FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
e. ’
WAR DEPARTMENT.

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; . iy Fe : See i $ : ‘
ROUTE NEAR THE THIRTY-FIFTH PARALLEL, EXPLORED BY LIEUTENANT A. W. WHIPPLE, TOPOGRAPHICAL
. : ENGINEERS, IN 1853 AND 1854, oa

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3 ‘ 7 : ;

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-e« JHE BOTANY OF THE EXPEDITION,
ee : ee are , bee
ft | ASHINGTON, D.c. a
sie a See A sere 466 by - ee

CONTENTS.

No. l.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BOTANICAL CHARACTER OF THE
COUN

BY J. M. BIGELOW, M.D.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS ALONG THE ROUTE
TRAVERSED

Section 1. eared on the Mississippi, to Fort Smith, | Section 6. Valley of Zufii.
Sscrion 7. San Francisco Valley.
Secrion 8. Santa Maria Valley.
Section 9. Valley of the Colorado.
Section 10. Mojave Valle

Section 11. Los Angeles Valley.

Ark
Secrion 2. Fort nies aud Valley River.
Section 3. Llano Estac
Section 4. Tucumcari er "Pects Valleys.
Secrion 5. Rio Grande Valley.

DESCRIPTION OF FOREST TREES.

BY J. M. BIGELOW, M.D.

FOREST TREES ALONG THE ROUTE TRAVERSED,

Pinus (Abies) Douglasii—Douglas Spruce. A Juniperus Virginiana—Red Cedar.
Pinus (Abies) Balsamea—Balsam Fir. Algarobia Glandulosa—Mezquit.
Pinus Brachyptera—Yellow Pine. Populus Monilifera—Cotton Wood.
Pinus Edulis—Pifion Quercus.

Pinus Flexilus—Rocky Mountain White Pine.

DESCRIPTIONS OF VALUABLE OR REMARKABLE CALIFORNIA FOREST TREES,

Taxus Canadensis—Yew.

Pinus Lambertiana—Sugar Pine.

Libocedrus Decurrens—White Cedar. Pinus—An undetermined species. ~

VI

CONTENTS:

No.

3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE CACTACEA.

BY GEORGE ENGELMANN, M.D., OF ST. LOUIS, AND J. M. BIGELOW, M.D.

Mamillaria, Haw.
Echinocactus, Link.

Cereus, Haw-e
Opuntia, Tourn.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE PLATES OF THE CACTACEA.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERAL BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS.

¥F
Cruciferz.

BY JOHN TORREY.

cee.
Calycanthacez. -
Lythracez.
Onagracea.

Gross 2.
Cucurbitacee.

Compositx, (by A. Gray.)
Aphantocheta, Nov. Gen.
Pugiapappus, Nov. G
Syntrichopappus, sew: ‘eee
Lobeliacez.

ee ay ;

painerarrpeart (by A. Gray.)
baginacex.

Primulacez.
Orobanchacez, (by A. Gray.)

nee eee

Scrophulariacew, (by A. Gray.)
Bignonia—Sesamew, (by A. Gray.)

Polygonacez:.
canthoganum, Nov. Gen.

Lauracez.
Thymelacem.
San k
Loranthacezx.
Saururacem.
Callitrichacex.
Da i
Euphorbiacex.
Garryacex.
Platanaceex.
Betulacex,

CONTENTS. VII

Myricacex.
Cupulifere.
licacew

Urticacee.

Hesperocnide, Nov. Gen.
Conifera.
Lem

Melanthacez.
Scoliopus, Nov, Gen.

Lil

Stopholton, Nov. Gen.
Odon mum, Nov. Gen.
ieaiiianes:

Smilacex.

No. 5.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS.

BY W.

5. SULLIVANT, Eso.

Hedwigiex.

Polytrichee

Bryex

Funarice.

Fontinalex.

Leucodon

Hypnee. a
Hepatice.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

ie

es
4

No. 1.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

OF

THE BOTANICAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.

BY J. M. BIGELOW, M. D.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS ALONG THE ROUTE
| TRAVERSED. :

Wasuineton, D. C., August, 1854.
Sm: In compliance with your instructions, I have the honor to submit to you a report on the
forest trees, the productions of the soil, and its capacity for sustaining a civilized population,
upon the railroad route near the 35th parallel, over which you had command.
Very respectfully,
JOHN M. BIGELOW.
Lieut. A, W. Wurrrtx, Topographical Engineer, U. S. A.,
in charge of exploration for railroad route near the 35th parallel.

al

Section I. Napoleon, on the Mississippi, to Fort Smith, Arkansas.—From Napoleon to Fort
Smith, our way being on steamboat, I could, of course, give but a limited account, either of
its forests or of its soil. The banks of the river were densely lined with timber-trees of great
variety. Among the kinds observed we particularly noticed the black walnut, sweet-gum,
(liquid ambar styraciflua,) pecan, white ash, three kinds of elms, five or six species of oaks,
Osage orange, and sassafras, with their dark green foliage; all most luxuriant and beautiful.
At Little Rock, among some of those just mentioned, we saw the American holly, (Ilex opaca,)
spice-wood, and June berry, (Amelanchier canadensis.) Near Piney Point, at the Sugar-loaf
mountain, as well as on our route in the Indian Territory, was found what was considered to
be Pinus mitis, the common yellow pine of the southern States, quite different from the one in
New Mexico, known there by the same common name. We also observed, in passing, witch-
hazel, hop-horn beam, birch, Kentucky coffee-bean, honey-locust, black locust, sour-gum, red-
bud, box-elder, mulberry, dogwood, blackberry, &c., &c., all indicating a soil of the utmost
fertility. It is unnecessary to extend the list beyond the few seen from the boat, as the botany
of this country has been described and is well known, having been visited by Nuttall, and
other eminent naturalists and botanists.

Section II. Fort Smith to Valley river.—The range of country embraced between these two
points is about four hundred and sixty miles. The western limit of this section is some
distance west of the line between Texas and the Indian reservation, Consequently, it embraces »-

¥ —

2 BOTANY.

the entire limits of the Indian Territory, from east to west. It constitutes a most natural
division, being in nearly its whole breadth a beautiful and fertile country, of vast agricultural
capacity, and of sufficient dimensions for forming two or three large and magnificent States.
The eastern portion is densely covered with timber, of the same varieties and qualities as those
enumerated between Napoleon and Fort Smith. The western portion has by no means so great
a variety, being mostly grassy plains, with intersections of timber along the streams, arroyos,
and ravines. The celebrated ‘‘Cross Timbers’’ is situated along and crosses our line of survey,
extending some distance north, and, according to Captain Marcy, about two hundred miles
south of it.

The streams are Sans Bois creek, Gaines’ creek, Topofki creek, Deer creek, False Washita,
Walnut creek, Dry creek, Valley creek, &c., with their various tributaries, as also others of
the Canadian and Washita rivers. Near old Fort Arbuckle, and in the vicinity of the ‘‘ Cross
Timbers,’’ the scenery is most beautiful and picturesque. Belts of timber crossing the more
elevated plateaux in various directions many times, at right-angles with each other, give them
the appearance of vast cultivated fields, formed on a scale of great magnificence, stretching
away in every direction as far as the eye can reach. The same beautiful views were noticed in
the vicinity of Delaware Mount, near the centre of the Indian territory.

The first appearance of the celebrated ‘‘ grama-grass’’ was here noticed , opposite Little river,
a small branch from the north side of the Canadian, in about longitude 96° west. This import-
ant grass is found, in greater or less abundance, from this point across the continent, or as far
as to the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, which, where we crossed it with our line of surve ;
was not far from the Pacific shore. The great importance of these western prairie grasses, of
which we have several species besides this and the buffalo grass, consists in their retaining their
nutritive qualities the whole year round, sustaining the life and condition of the beast of the
traveller, thereby enabling them to pursue their journey at leisure at all seasons of the year.
Were it otherwise, much hazard would be encountered, as it is impossible to transport forage in
sufficient quantities to supply a long train over a country of such vast extension. When the
tops of these grasses become dry, the stems near their roots retain their vitality and nutritive
juices until the plains are again renovated with a new crop. Many of our farmers express a
wish to introduce the culture of these grasses at home; but it is to be presumed, from the pecu-
liarities of their situation, that they are only well adapted to the arid climates, where they are
found in their native state.

The trees in the western portion of this region consist of several species of oak, black walnut,
cotton-wood, buck-eye, elm, mulberry, and a few cedars. Helianthi, Convolvulacees, Euphor-
biaceew, Vernoniew, Eupatori#, with shrubby and herbaceous Mimose, are common in this
region. The Wild China, (Sapindus Marginatus,) common all over Texas, was found here.
Mirabilis, (Marvel of Peru,) Evening primrose, Ambrosia, Silphium, (rosin plant,) Golden
rods, &c., are abundant on the plains. American and Chickasaw plums are quite common on
the banks of the Canadian and other streams, but on the plains is found a small shrub, bearing
in abundance what is called prairie plums, which is probably undescribed.

A considerable number of cactacee, which always indicate a dry climate, begin here to make
their appearance, especially when we come into what appropriately may be termed the grama-
grass region. Among them I recognised Opuntia Macrorhiza, (?) having tuberous roots, which
appears to be quite extensively diffused in this region. One very similar, if not the same, was
detected as far east as Fort Smith. A plant nearly Allied to O. Engelmanni was collected at
Jelaware Mount. The little Cereus ceespitosus, so common in lower Texas, was also found here
in great abundance. We were sorry not to find a flower or fruit of this pretty little plant,
which would have enabled us to solve some obscure points in the natural history of the unique
and interes ing tribe of plants to which it belongs. The cactaces have not heretofore been well
studied in the United States, Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, being almost the only botanist who
has paid any special attention to them.

BOTANY, 8

The whole of this region from Fort Smith to Valley river is eminently calculated to sustain
a large population. Although the soil itself, probably, is not as rich as that of Arkansas, yet
the ease of raising stock, for which few other countries are better adapted, and the exemption
from sickness, will greatly counterbalance this difference. Water, in most places, will be found
abundant for all agricultural purposes. In some places, however, especially on the head-waters
of the Washita and Red rivers, it is quite brackish, being impregnated with the salts of
lime and magnesia, but not sufficiently so to prevent it from being used for domestic purposes.
Should a purer kind be required for railroad uses, I presume it can be obtained from the Canadian $
which appears to be much more free from mineral impregnation.

Section II. Llano Estacado.—It would seem proper to include in this region the space on
our route between Valley river and Fossil creek, near Tucumcari hills. This is a dry, and
generally timberless tract of country, extending over a distance of about one hundred and ninety
miles. Over this region, and the western portions of the last, immense herds of buffaloes
range at certain seasons of the year, but they evidently make no prolonged stay here ; passing
from the waters of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers, south, to those of Red river and its trib-
utaries, and thence back again. If not in these days, they formerly ranged south as far as the
waters of the Brazos, Colorado, and other Texan rivers, where there are vast hunting grounds
for the great Comanche and Kioway tribes of Indians. The noble wild animal upon which
these red men of the plains mainly subsist is already becoming greatly diminished in num-
bers, by the restraints of the settlements, and by the military occupancy of their grounds.
Certainly the manifest destiny of the Indian is to disappear from the face of the earth, and
become extinct, unless he conform to the usages and habits of civilized life, which at present
seems quite improbable.

Along the banks of arroyos, or dry creeks, may be found a few-alamos; and under the
northern and eastern bluffs of the Llano Estacado, and detached surrounding hills, may be found
Pifion pine, (Pinus edulis,) and two kinds of cedars. They are, probably, too much stunted and
shattered by the prevailing winds to form very useful timbers. Itis to be remarked, that the
wind blows with tremendous force over these immense denuded plains, and this, we have reason
to believe, is one great cause of the destitution of timber in this region. In confirmation of
this opinion is the fact, that wherever the least shelter by a bluff or rock is afforded, the modest
cedar will rear its head, thankful, as it were, for this partial protection. The stature of the
tree appears to be limited to the height and amount of shelter it thus receives. The timber
that may be needed for railroad purposes here, will have to be supplied from other districts
each way, probably from the Indian territory on the east, and the mountains of the Pecos and
Rio Grande on the west, where timber of excellent quality abounds, and from whence it can
be easily procured.

Although grass is abundant, yet the scarcity of water will greatly lessen its value as an agri-
cultural district. Very little of this indispensable element is to be found, except along the
course of the larger rivers. However, during the more moist seasons of the year, sheep can be
grazed, without doubt, over large tracts of this district; as in New Mexico they are driven,
herded, and grazed, hundreds of miles from their usual places of abode. Sheep can be grazed
a much greater distance from water than cattle or horses. So that when the country between the
Eastern States and New Mexico comes to be settled, the difficulties from the depredation of
Indians obviated, and security established, this country may prove highly valuable for grazing
purposes. '

This is more emphatically the region of cacti than the one just left on the east. The singular
and rather pretty, but formidable Opuntia arborescens, described by Dr. Engelmann, is first
found here. It extends west as far as Zufii, and in southern Texas as low as Presidio del Norte.
In this region were found several new and undescribed species, which will be described in
another and more appropriate form. The pifion, or nut pine of New Mexico, here first makes
its appearance, and is presumed to be its eastern limit, extending west as far as the Sierra

4 BOTANY.

Nevada mountains of California. The real grass-leaved dasylirion was first seen here, on the
bluffs of the Llano Estacado. It is identical with the one found on the San Pedro, or Devil’s
river, in Texas. There is another species, with the leaves and habit somewhat of a Yucca,
named D. graminifolia, I suppose because it does not resemble a grass. A rosaceous shrub (Cerco
carpus) and a shrubby oak (Q. Zmoryi?) are also common under the bluffs. We have not now
the means at hand to determine whether they are the same as occur in lower Texas and New
Mexico. Eriogonez, another characteristic tribe of plants peculiar to dry climates, begin here
to make their appearance in considerable numbers. Mentzelias and asteroid composites are also
quite abundant. An Ephedra, much used as a diuretic, especially for horses, was first seen
here. The genus is also common in lower Texas, whens I know two or Dusen distinct species
of it.

Section IV. Tucumcari and Pecos ener eee the Waters of these two valleys flow into
the Gulf of Mexico, by widely-separated channels, yet they may well be considered in one dis-
trict—being included in the space of about one hundred and seventy miles, from Fossil creek to
the dividing highlands between the Rio Pecos and Rio Grande del Norte.

At Tucumcari we have a broad, beautiful, and fertile valley, abounding in most luxuriant
grasses, and extending north to the Canadian,‘ but its exact limits we had not time to explore.
Although the timber is somewhat scarce, yet, ascending the hills on either side, cedars and
pifion become much more abundant, and both attain a higher stature than on the Llano Esta-
cado. Along the banks of the streams there are a few cotton-woods and box-elders of very
pretty size. The Gallinos, whose outlet is south into the Pecos by narrow defiles near our line,
is a beautiful, bold, clear, running stream, affording water at all seasons of the year, while the
Tucumcari and Pajarito creeks, in the immediate vicinity of the Tucumcari hills, flowing north
into the Canadian, will.afford water doubtless nearly all the year. At any rate, when we
passed, (21st September,) there was plenty, flowing in a rapid, turbid stream. The water of
Laguna Colorado, which is near, or forms, the sources of these streams, is somewhat brackish.

We collected here, for the first time, specimens of another shrubby cactus, (Opuntia frutes-
cens,) which is so abundant all over southern New Mexico and Texas, as far south as Eagle Pass
and San Antonio. It is a very ornamental species, especially when loaded with its scarlet
berries. On the hills in this region were found, and collected, several new mamillaria ;
beautiful flowering and fruiting specimens of which are now growing in the Congressional
gardens, in Washington. Opuntia Engelmanni, which is probably the most widely spread of
the whole tribe of American cactacex, was first detected in the rocky cafions of the Gallinos.
Fallugui paradoxa and Fendlera rupicola, two beautiful shrubs, are common here; both of them
common to Texas also, There are, likewise, several other Texan plants in this region, among
them a Parthenum, Thymophylla greggi, and a great variety of leguminous and asteroid plants.
Several species of eriogonie also make their first appearance here. As their geographical limits
extend westwardly some distance, most of the eriogoniz which were collected here will most
probably prove to be those which are figured, and well characterized, by my excellent friend
Dr. Torrey, in Captain Sitgreaves’ report of the Zuiii expedition. As we proceed a little further
west, we come to the Pecos valley, where, in addition to the pijion and cedars met with before,
and already mentioned, we find pine trees of a majestic size, (Pinus brachyptera, Yngl.,) that
_ are as valuable for inher as almost any in the world.

The Pecos river is here clear and rapid, its waters pure and sweet, forming quite a contrast
to those at the several crossings from San Antonio to El Paso, where they are always turbid,
brackish, and disagreeable. Indeed, by some travellers on its lower borders, and on some
maps, this river, from these circumstances, has acquired the name of Puerco, the Spanish
appellation for muddy waters. There, its valley, for hundreds of miles, is a blank and dreary
waste, with scarcely a shrub to relieve the eye of the traveller ; here, its fertile banks are dotted
with innumerable small plantations, and towns, so characteristic of New Mexico.

_ ‘This river, with the Gallinos, will form a nover-failing supply of water for the erection of all

BOTANY. 5

kinds of mills and machinery, when the time for such wants has arrived. These considerations,
in connexion with the fact of its forming a middle and connecting link between the Atlantic and
Pacific shores, give it a high degree of interest at the present time. The region is large enough
for a State of the first magnitude, and contains all the natural elements of self-sustenance,
excepting, probably, commerce. The difficulties which alone now prevent this district, and
that of the valley of the Rio Grande, from rising to its proper scale of importance, will ina
great measure be obviated as soon as any Pacific railroad is established and finished. Should
any other route than this be adopted, the road, either north or south, can be easily tapped, so
as to diffuse its beneficial influences to this whole country. The quality of the soil, though not
equal to that of the Indian territory west of Arkansas, is superior to that of the Rio Grande
valley, either in New Mexico or Texas. It is probably as well adapted to sheep grazing as any
other country in the world. There can be no doubt, when properly settled, and easy communi-
cations can be safely had with the great Eastern States and with California, that it will prove
equal, also, to any other country, as a resort for consumptive invalids.

Section V. Rio Grande Valley.—What there is to be remarked of this valley will be brief,
because it is an old and well known region, having been settled by the Spaniards about three
hundred yearsago. Gregg’s Commerce of the Prairies gives a vivid , and generally truthful, view
of this country, and its capabilities for agricultural productions. There is not time now, nor
indeed is it in place, to enter into a comparative view of the adaptation of this country to con-
sumptive invalids, with those of foreign countries, or with other places in the United States ;
but little is hazarded in asserting, that in no long time this, and the upper Pecos valley, will
become one of the most important and eligible places in the whole world for such purposes. As
soon as communications with the Eastern States and California become speedy, cheap, and
regular, as well as free from the danger with which they are at present attended, and when
the ordinary means and comforts of living are easily and cheaply procured, so as to come within
the reach of the yeomanry of the land, a trip and sojourn to this country will form as pleasant
an excursion as to any part of our country can, and many an invalid will then avail himself of the
recuperative influences of this climate. The summer heat is greatly modified by the peculiar
aridness of the atmosphere, which, by rapidly carrying off the perspiration before it has time to
accumulate to any sensible degree, cools the surface of the body, and makes the summer truly
delightful, especially to an invalid. The winter is mild, being screened from the penetrating
winds of the north by intervening mountains. The terrible norther, so well known and dreaded
by the inhabitants and travellers in lower Texas, is not known here. Many invalids who at
present resort to San Antonio for their health, experience various bad effects from the sudden
changes of the weather, resulting mainly from those “ northers.”’

The width of the Rio Grande valley, at the point where we crossed it (which was at Albu-
querque) from the dividing ridge between it and the Pecos, and the highlands or mountains
between its waters and those flowing westward into the Gulf of California, is about one hun-
dred and seventy miles. Its length in the Territory of New Mexico is embraced between about
the thirty-second and thirty-eighth degrees of north latitude ; which, with its tortuous course,
would give it a length of about four hundred and thirty miles. This of course embraces a
great variety of climate, independently of the effect produced by the highly elevated ranges
of mountains which partly environ it on the east and west. :

The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of all the finer fruits and vegetables, as well as the
cereals ; but it requires irrigation. Grapes, apricots, pears, and melons, are produced in the
utmost perfection and abundance. The grapes, especially, are far superior to any that can be
cultivated at home, in the open air. Beets, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins do equally well, if
not better than in the Eastern States. But the Irish potato does not succeed, excepting in the
mountainous regions. On account of the cost of irrigation, wheat and corn cannot be raised as
cheaply as in the Western Atlantic States ; nevertheless, by irrigation they do very well, and
large quantities of both are produced.

6 BOTANY.

Sxctron VI. Valley of Zuii.—In this region, we would embrace the scope of country between
the summit of the Sierra Madre, or mountains bordering the Rio Grande valley on the west,
and Mount San Francisco; the principal and pervading stream of which is the Colorado Chi-
quito, a tributary of the Colorado Grande, or, as it is more aptly termed, the great Colorado of
the West. The general course of this valley is northwest and southeast ; the extent of which
(in our rapid exploration) we were unable to determine. Its width, travelled, is about two
hundred and fifty miles. :

At Zuni, the Indians of the Pueblo tribes raise corn, and many other vegetables, without
resorting to irrigation; but from the appearance of the soil on the bottoms of the Colorado
Chiquito, it was considered by most of our party that irrigation might be necessary. In the
immediate vicinity of the mountains there is evidence of an amount of moisture in the soil,
which is wanting in the centre of the valley, more remote from their influence. The water of the
Colorado Chiquito is sufficient to irrigate a portion of the central part of the valley, but probably
not enough to make all the tillable lands available for agricultural purposes. There are many
beautiful streams of water of limited extent, on both ranges of the mountains, which look into
this valley from the east and the west. These streams would be sufficient for small settlements
in their immediate neighborhood ; but on descending into an almost unlimited arid plain, they
are lost by the absorptive power of the soil, and the rapid evaporation caused by the dry
atmosphere. The Rio Mimbres, in the valley of which is situated Fort Webster, southeast of
the Mogoyon, (which has been made well known by the operations of the Mexican Boundary
Commission) is a good example of these facts. Such is the case, also, with nearly all the mount-
ain streams in these arid regions.

Grass throughout this whole country is very abundant, and of a most excellent quality,
especially around the mountain bases, and on the more elevated plateaus. Large herds of
cattle and sheep might be reared and sustained here, were it not for the depredations of the
Indians. We were told by Mr. Leroux, that the wild Indians of this country, in their blind
eargerness to obtain the flesh of mules, have been known to shoot one down with their arrows
while a traveller was yet seated on his back, for which, in a case that he mentioned, the poor
savage paid the penalty of his life.

Unfortunately, we passed this region between the 18th of November (when we crossed the
crest of the Sierra Madre) and the 25th of December. At the latter date, we encamped at the
base of the San Francisco mountain. This was the most unpropitious season of the whole year
for the collection of herbaceous plants, and must account for the meagreness of my collections
in this part of our journey.

The entire eastern, southern, and part of the western, angles of this region, are well timbered
with Douglas’s spruce, New Mexican yellow pine, pifion, and balsam fir. -The Rocky mount-
ain white pine (Pinus flexilis) grows on the San Francisco mountain, and no doubt on the
higher peaks and ranges of the Sierra Madre and Mogoyon. Oaks and black walnut also grow

‘here. The banks of all the streams that are crossed produced cotton-wood and mezquite—in
some places in great abundance. Three kinds of cedar abound at the base of the mountains,
frequently extending (in more limited quantities) down to the banks of the Colorado Chiquito,
wherever the evenness of the surface appears to be broken by dry arroyos or broken banks.

On the slopes east and south of San Francisco mountain, looking into this valley, and also
westwardly, are vast forests of pijion, intermingled with cedars, perfectly black in the distance,
by their density. From elevated points near the southern base of Bill Williams’ mountain we

had extensive and beautiful views of these forests, which extended southwestwardly, apparently
some fifteen or twenty miles. This one we denominated the ‘‘ Black Forest.’”’ With the aid
of the telescope, we could detect (January 3d, side reconnoissance) the eamp-fires of the Tonto
Indians, in several places, in the forest. We were informed by our guide, Mr. Antonio Leroux,
who has had much experience, and even desperate forays, with the Indians of this neigh-

_ bérhood, that, at the proper season of the ycar, large parties of the Yampai, Tonto, Coyotero,

BOTANY. 7

Garretero, and other sub-tribes of the great Apacherian race, resort here for the pur f
collecting the fruit of this pine. It probably forms one of the most important articles of their
subsistence. In an economical view of this country, it should not be forgotten or overlooked.

Immediately on our entrance into this valley, (November 19th,) we found and collected a new
species of Opuntia, with prostrate, nearly terete joints, entirely devoid of woody fibre; and at
Zuili, soon after, another, with a woody stem, low and prostrate, clearly distinct from O. arbo-
rescens, to which it somewhat approaches in its reticulated woody axis. Its fruit, seeds, spines,
and general habit, however, separate it from that well-known and widely disseminated species.
Very pretty specimens in fruit were obtained, but none in flower, which is much to be regretted.
As this tribe of interesting plants was almost the only one we could find and study, at this late
season of the year, our party rivalled each other in daily bringing some of them into camp that
had not been before seen or collected. Sometimes one would come in ahead of the others, but
more frequently several would arrive at the same time with new specimens, and then a great
shout would ensue, in deciding upon the claims of priority. Lieutenant Whipple discovered
the first specimen of our new Cactodendron, as we were pleased to call it, to distinguish it from
the O. arborescens. We saw this same species afterwards growing six to eight feet high,
retaining all its peculiar characteristics, with the exception of not being prostrate. While on
the banks of the Colorado Chiquito, and only in that vicinity, we found a new Echinocactus,
the first of this genus met with on our route, but it was neither in flower nor fruit. Itis quite
limited in its range, having been found only along the bottom lands of the Rio Colorado Chiquito.
In the rocky ravines, soon after leaving the river bottoms, we discovered a densely aggregated
Cereus, growing in large oval masses, which contained hundreds of low, ovate, fleshy stems, from
one root. Our highly esteemed friend, Dr. Engelmann, has made several species of such forms
of cerei, which are difficult to identify in the absence of flowers or fruit, on account of the great
variety in the number, size, and color of spines in the same species. The spines in the plant just
mentioned are angular, like those of Dr. Engelmann’s Cer. enneacanthus; but they also very much
resemble those of his Cer. polyacanthus. The cactaceze can only be well characterized by
their inflorescence, fruit, and general habit. Opuntia fragilis is very common in this valley,
offering many varieties of shape, size, and color of the spines. Nearly all cactaces assume a red,
shrivelled, drooping appearance at this season of the year, very different from what they exhibit
when in vigorous growth. Cereus Fendleri, which is very common about the Pecos and Rio
Grande, has nearly its western limit here, soon to be replaced by Cer. Chloranthus, an unpublished
species of Dr. Engelmann. Among the shrubs peculiar to this part of the country is the beau-
tiful and very aromatic Cowania Stansburiana. In Capt. Sitgreaves’ reports, Dr. Woodhouse
mentions having seen an aromatic Fallugia paradoxa in this region, which must be a mistake.
It was this plant ; for, although the fallugia and cowania somewhat resemble each other, the
former is never aromatic and balsamic, like the latter. The cowania grows on much more ele-
vated positions than the fallugia, and is considered by the Mexicans as a most valuable medi-
cine ; often selling at the rate of half a dollar an ounce, under the name of alouseme. It is
_ highly esteemed as a styptic, and astringent in hemorrhagic discharges. A beautiful blue-
berried barberry (Berberis pinnata) is very common here, called by the Mexicans lea amorilla.
This shrub is very different from the one at the Copper Mines, (Santa Rita del Cobre,) collected
when I was on the Mexican boundary commission. The berries are very pleasant to the taste,
being saccharine with a slight acidity. Fallugia, cercocarpus, and another thornless rosaceous
shrub, probably a cretagus, is common along the arroyos and rough low places. The Obione
canescens, and other species of the same genus, though not peculiar to this region, are met with
here in great abundance. The former is called by Mexicans chamizo, and by our people grease-
wood. It belongs to the tribe of chenopods, and we noticed that our sheep were very fond of
browsing upon it, choosing it in preference to grass. It is an unsightly weed, with a sub-
shrubby stem, but withal very useful when we could get no better material for fuel.

8 BOTANY.

Sgotron VII. San Francisco Valley.—It is doubtful whether the name used to characterize
this region is strictly proper. A part of the waters which flow southwardly into the San Fran-
cisco river, (Rio Verde,) a tributary of the Gila, and another part flowing in a westwardly
direction into the Rio Colorado, are embraced in what we call the San Francisco valley. Be-
tween Leroux’s springs, situated at the southwestern base of the San Francisco mountain and
Cactus Pass, the western limit of this division is a space of about one hundred and sixty miles,
so interesting that a volume could easily be made of the materials which are collected in it,
without exhausting the subject. In general terms, we could say it was well timbered, although
there were large plains situated between the hills and mountains, nearly destitute of trees.

Mounts San Francisco, Bill Williams, and Sitgreaves constitute the highest peaks of this
region. They stand upon an elevated, somewhat broken plain, which is about 8,000 feet above
the level of the sea. They are environed on the east and west by a large number of beatifully
rounded volcanic hills, which, with the intervening forésts and glades, give it the most inviting
and romantic appearance we had probably seen on our route. Between this elevated plateau,
extending some seventy-five miles west of Mount San Francisco, and a low range which we
named the Aztec mountains, there is a wide valley, (about eighteen miles by the diagonal
path in which we crossed it,) averaging some ten or fifteen miles in width. It is so densely
covered with the best grama grass, that we named it ‘* Val de China.”’ - This valley we were
unable to explore except toa limited degree, for it extends northwest probably to the Colorado,
and southeast to the Gila.

Partridge and Pueblo creeks, uniting in this valley from different directions, form what we
suppose must be an affluent of the Rio San Francisco, constituting one of its heads and
draining the valley to the south. We explored it north about forty miles, where it retained
its characteristic appearance, with the exception that there seemed to be less indications of
water-courses in that direction. So our attention was turned further south as the only hope of
getting an easy way to the Colorado. The hills bordering this valley, especially on the west,
are densely covered with cedars, pines, spruces, oaks, &c., which are sufficiently abundant to
serve all the purposes of agriculture, domestic economy, and railroads. Much of the timber is
of the most valuable kind, consisting of the yellow pine of this country, (Pinus brachyptera,)
and the Oregon pine or Douglas spruce, (P. Douglasii,) the value of which will be more fully
treated of hereafter. Besides Partridge creek, which enters this valley from the east, there is
a beautiful little stream from the mountains west, entering from the opposite direction, a little
further south. We named it Pueblo creek. The remains of broken pottery and the ruins of
stone buildings and ancient fortifications that occur here give evidence that the country has
once been inhabited by an intelligent, enterprising and warlike race of men, These remains
exhibit marks of extreme antiquity.

One of the highest peaks in this range, which we named Mount Hope, is situated fifteen or
twenty miles south of our explorations. It appears to be the source of the moisture of this
region, and no doubt waters many such little valleys as that of the Pueblo, although we had
not time to explore in that direction as far as desired.

The importance of this point is still further enhanced by the fact that from this place
railroad timber, when needed, will have to be supplied westward as far as the Colorado Grande,
which is distant, in a direct line, about one hundred miles; but by the route we travelled,
through the valley of the Santa Maria or Bill Williams’ fork, it is about one hundred and
seventy miles.

My opportunities for making botanical collections in this region were about as unfavorable
as on the preceding part of our journey. We passed through it from the 8th to the 31st of
January. In the valley west of Aztec Pass, and between it and Cactus Pass, (25th January,)
was found the first spring plant in bloom. It is one of the umbilliferous tribe, with a spindle-

1 'The name of the mountain at the head of this valley is San Francisco. The stream is usually called Rio Verde.

BOTANY. 9

shaped, parsnip-like root, but much softer, sweeter, and more tender than that wholesome
esculent. It is much sought after by the Mexicans, who name it gamofe, a name that is also
applied by them to the sweet potato. Mr. Leroux informed us that Indian females in this
region, especially the Utahs and Pai-utes, spend much time in the early months of the year,
when the root is soft and tender, in collecting it in large quantities. It is prepared by slicing,
drying, and grinding on matats, and, after which, stored away for future use. They make a
soup of the meal. The root becomes hard and cortical as it advances in age, and unfit to
be eaten. 7

Besides the grama grass, which has been mentioned while describing the Val de China as so
fine and abundant, we had a grass, peculiar to this region, called by our woodsmen “ bunch
grass.’’ It was quite green, and our animals were immoderately fond of it. We were unable
to secure specimens of it in flower or fruit, and therefore could not determine its name. Mr.
Leroux says it is well known and prized in the great Salt Lake valley, fattening animals faster
than the grama, but it does not afford them the same amount of strength and muscle.

A narrow filamentose-leaved Yucca was found near Picacho, and specimens of the young
plants were brought home. It was not in fruit. It is quite different from the two species found
east of the Rio Grande; but whether different from the one of a similar habit in Texas, can
only be determined by an examination and comparison of the flower and fruit. In the waters
of Partridge creek we found Polygonum amphibium, which, although it grows on land as well
as in water, is nevertheless a sure index of the permanency of the water in its neighborhood.

In this valley we saw and collected, growing upon the pifion, a mistletoe, (Arceuthobium,)
never before seen, and quite distinct from the one found on the other pine, (P. brachyptera.)

At the foot of Bill Williams’ mountain, we first met the celebrated Inpran Maguny, (Agave
sp. undetermined.) This to the wild Indian tribes is probably one of the most important
plants of the whole interior of the continent south of the 35th parallel of north latitude. It
is a matter of curious interest to know how much further north it grows. We presume, how-
ever, that it will be found very little further north than our line. It flourishes on the roughest,
most rocky, and apparently most inhospitable spots that can be found; and, generally, it occurs
only in such places. An allied species (Agare Americana) is common in Mexico, and in our
gardens under the title of century plant, so named from the popular notion that it blooms every
hundred years. Our plant is a long time (not nearly a hundred years, however) in coming to
_ maturity. It then blooms, bears fruit and dies, leaving many offsets which come to maturity _
yearly. These likewise perform their great function of fructification, and die, to give place in
turn to their successors. The great value of the plant to the Indian is, that it forms a never-
failing source of subsistence at all seasons of the year. At-the proper season, which is about
the Ist July, the stalk that bears the flower shoots up and grows with amazing rapidity. It
‘is then very juicy, tender, and sweet, much resembling the pith of the sugar-cane; and the
Indians now devote their time to preparing their mezcal, which will keep preserved for
several months. When the time for preparing food from the flower-stock is passed, they resort
_ to the heart or central part of the older plants that have not yet come to maturity ; the most
tender portions being at the base of the inner leaves. The heart can be found in different stages
of development at all seasons of the year. They roast it in temporary ovens, made of
and stones, about two days being required to cook it sufficiently. We used the juice of the
plant successfully as an anti-scorbutic while on the Mexican boundary commission, my attention
being first called to it by a circular from General Lawson, Surgeon General of the ‘United States
army, recommending it on the authority of Dr. Perrin, of the United States arm

es the trees already mentioned, we have here two or three species of aedecn: one with

a large, sweet, edible berry. In times of great scarcity of food, I believe this fruit is resorted

to by nearly every animal in this region. Pinus edulis (pijion) grows in great abundance nearly

the whole length of this district. The highlands which form spurs to the San Francisco, Bill

Williams’, and “——* mountains are covered with these trees; their deep green foliage
r

*

(<2

10 BOTANY.

giving the forests a peculiarly dark and sombre aspect, forming a strong contrast with the
surrounding grassy plains, Two very distinct species of oak occur here, one of which I have
marked on the profile as Quercus Gambellii, of Nuttall; the other is probably new. In the deep
ravines or cafions of this district we iad an ash, (Braxinass velutinus,) common also to the
copper mine region, and associated with it also a cherry, which may be anew species. Willow-
leaved poplar is occasionally found along the arroyos, where water has lately been standing.
Among the shrubs abounding in this region are found the blue-berried barberry, a species of
currant, (Ribes,) and a species of very thorny Solanacex, of unknown genus. A new shrub,
interesting on account of its botanical affinities, was found here, belonging to the small order
of Garryacex, natives only of western North America and the West Indies. A second species
of the genus Garrya is very common about the copper mines of New Mexico, which was also
detected here, but not in fruit. Which of the two, if either, is the plant of Douglas, upon
which the genus was founded, we are unable at present to determine. We find great difficulty
in procuring publications of American plants, in the arrangement of orders subsequent to com-
posite, up to which point we have been supplied, by the indefatigable zeal and learning of
those excellent co-laborers in the field of botany, Drs. Torrey and Gray, in their Flora of North
America, Since the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, and California, with their consequent
explorations and discoveries, the new genera and species, in orders previously passed over; are
so many and important, that a new edition is now hacia nied called for, before their great
work is finished.

A walnut was found in this region, collected atbetien.; in the region of the copper mines of
New Mexico, very nearly related to the black walnut of the Eastern States. From Devil’s
river, in Texas, while on the boundary commission, were sent specimens and a figure of what
was thought to be a new species, to Dr. Torrey, a description of which was read by him before
the meeting of the American Association of the Sciences, in August, 1851, under the title of
Juglans Whippleana ; which was not published. Dr. Engelmann had previously obtained, and
named it J. ruprestris. Dr. Torrey has published figures of both of them, in Captain Sit-
greaves’ report; our present plant, provisionally, a variety of that species. The differences
between them, however, are greater, in my opinion, than those between the present variety and
Juglans nigra; so that they may all ultimately come to be forms of one species, when still
other and more closely connecting varieties are found.

A Ptelea, closely allied if not identical with the shrubby treefoil of the States, is found ce
A Condalia also, which is a Rhamnaceous shrub, bearing small dark-colored berries, several
species of which are eaten by Mexicans and Sallis A beautiful shrubby spiraea, or a species
of some nearly allied genus, was found here

Along the banks of Turkey creek, Puchi. creek, and the streams which we first passed after
crossing Aztec Pass, we observed large quantities of willows, which is rather an unusual oc:
currence in this country. On the hills sunroninding the Aztec mountains, for the first time, we
met with the beautiful shrubby arbutus, (Arctestaphales;) called by the Mexicans manzanita ;
the bark of the plant is handsomely polished, of a dark mahogany color. From this place a
the Pacific, and in California, there are several species of this genus, most of them bearing an
edible berry, similar to the whortleberry. In California, a most valuable timber-tree of this
genus grows all along the Coast range of mountains. It bears a larger edible berry, which is
much sought after by Mexicans and Indians, who know it by the name of Madrona. Itisa
beautiful tree. The wood is very hard, taking a polish equal to, and much resembling lignum-

vr

ae Bill Williams’ mountain we found in considerable quantities the aggregated ret
noticed before ; but the species cannot well be determined, on account of the want of blosso:
and fruit. It is very nearly allied to Dr. Engelmann’s Cereus polyacanthus, which yields an
etihle Sinite called. by Mexicans pitahaya. It is sometimes in large oval masses, densely set
with formidable eset The arborescent — first found near Zutii, which, to distinguish

BOTANY. il

trom the true O. arborescens, we called Cacto-dendron, finds its western limits near the termi-
nation of this region. We also find here a mamillaria, very common, and the only one we
saw between this point and the Rio Grande.

At the southern base of Bill Williams’ mountain we found an Opuntia never before seen on
our route, and from its peculiar appearance, it will doubtless prove to be a new species. It is
an upright flat-jointed species, thickly beset with yellow spines, of a much lighter green color
than most other species, or, indeed, any other that I have seen. Lieutenant Tidball, of our
escort, kindly sketched it for me, and provisionally named it after him, to distinguish from
other allied species. Opuntia fragilis, and Cer. Fendleri,.also occur here. There is an Opuntia
in this region, very near, if not identical with the one on the Rio Grande, with long brown
spines. It is published in Plantae Fendleriane, by Dr. Engelmann, as Op. pheacantha. As
we proceed westward into the neighborhood of Picacho and Val de China, the 0. Tidballit
becomes much more frequent, and we observed that it was never found on the northern and
western exposures of the hills and rocky arroyos, but mostly on the southern, (as where we first
found it,) and more seldom on the eastern exposures. In Cafion creek, the head-waters of Bill
Williams’ fork near the western extremity of this region, it grows seven or eight feet high,
spreading so as to form an immense head, with upwards of one hundred joints, all branching
from a single stalk. At Aztec Pass an Opuntia was found, which in the size of the joints, and
appearance of the spines, was very similar to Opuntia Engelmanni, but, unlike this well known
species, it is spreading and prostrate. Unfortunately, we could obtain no fruit of it.

Section VIII. Santa Maria Vailey.—The space embraced within this section lies between
Cactus Pass and the Colorado Grande, following the course of Bill Williams’ fork, from near
its sources, to the great river of the west. Cactus Pass is the last of the highlands that we
cross before reaching the Rio Colorado. The distance from this point, in a direct line, to the
Colorado, is only about sixty miles; but by the road we travelled, through the valley of Bill
Williams’ fork, it is about one hundred and thirty miles.

The timber of this valley is composed almost exclusively of cotton-wood, or alamo, mezquite,
‘¢ green-barked acacia,’’ of Major Emory’s report, curly mezquite, (Strombocarpa pubescens,)
two other leguminous trees, and some willows. One of the leguminous trees is the Olneya
Tesota of Dr. Gray, in Plant. Nov. Thurberianae, pages 313 and 328.—1854. It was collected
by Mr. Thurber on the Gila. It has very much the habit ofa Robinia. The foliage of the tree
is very dense and heavy, and although dark green, the leaves were sometimes crisped as though
they had been bitten by frost ; yet there were no evidences of frost on other tender vegetables
in its vicinity. Our Mexicans were not acquainted with it, nor with the name Zesota. The
alamos grow to a good large size, and are quite abundant. The two mezquites are rather
small in this valley, seldom attaining more than fifteen or twenty feet in height. The Tesota,
“‘ green-barked acacia,’ and the other leguminous tree, grow fully as large as the mezquites,
and in an economical respect, it is presumed, will prove equally useful for domestic purposes.
Although willows in many places grow quite large and abundantly, yet, for anything but
browsing animals in times of great scarcity of grass, and for fire-wood, they appear to be nearly
useless.

Grass in the upper portions of this valley is quite good, and sufficient to support consider-
able numbers of mules and stock in passing through. But in the lower portions, as we approaeh
the Rio Colorado, grass of all kinds becomes quite scarce ; mules then resort to the twigs of the
willow, and the twigs and bark of the alamo, upon which they have been known to subsist the
whole winter.

The water of Bill Williams’ fork, in many places, flows ina bold current; but, like the
Mimbres, and other streams in this country, it sinks again in the sand, sometimes within a
very short distance of its head. It rises and sinks this way, alternately. until it reaches the
Rio Colorado. This valley, which is generally narrow, cannot be worth much for agricultural
purposes ; yet there are several places where it widens, so as to form very pretty sites for settle-

height. It frequently occurs from twenty-five to thirty feet high without a

12 BOTANY.:

ments. We passed through this valley from the Ist to the 20th February, when the weather
was warm and genial, as in the month of May in the Atlantic States.

The seasons appear to be two or three weeks earlier here than at the Mojave village in the
Colorado valley. We were unable to determine from observation whether the soil here can be
cultivated without irrigation, because we had not time to make any experiments on this subject
in our rapid reconnoissance. From the fact that the Mojave Indians, but a short distance
further west in the Colorado valley, cultivate corn, wheat, beans, pumpkins, melons, and
probably other culinary vegetables, without irrigation, one can have little doubt but that the
same may be done also in this valley. Should this prove to be true, there are several places,
especially in the vicinity of White Cliff creek, which will be of great importance on this
account. The valley here spreads out to quite a wide space, and is, moreover, convenient
to good timber near Aztec Pass, besides the cotton-wogd and mezquite in its own immediate
valley.

This may emphatically be called the region of Cacti of our route. One of the first of them
that we found after entering this valley was the Echinocactus Wislizeni of Dr. Engelmann, called
by the Mexicans ‘‘visnada,’’ the juice of which is said to serve as a substitute for water when
it cannot otherwise be procured. Instances have been known among the white trappers of this
wild region, where the lives of men have been saved by this plant. On the morning of Feb-
ruary 3, we found one of them left by the Yampai Indians, who had been on the ground the
previous night. The spines were burned, and two-thirds of the inside were scooped out so as to
form a sort of kettle. Mr. Leroux informed us that they scoop a space of its centre, introduce
other vegetables, and with the introduction of heated stones cook the whole together. These
vegetable boilers are not transported from one camp to the other, but, on account of their abun-
dance, new ones are formed at every camping ground where they are required. A Cereus was
recognised to-day, very nearly akin, if not the same, as one that is very common around El
Paso, (Cer. chloranthus Engl. ined. ,) and heretofore only known in that region. We were unable
to get its flower or fruit to compare with the El Paso plant, which*was much to be regretted, as
the spines of these plants vary so much as to form by themselves but poor distinctive charac-
teristics of the species. There also was found a globose mamillaria, with from one to three
or four central-hooked spines. It differs from the one collected on the Pecos, by its red clavate
fruit. We noticed also a new arborescent opuntia, very nearly allied to O. arborescens, the last
of which we saw at the ruins near the Pueblo de Zui. This plant differs from that in having
spiney fruit and a larger seed, but in other respects it resembles it very much. The beautiful
scarlet-berried Op. frutescens was found in this region. It was collected also at Laguna
Colorado, sixty miles east of the Rio Pecos, showing it to have a wider geographical ran ge than
the O. arborescens, which is supposed by Dr. Engelmann to be the widest diffused of all North
American cacti. In addition to those already mentioned, we gathered a beautiful Opuntia,
common in this region and quite different from any we had heretofore seen. Itisa flat-jointed,
spineless variety, growing in a handsome rosette manner, and covered with a beautiful velvety
bloom or pubescence. The minute barbed bristles of the pulvilli are very annoying when
handled. It is even said to be destructive to the eye if permitted to touch that delicate organ,

By far the most interesting cactus of this region, and probably of the whole world, is the
Cereus giganteus. We saw it for the first time, in this valley, on the 4th of February,

growing
about forty-five feet high; but along the valley of the Gila, it is said to reaclr six

ty feet in
single branch.
Among the skeletons of wood, after the fleshy parts of the plant had decayed and fallen away
we observed in the old trees a perfect net-work of the bundles of woody fibres, reticulated on ‘
large seale, exactly after the manner of the woody fibres of the Opuntia arborescens. Our obser-
vations do not accord fully with the account given by Drs. Engelmann and Parry,! who had

* Silliman’s Amer. Jour. of Science and Arts, Vol. XIV, Nov., 1852.

BOTANY. 18

probably taken their description from younger plants, before the interlacing or anastomosing
process had been carried to any considerable extent. We have seen the skeletons of young plants
which exactly corresponded with their description. The fruits of many Cerei are edible, with
something of the flavor and shape of a large gooseberry. They are thickly covered with sharp
spines; but as soon as the fruit ripens, these can be brushed off with ease. By peeling the rind,
there is left a large, sweet, delicate pulp, that will rival any gooseberry. The top of this giant
Cactus, however, yields a pitahaya, far sweeter and more delicious than those which grow on
more humble stems. The Indians collect large quantities of it by tying a fork to the little end
of a long willow pole, which enables them to reach and bring down the fruit without injuring
it. They make a syrup, or conserve, from the juice, which serves them for luxury, as well as
for sustenance, and which can be preserved a long time. The Mexicans call the tree “suwar-
row;’’ the Indian, ‘‘harsee;’’ and the syrup manufactured from the juice, ‘‘sistor.’”’ The juice
of the flesh of the tree is quite bitter. '

We find ‘February 7) a new species of Opuntia, with a reticulated woody stem, very fragile at
the joints before hardening into wood, and armed with spines worse than those of a porcupine.
It is called by the Mexicans, ‘‘chug.’’ The plant is the horror of man and beast. Our mules
are as fearful of it as ourselves. The barbed spines stick so fast in the flesh that the joint of the
plant is separated from the main stem before the spines can be withdrawn. We found this
species sometimes ten and twelve feet high, branching very fantastically, in consequence of the
fragility and decay of the younger stems and joints. Ina landscape by Mr. Stanley, (plate 16
of Major Emory’s report,) in the foreground is the figure of a cactus, of which, in the text, no
account is given. It has a faint resemblance to our plant; but Lieutenant Whipple, who has
travelled and explored much in that region, is pretty confident that it represents a different
species, which he has also seen. The figure is too regular in its outlines and curves to repre-
sent the peculiarly angled and irregular appearance of our plant. It is, without doubt, an
undescribed species. We find here what is supposed to be Opuntia ramossissima of Dr.
Engelmann, collected on the desert between the Colorado and San Diego by Dr. Parry. In
places favorable for its growth, it is found six feet high, as robust and tree-like as the 0. arbo-
rescens itself,

The fact that on the 7th February we collected a Draba, a Thelopodium, and a Vesicaria in
full bloom, is a proof of the forwardness of the season in this valley. February 11th we
collected, along the banks of Bill Williams’ fork, fine specimens of a Lepidium and a Hosackia.

Section IX. Valley of the Colorado.—From the mouth of Bill Williams’ fork to the point
. above where we crossed the Rio Colorado, is about sixty miles; and from thence to Soda
lake, on the Mojave creek, where, at ordinary seasons of the year, water is first found, is about
one hundred miles further west. Along the valley of this river, alamo, mezquite, and willow
form the principal, and almost entire, kinds of trees. The Mojave Indians make use of willow
twigs in the formation of their granaries, where they store away the fruit of the Zornillo, (curly
mezquite,) and various other vegetable products, for winter consumption, or for times of scarcity.
-Their depositories are built in a circular form, four or five feet high, and about the same, or a
little less, in diameter. After being filled with their stores, they are covered with willow bushes
or reeds, over which is laid another cover of earth. The climate is so dry, they find no difficulty
in thus preserving their winter grain. We passed their villages the last days of February, and
found them in the possession of plenty of corn, wheat, beans, pumpkins, &c., which they gladly
traded for our old worn-out clothes. They brought us one watermelon that had been preserved
from last year. We travelled about sixty miles through their territory without seeing any
appearance of irrigation, from which we may safely infer that they cultivate their crops without
having recourse to this process. There can be no doubt, however, but that it would add very
materially to the amdunt of agricultural productions, if irrigation were employed.

Very little grass is to be seen in this valley. Our sheep ate readily of the Obione canescens,
(grease-wood,) which grows abundantly throughout this whole region. Our mules were very

0, (54s

14 BOTANY.

fond of an aromatic shrub, of quite a low stature, which grows in considerable quantities on the
gravelly ridges of both sides of the Colorado. It had shed its seed, but, accidentally, a few
poor specimens were found—enough to determine it to belong to ambrosie, a sub-division of
composite. Of this tribe there are in the Eastern States several species, of which cattle and
horses are very fond.

The value of the Colorado valley, in affording subsistence to a civilized population, was con-
sidered nearly equal to that of the Rio Grande valley, which, in some respects, it a good deal
resembles. The soil is better adapted to the cultivation of cereals than that of the Rio Grande,
where it can only be done by the assistance of irrigation, which, in this country, is a costly
process. :

On leaving the valley of the Colorado, we ascended very rapidly about four thousand feet
above the level of the sea, where the change of climate is very strongly marked. At the Col-
orado it is very warm and summer-like, while at our camp (6th Mareh) on the northern slopes
of the hills and in deep ravines there was snow. Here we met with cedar (Juniperus occiden-
talis) and pine, (Pinus edulis,) which, however, only greet the eye but a short distance. It may
be possible that the New Mexican yellow pine (Pinus brachyptera) will be found in still higher
points of this range in this neighborhood, but, on account of our necessarily rapid movements,
we had not time to determine. In addition to the trees already mentioned, we noticed here vast
quantities of the tree Yucca, called by the Mexicans Palma. t was seen before on Bill Williams’
fork, but it is found here from twenty-five to thirty-five feet in height, and eighteen inches or
two feet in diameter, with a bark on the lower part of the trunk very much resembling that of
white oak. Although not good for fuel, we were sometimes under the necessity of resorting to
it for camping purposes. Besides these, we saw here a variety of shrubs, the principal of which
are two species of Rhus, (one of which I had never before seen,) blue-berried Berberis, Cowania
Stansburiana, Fallugia paradoxa, Shrubby artemisia, Obione, and a shrubby Amygdalus or
Cerasus, which very much resembles one common on Devil’s river, in lower Texas. A species
of Chilopsis, a bignoniaceous shrub, or small tree, with beautiful large flowers, much resem-
bling those of a Catalpa, is frequently found in the dry ravines here, as also all over the western
wilds. An undetermined species of Lycium, a solanaceous shrub, with an edible berry, was
also collected here.

Besides some new cactace, which will be mentioned scon, we found here several species,
supposed to be peculiar to the Rio Grande valley; among them are Opuntia clavata and
OQ. fragilis. A flat-jointed Opuntia, with long brown spines, collected before as far back as the
Llano Estacado, which was considered very near Op. pheacantha of the Rio Grande valley, was
also found on this part of our route. Also an aggregate Cereus, which cannot be distin guished,
in the absence of flower and fruit, from allied species on the Rio Grande. Besides the Echino-
cactus Wislizeni, which is quite common here, we found a new species of the same genus, aggre-
gated in large globose or ovate heads.

The fruit is crowned with the dry flower, and is thickly covered with a whitish wool; the
scales are lanceolate-subulate ; and the seeds pyriform, black, and rugose. The aggregated
form of this plant is peculiar, and an exception to the general habit of the genus. It had
already passed flowering, (March 2d,) and matured its fruit.

After crossing the dividing ridge between the Rio Colorado and Mojave creek, we saw the
celebrated, but totally useless, Larrea Mexicana, or creosote plant, giving the surrounding
scenery a most beautiful and verdant appearance. This plant is one of the most repulsive that
can well be imagined. It is the surest indication of a sterile, worthless soil that can be found
in the vegetable kingdom ; for wherever it flourishes, little else can be found.

Section X. Mojave Valley.—This regioneextends from Soda lake to Cajon Pass, a distance of
about one hundred and thirty miles. With the exception of the last twenty-five miles, it is
entirely along the Mojave creek. There are beautiful grassy plains in this valley, within reach
of clear, sweet, running water, where, we were told, it was a great grazing resort for those

BOTANY. 15

mules, horses, and cattle, preparatory to crossing the desert of a part of the Salt Lake valley ;
before the California gold excitement, animals were sent from the valley of Los Angeles, and its
vicinity, to Santa Fé, with profitable returns. Large herds were annually brought out to this
place and grazed for that purpose. Since the revolution, stock of all kinds is in great demand,
at very high rates, in California ; and New Mexico, in her turn, now sends out large flocks of
sheep, to supply, in part, those demands. Sometimes they are sent by the way of Salt Lake
valley, and from thence, up this valley, to California. After crossing the desert of Salt Lake
valley, they are generally permitted to stop here, and at the Cajon to recruit, so aa to render
them saleable on arriving at the settlements of California, At other times they are sent by the
way of the valley of the Gila, and thence across the desert to San Diego. Our route is much
more direct than either of the others, and better, too, if we may judge from our own explorations
and the accounts of travellers. The enterprising Captain Aubrey would have taken his sheep
over this route the present season, but for the hostility of the Mojave and other tribes of
Indians who infest this region.

The stream of the Mojave is not continuous, but sinks and rises every few miles, after the
manner of Bill Williams’ fork, and the Rio Mimbres, in New Mexico. In some places the
stream is large and bold, running with a swift current, like the Mimbres. The soilin the
widened valleys is rich, and appears to be capable of cultivation without irrigation. In such
case it will make a valuable territory, well suited to settlements and military posts.

The timber of the valley is much like that of the Colorado, consisting of cotton-wood, (Populus
monilifera,) mezquite, (Algarobia glandulosa,) curly mezquite, (Strombocarpa pubescens,) and
willow, (Saliax,) of several species. On arriving at the Cajon Pass, two kinds of cedars occur ;
pines, three or four kinds—Oregon pine, (Pinus Douglassii,) pition, or nut pine, (P. monophylla,
Lorr. ;) and on the neighboring mountains, the sugar pine, (P. Lambertiana,) and one other
species, somewhat resembling, but different from, the New Mexican yellow pine. All of these
occur in great abundance, and of the best quality. Immediately on passing the crest of the
Cajon, the vegetation changes like magic. Many of the shrubs being such as we had never
before seen, the mountains and hills were covered and green with their perennial foliage.
Among the most beautiful we found several species of Ceonothus, (represented at home chiefly
by the New Jersey tea,) ornamented with bright, cerulean blue flowers, in charming contrast
with the leafless waste that we had just left. We collected at this place specimens of the new
remarkable genus F'remontia, which is described and figured in Plante Fremontiane, (p. 6, pl. 2:
1850,) by Dr. Torrey. The whole tree has very much the habit of Hibiscus syriacus, or common
Althea shrub ; but, according to Dr. Torrey, it belongs to the family of Bombacez, and is very
closely allied to the celebrated hand-tree of Mexico, (Cheirostemon of Humboldt.) A species of
Yucca, different from the five or six other Texan and New Mexican species that we had seen
before, was collected at this place. A beautiful evergreen oak, with very large cups and acorns,
was first found at this pass. Not having proper books of reference at hand, it is impossible at
this time to determine the species. But the acorn is the one on which the Digger Indians, of
California, are known to subsist for a great portion of the year. When standing in an open
space, it forms one of the most beautiful and graceful trees of the forest.

The Cactus tribe in this valley is not so plentiful in species or numbers as in some of the
regions just described ; yet we found an Echinocactus here that had not been seen before. It
may be the L. viridescens, Nutt. Var? cylindraceus, collected by Dr. Parry ‘‘ near San Felipe,
on the eastern slope of the California mountains ;’’ but in the absence of the fruit, or flower, or
even a good description of the original plant itself, it is impossible to decide with certainty.
Dr. Engelmann’s Mamillaria tetrancistra, collected by Dr. Parry on the desert between San
Diego and the junction of the Gila with the Colqgado, was collected here, as also on Bill
Williams’ fork ; but the long, hooked central spines vary from one to four in number.

Section XI. Los Angeles Valley.—From Cajon Pass to the sea, at San Pedro, is a distance of
about eighty miles through a beautiful valley, requiring very little description, in consequence

16 BOTANY.

of its having been long known. It was first settled by the Spaniards soon after the dis-
covery of this part of the continent. It is well wooded and watered. We had not time to
' examine the timber of the mountains in this vicinity on account of our hasty march. In the
preceding portion of our route we mentioned the trees seen at Cajon Pass; and as we passed:
down Cajon creek we saw the California sycamore, (Platanus Mexicanus,) alder, (Alnus,) of
quite a respectable size, and cotton-wood; and as we proceeded on to the plains there were
collected two other species of oaks which grew in great abundance; neither of them in fruit,
however, at the time we passed. The base of the mountains to our right was covered with thi

timber.

Grass and wild oats are abundant in the valley from one end to the other. Nature has
peculiarly favored this region, and adapted it to grazing, by furnishing it with a succession of
plants, which come on in regular succession ; so that no trouble or expense is experienced in
raising cattle and horses, except for salting and keeping them tame. The first crop is called
‘*pin-grass,’’ (Hrodiwm cicutarium,) belonging to the family of Geraniacee ; the next is a crop
of leguminous plants, such as Medicago, and several species of clover, (Zrifolium,) which
spring up one after another ; then follow wild oats (Avena) and other species of grass in great
abundance.

At the Cajon valley there are several species of cactacew, both flat-jointed and cylindrical,
with a woody axis, which are somewhat different from those passed in the Colorado valley.

At Cocomungo, in this valley, we found vast and dense patches of an Opuntia, nearly akin
to O. Engelmanni, which had the appearance of having been introduced ; but whether it really
is so, cannot be determined. The Spanish Tuna, (Opuntia Tuna,) which is cultivated for its
fruit, forms hedges fifteen or twenty feet high. The Indians and Mexicans are very fond of
the fruit, which serves them for food during its season.

At the mission of San Gabriel we saw large orchards of orange trees laden with its golden
fruit, which ripens perfectly in the open air, (22d May.) We could say nothing more favorable
of the climate of this delightful rezion. There are many other exotic plants that would succeed
with very little trouble; the tea plant especially we think would do well, and deserves a
thorough trial. The grapes cultivated here are said to be equal to any in the world.

4

Wd. 2,

DESCRIPTION OF FOREST TREES.

BY J. M. BIGELOW, M. D.

Pinus (Abies) Dovetastt.— Douglas Spruce, or called simply Sprace in some regions; Oregon
Pine about San Francisco ; and Hemlock in other places.

The first place on the route where it is found is on the Sandia mountains, east of the Rio
Grande, and between it and the Rio Pecos. It grows there abundantly. It next occurs on

-what is called the Sierra Madre, about ninety miles west of the Rio Grande, and is there also

quite abundant. We again observed it, but rather sparingly, in the mountains around Zuiii.

After crossing the Rio Colorado Chiquito we come to a range of mountains, of which the
most elevated and prominent peaks, near where we passed, were San Francisco, Bill Williams,
and Mount Sitgreaves. Here was a belt of forty-five miles or more in width, stretching in a
southeasterly direction to the Mogoyon or Sierra Blanca, probably as far as the headgraters of
the Gila. At the Copper Mines, near the Gila, I found it in abundance in 1851, as well as at
the Organ mountains, near Dojia Ana, while connected with the Mexican boundary survey.
At Aztec Pass, one hundred miles west of San Francisco, it is found again, but not so abund-
antly as at the latter mountain. As soon as we reached the Sierra Nevada, and along the
whole Coast range as far as Los Angeles, it showed itself in the greatest abundance. It grows
also in almost every mountainous region of California, from the coast to the highest range of
the Sierra Nevada. On the mountains of the Sierra Madre, east and west of the Rio Grande,
at San Francisco and its vicinity near the two Colorados, at the Organ mountains and those of
the Mimbres near the Copper Mines, this tree grows from ninety to one hundred and twenty
feet in height, and from three to six feet in diameter. In California it is found of a much
larger size, frequently attaining the height of two hundred feet or more, and from six to nine
feet in diameter. The wood is coarse-grained, tough, and hard—so much so as to preclude its
being used as pine lumber; but it forms most excellent building timber. At San Francisco,
Sacramento, and other cities of California, this timber is used almost exclusively for making
plank-roads, side-walks, and piling. Probably one-fourth of the city of San Francisco is thus
built'on piles, driven from ten to fifteen feet into the ground. The wharves at the latter place
are built exclusively of this timber.

‘From its abundance and widely-extended range, it will be seen that this tree will form one of
the most valuable timber products of the proposed line; and, from what I have seen of its ap-
plicability to purposes of this kind, I have no hesitation in affirming that it will make railroad
ties, equal, if not superior, to those of any other wodd in the West. This tree has been well
characterized, and a good figure of the fruit, cone, and branch given in Hooker’s Fior. Boreali
Americana.

3r

he god &_

18 ; BOTANY.

Pryus (Abies) BALSAMEA.—Common name Balsam, or Balsam Fir. ~

It is identical with the one growing in the eastern States in such abundance. We found it
only on the more elevated points of the Sandia, San Francisco, and Sierra Nevada mountains.
It was not seen by us at the Cajon Pass of the Sierra Nevada, but I have no doubt it exists on
the more elevated peaks of that region. Near Sonora and Downieville, in California, it grows
to a great height, equalling that of the sugar and yellow pines. It forms a beautiful tree ; but,
from the perishable nature of the wood, it can scarcely be used for railroad purposes, except in
places where it is protected from the disorganizing influences of the weather. The process of
kyanization would probably have the effect to render it more valuable. It is an old and well-
known species. In places where it abounds it is used for various building purposes, where not
exposed to the weather, for which it is admirably adapted by its straight axis and beautiful
taper. The balsam, which is an exudation from the bark, is medicinal, and held in high
esteem as a remedy for burns and various other diseases.

Pixvs BRAcHYPTERA.—Called Yellow Pine in some regions, and Pitch Pine in others.

This is quite a different tree from either of the pines so called in the Eastern States. It is
very common all over New Mexico and California. This tree is most generally associated with
Douglas spruce, first making its appearance on the mountains between the Pecos and the Rio
Grande. It grows abundantly about Santa Fé, in New Mexico, and was described first by Dr.
Engelmann, from specimens collected by Dr. Wislizenus, Dr. Torrey (Report of Sitgreaves’”
Expedition, p. 173) mentions that Dr. Engelmann’s P. Macrophylla was found at the Zui
mountains. He says, however, it does not agree well with Engelmann’s description. We found
only this one so common in all that region, and suspect it is the one to which he has reference.
It occurs at the Sandia and Organ mountains, east of the Rio Grande, at the Mimbres mount-
ains, Siéfra Mogoyon, San Francisco, Aztec Pass, and on the Sierra Nevada, near Mount San
Bernardino. In every region of California, also, where the Douglas spruce is known to exist,
this tree grows. I think, however, that it is found more abundantly in the interior of Califor-
nia, along the spurs and heights of the Sierra Nevada, than along the Coast range, where the
Douglas spruce is the most abundant. In all these places it forms a beautiful timber tree. East
of the Sierra Nevada it rises to the height of one hundred feet, with a diameter of five or six
feet. On the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, like the spruce and other pines, it grows
much larger and taller. In favorable situations, it equals in height the other pines of those
regions.

- The wood of this tree is soft and easily worked, and varieties of it are equal in beauty and
utility to the wood of any other pine. About Santa Fé, Albuquerque, Anton Chico, San Miguel,

and all the towns on the upper Rio Grande, and Pecos, it forms their principal lumber. It

exists so abundantly on the Mimbres, the Organ mountains, and on the mountains further east,

bordering the Pecos, as to supply San Elizario, El Paso, Dofia Ana, and all the lower towns of
the Rio Grande, with lumber. It is also used in every part of California for building and other
domestic purposes. On account of the softness of the wood, it is thought it would not answer
as well for railroad ties as the Douglas spruce. The accompanying profile, on which I have
attempted to illustrate the relative ranges of these trees above the level of the sea, approximates
pretty nearly the truth. Although the range of this pine is very intimately associated with the
Douglas spruce, yet, on reference to the profile, we shall see that it is found ata greater altitude,
although the two species frequently overlap each other on the sides of mountain slopes. The
Douglas spruce occupies the lower, aml this species the upper portions of the mountain chains.

T am not aware that a good figure of this tree has ever been made. It was first brought to the
notice of botanists and the public by Dr. Engelmann, in Wislizenus’ Report, in 1848,

BOTANY, 19

PINus Epvits.—Called “Piiion by the Mexicans; Nut Pine of New Mexico, by Americans. The

fruit of it is called by Mexicans Pinones.

In every place, from the bluffs of the Llano Estacado, about one hundred and sixty miles east
of the Rio Pecos, to the Cajon Pass of the Sierra Nevada, this tree is found to be closely associ-

_ated with cedars. It seldom grows large. A little west of the San Francisco mountain, and at

the Cajon, it is found from forty to fifty feet high, but further east it seldom attains more than
twenty-four. Its usual height, however, is about thirty feet. The timber is seldom used for
domestic purposes, and I am, therefore, unable to express an opinion of its fitness for railroad
lumber. The wood is tough and elastic, but with regard to its durability when exposed to the
vicissitudes of the weather, I am unable to give an opinion.

From its extensive diffusion along the route, it would be of great value should it prove dura-
ble, for in other respects it would be well adapted to railroad purposes. On the other hand,
should it be subject to early decay, I have no doubt but that subjecting it to the process of kyan-
ization, as resorted to in the English railroad system, would obviate the difficulty, and prove
with us, as with them, more economical in thg end, although rather expensive at first. This
might be the case even with our more durable species.

Its range of elevation above the sea-level is wider, and it is more extensively diffused than the
species before mentioned. I have not seen it, however, on the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada above Los Angeles, nor in the upper portions of California.

The nut is sweet and edible, about the size of a hazel-nut. It is used as an article of trade by
the New Mexicans of the upper Rio Grande with those below, and about El Paso. The fruit
has a slightly terebinthine taste ; but the New Mexicans are very fond of it. When jt is con-
sidered how expensive it is to cultivate corn in those arid regions, where irrigation is necessary,
one would naturally infer that an oil-nut as easily and abundantly produced as the pifion,
would be an article of the first importance; and I have no doubt such will be the case when
the country comes to be occupied by an enterprising and intelligent race. In the fattening of
swine, this tree would receive a share of public attention. Bears and other animals, in large
numbers, are known to subsist upon the fruit in those regions.

Dr, Engelmann (Bot. Sketch, Wislizenus’ Report, p. 4, 1848) gave a description of this
tree under the name used above, and Dr. Torrey (Sitgreaves’ Report, Pl. 20) has given an
excellent figure of the same, Three years previously, Dr. Torrey (Report Fremont’s Exploring
Expedition, p. 319, 1845) described and figured a species of pine under the name of P. Mono-
PHYLLUS, or the Nut Pine of California, which, according to Fremont, is ‘‘ extensively diffused
over the mountains of northern California, from longitude 111° to 120°, and through a con-
siderable range of latitude.’” Dr. Engelmann, in the work previously referred to, describes
another closely allied species under the title of P. osteosperma, the Nut Pine of northeastern
Mexico, collected by Dr. Gregg on the battle-field of Buena Vista, with the remark, that the
‘cone and seeds are similar to both others,’ 7. e., P. edulis and P. monophyllus. A com-
parison of the two figures of Dr. Torrey, in Fremont’s and Sitgreaves’ Reports, will hardly fail
to convince the most skeptical that they are varieties of one species ;! and consequently, Dr.
Torrey’s name having the priority, will have to be retained and adopted. The principal char-
acteristics of the three species being in the number of leaves in the sheaths, varying from one to
three, they fail to be distinctive marks. In Dr. Engelmann’s two species, the leaves are
exactly alike in both; the only difference being in the hard and soft shell, which is scarcely
sufficient for a specific separation. Indeed, the California specimens I found at the Cajon had a
testa as hard as that of Dr. Engelmann’s Mexican species; a fact also observed by Mr. Leroux
with regard to the nut pine north of our line, on the Sierra Nevada mountains, about Walker’s
and Fremont’s Passes. The extent of the eastern and western range of Fremont’s plant is 9°

1 See Dr. Torrey’s remarks on P. edulis, in the Botanical Report of the Expedition.

20 BOTANY.

of longitude. Mine extends from the Llano, 103°, to the Cajon, 118°, a range of 15°. I have
also seen it south as far as the mountains of the Limpia, in about latitude 31° ; and Dr. Parry
has collected it still further south, in the cafions of the Rio Grande, below Presidio del Norte.

Pinus FLEXILIs.—Ltocky Mountain White Pine.

We found this tree at the Sandia mountains of New Mexico, at an elevation of about 12,000
feet above the level of the sea. Dr. Engelmann observes, that it was collected about Santa Fé
by Mr. Fendler. In its cones and habit it is closely allied to Pinus strobus, which is the
white or Weymouth pine of the North and East. On the authority of Dr. James, who first
discovered this species, it is asserted that the seeds are large and edible. The pifiones in use
about Santa Fé, however, Dr. Engelmann remarks, are the produce of the P. edulis.

At an elevation of the San Francisco mountain nearly equal that of the Sandia mountain, it
was found again forming a large and beautiful tree one hundred to one hundred and thirty feet
in height. These are the only two localities on our route where this pine was detected. I was
not high enough on any of the points of the Sierra Nevada to know whether it grows there; but
at the proper elevation, there can be little doubt that it may be found there also.

With the quality of its wood, either for lumber or for railroad ties, I am entirely unac-
quainted ; but from its close affinity (as before intimated) with the Weymouth pine, which is a
most valuable species, I have no doubt this tree will yet prove to be one of the most important
on our route.

J UNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.—Red Cedar.

In places along the Canadian river, near Sans Bois creek, and even as far west as Old Fort
Arbuckle, this tree grows quite large, and in abundance. Large specimens of it, however, were
not seen further west. Although it would be as durable as almost any other timber that could
be procured, yet it is said to be too brittle for railroad ties.

On the bluffs of the Llano Estacado, and from that point west as far as the Cajon Pass, occur
in many places, and sometimes in great abundance, two or three other species of cedar. Of a
collection made by Dr. Woodhouse, Dr. Torrey, in the ‘‘ Report of an Expedition down the
Zuni and Colorado rivers, by Captain Sitgreaves,’’ observes ‘‘that one may be Juniperus occi-
denialis, (Hook,) the second J. tetragona, (Schlect.,) while the third is probably new.’’ Mine
are probably all included in his list ; and if so excellent a botanist as Dr. Torrey is in doubt in
reference to the species and varieties of these plants, it would be folly in me to attempt to
reduce or determine them.

The trunks of the western varieties are too short to render them of much value for timber.
The berries of most of them (especially those of J. occidentalis, which has a large, slightly
tuberculate fruit) are sweet and nutritious, affording sustenance to bears, wolves, and a variety
of other animals, if not the Indian himself.

ALGAROBIA GLANDULOSA.—Mezquit.

Trees of th 5 8 found iderably east of the Pecos and Rio Grande valleys, but mostly
in a shrubby state. In the valleys of the Colorado Chiquito, San Maria, Colorado Grande, and
Mojave, this tree grows to a considerable size. In Southwestern Texas and in the eneirh
regions of Mexico it is considered invaluable from its extreme durability. Fences made of this
timber in that part of Texas have been known to stand in a perfect state of preservation more
than fifty years. From its hardness and durability, there can be no doubt but that it would
make ties equal to the lignumvite of tropical climates; to which it is, indeed closely allied
botanically, belonging to the section Mimosew of leguminous plants. ;

Besides the Srrompocarpa Pupescens, (Mexican tornillo,) a genus closely allied to Algarobia,

®

BOTANY. 21

there are other trees of this order abounding along the valley of Bill Williams’ fork, attain-
ing the size of the mezquit; but I have not had an opportunity of determining their names.
One of them is described by Major Emory, in his report, as the ‘‘Green-bark Acacia.’’? An
interesting fact respecting this tree is, that it forms a shelter for the propagation of the Cereus
giganteus of that region. Every young cereus is protected and fostered by this tree until the
cactus attains the size and hardihood that enables it to withstand the war of elements waged
against it, when it ungraciously spurns its protector, ultimately destroying it, as we saw in
numaggus instances on our journey.

PoPULUS MONILIFERA—in Spanish, Alamo.—Cotton-wood.—Poplar.

"This tree is somewhat different from the cotton-wood of the Mississippi, which I believe is P.
angulata. It is found east as far as the Canadian, and west until we cross the Sierra Nevada.
In the Rio Grande valley it is used by the Mexicans for building. It is also employed for
farming utensils, the most unique of which is their cart, or caretta, the wheels being made of a
section of the tree. They are six or eight inches thick, and manufactured in the rudest manner.
The timber is tough and hard ; and*although probably not as durable when exposed to the
weather as some other kinds, yet I have no doubt it would answer very well for railroad ties,
until a road could be formed to regions where more desirable timbers abound. It does not’ grow
here near as tall as on the Mississippi river, but occasionally it is quite large and spreading.

QUERCUS.

Of the valuable genus of Oaks, we find ‘about Fort Smith, and west as far as the Cross Timbers,
all the varieties that are common to the more eastern States, all of which are well known.
Besides the several species mentioned by Dr. Torrey, in Captain Sitgreaves’ Report, most of
which are doubtless in my collection, we found, at the Cajon Pass of the Sierra: Nevada, a live-
oak with a cupule an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. It is a beautiful and valuable
timber tree, and doubtless it is a well-known Californian oak. It grows in various parts of
California; but how widely it is diffused, 1 am unable to determine. It attains the height of
eighty to one hundred feet, and is from two to four feet in diameter. The timber, from the
character of the tree, must be valuable.

DESCRIPTIONS OF VALUABLE OR REMARKABLE CALIFORNIA FOREST TREES.
PINUS LAMBERTIANA, OR SUGAR-PINE.

This is one of the most magnificent pines of the Sierra Nevada. We first noticed its appear-
ance at San Bernardino, not far from San Diego; and it probably follows the course of the
Sierra Nevada to Oregon. At Sonora, Mokelumne Hill, Nevada City, Downieville, and every
place where I visited those mountains, at an elevation of 4,000 or 5,000 feet above the level of
the sea, this noble tree is found in perfection. It ordinarily attains the height of two hundred
feet, and is six to ten feet in diameter. It is very symmetrical and beautiful in shape, with a
slender but graceful foliage, in which characters it probably exceeds every other pine tree of
California. It forms a timber equal to that of any other in the world. Its grain is so straight
and even, that thousands of houses in California are weather-boarded with shingles, which are
merely split, without any other expense or work. There are many mills in the vicinity of Dow-
nieville, Nevada City, Grass Valley, and Sonora, where lumber is manufactured and planed, by
means of machinery, in quantities sufficient to supply vast regions in that country. Were it
not that transportation is so expensive in California, the rapidly-increasing cities of San Fran-
cisco, Sacramento, and all the coast region could be supplied with lumber of a quality far supe-
rior to that brought from Oregon, with which their markets are now mainly furnished.

22 | a BOTANY.

Professor Lindley (Vegetable Civic, pees 28) observes of this tree and Abies Douglasit,
~ that ‘they are probably the most valuab
remembered, the pine ‘tribe stands at the head of the list of timber trees.

* WRELINGTONIA GIGANTEA,

This tree is popularly known, in the district where it grows, as the “‘ Mammoth Washington
Tree.’ At this time it probably possesses more interest than any other American tree. Our
backwoodsmen have known of its existence ever since the beginning of the Californig. gold
excitement, for it grows very near a rich auriferous region, about equidistant from Sonora and
Mokelumne Hill, both of which districts are much resorted to by emigrants and gold-seekers.
The so-called Mammoth Grove is north of those places, near the head-waters of Calaveras and
Mokelumne rivers. Dr. Randall, the worthy president of the California Academy of Natural
Sciences, had his attention called to the tree several years ago, and was persuaded it possessed
characters generically distinct from the redwood, (Sequoia sempervirens,) and sent, more than
eighteen months ago, large and beautiful specimens of this tree, besides many other rare and
new botanical specimens, to Drs. Torrey and ‘Gray. Moest- unfortunately, the specimens were
lost in the transit of the isthmus: Doubly unfortunate has it happened to us as Americans,
because we have ‘been anticipated, and prevented from giving it a proud American name, the
Wasurnetonta. Dr. Randall and his friends, being convinced of its being the type of a new
genus, proposed to call it after our revered WasuiNetoNn, but not having books of reference at
hand, he sent specimens (which, as before stated, were lost) to Drs. Torrey and Gray, for the
purpose of having the tree described and published. In the mean time, Mr. Lobb, a seed col-
lector for some society in Scotland, sent home enough fo characterize the plant, which was done
by Professor Lindley, in the London Gardeners’ Chronicle. However, we must now be con-
tented with the. possession of the tree, as England must be with the empty name, From
recent researches of Dr. Torry, I believe he is pretty well satisfied that this tree is not
generically distinct from the redwood, and has bestowed on it the name of Suquota GIGANTEA:
A good generic character of this family is contained in the staminate flowers and stamens ;
and when these are procured and examined, this question can be satisfactorily settled.

As considerable discussion has already been had with regard to the age of this tree, I may
state, that when I visited it in May last, at a section of it eighteen feet from the stump, it was
fourteen and a half feet in diameter. As the diminution of the size of the annual rings of
growth, from the heart or centre, to the circumference or sapwood, appeared to be pretty regular,
I placed my hand midway, roughly measuring six inches, and carefully counted the rings on
that space, which numbered one hundred and thirty, making the tree 1,885 years old. Since I
came home, Dr. Torrey tells me he has actually counted every ring of a section of the tree, and
found the number a little over 1,100. This makes a great discrepancy with Professor Lindley’s
account in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, where it is estimated at more than 3,000 years. I believe
it is asserted in the Chronicle that it must have germinated when Moses was a little boy !

A verbal or written description of the size of this tree, however accurate, cannot give one an
adequate idea of its dimensions. It required thirty-one of my paces (of three feet each) to
measure thus rudely its circumference at the stump. The only way it could be felled was by
boring repeatedly with pump augers. It required five men twenty-two days to perform the
operation. After they had succeeded in severing it at the stump, the shoulders were so broad,
and the tree so perfectly equipoised, that it took the same five men two days in driving wedges
with a battering-ram on one side of the cut, to throw it out of its equilibrium sufficiently to
make it fall. The mere felling of the tree, at California prices for wages, cost the sum of $550.

A short distance from this tree was another of larger dimensions, which, apparently, had
been overthrown by accident some forty or fifty years ago. It was hollow for some distance,
and when I was there, quite a rivulet.was running through its cavity. The trunk was three
hundred feet in length ; the top broken off, and by some agency (probably fire) was destroyed.

ble fir timbers of the whole family. hs , And it will be ce

BOTANY. 23

At the distance of three hundred feet from the butt the trunk was forty feet in circumfer-
ence, or more than twelve feet in diameter. Fragments of the same kind of tree, which had
apparently been exposed to the vicissitudes of climate and weather the same length of time,
and supposed to be from the individual tree that lies prostrate, are to be found projected in a
line with the main body, one hundred and fifty feet from the top; proving to a degree of moral
certainty that the tree, when standing alive, must have attained the height of four hundred and
fifty or five hundred feet!! Atthe butt it is one hundred and ten feet in circumference, or
about thirty-six feet in diameter. On the bark, quite a soil had accumulated, on which con-
siderable-sized shrubs were growing. Of these I collected specimens of currants and goose-
berries on its body, from bushes elevated twenty-two feet from the ground.

* The mammoth trees are situated in a dense forest of sugar and yellow pines, balsam fir, white
cedar, (Libocedrus decurrens, which, in its foliage, much resembles the American arbor vite, )
and a little yew, supposed to be Taxus canadensis. Although it does not greatly exceed some
of these in height, yet its stately and majestic bearing strikes the beholder with awe and wonder,
and one almost involuntarily bows to it as the king of the forest. The bark is of a dull brown
color, varying much in thickness, sometimes being fifteen inches or more. The whole number
of these trees in existence, young and old, does not exceed five hundred, and all are comprised

within an area of about fifty acres. Only eighty or ninety of them are of a gigantic size. Their ©

extremely limited locality and number forcibly impressed me with the belief that the species is
soon to become extinct, as is further evinced by its slow reproduction. Indeed these giants of
the forest are so marked in their rusty habit from their present associates, that we can hardly
view them in their present relations, except as links connecting us with ages 80 long past, that
they seem but reminiscences of an eternal bygone. They seem to require but the process of
petrifaction to establish a complete paleontological era. If Professor Lindley’s estimate of its
age be correct, one tree only is propagated in six years ; or, if Dr. Torrey be correct, one only
in two years. A remarkable peculiarity I observed with regard to their fruit cones, namely,
they were in every state of development, from the germ to the ripe fruit. I was near them
about the middle of May, when the ground was literally covered with their cones and seed.

The leaves are triangular and scale-like, as in the cedars, but never dimorphous or expanded
into flat lamina, like many others of the same tribe of Cupressine, as Dr. Gray supposed
might be the case. The wood is deep red, much resembling that of the celebrated redwood of
the Coast mountains, so that the two trees were confounded for a long time. The value of the
wood for timber is a.matter of speculation merely, as it is too limited in quantity and locality
to excite much interest;-except, indeed, to wrest it from its apparent doom by cultivating it in
plantations. Such an experiment with so noble a tree would surely be worthy an assiduous
and laborious trial. \

Suqvora SEMPERVIRENS.— Redwood.

This, which was long known as the Taxodium sempervirens of Don, is a noble and splendid
ree. It is found along the Coast mountains of California, from near the region of Monterey
to Russian river, above the bay of Bodega; but, whether those are its extreme limits, I am
unable to learn. It does not reach into the interior of the State, and is never found at any con-
siderable distance from the Coast range of mountains. In the neighborhood of San Francisco,
amid the deep mountain gorges, I have measured fallen trees eleven feet in diameter, and paced
their length two hundred feet ; and I have seen others standing which appeared very much taller,
but I had not the time, nor the ins at hand, to measure them. I have been told, however,
by men of credibility, that they,grow from one hundred and eighty to three hundred feet high.

It has been but lately men 2 from the genus Tagodium.. The gifted, but unfortunate Doug-

las, was among the first to Motice the peculiar gigantic forms of these trees of California, and
from this fact many Engfish botanists ascribe to him the credit of discovering the still more
gigantic Washingtonia. Another reason assigned for this opinion is, that he penetrated as far

*
be *
‘ .

24 BOTANY.

north as 38° 45’ north latitude, and saw gigantic trees, whence it is inferred he must have seen
them both. But I have been assured by Dr. Randall, who was well acquainted with Douglas’
botanizing localities, that he never penetrated inland while in California, much less that he
visited the mountains of the Sierra Nevada; and, consequently, he could not have encountered
the mammoth Washington tree.

Little has been written of the valuable qualities of the redwood for timber, it having come
into general use but for a comparatively short time—that is, since the settlement of California
by Americans. The wood resembles the cedar a good deal in lightness and susceptibility of
polish, but it is of a slightly darker shade of red. In the rural districts, along the coast,
farmers use it for making fencing rails ; and it is almost certain to excite incredulity, to state the
number of rails that can be made from a single tree. They are counted by thousands, as we
count them by hundreds in the eastern States. For building purposes and cabinet work, it pro-
bably excels every other tree in California. In the cities and towns, where its transportation
can be afforded, it takes the place of every other wood. Oregon lumber is frequently brought
into the San Francisco market at a cheaper rate than it can be brought from the surrounding
hills, only a few miles distant. The foliage of this tree is dimorphous, as in most of the cypress
tribe; the younger and more thrifty branches having a two-ranked dilated lamina, as in the
spruce, while the older ones assume the scale-like foliage of the cedar. I collected the old cones
of last year’s growth, but fear I failed to procure the seeds, all having already been shed.

LipoceDRUS DECURRENS.— White Cedar.

°

This tree, in California, is called ‘‘ white cedar,’’ but it is quite different from the tree of the
same name in the eastern States. I presume it is so called from its having somewhat of a resem-
blance, in foliage and habit, to the American arbor vite. The fruit-cone, and the arrangement
of the leaves, however, are quite different, and justify the botanist in separating it from the genus
Thuya, to which it is closely allied. The excellent representation given -by Dr. Torrey, in
Plante Fremontiane, (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,) Plate 3, pp. 7 and 8, is correct,
excepting that the fruit-cones are represented as being erect, whereas they are pendulous. This
error probably resulted from the drawing having been made from dried specimens, rather than
from nature. The tree is only to be fountl at an elevation of some four or five thousand feet
above the level of the sea, in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. I found it fifteen or
twenty miles southeast of Sonora, on the head-waters of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers,
(both of which are considerable affluents of the San J oaquin,) south of 38° north latitude; and

‘also on the head-waters of the Calaveras and Mokelumne rivers, in juxtaposition with the Wash-
ingtonia. Dr. Torrey remarks, that it ranges as high as 41° on the head-waters of the Sacra-
mento river. In company with the Washingtonia, it appeared nearly as tall as that tree. It
certainly attains a height of over two hundred feet. The timber is much sought for by farmers
in that region for making rails and fencing-timber, as it is considered superior in durability to
the other species of pine in the neighborhood. The wood is very light, of a dirty yellowish
hue, and is thought to be more durable than redwood.

ToRREYA CALIFoRNICA.— Nutmeg tree of California.!

I found this interesting tree not véry far from the coast,,near Tomales bay, in a deep ravine,
called ‘‘ the Redwoods.’’ I am told that it grows also on the American fork of the Sacramento
river. J was anxious to obtain the one from the latter locality, in order to determine whether
_ itmight not be a different species from that which grows near-the coast, as the plants of the

coast and Sierra Nevada mountain seldom intermingle. It ho igs very similfr to the
spruce, but the fruit is very characteristic and different in appearance from any of the family in
See a description of this tree by Dr. Torrey, in the New York Journal of Pharmacy, Vol.\2. It has since been described

by Sir William Hooker, in the Botanical Magazine, under the name of Torreya Myristica.

*

x

BOTANY. 25

America. It very much resembles the nutmeg—so much so, indeed, as at one time to deceive
some pretty well informed persons, and make them believe it was not a ‘‘ wooden nutmeg,” but
a nutmeg in fact—in quality as well as in appearance. It is a great pity that dame Nature
should amuse herself by playing such pranks, and endanger the monopoly of our good Yankee
friends in the manufacture of this aromatic luxury !

This tree grows from forty to fifty feet high, with very slender, drooping branches, and a
thin, light foliage. The bark is smooth, somewhat resembling that of the common black mul-
berry, and the wood hard and firm. Very little is known with regard to its durability or fitness
for timber for railroad or domestic purposes. It is closely related to the Podocarpus of tropicay
regions, and yews, which are common to the temperate regions of Europe and America. Ac-
cording to Professor Lindley, these, and kindred genera, yield ‘‘ timber which is unsurpassed
for durability and elasticity ;’’ from which we may safely infer that the timber of this tree, when
it comes to be known and tried, will prove to be truly valuable.

Unfortunately, we were not in California at the season for collecting the nuts, all of these
having been long before destroyed by squirrels, rats, and other vermin, which are said to be
exceedingly fond of them. According to the statement of Dr. Randall, the nut is too bitter
and terebinthinate to be of any use in domestic economy ; but no doubt it would make an ex-
cellent remedial agent in many diseases.

The true nutmeg is a native of the tropics of India and America, and widely separated from
this tree in its botanical relationship.

TAXUS CANADENSIS.— Yew.

I much regretted being unable to obtain the fruit of this plant. It grows in the forest, with
the giant Washingtonia, and also at Downieville, about a degree and a half further north.
Mr. Lobb, while there, pronounced it (without seeing the fruit, however) the Taxus baccatad—
which is the European species. The tree is small, but the wood is very tough and elastic, being
much prized by the Indians for making their bows. On examination of its fruit and seeds, it
may turn out to be quite a distinct species from its Eastern congener.

Pinus SABINIANA.—Sabine’s pine.

This tree is so called by Dr. Randall and other California botanists, who have paid special
attention to this department of botany. From not having proper books at hand for reference,
we are unable to determine by whom it was first noticed or described. It is found on the lower
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, about Sonora, Mokelumne Hill, Grass valley, and Nevada
city. On ascending the mountains its place is taken by Douglas’ spruce, sugar-pine, balsam-
fir, white cedar, and the yellow pine, of that region. It bears a very large ovate cone, the
scales of which are armed with large upturned, hooked spurs. The nut is said to be large and
edible. This tree has not the erect and rigid appearance of most other pines, but is flexuous
and crooked, like many deciduous-leaved trees. The foliage is also thin, of a very light green,
giving it a very peculiar aspect, different from that of all other species of pine in California.
The wood is tough and elastic ; but with regard to its durability, when exposed to the weather,
no means of determination were had, from the fact that it is seldom or never used in the dis-
tricts where it grows. This results from the sugar and yellow pines being abundant, and
much superior to it for lumber.

Pinus rsteNis.—Seal pine. Te Grr! 944

This pine, which I have ‘named on the authority of Dr. Randall, is found along the Coast
mountains, in the neighborhood of the city of San Francisco. It is found also on the Yuba
river, in the vicinity of Nevada city. As it is not a very large tree, and neither used nor

4r :

26 BOTANY

sought for in the neighborhood where it grows, the presumption is that it cannot be very valu-
able. This, however, is only a negative testimony against it, for it is surrounded and asso-
ciated with other trees which are much superior to it in size and beauty,

4 » Pinus.—An undetermined species.
oe an

High up in the mountains east of Sonora, (almost in the snowy regions,) and also at Cajon
Pass, a pine was discovered very nearly related to the yellow pine of this country, (P. bra-
chyptera,) but the cone is larger and more cylindric; the scales armed with a strong recurved
spine ; the leaves longer, regularly in threes, and with a longer sheath. A very good figure
was made of this pine by our artist, Méllhausen. It is a large tree, with a lighter-colored bark
than the P. brachyptera, and fully as valuable for its timber. I am not certain that itis a
new species.

e

Peers $s

DESCRIPTION OF THE CACTACEA.

BY GEORGE ENGELMANN, M. D., OF ST. LOUIS, AND JOHN M. BIGELOW, M. D.
Nn nieniiacaell ere

MAMILLABIA, Haw.

iL. EuMaMitiarrA. Englm. in Synops. Cact.

1. Mam. Wrieuttr, Englm. in Rep. of Bound. Com.: Flowers and fruit were unknown until
specimens brought from the Pecos flowered in Washington. From these the following descrip-
tion was drawn:

‘‘Sepalis exterioribus triangularibus obtusiusculis fimbriatis sub-13, interioribus margine
petaloideis acutis sub-8, petalis (purpureis) lanceolatis acuminatis aristatis sub-12; bacca

uccosa majuscula purpurascente floris rudimentis coronata ; seminibus dbovatis basi acutis scro-
biculatis nigris. =PE=—. I am not certain whether the flower is actually lateral and the
germen immersed, whether, therefore, this species actually belongs to the true Mamillarie, or
to the subgenus Coryphantha; I am, on the contrary, inclined to consider at least the germen

e@amersed. I, nevertheless, think it best to leave this species with the Crinite, to which it
seems to be so nearly allied, till more complete observations establish the contrary. The flower
is about one inch long, petals and margin of inner sepals bright purple; berry large and pur-
plish ; seeds about 0.7 lines long.”’

High plains near the Gallinas. Hills and roeky places near Anton Chico, on the Pecos,
September 25, 1853. Santa Rita del Cobre mountains, near Lake Santa Maria, Chihuahua.
Wright and Bigelow, in boundary collections.

2. Mam. Grauamr, Englm. in Rep. B. OC. Sand and gravelly banks of streams. Williams’
river to the Colorado Grande, January 26, 1854.

. . PHELLOSPERMA, Englm. in Synops. Cact. (M. tetrancistra Englm. in Sillim. Jour.,
Nov. 18587: Living specimens of this and the preceding species have been brought to Wash-
ington, and are now growing in the Congressional garden. Few specimens only show more
than one of the 4 central spines hooked. The manifestly improper name previously adopted
had therefore to be altered. ‘‘I have substituted for it a name derived from the peculiar spongy
or corky appendage of the seed, which greatly resembles that of the seed of Potentilla
Nuét.”’—(Engelmann.) Sandy banks of streams, Colorado Grande and Mohave, February 4-23,
1854. The external habit of this plant very much resembles that of MZ. Grahiai, es as
collected in nearly the same localities.

4. MAM. MEIACANTHA, Englm. in Rep. B. C.: Distinguished from M. applanata by the fewer
and stouter spines, central spine often wanting. Cedar plains near the Llano Estacado to the
Pecos, September 23-27, 1553. os eo

28 CACTACEA.

Il. CornypHantHa. Englm. Synops. Cact.

5. Mam. nutrattu, Englm.: var. 7. robustior aculeis levioribus radialibus sub-12, centrali
robusto. The northern and Texas plants have pubescent spines.
Plains on the False Washita and Canadian, near Fort Arbuckle, August 22-29, 1853.

6. Mam. vrvrpara, Haw.

8. Neo-Mexrcana, Englm. in Rep. B. C.: Found in many different forms, from the plains of
the Canadian, in longttade 100°, to the Aztec mountains, in longitude 112° west. The forms
mostly belong to the var. f. Neb- Mexicana, One of the specimens brought to Washington
bore abnormal flowers, quite interesting in a morphological point of view. The ovary is 4-5
lines long, covered with 8-12 fiinbriate sepals, (or scales,) much like the ovary of an Echino-
cactus, the ovules deformed or wanting ; styles irregularly divided to the base, or nearly so, in
8-10 parts, stigmatose at the upper part ; other parts of the flower normal. This plant occurs
in the greatest variety of altitudes through 12 degrees of longitude. Specimens of it were
collected on the top of the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque, upwards of 13,000 feet above
the level of the sea, September 4, 1853, to January 17, 1854.

ECHINOCACTUS, Link.

No specimen of this genus was found till the Colorado Chiquito was reached. From there to
the California mountains five species were ee two only of which, £. Leconti-and E.
Emoryi, had before been seen any where

1. E. Warp et, (sp. nov.): bean costis 13-15 (seepe obliquis) interruptis tubercu-
latis, areolis orbiculatg$ approximatis ; aculeis radialibus/compressis albidis, infra brevioribus,
supra deficientibus ; aculeis centralibus 4 radiales superantibus, summo complanato recto albido
ceteris plerumque longiore compresso-quadrangulatis fusco-atris, demum cinereo-rubellis, 2
lateralibus rectis sursum divergentibus, inferiore robustiore deorsum hamato; flore? bacca?
seminibus oblique obovatis opacis minutim verrucoso-tuberculatis. (Plate I.) me *

This species was discovered on Lithodendrojgy creek, near the Colorado Chiquito, about 90
miles west of Zuiii, in sandy plains, December 3-4, 1853. At first only dead specimens were
found, afterwards young living ones were collected. It was not seen after leaving the valley of
the Little Colorado. We have named this very pretty species in honor of Captain A. W.
Whipple, the zealous and talented commander of this expedition.

Our plant is from 3 tg5 inches high, and 2 to 3 or 4 in diameter. The outer spines are
straight or slightly recurved 6-9 lines long, the lower ones shorter than the others. The two
lowest lateral spines are darker, and almost form a cross with the two upper dark central spines ;
the 5 other radial spines are white. The upper central spine is the longest and broadest of all,
being 12-18 lines long, and 3. to 1} line broad at base, and mostly straight, and directed
upwards almost contiguous with the radial spines, the circle of which it seems to complete.
The 3 other central spines are a little shorter, 12-15 lines long, nearly equal among themselves,
quadrangular compressed, often somewhat curved, dark brown or black when young, with
lighter tips; afterwards reddish, and finally of an ashy color. The lowest one has a sharp
duncctel hook, which is whitish on the convex side of the curvature.

"Among the debris of the dead specimens preserved, a number of seeds were found which no
doubt beloup to this species. They are large 1.6—1.7 lines long, and 1.2 lines in diameter,
very little compressed at the upper part, narrowed down to an acute point below the large
orbicular hilum, and sharply carinate on the lower part of the back (opposite the hilum.)

E. Whipplei evidently a to the section Hamati, found in numerous forms on the middle
and lower Rio Grande; with EH. polyancistrus it is, so far as at present known, the only
representative of this section west of the Rocky mountains. It is more nearly allied to Z.

/

CACTACEZ. 29

brevihamatus Englm. from Eagle Pass, the seeds of which are as yet unknown. It is, however,
easily distinguished by the arrangement of the spines; the eastern species has 11 terete radial
spines all around, and 4 central ones, the uppermost one being smaller and narrower than the
lower hooked one.

2. E. POLYANCISTRUS, (sp. nov.): ovatus s. demum subcylindricus, costis 13-17 obtusis

tuberculatis interruptis; areolis orbiculatis s. cum areola florifera contigua minore ovatis,

junioribus fulvo-tomentosis; aculeis radialibus sub-19 compressis albis, summo deficiente,
superioribus latioribus longioribus apice adustis, lateralibus brevioribus, inferioribus brevissimis
subsetaceis ; aculeis centralibus 2-3-formibus, summo singulo (rarius binis) compresso-quad-
rangulato Biccuntc albo apice adusto sursum curvato, reliquis 5-10 teretiusculis s. subangulatis
purpureo-fuscis, 2 superioribus plerumque rectis (rarius uncinatis) ceteris omnibus ar
uncinatis ; floribus in axillis summis solitariis ; sepalis sub-25 orbiculato-ovatis abrupte acumi-
natis mucronatis ciliatis, petalis acuminatis aristatis, stigmatibus 9-10. (Platé¥, fig. 1-2.)

On gravelly hills and sandy plains at the headwaters of the Mojave, on the eastern slope of
the California Cordilleras, one day’s journey before reaching the Cajon Pass. This elegant and
striking species was collected March 15, 1854, with young flower buds. The plant is 4-10
inches high and 3-4 in diameter ; areole 4 lines in diameter and (from center to center) 7-9
lines distant from one another ; the younger ones covered with a reddish-yellow wool. The 4
upper radial spines 1—2, lateral ones 3-1, and lowest 4 inches long. The upper central spine is
3-5 inches long and 4-3 line wide; sometimes a second similar, but smaller, one is seen above
or beside it. All the other central spines are bright purple-brown, the upper ones longer, (2-3
or even 33 inches long,) the others gradually shorten, the lowest not more than 14-1} inches
long ; the two uppermost brown spines are often straight, but sometimes, like all the lower
ones, sharply hooked, the hooks being turned in different directions ; the convexity of the hook
is of a paler color. In the young or smallest specimens we find only 5 brown spines, all hooked,
one in the centre of the others; in others 5 to 7 or 8 brown hooked spines are counted, one
central to the others, or all in a semi-circle, the upper part of the central circle always closed
by the broad white spine.

The flower buds were just forming in the axils of the half-grown spines; those glandular
organs which divide the floriferous from the spiniferous areolae in etispinus, and other
species, seem to be very partially only, and incompletely developed in sen species.

3. E. Le Contest, Engelm. in B, C. Rep.: ingens ovatus s. ovato.cylindricus, costis 20-30
compresis sub-obtusis interruptés, areolis elengato-oblongis approximatis ; aculeis radalibus
inferioribus superioribusque robustioribus 8-10 angulatis subannulatis plus minusve recurvatis,
aculeis extimis lateralibus summisque 10-15 tenuioribus setaceis flexuosis ; aculeis centralibus
4 compressis carinatis annulatis 3 superioribus sursum inferiore Jeataam curvatis ; floribus
plurimis subcentralibus, ovario squamis 30-40 reniformibus tecto, sepalis tubi oblongia 20-30,
petalis 25-30 angustis sulphureis, stylo ad medium in stigmata sub-14 linearia subacuta diviso ;
bacea globosa sicca squamosa floris rudimentis coronata, seminibus oblique obovatis compregis
sublucuive minut.ssime scrobiculatis.—(Plate]l, figs. 3-5.)

~This gigantic species was first noticed by Dr. Saka L. Le Conte, on the lower Gila, where
also Dr. C. C. Parry saw it. Both took it for the New Mexican L. Wislizeni, to which, indeed,
it bears a great resemblance in habit as well as in botanical characters, but the seed that I
received from the first-named gentleman at once satisfied me that I had a distinct species before
me. Subsequently Dr Bigelow met with this remarkable plant, abundantly, from the Cactus
Pass, at the head waters of Williams’ r.ver, down this stream to the Colorado, and west of it
till Z. Polycephalus took its place.—(Englemann.) It grows on rocky or gravelly plains and
ravines, and often in crevices of perpendicular rocks, to the height sometimes of 5 feet by 2 feet
diameter. The ribs are somewhat interrupted by a transverse incision between the areolae.

30 CACTACE,

These areolae in the specimen before us are 8 lines long by 4 wide, and only + inch distant
from one another. In some specimens of HZ. Wislizeni the same closeness is observed, while in
others, especially young and vigorously growing ones, they are often over one inch distant,
The four principal central spines are 2-2} inches long, lateral ones more quadrangular, the
upper and lower ones flat and flexible; the former carinate above, the latter below. This lower
one is rather the longest and 14-1? lines broad, almost straight or somewhat curved, but never
(in the specimens brought home) hooked. The other spines are 1}-2 inches, the lowest are
only about 1 inch long. Five radial spines are arranged below the four central ones and three
to five above, three of which are often pushed into the centre by the flexuous bristly spines
which occupy the space between the upper and lower radial ones and the uppermost part of the
areola.

At the upper end of the areola, and between it and the floral areola, we meet with the same
obtuse cylindric ligneous (when young, fleshy) glands which divide the spiniferous from the
floral areolw in’ several of our species of Hchinocactus, 3-5 in number in the species before us,
about one line long.

We had the good fortune to collect a single specimen of the fruit, (the only one found,)
which is globose, inch in diameter, and, together with the persistent remains of the flower,
about 2 inches long. Dr. Le Conte has noticed “a crown of yellow fruits on the plant, about
2 or 2} inches long.’’ The dissection of the dead flower indicates a structure very similar to
that of #. Wislizeni ; petals apparently fleshy and narrow; stamina numerous, very few from
the base, the majority from the middle and the upper thickened end of the short tube; style 10
lines long, divided nearly down to the middle into 14 sub-erect filiform stigmata; seed black,
oblique-obovate, compressed, carinate on lower part of back, somewhat shining, and very lightly
pitted, (under the glass,) 0.8-0.9 lines long; hilum small, oval; albumen rather small;
embryo ovate, straight, with short hooked cotyledons. Mr. Schott has found this species
abundantly in Western Sonora and the Gadsden purchase. The flowers are yellow, and similar
to those of H. Wislizeni, but rather smaller; the stems are generally much higher amd thick, Han
and of a clavate shape; lower central spine sometimes almost hooked.

Echinocactus Wislizeni is distinguished by the less flattened, less flexible, stouter spines, the
lower central one being channelled above and strongly hooked; by having only three lower
radial spines, &c. The distinction indicated by the spines is confirmed by the shape and
structure of the seeds ; and thus the plants of the Colorado and of the Rio Grande are distinct
representatives of the same type on both sides of the Rocky mountains.

4. E. Wistizent, Englm. in Wisl. Rep., (Pl. II, fig. 1-2.)—This plant is very abundant in
the neighborhood of El Paso, where it was first found, many years ago, by Dr. Wislizenus.

The fruit and seed ofthis plant were collected by Captain Whipple in the neighborhood of
the Cereus giganteus, while engaged in surveying the Gila, on the boundary commission, in
1852. There possibly may be some doubt about its growing in that region, however, from the
fact that Captain Whipple’s fruits were labeled ‘‘ Cereus giganteus,” and were not collected by
a botanist.

In our present expedition, when I first found a giant Echinocactus—E. Le Contet—at Cactus
Pass, I was sure, in common with Drs. Parry and Le Conte, that it was Z. Wislizent, which I
had often seen before at Dofia Ana. I was most happy, however, in being able to secure even
asingle specimen of the fruit and seeds of that plant, by means of which, with the spines I
collected, it has been identified and coufirmed by the acute observations of my friend, Dr. Engel-
mann. It may be well to observe here, that the figure of this plant, in Major Emory’s report,
was made from a specimen seen on the headwaters of the Gila, near the mouth of the Azul
branch, not far from Saata Rita del Cobre, or Copper Mines, and at least four degrees of
longitude east of the place where first met Lech. Le Contei.

CACTACEA, 81

5. E. Emory, Engelm. in Emory’s Report, 1848: ides costis 13 tuberculatis, tuberculis
prominentibus obtusis distantibus; areolis ovatis; aculeis subeequalibus robustis annulatis sub-
compressis recurvatis s. rectiusculis fuscis versus apicem corneis, radialibus 7 (lateralibus 6,
singulo inferiore breviore) s. addito summo rarius 8; centrali singulo teretiore paulo longiore
robustioreque, porrecto s. demum deflexo curvato s. enhngibiehs: (Plate III, fig. 3.)

Collected west of the Colorado, in the valley of the Mojave, mixed with EZ. Polycephalus, and
therefore not further noted. The only specimen preserved is 9 inches in diameter, sub-globose,
below contracted, pear-shaped, or almost stiped.

On the lower part of the plant the areole are elevated on distinct ovate or sub-cylindric
tubercles, which higher up become connected in 8 and on the upper part of the plant in 13 ribs;
tubercles on this part of plant 4—} inch in height and diameter; areole 1} inch distant, } inch
long, a little less wide; the floral areole smaller, closely connected with the former, separated
from it by 1-3 sub-globose glandular bodies, half or mostly hidden in the tomentum. Radial
spines 14-2 inches long; the four upper lateral ones longer and stouter, the two lower ones
more slender; the lowest spine the shortest, (1-14 inch long,) secured like the others, or rarely
hooked, similar to the shape of that spine in EL. Viridescens.

An eighth upper radial spine, similar to the others, is sometimes observed. The stouter cen-
tral spine is about 2 inches long, at the point strongly recurved, or often almost hooked. Spines
of a reddish-brown color, lighter horn-colored, and somewhat transparent at tip.

This is probably the plant collected and figured by Major William H. Emory, in General
Kearny’s expedition to California in the fall of 1846, and then named after him. We collected
only one young specimen, probably on the Lower Colorado, from which this description is taken.
Mr. Schott has found the plant abundantly south of the Gila river, and it is known to extend
to the Gulf of California. We procured a large specimen in San Francisco, (said to have been
brought from Guaymas,) which is now flourishing in the public garden at Washington. This
species has, when full grown, a height of 3 and a diameter of 2 feet, and 18-21 ribs. The large
flowers are deep red, similar in form to those of #. Wislizeni.

6. E. poLycePHALus (sp. nov.): globosus, demum ovatus oylindricusgHle multiceps, (e basi
ramosus,) vertice dense tomentoso, costis 18-21 acutis; areolis ovate-orbiculatis junioribus
tomentosissimis ; aculeis 8-12 robustissimis compressis annulatis plus minus recurvatis juniori™
bus puberulis cinereo rubellis apice nudatis rubicundis ; aculeis radialibus 4-8 infimo deficiente,
superioribus si extant gracilioribus ; centralibus 4 sobqatinsivaie 4-angulatis compressis, superi-
ore latiore suberecto s. sursum curvato, inferiore longiore decurvo ; floribus in vertice congestis;
ovario lana nivea ex axillis sepalorum 90-100 linearium demum pees ahs orta densissime
vestito, sepalis tubi infundibuliformis 100-120 lineari-lanceolatS aculeato-aristatis purpurascen-
bus, interioribus margine petaloideis, petalis laciniato-fimbriatis herbace@aristatis sub-30 flavis,
stigmatibus | 8-11 linearibus acutis; bacca globosa sicca flore coronata, lana densa involuta ;
seminibus magnis irregulariter angulatis minutim (sub lente) verrucosis, a (Pi. II,

6.

ales and gravelly hills and dry beds of torrents from 20 miles west of the Rio Colorado to
about 150 miles westward up the Mojave; found in fruit in the beginning of March. This
distinguished species is simple only when quite young; even the small globose plants show
several heads from one base, and older cylindric stems have as many as 20 or 30 heads, all
pretty nearly of the same size; the globose ones are 6-9 inches in diameter; the ovate heads
are 12-15 inches high by 8-10 i in diameter, and the largest cylindric seine seen were 2-24
high by less than a foot in diameter. The number of ribs varies, in old specimens it is
generally 21. Areolae about half an inch in diameter, and }~-} inch distant from one another ;
floral areolae smaller, without the ligneous glandular organs noticed in others. The spines in

a young 5-ribbed living specimen before us are 7 radial and 1 central one; very soon, however,
the 4 upper larger spines become central and 4 +6wer spines are arranged radially 5 ; even in old

Mets “hher

peek

32g. CACTACEA.

and full grown specimens sometimes not more than these 8 spines are found, the 4 upper ones
(which are in this case perhaps rather improperly designated as central) stouter and cruciate,
and the 4 lower ones arranged around the lower half of the areola Generally, however, 2
upper radial spines, weaker and less curved than the 4 lower ones, make their appearance ; and
in a few specimens before us we find 3-4 upper radial spines, the uppermost ones being quite
slender.

In the field we noted as many as 15 spines occasionally, when no doubt 7 occupy the place of
upper radial ones. The central spines are always very stout but very different in size; in some
specimens we find them 1} to 1}, while in others they are 2 to 3} inches long ; they are nearly
straight or very much curved; the upper one is often 14 to 2 lines wide, the lower one the
longest.

The yellow flowers seem to make their appearance in February as the fruit ripens in March ;
the ovary and the fruit are enveloped in dense pure white cottony wool, which originates from
the axis of the lower sepals and through which only the dark reddish-brown spinttese points of
the sepals are visible. The incomplete description of the flowers was made from withered
specimens adhering to the fruit. Tube of flower funnel-shaped, short and rapidly widening
towards the upper end, naked (without free stamina) at the lower part. Petals about 1 inch
long and 2 lines wide. Style 1-14 inch long , stigmata £ lines long. Fruit dry 8-10 lines
in diameter, together with the remnants of te Gower about 2 inches long, epen at base when
falling off ; like the fruit of many if not most of our Echinocacti, seeds 2 lines long, 14 line
broad, seropidlarly shrivelled, appearing rugose and angular, much like those of the nearly
allied Z. izonthalonius Lem.¥; hilum transversely oval; embryo curved, the
cotyledons buried in the large albumen, accumbent, sometimes oblique.

This species is very nearly allied to #. Parryi, Englm. Synops. Cact. of the neighborhood of
El Paso, but this latter species is depressed globose, much smaller, simple, with only 13 ribs,
whiter, less flattened spines; fruit and seed are said to be the same, but unfortunately have
been lost and cannot be compared ; no doubt satisfactory diagnostic characters will be dicovered
in the seeds; the fruit of H. horizonthalonius and E. Tacomas are also similar, the- latter,
however, ougls woolly, is not dry.

Very different in flower and fruit but very similar in shape, in the many heads, numerous
ribs, and stout curved annulated spines, is #. cylindraceus, discovered by Dr. Parry a few degrees
further south on the eastern slope of the Sierra. We shall repeatedly have occasion, especially
among the Opuntie, to indicate the remarkable analogies in the external form or in the more
essential character of Cactacee in different geographical divisions of the southwest.

CEREUS, Haw.
Subgen. Ecurnocerevs.

1. Cerevs viriprrLorus, Englm. in Wisl. Rep. Subnom. Echinocereus.
On the plains east of New Mexico, near the 100th degree of longitude, to the mountains of
the Rio Grande, September 12, 1853

2. C. cxzsprtosus, Englm. in Plant. Lindh. 1. c. The most eastern of all our Ceret/ and
only found in the plains. It was first seen about 170 miles west of Fort Smith, near the 96th
degree, about the same longitute where Mr. Lindheimer first discovered it on the Brazos, four
degrees further south. — western limit seems to be near the 100th degree, where the range of
C. viridi commen

It may not be saa FE to observe that this is the first time that this interesting genus
has been recognized within the boundaries of the United States under the acquisition of
Louisiana.

CACTACEA. 33

3. C. Fenpiert, Englm. in Pl. Fendl.: Seen first on the high plains 50 miles east of the
Pecos, about the 105th degree, and extending from there over the mountains of New Mexico
westward to the Aztec mountains, near the 113th degree. Southward it has been seen as far as
El Paso.

The ovate or mostly elongated cylindric heads are simple or few together, and of a dark green
color ; they are characterized by the dark central spine, which is very bulbous and curved
upwards, and by the lower radial spines being by far the stoutest, the lowest being 4-angular.
Flower and fruit have been described elsewhere.

Var. B. PAUPERCULUS, with only about 6 spines, the central one assuming the plate of an upper
radial spine, was also found near the Pecos. It hardly deserves the designation of a distinct
variety, as occasionally complete bunches of spines occur on the same plants with the depau-
perate ones.

4. C. Mazavensis (sp. nov.): ovatus, dense cespitosus, 10-11—costatus, glaucescens ; areolis
orbiculatis junioribus dense albo-tomentosis distantibus; aculeis basi bulbosis teretiusculis s.
subangulatis robustis elongatis curvatis, radialibus 7-8, infimo superioribusque debilioribus,
lateralibus longioribus, centrali singulo angulato sursum incurvato. (Plate IV, fig. 8.)

Var. #? zuNtENsIs: dense ceespitosts 10-costatus, areolis paulo minoribus, aculeis tenuioribus
basi bulbosis quadrangulatis rectis s. paulo curvatis flexuosisve, radialibus 8 infimo graciliore,
summo robustiore longioreque, centrali singulo robustiore longiore recto s. sursum incurvo.
(F414 ; fig. 9.)

Found between the Rio Colorado and Mojave creek, with Echinocactus polycephalus and Opun-
tia erinacea, etc., a region rich in rare Cactaceew. The oval heads, 2-3 inches high, and 1-2
inches in diameter, form dense cespitose masses much like C. pheeniceus. The areole are 3
lines in diameter, 6 lines or more distant from one another. The long and very bulbous spines
are curved and interlocked so as almost to hide the body of the plant. Upper and lower radial
spines 9-15 lines, the uppermost one wanting or weaker than the rest ; lateral spines 15-25 lines
long, ashy-red when young; central spine more angled 14-2} inches long, dusky ; all spines
ashy-gray when old.

C. Zuniensis seems to form an intermediate link between this and the next species, but resem-
bles most the former, to which for the present—not knowing flower and fruit—we doubtfully
draw it as a variety. It was found near Cafion Diablo, on the Colorado Chiquito, about 120
miles west of Zufii. Its manner of growth and whole appearance is very much like that of the
Mojave species, the spines are weaker, straighter, and more angular; the principal difference
consists in the stout upper radial spine, which is similar to the central spine. Young areole
nearly 3 lines in diameter, 4—6 lines distant ; lowest radial spine 6-9 lines, lateral ones 9-15,
and upper one 12-18 lines long ; central spine 14-2 inches long, very bulbous at base. Young
spines straw colored, old ones ashy.

C. Mojavensis seems to be nearly allied to C. Fendleri, (in both the spines are very bulbous at
base, the central one single, angular, and curved upwards,) but the cespitose growth, glaucous
color, longer radial spines, the lowest one of which is weakest, seem to distinguish it. The
examination of numerous specimens in loco, and the flower and fruit only can decide here whether
they are distinct, or forms of a single species, and this indeed is the case with all those Cactacee
the flower and fruit of which are unknown to us. C. Zuniensis was collected December 18,
1852, and the Mojave plant March 4, 1854.

5. C. GONACANTHUS (sp. nov.): ovatus simplex s.e basi parce ramosus costis 7 interruptis,
areolis magnis orbiculatis eatantihne, aculeis roneas anges rectis s. varie curvatis flexuo-
sisve, radialibus 8, inferioribus lateralibusque q gulatis flavidis basi et saepe apice obscuris,

5r

ar” &

34 CACTACEZ.

infimo breviore, summo elongato robusto multangulo obscuro erecto aculeum centralem similem
multangulatém erecto-patentem subeequante, rarius excedente. (Plate V, fig. 2-

On high sand-bluffs, covered with scattering cedars, near the natural well, about 40 miles
west of Zuiii, near the 109th degree. Only seen in that locality. This species resembles, in its
growth and the character of its species, C. triglochidiatus ; it is simple or has 2 or 3 heads, 3-5
inches high ; the young areole are very tomentose, 3-4 lines in diameter, and 6-10 lines distant
from one another ; the lower radial spine is 8-12, the others 10-15 lines long, pale or dirty
yellow when young ; the upper radial spine is much stouter and longer than the others, and
resembles the central spine in shape, size, and color; in the few specimens at our disposal, we
find it from 1} to 24 inches long ; sometimes it assumes a more central place in the areole, the
the two upper lateral spines almost closing above it, very rarely a small tenth spine appears
above it. The central spine is 13-24 inches long, 1 line in diameter, deeply furrowed, and 6 or
7 angled ; it is longer, equal to or rarely shorter, than the upper radial spine. Both those
spines are almost black or mottled yellowish and black when young, and become, with all the
others, gray when old. Collected November 29, 1853.

ws
6. C. TRIGLocuipratus, Englm. in Wisl. Report, SubjEchinocereo : In rocky cafions at the
Rio Gallinas, east of the Pecos, and from there to the Sierra Madre, near Mount Taylor; not
noticed farther west; always with. few branches, or nearly simple. Major Brooks, the com-
mandant of the fort at Santa Fé, informed me that the fruit of this species is edible, like many
other allied species. Collected September 28, 1853. / 7+ fp. €=7

7. C. HEXAEDRUS, (sp. nov.): ovatus, simplex seu e basi parce ramosus; costis 6 obtusiusculis
subinterruptis, sulcis latis superficialibus, areolis orbiculatis distantibus; aculeis tenuioribus
rectis rigidis-subangulatis basi bulbosis, radialibus 5-7 e flavido rubellis, inferiore breviore,
summo spe robustiore, centrali robustioré longiore acute-angulato juniore fuscato, sepe defi-
ciente. (Plate V, fig. 1.)

On sandy hills, under cedars, about fifteen miles west of Zuii. Few heads 4-6 inches
high, 2-24 in diameter, with six obtusish ribs, separated by wide and shallow grooves. Areole
tomentose when young, only 14 line in diameter, 6 or 8 lines distant. Spines slender, but stiff;
quite bulbous at base; lower ones 5-10, upper ones 8-15 lines long; mostly 6 radial spines,
without a central one, the uppermost being the stoutest, longest, and darkest one, but smaller
where a central spine is present. In a single instance, we found 7 radials, and in another one

2 compressed central spines; central spine usually 12-15 lines long. From the nearly allied,

more southern Cereus paucispinus, Engl. YX), this northwestern form is principally distin-
guished by the slender and angular spines. But as of neither of them we know the flower and
fruit, we cannot form definite conclusions as to their specific distinction. These forms and
C. triglochidiatus have a smaller number of ribs than any other species of this section. Collected
November 28, 1853.

8. C. PHoENIcEUs, Englm. in Synop. Cact., Z. coccineus; Englm. in Wisl. Rep. non De C.

necySalm. (Pl. IV, fig. 13 Found from the Upper Pecos to Albuquerque and Santa Fé, also
five degrees further west, on the San Francisco mountains. The specimens perfectly agree with
the description given in Wislizenus’s report. The numerous heads, 2-3 inches high, about 2
inches in diameter, form dense cespitose masses, often one foot or more across. Areole 3-4
lines distant, large; spines slender, almost setaceous, with very slightly bulbous base, 8-12
radial ones, 3-6, 1-3 central ones 5-10 lines long ; upper radial spines much shorter than
lower ones.
_ The following form seems very distinct, especially in its manner of growth; but we have seen
intermediate forms which seem to indicate the necessity of uniting both. Such questions,
however, can only be solved satisfactorily by careful examination of flower and fruit, which are
as yet unknown, and by extensive observation of these plants in their native wilds.

CACTACEA. 85

9. Sup-spuctes C. coNoIDEUS: ovatus versus apicem conoideo-acutatus parce e basi ramosus,
costis 9-11 tuberculatis, areolis orbiculatis s. subovatis junioribus albo-tomentosis, aculeis basi
bulbosis, radialibus 10-12 tenuibus rigidis rectinsculis, summis brevibus, lateralibus inferiori-
busque longioribus, centralibus 4, (rare 3-5,) superioribus radiales vix superantibus infimo
multo longoire 4~angulato seepe complanato porrecto s. deflexo. (Plate 4, fig. 4-5.)

On rocky and mountainous localities on the Pecoss Cer. Roemeri, Muhlenpf., not Engim.,
from the San Saba, in Texas, seems to agree well with our plant, but the description is not full
enough to decide about their identity.

Heads 3~4 inches high, single or few, of unequal height together ; remarkable on account of
their conical or acutish shape uniformly observed. Areolew 4-6 lines distant; spines white or
straw colored, a central one often dusky when young; radial spines slightly bulbous at
base; upper ones 2-5 lines, lateral ones 6-15 lines long, and lower ones hardly a little shorter ;
central spines very bulbous; upper ones rot much longer than the lower radial ones; lower cen-
tral spine sharply quadrangular, mostly compressed, often deflexed and curved, 1-3 inches long.

On the San Francisco mountains, a specimen was collected with 11 ribs, 8-9 radial spines,
(4-12 lines long,) the uppermost shortest, and 3-4 reddish-gray central spines, very bulbous at
base, the lowest longest (12-20 lines long) and angular. In superficial appearance, this plant
resembles C. Mojavensis, but it must be referred here, and seems to indicate a range of this
form through seven degrees of longitude.

A specimen from Anton Chico, on the Pecos, seems to unite (. conoideus with C. pheniceus.
Areole more distant than the latter; spines longer; 3 central spines, lower one somewhat
curved and angular. Collected September 28 and December 18, 1853.

10. C. Enortmanni, Parry, var. at VARIEGATUS: ovato-cylindricus simplex s. parce e basi
ramosus 12-costatus, areolis orbiculatis approximatis, aculeis exterioribus sub-13 gracilibus

_ rigidis albis apice sphacelatis adpressis lateralibus longioribus, summis deficientibus; aculeis

~~

centralibus 4 cruciatis (raro 5) plus minus curvatis infimo elongato angulato albo decurvato,
ceteris brevioribus teretiusculis nigris corneisque variegatis; floribus ex axillis areolarum
vetustiorum inferiorum ; bacca ovata sicca pulvillis numerosis setas tenues albidas plurimas
gerentibus stipata; seminibus obovato-subglobosis compressis rugoso-tuberculatis opacis. (Plate
V, fig. 4-7.)

Var. #? cHRYsoceNTRUS, cylindricus parce e basi ramosus 10—12-costatus, areolis magnis ;
aculeis radialibus 12-14 albis superioribus setaceis brevibus, ‘inferioribus longioribus robusti-
oribus angulatis compressis rectis s. paulo incurvis, centralibus 4, superioribus rigidis robustis
basi bulbosis angulatis rectiusculis elongatis, erectis vitellinis, inferiore angulato compresso albo
recto paulo breviore deflexo; floribus ex inferiore plantw parte; bacca ovata pulvillis paucis
aculeos setosos longiores albos gerentibus stipata. (Plate V, fig. 8-10.

On the Cactus mountains and at the head of Williams river, degrees 1134 longitude. Heads
4—9 inches high, single or few, not more than 4-6 together; areola 2-4 lines distant ; radial
spines 3—5 lines long, upper central spines 3 or sometimes 4, black on the upper, and horn-
colored on the lower side and towards the point, 1-14 inches long, lower central white, 11-2
inches long. Position of fruit on lower half of plant much like that of C. chloranthus, E.tned ,
only 6-8 lines iong, crowned with the remains of the (red?) flower. Seed 0.6-0.7 line long
compressed, tubercles sometimes irregularly confluent and leaving pits between the ridges,
lower part of the back with a smooth carina, hilum oval.

Var. 8 cHRYSocENTRUS, named after its deep golden-yellow spines, is, probably, not specifically
distinct, though the straighter, stouter, and less divergent spines give it a very peculiar appear-
ance. It was found where C. variegatus disappears on the lower part of Williams’ river, and
was seen from there to the Mojave creek, and up that stream to the Sierra Nevada. Stems 5-10
inches high, areolw 6-7 lines distant, young ones 24-3 lines in diameter. Upper radial spines
3-5, lateral 5-7, and lower ones 7-12 lines long; the latter flattened and often curved up.

th. € 4y

36 CACTACE.

Upper central spines 3 or sometimes 4, 2-3 inches long, bulbous and angular at base, terete
above ; lower central spine 14-24 inches long, flattened. Spines on fruit 3-8 lines long, fewer
and stouter than in the other form. :

Cereus Engelmanni, Parry, has been found abundantly by Mr. A. Schott on the lower Gila;
a specimen brought home evidently seems to unite them, and consequently C. variegatus and C.
chrysocentrus are to be considered forms of it.

I am acquainted with the habitus of about 15 or 16 species of the subgenus Ecutnocrreus. All
of them are of low growth, (I write of those only with which I am acquainted,) never more than
12, seldom more than 8, and often less than 5 inches in height. All, also, are more or less
cespitose, or branching from the root; some of them slightly, others very much so. Cereus
viridiflorus, chloranthus, dasyacanthus, ctenoides, ccespitosus, longisetus, Fendleri, gonacanthus,
hexceedrus, paucispinus, and Engelmanni, grow in small irregular tufts, or WPasses, some of the
joints or stems being much taller than others. Some of them, such as C. viridiflorus, dasya-
canthus, ctenoides, ceespitosus, and Fendleri, are often nearly simple, or having but few branches?
while others, such as C. chloranthus, longisetus, gonacanthus, hexcedrus, paucispinus, and Engel-
manni, have usually 8-20 joints. C. polyacanthus, pheniceus, and enneacanthus are much
branched, and grow in somewhat flattened masses, sometimes with a circular outline, but not
always, all the joints being of nearly an equal height. C. stramineus always forms a dense
hemispherical mass, of a perfectly regular contour—the central joints being the oldest aud
longest—9-12 inches high, gradually subsiding towards the circumference of the mass until the
extreme outer stems are not more than 2 inches high. (C. Mojavensis often grows similarly,
but I have also seen it in much broader masses, containing 500-800 heads or joints; in such
cases it is always flattened on the top. Where this state occurs, the central joints are as high
as in the hemispherical masses, but the hemispheric contour is destroyed by the longitudinal
extension of the joints, forming masses sometimes 4 or 5 feet in diameter. C. pheniceus and
C. conoideus, two forms which Dr. Engelmann has united trte~sub-Species, are quite different
in their manner of growth. C. pheniceus, as stated above, grows in irregular flattened masses,
while C. conoideus has the more elevated and somewhat hemispherical shape of C. stramineus.
On account of the unfavorable season of the year (October—March) during our journey through
regions of these cacti, we were unable to procure the flower or fruit of any of these plants, In
our friendly correspondence with Dr. Engelmann, I insist that C. pheniceus and C. conoideus
are distinct species, and (from analogy only) I assume that when the flower of (. conoideus is
obtained, it will be found to be a purple, while that of C. phaniceus is crimson. Time and
observation, however, are the only decisive arbiters of such controversies.

Subgen. Evcerevs,
Of Cereus proper only one species was seen, viz:

11. Cereus araantevs, Englm.: Williams’ river to the Colorado of the west, February 4 to
February 22, 1854. This is the most northern true Cereus that we have, being found as high
as latitude 34°, while Cer Greggii and Emoryi are found only a little above latitude 32°.
This plant has a considerable range, extending south, from this place to near latitude 28°
in the vicinity of Guaymas Sonora. The fruit under the Mexican name of Pitajaya, pronounced
Pit-a-zi-ah or Pit-ai-yah, is a great source of sustenance to the Mexicans and Indians of the
regions where it grows. Conserves and molasses, or syrup, are made from them which are
preserved during the winter season for future use. They are very pleasant to the taste ina
fresh state. As the fruit grows near the top of the tree at an altitude of 25 to 50 feet and being
very large and pulpy, if permitted to ripen and drop to the ground, they burst and are almost
rendered unfit for use. The Indian mode of collecting them is to take a long light pole, make
a fork at the top by tying a short piece to it, by which they contrive to bring them within reach,
Birds and every kind of animal and insect that can reach them are so fond of them that ee

CACTACEA. 37

of them are thus destroyed. My friend, Mr. Schott, of the Mexican boundary, who has lately
returned from that desolate but rather interesting region, informs me that still further south
this interesting plant is replaced by another not so large—but still a great cactus. This is very
probably the one collected by Mr. Thurber, described and named by Dr. Engelmann, in Silli-
man’s Journal, Cer. Thurbert. The pitajaya of this species, according to Mr. Schott, is the
principal support of the Papige Indians. It is much larger, sweeter, more juicy than that of
the Cer. giganteus. The color of the pulp is also of a much brighter red.

In consequence of the remote and unhospitable region of this curious and interesting cactus;
our acquaintance with it became very gradual. Dr. Englemann thinks that Baron Von Hum-
boldt, in his work on New Spain, must have had reference to this plant, but this is quite
uncertain because no characteristics are given of his cacti (organos del Lunal) except size and
edible fruit, and many other large species of both cerei and opuntiz are long and well known
to yield them. In 1846, Major Emory first al seeds and made figures of it which, on
being presented to Dr. Engelmann, he was i 0 pronounce it a true Cereus and at that time
very appropriately named it. Subsequently, (winter and spring of 1852,) Dr. Parry, under
Major Emory, visited that region, collecting spines, wood, &c., and making copious notes on
the ground, enabled Dr. Engelmann to give a good diagnosis of it. Still Dr. Parry was unable
to procure the flower or fruit on account of the lateness of the season. It was reserved for Mr.
Thurber, who repassed this region in the summer of 1852, to collect complete specimens, and
Dr. Engelmann, in a subsequent number of Silliman’s Journal, has given a complete description
of it. (Vide Amer, Jour., Vol. XVII, 2d series, March, 1854.) To the several excellent
accounts given of this tree by Dr. Engelmann, little of interest can be added, As noticed by
Drs. Parry and Engelmann, the number of ribs at the base is about 12, and they ‘‘ increase
upward, by bifurcation and addition,’’ to the largest circumference of the tree, which is about
15-18 feet from the ground, and where also usually the few branches are given off. Here the
ribs sometimes number 30, and from this point upward they decrease in number to 18-20. The
wood at the base of old specimens becomes a perfect hollow cylinder, and from thence upward
to the first branches, instead of being solid it becomes a reticulated net-work of bundles of wood
continuing the hollow cylinder as is seen on a smaller scale in the wood of Opuntia arborescens.
These trees in abundance give the landscape a very peculiar appearance, and from their novelty
and entire dissimilarity to any others, at first is not only curious but pleasing, but as the eye
becomes accustomed to it, a gradual transition takes place in ones feelings and from being
pleasing they at last become monotonous and repulsive. This feeling, however, may be some-
what accounted for by the surrounding sterility of the land. As far as the eye can reach in the
vallies or on the mountains, little else but rocky boulders and the stately yet awfully sombre
aspect of the cereus giganteus can be seen.

OPUNTIA, Tourn.
Subgenus 1, Pratoruntra, Englm.

1. Opuntia Evcetmannt, Salm. At Delaware, about 170 miles west of Fort Smith, a speci-
men of this plant was observed about four feet high. This seems to be the northern limit of a
species which is widely spread from lower Mexico to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and on both
sides of that river, northward and southward. In the southern regions it grows much taller
than in the north.

2. Op. ENGELMANNI, 8 ? CYCLODES: erecta,articulis orbiculatis, pulvillis remotis tomento griseo
setisque stramineis rigidis inzequalibus instructis; aculeis subsingulis rectis validis compressis
stramineis basi fuscis deffexis, adjectis seepe 1-2 inferioribus brevioribus pallidioribus; bacca
globosa late umbilicata, seminibus late undulato-marginatis. (Plate V SEK XI. x. 9

“4 t 7
fh ALA

38 CACTACEA.

About the mouth of the Gallinas into the Pecos, near Anton Chico, New Mexico; collected in
fruit in September. Plant 4 feet high; joints orbicular, or even transversely oval, about 7
inches in diameter; pulvilli 1 inch apart, large, with a semi-circle of large, coarse bristles, 3—4
lines long at the upper edge, and a single stout spine, 14-1} inch long, on the upper pulvilli,
often with 1 or 2 additional ones, 4-9 lines length. Flower not seen. Fruit globose, 1-1} inch
in diameter, of a purple color. Seed 2.0—2.3 lines in diameter, with a broad and thick acutish
undulate rim. The circular joints with fewer spines, and the small globose fruit with large
seeds, distinguish this form from O. Engelmanni, as it usually appears further south. 7

3. Op. occIDENTALIS, (sp. nov.): erecta patulo—ramosissima, caule demum lignose terete cor-
ticato, articulis grandibus obovatis rhomboideisve, pulvillis remotis griseo-tomentosis, setis
flavis s. flavo-fuscis gracilibus confertis, aculeis 1-3 validis compressis angulatis rectis deflexis
divergentibusve, uno alterove ad articuli marginem superiorem erecto, albidis corneisve sub-
annulatis basi flavo-fuscis cum adventitiis 1-2 gracilioribus pallidioribus deflexis; flore flavo
intus aurantiaco, ovario obovoto puivillis fusco-villosis vix fulvo-setosis sub-25 notato subinde
parce aculeolato, sepalis (extus rubellis) 10-12 dilatato-obovatis cuspidatis, PRtalis (8?) obovatis
obtusis subintegris; bacca obovata late umbilicata succosa, seminibus majoribus irregularibus
undulato-marginatis, crenulatis. (Plate VII, fig. 1-2. AX% 70

On the western slope of the California mountains, from QuiqualGungo, east of Los Angeles,
to San Pasquale and San Isabel, northeast of San Diego, (A. Schott,) at an elevation of 1,000
to 2,000 feet, in immense patches, often as large as halfan acre. Flowers in June. Stout lig-
neous stems, with innumerable branches, sometimes over one hundred joints, spreading far, and
then often bent to the ground; joints 9-12 inches long, 6-8 inches wide; pulvilli 14-2 inches
distant, with slender and closely set (much more so than in O. Engelmanni) bristles, only 2-3
lines long on the upper part of the pulvillis; spines 1-14, smaller ones 3-3 inch long. Flower
yellowish and orange, deeper colored inside at the base, 3-34 inches in diameter; ovary If inch
long, not one inch in diameter; pulvilli pretty equally distributed over it, (not as much congre-
gated toward the top as in O, Engelmanni ;) sepals short and unusually broad ; petals only 9 or
10 lines wide by 15 lines in length, rounded, and not emarginate in my specimen, nor mucro-
nate. Fruit 2 inches long, 14-14 inches in diameter, ‘‘very juicy, but of a sour and disagree-
able taste.’” Seeds 24-22 lines in diameter. The young plants, raised from the seeds which we
brought home, fail to exhibit the very hairy pulvilli which all the young of O. Engelmann
show ; they bear only the numerous bristly spines seen in most young Opuntic, at least of this

section.

To Mr. A. Schott, who has considerably enriched our knowledge of the vegetation of the
countries along the boundary line and in the Gadsden purchase, is due the credit of having
discovered the flower of this plant, heretofore unknown, and of many valuable notes about its
general habits.

The plant mentioned in Silliman’s Journal, November, 1852, (Dr. Parry’s collections,) as
being common ‘‘on the hill-sides and plains near San Diego,’’ and which Mr. Schott seems
to have also found ‘‘on the sea-beach near San Diego,’’ may be a form of O. Engelmanni, as
suggested in the above publication ; or it may be a naturalized wild state of O. Zia; which is
cultivated about the missions there. Enough material has not been obtained to decide about it.

‘At all events, it seems to be distinct from the plant of the western mountain slopes.

4. Op. CHLOROTICA, (sp. nov.): erecta grandis, caule demumlignoso terete, cortice cinereo-fulvo;
aculeis flavis numerosissimis fasciculatis armato; articulis orbiculato-obovatis magnis pallide
flavo-virescentibus s. subglaucis; pulvillis sabeanetie griseo-tomentosis, setis stramineis dif-
formibus exterioribus brevioribus tenuioribus subzequalibus confertis, interioribus uniseriatis
robustioribus longioribus ; aculeis in pulvillis inferioribus 1-3, in paflerioribiis 3-6 ineequalibus
neis plus minus compressis (nec acute angulatis) piaviieyas deflexis, interiore breviore

CACTACEA. 39

subinde erecto; flore flavo, ovario tubercula pulvilli-gera conferta sub-50 gerente; sepalis tubi
sub-20 oblanceolatis cuspidatis, petalis sub-10 obovato spathulatis, obtusis mucronatis, stigmati-
bus 8 patulis; bacca obovata tuberculosa profunde umbilicata. (Plate VI, figs. 1-3.)

On both sides of the Colorado, from the San Francisco mountains to the headwaters Wil-
liams’ river, sometimes called ‘‘ Bill Williams’ fork,’’ and to the Mojave creek. The only erect,
flat-jointed Opuntia in this section of country, 4-5 and sometimes even 7 feet high, forming
large bushes, on one of which upwards of one hundred joints were counted. The large trunks
have a scaly, grayish, or light-red brown bark; the pulvilli are not obliterated on it, as they
are on O. Engelmanni, but are largely developed, 4-6 lines in diameter, pulvinate, densely
covered with a thick brown tomentum, surrounded by numberless straw-colored bristles, 4 lines
in Jength, and bearing 20-30 or more yellow, compressed spines, often 1-2 inches in length,
stellately radiating in every direction, and covering and shielding the whole surface of the stem.
The only Opuntia which I find described as having a similarly armed stem is O. Karwinskiana,
Salm., which is said to have 18-20 gray spines on the oldest pulvilli.

Joints 8-10 inches long by 6-8 wide, always of a very pale glaucous, or rather more yellowish
green color, which is strikingly characteristic, even at a distance, and which has procured our
name for the plant; pulvilli about 1 inch apart, strongly pulvinate; bristles two-fold and dis-
tinct, the upper and outer, and by far the most numerous ones are shorter and thinner, and
cover the upper semi-lunar area of the areola; inside of them is a semi-circular row of stouter
and longer bristles, 4-6 lines long, which unite with the outer and shorter spines of the outer
and lower margin of the areola, This arrangement is most distinct on the upper and more
fully developed. pulvilli; among our Opuntie it is only seen again, as far as known, in the
obscure O. dulcis from Presidio del Norte. Spines proper 1-1} inches long, pale straw color,
with faint transverse markings, hardly darker at base; shorter spines 4-9 lines long.

The description of the flower was drawn from an old withered specimen gathered in winter ;
it seems pale yellow, between 2 and 3 inches in diameter; sepals and petals remarkably narrow,
the latter about 1 inch long, and not half as wide. The ovary and fruit (all the specimens
found were sterile) are quite tuberculous; pulvilii crowded, bearing brown wool and short,
yellow bristles. Specimens of sterile fruit seen 14-1} inches ‘long:

5. Op. PROCUMBENS, (sp. nov. ): prostrata, articulis orbiculato-obovatis grandibus pallide viridi-
bus, pulvillis remotissimas griseo-tomentosis, setis flavis robustis valde inzqualibus, aculeis
validis 2-4 subinde (in articulis vetustioribus 2) 7-9 compressis angulatis inequalibus, strami-
neis s. pallidioribus versus basin obscurioribus, sepe rufis FneGEYS, deflexis. (Plate VI¥,
figs. 4-5.) gre

From the San Francisco mountains to the ne Pass, at the head of Williams’ river, in
rocky localities. Joints 9-13 inches long, 7-9 broad, prostrate, always on edge; pulvilli 13-2
inches apart; bristles 2-4 lines long, comparatively stout; spines 1-2 inches long; no flower or
fruit seen. Very similar to O. Engelmanni; but prostrate, with even mre distinct, pulvilli, and
stouter and often more numerous spines.

6. Op. anaustata, E. & B.: prostrata s. adscendens, articulis elongato-obovatis versus basin
sensim angustatis suberectis; pulvillis remotis griseo-tomentosis, setis fulvis gracilibus; aculeis
paucis (2-3) validis compressis albidis s. stramineis, versus basin rufis s. fulvis, adjectis seepe
infra 1-2 debilioribus,omnibus deflexis; bacca obovata, tuberculata rubella, late profundeque
umbilicata pulvillis 24 stipata; ectsinibus magnis subregularibus late marginatis. aes VII,
figs. 3-4.3¢X¥/ 43 /

From'the foot of Pi Inscription rock, near Zufli, to Williams’ river, and westward as far as
the Cajon Pass of the California mountains. Prostrate in the first and Take sen toriel localities,
but sub-erect in the bottoms of Williams’ river. Joints 6-10 inches long, and at the upper
third 3-4 inches wide, gradually narrowed downwards, rounded above; pulwilli over 1 inch

40 CACTACEA.

apart, oblong, quite strongty pulvinate, 3 lines long, bearing slender brown bristles; spines in
the specimens collected east of the Colorado sharply angular, pale straw colored or whitish,

brownish only at the very base, 1—1} inch long; sterile fruit obovate-subglose, 1-11 inch sings
with large pulvilli crowded toward the upper end of the fruit, covered with grayish Browae wool
and bright brown bristles. The specimen from Cajon Pass has brighter colored spines, with
the lower half red brown, not so angular; some erect spines, at the upper end of the joint, almost
terete. On this specimen a ripe fruit was collected, from which the above description has been
taken; it is 14 inch long, nearly one inch in diameter, with the wide and flat umbilicus
immersed about half an inch; pulvilli on tubercular elevations about 14 on the upper part of
the fruit, and 10 along the rim; seeds 3 lines or more in diameter, much compressed, with the
broad rim almost curled. Some of the seeds have germinated, and the young plants grow
vigorously.

This plant cannot be confounded with any others of bao by species ; some southern Opuntie have
similar, or even more elongated joints, but are erect and almost unarmed, such as O. stretcta,
O. tuberculatat,-O. lanceolata, etc. O. polyantha from South America, seems to be similar, but
has smaller and more spiny joints, etc.

7. Op. PH@ACANTHA, var. MAJOR E. in Pl. Fendl. Mem. of American Acad. IV, page 52.
Near Zufi.—As both Mr. Fendler and ourselves failed to collect the fruits of this form, it
remains doubtful whether it has been justly referred here, or whether it is more closely allied -
to O. Camanchica.

Op. Mosavensis, E. & B.: prostrata, articulis grandibus suborbiculatus, pulvillis remotis,
setis grandibus fulvis, aculeis 2-6 validis compressis acute angulatis elongatis plus minus cur-
vatis, fuscis versus apicem pallidioribus annulatis, adjectis infra 1-3 minoribus tenuioribus
pallidis ; bacca pulvillis 20-25 fusco-setosis stipata. (Plate IX, fig. 6-8.)

On Mojave creek ; at the time it was considered identical with the following species, and no
further notice ‘ike of it; only a few fragments were brought home, together with a sterile
fruit. Spines 1-25 aches long, stout, bright-brown ; fruit 1} inch long, oblong ; pulvilli
crowded towards the upper end. It is possibly a distinct species, but the material too incom-
plete to permit us more than merely to indicate it.

8. Op. Camanoutca (sp. nov.): articulis adscendentibus majusculis obovato-orbiculatis pulvil-
lis remotis orbiculato-ovatis tomentum griseum setasque paucas stramineas fulvasve (in pulvillis
terminalibus demum elongatis rigidiores) gerentibus plerisque armatis; aculeis 1-3 s. ad
a. Bans — fuscis hes atro-fuscis versus apicem pallidioribus superioribus

is s deflexis ore ovata late umbilicata atro-rubente
sticoosa pulvillis remotis obsoletis.seminibus majusculis irregularibus angulatis late marginatis
(PlateIX, fig. 1-5.) yox%. 72-75 —

On the Llano Estacade, at the base of the hills, in rather fertile soil, from the easten slope of
that elevated plain to the Tucumcari hills, near the upper course of the Canadian river. A
large plant, spreading extensively, with large rounded joints 6-7 inches long by 5g-T wide ;
pulvilli about 1} inch remote; bristles dirty-yellowish, greenish or brown, inconspicuous,
except at the upper edge, where they often become elongated and stouter ; only the lowest
pulvilli are spineless, the others bear 2-3 and the marginal ones 3-6 spines ; Jeg ones 14-2
and in some specimens almost 3 inches long. Flower unknown ; fruit very characteristic, dis-
tinguishing this species from the nearly allied O. pheacantha. It is oval, not narrowed or
constricted at base; 1j-2 inches long, 1-1} inch in diameter, with a large flat umbilicus 3-1
— in diameter, Seusdasably resembling the fruit of O. Engelmanni ; of a deep-red color and

sweet juicy pulp. Seeds 2}-3 lines in diameter, very irregular, angular and often
twisted, with sides impressed, mostly with a broad and thick acute or obtuse rim deeply notched
at the hilum.

CACTACE., 41

9. Op. TORTISPINA (sp. nov.): prostrataarticulis majusculis adscendentibus obovato-orbiculatis +
pulvillis subremotis stramineo s. fulvo-setosis ; ; aculeis 3-5 majoribus compressis angulatis.
subinde caualiculatis seepe spiraliter tortis, albis basi apiceque szpe corneis, sieve! infra
aculeolis 2~3 gracilibus albis; flore ; bacca ovata areolis sub-20 parvulis notata, late
umbilicata, seminibus mujusculis regularibus crassis. (Plate V/fig 2-3. xx#% 7-

On the Camanche plains, near the Canadian river, east of the plateau of the Llafio Estacado.
Similar in growth to the more western O. Camanchica. Joints rounded, 6-8 inches long ;
pulvilli 1-13 inches apart; bristles short, except on the edges, where they are 2-3 lines long,
but rather slender ; spines more numerous than in any other of our species, with juicy fruit,
often 6-8, lower smaller ones 4-1 inch, larger ones 14-24 inches long, entirely white or yel-
lowish horn-colored at base and tip ; on the upper areol one erect spine, the others spreading
in different directions, lower ones deflexed. Fruit similar to that of last species, large, oval,
not contracted at base, perhaps less juicy and with a somewhat smaller and deeper umbilicus,
1}-2 inches long, 1-1} in diameter. Seeds 2-3 lines across, thick and quite regular, with a
very slight indentation at the hilum.

i had observed that sometimes 2 plants are produced from the same seed ; this I found to be
the case occasionally with Opuntia occidentalis, Engelmanni and dulcis, one of the young
plants always much larger and more vigorous than the other. In examining different seeds of
this speceis, I fiveveded in finding one with two embryos (see figure), one spirally coiled
around the other, both together appearing like one large one. te XK, ff 4 —L—

10. Op. Rarinesqui, Engelm. : diffusa,radice fibrosa, articulis mediis s, majusculis obovatis s.
pec aaa per-viridibus ; foliis subulatis elongatis patulis,pulvillis sub-remotis albido-s, gri-

eo-villosis setas graciles rufas demum elongatas gerentibus plerisque inermibus ; aculeis paucis
aetiiions solum marginalibus validis teretibus rectis albidis swpe basi apiceque rufescentibus
erectis s. patulis, singulis s. uno alterove graciliore deflexo adjecto; floris alabastro conico
acuto, ovario clavato pulvillis 20-25 griseo-villosis rufo-setosis instructo; sepalis tubi sub-13
oblanceolatis acuminatis, interioribus late petaloideo-marginatis benpiatin petalis 10-13 late
obovatis ardag-denigélatis sab-‘marginatis sulphureis basi intus miniatis, stigmatibus 7-8 erectis
adpressis fla@vo-albidis; bacca ovata basi angustata clavata subnuda pulposa purpurascente,
umbilicoinfundi._) buliformi sere : ‘seminibus Hscepgsheame: ard peso ia margine plerumque
lato compresso sub-acuto. nibus minoribus regularibus
angustius marginatis. aide xt fig. aS) \R XKM, PF

In sterile, sandy, or rocky (consisting as well of sandstone as of limestone) localities in the
Mississippi valley, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and north to Wisconsin, east to Kentucky, and
south, probably, to Louisiana and Texas; westward it has not been found west of the western
boundary of Missouri and Arkansas. Flowers in May and June; fruit ripens in the same
season, but remains on the plant till the following spring. Jeints. rather large, orbicular 3—4
inches in diameter, or obovate, 4-5 inches long by 3 in width ;(a small variety with orbicular yy. ww
joinsts only 2 inches in diameter occurs on sandstone rock in southern Missouri.) The color of
the plant is dark or fresh-green. Leaves 2}-4 lines long, diameter about one-fourth of the
length ; pulvilli 9~12 lines apart with short whitish or grayish wool, and bright red-brown
bristles conspicuous even in the youngest joints. Spines rarely none, generally few in var.
microsperma, sometimes disappearing entirely in fertile soil in wandenty; etc.; mostly only on
the upper part or the edge of the joint, single or rarely 2-3, 9-12 lines long, rather stout, white
with a darker tip and sometimes also darker base. Flowers 23-3} inches in diameter, sulphur-
yellow, mostly wi‘h a red centre. Fruit 13-2 inches long, less than half that in diameter,
narrowed at base, the seminiferous cavity not extending to the base; umbilicus funnel-shaped,
but with shallow bottom, much wrinkled and scarred; naked by the disappearance of the
bristles of the pulvilli, and edible, somewhat acid or sweetish. Seeds 24 lines in diameter,

6r

Qaunwr Bee o-- Gare a fo fe x fo 7-24 OV xxl fo 73

42 - CACTACEZ.

hardly more than one line in thickness; rim rather narrow, thick, but acutish. Var. Micros-
perma has seeds only 0.8 or 0.9 line in diameter, more compressed, with quite a narrow rim.

This species has, by western botanists, generally been considered identical with the eastern
O. vulgaris. Riddell mentions it as occurring in Kentucky and Illinois, Torrey & Gray in
their Flora do not give any locality in the Mississippi valley; but Rafinesque had already
obseryed it in Kentuck , and, in his usual careless manner, had indicated 3 species: Cactus
hum@fusus, (which growing, ‘‘ from New York to Kentucky and Missouri,’’ probably comprised
both O. vulgaris and our species,) O. ceespitosa, from Kentucky and Tennesse, and O. Mesa-
cantha, from Kentucky to Louisiana. As it seems impossible from his incomplete descriptions
to make out what he meant by three different names, and as we know only one species in those
States of the Mississippi valley, I take the liberty of discarding those names and of substituting
the name of the author for the western species. It is not improper to state here that Rafin-
esque’s vague and partly erroneous descriptions have found their way into Seringe’s Bulletin,
1831, page 216, into the Linnwa, vol VIII, into Pfeiffer’s Enumeratio Cactearum, page 146,
and into other works, but with the substitution of Nuttalls for Rafinesque’s name as authority ;
the ‘‘ rounded joints’’ have, in these works, been taken for ‘‘ globose’’ or “‘ cylindric ’’ joints,
and our plant has been classed with the Opu /ice glomerate from Chili and Mendoza.

A large form of O. Rajinesquii was coll cted near Fort Smith, on the western border of
Arkansas ; further west, where no true O. Rafinesquii has been found, several forms were met
with, which, though they exhibit some distinctive characteristics, are, perhaps, not sufficiently -
different to constitute distinct species. The flowers of most of them are unknown as well as
the leaves, but fruit and seedSwere carefully preserved, which not only furnish important
characters, but also the means to propagate, cultivate, and further to study them. We append
them as dab-speciin

1. RADICE FIBROSA.

a. QO. CYMOCHILA : diffusa,articulis orbiculatis-pulvillis subremotis griseo-tomentosis stramineo
s. fulvo-setosis, plerisque atmatis ; aculeis 1-3 robustioribus elongatis teretibus s, subcompressis
tortisque albidis basi saepe rufescontibus, patulis deflexisve, additis saepe 2-3 gracilioribus
radiatim deflexis ; flore? stigmatibus 8; bacca obovata umbilico plano s. parum depresso pul-
villis 20-24 griseo-tomentosis parce setulosis, demum nudatis; seminibus irregularibns angulosis + |
margine undulato acuto. (Plate XII, fig. 1-3 ¥ XX/l Z. SO F2. 4

On the Camanche plains east of the ee Estacado, near the 100th dazrod of longitude, and
from there to Tucumcari hill, 80 miles east of the Pecos. Joints 24-3 inches in diameter,
orbicular or very slightly ohowabe pulvillif 6-8 lines apart; the very light yellowish-brown
bristles numerous, and conspicuous pals on the older joints; only the lowest pulvilli of a joint
unarmed, upper ones with 2-5 spines, 2 or 3 larger ones, often reddish-brown at lower half, 1-2
inches long, lower, smaller, paler ones 3-9 Ries long. Fruit oval, 1-1} inches long, about
10 lines in diameter, purplish, pulpy, sweet, and edible, less contracted at base than O. Rajin-
esquit; seed remarkably irregular and twisted, 24 lines in diameter, with a wavy or twisted
very sharp rim, whence the name which indicates the undulated border.

The orbicular joints, the numerous spi:es, the oval not clavate fruit, and curiously twisted
seed, seem to distinguish this form sufficiently from O. Rafinesquii, but these characters may
not be sufficiently constant or important to constitute specific difference. The characters of
Opuntie are not yet sufficently studied to permit usto form satisfactory conclusions about their
diagnostic importance ; so we find a form collected on the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque,
which, in habit and appearance, does not differ from the common form of O. Rajinesquii, but
which has the seeds of 0. cymochila:

QO. cymocutta, 8. MonTANA: articulis orbiculatis majoribus inermibus s. margine superiore
solum aculeatis; pulvillis remotis stramineo-setosis ; acleis singulis binisve validis albidis

CACTACER. 43

infra fuscis ; bacca obovata subclavata seminibus irregularibus acute undulateque marginatis,
Joints 3-44 inches in diameter, pulvilli 9-12 lines apart, spines 12-18, smaller ones 4-6 lines
long, on some plants entirely wanting. Fruit 1} inches long, much contracted at base, with a
much depressed, almost funnel-shaped, umbilicus. Seeds cannot be distinguished from those of

the plant of the plains. .

b. O. sTENocuILA: prostrata articulis/obovatis, pulvillis remotis stramineo-setosis superioribus
solum armatis; aculeis singulis albidis patulis, 1-2 minoribus deflexis seepe adjectis ; bacca
obovata clavata pulposa, umbilico lato parum immerso, seminibus regularibus crassis anguste
_obtuseque marginatis. (Plate XII, fig. 4-6... xxm% &%

At the cafion of Zuni. Joints 4 inches long and 3 wide, flaccid or often lying flat on the
ground, (in November ;) pulvilli 12 lines apart, small, with yellowish or greenish bristles;
larger spines 1-1} inches long, smaller ones less than half as long; fruit green or pale red,
very juicy ; 1} inches long, but sometimes much enlarged, even more juicy, and 2-2} inches
long and 1 inch in diameter above, long clavate towards thé base. Seeds quite characteristic,
about 23 lines in diameter, 1} line thick, regular, with a very narrow and somewhat obtuse
rim, whence the name. :

In the same neighborhood another plant was found with similar-seed-—but. smaller, more
rounded, and somewhat more spinous joints, fruit less clavate, smaller, seeds similar, but a
little smaller.

2. RADICE TUBEROSA.

ce. QO. FustrorMis: diffusa s. adscendens, radicibus fusiformibus elongatis, irregulariter incras-
satis ; articulis suborbiculatis majusculis, foliis elongatis subulatis patulis pulvillis subremotis
griseo villosis, setas elongatas virescente-fuscas gerentibus, plerisque s. solum superioribus
armatis ; aculeis 2-3 gracilibus inzequalibus deflexis s. patulis, albidis ; floris minoris flavi (basi
rubelli?) ovario pulvillis 25 stipato, stigmatibus 8, bacca ovata basi vix clavata demum nudata,
pulposa rubella, umbilico immer§o subinfundibuliformi; seminibus subregularibus crassis
majusculis acute marginatis. (Plate XII, fig. 7-8. XX/W ye

Cross-timbers longitude 97°-99° ; west of the region inhabited by O. Rajinesquii, and east of
that of O. cymochila ; also collected by Dr. Wislizenus in the same longitude, but farther north
on Cow creek and the Little Arkansas, (on the road from Independence to Santa Fé,) and by
Dr. Hayden, of the United States army, on the Missouri, below the Big Bend. FI. in May.
Roots form elongated tubers, attenuated at one or both ends 4-1 inch in diameter ; joints 4 or
even 5 inches in length ; leaves 24-3} lines long, pulvilli 9-12 lines apart, with numerous stout
yellowish-brown bristles, often 2 lines long, spines 1 or 2, 1-11 inches long, with a smaller one
of half the length, more slender than in most other allied forms. Flowers 2~24 inches in
diameter, yellow apparently with red base, smaller and with fewer sepals than O. Rafinesquii,
but the same mumber of stigmata. Fruit 14 inches long, umbilicus 3 inch wide; seed rather
larger and thicker than in O. Rajinesquii, 23 lines in diameter and 1} thick. The description
of the flower is from the specimens collected by Dr. Wislizenus.

O. macrorniza, Engl., of Texas, also belongs here as another tuberous rooted form in the
wide circle of O. Rafinesquii.

11. O. BAstLaRis (sp. nov.): humilis, articulis obovatis s. subtriangularibus glaucescentibus
pubescentibus adscendentibus e basi proliferis, fere rosulatis; foliis subulatis minutis erectis
rubellis tomentum axillare vix superantibus; pulvillis subconfertis fulvo-tomentosis setas
gracillimas demum numerosissimas breves fulvidas et subinde aculeolos setiformes caducos
gerentibus; floris purpurei%ovario obovato pubescente pulvillis plurimis (40-60) confertis fulvo-
tomentosis instructo, sepalis 20-25 exterioribus obl latis acuminatis, interioribus late obovatis’
cuspidatis, petalis sub-10 obovato-orbiculatis retusis s. obcordatis seepe tenuiter mucronatis,

al

44 CACTACEA.

stigmatibus 8 brevibus im capitulum conicum congestis; bacca (sicca?) breviter obovata late
umbilicata, seminibus magnis crassis subregularibus. (Plate XIII, fig. 1-5 3f AKA 4

On hills and in ravines from the Cactus Pass down the valley of Williams river to the
Colorado, and to Mojave creek ; Mr. Schott met with it on the lower Gila; and both he and Mr.
Albert H. Campbell obtained the beautiful purple flowers of this plant in April and May, 1855.
The habit of this plant is very different from any other of our Opuntice, as the stout obovate or
often fan-shaped or sometimes almost obcordate joints originateéfrom a common base form a kind
of rosette, resembiing somewhat an open cabbage head. mong thousands of specimens
observed, none deviated from this peculiar manner of growth, none was proliferous in the shape
of the other elliptic Opuntice. Joints 5-8 inches long, } inch in thickness, minutely pubescent ;
leaves only 1 line in length, slenderly subulate, smaller than any other of our species; next in
size are the leaves of O. Missouriensis, O. fragilis, and O. jfilipendula ; the largest leaves are
produced by the cylindric Opuntice, some of which have them 10 lines long.

Pulvilli somewhat immersed, 4-6 lines apart. Flower of a beautiful and rich purple color,
about 24 inches in diameter, ovary nearly 1 inch long, crowded with 40-60 elevated areole,
with light brown wool and brighter brown bristles; filaments not very numerous, leaving the
inner base of the tube naked; stigmata about 2 lines long, or less, apparently green. 'ruit
seems to be perfectly dry, short and thick ; seeds 3 lines in diameter, nearly 2 lines thick, with
a rather narrow but very thick rim, regular or sometimes quite irregular.

12. O. HysTRICINA, (sp. nov.) : diffusa, articulis obovato-orbiculatis, compressis, pulvillis sub-
confertis magnis griseo-tomentosis setas pallidas rutilasve gerentibus, omnibus armatis, aculeis
5-7 inferioribus gracilioribus brevioribus albidis deorsum radiantibus, superioribus 5-8 elongatis
validioribus angulatis sepe tortis flexuosisve 3-4 deflexis albidis, uno alterove longissimo, ceteris
2-4 superioribus patulis suberectisve seepe Vasi s. ad medium fuscatis ; flore , bacca obovata
subclavata, umbilico parum imimerso planiusculo, pulvillis 25-30, inferioribus inermibus, supe-
rioribus confertis aculeolos paucos gerentibus; seminibus maxima irregularibus late crasseque
marginatis. (Plate XV, fig. 5-7.jy xX% 2~ 4

This beautiful species was found abundant from the Rio Grande westward to the San Francisco
mountains, mixed with 0. Missouriensis, to which it is nearly allied. The specimens before us
were obtained at the Colorado Chiquito and on the San Francisco mountains. Joints 3—4 inches
long and nearly as broad. Pulvilli 5-6 lines apart, unusually large ; lower radiating spines
4-9 lines, the others 14-3 and even 4 inches long, irregularly arranged as we generally find it
in this species. We notice many specimens where 3 or 4 larger spines are placed above the
lower short radiating ones, the uppermost one of them is usually the longest ; somewhat above
these are 2-4 other spines, the lower one of which is the darkest and often not much shorter than
the one just mentioned, the others are shorter and whitish or dark only at the base. The bristles
are yellowish in some and brown in other specimens; sometimes we find short pale and longer
darker bristles together. The fruit is 1 inch long and half as thick, with a very shallow
umbilicus ; only the upper larger pulvilli bear 4-6 spines (2-5 lines long,) the lower ones on the
contracted part of the fruit are very small, distant, and unarmed. Seed among the largest in
this genus 34 lines in diameter, the thick and broad rim acutish. The name indicates the por-
cupine-like armature of this species. : :

13. O. Missouriensis, D.@6.: prostrata sradice fibrosa} articulis obovatis suborbiculatisve
tuberculatis compressis laete viridibus adscendentibus, foliis subulatis minutis patulis, pulvillis
subconfervis albo s. griseo-tomentosis stramineo—setosis omnibus armatis; aculeis in pulvillis
inferioribus gracilioribus paucioribus, in superioribus 5-10 exterioribus minoribus radiantibus
albidis, 1-5 interioribus robustis teretiusculis longioribus patulis, rarius suberectis, albidis s.
rufescentibus ; floribus sulphureis basi intus seepe aurantiacis, ovario obovato subgloboso, pulvillis
25-35 albo tomentosis aculeolatis instructo; sepalis tubi sub-13 exterioribus oblanceolatis,

CACTACE. 45

interioribus obovatis cuspidatis petaloide-marginatis, petalis sub-13 obovato-orbiculatis emargi-
natis s. obcordatis crenulatis seepe mucronulatis; stigmatibus sub-8 viridibus in capitalum
globosum s. conicum confertis ; bacca ovata s. subglobosa, umbilico parum depresso, pulvillis
25-35 albo tomentosis sets apa stramineas s. rufescentes aculeolos que numerosos breves s.
elongatos gerentibus ; seminibus magnis plerumque irregularibus late § subacuteque marginatis.
(Plates XIV[and XV/fig. 1-10 Pd 1-4.) XM Mag & XK 7-2.

This variable species extends from the country north of the Upper Missouri river to the regions
south of the Canadian and of Santa Fé, latitude 48° 35’; and from longitude 99° east of Fort
Pierre, on the Missouri, to 112° on the San Francisco mountains. It has not been found south
of Albuquerque, along the Rio Grande, nor in the Salt Lake valley, Utah, as far as at present
known. Flowering in May, fr. same fall. Nuttall discovered this common western species on
the Upper Missouri in 1811, and described it under the name of Cactus ferox ; he noticed ‘‘8-10
greeasan stigmata’’ and the ‘‘dry s ruit.’’ The deep purple fruit, as large as a hen’s
egg,’’ attributed to our species cn the Pathority of Dr. James, by Torrey and Gray, in their
Flora, perhaps belongs to our O. Camanchica ; it certainly cannot belong to O. Missouriensis.

It forms large spreading masses, much dreaded by travellers and their animals. Joints mostly
suborbicular, 2-4 inches long, He 2-34 wide, light green, somewhat tuberculated from hemi-
spherical elevations which bear the leaves and pulvilli, 4-6 lines apart ; leaves 14-2 lines long,
hardly more than } line in diameter at the base, nearly twice as long as the wool in their axills;
numerous small white spines radiating downwards and laterally, sometimes a few rather longer
ones obliquely upwards, mostly 3-6 lines long, rarely more elongaged ; central spines in the Mis-
souri specimens mostly 1, rarely 2; in the southern ones, often 2-4, 1-14, or even 2 inches long,
terete or somewhat snipnlat white: or mostly with a reddish base wlan young, entirely brown
red, with lighter tips. On the lower pulvilli the stouter spines are mostly wanting ; in some
Missouri specimens, I find few and weak spines on the upper, and none at all on the lower part

_ of the joints ; in other plants, from the same region, all the pulvilli are nearly equally armed

with 5 weaker (2-3 lines long) lower deflexed, and 5 inner stouter (4-6 lines long) spreading
spines. Flowers 2-3 inches in diameter, ovary, with subulate sepals, similar to the leaves,
spines already present, but not as long and stiffas in the fruit. Petals yellow towards the base,
or sometimes almost entirely rose-colored, orange, or brick-colored, sometimes only the margin
remaining yellow. Exterior filaments mnch the longest, deep red ; interior ones paler, shorter ;
pistil pale yellowish, thickened below the middle, as in almost all the species of this genus ;
stigmata united into a small subconic head.

Fruit ovate, or sometimes globose, umbilicus shallow, spines on the pulvilli numerous, 6-12,
usually short, 1-4, sometimes 6 lines long. Seeds about3 lines in diameter, sometimes teed
in one form much smatlerf’mostly irregular, twisted, angular, much compressed, with a broad
and thick but rather acutish rim. Embryo of different shapes, conform to the shape of a seed,
always with a small albumen.

The following forms, we think, must be included under this species, peered the whole history
of most of them is not known ; some of them may not even be constant variet

a. RUFISPINA: articulis oriaeninee s, transversisysetis parcis rufescentibus, ane radialibus
6-8 albidis rufo-variegatis, interioribus validis tasein apice pallidioribus, of gare ae singulo

atulo s. suberecto robustissimo ; bacca ovata,—(Plate XIV, fig. 1-3 je xx Sb

This is the shertest form of our species, and greatly deseeiee Nuttall’s athe name ferox ;
It was collected on rocky places on the Pecos; Dr. Hayden has also sent it from the Yellow-
stone, and it no doubt is met with in all the intervening territory. Joints 2-3 inches in diame-
ter, pulvilli 4-5 lines apart ; bristles fewer, but longer and darker than in other forms; central
spines 17-2 inches long ; fruit 1 inch long, half as thick, with shallow umbilicus, shot 30
pulvilli, spines on the upper ones 4-6 nas ‘ene, Seeds 23-3 lines in diameter.

8. PLATYCARPA: articulis obovato-orbiculatis, setis parcis stramineis, aculeis exterioribus

46 CACTACEA,

5-10, inferioribus albidis, superioribus robustioribus rufescentibus , centrali subsingulo robusto
fusco patulo s. deflexo ; bacca depresso-globosa, umbilico lato plano, pulvillis sub-25 aculeolos
5-10 breves gerentibus.—(Plate XIV, fig. 4.3 -xK// “7

Sent from the Yellowstone by Dr. Hayden. A stout form ; joints 3 inches long, 24-23 wide;
pulvilli 4-6 lines apart, the dirty yellowish bristles visible only on the older joints. Central
spine single, or only on vigorous specimens on the upper pulvilli 2, mostly brownish, deeper
colored on the margin. Fruit 8-9 lines long, umbilicus, of the same diameter, spines only 1-3
lines long, deflexed. Seed 3 lines in diameter, rim rather narrower than in the first-mentioned

orm.

7 MICROSPERMA: articulis ut in precedente; stigmatibus 5; bacca ovata, umbilico parum de-
presso, pulvillis, 20-30 setcsis et breviter aculeolatis, seminibus anguste acuteque marginatis.
(Plate XIV, figs. 5-7.

On the Missouri, about Fort Pierre; brought down 10 years ago by the fur traders. Very
similar to the last form in the general appearance; also with only 1, or at most 2, central dark
spines; flowers only with 5 stigmata, otherwise same as the one described above; fruit short,
oval, with 10-20 very short spines on the numierous pulvilli; seed only 2 lines in diameter, more
regular, thicker in proportion, with a narrow and acute rim. It might be supposed that these
characters were important and constant enough for a specific difference, if we did not know the
great variability in this genus, and if we did not find among Dr. Hayden’s plants seeds of
intermediate shape and size. XXIV. /

0 SUBINERMIS: articulis elongato-obovatis, pulvillis subremotis, eencigniaes inermibus, supe-
rioribus aculeos paucos breves gerentibus. a

Brought from the Upper Missouri by Dr. Hayden; remains constant in three years cultivation.
Joints 33-5 inches long, half as wide, gradually narrowed down at base; leaves entirely similar
to those of the common form; pulvilli 6-9 lines apart; spines entirely wanting, or on the upper
pulvilli 2 or 3 short and slender ones, rarely one or the others more robust, 4-3 inch long;
flowers not seen.

€ ALBISPINA : articulis late obovatis, setis stramineis, aculeis omnibus albis gracilioribus, exte-
rioribus 6-10 setaceis, interioribus in pulvillis superioribus 1-3 robustioribus elongatis deflexis
s patulis; bacca ovata, seminibus magnis. (Plate XIV, figs. 8-10.% XX/W. /# 2

Sandy bottoms and dry beds of streamlets on the Upper.Canadian, 250 miles east of the Pecos;
on the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque; also, on the Upper Missouri. This was the first
form of this species met with in travelling up the Canadian; the stouter and more compact
forms were found further west, in higher elevations. Joints 3-4 inches long, 24-3 wide; pul-
villi 4—6 lines apart; spines all ivory white, rarely with a yellowish tinge, larger ones 144 inch

long; fruit with very shallow umbilicus, and very slender and short spines; seed 3-34 lines in»

diameter, irregular, rim broud acutish. A form from the Sandia mountains with puivilli more
Temote; spines longer, more sfender, some of them flexuous; seems to unite this with the next
variety.

€ TRIcHoPpHORA: articulis ovatis, pulvillis confertis parce albo-tomentosis setas straminei#@/

demumalbidas breves gerentibus, omnibus armatis; aculeis 10-18 setiformibus albis, exte-
rioribus 8-12 brevioribus radiantibus, interioribus longioribus deflexis, rarius singulo suberecto;
-pulvillis in articulis’ vetustioribus lignosis confertissimis setas numerosas aculeosque 15-25
capillaceos elongatos flexuosos gerentibus; bacca ovata, umbilico parum immerso pulvillis 35-40
albo-tomentosis stramineo-setosis fasciculum aculeolorum 12-18 plerumgue deflexorum gerenti-
bus; seminibus maximis valde compressis irregularibus latissime acuteque marginatis. (Plate
XV, figs. I-49Ax x//. 9 2
Only on the volcanic rocks about Santa Fé, and on the Sandia mountains. The hoary appear-
ance of the older joints is very characteristic, and reminds one strongly of Pilocereus senilis.
These hairs are from a few lines to 2 or 2} inches in length, and of the appearance and about as

omnes

CACTACER. 47

fine as an old man’s beard. The older joints become thick and of a solid ligneous substance ~
younger joints 43 inches long, 24 inches wide, or larger; pulvilli 4-5 lines apart; exterior
spines 3—6 lines, interior ones 9-18 lines long. Fruit ovate, 10 lines long, 7 in diameter; very
- slender and numerous spines, 3-6 lines long. Seeds, with those of O. hystricina, the largest
known to us, 3} lines in diameter, sometimes larger; rim large, almost of the tickness of the
seed itself. This is, perhaps, a distinct species, and must be further studied.

14. O. spHaRocARPA, (sp. noy.): diffusa articulis orbiculatis transversisve tuberculatis; pul-
villis confertis albo-tomentosis, setas stramineas breves gerentibus, plerisque inermibus, summis
solum et marginalibus aculeos 1-2 reflexos s. patulos, adjectis subinde 1-3 brevioribus gerenti-
bus; bacca globosa, umbilico minore plano, pulvillis sub-25 tomentosis setosis vix aculeolatis,
seminibus mediis acute marginatis, (Plate XIII, figs. 6-7.) % >/%.

On th@ eastern declivity of the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque. Joints in the specimen
before us 3 inches wide, less in length, strongly tuberculated ; pulvilli 4-5 lines apart; spines
on the upper lateral pulvilli mostly single, deflexed, } inch long; on the middle or lower ones
none; on the uppermost and marginal ones mostly 2, rarely 3 lines long, reddish brown, with g
darker tip; 1-3 smaller additional spines, 2-4 lines long also reddish, Fruit perfectly globose,
9 lines in diameter; umbilicus 5-6 lines wide; pulvilli bristly, but only the upper ones with
one or a few small spines. Seeds 2} lines in diameter, very irregular, with a rather narrow,
but sharp rim.

The arrangement of the spines is so different from any form of 0. Missouriensis, which always
shows the numerous slender radiating spines, and always has spiney fruits, that we feel obliged
to separate this plant as a distinct species. The seeds brought home by the expedition have
germinated, and are growing vigorously.

15. O. ERINAcEA, (sp. nov.): diffusa adscendens; articulis tumidis ovatis s, teretiusculis,
pulvillis confertissimis ovato-orbiculatis albo-tomentosis demum stramineo-setosis omnibus arm-
atis ; aculeis 3-5 gracilibus elongatis e cinereo-rubellis 1-3 superioribus brevioribus sursum
porrectis, centrali longior patulo vel declinato, ceteris deflexis, additis 2-4 minoribus inferiori-
bus ; bacca ovata umbilico infundibuliformi pulvillis 30-40 setad stramineas et aculeolos 12-20
gerentibu: ; seminibus magnis subregularibus late acuteque marginatis. (Plate XIII, fig. 8-11.) 2XKIK 4 |

West of the great Colorado near the Mojave creek; joints 2-24 inches long, 1-14 inches wide,
and about 3-} inch thick, sometimes elongated, almost cylindric, densely covered with the large
white pulvilli, which are only 2-3 lines apart, and numerous reddish-gray spines with red
points bristling hedgehog-like (whence the specific name) in every direction. Spines 6-14 or
in old joints even 20 lines long, with smaller ones.very slender, flexible, but stiff. Young
plants cylindric, covered with bunches of 15 or 20, or more, white hair-like spines. Bristles
dirty-yellow even in young joints present, in old ones densely crowded, and 2-3 lines long; in
a dead flower a 6-parted stigma was noticed. Fruit 1-1} inches long, about } an inch in
diameter, with a deep funnel-shaped umbilicus ; pulvilli crowded, prominent, white-tomentose
with yellowish bristles and numerous, mostly deflexed, spines, 3-6 lines long. Seed nearly 3
lines in diameter, much compressed, more regular than in the three foregoing species.

15. O. BRACHYARTHRA, (sp. nov.): prostrata s. adscendens, articulis ovatis s. orbiculatis tumi-
dis saepe subglobosis, tuberculatis ; pulvillis confertis magnis albo-tomentosis parce setulosis
plerisque armatis ; aculeis 3-5 albidis s. fuscatis patulis; 1-2 validioribus sursum versis, caeteris
minoribus minimisge subdeflexis; floris parvig ovario subgloboso, pulvillos 12-15 tomentosog
setosos superiores aculeolatos gerante, sepalis tubi exterioribus obovatis cuspidatis stigmatibus
5. (Plate XII, fig. 9.)

At the foot of the inscription rock near Zuiii under pine trees, only seen in that single
locality. A singular looking plant with short tumid joints (10-15 lines long, 10-12 wide and

48 CACTACER.

nearly the same in thickness) one growing on the top of the other so as to resemble, somewhat,
a jointed finger. In the absence of ripe fruit we are unable, with certainty, to class this species ;
the shape of the joints and the somewhat spinulose fruit seem to bring it very near to O. fragilis,
and it may possibly be a small and compact form of this species, though the appearance is very
different ; on the other hand the subglobose joints seem to refer it to the section Glomerate,

Salm.

Pulvilli 2-4 lines apart, large, white or when old grayish tomentose with very few short
yellowish bristles, even in the old joints; spines 9-12 lines long, rather stout, terete, often
with 1 or 2 short ones not more than 1-2 lines long. No ripe fruit was found (Novr.) which is
also often the case with O. fragilis, but many remains of flowers with globose-ovate fleshy sterile
red ovaries, 3—4 lines long, some of them becoming larger and probably proliferous, generally
only some of the upper pulvilli bear a few short spines. The flower seems to have been about
1 inch in diameter, with about 5 sepals, 8 or 9 petals, and style with 5 stigmata.

O. FRaGiLis, Haw., the seed of which we give a figure of, (pl. XXIV, fig. 5,) grows on the
upper Missouri and Vullowetas and probably down to Santa Fé. The joints are small, ovate,
compressed or tu®Méd, or even terete, 4 larger spines on the upper fully developed pulvilli
cruciate, the upper one suberect, stouter and longer than the others, mostly yellowish-brown ;
on the lower margin 4-6 small White radiating spines; bristles few. Fruit apparently some-
what fleshy, getting dry much later with 20-28 pulvilli, almost naked, only the upper ones
with a few short spines ; seeds few, large, regular.

Subgen. 2. Cyirnpropuntia, Engelm.
§1. Clavate. K XXIV. 6

17. O. cravata, E. in Wisl. Rep. (Plate XXII, fig. 1-3.) Found from Santa Fé to Albu-
querque, where Wislizenus and Fendler had already collected it, and no where else. A
remarkable and well characterized species, the type of this section. We add to the characters
previously published, (Wislizenus’ Report note 12, and Plante Fendleriane in Mem. Amt
Acad. vol. IV, page 49,) that the leaves are long and subulate, 2-24 lines long; the broadest,
spines were 14 lines wide; fruit 14-1} inch long, lemon-yellow, almost covered with 30-50
hemispherical pulvilli, which bear innumerable white slender bristles, spreading ray-like in
every direction. Seeds large for this section, and, as in all the allied species, transverse or
broader than high ; 24-3 lines in the longest diameters, rostrate, somewhat angular; commis-
sure (which in the cylindric and clavate opuntiz replaces the rim of the flat-jointed ones),
impressed, linear or a little wider ; cotyledons in several seeds examined by me oblique.

18. O. Parryt, E. in Sillim. Journ., Nov., 1852: Articulis ovatis basi clavatis, tuberculis
oblongo-elongatis, pulvillis albo-tumentosis setas paucas rigidas gerentibus; aculeis angulatis
scabris rubello-cinereis, interioribus validioribus sub-4 triangulato-compressis, exterioribus 5-8
angulatis supra infraque divergentibus, extimis 6-10 gracilibus rigidis radiantibus ; bacca ovata
basi clavata pulvillis sub-40 setosissimis stipata ; pepnibre regularibus latius commissuratis.
(Plate XXII, fig. 4-7. xx, 7 ©

On the gravelly plains 30 miles west of the Colorado, near the Mojave river; southward to
the eastern slope of the California mountains near San Felipe, Dr. Parry. Joints 24-3 or 4
inches long, 14 inch in diameter, attenuated not only below but also somewhat above in the
specimen before us. Tubercles ainat 9 lines long, pulvilli small, bristles few, coarse and long.
Spines very numerous in 3 series; the 4 inner ones 12-16 lines denis: 4-} lines broad, the lower
one somewhat flattened, the aan triangular ; the next series consists usually of 2-3 upper
ones and 3-5 lower ones, angular, more slender and shorter than the first, 4-8 lines long ; the
third or external circle consists of 6-10 bristly slender spines, 3—4 lines” ein some above, but

CACTACEZ. 49

most of them lateral or inferior. Young spines reddish-grey with paler margins, older ones
ashy. Fruit 14 inch long; seed rather regular, 2-24 lines in the transverse diameter, less than
2 lines high, not beaked, commissure broader and more distinct than in any other of this sec-
tion examined by us. Cotyledons in all the seeds examined oblique.

This discription refers to the plant brought by the expedition from the Mojave river. Several
years before Dr. Parry had described a plant discovered by him ‘‘on the hills and plains about
San Felipe on the eastern slope of the California mountains,’’ which had been named after the
discoverer. We presume that both plants were identical, but have to remark that Dr. Parry’s
plant is much larger, having joints of 4-8 inches in length, with tubercles 6-12 lines long,
spines whitish, half an inch long; he describes the flowers as 1} inch in diameter, greenish-
yellow with green stigmata. Fruit not mentioned. Further investigation will be necessary to
clear up those doubts.

From 0. clavata (which grows 8 or 9 degrees east and on much greater elevation) the Mojave
species is distinguished by the shape of the joints, the color, much narrower, more numerous
spines and the smaller more regular seeds, with the broad commissure.

§ 2. Cylindrice.

19. Opuntia Davistt, (sp. nov.): caule dense lignoso ramosissimo divaricato adscendente,
articulis junioribus erectis elongatis, basi attenuatis ; tuberculis oblongo-linearibus prominulis,
setis stramineis tenerrimis ; aculeis interioribus 4-7 subtriangularibus rufis apice pallidioribuss
vagina straminea laxa fulgida indusiatis divergentibus s. deflexis, aculeis gracilioribus inferiori-
bus 5-6 ; bacca ovata pulvillis sub-25 setas stramineas aculeolosque paucos gerentibus ; umbilico
lato. (Plate XVI, fig 1-4.)

Common on the upper Canadian, eastward and westward of Tucumcari hills, near the Llano
Estacado, A very much branched shrubby, somewhat procumbent, plant, with erect joints,
about 18 inches high ; wood dense and hard ; joints 4—6 inches in length, and half an inch or
more in thickness ; tubercles not very prominent, 7-8 lines long ; very slender bristles, forming
a thick brush at upper end of pulvillus; interior spines 1-1} inches long, covered with a very
loose glistening membranaceous sheath, which makes the plant an object of remark for a long
distance ; lower spines 3-6 lines long. All the fruits seen on the route were sterile, and most
of them elongated, 1-14 inch long ; on many pulvilli 1-4 sheathed spines were observed, which
possibly are peculiar only to the sterile and proliferous fruits.

We have named this well-marked and pretty species after our enlightened Secretary of War,

“Colonel Jefferson Davis, under whose auspices the expeditions for the exploration of a proper
route for the Pacific railroad were organized, and were enabled to accomplish so much, not only
for this specific object, but also for the elucidation of the natural history of this hitherto almost
unknown country.

20. QO. EcHINocaRPA, (sp. nov.): caule reticulato-lignoso, erectiusculo, ramis numerosis paten-
tissimis subinde pene decumbentibus, articulis ovatis basi clavatis, tuberculis ovatis prominent-
ibus-confertis; setis paucis stramineis ; aculeis albidis stramineo s. albido-vaginatis, majoribus
sub-4 cruciatis, cetex#fminoribus 8-16 undique radiantibus ; floris flavi (?) ovario pulvillis 30-40
villosis subaculeolatisque confertis stipato, sepalis sub-13, exterioribus ovatis acutis 3; interiopri-
bus obovatis mucronatis, petalis sub-8 obovatis obtusis s. subemarginatis denticulatis, stigmati-
bus 6; bacca globoso-depressa s. hemispherica, late profundeque ,umbilicata pulvillis sub-40
aculeolos vaginatos elongatos 8-12 gerentibus dense stipata ,loris,rudimento subpersistente
coronata; seminibus subregularibus s. angulatis, crassis, late commissuratis, cotyledonibus
parallelis, ¢ Ate XVY fp S00 XW 7

In the Colorado valley, near the mouth of Williams’ river. Mr. Schott found a stouter form
further south. The more northern plant forms a low shrub 6-18 inches high, spreading, and

TY

50 CACTACE.E.

often partially prostrate ; the cylindric tubular wood is reticulated with short meshes. Joints
1-24 inches long, less than 1 inch thick, tubercles not more than 4 or 5 lines long ; bristles few
and rather coarse; spines 12-20; the 4 larger ones are somewhat central, 9-12 lines long ; the
others radiating from 4-9 lines long ; ; the smaller ones, as in all these Oniaitiae; hardly vagi-
nate. Flower described from a withered specimen found attached to a fruit, to which it some-
what adhered, but perhaps held more by the long intricate spines than by an organic attach-
ment. Flower 14-1} inches in diameter, apparently yellow, which is uncommon among the
Cylindric Opuntie; petals about 9 lines long and three broad, stigmata about 2 lines long.
The fruit is very peculiar, and with the seed, characterizes this species well. The wide umbili-
cus on the shallow fruit gives it the appearance of a saucer, and the seeds find their place more
around the edge of the umbilicus than in the body of the fruit. Spines on fruit from 4-10 lines
long. Seed 2 lines or more in diameter, with a broader commissure than any of the allied
species, cotyledons always all the specimens examined regularly accumbent or parallel ; the
Sa species, so far, where this regularly 1 is the case? albumen unusually large.
O. Serpentina, from San Diego, is very nearly allied to our species, but seems gginerms
distinct by its elongated cylindric joints and different growth.

21. O. Bicenovir, Englm.: caule arborescente erecto crasso reticulato-lignoso, ramis erectis
adscendentibusve numerosis congestis, inferioribus demum refractis, articulis ovatis s. ovato-
cylindricis tumidis lete s. pallide viridibus fragilibus ; tuberculis subhemisphericis depressis
confertis ; pulvillis immersis ovatis setas pallidas penicillatas et aculeos 6-10 robustiores pal-
lidos stramineo-vaginatos, 3 deflexos, ceteros divergentes et 6-10 graciliores inferiores radiantes
gerentibus ; ovario tuberculis plurimis stipato parce aculeolato ; bacca ovata profunge umbili-
cata tuberculata pulvillos immersos 60-70 setigeros inermes s. aculeolés s#8-3 vaginat@s gerente ;
seminibus parvis.—(Plate XIX, fig. 1-7.) , Savoie

On Williams’ river, a branch of the Colorado; 10-12 feet high, stm inch in diameter ;
skeleton forming a large hollow tube, much reticulated with numerous small roundish or some-
what rhombic meshes in 13 or 21 spiral rows. Branches forming a dense head ; younger joints
erect, adpressed very fragile, often shaken off by the wind and covering the soil around, taking
root everywhere, or sticking to the clothes of the passers-by like burrs. The joints on the older
part of the stem are often persistent and reflexed, becoming withered and brown. Joints 2-6
inches long, 1—2 inches in diameter, light fresh green, covered with the small almost hemi-
sherical, and not very prominent, tubercles, which are 3-4 lines long, and arranged mostly in
13 spirals ; the areola is immersed at the apex of the tubercle, and surrounded by an elevated
paler or almost whitish ridge, haying the appearance of 2 lateral glartds. Larger spines about -
linch long. Flower or complete fruit not seen ; an ovary or young fruit before me is clavate,
1 inch long, and has a few spines on the pulvilli; some empty (sterile?) fruits brought home
are oval 14-1} inches long, 1 inch in diameter, strongly tuberculated, and spineless; others
again are even larger, with more numerous tubercles, and the pulvilli beset with 3-6 sheathed
spines 4-7 lines long. These are evidently undergoing a change intojoints \proliferougfseeds,
said to be small, but most unfortunately the specimens were lost, so that we were unable to com-
pare them with those allied species found further south, (O. fulgida,) and on the Pacific coast,
(O. prolifera.) Our plant is distinguished from these heirs by its short tubercles, innitenedl
pulvilli, and large tuberculated and somewhat spiny fruit.

[I have thought proper to consecrate this remarkable species, so conspicuous in its desert
wilds, to my colaborer Dr. J. M. Bigelow, through whose intelligent exertions and indefatigable
reals so many new Cactacez, described in this report, have been discovered and brought

La = at 5 Ee.)

O. Wurpp.et, (sp. nov.): caule erecto s. rarius patulo s. Bice reticulato-
ligned divaricato ranean articulis cylindricis ; tuberculis ovatis confertis, pulvillis pulvinatis

CACTACE. 51

parce tomentosis vix setosis; aculeis brevibus cinereo s. stramineo vaginatis, 1—4 majoribus
divaricatis, inferiore longiore deflexo, minoribus 2-8 solum ad inferiorem pulvilli marginem
deflexis s. undique radiantibus ; flore rubro, ovario ovato tuberculato pulvillis 20-30 tomentosis
setas stramineas et aculeolos paucos mox sms. gerentibus stipatorsepalis tubi sub-8 orbicu-

latis cuspidatis, petalis 8-10 spathulatis cuspidatis ; bacca subgloboss leviter tuberculata sub-

carnosa flava inermi ; umbilico infundibuliformiyseminum subregularium commissura lineari
a. LVIOR humilior, aculeis brevioribus paucioribus, seminibus minoribus,
8. sPrNostor elatior aculeis plurimis longioribus,seminibus majoribus. (Plate XVII, fig. 1-4 xn. da

From the elevated country about Zuiii to the head of Williams’s river, at first seen only 8—
inches high, subprostrate, afterwards 20-30 inches, and scmetimes even 5-6 feet high. Var. f.
was found by Mr. A. Schott south of the Gila river, and he also discovered the flower of this
plant, which, like the flowers of all the other new species, remained unknown to us, unless
winter remains were picked up here and there. _ Ligneous skeleton tubular, with small meshes,
dense at base of stem ; joints elongated, 2-4 inches toa foot long, 4 or } of an inch in diameter ;
tubercles ovate or sometimes almost rhombic,.about 5 lines long; spines very variable in number,
sometimes only with 1 larger and 2 or 3 smaller ones; in other instances, especially in Var. f.,
with 12 or 14; spines 3-9 lines long, bristles few, generally only on older joints; flowers 14-14
inches in diameter ; ovary 6-9 lines long with 20 or 25 pulvilli; fruit about 1 inch long, a little
less in diameter, somewhat fleshy and sweet, with 25-35 not very prominent tubercles; seeds
with linear or almost linear commissure, 14-1} lines in diameter ; cotyledons regularly incum-
bent or sometimes oblique. The seeds of f. are 2 lines in diameter.

This is easily distinguished from all the allied species of the slender elongated branches, the
short, crowded tubercles, and the short spines. We have dedicated this Opuntia, characteristic
of the desert mountains under the 35th degree, between the Rio Grande and the Colorado, to
Captain A. W. Whipple, the commander of the expedition who, by his zealous and liberal co-
operation, afforded every facility in his power in the various collections of natural history-
(Plate XVII, fig. 5-6, and Plate XVIII, fig. 4

23. O. anBoREScCENS, Hnglm. ¥ found first 200 miles east of the Pecos, and from there abun-
dantly as far west as Zufii, where other cylindric Opuntie take its place. In this region it does
not grow higher than 5-8 feet, and can scarcely be called arborescent ; it is always well charac-
terized by the verticillate often somewhat pendulous branches, the cristate-tuberculate spineless
fruit, and the smooth seeds with a distinct and broadly linear commissure. Seeds of specimens
collected at Zuiii smaller thon. others, oyly 1} line in diameter. WC XXIV. J-02.

24. O. ACANTHOCARPA, ae nov.): caule arborescente erecto reticulato-lignoso, ramis adscen-
dentibus divaricatis; articulis cylindricis tuberculatis pallide virescentibus; tuberculis oblongo-
linearibus pulvillis ovato-orbiculatis breviter tomentosis vix setosis, aculeis numerosis s. plurimis
(8-25) stramineo-vaginatis undique porrectis, stellatis; bacca subglobosa late umbilicata
tuberculata ; pulvillis 12-15 tomentosis parce setosis aculeolis validis 8-10 munitis; seminibus
magnis somtiengitia late commissuratis. (Plate XVIII, fig. 1-3 As/H 27

On the mountains of Cactus Pass, about 500 miles west of Santa Fé. Stout, stem 5-6 feet
high, wood forming a hollow reticulated tube, solid at base; branches few, never verticillate,

: separating at acute angles ; joints 4-6 inches long, 1 inchin diameter, tubercles 9-10 lines long;

id

pulvilli in some with one central and 6 or 8 exterior spines, in others with 3-7 interior and —
10-20 exterior stellately radiating spines. Central spines 1-1} inch, exterior 4—10 lines long,
with ayellowish or brownishsheath. Fruit 1 inch long with a large but not deep umbilicus,
and 12-15 rather shallow tubercles ; spines of fruit stout, 3-6 lines long, stouter and more
crowded toward the top of the fruit. Seeds unlike any other of our Opuntie, 24-3 lines in
diameter, with rather broad commissure, often spongy on the margin, and on the sides with
many even or concave faces separated by sharp ridges.

52 CACTACE,

This peculiar species cannot be confounded with any other, but comes, in the arrangement of

ines, nearest to O. arborescens, from which it is easily distinguished by its manner of growth,
its elongated tubercles, and especially the much less tuberculated Wh, spiny fruit, and the
peculiar seed.

25. &. TESSELATA, Englm.: caule frutescente erecto s. diffuso, dense lignoso, ramosissimo,
ramis divaricatis, articulis gracilibus teretibus, plano-tuberculatis ceesiis, tuberculis 5-6_angu-
latis confertissimis depressis, planiusculis; pulvillo lineari tomentoso vix setis paucis deciduis
instructo, inermi s. medio s. versus basin aculeo elongato porrecto s. subdeflexo albido flavido s,
fulvo vagina laxisbasi constricta flava_s. e flavo fulva indusiato, singulo s. rarissime binis;
aculeis paucis brevibus setaceis infra seepe adjectis; floris purpurei ovario obovato s. clavato
pulvillis 30-50 villoso-tomentosis inermibus s. parce aculeolatis dense stipato; sepalis tubi
sub-8 obovato-orbiculatis cuspidatis ypetalis 5 late obovato-orbiculatis emarginatis; filamentis
exterioribus latioribus persistentibus, stigmatibus 5 brevibus ovatis adpressis; bacca ovata basi
apiceque contracta sicca pulvillis villosis aculeoflatissimés confertissimis stipata, floris rudi-
mentis coronata; seminibus subregularibus margine spongioso crasso parum prominente cinctis.
O. ramosissima, E, in Sill. Journ., November, 1852. (Plate XXI, figs. 1-7. x XIV I 20

Valley of the Lower Colorado, and from thence to the California mountains; first discovered
by Dr. Parry in the Colorado desert, afterwards found by Dr. Bigelow from the valley of
Williams’ river to 70 miles east of Cajon Pass, in the California mountains. The flower was
first noticed by Mr. A. Schott, in western Sonora, towards the Lower Colorado. FI. May to
September. Stems 2-6 feet high, mostly branching from the base-below,_1-3 inches in diameter,
covered with a dark-gray scaly bark; wood of young branches “reticulate, very soon becoming
solid, but even then the reticulated structure remains visible in the different layers of wood.
Annual layers not as distinct as the medullary rays, but more so than in O. /rutescens; ina
stem of near 2 inches diameter we counted 35 annual layers, 8 or 9 of which belong to the
alburnum; branches numerous and slender,,of an ashy or grayish green color, younger ones 3
or 3} lines in diameter, well characterized by the remarkable flattened tubercles, which, by
closely crowding together, become 5 or 6 angular, diamond-shaped ; the areola is linear, extend-
ing down to the middle of the tubercle; its short tomentum usually extends upwards between
the next adjoining tubercles. Tubercles 24-3 lines long, and a little less in diameter. Spines
14-2 inches long, usually from the middle or at least above the base of the pulvillus, generally
only on the upper tubercles of each year’s growth, which gives the whole plant a singular
appearance, showing the fasciculate spines at some, and having no spines at all on other
parts of the apparently homogeneous branches. Sheath contracted at base, and firmly ad-
hering to the spine, loose and saccate above. Small bristly spines at the base of the pulvillus,
2-3, sometimes even 5 in number, 1-4 lines long. Flower purple, about 6 lines in diameter,
lowest part of the tube naked. Fruit 9-10 lines long, resembling much the fruit of the Clavate
Opuntie in shape, being contracted above, with a narrow and deep umbilicus, and retaining the
dead remains of the flower, of which the broad, scale-like exterior filements are most conspicu-
ous; pulvilli large and woolly, almost entirely covering the fruit, and beset with 30 to 50
reddish-brown, bristly, flexuous spines, 2-3 lines long. Seeds few, regular, nearly or quite 2
lines in diameter, : pene en ee gt

~~
2b, O. vaetnata, Englm.: caule frutescente erecto dense lignoso, ramis virgatis demum teretibus
junioribus tubercula oblongo-elongata subprominentia gerentibus late viridibus; foliis subulatis
pulvillis orbiculatis magnis breviter albo-tomentosis, setarum straminearum penicill® parYho
brevi, aculeis ex imo pulvillo singulis elongatis corneis s. fuscis laxe stramineo s. aurantiaco- —
vaginatis, adjectis subinde supra aculeis minoribus 1-2; bacca ovata tuberculata pulposa flava ~ aurant
pulvillos 15-20 majusculos albo-tomentosos setosos gerentipes, umbilico angusto immerso, semi-
nibus subregularibus marginatis. (Plate XX, fig. 1.) Fogacir. fp 13-15~

Fad

CACTACEZ. 53

About Albuquerque, where Dr. Wislizenus had already collected it in 1846; apparently
extending into Mexico, as Dr. Gregg collected what seems to be the same species about San
Luis Potosi. Shrub 3-5 feet high; lower part of stem 1-1} inch thick, covered with scaly,
light-yellowish-brown bark ; older branches smooth terete, younger ones 3-4 lines in diameter,
strongly tuberculated; tubercles 6-9 lines long; leaves slender, about 3 lines long, and appa-
rently somewhat persistent, as they are sometimes found adhering, though withered, even to
fruit-bearing branches, which, of course, are over a year old. The same, though to a less extent,
is sometimes seen in O. frutescens. Pulvilli unusually large; bristles in the young ones form-
ing a small but distinct bunch at the upper edge of the areola, but disappearing on the older
joints, contrary to the usual occurrence, when the bristles become stouter and more numerous
in older joints. Spines 1-24 inches long, dark, with very loose and glistening sheaths; second
or smaller spine sometimes lateral, but usually above-the principal one, not below it, as in most
others. Flower unknown. Fruit ovate, 8 or 9 lines long, the pulvilli often bear 2-5 obtuse
bodies, almost hidden in the tomentum, apparently glandular, but of a fibrous structure. Seeds,
12-15 in each fruit, about 2 lines or a little more in diameter, commissure broad, prominent,
forming a distinct, somewhat spongy, rim. (See plate XX, fig. 1, and plate XXIV, figs. 13-
15.) ° In Dr. Wislizenus’ report, the long-spined form of O. frutescens was confounded with this
species. It is possible, however, that O. vaginata, as described here, may be a stouter, tuber-
culated form of O. frutescens, with lighter colored, tuberculated fruit, and larger seed.

27. O. FRuTEscENS, Engelm. This well lnowit species was dtecrved from Laguna Colorado,
60 miles east of the Pecos, to Williams’ river, a branch of the great Colorado, always with the
same characters. The bark is scaly, almost papery, with a silvery reflection ; the wood shows
the medullary rays very distinctly, especially 5 of them; much less the annual layers. Fruit
deep scarlet, smooth “All, sometimes almost obliterated pulvilli, 5-9 lines long ; seeds 5-10,
about 14 lines in diameter, with a narrow and often acute margin. The forms collected on the
expedition belong to var. a. longispina; the var. 8. brevispina has been observed only in Texas
and northeastern Mexico, (See Plate XX, fig. 2-5, and Plate XXIV, fig. 16-19.)

EXPLANATIONS OF THE PLATES OF CACTACEA.

Pu, I. Ecutnocactus Wutrriet, E. & B.: fig. 1, whole plant; fig. 2, bunch of spines of the
usual size; fig. 3, same, uncommonly large and broad ; fig. 4, same, lateral view ; fig. 5, same,
very young; fig. 6, seed—qa natural size, b magnified 8 dintnekars. e part of the surface still
more magnified to exhibit the tuberculated appearance.

Pu. Il, Fig. 1-2. Ecurnocactus potyanorstrus, EK. & B.: 1, upper part of a rib with older
and younger bunches of spines, the youngest one with a flower bud in the axil; 2, one of the
largest and most fully developed bunches of spines.

Fie. 3-5. Ecutnocactus Le Contest, E.: 3, part of a rib, with 2 bunches of spines ; 4, a single
bunch of spines from another specimen ; 5, seed—a natural size, b magnified 8 diameters, c part
of the surface still more magnified to exhibit the oval pits.

Pu, II, Fig. 1-2. Ecumocacrus Wistizeyt, E.: 1, side view of a bunch of spines ; 2, seed—a
natural size, b magnified 8 diameters, c part of the surface still more magnified to exhibit the
reticulation. This species, collected by Captain Whipple on the Gila, and common about El
Paso, on the Rio Grande, has been introduced here to show those characteristics which distin-
guish it from the nearly allied LZ. Le Contei, on the foregoing plate.

Fie. 3. Ecutnocactus Emoryi, E.: two bunches of spines on part of a rib.

Fie. 4-6. Ecurnocacrus potycepHatus, E. & B.: 4, part of a rib, with 3 bunches of short,
stout, and straightish spines; 5, a young bunch of spines of memes dimensions and sang

od, with a woolly fruit in the axil ; 6, seed—a natural size, b magnified 8 diameters, c part
of the ‘a more magnified to shoe en warty appearance, d seed after the removal of the
outer integument, embryo, together with a considerable quantity of albumen in the endopleura,
e embryo curved with accumbent cotyledons.

Pi. IV, Fig. 1-3. Cereus pua@niceus, E.: 1, upper part of a head bearing a flower; 2, a
bunch of spines of the usual size ; 3, part of arib, with 3 bunches of spines from an uncommonly
large form.

Fie. 4-5. CEREus PHENICEUS, suby sp. conorpEus, E. & B.: 4, upper part of a head ; 5, part of
a . with 2 bunches of spines.

6-7. CeREUs TRIGLocHIDIATUS, E.: 6, upper part of a large head, with a flower; 7, part
of a ok of another specimen, with smaller curved spines.

Fie. 8. Cereus Mosavensis, E. & B.: part of a rib, with 3 bunches of spines.

Fie. 9. Cereus Mosavensis, E. & B., var. zunrensis: part of a rib, with 2 bunches of spines.

Pu. V, Fig. 1. Cereus emfitsevs, E E. & B.: upper part of a head.

Fig. 2-3. Cereus conacantuus, E, & B.: 2, part of a rib, with two bunches of spines; 3,
another fascicle of spines ; the 3 bunches of spines show all a different proportion of the central
and the upper radial spines.

Fie. 4—7. Cereus ENGELMANNI, var. VARIEGATUS, E. & B,: 4 and 5, two bunches of spines,
showing a different arrangement of central spines ; 6, fruit ; 7, edo natural size, 6 magnified
8 diameters, ¢ part of the surface still more ringnihed to show the irregular tuberculation.

Fig. 8-10. Cereus ENGELMANNI, var. cHRYSocENTRUS, E. & B.: 8, part of two ribs, with
numerous spines ; 9, a single bunch of spines ; 10, fruit, sterile and perhaps not fully developed.

Pi. VI, Fig. 1-3. Opuntia cuLorotica, E, & B.: 1, joint with a flower. The flower i=
reconstructed from a withered specimen collected in January; 2, sterile and probably unde-

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 55

veloped fruit ; 3, fragment of the bark of the lower part of the plant, with several large bunches
of spines.

Fie. 4-5. Opuntia procumpens, E. & B.: 4, part of a joint; 5, larger bunch of spines from
another specimen.

Pu. VII, Fig. 1-2. Opuntia occipentauis, E. & B.: 1, joint of the usual shape and size;
2, fruit.

Fie. 3-4. Opuntia aneustata, E. & B.: 3, a large and less spinous joint with a sterile
degenerate spinous fruit; 4, a smaller, more spinous joint with a full grown ripe fruit.

Pu. VIII, Fig. 1. Opuntia ENGELMANNI, var. cycLopes, E. & B.: with ripe fruit.

Fie. 2-3. Opuntia TortTisprna, E. & B.: 2, fragment of a joint with fewer spines and ripe
fruit; 3, part of a more spiny joint.

Pu. IX, Fig. 1-5. Opuntia camancuica, E. & B.: 1, a joint with shorter and lighter colored
spines ig? a joint with larger and darker spines; 3, fragment of a joint with more numerous
and Gxewded spines ; 4 and 5, ripe fruit of the smaller and largest size.

Fie. 6-8, Opuntia Mosavensis, E. & B.: 6, a younger bunch of spines’ 7, another from the
oldest part of the plant; 8, a sterile and degenerate fruit.

L. X. Fig. 1-2. Opuntra vunearis, Mill.: 1, a young joint with leaves, the older one has
a single spine and bears/a flower bud; 2, a single leaf magnified 4 diameters. The figures
of this species have been introduced to exhibit the diagnostic characters and its difference from
the next species.

Fie, 3-5. Opuntia Rarrvesquit, E.; 3, an older joint with a flower and a bud, and a younger
half-grown joint with leaves. This represents the spinous form common in Illinois, Missouri,
and Arkansas. 4, an older joint of the variety with few spines, bearing numerous fruits of
different shapes, as they often occur in the same plant; 5, two leaves of different sizes mng-
nified 4 diameters. ,w

L. XI, Fig. 1, Opuntia RaFrvesqui, var. Minor, E.: the larger joint spineless, the upper
one spiny on the margin.

Fie. 2-3. OprIntiA RAFINESQUII, var. GRANDIFLORA, E.: 2, a joint with flower ; 3, fruit.

Fie. 4. Opuntia Fuscoatra, E.: a joint with a young fruit just after flowering, fragment of
an older, very bristly, joint visible.

Pu I. Fig, 1-3. Opuntra cymocu E. & B.: 1, a joint; 2, a single bunch of spines;
3, ripe fruit.

Fie. 4-6. Opuntia stenocuita, E. & B.: 4, a joint ; 5 and 6, a smaller and large fruit.

Fie. 7-8. Opuntia FustFormis, E. & B.: 7, a joint; 8, a fruit. ‘

Fie. 9. Opuntia BRacayaRTHRA, E. & B.: a whole plant with two withered flowers.

Pu, XII. Fig. 1-5. Opunrra pastnaris, E. & B.: 1, a joint somewhat shrivelled as it appears
in winter ; a late young joint near its base appears more plump and fresh ; 2, flower ; 3, style;
4, undeveloped sterile fruit; 5, a whole plant reduced in size to show the singular manner of
growth.

Fie, 6-7. Opuntia spHmRocaRPA, E. & B.: joint and fruit.

Fie. 8-11. Opuntia ERnacea, E. & B.: 8, joint of the usual shape, (only partly finished a
9 and 10, bunches of spines ; 11, fruit.

Pr. XIV. Fig. 1-3. Opuntia Missourrensts, var. ruFisPiIn®§ E. & B.: 1, a joint, (only partly
completed ;) 2, a very full bunch of spines; 3, fruit.

Fr UNTIA MIsSOURIENSIS, var. PLATYCARPA, E.: fruit.

Fra. 5-7. Opuntia MIssourrensis, var. MIcRosPERMA, E.: 5, joint (unfinished) with flower; 6,
bunch of spines ; 7, fruit.

Fig. 8-10. Opuntia Muissovrrensis, var, apisprna, E. & B.: 8, joint (unfinished); 9, bunch
of spines ; 10, fruit.

Pu. XV, Fig. 1-4. Opuntra Missovrreysts, var. rricHopHora, E. & B.: 1, part of an old stem

56 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

showing the thickness and hairy spines, upper younger joint/{unfinished¥; 2, bunch of spines
from a younger joint ; 3, same from an older part of the plant; 4, fruit. ~

Fi¢. 5-7. Opuntia nysrricina, E. & B.: 5, a joint (unfinished) ; 6, a large bunch of spines ;
7, fruit.

Pu. XVI. Opuntia Davisrr, E. & B.: 1, a branch showing the structure of the older parts,
an older and young joints with two fruits; 2, a tubercle with its bunch of spines, the membran-
aceous sheaths partly torn, showing the spine itself; 3, a degenerate sterile spiny fruit in its
transition to a branch, as it is often seen in this species and others, especially cylindric Opuntia ey;
4, the whole plant reduced. ,

Pi. XVII, Fig. 1-4. Opuntra Wurertet, E. & B.: 1, a branch of the more common form of
the plant covered with ripe fruit. At (a) the fruit is undeveloped, probably not different from
the ovary of the flower, only more shrivelled ; 2, branch of a larger specimen, spines more
numerous, fruit larger ; 3, a single bunch of spines of this specimen ; 4, whole plant reduced.

Fie. 5-6. Opuntia aRBorEsceNs, E. : 5, a stout branch with numerous spines and large fruit ;
6, a bunch of spines of same.

Pu. XVUI, Fig. 1-3. Opuntra acanrnocarpa, E. & B.: 1, an older branch with fruit ; 2,8
young branch ; 3, whole plant reduced.

Fie. PUNTIA ARBORESCENS, E,: whole plant reduced.

Bia. 5-10. Opuntia ecurnocarpa, E. & B.: 5, a branch of the plant densely covered with the
sheathed spines ; 6, 7, and 8, bunches of spines ; 9, fruit, side view ; 10, same, top view.

Pu. XIX. Opuntia Biernovir, E.: 1, a single joint; 2 and 3, tubercles, with bunches of
spines ; 4, young undeveloped fruit; 5, an apparently full-grown fruit, sterile, and perhaps
degenerating into a branch ; 6, part of the ligneous skeleton, forming a wide tube, and showing
in the reticulated structure the traces of the tubercles and branches ; T, an entire plant reduced ;
on the ##@ of the main stem is a younger shoot, with vigorous erect joints.

Pu. XX, Opuntia vaetnata, E.: 1, an older joint bearing two fruits, and a young vigorous
shoot.

Fi@. 2-3. Opuntia rrurescens, E., var. Lonarsprna : from Williams’ river of the Colorado; 2,
a branch with fruit; 3, lower part of the trunk, with some roots ; the sections show the struc-
ture of the dense wood.

Fra. 4-5. OPUNTIA FRUTESCENS, E., var. BREVISPINA: 4, a branch with fruits, most of them
sterile, one producing young branches from its upper areola; 5, a flower.

Pu. XXI. Opuntia ressenata, E.: 1, a branch with fruit a, a, and a withered flower b; 2
and 3, flowers as they probably are, reconstructed from withered specimens ; 4, a small joint
magnified so as to show distinctly the appearance of the tubercles and areole ; 5, part of the
stem with a section of the wood above and a fracture below, so as plainly to show the ligneous
structure ; the bark of the younger branches exhibits the tesselated surface, while in the older
trunk it is lost in the irregular scales; 6, ligneous skeleton of a young branch ; 7, a whole
plant reduced.

Pu. XXU, Fig. 1-3. Opunmia chavata, E: 1, joint with a ripe fruit; 2, one of the upper
bunches of spines ; 3, part of the central spine magnified 4 diameters.

Fie. 4-7. Opuntia Parryt, E: 4, joint with ripe fruit ; 5, bunch of spines, side view ; 6, another
one, front view ; 7, part of the central spine magnified 4 diameters.

The remaining figures of this, and all7the two following plates represent seeds and their
details of almost all the Opuntie described in this report. Fig. a represents a side view of the
seed, natural size; 6, same, four times magnified, as are all the following figures ; c, posterior
view ; d, anterior view ; e, vertical section of seed, exhibiting the position aad proportion of
the embryo and the albumen; /, embryo and albumen coated by the endopleura, after the
removal of the testa; g, lateral view of embryo. Theother letters h, i, k, etc., will be explained
wherever they occur.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 57

Fie. 8-9. Seeds of Op. ENGELMANNI, var. CYCLODES.

Fie. 10. Seed of Op. occrpEntaLis: One of the embryos, g, shows the cotyledons in an abhane
almost incumbent position.

Fie. 11. Seed of Op. anaustaTa.

Fie. 12-15. Seeds of Op. Camancmica, of different sizes and shapes.

Pu. XXIII, Fig. 1-5. Seeds of Op. rortisprna: 1-3, seeds of different sizes and shapes; 4
two embryos in one seed ; g—h, different views of both embryos together as they lay in the seed;
t, interior layer, and k, exterior smaller embryo; 5, germination of a double embryo; two
young plants from one seed, the larger one still bearing the shell of the seed.

Fie. 6. Seed of Op. FusIFoRMIS.

Fie. 7-12. Seeds of Op. Rarrzsqui, and some of its varieties and sub-species ; 7, usual form
from Missouri, (see pl. X, = 3;) h, i, k, germination in different stages of development; J,
seedling with three cotyledon

Fie. 8. Small seed from the fruits trepresented on pl. X, fig. 4

Fie. 9. Op. sTENOCHILA.

Fie. 10-12. Op. cymocniza: 10 and 11, different forms of the usual variety ; 12, seed of the
variety montana.

Fie. 13. Seed of Op. vutearis.

Fia. 14. Seeds of Op. Bastuaris: An irregular and a very regular one from the same fruit.

Fie. 15. Seed of Op. HysTRIcINA.

Fia. 16-19. Seeds of different forms of Op. Missourrensis: 16, var. RUFISPINA 17, var. PLA-
TYCARPA ; h, seedling of same; 18, var. ALBISPINA ; 19, var. TRICOPHORA.

PL. XXIV, Fig. 1-2. Op. Missourrensis: 1, var. with smaller fruit and seeds from the
Upper Missouri ; 2, var. microsperMA. (See pl. XIV, Fig. 5-7.)

Fie. 3. Seed of Op. spHHROCARPA.

Seed of Op. ertnaceA: The embryo, g, shows considerable obliquity of the cotyledons.
Seed of Op. rraqitis: From the Yellowstone river.

. Seed of Op. ctavata: The embryo, g, oblique.

Seed of Op. Parry: Embryo, g, nearly accumbent.

Fie. 8. Seed of Op. ecumNocarPa: One of the seeds quite regular, the other Deiat: embryo,
9,95 always regularly accumbent ; i, and i, seedlings with the very narrow and thick cotyledons
crossing each other, one of them Paring the shell of the seed.

Ie. 9-10. Seeds. of Op. WuippLer: 9, seed of the plant represented Pl. XVII, fig, 2, seed
larger, commissure perfectly linear, cotyledons oblique ; ; 10, seeds of the other specimen, Pl.
I, fig. 1, seeds smaller, of different shapes, commissure a little wider, cotyledons oblique, in
i somewhat aecnraied: in & three cotyledons, of which / is a transverse section, h, seedling with
very narrow and long cotyledons.

Fie. 11. Seeds of Op. acantHocarpA, of different shapes all from one fruit.

Fig. 12. Seeds of Op. arsorsscens, of different shapes belonging to the plant, figured Pl. XVII,
fig. 5, smaller than those sent by other collectors, embryo g, regularly incumbent.

Fig. 13-15. Seeds of Op. vacinata: 13-14, seeds of different sizes from the plant, Pl. XX,
fig. 1., the smaller one is empty and perhaps not fully formed; 15, seed of the same species
collected 7 go by Dr. Gregg- ss aga megeienly eoninhigl

Fie. 1 . Seeds of Op. rRUTEScENS: 16, var. LoNGISPINA from the Llano Estacado (PL. XX,
fig. 2); re same from ate Dr. alley : Pk same from Williams River branch of the great
Colorado; 19, var. BREVISPINA, from Texas, Lindheimer. In all these the cotyledons of the
embryo are regularly incumbent.

Fie. 20. Seeds of Op. TesseLata: embryo oblique or almost accumbent.

All the figures are of natural size unless the contrary is expressly stated. They were drawn
with the greatest accuracy, partly from living and in part from dried specimens, by Mr. Paulus

8r

-
BES |
OI oT OY

58 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Roetter of St. Louis, under the personal superintendence of Dr. Engelmann. The drawings
made on the spot by Mr. H. B. Méllhausen, the artist of the expedition, greatly aided the work
and were made use of, and even partly copied, especially in the plates exhibiting the Cylindric

Opuntiz. LAS fhe

tm

: od .
* a. *
bee 3 .
wah ®
2 *
j : :
| Corrections. aie
a | es.
3 io *

The reader will please ‘correct the disagreably large number of ae. errors , ay
the more important of which are enumerated in the subjoined list; the balance and especially the
numerous and annoying errors of punctuation he will not fail himself to discover. Many citations of
figures, omitted in their proper places, will be found in the ,,Explanations“.

‘ % af é
| 2
°
rr 27 line - omit (Pl. D a 39 line ~ for Vit. Vi
5 for immersed read emersed - - - distinct r. distant
28 - 3 - globosa- r. globoso-4, | - - - “ after stipata put ;
- - = 21 - orbiculatus r. orbicul - - 40 - 13 for one ¥. our
ce “ - - - = after radialibus- add 7 : Ha Ss Ae siructa r. stricta
. - 29 - 11 for arcete r. arcte - - = 15 = tuberculatus r. tuberculata
= = = 13 - Plaielr. Plate lt . - - - ise: after gracilioribus put ;
- - = 32 - ovato, r. ovato- , + @1.°~@ 3 for Fi. Vr. Pi. Vill
ee co ae c= for interruptus te interrupht - - = 28 - marginatis r. emarginatis
- =.= = = radahbus,r. radialibus - = “= 32 add PIX fig. 3-5. Pl. XXII fig. 7-8.
- - - 40 - Plate I f Plate IT -~ 43 - 16 omit similar seed, but
-- 30 - 27 - higher and r. higher than | =. = - 45 for purpureis r. purpurei
= 31 - 28 - cylindricusquer.cylindricusve| - 44 - 7 - originate ¥. originating ©
<a after 2-21/, add feet - - - 21 after armatis put ; =
— - 44 for avis r. aville 1 Se 23° : flexuosisve put ,
ee - spinulose Yr. spinescent - - - 46 - 5-40 omit ,
- = = 20 omit after off the ; - 45 - 1 for petaloide- xr. petaloideo-
- - - 22 - laticosiatus . | - -- >= 13 - spring r. spiny
a - 33 - 6 after bulbous add of Ths “> :. - - = 23 after young add or
4 oe - , > for species Yr. spines aie +1. - - = 36 = smaller add ;
SCS “a4 - ined. r. in R.B.C.-Fruit” fh - = - AL - — transversis add ;
< 36. - 26 omit into subspecies ii=- - = 44 for shortest r. stoutest
34 ~ 414 for wnabley. enabled = 46 - 20 add Pl. XXIV fig. t
"= = 44 -. Mexico r. New-Mexico || ~ = -"35 for 4-1/, r. 11, :
%

eed ee a ee
oe | . *
io . * P . " % 3 ?
ag - gm 62.
* ee ‘
>

line 40 for radiels ¥. stramineas
—o after 25 add nonnullos ,

Ee :
ray 52 line 6 for 5-6 angu- r
ath} a, fan re laxa

6- °
. 5-1 EZ =

& a 44 - immerso” dd ; ae: oe * cuspidalis put ; =.
- 47 - 34 - omnes add ; - = = 44 for aculeo-latissimus r. aculeola-
: ~ -- .- =- 44 - parvi omit; tissimis”
iad a
es - 48 - 16 for turned r. tu - - a 21 - base below, 1-3 r. base; Ps
ote 49 = 40 - ceteri r. ceteris below 1-3
"5 =o - stipata floris, r. stipata, fort - = = 42 add cotyledons often accumbent. -¥*
- 50 -°413 - all r, in all ‘ o = - - 45 for penicillaparo r. penicillo parvo
- = © = 23 -* aculeolos . ..vaginatos r. acu 4 eS a AB gerentibus r. gerente a
leolis ... vaginatis armatos || - 53 - 24 after smooth, put with
- = = 25 - 3/, inch rv. 3-4 inches - 54.- 27 for sub, sp. r..subsp.
3 - - - 39 - joints; proliferous seeds, yr.) - = 42 omit ‘to be : _&
. ; _ proliferous joints ; seeds « - 55 -. 14 for an, docwded y. and crowded Yi
Se a) ee = ora r. deciduos - 56 - 1 - joints (unfinished) r. joint
» ; : “ em unfini ed Se
iformi add ; — rk ee aoe “left r. right os S :
, I fig. 1-4, xxv] - + - e = aaa Sarl
« — - - = 34 after are “ SS
- 5% - 14 for fruit r. form . >.
whole reference Jatogs 1 to} - - - 85 - XXiIr. pes
| the next species Ce
; sa eee livaric Plate IV for Bigelovii r. Mojavensis, twice,
a ae - XXIII fig. 2-4 for tortisperma r. tortispina wt
. - 52 - 3 = - 10 omit Op. vulgaris.
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; es OPUNTIA MIGSOURIENSIS,DC.. — .
1-3, var, RUFISPINA« 4, var.PLATYCARPA, 5-7. var’ MICROSPERMA. 8-10. var ALBISPINA-

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4-5 var. BREVISPINA.

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4, OPUNTIA VAGINATA, E.

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OPUNTIA TESSELLATA, E.

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OPUNTIA PARRY. E.

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OP. FRUTESCENS
ig 19

OP. TESSELLATA. :
AcermanLith 3 Braadway NY