QK i446 Re ie THE INDIGENOUS TREES OF THE HAWAITAN ISLANDS JOSEPH F. ROCK Botanist of the College of we pani Consulting Botanist, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, - Territory of Hawaii. ISSUED JUNE 26, 1913. With Two Hundred and Fifteen Photo-Engravings PUBLISHED UNDER PATRONAGE. lwo. Bot. Garden 1913 HONOLUEU, 7. H., 1913. HONOLULU, T H. Cn the Memory Of those pinnerr Botanists: Gawichaud, Macrae, Chamisso, A. Gray, Douglas, Remy, G. Mann and Brigham, Wawra and Billebrand, who first revealed to the world the richness of the Flora of these Islands, this book is respertiully dedicated. Names of Patrons. Anidrem Adan I. HM. Dowsett Airs. GB. M. Allen firs. J. KR. Galt #. OC. Atherton C. G. Athertan GH. A. Baldwin W. DB. Baldwin £. F. Bishop W. A. Bowen Geo. G. Brown Geo. KR, Carter WW. R. Castle Gen. J. Conke 4d. Ui. Cunke S. HM. Damon KR. C. Davies A. Gartley Francis Gav W. M. Giffard I. F. Backfeld Mrs. C. S. Gollomay Rev. Gaus Isenberg firs. A. G. B. Judd Mrs. Anniv S. Knudsen J.D. MrIuerny il. G. Rice Aubrey Robinson F. M. Swanzy G. Mi. von Holt B. F. Dillingham Mrs. E. K. Wilder A. &. Wilrnx Pret Ais It has long been the writer’s desire to give to the public a volume on the na- tive trees of Hawaii, giving popular as well as technical descriptions of the trees peculiar to Hawaiian soil. At first it was thought that plain popular descriptions would suffice, but it soon became evident that the technical part could not be dispensed with, and in order to make the book valuable for both the ay man and the scientist, it was therefore included. The rather lengthy introduction seemed an advisable feature and necessary, -as it gives practically for the first time a more or less detailed description of all the floral regions and their plant associations found in this island group, not being restricted to trees alone but embracing the whole plant covering. In the sequence of families Engler and Prantl’s Natiirliche Pfanzenfamilien System has been followed, beginning with the Cryptogams and ending with the Compositae. Under each species a complete reference and synonomy is given, as far as was possible. Of course, as in all works of this nature, mistakes will un- doubtedly be found, which will have to be overlooked on account of the insular position of the writer, as it was not always possible to consult original works, some of them old and out of print and therefore unobtainable. It will not be out of place here to acknowledge the kind assistance of Miss Mary A. Day, the Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, for the loan of books and copies of articles, ete. Following the reference is a technical description, usually enlarged and based on material in the College of Hawaii Herbarium; only in such instances as when the plant is very common or has not been collected by the writer, are descrip- tions of old authors quoted. As far as possible native names are given under most of the trees in italics, as well as any legendary or other facts of sufficient interest, together with habitat, plant association, ete. Of a number of trees of which nothing is known of a popular nature, the technical side is enlarged upon, especially in the family Rutaceae (genus Pelea) and Campanulaceae (tribe Lo- belioideae). The writer wishes here to acknowledge above all the kind assistance of Prof. Dr. Ignatz Urban of Berlin, Prof. Le Comte of Paris, Prof. Dr. A. Zahlbruckner of Vienna and Profs. B. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald of Harvard, in the loan of herbarium material, mainly types, for comparison, without which the authen- ticity of many determinations would have been doubtful; this refers mainly to the tribe Lobelioideae of the family Campanulaceae, one of the most intricate tribes found in these Islands. All suck plants are included in this book as have been observed by the writer as trees, even if usually occurring as shrubs. To the many species of trees already known the writer has added 1 new genus, 22 new species, 31 new varieties, 3 new forms and 1 new hybrid, which are all described by him. A number of new Species were discovered by the writer, but described by various authorities, in- cluding 4 new species of Palms by O. Beceari of Florence, Italy, all of which are included in this book. In an addendum the writer describes seven new species, seven new varieties and one new form belonging to the Family Cam- panulaceae, tribe Lobelioideae. This brings the total number cf new plants described by him herein up to seventy-two. It was also necessary in some instances to make a few new combinations. Of the 215 photographs nearly all were taken by the writer in the field, with the exception of plates 1, 12, 17, 27, 68, 130, and 131, by Mr. R. S. Hosmer; nos. 29 and 37 by Mr. R. Perkins; no. 2, by Mr. A. Gartley, and nos, 23, 26 and 31, by Mr. R. J. Baker, to all of whom the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness. The present volume is primarily due to the enthusiasm of Ex-Governor George R. Carter, who headed the list of patrons and secured the necessary funds to insure publication. Credit is due the College of Hawaii for supplying photo- graphic material and part of the writer’s time. It should be stated here that most of the material on which this publication is based was collected by the writer under the auspices of the Board of Commis- sioners of Agriculture and Forestry of this Territory. To Dr. H. L. Lyon the writer is indebted for technical advice, and to Dr. E. Hackel and Rev. George Kiikenthal for identification of Grasses and Cyperaceae respectively. To Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai the writer is greatly indebted for knowledge of matters pertaining to Hawaiian names of trees and their uses ; he also wishes to express his thanks to all those who extended to him the far-famed Hawaiian hospitality during his many sojourns on the various islands of the group. Last but not least the writer wishes to acknowledge the kind assistance 0° Prof. H. M. Ballou of the College of Hawaii in his painstaking reading of proof- sheets, and expresses his thanks to him and all those who have helped in the preparation of this book. The volume is herewith presented to the public, who the writer hopes will be lenient towards any mistakes in the construction of sentences, English not being his mother-tongue. JosepH F. Rock. College of Hawaii, Honolulu, T. H., April 23, 1913. WEY. TO THE FAMILIES. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS Peyitie Ovary te nid naked flowers unisexual, spathaceous spadic Flowers dioecious, in heads or spikes, tae es elongate, set at a edges. andanaceae Ovary superior, syncarpous, 3-celled, perianth of 6 segments in 2 ea Perianth regular, wholly corolla- ‘like, cells of ovary 2 to many ovulate. aceae Perianth small, calyx-like, fruit drupaceous or baccate, 1-seeded, leaves palm- ate or pi innate, flowers b HIND [SPACE wvas:. cctved. cea DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. I. Perianth simple or Ovary of 3 or meee 2 or more than 38 united carpels, with 1 or 2 pendu- lous ovules in each Fruit heen Dip den Pig eabeo ng into as many 2 valved cocci carpels, and indehiscent,......... Euphorbiaceae Ovary free with one uae eee oh es 2 or eine: 1. Ovule anatropous or amphitropou Fruit indehiscent nut or faa -like, one seeded. Ulmaceae Fruit — drupe-like, milksap present, leaves with 2 axillary SUI DUIOH cet eed kre ee Sees tees et ees oer ees wen es Morac Ovule orthotropou a ot hig arpium or drupe often enclosed by and united with e per erianth; peneny without milksap Urticaceae wis = 1-celled w ith few ovules, seed single. rianth see adnate to maturing ovary, ovules 1-3. talaceae ee = is celled with a single ovule; embryo curved. anth dry, shai by 3 bra ctlets, ache connate at the fe se, perianth ye ents. 2 es eee Amarantaceae Perianth tube fae ti around the fruit, sen not of the me ta) N Ovary one-celled, free, with a single ovule, V Perianth segments 6 in 2 circles, persistent; fruit a one seeded berry or drupe Lauraceae —, segments 4, stamens twice as many, sessile in 2 alter- ws, fruit a dr oe -like reddish berry...... Thymelaeaceae It. Petals Cae : oat at _ Rie Corolla epigynous, regul y id 2- or mor y actee stamens adnate to the corolla, as many as ; Rubiacea So ee ee a. ee ES OL OL ee a ee ee eae ee rolla lobes; inven OpPOeHe Ms aes i 5 iis oe FP ws 0% picid 1 celled, 1-ovulate; stamens adnate, as many as corolla lobes. Composi Corolla epigynous, a Ceara ~ 5, filaments aaa anthers connate, the latter agg toe at the top; m milk spate es nt anula Stamens free, stigma surrounded d by a hairy indusium Goodeniaceae Corolla hypogynous or fs igynous, bearing the stamens, regular. Ovary 3 or more celled; 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 5, ak with corolla lobes; a single ovule in each OL oo ee ee we ie me ee se ee Evacridaceae Stamens indefinite; flowers unisexual......-..---- Eb Stamens 5-6, opposite the corolla ibe es when of some number, often alternating with a sien: milky sap present. apotaceae Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta Stamens opposite the corolla lobes; drupe with a pe nce basilar seed PSO Ne enn ae PE eR a ait koe Dh det eM ce se acca sana a eis 367 Ovary 2 or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla contorted in the bud; leaves opposi Capsule 2 or 3-celled, with axile amiss leaves stipaate Loganiaceae Carpels 2, more or less distinct, milky sap present. Apocynaceae Corolla not contorted, leaves generally alternat ary 2-celled with 1-3 ovules in each aan ub ea 4-lobed, imbricate..... 2.2... cee c cece steee Oleacea Ovary 2-celled, with many ovules in each cell; corolla plaited or imbricate, SL IGUEH ocak Se ee ts So la anaceae Ovary Sica with 1 ovule in each cell; corolla 5-lobed, im La ROS Oe ag gC ene ey re ee Pe er era eg Borraginaceae Corolla Sols base paris the stamens, irregular. o elled, one ovule in each cell; corolla 5-7 lobed, as many es DR GUES oe aes es ee orig ae ees vs Fe Myoporaceae III. Petals ‘Gee Stamens perigynous or epigynous. Dise conspicuous, perigynous or hypogynous; flowers small, regul s alternate ig petals; ovary 2-5 celled, wi with 2 or eae VisleveN GRADY OL e os geet stating. eule-s Foes eaten tos ve ees elastraceae rence opposite the sth petals; ovary free 2-4-celled with a single erect ovule in = CHROOT cogs say ssl aint ide neces areteretwe qe — alterna ener the petals, or twice as many, sees superior celled, ti usually a one-celled drupe; leaves pinnat Aradattincins is free, or connate only at the base. lowers irregular and imbricate or regular and valvate; fruit a Sr VALVOR (POU. ais winced 5 sais Viwus sie Sweets mal neon ya guminos sae Ovary synecarpous, superior, with axile placentas, ovules 1 or few in each cell. -cell ] Joroll niany-celled 2: 255 Se. Aquifoliaceae Ovary synearpous, with axile placentas and many seeds on each placenta. Ovary inferior, stamens indefinite; calyx-lobes falieioate eae Ovary ot ponte as with parietal placentas and many ovules on each of the lat tonite pre adnate to calyx, 2-5-celled; leaves opposite a Ovary inferior with an epigynous disc, 2- to several celled, with single ovule in each cell. she adna = e to ovary, the latter 2 to many celled, with one ovule each ¢ ell IGRVER COM PONE Boece cus co oaks wines IV. Petals tn pat the calyx and from each other, wanting in Xylosma. Ovary syucarpous —— —- etal. Petals sepal r none, stamens indefinite... a Bepsls, peer es anata isomerous, 5 each; fruit a two to fou wo |: aig erie ea manpage Nn ce Pit licaieenoahe Ovary synearpous, placentas axi ise wanting, sepals imbricate. epals and _ tetramerous, stamens indefinite; ovary 1- celled; SOR VEE “OD PONE, cas gba sate caer kas se mos and waver pentamerous, the latter often eg = - base; stamens indefinite, leaves alternate Thea Dise wanting, Sepals valvate. Stam indefinite, monadelphous; fruit capsular; seed os , flowers often show Malvacea 2 taGatinite: oe aed weeps packa's aaesnconsies Dise ogee inside the ves entire ore “opposite or Shee alsa and alternate; pea ee ees ee a ee poe ei ee ee ee stame r tw ny as petals; ovary 4-celled and in pre y ehek or of a pes carcel oboe Rutaceae Dise annular, outside — stam L ves entire, impari-pin eke or dissected, alternate; petals sometimes ee Ovary s-eelledecy oo. es Sapindaceae BOTANICAL REGIONS. Little attention has hitherto been paid to the various interesting botanical regions of the Hawaiian Islands. The different types of forests, even at the same elevation and often in one district, are so marked that one could draw imaginary lines separating these various types of forests with their peculiar species. There seems hardly to be a transition type present. It is owing to the various lava flows of all ages that such types of forests are at present in existence, but nevertheless climatic conditions, such as wind, rainfall, ete., are also responsible for these peculiarities. This, of course, applies more to the Island of Hawaii, which is the largest and supposed to be the youngest of the group. If we include the scanty strand vegetation, which consists mainly of a few herbaceous plants and three or four species of trees, which are scattered, single ones here and there on the beaches, we have six botanical regions, each of which has again to be subdivided into sections, owing to topographical changes caused by lava flows and climatie conditions. Many changes on lava flows are caused by rain and exposure to wind, which disintegrates the lava quicker than in other regions more sheltered, and so decides the plants most adaptable to these re- gions, though this in turn depends again on the nature of the lava itself, whether aa (rough) or pahoehoe (smooth) lava. The botanical regions are as follows: 1. Strand vegetation. 2. Lowland region. (This region merges into the lower forest region). Section a, dry region. Section b, wet region. eg Lower forest region. Section a, windward side. Section b, leeward side. sa Middle forest region. Section a, dry region. Section b, semi-dry. Section e, wet region. Section d, kipukas, (small areas of lands with no trace of lava, soil lack and fertile in dry section, surrounded by newer lava flows; richest in tree species). a Bog region. Upper forest region. de “TNE, ‘B[V yVvoleTT “IN jo sadojs ULOY}IOU OT} WO SpUB[MOT 94} UO ‘"T GN FOVITIL SNOSIAIN pure “7 SNIWISSILVYOGO SANVANVd ‘T HOV Id STRAND VEGETATION. As already remarked, the strand vegetation of these islands is extremely poor in comparison with the luxurious strand floras of the islands of the South Seas and other countries bordering on the Pacific. Of trees, the most common are the Hisbiscus tiliaceus (Hau) and Pandanus odoratissimus (Puhala). (See plate I.). While the former may be seen in scattered clumps along the shore, the latter forms dense forests on the windward sides of the islands of Hawaii and Maui, covering the precipitous walls down to the water’s edge. They are usually associated with the Jambosa malaccensis (Ohia ai), which, however, does not grow on the steep slopes, but at the bottom of narrow ravines, which the mountain streams have cut into the precipitous cliffs. They are also asso- ciated with the Alewrites moluccana (Kukui). It is in such places as Pololu, Honokaneiki, Honokanenui, Waimanu, ete.. on the windward side of Hawaii, and Makaiwa, and other valleys on the wind- ward side of Maui, where conditions are still undisturbed, that one can see strand vegetation that would somewhat remind him of the strand floras of the South Seas. But in the true sense of the word it is not a typical beach flora, but belongs to the lowland zone, which in certain localities, as mentioned above, reaches the water’s edge. (See plate II.) On sandy beaches the cosmopolitan Ipomoea pes caprae (Pohuehue) is nearly always found, with its long runners reaching almost into the sea. Cuscuta Sandwichiana (Dodder or Pololo) may often be seen growing on Ipomoea pes caprae as well as on Ipomoea tuberculata. Among other Convolvulaceae pecu- liar to the shores is Ipomoea acetosaefolia (Hunakai), which is found on the island of Niihau only. Jacquemontia Sandwicensis occurs farther inland, as well as on sandy shores, together with the nyctaginaceous Boerhaavia diffusa (Nena). Of the Caryophyllaceae, only two endemic species, Schiedea Remyi and Schiedea Lydgatei, are found on the shores, and those on the island of Molokai only, under the precipitous cliffs on the windward side. Of Legumi- nosae, the rare Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai), Vigna lutea and Canavalia sp? are to be found, the two latter especially common near Waialua, Oahu, and also on Molokai, together with the boraginaceous Heliotropium Curassavicum and H. anomalum (Hinahina). Of Campanulaceae, the very interesting and queer looking Brighamia insignis of the tribe Lobelioideae is found on the islands of Niuhau, Kauai, Molokai and Lanai, though only on the windward sides, growing on the precipitous cliffs down to a few feet from the waves, where they are within reach of the tremendous spray of the sea. On the latter island it is found at the head of Mauna Lei gorge on the precipitous cliffs. One of the most common sea-shore plants is the cosmopolitan Scaevola frutescens, which is usually in company with Vitex trifolia. Of trees, Calophyllum Inophyllum (Kamani) forms usually large groves on the windward sides of most of the islands; but especial mention may be made 3 ‘reney ‘lopeuvy, JO yoveqg oy} uo (vlByNg seweU aAt}eu) “T SNWISSILVAOGO SONVANVd TL “LV Id of the beautiful grove on Molokai in the valley of Halawa, which was spoken of and recorded by the earliest navigators who visited these islands. Among the plants already mentioned, the following are often met with, though a few are peculiar to certain localities: A species of Tetramolopium* on the more muddy flats on Molokai. Compositae (Nehe) Lipochaeta succulenta (Niihau and Kauai)* Nehe) Lipochaeta integrifolia* (Nehe) Lipochaeta connata var. littoralis* (Kookolau) Campylotheca molokaiensis. (Koko) (Ohelo kai) (Hoawa) (Heuhiuhi) (Hialoa) (Makou) (Nintka) (Mao) (Maiapilo) (Anapanapa) (Kului) (Iliahi aloe) (Kaunoa) Euphorbia cordata Lycium Sandwicense Solanum Nelsoni* (Molokai) Kadua littoralis (Molokai) * Lepidium sp ?* Pittosporum halophilum (Molokai)* Cassia Gaudichaudii (Lanai Manele) Seaevola coriacea* Waltheria Americana Achyranthus sp. Peucedanum Sandwicense* Lysimachia spathulata Ruppia maritima Lythrum maritimum (Waikolu, Molokai, only) Gossypium tomentosum Capparis Sandwichiana Colubrina Asiatica Nototrichium humile* atis maritima Santalum littorale* Cassytha filiformis (usually on Ipomoea pes eaprae) Of trees the following may be recorded: Thespesia populnea Cocos nucifera Cordia subcordata Terminalia catappa Morinda eitrifolia On the rocks near the sea at Waialua and Cape Kaena, Oahu, the writer ob- served plants of Myoporum Sandwicense* only one foot high, which at 3000 feet elevation becomes a tree 40 feet in height. * Those which are followed by an asterisk are all peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands and belong to the strand region, with the exception of a few which have descended from the lowlands and are found on the beaches. PLATE ITI. COPYRIGHT 1911 By J, F. Rock, , Maui, COCOS NUCIFERA L. (Na ative | only short distance from sea. Some of the trees are over 100 feet high, tive name: Niu): coconut palm grove near Lahaina Of Cyperaceae, the following are to be found: Cyperus pennatus Cyperus phleoides Fimbristylis pyenocephala* Carex Sandwicensis var. (Makaiwa and Nahiku beach, Maui) Gramineae Sporobulus Virginicus, ete. The Cordia subcordata (Kou), which has followed the Malayan race in its migration, was once much more common than now. Only a few trees can be found along the shores, and those mainly on the less frequently visited islands, in out-of-the-way places. Whether the presence of this tree can be attributed to the ocean currents or to the agency of man can not definitely be determined, though presumably to the latter. The Coconut, of course, needs hardly to be mentioned, though it is not present in such extensive groves as in the South Sea Islands or Central America. (See plate ITI.) Of Cryptogams, mention may be made of the Ophioglossum vulgatum, which springs up on our shores after heavy rains. Between the beach formation and lowland zone oceur lagoons on some of the islands, which are usually stocked with Sesuvium Portulacastrum, very common in company with Cyperus pennatus, C. laevigatus and Mesembrian- themum of recent introduction. .In the ponds themselves, Lemna minor and Wolfia columbiana are very common, besides Nelumbium speciosum, Sagittaria sagittifolia and the eryptogamous Marsilia villosa, Scirpus maritimus, and S. lacustris. Cyperus umbelliferus, having escaped from cultivation, is found occasionally in patches. The Chenopodiums are numerous, nearly always in company with Portulaca oleracea and Cenchrus echinatus. THE LOWLAND ZONE. Most of the plants mentioned in the strand formation can be found in the lowland zone, though, of course, several species of plants are peculiar to the lowland zone. This formation is usually open grassland on the leeward sides of the islands when spared by lava flows, and has lately been taken up with Pro- sopis juliflora (Algaroba) and Acacia farnesiana (Klu). Of the native vege- tation belonging to this zone, Andropogon contortus (Pili grass) and Panicum torridum (Kakonakona) are the most common. In these fields Opuntia tuna oceurs frequently with numerous aliens of many countries, of which the most obnoxious is Lantana camara (Lantana), which, however, ascends to an elevation of sometimes 3000 feet and even higher. Of other native plants, Sida fallax and 8S. cordifolia (Ilima) are the most common, with Waltheria Americana and a few species of Lipochaeta and per- haps a species of Haplostachys, which is peculiar to the dry, open, grassy dis- triets. Thephrosia piscatoria is not uncommon. Passiflora triloba and P. foe- tida have become terrible pests in certain parts of the islands, covering large Z PLATE IV. LOWER FOREST REGION on Oahu, a typical stand of Aleurites moluccana Willd. (na- tive name: ukui). areas to the exclusion of everything else. A striking plant of the lowland zone is the Mexican Poppy, Argemone Mexicana, the Puakala of the natives. On the lava fields which have reached the shore, especially on the island of Hawaii in South Kona, native trees belonging to the lower forest zone have descended to the lowlands and can be found within a few yards from the sea. The most common is Reynoldsia sandwicensis. Even the Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia lehua) the writer found growing practically at sea level, together with Plectronia odorata, which was covered with the lauraceous leafless parasite, Cassytha fili- formis. What has just been said of the Ohia lehua is also true of Myoporum. sandwicense (Naio), which can be found near the sea on the west end of Oahu near Kaena Point, only a foot in height. THE LOWER FOREST REGION. This region is perhaps the most interesting one as far as tree growth is con- cerned. It ranges from about 1000 feet to 2000 feet elevation, and is exceed- ingly tropical on the windward side, with a more or less uniform vegetation, though, of course, varying according to locality. Nothing can be more different in aspect than the lower forest region of the lee sides of some of the islands as compared to that of the windward side. How- ever, there are exceptions, as no two islands are alike in formation, and vary also greatly in age. The vegetation on some of the lava flows of more recent origin differs from that of the lava flows of greater age. On some of the islands, as on Oahu and Kauai, and perhaps Molokai, in certain localities on the leeward side, the vegetation differs very little from that of the windward side; but, nevertheless, each island, with the exception of Kahoolawe, and also Niihau, has its peculiar leeward lower forest flora, which is in all cases richer in species as far as tree growth is concerned than the rain forest. The island of Hawaii will need a special chapter, as it is the largest of the group and has the most widely ranging regions of all; differing in climatic con- ditions, rainfall, soil formations, lava flows of all ages, winds, ete., all of which have contributed or are the cause of these marked types of forest or plant cover- ings belonging to the lower forest region. The island of Maui, which is the next largest, has also a very striking forest flora that belongs to the region discussed in this chapter. For convenience sake, this lower forest region is here divided into two subsections: (a), the windward, and (b), the leeward forest flora. The island of Hawaii is discussed separately. The most striking of all trees belonging to this region is the Alewrites moluc- cana or Kukwi. It can be recognized at once from a distance on account of its pale foliage, which gives this lower forest region a distinguishing character. (See plate IV.) It either forms large groves to the exclusion of everything else or is found in company with Jambosa malaccensis (Ohia ai) and other trees which will be taken into consideration as a whole. Immediately above the lowland re- gion a few straggling Kukui trees may be observed. They grow on the leeward 9 ? on Oahu alolo V J 1 OT aa 5S alley; O ro mH — ond +> } 7 he o Seal = = | e A STREAM in th NG e tore VEGETATION ALO 1e foreground are Aleurites moluccana W in tl as well as the windward side, on dry, arid lava flows, in deep ravines, along dry stream beds, in exceedingly dense rain forests, but never going higher than 2200 feet, and sometimes rarely that. Its associates are, however, not always the same, nor are they confined to the same region. With it in the dry as well as semi-wet districts is to be found the rubiaceous Plectronia odorata, usually a shrub or often a small tree. In the valleys back of Honolulu, Oahu, as well as in the valleys of Molokai or other islands (see plate V), it is associated with the Acacia Koa (Koa), which de- scends on Oahu as low as 600 feet, the Pandanus odoratiss s (Puhala), Jam- bosa malaccensis, and Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia), whieh heveee is not ex- actly a tree of the lower forest region, as it forms the largest part of the middle forest region on the island of Kauai, from 3000 to perhaps 4000 feet elevation. The rubiaceous trees, Straussia Kaduana, S. Mariniana, Gardenia Remyi, Bobea elatior, and on Oahu, especially on the western range, Santalum ellipticum, are found in its company at an elevation of perhaps 800 to 1000 feet. The quite numerous Metrosideros polymorpha, in its various forms, grows also in this region, but is not confined to it, as it can be found from sea level to an elevation of 9000 feet, and even higher. The nyctaginaceous Pisonia umbellifera (Papala kepau) is one of the typical trees of this region, together with the urticaceous genera Pipturus, Boehmeria, and Touchardia, but rarely Urera. The malvaceous Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hau), and also the native white Hibiscus, species Arnotti- anus, a medium-sized tree, may be found in this region, as well as the anacard- iaceous Rhus semialata var. Sandwicensis (Neneleau). The latter, however, forms groves by itself A form of Maba Sandwicensis with narrow leaves may also come into this region. The tree is especially common back of Hilo along the road leading to Olaa. Of shrubs, the pretty white flowered goodeniaceous Scaevola Chamis- soniana (Naupaka kuahiwi) is very gregarious with Wikstroemia; the latter genus is not confined to this region. Next to the Kukui, but not aah so con- spicuous from a distance on account of its much smaller size, is the monocotyle- donous plant, Cordyline terminalis, the common Ti or Ki of the natives. It clothes, sometimes, the lower slopes of the valleys, on steep sides or precipices, crowding out every other undershrub. Special mention must be made of the very strong and beautiful climber, Freycinetia Arnotti, which covers the trunks of trees (mainly Ohia lehua), smothering them beneath its great masses of runners with their peculiar cling roots. In this very interesting region the first signs of Lobelioideae, a tribe of the family Campanulaceae, occur, to the wonderful development of which the writer wishes to call attention. (See plate VI.) It is the largest of all other families which oceur in this Territory, the Hawaiian Islands. The most extreme forms can be found, from two to over forty feet in height. They are represented at from 800 to 2000 feet elevation by the very common Clermontia macrocarpa, 11 PLATE VI. al lobelioideous pla nt 0 loy ground is Freycinetia Arnotti Gaud. (native name: CYANEA TRITHOMANTA Gray, a typ of the lower forest region on Hawaii; the vine in the bac elie). I which can be found on nearly all the islands. Higher up, its place is taken by the most interesting and peculiar as well as handsome forms, such as C. persicae- folia, C. oblongifolia, C. drepanomorpha, ete. On Oahu the genus Rollandia, also of the tribe Lobelioideae, is represented in the lower forest region by the species R. lanceolata and R. grandifolia and another species of Rollandia found to be new and named R. truncata by the author. Clermontia Kohalae, a strictly lower forest zone type, is also new to science. It is found at Kohala on the island of Hawaii, where it is gregarious at 1500 to 2000 feet elevation, after which place it is named. It is a small, handsome tree, flowering in the summer. To this region belongs also Cyanea angustifolia, C. acuminata, C. grimesiana, C. scabra, all of which are peculiar to this region. The gesneriaceous genus Cyrtandra, with its many species, characterized by the often bilabiate corolla, which is invariably white, having a fleshy berry of the same color as the flower, with minute, almost microscopic seeds, belongs to this zone; but not exclusively. These Cyrtandras have very few species in this region, but reach their best development in the middle forest zone. The euphorbiaceous Claoxylon, a small shrub, may be found occasionally in this zone, though most plentifully on West Maui in the valley of Waikapu. Of vines, several Convolvulaceae, especially the genus Ipomoea, are found trailing over guava, lantana and other introduced shrubbery which have established themselves in the lower forest region. Besides the Convolvulaceae, Dioscorea sativa and D. pentaphylla (Yam) are common, as well as the liliaceous Smilax Sandwicensis (Pioi), trailing over trees. The Hawaiian Labiatae are conspicuous by their absence in this region, at least in the region belonging to the windward subsection, though two are found in the dry section. Of monocotyledonous plants, the following remain to be mentioned: The Alocasia macrorrhiza (Ape), one of the huge species of taro, but not edible, though in times of scarcity the stem was cooked and eaten by the natives. With leaves several feet long, they can occasionally be found in shaded ravines or valleys, besides the useful Tacca pinnatifida (Pia). The last, but not least, is Musa sapientum, the Banana, of which the natives recognized some forty odd varieties, which is a typical feature of the lower forest zone, and with it is the ginger, Zingiber zerumbet (Awapuhi). The eryptogamous fiora is also represented in this region, its most conspicuous and typical representative being the Asplenium nidus or bird’s-nest fern, which usually is plentiful in the forks of the branches of the Kukui, with which it is invariably growing when not terrestrial. Of other ferns, mention may be made of the everpresent Nephrolepis exaltata and the very troublesome Gleichenia linearis (Uluhe), which covers the ground so thickly with its far-reaching branches that it is next to impossible to penetrate any country taken up by this robust fern. It is usually in layers of four to five or even more feet thick, the lower ones usually dead, forming a canopy over which one crosses only with great diffi- 13 ‘(ovy, = :euleu OATPVU) ‘Od ‘V SISUsIIMpUS VYTOMNY SI Ifo, VY JV OUD 944 ‘(9YO 9WBU GATJVU) ABIDH SISMIOLMPULS VISpfOUASY SI JyStA oyy 04 001} OF +400F OOGT UOTZVAS[O INV “B[VYyVo[VT{T “FL FO Opts plVMoOI[ OY UO Ploy BAT (ysnol) Be UO NOTILVLADFAA anos ‘ITA GLV'Id culty. It is often dangerous to cross places where this fern grows, as it com- pletely hides the ground underneath, sometimes concealing the holes, into which one is likely to fall should he entrust himself to this treacherous fern. Several species of Polypodium are present, as P. spectrum, ete. Dryopteris and