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Icones Farlow1anae

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LARGER FUNGI

| OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
BY
WILLIAM GILSON-FARLOW

With Descriptive Text by
| EDWARD ANGUS BURT

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THE FARLOW LIBRARY AND HERBARIUM OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
1929

COPYRIGHT, 1929, BY THE FARLOW HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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The Preface

BY W. G. FARLOW

NE of the aims of the author in preparing the present work has been

to furnish to those who are not in the possession of large libraries and

collections the means of identifying the more striking and character-
istic of our larger fungi. During the pursuit of his studies which have oc-
cupied a considerable number of years, he has himself met with many difficul-
ties and he has often felt that, if there were only in existence a work giving good
illustrations and full descriptions of our principal species, his progress in the
study would have been greatly helped. A good many persons, attracted by the
numerous and striking forms of fungi which abound in this country, have
been deterred from attempting to study them by the difficulty of finding de-
scriptions of them in the scattered literature on the subject which is not read-
ily obtained and not always easily understood. For such persons the quickest
and most practical way would be, by a comparison of living specimens with
good plates and adequate descriptions, to obtain a definite knowledge of a certain
number of forms which they could refer to as types and, with these as a start-
ing point, proceed in their study.

The author has also had in mind another object which concerns more
strictly specialists than beginners. At present the scientific knowledge of our
fungal flora is derived almost wholly from descriptions of species some of which
are peculiar to this country while others are supposed to be identical with
European species. In the case of fungi like Hlymenomycetes, which include what
are popularly called toadstools and the like, it is unfortunately true that, in
many cases, neither descriptions nor dried material suffice to give a clear idea
of the general appearance. While fully recognizing the value of descriptions
and dried material the writer is convinced that the nomenclature of our species

cannot be said to be ultimately settled until the botanists of different parts of

Ess

The Preface

this country and of Europe have been able by means of colored habit-pictures
to compare the described species of this country with those of other countries.
Although the species here represented form but a small part of the whole num-
ber of species which belong in our flora, it is hoped that they will prove of
value to experts in mycology as well as to the less advanced student.

In offering to the public a work which professes to appeal not only to the
learned but to the unlearned, the writer is aware that his position may appear to
some to be venturesome; but the very great expense incurred in producing the
plates has made it necessary to adapt the work to as large a circle of readers as
possible. Both classes of readers naturally desire plates which shall combine
accuracy with artistic excellence but, as far as the printed matter is concerned,
the minute and technical details which are intended for specialists are likely to
be rather dreary reading for the amateur while, on the other hand, diffuse pop-
ular accounts are superfluous for the expert. It being out of the question to
strike a happy mean between the two extremes, it was thought best to give in
an Introduction a short historical account of some of the principal illustrated
works on fungi, followed by a brief popular account of the structure and classi-
fication of the fungi to be treated. The main portion of the work consists of
plates of 100 characteristic species with descriptions so arranged that, by the use
of different kinds of type, the reader will be able to distinguish at a glance
between the general and popular account of the species represented which is
intended for the general reader and the more scientific and technical notes and
comments intended for special botanists.

In the preparation of the plates the writer has been fortunate in securing
the coédperation of Mr. Joseph Bridgham, whose previous training in a field of
natural science allied to botany had given him an accuracy as an observer which,
combined with his talent as an artist, admirably fitted him for the work although
not himself a student of fungi. While it may be left to the reader to pass judg-

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The Preface

ment on the result, the author desires to express his keen appreciation of the
zeal and enthusiasm which Mr. Bridgham has throughout manifested in the work.
The drawings were made under the direct supervision of the author, from fresh
material collected in numerous expeditions made in company with Mr. Bridgham
to different parts of the country for the purpose or, in some cases, from fresh
material sent to Cambridge. As preparation of the plates has required several
years, the original drawings have been revised or entirely redrawn when new
material afforded an opportunity for improvement.

Microscopic details of the different species are not given on the same sheet
as the colored habit-plates, for the reason that an artistic effect is better secured
by grouping the microscopic figures on a separate page than by interpolating
them among colored figures. An attempt was made to use an optical scale of
colors but there were practical difficulties in the way, since there is no general
scale in use to which the combinations of colors used by lithographers in dif-
ferent countries can be referred. Were it practicable to use such a scale the de-
scriptions of the colors in the text would be more accurate than is possible at
the present day.

The execution of the drawings, after a consultation with Mr. Donald Ramsay,
was intrusted to the Boston Heliotype Printing Company. Mr. Ramsay mani-
fested great interest in the work and, although the company of which he was
the head had not previously attempted the reproduction of colored drawings of
fungi, he expressed a willingness to undertake the work. The sudden death of
Mr. Ramsay during the progress of the work makes it only possible for the
writer to express his thanks to his successors for their care and skill in continu-
ing the work so well begun under Mr. Ramsay’s direction, and it seems that,
judging by the result, one is warranted in congratulating the Heliotype Com-
pany on their success in producing lithographs which preserve a high degree of
the softness and artistic finish of the originals.

[ vu |

The Preface

In the selection of the species to be illustrated the writer has, of course, to
some extent, been dependent on circumstances, for it is hardly possible to count
on securing fresh material of any desired species at any particular time; since
the appearance of fungi depends very much on the prevailing moisture. It was
not thought best to confine the illustrations to species found only in this coun-
try for, of the species which may very properly be said to be characteristic of
this country, there are a good many found also in Europe. The aim has been
to give a fair representation of the different genera which are commonly found
here, selecting such species as are noteworthy on account of their frequency,
their structural peculiarities or their known edible or poisonous qualities and, in
the case of dangerous species, the related forms which might be mistaken for
them. Of course, a list of 100 species cannot be supposed to include all even
of our common forms and it is to be desired that, sooner or later, we may have
illustrations of all of our species. The great cost, however, is a serious if not an
insuperable obstacle. The writer feels that he has undertaken quite enough in
venturing to include as many as 100 species, for the chances of his being repaid
for his outlay are not sufficiently flattering to warrant his promising or, at pres-

ent, even contemplating a continuation.

[ viii ]

Introduction to the Text
BY E. A. BURT
URING the years 1889-1911, Dr. Farlow collected the larger fungi in
various parts of New England, New Brunswick and the Adirondack

Mountains of New York in accordance with the plan outlined in his
preface, which seems to have been written before 1902, and had drawings made
under his direction of the freshly collected fungi in the earlier years by Mr.
Joseph Bridgham and from 1go2 to 1911 by Mr. L. C. C. Krieger. A memoran-
dum of November 1, 1892, lists drawings of 43 of the species brought out in

this volume as already completed or nearing completion. Printing of the plates

in an edition of 500 copies was begun in September, 1891, and completed in
1908. Drawings of several hundred more species of fungi, collected and studied
between 1889 and 1911, are arranged for reference in the Farlow Library and
Herbarium.

On the collecting expeditions no attempt was made to prepare a complete
and exact description for publication of each species drawn. Instead of this, more
or less complete descriptive field notes were made, a spore fall taken, and the
specimen dried for future reference or, less frequently, preserved in alcohol.
These studies were a work of research in identification both of foreign species
which occur in eastern North America and of our indigenous American species,
and also in completing the record by paintings of the very best quality from the
standpoint of scientific and artistic excellence. The ample resources of his library
and herbarium could not be carried about by Dr. Farlow on these exploratory
trips, and the determinations of the species were necessarily more or less tenta-
tive—in a few instances no determination was made. There was some corre-
spondence with European mycologists and with Peck about certain species. In
fact, several perplexing species seem to have been printed and made available for
this volume primarily to afford colored plates for such correspondence.

iol?

Introduction to the Text

Each year brought its new set of gatherings to be described while fresh, drawn
and cared for, and large demands on Dr. Farlow’s time by other botanical work,
correspondence throughout the world, and also by his large and growing my-
cological library. In this continuous accumulation of his later years, he seems
never to have been able to take time to review the determinations of the hun-
dred and three plates already printed and to prepare the text which should
appeal both to the learned and the unlearned. It is a great loss to mycology that
he did not do this, because he had a world of memories about each gathering
and could always deeply interest those who were so fortunate as to hear him.
Since Dr. Farlow did not prepare his own text for his great work, it has seemed
best to intrude into it no more of the work of another than absolutely necessary
for the accurate description of the species. For those who would read more of
a popular nature about any species, there has been given under the head of
Illustrations, all the references possible to figures of Atkinson, Hard, Kauffman,
MclIlvane and Peck where a great deal of such matter may be found — sufficient
probably to meet the need which Dr. Farlow recognized.

With regard to identity of the species, more definite knowledge is available
now of both European and American species than there was at the time when
Dr. Farlow and the writer were carrying on their researches, independently but
in touch with each other, in different parts of New England. Some of the con-
clusions of those earlier years have been modified by the present writer to whom
criticism should be directed for all shortcomings or errors which exist in the
descriptive text, but it is his hope that none such may be found, for he would
contribute these pages, as would his fellow students of those former days, as a
wreath to the memory of our revered and inspired teacher and friend who taught
us to aim always for the utmost in accuracy and excellence.

St. Louis, Missouri. February 22, 1928.

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ICONES FARLOWIANAE

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PLATE 1

Amanita solitaria [ Bull.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 17. 1821.
Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/ 48; Boudier, Icones p/. 3; Bresadola, Icones
Myc. p/. 11; Hard, Mushrooms // 2. 7

Edible

Fructifications large, with pileus 8-15 cm. in diameter, convex, becoming expanded-plane, white
or whitish, with the surface covered when young with pyramidal, appressed warts which are erect,
cottony and white at the center and somewhat buff towards the entire, even margin when pileus is
fully expanded ; gills free, crowded, white or a little cream color ; spores white, even, I 1-14. x 6-7% p;
stem bulbous at first, as in the plate, and with the volva in the form of several series of blunt, more
or less colored scales, finally becoming more radicated below, equal above the bulb, solid, 1-2 cm.
thick, whitish ; annulus pendant, white, more flocculent on the under side, soon disappearing ; no
odor ; flesh white.

Solitary. On the ground in gravelly soil of thin woods of maple, etc. Massachusetts and widely
distributed in United States. August. Infrequent.

PLATE 2
Top

Omphalia Gerardiana Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 26: 54. 1874; 45: 37. 1893.

A small, sphagnum-loving species about 5 cm. high, with pileus thin, funnel form, fragile, hy-
grophanous, sorghum brown to Natal brown, rough with blackish points, the margin striatulate when
moist ; gills decurrent, close, some of them forked, a little paler than the pileus ; spores white, even,
7-10x4-5 w; stem 3-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, cartilaginous, hollow, equal, a little darker than
the pileus, glabrous or somewhat silky striate.

Solitary. On sphagnum moss in peat bogs and among white cedars. Massachusetts to Michigan.
May to October. Local.

BoTTroM

Amanita porphyria Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 14. 1821.

Illustrations: Albertini & Schweinitz, Consp. Fung. pf it. f. 1; Barla, Champ.
Alp. Marit. p/ 3. f. 5-6; Bresadola, Icon. Myc. p/ 6; Kauffman, Agar. Mich.
p4 117; Gillet, Champ. Hym. p/ 2 (17); Patouillard, Tab, Anal. f. 304.

Fructification small, about 10 cm. high, with pileus 4-6 cm. in diameter, convex, fawn color
to wood brown, glabrous, moist or slightly viscid, the margin even ; gills white, slightly adnexed,
close, thin ; spores globose, 714-814 yw in diameter ; stem slender, up to 8 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick,
cylindric, bulbous at the base, stuffed, soon hollow, glabrous, whitish to pale brown ; annulus superior,
membranous, becoming tinged with pale brown, pendant; volva in the form of a thin cup, buried
in the ground with the bulbous base.

On swampy ground among alders and willows and other frondose species, as in Purgatory swamp,
Dedham, Massachusetts, where the specimens for the plate were collected. July. Rare.

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PLATE 3

Amanita verna { Bull.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 13. 1821.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 108; Boudier, Icones p/. 2; Bresadola, Icon.
Myc. p/. 4; Barla, Champ. Alp. Mar. p/. 1. S- 7-93 pl. 4. f. 1-4; Cooke, Illus.
p/. 3 (3); Dufour, Atlas p/ 1. f. 1; Atkinson, Mushrooms sex? J: 59-60; Hard,
Mushrooms ¢ext f. 16; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/. 116; Peck, N. Y. State Mus.
Rept. 48 p/. 41.

Poisonous

Fructifications medium to large, 7-20 cm. high, with pileus 6-12 cm. broad, ovate at first, then
convex and expanded, white, viscid when moist, soon dry and often shining, glabrous, the margin
even ; flesh white, odor strong and nauseous ; gills white, free, close, very numerous ; spores white,
even, subglobose, g-12 x 8-9 mw; stem 7-20 cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick, white, cylindric above the
bulbous base, glabrous or somewhat floccose scaly, becoming hollow, bearing an ample white pendant
annulus, closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranaccous volva.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in both coniferous and frondose woods, borders of woods,
thickets, and rarely on lawns, July to October. Widely distributed and common.

Amanita verna is our most dangerous toadstool, both because it contains amanita-toxin which
causes death in more than half the cases where this species is eaten and also because its tuberous,
volva-covered base is so deeply and firmly imbedded in the ground that the stem is likely to be broken
off and the base left behind in the ground when growing among edible fungi of somewhat similar
aspect should the latter be gathered hurriedly in considerable quantity for cating. Without its bulbous
base and volva, the upper portion of 4. verna resembles specimens with the gills still white of the
common mushroom Agaricus campestris and the still more abundant and also edible Lepiota naucina.
One who gathers mushrooms should learn to recognize A. verna at sight and also by its highly dis-
tinctive and slightly nauseous odor when brought close to the nose. Dr. Farlow noted this odor as
like that of earth in which turnips or carrots have been growing.

The writer would not advise to attempt to distinguish from 4. verna any possible white form of
Amanita phalloides unless the specimen was growing in unmistakable association with colored speci-
mens of A. phalloides.

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PLATE 4

Amanitopsis volvata Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24: 59. 1872.
Illustrations: Murrill, Mycologia 5: p/. 86, 87. 7. 2.

Poisonous

Fructification small, 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 5—6 cm. in diameter, convex, then expanded,
whitish, tilleul buff and vinaceous buff towards the center, with small floccose appressed scales, the
margin striate; gills free, white, numerous ; spores white, even, g—11 x 4%-6 »; stem 5-10 cm.
long, s-1o mm. thick, whitish, equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed, sometimes becoming hollow
in New England gatherings, minutely floccose-scaly ; no annulus ; volva 2-3 cm. in diameter, large,
firm, loose, brownish, sheathing the base of. the stem.

Solitary. On the ground in mixed woods. Cambridge, Magnolia, Pride’s Crossing and Sharon,
Massachusetts, and westward. July to October. Rather rare.

The genus Amanitopsis is distinguished from Amanita by the absence of an annulus although
rudiments of the annulus may be seen in very young specimens. Amanitopsis vaginata is the common
species of the genus and is readily distinguished from 4. vo/vata by glabrous pileus and globose
spores 8-10 p in diameter.

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PLATE 5
Lepiota procera | Scop. | Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 20. 1821.
Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p4 3; Atkinson, Mushrooms p/, 25; Farlow,

Yearb. U. S. Agr. 1897: 463. p/. 26; Hard, Mushrooms p/. 6; Kauffman, Agar.
Mich. f/. 132; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48: p/ 18.

Edible

Fructification very large, up to I 5-25 cm. high, with pileus 7-15 cm. broad, ovate at first, be-
coming campanulate-convex and expanded, umbonate, fleshy, soft, with the cuticle avellaneous to
cinnamon, torn into separable brownish scales or patches by the expansion of the pileus and exposing
the floccose, white flesh under and between the scales, the margin fimbriate, fibrillose ; gills free,
remote from the stem, broad, crowded, white or whitish; spores white, 15-16x 10 pw; stem very
long and slender, bulbous below, 6-12 mm. in diameter above, cylindric or tapering upward, colored
like the pileus, with the surface broken up or variegated with small brownish scales, hollow or stuffed
with some delicate, long fibrils; annulus rather thick, movable, rather persistent.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in meadows, pastures and open, grassy woods. August to
October. Widely distributed.

This mushroom, often called “The parasol mushroom,” is highly regarded as an edible species
but has not been found in such abundance by the writer as to afford more than herbarium specimens.

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PLATE 6

Lepiota brunnea Farlow & Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Farlow Herb. and Burt Herb.

-Fructifications large, 5-15 cm. high, with pileus 8-18 cm. broad, hemispherical to convex, be-
coming plane or slightly depressed at the center, with the persistent cuticle wood brown to fawn
color, intact on the disk but elsewhere torn with the underlying flesh into large scales somewhat
concentrically arranged and with their tips slightly rolled upward, the flesh between the scales floc-
cose-fibrillose and lighter colored ; flesh soft, whitish, changing to reddish or slightly brownish upon
exposure to the air—especially in the stem—of agreeable taste, no especial odor ; gills free, not remote
from the stem, crowded, up to 12 mm. broad, whitish to brownish, becoming browner in drying ;
spores white, even, 10-12 x6%-7% uy, often slightly truncate at one end; stem 5-15 cm. long,
1-2 cm. thick, hollow, bulbous at the base, with the bulb up to 4 cm. in diameter, above the bulb
cylindric or somewhat tapering upward, striate and cinnamon brown below tthe annulus, paler and
silky above it; annulus prominent, thick, at first fixed, finally free and movable.

Solitary or in cluster of 2 or 3 fructifications. In greenhouses and fertile soil. Allston, Cambridge,
Jamaica Plain, Peabody, and Lynn, Massachusetts. October and November.

This species has been heretofore locally referred to Lepiota rhacodes and L. excoriata, from both
of which it differs in the much browner color of pileus and stem, striate stem, less remote gills, and
smaller spores truncate at one end. L. rhacodes is excellently illustrated by Boudier, Icones p/. 10
and exactly described by him and by Rea. The writer believes that the European concept of L.
rhacodes should not be modified to fit these American specimens.

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PLATE 7

Lepiota americana Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 23: 71. 1873; 49. pl 44. f. 6-10.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢ex¢ J: 82; Hard, Mushrooms ¢exr f. 34; Mur-
rill, Mycologia 3: p/ 49. J 6; Mcllvane, Mushrooms //. 15.

Edible

Fructifications 8-12 cm. high, with pileus 4-12 cm. broad, ovate, becoming campanulate to con-
vex, umbonate or subumbonate, cuticle at first reddish brown (russet vinaceous) and continuous,
splitting up into rather large, scattered scales of the same color, elsewhere whitish when young, drying
fawn color to russet vinaceous, the margin obscurely striate ; gills free, close, white ; spores white,
even, 8-11 x 6-8 yw; stem 7-12 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick at apex, usually enlarged below into a
ventricose or clavate base, stuffed at first, then hollow, white at upper end, below becoming colored
like the pileus by handling or in drying ; annulus fixed, sometimes evanescent ; odor and taste mild .
all parts become dull vinaceous red in drying.

On the ground, on sawdust, and near stumps. New England to Missouri. Widely distributed but
not abundant. July to October.

Leptota Badhamii of Europe reddens also in drying but is of somewhat different aspect, not striate
on margin of the pileus and has spores only 6-7 x 3-4 p.

PLATE 8

Lepiota acutesquamosa | Weinm. | Fries, Epicr. 14. 1836-1838.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. p/ 14 (24); Hard, Mushrooms ¢exz f. 38.
Edible

Fructification of medium size, 6-10 cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, hemispherical, then
convex-expanded, obtuse or broadly umbonate, soft, fleshy, cinnamon to tawny, covered with small,
pointed, erect, deciduous, wart-like squamules which leave areolate scars: ; gills white, free, rarely
branched, very crowded ; ; spores white, even, 6-7 x 21%4-3 »; stem 6-10 cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick,
cylindric or tapering upward somewhat from the bulbous base, hollow or with some cottony strands,
covered below the annulus with brownish fibrils and floccose scales ; annulus floccose-membranaceous,
fixed, soon pendant, sprinkled with brownish scales on the under side ; flesh white, odor rather strong
and disagreeable.

Gregarious. On the ground in grass, near buried wood, and in forests. Allston and near Boston,
Massachusetts. September to November. Of wide range but infrequent.

L. Friesii differs only in more numerously branched gills but there are so numerous intergrada-
tions in this respect that one might well follow Bresadola, Icones Myce. p/. 27, and include L. acute-
squamosa under L. Friesii which has priority.

10 |

PLATE 9

Lepiota felina Persoon, Syn. Fung. 261. 1801.
Illustrations: Quelet, Champ. Jura, Suppl. 11: p4 11. f£. 1; Cooke, Illus. pt. 943A
(1108); Patouillard, Tab, Anal. fo 505.

Fructification small, 3-6 cm. high, with pileus 2- 5 cm. broad, conical to convex, somewhat umbo-
nate, thin, whitish under the numerous blackish to dark brown floccose scales ; gills free, close, white ;
spores white, even, 7%4-8 x 314-4 p; stem 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, usually rather slender,
cylindric or slightly tapering upward from the somewhat bulbous base, hollow, brown, floccose scaly
up to the evanescent floccose annulus.

On the ground and in moss in coniferous woods. New Hampshire, Vermont and westward. August
and September. Widely distributed but infrequent.

The stem of the specimen used for the central figure of this plate was unusually thick for L. fe/ina,
and suggests the closely related L. JSuscosquamea Pk. Dr. Robert Fries approved the reference to

L. felina for Dr. Farlow.

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PLATE, 16
Lepiota granulosa [ Batsch] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 24. 1821.
Illustrations: Batsch, Elench. Fung. p/ 6. f. 243; Cooke, Illus. p/ 18. (39). upper fo :
Edible :

Fructifications 2-5 cm. high, with pileus 3-5 cm. broad, thin, convex, becoming expanded, some-
times somewhat umbonate, rough with numerous granular or branny scales, often radiately wrinkled,
rusty yellow or tinged with brick red ; gills emarginate or rounded behind and slightly adnexed, white ;
spores minute, even, 4—5 x 214-3 »; stem short, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, stuffed or hollow,
cylindric or slightly tapering upward, whitish above the annulus, below it colored like the pileus
and covered also with rusty brown granules ; flesh white or reddish tinged, of pleasant taste.

Abundant on decaying pine leaves in pine woods in Vermont and westward. August to October.

L. amianthina, as understood by the writer, occurs in the same localities as L. granulosa and dif-
fers from it only by having the gills adnate; the spores are small also—4-5 x 2%4—3 »—in these
specimens having adnate gills. At present there is disagreement between European mycologists con-
cerning the dimensions of spores L. granulosa and L. amianthina; Boudier gives the spores of L.
amianthina as 8-9 x 4-4% p and Rea and Bresadola as 4-5 x3 p.

p32)

PLAT. 43

Lepiota naucina Fries, Epicr. 16. 1836-1838.

Lepiota naucinoides Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 29: 66. 1878; 48: 162. p/ 19.
1896.

Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms #/. 24; Bresadola, Icones Myc. pf. 25; Hard,
Mushrooms ext f. 33; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. pf. 135, 136; Krombholz, Ab-
bild. p/ 24. f. 20-23; Ricken, Blatterpilze pl. 84. fi 2.

Edible

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 3-9 cm. broad, subglobose at first, then convex to
somewhat expanded, fleshy, soft, glabrous, only rarely broken into scales and granules on the surface,
white ‘or smoky white, the flesh white ; gills free, close, rather broad, white at first, slowly changing
to pinkish and then smoky brown with age; spores white, even, 8-11 x 5-7 4; stem 5-10 cm.
long, 6-10 mm. thick, cylindric or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed, then hollow, white or
smoky white ; annulus membranaceous, thick, persistent, white.

Gregarious. On the ground in lawns, pastures, meadows, and cultivated fields. From New Eng-
land westward. September and October. Common.

L. naucina is of excellent flavor ; it occurs in such great abundance throughout the region which
has been under the writer’s observation—from Massachusetts to Kansas—that he ranks it among
our first half dozen mushrooms. In Vermont it is sometimes present in corn fields so that it might
be gathered by bushels after the corn has been cut. One gathering this mushroom for food ought
to know positively Amanita verna, A. virosa and A. phalloides so as not to gather any specimens
of these by mistake. The presence of the volva at the base of the stem of an Amanita is the most
obvious character to look for in avoiding these Amanitas. If one does not care to take away with
him the base of each L. naucina gathered, he should nevertheless be sure that no volva is present on

the part of the stem not taken.

sd

PLATE 12

Armillaria robusta [ Alb. & Schw.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 26. 1821.

Illustrations: Barla, Champ. Alp. Marit. p/. 17. f. 5-7; Boudier, Icones p/. 22;
Bresadola, Icones Myc. p/. 44.

Edible

Fructifications 5-8 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex, becoming expanded
and somewhat depressed, cinnamon rufous to mahogany red, darker at the center, fibrillose, squamu-
lose at the center, the margin at first incurved and having remnants of the veil attached ; flesh white,
firm, rather bitter, with no odor; gills white, sinuate-adnate, finally with a slight decurrent tooth,
crowded, broad ; spores white, even, 7-84 x 4-5% mp; stem 4-6 cm. long, 114-2% cm. thick, cylin-
dric or tapering downward, solid, white and with small floccose scales above the annulus, below the
annulus colored like the pileus and with appressed brownish scales ; annulus membranaceous, per-

Usually solitary. On the ground in mixed woods. Milton, Massachusetts, and also at Shelburne,
New Hampshire. October. Rare.

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PLATE 13

Armillaria ponderosa Peck, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bul. 1: 42. 1873; N. Y. State
Mus. Rept. 26: 50. 1874 43: 41. 1890.

Fructification very large, 10-15 cm. high, with pileus 10-15 cm. broad, thick, compact, con-
vex, sometimes broadly umbonate, white or pinkish buff, glabrous, shining when dry, the naked
margin inrolled under the slightly viscid, persistent veil; flesh white, with no disagreeable taste, no
odor ; gills somewhat emarginate, crowded, 8 mm. broad, white inclining to cream color; spores
white, even, 6~7x 4-5 3 stem 10-15 cm. long, 2%4-4 cm. thick, cylindric, firm, solid, coated
by the veil, colored like the pileus, white and furfuraceous above the membranaceous annulus.

Solitary or scattered. On the ground under spruce trees. St. Stephens, New Brunswick, Grand
View Mt., Vermont, and in New York. September and October. Rare.

Peck published the spores as globose, 4.» in diameter, but they are more elongated, as given above,
in the Vermont specimens, determination of which was confirmed by Peck, and also in the New
Brunswick gathering illustrated by the plate.

ce

PLATE 14
Armillaria imperialis Fries in Lund, Consp. Hym. Holm. 5. 1845; Hym. Eur. 43.
1874.
Armillaria nobilis Murrill, N. Am. Flora 10: 38. 1914.
Illustrations: Fries, Icones Hym. p/. 17; Barla, Champ. Alp. Marit. /. 20. f. 1-3;
Bresadola, Icon. Myc. p/. 51; Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. p/. 55 (35).

Fructifications very large, 10-15 cm. high, with pileus 10-20 cm. broad, convex, becoming ex-
panded, obtuse, glabrous, slightly viscid at first, smoke gray, streaked with innate fibrils towards the
margin, the cuticle sometimes cracked on the disk, the margin turned down, inrolled at first ; flesh
thick, white, odorless, taste a little strong; gills long decurrent, white, becoming a little yellowish
white ; spores white, even, 11-144; stem 5-10 cm. long, 12-20 mm. thick, solid, cylindric,
contracted at the base, rather yellower than the pileus, streaked and floccose or even a little scaly ;
annulus double, the outer membranaceous, concolorous with the pileus, the inner filamentous-mem-
branaceous, nearly white and rather evanescent.

Solitary. On the ground. St. Stephen, New Brunswick, and Castine and Georgetown, Maine. August
and September. Rare.

a

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PLATE 15

Tricholoma rutilans [ Schaeff.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 41. 1821.

Illustrations: Schaeffer, Fung. Bavar. p/. 219 (120); Bresadola, Icon. Myc. p/ 69;
Cooke, Illus. 64 89 (74.); Richon & Roze, Atlas Champ. p/. 27. f 9-12; Ricken,
Blatterpilze p/ gt. f. 1.

Fructifications 4-10 cm. high, with pileus 4-10 cm. broad, fleshy, campanulate, then flattened,
dry, at first covered with a Morocco red to burnt sienna tomentum, then somewhat squamulose on
the yellow surface beneath, the margin thin, at first involute ; flesh yellow ; gills crowded, rounded
adnate or sinuate, yellow, with the edge flocculose ; spores white, even, 6-7 x 4-5 » ; stem 4-10 cm.
long, 6-14 mm. thick, curved, equal, stuffed, becoming hollow, pale yellow, variegated with reddish
squamules.

Solitary or caespitose. On decaying, coniferous wood. Newton, Massachusetts and throughout New
England and westward. July to October. Widely distributed but infrequent.

T. rutilans is listed as inedible by Richon & Roze, but edible by Bresadola.

EF

PLATE 16

Tricholoma oliveum Farlow & Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Farlow Herb.

Fructifications 6-g cm. high, with pileus 8-14 cm. broad, convex, with margin turned inward
but not inrolled, not viscid, with the disk Saccardo’s olive and slightly floccose spotted, olive buff
towards the margin and innately floccose under a lens, the margin even; flesh white, with strong,
pungent and disagreeable taste and strong, slightly radish-like odor ; gills broad, subdistant, emarginate,
with a slight decurrent tooth, pale sea foam yellow, the edge entire ; spores white, even, 614-7 x 4 p,
tapering to the base; stem 4-8 cm. long, 1%4-2 cm. thick at the upper end, bulbous below and
2%4-3¥% cm. in diameter, concolorous with margin of pileus, more or less silky streaked, solid, white
within.

Solitary. On the ground under fir trees by wood roads. Campobello, New Brunswick. July. Only
the type collection known.

T. oltveum is a species related to T. saponaceum and T. pallidum but with much larger fructi-
fications than either of these, with bulbous stem, and with flesh not noted as becoming reddish ;
it grew under fir trees.

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PiATS. 17

Tricholoma decorosum Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 25: 73. p4 1. f. 1-4. 1873;
44: 157. 1891.

Fructifications 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 2%-5 cm. broad, firm, at first hemispherical, then
convex or nearly plane, coated with numerous brownish subsquarrose tomentose scales, dull ochra-
ceous or tawny ; gills close, rounded and slightly emarginate behind, the edge subcrenulate ; spores
broadly ellipsoidal, even, white, 5-7 x 334-4 »; no cystidia; stem 5-10 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick,
equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, white and smooth at the top, elsewhere tomentose-squamu-
lose and colored like the pileus.

Often caespitose. On fallen trunks in woods. Shelburne, New Hampshire, and Catskill Mts. and
Allegany Co., New York. September and October. Rare.

Determination of the specimens was confirmed for Dr. Farlow by Peck.

[ 19 |

PLATE 18 —

Tricholoma brevipes [ Bull.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 53. 1821.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 521. f. 2; Cooke, Illus. £/. 68 (120); Ricken,
Blatterpilze p/. 96. f 4.

Edible

Fructifications 24-4 cm. high, with pileus 3-10 cm. broad, fleshy, convex, then plane, moist,
shining, drab or gray brown, the flesh dirty white or yellow-white, thin ; gills emarginate, crowded,
slightly ventricose, dirty white, becoming yellow-brown towards the edge; spores white, punctate,
7-8 x 5-5% p ; stem 274-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick at the upper end, gradually enlarging down-
ward to a diameter of 12 mm. at the base, colored like the pileus, fibrillose, solid, within reddish
brown or snuff brown towards the base and paler above.

Gregarious, rarely with two fructifications coherent. On rubbish heaps, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
In fields and gardens, Albany, New York. October and November. Rare.

I. brevipes is characterized by its very short and thick, solid stem, colored nearly fuscous within,
and by colored flesh and punctate spores. 7

[20 J

PLATE 19
Top

Clitocybe morbifera Peck, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 25: 321. 1893; Kauffman,
Agar. Mich. 745. p/ 159. 1918.

Potsonous

Fructifications 2-5 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, thin, convex, becoming plane or cen-
trally depressed, glabrous, slightly hygrophanous, drab gray when moist, whitish or cinereous when
dry, sometimes slightly umbonate ; flesh white, with a persistent, disagreeable taste ; gills adnate or
slightly decurrent, narrow, close, whitish or pallid ; spores white, even, broadly ellipsoidal, 4 p long,
almost as broad; stem about 21% cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, equal, hollow, colored like the pileus
or a little paler.

Gregarious or caespitose. On the ground in lawns. Ottawa, Canada ; the type collection was made
at Washington, D. C. October and November.

C. morbifera closely resembles in aspect the edible C. dea/bata but is drab gray when moist while
the latter is white. The occurrence on lawns renders it more likely to be gathered for eating. Dr.
Kauffman records that several families in various parts of the country have been made ill through
eating this species. Nausea was caused in these cases, not death,

BoTTOM

Tricholoma sordidum Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 51. 1821; Hym. Eur. 77. 1874,

Chitopilus tardus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 54: 167. 1901; Torrey Bot. Club
Bull. 24: 140. 1897 (as Clitocybe).

Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/. 45. f. 1; Cooke, Illus. p/. 100 (125); Hard, Mush-
rooms fext f. 445 Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 131. p/ 115; Quelet, Champ.
Jura 1. p/ 3. f. 1; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/ 95. f. 5.

Edible

Fructifications 244-5 cm. high, with pileus 2—5 cm. broad, convex, becoming expanded and de-
pressed, slightly umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, when moist drab to ecru-drab with a slight
violaceous tinge, becoming paler and avellaneous on parting with moisture ; flesh of pileus and stem
pallid vinaceous drab, no especial taste ; gills adnate to sinuate-decurrent, rather close, pallid vina-

Ee

ceous drab ; spores pale ochraceous or pale salmon, slightly uneven, 5~7 x 3-4 »; stem 2%-4 cm.
long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, solid, rarely with a narrow cavity, fibrillose, colored like the pileus.

Solitary or caespitose. On the ground in greenhouses and on lawns and near buildings. Massa-
chusetts, Vermont and westward. September to February. Infrequent.

These figures are confidently referred to C. tardus because of agreement with specimens from
the type locality received from the collector of the type of the species.

PLATE 20
Clitocybe illudens Schweinitz, Syn. Car. 81. 1822.

Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms #/. 29. f. 91; Hard, Mushrooms #/. 10; Peck,
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3. p/ 68; Mcllvane, Am. Fungi /. 29; White, Hym.
Conn., Conn. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3. p/ 18.

Potsonous

Fructifications large, 7-20 cm. high, with pileus 5-15 cm. broad, convex to expanded, plane
or depressed, often umbonate, glabrous, bright orange, the margin elevated with age, often decurved ;
flesh white or yellowish, with disagreeable odor and taste ; gills close, decurrent, bright orange ;
spores white, globose, 4~5 mw in diameter ; stem 6-20 cm. long, 1-1% cm. thick, firm, solid, glabrous,
equal, flexuous, often curved or twisted.

Caespitose, sometimes in large clusters with as many as 50 fructifications to the clump. On and
around stumps or buried wood. August to October. Widely distributed throughout eastern United
States.

C. idludens is so conspicuous and attractive a fungus that it has been eaten by many people. It
Causes severe nausea and vomiting until finally thrown up.

| 35]

PLATE 21

Clitocybe multiceps Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 43: 65. 1890.
Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 139. 6/117. (7-9; Atkinson, Mush-
rooms p/. 30; Hard, Mushrooms sexz f. 68; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/. 157.

Edible

Clusters up to 10 cm. high, with pilei 3-10 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex, glabrous, moist,
whitish to pinkish buff, sometimes somewhat irregular by crowding together, the flesh white, mild
to taste usually but sometimes somewhat disagreeable ; gills close, adnate or slightly decurrent or with
a few somewhat sinuate, whitish ; spores white, even, globose, 6-7 p in diameter ; stems 4-10 cm.
long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal or slightly thickened at base, solid, glabrous or slightly pruinose at
apex, white or whitish.

Constantly caespitose in clumps of 2 or 3 to many individuals. On the ground in shaded lawns,
pastures, by roadsides and in groves of frondose trees. Of wide range from Massachusetts westward.
June to October. Frequent.

C. multiceps is edible but is not regarded by most people as of the best quality.

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PLATE 22

Pleurotus petaloides [Bull.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 183. 1821.

Not Pleurotus petaloides as understood by Peck and by Kauffman.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 226; Cooke, Illus. p/ 258 (284). f 4;
Nees, Syst. pf 22. f. 178; Persoon, Obs. Myc. 1: 4 4. f.1.

Edible

Cluster of fructifications 21%-10 cm. high, with pilei 2%-10 cm. broad, dimidiate, somewhat
spathulate, tapering below into the stem, glabrous, light mouse gray to tawny olive, the margin
involute ; flesh of the pileus with a gelatinous layer under the cuticle ; gills decurrent, crowded, narrow,
white or yellowish; cystidia abundant in the hymenium, 45-87 x 12-15 mw, very sharp pointed at
both ends; spores white, even, 5—7 x 3%4-4 mp; stem 1-3 cm. long, %-1 cm. thick, compressed,
channelled, solid, downy, colored like the pileus or a little darker.

Caespitose. On ground and tan bark at Peabody, Massachusetts, and on the ground on golf links,
Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri. October. Rare.

The St. Louis specimens have dimensions only about half as large as those of the Massachusetts
gathering which was used for the illustration and agree in this respect better with European speci-
mens. The ellipsoidal spores are a distinguishing character of the species. It is probable that P. peta/-
cides as understood by Peck should be compared with Panus angustatus Berk.

pas

PLATES 23, 48 (Adiddle Figs.)

Pleurotus serotinus | Schrad.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 187. 1821.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. p/. 258 (284). £ B; Hard, Mushrooms zexz Jo Adds
Patouillard, Tab. Anal. £ 629; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/ 112. f. 3.

Edible

Pilei sometimes solitary or usually caespitose and imbricated, dimidiate-reniform or somewhat
orbicular, 3-10 cm. broad, up to 1 cm. thick, convex, fleshy, firm, viscid when young and moist,
citrine drab to dark olive buff, somewhat tomentose towards the base ; flesh white, thick, firm ; gills
close, thin, whitish yellow to somewhat ochraceous ; spores white, allantoid, 5-6x1 p; cystidia
fusiform, 25-30 x11 m, more abundant on edges of the gills ; stem very short, lateral, hardly visible
when seen from above but defined on the under side by termination of the gills and tomentose with
tawny tomentum, solid.

On decaying logs and fallen trunks of beech, maple and other frondose species. In mountain woods
of New England, New York, and westward. September to November. Very common.

[ 26 ]

PLATE 24
oe OP

-Omphalia umbellifera [L.| Fries, Elenchus Fung. 1: 22. 1828.

Illustrations: Boudier, Icones pf. 69; Cooke, Illus. p/ 271 (260); Holmskiold,
Beata Ruris Otia Fung. Dan. p/ 34; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung. f. 222;
Ricken, Blatterpilze p/, 105. f. 16.

Fructification 2-34 cm. high, with pileus 1-214 cm. broad, becoming broadly concave, hygroph-
anous, pale ochraceous buff to vinaceous buff, paler on parting with moisture, with innate flocci,
the margin lobed and crisped ; flesh yellowish ; gills adnate, few, distant, dichotomous, connected
by veins, wax yellow; spores white, even, 8-12 x 4-5 @; stem 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, cylindric,
hollow, colored like the pileus, with the base villose or flocculent.

In a small cluster on mossy logs. King’s Ravine, New Hampshire, September. Rare.

MIDDLE

Cantharellus minor Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 122. 1873; N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 1: 40. 1887; 131: 41. p/. 116. f. 12-17. 1909.

Edible

Fructifications 2%-4 cm. high, with pileus 1%-21% cm. broad, fleshy, thin, convex, then ex-
panded, often umbilicate or centrally depressed, glabrous, orange buff, the flesh pale yellow ; gills
decurrent, narrow, distant, branched, orange buff; spores white, even, 8-9 x 4-414 #3 stem 1-3 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. thick, somewhat flexuous, nearly equal or somewhat tapering downward, smooth,
stuffed or hollow, concolorous with the pileus, with a whitish mycelium at the base.

Gregarious or somewhat caespitose. On the ground in thin woods and open places. Widely dis-
tributed in eastern United States from Massachusetts to South Carolina. June and July. Infrequent.

C. minor is of the same color as the chanterelle, C. cibarius, and is probably often collected for
the latter but is much smaller, with longer and slenderer, stuffed or hollow stem, with thinner pileus,
and with slightly smaller spores,

BoTToM

Omphalia campanella | Batsch] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 166. 1821.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms #/. 33; Cooke, Illus. pt. 273 (263). f. A; Hard,

La

Mushrooms p/. 17; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/ 172; Nees, Syst. p/. 23. f 191;
Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. p/. 230 (131); White, Hym. Conn., Conn. Nat. Hist.
Surv. Bull. 3. 44 16.

Fructifications small, 114-3 cm. high, with pileus 1-2 cm. broad, thin, convex, umbilicate, gla-
brous, hygrophanous, striatulate, ochraceous orange to ochraceous buff, the flesh very thin, yel-
low ; gills deeply decurrent, crowded, prominently connected by veins, yellow ; spores white, even,
6-7 x 244-3 pm; stem 1-3 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, equal, curved, firm, horny, minutely hollow,
date-brown below, colored like the pileus above, somewhat hairy at the base.

Gregarious and in gregarious clusters. On humus of coniferous logs and stumps in woods. June
to November. Very common where coniferous substratum is available, rare where it can occur only

on frondose humus, as about St. Louis.

Omphalia Gerardiana Peck. See Plate 2.

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PLALE 36

Cantharellus cibarius Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 318. 1821.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/.7; Atkinson, Mushrooms sex f- 126; Cooke,
Illus. £4 1103 (1055); Dufour, Atlas p/ 20. J. 46; Farlow, Yearb. U. S. Agr.
1897. p/.27. f. 1; Hard, Mushrooms p/, 22; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. pl. 3; Peck,
N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. / 32; Ricken, Blatterpilze p4A1. f. 2; White, Hym.
Conn., Conn. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3. p/ 14.

Edible

Fructifications 3-10 cm. high, with pileus 3-10 cm. broad, convex, then expanded, soon depressed
and concave by elevation of the margin which is often lobed, orange buff or egg yellow, glabrous ;
flesh compact, white within, with fragrant odor and agreeable taste ; gills rather distant, decurrent,
thick, more or less branched or anastomosing, egg yellow ; spores white, even, 8-12 x 4-5; stem
2-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick, solid, equal or slightly tapering downward, glabrous.

Gregarious. On the ground in woods and open places. June to October. Common.

This is the highly regarded Chanterelle of mushroom lovers.

| 29 |

PLATE 26

Cantharellus floccosus Schweinitz, Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. N. S. 4: 153. 1832.
Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms p/. 23; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3." p/. 55. f.
9-13; White, Hym. Conn., Conn. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 15. p/. 19.

Edible

Fructifications large, 5-1 5 cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, at first slender trumpet shaped,
then deeply funnel form, fleshy, firm, floccose scaly, ochraceous buff, the flesh rather thick, white,
with mild taste and pleasant odor ; gills narrow, close, long decurrent, dichotomous, abundantly
anastomosing, ochraceous buff; spores slightly ochraceous, 12-1 § x 644-9»; stem very short, 1-3 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. thick, solid, sometimes with a flexuous, root-like prolongation.

Solitary and gregarious. On the ground in moist coniferous forests and their borders, especially
in mountains. New England and Pennsylvania to Michigan. June to September. Common.

This species is conspicuous by its large size, orange color, and deeply trumpet shaped pileus which
is scaly on the upper surface.

L384

PLATE 27
Top

Hygrophorus Cantharellus Schweinitz, Naturf. Gesell. Leipzig Schrift. 1: 88.
1822; Fries, Epicr. Fung. 329. 1838.

Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms ext f. 165; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 54. p/.
76. f. 8-20.

Edible

Fructifications small, 2%-6 cm. high, with pileus 1-214 cm. broad, thin, convex, sometimes
umbilicate, glabrous or minutely squamulose, usually coral red or peach red, sometimes orange or
yellow, not viscid ; gills waxy, rather broad, distant, arcuate, decurrent, ivory yellow to cream color ;
spores white, even, 7-8% x 4-414 @; stem 2-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, nearly cylindric, solid at
first, becoming hollow, brittle, shining, colored like the pileus or more yellow.

Gregarious. On humus of pine logs and stumps and on the ground among mosses in swampy
woods. New Hampshire to New York and in North Carolina. July and August. Infrequent.

BoTTomM

Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schweinitz, Naturf. Gessell. Leipzig Schrift. 1: 83.
1822 (Syn. Car.); Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. N. S. 4: 153. 1832.

Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms ext f. 161; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. / 2; Murrill,
Mycologia 5: p/. 92. 3; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3:' p/. 56. f. 1-8.

Edible

Fructifications 2%-6 cm. high, with pileus 11%4—5 cm. broad, fleshy, rather thin, firm, convex,
then somewhat depressed, glabrous, coral red to peach red, fading on drying, the margin inflexed ;
flesh white, reddish tinged at the surface, with taste slightly peppery after a time; gills somewhat
distant, decurrent, narrow, forked, venosely connected, colored like the pileus or more yellowish,
spores white or nearly so, even, 8-gx4~5 ; stem 2-4 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal, solid,
glabrous, concolorous with the pileus or more yellowish below.

Gregarious. On the ground in thin frondose woods and groves. Widely distributed in the United
States. July to September. Frequent.

The cinnabar red color and slightly peppery taste aid in distinguishing this Chanterelle from C.
cibarius and C. minor.

Es i

PLATE 28

Hygrophorus speciosus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 29: 43. p/. 2. f. 1-5. 1878.

An Hygrophorus aureus Arrhenius in Fries, Mon, Hym, 2: 127. 1863?

Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3.‘ p/. 51. f. 21-28; Hard, Mushrooms
text f. 168; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/. 24. Compare Fries, Icones p/ 166. f.2;
Bresadola, Fungi Trid. p/ 9; Cooke, Illus. / 896 (879). f Bs Kalchbrenner,
Hym. Hung. pf 26. f. 2.

Edible

Fructification 4-10 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, convex, becoming nearly plane, often
with a small umbo, very viscid or glutinous, bright red or red orange when young or red on the
center and yellow on the margin, fading and more largely yellow with age ; flesh white, red or yellow
under the separable pellicle, of mild odor and taste ; gills distant, decurrent, white or becoming pale
yellow ; spores white, even, 8-10 x 4%-5 mp; stem 4-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, nearly equal,
solid, spongy within, viscid, sometimes slightly fibrillose, whitish or yellowish streaked.

Solitary or gregarious. On swampy ground, usually under or near tamarack trees. Maine, Massa-
chusetts, New York and Michigan. September and October. Local.

[325

.
:
;

PLATE 29

Hyerophorus fuligineus Frost in Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 35: 134. 1884.

Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 49. p/ 45. f: 8-14; N. Y. State Mus.
Mem. 3." p/ 50. f. 7-12; Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢ext f. 117; Hard, Mushrooms
text f. 169. |

Edible

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 3-10 cm. broad, convex, becoming expanded and
nearly plane or depressed, glabrous, very viscid or glutinous, light brownish olive to brownish olive
of Ridgway, darker at the center ; flesh white, soft, with no especial odor nor taste ; gills somewhat
distant, somewhat decurrent, thin, waxy, white ; spores white, even, 8-10 x 4-5 p; stem 214-8 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal or somewhat tapering downward, solid, viscid, white or whitish.

On the ground in pine woods. Massachusetts, Vermont and New York. September to November.
Infrequent.

H. fuligineus is related to H. o/tvaceo-albus of Europe but is larger and has smaller spores.

Poe |

PLATE 30
Top

Lactarius sordidus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 119. p/. 2. f. 10-12; N. Y.
State Mus. Rept. 38: 120. 1885.
An Lactarius atroviridis Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 42: 117. 1889?

Fructifications 3-6 cm. high, with pileus 4-12 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex and centrally de-
pressed, viscid, soon dry, sometimes Saccardo’s olive, sometimes dusky olive green, scabrous on the
margin ; flesh whitish, thick and compact; gills narrow, close, white or yellowish, slightly decurrent ;
milk white, unchangeable, acrid; spores white, echinulate, 7-8 x 5-6 p; cystidia 55-gox 8-9 p;
stem short, 2-3 cm. long, 1%4-2% cm. thick, equal, hollow, colored like the pileus, spotted.

On the ground in mixed woods. New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and westward. July to September.
Frequent.

The drawing for this plate was approved by Peck as L. sordidus. Specimens in the herbarium
of the writer seem to show that if L. atroviridis differs from L. sordidus as finally understood by Peck,
it is by the complete lack of viscidity at all times.

BoTTOM

Clavaria vernalis Schweinitz, Naturf. Gesell. Leipzig Schrift. 1: 112. 1822.
Illustrations : Burt, Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 9. p/. 9. £88; Coker, Clavarias p/, 82. /. 1,
pl. 92. f: 3-73 Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 25. 6/4 1. f. 9 (as C. clavata ).

Clubs very small, 1-114 cm. high, 1-144 mm. thick, simple, clavate, obtuse, glabrous, pinkish cin-
namon, white at the base ; flesh without noteworthy taste or odor ; spores white, even, 7-9 x 214-3 % p.

Gregarious in numerous troops on moist earth and springing from a gelatinous, dark green stratum
composed of aggregated green spherical cells like those which form the gonidia of many lichens.
Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina and South Carolina. Late May and early
June in the north, March in North Carolina. Infrequent.

The clubs are usually clavate and simple but individuals have been found forked near the tip or
with one or more lateral prongs.

[ 34 |

Pia i ky 34

Lactarius turpis Fries, Epicr. 335. 1838.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. #/. 60; Cooke, Illus. pL 987 (925); Dufour,
Atlas pf. 26. f. 59a; Krombholz, Abbild. pA 69. f. 1-6; Ricken, Blatterpilze
pt 9. fe 4. | |

Edible

Fructifications very large, 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 6-30 cm. broad, convex and umbilicate,
then expanded and depressed, raw umber color, somewhat glutinous when moist, somewhat roughish
floccose, the margin inrolled at first, with an olivaceous-yellow villosity ; flesh dirty white, thick ;
gills very numerous, close, adnate or a little decurrent in large specimens, yellowish white, dark spotted
where wounded ; milk white, not changing color, acrid; spores echinulate, 7-8 x 6-7 p and cystidia
60-75 x 6-8 pw according to Ricken; stem 4-5 cm. long, 11%4-4 cm. thick, firm, equal or attenu-
ated downward, glabrous, colored like the pileus or paler, sometimes olivaceous, sometimes spotted,
stuffed or hollow.

Solitary. On the ground in mountain woods. Chocorua, New Hampshire. August. Rare.

2 |

PLATE 32

Lactarius deliciosus [ L.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: O67. 1921.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 6; Atkinson, Mushrooms #/. 39. f. 1; Cooke,
Illus. p/. 982 (947); Dufour, Atlas p/ 24. 7. 56; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/ 11;
Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 11; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/ 29.

Edible

Fructification 5-8 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, convex, then expanded and depressed,
glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, ochraceous orange, fading in age, concentrically zonate ; flesh
whitish, tinged with orange but more especially along line of attachment with the gills, slightly acrid
to the taste; gills somewhat decurrent, crowded, ochraceous orange, becoming somewhat greenish
with age or where bruised ; milk orange colored, mild ; spores yellowish, echinulate, 8-10 x 7-8 p ;
cystidia not found; stem 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal, glabrous, often orange spotted and
finally greenish stained, stuffed and finally hollow.

Gregarious. On the ground in woods and damp mossy places under or near conifers. Throughout
New England and westward. July to October. Common.

This is one of the most highly regarded and safest of mushrooms. It is readily recognized in our
region by the bright orange color of pileus, gills and stem of young specimens and the orange milk
which exudes copiously where wounded.

oe

FLAT, 3%

Lactarius Chelidonium Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24: 74. 1872; 38: 116. 188s.

Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3.! p+ 53- f- 1-6; Atkinson, Mush-
rooms p/. 39. f. 2. :

Edible

Fructification 4-8 cm. high, with pileus 48 cm. broad, fleshy, at first convex, then nearly plane
and umbilicate or centrally depressed, dark olive buff to citrine, often with some narrow zones, slimy
when moist ; flesh dingy white, changing finally to grayish blue green under the somewhat separable
pellicle, odorless, taste a little acrid; gills narrow, close together, sometimes forked, colored like the
pileus, somewhat decurrent ; spores yellowish in the mass, rough or minutely echinulate and with
reticulated and pitted surface, 8-10 x 7-74 p; milk scanty, saffron (like juice of Celandine), mild;
stem 2%4—6 cm. long, 1-1% cm. thick, nearly equal, hollow, colored like the pileus.

Solitary. On sandy soil under or near pines. New Hampshire to New York and North Carolina.
July to October. Occasional.

In Dr. Farlow’s notes on the specimens illustrated he states, “Section of gills gives off a scanty
fluid of watery consistency tinged with dirty orange brown.” It is probable that specimens of L.
Chelidonium are sometimes mistaken for old greenish ones of L. de/iciosus.

E 37)

PLATE 34

Lactarius indigo Schweinitz, Naturf. Gesell. Leipzig. Schrift. 1: 87. 1822.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms #/ 39. /. 3; Mcllvane, Fungi p/ 41. f. 2.

Edible

Fructification 4-8 cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, convex and somewhat umbilicate with
margin inrolled, then expanded and depressed or somewhat infundibuliform, indigo blue to pale
glaucous green of Ridgway, zonate, glabrous; flesh blue, with somewhat acrid taste ; gills adnate-
decurrent, close, colored like the pileus ; milk dark blue, mild ; spores yellowish, rough, with reticu-
late and pitted surface, 8-10x 7-8 »; stem 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal, hollow, colored
like the pileus, sometimes spotted.

Gregarious. On the ground under or near pine trees. New England to North Carolina and west-
ward. Widely distributed. July to September. Common.

L. indigo is conspicuous when growing by its blue color which is often as intense as that of the
flesh in these figures. This color and the blue milk render the species easily recognized.

| 38 |

Sr) ee

|

PLATE, 45
Top

Lactarius fuliginosus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 73. 1821. |

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 567. J+ 33 Cooke, Illus. £4 996 (959);
Krombholz, Abbild. p/. 14. j: 10-12; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. J: 3223 Ricken,
Blatterpilze p/ 12. f. 5; Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢ext Jn 420,

Fructification 3-10 cm. high, with pileus 4-10 cm. broad, convex, then expanded and some-
what depressed, dry, even, smoke gray to drab, sometimes snuff brown, finely velvety or pruinose,
somewhat rugulose, the margin crenate wavy; flesh whitish, becoming pinkish or salmon when
broken ; gills subdistant, adnate or subdecurrent, whitish, then chamois, stained pinkish or salmon
where wounded ; milk white, or white changing slowly to saffron, slowly acrid ; spores yellow-
ish, globose, echinulate, 8-9 w in diameter ; stem 2—8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then
hollow, minutely velvety or glabrous, colored like the pileus.

Gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. New England and westward, August to October.
Infrequent.

Bortom

Lactarius lignyotus Fries, Mon. Hym. 2: 177. 1863.
Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/ 171. jf: 1; Atkinson, Mushrooms /ex¢ jf: 119; Hard,
Mushrooms /. 21; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 150. pl. 123.

Fructifications 4-8 cm. high, with pileus 3-12 cm. broad, convex, then plane, umbonate or
slightly depressed, dry, generally rugose-wrinkled, fuscous to deep mouse gray, pruinose velvety ; flesh
white, slowly becoming pinkish or salmon when broken ; gills somewhat distant, adnate or subde-
current, white at first, then chamois, slowly changing to pinkish or salmon where wounded; milk
white, slowly changing to reddish where in contact with flesh, mild or slightly acrid ; spores yellowish,
echinulate, globose, 8-10 y in diameter; stem 3-7 cm. long, 4-12 mm. thick, colored like the
pileus and with similar surface, paler at the base, equal, sometimes plicate at the apex, stuffed.

Gregarious. On wet or mossy ground in woods and swamps. New England to North Carolina
and westward. August and September. Occasional.

L. lgnyotus is closely related to L. fuliginosus but is darker and more sooty colored, with pileus
more strongly rugose-wrinkled and often umbonate, with thicker, stouter stem and more likely to

[ 39 ]

be found in swampy woods.

PLATE 36
Top

Crepidotus dorsalis Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24: 69. 1873.

Pileus sessile, dimidiate or somewhat reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, convex, fleshy, cream color to
cream buff, nearly covered with honey yellow or tawny, small, fibrillose scales which are closer at
the scarcely striate, decurved margin, the flesh white, thin, pliant; gills close, rather broad, rounded
behind, yellow at first, becoming tawny olive, radiating from the white, villose place of attachment
of the pileus; spores clay color or tawny olive in the mass, even, globose, 6-7 » in diameter.

On frondose logs in open woods. New England and westward. July to September. Infrequent.

BoTTroM

Lactarius griseus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 120. 1873.
Illustrations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 14. £14; Hard, Mushrooms zexz /.
138.

Fructifications small, 2-4 cm. high, with pileus 1-4 cm. broad, convex, soon depressed to in-
fundibuliform, sometimes with a papilla at the center, dry, minutely tomentose, rarely tomentose-
scaly, pale olive buff; flesh white, thin ; gills narrow, close, adnate-decurrent, white, then yellowish ;
milk white, unchangeable, slightly acrid ; spores pale cream colored, echinulate, 8-9 x 6-8 »; stem
2-4 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward, dry, glabrous, hollow, whitish or grayish,
villose at the base.

Gregarious. On rotten wood, sometimes on the ground, in wet woods. Throughout New England
and westward. July to September. Common.

[ 4° ]

PLATE 47

Russula chloroides [ Krombh. ] Bresadola, Fungi Trid. 2: 89. p/ 202. 1900.
Illustrations: Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 56. £. 8, 9; Cooke, Illus. 4 981 (946) as

Lactarius exsuccus.

Fructifications rise but little above the ground; pileus 6-13 cm. broad, convex and umbilicate,
with margin inrolled, becoming centrally depressed and somewhat infundibuliform, slightly pubescent,
white, often spotted with yellowish or rusty stains; flesh white, mild to taste or tardily acrid ; gills
rather close, adnate or somewhat decurrent, whitish with tinge of pale pea green or water green which
is more noticeable when viewed obliquely by reflected light, with a more distinct green ring around the
stem where gills are attached ; spores white, echinulate, g—11 x 8 p ; cystidia fusiform, 70-80 x 8-9 p;
stem 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, equal, solid, white, glabrous.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods and by roadsides in woods. Massachusetts
and Vermont. July to September. Infrequent.

R. delica and R. brevipes, if the latter is a distinct species, are more frequently found than R. ch/o-
roides in the same region and same season and are doubtfully distinguishable from R. ch/oroides except
by absence of the greenish color of the gills. The writer has not watched specimens of R. ch/oroides

throughout their whole existence to make sure that the greenish color is always present.

| 41 |

PLATE 38
Russula atropurpurea [Krombh.] Mairé, Soc. Myc. Fr. Bull. 26: 167. r910.

Russula rubra as understood by Peck.
Illustrations: Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 64. £5, 6; Cooke, Illus. 6/ 1025 (996), 1087
(997) as R. rubra.

Fructifications large, 5-12 cm. high, with pileus usually 5-10 or rarely up to 14 cm. broad, con-
vex, becoming expanded and plane, then depressed, rather firm, viscid, deep blood red (dragon’s blood
red) and rather darker at the center, slightly tubercular striate and the cuticle separable at the margin
in old specimens only ; flesh reddish under the cuticle, white elsewhere, acrid to taste ; gills forked near
the stem and somewhat close there, white at first, then slightly yellowish, interspaces venose ; spores
white, echinulate, g—-10 x 7-8 p; cystidia numerous, 40-70 x g-1 1 #3; stem 5-12 cm. long, 1-4.cm.
thick, stout, firm, equal or somewhat swollen below, white, sometimes rosy at the middle, solid or

somewhat spongy within.
Solitary or gregarious. On the ground under pine trees in woods. Massachusetts and westward.
July to October. Infrequent.

rors
rs,

rv th wy.

ES St ih ea ak
-

PLATE 39

Russula compacta Frost in Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 32: 32. 1879; N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 116: 42, 71. p/ 109. 1907.

Edible

Fructifications 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, broadly convex, then
depressed to somewhat infundibuliform by elevation of the margin, even, dry, unpolished, ochraceous
buff to cinnamon buff, darker at the center ; flesh firm, white, reddening or discoloring slightly upon
exposure to the air, of mild taste, drying with a disagreeable odor ; gills close, adnate, forked near
the base, with some short ones present, white, discoloring to brownish where handled ; spores white,
globose, minutely echinulate, 8—g » in diameter; stem short, 3-6 cm. long, 1%-3% cm. thick,
equal, firm, solid, white, becoming brownish where bruised.

Gregarious. On the ground in coniferous and mixed woods, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York,
Michigan. July to September. Frequent.

R. compacta retains well the rusty ochraceous color of the pileus in drying but the gills become
distinctly smoke gray to light grayish olive when dried and the herbarium specimens have a permanent
disagreeable odor suggestive of dried salt fish—all good characters for recognition of the species.

as. |

PLATE 40

Marasmius oreades [ Bolt.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 127. 1821.

Illustrations: Bolton, Hist. Fung. p/. 151; Berkeley, Outl. 4/4 14. 4 5; Cooke, Illus.
pf. 1118 (1072); Dufour, Atlas p/. 31. £71; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 31; Patouil-
lard, Tab. Anal. £328; Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢exz f. 129; Farlow, Yearb. U.S.
Dept. Agr. 1897. p/. 27. f.2; Hard. Mushrooms zexz f. 101, 102; Peck, N. Y.
State Mus. Rept. 48. p/ 14. f. 12-21.

Edible

Fructifications 3-7 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, fleshy, pliant, convex or nearly plane,
often umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dull brick red or tawny red when young and moist, be-
coming paler—pinkish buff—upon drying or when old, the margin even or somewhat striate when
moist ; flesh pale buff, with pleasant taste and odor; gills rounded behind or free, rather distant, in-
terspaces venose, whitish or yellowish ; spores white, even, 7-8 x 5 », with an oblique basal apiculus ;
stem 3-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal, solid, tough, whitish, clothed with a fine, dense, inter-
woven villosity.

In groups in fairy rings and not quickly putrescent. On the ground in grass on lawns, pastures
and roadsides during a wet season. May to October.

Widely distributed and sometimes abundant. This is the Fairy Ring Mushroom, one of the best
known and most highly regarded of the edible species. The arrangement of the fructifications in arcs
or rings is due to the radial growth of the perennial mycelium outward in the lawn from year to year.

Marasmius siccus Schw. See Plate 92, bottom.

L 44 |

PLATE 41

Lentinus lepideus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 176. 1821.

Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. p/, 1140 (1091), 1141 (1092); Kauffman, Agar. Mich.
pé. 6; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 41: 1. cexz /: 1; Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. /.
29, 30. :

Edible

Fructifications 4-10 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad—rarely larger, compact, firm, convex,
then plane or somewhat depressed, whitish to ochraceous buff, more or less covered with appressed
scales which become tawny or rufescent ; flesh white, pliant, taste not marked ; gills decurrent by
a tooth, irregularly serrate, transversely striate, covered when young with a membranous veil ; spores
white, even, 10-12 x 4 mw; stem 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, usually eccentric, solid, hard, scaly,
sometimes with a dark, prolonged, radicated base where issuing from a cavity.

Solitary or caespitose. On pine railway ties, timbers and other wood in contact with the ground,
and on stumps. Occurs on other conifers also and on oak, etc., more rarely. Widely distributed. May
to October. Common.

The pilei are edible when young. L. /epideus is a species of great economic importance because
of the decay it produces in pine cross ties and other timber in contact with the ground. L. tigrinus,
a related species, occurs on coniferous timber also but has pilei under 5 cm. in diameter and spores

only 6-8 x 3 p.

a

PLATE. 43

Panus rudis Fries, Epicr. 398. 1838.

Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms zexz f. 179; Kauftman, Agar. Mich. p/. 5; Patouil-
lard, Tab. Anal. £ 637; Quelet, Champ. Jura 1. p/ 14. 1; Ricken, Blatter-
pilze p/. 26. f. 4; Romell, Hym. Aus. Am. 1. p/ 1. /. to.

Edible

Fructifications 2-5 cm. high, with pileus 2-6 cm. broad, somewhat lateral at first, soon margined
behind and excentric, depressed, coriaceous, tawny olive to cinnamon brown, strigose-hirsute ; gills
crowded, decurrent, entire, narrow, yellowish or colored like the pileus, the edge minutely setulose
under a lens with cystidia and adhering hairs ; such marginal cystidia 40-50 x 12 gp, not found else-
where ; spores white, even, 5—6 x 2-3 »; stem short, excentric, sometimes almost lacking, 1%4-2 cm.
long, 2-10 mm. thick, solid, strigose-hirsute, concolorous with the pileus.

Caespitose. On logs, stumps and fallen branches of Fagus, Sa/ix and other frondose species. Very
abundant throughout North America and rare in Europe, Africa and South America. June to De-
cember, and in March in the southern states.

The edible value of this species is chiefly as a flavoring for gravies. It dries easily to afford a supply
for such use. It is very common in herbaria under the name Lentinus Lecomtet and has been dis-
tributed under this name in exsiccati. Objection to such reference is that the edges of the lamellae
are not serrate as required by the original description, unless the earlier mycologists saw with their
magnifying glasses little marginal groups of cystidia and adhering hairs and regarded them as teeth.
Lentinus strigosus Schw. is a still earlier, probable name for this species, but the writer failed to find
in the Schweinitz Herbarium specimens of either of these types for proof. Fries stated in E/enchus
Fungorum that he had seen original specimens of both Lentinus strigosus and L. Lecomtei (Agaricus
crinitus Schw.) and it is hoped that these specimens from Schweinitz may yet be found.

[ 46 |

|

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2 cers cet Lt

PLATE 43
Panus levis Berkeley & Curtis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12: 427. 1853.

Fructifications 10 cm. high, with pileus 10-25 cm. broad, eccentric, sometimes lateral, marginate
behind, coriaceous, convex, then plane and depressed, villose, white, becoming somewhat Marguerite
yellow, the flesh yellowish ; gills decurrent, distant, broad, entire, white, clothed below on the edge
with the same coat as the top of the stem; spores white, even, g-10x 4-4% pw; stem 5-8 cm. long,
14-3 cm. thick, generally eccentric, sometimes lateral, not rooting, solid, strigose below, closely
villose above like the margin of the pileus and this coating continued a short distance upward be-
tween the decurrent gills, concolorous with the pileus.

Solitary. On logs and trunks of Sa/ix and other frondose species. Widely distributed as far south
as Alabama and westward to Missouri. September and October. Infrequent.

[ 47 |

PLATE 44

Pluteus umbrosus [ Pers.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 200. 1821.

Illustrations: Persoon, Icones et Descr. p/. 2. f 5,63; Boudier, Icones p/, 88; Bresa-
dola, Fungi Trid. 6/4 116; Cooke, Illus. 67. 304 (306). f A; Ricken, Blatterpilze
pl. 70. fe 4.

Fructifications 5-10 cm. high, with pileus s-10-cm. broad, fleshy, convex to expanded, sometimes
umbonate, more or less rugose, burnt umber color, floccose scaly on the disk, even and fibrillose on
the margin; flesh white, with slightly disagreeable odor and taste; gills free, close, broad, white at
first, then flesh color, with the edge fimbriate and blackish brown from colored cystidia which are
clavate, 35-50 x 15-22 , with yellowish brown contents ; cystidia of the hymenium fusiform, hya-
line, 66 x 22 y, with horns at apex; spores flesh color, even, 7-8 x 5-5% ww; stem 4-10 cm. long,
4-12 mm. thick, equal, solid, firm, pale or brownish, fibrillose or villose-squamulose.

Solitary. On decaying pine wood in forests. From Maine westward. August to October. Rare.

Pluteus umbrosus has some resemblance in aspect to the common P. cervinus but occurs on conif-
erous logs and stumps, has an umber colored pileus and distinctly dark edged lamellae which show
well under the microscope the clavate organs with yellowish brown contents to which the colored

edge is due.

[ 48 ]

ah see GS ae SY ees ee Pee ee

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|

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VEL
Vif,

PLATE 45
Top

Pholiota limonella Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 31: 33. 1879.

Fructifications 5~7 cm. high, with pileus 2%4-5 cm. broad, thin, convex or expanded, somewhat
umbonate, viscid, rough with scattered erect reddish brown scales, amber yellow, the margin even ;
flesh yellowish, thin; gills sinuate, close, becoming ferruginous with the spores ; spores cinnamon,
even, 8-10x 5 »; stem 2-6 cm. long, 4—5 mm. thick, equal, squamose with recurved scales, colored
like or a little paler than the pileus.

Lynn Woods, Massachusetts. October.

P. limonella was described by Peck as growing on beech logs and having a solid stem. The speci-
mens upon which this illustration was based have the stem slightly hollow and show no fragments
of wood at base of stem. The dark brown mass about the base of each of the three specimens of the
gathering is composed of small mosses densely crowded together and of such humus as supports a

moss cushion in a dry location. Descriptive notes did not accompany these specimens,

BoTTOM

Pluteus leoninus | Schaeff.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 199. 1821.
Illustrations: Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. p/. 48; Berkeley, Outl. p/ 7. £4; Patouillard,
Tab. Anal. £ 639; Persoon, Icones et Descr. pf. 7. f. 3, 4.

Fructifications 4—7 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, campanulate, then convex or expanded,
somewhat umbonate, even, glabrous, moist, amber yellow, striate on the margin; gills free, rather
broad, becoming buff pink ; spores buff pink, even, subglobose, 6-8 x 5—6 ; cystidia fusiform, 73 x 8 p,
not abundant, without prongs ; stem 4~7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal or somewhat tapering up-
ward, slightly striate, usually solid, white or yellowish.

Solitary. On decaying wood in forests. From New England westward. July and August. Infrequent.

[ 49 |

PLATE 46

Entoloma cuspidatum Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24: 64. p/. 2. f. 14-18. 1872,
Illustrations: Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/. 110.

Fructifications 5-12 cm. high, with pileus 2-4 cm. broad, conical or campanulate, usually with
a papilla at the apex, moist, shining, glabrous, amber yellow, drying walnut brown to burnt umber
in the herbarium ; gills broad, somewhat distant, narrowly adnate with a small tooth, colored like
the pileus at first, becoming salmon color with the spores, the edge denticulate or crenate ; spores
buff pink (flesh color), cubical with edge slightly rounded, about 8 p square ; stem 5-12 cm. long,

2-3, rarely 4, mm. thick, equal, hollow, glabrous, concolorous with the pileus, sometimes com-
pressed or twisted. . |

_ Gregarious. In swamps and on sphagnum in peat bogs. Northern New England and New York.
August. Infrequent.

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| PLATE 47
| Top
Leptonia placida Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 202.

ere

Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/ 97. f. 1; Cooke, Illus. p/ 330 (352); Kauffman,
Agar. Mich. p/ 114.

Fructifications 5—8 cm. high, with pileus 3-5 cm. broad, campanulate, then convex, obtuse, benzo-

| brown with a purplish tinge, shining between the blackish fibrils which are more abundant on the
disk, not striate, the flesh white ; gills whitish, broad behind but abruptly narrowed and adnexed ;

| spores angular, 11 x 7—8 mw, with oblique apiculus at the base; no cystidia ; stem 7 cm. long, 4 mm.
thick, cartilaginous, hollow, nearly equal, shining, more bluish than the pileus, clothed with fibrils

Solitary. On very rotten wood and stumps. St. Hubert’s Inn, Adirondack Mts., New York. Septem-
| ber. Rare.
This was determined for Dr. Farlow as L. placida by Dr. Robert Fries. The figures differ from

| nearly to the apex.

the description of European specimens of L. p/acida by the more purple color of pileus and stem,
white instead of brownish flesh and more umbonate pileus. When found again, specimens should

perhaps be compared with Entoloma jubatum, noting also whether the stem is cartilaginous.

BoTTOM

Leptonia asprella Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 208, 1821 (in Ecci/ia).
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms sext f. 142; Quelet, Champ. Jura 1. p/ 6./ 4.

Fructifications 3-5 cm. high, with pileus 2-4 cm. broad, convex, then expanded and umbilicate,
rarely mammillate, somewhat membranaceous, drab, hygrophanous, striatulate when moist, the um-
bilicus villose and at length squamulose ; gills adnate, separating free, somewhat distant, flesh color
with the spores, edge of the same color ; spores flesh color, angular, 11-12 x 8 »; no cystidia ; stem

- 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, cartilaginous, fragile, becoming hollow, green or blue or colored
like the pileus, with white mycelium at the base.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in woods, swamps and sphagnum bogs. Widely distributed
but infrequent. July to September.

bat

PLATE 48
Tor anp Bottom
Claudopus nidulans [Pers.] Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 39: 67. 1886.
Illustrations: Persoon, Icones et Descr. p/ 6. f. 4; Atkinson, Mushrooms pl 45;
Fries, Icones p/. 86. f. 3; Hard, Mushrooms ext f. 208; Kauffman, Agar. Mich.
pl 115.

Pileus 1-9 cm. broad, sessile, often narrowed behind, sometimes imbricated, at times somewhat
orbicular, dimidiate or reniform, tomentose, light orange yellow, drying paler ; flesh whitish or yellow-
ish, rather mild ; gills adnate, moderately close, colored like the pileus ; spores faint rose or salmon
in the mass, even, 6-7x2%-3%4 p.

Gregarious or imbricate. On decaying logs of beech, poplar and other frondose species and also
on pine. In New England and elsewhere, widely distributed. July to December. Infrequent.

MIDDLE

Pleurotus serotinus [Schrad.| Fries. Description with Plate 23.

2

Ni

PLATE 49

Pholiota caperata | Pers.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 241. 1821.

Illustrations: Dufour, Atlas p/. 35. J. 80; Hard, Mushrooms /. 31; Harper, Wis.
Acad. Sc. Trans. 17." 6/, 24; Krombholz, Abbild. pl. 73. f. 10-12; Peck, N. Y.
State Mus. Rept. 54. p/. 73. f. 1-5.

Edible

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 5—ro cm. broad, campanulate or expanded, obtuse,
glabrous, dry, chamois color to buff yellow, sometimes with whitish flocci at the center, generally
more or less radially wrinkled ; flesh white, with pleasant taste and odor ; gills moderately close, adnate,
then emarginate, whitish becoming somewhat ochraceous or clay color, often uneven on the edge ;
spores ferruginous (cinnamon brown), rough, inequilateral, 12-14 x 8-g yw; stem 5-12 cm. long,

1-2 cm. thick, cylindric, firm, solid, glabrous, white, with a persistent, reflexed annulus rather distant
from the pileus towards the middle of stem.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed or coniferous woods. New England and westward.
August to October. Frequent.

Pholiota angustipes Peck. See Plate 69, bottom, with description.

Pholiota limonella Peck. See Plate 45, top, with description.

| 53

PLATE 50

Pholiota erebia Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 246. 1821.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. 6/358 (377); Harper, Wis. Acad. Sc. 17. p/. 30; Patouil-
lard, Tab. Anal. f 644; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/. 56. f 1.

Fructifications 4~8 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, convex, viscid, hygrophanous, fuscous
black at first, cinnamon brown when mature and dry, rather uneven with irregular depressions, the
margin irregularly grooved ; flesh pale brownish, with strong and disagreeable taste, odorless ; gills
somewhat distant, adnate, often with a small decurrent tooth, dirty brownish white at first, becom-
ing cinnamon ; spores pale ferruginous, even, 14-15 x 7-7% ; stem 4-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick,
equal or slightly tapering upward, becoming hollow, often cohering at the base, brownish, fibrillose,
striate, with a superior, persistent, membranaceous annulus which becomes reflexed.

Solitary and caespitose. In grass and lawns on sandy ground, Cambridge, Massachusetts. September
and October. Local and infrequent. :

ert eeiiaiteieaicini in Wena

PUA LE 51

Pholiota spectabilis Fries, Elenchus Fung. 1: 28. 1828.

Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/, 102; Cooke, Illus. p4 352 (394); Harper, Wis. Acad.
Sc. Trans. 17.' p/, 44; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/, 61.

| Fructification 6-10 cm. high, with pileus 4-12 cm. broad, fleshy, compact, convex, expanded,

deep chrome, the surface finally broken into minute, appressed, fibrillose scales ; flesh pale yellow
(Marguerite yellow), with bitter taste ; gills adnate, with a small decurrent tooth, crowded, yellow

becoming ferruginous ; spores yellow ocher under the microscope, rough, 8-9 x 5-6 w; stem 5-10
cm. long, 6-20 mm. thick, slightly thickened downward and more or less ventricose, normally solid,
peronate ; annulus near apex of stem, membranaceous, persistent, yellow.
Solitary or caespitose. On stumps and decaying wood. Waltham, Massachusetts, and westward.
September and October. Widely distributed but rare.
Distinguishing characters are the rough spores and bitter taste.

E Sh]

PLA PE 3.
Top

Inocybe asterospora Quelet, Soc. Bot. Fr. Bull. 1879: 50. 1879.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. p/ 385 (430); Patouillard, Tab. Anal. f 546; Ricken,
Blatterpilze p/. 29. f. 1.

Fructification 4-8 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, convex, then expanded and umbonate,
cinnamon rufous, fibrillose, becoming rimose, the flesh white ; gills close, narrowly adnate, emargi-
nate, ventricose, dull cinnamon ; cystidia abundant on sides and edges of lamellae, 40-50 x 13 ys, ven-
tricose, apex crystallate ; spores ochraceous brown, nearly spherical, stellately nodulose, 8-10 x 7-8 p;
stem 4-8 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, reddish, equal, usually somewhat bulbous, solid, streaked with
brown fibrils.

Gregarious. On sandy ground in woods. New England and westward. July to September. Rare.

MIDDLE Row at LEFT

Inocybe nodulospora Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 32: 28. 1879.
Inocybe leptophylla Atkinson, Am. Jour. Bot. 5: 212. 1918.—Not Inocybe lanugi-
nosa | Bull.| Karst.

Fructification 2-4 cm. high, with pileus 1-3 cm. broad, thin, convex, expanded, obtuse, tawny
to hazel, dry, floccosely squamose, with the scales of the disk more erect ; gills close, broad, ventricose,
rounded at the stem, becoming ferruginous-cinnamon, the edge white-crenulate ; cystidia (sterile cells)
on edge of lamellae 40-55 x 15 w, not present elsewhere ; spores ferruginous brown, somewhat rec-
tangular, nodulose with scattered tubercules, gQ—11 x 7-8 ; stem 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick,
equal, solid, floccose-fibrillose to tomentose-squamulose, colored like the pileus.

On the ground under spruce trees and on wood humus—especially about sphagnum marshes.
New England and westward. July and August. Infrequent.

The squamulose pileus, white-crenulate edge of gills, absence of cystida except on edge of gills,
and small, nodulose spores not exceeding the dimensions given, are distinguishing characters of I. no-
dulospora.

3

MIDDLE Row at RIGHT

Inocybe amarescens Farlow & Burt, n. sp.
Type: in Burt Herbarium.

Fructifications 2-3 cm. high, with pileus 134-3 cm. broad, convex, sometimes somewhat de-
pressed, umbonate, rimosely floccose-scaly with the scales adpressed, Saccardo’s umber with the disk
somewhat the more intensely colored ; flesh thin, pale straw colored, after a time becoming very bitter
to the taste; gills crowded, somewhat adnate, rather broad, yellowish at first, finally Saccardo’s
umber, the edge whitish and slightly denticulate ; cystidia abundant on sides of gills, lanceolate, obtuse,
28-40 x 12-14 p, not different on edge of gills ; spores tawny olive, even, 7-9 x 414-5 p; stem 2-3
cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, equal, solid, minutely velvety under a lens, paler than the pileus, drying
to fuscous in the herbarium.

Gregarious. On bare ground in a hickory grove, Middlebury, Vermont. July. Probably rare.

I. amarescens is related to I. dulcamara and I. carpta by its bitter taste but is distinct from the
former by its smaller and abundant cystidia, which are not confined to the edge of the gills, and by
the solid, velvety stem and from I. carpta by the smaller cystidia and even spores.

Inocybe calamistrata Fries. See Plate 54, top.

BoTTOM
Inocybe radiata Peck, Torr. Bot. Club Bull. 22: 488. 1895.

Fructification 3~7 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, campanulate, becoming expanded,
umbonate, fibrillose with brown fibrils, becoming rimose ; flesh white, thickish on the disk ; gills
adnate or sinuate with a small tooth, broad, ventricose, becoming ochraceous cinnamon, the edge
whitish ; cystidia scattered on sides and edges of gills, 40-60 x 15 2, ventricose, with apex somewhat
crystallate ; spores angular or with some nodules, 10-12 x7-8 »; stem 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
thick, equal, solid or stuffed, fibrillose, colored somewhat like the pileus but paler.

Gregarious. On poor soils by roadsides under trees. Massachusetts and New Hampshire and west-
ward. June to October.

The stem is solid, as published in the original description, in specimens referred to this species
by the writer, collected on Middlebury College Campus, Vermont.

par

PLATIC 53
Naucoria Christinae Fries, Epicr. 192. 1836-1838.

Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/. 121. f. 2.

Fructification 2-6 cm. high, with pileus 2-4 cm. broad, conical, acute, becoming expanded,
sharply umbonate, viscid, glabrous, light ochraceous salmon to salmon color when moist, liver brown
with a tinge of brick red in drying, the flesh slightly reddish ; gills free or adnexed, or varying adnate,
crowded, ventricose, becoming clay color to tawny olive ; spores cinnamon in the mass, slightly rough,
g-11x4-4% p in American specimens, 4-8 x 3-414 mp in Swedish ; stem 6-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm.
thick, with the long rooting portion up to 10 cm. long or about two thirds the whole length of the
stem, hollow, colored like the pileus above, with the radicated portion darker red and blackening,
cartilaginous, fragile when fresh, drying tough.

Gregarious. On sandy hillsides under oak trees. Lynn, Melrose and Worcester, Massachusetts. Octo-
ber. Abundant locally.

This species has the aspect of Hygrophorus conicus and the specimens blacken more or less also
in drying. The very long rooting portion of the stem is noteworthy.

[ 58 ]

ea Se ee

PLATE .54
Top

Inocybe calamistrata Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 256. 1821.
Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/. 106. 7. 2; Cooke, Illus. p/. 369 (407); Gillet, Champ.
Fr. Hym. pf. 343 (358).

Fructification 4-10 cm. high, with pileus 2-6 cm. broad, fleshy, thin, campanulate or convex,
obtuse, covered with squarrose scales, cinnamon brown to sudan brown; flesh whitish, reddish where
wounded ; gills adnexed, crowded, broad, whitish, soon cinnamon-ferruginous, the edge whitish ; no
cystidia on sides of gills ; spores ferruginous brown, even, ellipsoidal, 10-12 x 5—6 w; stem 4-10 cm.
long, 2-5 mm. thick, firm, equal, solid, clothed with recurved fibrillose scales, colored like the pileus,
often somewhat dark blue at the base.

On the ground in the shade in damp places. East Providence, Rhode Island, and westward. July
to September. Infrequent.

BoTToM

Cortinarius (Inoloma) squamulosus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 108. p/. 3.
J. 1-3. 1873.

Fructification large, 10-15 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, thick, fleshy, convex, some-
what broadly umbonate, densely fibrillose scaly, chestnut to chocolate brown ; flesh pale avellaneous
with a slight pinkish or violet tinge, with no especial taste ; gills adnate then deeply emarginate, broad,
not crowded, pale pinkish brown at first, then colored like the pileus ; spores russet to auburn in the
mass, rough, 7-9 x 6-7 »; no cystidia ; stem 6-15 cm. long, 12-20 mm. in diameter near pileus,
swollen at the base into a large ventricose or somewhat fusiform bulb 3-6 cm. thick, solid, shreddy,
somewhat squamulose, colored like the pileus, annulate above by a definite band-like collar ; cortina
pallid to brownish, closely woven.

Gregarious. On the ground in mixed frondose woods. Vermont and westward. August and Sep-
tember. Infrequent.

E59]

FUALER. &&

Cortinarius (Inoloma ) pholideus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 219. 1821.

Illustrations: Albertini & Schweinitz, Consp. Fung. p/. 12. Jf: 1, as Agaricus Lepi-
domyces ; Cooke, Illus. p/. 761 (760); Phillips, Grevillea 7. £2 117. f- 1; Ricken,
Blatterpilze p/ 46. f. 4; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24. pl. i. f. 1-3, as Cor-

tinarius asper.

Fructification 4-8 cm. high, with puleus usually about 3-5 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, somewhat
ochraceous tawny, finally more cinnamon, hemispherical-campanulate, then expanded, umbonate,
rough with erect, brown, hairy scales ; flesh dirty white usually, slightly violaceous at first ; gills some-
what emarginate, crowded, violaceous, then pale cinnamon, the edge entire ; spores tawny in the mass,
rough, 7-8 x 5-6 uw; no cystidia ; stem 4-7% cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, nearly equal, solid, slightly
narrowed upward, fibrillose scaly and colored like the pileus below but violaceous and even above the
cortinate arachnoid ring ; cortina sparse, fibrillose.

Gregarious or caespitose. On very rotten logs and on ground in moist coniferous or, more rarely,
mixed woods. Northern New England and westward. September and October. Not uncommon.

In confirming for the writer a Vermont collection of this species, Peck wrote, “My C. asper, in
my opinion, is not sufficiently distinct from Cortinarius pholideus.”

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PLATE 56

Cortinarius (Telamonia) armillatus [Alb. & Schw.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 214.
1821.

Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/. 158. J. 1; Cooke, Illus. £/ 802 (800); Hard, Mush-
rooms zext /. 243; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/. 85, 86; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/. 48.
SJ: 5-

Edible

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 4-15 cm. broad, campanulate, then expanded, fleshy,
not viscid, tawny to hazel, innately scaly or fibrillose ; flesh dingy pallid or slightly brownish, with
mild taste ; gills adnate, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, broad, distant, pale cinnamon at first,
becoming Brussels brown ; spores cinnamon, rough, 10-12 x 5—6 4; stem 6-12 cm. long, 10-15 mm.
thick above, bulbous below and 2-4 cm. thick there, solid, marked above the bulb with prominent,
floccose, cinnabar red or English red zones or bands formed from the red universal veil ;cortina whitish
at first, fibrillose.

Solitary or gregarious. On leaf humus in mountain forests. Vermont and westward. August and
September. Frequent.

The bright red bands about the stem are a conspicuous and distinctive character.

[ or

is ty eB Oey,
Cortinarius (Myxacium) mucifluus Fries, Epicr. 274. 1836-1838.
Illustrations: Fries, Icones p/. 148. / 1; Cooke, Illus. p/. 740 (735); Kauffman,
Agar. Mich. p/. 63; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/. 13. f 1-6 (as C\ col-
linitus); Ricken, Blatterpilze p/ 34. f. 1 (as C. collinitus),
Edible

Fructification 6-15 cm. high, with pileus 4-8 cm. broad, campanulate-convex, then expanded
and margin incurved, obtuse, glutinous when moist, shining when dry, varying from chamois to
ochraceous tawny and tawny ; flesh yellowish, with no noteworthy taste ; gills grayish white at first,
then deep olive buff to clay color, adnate to somewhat emarginate, rather broad, close ; spores cin-
namon, minutely tuberculate, 10-1214 x 6-7 yw ; no cystidia ; stem 6-15 cm. long, 6-20 mm. thick,
cylindric, solid, viscid or glutinous when moist, with the glutinous covering (universal veil) cracking
transversely in drying and forming thick, scaly bands of the dried gluten, usually paler than the pileus.

Gregarious. Under coniferous trees in mixed woods. Vermont and westward. August and Septem-
ber. Frequent.

The writer has followed Kauffman in regarding this species as C. mucifiuus rather than C. co/-
linitus Fr.

[ 62 ]

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| PLATE 58
Tor Row at Ricut

Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus [ Linn.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 217. 1821.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 58; Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 250 (649);
Hard, Mushrooms sexz f. 238; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. f 127; Peck, N. Y. State
Mus. Rept. 48. p/ 12; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/. 34. f. 19-21; Ricken, Bliatter-

pilze pf. 44. f. 4.
Edible

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, becoming nearly plane,
dry, dark violet (dark vinaceous gray), floccose scaly ; flesh more or less tinged with violet, of mild
taste; gills adnate, notched near the stem and sometimes with a small decurrent tooth, thick, broad,
somewhat distant, dark violet, becoming ashy cinnamon with the spores ; spores cinnamon brown,
minutely verrucose, 1 1-16 x 7-10 .; in preparations petassium hydrate becomes vinaceous with a pig-
ment dissolved from the lamella ; stem 6-12 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick near the pileus, 1%4-2% cm.
thick through the clavate, bulbous base, solid, colored like the pileus, fibrillose ; universal veil lacking
or obsolete.

Solitary or scattered. On leaf humus in mountain forests. Vermont and westward. August and

September. Frequent in Vermont.

Tor Row at LEFr

Clavaria cinerea Bulliard, Champ. Fr. / 354 (204). 1787.

Illustrations: Bulliard, /oc. cit.; Burt, Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 9. pe. 8. f. 60 (after Bul-
liard); Dufour, Atlas £/ 68. £ 149; Greville, Scot. Crypt. Fl. p/. 64; Patouil-
lard. Tab. Anal. f. 154. °

Edible

Fructification 3-5 cm. high, branched, very variable in habit, grayish or with a faint tinge of
purple, rather brittle; branching irregular, repeated, uneven, axils usually acute; branches thick or
slender, cylindric or compressed, short, stuffed, erect, wrinkled, apices often toothed ; flesh white,
no odor, taste mild ; stem more or less distinct, thick, short ; basidia with 2 sterigmata ; spores copious,
hyaline, even, 7-10 x 6-8 p.

Solitary or gregarious. On ground in woods. South Hingham, Massachusetts. August. Rare.

L 93 J

BoTTtoM

Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc, Mag. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 87. pl. 6. f.
2%; SOLE.

Bovista lilacina Berk. & Mont., Hooker’s London Jour. Bot. 4: 66. 1845,

Illustrations: Bosc, oc. cit.; Atkinson, Mushrooms p4 81; Farlow, U.S. Agr. Yearb.
1897. p/. 30; Hollos, Gastero. Hung. p/ 13; Lloyd, Myc. Notes 1. pL. 35; Mur-
rill, Mycologia 1. p/. 15. f. 1; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/ 2.

Edible

Fructification 7-15 cm. in diameter, globose or depressed, glabrous or minutely floccose or scaly,
whitish to pinkish buff, soon becoming marked and cracking into tessellated or polygonal areas in
the upper part, contracted below, commonly with a short stem-like base ; interior of fructification
white and fleshy when young and edible, maturing the capillitium and spores and becoming purple
drab to vinaceous drab, falling away or blowing away together with upper part of the fructification
and leaving a vinaceous, cup-shaped base such as shown in lowest figure on the right ; spores vina-
ceous drab, spherical, echinulate, 7 » in diameter.

Solitary. On the ground in pastures and cultivated fields. Widely distributed. August and September.
Frequent.

Select for food, specimens of this puff ball which are so immature that the interior is still white.

[ 64 |

PLATE <9

Paxillus atrotomentosus | Batsch] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 272. 1821.

Illustrations: Batsch, Elenchus p/ 8 f. 32; Cooke, Illus. p/. 876 (869); Dufour,
Atlas p/ 42. f. 100; Hard, Mushrooms zexz f. 233; Quélet, Champ. Jura 1. p/.
10. f. 1; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/. 45. f 13-16; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/. 28. Te hs

Edible

Fructification up to 10 cm. high, with pileus 5-15 cm. broad, firm, fleshy, excentric, convex,
then plane or somewhat infundibuliform sometimes more or less lateral and ascending, dry, some-
times slightly tomentose, cinnamon or ochraceous tawny, the margin thin, involute ; flesh whitish ;
gills easily separable from the pileus, somewhat decurrent, yellow, close, branching at the base ; spores
clay color to buckthorn brown in the mass, even, 5-6 x 314-4 ; no cystidia; stem 3-10 cm. long,
1-3 cm. thick, solid, tough, straight or curved, often excentric or lateral, rooting, covered with dense,
soft, cinnamon brown or blackish brown tomentum.

Solitary or caespitose. On pine stumps and decaying pine wood. August and September. From
New England westward. Rather frequent in mountain forests.

This species is distinguished by the ready peeling away of the gills from the pileus, by ochraceous

spores and by dense, tomentose covering of the stem.

ESS

PLATE 60
Agaricus arvensis Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. p/ 310 (172), 311 (173). 1774.
Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 4; Berkeley, Outl. 64. 10. f. 4; Cooke, Illus.
p+. 523 (540); Dufour, Atlas p/. 42 f. 101; Farlow, U.S. Agr. Yearb. 1897. p/.
243; Hard, Mushrooms ¢ext f. 252, 253; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. p/ 46; Peck
N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/ 8.
Edible

>

Fructification 6-13 cm. high, with pileus 5—1 5 cm. broad, somewhat hemispherical at first, then
convex and expanded, obtuse, firm, even, glabrous or with appressed, floccose scales, dry, white or
yellowish ; flesh thick, white, at length somewhat yellowish ; taste mild; gills free, crowded, broad,
whitish at first, soon dull pink, finally army brown or Rood’s brown, the edge entire ; spores purplish
brown to seal brown or fuscous in the mass, even, 7-8 x 4-5 “; stem 5-12 cm. long, 1%-2% cm.
thick, somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, white, becoming slightly yellow, stuffed, finally
hollow ; annulus thick, superior, double—that is, a double membrane as of two layers more or less
grown together, the upper layer white, the lower layer more or less stellately split and often yellowish.

Solitary, gregarious, sometimes two in a cluster. On the ground in cultivated fields, lawns, pas-
tures and borders of groves. Widely distributed. July to October. Frequent.

The so-called double ring is distinctive of this species, which is commonly called the field mush-
room or horse mushroom. In the upper figures of the plate the two layers of the ring are grown
together rather closely although the figure on the left shows the lower layer split stellately and the
upper layer showing still unbroken through fissures of the lower. These upper figures were made from
specimens collected on a lawn in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lower figures show the double annu-
lus very distinctly ; these figures were from specimens grown at Columbia, Missouri, by Dr. B. M.
Duggar in his work on the production of mushroom spawn by tissue cultures. The large, common
mushrooms of the market are very likely to be 4. arvensis.

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PLATE 61

Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94: 36. 1904.

Agaricus abruptus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3:* 163. pf. 59. f. 8-14. 1900.
— A. arvensis var.abruptus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48: 141. 1896. Com-
pare upper figures with Praze//a flavescens Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. 564. p/. 384
(574) and lower figures with Agaricus flavescens of Richon & Roze, Atlas p/.
17. f. 17-21.

Illustrations: Peck, /oc. cit.; Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢ex¢ fi 19-20; Hard, Mush-
rooms zext f. 254; Kaufman, Agar. Mich. p/ 47.

Edible

Fructification 8-12 cm. high, with pileus 8-12 cm. broad, convex, then expanded and becoming
plane, rather thin, fragile, dry, glabrous or innately floccose or sometimes obscurely appressed scaly,
white or creamy white, usually tinged with yellow in drying—especially at the center ; flesh white,
usually turning yellowish where cut or bruised ; gills free, remote, crowded, narrow, soon pinkish,
becoming deep brownish drab or fuscous ; spores purple brown, even, 7-8 x 4-5 ; stem 7-12 cm.
long, 8-13 mm. thick, hollow, equal or slightly tapering upward, bulbous at the base, the bulb small,
usually abruptly bulbous and flattened or becoming so in drying; annulus large, pendant, usually
double, even above, cracking on the under side and sometimes separating into flakes or radiating
yellowish patches.

Scattered or somewhat caespitose. In mixed woods and more frequently near pine trees. New Eng-
land to Missouri. July to October. Frequent.

The name Agaricus flavescens has priority over 4. abruptibulbus if it refers to the same species.
This the writer regards as very doubtful, for none of the European figures of 4. flavescens have
base of the stem abruptly bulbous, and furthermore the type figures of Gillet do not have a double
ring, and in the description the flesh is stated as white and the stem stuffed. The upper figures of
the present plate are based on specimens collected at Lake Dunmore, Vermont, which in drying
brought out well the distinctive abruptly bulbous base of the stem.

Cr

PLATE 63
Agaricus brunnescens Peck, Torrey Bot. Club. Bull. 27: 16. 1g00.
Edible

Fructification 4-10 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, thick, firm, hemispherical, becoming
convex or nearly plane, fibrillose, sometimes slightly squamose, somewhat silvery white when very
young, becoming avellaneous to somewhat russet and bay brown, the margin extending beyond the
gills and appendiculate by a narrow membranaceous fragment of the veil ; flesh whitish or grayish, un-
changing, with agreeable taste ; gills close, rounded behind, free but reaching the stem, at first whit-
ish ; then reddish pink, finally Rood’s brown to Van Dyke brown ; spores subglobose, 6-8 x 5-6 y ;
stem 2%4-9 cm. long, 1-214 cm. thick, at first solid or stuffed, becoming hollow, silky, concolorous
with the pileus ; annulus single, ample, thick, persistent, often striated on the upper surface by impres-
sions of the edges of the gills. .

Solitary. On dump ground, on manure and street scrapings and in a blacksmith shop. East Cam-
bridge and Charlestown, Massachusetts. June to October. Local and probably rare.

This species is likely to be confused with the more common 4. Rodmani but differs from the
latter by browner color, longer and hollow stem, single ring and more globose spores. The drawing
was made eight years before the publication of the description of 4. brunnescens.

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PLATE 63

Agaricus campestris Linnzus, Fl. Suec. no. 1205. 1755.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 5; Atkinson, Mushrooms zext f- 1-8; Cooke,
Illus. p/. 526 (544); Dufour, Atlas p/ 43 7. 103; Farlow. U. S. Agr. Yearb.
1897. p/. 21; Hard, Mushrooms ¢ext f. 248, 249; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept.
48. p/. 6; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/ 61. f. 6; and many others.

Edible

Fructification 3-7 cm. high, with pileus 4-7 cm. broad—occasionally larger when cultivated,
convex, then expanded and nearly plane, firm, even, dirty white or yellow white, occasionally glabrous
but usually covered with flat, brownish, floccose scales, the margin extending beyond the gills and
the edge often fringed when young with portions of the veil ; flesh thick, white, not changing color
when bruised, of pleasant taste and odor; gills free, not remote, crowded, ventricose, at first a deli-
cate pink, finally burnt umber to blackish brown, the edge entire ; spores blackish brown in the mass,
even, 8x4-4% yw; stem 2%-7 cm. long, 8-1o mm. thick or up to 15 mm. thick when culti-
vated, nearly equal, almost solid or stuffed, firm, white or whitish, glabrous ; annulus single, white,
membranaceous, midway up the stem or above, the edge torn, sometimes very narrow as in Plate
63, often more ample.

Scattered or caespitose. On the ground in lawns, pastures, manured grounds and mushroom beds.
July to October, rest of the year in mushroom cellars. Widely distributed but uncommon except
locally.

Plate 63 illustrates the wild or common mushroom of pastures ; there is also a whiter form. Plate
64 shows the common form under cultivation through spawn in mushroom beds; there is under
cultivation a browner, more scaly form also.

The common mushroom is characterized by the dark brown or seal brown color of the gills when
mature and by the absence of a volva at or near the base of the stem. Lepsota naucina, illustrated
in Plate 11, has white spores and gills which are white at first and become merely pink or brownish.
This Lepiota is a very valuable edible species which is so abundant that one who knows the com-
mon mushroom can hardly fail to find and recognize the Lepiota. In gathering mushrooms in the
young or button stage, great care must be taken to be sure that no specimen has a volva, in order

to avoid the deadly Amanita verna shown in Plate 3.

[ 69 |

PLATE 64
_ Agaricus campestris Linnzus, cultivated form. For description see page 69.

<r
BT

PLATE 65

Stropharia rugosa’annulata Farlow, n. sp.
Type: in Farlow Herb.

Fructification large, 10-15 cm. high, with pileus 6-15 cm. broad, somewhat conical at first, soon
expanded and convex, obtuse, firm, not viscid, even, pecan brown to chestnut, streaked with innate
fibrils or glabrous, barely squamulose at the apex when old, the margin inrolled ; flesh about 1 cm.
thick, white ; gills adnate, separating from the stem, crowded, at first pale olive, then deep quaker
drab, drying fuscous in the herbarium, the edge uneven ; spores snuff brown under the microscope,
even, slightly truncate at one end, 11-13 x 8-g #; no cystidia; stem g-14 cm. long, 10-16 mm.
thick, slightly tapering upward, solid but soft within and slightly yellowish, olive buff and striate
below the ring, more deeply striate above it and bearing floccose masses ; annulus superior, thick,
composed of two layers—the lower layer greatly thickened, split radially and extending beyond and
outside the margin of the pileus in about 12 horns or claws which curve about and clasp the pileus,
upper layer or upper side of annulus rugosely or reticulately grooved, floccose membranaceous, and
breaking away from margin of pileus so as to leave some fragments attached to the latter.

Gregarious. On cultivated ground ina cornfield. Waban, Massachusetts. September. Rare.

This species is noteworthy by its chestnut pileus, snuff brown, slightly truncate, large spores, and
unique annulus with horns extending from the under side outward and upward so as to clasp the
pileus like the settings of a jewel, as shown by the young fructification at the left. No still younger
stage was available to show an earlier stage of the curious ring. The reference to Stropharia is due
to Mr. Krieger’s note that the gills are adnate. The highly developed double ring is comparable with

that of Agaricus arvensis and A. Rodmant.

cms

PLATE 66

Stropharia subcaperata Farlow & Burt, n. sp.
Types: in Farlow Herb. and Burt Herb.

Fructification 8-12 cm. high, with pileus 5—12 cm. broad, convex, becoming expanded, broadly
umbonate, fleshy, firm, viscid when moist, even, glabrous, cream buff to cream color, the margin
decurved ; flesh thin at the margin but rather thick at the disk, white, firm, with no especial taste
nor odor ; gills close, adnate with a decurrent tooth, 10-13 mm. broad, ventricose, grayish at first,
soon clouded brownish purple and purple black with the spores; spores fuscous in the mass, even,
truncate at one end, 10-13 x7 p; no cystidia; stem 7-10 cm. long, 12-18 mm. thick, cylindric,
stuffed, colored like the pileus, squamulose with slightly darker floccose scales; annulus superior,
membranaceous, colored like the stem on the under side but purple black with the spores on the
upper side so as to resemble a narrow black purple band around the stem.

Solitary or two together. On leaf humus under beech trees in mountain forests usually. Cabot Mt.,
Chocorua and Shelburne, New Hampshire, near Lost Pleiad Pond, Breadloaf, Vermont, and Purga-
tory Swamp, Dedham, Massachusetts. September and October. Rare.

S. subcaperata may be recognized by its resemblance in stature and color to the more common
Pholiota caperata, from which it differs by purple black gills and spores, and scaly stem. Boudier
and De Seynes, who saw the plate, did not recognize this species as European; Peck regarded it

as new.

[ 72 |

PLATE 67

Hypholoma appendiculatum Bulliard, Champ. Fr. 64. 392 (442). 1788; Fries,
Syst. Myc. 1: 227, 1821.

Hypholoma Candolleanum Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 226. 1821.—H. incertum Peck,
N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 29: 40. 1878.

Illustrations: Bulliard, /oc. cit.; Berkeley, Outl. p/ 11. f. 4; Cooke, Illus. pf. 546
(586), 547 (587); Atkinson, Mushrooms sex f. 26, 27; Harper, Wis. Acad. Sc.
Trans. 17: p/. 80, 83. 7. C; Kauffman, Agar. Mich. 6/ 54; Murrill, Mycologia 4.
pl. 56. f. 1, 2; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3.‘ p/. 60. f. 1-9. |

Edible

Fructification 3-7 cm. high, with pileus 3-7 cm. broad, thin, fragile, at first somewhat cam-
panulate and obtuse, then expanded, splitting radially, hygrophanous, pale yellowish or buff when
young and moist, then whitish as it expands and becomes drier except on the disk, finally tinged with
purplish or vinaceous near the margin as though stained by the mature gills, even, at length glabrous,
the margin sometimes appendiculate with loose fragments of the fugacious veil which soon disappear ;
flesh thin, white, of pleasant taste and odor ; gills adnate, soon separating, very numerous, very narrow,
at first white, soon with a faint flesh color or lilac tinge, finally purplish brown and Hay’s brown, the
edge minutely white fimbriate ; spores purple brown or Hay’s brown in the mass, even, 8 x 4-4% p;
cystidia in the form of sterile, inflated, cylindric, or more usually pyriform, cells 25-40 x 8-11,
obtuse at the outer end, rarely constricted in the middle and fusiform below ; stem 21-7 cm. long,
3-5 mm. thick, usually slender, equal, hollow, white, even, fragile and easily splitting, pruinose above.

Solitary, densely gregarious or caespitose, often in large clusters. On lawns and roadsides and in gar-
den borders—especially in the vicinity of decaying, buried wood. June to September. Very common.

H. appendiculatum was excellently illustrated by the type plate of Bulliard with which the present
plate agrees well. The illustration by Ricken represents something different and has apparently misled
Kauffman. H. Candolleanum was segregated from H. appendiculatum on the trivial character that
its gills from at first white become slightly lilaceous—not flesh color —before assuming the final
purplish brown color. This is a nice color distinction to make and the writer is convinced by his own
observation of specimens in large clusters and groups that it is not a constant character. Specimens in
his herbarium had the gills as rosy for a short time as those of Pluteus cervinus but differed in no
other respect from others of the same group referable to H. Candolleanum by gills for a time slightly
violaceous. The name H. appendiculatum is based on an excellent plate and has priority. This mush-

room is one of our most delicious edible species and nothing poisonous is likely to be mistaken for it.

4]

PLATE 68

Bolbitius vitellinus [ Pers.] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 303. 1821.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. p/. 928 (678). 4; Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. p/ (47);
Kalchbrenner, Icones Hung. p/ 19. f 2; Ricken, Blatterpilze p/ 23 f. 9.

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 2-8 cm. broad, somewhat membranaceous, oval at first,
obtuse, campanulate, then expanded and convex, at first pale egg yellow or olive, then becoming
somewhat pale olive gray or pale smoke gray near the margin, viscid, glabrous, soon striate-furrowed
and splitting from margin to the disk ; gills narrowly adnate, becoming free, attenuated at both ends,
thin, crowded, pale ochraceous or lemon yellow when young, becoming ochraceous tawny, crisped,
scarcely deliquescing in wet weather ; spores tawny or cinnamon-rufous, even, slightly truncated at
one end, 11-13 x 6%4-8 yw; stem 6-12 cm. long, 3—5 mm. thick, slender, fragile, equal or tapering
upward, hollow, yellowish, more or less pruinose-scaly.

On manure pile. Cambridge, Massachusetts. June. Widely distributed. Infrequent.

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PLATE 69
Top

Coprinus soboliferus Fries, Epicr. 243. 1836-1838.
Illustrations: Cooke, Illus. 6/ 848 (649); Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. p/ (186) supp/.;
Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 4. f. 1, 2.

Probably edible

Fructification 7-13 cm. high, with pileus 5-7 cm. long and about 7 cm. broad when expanded,
ovate, becoming campanulate, then expanded, truncate, firm, silvery drab or avellaneous, with numer-
ous brown scales, somewhat lobed and plicate, the flesh thin, white ; gills free, crowded, broad, ven-
tricose, at first white, then grayish, becoming brownish black and finally black ; spores blackish brown
or seal brown in the mass, truncate at one end, g-10x 6-7 p; gills not available for examination
as to cystidia; stem 6%4-12% cm. long, 1%-2 cm. thick and shouldered at the ring, tapering from
there towards both base and apex, furrowed and white and silky striate above the ring, below colored
like the pileus, striate and flocculent ; ring very evanescent ; stems hollow, joined together at the base
into a common, tuberous, soboliferous, underground portion.

Caespitose. At bases of stumps and in vicinity of buried, decaying wood. Inman Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. October. Rare.

C. soboliferus differs from C. atramentarms in the truncate, more squamulose pileus tending to
brownish color and in stems arising from a common tuberous base. Rea regards it as a variety of

C. atramentarus.

BoTToM
Pholiota angustipes Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 30: 40. 1878.

Fructification 4-7 cm. high, with pileus 214-6 cm. broad, fleshy, hemispherical, becoming con-
vex or nearly plane, broadly umbonate, slightly viscid when moist, squamulose with minute, dot-like,
appressed scales, clay color, becoming grayish Isabella color; flesh whitish, taste unpleasant ; gills
thin, close, at first broadly adnate, becoming sinuate, narrow, whitish or creamy yellow, becoming
tawny brown ; spores fusco-ferruginous, naviculoid, 734 x 4-5 »; (Peck) ; stem 3-6 cm. long, 5-9
mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, flexuous, stuffed or hollow, squamulose above, colored
somewhat like the pileus but paler. |

Caespitose. In pastures, usually near or around stumps. New England and New York. July to
October. Rare.

Ee

PLATE 70

Gomphidius viscidus [ Linn. ] var. testaceus Fries, Epicr. 319. 1836-1838.
Illustrations: Sowerby, Col. Fig. p/ 105.

Fructification 6-8 cm. high, with pileus 2-5 cm. broad, fleshy, flattened convex, becoming slightly
depressed, umbonate, viscid, Hay’s russet to brick red, shining when dry ; flesh reddish, of mild
taste ; gills decurrent, distant, often branched, yellow-brown at first, then Hay’s brown and fuscous ;
spores snuff brown in the mass, even, 16-22 x 6-7 »; cystidia cylindric, brownish at or near apex,
130x 15-18 w; protruding 55-70 »; stem 3-6 cm. long, 4~7 mm. thick, paler brick color than
the pileus, with base of same color, solid, equal or slightly attenuated below, fibrillose scaly.

Solitary. On the ground under pines. Shelburne, New Hampshire, and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
September and October. Rare. :

G. viscidus, as collected in Vermont, differs from the variety described above in having the upper
surface of the pileus more conical, rather than flat, not as deep a red, and the stem yellow towards

the base both externally and within.

E70]

ee

PLATE 71

Boletus subluteus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 1:? 62. 1887.
Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48: p/. 33. f 1-6; Farlow, U. S. Agr.
Yearb. 1897. p/. 28; Hard, Mushrooms ext f. 297.

Edible

Fructification 5-8 cm. high, with pileus 4-8 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, viscid or glu-
tinous when moist, dingy yellowish to Sudan brown and hazel, sometimes obscurely virgate spotted
or streaked with innate flocci ; flesh yellowish ; tubes plane or convex, adnate, small, subrotund, about
14-1 to a mm. in dried specimens, yellow, becoming yellow ocher; spores tawny olive in the
mass, even, Q-10 x 4-414 p.; stem 4-6% cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, slender, equal, annulate, solid,
yellowish, conspicuously dotted above and below the ring with reddish or brownish glandular dots ;
annulus somewhat membranaceous, glutinous, collapsing to a narrow band, persistent.

Solitary or caespitose. On sandy soil in thin pine woods and by roadsides shaded by pines. From
New England westward. August to October. Frequent.

B. subluteus is distinguished by glutinous dark pileus, and by annulate stem dark glandular dotted
both above and below the ring.

Rye

PLACE 73

Boletus elegans Schum. Saell. 2: 374. 1803.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 332 (316); Dufour, Atlas p/. 53. /. 123; Fries,
Sverig. Svamp. p/. 76.

Edible

Fructification 7-11 cm. high, with pileus 5—11 cm. broad, convex, becoming plane, very viscid,
empire yellow to primuline yellow, the margin thin, acute; flesh greenish yellow, becoming madder
pink where bruised; tubes decurrent, pale lemon or citron yellow, becoming somewhat brownish
yellow with age, somewhat madder pink where bruised, subangular, 2-214 to a mm. in dried spe-
cimen ; spores between pinkish buff and avellaneous in the mass, even, 8%—-10x3%-4% mu; stem
5-8 cm. long, about 1% cm. thick, cylindric, firm, often reticulate above the ring with lines pro-
longed from the decurrent tubes, colored somewhat like the pileus but darker and coarsely mottled
below the ring, solid; ring above middle of stem, large, membranaceous, entire, erect, lemon yellow,
collapsing around the stem with age.

Solitary. In a garden under Betu/a a/ba and near a larch tree. Newton, Massachusetts. September.
Rare.

The decurrent tubes and slightly smaller spores separate B. e/egans from the common B, C/in-
tonianus of northeastern United States. The ring of European B. e/egans is described as torn and often
fugacious and there is no record of its flesh and tubes changing to madder pink where bruised. Slight
differences such as these constantly embarrass one in comparing American specimens of presumably
European species with their descriptions. In the case of this species a specimen collected by the writer
in woods of the Earl of Lounsbury, near Selby, England, agreed in all respects with the European
description and had only a part of the ring still attached and showed no change in color of gills and
flesh where wounded.

E78 4

————oICC"" eer

PLATE 73

Boletus americanus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 1: 62. 1887.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms zext f. 171; Hard, Mushrooms ext fs B04;
White, Conn, Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3. p/ 29.

Edible

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 3-7 cm. broad, thin, convex or nearly plane, soft, very
viscid or glutinous when moist, wax yellow or empire yellow, sometimes somewhat dotted or streaked
with bright red, the margin often more or less membranous fringed when young ; flesh pale yellow,
often pinkish after exposure to the air, somewhat acrid ; tubes adnate, plane or convex, angular, rather
large, about 1 to a mm. in dried specimen, pale yellow, becoming somewhat ochraceous ; spores cin-
namon in the mass, even, 10-11 x 4-4% yw; stem 4-9 cm. long; 4-7 mm. thick, equal or slightly
tapering upward, not bearing a ring, colored like the pileus, yellow within, glandular dotted from base
to apex, with numerous brown or reddish glandular excretions.

Gregarious. On sandy ground in pine woods and by roadsides under pines. From New England

westward. August and September. Common.

9)

PLATE 74°

Boletus punctipes Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 32: 32. 1879.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms sext /. 172.

Fructification 5-12 cm. high, with pileus 5-11 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glutinous when
moist, cinnamon buff, somewhat deeper colored at the center or nearly tawny, the thin margin be-
coming recurved with age; flesh yellowish not changing ; tubes adnate, small, about 2 to a mm. in
dried specimen, nearly cylindric, short, usually nearly plane, at first brownish, then cinnamon brown
to antique brown; spores clay color in the mass, even, 9-10 x 4»; stem 4-11 cm. long, 6-12 mm.
thick near apex, tapering upward, glandular dotted, rhubarb yellow (yellow ocher surface with cin-
namon brown glandular masses), curved, solid, not having a ring.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. New England to North Carolina and west-
ward. July to September. Infrequent.

[ 80 ]

SE ee

PLATE 75

Boletus granulatus Linn. Fl. Suec. No. 1249. 1755.

Illustrations: Dufour, Atlas p/. 64. (139; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. 6/23; Hard, Mush-
rooms zext f. 283; Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 34 f 11-14; Patouillard, Tab. Anal.
J: 3553 Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/. 34. f. 1-5.

Edible

Fructification 314-7 cm. high, with pileus 4~7 cm. broad, thick, convex, viscid or glutinous when
moist, varying from nearly white to kaiser-brown, often light yellow-brown ; flesh white, with taste
faintly sweet, pleasant, no odor ; tubes short, adnate, pale yellow, becoming greenish yellow, small,
about 2 to a mm. in a dried specimen, granular dotted ; spores ochraceous tawny in the mass, even,
8-944 x 3-4; stem 2%-6 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, nearly equal, solid, not annulate, whitish
yellow, paler than the pileus, dotted with blackish brown or reddish brown granulations.

Solitary or caespitose. By roadsides and in thickets and mixed woods. Widely distributed. July to
October. Common.

Boletus granulatus is highly regarded as an edible species; it occurs in abundance in gray birch
thickets and groves throughout the summer if there is a favorable rainfall. Specimens of this species
collected by the writer in company with Dr. Robert Fries near Upsala, Sweden, agreed closely with
collections from Middlebury, Vermont. In contrast with B. elegans, B. granulatus is a species whose

American specimens agree well with those of Europe and their European descriptions.

[ 81 ]

PLATE 76

Boletus badius Fries, Elenchus Fung. 1: 126. 1828.

An Boletus dichrous Ellis, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 6: 109. 1876?

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 50: Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 36. f. 12-18;
Rostkovius in Sturm, Deutsch. FI. 3.’ p/. 5. (70).

Fructification, 5-8 cm. high, with pileus 4-6 cm. broad, convex, russet or hazel, viscid, then
somewhat finely tomentose, often shining when dry; flesh white, a little brownish pink under the
separable pellicle ; tubes adnate or sinuate-depressed, convex, equalling or longer than thickness of
pileus, angular, rather large, pale greenish-yellow, becoming greener where wounded ; spores honey
yellow in the mass, even, 13-15 x 5-6 »; stem 4-7 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick at apex, nearly equal
or attenuated upward, colored like the pileus except for a small yellow band at the apex, solid, more
or less streaked with red or brown and covered with minute reddish brown granules but not glandular
dotted. | |

Solitary. In moss at King’s Ravine, New Hampshire. September. Rare.

This was regarded by Dr. Farlow as a small form of the species. European B. dadius has large
fructifications with stem more nearly equal than the figure on the left and with tubes and flesh be-
coming bluish where wounded. Perhaps this plate illustrates B. dichrous Ellis, a smaller and some-
what distinct species, closely related to B. badius, of which the writer has not seen authentic speci-
mens. Its description follows as originally published.

Boletus dichrous Ellis, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 6: 109. 1876.
Boletus sqguamulosus Ellis,'Torr. Bot. Club Bull. 6: 77. 1876, but not of Fries, Epicr.

Pileus convex, 2'-3' across, covered with a dull red, separable, viscose pellicle—flesh soft, dull yel-
lowish-white when freshly broken, soon turning greenish-blue and finally drying to a permanent
yellow —tubes of unequal size, not large, somewhat depressed around the stem, straw color, turning
greenish-blue when bruised, but, like the flesh of the pileus, becoming at length permanent yellow.
Stem solid, 3’ long, 14’ thick, rather enlarged below, yellow within and at the very summit, surface
covered, except the yellow summit, with a red squamulose coat. Resembles B. Frosti Rus. but is
distinguished by the color of the tubes and the different covering of the stem. Spores elliptic, about
.0007 long, one end a little bent.

In dry oak and pine woods, July, August. (Found at Newfield, New Jersey, by J. B. Ellis.)

[| 82 |

PLATE 77
Top

Boletus auriporus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 133. 1879.

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 214-7 cm. broad, convex or becoming plane, glabrous
or pruinose, varying from light grayish vinaceous to chestnut ; flesh white, unchangeable, slightly red
next to the upper surface, with slightly astringent taste but not marked; tubes adnate, slightly de-
pressed around the stem, bright golden yellow (empire yellow), retaining their color when dried,
angular, 2-3 to a mm. or sometimes 1 toa mm. when decompound; spores honey yellow in the
mass, even 11-12 x4—5 »; stem 3-8 cm. long, 4-12 mm. thick, equal or somewhat thickened at
the base, viscid or glutinous when moist, colored like the pileus at base or deeper to Morocco red,
yellowish streaked with red at apex, solid.

Solitary or sometimes two together. On ground in mixed woods of chestnut, beech, etc. New
England and westward. August. Infrequent.

B. auriporus is distinguished by the bright golden yellow tubes which retain this color in drying,

and slimy stem and rather large spores.

Lower LEFT Fics.

Boletus rubinellus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 32: 33. 1879.
Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 12 p/ 2. f. 20-22; Beardslee in Lloyd,
Myc. Writ. 4, Myc. Notes 40. zext /- 745.

Fructification 4-7 cm. high, with pileus 2%—5 cm. broad, broadly conical or convex, viscid when
moist, somewhat tomentose or slightly pubescent when dry, Etruscan red fading to yellowish on the
margin ; flesh whitish or yellowish, of mild taste ; tubes adnate or slightly depressed around the stem,
dingy reddish, becoming somewhat ferruginous ; spores ferruginous-brown, 12-15 x 4»; stem 27a— 5
cm. long, 4~7 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, colored like the tubes, yellow within, sometimes
yellow at the base.

Solitary. In mixed woods or under or near coniferous trees in open places. New England to North

Carolina and westward. Rare.

[ 83 |

Lower RicuHutT FIcs.

Boletus piperatus Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/ 451 (318). f. 2.

Bulliard, /oc. cit.; Dufour, Atlas p/. 60. f. 132; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 67; Kromb-
holz, Abbild. p/ 37. f 16-20; Nees, Syst. p/ 26. f. 207; Patouillard, Tab. Anal.
Ff: 673; Rostkovius in Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. 3." p/ 60 (47); White, Conn. Nat.

Hist. Bull. 3. p/. 33.

Fructification 4-7 cm. high, with pileus 214-7 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, slightly viscid
when moist, glabrous, vinaceous tawny to ferruginous ; flesh whitish or yellow, with very peppery
taste; tubes adnate, often with a decurrent tooth, rather long, angular, 11%4-2 to a mm. in dried
specimen, ferruginous ; spores cinnamon brown in the mass, even, gQ-11 x 4 4; stem 3-6 cm. long,
4-7 mm. thick, slender, equal, tawny yellow, solid.

Solitary or gregarious. In thin woods and by roadsides near white pine trees. Widely distributed
from New England westward. June to September. Common.

The peppery taste is a distinctive character for recognition of B. piperatus.

[ 84 |

0 Et a

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;
;

PLATE 78

Boletus Ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 12: 429. 1853;
Grevillea 1: 35. 1872.

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 234-7 cm. broad, convex, at length nearly plane,
slightly viscid when young or moist, at first covered with a sulphur-yellow pulverulent tomentum
(the remains of the universal veil), then becoming dull red or brownish red on the disk upon dis-
appearence of the pulverulence ; flesh whitish or somewhat yellow, changing faintly blue where
wounded, of slightly acid taste ; tubes adnate, depressed around the stem, pale yellow, becoming wood
brown and finally umber, angular, 1-2 toa mm. in the dried specimen ; spores pale ochraceous brown
in the mass, even, 11-12 x 5—6 »; stem 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, nearly equal, clothed and
colored like the pileus, with a slight, evanescent, webby or tomentose ring near the apex, solid, yellow.
within.

Solitary or sometimes two together. On the ground in upland and mountain forests of mixed spe-
cies. Maine to North Carolina. July to September. Of wide range but rare.

B. Ravenel is conspicuous and easily recognized by its sulphur yellow and pulverulent pileus and

stem and presence of a ring.

p85 1

PLATE 79

Boletus subtomentosus Linn. Fl. Suec. No. 1251. 1755.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 393 (328). 4 4; Dufour, Atlas p/. 62. £136;
Hard, Mushrooms sexr f. 284; Nees, Syst. £/ 26. f 206; Patouillard, Tab. Anal.
jf. 670; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/. 59. f. 7-9.

Edible

Fructification 5-12 cm. high, with pileus 3-10 cm. broad, convex, then pulvinate expanded, dry,
villose-tomentose, tawny olive to brown olivaceous and tawny red, yellow in the chinks where
cracked, often cracked ; flesh white or yellowish, not changing color, with no especial taste ; tubes
adnate, depressed around the stem, becoming convex, wax yellow, not changing color where wounded,
angular, large, about 1 to a mm. in the dried specimen; spores snuff brown in the mass, even,
12-14x4%4-5 p; stem 3-9 cm. long, 6-18 mm. thick, equal or somewhat attenuated downward,
somewhat sulcately ribbed with ribs rarely anastomosing, solid, a little paler than the pileus, scurfy
with minute dots.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground or on humus of stumps in mixed woods. Widely distributed.
July to September. Common.

B. subtomentosus is distinguished by its somewhat tomentose pileus of tawny olivaceous color usu-

ally, often cracked and showing yellow in the fissures, and by the large, angular, wax yellow, adnate
tubes. The closely related B. chrysenteron is red under the cuticle and has its tubes turn blue where
wounded.

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PLATE 80

Boletus Russelli Frost, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. 2: 104. 1874.
Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms zext f. 306; Murrill, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 35.
pl. 40.

Fructification large, 7-15 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, convex, thick, dry, drab gray,
slightly tomentose-squamulose all over or fasciculately red pilose, yellowish beneath the tomentum,
becoming areolately cracked ; flesh yellowish, unchangeable, with no especial taste nor odor ; tubes
somewhat adnate, often depressed around the stem, greenish yellow (citron green), becoming darker
and browner, angular, about 1 to a mm. in the dried specimen; spores between snuff brown and
Saccardo’s umber in the mass, longitudinally ribbed and furrowed, 1 5-20 x 8-10 #; stem 5-12 cm.
long, enlarged at base and 2-3 cm. thick, tapering upward to 1-14 cm. thick at apex, orange vina-
ceous to Etruscan red, solid, yellowish white within, the surface roughened by lacerated edges of
large, longitudinal, anastomosing ridges.

Solitary. On rocky ground in mixed woods. From Maine to North Carolina and westward. July
and August. Rare.

In older specimens the pileus becomes more squamulose than shown in the figures. Distinguishing
characters of B. Russe//i are the dry, squamulose pileus, red, lacerated, coarsely reticulated stem, and
large, longitudinally ribbed and furrowed spores which are as unique as the stem.

[ 87 |

FLAITE 61

Boletus speciosus Frost, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bull. 2: ror. 1874.
Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms sexz /. 287.

Edible

Fructification large, 8-18 cm. high, with pileus 7-20 cm. broad, very thick, subglobose and com-
pact, then convex and softer, glabrous or nearly so, red (vinaceous tawny to dahlia carmine) ; flesh
pale yellow, changing to blue where wounded, no especial taste nor odor ; tubes adnate, plane or
depressed around the stem, stuffed when young, subrotund, small, about 3 to a mm. in dried specimen,
pale lemon yellow or citron yellow, changing to greenish and then to blue where wounded ; spores
light buff to cream color in the mass, even, 10-13 x 344-4 3 stem stout, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm.
thick, nearly equal or somewhat bulbous, reticulated, wax yellow for its whole length or more or
less carmine red from the base upward, yellow within.

Solitary. On the ground in rich woods. From New Brunswick throughout New England and west-
ward. July to September. Infrequent.

This handsome Boletus is easily recognized by its red pileus and lemon yellow tubes and stem,
or with the stem some shade of carmine from the base upward, and by its beautifully reticulated
stem and yellow flesh and tubes changing to blue where wounded. B. regius of Europe is in size,
aspect and color similar to red stemmed B. speciosus but differs by somewhat larger spores, by flesh
and tubes not changing to blue where wounded, and also by not occurring with the stem wholly
yellow.

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PLATE 33

Boletus ornatipes Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 29: 67. 1878.
Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54. p/ 80. f. 1-5.

Edible

Fructification 6-14. cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex, dry, glabrous or very
minutely tomentose, drab or Isabella color ; flesh yellow, unchangeable, with no especial taste ; tubes
adnate, plane or nearly so, sometimes slightly depressed around the stem, aniline yellow, not changing
to blue where wounded, about 2 to a mm. in dried specimen ; spores snuff brown in the mass, even,
11-14X4-5% pw; stem 5-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or nearly so, distinctly and beauti-
fully reticulate throughout, yellow, solid, yellow within.

Solitary. On the ground in chestnut and beech woods. New England and westward.

This species is characterized by solitary mode of growth, beautifully reticulated clear yellow stem
which is colored like the small tubes, and by rather large spores.

>

[ 9° ]

Nm RE

PLATE 84

Boletus eximius Peck, Jour. Myc. 3: 54. 1887.

Boletus robustus Frost, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bull. 2: 104. 1874, but not of Fries.

Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54. / 80. f 6-12; Hard, Mushrooms
text f. 292.

Edible

Fructification large, 7-12 cm. high, with pileus 6-20 cm. broad, at first hemispherical, becoming
convex, dry, glabrous or somewhat pruinose, dark vinaceous drab to vinaceous brown with a tinge
of lilac, retaining color well in drying ; flesh thick, grayish or reddish white, varied with chocolate
colored dots, no especial taste ; tubes adnate, nearly plane, stuffed, colored like the pileus, cylindric,
about 3 to a mm.; spores cinnamon brown in the mass, even, 13-17 4-5 p; stem 5-10 cm. high,
114%4-2% cm. thick, nearly equal, sometimes slightly tapering upward, minutely furfuraceous, colored
like the pileus, solid.

Solitary. On the ground in thin frondose woods. Throughout New England and westward. July
to September. Infrequent.

B. eximius may be recognized by its large size, uniform vinaceous drab color of pileus, stem, tubes
and flesh with usually a little more lilac tinge than shown in the plate, by tubes stuffed when young,
and by rather large spores. The color is retained so well in drying that the dried specimens are readily

recognizable by color.

[ 91 |

PLATE 85

Boletus luridus Schaeffer var. erythropus | Pers. | Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 391. 1821.
Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 12; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/. 60. / 14-60.

Poisonous

Fructification large, 7-15 cm. high, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, convex, minutely pubescent,
brown, between pecan brown and burnt umber ; flesh yellow, changing to blue where wounded, no
especial taste nor odor ; tubes free, yellow, becoming greenish, about 2 to a mm. in dried specimen,
the mouths closed at first and Indian red; spores wood brown to buffy brown in the mass, even,
15-18 x 5~7 yw; stem 5-12 cm. long, 1-2% cm. thick, nearly equal or slightly tapering upward, yel-
low tomentose at base, granulated and streaked with blood red above and dotted with red squamules,
solid, within yellow changing to blue in upper part of stem, blood red below and at the base.

Solitary. On the ground in thin woods and groves, more frequent near conifers. New Brunswick
and New England and westward. July to September. Widely distributed but infrequent.

This variety is characterized by free, yellow tubes with red mouths, yellow flesh changing to blue
where wounded, and by red stem not reticulated but clothed with minute red squamules. Typical
B. luridus has the stem reticulate with blood red veins.

[ 92 |

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PLATE 86

Boletus Frostii Russell in Frost, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bull. 2: 102. 1874.
Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms ¢ext f. 308; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116. p/.

108.

Edible

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 6-10 cm. broad, convex, firm when young, becoming
softer with age, glabrous, viscid, ox-blood red; flesh nearly white, tinged with yellow next the tubes,
scarcely turning blue where wounded, slightly acrid ; tubes nearly free, greenish yellow with mouths
blood red or cinnabar, tubes becoming yellowish brown in age, changing to blue where wounded ;
spores snuff brown in the mass, even, 15-16 x 4-5 m; stem 5-10 cm. long, 1-2% cm. thick, equal
or swollen at the base and attenuated upward, solid, strongly reticulate, colored like the pileus, yel-
low within, often mottled with red towards the base.

Solitary. On light sandy or gravelly soils in groves of both deciduous and evergreen trees. Through-
out New England and westward. July and August. Infrequent.

This beautiful Boletus may be recognized by its viscidity, dark blood-red color of pileus, tube
mouths and reticulate stem, the large spores, and nearly white flesh scarcely changing to blue where

wounded. The red color is usually lost in drying.

[ 93 ]

PLATE 87

Boletus chromapes Frost, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bull. 2: 105. 1874.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms #/. 59; White, Conn. Nat. Hist. Bull. 3. 2.31.

Fructification 6-11 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, convex, soon plane, slightly and some-
times fasciculately tomentose, between rose pink and rhodonite pink ; flesh white, not changing, with
no especial taste ; tubes somewhat adnate, depressed around the stem, convex, white at first, becoming
brown, about 2 to a mm. in dried specimen ; spores chamois color in the mass, even, 11-13 x 4-5 p;
stem 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or slightly attenuated upward and sometimes at the
base, solid, scabrous punctate, chrome yellow (aniline yellow) at the base without and within, some-
times paler or whitish towards the apex, rarely reddish at the apex.

Solitary. On the ground in frondose woods. From New Hampshire to North Carolina. July to
September. Frequent.

The yellow base of stem, the pink pileus, and the tubes white at first, are characters which render

B. chromapes easy to recognize.

[ 94 ]

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PLATE 88

Boletus cyanescens Bulliard Champ. Fr. p/. 369 (329). 1787.

Illustrations: Bulliard, /oc. cit.; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. #/ 80; Hard, Mushrooms ext
/f- 288; Krombholz, Abbild. p/ 35. / 7-9; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/. 59. f. 10-145
Rostkovius in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl. 3.° p/ 44 (79).

Fructification 5-10 cm. high, with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, convex, or nearly plane, covered with
an appressed tomentum or with brownish flocculent scales, deep olive buff to clay color or somewhat
brown, drying Isabella color in the herbarium ; flesh white or dirty white, quickly changing to blue
where wounded, with no especial taste ; tubes free, depressed around the stem, convex, white, be-
coming yellowish, changing to blue where wounded, 2-3 to a mm. in the dried specimen ; spores
pale, even, variable in size, 9-11 x 5—7 w; stem 5-9 cm. long, 1%4-3% cm. thick, ventricose, vil-
lose-pruinose, stuffed, becoming cavernous and with diaphragms inside, contracted and even at the
top, colored like the pileus.

Solitary. On rocky soil in frondose woods. Widely distributed from New Brunswick south and
west. August and September. Frequent.

Mcllvane reports this species as edible and excellent, but Richon & Roze, assuspected or poisonous.
B. cyanescens of Europe is described with spores 8-9 x 4-5 p and as yielding an azure blue juice when

compressed.

[ 95 ]

PLATE 89

Boletus castaneus Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 328 (324). 1786.

Illustrations: Bulliard, /oc. cit.; Hard, Mushrooms ¢ext f. 310, 311; Krombholz,
Abbild. p4 4. 4 28-30; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. £356; Peck, N. Y. State Mus.
Rept. 48. £/. 36. 4 1-7; Richon & Roze, Atlas p/ 56. f. 11-13.

Edible

Fructification usually small, 4-8 cm. high, with pileus 4-10 cm. broad, convex, becoming nearly
plane or depressed, firm, even, dry, minutely velvety-tomentose, cinnamon or vinaceous tawny ; flesh
white, not changing, pleasant to taste ; tubes free, short, white, becoming pale greenish yellow, small,
about 3 to a mm. in dried specimen ; spores olive buff in the mass, even, 8—g x 5—6 ; stem 3-7 cm.
long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward slightly, stuffed, then hollow, clothed and colored
like the pileus.

Solitary. On ground in thin woods and groves. From New England westward. Widely distributed.
July to October. Rather common.

B. castaneus may be recognized by its small fructifications with pileus and stem of chestnut or
cinnamon color and minutely velvety-tomentose, by hollow stem and white, unchangeable flesh of
pleasant, nutty taste.

[ 96 |

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PLATE go

Boletinus pictus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 128. 1873.
Illustrations: Peck, N. Y.State Mus. Mem. 3.* p/. 61. f. 1-5; Atkinson, Mushrooms
text f. 175; Hard, Mushrooms zexz f. 313.

Edible

Fructification 5-10 cm. high with pileus 5-10 cm. broad, campanulate, then convex or nearly
plane, dry, at first covered with a dense red to ox-blood red tomentum which covers the whole fructi-
fication as a veil but soon divides on the pileus into floccose scales revealing the yellow color of the
pileus beneath and between the scales ; flesh firm, thick, yellow, sometimes slowly changing to red-
dish where wounded ; tubes not readily separable from the flesh above, decurrent, angular, arranged
radially as though formed of broader radiating gills connected by numerous narrower, anastomosing
partitions, at first pale yellow, becoming browner when old ; spores clay color to tawny olive in the
mass, even, 914-11 x4 p43 stem central, 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, equal or nearly so, colored
and clothed like the pileus below the ring, which soon collapses, yellowish above the ring, solid.

Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in pine woods and borders of sphagnum swamps. From
New England to North Carolina and westward. July to September. Common.

B. pictus may be recognized by the veil of red tomentum which covers the whole fructification
in the young stage, soon separates into scales and is torn across between pileus and stem so that some
portions are appendiculate to the margin of the pileus while another portion forms a somewhat evanes-
cent ring near the apex of the stem. The tubes do not peel away clean from the pileus, as in Boletus,
and they have a radial arrangement with the radial walls the thicker, best shown near the stem.

E92

PLATE 91

Boletinus porosus (Berk.) Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 8: 79. 1889.
Paxillus porosus Berkeley, Hooker’s London Jour. Bot. 6: 314. 1847.
Illustrations: White, Conn. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3. p/. 28.

Fructification lateral-stemmed, with pileus 5-12 cm. broad, 1-2 cm. thick, viscid when moist,
shining, bister or chestnut brown, the margin thin and even; flesh yellowish ; tubes not readily sepa-
rable from the flesh above, decurrent, resembling numerous broad radiating gills, branching and con-
nected by numerous irregular veins of less prominence and forming large angular pores more or less
decompound, about 1 to a mm. for the ultimate divisions in the dried specimen, yellow ; spores ochra-
ceous, even, 8—g x 6-7 p; stem lateral, 2-3 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, reticulated above by the de-
current walls of the tubes, colored like the pileus, solid.

Solitary. On the ground in moist woods and groves, From New England to Louisiana and westward.
July to September. Infrequent.

The variety opacus Peck differs from the typical form as originally described from a gathering
at Waynesville, Ohio, in not being viscid nor shining but having pileus dry and glabrous or some-

what tomentose.

L 98 |

PLATE 92

Top
Boletinus cavipes (Klotzsch) Kalchbrenner, Bot. Zeitung 25: 181-182. 1867;
Magyar Tudomanyos Akad. Math. Termesz. K6zl. 5: 287. p/. 3, f. 1. 1868 [A
szepesi Gombak Jegyzeke 2]
Boletus cavipes Klotzsch in Fries, Boleti fung. gen. illus. 7. 1835.
Illustrations: Kalchbrenner, Icones Hung. p/. 31; Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. p/ 448;
Hard, Mushrooms ¢ext /f. 314.

Fructification 5-8 cm. high, with pileus 4-10 cm. broad, convex, sometimes broadly umbonate,
fibrillose scaly, ochraceous tawny, sometimes tinged with reddish ; flesh pale yellow, slightly red under
the cuticle; tubes not readily separable from flesh above, decurrent, at first pale yellow, then darker
and tinged with green, finally becoming olive or olive brown, radially arranged, about 4-1 to a mm.
in the dried specimen ; spores pale honey yellow in the mass, even, about g x 4 » ; stem 4-7 cm. long,
6-12 mm. thick, hollow, equal or slightly tapering upward, bearing a slight ring near the top, reticu-
late above the ring with dissepiments of the tubes, floccose scaly below the ring, a little more vinaceous
than the pileus ; veil whitish, floccose, partly adhering to the margin of the pileus, soon disappearing.

Solitary. In sphagnum swamps under or near tamarack trees. From New Brunswick westward. Sep-
tember and October. Rare. This species resembles B. pictus in being annulate but is not as red, has a

hollow stem and somewhat smaller spores.

BoTToM
Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fries, Epicr. 382. 1836-1838.
Marasmius campanulatus Peck, N. Y. State Cab. Rept. 23: 126. 1873; N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 105: 34. 1906.
Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms p/. 17, ext f. 111.

Fructification tough, shrivelling in dry weather, reviving again in wet weather, 4-8 cm. high,
with pileus 1-2 cm. broad, membranaceous, campanulate, dry, glabrous, distantly radiate-sulcate to
the disk, ochraceous tawny to burnt sienna with a tinge of rose, the disk a little darker ; flesh mem-
branaceous; gills free or slightly attached, ventricose, distant, whitish or tinged by color of pileus ;
spores white, even, broader at one end, 11-15 x 4-4% p; stem 4-8 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick,
horny, glabrous, shining, blackish brown, hollow.

Gregarious. On fallen leaves, etc., in woods. From New Brunswick south and westward. July to
September. Widely distributed and common.

9

PLATE 93

Fistulina hepatica [ Huds. ] Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 396. 1821.

Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 25; Atkinson, Mushrooms pl. 65. f. 1; Ber-
keley, Outl. £/ 17. f. 1; Boudier, Icones p/. 164; Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/. 74,
464,497, (314); Cooke, Brit. Ed. Fungi p/. 11. £38; Dufour, Atlas p/, 64. f: 1403
Hard, Mushrooms f/. 43; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. £7. 37. 7. 5-9.

Edible

Fructification 5—15 cm. and more broad, 2-3 cm. thick, usually with a short lateral stem but
sometimes sessile, fleshy, firm, juicy, dark red to liver color, roundish, dimidiate or somewhat spathu-
late, rough, viscid ; flesh red, variegated with reddish streaks, juice reddish, of pleasant, acid flavor ;
stem when present, lateral, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, colored like the pileus, punctate ; tubes
yellowish or slightly tinged with pink, becoming dingy, not grown together ; spores slightly colored,
even, 4.x 3 w, only a few found.

Solitary. On stumps and dead branches of oak and chestnut trees in woods in wet weather. July
and August. Widely distributed but not abundant.

Fistulina hepatica, often called the beefsteak fungus on account of the dark red flesh as shown in
the figure on the left, is one of the best of our edible species. It imparts a characteristic appetizing
flavor to the other ingredients with which it is cooked. Chopped up into small pieces and cooked
with a little bacon in scrambled eggs, it is a treat for camping parties,

[| 100 |

eee ee

PLATE 94
Top

Fomes pinicola [ Swartz | Cooke, Grevillea 14: 17. 1885.

Polyporus pinicola { Swartz | Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 372. 1821.— Boletus ungulatus
Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. 4: 89. p/. 137 (212). 1774. |

Illustrations: Schaeffer, /oc. ciz.; Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. £4 (290); Overholts,
Washington Univ. Studies 3.' p/. 5. f 27; Schrenk, U. S. Dept. Ag., Div. Veg.
Phys. & Path. Bull. 25. p/. 3-5, 9. f. 4-8, 10. f. 1, 4-5.

Fructification perennial, sessile, with pileus 4-10 cm. long, 6-1 5 cm. wide, 3-10 cm. thick, plane
to convex, sometimes ungulate, dimidiate, woody and rigid, at first with a reddish resinous crust which »
blackens or becomes somewhat gray with age or in later years, glabrous, more or less concentrically
sulcate ; substance pallid or wood colored, corky to woody ; tubes stratose, 3-5 mm. long, with cir-
cular mouths, 3-5 to a mm.; spores slightly colored, 6 x 4 p.

Solitary. On pine logs. Widely distributed. Common.

This bracket fungus may be recognized by its occurrence on pine logs and stumps, pale substance
with stratose tubes of the same color, and reddish resinous crust on the upper surface of the young

portion of the pileus.

BoTTOoM

Polystictus conchifer Schweinitz, Naturf. Ges. Leipzig. Schrift. 1: 98. 1822 (under
Boletus).

Boletus virgineus Schweinitz, /oc. cit. and pi. 2. f. 4-5.

Illustrations: Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3. Myc. Notes Polyporoid Issue 3: 41. zext /. 365,
366; Moffatt, Chicago Acad. Sc. Bull. 7." p/ 16. f. 25 Overholts, Washington
Univ. Studies IV. 3." p/. 3. f 10 a-e.

Fructifications of this species occur at first in the form of sterile cups which are shown magni-
fied 2-3 diameters in Plate 94 at the bottom. From such a cup-shaped base there grows out a poly-
poroid pileus, not illustrated in the plate, described as follows :—

Fructifications sometimes centrally attached but usually grown out laterally from whitish sterile
cups 3~7 mm. in diameter which often persist at the base of the mature fructification and are con-

centrically zoned with 2 to several narrow dark zones; pileus 1% -2¥% cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide,

Exot

1-2 mm. thick, coriaceous, dimidiate to flabelliform, conchate, white or whitish, glabrous, azonate
or with pale zones; tubes short, about 1 mm. long, thin walled, white, the mouths irregular but
usually angular, about 3 to a mm., often becoming lacerate ; spores hyaline, even, 6-7 x 2%4-3 p.

On dead or fallen branches of U/mus by roadsides and on Sa/ix in swamps. July to November.
Common in eastern United States.

| 102 |

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PLATE: os

Cyclomyces Greeneii Berkeley, Hooker’s London Jour. Bot. 4: 306. p/. 11. 1845.
Illustrations: Berkeley, /oc. ciz.: Hard, Mushrooms zext f. 360, 361; Lloyd, Myc.
Writ. 3. Myc. Notes f. 360.

Fructification central stemmed, 2%4-8 cm. high, with pileus 214-15 cm. broad, orbicular, spongy
corky, drying rigid, more or less lobed, usually somewhat depressed, tobacco colored, ferruginous
cinnamon, clothed with a short, velvety down which vanishes in parts towards the margin, where
it is radiately arranged in little linear grooves and raised lines, the margin acute ; substance soft, colored
like the pileus ; tubes 5-8 mm. long, soon breaking up to form concentric lamellae brownish but paler
than the pileus ; basidia with 2 sterigmata ; spores brownish clay-color, even, 10-12 x 6-8 p; stem
central, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2% cm. thick, expanding above and sulcate there, colored like the pileus,
velvety, spongy-solid.

Solitary. On the ground in woods. Widely distributed in eastern United States and Canada but rare.

The concentric lamellae are the remarkable and distinguishing character of this species. The type

locality is Massachusetts.

[ 103 |

PLATE 96

Hydnum auriscalpium [ Linn. | Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 406. 1821.

Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/ 481 (303). / 35 Dufour, Atlas p/ 67. f 146;
Krombholz, Abbild. p/. 50. f. 15-17; Nees, Syst. p/ 32. / 243; Patouillard, Tab.
Anal. f. 146; Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. p/. 143 (231).

Fructification 3-8 cm. high, lateral stemmed, with pileus 1-2 cm. in diameter, thin, dimidiate,
reniform, coriaceous, hirsute, paler at first, then date brown and blackening, the margin sometimes
lobed ; teeth 1-3 mm. long, about 3 to a mm., colored like the pileus, becoming cinereous with the
spores ; spores white, becoming minutely echinulate, subglobose, 4 » in diameter ; stem 3-8 cm. long,
1-3 mm. thick, lateral, usually inserted in the sinus of the pileus, rarely central, swollen at the base
and rooting, colored like the pileus, clothed throughout with stiff hairs like those of the pileus.

On fallen cones of Pinus resinosus and other conifers from Maine to Minnesota and on cones of
fir in Oregon. Common in Europe but rather rare in North America.

This fungus is readily recognized by its dark, hairy, reniform or somewhat cordate pileus attached
by the sinus at right angles to the slender, erect stem.

co.

PLATE 97

Craterellus lutescens | Pers. | Fries, Epicr. 532. 1838; Hym. Eur. 630. 1874.

Cantharellus lutescens (Pers.) Fries, Syst. Myc, 1: 320. 1821.

Illustrations: Persoon, Myc. Eur. 2. p/. 13. /- 1; Bolton, Hist. Fung. p/ 105. f 2;
Burt, Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 1: 6/17. 20; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 3.‘ p/, 56.
jf: 1-8; Schaeffer, Fung. Bav. p/. 157 (249).

Edible

Fructification 234-8 cm. high, with pileus 2-6 cm. broad, thin, varying from convex and umbili-
cate to tubiform or funnel-shaped, often pervius, ochraceous salmon like the hymenium and stem or
sometimes darker and drying smoke gray, drab or pale fuscous, the margin undulate, sometimes lobed
or irregular ; when fresh with the lamellae narrow, distant, forked or branched, decurrent, ochraceous
salmon, drying with hymenium greatly contracted, remotely ribbed, rugosely wrinkled or nearly even
between the ribs, cadmium yellow to ochraceous buff; spores even, 10-12 x 6-8 y.; stem 1%4-6 cm.
long, 2-5 mm. thick, flexuous, cylindric, hollow, ochraceous salmon, drying ochraceous buff.

Solitary or rarely in small clusters. On moist ground, among mosses, and about stumps in woods
and shaded places. Newfoundland to North Carolina and westward to Michigan. August to October.
Frequent.

C. lutescens is a connecting species between the genera Canthare/lus and Cratere/lus and is included
in the former genus by some authors and in the latter by others. Fries transferred it to Cratere//us
in his latest works. Fresh specimens such as were drawn in this plate are likely to be referred to
Cantharellus because of the gills but such great changes occur through contraction of the hyme-
nium when these specimens dry that they are likely to ultimately find place in herbaria in Crasere//us
or be sent to a specialist on the Thelephoracez for identification. The upper surface of the pileus is
often ochraceous orange like the hymenium and stem in American specimens, as in this plate, but
we have gatherings also with the upper surface fuscous or nearly so and quite comparable with

European specimens.

P05 |

PLATE 98
Clavaria pistillaris Linn. Fl. Suec. 456. No. 1266. 1755; Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 477.

1821.

Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms zexz /. 203; Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/ 244 (211);
Batsch, Elenchus Fung. p/ 11 f. 46; Coker, Clavarias p/ 22, 23; Dufour, Atlas.
pl. 70. f. 156; Hard, Mushrooms texz f. 396; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94.
pl. 93. f- 1-4, and Mem. 4.” p/ 66. f. 15-17.

Edible

_ Fructifications 5-15 cm. high, 1-5 cm. thick in the upper part, clavate or obovate, obtuse, whit-
ish, then dingy ochraceous buff to orange cinnamon, even or nearly so, solid or somewhat spongy

within, frequently cracked at the apex in large specimens revealing the white flesh ; spores white or
slightly yellowish, even, g-12 x 4%4-6% p.

Solitary or in tufts of two or three. On the ground in frondose woods and in mountain forests.
Widely distributed in the northern states. August and September. Infrequent.
Clavaria cinerea. See Piate 58.

Clavaria vernalis. See Piate 30.

[ 106 |

PLATE 99
Top

Clavaria fusiformis Sowerby, British Fungi p/ 234, 235.1797; Fries, Syst. Myc. 1:
480. 1821.

Illustrations: Sowerby, /oc. ciz.; Bolton, Hist. Fung. p/.110; Burt. Mo, Bot. Gard.Ann. .
9. p/.8. 7.66; Coker, Clavarias p/. 11, 12, 82. £14; Cotton, Brit. Myc. Soc. Trans.
3. pl. 11. f. A; Hussey, Ill. Brit. Myc. 1. p/ 18; Patouillard, Tab. Anal. f 565.

Fructifications 5-10 cm. high, simple, densely fascicled, connate at the base, amber yellow or clear
canary yellow, of bitter taste when fresh ; clubs elongated, acute, hollow, sometimes compressed, the
tips often becoming watersoaked and brownish; basidia with 4 sterigmata; spores globose, even,
minutely apiculate, 5-8 » in diameter, at first yellow, then colorless.

Fasciculate-connate. On ground in woods. Widely distributed. August. Frequent.

This species is distinguished by the densely tufted habit, canary yellow color and bitter taste. Species
of somewhat similar aspect have been described under the names C. aurantio-cinnabarina, C.. compressa,

and C. platyclada but without complete and exact record of their distinctive characters when fresh.

BoTTOM

Clavaria pulchra Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 28: 53. p/. 1. f 10. 1876.

An C. persimilis Cotton, Brit. Myc. Soc. Trans. 3: 182. 1909?

Illustrations: Peck, /oc. cit.; Burt. Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 9. p/. 10. f. 93; Coker,
Clavarias, p/. 1. f. 6, 7. pl. 13, 82. f. 16-18.

Fructifications simple, small, 2-6 cm. high, primuline yellow to orange, becoming darker on drying,
the clubs elongate-clavate, obtuse or sometimes acute, 14-6 mm. thick near the top, sometimes com-
pressed and grooved, becoming hollow, tapering downward gradually into the paler or whitish stem-
like base; taste sweetish ; spores hyaline, even, subglobose to oblong ovoid, slightly flattened on one
side, 5-8 x 4-6 p, with a lateral, oblique apiculus.

Gregarious or in small clusters. On ground or on humus of wood in mixed woods. Maine to North
Carolina and in Ohio. August and September. Common.

Fine large specimens of C. pu/chra, such as those shown by this plate, are likely to be confused
with CG. inaequalis unless the spores are examined. C. inaequalis has echinulate spores, while those
of C. pulchra are even and of very characteristic form with oblique, lateral apiculus as accurately
shown by Coker, doc. cit., pi. 82, f. 16-18. |

pio, i

PLATE 100
Upper Fic. aT LEFT

Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 486. 1821.

Illustrations: Persoon, Comment. Clav. p/ 1. f. 5; Dufour, Atlas p/. 75. f. 174;
Gillet, Champ. Fr. Hym. p/ 500 (85); Quelet, Champ. Jura 1. p/ 21. f. 5;
Schaeffer, Fungi Bav. p/ 174 (284).

Fructifications 3-10 cm. high, branched, tough and not easily cut, gelatinous-coriaceous, viscid,
ochraceous orange, even, linear; branches cylindric or compressed, concolorous, straight, repeatedly
dichotomous, solid, the apex usually forked ; flesh yellow, gelatinous at first ; basidia forked, 2-spored ;
spores ochraceous, even, 8-10 x 4 pw, simple, becoming septate in germination.

On coniferous wood decaying on the ground and on the ground in coniferous woods. Widely dis-
tributed in the United States. July to September. Infrequent.

This Calocera is distinguished from species of Clavaria by bifurcate basidia of Dacryomyces type
and more gelatinous fructifications, which are repeatedly branched in C. viscosa but caespitose in the

more common C. cornea.
Upper Fic. aT RIGHT

Dacryomyces deliquescens (Bull.) Duby, Bot. Gall. 2: 729. 1829.
Illustrations: Bulliard, Champ. Fr. p/ 455 (218). f. 3.

Fructification 1-5 mm. long, 1-3 mm. broad, usually small, gregarious, pulvinate, gelatinous, some-
what wrinkled, avellaneo-ochraceous, tawny or antique brown, becoming resin colored and more
flattened in drying ; basidia 2-spored ; spores hyaline, even, curved, simple at first, becoming 1-3-sep-
tate, 12-18 x 3%-5 p.

Usually on decorticated, partially decayed pine or other coniferous wood but sometimes on wood
of frondose species. Vermont to Alabama, westward to Missouri, and in Alaska. March to November.
Common.

D. deliquescens is characterized by its small, tremelloid, smoky, ochraceous or pale greenish fructi-
fications with somewhat wrinkled surface and spores about 15 » long and not more than 3-septate.

BorTromMm

Dacryomyces palmatus (Schw.) Burt, Mo. Bot.Gard. Ann.8: 379. p/.3. f. 2.1921:
Dacryomyces chrysosperma Berkeley & Curtis, Grevillea 2: 20. 1873.

L308)

EE ee a

Illustrations: Burt, /oc. cit.; Coker, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour. 35. p/. 23. f. 105
p+. 48; pl. 63. f. 6,7; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6. Myc. Notes 64: 989. p/. 159. f. 17623
Gilbert, Wis. Acad. Trans. 16. p/. 83. f. 25, 26.

-Fructifications up to 3 cm. high, 1-2 cm. broad, and 1-5 cm. long, gregarious or caespitose and
forming erect, gelatinous, rounded, brain-like, complicated masses with surface lobed and folded, slimy
when wet, cadmium yellow to ochraceous orange and drying the same color, penetrating the bark
by a whitish radicated base; basidia forked, 2-spored ; spores colored like the fructification, curved,
becoming 5-7-septate, 18-28 x 6-7 y. |

On coniferous logs, stumps and brushpiles—collected once on Betu/a /utea. Canada to Louisiana
and westward to British Columbia and Washington. July to March. Common in New England.

Dacryomyces palmatus is distinguished by its large size, bright orange-yellow color, and large 8-
celled spores. Comparison with a specimen of this species in Curtis Herb., bearing the name Treme//a
aurantia, led Dr. Farlow to list the species for New England under the name Dacryomyces aurantius

in Appalachia 3: 248. 1883.

[ 109 |

PLATE: 101

Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) Ed. Fisch. in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 6. 1888; Burt,
Bot. Gaz. 22: 387. 1896.
Phallus duplicatus Bosc, Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin Mag. 5: 86. p/ 6.

je} I8it.
Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms p/. 83; Bosc, /oc. cit. Hard, Mushrooms p/. 55;

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2. p/. 118, 119.

Poisonous

Fructification 1 5-24 cm. high, with pileus 4-5 cm. broad, 4—5 cm. high, campanulate, with upper
surface a dark green hymenial spore mass of fetid odor termed the gleba, and with the surface be-
neath the gleba sculptured with strong reticulated ridges and crests, at the apex joined with apex of
stem into a white somewhat recurved portion perforate into the cavity of the stem ; veil white, at-
tached to the stem near its apex, pendant from underneath the pileus, variable in length but usually
about half the length of the stem, reticulate, with the perforations smaller towards the lower border
and the bars wider so as to become nearly membranaceous there; stem 10-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm.
in diameter, cylindric, contracted into the truncate apical collar, fleshy, white, hollow, with the wall
4-10 mm. thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of several layers of small chambers ; volva at-
tached to the stem at the base, with wall up to 5 mm. thick which consists mostly of a thick gelat-
inous middle layer, irregularly ruptured at maturity by elongation and emergence of the stem and
pileus, white or earth stained.

Solitary. On the ground about buildings, in shrubbery and about stumps in fields and thickets in
wet weather. June to November. Frequent in eastern United States and the Mississippi Valley.

This phalloid or stinkhorn is distinguished from other species by its conspicuous membranaceous,
perforate veil and reticulately sculptured surface of the pileus after loss of the gleba. In the develop-
mental stages the gleba is composed of an intricately folded hymenium whose hyphal tissue and basidia
deliquesce at maturity of the spores into a sirupy mass which is greedily eaten by flies. The offen-
sive odor is usually enough to prevent all thought of human edibility of stinkhorns ; they are regarded

as poisonous.

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PLATE 102
Upper LEFT Fics.

Helvella infula Schaeffer, F ung. Bav. p/. 159 (251). 1762-1774; Fries, Syst. Myc. 2:
17, 1823. :

Illustrations: Boudier, Icones p/. 223; Cooke, Mycographia f. 334; Fries, Sverig.
Svamp. p/ 83; Kauffman, Michigan Acad. Sc. 1. p/ 31; Krombholz, Abbild.
pl. 21. f. 13-17; Schaeffer, oc. cit.

Edible

Fructification 7-18 cm. high, with pileus lobate, deflexed, even, somewhat wrinkled at the center,
amber brown or reddish cinnamon, the margin adhering closely to the stem; spores hyaline, even,
biguttulate, 18-22 x 7-8 y; stem 4-12 cm. long, 1-3 cm. in diameter, equal or sometimes enlarged
near the base or apex, whitish or pallid, slightly villose, stuffed, then hollow.

Scattered and usually solitary. On rotting pine logs and on ground in wood roads in coniferous
woods on mountains throughout the United States. August. Rare.

Upper RIGHT Fics.

Morchella esculenta (Linn.) Persoon, Syn. Fung. 618. 1801; Fries, Syst. Myc. 2:
6. 1823.

Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms /. 85; Berkeley, Outl. p/ 21. f. 5; Bulliard,
Champ. Fr. p/ 218 (274); Cooke, Mycographia f. 312; Dufour, Atlas p/. 78.
f: 183; Farlow, U.S. Agr. Yearb. 1897. p/ 29. f. 2; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 54;
Hard, Mushrooms zexr f. 409; Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48. p/. 3. f. 1-3.

Edible

Fructification 6-12 cm. high, with pileus 3-414 cm. broad, inflated, globose or sometimes narrowed
towards the apex, with base adnate to the stem, surface honeycombed with firm anastomosing ribs
bounding broad pits which are irregularly arranged, not in longitudinal rows, and with diameters of
the same pit nearly equal in all directions ; asci cylindric, 8-spored ; spores even, 20-24. 12-15 p;
paraphyses filiform, slightly thickened above ; stem 3-5 cm. long, about 1-1% cm. thick, cylindric,
white, fleshy. |

Solitary or two together. On the ground under trees in spring and early summer — often in orchards

PRE)

and where ground has been burnt over. Widely distributed in United States. April and May. Common
locally.

Species of Morchella, the morels, are ascomycetous fungi which differ from kinds illustrated in
all the preceding plates by having their spores contained in sack-like asci which are arranged side by
side, or with alternating paraphyses, in the hymenium lining the pits of the pileus. Other common
and equally edible morels related to M. esculenta are M. deliciosa of form very like the small figure
on the right and M. conica which has a conical pileus with the pits arranged in longitudinal rows.
The form of pileus and arrangement of pits is often rather variable among specimens of the same

gathering and presumably of but one species.

MIDDLE OF Bottom Row

Helvella albipes Fuckel, Symbolae 334. p/ 5. f. 2. 1869.

Illustrations: Fuckel, oc. cit.; Boudier, Icones p/. 234. as Leptopodia albella ; Cooke,
Mycographia f 336; Gillet, Champ. Fr. Discom. /.80(72); Kauffman, Michigan
Acad. Sc. 1. £/. 30; Quelet, Champ. Jura Suppl. 20. 6/6. 4. 16.as E/ve//a albella.

Fructification 2%4—5 cm. high, with pileus 2 cm. broad, lobed, with lobes deflexed, even, hair brown
to fuscous, emarginate, the under side whitish or pallid gray ; spores hyaline, even, 18-22 x 11-12 p,
uniguttulate, borne 8 to an ascus; stem 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, cylindric, white, somewhat
puberulent.

Solitary. On moss and under alders and conifers. Williamstown, Massachusetts, and Tolland, Colo-
rado. September. Local.

Specimens from the Massachusetts gathering were referred by Boudier to H. a/be//a and they agree
well with Boudier’s plate of that species, but they agree closely also with an authentic specimen of
H. albipes in Farlow Herbarium. H. a/bipes has priority. The American specimens have the pileus
bilobed but it is not always 2-lobed in Europe.

Botrom Row EXTREME LEFT AND RIcHT Fics.

Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 346. 1840.

Illustrations: Persoon, Champ. Com. p/. 4; Fries, Sverig. Svamp. p/. 82; Boudier,
Icones p/ 224; Burt, Rhodora 1. p/. 4. £2; Cooke, Mycographia (7-328; Dufour,
Atlas p/. 78. f. 185; Kauffman, Michigan Acad. Sc. 1. p/. 32; Peck, N. Y. State
Mus. Rept. 48. p/. 5. f. 1-3.

[| x12 |

Edible

Fructification 4-8 cm. high, with pileus inflated, rounded, lobed, gyrose-convolute, bay brown
or hazel, glabrous, supported on the stem by attachment here and there of the margin ; spores hyaline,
even, obtuse at the ends, ellipsoidal, 20-26 x 10-12 p, borne 8 to an ascus ; stem 3-4 cm. long, stout,

sometimes swollen and furrowed towards the base and sometimes towards the apex, whitish, stuffed

or hollow. .

Solitary or in clusters of two to four. On sandy ground during wet weather and in wet ravines
near pines. Widely distributed. May and June. Infrequent.

Gyromitra esculenta may be recognized by the brain-like convolutions of its hazel or bay brown
pileus and by the ellipsoidal spores. Old specimens and those kept rather a long time have been reported
poisonous ; freshly gathered specimens which are not too old may be eaten in moderation.

— ae

ats |

PLATE 103
Top

Microglossum rufum. (Schw.) Underwood, Minnesota Bot. Studies 1: 496. 1896;
Durand, Ann. Myc. 6; 406. p45. /. 9-14. 1908.

Form Geoglossum luteum Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 24: 94. p43. f. 20-24. 1872.

Illustrations: Peck, /oc. cit.; Burt, Rhodora 1. p/ 4. f. 10; Cooke, Mycographia
jf: 12; Hard, Mushrooms ext f. 423.

Fructification 3-5 cm. high, clavate, rather slender, with ascigerous portion 14-21% cm. long,
3-6 mm. thick, stipitate, mustard yellow, sometimes more dingy, usually somewhat compressed or
longitudinally furrowed, obtuse, glabrous ; spores hyaline, even, slightly curved, at first multiguttulate,
finally 5-septate, 26-35 x5», 8 to an ascus, biseriate; stem 2-2% cm. long, 11%4-2 mm. thick,
nearly cylindric, paler than the ascigerous part, squamulose.

Solitary, gregarious or subcaespitose. On mossy banks and on humus of wood in woods. July to
September. Frequent in eastern United States.

This species has the aspect of a small yellow Clavaria but is distinct by showing its spores con-
tained in asci if a portion of the hymenium is examined with the compound microscope.

Fics. aT LEFT IN MippLE Row

Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Persoon, Rémer’s N. Mag. Bot. 1: 97. 1794.

Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms ¢ext f.221; Berkeley, Outl. p/.22. f-t; Bulliard,
Champ. Fr. p/. 473 (296). f. 2; Burt, Rhodora 1. p/ 4. f. 12; Cooke, Myco-
graphia f 171; Dufour, Atlas p/. 80, #188; Durand, Ann. Myc. 6. p/ 11. fr 106,
p4 20. f. 213; Hard, Mushrooms ‘ext f. 425.

Edible

Fructifications 2-6 cm. high, stipitate, tremelloid, more or less viscid, cream color, often with a
greenish or olive tinge ; the ascigerous portion pileate, 1-114 cm. broad, convex, with the surface
often irregularly furrowed, the margin recurved, often slightly lobed, supported on the apex of the
stem ; spores hyaline, even, finally 5~7-septate, straight or curved, 20-24 x 5-6 p, borne 8 to an ascus ;
paraphyses branched, filiform, with the tips enlarged and agglutinated by amorphous matter ; stem
1%-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, cylindric or somewhat compressed, often slightly tapering upward,

hollow.
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Usually densely caespitose. On damp ground in woods or on wood humus. Canada and eastern
United States and westward to Missouri. July to September. Very common.

This fungus is regarded as edible but not choice.

Fics. AT RIGHT IN MIDDLE Row

Mitrula vitellina Bres. var. irregularis Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 48: 130. p/.
5, f. 8-14. 1896. |
Geoglossum irregulare Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rept. 32: 45. 1879.
Illustrations: Peck, /oc. cit. and N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 1.2 44 1. f. 5-7; Durand,
Ann. Myc. 6. p@. 5. 7-7, 8; Massee, Ann. Bot. 11. £4 12. f. 23-242.

Edible

Fructification 2-5 cm. high, with the ascigerous portion clavate, of irregular form, twisted or con-
torted, compressed, sometimes lobed, obtuse, cadmium yellow or egg yellow, tapering below into
the short, rather distinct, yellowish or whitish stem ; spores hyaline, even, simple, 8-10 x 4-5 », 8 to
an ascus, uniseriate.

Caespitose or solitary. On bare soil, mossy damp places, and in paths in woods—most frequently
in pine woods. New Brunswick and Ontario to District of Columbia and in Colorado. September

to November. Infrequent, sometimes abundant locally.
BorToM
Cudonia lutea (Peck) Saccardo, Atti Real. Ist. Venet. VI. 3: 725. 188
Vibrissea lutea Peck, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. Bull. 1: 70. 1873; N. Y. State Mus. Rept.
25: 97. pl. 1. f. 19-23. 1873.

Illustrations: Burt, Rhodora 1. p/. 1. f. 8, 8a; Durand, Ann. Myc. 6. p/. 11. 7. 105,
pl. 21. f. 216-219; Massee, Ann. Bot. 11. p/4 12. f. 5-7.

Fructification 11%4-3 cm. high, yellow, drying vinaceous buff, coriaceous-fleshy, with the pileus
5-15 mm. broad, convex, covered when young by a membrane which cracks and falls away later
leaving remnants attached to the reflexed margin, the under side of the pileus somewhat ridged or
striate with the ridges running down the stem ; spores hyaline, even, multiseptate, 50-72 x 2 », borne
8 to an ascus in a fascicle in the upper part of the ascus ; stem 1-2% cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, cylin-
dric or somewhat tapering upward, sometimes slightly compressed, solid.

Lary

Gregarious or rarely clustered. On ground and rotting leaves in pine and beech woods. Ontario,
New England, New York and Tennessee. August and September. Common.
This American species is distinguished by its large spores, yellow color and the veil-like covering

of the young pileus.

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HyMENOMYCETES
Agaricus
Amanita
Amanitopsis
Armillaria
Bolbitius
Boletinus
Boletus
Calocera
Cantharellus
Claudopus
Clavaria
Clitocybe
Coprinus
Cortinarius
Craterellus

. Crepidotus

Cyclomyces
Dacryomyces
Entoloma
Fistulina
Fomes
Gomphidius
Hydnum
Hygrophorus
Hypholoma
Inocybe
Lactarius
Lentinus
Lepiota

Indices

INDEX TO GENERA

Plates
60-64
1-3
4
12-14
68
go-92
71-89
100
24-27; 97
48

30, 58, 98, 99

1g-21I

Hymenomycetes (continued ) Plates
Leptonia 47
Marasmius 40, 92
Naucoria 53
Omphalia 224
Panus 42, 43
Paxillus 59
Pholiota 45, 49-51, 69
Pleurotus 22,23; 45
Pluteus 44,45
Polyporus 94
Polystictus 94.
Russula 37-39
Stropharia 65, 66
Tricholoma 15-19
GASTEROMYCETES

Dictyophora 101
Lycoperdon 58
Phallus 101
DiscomycEeTEs

Cudonia 103
Geog lossum 103
Gyromitra 102
Helvella 102
Leotia 103
Microglossum 103
Mitrula 103
Morchella 102
Vibrissea 103

Plate

abruptibulbus (Agaricus) 61
acutesquamosa (Lepiota) 8
albipes (Helvella) 102
amarescens (Inocybe) 52
americana (Lepiota) 7
americanus (Boletus) a9
angustipes (Pholiota) 69
appendiculatum (Hypholoma) 67
armillatus (Cortinarius) 56
arvensis (Agaricus) 60
asprella (Leptonia) 47
asterospora (Inocybe) 52
atropurpurea (Russula) 38
atrotomentosus (Paxillus) 59
auriporus (Boletus) a9
auriscalpium (Hydnum) 96
badius (Boletus) 76
brevipes (Tricholoma) 18
' brunnea (Lepiota) 6
brunnescens (Agaricus) 62
calamistrata (Inocybe) 54
campanella (Omphalia) 24
campestris (Agaricus) 63, 64

Cantharellus (Hygrophorus) 27

caperata (Pholiota) 49
castaneus (Boletus) 89
cavipes (Boletinus) 92
chelidonium (Lactarius) 33
chloroides (Russula) 37
Christinae (Naucoria) 53
chromapes (Boletus) 87
cibarius (Cantharellus) 25
cinerea (Clavaria) 58
cinnabarinus (Cantharellus) 27
compacta (Russula) 39
conchifer (Polyporus) 94
conchifer (Polystictus) 94
cuspidatum (Entoloma) 46
cyanescens (Boletus) 88
cyathiforme (Lycoperdon) 58
decorosum (Tricholoma) 17
deliciosus (Lactarius) 32
deliquescens (Dacryomyces) 100
dichrous (Boletus) 76
dorsalis (Crepidotus) 36
duplicata (Dictyophora) 101
duplicatus (Phallus) IOI

INDEX TO SPECIES

elegans (Boletus)
erebia (Pholiota)
esculenta (Gyromitra)
esculenta (Morchella)
eximius (Boletus)

felina (Lepiota)
floccosus (Cantharellus)
Frostii (Boletus)
fuligineus (Hygrophorus)
fuliginosus (Lactarius)
fusiformis (Clavaria)
Gerardiana (Omphalia)
granulatus (Boletus)
granulosa (Lepiota)
Greeneii (Cyclomyces)
griseus (Lactarius)
hepatica (Fistulina)
illudens (Clitocybe)
imperialis (Armillaria)
indigo (Lactarius)
infula (Helvella)
irregulare (Geoglossum)
leoninus (Pluteus)
lepideus (Lentinus)
levis (Panus)

lignyotus (Lactarius)
limonella (Pholiota)
lubrica (Leotia)

luridus v. erythropus (Boletus)
lutea (Cudonia)

lutea (Vibrissea)
lutescens (Cantharellus)
lutescens (Craterellus)
luteum (Geoglossum)
minor (Cantharellus)
morbifera (Clitocybe)
mucifluus (Cortinarius)
multiceps (Clitocybe)
naucina (Lepiota)
naucinoides (Lepiota)
nidulans (Claudopus)
nodulospora (Inocybe)
oliveum (Tricholoma)
oreades (Marasmius)
ornatipes (Boletus)
palmatus (Dacryomyces)’
persimilis (Clavaria)

[ 120 |

Plate

Plate
petaloides (Pleurotus) 22
pholideus (Cortinarius) 55
pictus (Boletinus) go
pinicola (Fomes) 94
pinicola (Polyporus) 94
piperatus (Boletus) Pa
pistillaris (Clavaria) 98
placida (Leptonia) 47
ponderosa (Armillaria) 13
porosus (Boletinus) gI
porphyria (Amanita) 2
procera (Lepiota) 5
pulchra (Clavaria) 99
punctipes (Boletus) 74
radiata (Inocybe) 52
Ravenelii (Boletus) 78
robusta (Armillaria) +
rubinellus (Boletus) 77
rudis (Panus) 42
rufum (Microglossum) 103
rugoso-annulata (Stropharia) 65
Russelli (Boletus) 80
rutilans (Tricholoma) 15
serotinus (Pleurotus) 23,48
siccus (Marasmius) g2
soboliferus (Coprinus) 69
solitaria (Amanita) I
sordidum (Tricholoma) 19
sordidus (Lactarius) 30
speciosus (Boletus) 81, 82
speciosus (Hygrophorus) 28
spectabilis (Pholiota) 51
squamulosus (Cortinarius) 54
subcaperata (Stropharia) 66
subluteus (Boletus) 71
subtomentosus (Boletus) 79
turpis (Lactarius) 31
umbellifera (Omphalia) 24
umbrosus (Pluteus) 44
verna (Amanita) 3
vernalis (Clavaria) 30
violaceus (Cortinarius) 58

viscidus v. testaceus (Gomphidius) 70

viscosa (Calocera) 100
vitellina v. irregularis (Mitrula) 103
vitellinus (Bolbitius) 68
volvata (Amanitopsis) 4