states, and it is frequently planted in the streets and squares of towns and in pleasure-grounds. 1 Quercus nigra is also sometimes called Duck Oak, Possum Oak, Le Chéne d’eau, Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, ed. and Punk Oak. 12™, iv. 335, f£. 47. 2 Quercus folio non serrato, in summitate quasi triangulo, i. 20, t. 3 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 291.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. iii. 1892, f. 1767, 20.— Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 18. 1768. Quercus foliis cuneiformibus obsolete trilobis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 4 See v. 68. 117. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pirate CCCCXXVIII. QvueERcUs NIGRA. . A flowering branch, natural size. a . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. DO OND or PS w wo Tab. CCCCXXVIII. Silva of North America. Leerur se. CLE. Faxon del. Lmp. J. Taneur, Paris. QUERCUS NIGRA_,L. A. Riocreur diren © CUPULIFERS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 169 QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA. Water Oak. Leaves oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, narrowed at both ends, dark green and lustrous. Quercus laurifolia, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 10, t. Quercus laurifolia, a acuta, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 17 (1801) ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 197. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 428 (1805). — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 288. pt. i. 427. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Quercus laurifolia, B obtusa, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214.— Nouveau Duha- 428 (1805). — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 288. mel, vii. 153. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 597. —Sprengel, Syst. iii. Quercus obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627 (1814). 857. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 306. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Quercus Phellos, var. laurifolia, Chapman, Fl. 420 N. Car. 1860, iii. 36.—Orsted, Liebmann Chénes Am. (1860). Trop. t. D. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Lowis Acad. iii. 386, Quercus aquatica, ao laurifolia, A. de Candolle, Prodr. 395.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. 8. xvi. pt. ii. 68 (1864). — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, ix. 152. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 150, t. 1, 2. 306, t. Quercus laurifolia hybrida, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 10, t. 18 (1801). A. tree, occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a tall trunk three or four feet in diameter and comparatively slender branches which spread gradually into a broad dense round-topped shapely head. The bark at the base of old trees is one or two inches in thickness, nearly black, and divided by deep fissures into broad flat ridges ; higher up on the trunk and on the main stems of young trees it is from half an inch to an inch in thickness, dark brown more or less tinged with red and roughened with small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, covered with pale lenticels, glabrous, dark red when they first appear and dark red-brown during their first winter, becoming reddish brown or dark gray in their second year. The winter-buds are broadly ovate or oval, abruptly narrowed and acute at the apex, from one sixteenth to one eighth of an inch long, and covered by numerous thin closely imbricated bright red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, sometimes falcate, gradually narrowed and acute or rarely rounded at the base, acute or occasionally rounded at the bristle-pointed apex, and entire with slightly thickened cartilaginous often undulate margins, or near the extremities of the vigorous branches of young trees they are frequently unequally lobed, generally below the middle or near the base, with small almost triangular acute bristle-pointed lobes; when they unfold they are thin, green tinged with dark red, and slightly puberulous, especially on the lower surface, and at maturity are thin but firm in texture, green and very lustrous above and light green and less lustrous below; usually three or four inches long and three quarters of an inch wide, they vary from an inch and a half to six inches m length and from half an inch to two inches in width, with conspicuous yellow midribs much raised and rounded on the upper side, and obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by many closely reticulated veinlets which are more conspicuous on the upper than on the lower surface ; they are borne on stout grooved yellow petioles rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, and fall irregularly during the winter. The flowers appear in March and April when the leaves are about one third grown, the staminate borne in red-stemmed hairy aments from two to three ches in length, and the pistillate on stout glabrous peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is thin and scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, and deeply divided into four ovate rounded lobes; the stamens are four or five in number, with oblong slightly emarginate yellow glabrous anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are brown and hairy and about as long as the acute calyx-lobes ; the stigmas are 170 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. short, recurved, and dark red. The acorns ripen early in the autumn of the second year and are sessile or subsessile, and generally solitary ; the nut is nearly ovoid or hemispherical, broad and slightly rounded at the base, full, rounded and puberulous at the apex, dark brown when first ripe, but as it dries some- times becoming: striate with brown and dark olive-green stripes, and about half an inch in length and in breadth, with a thin shell lined with a slight coat of pale tomentum and bright orange-colored bitter cotyledons; the cup, which embraces nearly a quarter of the nut, is thin, saucer-shaped, and reddish brown and silky-pubescent on the inner surface, with a large bright orange-colored scar, and is covered by thin ovate light red-brown scales rounded at the ends and coated with pale pubescence except on their darker colored margins. Quercus laurifolia inhabits the sandy banks of streams and swamps and rich hummocks in the neighborhood of the coast, and is distributed from the Dismal Swamp in Virginia * southward to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano in Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana. Nowhere very abundant, it is most common and attains its largest size in eastern Florida. . The wood of Quercus laurifolia is heavy, and very strong and hard, but coarse-grained and lable to check badly in drying; it is dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7673, a cubic foot weighing 47.82 pounds. It is probably used only as fuel. Quercus laurifolia appears to have escaped the notice of early botanists, although among American species it is surpassed in beauty only by the Live Oak, with which it frequently grows on sandy coast hummocks. It is the common Water Oak in the streets and squares of the cities of the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Wilmington, North Carolina, to New Orleans, often adorning them with its tall column-like shafts and noble heads of lustrous dark green foliage. 1 Quercus laurifolia was collected in the Dismal Swamp in 1877 by Mr. L. F. Ward. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate CCCCXXIX. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. oom &® bd . A leaf of a sterile branch of a young tree, natural size. 6. A winter branchlet, natural size. Puate CCCCXXX. QveERcUS LAURIFOLLA. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. A fruiting branch, natural size. Tab. CCCCXXIX Silva of North America. Himety se.. C£. Faaon del. »Michx. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA Lup. J, Taneur, Paris. A. Riocreuz rex! Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXX. CE. Faavon del, ftimely SC. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA, Michx. A. Riocreux direa.® inp. J. Taneur, Paris, CUPULIFERZ, SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 171 QUERCUS BREVIFOLIA. Blue Jack. LEAVES oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, pale and tomentose on the lower surface. Quercus brevifolia. Quercus Phellos, 8 brevifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 722 (1783). Quercus humilis, Walter, FU. Car. 234 (not Lamarck) (1788). — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 58. Quercus Phellos, 8 sericea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 354 (1789). — Loudon, Ard. Brit. iii. 1895, £. 1773. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 161. Quercus Phellos, 6 latifolia, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 8345 (excl. syn. Marshall) (1790). Quercus Phellos, B, Smith, Abbot & Smith Insects of Georgia, ii. 103, t. 52 (1797). Quercus cinerea, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 8, t. 14 (1801) ; FU. Bor.-Am. ii. 197. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. 1. 425. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 212. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 82, t. 14. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 288. — Pursh, 27. Am. Sept. vii. 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 594. — Sprengel, Syst. ili. 857. — Scheele, Roemer Texas, 447.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 306. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 37. — Chap- man, Fl. 421.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 73. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 73. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 452.— Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 386, 395.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 153.— Dippel, Handb. Laub- holzk. ii. 105, f. 47.— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 131. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, ii. 417 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus Phellos, 8 humilis, Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. ii. 625 (1814). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 74. Quercus cinerea, 8 dentato-lobata, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 73 (1864). Quercus cinerea, y humilis, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi pt. ii. 74 (1864). ii. 626. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, A tree, usually fifteen or twenty feet tall, with a trunk five or six inches in diameter and stout rigid branches which form a narrow irregular head, but occasionally rising to the height of fifty feet and forming a trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter and a broad round-topped shapely head. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is divided into thick nearly square plates from one to two inches long and covered with small dark brown nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. The branchlets are stout, rigid, and roughened by numerous elevated lenticels, and are coated at first with dense fulvous hoary tomentum of articulate and stellate hairs; their covering gradually disappears, and during their first winter they are dark brown sometimes tinged with red, and glabrous or puberulous, becoming darker in their second season. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, covered by numerous rather loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins, and often a quarter of an inch long on vigorous branches, or frequently obtuse and much smaller. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or sometimes rounded at the base, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex, and entire, with slightly thickened undulate margins, or on the extremities of vigorous sterile branches occasionally three-lobed at the apex and variously lobed on the margins ; when they unfold they are bright pink and pubescent on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with thick silvery white tomentum, and when fully grown are firm in texture, blue-green, lustrous, and con- spicuously reticulate-venulose above and coated below with pale tomentum, from two to five inches long and from half an inch to an inch and a half wide, with stout yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side and remote obscure primary veins forked and united within the margins ; they are borne on stout grooved and flattened petioles from one quarter to one half of an inch in length and fall irregularly late in the autumn or early in winter. The stipules are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, from one 172 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERA, half to three quarters of an inch long, brown and scarious, and caducous. The flowers appear with the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate produced in the axils of linear acute hairy caducous bracts in hoary tomentose aments two or three inches in length, and the pistillate borne on short stout tomentose peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower before expansion is bright red, coated with pubescence, and furnished at the apex with a thick tuft of silvery white hairs; it is divided into four or five ovate acute segments and becomes yellow as it unfolds and turns brown before falling ; the stamens are four or five in number, with ovate acute apiculate glabrous anthers which are dark red in the bud and yellow at maturity. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, and are coated with pale tomentum ; the stigmas are dark red. The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn of the second year and is occasionally found on branches three or four years old, is usually produced in great profusion and is generally sessile or is sometimes raised on a short stem rarely a quarter of an inch long; the nut is ovate, full and rounded at both ends, or subglobose, about half an inch in length, light brown, often striate, and coated at the apex with hoary pubescence ; the cup is thin and saucer- shaped, embracing only the bottom of the nut, or it is cup-shaped and incloses its lower half; it is bright red-brown and coated with lustrous pale pubescence on the inner surface, and is covered by thin closely imbricated ovate oblong scales coated, except on the dark red-brown margins, with hoary tomen- tum.’ Quercus brevifolia inhabits sandy barrens and upland ridges, and is distributed from North Carolina southward to Cape Malabar and the shores of Pease Creek in Florida, and westward along the In the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states it is usually confined to a maritime belt from forty to fifty miles in width,’ although it extends across the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River in Texas. Florida peninsula, and in Texas ranges as far inland as the neighborhood of Dallas in about thirty- three degrees north latitude. The wood of Quercus brevifolia is hard, strong, and close-grained, and is ight brown tinged with red, with thick darker colored sapwood ; it contains thin conspicuous medullary rays and bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6420, a cubic foot weighing 40.00 pounds. It is probably only used as fuel. The Blue Jack * was first figured and described by Mark Catesby in his Natural History of Caro- lina, published in 1731." 1 Specimens of two plants found by Mr. George V. Nash in Au- gust, 1894, on the road between Umatilla and Lake Ella in Lake County, Florida, are considered hybrids of Quercus brevifolia and Quercus Catesbei by Mr. J. K. Small. The first (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxii. 76, t. 234) has pubescent branchlets, and ovate acute and entire or undulate-lobed leaves sometimes three-lobed at the apex, glabrous on the upper and pale and stellate-pubescent on the lower surface, and, except in the character of the covering of the lower The seales of the half-grown fruit, however, are large and nearly gla- surface, not unlike those of some forms of Quercus brevifolia. brous, and in shape and size resemble those of Quercus Catesbei rather than those of Quercus brevifolia. The second of these supposed hybrids (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, I. c. t. 235) has oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate leaves three or four inches in length, variously sinuately lobed or dentate with acute apiculate lobes or teeth, or at the base of the shoot three-lobed at the broad apex, and entire and gradually narrowed toward the rounded base ; they are bright green and rather lustrous above and paler and glabrous below with the exception of occasional tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, and are not distinguishable from the leaves sometimes produced on vigorous stump-shoots of Quercus nigra. 2 A specimen without flowers or fruit gathered by Mr. John K. Small in July, 1893, on the Yellow River in Guinett County in northern Georgia, is probably of this species, although far outside its range as otherwise known. 8 Quercus brevifolia is also sometimes called Upland Willow Oak and Sand Jack. * Quercus humilior salicis folio breviore, i. 22, t. 22. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCCXXXI. QUERCUS BREVIFOLIA. 2 . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A nut, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. CHA AAPR Wh Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXXI. / \ WY / / ; tn, ." D Ae VA) ” i x Ami (f a Z of aby) 9 VW ? ; is \ a eA P, he ~~ Aapine sc. | CF. Faaon det. QUERCUS BREVIFOLIA, Sarg. A. Riocreuc. direc! Imp. J Taneur,Paris, CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 Ct QUERCUS IMBBRICARIA. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, usually entire, pubescent on the lower surface. Quercus imbricaria, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 9, t. mael, Bull. Féd. Hort. Soc. Belg. 1869, 349, t. 17.— 15, 16 (1801); Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 197. —Willdenow, Spec. iv. Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 312, £. 196. — Koch, Dendr. pt. 1.428; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 338; Enum. Suppl. 64. — i. pt. ii. 60.— Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 296. — Sargent, Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 154. — Wen- 214. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 78, t. 13. — Pursh, zig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 182. — Watson & Coul- Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214. — Nouveau ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 478. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. Duhamel, vii. 154.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 155. — Elliott, 150, t. 1, 2. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 103, £. 46. — Sk. ii. 598. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 857. — Dietrich, Syn. v. Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 181. 306. — Brendel, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soe. iii. 623, t. 6.— Quercus Phellos, 8 imbricaria, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 160 Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 36. — Chap- (1842). man, £7. 420.— A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. 11. 63.— Quercus imbricaria, 8 spinulosa, A. de Candolle, Prodr. Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. Sra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 73; xvi. pt. ii. 63 (1864). Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii. £. 5.— Wes- A tree, usually fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding three feet in diameter, or occasionally on low rich ground a hundred feet in height, with a stem clear of branches for fifty or sixty feet and from three to four feet in diameter. In its youth the Shingle Oak, unless greatly crowded by other trees, forms with tough slender horizontal or somewhat pendulous branches a broad pyramid taper- ing gradually from near the ground, and in old age a narrow round-topped open picturesque head. The bark on young stems and on their branches is thin, light brown, smooth and lustrous, and on old trunks it is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and slightly divided by irregular shallow fissures into broad ridges covered with thick closely appressed light brown scales somewhat tinged with red. The branchlets are slender, marked with pale lenticels, puberulous and dark green and lustrous at first and often suffused with red, but they soon become glabrous, and during their first winter are rather light reddish brown or light brown, growmg dark brown in their second year. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, about an eighth of an inch long, obscurely angled and covered with closely imbricated light chestnut-brown lustrous scales erose and often ciliate on the scarious margins. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, apiculate and acute or rounded at the apex, and entire, with slightly thickened and revolute often undulate margins, or they are sometimes broader and more or less three-lobed, or on vigorous sterile branches occasionally irregularly repand-lobulate; when they first unfold they stand at nearly right angles with the stem and are bright red, soon becoming light yellow- green and covered with scurfy rusty pubescence on the upper surface, and on the lower with thick hoary tomentum ; and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, glabrous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale green or light brown below and coated with soft fine pubescence, from four to six inches long and from three quarters of an inch to two inches wide, with stout yellow midribs broad and grooved on the upper side, numerous slender yellow veins arcuate and united at some distance from the margins, and fine reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout pubescent petioles flattened and grooved above and rarely more than half an inch in length, and late in the autumn before falling the upper surface resembles dark red leather, while the lower remains pale, and the beauty of the leaf is height- ened by the darker and more brilliantly colored midribs. The stipules are oblong-obovate to lanceolate, 176 CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. acute, scarious, from one half to two thirds of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers open in April and May when the leaves are about one third grown, the staminate borne in the axils of linear lanceo- late scarious caducous bracts on hoary tomentose aments two or three inches in length, and the pistillate on slender tomentose peduncles." The calyx of the staminate flower is light yellow, pubescent and divided into four acute segments ; the stamens number four or five, with oblong emarginate and slightly apiculate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are about as long as the acute calyx-lobes and are coated with pale pubescence; the stigmas are short, reflexed, and usually greenish yellow. The fruit, which ripens during the autumn of the second year, is solitary or in pairs and is borne on a stout peduncle sometimes nearly half an inch long; the nut is nearly as broad as it is long, full and rounded at the base, gradually narrowed but full and rounded at the apex, dark chestnut- brown, often obscurely striate, and from one half to two thirds of an inch in length, with a thin shell lined with rusty tomentum,and dark orange-brown cotyledons; the cup, which embraces from one third to one half of the nut, is thin, cup-shaped or turbinate, bright red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light red-brown scales rounded or acute at the apex and coated with pale pubescence except on their darker colored margins. Quercus imbricaria is distributed from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, westward through southern Michigan and Wisconsin to northern Missouri? and northeastern Kansas,’ and southward to the District of Columbia,‘ along the Alleghany Mountains, which it ascends to elevations of about four thousand feet, to northern Georgia and Alabama and to middle Tennessee and northern Arkansas.’ It inhabits rich uplands and occasionally the fertile bottom-lands of rivers, and, comparatively rare in the east, is one of the most abundant Oaks of the basin of the lower Ohio, growing probably to its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois.® Trees which are believed to be hybrids between Quercus imbricaria and Quercus Marilandica,’ Quercus velutina,’ and Quercus palustris ® have been observed. 1 On a young tree in the Arnold Arboretum the pistillate flow- ers are occasionally scattered at the base of the staminate aments. 2 Broadhead, Bot. Gazette, iii. 60. 3 Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. State Board Agric. Kansas, 272. 4L. F. Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22,113 (Fl. Washing- ton). 5 Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 454. 6 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Herb. v. 80. 7 Quercus imbricaria x Marilandica. Quercus nigra, B tridentata, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 64 (1864). Quercus imbricaria x nigra, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 539 (1877). A small tree (Plate cccexxxiii.) found by Dr. Engelmann eight miles west of St. Louis in the autumn of 1849, and soon afterwards destroyed, was believed by him to be a hybrid between the Shingle Oak and the Black Jack. The leaves were elliptical to obovate in outline, entire or three-toothed or lobed at the apex and occasion- ally furnished with lateral teeth, rounded or acute at the base, dark green and lustrous above, pale and glabrate below, from four to seven inches long and from two to three inches broad. The fruit was sessile with a globose nut inclosed to the middle in a hemi- spherical turbinate cup covered by thin rather closely imbricated scales clothed with canescent pubescence. A number of trees with similar foliage have been found by Mr. George W. Letterman near Allenton, Missouri ; shoots of Quercus imbricaria with large obovate three-toothed leaves were collected at Lancaster, Penn- sylvania, by Mr. John K. Small, in August, 1890; and it is not improbable that all these individuals are extreme forms of Quercus imbricaria rather than hybrids, as this species shows a strong ten- dency to leaf and cup variation. 8 Quercus imbricaria x velutina. Quercus Leana, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 13*, t. 5 bis (1842).— Lea, Cat. Pl. Cincinnati, 30.— A. de Candolle, 1. v. 62. —L. F. Ward, Field and Forest, i. 41; Bot. Gazette, v. 123; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22,114 (Fl. Washington).— Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 471. Quercus imbricaria x coccinea, Engelmann, J. c. (1877). This peculiar tree (Plate eccexxxiv.) was discovered near Cincin- nati, Ohio, sixty or seventy years ago by Mr. Thomas G. Lea, and has since been found, usually in solitary specimens, in widely sep- arated localities from the District of Columbia and the banks of the Tuckasegee and of the Tennessee in western North Carolina to southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois and southeast- ern Missouri. The winter-buds are acute, puberulous, and about half an inch long. The leaves are convolute in the bud, from ob- long-obovate to lanceolate, entire, sinuate-dentate or dentate-lobed with acute or rounded bristle-tipped lobes acute or rounded or broad and slightly three-lobed at the apex and gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base ; when they unfold they are scurfy-pubescent on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with thick pale tomentum, and at maturity are thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above and rusty brown and puberulous below, from four to six inches long and from two to three inches wide, with slender midribs and primary veins, and slender petioles from one to two inches in length. The fruit is subsessile or is borne on a stout peduncle rarely half an inch long and is usually solitary; the nut is oblong, full and rounded at both ends or subglobose, and is inclosed nearly to the middle in the turbinate hemispherical cup covered by ovate loosely imbricated pubescent light red-brown scales. Some individual leaves of this tree are not distinguishable from those of Quercus imbricaria, which it resembles in habit and general appearance, but the cup is that of Quercus velutina. ° Quercus imbricaria x palustris, Engelmann, I. c. A single small tree noticed by Dr. Engelmann near St. Louis in CUPULIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 The wood of Quercus imbricaria is heavy and hard but rather coarse-grained, and checks badly in drying; it is light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and wide bands of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7529, a cubic foot weighing 46.92 pounds. It is occasionally used in construction and for clapboards and shingles. Quercus imbricaria was first described by André Michaux, who found it among the southern Alle- ghany Mountains toward the end of the last century, although, according to Aiton,’ it had been intro- duced into English gardens by John Fraser? in the year when Michaux first visited the mountains of Carolina. Quercus imbricaria, with its symmetrical habit, smooth bark, and lustrous dark green entire leaves, is one of the most beautiful of the American Oaks and a most distinct and desirable ornament of the parks and gardens of eastern America, where it is perfectly hardy as far north at least as the shores of Massachusetts Bay. 1870, and afterwards destroyed, was believed by him to be a hybrid between Quercus imbricaria and Quercus palustris. (See Braun, Sitz. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1870, 82.) The leaves were broadly lan- ceolate, mostly acute at the apex, and entire or usually furnished with coarse triangular-toothed acute bristle-pointed teeth; they were pubescent at first especially on the lower surface but soon be- came glabrate, and at maturity were thin, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, from four to six inches long and from one to two inches wide. The fruit was mostly solitary and was borne on a stout peduncle sometimes half an inch in length; the nut was ob- long, full and rounded at the apex, almost as broad as it was long, light brown, and inclosed for about one third of its length in the thin cup-shaped or turbinate cup covered by ovate scales rounded at the apex and clothed, except on the bright red-brown margins, with hoary pubescence. 1 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 288.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1898, f. 1777. 2 See i. 8. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCCXXXII. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA. . A flowering branch, natural size. A staminate flower, enlarged. A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, natural size. A leaf, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. SAHA R WDE Pirate CCCCXXXIII. Quercus mpricaARIA x MARILANDICA. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. Prate CCCCXXXIV. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA X VELUTINA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. Silva of North America. . Tab. CCCCXXXII. C.E.Faaon del, Toulet se, QUERCUS IMBRICARIA, Michx. A. Riocreux direat imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXXII1. C.F. Facon det. ftimely SC. QUERCUS IMBRICARIAX MARILANDICA. A, Riocreua cdirex * Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. , Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXXIV. C.E.F axon del. Migneaur sc. QUERCUS IMBRICARIAXVELUTINA (QUERCUS LEANA, Nutt.) A. Riocreuz adirer & 7 Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. CUPULIFER&. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 179 QUERCUS PHELLOS. Willow Oak. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, usually entire. Quercus Phellos, Linnzus, Spec. 994 (excl. vars.) (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 12. — Muenchhausen, Hawsv. v. 254 (excl. c). — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 278. — Wan- genheim, Beschrieb. Nordam. Holz. 132; Nordam. Holz. 76, t. 5, £. 11.— Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i. 70. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 137. — Walter, Fl. Car. 234. — Willde- now, Spec. iv. pt. 1.423; Hnum.974; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 337. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 507. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 424. — pt. ii. 59. — Gartenflora, xxix. 221, f. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 296. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 154. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 181 (excl. vars.). — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 212, t. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 479.— Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 150, t. 2.—Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 131. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 106, £. 48, 49. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 417 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 74, t.12.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Quercus Phellos, a longifolia, Lamarck, Dict. i. 722 Sept. ii. 625 (excl. var. 8). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214. — Nou- (1783). veau Duhamel, vii. 150. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 155.— El- Quercus Phellos, § subrepanda, Lamarck, Dict. i. 722 liott, Sk. ii. 593. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 857. —Spach, Hist. (1783). Vég. xi. 160 (excl. vars.).— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 187, Quercus Phellos, « sublobata, Lamarck, Dict. i. 722 t. 104.— Dietrich, Syn. v. 306. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. (17838). Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 36.— Chapman, #7. 420.— A. Quercus Phellos, a viridis, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 354 de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 63 (excl. var. 2). — Orsted, (1789). Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 73. —Wes- Quercus Phellos (sylvatica), Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. mael, Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1869, 348, t. 15, 16. — No. 7, t. 12 (1801); Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 197. Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 311, f. 195. — Koch, Dendr. ii. A tree, occasionally seventy or eighty feet in height, with a trunk two or three or rarely four feet in diameter, but usually much smaller, and slender branches spreading gradually into a comparatively narrow open or conical round-topped head. The bark of the trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, light reddish brown slightly tinged with red, and generally smooth but broken on old trees by shallow narrow fissures into irregular plates covered with small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, roughened with dark lenticels, glabrous and reddish brown, and in their second year grow dark brown tinged with red or grayish brown. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by dark chestnut-brown scales, with pale scarious margins. The leaves are involute in the bud, ovate-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate-obovate, often somewhat falcate, gradually narrowed and acute at the base, acute and apiculate at the apex, and entire with slightly undulate margins; when they unfold they are light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with pale caducous pubescence, and at maturity are glabrous, light green and rather lustrous above, dull and paler, or rarely coated with hoary pubescence below,! conspicuously reticulate-venulose, from two and a half to five inches in length and from a quarter of an inch to an inch in width, with slender yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side and obscure primary veins forked and united about half way between the midribs and the margins ; they are borne on stout grooved petioles from one eighth to one quarter of an inch in length and turn pale yellow in the autumn before falling. The flowers open when the leaves are about a quarter grown, the staminate borne in hairy slender-stemmed aments from two to three inches in length and the pistillate on slender glabrous peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is yellow and hairy, and is divided into four or five ovate acute segments; the stamens are four or five in number, with oblong glabrous 1 Ihave seen this form only on a specimen collected near Wilmington, Delaware, by Mr. W. M. Canby, and preserved in the Gray Herbarium. 180 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. yellow slightly apiculate anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower are brown and covered with pale hairs, and about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; the stigmas are much reflexed and bright red. The fruit ripens in the autumn of the second year and is short-stalked or nearly sessile, and solitary or sometimes in pairs; the nut is hemispherical, half an inch in diameter, light yellow-brown, and coated with pale pubescence; the cup, which embraces only the base of the nut, is thin, saucer- shaped or subturbinate, light reddish brown, clothed with lustrous silky pubescence on the inner surface, and covered by thin elongated ovate truncate hoary pubescent scales dark red-brown on their margins. The Willow Oak inhabits the low wet borders of swamps and streams and rich sandy uplands, and is distributed from Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Usually confined in the Atlantic states to the low maritime plain, without, however, approaching close to the seacoast, it is less common in the middle central Tennessee, and southern Kentucky.’ districts, and rarely ranges to the Appalachian foothills. Trees believed to be hybrids between Quercus Phellos and Quercus velutina,? and between 1 The occurrence of Quercus Phellos in Schuyler County, western Illinois, is mentioned by Worthen (Geology of Lilinois, i. 443), but I have seen no specimens of this species from the region north of the Ohio River. (See Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 83; Bot. Gazette, viii. 349.) 2 Quercus Phellos x velutina (Piate eccexxxvi.). Quercus heterophylla, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 87, t. 16 (1812).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Barton, Compend. Fi. Phil. ii. 167. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214; Sylva, i.15. — Loudon, Ard. Brit. iii. 1894. — Gale, Proc. Nat. Inst. 1855, 70, f. 1.— Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1861, 361; 1862, 100. — Orsted, Chénes Am. Trop. t. B. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. 11. 62. — Meehan, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1875, 437, 465 ; Bot. Gazette, vii. 10.— Leidy, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1875, 415. — Martindale, Notes on the Bartram Oak, 3; Bot. Gazette, vi. 303. —L. F. Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114 (Fl. Washington). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 153. — Houba, Chénes Am. en Belgique, 224, t.— Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 150. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 108. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 417 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). Quercus aquatica, B heterophylla, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 290 (1813). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 68. Quercus nigra, var., Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255 (1859). Quercus Phellos x tinctoria, Gray, Man. ed. 4, 406 (1863). Quercus Phellos, var., Gray, l. c. ed. 5, 453 (1867). Quercus Phellos x coccinea, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 541 (1877). — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 479 (x rubra ?). A specimen of this peculiar tree, growing in a field belonging to John Bartram on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, was first de- scribed by the younger Michaux in 1812, although it appears to have been known much earlier, as “that particular species of Oak that Dr. Mitchell found in thy meadow,” seeds of which Peter Collinson asked from “my good friend John” in March, 1750, was probably this tree. (See Darlington, Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, 183.) It was destroyed long ago, but a seedling from it which was planted by Humphry Marshall in his arboretum at Marshallton more than a century since still survives, and offsprings of Bartram’s tree have also been grown in Europe. About twenty-five years ago several individuals of apparently the same parentage were found in the woods on both banks of the Delaware east of Camden, New Jersey, and others were subsequently discovered near Wilmington, Delaware, on Staten Island, New York, in the District of Columbia, in western North Carolina, northern Alabama, and near Houston, Texas. These trees are usually thirty or forty feet high, with trunks eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, although the specimen in Marshall’s arboretum is nearly twice this size; the bark is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, gray or light brown tinged with red, smooth and covered with small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, marked with pale len- ticels, and tomentose at first, but soon become glabrous and turn bright red-brown during their first winter and ultimately dark The winter-buds are ovate, acute, slightly angled, rather more than an eighth of an inch long, and covered with light red- brown. brown scales scarious on the margins, glabrous on some individuals and pilose or pubescent on others. The leaves are revolute in the bud, lanceolate or oblong-obovate in outline, entire, sinuately spinulose-dentate, coarsely serrate, or lobed with spreading or fal- cate acute entire bristle-pointed lobes, the different forms appearing on the same tree and on the same branch, the leaves on upper branches, however, being usually entire ; when they unfold they are pubescent on the upper surface and tomentose on the lower, and at maturity are dark green and lustrous above and rusty brown below, and glabrous with the exception of occasional tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins on the lower surface. The flowers open when the leaves are about a third grown, the staminate borne in hairy aments from two to three inches in length, and the pistillate on short tomentose peduncles. The calyx of the staminate flower is hairy on the outer surface and is generally divided into four ovate acute lobes ; the stamens are four or five in number, with ovate acute slightly apiculate anthers. The involucral scales of the pis- tillate flower are covered with pale hairs and are rather shorter than the acute calyx-lobes ; the stigmas are reflexed and dark red. The fruit, which is produced sparingly, ripens in the autumn of the second year and is sessile or short-stalked ; the nut is oval to sub- globose, half an inch long, light yellow or reddish brown, and puberulous ; the cup, which incloses nearly half the nut, is thin, turbinate or almost hemispherical, light red-brown, pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by elongated rather loosely imbri- eated acute scales coated with hoary tomentum. On trees discov- ered by Mr. Arthur Hollick at Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, in 1888 (Quercus Phellos x rubra, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xv. 303, t. 84, 85), the more oblong fruit and the shallower cups, with less tomentose scales glabrous and bright red on their margins, indicate perhaps, as he suggested, the influence of Quercus rubra, although the leaves do not differ from those on trees one of whose parents was evidently Quercus velutina. CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 Quercus Phellos and Quercus Marilandica, have been repeatedly found, and the species apparently crosses also with Quercus nana? The wood of Quercus Phellos is heavy and strong, although not hard, rather coarse-grained, and light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood, and contains thin medullary rays and bands of several rows of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7472, a cubic foot weighing 46.56 pounds. It is occasionally used in construction, for clapboards, and for the fellies of wheels. An Oak-tree with narrow entire leaves seemed a remarkable object to Europeans of the seventeenth century, and the Willow Oak attracted the attention of some of the earliest botanical explorers of eastern America. It was included in the catalogue of Virginia plants which John Banister sent to England in 1680,’ and was first described by Ray in the third volume of the Historia Plantarum, published in 1704.4 According to Aiton ° it was in cultivation in England in 1724. A distinct and beautiful, fast-growing, hardy tree, the Willow Oak,° although admirably suited to embellish the parks and gardens of eastern North America, is rarely cultivated in the northern states. Associated with the Water Oaks, it may sometimes be seen shading the streets of southern towns and in European plantations.” 1 Quercus Phellos x Marilandica. Quercus Phellos, B subimbricaria, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 63 (1864). Quercus Rudkini (Quercus Phellos x nigra), Britton, Bull. Tor- rey Bot. Club, ix. 13, t. 10-12, figs. 1-5 (1882). First distinguished as a hybrid in 1881 between Keyport and South Amboy, New Jersey, where a number of individuals were seen by W. H. Rudkin and W. Bower, this peculiar tree is now thought to be comparatively common on Staten Island and in southern New Jersey. The leaves vary in outline from ovate- lanceolate to oblong-oval and to broadly obovate, and are entire or furnished with one or more irregular lateral lobes, or are three- lobed at the apex with acute lobes, or repand-dentate at the broad apex, or sinuate-lobed with wide or narrow sinuses, the different forms appearing on the same tree and sometimes on the same branch ; they are from three to five inches in length, and from one to three inches in width, and thick and rather firm in texture, and are sometimes glabrous on the lower surface, like the leaves of Quer- cus Phellos, but more frequently are covered below with the rusty pubescence of Quercus Marilandica. The nuts vary on different trees from subglobose to ovate-acute, and are inclosed at the base only or for more than half their length in shallow saucer-shaped, cup- shaped, or turbinate cups with rather loosely imbricated ovate acute scales clothed, except on their dark red-brown margins, with pale tomentum. A tree, probably of similar parentage, was found by Mr. J. K. Small at the falls of the Yadkin River in North Carolina, in August, 1892 ; and one found by Mr. Ravenel near Aiken, South Carolina, is believed to have had the same origin by Dr. Britton, who considers that all trees in New Jersey and on Staten Island which have been referred to Quercus imbricaria are hybrids of this parentage. 2 Specimens of an Oak without fruit collected at May’s Landing, New Jersey, by Mr. J. C. Gifford and Mr. J. E. Peters in July, 1890 (Quercus Phellos x ilicifolia, Peters, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 295), with oblong-ovate acute apiculate leaves entire or fur- nished with a large lateral acute or rounded lobe, silvery white and pubescent on the lower surface, four or five inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches wide, have every appearance of belonging to a hybrid between Quercus Phellos and Quercus nana. 3 Quercus Lini aut Salicis foliis, Ray, Hist. Pl. ii. 1927. * Quercus, an potius Ilex Marilandica folio longo angusto Salicis, iii. Dendr. 8. — Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car. i. 16, t. 16. — Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, ed. 12™, iv. 333, f. 41. Quercus foliis lanceolatis integerrimis, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 117. Quercus folio longo angusto salicis, Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 25. 5 Hort. Kew. iii. 354. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1894, f. 1774, t. 6 In Arkansas the Willow Oak is sometimes called Water Oak and Pin Oak (Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 454). 7 Nicholson, Garden and Forest, i. 136. — J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, v. 602. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pirate CCCCXXXV. Quercus PHELLOS. oO TO FR oo dS ee Puate CCCCXXXVI. oT Pw dy . A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A leaf from a young vigorous shoot, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. QuERCUS PHELLOS X VELUTINA (QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA). A flowering branch, natural size. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A winter branchlet, natural size. Pirate CCCCXXXVII. Quercus PHEtios x Marinanpica (QuERCUS RUDKINI). 1. 2. 3. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. A leaf, natural size. Tab. CCCCXXXV. Silva of North America. -- * P th 3 Gis Bo Kh psa Pye. CLE. Faaon det. Himely se. . QUERCUS PHELLOS,L. tnp. J Laneur, Paris. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXXVI. Spa On ; eS: a ce C.E. Faxon det. fRapine se. QUERCUS PHELLOS x VELUTINA (QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA , Michx.f.) A, Piocreux. dirar.® Imp. J. Taneur, Paris. Silva of North America. CE. Faaon det. QUERCUS PHELLOS xX MARILANDICA (QUERCUS RUDKINI, Britt.) A, Riocreuc dren © limp. 7. Taneur, Paris. Tab. CECCXXXVII. fiinhely SC. ye CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 183 QUERCUS DENSIFLORA. Tan Bark Oak. Chestnut Oak. LEAVES oblong, entire or dentate, tomentose on the lower surface, persistent. Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 391 (1849).— Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 380. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 11, t. 5.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. i. 138; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 458.— Bentham, Pl. Hart- weg. 337.— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 31, 89, f. 8. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 82. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 231. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iti. 380; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 99. — Kel- Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 155. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 219. — Greene, West Am. Oaks, 41, t. 23; Man. Bot. Bay Region, 303. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 268, t. 2, 5. Quercus echinacea, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. i. 187, t. 14 (1856). Pasania densiflora, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjébenh. 1866, 83; Liebmann Chénes Am. Trop. 21. logg, Forest Trees of California, 85.— Sargent, Forest The Tan Bark Oak is usually seventy or eighty but sometimes nearly one hundred feet in height, and although its trunk generally does not exceed three feet in diameter, individuals with stems double that size occasionally occur ; on trees in dense coniferous forests the stout branches ascend and form a narrow spire-like top, or in more open positions and when space permits, the lower branches spread horizontally, and the head is broad, symmetrical, dense, and round-topped ; or sometimes it is reduced to a shrub with slender stems only a few feet high.’ The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad rounded ridges broken transversely into nearly square plates covered with closely appressed light reddish brown scales. The branchlets are stout, covered with minute pale lenticels, and coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum of stellate hairs which often does not entirely disappear until the second or third years, when they are dark reddish brown and frequently covered with a glacous bloom. The winter- buds are ovate, obtuse, from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, covered with tomentose loosely imbricated scales, and often surrounded by the persistent stipules of the upper leaves; the scales are linear-lanceolate in the outer ranks, but increasing in width toward the interior of the bud, those of the inner ranks are ovate or obovate and rounded at the apex. The leaves are convolute in the bud and oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded or acute or rarely cordate at the base, acute or occasionally rounded at the apex, and repand-dentate with acute callous teeth, or entire, with thickened revolute margins, dentate and entire leaves often appearing on the same branch; when they unfold they are coated with fulvous tomentum and furnished on the margins with dark caducous glands, and when fully grown are pale green, lustrous and glabrous or more or less covered with scattered stellate pubescence on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with rusty tomentum, but ultimately become glabrous above and glabrate and bluish white below; they are from three to five inches long and from three quarters of an inch to three inches wide, with stout midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, and a half to two inches in length and from one half to two thirds of an inch in width, glabrous above and hoary-pubescent below, The nut is ovate, grad- 1 Quercus densiflora, var. echinoides. Quercus echinoides, R. Brown Campst. Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. 251 (1871). — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 304. Quercus densiflora, Greene, West 1m. Oaks, t. 24 (1889). This slender shrub (Plate cecexxxviii. f. 9), apparently first no- ticed by Robert Brown on Cajion Creek in southern Oregon and said by him to ascend on the Siskiyou Mountains to elevations of eight thousand feet, is not rare on the slopes of Mt. Shasta or on the Sierra Nevada in northern California. The leaves are oval or oblong-obovate, narrowed at both ends or occasionally rounded with obscure midribs and primary veins. ually narrowed and acute at the apex, nearly an inch long, and inclosed at the base in the cup-shaped cup covered by long slender recurved scales. Very distinct in the shape, size, and covering of its leaves from the large-leaved forms of Quercus densiflora, this shrub is connected with them by small trees which produce leaves inter- mediate in shape, dentation, size, and coloring. The fruit of the shrub differs from that of the tree only in its usually smaller size at the apex, entire or obscurely sinuate-dentate, from an inch and less hairy cup-scales. 184 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERZ. and thin or thick primary veins running obliquely to the points of the teeth, or in entire leaves usually forked and united near the margins, and connected by straight secondary ves and fine conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout rigid tomentose petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length and do not fall until the end of the third or sometimes not until the end of the fourth year. The stipules vary from oblong-obovate to linear-lanceolate, and are brown and scarious, coated on the outer surface, especially along the midribs, with long pale hairs, and caducous, or those of the last leaves are frequently persistent during the winter. The flowers usually appear in early spring and frequently also irregularly during the autumn and winter, and are borne in unisexual staminate and in androgynous aments which are produced from the axils of leaves of the year or from the inner scales of the terminal bud, or sometimes from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, and are erect, stout-stemmed, tomentose, and three or four inches in length. The staminate flowers are borne in three-flowered clusters crowded on the aments, covered before anthesis with thick hoary tomentum, and subtended by ovate rounded tomentose bracts, the two lateral flowers in the cluster being furnished with similar although smaller bracts; the calyx is tomentose and divided into five nearly triangular acute lobes; there are ten stamens with slender elongated filaments, small oblong emarginate anthers, minute pollen grains, and an acute hairy abortive ovary. The pistillate flowers, which are scattered at the base of the upper aments, are solitary in the axils of acute tomentose bracts, and are furnished with two acute bractlets; the ovary is ovate-oblong, slightly contracted below the six rounded calyx-lobes, coated like them with pale hairs, and inclosed in the tomentose involucral scales; at the base of each calyx-lobe is inserted a bright red stamen with a slender exserted filament and a minute abortive anther; the styles are elongated, slightly spreading, three in number, light green, and dark and stigmatic at the apex. The fruit, which ripens at the end of the second season, is solitary or often in pairs, and is borne on a stout tomentose peduncle from half an inch to nearly an inch in length ; the nut is oval or ovate, full and rounded at the base, gradually narrowed and full and rounded or acute at the apex, coated when fully grown with scurfy pubescence, but glabrous light yellow-brown and lustrous at maturity, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half long and from half an inch to nearly an inch broad, with a thick hard shell lined with a thick coat of fulvous tomentum, a thick red-brown seed-coat, abortive ovules near the apex of the seed, and light yellow bitter cotyledons ; the cup, which embraces only the base of the nut, is thin and woody, shallow and cup-shaped, tomentose with lustrous red-brown hairs on the inner surface, and covered by long linear rigid spreading or recurved light brown scales coated with pale stellate hairs, often tipped, especially while young, with dark red glands, and often clothed near the base of the cup with thick pale or fulvous tomentum. Quercus densifiora is distributed from the valley of the Umpqua River in southern Oregon south- ward through the coast ranges to the Santa Inez Mountains’ east of Santa Barbara, California, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, which it ascends to an elevation of four thousand feet above the level of the sea, to Mariposa County. Exceedingly abundant in the humid California coast region north of San Francisco Bay, the Tan Bark Oak grows to its largest size in the Redwood forests of Napa and Mendocino Counties ; farther north and south, and on the Sierras, it is much less abundant and of smaller size. The wood of Quercus densiflora is hard, strong, and close-grained but brittle ; it is bright reddish brown, with very thick darker brown sapwood,’ and contains broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6827, a cubic foot weighing 42.55 pounds. Of little value for construction, it is largely consumed as fuel. The bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannin, is largely used for tanning leather,’ and is preferred for this purpose to that of any other tree of the forests of Pacific North America. 1 Barclay Hazard, Erythea, i. 159. and twenty-seven layers of annual growth, of which one hundred ? The log specimen in the Jesup Collection of North American and one are sapwood. Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 8 The value of the bark has caused the destruction of most of is eighteen inches in diameter inside the bark, with one hundred the large specimens of Quercus densiflora in all accessible situa- CUPULIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 185 The only American representative of a peculiar group of Asiatic trees in which are combined the characters of the Oak and the Chestnut, Quercus densiflora is, from the point of view of botanical geography and botanical archeology, one of the most interesting inhabitants of the forests of the United States. No Oak-tree, moreover, of western North America excels the best representatives of this species in massive beauty,’ in symmetry of outline, or in richness of color; and in early spring the elongated tender shoots and unfolding leaves coated with bright hairs, appearing like masses of flowers against the dark background of foliage, light up the dark coniferous forests where the Tan Bark Oak finds its most congenial home. tions, but the shoots which spring profusely from the stumps and 1 See Garden and Forest, v. 517, f£. 89. grow with remarkable vigor will prevent the extermination of the species. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Puate CCCCXXXVIIT. QuERCUS DENSIFLORA. OMONA oe FP WD a= . A flowering branch, natural size. . Diagram of a staminate inflorescence. . Diagram of a pistillate flower. - Portion of an androgynous ament, enlarged. . A staminate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, enlarged. . A pistillate flower, the involucre removed, enlarged. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A fruiting branch, natural size. . A leaf, natural size. . A winter-bud, enlarged. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCXXXVIII. C.£. Faxon del. fapine sc. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA, Hook.& Arn. A. fuocreuae direr © ; imp. J. Taneur, Paris. INDEX TO VOL. VIII. Names of Orders are in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted Genera and Species and other proper names, in roman type; of synonyms, in italics. Amphibolips spongifica, 12. Androgyne, 4. Anisota pellucida, 12. Anisota senatoria, 12. Anisota Stigma, 12. Antherea Roylei, 10. Anthostoma atropunctata, 12. Balaninus nascicus, 12. Balaninus Quercus, 12. Balaninus uniformis, 12. Basket Oak, 67. Bear Oak, 155. Black Jack, 145, 161. Black Jack, Fork-leaved, 145. Black Oak, 103, 137, 141. Blue Jack, 171. Blue Oak, 79. Borer, Flat-headed, 11. Borers, Oak, 11. Brewer, William Henry, 28. Brewerina, 28. Brown, Robert, 62. Bur Oak, 43. Castaneopsis, 4. Cerris, 4. Cerroides, 4. Chestnut Oak, 51, 55, 183. Chinquapin Oak, 56, 59. Chionaspes Quercus, 11. Chlamydobalanus, 4. Chrysobothris femorata, 11. Cicada septendecim, 11. Cicada, The Seventeen-year, 11. Clisiocampa Californica, 11. Clisiocampa constricta, 11. Clisiocampa disstria, 11. Coccifera, 4. Coccomyces triangularis, 13. Coccus Ilicis, 10. Cork, harvesting of, 8. Cork Oak, 8. Cossula magnifica, 11. Cossus Querciperda, 11. Cossus reticulatus, 11. Cow Oak, 67. Cryptolechia quercicella, 12. Cryptolechia Schlagenella, 12. CuPULIFERS, 1. Cyclobalanopsis, 4. Cyclobalanopsis, 1. Cyclobalanus, 4. Cyclobalanus, 1. Cynips Galle tinctoriz, 9. Dedalia quercina, 12. David’s Oak, 10. Duck Oak, 166. Elaphidion villosum, 11. Encina, 111. Encleistocarpon, 4. Engelmann, George, $4. Engelmannia, 84. Eriosma Querci, 11. Erythrobalanos, 4. Esculus, 4. Eupsalis minuta, 11. Evergreen White Oak, 83. Fistulina Hepatica, 13. Flat-headed Borer, 11. Fork-leaved Black Jack, 145. Fulham Oak, the, 7. Gallifera, 4. Gall insects on Quercus, 12. Galls, Nut, 9. Galls, Oak, 9. Gambel, William, 35. Gambelia, 35. Germination of Quercus, 4. Gleosporium Canadense, 12. Greene, Edward Lee, 84. Greenella, 84. Gyrolecana, 4. Hemileuca Maia, 12. Hickory Oak, 107. Hybrids of Quercus, 5. Hyphantria cunea, 11. Ilex, 4. Jack, Black, 145, 161. Jack, Blue, 171. Jack Oak, 161. Jack, Sand, 172. Kellogg, Albert, 120. Kelloggia, 120. Kermes, the Oak, 10. Laurel Oak, 175. Leaf-miners on Quercus, 12. Lecanium Quercifex, 11. Lecanium Quercitronis, 11. Lepidobalanus, 4. Lepidobalanus, buds of, 4. Leucobalanus, 4. Liopus Querci, 11. Lithocarpus, 4. Lithocarpus, 1. Live Oak, 99, 105, 111, 119. Live Oak, U. S. reservations of, 101. Lochmzus manteo, 12. Lucombe Oak, the, 7. Mallodon melanopus, 11. Marshall, Humphry, 39. Marshallia, 39. Maul Oak, 105. Melanobalanus, 4. Mellichamp, Joseph Hinson, 144. Mellichampia, 144. Microsphera quercina, 13. Mossy Cup Oak, 43. Mountain White Oak, 79. Née, Louis, 25. Neea, 25. Nummularia Clypeus, 12. Nummularia punctulata, 12. Nut-galls, 9. Oak-apple, 12. Oak, Basket, 67. Oak, Bear, 155. Oak, Black, 103, 137, 141. Oak, Blue, 79. Oak, Bur, 43. Oak, Chestnut, 51, 55, 183. Oak, Chinquapin, 56, 59. Oak, Cork, 8. Oak, Cow, 67. Oak, David’s, 10. Oak, Duck, 166. Oak, Evergreen White, 83. Oak galls, 9. Oak, Hickory, 107. Oak, Jack, 161. Oak kermes, 10. Oak, Laurel, 175. Oak, Live, 99, 105, 111, 119. Oak, Maul, 105. Oak, Mossy Cup, 43. Oak, Mountain White, 79. Oak of Mamre, 10. Oak, Overcup, 47. Oak, Pin, 51, 56, 151, 181. Oak, Possum, 166. Oak, Post, 37. Oak, Punk, 166. Oak, Quercitron, 139. Oak, Red, 125, 129. Oak, Rock, 56. Oak, Rock Chestnut, 51. Oak, Running, 115. Oak, Saul’s, 18. Oak, Scarlet, 129. 188 Oak, Scrub, 75, 95, 123, 145, 155. Oak, Shin, 27, 33, 75. Oak, Shingle, 175. Oak, Spanish, 147. Oak, Swamp Spanish, 151. Oak, Swamp White, 47, 63. Oak, Tan Bark, 183. Oak, the Fulham, 7. Oak, the Lucombe, 7. Oak, the Wadsworth, 63. Oak, Turkey, 143. Oak, Upland Willow. Oak, Valley, 23. Oak, Valonia, 8. Oak, Water, 165, 169, 181. Oak, White, 16, 23, 29, 33, 71, 87, 89. Oak, Willow, 179. Oak, Yellow, 55, 127, 139. Oak, Yellow-bark, 137. Oaks, American, cultivated in Europe, 11. Overcup Oak, 47. Palmer, Edward, 106. Palmerella, 106. Pasania, 4. Pasania, 1. Pasania, buds of, 4. Pasania densiflora, 183. Phryganidia Californica, 11, 112. Pin Oak, 51, 56, 151, 181. Pityophthorus pubipennis, 11. Pityophthorus querciperda, 11. Polyporus graveolens, 13. Possum Oak, 166. Post Oak, 37. Prionoxystus Robiniz, 11. Prionus laticollis, 11. Punk Oak, 166. Quercitron Oak, 139. Quercus, 1. Quercus acuminata, 55. Quercus acuminata x macrocarpa, 56. Quercus acuta, 4, 11. Quercus acutidens, 95. Quercus Aigilops, 3, 8. Quercus Aegilops, 7. Quercus 4Egilops, B macrolepis, 8. Quercus agrifolia, 111. Quercus agrifolia, y berberifolia, 111. Quercus agrifolia, var. frutescens, 111. Quercus alba, 16. Quercus alba, hybrids of, 18. Quercus alba, medical properties of, 3. Quercus alba, a pinnatifido-sinuata, 16. Quercus alba, B ? Gunnisonii, 33. Quercus alba, B sinuata, 16. Quercus alba, y microcarpa, 16. Quercus alba palustris, 63. Quercus alba X macrocarpa, 18. Quercus alba x minor, 18. Quercus alba x Prinus, 18, 19. Quercus alba minor, 37. Quercus alba pinnatifida, 16. Quercus alba (repanda), 16. ? Quercus aliena, 6. Quercus ambigua, 125. Quercus annulata, 71. Quercus aquatica, 165. Quercus aquatica, a cuneata, 165. Quercus aquatica, a laurifolia, 169. Quercus aquatica, B heterophylla, 180. Quercus aquatica, y elongata, 165. Quercus aquatica, 6 indivisa, 165. Quercus aquatica, e attenuata, 165. INDEX. Quercus aquatica, ¢ ? myrtifolia, 123. Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida, 165. Quercus arcoglandis, 111. Quercus Arizonica, 89. Quercus Austriaca, 7. Quercus Ballota, 7. Quercus Baloot, 7. Quercus Balout, 7. Quercus Banisteri, 155. Quercus berberidifolia, 111. Quercus bicolor, 63, 67. Quercus bicolor, B mollis, 63. Quercus bicolor, B platanoides, 63. Quercus bicolor, subspec. Michauxii, 67. Quercus brevifolia, 171. Quercus brevifolia x Catesbzi, 172. Quercus brevifolia, hybrids of, 172. Quercus breviloba, 71. Quercus Breweri, 27. Quercus Brittoni, 162. Quercus, buds of, 4. Quercus Buergerii, 11. Quercus Bungeana, 3, 10. Quercus calicina, 7. Quercus Californica, 141. Quercus Calliprinos, a arcuata, 10. Quercus Castanea, 51, 55. Quercus Catesbei, 143. Quercus Catesbei x aquatica, 144. Quercus Catesbei x laurifolia, 144. Quercus Catesbei x nigra, 144. Quercus Cerris, 3, 7. Quercus Cerris, buds of, 4. Quercus Cerris denticulata, 7. Quercus Cerris Fulhamensis, 7. Quercus Cerris, hybrids of, 5. Quercus Chapmani, 41. Quercus Chincapin, 59. Quercus Chinensis, 10. Quercus chrysolepis, 105. Quercus chrysolepis, 109. Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. Palmeri, 107.” Quercus chrysolepis, subspec. vacciniifolia, 106. Quercus cinerea, 171. Quercus cinerea, B dentato-lobata, 171. Quercus cinerea, y humilis, 171. Quercus cinerea, var. pumila, 115. Quercus coccifera, 3, 10. Quercus coccifera, ¢ Palestina, 10. Quercus coccinea, 133. Quercus coccinea, 129. Quercus coccinea, a coccinea, 133. Quercus coccinea B, 125. Quercus coccinea, B nigrescens, 137. Quercus coccinea, y tinctoria, 137. ? Quercus coccinea, § Rugelii, 137. Quercus coccinea, var. ambigua, 125. Quercus coccinea var. ? microcarpa, 129. Quercus coccinea x ilicifolia, 156. Quercus confertifolia, 117. Quercus crassipocula, 105. Quercus crinita, 7. Quercus crispula, 6. Quercus Cubana, 99. Quercus cuneata, 147. Quercus cuspidata, 4, 11. Quercus decipiens, 91. Quercus densiflora, 183. Quercus densiflora, 183. Quercus densiflora, var. echinoides, 183. Quercus dentata, 3, 10. Quercus digitata, 147. Quercus dilatata, 3, 6. Quercus discolor, 137, 147. Quercus discolor, y Banisteri, 155. Quercus Douglasii, 79. Quercus Douglasii, B ? Gambelu, 33. Quercus Douglasii, y Novomexicana, 33. Quercus Douglasii, var. Newi, 29. Quercus Drummondii, 37. Quercus dumosa, 95. Quercus dumosa, y acutidens, 95. Quercus dumosa, var. bullata, 96. Quercus dumosa, var. munita, 95. Quercus dumosa, var. polycarpa, 95. Quercus dumosa, var. revoluta, 96. Quercus Dunnii, 107. Quercus Durandii, 71. Quercus echinacea, 183. Quercus echinoides, 183. Quercus, economic properties of, 3. Quercus elongata, 147. Quercus Emoryi, 103. Quercus Emoryi, 75, 89. Quercus Engelmanni, 83. Quercus Esculus, 7. Quercus expansa, 7. Quercus falcata, 147. Quercus falcata, B Ludoviciana, 147. Quercus falcata, B triloba, 147. Quercus falcata, var. b pagodefolia, 147. Quercus Fendleri, 75. Quercus ferruginea, 161. Quercus fulvescens, 105. Quercus, fungal diseases of, 4, 12. Quercus Gambelii, 33. Quercus Gambelii, var. Gunnisonii, 33. Quercus Garryana, 29. Quercus Garryana, dwarf form of, 30. Quercus Georgiana, 159. Quercus Georgiana x Marilandica, 159. Quercus Georgiana x nigra, 159. Quercus, germination of, 4. Quercus Gilberti, 29. Quercus glabra, 4, 11. Quercus glauca, 4, 11. Quercus Gramuntia, 7. Quercus Griffithii, 3, 6. Quercus grisea, 75, 89. Quercus grosseserrata, 6. Quercus hastata, 103. Quercus hemispherica, 165. Quercus hemispherica, var. nana, 165. Quercus heterophylla, 180. Quercus Hindsii, 23. Quercus humilis, 171. Quercus, hybrids, 5. Quercus hypoleuca, 117. Quercus Ilex, 3, 7. Quercus Ilex, y Ballota, 7. Quercus Lex, var. Ballota, 3. Quercus Ilex suberosa, 8. Quercus ilicifolia, 155. Quercus ilicifolia x coccinea, 156. Quercus imbricaria, 175. Quercus imbricaria, B spinulosa, 175. Quercus imbricaria x coccinea, 176. Quercus imbricaria x Marilandica, 176. Quercus imbricaria x nigra, 176. Quercus imbricaria x palustris, 177. Quercus imbricaria < velutina, 176. Quercus incana, 3, 10. Quercus infectoria, 9. Quercus, insect enemies of, 4, 11. Quercus Ithaburensis, 8. Quercus, its increase in North America, 5. Quercus Jacobi, 29. Quercus Kelloggii, 141. Quercus lanata, a incana, 10. Quercus laurifolia, 169. Quercus laurifolia, a acuta, 169. Quercus laurifolia, B obtusa, 169. Quercus laurifolia hybrida, 169. Quercus Leana, 176. Quercus lobata, 23. Quercus lobata, subspec. fruticosa, 27. Quercus lobata, var. Breweri, 27. Quercus lobata, var. Hindsii, 23. Quercus longiglanda, 23. Quercus Lusitanica, 3, 6. Quercus Lusitanica, a genuina, 9. Quercus Lusitanica, « infectoria, 9. Quercus Lusitanica, subspec. Beetica, u Mir- beckii, 6. Quercus lyrata, 47. Quercus MacDonald, 95. Quercus MacDonaldi, var. elegantula, 95. Quercus macrocarpa, 43. Quercus macrocarpa, B abbreviata, 43. Quercus macrocarpa, y minor, 43. Quercus macrocarpa, var. oliveformis, 43. Quercus macrolepis, 8. Quercus marginata, 11. Quercus Marilandica, 161. Quercus Marilandica x nana, 162. Quercus maritima, 100. Quercus, medical properties of, 3. Quercus Mexicana, y confertifolia, 117. Quereus Michauxii, 67. Quercus minor, 37. Quercus minor x alba, 38. Quercus Mirbeckii, 6. Quercus Mongolica, 3, 6. Quercus montana, 51. Quercus Morehus, 120. Quercus Muehlenbergii, 55. Quercus Muehlenbergii, var. humilis, 59. Quercus myrtifolia, 123. Quercus nana, 155. 2? Quercus nana, 165. Quercus nana X coccinea, 156. Quercus nana x velutina, 156. Quercus Nec, 29. Quercus nigra, 165. Quercus nigra, 8, 137, 161. Quercus nigra, a aquatica, 165. Quercus nigra B, 161. Quercus nigra, B latifolia, 161. Quercus nigra, B quinqueloba, 161. Quercus nigra, B tridentata, 176. ? Quercus nigra, y sinuata, 144. Quercus nigra digitata, 147. Quercus nigra integrifolia, 161. Quercus nigra trifida, 165. Quercus nigra, var., 180. Quercus oblongifolia, 87. Quercus oblongifolia, 75, 83. ? Quercus oblongifolia, 79. Quercus oblongifolia, var. brevilobata, 79. Quercus obtusa, 169. Quercus obtusifolia, var. ? breviloba, 71. Quercus obtusiloba, 37. Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, 41. Quercus obovata, 10. Quercus occidentalis, 3, 9. ? Quercus Girstediana, 27, 29. Quercus oleoides, 99. Quercus oliveeformis, 43. Quercus oxyadenia, 111. - Quercus Palestina, 10. Quercus Palmeri, 107. Quercus palustris, 151. Quercus palustris, 129. Quercus palustris, B cucullata, 151. INDEX. Quercus parvula, 119. Quercus pedunculata, 6. Quercus Persica, 8. Quercus Phellos, 179. Quercus Phellos, a longifolia, 179. Quercus Phellos, a viridis, 179. Quercus Phellos 8, 99, 171. Quercus Phellos, B brevifolia, 171. Quercus Phellos, B humilis, 171. Quercus Phellos, 8 imbricaria, 175. Quercus Phellos, gp latifolia, 171. Quercus Pheilos, B sericea, 171. Quercus Phellos, B subimbricaria, 181. Quercus Phellos, ¢, 99. Quercus Phellos, y obtusifolia, 99. Quercus Phellos, 5 subrepanda, 179. Quercus Phellos, « nana, 115. Quercus Phellos, ¢ sublobata, 179. Quercus Phellos (maritima), 100. Quercus Phellos (pumila), 115. Quercus Phellos sempervirens, 99. Quercus Phellos (sylvatica), 179. Quercus Phellos, var., 180. Quercus Phellos, var. areparia, 123. Quercus Pheilos, var. laurifolia, 169. Quercus Phellos x coccinea, 180. Quercus Phellos x ilicifolia, 181. Quercus Phellos x Marilandica, 181. Quercus Phellos x nana, 181. Quercus Phellos x nigra, 181. Quercus Phellos x rubra, 180. Quercus Phellos x tinctoria, 180. Quercus Phellos x velutina, 180. Quercus pinnatifida, 10. Quercus platanoides, 63. Quercus prinoides, 59. Quercus prinoides, 55. Quercus Prinus, 51. Quercus Prinus, 67. Quercus Prinus acuminata, 55. Quercus Prinus Chincapin, 59. Quercus Prinus discolor, 63. Quercus Prinus humilis, 59. Quercus Prinus (Monticola), 51. Quercus Prinus (palustris), 67. Quercus Prinus (pumila), 59. Quercus Prinus tomentosa, 63. Quercus Prinus, a lata, 51. ? Quercus Prinus, a parvifolia, 51. Quercus Prinus, B bicolor, 63. ? Quercus Prinus, B oblongata, 51. Quercus Prinus, B platanoides, 63. Quercus Prinus, var. discolor, 67. Quercus Prinus, var. Michauzit, 67. Quercus Pryami, 8. Quercus pseudo-coccifera, 10. Qnercus pubescens, 8. Quercus pumila, 115. Quercus pumila, var. sericea, 115. Quercus pungens, 75. Quercus Pyrenaica, 8. Quercus Ransomi, 79. Quercus reticulata, 91. ? Quercus reticulata, B Greggit, 91. Quercus retusa, 99. Quercus Robur, 3, 6. Quercus Robur, 6. Quercus Robur pedunculata, 6. Quercus Robur, subspec. pedunculata, 6. Quercus Robur, subspec. sessiliflora, 6. Quercus rotundifolia, 7. Quercus rubra, 125. Quercus rubra, 129, 141, 147. Quercus rubra, a latifolia, 125. Quercus rubra, a viridis, 125. 189 Quercus rubra, b, 125. Quercus rubra, B, 125, 147. ? Quercus rubra, B coccinea, 133. Quercus rubra, B Hispanica, 147. Quercus rubra, B runcinata, 126. Quercus rubra, ¢ Schrefeldii, 125. ? Quercus rubra, y Miihlenbergii, 125. ? Quercus rubra, y subserrata, 125. Quercus rubra, d heterophylla, 125. Quercus rubra, e aurea, 125. Quercus rubra dissecta, 151. Quercus rubra maxima, 125. Quercus rubra montana, 125. ? Quercus rubra montana, 147. Quercus rubra nana, 155. Quercus rubra x velutina, 126. Quercus rubra ramosissima, 151. Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 129. Quercus rubra x digitata, 126. Quercus rubra x imbricaria, 126. Quercus Rudkini, 181. Quercus, saccharine exudations from, 8. Quercus Sadleriana, 61. Quercus Sagreana, 99. Quercus San-Sabeana, 71. Quercus, sections of, 4. Quercus sempervirens, 99. Quercus sericea, 115. Quercus serrata, 3, 10. Quercus serrata, 10. Quercus serrata, u Chinensis, 10. Quercus serrata, 8 Roxburghii, 10. Quercus sessiliflora, 6. Quercus sessiliflora, var. Mongolica, 6. Quercus Shumardi, 137. Quercus sinuata, 144. Quercus Sonomensis, 141. Quercus spicata, 91. Quercus stellata, 37, 41. Quercus stellata, B Floridana, 37. Quercus stellata, y depressa, 45. Quercus stellata, 8 Utahensis, 33. Quercus stolonifera, 8. Quercus Suber, 3, 8. Quercus Tauzin, 8. Quercus Texana, 129. Quercus tinctoria, 137. Quercus tinctoria, «a angulosa, 137. Quercus tinctoria, « discolor, 137. Quercus tinctoria, B magnifica, 137. Quercus tinctoria, B sinuosa, 137. Quercus tinctoria, - macrophylla, 137. Quercus tinctoria, 6 nobilis, 137. Quercus tinctoria, var. Californica, 141. Quercus tomentella, 109. Quercus Toumeyi, 93. Quercus Tournefortii, 7. Quercus Toza, 3, 7. Quercus triloba, 147. Quercus Trojana, 8. Quercus turbinella, 75, 95. Quercus uliginosa, 165. Quercus undulata, 75. Quercus undulata, 33, 71. Quercus undulata, a Gambelii, 33. Quercus undulata, B obtusifolia, 75. Quercus undulata, y Jamesit, 75. Quercus undulata, y pedunculata, 75. Quercus undulata, 8 grisea, 87. Quercus undulata, 8 Wrighti, 75. Quercus undulata, var. grisea, 75, 87, 89. Quercus undulata, var. oblongata, 75, 87. Quercus undulata, var. pungens, 75, 95. Quercus Ungeri, 8. Quercus vacciniifolia, 106. 190 Quercus Vallonea, 8. Quercus Vallonea 6 macrolepis, 8. Quercus velutina, 137. Quercus venustula, 33. 2 Quercus villosa, 37. Quercus virens, 99. Quercus virens, var. dentata, 101. Quercus virens, var. maritima, 100. Quercus Virginiana, 99. Quercus Virginiana, var. maritima, 100. Quercus Virginiana, var. minima, 101. Quercus Wislizeni, 119. Quercus Wislizeni, var. frutescens, 119. Quercus Wislizeni x Californica, 120. Quercus Wishizeni x Kelloggii, 120. Ravenel, Henry William, 160. Ravenelia, 160. Red Oak, 125, 129. Rhizococeus Quercus, 11. Robur, 4. Rock Chestnut Oak, 51. Rock Oak, 56. Rothrock, Joseph Trimble, 92. Running Oak, 115. INDEX. Sadler, John, 62. Sand Jack, 172. Saul’s Oak, 18. Scarlet Oak, 129. Serub Oak, 75, 95, 123, 145, 155. Selandria Quercus-alba, 12. Seventeen-year Cicada, 11. Shii-take, cultivation of, 11. Shin Oak, 27, 33, 75. Shingle Oak, 175. Silk-worms, Oak, 3. Spanish Oak, 147. Spherotheca lanestris, 13. Suber, 4. Swamp Spanish Oak, 151. Swamp White Oak, 47, 63. Syncedris, 1. Tan-bark, 6. Tan Bark Oak, 183. Taphrina cerulescens, 13. Tauzin, 8. Telea Polyphemus, 12. Tetranychus telarius, 12. Tortrix quercifoliana, 12. Toumey, James William, 93. Tuber brumale, 7. Tuber melanosporum, 7. Turkey Oak, 143. Upland Willow Oak, 172. Uredo Quercus, 13. Valley Oak, 23. Valonia, 8. Valonia Oak, 8. Venturia Orbicula, 13. Wadsworth Oak, the, 63. Water Oak, 165, 169, 181. White Oak, 16, 23, 29, 33, 71, 87, 89. White Oak, Evergreen, 83. White Oak, Swamp, 47, 63. Willow Oak, 179. Willow Oak, Upland, 172. Woodhouse, Samuel Washington, 88. Yellow Oak, 55, 127, 139. Yellow-bark Oak, 139. Zéen, the Algerian, 6. nv A 85 00287 884 iF ; 4 tk aay % tps Pn Re ied 7 res pk By