The Manuscript of Epling and Ewan’s Flora of Northern Idaho Early in his career, Carl Epling did a considerable amount of fieldwork in northern Idaho, and wrote a flora of the area. I don’t have the exact dates, but I believe the original manuscript was completed no later than ca 1930. Unfortunately, due to the arrival of the Depression, he was unable to get it published. He found one publisher who was interested, and extensive revisions were made to the manuscript to conform to this publisher’s wishes. The revisions were mostly done by Joe and Nesta Ewan, and Joe was added as second author in recognition of the work he put in on the project. However, the publisher needed a $1000 subsidy, and neither Epling nor the Ewans were able to raise the money. The single copy of the typescript, heavily altered by the revision process, has been in the possession of Joe and Nesta Ewan since then. The revisions mainly fall into two categories. First, extensive lists of specimen citations were deleted in order to shorten the manuscript. Some of these were simply crossed out, and can still be read on the manuscript; some were covered up by gluing strips of paper over them, so they can only be seen by holding the page up to a bright light; and in many cases, Epling’s manuscript was cut up and the relevant pieces glued onto new sheets of paper; in such cases the deleted matter is lost. Second, the taxonomy was modernized. This involved altering the sequence of families, so the page numbers are no longer in order for large parts of the manuscript. Handwritten lists of the corrected sequence of pages are present with the manuscript, so we can be confident that the current order of pages is the intended one. Alteration of the familial classification also caused other changes in parts of the manuscript: for instance, many genera are crossed out in the key to genera of Liliaceae, because the circumscription of the family was changed. Because of these changes, the manuscript is a bit confusing to use. However, it provides careful and detailed account of the flora of a phytogeographically interesting region where plant distributions are not well documented in the contemporary literature. It has been inaccessible for far too long, and we are glad to finally make it available to the research community. Alan Whittemore St. Louis, March 1995 Collation of Epling Manuscript Forward 2-40, 40a&b-45 75&76 44-74 ey; 77a-183 471 460-470 301-326 333-447 188 448-459 481-488 184-187 227-234 236-238 477-480 472-476 489 327-332 554&555 518-553 189-191 226 192-225 273 241-272 281-300 274-280 490-517 Ph 239-240 556-864 882 865-867 877-878 868-876 879-881 1020&1021 1046& 1047 1041-1043 1048-1 058°) 1030-1040a 1045&1045a 1022-1029 883-887 1058-1080 999-1019 888-998 1081-1122 A MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF NORTHERN IDAHO Carl Epling Associate Professor of Botany University of California at Los Angeles and Joseph Ewan Instructor in Biology Curator of Botany University of Colorado 1941 NIC ma e038 DOTANICAL GARDEN UBRARY Copyright 1941, Carl Epling and Joseph Ewan i i ne eee Issued July 15, 1941 ee CONTENTS FOREWORD GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION AND ITs VEGETATION VEGETATION MAP oF NORTHERN IDAHO BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NORTHERN IDAHO INTRODUCTION TO THR USE OF A MANUAL SCHEME OF PLANT FAMILIES GENERAL KEY TO THR FAMILIES LEAF KEY TO THE COMMON WOODY PLANTS KEY TG PLANTS NORMALLY LIVING IN WATER SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF THE FERNS AND FERN ALLIES SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF THE SEED PLANTS GLOSSARY | NEW SPECIES AND NEW COMBINATIONS MADE Iy THI: WORK GENERAL INDEX OF PLANT NAMES AAY DUALLY i thine AL ) Ae (ema MLA LAL fect il NALA Om: (ete A btu acts AL y otre Reta t flr LACLAL fe Fhe AAA Ok V — (rane At AbLa& hax a LALA LS / ¢ All OBLAA LEAL Ne y be aa ALAM pm! eee 7, poe cient V 7" fn COAL y} ver fi PAL ft. ; er aes fAL @ . p's brian 5 [56a (¢ a eaneennl f ; Eto CEAL (h., fh tar 4 AEC Mk LA A LAL C Ht ‘ees ( ¢ lawl OME RA i) / CAAA ELA a Ce — LA-CLO x ant Meera Le cont ho Aeon Ce CALACE AL ‘a? L oe Ly re LAL Uneb< LL Cvat y NL AALAL EA Se Cat po AR REAL Cove " f cad V Chun 7 BLEAL oe 4 4s phy RAL BL Ps t en c af. CAL aa ee BRA LL A a rat Caw A fu AAA —_—_—— os J i { Th Oe 4a f ‘Y C hy bra at alse ee! yf a1 A Ai Oy A. HULAL : Av CLR ay -\ or. f BAMA TA OR EI i _oe ae 4 nA a £ 4 ig h ute (7 ane re Cla t Aiuds Roce el Muy Res eeore ou Ope CURLS aaee (Larktprrtaciar Por Ls PLAS AL Let — aoe WAL AL sl Arbamset AL or uv f volt LLL AL or Cc plo A CLA 4 f/f ie Tat if Se ARB AE CSttrtace REAL Ve As MAL? AL fe on ; : t re oe i. The Manuscript of Epling and Ewan’s Flora of Northern Idaho Early in his career, Carl Epling did a considerable amount of fieldwork in northern Idaho, and wrote a flora of the area. I don’t have the exact dates, but I believe the original manuscript was completed no later than ca 1930. Unfortunately, due to the arrival of the Depression, he was unable to get it published. He found one publisher who was interested, and extensive revisions were made to the manuscript to conform to this publisher’s wishes. The revisions were mostly done by Joe and Nesta Ewan, and Joe was added as second author in recognition of the work he put in on the project. However, the publisher needed a $1000 subsidy, and neither Epling nor the Ewans were able to raise the money. The single copy of the typescript, heavily altered by the revision process, has been in the possession of Joe and Nesta Ewan since then. The revisions mainly fall into two categories. First, extensive lists of specimen citations were deleted in order to shorten the manuscript. Some of these were simply crossed out, and can still be read on the manuscript; some were covered up by gluing strips of paper over them, so they can only be seen by holding the page up to a bright light; and in many cases, Epling’s manuscript was cut up and the relevant pieces glued onto new sheets of paper; in such cases the deleted matter is lost. Second, the taxonomy was modernized. This involved altering the sequence of families, so the page numbers are no longer in order for large parts of the manuscript. Handwritten lists of the corrected sequence of pages are present with the manuscript, so we can be confident that the current order of pages is the intended one. Alteration of the familial classification also caused other changes in parts of the manuscript: for instance, many genera are crossed out in the key to genera of Liliaceae, because the circumscription of the family was changed. Because of these changes, the manuscript is a bit confusing to use. However, it provides careful and detailed account of the flora of a phytogeographically interesting region where plant distributions are not well documented in the contemporary literature. It has been inaccessible for far too long, and we are glad to finally make it available to the research community. Alan Whittemore St. Louis, March 1995 F OREW ORD The study, of which this paper is the record, was begun in the summer of 1925 when I was in the employ of the office of Blister Rust Control, Bureau of Plant Industry. Because of the need for a manual on the part of the several government agencies then operating in northern Idaho, I was encouraged by officials of that office, not- ably Samu@l B. Detwiler and Stephan Wyckoff, who, with officials of the Forest Service, offered all available facilities for its pursuit. The descriptions of a majority of the species were prepared in the field and later amplified in the herbarium or, if prepared from her- barium material, notably while in residence at Kew, and at the Missouri Botanical Garden, were later checked in the field. Excep- tions are the grasses, sedges, and willows, where the descriptions rest in the main upon herbarium specimens. The work was continued for several summers until 1927, and in 1929. the manuscript, in essentially its present form was carried into the field for several weeks and both descriptions and keys were checked insofar as possible. During 1927-28, opportunity was presented for study in the larger American and European herbaria, where many types were consulted. Here the matter rested, for, because of theeconomic Stringencies of the period, no prospect of publication presented itself and the manuscript was put on the shelf and all but forgotten. in recent years, increased governmental activity in the eres has resulted in an increased need for a flora, Being long out of tovch with the subject and being engaged in other work, I then suggested to Mr. Ewan that he undertake to revise the manuscript in view of much monographic work which has appeared since. This he has done, rewriting and editing much of it and preparing the text for the ferns and the introductory paragraphs, save the general description of the vegetation. It is clear, therefore, that whatever merit may be as- signed the paper is due to his careful revision; the shortcomings, I fear, are my Own. Apart from acknowledgments which are made elsewhere, I wish to express my indebtedness to the late Howard Flint, to Mr. J. H. Christ, to Mr. R. R. Humphrey, and to Mr. Wm. Rockie, all of whom have very kind- ly read the description of the vegetation and have offered valuable suggestions concerning it. I am especially indebted to the latter, who first led me to see trees, as well as the forest; he was one of my most valued teachers. I wish also to express my appreciation to Mr. Gerhardt Kempf, who, particularly upon one bng tramp through the St. Joe and Clearwater Forests, aided me greatly by his knowledge of the forest. For identification of specimens in critical groups, the authors are under lasting obligations to many specialists. Dr. W. R. Maxon has assisted with the Pteridophyta, except Isoetes, for which we are indebted to Pr. Norma L. Pfeiffer and to Dr. E. B. Copeland. Both Mr. K. K. Mackenzie and Mr. J. W. Stacey have generously read the typescript of Carex, the late Mr. Mackenzie determining the col- lections. Mr. Jason R. Swallen contributed in its entirety the ex- cellent text for Gramineae. Tne late Marcus E. Jones looked over Allium and Astragalus, and Charles Piper Smith determined Luvinus. It was not possible to adopt all of his Opinions, however. Dr. Philip A. Munz generously determined the genera Epilobium and Oenothera. Many of the Umbelliferae were determined by Dr. Mildred Mathias. Mrs. Eileen Erlanson generously studied Rosa. Dr, S. F. Blake named many Compositae, Dr. Eva Fling Roush, Sidalcea, and Dr, C. R. Ball, Salix. Furthermore, Dr. Ball assisted in preparation of manuscript for Salix, Mr. Alan A. Beetle looked over critically the collections of Bleocharis, and Elmer I. Applegate those of Erythronium and both made suggested comments for the keys. Dr. Rimo Bacigalupi read the text for Saxifragaceae, making valuable Suggestions, Dr. R. ] Woodson determined Apocynum and Dr. I. M. Johnston, most of the Bora- ginaceae. The work of Dr. F. W. Pennell upon the Scrophulariaceae, ie especially appreciated both in determinations and valuable Suggest ions and additions to the keys and text. The authors are grateful to all or these. The junior author is indebted to his wife, Nesta Dunn Ewan, for perennial assistance and encouragement, and to the University of Colorado for support of the revision. Carl Epling University of California, Los Angeles GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION AND ITS VEGETATION Topography and Climate The flora of northern Idaho, as delimited in this paper, treats of the vegetation of that part of the state north of, and in- cluding the drainage of the North Fork of the Clearwater River, as well as the small part of the Uniontown Plateau immediately north of the main stream in the vicinity of Moscow and Genesee; the area is about equal to that of Vermont. The Clearwater River, which is a tributary of the Snake River, has its origin by three principle branches in the Bitter Root and Clearwater Mountains* and flows from east to west at a distance approximately 140 miles south of the Cana- dian Boundary. The North Fork mentioned above, joins the main stream near the town of Orofino. The greater part of the region thus delin- ited is mountainous and is characterized by a forest flora of which the western white pine, Pinus monticola, is an important and charac- teristic constituent. Inasmuch as the natural floristic and physio- graphic limits of the white pine forest are not clearly defined, po- litical boundaries have been preferred for practical reasons, although floristic elements distinct and very different from those of the white pine forest have necessarily been included. The eastern and southern boundaries which have been chosen coincide in general with the limits of the white pine type. This type reaches its greatest development south of the Clark Fork of the * Nomenclature after I. Bowman Columbia in the great Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and Clearwater Forests and adjacent lowlands, diminishing quickly and vanishing as one pas- ses the divide into Montana or into the Bitter Root Forest on the south. On the north and west, the boundaries are purely political and arbitrary and it is in the lowlands and valleys of this region that the greatest differencesin vegetation can be perceived. We are less concerned with the canyon of the Clearwater River below Orofino, inasmuch as the vegetation there passes quickly into the more xeric flora which characterizes the Snake River canyon. In the extreme southwest corner lies a portion of the Uniontown Plateau, a part of the rolling grassland of the wheat-growing Palouse region of south- eastern Washington. Along the valleys, this lowland flora penetrates irregularly eastward well into the forest proper. The region thus outlined lies wholly within the drainage of the Columbia River and is formed of the western spurs of the northern Rocky Mountain system, with a small portion of the Columbia plateau in the extreme southwest. The principal rivers are the Kootenai, Clark Fork, Spokane, and Clearwater rivers. Lesser but important streams are the Priest River, emptying into the Clark Fork, the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe and St. Maries rivers, emptying ultimately into Lake Coeur d'Alene, from which flows the Spokane River, and the North Fork of the Clear- water. In addition, there are numerous smaller streams from which these derive their flow. Five mountain ranges are usually recognized within the area: the Priest River, the Purcell, the Cabinet, the Coeur d'Alene, and the Clearwater mountains. The firet of these, the Priest River Mountains, lie in the extreme northwest, west of the Kootenai River and north of the Clark Fork, rising to maximum elevations of 7000 to 7400 feet. They are drained by the Priest River, which flows southward from a point in British Columbia a few miles north of the Canadian Boundary. Most of the bed of this stream within the United States lies below 3000 feet. Due to stoppage by glacial detritus, it widens perceptibly at an elevation of about 2600 feet, forming Priest Lake and Upper Priest Lake, connected by a short but very beautiful channel, the "Thorofare". At the boundary and a short distance above it are sit- uated two small picturesque falls where the river has carved its way through @ narrow canyon. This range has been deeply sculptured by glaciers and streams and the canyons are narrow, with steep sides. Cliff-bordered cirques, talus slopes, and sharp rugged ridges are fre- quent, especially on the east side. The rocks of these mounta ins con- sist principally of Paleomic metamorphic sedimentary rocks with con- siderable intrusions of fissured granite and syenite. The soils re- sultant from the disintegration of these rocks and the consequent re- tention of surface water may explain in part their luxuriant vegeta- tion and the occurence there of not a few species more characteristic of the Cascade Mountains. In the extreme northeastern corner, north and east of the Kootenai Valley, lies a small part of the Purcell Range of northwestern Montana and British Columbia. This range is closely allied geological- ly to the Cabinet and Coeur d'Alene ranges which lie successively yA southward. A small part of the Cabinet Range extends into Idaho, ly- ing between the Clark Fork and Kootenai rivers and bounded on the west by the Purcell trench. This western part, lying within our region, is characterized for the most part by rounded peaks similar in height to. those of the Priest River Mountains. By far the largest mountain mass lying wthin our region and most characteristic of it is the Coeur d'Alene Range, with elevations in general ranging from 6000 to 7000 feet, or infrequently to 7500 feet. As usually defined, this range extends from the Clark Fork and Lake Pend Oreille southward to the divide which separates the St. Joe and North Fork of the Clearwater rivers. Although the northern boun- dary of the range is clearly defined, the southern one is scarcely perceptible. In passing from the Coeur d'Alene to the Clearwater Mountains, one is hardly aware of any topographic change. Asa whole, these mountains are not greatly diversified, the ridges and peaks be- ing nearly equal in height, usually rounded and well-wooded to the summits, with only an occasional peak of irregular outline and asso- ciated talus slopes. Viewed from a height, the entire region suggests a much dissected plateau. The rocks of the greater part of these mountains are Pro- terozoic sediments. In the region of Lake Coeur d'Alene, and the Spokane, Coeur J’Alene and St. Maries rivers, occur extrusions of Miocene basalts which suvpvort a characteristic and local flora. Al- though geologically different, since they are largely granitic in nature, the Clearwater Mountains, at least within our region, are topographically similar to the Coeur d'Alenes and Support essential-_ ly the same flora; indeed, they form with that range a floristic unit which extends in some degree as far south as the Locksa River. The lowlands within our region fall into two principal cat- egories. In the north, the valleys of the Clark Fork, Kootenai River and the Lakes Coeur d"Alene and Pend Oreille lie within the Purcell Trench; a comparatively broad structural valley, once strongly glaci- ated and now filled with silts and gravels of glacial origin. Both Lakes Pend Oreille and Coeur d'Alene are drowned valleys believed to have been formed by the damming action of a glacier retreating north- ward through the Purcell Trench. In addition to these larger lakes, numerous smaller ones are scattered throughout the region. In the southwest, south of Lake Coeur d'Alene and stretching in an irregular bowed line to the Clearwater canyon above Ororvino, is & portion of the Falouse region of southeastern Washington, known ag the Uniontown Plateau. This ig underlain by thick sheets of Columbia River basalt, through which the Clearwater has carved its canyon, now covered with fine-grained soils deposited by wind and water. The re- gion is rolling with rounded, even hills. Along the eastern border, outlying spurs of the Clearwater and Coeur d'Alene mountains rise to low elevations. Such spurs are uniformly forested. The lowlands are 6rass-covered. Occasional outcrops occur which modify the local flora, Climatically, our region iso intermediate between the Pa- cific Coast climate of western Washington and the Rocky Mountain cli- mate, lying in that rainfall regime which has been designated as the antes enon Sub-Pecific. This regime is characterized by a fairly even distribution of precipitation (including snow) throughout the autum, Winter, and spring months and by fairly dry summers. The maximm precipitation falls during the winter months. Above 2500 feet, which may be taken as the mean elevation of the lowlands, the yearly average precipita- tion varies from twenty to forty inches or more, increasing more or less directly with the elevation. Below 2500 feet, the average falls below twenty inches, especially in the extreme southwest corner and in the canyon of the Clearwater River. The heaviest precipitation (above forty inches) occurs within the mountains, a triangular region whose apex is approximately at Burke, and whose base lies on a line drawn from the Oxford Ranger Station to Fish Lake in the Clearwater Forest. The variation in amount of rainfall from year to year is noteworthy. For a thirty year period at Port Hill the total precipi- tetion for the driest year was 15.42 en for the wettest 38.63 inches; at Murray for a 15 year period, 26.73 for the driest, 45.31 for the wettest; at Moscow for a thirty year period, 10.98 inches for the driest, 30.17, for the wettest. The number of days with .01 inch or more of rain varies in the lowlands from eighty-five to ninety days, with 140 days or more in the mountains. A climatic factor which has an indirect but profound effect upon the vegetation is the occurrence during the dry season of elec- trical storms accompanied by little or no precipitation. These are an important ©" 8 of Yorest fires inasmuch as they commonly occur = TR ll owe 2 during a period of low relative humidity and consequent high inflam- mability of the timber and duff. The data for snowfall are even more meager than for rain- fall. On the lowlands of the Palouse region at Moscow there is a mean annual snowfall of approximately fifty inches. At the station of Murray within the mountains at 3000 feet, an average depth of twelve feet or more has been recorded. At Burke, 4082 feet in eleva- tion, the average recorded for a period of nine years is over seven- teen feet (207 inches). On the high ridges and slopes no data are available, but judging from the position of traps, blazes, and other indirect evidence, the average probably exceeds seventeen feet. At Port Hill in the Kootenai Valley near the Canadian Boundary, with an elevation of 1615 feet, the average depth recorded is seventy-six inches or more. At all of these stations the greater part of the snow- fall is recorded from November until March. In the mountains at high elevations, snow during the summer months is infrequent and ephemeral. Generally speaking, at lower elevations the first killing frost seus from the first week in September to the first week in October; the last, during May. Few or no data are available for higher elevations. The range of temperatures approaches the continental type. The minima recorded occur from Janvary to March and vary during this period according to position from north to south and to a less degree with elevation. At Moscow the absolute minima recorded vary from -1° to -27° F.; at Port Hill, from -8° to -28° F.; at Murray, from -6° to ~22° F. Lower minima doubtless occur at higher elevations. The abso- IO lute maxima recorded at Moscow vary from 98° to 100° F.; at Port Hill from 91° to 100° F.; at Murray, from 97° to 99° F. Within the Clear- water c@nyon much higher maxima occur. For the region as a whole, the mean temperature for July varies from 80° to 85°; for January the mean minima vary from 14° to 20° F. LOWLAND VEGETATION In the lowland, particularly of the Palovse region, the ter- rain is largely under cultivation to various grains, especially to wheat, and the natural cover is restricted to small water courses and the margins of roads. RIPARIAN Along watercourses the dominant shrubs are: Salix Bebbiana, S. bella, S. lasiandra, Alnus tenuifolia, Rubus parviflorus, AmeJanchier florida, Crataegus Douglasii, Rosa nutkana, R. ultramontana, Sambucus glauca, Physocarpus pauciflorus, P. capitatus, Symphoricarpus albus, Philadel- phus Lewisii and frequently Prunus virginiana var. demissa and P. emar- ginata. Ribes lacustre, inerme, irriguum, and petiolare are frequent. In well-drained meadows and abundent locally is Lupinus retrorsus, giving a characteristic aspect to the herbage. In the lower ground, Iris missouriensis is a frequent conspicuous plant extending as far east as Boville. Numerous grasses and sedges, both native and introduced, are intermixed with the herbaceous vegetation of the meadowland. [l J Conssicnos on tne drier cround sre: 068 nutkana and R. ultramontana, . a ce es a ee al ee ean sn ae f + ~ . neavy with bloom in eerily summer, Achillea millefoltum, Potentilla era- ble (ae pene, De mI Tt ae 5) sisyrmor LUM ALL LF — ree] ssimug, Lotus americanus, Leototaenia multifida, — Rumew wexicanus, R. crisous, Gerenium viscosissimum, Cirsium lanceola- tus, C. palousense, Sidelcea oregana, Clematis hirsutissima, Galium boreale, Moilobium oanicvulatum, Veratrum Jonesii, Balsemorrhiza sagittata, wyethia amolexiceulis, Antennaria luzuloides, Pentstemon attenuatus, Triteleia nyacinthina, T. grandiflora, and Castilleta lutescens or C. lutea. Ta cecesional roadside sools may te Tound Potamogeton natans or Soar- senium simplex or sometines Lemna minor or Spirodela polyrhiza. aa + a a 444° 5 nyt ae . Ee Poe ee en en ae era = cael 5 Tn thin soll oc outcross Clarkia oulchelia may occasionally be found x a | x 2 a oa THA Ver = ‘imi - i + , a ae | 4 ti Pn tn and Allium cusnidatum, Soly ronue QOLY FA1LO0 108 4na aAarengagria contesta. / Yobe a Ss. a tL. - ~~ ~+ oye L Pas oe ~. 2a) es A ms = =~ F Inn, a4 $7. L. = an f a Yo he Tt ts only in tne deep water-courses of the tritvutaries c* the Clear- i b ae a . a mf = ~*- %: od Pree | 7 ~ bs “ay m Wacs miver hat ry Pavel as i peer beerved, The cnsrecter-~ % ; 5 bh aah ay se : Silt i z Rats 23 ae wees: She Te y Me Ong Snake 7 : : . oe Ve ? ‘ WS } - aye ” ba a - a PR ° aiek eee ~~ Py ae ee - The = 4 Ve at ; t 1 uit He aR, OWwey oe eG fA a é u ~~ $2 ee ee a oe eZ 7 . coats bias - - — = - A Sa AR en Al ee a ee en /3 Philadelphus Lewisii is also a conspicuous plant along tiny runs and Pentstemon venustus adds clumps of rich color. Beneath the yellow pine of the upper canyon near Orofino, Monardella odoratissima is frequent, and Hypericum perforatum, abundant and increasing in range. These regions, however, are somewhat beyond the limits of the present work. LACUSTRINE Lakes and the associated marsh land which occurs in the north-central part of our area, support a varied aquatic flora. Nympozanthus poly- sepalus is always a conspicuous element, especially where marshland meets lake. Brasenia Schreberi is occasionally seen and locally abun- dant. Along the shallow shores of lakes occur several species of Potamogeton such as P. Richardsonii, P. natans, P. amplifolius, P. gramineus and P. pusillus. In shallow muddy lagoons Utricularia vulgaris is frequent. On sandy shelving lake bottoms through crystal clear water may be seen numerous individuals of Isoetes Braunii and I. Howellii, locally very abundant. Along lake margins Sagittaria cuneata and S. latifolia are frequent. In lagoons which become partially dry in the sumer, Comarmm palustre or Alisma plantago-aquatica are conspicuous, and, with sedges, fre quently cover large areas. Sai Die NN dane rege i Along the rockier lake shores Populus balsamifera is the common tree; Juniperus scopulorum is seen occasionally on the shores of Lake Pend Oreille and upper Priest Lake. In alluvial embayments Populus tremuloides var aurea reaches its great- est development in our region. In drying marshy meadows adjacent t lakes or ponds may occur plants such as Nymphozanthus polysepalus which under these conditions, is stranded and nearly terrestrial, Comarum palustre, Menyanthes trifo- liata, Typha latifolia, Dulichium arundinaceum, Hypericum majus, Acorus €alamus, Scutellaria galericulata, Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Polygonum natans, Veronica scutellata, Mentha arvensis, Lycopuvs uniflorus, and L. anericanus, with Spiraea Menziesii fringing drier margins. FOREST VaGETATION The forested area of ovr region lies chiefly south of the Clark Fork Valley between the Montana border and the irregular line drawn somewhat diagonally from the lower end of Lake Pend Oreille through St. Maries and Boville to Pierce. North of the Clark Fork Velley, in the Pend Oreille and Kaniksu National Forests, the forest is well developed, but on the east it descends irregularly in isolated patches. Along the western margin it straggles out slowly, passing finally into the grassiand. Upon the southern margin it disappears soutn of the Locnsa River. It ig within this forest that the "white This region, however, does not support a continued and un- broken mature forest. In the lower iands, early logging operations, together with sanguine but often abortive attempts at homesteading have modified the stand to some extent. Tne most profound and active agent of destruction both in the lowlands and within the mountainous interior has been fire, often the result of severe electrical storms. With the destruction of the forest canopy through successive fires and the reduction of the thick duff to ashes, it is obvious that the ecological conditions are greatly modified. Ignoring the burned areas and considering only those in which young or mature stands are thrifty and well developed, the forest has been classified into five principal types. In some places these may be readily discerned, in others they merge and anastomose in a confusing way. Almost nowhere can the climax be thought of as being complete, but only approximating the ideal and shadowing the associations which would prevail generally if the exter- nal factors producing them were more uniforn. YELLOW PINE TYPE The yellow vine tyve ranges along the eastern border of the grassland, competing with it, from the Clark Fork Valley west of Lake Pend Oreille, southward to Moscow, and eastward to Orofino, descending into the Clear- water canyon and tne canyons tributary to it. This strip is continuous with the forests of the Spokane plains. From east to west it varies in width from a few hundred yards to several miles, penetrating deeply in- to the more moist forests along the north banks of all the broader streams. It also occupies the western slopes of the massive mountains in the northeast. Along the borders of the grassland, in limited areag this type forms typical park-like stands. Reproduction of its own kind is the common understory and is frequently dense. In mixed stands the most common associate is lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, which is slow- ly crowded out. Inasmuch as the pure stands are limited in area and are commonly contiguous to stands dominated by Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga 16 Ps taxifolia, the associated shrubs are commonly those of the Douglas fir type, such as Physocarpus pauciflorus, Holodiscus discolor, Ceanothus sanguineus, and C. velutinus, Philadelphus Lewisii, Symphoricarpus al- bus, Prunus virginiana var. demissa and Spiraea corymbosa. The nine- bark, Physocarpus pauciflorus, is perhaps the most abundant, although in arid flats where lodgepole pine is abundant, Ceanothus velutinus is dominant. Herbs commonly associated are Pent stemon ovatus, P. atten- vatus, Thalictrum occidentale, Galium triflorum, Synthyris rubra, Eryth- ronium grandiflorum (flowering in early spring), Pteridium aquilinun, Smilacina racemosa, Drymocallis convallaria and Sieversia ciliata. DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH TYPE Merging with the yeliow pine, particularly on low hills and usvally oc- cupying thin-soiled slopes with southern exposure, is an association dominated by bouglas rir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, commonly with larch. Larix occidentalis. In ovr region it rarely is found in extensive lands and then chiefly in the valley ot the Clark Fork west of Lake Pend Creille and west of Lake Coeur d'Alene. It would annear as a temoorary but necessary interloper, seeming not to reproduce itsel? but to be replaced on the one hand by yellow pine, upon the other by larch and white pine, Pinus monticola. It frequently replaces stands of lodgepole pine which have arisen after severe and repeated burnings. It may extend well up to the zone dominated by Abies lasiocarpa. Its associates vary considerably with the terrain. Its most common shrub associates are Physocarpus pauciflorus, Holo- discus discolcr, Prunus emarginata, Amelanchier florida, Pachystima Myrsinites, Spiraea corymbosa, Philadelphus Lewisii, Mahonia repens, Ceanothus sanguineus, and C. velutinus. The commonly associated herbs are: Clarkia rhomboidea, C. pulchella, Sedum Douglasii, Polygonum Douglasii, P. polygaloides, Cryptogramma crispa, Scutellaria angustifolia, Delphinium Nelsoni, Collomia linearis, Achillea millefoliun, Eriogonum heracleoides, Lupinus sericeus, Heuchera glabella, Arenaria congesta and Antennaria rosea. Since the Soil is thin énd outcrops are frequent, the herbs are often ennuels of xerophytic tyve. In the southwestern part of our area, where the situations lean toward the moister Thuja climax, frequent intermixtures of Douglas fir and low- land fir may occur, often with a Sorinkling of white pine. In the region of the lakes, where the Douglas fir-laich type is best developed, are to be found a number o1 herbaceous species which are rere Within our region. Examples of such are: Phlox Douglasii, Orthnocarpus tenuifolius, Physaria Geyeri, Trillium petiolatum, and Silene Scouleri. In dry open places and along rights-of way there also occur occasional entrants from the plains or Rocky Mountain floras which do not appear to be normal inhabitants of our region. Such are Monarda menthaefolia, Rhus Toxicodendron, Thalictrum purpurascens, Ribes aureum, Clecme ser- rulata and Astragalus tenellus. On the well-drained flats of the Kootenai valley Corylus rostrata ver. californica and Shepherdia canadensis are abundant. I have also found the latter occasionally in similar situations near Priest Lake but no- where else, although I am informed by Mr. J. H. Christ that it is con- mon on the north and west sides of Lake Pend Oreille. Juaging from the nature of its associates 4s well as from its own reactions, it seems not improbable that the Douglas fir-larch type represents an extension westward of the similar but extensive forests of northwestern Montana, which, because of edaphic factors, is aple to maintain itself vrecariously in restricted areas which ére un- Pavorable for yellow pine and at the same time unfavorable for the white pine type. As suggested by ir. J. H. Christ in a versonal communice- tion, it may represent an ecotone between the yellow pine end white dew Apia 28h! ead ae ee ol TR ie mealies te a eee ete ae /4 WHITE PINE TYP2 The forests which are et present most valuable, lie within the asso- ciation which has been designated by foresters as the white pine type. The conviction is inescapable that in certain restricted situations at intermediate elevations, such as broad 2lluvial bottoms end gentle slopes with northerly exposure and uvon similar benches, the climax of this type is represented by stands of Thuja plicata. The effect of repeated burning has seemingly prevented completion of succession in all but a few sites, and these vary in composition as one passes from the north to the south. In the north, in the Pend Oreille and Kan- iksu forests, Tsuga heterophylla reacts as a codominant and indeed would appear even tc replace the longer-lived Thuja, inasmuch as Tsuga is the principal constituent of the understory in the best developed Thuja groves. Whether a Thuja or Tsuga climax would be attained generally throughout the white nine type is questionable. The critical nature of (a) the climate with respect to the growth of Thuja pliceta and Tsuga heterophylla, (tb) the basic difference in underlying rock (in contrast with that of the Pacific Coast mountain ranges ) which charac- terizes most of ovr region, and (c) the ever-recurrent fires which must be reckoned with as a natural factor of environment for long veriods yast, react together to limit the actuel attainment of this climax ex- cept in very local areas. As a result cf these factors the subclimx of the Thuja and Tsuga formation, the "white pine tyve" of the foresters, has assumed the sractical role of the climax throughout most o° the “or- 20 ested area. This type is composed in varied proportions of white pine, white fir, larch and Douglas fir. The white pine type varies considerably in composition north of the Clark Fork and, again, south of it. In the north, Tsuga heterophylla is abundant and associated with it are numerous abundant species com- monly reckoned as inhabitants of the Cascade or Canadian floras. These do not appear south of the Clark Fork, or if so, not abundantly. Such plants are Oplopanax horridum, characteristic of small shaded streams; Vaccinium ovalifolium, locally abundant on the floor of ma- ture woods; Rubus spectabilis and R. pedatus, the latter abundant on the mature forest floor of the upper Priest River; Stenanthium occi- dentale, frequent in moist meadows; Habenaria orbiculata, and Coral- lorhiza trifida in deep woods; Drosera rotundifolia, D. longifolia and Oxycoccus palustris in sphagnum bogs under Betula pumila var. glanduli- fera; Dryas octopetela, Phylledoce glanduliflora and Cassiope Merten- siana on highest peaks and ridges; Rhododendron albiflorum, an important constituent of subalpine brush; Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, Tellima gran- diflora, Mitella trifida, Comandra livida, Lilium columbianum, Ribes acerifolium and Pentstemon albertinus. Other genera such as Pyrola, Lycopodium and Mitella, while found elsewhere less extensively, are represented in the north by several species each of which is frequent in occurrence. The converse is also true: many species which are fre- quent south of the Clark Fork do not occur north of it, or but spar- ingly. The nature of the white pine type may best be suggested by a sketch of succession within the type after a fire. Such succession is var- fable, because of local conditions and the conditions of the burning, and any short statement must be understood as being approximate, pre- senting something in the nature of 4 composite view. )Let us assume a slope with more or less northerly exposure which is forested primarily with white pine, white fir, cedar and Douglas fir in the order named, the age class being approximately 120 years. Within this forest the shrubs are sparse and generally few, being such as Rosa gymnocarpa, Vaccinium membranaceum, Ribes viscosissimum, R. lacustre, Pachystima Myrsinites, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, Acer Douglasii, Menziesia glabella, and Amelanchier florida. Low herbs are abundant, such as @) Gorm carpensis, Coptis occidentalis, Polystichum munitum, P. Lon- fe =< @ r chitas, Smilacina sessilifolia, Viola orbiculata, Mitella stauropetala, Valeriana sitchensis, Anemone Piperi, Disporum oreganum, Osmorr 11za nuda, Clintonia uniflora, Chimaphile umbellata, Hieracivm albiflorun, Aster conspicuus, Tiarella unifoliata, Galium triflorum, Fragaria amer- icana, Adenocaulon bicolor and Trillium ovatum. Adjacent to and in continuation of the same slope is a burn or several nundred acres which we shall assume occurred ten years previously, 2 hot fire which, for the most part, reduced the duff to ashes. The tall whitened trunks are mostly standing--4 ghostly forest which becomes violescent and transformed when caught in the slanting western sun. The ground is barren of any Getritus, gravelly and with frequent out- crops and ledges which were deeoly hidden within the living forest and covered then by a thin soil. Living trees there are none. The most abundant plants are shrubs such ag Spiraea corymbosa, Rubus par- viflorus, Ceanothus sanguineus, Salix :couleriana, Acer Douglasii, — Holodiscus discolor, Mahonia repens, Betula papyrifera, Ceanothus velutinus, Ribes viscossissimum, Prunus emarginata, Lonicera utahensis, Populus trichocarpa, Vaccinium membranaceum, Sorbus sitchensis, Symouh- oricarpos albus, and Ribes lacustre. The degree to which any are rep- resented varies greatly with local conditions. Frequently Salix scouler- jana will dominate, frequently Spiraea corymbosa, sometimes Rubus par- viflorus or Ceanothus velutinus. Intermixed with them, but sparsely, are herbs. Chamaenerion angustifolium is often abundant, however, and is characteristic, especially in the moister places, sometimes avpear- ing within a few months after the burning. Other are Astragalus Mortoni, Heuchera glabella, Epilobium paniculatum, Sphaeralcea aceri- folia, Cirsium lanceolatum, C. foliosum, Achillea millefolium, Solidago elongata, Hieracium albiflorun, H. albertinum, Phacelia heterophylla, Smilacina sessilifolia, S. racemosa, Anaphalis margaritacea, Gnanhalium microcephalum, G. Macounii, Senecio pseudaureus, Lactuca spicata, Vicia americana, Xerophyllum tenax, Pteridium aquilinum, Pyrola secunda. In \ moist areas or in light burns more and more of the original herbaceous or shrubby vegetation is found. Scattered throughout the shrubby vege- tation and herbs is to be found the early coniferous reoroduction, reng- ing in height from a few inches to a foot or more. The most abundant and the largest, this having been a severe burn, is Pinus contorta, ; pete ae Se es ee eee 2 As Py oe ace eee ee smaller and less abundant are Pinus monticola, Abies grandis, Pseudot- Corea neteronhyila ian ¢ ar} ' i 48002 neteroovnyila 18 & common early entrant. 22 3 <5 As this very young forest srows, the larch commonly outstrips its companions, and thus serves as a nurse crop for the other tree spe- cies, and is often the first forest tree to disappear. Abies grandis and Pseudotsuga taxifolia disappear Slowly, and in favorable spots the white pine, together with some larch and Douglas fir, ultimately forms the subclimax, seeming in some cases to persist for two or more gen- erations. As the forest approaches maturity, Thuja plicata, because of its greater shade (> tolerance, becomes more and more apparent in the understory. Depending upon the nature of the exposure, elevation and soil, saplings of this species, often dense and forming thickets, may or may not reach their normal development. As has been previously stated, the climax is reached in comparatively restricted areas or not at all. Those areas which have reached the climax are of great beauty and rich- ness. The trunks of the great cedars glow warmly in the diffuse light which, especially in the north, where it is diffracted by the lacery of hemlock foliage, tekes on an opalescent quality. The ground cover is scant, and one may stride freely in al] directions. There are occasion- al fallen trunks deep in decay and covered with mosses and trailing Linnaea borealis and Rubus vedatus, or bright with star-like Moneses uniflora. The shrubs are few and straggling, being chiefiy Rubus parvi- florus, Vaccinium membranaceum and Pachystima Myrsinites, with Acer Douglasii and Oplopanax horridum in springy places. Moist evots are ’ 4 + 24-7, Tet eae reap, ’ ce OF prey, “Slate Tm cy pate r + i be oe Ins are brightened with rankly growing ferns such as Athyrium filix-foemina and —_ ex Seeeees re ee ie ais ae a ra} Y - poe Se . a) re 1. Pee - | . Dryooteris Tillx-mas. Gn tne dryer floor where the cuff is dense Fete NO ke alah nate Race en eee we ay P28 too deenly ee SGAGET © Le i Hae y dat "2 Ne "hy i o hfe D ce ’ ) “ry s 1 i ~—_ O = ss oy ) 9S are round, such ag fond 5 - 3 oe - a ~ nf Qos > a a | . + hah? EE © @ LNG SEBS? L~9133 rel rentowus curvioes, Tiarelle univoliata, end Contis occidentalis, Corailorhiza, Pyrola and “HIN cue Gircnit of thig forest are “reguent natural mea- A0WS. Their » LOPES vary according to the size and consequent shade “ror the Forest, the tecreé ot drainage and their elevation. In the danis they maz be SEVErS. Reres in extent Or hore, coumonly moist -2 $)0rins, becoming arier in Sunner. Smongst the early olants of such cv oe aloe thane pS Bypttnytas$§ a-s.- Fk : oe ee ee a mee sing 1 NOS OWS > VAKreEe an PAP GICULaYr Ape Olven 286 Os ated ; CAMBS 1& UATE Sly 5 ney sofas Fat ayt At 7 BA.. = fe pete ne - : cal * 1 olyzonun bistortolge: and fnesvenon Va seyanus, Clowerine in the - = - te oO a a 2a TH at Ain & Dae aa tat ee soead ls order named, VEariousiy associated with “ell @re Habenarta dilatata an ee Ons £9 My aangnt ten Deo Wiss a To hn Sinan Rha, 221Trean nes Lo wnz0: 2°78, ranunculus o rule. Oy ive axXinus >) AAaAMNUS eee —< oe — 7 os * oe ee . oe ee 7. bern t+t 2-8 ainarolia, Vacc £Nivin caesni LOsuM, Travctyvet VEL ia é a! 3 sith eich am SO ok aoe ae a mea TT. ht i ed lay on ae eye ws | 2 Tw aha a ae i Pana. S, “stensilja HUG La tL, MFoericum angar allotdes. i Sonewsat more =—- past JNO tied ce — — aw. ee ae eae ae : eae AyiAASs. ye 8 7 rae : . pie ce a i ee = 2 a. OES 7 $ - mCaGGWS Veraetr: i Cauaetcum is 2 y SLy CONS IVLCUOUS ana Aacsundant, ILAIVeE . —— — Sens Oe ee LL Sr eae v hd Ne cerns AR cet stl al Vel roe aos cles according to the elevetion and geographical situation. Boykinia major is abundant along the margins of streams in the St. Joe and Clearwater forests. Ribes petiolare, R. inerme, Rhamnus Purshiana, Alnus tenuifolia, A. sinuata, Amelanchier florida, Rubus parviflorus, Streptopus amplexifolius, Viburnum pauciflorum, Acer Douglasii, Cornus stolonifera, Symphoricarpas albus, Lonicera involucrata, Sambucus glauca, S. melanocarpa, Trautvetteria grandis, Senecio triangularis, Ligusticum Leibergii are characteristic plants of the margins. In swampy bottoms in addition to willows, the following are common: Me — Creftaegus Douglasii » Alnus tenuifolia, Ribes inerme » Cicuta vagans, Angelica Lyallii, Trautvetteria grandis, Heracleum lanatum, Mentha ar- vensis, Veronica americana, Polemonium occidentale, Hypericum anagal- loides, Scutellaria galericulata, Gnaphalium palustre, Ranunculus maxi- mus, Accnitum columbianum, Viola palustris, Urtica Lyallii, Senecio triangularis, Ligusticum “anbyi, Cyperus inflexus, Mimulus guttatus M. moschatus, M. Tilingi, and Epilobium adenocaulon. Occasionally at intermediate elevations occur sphagnum bogs in which Betula pumila var. glandulifera is the most striking woody plant. Pinus contorta is commenly associated with it. Spiraea densi?lora ai higher, S. Menziesii at lower elevations, often fringe the bog. Ledum glandulosum is frequent in such bogs at higher elevations. Amongst herbaceous plants comnonly oresent may be found Viola palustris, Cyperus microcarpus, Saxifraga integrifolia, Senecio triangularis, Pedicularis groenlandica, Habenaria dilatata, H. saccata, Hyvericum anagalloides, Tofieldia occidentalis, Caltna lestosenala, Veronica americana, Juncus ensifolius, Soiranthes ) oer hee eer komanzoffiana and Dodecatheon integrivolium. ab SUBALPINE FIR TYPE A beautiful and striking forest is developed chiefly above five thousand feet, which is clearly defined, for the most part, and dominated by Abies lasiocarpa. Associated are stragglers from lower elevations but particu- larly Picea Engelm@nnii, and Pinus contorta, and in the south Tsuga ler- tensiana. Each of these associates, in some restricted areas, often ap- pears to maintain a subclimax. The forest ig open, the individuals be- ing widely spaced with narrow spire-like crowns which reach to the ground. Brush is dense, especially on the northern Slopes. It is composed primarily of Menziesia glabella, Lonicera utahensis, L. involucrata, Vaccinium membranaceum, Sorbus sitchensis » Sambucus melanocarpa » Ribes lacustre, and, in the north, Rhododendron albiflorun. Along alpine streams may be found Spiraea densiflora, Ribes petiolare, R. lacustre (and locally in very restricted areas R, acerifolium, R. triste and R. laxiflorum var. coloradense), Trautvetteria grandis, Boy- kinia major, Ligusticum Leibergii, Mimlus Lewisii, Habenaria saccata, Streptopus amplexifolius, Montia asarifolia, Epilobium Hornemanni, Saxifraga arguta, Parnassia fimbriata, Cardamine Oligosperm. and Ranun- culus Douglasii. Frequent seepage spots, particularly on the north Slopes, may be dense ly covered with thickets of Alnussinuata, or Sorbus sitchensis, or both, the stems decumbent and forming difficult tangles. Small springs cori- q monly arise in these spots. Ribes lacustre isalmost always present here in abundance, togeth:r with Sambucus melanocarpa and numerous herbs: Veratrum viride, Actaea arguta, Montia asarifolia, Viola gla- bella, Disporum oreganum, Smilacina stellata, Trillium ovatum and : Erythronium grandiflorun. The subalpine meadows are areas of especial beauty, being crowded with C herbaceous plants of varied asvect@jand color: xXerophyllum tenax, Ligusticum Leibergii, Castilleia mineata, Pedicularis siifolia, P. contorta, P. J roenlandica, Aconitum columbianum, Delphinium occiden- tale, Saxifraga integrifolia, Dodecatheon integrifolium, Polygonum alpinum, Habenaria dilatata, H.saccata, Rudbeckia occidentalis, Aquilegia flavescens, Thalictrum occidentale, Angelica Dawsonil, Mer- qi) tensia paniculata, Heracleum lanatum, Juncus ensifolius, Senecio megacephalus, S. triangularis, S. exaltatus, Polygonum bist-rtoides var. linearifolium, Miiulus guttatus, M. moschatus, Valeriana sitch- ensis, Stellaria obtusa, S. umbeilata, Ranunculus Douglasii, Veronica americana, Galium bifolium, Saussurea americana, Arnica diversifolia, A. mollis, Aster Canbyi, Erigeron salsuginosus and Geum macrophyllun. ~ « Cn moist ridges above meadows may found many or the same vlants but with additional species which are usually local and restricted in thetr range, such as Heuchera grossulariaeiolia, Castilleia gibba, Viola dbel- lidifolia, Phlox Douglasii, Astragalus Bourgovii, Hriogonum Fiperi, and Anemone occidentalis. al. > ax ba 8 Associated in small depressions near melting snow are Trillium ovatun, Erythronium grandiflorum, Polygonum bistortoides var. linearifolium, Ranunculus Eschscholtzii and Trollius laxus var. albiflorus. Talus slopes at high elevations are frequent, resultant from the disin- tegration of cliffs. The most common entrant on these is Xerophyllum tenax and associated with it is often Polygonum alpinum, Arabis Sparsi- ee flora, Spiraea corymbosa, Amelanchier florida, Juncus Parryi, Vaccinium membranaceum, V. scoparium and Prunus enarginata. After soil is estab- lished by these agents, the slope is often Slowly taken over by Abies lasiocarpa and Tsuga Mertensiana. Xerophyllum tenax is characteristic of high ridges and open slopes. Frequent on rounded peaks or in moist depressions at hi elevations = ] there occur pastures of varied size in which Luzula glabrata is almost the sole innabitant or very abundant. in a few restricted areas on northerly moist benches at higher eleva- tions , (somet imes) pure stands of Picea Engelmannii with abundant repro- eee eee This species, with Abies lasiocarva, often descends to the margins of boggy meadows ét elevations 4s low as 2000 feet. Pinus elbicauvlis is usually found. It con- ™ hest elevation monly cccupies ridges above cO00C feet, intermixed with Abies lasio- caroa or Tsuge Mertensiana, or “corms pure stancs. Associated with it are often Touné Vaccinium myrtillus, Xerophyilum tenéx, Vaccinium sco- slsbella, Luzula glabrata and Juncus Parry:. mo neriun, Menziesic. *, we i ? | q 4 4 4 On one abrupt ridge and around the Cirque lake near the Summit of Roman Nose Mountain is found the only stand which is known to the author, of Larix Lyallii. On the tops of a few peaks, such as Snowy Top, Roman Nose and Scotch- man, are found restricted tundra relicts with such Species as Luzula glabrata, Juncus Parryi, Dasiphora fruticosa, Dryas octopetala, Phyllodoce glanduliflora and Cassiope Mertensiana. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NORTHERN IDAHO Botanical exploration of northern Idaho began with the his- torical overland journey of Lewis and Clark in the years 180-06. For the itinerary of this expedition we have primarily the running account of Lewis. The party crossed the Bitter Root Mountains southwest of the present site of Missoula. The choice of this route wag not fortuitous but was based upon the existence there of an Indian highway, the Lolo trail which follows the divide between the Locksa and Clearwater rivers, This is an ancient highway which according to J. E. Kirkwood (Sci. Mo. 26: 315-328. 1928), "was an old trail, no one knows how old, when Lewis and Clark travelled it in 1805. It was important as being the natural route from the Nez Perce country of the Lower Snake River to the plains of the Missouri by way of Clarks Fork and Blackfoot Rivers". According to C. V. Piper, "Hungry Creek" and "Collins Creek" both refer to the present Lolo Creek. The Clearwater River, called the "Kooskooskee" by Lewis, was reached near the oresent site of Orofino and at this point EEO ee ee ow ee 30. 5 qi) canoes were built in October, 1905 for the journey which ultimately took them down the Columbia. During the course of this journey Lewis had made botanical collections and referred to many of these in his narrative. Unfortunately, these collections, made on the more leis- urely westward trek,were lost in the Columbia by wreck of one of the’ canoesy2nd the identity of many of the plants referred to by Lewis must consequently remain in doubt. Upon the return Journey, collec- tions were made to replace those which were lost, numbering about 150 species, but they were principally late season species, taken chiefly east of our limits. However, a camp was established near the present site of the town of Kamiah, in May and June, 1806, and collections 1 were made there and at "Quamash Flats," now known as Weippe meadows, near the town of Weippe (pronounced We-ipe). It is these which form Ww the classical nucleus of the Idaho flora and include such species as Scutellaria angustifolia, from Camp Croounnish, and Camassia quamash an Polygonum bistortoides, from Quamash Flats. All may be examined today in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. In addition to the manuscript notes of Lewis which appear on some of the specimens, there are also apnended notes by Frederich Pursh (1774-1620)* who described and figured some of the species in his Flora Americae boreali-sextentrionalis (1012). During 1897, B. 1. Robinson and J. M. Greenman studied the Lewis plants and annotated * Pursh, A German by birth, was christened Friedrich Traugott Pursch. them with the then current names. Most sheets, therefore, bear three separate tickets from three sources. Elliott Coues, ornithologist and pibliographer, has written a critical commentary upon the botanical collections of the expedition (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1898: 291- 315). The next figure to appear in our region was David Douglas, (1799-1834) whose classical and extensive collections are the basis for the study of the flora of the Northwestern States and California. Douglas collected but little in Idaho, however, but on July 2h, 1826, he was at the mouth of the Clearwater River and between July 24 and 30, was at Lewiston and in the adjacent Craig Mountains. Following Douglas, in 1832-33,came the Boston fur-trader, Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth (1802-1856), who, on his return journey crossed northern Idaho, following the Clark Fork to its junction with the Mis- soula. He wade a small plant collection along the Fiathead River in Montana, but apnarentiy preserved no collections from northern idaho. He was accompanied on a second journey (1834) by Thomas Nuttall, but did not reach as fear north as our region. Dr. Charles Pickering and Mr. W(illian) (union) Brackenridge, botanists of the Wilkes Expedition, reached Lanwai, Idaho on June 25, 1841, but apparently made few if any botanical collections in the vicinity. The next botanical collector in this region, therefore, and in imgortance second only to Lewis, vas the German, C(hariés) A(ndreas ) Geyer (1809-1853), who had collected in Illinois previous to his Jour- , to Idaho. In November 1843, Geyer crossed 4 high spur 9: 31 32 (Bitter Root) Mountains" to the Coeur d'Alene River and wintered at the Chamokane Mission, located on Chamokane Creek about 10 miles from its junctions with the Coeur d'Alene River. During the summer of 18h) Geyer made trips northwestward as far as Fort Colville, southward to the Palouse River, Nez Perce, and the Lapwai Mission. Some of his most important collections were made in the Spring in the vicinity of Lake Coeur d'Alene and Skitsoe Lake. Late in the Season of the same year, he botanized in the Craig Mountains, and, passing around the Blue Mountains, reached Fort Walla Walla, from whence he descended the Columbia, bound for Fort Vancouver and England. Geyer wrote of Camassia prairies under the designation "Ganasa prairies" and tells of his hungry horse having browsed upon "Taxod ium sempervirens" (p. 205). His col- lections were all numbered and can be fairly closely placed by his nar- rative (Hookers London Journ. Bot. 9: 201-208, 285-310, 509-52. 1846). There is evidence from his detection of such infrequent species as Orc- banche pinorum that Geyer was a sharp-eyed collector. He showed an in- terest in placing manuscript names upon his collections before submit- ting them to Hooker; many of these names were employed by Hooker in pub- lishing his species. At the time of Geyer's visit to the Lapwai Mission the Ameri- can missionary, Rev. Henry Spalding, was in residence there. Spalding sent a number of plants to Asa Gray. Astragalus Spaldingii, Gray, con- memorates this association and Spalding's interest in the native plants. Piper (Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 16) has recorded the best avail- able notes on Spalding. John Pearsall accompanied the Mullan Exvedition o7 1658-62 in connection with the construction of a military road, along the present Northern Pacific RR., from Montana into Idaho anda along the Coeur of d'Alene branch. The party wintered MSMMEEE at the village of St. Mary's (St. Maries). His material is in the Gray and Britton herbaria. No botanical report of Pearsall's collections was ever published. Dr. J(ames) G(raham) Cooper enumerated the notable trees ob- served in 1860 in crossing from Fort Benton to Fort Colville. He made a stop at Coeur d'Alene Mission after crossing Mullans Pass. He writes of the "western Pogue-Birch", Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis, along Coeur d'Alene River, where it becomes "two feet in diameter and sixty feet in height, of handsome appearance". He was also deeply impressed by the"Thuja swamps along the west slope of the Coeur d'Alene Mountains Cooper was an accurate observer and his account of the forest trees of our region affords very interesting reading today (Am. Nat. 3: 404-hee, John Buttle, member of David Lyall's "Cregon Boundary Com- taission" party (cf. Piver, 16), collecied near the Washington-Ideho- Britisn Columbia borders, or "ad montes Pend Oreille et Kootenay” and on Mooyie River, in 10660. These collections in Gray and Hooker her- baria, bear the name oi Lyall on the tickets. In 1080 Sereno Watson visited Lolo Pass from the Montana side in connection with the Tenth Census survey of the forests. J(ohn) H(erman) Sandberg made collections about Granite, Bon- ner County, in July 188 34 On August 8, 1889, Professor Edward Lee Greene, then of the University of California, botanized at Lake Pend Oreille where the type of Cicuta vagans was taken (Pitt. 2: 9.) In June-July 1892 George B(riggs) Aiton collected in the Palouse country and about Lake Coeur d'Alene. On 28 June 1892 A. I(sabel) Mulford collected at Curlew Gulch. Prof. E. R. Lake and Mr. W. R. Hull collected in June 1892 in Latah County. In 1892 four botanists, J. H. Sandberg, J. B. Leiberg, D. T. MacDougal and A. A. Heller collected in Latah and Nez Perce counties. Their exsiccatae were distributed through the office of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. Charles Vancouver Piver collected in the Cedar Mountains in July 1893, and also, on another trip, at Priest Lake. In June 1894 Lovis Horniqvet) Henderson collected at Camas Prairie,and in August on the Cedar Mts. Other niaces he also visited. His collections were intelligently taken and (ortunately distributedQy C~ to easternherbaria, for his original set was lost in a fire at the University of Idaho about thirty-rive years ago. Tnat John B(ernhard) Leiberg (13853-19135) holds first place among recent explorers from the standpoint of quantity of material col- lected in northern Idaho, there can be no doubt. Leiberg's collections were both reovresentative and thorough for the region under considera- tion. They were widely distributed to the larger herbaria and form a valuable reference exsiccata. During the summer of 1695 Leiberg col- lected along the North Fork of tne Coeur d'Alene River, Sohons Pass, Stevens Peak and Weissners Peak. He reported upon a timber survey of Priest River Forest Reserve made in 1897 in Nineteenth Annual Re- port, U. S. Geol. Surv. 5: 217-252. 1899. The general topographic features of the Priest River drainage basin are therein described. in the same volume Leiberg describes the Bitter Root Forest Reserve to the south. In June 1896 Amos Arthur and E. Gertrude Heller collected at Lake Waha, Nez Perces Co., their Specimens being very widely dis- tributed to herbaria. A(dolph) D(anie!) E(dward) Elmer collected at Viola, Latah Co., in 1896-97. LeRoy Abrams, as a youthful student, made collections about Moscow, June, 1900. S. 0. Johnson collected abovi Coeur d'Alene in May 1909. R(olla) Kent Beattie collected in 1911 in the Summer R-nge of Latah Co. More recent collectors in the area, apart from the senior author, some having collected extensively, others but once, include J. H. Christ, H. D. House, H. J. Rust, W. W. Dggleston, Henry Putnan, Gerhardt Kempt, Miller Houck, Harold Offord, Wm. A. Rockie, Howard R. ar Fl int Line oln cilis on, + 105 ad Gail ‘ce. ice Gail ‘Le Lee Holman Jd . £ ° F 3 2 3 ] Kirkwood J. A. Larsen He tees Jonn, G. Neville Jones Linc olin C onstance 3 Pa 2 3 P BP. A. Warren, C. Leo Hitchcock, Fred Barkley, and F. W. Pennell. 33 Chief References Blankinshiv, J. W. History of Montana Botany. Montana Agric. Coll. BGis pteud. Bots 1: Le5l. 3905; river, C. V. Botanical explorers of Washington. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herp. 11: 10-20. 1906. IVTRODUCTION TO THE USr OF A MANUAL CLASSIFICATION The object of tnis volume is to assist in ascertaining the names and relationsnios of the ees which grow in northern Idaho. The several hundred snecies dealt with are arranged in larger groups known as genera. These in turn are assembled into groups known as families. A svecies may be simply defined as one of a group of simi- lar organisms of common descent and close relationship. For example: familiar species are the biackberry, rasoberry and thimbleberry. These three species, together with other similar ones, compose the genus Rubus. Rubus, Fragaria (strawberry), Potentilla (cinquefoil), Geum (avens) and other related genera compose the family Rosaceae. In seed plants the primary organ for determination of such relationships is the flower and its product, the fruit. It is pri- marily upon resemblances and dissimilarities in flower structure that the bases for classification are found. For the benefit of those who my never have studied totany, the more common tyves of tlowers 37 Pee eee > 2 a > ; aS 4 a - 7 Ok ute uF : aS Lon ih i cst _ 261 ¥ SAGES We 6 3 2zSCUSSEC or rr A etey 2 4 | = said ee bem Ae Ss S So ares ae Fy a. : ia af ce en t. ‘es MATS Ceca beg NE OPMG vc ON vie reactor -o Fe. 6rrec co Ssuc® works as BR AE OPN ee wae: Ce. SA ee ae “Ay ds yp OUP oe. oe an a a as bs “ees SOonr°'S tiOwers ann wOWwe TL es IONS y or ¢é fEnerai vexu Sucn &s Ls oe aban Z ea seme, 1 NA 3. a Aa Tat nye yan a BOLNMEN Gna .9Db.ins General Soran: (4 OH OG.e}e there aro two cublivisions of the seed plants, namely Sy.anosscrms (coumonl; known as conivere), and angiosoerms (or 7lower- @) ing olants). In a broad sense the cones o2 the Gymnosperms are slowers. The ccnes arc o. tyo kinds, one less conspicuous and € pnem- eral which bears vollen enone bearing cvules which eventually form seeds. the ovules (and seeds) are torns uson the surfaces of modified leaves called sooroohylls (or more comnonly cone scales), and are usually subtended by a more or less conssicuous stertle leaf called the bract. In Juniperus the scales are fleshy, rather than woody, and coalesc:. tc form a berry-like fruit with 2-3 seeds. In Texus a “ruit resembling a cherry is formed. The ordinary flower of the angiosperms consists of a stalk voon which are borne several series of highly modified leaves. These may be spirally arranged but are usually in whorls, that is, in cir- clets, there being normally four whorls in a flower. From the outside passing inward, the whorls are designated: the calyx, the corolla, the stamens and the pistil (or pistils). Component parts of the calyx are called sepals, of the corolla, petals. The calyx and corolla are known collectively as the perianth. The stalk of the stamen is called the filament, the pcllen-bearing sace, the anthers. The ovules are con- tained within the ovary of the pistil, the slender projection into which 38 it tapers is called tne style, and the receptive spot which receives the pollen is the stigma. =xceptions to this "ideal" floral plan are frequent. For example, a flower may consist either of stamens or of pistil only, as in the willow; or may consist of stamens and pistil only, as in the grasses; or may consist of calyx and stamens and of calyx and pistil a9 in Amaranthus; or may have oniy the corolla wanting as in some maples. In certain genera there is little or no difference between the calyx and corolla, as in Eriogonum, or in Lilium. The calyx is usually green and consists of usually five parts (sometimes 3-6 or more). These parts, the sepals, may be com- pletely separate and distinct, or may be variously united to forma bell-shaped or tubular cup. The corolla is usually colored or white, more conspicuous and larger than the calyx. Its parts, the petals, may also te free or may be joined together, either partly, as in Phacelia, or wholly, as in the morning glory. When joined together, the petals may take the shape either of a sancer, as in Solanum, or @ . Eitner the calyx or the corolla or both may form @ tube as in Gili may be irregular in the sense that a single plane only will divide them into two similar halves, as in the vea, or in the Indian paint brush, Castilleia. In this case the calyx or corolla is said to be zygzomorvhic. In flowers with tubular corollas the stamens are com- monly attached te the wall of the corolla tube. The stamens my be either numerous and indefinite in number, te , 4 : a ft ’ + » 1 x L +e ag in the buttercud, or reWw, in which case they are senerally 5, 6 ox 39: lO. They may te completely separate or their filaments may sometimes be joined into a tube which surrounds the ovary, as in Lupinus or Si- dalcea. Less often the anthers my be joined into a tube, the fila- ments being free, as in the Campanulaceae and Compositae. They may be seated at the base of the ovary as in Allium, on a shelf of the calyx tube as in Prunus, or above the ovary as in Mitella and the evening primrose family. The pistils mey be several or numerovs as in the buttercup, and in tne strawberry, or solitary in each flower as in Allium. If several, the vistils are simple, that is, formed of a single carvel. | If one, the vistil is usually compound, that is, formed of two or more carpels, the oresence of which is ‘isually indicated by the number of styles or style branches or by the number of chambers in the ovarv. The pistil may be entirely free from any flower parts, and seated above them, as in Allium, in which case it is said to be suverior and the stamens hypogynous; it may be free from the flower parts but sur- rounded by a cup-like calyx upon which are seated the stamens, as in Prunus, in wnich case the ovary is -— superior and the stamens are said to be verigynous; finally, the ovary may be either partly or wholly joined to the celyx-tube and seated more or less beneath the calyx-lobes, petals and stamens, as in Mitella, in which case the ovary is said to be inferior and the stamens epigynous. Ir one comoares the flowers of the families herein described With these essential generalizations in mind, he may arrange them in three ascending series according to certain princioles. It is believed Yo ¢ YOR that these three series represent in a general way the probable paths of evolution in the flowering plants. Such an arrangement is shown below. By reference to this chart, the identification of any given plant is made easier and certain and its relationships to other plant families more clearly understood. SOS Ro ERT a oe lal etch ° Baty ‘ y 5A \ ae thous —— ae ee Puts VALPEricne sco u i a a + Ih oO y*7 VEC TT EPee sCropnulars ~ ee owe Orobancenecen? re) Lentioularia a 7 VF rape ,orvulsecae Vorbenece Tahara c LA DLADTLE — = r a WwW ‘ eS. : -T9Arr ese ae eo —— = ~ iLG8S52¢6 ww —— - r 7} en - P wee tee ar ee ee ~ ee eee FIN SORE scuceaoianebinciatin fied NCMENCLATURE : —_— By general agreement of botanists plants are admitted to have only one true name. This name is written in Latin and is com- posed of two or sometimes three words. The first, a proper noun written with a capital, is the generic name. The second capitalized only in certain cases, is usually a modifying adjective which is known as the specific name. For example, referring again to the blackberry, raspberry and thimbleberry, we find that the first is called Rubus macropetalus, the second Rubus idaeus and the third Rubus parviflorus. In this case the generic name common to all is Rubus, the specific names |respectively being] macropetalus, idaeus,and parviflorus. The third, likewise vsually a modifying adjective, is known as the varietal or subspecific name. This appears only when it has been deemed exvedient from the taxonomic standpoint to recognize units smaller than svecies. By variety or subspecies is usually meant a var- jant vortion of the species which is morohologically recognizable and generally occuoying a geogrenhical range different from that of the "syoical". It must be remembered that the "typical" form or subspecies is a nomenclatorial concent, derived from rules of nomenclature and is not always typical in the sense of being the norm. Although a plant name always specifies the genus to which the plant belongs, the family is not usually indicated by it. Family names usually are formed from the root oi a weli known genus belonging to the family in questior to which is usually added -aceae, as in Rosaceae, the rase (Rosa ) family. It frequently happens that, because of differences of opinion or incomplete information, two or more names are applied to the same species. In such cases the oldest name is the one properly employed. Because of other references it is sometimes desirable to cite in parentheses the synonyms which are or have been employed by other authors. In the present paper these appear at the end of the species description. THE USE OF KEYS: Each family with more than one genus, each genus with more than one species and the entire system of families herein have been provided with keys to assist in the determination of the name and po- sition of any given plant. Such keys are devices to assist, and be- cause of the innate variation of living organisms are often faulty or incompletely satisfactory. Their fullest usefulness is attained only with experience. In the present keys we have sought insofar as pos- sible to use characters which will permit determination of the plant whether in flower or fruit and often, from foliage alone. It will be observed that the keys consist of a series of al- ternatives, each alternative consisting of a pair of contrasted char- acters. Rarely are there three alternatives to choose from. For sat- isfactory ~esults it is necessary to study the plant critically and completely before consulting the key. After this the first pair or contrasted characters is approached. YS Suppose, ior example, tnat the plant in question, of which it is desired to learn the specific name, is a species of Rubus. Its stems are erect and covered with straight prickles, its leaves are compound, with 3-5 leaflets, its petals are white and the calyx is notably glandular. By reference to the key to Rubus (p. ___) it will be seen that the first alternative presented there refers to the leaf habit. Inasmuch as the leaves of the plant being determined are conm- pound, we necessarily choose the sepnd alternative which requires Ge) this condition. Passing to the next pair of alternatives, to the next fork in this tortuous path, it is again necessary to choose the second alternative which requires a plant which is erect and armed with prickles. inasmuch as the petals are white, we choose again the second alternative of the next pair and pass to the last pair. pet plant must therefore be either R. ideeus or R. leucodermis. We must now choose between the last alternatives, and are constrained by the straight prickles and glandular hairs of the calyx to halt at 5. R. ideeus. Turning to the descrivtion or that spvecies, we compare our plant with it and find-that it compares favorably, that is, fits within the range of variation described. Thus we conclude that the plant in question is that svecies. Sometimes the key may be inadequate or ex, or it may be applicable only to the vlants in Slower, and the specimen we have at w hand ig in fruit. It is still possible to arrive at a conclusion by orocesé Oo: elimination. For example, let us suppose that the plant in question is an Eriogonum in which only some weathered “ruits ere AVALLA Ye} able, the flowers being long past. Inasmuch as there are several glomerules and since the plants are about 50 cm. tall, the second pair of alternatives in the key (p. ___) is readily reached but one tg unable to anawer either of these satisfactorily. An assumption is therefore made that the plant belongs in the first group. On ex- pripatios of the descriotions, however, it is found that the flowering scapes of those species are naked, but that this plant has a whorl of leaves near the middle of the scape. Passing to the next alternative group one finds that E. heracleoides satisfies this requirement and also that the plant corresponds to the description of that species. Thus by 2 series of assumptions and 4 process of elimination, the keys may be made useful in many cases where full data are not at hand. VARIATION: The effect of the environment may be seen in various ways. The physical composition of the soil and its consequent water-retain- ing power may greatly affect the stature of annual plants. -The effect of snow-lodgement may affect the habit of shrubs. The effect of wind on exposed ridges may affect the stature and habit of shrubs and trees. individuals growing in shade at the edge of the forest may have much larger and thinner leaves than those growing nearby in the open. Sucnr a list of ecologic and environmental differences or states mish*, be extended much further. To weigh correctly the valve of such variations requires care7ul observations and field experience. It is naturel tnat = + - ye to ~ , se ° = 2 - 2 : ee 2+} 22 rn the beginner is prone to overestimate variations which with wider ex- mu Ovules borne in a closed sac which is termed the pistil _ flowers which may consist either of stamens or of Ctess—ay C. ANGIOSPERMSe which upon maturity becomes the fruit, enclosing the seed or seeds; cotyledons 1 or 2, Plants pistils or of both, these usually enveloped by series of modified leaves termed the perianth: which th. turn may be differentiated into two serie s,termed Boe ee pastivery the calyx and corolla. ° = ‘- a adh HS Lacn individual is vossessed of a given inheritance which will cause it to develoo in e certain way. It does not develop to maturity in a vacuum, however, but in response tc a given environment. Individuals with identical heritage may accordingly be modified within certain limits by differences in environment, which thus mask in greater or less degree genetic similarity or identity. At the same time a given population may be quite diverse ge- netically, that is, the individuals may have a diverse heritage and may differ morphologically. Plant species are often composites of several small races variously differentiated. For example, one may sometimes find, in a field of blue lupines, a single white flowered plant. Or he may find in certain Gilias, a patch here which is quite white, a patch there wiich is uniformly pink. The difference is striking, and the beginner may be misled by it. Or, when single individuals of var- jant races are compared, tne differences may seem of sufficient weight to justify specific segregation. The effect of racial intermixture is more difficult to judge. When single individuals of variant races are compared, the differences may seem of sufficient value to justify specific recognition. However, when whole vovulations are studied or several races are compared, such differences often disappear and the species is found to consist of sev- eral forms which in nature merge to form a unit. It is accordingly de- sirable to study not a single individual but several individuals at the same time and, when convenient, rom several places, bearing in mind, always, that living forms are plastic changing things. GENERAL KEY TO THE -. FAMILIES A, FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Stems usually underground or creeping. Leaves commonly tufted and compound. Flowers and seeds none, reproduction being effected by minute spores which are borne in clustered sace generally on the lower surface of the leaves. Some are aquatic and may be completely submerged, some are moss-like. eats eel Sint lla sate ED Rush-like or bushy plumose plants with hollow jointed stems, the q leaves being reduced to short cylindrical or funnel-shaped sheaths covering the nodes, with or without whorls of jointed slender branches Equisetaceae 'p =] Plants not rush-like nor bushy plumose with jointed stems Small aquatic plants either wholly submerged or amphibious as when growing in mud previously covered with water Leaves in a basal tuft, grass-like or rush-like, usually submerged, the sporangia ) . ccvities at the base of the 4 leaves Isoetaceae (p ; one Leaf-blades usually floating, on long petioles resembling a 4-leaved clover Marsileaceae (| P: mea ; Terrestrial plants (often growing in moist places) Moss-like plants with small usually awl-shaped leaves ~.).ici. overlap” > apon the trailing or decumbent stems i) Small mat-forming plants rarely 10 cm, tall, or if trailing, the leaves oval; spores of two sizes, produced in separate sporengias leaves 2-3 mm. long Selaginellaceae’ p, al Creeping or sometimes erect plants but the erect branches usually more than 10 cm, tall; leaves mostly 4-7 mm, long; spores all of one size Lycopodiaceae | p: a Erect plants with broads SCS pinnate leaves Sporangia globose, sessile, about 1 mm, broad, opening by two valves, arranged along the margins of modified leaves which may be either linear and simple, thus forming a very slender spike, or may be pinnate, thus forming a cluster resembling a cluster of minute grapes Ophioglossaceae p nat Sporangia minute, shaped like a watch, stalked, assembled into clusters on the lower sides of the leaves, wither ih naked or covered by a thin membrane or b: the curled leaf margin (True ferns) Polypodiaceae \ qi) Ie Dicotyledons a: Leaves mostly net-veined; flower parts usually - Conde in 4's or 5's, less often in 3's or 6's; coty=— ; | ledons 2; trees, shrubs or herbs, some FAmAS, 2 aquatic, ‘mostly of dry land. 0 Ja.Petals none, the flower consisting in some cases. of “ ort or pistils only, the perianth being wholly. suppress or represented by a small gland or glands, most..often consisting of a series of green segments whi¢h: may” ; represent both petals and sepals as usually understoo A and may in some cases be white or pink or yellow ands petal-like, or which may represent a true calyx, the - corolla having been suppressed in particular casesy a Be ? 2 Plants without chlorophyll, parasitic upon the branches Nee ie See he Lof conifers, usually not very conspicuous, Loranthacese 2 Plants with chlorophyll, rarely parasitic but if so, Redes >appearing to rise from the eorthy cae 2: a = A 2a, Trees anc shruts x ) (> Leaves opposite 4 legieesiiicteteos i‘ i . & Leaves entire, scurfy with fringed hairs Blasagnacene ‘p=? B Leaves palmately 5-7 lobed, glabrousy Aceraceae (p. a4 . Leaves alternate G Leaves palmately lobed, the stems spinose Ar@liaceae (Pp: —4 8 Leaves simple ond toothed, not lobed, lA the steris smooth, A 2b Herbs.: & Plants growing entirely in water, cases growing in swamoy places secome ary}; I4 {0 Flowers in small axillary clusters, ah jO Flowers of two kinds, without later in divides onposite ormore commonly in whorisy or the perianth yellowishegreen, 4-5- lobed; fruit a berry, proper perisnths, arranged in spikes which may be erect or tassel-like and pendulous, the stamens and overies borne on small SCALES #2, Fruit a catkin of small flask- shaped capsules which split into 2 or 3 valves at maturity; t es tinnately dissected or if entire, mhoris of several at each nodey s 3 times forked, the divisicns ike, stiffish, roughened by minute ot as cescribec, frequentiyv of muddy | inatecy 3 leaves gonerally 5-4 times as long aS broad Fruj d. ibe 12 Wy Puge tee a8 Sfone te seeds tipped with a tuft of hairs by which they are dissem- /4 Fruit an edible nut closely B involucre invested by a foliaceous shruodsy /4 Fruit conelike, the scales either ceciduous or persistent, the nutlets which they enclose aGisseminated by a thin scar- ious wing; SH mena” iV LLles e +S mestly trees or > nA VeAr into linear P 4 : eae ee ane e NOT AQUETIC & 5 OF or hiair- = m de nae ae fOMme Pame S vhich may or in some eaves linear Like segments, in opposite pairs Rhamnus (p- 3 Salicaceae (3 3 leaves ‘usually less p Shoad y ; Corylaceae ip ki w Betulaceae (p- a Callitrichacese LD Haloragidaceae | /o0 Leaves in apposite pairsy . 1% Sepals 5; stamens mostly l0y Caryophyllaceae (p, 12 Sepals 4 or wanting; stamens F Jip never 10y 14 Leaves sharply toothed; the ,,, stems, at least, provided with : i3 stinging heirs; sepals 4y Urticaceae p.—) /4 Leaves entire or minutely , toothed, smooth and glabrous; sepals none (what may be taken for sepals are 4, or sometimes ig 5, glands which may have narrow white margins or two horn-like appendaces)§ ovary 3-celled, soon elevated upon a stalky Buphorbiaceae { p.-— /0 Leaves in whorls of 4-fy | }2 Ovary superior; stamens 5 Aizoaceae a |p Ovary inferior; stamens 4 (rerely 2) Ruoviaceae ip» —) & Sb, Leaves preveilingly alternate, some or qd }2, e211 basal in many casesy jo Ovary 3- Reaiernadeoar vith ovule in each ted stelk, pro- chamber, elevetec upon (ieee at maturity from a cup-shaped mj 8 involucre, the 4 glands of which are sepalelike with prong-like appendages; 7 uppermost leaves whorlecy Juphorbiaceae |,—) j /O Plants not as describecy |& Leaves ternatvely compound; flowers Cioecious, the staminate consisting of several purple anthers pendulous upon hairelixe filernents, ae distill- Io¢ es au erect pis-~ a globose cluster of) 4 te consisting of = : tils with attenuate styles». forming \ereped echenese at matority Thalictrum [ Ps) /4 Pistils mere then on2 in each 12 flower, /@ Leaves kiéneyeshanec, ceevly spelimetely 6-S-lobes to the Gi ,.y( middle; stamens enlarged at the \tips, the enthers tiny proubvet tenis ip jo Leaves round to cval, merely ra czuec, flowers solitary on a cc hed pecumele, sepale petal-like Celthe ip (Growerer se) $22 aontained Wibnin 2 receptacleg leaves needle-like, exc oa iy Tanjio2rus 2nd wheyva they sre minute and scale-like n Juniparus and Thuja where they Are minuve ale-1ike 1 t i | General Key Ovul2s borne upon tic su o2 scales which ar3 at natin § usually earranged sbout a central axic, form ing *eepyfa cone, ‘ at—eatusity, which in Juninerus beco. 2s fleshy rather than a moody, completely hiding tne se2ds; in Taxus a bright red 3 cherrv-Lik: structure is in neither case are the enoles braided cord; ng so that a ora CS. ak true flowers. sm cr Ovulate strobili of a solitary ovule, becoming a bony stone, at maturity -Gnolosed or subtended by a fleshy integument Taxacese p. et) Ovulate strobili of several ovule-bearing woody cone scales (coalescent and berry-like in Juniperus), the ovules becoming winged or wingless seeds Leaves and cone scales spirally arranged, the leaves in ours needle- . like, 1-25 cm, longs cotyledons several Pinaceae (p. —) Leaves and cone scales cyclically arranged in 2's and 3's, the leaves an ours small and scale-like, closely appressed and covering the branchlets; cotyledons 2 Cupressaceae i men ) or several ee ei ~o Plants not as described a »Z Stamens 6-9 (frequent- u ly 5 in Polygonum); perianth segments white, ae ay pink or yellow, or if . green, in two dissim- xg \ilar series Polygonacese (P +4 48 Stamens 1-5; perianth segments green, ina 2 single series ( a- O-< single sepal in Coris- permum and Monolepis) ta atte all. lata: Wi 20 Flowers subtended jand enlosed by chaffy as scarious usually : Y' \ prickly bracts; pere 3 ianth scarious Anaranthaceae (p,4 30 Flowers not so sub- : tended, the perianth aud reen and rather 4 o leshy Chenopodiacese| J jlbPetals present, the perianth consisting of a clearly , defined outer whorl, the calyx (its subdivisions called | “ W sepals) anufine corolle (its subdivisions called petals). an i”ner whorl} The former is prevailingly green and herbaceous, the latter colored and of e different texture. The members A of each whorl may be entirely distinct from each other and from the contrasting whorl, or may be more or less united with each other, with the contrasting whorlor 3 with the ovary and stamens. In some genera of Umbelliferae the sepals are wanting, or minute 44aPetals distinct, not unitec for if so, only at the J very base); ie—-tets-—eece one can usually be detached with- : out disturding the otnercy 4 4 Sqa.Aquatic plants, vholly or partly submerged or float- ine, sometimes crowing in swemvoy cround which may later py J 3 Y Oo a Oo vw o\ become dadryx i, Leaves oval, 6-8 cm. or 20-40 cn. long, very smooth, Nymphaeaceae 6-10 in a whori_at each node Haloracidaceae see Sra. Caleg. La into linear or hair-like 3 also Utricularie) 3 Wp "8 Leaves vinnetely cissectec into 15-20 " l2 linear segments Haloragidaceae ps RB j @ Leaves several times 2-(or less often j IZ 2-) forkedy Ranunculaceae 1.4 eS eI care cig 4 ShTerrestrial plants,often growing in swampy ay places, but if so, not as described; (the oe family Cornf\positae in which several or num- 8 erous flowers are——> assembled into a single © flower-like head may be sought here improperly,) ( 64.Stamens more than 10, often numerousy 8 Stamens united into a column around / the styles and to the base of the a £\ corolla which covers the Ovary ic. Malvaceae lp.—} 6 Stamens sometimes united into small groups out not forming a colum 12( aroun’ the styles nor hiding the OVaAlYy JO Calyx free Soci ben ovary or ovaries, /Q je. the latter superiory /2Pistils more than one in each /Lflowery . / 4 Stamens attached to the recep- | hea at the base of the ovaries; ‘ $6 (always herbs Ranunculaceae (p ., 2 % qi /4 Stamens seated either upon the margins or sides of a cup-like calyx tube or in usually 3 ) series upon a thickened area at 6 its base, not strictly seated upon tne receptacle proper; often shrubs Rosaceae {p.—) ‘ 12 Pistils one in each flowery, /4 Fruit a capsule opening by a line around the equator, the top thus ie ( falling away; small fleshy herbs with simple leaves, Portulacacerne (p. /4 Fruit a verry or drupe, /6Shrubs or trees; leaves simple, / Zoalternate, Rosaceae ips? : /G Herts 60-90 cm. tall; leaves 4 4 ZocOmMpOoUNncy Ranunculaceae {P§ Oe ee 7 even YT ++ +7 + 4 Jo Calyx partly or wholly adherent to the wu vi . 5 ceeG: u er therefore/inferior { qh) }2 Sevals 2 Portulacaceae ? H i 12 Sepals 4 or 5 # Jb Leaves nerely toothed fee /G Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed /4 Leaves alternate /6 Shrubs; petals white; Zotleshy Cinich adhere to clothing )/, Herbs with rough leavesf petals yoyellow; fruit a capsul b 6p Stemens 10 or fewer, not more than twice as many /0 as petalsy fruits 8 stamens opposite the petals, /O Sepals 2; herbs /2 Petals 4 in two dissimilar pairs; 16d one or both of the outer petals saccate or sourged at the base )2 Petals 5, all similar Jo Sepals 5; )4 greenish flower: yo Sepals 4-6; shruos inconspicuous herds with £ see Srd ontege) }2 Leaves more or less holly-like on the /omargins; shrubs less tnan - 1'2Leaves toothed but not holly-likes shrubs />or small trees 1-3 Stemens not onvosite the petals, usually Ne m. talLi or more. ” alternate, sometimes both alternate and opposite x j/O7a.Trees or shrubsy |, Leaves opposite, JA Leaves palmately be7-lobedy /4 Leaves merely toothed or entire aarA cs Le Cav = J numerous 7 ~~ xillary, purple, oy terminal compound, trifoliolat 4 (mm eS LS clusters, +h Hydrangeaceae:W : 3B! a tell incons»yicuous efx with Aceraceae bs Rosaceae (p: — Loasaceae (i Fumariaceae ( Portulacaceae ae Rhamnaceae Pp { Aceraceae in -4 ie Cornaceae Bef } Celastraceae i? | 1 | SSH /4 Leaves simple, 3 /o Stems end leaves smooth, the ee Z0 latter merely toothed Rhamnaceae (p.— // Stems densely spinose, the 2o0leaves bearing spines beneath Araliaceae ° /O VbhHeros /2% Ba.0varies more than 1 in each flower, /4 Ovaries several or ‘numerous, aie acheries “at maturity® ; 1B ovules solitary in.each' ovary,:: /6: Stawens attached at the base. of ; Zothe ovaries x Ranunculaceae (p —)3 . /6 Stamens inserted upon a cup % ZOlike calyx tubey Rosaceae ip sel /4 Ovaries either 2 or 5, forming erect follicles in fruit; ovules 12 several in each ovary y lb Ovaries ané follicles 2 1G Petals joined at the base; wks : +4 /b Leaves entire or merely toothed; - ~ = + A = t- 7 Zoovary and fruit not as described, 7 cy 4 _ + 43 /6 Small herbs with leaves less Gy 22 oan 1 ey e 407 Yr \ 1 f\ nt LS er a SNeayaney RACOyaryY Eechambereé, l-beakedc Saxifre-e ‘ca ’ Tae “wee ie ~ + 14 2°90 Ovary Leclanperes, with er eas en aes ee = “4 ah Wak tae. -, i /O Stamens not opening by termina) pores; /4 herbs with irregular flowers /‘2 Stamens 10 Leguminosae /2) Stamens 6 Fumariaceae (p. G@ Stamens numerous, united into a colum surrounding the styles and united to the 10 (io of the corolla which covers the ovary Malvaceae (p. 4 Nb. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes or fewer G Stamens opposite the corolla lobes Primulaceae & Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or /o fewer, | : 8 Aquatic herbs with finely dissected im leaves bearing small bladders which serve q a 2,28 floats; flowers solitary on naked 4 q@ peduncles, strongly irregular, yellow, Utricularia ip. 8 Plants not as described, rarely aquati 7 /O Ovaries two in each flower, Jbecoming separate follicles in fruit, the seeds bearing 14a silxy tuft of hairs; juice milky, /2, Corolla bell-shaped, the stamens 3 /( attached to the base of the corollae Apocynaceae ip 4/2 Corolla 5S-parted, the filaments united into a tube which encloses [ tne Ovarles, the tube bearing a ib ,circlet of 5 hooded appendases, / ‘each with an incurved prongy, Asclepiadaceas \p) /O Ovary one in each flower /2 Plants without chlorophyll or proper leaves, flesh-colored, parasitic on roots of other Dlants ‘Cuscuta arvensis, a leaf- It less yellow twinins parasite on alfalfa with small scarious N flowers in globose clusters may qh occur in t.2 warmer dryer pesdes Orovanchacerze ip 4 | Py /& Plants with chlorophyll and proper JG -eeT2 3% ° ‘4 f@a0vary divided into 4 erect lobes, the style arising /Q< from their midst, the lobes falling apart at maturity, forming 4 nutlets, /6 Stamens 5; corolla reg- 3 Zo0ular, equally 5-lobed Boraginaceae (e i /& Stamens 4 or 2; corolla irregular, commonly 2- , 20 (tipped, or if nearly ae regular, with 4 lobes, Labiatae (p.—) /4 i2bOvary not lobed. /@ 13a. Ovary superior, free from ZOthe calyxy ait /8 /4aStamens 4 (sometimes a By fifth sterile or rud- 22d imentary stamen may be present) or 2, 20 Leaves alternate or basal | 22Corolla equally 4- | lobed, thin and w 2 scarious; capsule opening by a snlit . around the equator Plantaginaceae (p.—} p2 Corolla strongly irregular, 2=lipoed, the upner produced into 2 beak, the Db lower lip often very small, or if nearly regular (Synthyris) tgs bplu2, with two sta- crophularia- Fea eae : 2aCorolla strongly irresuler, 2eLipoed, or if neariy regular, 24 blue with tyvo sta- mens; ovary 2-chame- berecy Seropi qi) 22. Cor 9) Fg (, quite resular, not A at all Ge-lippe:y 24 ovary 4-chambered, split- eres at maturity into 4 ‘ divisions; leaves hairy 24 Ovary L-chambered forming 28 2 capsule; leaves glabrous /B /4b, Stamens 5 20 Ovary 1-chambered 22, Leaves opposite, entire 22 Leaves alternate or basal, aljentire only in Hesperochiron aq Leaves trifoliolate, basal, 2gvery smootn : 24 Leaves vasal or alternate, not trifoliolate, mostly 28Cnairy, entire if glabrous PO Ovary 2-chambered, leaves 24 alve rnate PP Corolla 5-lobped qi) 24 Stamens glabrous; fruit a 28 verry 24 At least 2 stamens densely pghairy; fruit a capsule g2 corolla. funnel-shaped, with 26¢? longitudinal folds, the margin entire ¢ 20 Ovary J-chambered, sith 3-branched 24 Giese Leaves alternate or ONDOS1LLE x io 13b, Ovary inferior, adnate %0o 2. tube, the corolla and sen3a1ls app x0 =e shoughn seated upon it /@ Shrubs or smell trees or one a climb- 22 1n3 wineelixe shrub; leaves opposite x ane /8 Herds ana au “7 as 4+ OF dz Verpenaceae [pi b 2 Ph Gentianaceae ps Menyanthaceae ( 73 Hy drophyllaceasi fs Solanaceae ip Verbascum (p id Convolyulaceae! Polemoniaceae - Caprifoliaceas 4 . q Br £2Herbs but not as descrived; a if prostrate, the leaves in rh. 26( whorls of 4-3; calyx lobes wanting or practically SOx 24 Stout stiff herbs with spinose leaves united at the base, thus forming a 28 cup through which the % stem passes; flowers in i spinose heads Dipsaceae “ey 24 Slender herbs, not as described 26% Leaves in whorls of 4-8, rarely opposite, in which case the flowers are 30 solitary in the axils; corolla rotate, 3 or 4 parted, Rubiaceae (e.—) 2(, Leaves opsosite, not whorled, flowers in terminal clusters, 30 ( corolla tubular, the tuoe having a small sac om one side at the base Valerianaceae (p. —) £O Ifbueaves prevailingly alternate, infrequently opposite, stamens di) 24 5, sometimes wanting in uni- sexual flowers, 22 Tlowers axillary, few; sepals 2b present 24 Staviens united into a tube | : A@which surrounds the styler Lobeliaceae oe . 7” tal y 24 Stamens not united Campanulacese (p.—) in heads eptacle, ad Dy one or 4) 2 Flowers assembled upon & common rec which is subtende more s2ries of variously modifiec bracts, the whole tly resembling a sin- yr rather than an inflorescenc?; proper sevals ; wantin=, forming a »va»vus of sompositae (P pee 7 bristles, hairs or cherfr, or none Ale W | Ile Monocotyledons &, Leaves mostly with parallel veins; flower parts: mostly in 3's, the perianth proper often wanting, however; cotyledon 1; herbaceous plants, often aquatic, commonly wht.) of wet situations. Dose floating plants forming a green coat on the ; surface of quiet water, consisting of oval, disc- oe 4 shaped podies, 2-5 mm. lonz,to the underside of which q are attached one or more rootletse Lemnaceae \)—) 0jb Plants rooted in earth but often growing in water, 4 sometimes wholly submerged, or of membranous or chaffy scales, not at all petal-like and showy, but inconspicous; rush- ( like or grass-like plants, commonly inhabitants of bogs or growing in water; flowers commonly in dense spikes or globose headsy @ Z &a.Perianth either none or consisting of bristles 4 small tufted plants with linear leaves 2 cm. Pom (tor or less, wholly submerged in water, the ~ ™ | a ji flower minute, inconspicuous, axillary, A Naiadacese (0+). cura)? \consisting ofa single stamen or a single pistil ro HLS : va er Pg 4 Plants not as described above ; Ne eS a cee Sy —— —r ( Rush-like plants as tall as a man,with linear leaves and flowers borne in compact : terminal cylindrical spikes 12-15 cm. long, io the staminate spike immediately above the “\ pistillate spike; perianth of hairlike e vristles,x Typhaceae (6.—)} A Plants not as described above d 8 Partly submerged, often partly floating, rush=like plants with flowers borne in |z, (several axillary spherical heads; per- 4 ianth of chaffy scales Sparzaniaceae (. 8 Plants not @s described avove JO Plants rooting in bottoms of streams, lakes or pools, the stems mostly sub- merged, the upper leaves sometimes oval and flat, floating on the sur- face, sometimes all linear and sub- merged; flowers either in dense spikes 14 the diameter of a small lead pencil or less, one to several centimeters long, elevated above the surface of the water or 2lse in small axillary clustersy .—__ ss >. - Potamogetonaceae . _— , JO Plants not asdabove; erect terrestrial _ _ 4 plants growing often in bogs or marshes, : oF /4 (varsly in wate:'y/ ; /2%,Plants. with large fleshy leaves 20-100 em. long; flowers borne in a t scupact cylindrical spixe which is Ib }2Z Plants not Be a nl geet surround: d by 3 yellowish leafy envelope; the whole resembling a calla lily, appear- \ ing before the leavesy as avove 4 Flowers each consisting of usually 3 stamens and 1 pistil, without a proper perianth, borne in the axils of membranous greenish or brown bracts which become chaffy on dryingy(grasses and sedges I ee eee ee an ae IS Zach flower borne in the axil of a single bract, arranged in compact clusters; leaves 3-ranked; stems solid; sedges Cyperaceae (. J i Zach flower enclosed between two unequal bracts, arranged o¢ in compact clusters; leaves. ra \ 2-ranked; stems hollow; : . \srasses Gramineae | p — \4 Flowers consisting of 6 (very rarely 3) stamens and one, three or six pistils, sur- i4 jG ( rounded by 6 greenish or brown mA “ \ membranous similar perianth segments, arranged in two seriesy Ae Caroels complately joined, . Jopeniie sy Loculicidal 201 valves at maturity but not e ai \ splitting apart, Juncaceae ae fi Carsels nearly free in flower. , or splitting apart at mate F 29 \urity if Joinedy Scheuchzeriaceae Pf: 2b Perianth petal-like, white or colored, rarely sreenisn, conspicuous, the segments either all - similar or in 2 unlike saries, or all more or less is \dissinilary 4 Svomerged aquatics with lanceolate leaves in ; «ji aAwherls of 3, 1l-1.5 cm. long, 1+-1.5 mm. wide Hydrocharitaceae § tee rea erie plants i} Ovarias numerous in each flower, distinct, Heither in cloves? neads or in a ring upon 10 flat recevtacle, forming echenes at oe Alismataceae (p. b Ovary one in each flower, forming either a /O berry or a capsule at maturity @ Ovary superior; perianth segments mostly alike and petaloids; sometimes the outer series Iz ey rarely both; stamens 6, rarely 4 JO Flowers in umbels Amaryllidaceae (pe !O Flowers in racemes, spikes or solitary, [4 not in umbels \"2 Leaves 3, broad and net-veined, borne in a Iu whorl at the summit of the stem; flowers solitary in the whorl Trilliaceae (pe 1'2 Leaves and flowers not as described, the former basal or alternate uvon the stem, bo( tne latter in racemes, panicles or spikes, or solitary in the axils Liliaceae (pe 98 Ovary inferior; pverianth segments in 2 unlike }2 series or dissimilar }O Flowers regular; stamens 3 Iridaceae (pe /O Flowers irregular; stamens 1 (or 2) variously joined with the style to form an erect . [4 a Orchidacese (P. ) The description of the genus arrived ot should be carefully studied ~ ti a and the olant in question comparede C2 Oo a) MMO? WOODY PLANTS ©. O la.Plants evergreen, bearing leeves in the form of needles or se 4 small scales; trees or tree-like shrubs("conifers"). Q 2a,Plants tearing distinct needles 1 cm. long or more. 4 Needles in bundles or thick clusters G Needles 5815 om, long, in undies of - . Ee joic' 5S, 3 or 2 Pinus (bp. - 4 Needles 2-2 cm. long,in tuft-like clusters Al Joon stubby, peg-like side branches Larix Mes Needles in circlets of three round the stem, curving upwards , ynite inside, very sharp; . j plant a low, Gense sprawling shrub ee Zr. caleg) “Juniperus (Se 4 Needles attached sing along the branchlets os 6 Needles fouresncsled and squarish in cross- section, very sharp ,stiffish and prickery; lo¢< young vark very roush, mature bark flaking, x \not deeply fissured Picea p.—) 6 Neecles flatt2ne¢c in cross-section with a jo distinct groove down the middle 8 Needles 1-2 em. long, the base of the needle not abruptly attachec to the 2 Cores: hlet cut running down along it for 2-4 mm. or more JO Needles very sharp, dull green beneath; 4 plen ravling tree-like shrub, rerely Taxus (pe ) ¥ & sma or oe i 4 [0 Nezales blunt, whitened at least penectn; plant an erect tree, the trunk F \ | (yecomias several feet in diameter Tsuga ip. > 8 Neecles 7,5-5 cm. lonz, the base of the neecle abruptly attachec and not running Gown slong the cranchlet, hence when the 12 needle felle it lenvee merely a circular sear JO Needles cenerally tlunt and often metchec; when examined in cross} > ee tion with = lens two oil canai. cen “2 seen, one on ench sice ox the Ie ( miderit: branchlets rerizontal, ot —Teeus. Abies ip) i | I@Neadles rather pointec, never notched, 30 321 tubes apperent, brarnchlet: ) 146 ne *hecly GL monin i. yoary sott Pseuaceo otsuza We 2p,Plants with scale-like "needles" which are pressed closely against the branchlets, covering them and aha iving a braided appearance or resembling fishing cor 4 sranchlets in flat sorays, green, scales about 4 mm. long; mature bark stringy and fibrous, ne is light brown Thuja (p. ; 4 Branchlets like fishing cord, 2 mm. in dia- ow meter, including the scales, scales hardly b g more than 2 mm. long, pale green; a low dense ¥ tree, smoky pale in the distance, bark ba sa flaking irregularly, purplish grey Juniperus (p- 4 -' O |{h Plants rarely evergreen, bearing leaves Z cm. or 4 4 more broad; mostly shrubse 2 Ja.Leaves compound, that is, made up of several leaflets. Our compound leaves may be told by the (&{ fact that a leaflet and not a bud terminates the apvarent stem 4 Leaves with three(or rarely five) leaflets 8 only @ Stems armed with prickles : Rubus (p.—)} . : q 6Stems smootn . Rhus (@-—): q Leaves with 5-21 leaflets OStems prickly Rosa (p-—)} : 6 Stems aot ricky 8 Shrubs usually 2-several feet tall; jg ieaves not prickly /O Leaves and leaflets both opvosite Sambucus (p — /O Leaves alternate but leaflets /4 ODDOS1t2 12, Leaves 7-13 foliolate; suds ; /6 zlabrate Sorbus p ~_ M 1D Leaves 10-21 foliol=%e; buds /4 white wooly Rhus ip mae 8 Shruo rarely more than a foot tall jz leaves spiny on the marzin Mahonia 7 a) ee f 2 3b Leaves simole; mez be told by the presence of a i ® Sud in the anzle at tne case of tne fs TALEO lecf 4 4a Leaves ooposite (most of the leaflets of our 2 c compound leaves ar2 o05081t2, out these may be tOlL? my tha tarminal odd leaflet) b Leaves 25 mm. long or less, very leathery Pachy stiimaz f Leaves commonly 2-15 cm. long @ Leaves lobed, the lobes radiating j2ilike fingers from the pvalm /0 Leaves 5-lobed Acer (.-) Jo Leaves 3-lobed rama ” ¢ 8 leaves nat lobed | Jo Branchlets bronze-colored with a ed /4 metallic scurf She pherdia (p-. i jo Branchlets green, tan or reddish, J smootn or with a light fuzz but AS apt aS described above 12 Young growth distinctly square leas cross-section; leaves hairy . Oye beneath Lonicer ( p-— \4 : [2 Young growth round in cross- E ~ /(, section 3 Gi /4 Leaves elliptical, sharpened 4 jQat the apex lVeins 3-5, arising near _ 2otne base of the blade Philadelphus ((. 3 l4 Veins 12-15, vranching from ; { Dothe mid-vein Cornus (b.—)} /4 Leaves oval, »lunt at the }@ apex /> Flowers and fruit in pairs 2002. a slender stalk; leaves 4 never toothed Lonicera ——~ ff /@ Flowers and fruit one to several in a short cluster; some Leaves usually on suck- 20\ ars, toothed as though bditten into Symphoricarvas ( 4 4p. Leaves alternate | 6o Branches armed with stout tnerns an inch ity: pe O t Po cal , | ——— qi) oe leatestals Crataezus ‘33, -) ee ' { q ! ‘ 6 Branches unarmed, or if armed, the. spines nostly a quarter inch long or less and occurring & Jo( on the stem as well as at the foot of the ot leaf stal:@ g@ Leaves roundish in outline, all lobed like /Z sees? a maple leaf /O Leaves besring .spines es, /4 4-10 mm, long on tne veins beneath Oplopanax ( —' {0 Leaves not spiny beneath Leaves commonly 15-20 cm. across; stems canelike, second tae Ib (year growth brown with a pro- ( Oy nounced pith Rubus b.—) Leaves commonly smaller; | *: seas /( stems branching and woody Ribes (p.—) 3 8 Leaves oval, oblong or elliptical in outline, rarely roundish (see Populus), /2 the margins toothedor perfectly smooths . pinnately lobed in Dasinhora . /O SFa.Leaf margins entireiy smootn, not qi /4 at all toothed or scallopedo 12 Leaves with a pair of flap-like appendazes Bel2 mn. hone or more (stipules) at the base of the le eaf-stalx, at least on Ae suckers or vigorous branches; treee-like shrubs or small trees commonly Tougd in stream : bottoms Salix \b—) /2 Leaves without such appendages /4 Leaves wider above the middle /@ Low bush intriaately twiggy; leaves distinctly petiolate, petioles 204 thinly hai , y hairy Menziesia (b. - /(, Taller bush with conspicuously naked ; 2 mY ders stems, leaves scarcely petiolate, the short { \*\ petioles rusty=pubescent Rhododendron /4 Leaves wider near or below the 6 7 a leathery, lower sur- ' $4 face whitish or silvery : iy /¢ Lower surface of leaves sprinxled with resin dots; AOC Odor OF turventins when = a) j ° crushed Le dun iP. = /(- Lower leaves not sprinkled with resin dots /6 Leaves strongly revolutes leathery bes ha 2 20 Leaves linearsoblong, 2-4 mm, wide Andromeda, ( Ne ZOLeaves ovate, 6-12 mm, wide /Q Leaves planes not leathery Vacoinium b /0 Sp. Leaf margins either coarsely or ‘fiery sp Oe toothed or scalloped! pinnately lobed. er ae. Pe Se Rig \ in Tasiphora | /2 Leaves pinnately 3-7-lobed nearly en the mid-rib; vark cinnamon brown, flaking away )2 Leaves toothed or scalloped, not a j,,at all lobed ae Das ipho ra, ( a) /4 Leaves rarely mors than one inch ywide, usually 3-4 times as long, oe. some at least, with a pair of ee: flan-like appendages (stipules) ae 3-12 ww. broad or more at the —-* base cf the leaf-stalk at least IS{ on suckers or vigorous branches; rk tree-Like shrubs or small trees cae commonly found in stream bottoms Salix (p—) /4 Leaves without such appendages /b Leayes cormonly less than 2-5 cms long Leaves GmcOulcisi, Very 12 agen ~wuueie, scalloped; as ) 4 SH tyoe shrub of bogs Betula (p-—) * Leon § {3 Leaves reuters seldom round- jish anc is so,3narply toothed, 44, darxz sreen adv? put hardly ‘glossy Leaves + iitmey-ve ry blunt end rounded at apex ee base, toothed chiefly 5 above the middle; bark grey Amelanchier (p—-)} ‘L0 Qy Lea .V2S A5—o_Laniy very 4 /smootn roundish or egg-shaped, ce inely toothed to the base f the blade with a short vrupt point at the apex; eafestalks about as long as vlade; vark white and f owes ry Poovulus (P: ~ —h. cht! © O ai /& Leaves 5-15 cm, long or ~ore, egg-shaped or triangular, ZOoval or eiliptica? in outline (8 Leaf-stalks 2.5-10 cme long, commonly 5-8 cm, and 3 LiLveiny beneath Populus (p. ee IB Leaf-stalks seldom 2.0 cm, long, usually 6-12 mm, 24% often nearly wenting . y YK Laser aie ce? Cae? a 20 Ga.Leaves distinctly egg-shaped, widest below the R middle, margins toothed; leaf-stalks averaging AXabout 12 Mme , 22 Lateral veins 2, arising near the base of the 4 2(,leef, three veins-thus prominent Ceanothus (pe. | 2,2, Lateral veins several, arising from the midvein 24 Leaves soft-hairy beneath 2, (,Leaves 3-6 cm. long, wedge-shaped or Oo subtruncate at the base, obtuse at | 3 the apex Holodiscus (pe 1, Leaves €-8 cm. long, abruptly acuminate at 30 the anex, subcordate and rounded at the SSoce Corylus (pe LA Leaves smooth or lightly hairy, chiefly on the Ss A20veins beneath 2L Bark bronze-color to chalky white, outer bark 2 peeling easily; leaves abruptly and sharply pointed at the tin Betula (p. 2 Bark grey, dull, whole bark peeling together; %oleeves rether bluntly pointed Alnus (pe 20Gb Leaves oval or ellipticals leaf-stalks 12 mm. long 24 or less 2ZLeaves rether coarsely and shsrply toothed in the upper two-thirds, the lower third of the margin ‘Ie < smooth Spiraca (pe QzLeaves Sincly toothed througnout or nearly smooth gAlLeaves 2-7 cu. long, leat-stalks 4m, or less 2bLesves broadest above the midcle; thinly hairy 30beneath Menziesia (p. QlLeaves troadest necr or below the midcles 3onot hairy Vacciniun (p. Leeves 8=15 cn, long, leci-stalks about 6-12 rm, Oo? AlpBark very bitte: .ste ¢ zovellow inside when pecled Rhammus (pe ): p bee caditg ee ane oe ee 4(, Bark morc or Iess bit: € a | x oe u = but with « cistinct flavor o. peseh si isually ressmbling 3Zof cherry bark externa not yéllovish insid« vhen pocled Prusus (pe ) ——---— = Key to Plants normally living in Water It is obviously difficult to distinguish between "aquatic" and "terrestrial" plants since many are able to accomodate themselves to varying degrees of submergence or desiccation, For example, Nympho- zenthus polysepalus is ordinarily an aquatic growing in several feet of water yet it may be founc late in summer groving in some places in quite dry grounde O ta,Plants with floating eee es a 4-leaved clover Marsilea 6 {6 Plants not as described wee ee Z, Plants with erect hollow stems which bear minute triangular J leaves closely pressed to the joints, the branches when eS present appearing in whorls at the joints (Horsetails) Equisetum pf - Plants not as described 4 2a.Minute plants not rooting)but floating on the surface, “@ forming a scum ‘, Each disc-like leaf bearing 2 or more rootlets which hang + in the water Spirodela ( 4 _, Bach disc-like leaf bearing a single rootlet Lema |, — 4 2b. Plants not as described {, Leaves reduced to basal scales, sccmingly one; rushes f/f 1-3 m,. tall Scirpus (p: ., Leaves obvious “ Leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets 3.5-7 cm. broad Menyanthe s (p. a 9 Leaves sometimes pinnate or forked, usually entire /Z, and simple jo Leaves pinnate or forked, the segments linear or /4 hairlike j2, Leaves bearing minute green bladder, 1 mm, or ‘ie ow ji, in diameter | Utricularia (p. _ A 12 Leaves not as described /4 Leaves in whorls of 35-9 ji, Leaves 2-3 times forked . Ceratophyllum p. a /> Leaves pinnatifid Myriophyllum (p: a i4 Leaves alternate Ranunculus ip end jc Leaves simple | Leaves oval, rotund, elliptical or sometimes sagittate Sagittaria (p. -\ /4 Leaves sagittate j4 Leaves not sagittate thin biintta dessin }i, Leaves peltate ‘ Brasenia ‘ca \i ', Leaves not peltate | ‘< Leaves entire at the base | ? 9 Leaves longitudinally ribbed ?‘2Plants of shallow water or muddy places Alisma ib-—) 7/ Plants of 1-3 feet of water or more Potamogeton ip); - Leaves pinnately veined Polygonum {, ) ¢ i |S Leaves deeply cut at the base 2o Cut equal to half the length of the blade N sea ..-.) 2 Cut equal to 1/3 the length of the blade ’ ta or less Nymphozanthus . iced otie é oh ell lat staan cee le Om einai de ine i ara aed Beech tee Ral be doe ee! oe ee 45 4 4 Ut Ga) Leaves linear re /4 3a.Leaves basal i. Herbs 1-2 m, tall; leaves sirordlike Typha (p.— ‘o Herbs rarely as mch as 90 cm, tall, usually 2-4 much less 18 4Aa,Leaves mostly 5-30 mm, long 7,9 Plants submerged in usually l-2 feet of water along shelving sand lake shores, a () Ki é forming flowers, the leaves abruptly \ expanded and membranous at the base Isoetes (p.- £9 Plants not as described £.0Flowers in globose heads Spargenium =. . , Flowers in racemes Triglochin (p a [3 4b. Leaves 3-5 om, long ‘> Leaves acute, tapering Subularia ( _— “+. Leaves expanded towards the tips Limosella (p.- /4 3b. Leaves distributed along the stems , Ja. Leaves opposite or whorled i: Leaves in whorls of 6-9 or more Hippuris ‘p-- '@ Leaves in whorls of 3 (see 3rd categ.) Elodea ; + Leaves opposite ’: Leaves provided with minute spines along the -. marging as viewed with a lens Naias ip: a _~ Leaves entire .. Leaves commonly 2-5 cm, long Zennichellia ‘i - Ce. Leaves commonly .5-2 cm, long Callitriche | +b Leaves prevailingly alternate j)< Very fragile herbs of shallow water with threadlike stems and leaves; flowers axillary Howellia p Commonly coarse herbs, rarely with flattened linear leaves; flowers in spikes Potamogeton f - = am Pei A. Pteridophyta,. Ferns and Fern Allies, Terrestrial or aquatic vlants with green foliage, having usually an underground stem which bears one or more leaves, these often tufted. Flowers and seeds none, reproduction being effected by spores which are formed in usually minute globose or watch-shaped sacs (the sporangia). These sporangia are in some cases assembled into small clusters (the sori) and may or may not be partially covered by a membrane of varied shape (the indusium),. The spores thus produced are usually of one size but may be of two sizes,in which case the larger are termed the megaspores and the smaller the micro- spores. On germination the spores give rise to a small,or even minute, plant known as the gametophyte. In general the spores when of one kind give rise to a monoecious thallus-like short-lived gametophyte (the prothallus), when of two kinds, the megasrores to an archegonial plant, the microspores to an antheridial plant. The gametophytes, whether monoecious or dioecious, alone bear the sex organs (the gametangia) and sex cells (or gametes). The product of fertilization grows within the female gamete-bearing organ (the archegonium’ end eventually into the familiar more or less long-lived svore-bearing plant (the sporophyte). Classification is based upon the habit of the sporophyte: and the nature of sporangial leaves (the sporovhylls) and of the spores. Vk Equisetaceaee Horsetail Family. sews Rush-like or feathery bushy plants with typically harsh, roughened stems by abundant silica tubercles, The Eidomues perennial, slender, often vertical, tapering, blackish, freely branching in age, with tufts of fine hypha-like brown roots.at the nodese Aerial stems evergreen and perennial or annual, erectysimple or with verticillate branches at the nodes, the internodes hollow, fragile, finely fluted or grooved, Leaves minute, reduced to dark often bristle-like teeth united by their bases into cylindrical sheaths; ¢e sheaths, now green and unbanded, now strongly _ a aaa always covering the nodes, Strobili of two kinds, either " Mh 7 gb often pale and whitish) appearing, before | enone sterile verticillates =] cae a ee : branched shoots, yor acativedl, often dark or blackish, terminal upon the tips of the ordinary rush-like unbranched shootse Sporephylis arranged in close-set circles upon a central axis, often hexagonal, bearing the sporangia as pendant sac-like structures from the peitate summit of the sporophylle Spores of one kind, green,encircled by 4 hygroscopic ribbon-like bands shah ort Wi (elaters), effective in spore dispersal, 4 1. Equisetum L, Horsetail. Scouring Rush. Characters of the familye Ee : ‘ Gy 0 Stems with fewgseveral whorls of branches (E, fluviatile seldom ae @ 4 branched) f Branches again branched at maturity, more or less distinctly “b recurving, feathery and delicate le E. sylvaticum 4 Branches unbranched, spreading or ascending “ Principal sheaths of sterile shoots 4-8 mm, long; teeth 8 with indistinct or no hyaline-scarious margin 2. E. arvense 4 Principal sheaths of sterile shoots 12-15 mm, long; teeth a distinct white or silvery hyaline-scarious margin Se Ee palustre O Stems without branches (E, fluviatile seldom branched) 2 Stems stout, 7-8 mn, in diam.; teeth of all but uppermost ai early deciduous; sheaths prominently black and white banded 4. KE, hyemale 2 Stems slender, 2-5 mm, in diam,; teeth all persistent; sheaths qi & black or green and black, tut not strongly banded ¢ Branches 2 mm, in diam., in more or less tufted clumps; 8 sheaths black, conspicuous Se Ee. variegatum 4 Branches 4-5 ma, in diam., simple or few, not tufted; & sheaths mostly green, inconspicuous 6. E. fluviatile 4 simple from a slender rootstock, 30-50 cm, tall, the ribs uniform, finely scabrous, the furrows 12, very fine and inconspicuous, rather shallow; sheaths & j ’ 3 f loose, the lowermost somewhat inflated, 6-10 mm, long, those of the stem with 8-14 acute subappressed teeth, those of the ultimate branchlets acerose, 2mm, long, spreading; strobilus borne on tips of leafy spring shoots before the sterile summer herbaceous ones, Known with us onlv from Priest R, drainage at 2500-3000 feet, Epling 6582, represent{-ar. pauciramosum Milde, with fewer ©) scattered whorls of branches than the typical species. ——n moist woods. 2e Ee arvense Le Common Field Horsetail. Coarse pale-green plants, the q stems commonly several from slender rhizomes, 30-60 cm, tall, 6-19 furrowed, the grooves open, prominent; sheaths loose, the lowermost spreading upwards, 9-11 mm, long, dark or brown-black, with slender acuminate teeth, those of midstem subappressed, of the slender branches inconspicuous, ovate, with abruptly acuminate bristle-tipped teeth, these closely appressed; strobilus borne on short unbranched spring shoot, followed by the several sterile summer herbaceous shootse Common in springy places, moist roadsides and damp woods, forming often dense colonies of ay hundred plants. Forma proliferum (Luerrs,) Breun, with cones borne onltivs of sterile leafy summer shoots, agFish (from) Lake, Epling & Houck 9727, is occasional over the whole cosmopolitan range of the species. - Se E. palustre var. americanum Victorin. Marsh Horsetail, Slender plants, their i (SGersycommonly arising singly from a slender rootstock, +setems lax or even decumbent upon herbage, 4C-60 cm, tall, of 1 kind, prominently deeply 5-9 grooved, the furrows separated by thin wing-like ribs not harsh toftouch; Che) sheaths loose, all spreading upwerds and thus basket-like, the lowermost and those of{midstem 11-13 mm, long, with pale, brown-margined lance-acuminate RRR teeth, those of|divaricate branches 2-3 mm, long, the teeth erect or spreading; strobilus crowning the ordinary herbaceous shoots in summer, bluntish or barely acute, commonly borne well above the remote whorls of subtending branches of shoot. Known in our region only from Priest R, drainage, in wet meadows at elevations of about 3000 feet, as at Hughes Mdw., Epling 7362, Bc 4, E. hyemale var. californicum Miilde. Tall Scouring-rush, Stout W scaberulous-stemmed plants, arising from strong somewhat vertical rootstocks, the stems evergreen, erect, often stiff, 0.5-1.0 m, tall, of 1 kind, 8-34 furrowed, the ridges roughened by 2 indistinct vertical rows of silica tubercles, rounded, the furrows shallow, about compensating for the ridges; sheaths conspicuous, permanently banded with a dark brown to black zone bordered by white, the lower 7-10 mm. long, with)flaring rim, the upper a little shorter, subappressed, all but uppermost with teeth early deciduous, the teeth ovate-triangular, tipped by 4 short flexuous bristle; strobilus often crowning the ordinary herbaceous shoots late in the season, abruptly cuspidate, the cusp black, conspicuous, the strobilus always somewhat enveloped by the subtending sheathe Infrequent in our region, perhaps overlooked, in cottomwood bottomlands. Upper Priest Lake, Epling 7724. di) 5, E, variegatum Schleich, Low slender tufted plants, with short internodes and somewhat renin geniculate nodes provided with black sheaths, arising from slender to stout rootstocks, the stems erect or ascending, not stiffish, several, noticeably brittle and easily disarticulating, 5-10-furrowed, .finely roughened by silica tubercles, the ridges rounded, about compensating for the shallow furrows; sheaths all subappressed, the lower 2-4 mm, long, the uppermost shorter, blackening distally in age, all permanently tipped with lance-acuminate white-margined teeth; strobilus inconspicuous, crowning the ordinary herbaceous shoots of summer , narrowly-oblong, bluntish or even truncate at maturity, well exserted from sheath, Known in our region only from stream banks anc sand bars of Upper Priest Re, 3000 ft., Epling 7418. w 8 6, E. fluviatile L, Snake Grass, Slender subscandent aquatic plants, arising from slender unbranched subvertical rootstocks, the stems watery-~- herbaceous, laxly procumbent, 60 cm, to 1 m. long, shallowly fenfmany (EO) furrowed, the ridges somewhat indistinct, minutely siliceous-roughened, rather thin, somewhat wing-like in age; sheaths all subappressed, cylindric, the lower 6-8 mm, long, darkening, the upper shorter, greenish, all permanently tipped with subulate castaneous teeth, the lowermost a little flaring; strobilus crowning an ordinary summer shoot, }kemmehootseemmontp sampta, developing simple subfiliform branches after fruiting, the strobilus ovoid, obtuse, stipitate-exserted beyond the sheath. (E. limosum L,) Swamps and river banks; known in our region only from Upper Priest Lake, 2700 ft., Epling 7199. Isoetaceaee Quillwort Family. da ais ee RY Perennial grass-like plants of submerged, amphibious or terrestrial habit, arising from a shallow woody 2- or 3-lobed corm, bearing a tuft of erect or recurved grass-like leaves. Leaves producing a small triangular outgrowth or flap of tissue (the ligule) above the single round or oblong axillary sporangium which is set in a basal depression of the leaf, the sporangium more or less covered by a membranous extension of tissue (the velum) on inner leaf face. Sporangia solitary, sessile in axils of leaves, ; and somewhat distending them, of two kinds, microsporangia, bearing micro- 4 spores, minute, powdery, ovoid, which on germination, produce antheridial i gametophytes, and megasporangia, bearing megaspores, characteristically hemispherical, larger, which on germination, produce archegonial gametophytes, | |. Isoetes Le Quillwort,. Characters of the family. 6 @Q Amphibious plants of wet muddy shores; leaves mostly 15-24 cm. long, (the blades) / slender, soft,\linear from an abruptly narrowed membranaceous « a \. base l. I. Howellii OD Immersed aquatics in 0,5-6 feet of water; leaves mostly less than 15 cm. long, firm to rigid, gradually tapering from a wide 4 t ciciestene. base DP Stomata usually few; sporangia oblong; megaspores white, spinose; i microspores usually smooth; leaves often spreading 2e le Braunii ‘ 2 Stomata wanting; sporangia suborbicular; megaspores cream-colored, é with low prominent crests, forming a network on basal i face; microspores spinulose; leaves chiefly ascending Se le occidentalis 1, I. Howellii Engelm, Slender plants, the leaves 10-30, long acicular, slender, bright green, often abruptly narrowing from a wide membranaceous qi) base, or again tapering for 1-5 cm, above(sporangium level, the stomata Ghdy numerous; ligule narrow, elongated-triangular; sporangia orbicular to oblong, 3-6 (or 8) mm, long, often brown-spotted, as much as 1/3 covered by velum; megaspores white, variously finely tuberculate, microspores chiefly smoothish, Amphibious in wet ground about ponds, on stream and lake shores, our most common Isoetes at middle elevations, the spores maturing in adjacent mud when the plants are growing in standing watere Paradise Cr, near Moscow; forks St, Maries Re; Lake Coeur d'Alene; Lake Pend Oreille; Sandpoint, I, Bolanderi Engelm. A closely related species, of submersed habit, the stomata few, sporangia 3-4 mm, long, 1/4-1/3 covered by velum, megaspores obscurely tuberculate, the microspores more or less spinulose, To be expected in the southern part of our region; Bear Cr., Bitter Root For, Res., Leiberg 2939. SY 2. Ie Braunii Durien, Submersed stout plants, the leaves usually 10-35, straight or recurved, often divaricate, firm, tapering from the wide base, mostly 8-15 (or sometimes 25) cm. long, the stomata fews ligule deltoid; sporangia oblong, 4-7 mm, long, spotted, more or less completely covered by the velum; megaspores white, spinose,or |iess often |the spines\confluent into short ridges; microspores light brow, usually smooth, Known in our region only from sandy bottoms of Upper and Lower Priest | Lakes, 2700 ft., Epling 7737, 7830, in the latter forming large patches of oy aes acres in extent, in from }$-3 fect of water. 3. I. occidentalis Hend, Submersed aquatic herbs, the leaves 9-30, dark green, rigid, tapering from a wide base, 5-15 (or 20) cm. long, the stomata wanting; ligule short-triangular; sporangia suborbicular, 5-6 mm, long, about 1/3 sovered by the velum; megaspores cream-colored, with low conspicuous crests, these simple on the apical faces, forming a network on the basal face; microspores spinulose. (I. lacustris var. paupercula Engeln.). On sandy bottoms of Priest Lake, Piper 3689, and Lake Coeur d'Alene, fide Pfeiffer; at the latter station in from 1/2 to 6 feet of water, 5S Marsileacesee Water Clover Family. Herbaceous amphibious perennials from slender creeping rhizomes and <—--+p bearing long-petioled usually 4-foliolate leaves. Sori borne at the ground level within bony, ovoid, 2-loculed pedunculate sporocarps, the sporocarps, arising from the rhigome near the base of the petioles or upon them, Spores of two kinds, numerous microspores in microsporangia liberated by dehiscence of the sporocarp, and solitary megaspores, in the few megasporangia likewise exposed in sori at dehiscence of the sporocarp,. In general the microspores give rise to antheridial gametophytes, the megaspores, to archegonial gametophytese |. Marsilea Le Water Clovere Somewhat tufted low clover-like plantse Sporocarps ovoid, the 2 locules with many transverse partitions, on dehiscence producing a mucilaginous soriferous film of tissue, the sori more or less embedded in membranous enve lopeSe 1. Me vestita Hook. & Greve. Rhizomes silky-hairy at the nodes, the leaves varying on the same plant, 5-20 cm. long, with slender hairy but ultimately glabrescent petioles, the leaflets sessile, cuneate-obovate, entire, glabrate in age, 5-12 mm, long; peduncles short, rather stout; sporocarps solitary, flattened-subglobose, 3-6 mm, broad, hirsute when immature, less hairy in agée In heavy to sandy soils of drying pools and roadside ditches, often locally abundant, of variable size, the non-fruiting taller plants in deeper water, those forming sporocarps vhere the water has recedede Selaginellaceae. Selaginella Family. Low moss-like herbs, the stems slender, branched, of prostrate or creeping habit. Leaves small, either thin-membranous and spreading, forming frond-like sheets of foliage, or firmg closely imbricated in overlapping 4-ranked rows upon the shoot axis, Sporangia axillary, in terminal 4-angled spicate strobili of leaves which often differ but little from the ordinary foliage leaves, bearing spores of two kinds, the larger (megaspores) 1-4, the smaller (microspores) very numerous, minute, powdery. Gametophytes retained nari or wholly within the spore walls, sump both male and female gametophytes dependent upon stored food of the sporese 1. Selaginella Beauv, Small Club Mosses, Characters of the family, O Leaves rhombic- or oval-oblong, obtuse, merely cuspidate, 4 Ge green; spreading frond-like thin mat erbs on shaded moist banks | le S. Douglasii © Leaves oblong-linear, narrowed to an obtuse apex, setose, 4 ales dense more or less stiff mat herbs on rock slopes and summits Ze Se Wallacei le Se Douglasii (Hooke & Greve) Spring, Delicate pretty herb of prostrate creeping habit, the stems 15-35 cm, long, rooting throughout, the branbhes leafy throughout; leaves in 4 ranks, those of 2 upper rows smaller, rhombic ovate, those of the 2 lateral rows oval-oblong, 2-3 mm, long, all obtuse; strobili dense, quadrangular, 5-12 mm, long, of closely imbricated sporophylls, these cordate-ovate, acuminate, keeled, membranous, On wet rocks and shaded banks, occasional in our regione ota Wa eat: ne tb Dl So eh, 4 a *. 4 4 19 2¢ Se Wallacei Heiron. Loosely caespitose mat herbs, the stems prostrate, numerous, ascending, freely branching with short often intricate branches, 1-4 cm. long; leaves closely jmbricated in 4-ranked rows, mostly oblong =| linear, ciliolate, about 29¢5-5e5 mM, long, narrowed to a short white bristle; spikes numerous, curved, slender, 1-3 cm. long, of close~set firm, ovatee> = deltoid ciliolate sporophyllse On dry rock slopes and open ridges. The Selaginellas of our region need closer collecting and study; both Se montanensis Hierone (? S, columbiana As. Ae Eaton) and Se densa Rydbe perhaps occurimg heres &5 lycopodiaceaee Club-moss Family, Moss-like pleasingly fragrant, rigid to soft-herbaceous plants of mat-forming Sep, upright or trailing hebi~p, fron fine fibrous (ith) usually with several apparently alternate or resembling the Soe eee | e Sporangia reniform or orbic-~ uler, l-loculed, compressed, either solitary or axillary at tips of ordin- ary leafy shoots or congested in terminal pedunculate or sessile strobili, Spores of one kind, very numerous, globose, sulphur-yellow. . Lycopodium L, Club-moss. Characters of the familye ¥S © Stems chiefly upright; sporangia in axils of ordinary leaves 1. L. Selago (J Stems chiefly horizontal with erect or ascending branches; sporangia i in specialized strobili of numerous close-set sporophylls 2, Aerial branches of bushy tufted habit by repeated upwardgy— / L branching of stems, thus like a miniature tree; strobili \ sessile 2e Le obscurum Z, Aerial branches loosely >eoscesedty forking, sometimes tufted ( but never Wenanotinbawlty ; strobili sessile or pedunculate 4 Leaves pepneseettiety short, thick, awl-shaped, appressed; & strobili ca. 1 cm. long, sessile 3e L. sitchense ag cescrihed 4 Leaves meeewttrke, linear-lanceolate, bristle-tipped, thin, 4 2 ae strobili ca, 3 om. long, pedunculate, in 2's or 3's 4. L. clavatum le Le Selago L. Fir Clutmoss, Stems several, erect, in compact stiffish tufts, 5-18 cm, tall, arising from short abundantly rooting prostrate stems clothed with persistent dead brown leaves; leaves of current season dark green, ascending or subappressed, linear-acuminate to an abruptly acute tip, 5-12 mm, long, entire; sporophylls more or less alternating with hi: ad. oe ordinary sterile leaves }ot—torming—oorebi ph little cate more triang= 'g ular$ #&e@ sporangia reniform. “4 3 Occasional, in deep woods and along rocky outcrops, 2700-5000 feet; ; Plowboy lit., Sipe; N. Fk, Upper Priest R., Epling 7059; Fish Lake Cr., Epling & Houck 9484, Forms bearing vegetative gemmae in axils of most of leaves are not uncommon, RAP de ve GO 2e Le. obscurum L. wove. w Fragrant pale-green bushy herbs with gins aepert oP nontege seedings, arising from stout wiry running rootstocks, the stems repeatedly branching, all beset with subulate-acicular spreading leaves, 5-5 mm, long, acute to a cuspidate tip, entire; sporophylls broadly ovate, acuminate, papery, erosulate, crowded into sessile strobilis +he sporangia reniform, Gay «Known in our region lenie—trok woods, Upper Priest Lake, 2700 ft., Epling 7731. 5. Le sitchense Rupr, Fragrant low tufted somewhat procumbent or mat-forming herbs, arising from stout rhizomes, the stems ascending, numerous, 4-8 or more cm, tall, the leaves short, thick, awl-shaped or ovate~-acuminate, appressed, 5-5 mm, long, incurved at the acute tips, entire; sporophylls broadly ovate, erosulate, abruptly acuminate, papery, crowded in short rather dense sessile strobilie(L. sabinaefolium var. sitchense Fern, ) ra Ww Creeping over rocks, rare in our region, Lion Cre, 4000 ft., Kaniksu Forest, Epling & Houck 10273, 4, L. clavatum L. Running-pine, Pleasantly fragrant bright green creeping herbs from stout wiry rootstocks, forming often extensive net-like ground cover, the fertile branches erect, stiffish, 10-15 cm, long at maturity, beset with loosely imbricate leaves, arising from stout terete sparsely Ee Wee ae he leafy running stems; leaves linear-subulete, bristle-tipped, entire, 4-7 =~ mm. long, spreading in ages sporophylls ovate-acuminate to a long hairlike bristle, hyaline-scarious, ciliolate, thin, crowded into elongate-cylindric strobili, 2.5-3.5 (or 6.5) cm, long, in long-pedunculate clusters of 2 or 3 ; (to 5) erect strobili borne well above the foliage, the sporangia rourid-reniform, | Our most common Lycopodium, of moist shaded hillsides and woods, 2700- 5000 feet, forming ee ) Ophioglossaceae. Adder's-tongue Family. Ours herbaceous fleshy plants of more or less fern-like habit, arising from a short fleshy rhizome bearing thickish cord-like roots and one or two leaves with basally or medianly attached fertile sporophylls, Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit, the spores of one kind, yellowish, germinating to give rise to tuberlike subterranean non-chlorophyllous gametophytes with endophytic root-inhabiting fungi (mycorhiza). |. Botrychium Swartz. Rhizomes commonly invested with old fibrous persistent leaf bases, bearing 1-3 fronds upon a partially subterranean common stalk, divided above into sterile leafy and fertile more or less paniculate non-leafy portions, Leaves various, simply pinnate to ternate and decompound into finely * divided Freier eM segments. Spores abundant, like sulphure> = / powder, Buds of following year terminal on the rhizome, enveloped within ? ; W the sheathing base of the common stalk of the frond. | 72 O Sterile blade inconspicuous, arising from above middle of sten, 4 pinnatifid into a few irreguler thickish lobes 1, B. neglectum O Sterile blade fern-like, conspicuous, arising from near base of es decompound into many symmetrically arranged teeth . or divisions & Blade thin-textured, the ultimate segments acute, denticulates i bud pilose, emerging from a sheathing cavity near base of stalk 2e B, virginianim 2 Blade thick-textured, even subcoriaceous, the ultimate segments ( bluntish or obtuse, crenulates; bud hairy, emerging from \mear base of stalk, now sheathed Se Be multifidum 1. B. neglectum Wood. Inconspicuous plants, the stems 5-15 cm, or more tall, often fleshy, simple, arising from a slender vertical rootstock, the sterile blades short-stalked, ovate-oblong in outline, commonly once pinnate or simply pinnatifid into 2-4 pairs of roundish or oblong-obtuse pinnae, the segments irregularly lobed; sporphyll usually bipinnate, the spores tuber- culate, Growing in sandy soils of shaded woods among grasses, where easily overlooked. So far known in our region only from Upper Priest R., 5000 ft,, Gs Eling 7457. This coll.) cited by Clausen as B,.matricariaefolium Braun, Giessen Qaligning our plants with that European species, 2. B. virginianum (L.) Swartz, Rattlesnake Fern, Medium-sized fern=-like plants, the stems 30-45 cm, tall, arising from a slender vertical rootstock, the sterile blades ternate, borne lateral to the stalk, each division obliquely bipinnate, 12-15 cm. long, rather thin-textured, the pinnae arising obliquely, the ultimate segments cuneate-obovate, denticulate with acute teeth; sporophyll bipinnate, long-pedunculate, commonly borne well above the foliage. Occasional in deep woods of bottomlands, Priest R, drainage, 2700-3000 feet, Epling 7175. Butters segregated var. occidentale upon sporangial characte) The type came from "deep woods near south end" of Lake Pend Oreille (Sandberg e7 762 at Gray Herb.). wy ee or age heer Do Sy aT) yo 3, B, mltifidum subsp. silaifolium (Presl) Clausen. Leathery Grape-fern, Coarse fleshy-textured fern-like plants, arising from slender deep-seated rootstocks, bearing 1 or 2 sterile fronds,cach hastate-triangular to pentagonal in outline, suggesting Angelica, tripinnate, the lowermost primary divisions the longest, 10-15 cm, long, inequilateral, the basal subdivisions projecting downwards, 1-2 pinnatifid, all the ultimate segments rounded, obtuse, more or less crenulate with fine irregular teeth, venation obscure; sporophyll tripinnate, long-pedunculate, the panicle ample, up to 15 com, long, usually borne above the foliage. Occasional, apparently of sporadic occurrence, in rich shaded bottom- lands, 2000-3000 feet; Santa, Epling & Offord 85933 Orogrande Cr., Epling & Houck 9310. Somewhat indistinctly separable in our region is the subsp. Coulteri (Underw.) Clausen, with the fronds distinctly fleshy, smaller, the lowermost primary divisions 7-10 cm, long, subequilateral, the ultimate segments approximate or overlapping to give a dense somewhat pentagonal frond; in willow swamps and among rocks of lakeshore, Cocolalla, Christ 1601; Upper Priest Lake, Epling 7746 « Polypodiaceaee Fern Family, Leafy more or less caespitose plants of various habit and growth forn, arising from chaffy short and subvertical or long and stout horizontal rhizomes. The leaves (fronds) unfolding from a tight spiral coil and then resembling a violin head, finally producing a blade which in ours may be pinnately to nearly 4-times compound into coarse: undivided delicate membranous pinnatisect primary divisions (pinnae), the ultimate divisions (pinnules) variouse Sporangia opening transversely by an incomplete marginal band borne in ours in defined clusters or dots (sori) ) of hygroscopic cells (anmlus),jon the lower surface of fronds of ordinary outline or (in Cryptogramma) @n fertile fronds of central position which differ from the sterile pisualiy outer fronds, Sori near the margins or against the midnerve of the pinnule, either with or (in Polypodium and Phegopteris without a membranous or firm scale-like covering (indusium), of circular, kidney-shaped or linear-arcuate outline, or (in Cheilanthes, Pteridium, Cryptogramma, and Adiantum) the indusia represented by false indusia, which are the more or less inrolled margins of\ segments; sometimes the indusia when present)|very early deciduous or minute and evanescent (in Athyrium). Spores minute, dust-like, abundant. Gametophyte (prothallus) monoecious, green, terrestrial, thallus-like, often cordate, appearing in the spring, ephemeral. re 2 RATA ANd ALOU Sey et / / (Numbers{refer to Genera) O lease Indusia wanting, the sori uncovered (indusium very minute or 4 evanescent in Athyrium) < Fronds ternately compound, about as broad as long 1. Phegopteris Dryopteris *~ Fronds once to thrice pinnatifid, distinctly longer than broad A “ Fronds merely pimnatifid once into subentire pinnse; sori at S tips of veins 2e Polypedium vulgare 4 Fronds thrice pinnatifid into small decompound segments}; sori 7) 5 borne on back of veins below apex Se Athyrium americanum O 1be Indusia represented by false indusia which are the more or less 4 altered margins of | segments (see lc) ‘{ 2&— Fronds tomentose beneath, the sporangia imbedded in the rusty 4 matted wool, lance-linear in outline 4, Cheilanthes gracillima 7 2be Fronds pubescent beneath with short hairs, ternate with 3 > coarse broad divisions (see 2c) 5e Pteridium aquilinum % 26 Fronds glabrous | + Fronds distinctly unlike, the fertile,taller than the sterile, . /and with narrower divisions, nate Ga) sterile S « \ovate-oblong, obtuse. 6e Cryptogramma crispa a Fronds similar in outline, the fertile not differing markedly f o Fronds dichotomously forked with several pinnules arising / from one side of the two branches, of thin Ad "texture 7e Adiantum pedatum ‘, Fronds closely tripinnate, oblong-triangular in outline, _° of thickish firm texture a 4 Cheilanthes siliquosa “ lc. True indusia present (see tips of fronds for persistent indusia) ¢, Sori linear or curving in outline, more than twice as long as ‘, broad 30 Athyrium filix-foemina Sori roundish in outline or i:crse-shoe elicscc. A Ne ARB go GSR 2 ROD 76 4 3ae Indusia horseshoe~shaped, the sinus nearly Closed, 2 of firm texture @ b Le: f-segments without spinulose teeth 8. Dryopteris filix-mas 6 Le: f-segments with spinulose teeth ~ Fronds bipinnate; stipes with a few pale chaff-like is scales “ 8 Dryopteris Spinulosa Fronds tripinnate 3 Stipes with several light ié& brown chaff-like scales Condy 4 Sbe Indusia bladder-like or membr 8. Dryopteris dilatata anous} inflated and sac-like, fronds rather membranous (see 3c) 9, Cystopteris 4 attached by one side; fragilis - et 4 3c. Indusia peltate or stellate, attached by a central stalk ¢ to the center of the Sorus © & Pinnae with a distinct ae at the base, simply pinnate = Pinnae about 4 times &@as long as broad » with prominent marginal 5 i prickle-tipped teeth 10. Polystichum lonchitis q 5 Pinnae 8-12 times as long as broad, with short bristle-tipped 'f, teeth 10. Polystichum munitum » more or less bipinnatifid © Fronds €renulate-glandular ; Pinnae not auricled lle Woodsia scopulina @ Fronds nearly or quite glabrous lle Woodsia oregana 97 Artificial Key based on non-technical characters; awnbers rs les refer to generic nusbers. w O fa.Sterile and fertile fronds of different form, the sterile green, jparsley-like, the ultimate segments flat with toothed margins, F / the fertile taller, yellowish, the ultimate segments inrolled, | \ the margins without teeth 6 Cryptogramma crispa o /b.Sterile and fertile fronds of similar or even identical form or outline 2 Frond palmately compound into a symmetrical spray by forking of (, stipe into 2 subequal l-sided divisions 7e Adiantum pedatum ”, Frond pinnately compound (sometimes basal segment of lowermost ( pinna disproportionately long, giving a false-palmate aspect) 4 2a.Frond ternate with 3 er divisions, the whole as broad as long ® or nearly so (triangular to pentagonal or obliquely deltoid) ‘, Frond of thick texture, the margins inrolled; steaks oe 5. Pteridium aquilinum o Frond of thin texture, plane; pinnae opposite 1, Phegopteris Dryopteris “, 4.6.Frond distinctly longer than broad in outline ‘ 3a.Frond strictly pinnate, the pinnae alternate & Pinnae upwardly lobed or eared at base; stipe and rachis /?, chaffy with shining red-brow papery scales /Q Fronds short-stiped, the lowermost pinnae suborbicular, 14 unlike the principal median pinnae 10. Polystichum lonchitis j- Fronds distinctly stiped, the lowermost pinnae falcate-lanceolate, /q like the principal median pinnae 10, Polystichum mmitum © Pinnae not lobeds stipe smooth or but little)and rachis not at all lal ey So 2- Polypodium vulgare is an So i, 3b Frond twice- to thrice-pinnately compound 8 4aFronds mostly less than 20 cm, longs; stipe and rachis shining ‘nd to light brovm; ferns of moderately to strongly sumny habitats . /O Fronds granulate-glandular and ciliate beneath 11. Woodsia scopuling YS /O Fronds not glandular 12 Fronds thin-membranous; ferns of moist situations “4. Fronds linear-lanceolate, erect, rather strictly so, /S in tufts 11. Woodsia oregana /4 Fronds lence-ovate, spreading or even_laxly. ; 2 reclining on moist rocks 9, Cystopteris fragilis /2 Fronds firm, somewhat thick-textureds ferns of dry rock /& crevice habitats | /A4 Blade of frond about twice as long as broad, smooth or / 8 inconspicuously thinly-hairy beneath 4, Cheilanthes siliquosa iA Blade of frond 4-7 times as long as broad, this and 4 rachis densely hairy-tomentose beneath 4, Cheilanthes gracillima Q 4b. Fronds mostly more than 20 cme long, the blades ample and expanded; stipe and rachis usually dull straw-colored; |Z, ( ferns chiefly of moderate to deep shade ef weet anc sround springs /C Basal pair of pinnae unlike all the others of frond, with very unequal outline, the basal-most divisions ; /A { downwardly directed (twice as long as those supcsteolp oe \ placeds stipe chaffy with thin light brown scales 8e Dryopteris dilatata /Q Basal pair of pinnae (in outling essentially like those of i { /A remainder of frond )'‘2. Fronds 10-15 cm, wide, rather strictly erect, the pinnae [ef . | unper verts Se Athyrium americanum a Ae i. * 2 Dork Sead - La pinnatisect, crowded on the rachis, especially \ » WF Fronds more than 15 cm, wide, not of strictly erect posture Fronds distinctly thin-membranous and fragile, rather densely crowded in heavy vase-like tufts upon the rootcrown Se Athyrium filix-foemina + Fronds not conspicuously thin-textured, borne individually along the elongated rhizome and not at all tufted > /\, Upper pinnae di@minishing in size rapidly, the aia oppositely disposed and rather distant e 5 upon the rachis 8 Dryopteris spinulosa /,, Upper pinnae diminishing gradually in size to the tip, the lower alternately disposed and ‘} on approximate upon the rachis 8~« Dryopteris filix-mas. Bae a Joo le Phegopteris (Presl) Feee Beech Fern, Vernal or aestival ferns of shaded woods, with slender spreading rootstocks with which the stipes are continuous and bright green somewhat membranous triangular fronds which decay in early autumng sori small, round a without indusia, borne on the back of the veins below the tips of the pinmules e 1. Pe Dryopteris (Le) Fees Oak Ferne Fronds smooth, broadly triangular, 10-15 cm, wide, the stipe and rachis slender, ternate, the 3 triangular divisions all widely spreading, each 1- to 2-pinnate, the segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori submarginal. (Dryopteris Linneana C. Chre), Rather frequent in Thuja and stream woods, at middle elevations, forming large or small coloniese 2e Polypodium (Tourn.e) Le Polypodye W) Ours ferns of partially shaded habitats, the stipes articulated to the creeping rootstock, usually smooth. Sori round, naked, dorsal, in two rows on each side of the midrib or irregularly scattered, each sorus borne on the end of a free veinlete le Pe vulgare var. columbianum Gilbert. Western Polypodye Fronds rather stiff and of firm texture, the blades dark green, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, 8 9 lage ic AS 1 7-15 em. long, the pinnae short, barely denticulate, abruptly acute, 12-22 mm, long; sori 2-2.5 mm, across, midway between midvein and margin, (Pe hesperium Maxon), Occasional on rock ledges and in crevices on often steep rock faces 3 5 : PH Oe Ae Oe ee ob Pe eee | ear pore 5 * =~r Sto ag ee = > a spe wb - - a ea — > are COMO ee P - ee . 74 ArT % 7-10 CMe thici:, furrowed, the furrows black, dividing the bark into fairly regular plate 12-15 cm. "broad , 60-100 cm. Long's the surface @@@gmk of small concave scales. Crown oblong, commonly persistent nearly to the base, the- branches spreading but curving markedly at the ends, bearing dense tufts of. foliage; foliage yellowish green but dark, tne needles deciduous about the third year, 3 (less commonly 4) per fascicle, 15-20 cm. long, 1-5-1.8 mm. wide, 3-angled, | apex acute, the margins minutely toothed, the base closely sheathed , the scales | more or less versistent. sStaminate cones borne in clusters at the base of the — new srowth throughout the crown, purple, elongating to 2.5-5 cm. Ovulate cones borne throughout the crown, narrowly ovate before opening, sessile, spreading at risht angles to the branch, 7-12 cm. long, ovate to oblong-ovate when opened, tne scales ratner thin, oblong-truncate and rounded at the apex, 2-5-5 Cite lons, mahogany beneath, brown above, tne umbo brown, sub-pyramidal, armed with a sharp mucro 1-2 mm. lonz; seeds 67 imme long, dull brown, the wing wedge-shaped, about & cm. lons. ‘the cones in falling leave a small tuft of basal scaies on the branch and infrequently persist the year following maturity. Seedlings 6-G cm. tall, the hypocotyls brown, striate; cotyledons 9-10, 4-5 cm. lon.; sirst leaves serrulate, glaucous 1.5-2.5 mn. longs. me climax tree of 2 narrow belt mer:ing witn the grassland. Rarely observed as hich as 5500 feet anu infrequent above 5500 fest. ‘ound chiefly around the marzins of the lakes or low, broad valleys, associated here esvecially with Fseugotsusa taxifolia and Larix occiuentalis, and on flav eround at the edz of the erassland, associated here with Pinus contorta or forming wure.onen stands of small dimensions. Is frequent on the sloves or : the Yootenai Valley, covering fairly extecsive areas there, pure or With ; Tsewotsuga taxifolia. j J \y aa ee 2. Larix (Tourn.) Adans. Larch. Trees with light green needle-like leaves, deciduous each year, those on first year wood alternate, decurrent, those on older wood aa porne in tufts of usually 15-40 on peg-like lateral twigs. Staminate- and: ovulate cones solitary, borne usually on the same branches of second. year, wood, the former subglobose, sessile, the anther sacs 2, the latter com-.} posed of spiral series of fertile sporophylls (scales), each bearing two: ovules on the upper surface, each subtended by a conspicuous tailed.) x44 pract; fruit greatly enlarg sed , forming a woody cone, maturing and opening in one season, sometimes persistent the second year, the scales thin, the ‘ bracts conspicuous , spreading; seeds winged. Cotyledons several. oa —~eeeeEens yee O /? Branchlets densely woolly; rarely below 6000 ft. D) Le Lyallii = C Branchlets glabrous; rarely above 6000 ft. j, Le occidental jeg 1. ie occidentalis batt. ~- Vestern Larch. ———— A straight, slender tree 60-50 aie tall , Dimemee vie ye licsnt green, very thin foliage and yellowish park; D.Bells Cormonly 9-12 dcm., rarely 15 dem. in our region, the butt expanded and protected by aeerply vurroved bark several inches thick at the base; branches irregulerly disnosed, drooping slightly, the prancilets rigid or in some forms Brae efully sendulous, orunea to 50-60 feet r more in closed stands; branchlets brown, soon srgy, siriate from the Gecurrent leaz tases, gl*prous, young bark rather lignt srey, dull, marked “d with needle scars and achering dwarf branchlets, soon becoming longitudin- 3 S$ yell owisa, snallov, net-like, often rorming tes ma ture 6 ric en a iiat yellowish or _— color; crown narrow, ovlon., acute at the arex or rownded in old trees; feovbape- i cermeatneemn sara ocammiaeneeonananiiee eae eornNeHS CRE SRED needles 2-5 Cie long, flat, but ridged on toth surfaces, slender, acute wut not mucronate, dull, a double line- of stomata on eacn swrace, Gecurrent on new growth, but chiefly borne on dwarf lateral branches, 7-6 rate long, averasings about 25 in the tuft; anthers yellow, in Piatto fotos clusters; mature ovulate cones borne chiefly in the umrer hai’ or the crown, 9-5.5 cm. ions, about < cm. wide, oval, the scalés soon sireading, about S sm. lons, subrotund, more or less ; truncate at the anex, ¢reenish, the bract oblong, brown, 6-7 ra. lon:, the wi08S ovlon:; eilanceola ate. 5-4 mmie 1lovce Seealin.; J-4 cm. tall, coty rledons 5G, Led-1.5 Cre 1Oi., slender, acute, riaged avove, flst bensata, new erowtn of —— “nite, leaves 1.5 Ge lon, tippea with a hyaline mucro, flat, with two rows, each composed or 0-4 denseiy crowded lines of stomata, on the lower surface; by transmitted lisht the margin apnears translucent and : the widvein very dark and distinct; base somewnat expanded, leaving a 1 smali decurrent 3tiur. - ridges above 5000 ft., foraing small pure stands or more commonly .~. associated with Abies lasiocarpa which slowly replaces it at least in. part. On drier subalpine slopes is associated with Pseudotsuga taxi inus contorta. Extends as low as 2500 feet_along the margins of se and 2S meadows , associated with Abies lasiocarpas si. John (1957) has taker: up-the-- 4 Typically developed in our resion on subalpine flats and broad ‘segregate Pe columbiana Lemmon for this trees ‘- yr hy s “~~ NN * i r “Ny . EN = . . —— ‘“ anes neti - aaa oT 4 ANNO FO ats ete rea ngsntee OES CUED pee — j <<. ~. ‘ A 4 3 Ys ra { a fas w we en et o 1 Ranges from 2500 to 6200 feet or more. Pinus monticola or P. contorta in young growth or with Pseuwotsuga ears It is persistent by reason of its ability. taxifolia in Douglas fir types. to withstand fire, due to thickg basal bark and is consequently often the. . Is a rapid growing tree of small shade only seed tree left after fire ; tolerance and consequently is infrequent in the older stages of the foreste . <= 2. Le Lyallii Parl.—Alpine Larch. ———> A slender tree with resinous wood, 15-20 me tall, as much as 1 nm. D.BeH., spreading, eee Teale kecke, be trees, often gnarled and contorted; {a >? ranchlets rather reddish, D Groolly) 13 leaf scars, or less scaly; but bright green, soft and pliant, longitudinally striate, scaly, resembling that of Picea, Is commonly associated with. the branches irregularly , becoming grfy, tinged with brown below S. the young bark lustrous, soon becoming in mature trees shallowly fissured and proken into oblong plates 10-15 cm.long or more, the plates remaining more bud scales thin and membranous, white-woolfy; leaves pale 3-4 cme long, acute, smooth, 20-50 in each cluster normally, though as few as 8-9 in stunted forms, flattened tetragonal in cross-section, a small oil duct along either margin; staminate cones 3-4 mm. long, pale yellow; ovulate cones ovate-oblong, with wine-red. scales and glabrous practs which are abruptly acuminate, 8-12 mm long; mature cones narrowly ovate or cylindrical, 5-5 cm. long, 2-225 cm. thick when opened, sessile or nearly so, the scales orbicular, thinly pubescent; seeds 225-5 mm lon;,, their wings ovate-elliptical 5-6 mm. long. Abundant on talus slopes near the summit of -ioman Nose Lite, 6000-7000 ft., forming fairly pure stands; wature trees occur near the Cirque lake, associated with Finus albicaulis and Abies dasiocarrca, apie 6 specimen of 14 inches DeBeE. showed somethdt less than 400 annual rings. 3 Picea Link. Spruce . frees with needle-like leaves, alternate and spiral, spreading and curving upwards, 4-angled in our species, acute and stiff, decurrent and jointed at the base, persistent for several years, leaving a characteristic. peg-like spreading base below the joint after being shed. ‘the staminate and ovulate cones borne on ths same tree on second year wood, terminal or wae axillary, the former cylindrical, formed of a spiral series of two-ehambered- stamens, subtended by an involucre of scales, the latter formed of a spiral series of fertile sporophylls (scales) each bearing two ovules on the upper surface, each subtended by an inconspicuous bract; fruit a more or less woody pendent cone, maturing the first year and deciduous in our species, the scales thin; seeds winged. Cotyledons several, 5-angled. le P. Engelmannii Engelm. ~—> Engelmann Spruce. —__>»A forest tree with a massive trunk tapering gradually, commonly 25-50 m. tall, characterized in our region by the sharp needles and scaly bark; D.BeH. rarely more than 1 me; branches irregularly disposed, the lowermost drooping markedly, the branchlets more or less pendulous; branchlets tan color the first year, or straw- colored in new growth, glandular-puberulent, soon becoming dull ergy and scurfy, marked by the porsistent and prominent decurrent leaf bases; young bark very dull slate color, soon broken by tiny brown shallow fissures, scurfy, soon flaking or scaly, the mature bark 1.5-2 cm. thick, rathar light gr?y with a reddish tinge from the fissures, scaly, the scales commonly 5-10 cm. lons, 2-5 cm. wide, Concave, rough, brown beneath, the basal bark on old trees frequently fissured,forming small oblong plates; crown oblong, acute and conical above, obtuse in old trees; foliage dark, bluish- sreen, often glaucous, some individuals even suggesting EP. punsens; needles spreading in all directions, averaging < cm. in length, curved inwards, rhomboidal in cross-section, with an oil-tube along each Side, pers is tent 5-6 years, stomta evident on all four surfaces, apex acute and mucronate, the base slender, articulate, the persistent stubs .8-.9 mm. long, spreading, expanded at the ay x3; staminate cones 1.5 cm. long, 8 mm. Wide, anthers 225 mme lons, the tip rounded, erose-denticulate; ovulate cones borne near the apex of the tree on dwarf lateral and apical tranchlets from secona year wood, 3-6 cme lon, 1-5-2 cu. wide, befors opening, narrowed at both ends, sreen os purclish, scales oval-rhombeia or oLovate-rhomboic, 1-15 mm. lon, rounded to truncats at tne apex, fineizy e.oueu, even noteled , faintly striate, £eD-0 Cme wide, oblong after openin:,; seeds £25 mite long, the wing rose tinted, oval, 4-6 m1. loans. Seedling 1-2 cm. tall, cotyledons 5-4, v-anzled, sometixes cersistent the second year, scarcely 1 cm. long, less than 1] mm. wide, very acute but hardly iueronate, first leaves 6-8 ma. lon., slender, acute and tirped with 2 Myaline mucro curving upwards at tho end, S-ancled, light green, mar lin minutely and sparincly serrulate, the serrations glandular tipped, jointed .5 ma. above the base, decurrent belov the joint, tne primary = n ae Vv Lnl a ses 2 4 a 77 mAsITA Stems W1lvS e eee mpees with needle-like leaves, alternate and spiral, spreading in all directions, soft, flattened, slightly decurrent below the joint, persistent for several years, leaving a slight appressed, stubby base when shede ‘onoecious, the staminate cones axillary, sessile, cylindrical, each stamen with @ snort reflexed aprendage at the tip; ovulate cones terminal or subterminal, solitary, “o:med of a spiral series of fertile sporophylis (scales), each bearing & ovules on the upper surface, each subtended by 2 conspicuous 3-toothed pract; fruit a more or less woody pendent cons, maturing the first year, @né deciduous or persistent the ollowing year, the scales thin, seedsgwinged. Cotyledons several. , (entire, the 3=toothed bract sonsplouously extended beyond the s Oo —™ ot 1. Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb. ) Britton. —_augeueniie—> A forest tree 30-40 me tall, the trunk tapering, the base gradually expanded , meter > sae e : the|deerly furrowed and thick gr@ parl¥, the furrows peing yellowish within; D.Beilie as much as le-leD mM. Branches more or less horizontal, the lower tending to droop, the upper ascending, the branchlets slenaer and gracefully pendulous, giving the rather broad crown a character- istic graceful aspect, olivaceous or light brown, shining, puberulent, roughened by the leaf-bases; young park light sray, very dull, early pecoming longitudinally fissured, the fissures forming an irreguiar network, distinctly yellowish at the bottom, outer bark separating readily leaving a pock-marked inner bark, mature bark 2-3 cm. thick, rather corky, the basal portions several times thicker, dark grey but soft in shade, yellowish when cut, irregularly and deeply furrowed, the furrows traceable often for several feet, yellowish at the pottom, the ridges irregular in size and very rough and uneven on the surface and edges; crown of younger trees ; or isolated trees at high elevations broadly pyramidal, the apex rather acute, that of older trees ana forest grown trees rounded or obtuse; foliage rather yellowish-green en masse, put dark; needles 2-5 cm. long, soft, acute and tipped with a hyaline mucro,y or plunt, variable on the same tree, flat, the margins rounded, the midvein. impressed, the stomata more or less evident beneath, each margin with two minute resin ducts, narrowed abruptly at the base with e twist and jointed, but slightly decurrent below the joint. Staminate cones yellow, 8-12 mm. lon, cylindrical, the stamen subulate- triangular at tne apex; ovulate cones vorne mostly in the upper half of the crown on short dwarf lateral branchlets from second year wood, mature cones 4-6 cme long, green and purplish cales orbicular, minutely eroded, about : 1.5 cme, long, tho bract somewhat large., oblong, notched at the tip, the ; notch provided with a very shary mucro 5-7 mme long; seeds 5 mm. long, wings oval, 8-9 mm. long. Seedling 3-4 om. tall, dark green, cotyledons 7-8, persistent to second year, 1-5-« cme long, 1.5 mm. wide, flat, rather - > m. Mertensiana _ ONeedles flat, the upper surface green, the stomata : 4 Eeanen? only beneath; cones £ed-5 cme longe ). 2B. heterophylla + a4 i 1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sargt. Coast Hemlock. ———>A massive forest (ij) tree commonly 50 m. tall, charac teryzed by the feathery foliage and drooping branchlets. Trunk of mature trees with slight taper, but tapering rapidly in the upper parts; D.B.H.e cormonly 1-2 m. or more in old trees. Branchlets straw-colored or tan,.woolly, gray the second year, roughened by the persistent leaf-bases and rathe scurfy; young bark dark gray with but a slight lustre, marked by transverse lenticels, breaking into irregular flakes which on falling a away leave a reddish-tinged scar; mature bark gray with a reddish cast, 5-4 Cme ‘s thick, cerise when cut, longitudinally furrowed, the ridges flat, forming fairly regular plateg, 2-5 cm. x 15-40 cm., the fissures forming "a net work. : Crown conical, acute when young, rather obtuse in old trees, the leader droop- : , ing. Branches spreading in young trees, drooping perceptibly in older trees, pruned to a height of 18-20 m. in the maturing forest. Foliage yellowish green en masse, needles deciduous in 3d-5th year, very irregular in length, flat and thin, 5-20 mm. lons, averaging about 12-15 mn., dseguemekr in rather a flattened sprays, oblon,, blunt, narrowed abruptly at the base to a petiole 3 1 mm. long or less, with a pronounced twist, margin sparingly and minutely toothed, the midvein impressed above, prominent beneath, with 5-6 rows of white stomata on either side, the lower surface hence glaucous, the leaf-base C@ deourrent about fans, the apex scarcely free, however. sStaminate cones 3-4 m. in di 2 globose, vaired, dehiscent by a valve from the base, tne stalk long; ovulate cones borne mostly in the upper half of the crown, terminal, 25-30 mm. lon:;, narrowly elliptical before opening, green, the ? scale margins often reddish, becomin; ovate to subglobose after osening, tan en ee ee or Clay-colored, openings in carter ver, deciduous the same year or sometines persisting; scales obovate, lo-lt ma. lonz, rube-ulent; seeds S mae longs, (i Wing 5-65 mm. x 9-10 mm. Seedlins 1-2 cm. tall, davk green, cotyledons 3-4, 6-7 mae long, 1 mn. wide, narrowed at the a-ex wat rather olunt, first leaves j ne dm , ee ae = wp octet Plat _ 7 > alternate, but apparently ‘horlecd, apex blunt, mrgins minutely serrulate, the teeth glandular-tipped, bases swollen, articulate ana decurrent, stem puberulent, branching the fourth or fifth year. Abundant below 5000 ft., especially north of the Coeur d'Alene xiver, scant in the Ste Joe and Clearwater forests. Associated especially with Thuja plicata and in the northern part of the range persisting in the climax type as a Codominant by reason of its great shade tolerance. 2. 7. Mertensiana (Bong,} Sargt. Mountain Hemlock. ——————> A handsome subalpine tree of usually smll dimensions, rarely over 15 m. tall in our region,with D.BeH. of 25-50 cm., infrequently as much as 25 me tall, with DeBele of 120 cm., in which case it tapers rapidly; branchlets wooly, soon checking longitudinally, becoming light gray and scurfy; youn, bark scaly, the scales curling somewhat, mature bark 3-4 cm. thick, dark reddish brown, deeply and rather narrowly furrowed, the furrows forming a net work, reddish within, the ridges narrow; crown narrowly Conical, dense, acute, the leader pendulous, the branches slender and drooping, commonly extending to the base in open stands; foliage bluish green, rather dark, but the new foliage glaucous, needles deciduous in third to fifth year, spreading on all sides of the branch, 15-20 mm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, triangular in cross-section and appearing plump and not flat, stomata prominent in several rows on both surfaces, leaving a short leaf base after abscission; staminate cones 5-6 mm. long, the purplish anthers raised on a stalk, ovulate cones borne mostly in the upper third of the crown, usually purple in flower, narrowly elliptical before opening, acute, elliptical- oblong when open, 5-6 cm. long, “5-5 cme broad, green to purplish blacz, pendulous, falling during the winter, scales cureate, rounded-truncate at the apex, 1 cm. long, seed 2-5 mm. long, the wing oval, twice as long. Seedlings 3-5 cm. tali, their hypocotyls red; cotyledons 5-6, commonly 4, ridged along the middle on the upper surface and hearing longitudinal rows of minute white dots, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1-5-2 mm. wide, blunt,entire, green on the lower surface} first leaves 8-10 mn. long, white-dotted on the lower surface. Commonly along ridges ana hich slopes above 5500 feet, associated with Pinus albicaulis and Abies lasiocarpa put occasionally descending as low as 4500 feet mingling with Tsuga heterovhylla and Pinus monticola. Not seen in the Priest Siver drainage. Abundant in the eastern portions of the St. Joe and Clearwater forests. Cupressaceaee Cypress Family. Evergreen trees or shrubs with small scale-like leaves (in Juniperus communis needle-like) appressed closely to and covering the branchlets or spreading, arranged in whorls of 3 or opposite, Staminate and ovulate cones porne on the same or different plants, both terminal, the former small of few to several cone-scales bearing 2-several anther sacs, the ovulate cones subglobose or elliptical, of 2-4 pairs of thin woody and discrete or fleshy and coalescent cone-scales; ovules maturing to form a winged seed or berrye> Ri > weak has Yh) eae F ene eR Ey Mirae SEN ee Me 7 like aromatic fruit enclosing 1-3 wingless seedse Cotyledons 2 or severale $ Rt il OF ee Pe a eres pas ; ‘ Sey Oh a aR ed on : fale : 2 pa SE 4 3 he Re pe a es it Pe a: © Branchlets in flat sprays, bright green, the leaves 2-5 mm. uf flattened; cone woody; bark fibrous, cinnamon brown QO Branchlets like fishing cord, dull green, the leaves 1-2 / long, arranged in alternate pairs, each pair laterally \, weathering to gray le Thuja wy ; mm, long, arranged in alternate pairs but not. { / ‘ q@ ut , flattened or in whorls of 3; cone fleshy, berry-likes | * \ bark scaly, purplish gray 2e Juniperus A ARLE Lae RE tae os pe See oo ade We, eee aes Py aT Me Chay es ain Ele hh RO i ad es 1, thvjal. aArbor-VYitae- Nrees with scale-like overlappin:, leaves in opposite pairs, the pranchlets flattened and spraylike, arranged in one plane. Staminate and ovulate cones borne on the same trec, terminal and solitary, the former Pormed of several peltate syorophylls (scales) eacn bearing 2-4 globose anthers, the latter formed of 4 alternately arranged pairs of fertile sporopiylis (scales) each bearing ovules on the upper surface; fruit a more or less woody cone, the short branchlet on which it is borne being recurved and the cone erect, maturing the same season, the scales thin; seeds winged. Cotyledons 2, the primary leaves needle-like, in whorls. 1. T. plicata Donn. Western Red Cedar. ——_7 A striking and mssive G)—tree as mach as 6G@a. tall, characterized by the conical trunk which decreases rapidly in diameter, the heavily buttressed and fluted base and the thin cinnamon-colored bark, {D.B.M. commonly 1 to @ Mm. or as mech as 4m. in old trees. Branchlets light brown, becoming grey after needles are shed, the young bark light gray, tinsed with red, silky-shining, appearing as though very tightly drawn, soon broken into grayish shreds, the interstices cinnamon, the shreds becoming thicker and thicker, seeming in mature bark to be laced loosely back and forth in several strata. Crown conical and acute in young trees, more blunt, even rounded in old trees, the leader drooping. Branches slender, curving upwards in youth, soon drooping, pruned to a height of 18-20 me in the mturing forest. Foliage yellowish-green en masse, leaves 2-3 mm. long, disposed in flat sprays, closely pressed to the pranchlet in alternate pairs, overlapping, proadly ovate, acuminate, tipped with a short mucro, those of the upper surface of the spray glossy, those beneath glaucous, the branchlets flattened dorsiventrally, the lateral pairs of leaves this being folded, giving a braided apnnearance to the spray, each with an obscure glandular depression in the middle which is translucent in young growth, those on the main branch- lets persistent for several years, increasing in size to 5-6 mm, those on the lateral branchlets shed with the branchlet in the second or third yeare Staminate cones minute, borne on the tips of pranchlets, glaucous; ovulate cones borne mostly in the upper half or the crown, at the apices of short lateral branchlets, recurved and erect, maturing in late August or early September, rarely in July, 10-12 ma. lone, green, becoming, brown, smooth, elliptical in outline before opening, scales commonly 4 pairs, obovate, each tipped with a trian-ular mucro, each pearing two seeds; seeds 4 me long, somewhat less than 1 mm. wide, the wings oblong, 5 mm. long, 1 mn. wide.e Seedlings 1-2 cu. tall, light creen, cotyledons <, 5-7 mn. long, flat, rounded at the apex, narrowed below the middle, first leaves in whorls of 3-4, 4-5 mm long, flat, acute with a hyaline mucro, soon reflexed, de- current, the spraylixe branchlets appearing during the first year. (Te gigantea Nuttall). : iene Abundant below 5000 feet especially on gentle northerly slopes or flats, reaching its greatest development in broad alluvial stream bottoms where it freauently forms small groves of individuals with D.B.H. © m. or more, in cure stand or associated with Zsuga heterorhylla. A common associate of white pine and the climax tree of the white pine type. Bvt Wf wees ree as a eemmrenn 7 ONeedles about 1 cm. long, sharp, in whorls of three 2. Je communis ye pNeedles about 1 mm. long, opposite, the branchlets cordlikey a weal J. Je scopulorum, 2e Juniperus L. Juniper. Trees or Shrubs, with needle-like or scale-like leaves; in our species if needle-like, in whorls of three curving toward the apex, if scale-like, in opposite pairs, closely pressed to the branchlet, the branchlets appearing like fishing cord, the staminate and ovulate cones borne on separate plants, stamens bearing several anther sacs, the ovulate cones subglobose, formed of 2-3 series of fleshy, more or less coalescent sporophylls which at maturity form a berry-like, aromatic fruit maturing the second season, enclosing 1-3 bony seeds. Cotyledons several. le Je SCopulorum Sargt. “amr Juniper , ——~—>A small tree with ovate dense crown, subacute at the apex, bluish green and glaucous, rarely more than 4-5 m. tall in our region; bark very scaly, falling away, ashy with a reddish or lavender tinge; pranches curving upwards, rarely if ever drooping in our region, branchlets gray, smooth, soon scaly, brown in the second year, covered with the persistent leaves, new growth green, columar, 1 mm or less in diameter; needles 1-1.3 mme long, ovate-subulate, acute, in opposite pairs, overlapping, decurrent, closely pressed to the branchlet, glaucous toward the base, the gland oval, obscure, hardly depressed, without resin, seated above the ansle formed by the next lower pair of leaves; staminate cones yellow, 3-4 mm. longs, borne on the tips of the branchlets, berries born throughout on short lateral branches, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, very glaucous, bluish at maturity, maturing the second year; seeds commonly 2-35.5 mm. long, with three more or less distinct longitudinal ridges on the back. A rare tree with us, seen only in the Priest Lake region, on the j rocky ledges of Upper Priest Lake and in rock crevices of cliffs on Lion's Head, 5000 feet or more. errs Se Paral: 2e de commute) vars Stes troreststaytt Dwarf Juniper. —> A low 2% shrub rarely more than 1 m. tall in our region, at lower elevations (as in is.3 the Kootenai Valley) with branches ascending, more or less straight, at higher elevations sprawling over rocks, even pendent; bark ashy, scaling, pranchlets light brown, scaling very quickly; leaves persistent for several years, in whorls of three, averaging about 10 mae longs, rigid, curving up- wards, acuminate to a spinose tip, the upper surface white, channeled, the lower surface glossy, keeled, the decurrent portion bearing a conspicuous oil bearing tubercle,decurrent at the base; berries axillary, subglobose, 6-9 mm. in diameter, mature the second summer, green, then bluish-black with a bloom, commonly with 2-3 seeds, staminate cones numerous, axillary, 2.5 mm... % long, the anther sacs 4-6, the free tip or the scale triangular-ovate, eet acute, 1 mme long. frequent in elevations as low as 2000 ft., then occurring in dry cravelly spots, frequent at subalpine elevations sprawling over and pendent from rock ledges, where it frequently sorms sround cover of some importance in soil formation. 2e Angiospermae. Flowering Plantse Trees, shrubs or herbs in which the ovules (or the mature seeds) are surrounded by an ovary wall which with occasional accessory parts becomes the fruit. Plants with true flowers which typically bear a more or less conspicuous floral envelopes Cotyledons either one or twoe Ie Dicotyledonese Dicotyledons, Plants herbaceous, shrubby or of tree habit in our region, Leaves with net venation for the most part. Vascular bundles regularly distributed in more or less concentric cylinders of continuous or discontinuous bundles with a central pith. Flower parts mostly in 5's or 4's, rarely in|3'se The embryo with two cotyledonse / 2 ERI ee pee ie. : ene et NN ON cage hw BS my ah * A ee anal , Wetec 2 we ae SH Rip ipa? Ree AY ~~ -nipaiatetamaae datinainesia snaialicen nore 4 Ranunculaceae. Buttercup Family. QZ vimst with Herbs with alternate and basal leaves (opposite in Clematis). = 228 Flowers various, perfect, commonly in racemes or panicles, less often .. - solitary or axillary. Sepals 5, commonly petal-like, distinct. Petals. 4 or 5 to several, or wanting. Stamens, numerous, indefinite. Pistils several or numerous, more or less indefinite, superior, l-chambered. _ Fruit a cluster of follicles or achenes, rarely a berry. O Submerged aquatics O Terrestrial plants Lj) 2 Leaves opposite; flowers and fruits showy; achenes _ Gwith plumose tails ec. 2 Leaves in a whorl of three subtending the usually solitary flower, basal leaves present or none; aekenss pubescent or with a plumose tail 2 Leaves alternate or basal, none whorled ? : tees : wees: 4 Fruit a berry; flowers small and white in a eek eS . a 4 6 terminal spicate raceme; pistil 1 ene ae ia Aeteoa q Fruit a cluster of follicles (with several seeds} or achenes (with 1 seed); flowers o¢ pxcept Aquilegig) blue or white; pistils several 6 Fruit a cluster of follicles; ovaries 4-8 LJ ® Perianth regular, neither spurred nor hooded; 5: A leaves basal, or +> two on the stem /O Leaves all basal (A, Flowers (and fruit clusters) 3, in 4 an umbel SX Coptis |2 Flowers (and fruit clusters) /@ solitary & Caltha : /D Stem leaves 2; flower solitary 4. Brollius & fPerianth either hooded or spurred, showy; leaves basal and cauline, the cauline ' /2< usually more than two, or if two, all : trifoliolate /O Petals 5, each one prolonged below / into a conspicuous spur; flowers si etre or red 8 Aquilegia /O Petals & or 4, inconspicuous; sepals als showy, one either spurred or ' “forming a hood; flowers blue 7" Phe octet ‘de Fae ed: an ne ane / 2, Upper sepal prolonged into a 1; / downward spur; petals 4, »1N two pairs 9, Delrhinium ie /2 Upper sepal strongly hooded; petals Il 2, inside the hood J0. ( Fruit a cluster of achenes; ovaries numerous § Leaves triternately compound, the numerous | oq er subequal, glabrous; petals none, the flowers numerous, small, dioecious /. Leaves simple or once ternate Jo Flowers yellow, perfect and regular | a iO Flowers whites petals wanting; sepals /4 caducous; t#e stamens conspicuous bal rd a“ J. Ranunculus L. Buttercup e qw Annual or perennial herbs, aquatic or of moist places. Leaves basal and iq alternate, some rarely Opposite, petioles sheathing at the base, blades a commonly ternately divided or lobed, the segments filiform in floating aquatic speciese Flowers solitary or in terminal cymes, yellow (or white), Sepals usually 5, deciduous or persistent, recurving. Petals 5-16 (in some species 2-5) provided with a small nectariferous pit near the base, this naked or “= covered with a scale. Stamens numerous. Pistils mumerous. Fruit a globose » or cylindrical cluster of turgid or compressed achenes, which are tipped by. oan ‘ the permanent characteristic styles. 2 Ee eee 0 Plants submerged in water ,the leaves dissected into 4 filiform segments or with a few floating leaves a Segments of submerged leaves hairlike, not () eee flowers white; achenes transversely wrinkled, not margined 2 Segments of submerged leaves flattened, or #f grow- ing in mad, the leaves 3-lobed to the base, the (, ( lobes again lobed or toothed above the middle; - flowers bright yellow; achenes not wrinkled but as. . with a calloused margin D. Re delphinifolins4 O Plants terrestrial, leaves of one kind only, but var- a 4 iable in shape i 2 Plantsstoloniferous, rooting at the nodes, creep- q) ( ing over muddy places + Leaves entire or crenately tootned, not lobed e aap ~ Leaves cordate at the base; achenes in a ‘> Cylindrical cluster 8 8, Re Cymbalaria » Leaves narrowed at the base; achenes in a ‘> globose cluster 4. Se reptans -\ Leaves palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes again + toothed 3. Xe lLimosus —_— mm Z, Ylants not stoloniferous, erect, All leaves simple, crenate or entire, neither 4 lobed nor divided ee ee ee Slants 60-40 cm. tall, stiffish, with 2-3 eairs of opposite leaves in tne ix - florescence @ t ¢. 8+ alismaefolius Pie 6 Plants 10-30 om, tall; not stiffishs; leaves opposite /o or alternate 3 Plants 10-30 om, tall with a single pair of /Z, opposite leaves subtending the inflorescence /o Basal leaves varying from elliptical to spatulate es /4 or rotund, not cordate at the base To Re alismey /O Basal leaves ovate, cordate at the base Be Re 3 Plants 10-20 cms tall, the few stem leaves alternate, /2 none in opposite pairs 9e Re ¢. 4 Stem leavesyat ‘Yeast, eitber deeply lobed ‘or’ ic tua divided or all Saavos compound; basal leaves 8 entire in one species | Glabrous herbs 10-30 cm. tall; flowers 1-3 8 Basal leaves entire or nearly so, those (of the stem sometimes entire, some- z «times S-lobed or toothed; styles less (than l mm. longx gq. Bs glaberrimus 2 Basal leaves usually d-parted, sometimes - ( 5-lobed, less often merely crenate; 'S) styles 1-2 mm. long j0, Re Eschscholtzii i, More or less hispid herbs 50-60 cm. tall or _, { more; basal leaves mostly 5-5-foliolate, (2 flowers numerous or at least several, 2 Beak of ovaries and achenes less than 2 1 mm. long; cluster of achenes cylin- '& . @rical or oval 7 . Achenes 2 mm. broad, flattened, the clusters 10-12 mn. long }]. Re pennsylvanicus —_ y Achenes 1 mm. broad, turgid, not “flattened, the clusters 7-8 mn. _ " long 12, Re scoleratus “~~ = Beak of ovaries and achenes 1-< mn. q 2. long; cluster of achenes globose 7 Petals 2-3 mne long; beak of achenes clearly hooked Petals 4-5 mm. or 10-12 mn. long; beak of achenes straignt 7, rotels 4-5 mi, long, -chenes “nou mercined ~ith e nerroy wing 14, Re Macounii , Petals 1U-12 mm. long, achenes > narrowly margined 15. Re maxims le ke trichophvllus Chaix. ‘white ‘ater Crowfoote A slender submerged and rloating acuatics; stems commonly 1m, long; leaves submerged, alternate, on sheathing petioles .2-1,.5 cm. long, the blades 1-2 om, long, ternately dissected into slender, hair-like divisions, sometimes with a few floating lesvos 1-1,6 em. broac, reniform in outline, palmately 3-lobed, the lobes | again shallowly -toothed, 2 nresscd-pubescent; flowers flooting, solitary, opposite the uricr lecvess; sepals ovate, obtuse, 1,5-2.5 mm, longs netals -o rm, long, narrowly obovete, whitish, the nectar zit minute, not covered = -. vith s stale; reecitacle more or less hairys achenes 1.-14, forming a ¢lobose cluster v-G rm, in diameter, transversely rugose, plump, frequently hispidulous, | without « callous margin, the walls thin. Fre:ment in shalloy nools of slow moving streams or loke marfins or ee co & 4. DONES, LHOCRSCCO fret or more, Ae acuatilis L., the wuronean recivrocel spocies, has bren found tt onec, in ‘ass. (Rhod. 3€: 50). Benson (Am, Jour, ov, 25: 176) recogmigcs this ~lant as Re acuctilis, however. a eee eT eee a 147. ce Ke delohinifolius vJorrov Yello Pied Abide Seas gel he treenarereiea! ee ee J ®@ voter Crowfoot. A slender submerged acuatic, rooting in tho inud of shallox pools beconing terrestrial upon their drving out, Shen creening over muds stems fistulous, of various lengths, commonlv 1 m. or more lonsss; leaves of tro kinds, those apnearing early in the vear submerp-d in woter, Cef=—S cn, broad, ternately dissected into narrow | lobes, not, however, filiform, but flat end acute, the lower vortion of the eun ate principal lobes 1-2 ma, vide, ~etioles 1-4 em, long, sheathing at the base, these loaves withering as the vool dries out, new leaves appearing on short stolons from their axils, 1-2 em. broad, reniforn, ternately 5=lobed j > nearly to the bese, the lobes cuncate, again lobed and toothed above the j micale, glabrous or svsringly villous on the lover surface, the vetioles . 15-2 cme long, villous; flovers 2-4 in a terminal cyme, »eduncles stout end fistulous, w-S em, longs or more; sevcls 5 Mie longs; »ctals bright vellow, rotund-obovete, the sland seated -fithin o margined »it, 6-9 mm, long, achenes | : % forming a subgiobose hcad & ~m, long, G rm. wide, the ochenes 2 mm. in dinseter, numerous, flettened, nearly smooth, wit: cons /icuous corky margin 4 eo MM. vronc, “ho ~-ersistent stvle 1 it. long. Ceexsionsl in wn d-- Ingoons or shello -conés or SemYS3 Re Purshii whieh micht be sought here mer be Cistinmiished by the achenes -ithout corky i > ? BY oo ' - . . . ‘ ccllous m-rzins, though mom fron cest=rn ‘Sieg It Ls not kmorm to occur Da ae ; pA wa o tb alle aa cade hos s : Se te Crombolaris Pursh, ver. scxinentenus Pern. Lo herb 5-15 cm, talls Slabrous throushout or s3-crincly hirsute, soreadirg by slender stolons; le.ves besal, the blades 1,.5-3 en, long, ovete to rotund-reniform, verv ee : - adat ee Ss 2S, Sie : +., .- had tia bankh deavrayws tt se obtuse, cordste «t the WGC, Crononvolvetoothed, the tecth toverc the S03 merroyed oo bhe Bb: LAMe, CPovmiod into tf avlin riend ¢} ) Orie long or less, striate, Pl-xstencd, ee > baie ‘Aachigersi™ . i? ' ary? > je9 ] A 1 : f Oe | 3 , GC {if . 4, Re reveans Vor, ovilis (Bigel.) 7. £: Ge Stems 10-30 en, lone, filiforn, oS ascencing from « small tuft of posal 1 eves, decumbent and commonly rooting at the nodesg basal lsev s ellipticzl-lanceolste to oblong-oblanccolate, acute, entire, the blades 2-3 cm, long, narrowed to a »«tiole 1-2 cm, long, elabrate or an ressed=nubescent, ospecially beneath, the cauline leaves alternate, commonly bearing a pair of leaves in the axils; flovers solitary, nedicels about 1 cm, long$ sevls yellow, membranous, ovrte, deciduous; netals 4a4,.5 mm, long, obovate, narrowed at the very base to a short claw, bright yellow, the gland a small vit near the base of the blade, sometimes cov«red with a hemisphsrical scale; achenes 1,5 mm, long, turgid but somewhat com= 7 pressed, few in a small slobose cluster 5-4 mm. wide. (Re re var. strigulosus ¥reyn)« | ; 3 Precuent in mide: end sivey places throughout our recion, essecially ; where th: muc is nowy formed, sonetircs forming dense matted colonies a ¢ me 4 7 an, do sev ral verds in diameter, 5. Re limosus tt. Lov herbs cree ins over muddy eround, the stems vrostrate - or ascending * th: tics 10-85 em, lone, mostly hirsute, or some noarly =e 2 e slabrous: lecves Vidnoveshared, l-Z2.0 em. broad vailmeatelv 5-lobed, the — 3 3 > Zs > micdle lob: bein. larvest «md most deonly cut, the sinuses varying in cevth hs . 3 wv i. Pe 3 the lobes again 5-5-toothed or incised, the teeth rounded and blunt, both suret-ecs soft: jirsute, the -etioles 1-4 om, long, the stipules ovave, niembronous, ge ii. broads flovers Yew, croect, on “sdiesls led cm, longs; Ry diabes GL A Sos * 4 : : : CE ae SORES 4 P Oe et et ee ee Coy : ee ae jsebals oruicular, freeones) THI, IN GtsAeve;r che Plana WaArro. lv MAreINncAs cconencs in 2 subclobose cluster nbout 6 mm, in Ginmotor, smooth and “ls brovs, the bocy J. i { 3 * - et 7 } - . a 5 lia - 5 ; secrecly £ mt.. lone, vlettened, the style eb--G mer, long, recurving at the tire! HOnROrs 2erry,. CLINE. —_—- R,. hebecarvus Hoolze & Arn, w licate annuals with filiform roots; stems ——oe hairy; basal leaves corcnteereniform, 6-15 mm, long, 12-22 mm, wide, triternete, the ultimate lobes acvtes; petals few or 0, 1 mm, long; achenes round-ovate, densel:; panill-te-setose, the beak stout, 6 mm, long, hooked, — Shady situations, barely entering our region, in Latah Co, (Juliaetta, ak fide Benson), its northcrmmost station. 6, Re alismaefolius sever, xoots fascicled, rather fleshy; plants glabrous throughout, L0-40 om, tall, the stens stiffishs basal leaves variable, on netioles 10-0 em, long, tre blades 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate, acute,verying Be pl So narrowly ovate end obtuse, narro ed at the base. (rarely rounded), the morsin obscurely er:nete-cemticulste, the cauline sessile or nearly so, similer, vsuclly onc or to alternete, the floral of 2 or & opposite sairss flovers vellow, several on rather stout reduncles 2-5 cm, long; senals 5 mm, loness vetals uec rma. long, usually obovate, vetuse f, the mland covered by a Gecvly notened serle e& mm, long; schenes l-« mm, long, turgid but somewhat #lattened, forming « subslobose clustcr about 5 mm, in ciemeter, the style subulete, less than ,o mm, longe In meécy pround of nescows or salon: strces in tno open. Gever 's original s:ceimens were ueien on “vlains of Coeur d'Alens" but Bonthezn g-sho described the svecics, us-d only Gever's mss. name and the type is a valir, coll. of Harter. Nymphaeaceae. ‘ater Lily Family. Perennial aquatic herbs with horizontal rootstocks,rooting on the floor of shallow pools or the margins of lakes, the leaves floating(or emersed), deeply cordate or peltate. Flowers floating with fhe leaves , usually conspicuous. Sepals 5-12. Petals s-many, distinct orfs nto the . sepals. Stamens S-numerous, hypogynous or adnate to the ovarye Pistil l, compound, or several and distinct. Oo Leaves peltate ,the petiole attached to the middle on 4 the lower side; flowers purple, inconspicuous ), Brasenia o Leaves with a aeep sinus at the base; flowers yellow 4 or white, very showy z Sinus about equal to half the length of the G blade, narrow, the lobes acute; petals white 2, Nymphaea zg, Sinus 1/3 to 1/4 the length of the blade or less, @open, the lobes rounded, petals yellow 4 Nymphozanthus J. Brasenia Schreb. Water Shield. Aquatic herbs with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves floating, alternate. peltate. Flowers axillary, inconspicuous. Sepals and petals 3-65 o—9n—%: stamens Y; pistils 4-18, distinct, forming iindehiscent pods at maturity. Seeds 1-<. 1. Be Schreberi Gmelin. “ers 1-2 me long or less, these and the underside or the leaves and petioles coated with a firm transparent jelly; leaves : 6-8 cme long, 425-6 Cm. wide, oval, the upper surface dull yellowish green, faintly veined, the veins radiating from the center, dichotomously forked, the lower surface purple, petioles 6-12 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils on jelly coated peduncles 3-6 cm. long, the perianth segments =e 10-15 mm. long, oblong, recurved then spreading; stamens purple ,-86-eF-merp, subequal to the perianth, erect, the filaments longer than the anthers; styles purple, exserted before the stamens; ovaries oblong, 4 mn. long, the style somewhat shorter, pub- escent$ fruit not seen. Priest Lake, sandy bottom in 2-5 feet of water, Zpling 8679; also observed in lagoons near St. Aries. 7e ite Alismellus (Gray) Greene. Plant elabrous throuchout, 10-20 em, tall, slonder, the lceves thin, net fleshy, the blades of the basal leaves tay varying to soetulste or subrotund, 1-5 em, long, entire, the vetioles slender, even filiform, tho cauline leavis thin, 1-2.5 cm. long, oval, usually with onc alitornate and a single opvosite pairs; flowers frecuently solivary; petals 4-S ‘vi, long, comnonly 4-6 mm, long; achenes oS-1,5 me long, turgid, but somewhat flattcned, forming a subglobose cluster 5-“% mm, i> diancter, the style subulate, less thar. «5 mm, longe eadows, Albony .alls, Sprague 225, che-northermmost station for the speci Se Obviously closely related «+ RB, alismzefolivse so Saale oe lh a ee pier ped aegis om. tall, blades of basal leaves 3-6 om, long, ovatw or 7 é : . t r ee EQ re sy aati ee 2 <, cauline leaves a sinele opposite Be : ze steikeceie Slenden; Bodh ems oval, rounded at the base; branches of the inflorescence w flowers variable on the same plant, the petals 3-6 m. longs the nectary ¢ by &@ semicircular entire scale .3 me. long; stamens very clavate, 2 mm 101 |; forming a subglobo Cluster 4-5 mm. in diameter, the style subulate, less than .5 nas spss a 4 Divide between the St. Joe and Clearwater Bs., 1540 me tes Spokane Meadow, Epling and Kempf; Weippe, Epling; Partridge Meadow pl: Re glaberrimus Hook. Low glabrous herb 10-20 cm. ta 7 Me G}-y,25 fascicled; leaves chiefly basal, fleshy, on petioles ‘Ble aac Gai? ee ovate, or subrotund, 1-2 cm. long, mostly entire , stem leaves 1-2 mostly obovate, sessile, irregularly 3-lobed or toothed, the lobes entire. flowers: 1-5 on stout peduncles 2-5 cm. long; sepals 5 m. long, glabrous these and the | petals obovate, the latter 6-9 mm. long, gland subtended by a V-shaped scale; ‘ fruit a subglobose cluster 1 cm. long, the achenes 1.5-2 mm, long, turgid , the style slender and curving, less than 1 m. long. , : i Ve SINETE _duamaaai eames aes oe Fe €& 3 by rer) is} ; @ f hw t ~ * o H hw °o & e ct cS a 0g ras p o c ct a °o 5 et a) bb et er @® Bb g he. q Sandy places, Kootenai Co., Leiberg; Hope, Dunkle 334; Moscow,Bauman; } Post Falls, St. John 6t al. 4510; Upper Priest River, Epling; Gold Hill, Daugs ; ‘ope Chaurt 47). , Aut G7. / 7 Re Eschscholtzii Schlecht. Low glabrous herbs 10-20 cm. tall. froma j short scaly caudex with fibrous roots; leaves chiefly basal, on petioles 8-10 cm. 3 long, expanded-membraneous at the base, blades 1.5-2 cm. broad, broadly reni- : form, or flabelliform, the lowest obscurely 3-lobed or merely 7-9toothed, the middle teeth largest, others distinctly 3-lobed, the lobes 2-3-teethed margins ciliolate, cauline leaves sessile, irregularly 3-parted or cleft, the lobes entire: sublanceolate, widest near the middle; flowers solitary on peduncles 1-3.5 cm. long; sepals villous, 5 mm. long, yellowish, veined with green, the margins very thin; petals obovate-cuneate, 6-8 mm. long, the gland scarcely more than a groove and shallow pit, hardly covered; fruit a subcylindrical cluster 6-8 m. long$ achenes turgid, 1.5 mm. long, villous, tipped by the recurved filiform and rather weak style, 1.5-2 mm. long. (R, Helleri’ Rydb,). ] In subalnine mendovrs sma erevices throughout our renge, Ss00O0-70C0 Lent vendborg ot 21 842 (tyne of 2. Mollceri), Benson ° F : ’ ; CC Os*4 a teinte 4 a eS 1, h- = > 4 > ne eels : COvEts Ce 47) Benson, ~ith lob-s"fnd Sinuses of bergnl ABRVECS snarnl] wa aCUGC, = Yor igio : "a 2 (x . ty é ve ; Pinedo 3.1 s bee B ca soe R enx sylvanicus ivf. Stems erect, usually branching, 80-60 cm, ta: L, ~ “strongly hispid-hirsute, stout; leaves termately divided, on hirsute petigls 3-20 cme long, the upper sessile but similar, blades of lower leaves 8-10'6: long, the petiolules 1-2 cm. long the leaflets S-parted, :the middle lobe. larger and longer than the lateral lobes, again incised and toothed, both sux faces hirsute; flowers several on slender peduncles 2-5 cm. long, the hairs .; appressed, erect; sepals lanceolate, 5-4 mm. long, hispid; ¢se petals subequady 3e4 ma. long, rotund-obovate, the scale semicircular,entire; fruit a cyliniris cal cluster 10-12 mm. long, 5-6 mms wide, the achenes compressed, 2 mm, broad peaked by @ triangular style less than 1 mm. long. fai Frequent in marshy ground in the open, below 5000 feet; seen only in” a ——» Priest River Exp. Sta., 2700 ft., Ephing 8648; Port. Hill, & crpfdite sts, Epling; Bast River, pling; Rathdrum, Sandbere 752 A : Ee He See ee SONNE WRC re TERT Y T mPa co | ' —— Soe a PHS FS Re sceleratus L. Annual, the roots fascicled, not fleshy, the.stems ~ ‘procumbent ‘12-25 cm. long, branching, ly v ith fine hairs; basa leaves with hirsute-villous petioles 2-3 cm. long, the blades renif “eu line, truncate or broadly cordate at the base, 1-2 cms wide, subpedately 5- lobed, the sinuses broad and obtuse, the lobes obovate-cuneate, again 3-lobed. or toothed, the lobes or teeth very blunt, 1-35 mm. long, glabrate above, hir- sute beneath; cauline leaves similar, smaller, on shorter petioles, often. 35-lobed, the lobes attenuate at the base, 5-5 toothed at the apex, the stipules membranous, obliquely ovate, 3 mm. long; peduncles 1-2 cm. long; sepals orbicular, 2 mme long, concave, thin on the margins, villous; petals yellow, orbicular, 5 mm. long; fruit cluster broadly cylindrical, 6 x 5 mm., the recep- ¥ tacle clavate, villous, achenes 1 mm. in diameter, turgid, with an obscure 5 broad margin, smooth, the beak minute. “4 Sandy riv ~ bottom, Sonners Vorry, spling 104603; Sendpoint, Christ 118664 Perhans the native ver. mitifidus iivtt. rather than naturaliged true u& Luropean scleratuse : yt ] Douglasii Howell . ; _ Re Domentiientneensn Roots fascicled, rather fibrous; stems 50-60 cm. tall, slender, simple or widely branching in the inflorescence in vigorous ; forms, hispid with spreading hairs and usually glaucous; basal leaves on hispid : \ petioles 5-30 cm. long, the blades renifora in outline, 2.5-15 cm. broad, cor- date at the base, the sinus wide, the lobes rounded, three lobed or parted, the lobes, especially the middle, cuneate, shallowly incised or merely toothed, 3 hirsute on both surfaces, the lower paler; cauline leaves smaller, the lobes” nearly or quite simple, acute, the petioles 1-2 cme long; flowers few in a — terminal cyme, pedicels 1-3 cm. long; sepals lanceolate or oblong, recurved, sub- ; equal to the petals; hispid; petals 2-5 mm. lone, spatulate or obovate, the gland subtended by 4 recurving spur; fruit a globose cluster 5-6 mm in diameter, achenes 2-2.5 mae long, strongly flattened, thinly hispidulous , the style sub- equal, stronsly curved and hooked, slender, receptacle hispidulous. 7 in (2. tenellius Nutte). wsnlksindiatinn, sai ie 7 qj: Common in meadows or marshy places in woods and bottoms throughout our : region, 2500-6500 feet; quite variable in habit and size in the same community; ! ; oO ane ron ara) SiG robust forms nearly glabrous may occur. Cur nlents seem to be more or ] 38 = me a towrd %, Bonvsr i Greene, to which this svecies is manifestly allied.- ~7-_-ee—e si 2 ee =? = Y ie aaa - , a ay ‘ ‘ ie re Se cee tell tel iteh eete ee e e eitdsnol tow ideh b hse: aid. S tu ‘Re Macoanii Britton. - Stems 30-50 cms tall, more or less. ‘recht : “with spreading hairs; basal leaves triternate, the sedan asa 56" yee 2 ton Re acri se Achenes fletsened, with a short somewhat curved beak, in globose clusters, Cccssional weed introduced from surope. leaflets cuneate at the base, ternately lobed. or] middle, nearly glabrous above, hispid benésth, : pé ebLotes 15~ hispid; cauline leaves 9 arcit i ona flowers yellow in terminal cymes of 2-4, peduncles. 3-5 cm. ‘Tone, sle C: hairs on the back, soon des tiusuns petals 4-5 mm. long, rotund-obova' veined; achenes 3. mme long, compressed, hardly marginate , the. ‘style: half the. “a length of the body, straight or somewhat curving at. the up, pecen noe: nisp ee ulous, the cluster globose or nearly so. nepal SeNpRe eB Bee ear Along Thoroughfare, Upper ‘Priest R. Anbinec 2904 Sob Priest River ‘ Sta., 2500 ft. -dipkine SOS; Sohon's Pass, 1700 m Cec a ce Re maximus Greene. —»Stems 50-90 cm. tall; or more,from a.fascicle of ‘rather fleshy roots, retrorsely brownish-hirsute or hispid, fistulous,,weaks foliage variable, basal leaves ternate or pinnately 5-foliolate, the blades -- ovate in outline, 12=25 cme long, the lower pair of leaflets sessile or potiolate’t , , alternately lobed or parted, the lobes cuneate, incised and toothed, the teeth spreading somewhat, upper leaves sim- ilar put triternate, all coarsely hirsute, petioles 15-40 cm. below, reduced above; flowers yellow in sprawling cymes, peduncles 5-10 cm. long, sepals 4 membranous, 4-5 mm. long, villous-pilose, soon deciduous; petals commonly 10-12 mn. long, broadly obovate, the scale flabelliform,1.5 mm. long, 2.5=3 me broad; achenes 3-4 mn. long, strongly compressed, margined, the style nearly equal to the body and straight, not hooked; cluster globose, 1.5=2 cme in diameter. (Re pietyphyiine—tieker}a> opshorhynchns =. piste iis Grav), Occasional in meadows or marshy ground below 5000 feet. has i q 2.Clematis L. Perennial herbs, erect or vine-like; leaves opposite. Sepals /commonly Be 4, petal-like. Petals wanting or minute. Stamens numrous. Pistils nome | 2 erous. Fruit an achene, tailed by the persistent, plumose SS¥10y | showy - 4 in fruit. | Plants erect, the leaf segments linear, oblanceolate, 2-4 mm. broad Plants climbing or sprawling, vine-like, the leaf SOgn ments ovate, 1-3 cm. broad Flowers white, numerous in axillary cymose panicles; leaflets mostly 5 Flowers blue, solitary in the axils; leaflets 3 (Ls C- hirsutissims Pursh. Leather Flower. Perennial with tough horizontal _ _ rootstocks,the stems erect, 40-50 cm. tall, ‘tufted and numerous, forming 2 Compact x_g1.0bos¢ plants, hirsute or villous; leaves connate and sheathing at the base, triangular-ovate in outline, 5-7 cm. long simmaimiamal * 70.12 Cme long in fruit, ternate, then once or thrice pinnate, the segments 1-2 qj) : cme long, 1-4 mm. broad, ‘linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, villous, Semerrrreerene tet) cs Miele ca’ De ToT eet 6 Pee ee ae Fe , I ey cap or TO oer wield a terminal peduncle 3-6 em, long, Mes My 20-30 cm. long in fruit, thinly villous; sepals 5-3.5 cm. long, erect not Spreading, oblong, brown and purple, veined and woolly outside, the tips dilated; stamens 2 cm. long, the anthers yellow 5 mme long, scarcely wider than the filaments; styles Silky-hairy; achenes obliquely ovate, 5-6 m. long, Silky-hirsute, the styles 3-5 cm. long, the Clusters globose, smoky, 8-9 cm. in diameter. (C. Douglasii Hook. ). ’ Along roadways and in meadows in the grasslands. Ls Ligusticitelia duty sWhite Glomatis. Low sprewns 7 Stens-aiegnbeeMGeNe commonly 1-2 = abrous; leaves pinnately ‘COMET ms Long, the terminal combonly large; yate lor lanceolate in outline, merely toothed or 2-3 (Atragene cOlumbiana Nutt. A. srosseserrata Rydb. )e ee Occasional throughout our region, more abundant in the south; climbing over windfall and shrubbery in rather dry woods, 5000-6500 feet; rarely in the open and infrequently as low as 2000 feet. wiht. at’ dt es NMR WELT 6s 2 Anemone L. VYindflower. Low perennial herbs, the stems and basal leaves from sho t, sometimes - tuberous rootstocks. Cauline leaves commonly 3, forming a the inflorescence. Flowers solitary or in umbels. Sepals 4yume petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous. Pistils numrous,. with or without a plumose tail formed from the persistent style. Petioles of cauline leaves 1.5-3 cm. long Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so Sepals 2.5 cme long; fruit a globose or oval Cluster of plumed achenes 5-10 cm. long Sepals 1-1.5 cm. long; fruit a dense, woolly glomerule 1-3 cm. broad, the achenes woolly, but without a plumose tail Sepals bluish (rarely white); persistent style of achene subequal to it; flower ‘solitary Sepals crimson (rarely white]; persistent style of the achene half its length; flowers. mostly 3, umbellate 45 t rous, 3 Ae baldensis 4, Ae mul tifida as Ae Pipcri Britton, Stems erect, glabrous, 10-50 cm, tall, from horizontal or vertical rootstocks, basal scales scarious, glabrous basal leaf solitary or wanting, blade :eniform in outline, trifoliolate, the segments rhombic-obovate or ovate, subcuneate at the base, the lateral segments two-lobed, resembling two leaflets, toothed above the middle, the teeth obovate or ovace, lightly acuminate, thinly hirsute, then glabrous, ciliate, vetioles 1/2 to 2/3 the length of the stem; cauline leaves similar but somewhat larger, the vetioles 1.5-3 cm. long, expanded at the base; flowers solitary; sepals 5 (7), white, oval, 8-20 m, long, narrowed below; anthers scarcely 1 mn, long; carpels about 25, silky-villous, becoming narrowly ovate, 2e5-3 mm. long, atcenuate into a style 1-1.5 mn, long, the clusters globose, . 4 “requent in the southern part of our region at all cleyations, chiefly in shaced woods, but also in subalpine meadows, flowering at edge of snowbanks, | Type coll, taken by C. V. Piper in Latah Co, in 1893-6 a, As occidentalis Yats, Weisercmwememe. Stems: ere: 4 etl , 7 ~ 30-50 cm, tall, Stout, from-a-thickened - crown eteatinams a2 4-97 pay til ’ olothed with the persistent leaf bases, basal scales dens iy Sicys basal oh leaves l-several, the blades 6-8 cm. long, triangular-oyate in out: ry) 3-5 te, the segments a cleft and divided, the witimate lobes. mm. wide, lanceolate, acute, both surfaces long~silky: when ‘yougg décomis nearly glabrous, petioles about twice the length of the blades, xpand ed. and clasping at the base, cauline leaves similar but sessile; flowers Gupps solitary on silky peduncles 4-6 cm. long, lengthening in fruit to 15«20 em. sepals 5, 2.5 cms long, silky on the outer surfaces, white, tinged with blue near the base on the under side, oval, narrowed at the base; eppehaneds<.:- anthers yellow, 1 mm. long on slender filaments; styles @ilky; fruit ‘cluster. very conspicuous, oval or rotund, in outline, 5-10 cm. long, the achenes = 4 mm. long, the plumose tail 4-5 cm long, reflexed,. Subalpine meadows and the protected crevices of rocky peaks, 5000 to: LES 7400 feet or more, frequently forming conspicuous communities; throughout — our range; flowers at the edge of snow banks, le PPE an eer 7 Be Ae baldensis L. — >Stems 10-20 cm. tall, slender, from a branching ot A rootstock 4-5 cm. in diameter; basal scales scarious, glabrous; basal leaves et , several, tufted, blades 2.5-3 cm. long, triternate, the segments cuneate> = fia obovate in outline, usually 3-cleft, the lobes again incised, the ultimate 2 segments 6-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, oblanceolate-oblong, more or lose. ye ee obtuse, rather sparingly silky-villous when young, becoming glabrous, i Bee et eae petioles.) expanded and clasping at. 8 the base, more or less villous,cauline leaves..simtbx, sossilgy flowers solitary on peduncles 5-6 cm. long, becoming 10-lé Cme long in fruit; sepals 5-8, bluish and silky on the outer surface, oval or oblong, l=-led Cme . long, narrowed at the base, anthers 6-8 mn. long,on slender filaments; styles silky; achenes 2 mm. long, obliquely ovate, strongly flattened, densely woolly, the style subequal, glabrous, the cluster ovate, ¢ gt, 1-1.5 CMe in diameter. (Ae Drummond ii Watse )» Rian SS = aoe ol Pity oe gsTEB Ee FS Bias py 4 _. .in rook crevices soon:after % tect; Peak, 6450 fte wm BPR se me ie a ee ~ is sre -¥, H nee etre Ges A. multifida Poir. var. globosa (Nutt.) Ulbrich. Stems commonly ie - 20-50 cme tall, sometimes 50 cm, froma branching rootstock; SeieamerieDirT gn. diame+ep; bassl scales scarious but more or less silky; basal leaves several, tufted, blades 3-4 cm. broad, rotund-reniform in outline, more or less silke = ai) villous, tufted, the lobes ovate-cuneiform in outline, deeply 3-cleft, the i lobes again incised, the ultimate segments 8-14 mm. long, oblong, subacute, the petioles ebext-6—times—tne~Lengih..ofthebiadesy expanded and clasping at the base, more or less villous or pilose; eauline leaves. stmrtex,. sessile; flowers pebttany-om=mery often in umbels of 2-3, on peduncles 5-20 cm. lone; sepals oval, 10-15 mm. long, usually 5-6, silky on the outer sur- face, crimson (yellowish or white); anthers 6-8 mm long on slender filaments; styles silky; achenes strongly flattened, triangular-ovate, 1.5 cme long, densely woolly, the style half as long, hooked at the tip. Subalpine in rock crevices; known in our region only from Sete rant not ——> near Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg. @ 4. Actaea. iL. Baneberry, a Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, bi- or tri-ternately compound. Flowers small, white, ina terminal spike-like raceme. Sepals commonly 4, petal-like, quickly deciduous. Petals several, indefinite in’. a number, resembling sterile stamens or wanting. Stamens numerous , ‘forming. - the showy part of the flower. Pistil 1. Fru k deicioon Qo ese 1. A. arguta Nutt. ——— Stems one or two, 60-90 cm. tall, from a short horizontal slender rootstock; leaves 1-2, ovate to reniform in outline, 30-50 cme long, ternately divided, the divisions again divided, bearing either 3-5 leaflets or frequently bipinnately divided, the ultimte seg- ments bearing 3-5 leaflets; leaflets 3-6 cm. long, ovate to lanceolate, irregularly toothed or incised, the terminal commonly obovate, 1-5 lobed, cuneate to truncate, glabrous; ’ poticles—h0=20-omrbeng;-orespintp raceme éneeetpen dense and ’ spike-like , 2-4 cme long, frequently elongating in fruit to 15 cm., subtended by a small leaf, lightly pubescent; pedicels white, 8-10 mm. longs @eebeneeep petals white, 5-4 mm. long, spatulate, often wanting; «eeWwerwery;ereseay anthers less than 1 mm. long, the filaments slender, 4-8 mn. long, dilated above; berry 5-8 mm. long, bright a redg or pure white, oval, highly polished, the pedicels imtewit 1-2 cm. long >\slenders seeds 3 mn. long, strongly compressed , in two rows along the ‘syture. meee eburnea Rydb. ). qi) ane Common throughout our region in rather moist woods and shaded stream ; ‘ ot pottoms, 2500 to 5000 feet. | ue a : - 4 “4 q | ms / i 5. Coptis Salisb. Goldthread, ‘erbs with slender rootstocks, Leaves basal, ternately divided or compound, Flowers borne on a short scape, solitary or umbellate, Sepals 5-7, petal-like, linear, hooded above; stamens numerous; pistils 3-12, shortly stipitate, forming in fruit a whorl or umbel of leathery follicles, 1. C. occidentalis (Nutte) Te & Ge Low glabrous perennial, the rootstocks 5-8 cm, long, 2-5 mi. in diameter, golden yellow when peeled; leaves 2=3y5 reniform in outline, the leaflets leathery, rather glossy, rotund-ovaie, comaonly S-lobed, toothed, cuneate or cuneate-rounded to obliquely cordate at the base, petioles about twice the length of the blades; flowers commonly 35 umbellate/,early deciduous; follicles commonly 8, 12 mm, long, spreading and curving upwerd, veinys; seeds olivaceous, elliptical, blunt, 2 m, long, lightly rugose longitudinally, (Chrysocoptis occidertalis Nutt.). Comion throughout our region in rather dry woods, chiefly below 4000 ft.; flowers in April, the pods being quickly formed. \ /62 o Caltha (Xuppe) Le Perennial herbs with short vertical rootstocks and fascicled stout rootS. Leaves mostly basal, rather fleshy, subentire, more or less cordate at base. i} lowers solitary or several ona Scapose or leafy stem, Sepals petaloid, in ours white or pink, 5-15 in two series. Fetals wanting, stamens numerous, Carpels several, forming follicles in fruit. le Co leptosepala DC. Marsh liarigold, Leaves all basal, petioles 6-12 cm. long, rather stout, blades suborbicular to oval, 3-6 om, long, glabrous, the lobes rounded, overlapping, sinuately dentate-crenate, the teeth commonly callous-tinpeds; peduncle stout, 5-15 om, long; sepals 8-10, oblong, 8-12 mm. long, 2.5-4 m, wide, the inner narrower; stamens 3-4 ms tall, yellow, the filaments subequal to or longer than the anthers, and somewha’ narrower; pistils 4-6, erect, distincts follicles spreading, about 12 mm, long, shortly Stipitate, beaked by the persistent style, Rare in sphagnum bogs at high elevations. Snov Peak, 6000 fte; near Oxford -:. Se, 50U0 ft. prhae Wiss 4 i en eee Nee et et eer 7 Trollius L. Globe Flower. Low pereniials from short rootstocks. Leaves basal and cauline, palmately divided, the basal leaves long-petioled, the cauline sessile, subtending the flower, both sheathing at the base. Flower solitary on & short peduncle. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals 5-8, shorter than the stamens. Stamens numerous. Pistils several. Fruit a cluster of follicles. 1. T. laxus Salisb. var.albiflorus Gray. —-——>Stems 10-40 cm. tall, ; - the old leaf bases persis- tent; leaves and stems from a sheathing scale 2-4 cm. long, the lowest cauline leaf frequently scale-like; basal leaves sheathing at the base, commonly 2 blades pentagonal in outline, 5- lobed to the base, the lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse or wedge-shaped, 2-3e> lobed to the middle, irregularly serrate above the middle, the teeth apiculate, stem leaves 2, alternate or appearing nearly opposite _-shomeiy > i bere ; ‘peduncle 5-5 Cme long, 15-20 cm. in fruit, erect; sepals 5-8, 2-2.5 cme long, sordid white, spreading, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; petals oblong, 5 mm. long; anthers linear, 2 mm. long, on hair-like filaments; follicles 15-20, erect, about 1 cm. long, lightly joined at the base, the stubby persistent style recurving somewhat; seeds 1.5 ma. long, oblong~elliptical, lightly rugose longitudinally, black. ——__y(f. albiflorus :ydb.). Frequent in marshy ground near snowbanks and along subalpine streams; blooms very early. a - seeneaigebeti — amet tng ose ee ae ee a / ? bite i eel 6 lt" Songer piementeaadexaernt- Lt ee F eS : G Aquilegia L. Columbine. Perennial herbs with Short horizontal rootstocks. Leaves Chiefly basal, bi- or tri-ternately compound. Flowers Showy, solitary on the branches of the inflorescence. Sepals 5, plane, petal-like, Similar; petals 5, similar, produced backward into a long saccate spur Commonly ©)» longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, the innermost sterile, expanded and chaffy, forming a sheath around the ovary. Pistils Commonly 5. Frauit ~ & Cluster of follicles. le A. flavescens Wats. SOE Soibiwe—, Stems 30-100 Cme tall from ~*.4 Short rootstocks TPT tym Seal glandular-pubescent above; basal leaves several ,biternate, the leaflets. rotund-cuneiform, 2~2.5 cm. in diameter, variously 2-3 lobed, the lobes again incised or toothed, the teeth blunt, glabrous and rather pale, shortly Stipitate or subsessile, SP petioles 8-20 cm, long, cauline leaves trifoliate, the Segments cuneate or e¢ (the uppermosy, oblong “ i; flowers pendulous; sepals narrowly ellip- tical, oval or broadly ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, mostly acute at the apex, glandular on the margins,attenuate at the basey whitish or yellow to deep 3 Trosé-color; lip of the petals clear yellow, 6-9 mm. long, roun ed-truncate, a 4-5 mm. wide at the throat, the spur 15-18 m. long, glandular-pubescent, 4 narrowed evenly save at the tip which is somewhat incurved; ovary glandular=e> Ry hirsute; follicles erect, 2-5 cm. long, lightly joined at the base, sparsely F hairy, tipped by the persistent styles; seeds dull black, 2 ma. long, lanceolate in outline, longitudinally rugose. Locally abundant throughout our regioh in Subalpine meadows and moist § Slopes 5000 to 7000 feet, rarely as low as 5000 feet. ee Coren te te el [4 d 4 4 4 E petals yellow, 2-5 min a Ae formosa Fisch, Sepals dark red, 21-26 ma, long, long, the spurs red, slightly shorter than the sevalse "Between St. Joe and Clearwater Re. (form near flavescens)" Payson, UeS. Nat. Herb, 20: 142. In Custer Co, plants completely transitional betw. this and above species displace both, pememie, ra ~%,. a] Delphinium,. L, Larkspur, Perennial herbs often with tuber-like, fascicled roots. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or divided, variable on the same plant, Flowers showy, blue in our species, in terminal Sometimes compound racemeSe Sepals 5, petal-like, the blades tebesimilar, the uppermost sepal prolonged into a spur as long as or longer than the blade. Petals 4, blue or cream-colored, the anterior obliquely clawed, sometimes auricled near the base of the blade, commonly lobed, the Epenertor thickish and rigid, ascending under the upper sepal. and pro into the spur. Stamens numerouse Pistils Commohly 3, forming a cluster of follicles, O Flowers infrequently more than 103 plants low, 15-40 om, tall; 4 leaves infrequently more than 5 1. De. Nelsoni O Flowers numerous 3 plants 60-90 em, or more; leaves numerous < Stemsusually strict, unbranched; pedicels erect, the L en horizontal, the flowers pressed against the stem 4 Lower stem and leaves puberulent with fine recurved SOK VWs faa or seidem glabrous; leaves more or less dimorphic, the lower pinnatifid, the upper deeply pectinately divided into linear ° divisions Pa Burkei -“ Lower stem and leaves villous and somewhat glandular 2 J With loose Spreading hairs; leaves subequal, all > 4 pinnatifid into expanded rather blunt lobes 3, D ¢ Cyanore} 2 Stem$branched, especially in the inflorescence; pedicels 6 ascending, spreading away from the rachis g S@pals 1,5-2 cm, long; spur subequal 4e D. glaucescens 4 S@pals 7-8 mm, long, the spur 12 mm, long Se De occidentale aol le D. Nelsoni Greene, Stems slender, laxly erect, 20-40 cm, tall, from oe rootstooks, mostly METS a upper parts with recurving won~glandular hairs, or mew glabrous, new glandular with spreading hairs or with both glandular and sig iene hairs; leaves few, the lower on petioles 5-12 cm, long, the blades 4=6 cm, broad, tri-ternate, the linear unequal bluntish lobes 1-3 mm, wide, the upper leaves shortly petioled or sessile, commonly 3-cleft nearly to the base, the segments entire; 3-lie => flowered, the pedicels 1-3 om, long, usually curving upwards, the lowermost longest; sepals a rich blue, or bluish-purple, elliptical-oblong or oval, 12-20 mm, long, 4-8 mm, wides petals bluish or sometimes scene vohsced dais or less tinged with blue, the anterior ovate, hale blades 7-10 mm, long, narrowed to a claw 4-5 mm, long, cleft 1/3-1/2 their length, the lotes blunt, | auricled, with a central tuft of hairs, the posterior 6-8 mm, long, entire, the spur 12-20 mm, long, straight or curving near the tip; follicles erect, curving outwards, 10-12 mm, long, pubescent or glabrous; seeds longitudinally lineolate, with a circular margin on the flattened ADCXe . Thin gravelly soil throughout our region but never abundant; poisonous to stock but hardly of sufficient abundance to be a serious factor, amd 2e De Burkei Greene. Stems 50-80 cm, tall, usually strict, virgate, from ~ ae a cluster of tuberiferm roots, glabrate below, lightly puberulent with close recurved hairs above or even somewhat glandular-villous in the inflorescence but not markedly sos lowermost leaves on slender petioles 4-8 cm, long, the or blades 4-5 cm, broad, triangulargfenshaped, the primary divisions about 5, narrow, long-cuneate, deeply divided into several ultimate segments, these narrowly lanceolate to sublinear, attenuate and acute, the upper leaves a (S)—__suecesively reduced to few linear pinnatisect or comb-like divisions, thus A somewhat unlike the lowermost leaves, all leaves ascending or even appressed ate Sas Site ie oe 18h Ape ee to the stems; flowers numerous, rather Close~set, in a narrow spiciform raceme 15-20 om, long, the pedicels erect; sepals ovate to oblong, 6-J0 PO cae mme long, obtuse, usually bright blue one race pale bluq) rather uniformly puberulent, the spur 8-12 mm. long, slender, nearly horizontals petals purplish, ovate, the blade of anterior petals thinly villous with a few long hairs; follicles 8-12 mm, long, erect, Glandular-pubescent, seeds 1,0 -1,5 mm, long, dark straw-color, the 3 angles narrowly margined. (D. simplex Dougl.,-preceeupied—mame). Open grassy places, Thatuna Hills, Epling & Houck 9200. The type of x, s =, by Douglas, is the pale-blue-flowered races Plants with puberulent to wholly glabrous lower stems and leaves, the raceme densely QALZ crowded, 30-45-flowered is subsp. distichiflorum (Hooke) Ewan, the type being Geyer 420 from high plains of Spokane and Nez Perces ts apparently infrequent, Se D. cyanoreios Piper. Stems erect, 40-100 cm, tall, more or less strict, from heavy tuberiform roots, usually more or less velvety-glandular with shining yellow hairs throughout but especially abundant in the rachis; leaves on petioles 6-10 (or 15) om, long, the blades cuneate-rounded in outline, $<5 cme broad, pinnatifid into about 3 primary divisions, these subdivided into crowded ascending rather broad obtuse lobes, each lobe commonly tipped with a whitish mucro, the uppermost leaves differing but little and unreduced, thus all the leaves essentially alike and strongly ascendings flowers many, rather loosely arranged in the elongated raceme, this rarely pope fae branching at the base, 10-20 (or 35) cme long, the pedicels erect; sepals a evenly aba 8-14 mm, long, acute, dark blue, pubescent with ee venautes hairs, new short recur¥ing crisp hairs, or with a patch of hairs Vp at tip, the spur 12-18 mme long, stout, attenuate; petals whitish, venose, A fi 9 “4 4 4 a paladin 3A! collneitidtbe, sean 9b Bint talicatinle 64 blue-tinged, the blade of anterior petals densely white-villous with inter- lacing hairs; follicles 12-17 mm, long, usually densely glandular-villous, seeds essentially bifacial, 1.0-1.5 mm, long, the angles and summit narrowly E white-margined. Grassy roadsides, sagebrush flats or dry floor of yellow pine forests, Little Bear Ridge near Troy, Epling; Craig Mts, (fide Piper). 4o De glaucescens Rydb. Stems commonly 1 m, or less tall, Blabrous below, . Te pubescent above$ leaves variable, the lower on petioles 50 cm, long or more, the blades rotund-reniform in outline, 8-10 cm, broad, commonly divided into 5 primary cuneate segments, the segments incised and toothed above the middle, ; the ultimate segments narrowly lanceolate, acute, both surfaces glabrate, or the margins ciliolate, the upper cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-5 | foliolate, the segments linear-lanceolate, commonly entire; flowers in an open raceme 50-40 cm, long, the pedicels arcuate, pubescent, the lowermost 4-5 cm, long infruit flowers deep blue, sparsely villous throughout, the sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate 125-2 cm. long, the anterior petals ovate, blades 1 cm, long, incised, the lobes parallel, the claw5 m, | long, the posterior pair about 8 mm, long, oblong, spur 1,5=2 cm, long, stout; follicles 18 mm, long, pubescent, recurving and divergent; seeds not seene Santianne Cre bottoms, 2950 fte, Leiberg 1031. 5e De occidentale Wats, Stems several from a stout woody rootstock and stout taproot, 1-1.5 m. tall, glabrous below, spreadime-glandular-hispid in the inflorescences leaves reniform in outline,1l0-12 om.broad, parted into 5~+7 j primary cuneate lobes, these again incised and toothed at the apex, the teeth acute or obtuse, with a terminal callous, both surfaces glabrous or nearly so, the upper dark green; flowers in a showy panicle 30-50 cm, long, the bracts linear, .5-2 cm. long, pedicels straight, ascending, spreadings> = (70: glandular, 1.5-2.5 cme long; sepals deep purple, rose-color, blue or nearly white, 7-8 mm, long, oblong, obtuse, with a greenish saccate depression near the apex, more or less connivent, the uppermost ovate and rather acute, the spur 12 mm, long, nearly straight, wrinkled transversely, all sparingly glandular, upper petals mostly white, tinged with blue, bidentate, the anterior - wae ae ee la AA blue or white, ovate, bifid, the blade 3-4 mm, long, villous, the claw subequals follicles erect, spreading somewhat above the middle, glabrous and shining, strongly veined, 15 mm, long, seeds about 3 mm, long, q Fish Lake, 6000 ft., Epling & Houck 95293 Kirkwood 1887, Pe ae ee 10. Aconitum Le Monkshood,. Erect perennial herbs, Leaves alternate, palnately lobed. Flowers very showy, in terminal, bracted racemes, Sepals 5, petal-like, the upver forming an arching hood, fetals si aed 2, concealed within the WwW A hood, each narrowed to a slender claw terminatimg in a nectary, the three lower ones wanting or rudimentary. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5-5, forming as many follicles in fruit. 1. Ae columbianuna lutte. Rootstocks small and tuberous; stems comionly 1-1,5 m, tall, simple to the inflorescence, crisp-puberulent m below, glandular-hirsute above; leaves kidney-shaped or rotund in outline, 6-12 cm, broad, palmately 5-7-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes wedge-shaped, jncised and toothed near the apex, softly pubescent, eenetiadiy besnoth flowers deep blue, racemes 15-40 cm, long, subtended by subfoliar or linear bracts; pedicels usually curving upwards, 2-5 cm, long, glandular; ®#e upper sepal as long as 28 ma,, strongly arched and hooded, the iy ls ata AY peared AL 1oO-ll Armsdr, uy into a beak resembling a visor, Row nearly yenbrmgssmew—10—11 Long, che t3 lateral sepals obovate, 20 mm, long, the lower oblong-lanceolate, 16-17 mm, long, unequal; petals conforming to the shape of the hood and concealed within it, the claws 10-12 ma, long; stamens 5 mm, long; pistils commonly 4; follicles distinct, 15-18 mm, long; sceds 3-5.5 mn, long, comma-shaned, S3eangled, margined along 1 angle, otherwise as though hung with rufflese Soumion throughout our region in moist woods, subalpine meadows and rich bottoms, 2500-7000 rt. white-flowered forma \pohvekencrm— Crytek tet x Sr ohn ark Occurs ometines en —., — i ee ions )J. Thalictrum Le Meadow Rue, Tall perennial herbs from short rootstocks, Leaves bi- or trie ternately compound, the cauline leaves alternate, the petioles diloted and clasping at the base. «lowers in a terminal raceme or panicle, dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 4-5, Greenish, petal-like, petals wanting, ° Stamens numerous, the anthers linear, mucronate, the filaments hair-like, Pistils 4-15, Fruit an inflated achene, bearing the persistent slender Pes aaa stvle, Leaves elliptical to obovate in outline, 1-3 lobed, the lobes entire; body of .achene 3-3.5 mm, . long, plump i. Te purpurascens Leaves rotund in outline, 3-lobed, the lobes bluntly toothed; body of achene 4-5 mm, long, flattened, T. occidentale 1. T. purpurascens Le Stems 60-80 cm, tall, erect, glabrous; leaves ternate, | then once or twice pinnate, the leaflets sessile or on short petioles, firm, | glabrous, 1,.5-2.5 cm. long, frequently elliptical and subentire or bearing a single lobe, more commonly obovate, 5-lobed above the middle or near the avexX, rounded or subcordate at the base, the lobes blunt, mucronate, the veins on the lower surface »rominent; flowers both verfect and unisexual; achones 5-3.0 mm. long, plump, the versistent style half again as long, ribs 8-9, rather corky, the sinuses acute, j Clarkg Fork valley below .iceksville, 2100 ft., Leiberg 1576; Sandvoint, Christ 204; vack Xe, Christj546, Fr 2e Te occidentale Gray. Stens .5-l m, tall, slender, glabrous or minutely glendular-puberulent, fistulous; leaves commonly triternate, or the ultimate segments pinnate, leaflets orviculsr-cuneiform in outline, truncate, cuncate or the terminal ones even cord=se at the base, shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes toothed, the teeth blunt, glabrous and somewhat Glaucous, the lower paler and minutely puberulent or glabrous; -flowers dioecious, panicles 10-15 cm, long; sepals of staminate flowers 3-4 mn, long, oval, whitish, spreading; stamens pendant, 8-10 mm, long; sevals of pistillate flowers green, 2 mm, long, soon dropping; pistils comuonly 8-12, the styles 3 mm, long, purple, persistent; achenes 5-7 mn, long, 2-2.5 mm, wide, narrowly elliptic, acute at both ends, sessile, recurved in fruit, flattened laterally, with 5-10 Ls longitudinal cestete—veins; seeds 4-4,5 mm, long, .5 mm. wide, dull black, a curving, rugose, with single longitudinal ridge, thinly and minutely glandular Pr ee with stalked glands, Common throughout our region in meadows and moist, open places in woods, or along streams, 2500-5000 ft. SS ~ ayaees 1. T. grandis Nutt. Bazeo-Bacbanes+— Stems 50-60 cm, tall or more, from 4 /2.Trautvetteria F. & M. False Bugbane.. Tall perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves palmately pest} lobed, chiefly basal, the cauline alternate. Flowers numerous in terminal”i4 corymbs. Sepals 5-5, caducous. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, forming jy the conspicuous part of the flower. Pistils numerous. Fruit a globose § a cluster of lightly inflated achenes. fe - short rootstocks, glabrous; basal leaves reniform in outline, 15-50 cme proad or more, palmately 6-9 lobed to the middle, the lobes subequal, cuneate acute and irregularly toothed above, the teeth slender, lightly acuminate, KS lower surface sparsely villous or glabrate, petioles 10-30 cmy long or more, 4 the cauline 1 or 2, similar but smaller, often divided into 3 or more segmeny sessile; corymb 5-15 cme broad, pubescent in % the upper parts; sepals rotund-oval to obovate, 5-6 mm long; stamens white, 4 6-7 mae long, spatulate, the anthers tiny; achenes 8-15 in a single flower, ; [ime Long, mem, each with a dorsal and ventral and 4 lateral veins, tipped by the short recurving style; seeds obovate, smooth, 1 mm. long. Common throughout our region,mostly pelow 4000 feet, in moist shaded stream bottoms; grazed by sheep in early spring and summer. 4 . Nymphaeaceae. ‘Jater Lily Family. Perennial aquatic herbs with horizontal rootstocks rooting on the floor of shallow pools or the margins of lakes, the leaves floating(or emersed), deeply cordate or peltate. Flowers floating mith ibe leaves ,usually, 23 conspicuous. Sepals 3-12. Petals s-many, distinct or nto the .~- sepals. Stamens 5-numerous, hypogynous or adnate to the ovary. Pistil 1, compound, or several and distinct. = oO Leaves peltate the petiole attached to the middle on 4 the lower side; flowers purple, inconspicuous ). Brasenia o Leaves with a deep sinus at the base; flowers yellow 4 or white, very showy z Sinus about equal to half the length of the G blade, narrow, the lobes acute; petals white 2 Nymphaea z Sinus 1/3 to 1/4 the length of the blade or less, Gopen, the lobes rounded, petals yellow 3 Nymphozanthus — J. Brasenia Schreb. Water Shield. C Aquatic herbs with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves floating, . alternate, peltate. Flowers axillary, inconspicuous. Sepals and petals S—-65 d Stamens 40—=3); pistils 4-18, distinct, forming iuniehiscent pods at maturity. Seeds 1-2. @e 1. Be Schreberi Gmelin. —_—_pmeotetocis scolar tems 1-2 m. long or less, these and the underside of the leaves and petioles coated with a firm transparent jelly; leaves elieraate—froatinep 6-8 cm. long, 4-5-5 Cme wide, oval, the upper surface dull yellowish green, faintly veined, the veins radiating from the center, dichotomously forked, the lower surface , purple, petioles 6-12 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils on jelly coated : peduncles 3-6 cm. long, the perianth segments $= 10-15 mm. long, oblong, ; recurved then spreading; stamens purple yates mere, subequal to the perianth, erect, the filaments longer than the anthers; styles purple, exserted before the stamens; ovaries oblong, 4 mm. long, the style somewhat shorter, pub- escent$ fruit not seen. + Priest Lake, sandy bottom in 2-5 feet of water, dpling 8679; also 4 observed in lagoons near St. aries. ae ape “tT, Ta yee 2.Nymphaea. Pond Lily, Perennial aquatics with usueily creeping rootstocks.,. Leaves floati sometimes emersed, With a deep, narrow sinus in ours, on long slender se petioles. Sepals 4, green. Petals numerous, in several series, showy, < passing into staminodia. Stamers numerous, epigynous. Ovary many chambered: the stigmas disclike, radiating- Pod spongy, maturing under water. Seeds.a% with a membranous aril. 2 ees 1. Ne tetragona Georgi. Rootstock short, woolly; leaves tufted at the apexi!7 of the rootstock, the petioles 2.5-4 mm. in diameter," blades obovate to oval 4 in outline, the sinus half the i@neth of lade or more, the margins .of the sinus straight, the angle gcute, tue lobes acute, veins radiating from. # the center, dichotomously 1-5 forked from the middle or below; -peduncies> ¥ somewhat stouter than.the.petioles; sepals oblong, 3-3.5 cm. long,. green on “3 wi , the back, petals white, ¥ pals; 5s 2 _ shorter than the se samens about 20, the anthers sbout half the length j of the filaments, subulate; pistil urceolate, the disc concave and umbonate , J %-lobed, the lobes recurved; fruit not seene : —— + (Castalia Jifapergii Morong; € whi Uta proved > In a small pond "just east" (now west) of Granite Sta., along, the . ’ 9 ‘ 47 N.PeReR., Leibergs jindtroduced from Asia by Chinese laborers on the Northern Pacific R.Re who were camped at this point, The plants, Bi / i we believe, have long since disappeared, ly dane atu ) AMR Wat found. hte Lic. bnew diate 3. Nymphozanthus L. C. Richard. Fond a, 4 om ‘yh emersed or elevated alone the surface, deeply corns. on long petioles. Sepals 5-12, concave, green or yellowish and petal- Like. Petals several to: many, linear-oblong,)\stamenlike, hypogynous.e Stamens numerous, hypogynous ;- imbricated around the ovary, recurving at maturity. Ovary 10-25-chambered, the stigmas disc-like, radiating. Pod ovoid, rather fleshy. Seeds not — 334 surrounded by @ membranous aril. oo: 1. N. polysepalus (En ) Fern. Wokas. ——>Hootstock stout, 8-10 cm. ia diameter, rlattened, fleshy, the leaf scars prominent; leaves tufted at the... apex of the roots toc the petioles of variable length, 50-150 cm. or more, 2-5 cm. in diameter)” blades floating or-emersed> 20-40 cm. long or more, ovate or oval, deepi4 cordate,at the base, the lobes rounded or very obtuse, "g both surfaces smooth, the secondary veins "parallel, dichotomously 3-4 times 4 forked near the margin; flowers on peduncles equal to the petiolesy,floating | or emersed; sepals petaloid, orbicular, 5-5 cm. in diameter, the outer green, the inner yellow or reddish-yellow; petals 15-20, more or less hidden beneath the recurved stamens; anthers reddish-purple; pistil urceolate, the disc yellow, the radiating lines simple, 12-20; fruit an urceolate fleshy pod 4-5 cm. lone, the disc flaring; seeds smooth, oval, 4-5 mm. long, — =>4 ——> (lymphaea _polysepala Greene; Nuphar polysepalus —$ Engeln. ) “a Frequent throughous our range below 3000 feet in ponds and lakes or swampy river margins, in 1-4 feet of water and muddy bottom. ‘The plants may appear terrestrial late in summer due to drying of pools. es a PF é a + etn cts mime le see, Ceratophyllaceae. Hornwort Family. Submerged aquatic herbs with jointed stems. Leaves in whorls, 2-3 times dichotomously dissected into linear segments. Flowers monoecious, axillary, inconspicuous. Perianth wanting, its place supplied by a cleft persistent involucre. Stamens numerous, the filaments very short or wanting. Pistil 1; ovary 1 - Fruit a nutlike achene. Ceratophyllum L. Hornwort. Characters of the family. 1. C. demersun le Stems filiform, branching freely; leaves 6-9 in each whorl, 1.5-2 cm. long, twice or thrice equally forked, the divisions linear, roughened by minute spines on the margin; involucral segments 1.5 mm long, green; achenes oval, somewhat flattened, 5-6 mm. long, borne ; on short stalks about 1 mm. long, bearing 5 needle-like tapering appendages, | 4-6 mn. long, one at the apex, two at the base, strongly reflexed. Frequent in shallow water along lake shores. Pe + Berberidaceae. Barberry Family. Shrubs or herbse Leaves alternate, simple or compound and often spiny. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 6 in two whorls, petal-like. Petals 6 in two whorls, each with two glands at the base. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals; anthers opening by two uplifted flape> like valves. Ovary 1, superior, l-chembered. Fruit a capsule or berry. Mahonia Nutt. Oregon Grape. Evergreen shrubs or undersnrabe with yellow wood. Leaves alternate, » compound, spinescent, teeth Blowers yellow, in racemes which are fascicled in the axils of stiffish cbractss. Sepals petal-like, subtended by 3 smaller bractlets. Petals bifid at the apex. Stigma peltate. Fruit a berrye Oo Leaflets commonly 11-17; flower clusters apical, sheathed by a series of prominent rigid bracts 42-5 cme long jf. Me nervosa | o Leaflets 3-9; flower clusters axillary or apical; 4 bracts 5-6 mms long, not prominent Erect, branching shrubs; leaflets 7-9, usually (glossy on the upper surface 2 Me aquifoliu Low, reclining undershrub, little or not at all Gbranched$ leaves tufted, leaflets 5-7, commonly ©, dull green 3. Me repens ¥ i } —— M. nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. Low shrubs 30-40 cm. tall, from a short scaly commonly 4-6 cm. long, the scales 2-5 cm. long, stiff, reddish; caudex, leaves tufted, on petioles 5-8 cm. long, blades commonly 11-17 foliolate ; leaflets sessile, ovate to oblong, acute, rounded at the base and very oblique, the margins sinuately spinose, the spines slender, leaning strongly forward, tu. upper surface green but hardly glossy, the lower surfeee paler and dull, the reticulations not at all prominent, absent beneath; flowers yellow, in racemes Oa 8-12 cm. long, sheathed at the base by tke prominent tuft of scales; bracts ovate-lanceolate, thin, 5-6 cm. long, persistent; inner sepals 6-7 mm, long, obovate; the petals subequal, bifid at the summit; stamens included, filaments entire; fruit subglobose, 8-9 mm, in diameter, deep blue with a white bloom; oval, flattened, dark mahogany colore (Berberis nervosa seeds 4,5=-5 Im, longs Purshs Odostemon nervosus Rydb.), Infrequent, occurring on dry hillsides in Yellow Pine-Douglas Fir type. wee ae! 2), iM. equifolium (Pursh) Nutt, ———-> Erect, evergreen bushy shrub, 50-60 cm, tall; leaves pinnately 7- or I=-foliolate, the blades 15-20 CM, long, clasping — at the base; leaflets sessile, 4-6 om. long, elliptic-oblong, subacute at the ” apex, obliquely rounded at the base, sometimes subcordate, the margins simate spinose, the spines Slender, leaning forward, upper surface Ossy, dark sreen the lower paler and dull, the reticulations evident on both; flowers yellow, | crowded in racemes 3-8 om. long, these fascicled in the axils; bracts broadly — ovate, 1-2 mm. long, persistent; pedicels Slender, 4°6 mmne long or morés inners most sepals about 5 mme long, obovate; petals 6-7 mme long, ovate-oblong, sta-' meng5e5=4 mne long, filaments with a pair of recurved teeth near the &pex; frui subglobose, about 8 mme in diameter, deep blue with & white bloom; seeds oval, 3.5 mm. long, smooth and glossy, rich mahogany color. (Odostemon | IETS Evade, Borberis aquifolium 2 ( Berleetis aguis Laliviv, mB 19 ooo atdatea wae rn Occasional in rocky open places at lower elevations; never the typical plant of the Pacific Coast and frequently difficult to distinguish from Me repens. 7Lake Coeur d'Alene, Hpling and Houck 10003; Moyie Springs, Epling 10430; Upper Priest Lake, Epling 7028; Upper Priest R., 3000 ft., Epling 7547, GK M. repens (Lindl.) G, Dong H-—>» Dwarf evergreen shrub, rarely more than 30 cm, tall, the stem decumbent or reclining, frequently several dom, long, dark fuseeus and roughened; leaves commonly 2-4 crowded near the apex ; of the stem or branches, pinnately 3-7 (usually 5) foliolate, Clasping at the base; leaflets sessile, commonly 5-7 cm, long, elliptic-oblong, subagute at | the apex, obliquely rounded at the base, sometimes subcordate, the margins or Ssinuately spinose, the spines slender, upper surface mostly dull and rather { | pale green, the lower paler and dull or glaucous; flowers yellow, in racemes 4-8 cm. longs bracts broadly ovate, 1-3 mn, long, persistent; imermost sepals 5-7 mn, long, obovate, the vetals subequal, ovate-oblong, bifid at the apex; stamens 2,5-3 mn, long, included, filaments with a pair of recurved teeth near the apex; fruit oval, or obovate, 7-8 mn, long, deep blue, with a white bloom; seeds 4 mn, long, oblong-elliptic and curving, glossy and deep mahogany color, (Berberis repens Lindl.; Odostemon Aquifolium Rydb,) Common in drier slopes and in burns. The early leaves are frequently simple, ovate or 3-lobed, Aristolochiaceae. Birthwort Family. Low herbs or twining shrubs, frequently aromatic. Leaves alternate or basal, commonly broad, entire, cordate or kidney-shaped, without stipules. Flowers solitary or Clustered, perfect. Perianth petaloid, commonly 3 or 6 lobed, regular or irregular. Stamens 6-12, united with the style. Ovary inferior, at least in part, 6-chambered, placentae parietal. Fruit a 6- Chambered capsule. Asarum L. Wild Ginger, Acaulescent herbs, the leaves verninal on slender, branching, >crecping rootstocks; flowers solitary, evigeous and inconspicuouss ——? verianth brovmish, 5-lobeds; stamens 12, Fruit a rather fleshy capsule, i. Ae caudatum Lindl. Wild-—Ginger. >botstocks 20-25 cm. long, branching, Slender, fragrant with the odor and taste of ginger; leaves several , in pairs, persisting for two years, the petioles 10-15 cm long, sparsely villous, the blades cordate to reniform, the lobes rounded, the sinus 23 cm. deep, both surfaces sparingly pubescent, the margins ciliate; flowers Solitary, borne in the axils of the paired leaves, the peduncle 3-4 cm. long, villous; perianth segments oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, each bearing two white areolae within the cup,Spreading in the upper half and purple, acuminate into a tail 4-5 om. long, which is reddish and pubescent; anthers 2.5 m. long, recurved-appressed , purple, the tip of the connective very short; styles united, the colum 4-5 mm tall. Common throughout our range in Shaded, moist woods, 2500-5000 feet. According to Geyer, the Indians used the stems as a Spice, boiling them with other food; the tails of the petals are infolded in bud. A gaa Betulaceae. Birch Family. aga Trees, or less commonly shrubs, with bark which separates into two layers and alternate leaves with scaricus deciduous stipules. Flowers of two sexes in separate catkins, both borne on the same tree, appearing in early spring, with or before the leaves. Perianth present or none. Staminate flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract, stamens usually several or numerous, anthers 2-cham- | bered,, dehiscing longitulinally. Pistils 3 in each bract, ovary «-chambered , style branches <. Fruit a l-chambered, l-seeded nut or NUtLO tS Hee et O Fruit a conelike catkin, the,scales of which are PY aie. tt like a fleur-de-lis and fall from '\ the central axis in late summer A, Betula O Fruit a small cone with persistent woody wedge- 4 Shaped scales 2. Alnus -B Betula L. Birch, Trees or shrubs with smooth bark Consvicuously marked with transverse lenticels, in some species separating into very thin papery sheets. Perianth present in staminate flowers, 2-4 lobed, wanting in the Distillate, Stamens 2, the filaments branched, cach bearing a single anther, Ovaries sessile, Nutlets small, compressed, winged, bearing the versistent stignas, falling with the bracts, leavin;; the »ersistent rachis, © Leaves commonly 5-8 cm. long, acuminate, rounded to truncate or cordate at the base; cones usually 4 d=4 cme long or more f. rife © Leaves commonly 2-4 cm. long, mostly obtuse or obscurely acuminate, or else blunt and rounded, mostly cuneate a Lat base; cones usually 2-2.5 cm. long % leaves ovate, obtuse or obscurely acuminate, serrate 2.2: t s Leaves obovate, roun eu a apex, mostly crenate . Be ila 2 bovat ad t the apex, tl t 3 i. B. papyrifera larsh. var. occidentalis (Hook) Sargt. Paper Birch. A slender graceful tree rarely reaching a diameter of 60 Cme3; bark bronze (chiefly in saplings but occasionally in maturer forms) to chalky-white, —s»veeling,roadily disclosing a moss-green or orange colored inner bar beneaths “branches slender, chestnvt~ — aot ames wen em tan ere nfs ee gg esse. ‘ ¥ mw G@ —?War. subcordata (Rydb.) Sargt. Similar in foliage and habit to var. OH . 2-5 cme long, commonly bearing 2-5 leaves; leaves 5-6 cm. long, (more in Fi aa eee . 7 ; ee ¢ cs ie, > 4 ayes prown; branchlets olivaceous, somewhat hairy, glandular, the dwarf branchlets <4 shade forms) broadly ovate, te, r at t Ss rc ; irregularly doubly or singly serrate, glabrous and rather dull above, sparingly pubescent beneath, tmonghyctev0n. the shea} petioles 1-2 om. long, puberulent; staminate catkins pendulous, 5-8 cm. long; mature pistillate catkins 2~5 cme long, cylindrical or tapering at , On pe 0 icle. 5-10 mm. long, the subtending leaf frequently reduced and toothed, the bracts * 5 mm. long, ciliate on the margins and more or less puberulent, suggesting a ss fleur-de-lis in outline, the lateral lobes ascending; nutlet oval, 1.5 mm. long, | puberulent, the membranous wing on each side, sometines nearly twice as wide, te deeply obcordate. —>(Be occidentalis Hook). Typically developed principally in the valley floor north of Lake Pend Oreille ,,ccourring, in urns and open places. occidentalis, the bark tending to mahogany color, often resembling that of a cherry tree, smooth and shining, peeling and separating into layers with more difficulty; range of variation in fruit about the same as in var. occidentalis. The leaves are often thicker and more regular and are.f ntly lightly cor; date at the base.| Numerous individuals occur which may be referred equa ee AeONRTD OMEN " “subcordata - well to either variety. {——>(B. subcomata Rydb. J. ore - Occurring principally in the southern part of our region in the warmer valleys « tm ——>var. montanensis (Butler) Sargt. >A stockier more widely branching tree when mature than var. occidentalis, the saplings suggesting Alnus at a distance. The mature bark is decidedly gray and much tougher than in var. occidentalis, such that it may be cut only with difficulty with a sharp knife, the blade glancing off. ‘The lenticels are prominent, their margins elevated. The bark separates into layers only with difficulty. In foliage and fruit characters there appears to be the same range of variation as in var. occidentalis. In the valley of the St. Joe iver, where this form is abundant, it appears sufficiently distinct to warrant specific segregation. ——————_—__7 =| Be montanensis Butler). —_—_— a snseon er 3. Be pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel. Clump Birch. A clump type shining, the lower paler and dotted with glands, the veins minutely reticulate, 2. Be fontinalis Sargt. Spring Birch. A smll graceful tree, 5-6 m tall, or shrubby, forming open clumps or frequently thickets; bark bronze or chestnut color to clay color, marked by conspicuous horizontal lenticels , » peeling and separating into thin layers but not readily; branchlets drooping, finely hairy and warty with numerous glands; leaves 2.5-4 cm. long, broadly oe ovate or subrotund, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded, subtruncate or broadly cuneate at the base, rather sharply toothed, the teeth triangular, 1-2 mm, Roe long, both surfaces resinous and villous when unfolding, becoming glabrous, pee or nearly so, dull green above, paler and yellowish-green below, minutely om glamiular dotted, petioles glandular dotted, about 1 cm. long, slender; stam- inate catkins pendulous, 4-6 cm. long, the bracts resinous, hairy, abruptly acuminate at very tip, mature pistillate catkins 1.5+2 cm. long, cylindrical, on peduncles 2-3 mm. long, bracts ciliate on the margin and puberulous, 35.5 mm. long; nutlet oval, the wings obcordate, the notch shallow or wanting, each wing about equal in width to the nutlet. —piBs microphyl ia Bunge ). 4 Occasional in the open broader valleys below 5000 feet. “ of shrub 2-3 me tall, stems numerous, ascending; bark dark chestnut-brown at the base, peeling only with difficulty, branchlets puberulent and glandular-warty, ascending; leaves commonly 1-5-4 cme long, those on suckers frequently longer, thickish ani leathery, obovate or oval, very obtuse or rounded, commonly cuneate at the base, the upper surface dark green and margins crenately toothed, the teeth blunt and rounded, petiole 3-6 mm. long; mature pistillate catkins 1.5-2 em. long, cylindrical, on glandular peduncles 5-6 me long, bracts ciliate on the margins, the lobes blunt, subequal; nutlet oval, 1.5 mm. long, the wings not cordate at the apex, each one scarcely the width of the nutlet. Sphagnum bogs at elevations of 2500-4000 feet or more; infrequent but abundant locally. —— >Priest Lake, Piper 3739; Upper Priest Lake, Epling 7745; near Oxford Ranger Station 4000 ft., Epling and Houck 9681; Lamb Cr. 3000 ft., Spling and Houck 10232. = ,) 1 Aros (“ome - Atoka Alnus L,. Alder, Trees and shrubs. Perianth wanting in the pistillate mene Baw flowers, 4-parted in the ptaminate. Staminate flowers commonly 5 in the exil of each bract; stamens 4¢persistent, cuneiform, equally 4-lobed at the apex, the under surface provided with MBP veudequal appendage. Nutlet winged. iy O Leaves and twigs and budscales glabrous and somewhat 4 sticky J, Ae sinvata oO Leaves, twigs and budscales pubescent A Leaves prevailingly double toothed; mature "cones" 12-14 mn. long, on peduncles mostly 4-5 mm. long 2.A- tenuifolia —— & Leaves prevailingly single toothed, the teeth 4 usually less than 1 mm. tall; mture gee iLreones" 8-10 mme long, on peduncles mostly -8 mm. long 9. Ae rhombifolia cs ————_ 1. Ae sinuata (Regel) Rydb. —-—___sShrubby, rarely an erect tree with us, commonly in clumps, the stems partly reclining on the ground, 2-4 m. tall, 10-20 cm. in diameter; young bark smooth, olivaceéus, older bark grey, lenticels scattered, prominent, brownish, ovate, vertical, 2-4 mm. long; bud scales glabrous, resinous; branchlets resinous, shining; leaves 5-15 cm. long, rather broadly ovate, obtuse or somewhat acute, obliquely rounded at the base, sharply serrate, less often sinuately doubly serrate, upper surface glabrous, polished, lower surface sub-resinous, glandular, at least in the younger leaves, veins hairy in the angles; petioles 1-2 cm. long, glabrous; stipules oblong- lanceolate, recurved and soon deciduous, resinous; staminate catkins 10-12 cm. long, rhachis puberulent, calyx lobes rounded, shorter than the Stamens; pistillate catkins commonly 6-8 in a terminal cluster, oval when mature, 10-15 mme long, the scales subentire, peduncles slender, glandular, commonly 1-1.5 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter; nutlets oblanceolate in outline, 2-2.5 mn. long, each wing as wide or wider. ———__—_-»>(A. sitchensis Sargt.). Throughout our ranze, frequent in young burns, persisting however only ' in stream bottoms or on springy subalpine slopes, here forming commnities. tana hee sometimes several acres in extent; abundant from 3000-62300 feet. i ee 2. Ae tonuifolia Nutt. —H-s A small tree in our range, less often forming Clumps, 8-12 m. tall, (D.BeH. 10-20 cm.) mature bark fissured, dark grey, ee younger bark steely grey with a lustre, lenticels often but not always transverse, becoming corky and broken into vertical fragments in older bark, fairly mature bark longitudinally striate within when peeled. quickly bec ch t Ae brown, staining the fingers; branchlets olivaceous, pubescent; bud scales — ae puberulent, not resinous; leaves 5-10 cm long, oval, mostly obtuse, subtruncate at the base, at least in some, both surfaces dull, the lower pubescent on the = veins, margin distinctly double toothed, the larger teeth blunt, the smaller usually so, petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, puberulent, stipules elliptical, 1-1.5 om. long, eaayuebobes twisted-curling, soon deciduous; staminate catkins 5-6 cm. se, long, calyx lobes rounded, shorter than the stamens; pistillate catkins commonly = 6-8 in terminal clusters, ovate when mature, 12-14 m. long; scale lobes .8-1 m, | long; peduncles stout, commonly 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, glandular; nutlets elliptical in outline, 2.5 mm. long, each wing scarcely equal to or less than their diameter. Throughout our range but largely confined to alluvial soil of stream bottoms, usually below 3000 feet. — - hae ree a ero Se Ae rhombifolia Nutt. ——>A well developed tree with trunks 10-15 m. tall and DePeHe of 20-50 cm., the bark dull, soft gray, little or not at all fissured, longitudinally striate within when peeled, quickly changing color to & rich cinnamon brown, staining the fingers, the branchlets gray, pubescent; bud scales pubescent; leaves prevailinsly 6-12 cm. long 55-7 cm. wide, - prevailingly oval or ovate, rounded or very obtuse at both ends, very thin and soft, with a flaccid drooping hapit on the tree, pubescent on both surfaces, the upper sometimes glabrate, the margins finely and irregularly toothed, the teeth scarcely 1 mm. tall, infrequently somewhat double toothed; petioles 1-1-5 cm. long, pubescent; stipules 5-6 mn. long, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent; Staminate catkins not seen; pistillate catkins commonly 4-5 in terminal clusters, narrowly ovoid, 10-12 mm. long, borne on rather stout peduncles 5-8 mm. long, l mm thick; seeds not seen. Gittle Bear end Potlatch) Locally numerous in .A canyons tributary to the Clearwater River; not observed within our region proper, but may occur in the broader valleys. ae eo ae ae Te a Pe hoo td 1. C. rostrata Ait. var. californica Ay-0C. California Hazelnut. Corylaceae, Hazelnut Family. Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves. Staminate flowers withe perianths, borne in pendulous catkins, each flower Consisting of 4 stame s, seemingly 5, each anther and filament representing half of & forked stamen, these borne upon small scales which conceal them before elongation of the ament. Pistillate flowers borne in inconspicuous clusters, only the red = stigmas emerging from the scales by which they are covered, each scale bearing’ 2 flowers, each flower being subtended by 2 minute fringed bractlets, the a perianth very rudimentary. Fruit a globose nut which at maturity is housed within a a foliaceous involucre formed from the scales. Sac like Corylus (Tourn.}) L. Hazelnut. Characters of the family, Shrubs with smooth bark not separating into layers, flowering in early spring before the leaves appear. A shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with numerous asucnding stems; bark smooth, grey with a : dull lustre, the branchlets olivaceous or brown, hirsute when young, becoming | glabrous, leaves 6-8 cm. long, Qbovate-oval, abruptly acuminateat the apex, narrowed and rounded and commonly lishtly comniate at the base, the margin Sharply serrate, the teeth 1-2 mm. tall, both surfaces hirsute, the upper becoming glabrate, petioles 1.52 om. long, hirsute; staminate catkins 6-8 CMe long, the bracts hirsute, acuminate, anthers with a tuft of hairs at the apex; | nut 12-15 mm. in diameter, globose, the involucre produced into a beak which is subequal to the nutlet or longer, ribbed, hairy at the base. Broad, well drained flats in the valley floor, Kootenai River. x Meals © a le nl cs cl Ay erbs with lerves$ sti>ules comaonl: onoecious, or polvramous, wait 4 are ~ Ye +} Stemens as meny as the peri: inflexed before anthesis, acheneé ¢ O wcaves Oo vOSsites; »lants with stinging hairs i. Urtica 0 Leaves altcrnetes plants without stinging hairs Urtica Le. OL 4, spreading, ! ‘ arary SUAaATIC.. unequal pairs, she inner larger, enclosinz the achenes ac 4 heirs, the leoves 4 scems mostly less cormionly brittle or fragile resent, Bs) Ovary superior, l-chambered, comionly call and stinging herbs with opposite leaves, catitinelike svikes or racemes which the leaves, annesring whorled, Pistillate flowers vith a 4elobed calyx in tyo very stems, alternate or opvosite “lovers inconsnicuous, Green, dioecious, -erianth of 285 more or less distinct segments, Ls NON. i) S and opnosite them, the filaments Yruit a small &, Parietaria Nettle, . ro lovers hs are clustered in the axils Jteaminate flowers with a 4=lobed calyx3; hene ellinticep Z Aniualss stems 20-40 em, tells; leaves comionly 3-4 cm, 6 long le Je urens - ; | : i 2 Perennials; stems 50-160 em, tail or more; lesves ; / + Vater a ) 1 C 4 b COLuoOnLy Cele CMs, OLE i t 4 Lesves tending to cordete at the base, acute rether cran acwninete, che stinules narrowly oblons A less then lem, loner, tondince to be blunt cé ts ~ Leds - lett | 4 Leaves vreve } o Plants vubescent, the A a Peer ry) see U, urens Le Annual, stems Ya rlabrate but i channelled, angles le the teeth conical in outline, ide at the base, both surfac surface peler, vetioles neli 1) mA) Tir as twnese commoniv s21 ovave; inner pist ovete, 1.5 ma, long, on occasional weed around Ci 2. y¥CIiS oy 2. oe or ate, obtuse, broadl: cuneste eee ee ——— erect, rather lingly rounded 0AaSE, acute than acuminate, the stipules 11,5 udine to lanceolate end 447 Se Ue eracilis 4e Ue holosericea erect, branching from the base, 20-50 em, rse coverin £ stinging hairs, ouadrate, oot mM, 7 aves commonly o-4 cme long, elliptical to at the bese, the margin very coarsely toothed, bending forvard, acute, Bud. mme tall, es glebr with a few stinging hairs, lower she length of the blades; flovers mixed in the mole, spreading, <2 cm. longs; staminate senvals illate similer, che outer much smaller; achene unbranched or sneringly strivose, never dwellings, naturalized from surove, brenching from the 1} pubesc Observed ent, cquadrate, channelled, the angles very obtuse; leaves commonly 8-12 cm, long, ovate to lenceolete, rounded and more or less narrovwl- cordete at tne base, aciwrinete, the anex dravm out into 2 tail 1-2 em, long, 5-6 mai, wide at the base, margin coorsely toothed, she teeth generally ovete, curvine forward, the inner side of the tooth cone:ve, 5-5 mi, tall, 5-8 mm. broad at the mse, unver surface dark greun, glabrous, the lower more or less pubese nt unon the veins and snevingly sorirose, petioles 2-5 cm, lone, sjender, pubcrulent and sucrsely Per eee es ee wae strifose, stinules narrowly oblong, obtuse, brovmish, membranous; flowers Sle in smell clomerules, she cslomerules forming a simple or branching sessl snike, the pistillate spikes in the upper axils, drcooving, commonly 5-4 cm, long, the s dioecious, spreading, both sparingly vubescent, very slender, not strifose; staminete sepals somewhat more then 1 mme long, ovate, acute, the filements syrice as longs; inner vistillate seprls subrotund, the outer half as long or less, much narrower; achene about 1 mn, long, elliptic-ovate, smooths ~sadows and stream bottoms of the white pine type throughout our renge, ©500 so 5500 feet or moreée 3 Ue gracilis +:ite 8-15 om, long, sparingly vrovided with stinging hairs, otherwise glabrate, leaves rather yellowish-creen, the lover ovate, 10-12 cm. long, 5-6 cn. brocrd, sometimes brosdly ove ;ey oreveailingly rounded at the base, hardly cordate, or the lovernost cordote, very scute but hardly acuninate, the margins coarselyetoothed, the teeth 5-10 mai. tall, both surfaces glabrous excert for stingins hairs elonc the veins, or shortly rubescent, the median end wover leaves similar In% tending to lonceolete, tynically rounded at the les 1-3 en, long, stout; stiovles membranous, oblongelsnceolate, acute, 1l-1.5 cm. lone; branches of the ~istillate inflorescence Zo-o0 Mm, lone, hispidulous, hoary, those of the sceminate inflorescence 4=6 cm, long; inner seals oF che Sstillate flovers sesrcely lium, long, nearly in fruit, those of the steninate 1.o mn. long, all hispidulous; tanuens 2.5 1m. long, vellows; achenes snooth, slizchtly more then 1 mm, long. e e os . 3 3 : : t ne roadways; Girrieule ope LL EN she oreceding snd the succeeding Ln-em-erer; Ue = Urs . ° ! os 4 ae vile are ray Sea * peep i, eee ae sn 5 as eracilis is here intorsreted, in sense of vcrnalc, as a northern s ecics par o 7 , . ' ed ...2 7 8 * 14 ean wo < be | be ent . ciysering our bounGcrlese oubsless U, Viridis Rvdbe will be found alone ovr taminate fre-uently in the axils beneath the pistillate or the plants Stems erect, 1-1.5 m. tall, usually purple, the internodes il A hi oe Ae Us, holosericea Nutt. tems erect, unbranched, 1-3 m, tall, commonly strigose and more or less yroolly-nubescent and hispid with stinging hairs, cnadrase, chenmmelleds; lesves S-12 em. long, lanceolate, rounded at the base, the marcin coarsely serrese, the teeth triangular, acute, inclined forward eatin : ad ’ ’ commonly 5-5 mm, tall, 5-7 ime wide at the bese, avex acute, closely pubescent, hoary, upvermost leaves gradually reduced to linear bracts, petioles 2-4 cm, xz P 2 hale ty long, surigose and vubescent; stipules oblong, mostly obtuse, membranous, 6-10 x 3-4 rm., hairy; flowers sessile in small glomerules, the glomerules forming a panicle, the vistillate spikes in the upper axils, drooping, cormmon-- ly 3-4 em. long, the steminate in the axils beneath the pistillate, spreeding, ~ po usually longer, both rubescent and more or less strigose 3 staninate sevals lum, lone, ovate, acute, eval, the filanents twice as long; inner nistillate } sevals lima. long, subrotund, the outer heal? as long, much narrower; acheone about 1 mm, lonc, cllintic-ovate,.smoothe ‘forse Plains, Leiber: 1593; thetune Lills, pling G iiouck 91493 Letah ~ Coe, Liner 1508. Stinules of topotyves (Monterey, Calif.) are triangulane> a layer eiven lanceolate, scuminebe, Our region is, zone of ererten between the coastal U, holoscricea, the lesves of which are ovate, even broadly so, and coarsely serrate, and the interior Us serra Blume (sensu sernald) the leaves of which ag strictly lanceolace, and finely and evenly toothed. individuals of colonies very, che sheet of Leiberg 1593 at Rocky .t. Herb, hes the stems not et oll 1 { > o + \42 = VaR - ™ hh APRAAAANE® 5 at ry =o ad — ~~ Sonentulose, but glevrete beneath the sorcading bristles, ithe sheet of same collection and ocshers at Jerkeley are as dcscribede Coo 2-Parietaria L. Pellitory.e sumaeiprowspereneiMh diffusely branched herbs without stinging haire, Leaves ‘alternate, 3-veined, exstipulate. Flowers polygamous, borne in axillary glomerules , sub tended by bracts. Perianth of 4, (sometimes 3) mo: or less united segments , those of the perfect flowers nearly distinct. Stamens as many as the perianth segments. Stigmas tufted. Achene ovoid, included within the persistent perianth. 1. P. pennsylvanica L. Aiiiianmepntien.. Slender, annuals, the stems os pubescent, 15-40 cm. tall; leaves lanceolate, 2-5 Cm. long, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, the margins entire, petiole shorter than the width of the leaf; bracts linear, 4-5 ma. long, obtuse; perianth segments linear~lanceolate; acute, hirtellous; achene 1 mm. long, uum! smooth.— > (P. occidentalis Rydb.), To be expected in the southwestern part of our range. Re, ee ee ae ee Selicaceae. Willow Family. Trees or shrubs with altornate often Conspicuously stipulate leaves, — I Yc. iy. : i . { . : - emt \dioecious| Flowers Geers in e«rly spring, vt often preceding the leave — ee borne in catkins which are shed entiree Proper perianth none, each flow » Sometines seated seeve upon a cup=shap glandular disc. Stamens l-several, subtended by a scale-like bract Pistil solitary, forming a small cap at maturity, dehiscing longitudinally, Seeds numerous, comose, Leaves of mature plants ovate or nearly rotund; buds with several scales, Comionly very resinous; scales of catkins fringed Po nt wr nail dint cache eat one iA Populus O Leaves oblong to lanceolate; buds with a Single scale, 4 rd not markedly resinous; scales of catkins not | \fringed 2, Salix 1. Populus. Le Poplar. Short-lived trees often large with pale or vhitish bark becoming ne ae furr oved at maturity. Buds resinous, with several scales, Leaves commonly ovate, sometimes varying on vhe sane tree to lanceolate etiolat e 3 2 Catkins subtended by a Cup-snaned disc, Bracts fringed, sometines conspic 4 peltate, Stamens numerous, Ovary 1, sessile, subglobose or ovoid, Stigma equalling the number of placentae and valves, lobed, Capsule ovoid or lanceolate, 2-4-valved, ™_ "1p Petioles ‘laterally flattened, especially near the base 4 of the leaf; leaves green on both surfaces 2, Leaves ovate to rotund, rounded to subcuneate at the ; g G& base, rarely over 5 cm. long; capswe valves 2 i. Be tremuloides 2, Leaves deltoid-ovate, with a broad shallow sinus at (, the base, 6-10 cm. lony or more; capsule valves 35-4 2, P. Sargentii OQ Petiodles columnar or nearly so; leaves silvery or rusty 4 beneath 2 Leaves prevailingly rounded at the base; pods , pubescent, the pistillate catkins 6-12 cm. @ 6 “long; young bark usually silvery grey 3, BP. trichocarpa q) p Leaves prevailingly cordate at the base; pods , solabrous, the pistillate catkins 10-15 or ap as 25 cm. long; young bark usually rusty or yellowish tinged 4. Ee balsamifera 1. #. tremmuloides Michx. var. (Tides.) Daniels. Aspen. A slender, eracef Ugyege 6-20 me tall, the bari: white at a distance ,folivecsous on closer serutiny, covered with a white powder, dark gray and furvoweu only at tne base in elder trees (40-45 cm. in ciameter); leaves commonly 3-5 cm. long juvenile meieim@eroccasio wcll; 10-le cm. long) Leaves, ovate to nearly orbicular, very blunt or abruptly acuminate, rounded to subcuneate at the base, auil CYre@n Sterpempaesmeimess, li-nter beneath, amugg@ crenatel, serrate, @apereeqtar younded-end-curuinertommmem , octioles slender, flattened laterally near the base of the leaf, pubescent, 1/2 to 2/3 the len yth_of the blade; catkins 5-6 cn, - bey Vv lastrovs) sore the pistillate increasing to 10 cn. fatanasuraay ; bracts o-5 lobed, a sTrous soitlyJhairy; stamens commoniy 68-10; ovary glabrous, narrowly conical; style short and thick; stigmas 2, fringed; capsules lanceolate in outline, 6 mn. long, e-valved. f - tual yt ech burns up tc 50 years old or in open ,patcnes in mture forest, but disappearing rapialy with the srowth of the forest. Commonly found in smali gaa reaching its ereatest Gevelopment below 5000 feet in the broader valleys in springy places or lake embayments, where it may rarely reach a height of 100 feet and DeBeHe of «2 inches. ‘The leaves dance and slisten in a licht wind, marking the tree at a distance and making a Character- ww istic rustling sounde ‘hrouchout our region but infrequent abLove 4000 feet. 303 (2) Pp, Sargentii Dode. Cottonwoode An erect, straight tree, 20-25 m, tall j r more, DeBeH. 60-80 cme, young bark rusty in color, soon checking longi= : Oo tudinally, mature bark gray, fissured, the ridges even, the surface plane, lightly cross-hatched, thus formed into plates 10-12 inches long or more, the furrows anastomosing more or less; leaves 6-12 cm, long or more, broadly deltoid-ovate, attenuate at the apex, the point 1-2 cm, long, broadly sinuate at the base, the lobes rounded, sinuate-crenate, both surfaces green; petioles subecual to or shorter than the blade, strongly flattened in the upver half, often reddish; catkins short-stalked, glabrous, the staminate 5-7 cm. long, the stamens 20 or more, with yellow anthers; pistillate catkins i glabrous, 8-10 cm. longs capsules glabrous, oblong-ovoid, 10-12 mn, long, the pedicels 4-5 mm, longe Alluvial bottoms of the Kootenai Re Bonners lerry, Eplinge p, trichocarpa T. & Ge Vale hastata lenrye Cottomrood, A straight ——_ erect tree 20-25 me tall or sore, he older bark darker, lightly fissured and rather scaly, young bark smooth, light gray -or drab, with lenticels, t in mature trees (4 fte D, Bell.) becoming fissured to a depth of 5 cm., the ridges 5-5 Cm. apart y clayecolored and flattened on the surface as though vith a trowels leaves exceedingly variable in size and outline, varying from lanceolate, 5-20 cme long (in juvenile foliage and on suckers), to proadly ovate, 5-15 cm. long (ordinary foliage of mature trees), acuminate, rounded at the base (cuneate in the narrower forms) or sometimes cordate, lvery beneath, often rusty, especially along the veins, “- . all< ery pale or 51 ~ ~ rosinous when young, lightly crenste-serrate, petioles about equal to the blade or shorter, secrete, commonly puberulent; staminate catkins stout, 5-0 cm, long, stamens numerous, anthers -urole, shorter then the filaments, pistillase catkins 6-12 cm. long, 12-15 cme in fruit, rachis and globose overy pubescent 5 capsules 6-7 Me long, ovoid, crowded, 1-5 Mey distant. Sommon throughout our rogion chiefly below 3000 fte, rarely above 4000 fte, 2 Common entrant in young burns but quickly shaded out, reaching its greatest development in alluvial soil. Ge Pp, balsamifera Le Balsam Popvlare Trees with straicht rather massive of as much as 1 me. or more, the young bark yellow tinged or rusty, with da emer en rmen deevly furrowed, the furrows as much as 3 inches deen on old trees, the trough acute, the ridges pl ing; leaves commonly 9-12 cm. long, 7-9 cig broad, broadly ovate, rounced and uniformly cordate a the base, abruptly acuminate ot the avex, dark sreen above, white or sometines rusty beneath, on petioles about half as long as the blade, terete; staminate catkins 5-5 cme long, with 50-60 stamens in cach flower, she anther s dark red, the pistillate catkins common] oe —" es a ee es SN) er eee ee lar enc rk lenticels, the mature bark light gray, aned but somewhat roughened, irregularly anastomo; 10-15 cm. long, in fruit to 25 cMes capsules smooth, glabrous, subglobose, 5-8 mm, in diameter, speckled with paler green, mostly 3-4 mm, apart, on pedicels 1-1,.5 mn, long. Gommon along the margins of slower streams aud in the alluvial soil of leke embayments. Branches less uniform and more massive than in Pe trichocarpae OR nth a i at eT a Salix, Le i Shrubs or less often trees +ith usually oblong or lanceolate shorte petioled leaves, prominently stipulate, especially those on vigorous shoots, Flowers dioecious, in compact often conspicuous catkins which appear before Snrccccsersh, with Yecsetenceusp or after the foliage Yeevetimue>, cach flower subtended by a small ovate or obovate usually entire bract, and accompanied by 1 or sometimes 2 small glands at the base; calyx and corolla wanting. Stamens 1-10 in each flower, usually 2 or 5, ewe dhs the filaments distinct or sometimes partly united. Pistil one in each flower, glabrous or hairy (sometimes becoming glabrous at maturity); style wanting or Conspicuous, entire or bifid at the apex. t'ruit a small two-valved capsule. Seeds comose, q] To study satisfactorily the Species of this genus it is usually necessary © to associate fully develo-7ed flowers with she fully developed foliage, Itis | profitable to mark trees vhen in catkin and revisit them in midsummer for mature foliage, Undeveloped foliage is often of a different shape and often : more hairy than the mature; at the same time foliage of suckers and vigorous shoots may much exceed the dimensions of the ordinary foliage, NN | 0 fa,Leaves glabrous on both Surfaces; pistils glabrous ~ ~ a, Leaves typically glaucous beneath, usually prominently G so (see S. lasiolepis and $+ scouleriana) os_-4Siolepi. pe Scoulerians ~/ Petioles with a pair of wart-like glands at the base of 5 the blade; stamens commonly 5 A Petioles eglandular i, Leaves lanceolate, long~acuminate, commonly 6-12 em, /0 long; stamens commonly 5 (, Leaves Oblong, ovate or obovate, commonly 4 on or obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex AL é stamens 2 8 Plants Sssentially of subalpine Situations, along streams at higher elevations and in Subalpine meadows IZ or sphagnum bogs qd) /O Stipules wanting or inconspicuous; catkins /q4 1-2 om. long; plants of Sphagnum bogs 3 Se pedicellaris 2 OVate or kidney-shaped, Serrulate; catkins 3-7 cme al | Stipules mostly conspicuous long; plants of stream bottoms !& Pistillate catkins subsessile; leaves coarsely IG glandular-serrate ¥ S. peoucononticoy (2 Pistillate catkins on leafy branchlets 1-3 om. 1 long, leaves finely glandular-serrate or | od Subentire ' © Plants of lowlands along streams and lake shores ‘4 narrowed and acute toward the base 6. Se melanonsis } ‘ ——. wW '> Leaves preveailingly Oblong, tapering abruptly above ix} the middle, rounded or Subcordate at the base /6 Capsules on pedicels .7-2 mn. long 7. S- lutea § S- Yackenziana [om /io Capsules on pedicels 2-4 mn. long ~ . 2b Leaves typically green beneath, sometimes paler Fe 4 Petioles provided with a pair of wart-like glands al @ towards the base of the blade; stamens 5 9 5S. caudate 4 Petioles eglandular ( Leaves thin, pure green, these and the branchlets }p glabrous from the bud 2 Stamens joined 1/3 to 2/3 their length; pedicels i> of pistillate flowers 2.5-4 mn. long 10. Se monochrome | ?, Stamens free; pedicels of pistillate flowers ‘ |}Q1-1.5 mn. long YW. Ss psoudomyrsiniteg! q q ; 4 6 Leaves asi dh mene or less leathery, dull, these and the /o twigs wooly, becoming glabrous j.. Se commtata % sat A —— 9 i ) |b, Leaves hairy, at least beneath F a w 2 93a.Twigs conspicuously covered with a white bloom; stamens 2 4| Styles wanting or practically so; catkins mostly 1-1.5 cm. / long; leaves tending to be silky on both surfaces, the | \ \ midveins pubescent IZ, Se geyeriana oi f A \ - 4 Styles 1-1.5 mm. long; catkins commonly 2-4 om. long; P / leaves green on the upper surface, satiny white beneath, - the midveins glabrous & Bracts thinly hairy, brown; catkins appearing with i ARAM Thy | /Q the foliage J4, Se_subdcacrulea iP Bracts densely MOOT Yano one catkins appearing before i j/Q the leaves 15 Se bella 34.Twigs glabrous or pubescent 44 Leaves prevailingly 5-10 mm. wide; stvles short or none; w & capsules hairy ( Catkins commonly 1-1.5 cm. long;capsules on pedicels 2-2.5 mn. long; twigs glabrous; stamens 2 13 5. Myeriana woe —— qi : & Catkins commonly 2-4 om. long; capsules subsessile; /O twigs wooly; stamens 2 8 Leaves (except of suckers or young shoots) pre- /2 vailingly glabrous on the upper surface /6, Se exigua ® Leaves silkyesilvery on both surfaces /7, Se argophylle Leaves prevailingly 1-4 cm. wide bs pices oie with a pair of wart-like glands /® at the base of the blade; stamens 5; capsule glabrous, Se lasiandra ——— ( Petioles eglandular; stamens 2 or l. & Upper surface of leaves green and glabrous, the j ; ati covered with a close satiny pubescence; twigs glabrous; capsules silvery pubescent /o Styles .7-1.5 mm. long; stamens 2 /y, Se drummondiana = iQ Styles .5-.7 mm. long; stamen 1 /7. Se sitchensis 8 Upper surface of leaves green and glabrous or pubescent, the lower more or less wooly, not A 12, satiny; twigs mostly pubescdnt (except Ss. melanopsis) /f)) Pistils and capsules glabrous, stamens 2 |Z Leaves prevailingly glabrous on the upper /t, surface /4 Branchlets glabrous ¢. S-« melanopsis /“{ Branchlets mostly pubescent 20. Se lasiolepis pias d on both surfaces (Glabeeet-oceovesy Se comnutata glabrate in vgre den cond date) —asmresedeanlonty |. lo ei ae capsules wooly or silvery pubescent é /*%2, Stamen 1; leaves oblong, thickish, glabrous a /q above, dull silver beneath, not satiny 21 Se Coulteri 19 Stamens 2 Pe i a NAN NA, insti atl /4 Leaves downy on both surfaces /( Filaments hairy at the base; leaves ZO commonly 4-6 om. long 22. Se Eastwoodiae /@ Filaments glabrous; leaves commonly 2.02-4 om. long © 23. Se bebbiana — = /4 Leaves glabrous above, commonly 5-12 om. /@ long, prevailingly elliptical-oblanceolate 24 S- scouleriana ie s 1. Se lasiandra Benth, A small slender tree 5-12 m, tall with rough furrowed bark; twigs deep reddish-purple, lustrous; leaves lanceolate, commonly 6=-l2 cm, long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate to a very sharp point, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely glandular-serrulate, glabrous, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath; petioles commonly 8-12 mm, long, bearing one or two wart-like glands on the upper surface near the base of the blades; stipules inconspicuous, glandular; staminate catiins 2-6 cm, long, 1-1.6 mm, wide, stamens commonly 5; pistillate catkins 3-10 cm, long, le2-2 cme wide; bracts lanceolate to ovate, usually dentate; capsules pale straw-color or light brown, 5-7 m, long; pediccls 1,.5-2 m, long. Lake shores and along streams, vare lancifolia (Andersse) Bebbe Young branchle%s pubescent; leaves thinly SO, mest, Iiarics, moling and Wyckoff. Ce Se amygdaloides Anderss,. A small tree 5-10 m,. tall with cinnamon-colored fissured barks; twigs yellow, smooths; leaves lanceolate, comnonly 6-12 cn, long 1.5-5 cm, wide, acuwainate to a sharp point, rounded or narroved as the ; ” fase Pie teetrulete, lazer greg above, glaucous beneath; petioles 5-15 m, appeartus unth ta doar = long, without glends; catkins ceeteneous on-tocry pranettets, the staminate yellow, 5-5 cm. long, slender, flexuous, the vistillate loose and elongated, 4-8 em, long; stamens commonly 53 bracts elliptical, hairy inside, quickly deciduous; cansulcs glabrous 4=5 mm. lon; vedicels slender, 2 ma, long, 5 exceeding the bracts. To be excected in the southern vart of our range along the large streams, = a om ¢ le "> Banks of Snale Re ST hate Oi eel alana state Nipialatiicbiiditas rei iate aioe S. pedicellaris Pursh. Low shrubs usually about 1 m. tall, zlabrous throughout; leaves elliptical to narrowly obovate, 2-4 om. long, mostly obtuse al ne, both ends, entire, firm in texture, glabrous, green —tmappeemeeteed, -laucc8us beneath; petioles 2-5 mm. long; stipules wanting or inconspicuous; catkins 1-2 cm. long, plump, borne on short leafy branchlets; stamens 2; bracts obovate, thinly hairy, persistent; capsules glabrous, 5-7 mm. long on slender pedicels 2-3 mm. long. y In sphagmam bogs, usually in subalpine situations. —— pot > Pret Lutee, pot Prpor 9720. eo ™“ q ’ | serrate, glabrous and strongly veined on both surfaces, green above, glaucous. © ‘4. +S. pseudomonticola Ball. Shrub 1-3 m. tall with yellowish or brown shining branchlets usually glabrous; leaves commonly elliptical-ovate - or ovate sometimes obovate, 4-8 om. long, 1.5-3.5 om. wide, rounded at the base or subcordate, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, coarsely glandular] Sat P OE LOTTE ALINE TPE CSS FTI ee beneath; stipules conspicuous, ovate or kidney-shaped, serrulate; petioles commonly 6-12 mm. long; catkins appearing with the leaved, subsessile, the pistillate 3-7 long, the staminate shorter; bracts obovate, obtuse, brown, densely woo]fy; stamens 2, with glabrous filaments; capsules glabrous, 6-8 mm. long on pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long. Along streams at higher elevations. — —————» Indian Grave Camp, 6000 ft., Kirkwood 2006; Fish Lake Cr., 5000 Pts, Kirkwood 1879. ‘e nwt Oy Se Barclayi Anderss. Shrub 1-4 m. tall with thinly hairy or glabrous as brown or blackish rather stout branchlets; leaves oval or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 4 1.5-3.5 ome broad, mostly wider above the middle, obtuse or short acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, subentire or finely glandular-serrulate, § mostly glabrous above when fully developed, glaucous beneath; stipules usually conspicuous, ovate, serrulate; petioles 6-10 mm. long, stmt; catkins on short leafy branches, the staminate 1-5 com. long, plump, the pistillate commonly 4-5 em. long, 1.5 cme wide; stamens 2; bracts dark, elliptical, hairy; capsules glabrous 6-8 mm. long on pedicels about 1 mm. long; styles 1-1-5 mm. long. af In subalpine meadows. __—_———» Fish Lake, 6000 ft., Spling and Houck 9618, 9619; Oxford R. Se, 5000 ft., spling and Houck 9667. NN art alan iil mei ‘ie 3/93 3, melanopsis Nutt. Dark green shrub or smalltree 3-5 m, tall, the ; P ® F ) twigs glabrous and dark brown; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or lineans> { elliptical, acute at both ends commonly 4=8 em, long, 6-15 ma, wide, finely | denticulete, less often subentire, dark green and glabrous above, pale and glaucous beneath; stipules evident, more or less deltoid, toothed; petioles indefinite nearly wanting; catkins 5-4 em, long, obtuse, glabrous or thinly hairy; capsule glabrous, 4-5 mm, long, sessile or nearly so. Along streams at lower elevations. Upper Priest R, 3000 fte; Wallace. 3 var, Molanderiane (Rowlec) Schne Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, wes With the svccies, even more prevalent. Te Se lutea iutt. Usually dense shrubs 2-5 m,. tall with glabrous yellow branchlets; leaves yellowish-green, oblong or oblongeellintical, 4-8 cme long, 1-205 cm, wide, sanering rather abruptly above the middle to a sharp point, rounded or even subcordate at the base, finely and evenly serrulsate, glabrous, palei or glaucous beneath; petioles slender, 5-8 mm, long, stinule conspicuous, mostly kidney-shayed and clasping, serrulate or entire; catkins neerly sessile on very short leafy twigs, the scaminate 2-6 cm, long, the pistillate 2-4 cm. long, lcm. wide; stamens 23; bracts obovate tewny, downy; capsules plump, glabrous, 4-9 mm. long, on vedicels 1-2 mm, long. (S. cordat Piper), Along streams at lower elevations, Thatuna hills, Spling & Louck Olt 91946 ht. 8 5. Mackensiana (Hook.) Barrgtt. Shrub or small tree with usually elongate i ita eae yellowish or brownish glabrous branches, leaves qanmmmiiaimegiay oblong y Commonsy 6-12 cm. long, 2-3.5 em. wide, tapering rather abruptly above the middle to a ’ sharp point, rounded or even cordate at the base, finely glandular-serrulate maugems, glabrous above, glaucous beneath; petioles commonly 8-12 mm. long; stipules oouspLouous, usually kidney-shaped and clasping; catkins ppearing wi PparrAsy = 0s $p,borne on very short leafy branchlets, the staminate 2-35.5 om. long, | pistillate rather lax, commonly 4-65 cm. long; stamens 2 with glabrous filamenta practs obovate, thinly pubescent on the outside, densely so within; pedicels 2.5-4 mm. long; capsules glabrous, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, the style about .5 mm. longe Common along streams and lake shores and in swampy places. 4a 9. S. caudata (Nutt.) Heller. Shrubs 2-5 m. tall, rarely a small tree; branchlets usually elongate, shining, chestnut brown; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, commonly 6-12 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate to a sharp point, rounded or narrowed at the base, green and never glaucous beneath, finely glandular-serrulate «einitmmg=~m; petioles commonly 8-12 mme long, commonly with a pair of wart-like glands at the base oof the blade; stipules @inconspicuous or wanting; staminate catkins 2-4 om. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide, stamens commonly 5; pistillate catkins 2-5.5 om. long, 1.5 em. wide; bracts ovate or obovate, glabrate on the outer surface; capsule straw= fe color 5-7 mms long, pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long; styles .5=.7 mm. long. Lake shores, along streams and in wet meadows. - | mee ad not ——7 vars parvifolia Ball. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide. yo ——? — Bovill pa dphig; St. Maricsy«lphinecendeiivekels; Thatuna Hills, le OO TE pia A et te 10. S- monochroma Ball. Shrub 1-5 m. tall with glabrous shining light brown branches; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 3.5=7 om. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, abruptly or gradually acuminate, rounded at the base, glandula < serrulate, thin, green and glabrous and similarly colored on both surfaces; petioles slender commonly 5-12 mm. long; oe conspicuous, ovate or 2 Cpppa wee a nareds , CLEP catkins » the staminate slender an y flemious, 4-6 ome long, 8-10 mm. wide, the pistillate 3-6 om. long, 1.2-1.8 mm. wide; stamens 2, their filaments glabrous, usually united to above the middle; Qraets capsules glabrous, 4-7 mm. long on pedicels 2.5-4 mm. long; styles eO~.7 mme long. Along streams. YW men _—_—_—» Thatuna Hills, Epling and Houck 9160. Type from "valley of Hatvai Creek 8 ai lez Perce Coe" i “" LP — long; seer napbeoning Weth th Rew borne on very short leafy Muon. lle S- pseudomyrsinites Anderss. Shrub 1-3 m. tall with leafy brown shining twigs; leaves puesmebidengigy clliptical or oblong-elliptical 3-6 om. long; 1-2 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex,narrowed or rounded at the base, ? shallowly glandular-serrulate or nearly entire, green on both surfaces, the lower coarsely reticulate; pe” ae to ovate; petiolfs commonly branchlets, 2-3 cm. long in both sexes; bracts elliptical or obovate, thinly hairy; stamens 2,with glabrous free filaments; ,apsules 4-5 mm. long glabrous ; on usually pubescent pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long. Along streams at higher elevations. ~ NY ————-> Scurvy Mt., 5800 ft., Kirkwood 1962. a ae eee f Si ws SA 1-3 me tall with thinly hairy brown or blac c 12678? Se commutata Bebb. Shrub stoutish branchlets; leaves elliptical, oblong, ovate or obovate, 4-8 cme long, le 5-3 cm. broad, usually abruptly narrowed at the apex and acute, some obtuse, usually narrowed toward the base, sometimes rounded, entire or nearl softly hairy on both surfaces, velvety when young, becoming more or less gla in age (var. denudata Bebb.) both surfaces similar in color; ie age evider aM ¥ urth 2 . -12 mm. long; catkins uneniane ovate; petioles commonly 8 2-5 cme long, borne on ae leafy branchlets; stamens os Nahas glabrous files bracts dark, obovate, weer capsules 5-7 mm. long, glabrous on pubescent pé about 1 mm. long; style 1-1.5 mn. long. ; In subalpine meadows and along streams at high elevations. ————~+ uh ———y Fish Lake, 6000 ft. Bptinemitouck-96o3; Oxford R- S- 5000 ft~ Bpline-and-Herck-9OD; Hughes Fork Meadow, 35000 ft. Hphee FOR Mo nroe or G 13. 5. Aeyeriana Andersse Low leafy shrub ,.5-1 m, tall, much branched with © slender glabrous blackish twigs which may be more or less glaucous; leaves | narrowly elliptical or elliptical-oblanceolate, commonly 4-6 cm, long, 5-10 mn, wide, acute or acuminate at the avex, narrowed, or less often, rounded ‘Sieh thine at the base, entire, green above, paler and more or less Silvery beneath, th particularly when young; stipules none; petioles commonly 3-8 mm, long; - »* j catkins on very short leafy branchlets, the staminate scarcely 1 cm, long, ovoid, the pistillate 1-1.5 cm, long, numerous; bracts elliptical-oblong, thinly hairy, the tips reddish; stamens 23 capsules 5-7 mm, long, puberulent, on vedicels 2-2,5 mm, long. Along streams and lake shores at lower elevationse ne rier Samm oie 2 vare argentea (Bebbe) Schn, Twigs more or less pubescent, the leaves, especially the younger, silvery. —i/ith the species. 14, Se subcaecrulea Piper. Shrub 1-3 m,. tall with glabrous conspicuously white-glaucous branchlets; buds glaucous; leaves narrowly oblong or oblongs) elliptical, rarely oblanceolate, 3-8 cm, long, .5-2.5 cm, broad, mostly acute at both ends, or rounded at the base on suckers, subentire, green lord re and glabrous above, with a close satiny seiterg pubescence beneath, the midveins bencath being glabrous and yellow; petioles 5-10 mm, long; stipules | LAM AA brth, the <2 faye , usually none; catkins POZO » sessile or nearly so, compact, 1-4 cm, long; stamens 2, their filaments glabrous, free; bracts ovate or obovate, thinly hairy, browns; capsules subsessile, silvery, 3.5-5 mm. long; style 1-1,.5 mm, longe Along streams or lakes mostly at higher elevations, we ¥ ip “15. 5. bella Pivere Shrub 1-4 m, tall with browmish mature bark and glabrous conspicuously white-glaucous branchlets sometimes yellowishs buds glaucous3 leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm, long, 1.5-3 cm, broad, acute or obtuse at the anex, obtuse or rounded at the base, subentire, green and glabrous above or nearly so, with a close satiny silvery pubescence. beneath, the midveins beneath yellow and glabrous; petioles commonly 5-12 mai, long; stipules usually evident but small, mostly ovate, acute; catkins Aph barra Ure hk the ~y 2 . »’ sessile or nearly so, compact, the staminate 2-3 cm, long, the ES pistillate 2-6 cm. long; stamens 2, their filaments free, glabrous; bracts ovate or obovate, black, densely woolly; capsules subsessile, silvery, 4,.5-5,.5 mm, longs; style 1-1.5 mm, long, Along streams and lake shores at lower eclevations, 160 Se exigua Nutt. Ash-colored shrub 2-4 m,. tall or a small tree with dark furrowed bark; twigs clabrous, very slender; leaves linear or linears oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm, wide, acute at both ends subsessile, thin, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, glabrate and sreen above (rarely silky), siliy-pubescent beneath with avpressed hairs (leaves of young shoots mayy be silky and silvery on both surfaces); stipules none or inconspicuous, catkins terminating short leafy branchlets, 1-3 together, the staminate 2-4 eme long, the vistillate S-o cm. longs; stamens 23 bracts elliptical, acute, more or less hairy; capsules 4-6 mm, long, glabrous or thinly hairye Along streamse Uonners Werry, Holing 104673 Sendpoint, Epling 10404; Viola, “pling. 3 < 17. Se argovhylla “ute Shrub 2-4 m, tall, the young twigs white-voolly; leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, 4-3 cm, long, 5-10 m, wide, tancring and acute at both ends, nearly entire, silky and shining white on both surfaces eat ee AAT sal? thea A nese esas ata eed te ae petioles indefinite, O=9 me long; stipules inconspicuous or wanting; : bp f Lar NAA a hte? th, “OB USK catkins serebinus, terminating ‘leafy shoots, 1-3 together, 2=4 cm, long, mm, long, nearly sessile, Along streams at lower elevations, Viola, Epling. q 18. 5S. drummondiana Barratte Shrub 1-3 m, tall with reddish brown or sometimes yellowish puberulent branchlets and buds; leaves oblong-elliptical or obovate, 5-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse or abruptly acuminate at ise eee. -eCaltipels the apex, narrowed but usually obtuse at the base, subentire, green and glabrate above or puberulent, with a close satiny silvery pubescence beneath, 4 ; 1 end midvein yellowish but pubescent; petioles comionly 5-10 mm, long, rather slender, yuberulent; stinules inconspicuous; catkins sessile or nearly Op plarseng [Pu LAMA, SO, * » 1-3 cme long; stamens 2, their filaments glabrous, free; {) capsules silvery, 5 mm. long. -.long streams at median elevations. .ihite Sand Cre, (Selway For.) 3600 £te, Lirkwood 2037. 196 Se sitchensis Samson, Shrub 2-7 me. tall with browmish mature bark and slender dark brown or black branchlets, the youngest frequently shorts } downy; leaves obovate and widest above the middle, 4-8 cm, long, 1.5-3,5 cm, wide, obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed below the 7 middle. but commonly obtuse at the very base, subentire, dull green and glabrous or somewhat downy above, with a close satiny silvery pubescence beneath (rarely glabrate and green); galas commonly Soe “12 Ime long, LE AY un urith Ta Cased, usually oubescent; stipules incons»icuous; gkertney ooetenceus, usually on short branchlets, cense, slender, the staninate 2-3 em, long, the vistillate 4-8 om, long, very silky when young: bracts obovate. brovm thinly hairy (arm | t ou Os 3 3 t v re 3 Wi stamen l, its filament glabrous, capsules silly 4-6 m, longe a ae ae slong streams in swampy places and along lake shores, common at lover olevationse ., : ‘ Se lasiolepis Benth. Shrub or small tree 2-8 m. tall with usually pubescent dark brown branches, leaves oblong or oblong-oblanceolate commonly 6-10 cme long, 1-2 cm. wide commonly Slabrou S uppeersrppeeeceriecgy above, pubescent or sonetimes glabrate or even glaucous beneath, subentire, mostly obtud at the apex, narrowed egueiimemiamm to petioles 8-12 mm. long; catkins appearing” ‘ 1 ne th, Arost» : 7 _ subsessile, 3-7 cm. long; stamens 2, their filaments united at the base; Gracts obovate, dark brow, densely hairy; capsule 4-5.5 mm. long, glabrous, on pedicels .5-1 mm. long; style .5 mm. long. Along streams. acts Sella a at ¥ Zl. Se Coulteri Anderss, Shrub 2-4 m. tall with stout brown usually wooll or downy branchlets; leaves prevailingly oblong; sometimes obovate, 5-10 c long, 2-505 cm. wide, obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, usually obtuse or rounded at the base, coarse and somewhat leathery, subentire but more or less crenate-undulate, green and glabrous or somewhat downy above, with a soft dull velvety pubescence beneath, the midvein yellow and pubese stipules mostly evident, kidney-shaped; petioles commonly 5-10 mm, long; Opp 7 UA unth ber teeter , catkins eeetemeors, usually on short branchlets, the staminate 5-5 CM, long, 4 the pistillate enenser 5=10 Cme long; bracts obovate, brovmish, densely woolly; stamen 1, its filament glabrous; Capsules silvery, 4-4.5 mm, long g | subsessile, snes tenet Common along streams at lover elevations, 2c@ Se Hastwoodiae Cklle Low shrub eO-2 m. tall with dark brown usually woolly branchlets; leaves elliptical or clliptical-lanceolate frequently ellintical-obovate, 4-6 cm, long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, subentire, softly woolly on both surfaces; petioles aw 3 stout, commonly 8-10 mm, long; stipules inconspicuous; catlcins ap fan unrth At Oparc eecstaneeus on short leafy branchlets, the staminate 1-3 CMe long, plump, the pistillate 2-5 cm, lons; brachs brovmish, tomentose; stamens 2, their filaments hairy at the bases; cansules downy 5-6.5 mn, long. Along streams at hivher elevations. lish Cre (Mont.) 4500 : 5 rae Boling & Kemnfe a 2%. Se bobbiana Sargt. liuche=branched shrub or small tree 2-5 m,. tall — oe with short brown or olive twigs which are pubescent to glabrous, their i far. internodes relatively short, the leaves thus usually crowded; leaves ; elliptical or oval, rarely obovate, mostly 2=4 cm, long, 1-5-3 cm, wide, acute at the apex or abruptly short-acuminate at the very end, narrowed or rounded at the base, mostly entire, dull green above and somewhat downy, softly ashy-pubescent beneath, the veins reticulate; stipules inconspicuous; opp tarde Unt th Pie petioles commonly 5-6 mm, long; catkins ecoteneeus but rather late, the pistillate commonly persistent into the summer; staminate catkins 1-2 cm, long, plump; pistillate catkins on short leafy branchlets 3-6 cm, long, 1-2 cm, wide; bracts oblong-elliptical, acute yellowish; stamens 2, their filaments very slender; capsules woolly, 6-10 Me i slender pedicels 2-5 mm, longe (Se perrostrata Rydbe), — Common along streams and along lakes in swampy places at lower elevationse 246 Se scoulcriana Lbarratte Shrub or small slender tree 2-12 m. tall with dull gray smoothish bark and brown branchlets, usually lightly downy; D.B.H, as much as 20-2) citey leaves variable but prevailingly clliptical-oblanceolate, usually somewhat wider above the middle, commonly 5-12 cm, long, 2-4 cm, wide (larger in shade forms); obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed toward the base and usually wedge-shaved but often rounded, subentire but often crenate-undulate or even crisved, green and ¢labrous above, with a soft dull velvety pubescence beneath, the midvein yellowish and pubescent (rarely glabrous and glaucous beneath); petioles Commonly 5-12 mn, 1% at stipules Cops bh ATMA a, vt tL Lave, ; usuclly conspicuous, kidney-shaped or earlike; ‘catkins ; bOUE, sessile or on short branchlets, the staminate plump, 1.5-35 cm. long, the pistillate 2-5 cm. long, compacts; scales obovate, black, hairy; stamens 2, their filaments glabrous; cansules woolly, 7-9 ma, long. Common throughout our region, abundant on dry hillsides in burns vhcre it forms an important factor in carly successions PA eT ar say Rosaceae. Rose Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate usually stipulate entire oF fs ; compound leaves. Flowers regular, mostly perfect, solitary,in racemes, | aad corymbs or umbels. Calyx 4, 8, or 5-parted, the sepals frequently alter= ie nating with an equal mmber of sepal-like appendages, the calyx-tube vary- : ing from saucer-shaped or flat to urn-shaped and contracted at the throat. Stamens 2, 4, 5, 10 or numerous, commonly seated on the margin of the e calyx-tube. Pistils l-many, wholly superior or partly or wholly inferior. Fruit various, dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent, & olust er of small — pods or achenes, 4 drupe, or an accessory fruit formed either of “clus ge of small drupelets (as in the bleo Nero achenes seated upon a fleshy: receptacle (as in the strawberry), a peme (as in the apple) or of a enclosed within an urn-shaped receptacle (as in the rose). vie seltettttenneee tier ee tte ee: fire = ees FO a . = ee a od 6 eae ee vO A CA wher 7 * =, PO ee re errr. eke WS oO Calyx S-parted, often with 5fadditional sepal- 4 like appendages; stamens Sgumerous; petals 5 « Each flower containing 1 superior Ppistil bearing — G a single style; fruit a cherry (or~Deupacese ) f. 8 4% Bach flower containing 1 inferior pistil bearing 6 2-5 styles; fruit a small apple-like pome ; Pe 4 Leaves pinnately compound 2. Sorbus 4 Leaves simple 6 Branches armed with stout thorns; fruit /o with 1-5 chambers 3. Crataegus ¢ Branches unarmed; fruit with 10 chambers 4. Amelanchier —_— 2 Hach flower containing 2-5 or numerous pistils; fruit an equivalent mmber of small pods, b achenes or a cluster of drupelets as in the blackberry : stn 4% 4 Shrubs with simple/ leaves but Amite Gtad hegwrg G Fruit like a raspberry; leaves 10-30 cme broad jo, Rubus © Fruit dry, consisting of 2-5 smal] pods; /O leaves less than 10 om. broad 6 Leaves palmately lobed, subrotund; . x Physocarpus £5 Leaves pinnately lobed or merely toothed, ) fe, ovate, oval or oblong, not rotund 4 ait: [ /o Leaves glabrous, or at most thinly hairy 14 < on the veins beneath; ovules several in gach ovary @ Spiraea Fa a /O Leaves hairy on both surfaces; ovules 14 2 in each ovary oe peaea 1, Holodiscus — 5 Leaves twice ternmately lobed, the lobes /2 linear; low reves wr dirchrts wrth tttp tng @ Luetkea , Wwerdy aticas et tage 4 Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves (merely twice ternately lobed | . 8 in Llvetkea) ( Shrubs, the leaves borne alternately along Jo the stems eect, - @ Stems armed with prickles /O Pistils and achenes contained within a f+ hollow receptacle narrowed at the throat q, Rosa jo Pistils borne on a flat or hemispheric ) receptacle; fruit a raspberry or black- 4 iene jo. Rubus @ Stems unarmed jo Petals red; fruit a glabrous raspberry Jo, Rubus [Petals yellow; achenes hairy jj, Dasiphora 6 Herbs, the leaves mostly in basal tufts & Calyx S-parted with 5 sepal-like appendages borne between the sepals; fruit composed of several to numerous achenes, either 2 hairy or glabrous, seated on a more or less elevated sometimes juicy hemispheric recep- tacle jo Pistils and achenes glabros; styles decid- 14, uous in fruit 1z lewres -foliolate if FRU ary, consisting of 10-15 achenes na hemispheric recent Cle; -v ) svemens § 12. Sibbaldia /q¢ Fruit fleshy, scrawberry; stamens /9 20-40 ir two roves 19, Preraria Tn ne SReinquenenditeatens I2 Leaves with 5énun-rous subdivisions, vinnate /4 or valnate /4 Styles atteched at the avex of the ovaries, /8 of ecual width throughout /(ip HeoveSs Dinnately compounds; stamens 5 or 10. 18 otvemens 10; petals white 136 Horkelia - ‘8 Stamens 5; netals vellow -14¢ Ivesia /G Leaves Dalmately 5-9 foliolate; £9 stamens about 20 in 3 series 15, Potentilla me /4 3tvles attached to side or near base of ovaries Aes MAA Py. /@ vty cs seas at both cnds3 stamens 20-30 in a sinele series ona nenteconal \dise 1G. Lrymoceallis CY Lt / Styles of e-nal width throurhout /g Petals yellows; lesves with smaller | a mi between the larrer; AS ; 2 ; es ; ; ‘ Sveiens about 20 in $ series 17, arrentina /§ Yvotels purplish rod; leaflets sube9 =f LP ae . ise) roruals stamens about 20, attached et the base of the receptacle 18, Conmarun 336 /O Pistils and achenes halry; styles ie detnvent /4 in fruit or only a portion deciduous {2 Style abruptly twisted above the middle; /q fruit a globose prickly head 20. Geum < ° 4 oS 1S : /2 Style not twisted near the middle; fruit i 4 oe tuft of plumose tailed achenes 21. {. Sieversia 4 7 §& Calyx 5=-parted without appendages; fruit either F 2-7 fleshy drupelets or 4-6 small pods; 2\ creeping or decumbent herblike undershrubs /O Leaves 5-foliolate the leaflets serrate; fruit | 14 2-7 drupelets _— /O Leaves usually twice ternate, the seguents st 14 entire; fruit 4-6 pods | Bilnetiee ent O Calyx 4= or 8=- parted; petals 4=merous or wanting. 4 Stamens 2 or “3 vetals none; erect leafy herb 226 Sanguisorba / stemens numerous 3 petels 8, showys; caespitose mate =] ( plant 2Be Dryas Chevy, j. Prunus L. Slender small trees or tree-like shrubs with alternate simple leaves. Flowers in racemes or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted, the tube campanulate or turbinate. Petals 5, obovate, white, inserted with the stamens on the margin of the calyx-tube. Stamens mumerous. Ovary superior, l-chambered. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in racemes 8-10 cm. long, terminating short lateral branches; teeth of the leaf-margins ee curving forward, pronglike ). Pe virginiana — — Flowers in axillary umbel-like racemes 1-2 om. long; teeth of leaf-margins closely appressed and appear- ing to arise from the sinus 2. Pe emarginata Bee 1. P. virginiana L. var. demissa (Nut toga) Torrey. Western Choke Cherry. A treelike shrub or ee tree, the stems erect, 4=5 m. tall or more, the branches rather sharply ascending, mature bark grey, roughened by short reddish vertical fissures which give a mottled a arance, the outer bark not separable, the inner bark with a distinot flavor of peach=-pits but not_at all bitter, branchlets green, becoming mahogany color, glabrous; buds ovate, acute, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, dull; leaves dark green, the blades 5-15 cm. long, rather leathery, especially in drier situations, elliptical but somewhat broader above the middle, obtuse at the base, shortly acuminate at the apex, upper surface glabrous, the lower much paler, thinly hairy along the veins or glabrous the margins finely toothed, the teeth shaped like smal] prongs curving to the apex of the leaf, petioles 1-1.5 cm. lons, bearing two glands at the base of the blade but on the petiole, stipules linear, quickly droppinz; flowers showy, in racemes 8-10 cme long or more, terminating short lateral branchlets borne on second year wood; pedicels 4-5 mm. long, calyx lobes hemispherical, thin, scarcely 1 mm. long; petals white, orbicular, 3.5 mne in diameter; stamens 3 mm. long; fruit globose-ovate, 7-11 mm. long, 6=8 mme wide, a very deep cherry-red, pit ovate, rather acute at the apex, but little flattened laterally. Occasional throughout our region usually below 4000 feet, growing on open ledges in the forest, or open gravelly slides, or at the base of talus slopes, or along roadways at lower elevations. _ Vvare melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sargt. Similar to and often growing with the typical form but the leaves glabrous beneath and the fruit black, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, the pit obtuse at bosh ends, laterally flattened. ——ee —~ —pThis variety has a quite characteristic aspect in fruit, the branches often being heavily laden, The pit characters herein mentioned do not appear to be constant. An infusion made from the dried bark of this tree is said to have been used by the natives in treatment of coushs and colds. Gut Narkeli, de Cope. li A ae 2. P. emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. ———>»An intricately branched shrub 1=-4 me tall, or rarely with us, a small slender tree 4-5 m, tall, the branches widely spreading; bark chestnut brown, resembling the bark of the bronze birches, separating readily into two layers, the lenticels transverse, 2<§ mnie long, branchlets usually reddish; leaf-blades 5-9 om. long, rarely 3 em. wide, narrowly elliptical or sanewhat oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the © % apex, rarely acute, the margins finely toothed, the teeth rounded, bearing Beak: a small prong which lies closely appressed and appears to arise between the teeth, both surfaces glabrous; petioles 5-10 mm. long; glands, if present, @n the margin of the leaf-blade, near but not on the petiole, appearing sane- times as the lowermost teeth; flowers borne im umbel-like axillary racemes, fs the rachis 1-2 cm. long, the bractlets mimte, toothed, soon falling; pedicels about 1 cme long; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, obovate, the lobes 1-2 mm. long, rounded; petals white, 3-4 mm. long oval to orbicular, narrowed at the base; © stamens and style 4-5 mm. long; fruit bright red, oval, rather acute, 8<9 mm » long, the pit flattened»elliptical, 7 mm. long, with 3 acute ridges along one margine Found chiefly either at low elevations, sometimes forming thickets,or at elevations of 5000-6000 feet on open mountain sides on old nearly reclaimed talus slopes. [xwgemaaax rail - wdebemmy Suspected of stock poisoning, particularly in movements along trails. | = ade D2 => Cee ot ¢ vare mollis (Dougl.) Brewer. The branchlets and one or both surfaces of the leaves, the inflorescence and usually, but not always, the calyx and corolla softly hirsute, and more or less glandular; stipules oblong, 6-8 mn. long, tardily deciduous, glandular laciniate; the leaves seem broader in proportion and more oval than in the typical form. Intersocrsed ith the species or at somevhat lower clev-tionss Tw = 7 TT YARD OP BL r “wu -~—Y eel A tt eee » te Shrubelike, or less commonly a small tree 2-4 m. tall, stems trailing and reclining when occurring in openings. in the woods, ascending in burns and open places, bark olivaceous, shining, | marked by a few transverse lenticels, leaf scars rather prominent on younger | branchlets, which are thinly glabrous; buds resinous throughout, the inner __ scales somewhat hirsute, about 1 cm. long; stipules, at least on vigorous shoots, foliaceous and lacerate like a coxcomb; leaves 9-ll=foliolate, in whorl~1ike clusters at the ends of branches, 1.5-2 dom. long, oval or ovate in outline; leaflets oblong, 4-6 cm. long, usually 4-4.5 times longer than ¥ broad, acute at both ends, the margins finely toothed nearly to the base, the | teeth 40 or more, acute, both surfaces glabrous, the lower paler, scare . @laucous; tim SS 2 iialanemaats 10-12-0om. ay broad, the branches and pedicels thinly hirsute; calyx-lobeg triangular, 1m. % long, hairy within, obscure in fruit, the petals white, rotund, 3-4 mm. in diameter, reflexed, the hypanthium broadly obconic, hairy, especially at the base, stamens 5 mm. long; fruit sparsely hairy, at least at first, 6-8 mm. in diameter ,globose ,flattened, bright yellow, then orange-red not glaucous, four carpels commonly developing, 2 seeds in each carpel, 3 mm. long. Throughout our range at all but the highest elevations, being especially abundant in burns and on subalpine talus slopes which have been sodded by Xsrophyllum tenax. In small openings or seepage spots in the higher forests it frequently forms dense tangles, similar somewhat to the alder tangles. At lower elevations in moist places and in creek bottoms, the leaflets are broader and thinner and more coarsely toothed, and the branches are more or , less reclining at the base. In openings and at higher elevations the habit ig is more erect, the shrub is more dense ami the leaflets becane correspond- ingly thicker and narrower with @ finer ’ This variability in form has served as a basis for the proposal of several species which apparently represent only ecological forms. \ fioth. - r ——— nor PED In et TEP res FR een eee Tr RS ee . ed re OR TY at anal 3. Crataegus Le iiawthorne Small trees or tree-like shrubs armed with stout thorns, bearing alternate simple leaves. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx S-parted, the tube campanulate? sepals 5, soon reflexed, Petals white, rotund, 5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary largely inferior, 2<5A shrub or “small«tree 3-6 m, tall,” 8-15 cm. in diameter, the trunk more canmonly straggling, the crown more or less roundetiin specimens growing in the open, straggling in shade forms; masu bark very shaggy, breaking away in flakes, sordid Brey or olivaceous, the 4 newly exposed surface cinnamon brown, the young bark smoothish, the branchlet; mahogany brown, shining, ‘ a AER rent —epebretem che second year growth and older wood armed with stout rigid = 7 axillary spines 1-3 cm. long, straight or slightly curved, usually sharp; ~~ leaves variable, the blades 2-4 om. long and usually obovate in sun forms, 5-7 cme long and obovate-olliptical in shade forms.as much as 12 om. on j suckers, narrowed at the bass, even wedge-shaped, the apex rounded or shortly; acuminate, the upper surfaces dark green and glossy, the lower surface paler, : glabrous or thinly shaggy,yespecially on the veins, the margin irregularly toothed, usually double-toothed above the middle or towards the apex, the teeth sharp, the petioles .5=1 om. long, stipules linear, quickly dropping; dyancoms me on short lateral branchlets “ calyx-lobes irregular, 1.5=2 mne long, woolly on the inner surface; petals thhbeyeneiinmh, 4 mm. long: “ OF globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, glabrous, red, then black, the persistent calyx-lobes prominent, carpels 3, SPEIRS bs AR @ Occasional throughout our range, occurring most frequently around the margins of grassy or swampy meadows, less often in alluvial stream bottoms or on gravelly lake shores, more often in the open than in the shade. A ern: a stamens 2-3 mm. long, unequal; ‘ee styles joined half their length; Po r ie’ Wea ts ee 4, Amelenchicr ledic. service berry, Small trees or tree-like shrubs with slternate Simple lesves, Flowers in short racomes, rather showye Calvx Departed, the tube campanulates senals J be | I: soon revlexed, persistent, P tals white,. 5, oblanceolote, Stemens many 53 _— v 3 the filaments subulete. Overy inferior, the locules becoming tvrice as many as the stvles; styles 385, -«ruit a small purple-black pome, 1e Ae Plorics Lindl. A shrub 2-5 m, t211; mature bark dull grey, younger bark olivaceousy somewhat rouzhened by lenticels end mumcrous small fissures, branchlets clabrous end claucous or more or less sillcyj-hirsute, but quickly becoming glabrous end glaucouss buds ovete, reddish, the outer scsles glabrous snd flaucous, the inner fringed or more or less Silky-hirsute; leaves rather dull green, often glaucous, becoming thickish in age, veriable on the same vlant, cormonly S-4 em, long, generally oval, varying to oblonseS oval or subrotund, rounded or truncate at both ends, commonly lichtliv cordate O° at the base, the marz:ins toothed only sbove the middle, frecuently subentire or some leaves wholly so, the membibéeen nov coarse, now fine, the lower surface usually hirsute when voung, soon glebrate, or clabrous from the bud, petioles l-2 em. long, slender, the stivules linear, red silly, crovoing very i) 3 1- =r ale a awa a ie] ~ a . ol ai 1. a a) ’ ‘ . ro quickly; racemes on usually sho eceral branchlets, the pedicels 1-1,.5 em, cr = ct long, slender, clabr-1s or silky at first and recomin, gSlebrouc: calvx-lobes es A TA, 4 % co -ypaes) om « aq ed 7) wr o 7 “ - 7 veo mt, 10ong, oricngular-lenceolate, er--monl: cCuminavce, avout equal to the tube, glabrous without, more or less woolly within alonr the marrzins; petals 10-20 m, lone; stanens ebout 20, che alternete ones shorter, sereted on the M2erTrrin ofr AA hah] Valais A ry a Tanne * rein of the shallo Musium walen is densely woolly just at the bese of the =r] : th 2 1 bhe suyics; pome cenressed=-glohose, wi bloom, rarely 1 cm. in diameter, one ss = ra -- eo a ip - a or two seeds only usuall curing, Ck hie paysae “euadge> wee oe a a eek ee a 5 teat - GVOIon cmrouss r region, tne Fruit mue rLZC03 a tiicey form es on bousole leevscs above svreams is lmown as i, Cusickii fcrnald, |! Pe ee ee NS tne ae i aaa eek aie ae ehysocarnus liexim,. ..inebark, and brovm Paine or flaking bark. . , Soe bs a hea. shrubs with elternate simole leaves Stipules deciduous, -ubescence branchém€e -lovers in terminsl /corynbs short sice branches. Usilvx camoanulate, the tube hemispherical; seoals versistent, enclosing the fruit. Yetals white, spreading, Stamens 3 3 £ 60-50 or more, verigynous, Fistils “-5, more or less united; styles filiforn, mas capitate; vee carpels blacdcry at maturity. seeds 2-4, pyriforn, smooth and shininge 9 Carpels 2-3, strongly flattened, 5 mn, long, aensely pubescent. 4 with branched hairs; sepals obtuse; style 2mm, long 1.P,. paucifloru 5 4. O Coaroels 5-5, somewhat surgid, 7-9 mn. longynearliy or quite : > glabrous and shining; sepals subacute; styles o-¢ mn, 4 : fe Pe Capitetus ths le Pe pauciflorus ‘Torr.) Piver Shrub 1-5 m. tallg stems ascending, young \ Long erowth brovm, sveringly vubescent with branched hairs, becoming glabrous; 4 leaves broadly ovete or subrotund, 4-6 em, long, 3eo-lobed, the lovernmost lobes obscure or wanting, the middle largest, lightly rounded-cordate or truncate, the margin crenateeserrate, the lobes mostly blunt or rounded, both surfaces or one pubescent, the lover pele§ cetioles lec com, longs bracts o-4 ma, long, spetulnate, caducous; pedicels slendur, lee cm, lonz, densely ¥ ach ; o en ; y ven i subescents calyx cam nnulate, the lobes rotund, ovece to ovate-obtuse, densely 7 i 17 > a ' ‘ 7 od - ; Ee . ee ee * ie . A . ul -sbascoent on both surfaces, ve4 mm, long; »etals white, suborbicular, 4-0 mm, . 7 : ee ee ; stemens about 25, somewnat shorter than the at P * ager 3 pee long, the cu» yellovysnen oranges tay ‘4, ps een Pron yr Sami ese of a ee, Z Sean - a. metals, the filanents slondcr; iruiting carnels 2 (or 5), densely »ubescent, - “ be Shan Re Dao es 3 ea ie Tm went. As J. sad aA aa ees 5 mi. long, transversely flettened, joined at lens to the middle, surrassed a - ~ ; and cnelosed by the versistent somewhat en] ed calyx; 5 s 2 in cach carnel, “hrow bers our romion, 2000-5!.CO feet, particulerly on sunny slo os “ia Sree 6 mean PS ascending, young growt rown, sparingly ssebrerve«pubescent, becoming 2. Pe capitatus { Pexshx) Kuntze. ——-+Shrub 1-3 m. or more tall, stems b glabrous, tem_banie-neos mired: SS Ad 8 ata Bs ws » Old bark papery and very flaky; leaves broadly ovate, 3-4 cm. long, 3-5-lobed, the lowermost lobes obscure or wanting, the middle largest¥ lightly rounded@ cordate at the base, the margin serrate, the lobes mostly acute » One or both surfaces stwirkeve~pubescent, or glabrous the lower pale, petioles about 1 om. long, glabrous$ ; . ioe bracts 5-4 mm. long, oblanceolate, caducous, pedicels slender, 1-2.5 om. long, densely stedbewse=pubescent$ calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 3-4 mn. long, ce densely sbeddetespubescent on both surfaces; petals white, orbicular or obovate. scarcely 4 mm. long; the stamens somewhat shorter than the petals, filaments slender; anthers purple; fruiting carpels 2-5, obovate, giabrate and shining, sometimes thinly oe wl | laterally flattened, but somewhat turgid, 7-9 mm. long, the styles 5-4 mf. long; seeds 2 in each carpel, straw-color, 2.5 mm. long. 7 —>(Opulaster capitatus Kuntze.). Occasional in/the broader valleys and at the edge of the grassland, growing along smaZ1 streams and roadways, where it apparently forms hybrids with P. pauciflorus (Epling and Putnam 10133, ss A Os: cordatus : f.. " Ghich represent (2)) —., Se densiflora Nutt. Shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, the branches ascending; . ‘ /second year bark reddish-brown, smooth and shining, soon flaking away, mature | — neon Seen — eer ae " : CAR EOL MEME BCE 7” het 6 aes. é. Spiraea L. Meadow-Sweet, hey Shrubs with alternate, simple leaves. Stipules none. Flowers in terminal corymbs or panicles. Calyx campamlate, the tube hemispherical or obconical; sepals persistent. Petals 5, white or rose-color, spbead: Stamens mimerous, perigynous. Pistils 5, distinct; styles filiform stigy capitate or discoid. Fruit a cluster of small, leathery follicles; seeds several in each. Flowers in a flat-topped corymby, Flowers rose-colored; a branching shrub i $ . 1 50-150 om. tall 4, Ss densiflora, | Flowers white; stems commonly unbranched or a branched near the base, 30-50 om. tall f “2.8. corymbosa Flowers in a narrow, domi fancy, more or less / | | pyrenton Ore " | ' sh Se Menziesii f = sd oe bark dull brown with a purplish tinge, smooth; leaffblades 2-6 cme long on the” same plant, mostly oval or oval-oblong, rounded at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, dull green above, paler beneath, margin once or twice serrate above the middle, petioles 2-3 cm. long; flowers rose-purple, corymbs 2-6 cm. broad, bractlets linear; sepals 1.5 mm. long, equal to the tube, ovate or triangulareovate, obtuse or acute; petals obovate-rotund, about 2 mm. long, very shortly clawed; stamens erect and spreading, 5-6 mm. long; follicles about 4:mm. long, brown and shining. Occurs at elevations of 5000-6500 feet or more in the eastern part of our region, in subalpine meadows and bogs, on moist slopes and along streams. * ® a de Se corymbosa Raf. -——>A low shrub 30<50 cm. tall, the stems frequently solitary and unbranched, or branching near the ground; old bark a flaking away, bark on new growth a rich brown or purplish, shining, checking when older; leaves 3-6 cm. long, oval to obovate, even subrotund, glabrous, toothed above the middle, the teeth salient, acute, narrowed below the middle to a petiole 3-6 mm. long; flowers mmerous.i h white, bractlets few, subulate, the pedicels” slender; calyx 1.5 mm. long, the lobes triangular, reflexed, half the length of the cup-shaped tube; petals 1.5 | mme long, rotund; stamens tinged with pink, 4-5 mm. long; follicles 5, 3 mme long, the persistent style half again as long. ——>(S. lucida Dougl.). 4 ee ae Common throughout our region, 2000-6000 feet, found especially in burns and on open slopes in thin soil, where it frequently is the dominant plant over small areas. 376 S. pyramidata Greene, a hybrid betwecn Se corymbosa and S. Menziesii, is more intermediate, 0-200 cm, tall, the inflorescence oyramidal, 5-25 cms Y) or les long, flesh-color or «hite. Frecuent in cerritory occupied by both varent Se roscata Rydb,, a suprosed hybrid botw, 5. densiflora and S. Menziesii, may ) #ssociated in our region, occur, but parent svecies ere a 2 ae ever A . ee ee ee ee ‘ On ee a | a 3- Se Menziesii Hook. Dense shrub, 1-2 m. tall, the atens numerous, 4 Exenerestee (Conseglanceclate or oblongSpanicleg the secondary branches and ascending or erect, young growth often dark red or tan, puberulent, soon checking, the thin outer bark flaking away, the inner becoming: brownish drab, roughened by mimite longitudinal fissures; leaves oblong, 4<8 om. ‘long, 1=2.5 cme broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed somewhat at the base, sub- sessile or on petioles 2-5 mm. long, serrate above the middle, both surfaces : glabrous, the lower paler, or sometimes a rs along the veins; f pedicels finely tafientose; calyx campamulate, the triangular-ovate lobes soo reflexed, 1.5 mm. long, finely tomentose, equal to the tube; petals reser oval, about 5 mm. long, exceeded by the persistent stamens; carpels commonly 5, puberulent; follicles 2.5 mm. long, shining, tipped by the persistent styles; seeds about 1.8 mm. long. ——>(S. Menziesii Hook; S. idahoensis A. Nels.), In the yellow pine type and at the margin of the Thuja type, below 3000 feet, in meadows and along streams and the margins of bogs. ‘y Tae sa ns 7e llolodiscus Maxim. . Cream bush, Surubs with alternate, simple lesves and smooth bark, Stipules none - e is es ee Pear One ; > Mae ; i ie -lowers numerous in a torninal eivegpeemed showy pyramidal panicle, Calyx saucereshaved, the tube necrly flat, bearing a dise within; sepals persistent, erect in iruite Petals whitish, spreading, short-clawed, Stamens about 20, +t} borne on the disce Pistils.5, distinct, styles filiform, stipmes 2-lobed, Fruit of commonly indehiscent follicles, 4. le ile discolor (Pursh) iaxim. A shrub .5-3 m, tall or higher, commonly about &@ Mes branches erect or ascending, usually numecrous$ mature bark grey with a ae) + Sol 5 BRASTOONAN- i: oe aie = : 7 ° purvlish tinge, rougnencc by numerous lenticcls, dull; leaves light ereen, u-6 om, long, ovate, suocuneste or more rerely subtruncate at the base, H- sera day ‘- 4-1}, 4 4-44 opt rn mal sf fone = i; 1 =) wai ; obcuse, coaiiely soothed, vie te th commonly arsain toothed, the teeth cusnidate,] upper survece sporinely oubescent, the lower s-nressed-hirsute, frequently 9 “ nalar ratty " as 5 . . 5 silky, paler, petioles .5-1.5 cm. longs; panicles 1-2 dem, long, almost as broed, branches numerous, softly oubescont;) sepals and retals valvate in bud; 4 scvals ovate, »ubescent, 1,6 mm, long} metals oval, about 2 m, long, excceded eS Oe eee ee ee eee a - by tne Nuncrous svomens which are seated on a vellow dises; ovaries nilose® 1 aries nilose$ 1 cps AONE NRO ag A Thay nae ~ * ne Ta on ; eee oT et erent Tata eee ee * 14 Zook FT " o ae} + +7 ¢ pia tate el mir tba gs ~ ie, * > £ Xxedicels on mm. long, each tribracteate belo; the een li) aba sada Ceo MM, “ey » a Tisladmigapia a oie sia aan aa ma conan ea at nt A IAT OOS 8 RCT TOIT ay long, subecual to the calyx snd more or less enclosed by it. (Sericotheca discolor iwdb,. ). Common throurhovt ovr region on dry hillsides, on rock outcrons and in 7 3 oa Sey Saree eres tenet Ds ty ; ? | | i ; > \r v Relate al INOO ‘ Le i. Zz ee. age: dee rae eam Da oe Ae is 7 5 burns, e000-4000 feet, 4 form with very laciniete leaves wes obserfled on OSCOW- 120s 397, 8. Luetkea bonge Partridge Foot, Colonial verenniel herbelike undershrubs with creeping woody stems, ti bc iiss ation ates Wee AACR ls al Aa Se > a, Leaves sufted, twiece+or thrice) ternately=varted into linear lobes. Flowers | Pere ey ed in short racenes which terminate the erect flowering stems, all perfect, ~~ Calvx Sevarted without annendares, the tube hemispherical, Petals 5, white, { . : Sbemens about 20, seated on the margin of the tube, Pistils mostly 5, glebrout 7 forning 2-valved vods 2% maturitye 1. Le pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze Plants o-15 cm, tall, tufted or mat-forming, besring at the anex of stems a tuft of leaves from which arises the flowering stem; lenves 1(-15 mm. lon, narrowed below the middle to 2 petiole 1-1,.5 m, broad, the lobes all entire, glabrous; flowering scems 8-10 mim, tall, bearing’ o, four alternate le ves, thinly pubescont; bracts subfolier; pedicels 1-2 mn, } long; sepals oblong-ovete, obtuse, 2.9 mn, long; petals ovate, 2.5 mn. longfe § Moist subalvine slone belo; melting snow banks, sive Lekes butte, unling# *k 7. Rosa ( Tourn.) L. The Roseg sg | Se Erect shrubs the stems prickles. Leaves alternate, less adnate to the petiole, showy, perfect, solit usually armed with Straight or our 4 Odd=pinnate, the Stipules Prominent, more or | the leaflets Singly or doubly serrate. ' Flowers ary or in few-flowered Corymbs. Calyx-tube forming an or ellipsoid receptacle, narrowed at the throat, ; » becoming highly colored and Somewhat fleshy at maturity} Sepals 5, prominent, persistent or deciduous in fruit, Petals | i of the calyx-tub, be | each forming an ¢ O Corolla 2.5-4 Cme across; Sepals deciduous in fruit; 4 tie achenes glabrous ee Bymnocary O Corolla 4-8 om, across; sepals not deciduous; tie 4 achenes Silky ® Stems with paired prickle S at the base of most G or many of the leaves 4 Sepals 1.5-4 Cme long; fruit 1.5-2 om. = ¢ in diameter; flowers never more than 3 ~ \in each corymb & Re mtkana 4 Sepals .6-1.5 om. long; fruit 8-12 mm. in g ( diameter; flowers sometimes solitary, usually several in each corymb 3. Re ultramontay 2 Stems without paired Prickles, covered with (, fine Straight and Scattered bristles 4. Re acicularis’ s ao ee i vey = a ae ee 4, rt . SL Ri cent slits 2 Masao tA keicdaaty os Py a ites | = 2 Re UN tee hy ena” rae gg Bleak nO 8 ad. Son ciaie eli 1 eek fe ee See Pak : 5 as Sees oF pe en Pentti e Sib UIC BS ll SS ee 8 OE Pere — 1. Re gymnocarpa Nutt, - — sated sy eroke h itudiz ‘the stems green, the older an mar r sh longitudinal checks, the younger armed wi . straight, slender, spreading prickles, reddish betoming th numerous, branchlets glaucous : a; FSs-were leaves 1-1.5 dem. long, oblong or oblanceolate in outline, the stipules ee 1-1-5 cme long, oblong, acuminate at the apex, the free tip 2 mm. long the margin glandular-ciliate, the rachis slender, bearing stalked glands Pn »: few short prickles, leaflets 5-9, aa ir Shhe-nereieeee 1.5-3 Bs ome long, .8-2 cm. wide, the lowermost leaflets often 1/2 the size of the 2 terminal, commonly elliptical or oval, obtuse, rarely acute at both ends, glabrous, dull green above, pale beneath, the margins finely and usual] ea doubly toothed, the teeth sharp, Maguumgeewmttmh about 1 mn. tall; flowets few but showy, borne on short lateral branchlets, the pedicels 1nd en. long, . BlaUcous ggp ent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, 3 5-6 mme long, glabrous on the outer surface, short-woolly within, dro ; from the fruit as it approaches maturity; petals broadly obovate, pale ros oe color, about 1.5 cm. long, variable; fruit oval, less frequently subrotund rounded at the apex or narrowed to a short neck, 7-9 mm. long, green and ‘* glaucous ,sthen bright orange-red, nearly glabrous within, bearing 4-16 ovate glabrous achenes 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. (R. leucopsis Greene,), s Throughout our range mostly in shaded woods, 2500-4000 feet. \ } ; ' 2 Re nutkana Presi. ————>A shrub commonly armed, about lme / stems bearing Straight usually numerous prickles, the branches ur bearing one or two stout prickles at the base of each leaf, these sqneti recurved or straight on the same plant, the branchlets mostly glabrou joined for 1.5=2 om., 2-3 mm. wide, the free portion 34 mms long, the’ usually bearing stalked glands, 8-10 cm. long, the rachis thinly hirsute oj glabrous, usually bearing stalked glands, leaflets 5-7, mostly elliptioal ; F. acute at both ends frequently obovate » 27S CMe long, more often hirsute aldng the veins beneath and glandular, the margins toothed, the teeth agein usually .. minutely toothed; flowers 1<3 i corymbs terminating short lateral branches, : the bracts stipular, the peduncles 2=5 om. long, glabrous or bearing stalked . glands; calyx-lobes 1.5=4 om. long, triangular-lanceolate at the base, narrowed © at the middle and expanded again towards the tip, usually bearing stalk ed glands and glabrous or woolly, the calyx-tube commonly glabrous and glaucous, sometimes bearing stalked glands and spines; petals rose=-color, 2-3 om. long; fruit subglobose, 1.5=2.5 om. in diameter, green and often rosy on one face, . then orange-red, the calyx=-lobes Spreading; achenes hirsute, about S$ mm. long, DumMe rouse . Throughout our range in the lower valleys, along streams in allyvial soil, along roadways, sometines in burns, rarely as high as 5000 ft., The above description includes the following forms which have been accorded q specific distinction; due to intergradation their recognition in the field is difficult: OCalyx-tubes and fruit bearing prickles 1-5 mm. long . R. MacDougali — O Calyx-tubes and fruit smooth & Prickles on stem distinctly recurved, the bases & prominent, 1-1.5 cm. long, oblanceolate - Re columbiana { @ Prickles on stem straight or somewhat curving, the 6 bases 2-6 mm. long, elliptical 4 Foliage Glandular, the serrations of the leaflets 8 commonly double, tipped with glands Re mutkana 4 Foliage glandular, the serrations usually simple Re Spaldingii (3). Zeultranontans (Wats.) Hotter. >a orect, much branched shrub 1-2 hate 5.3 me tall, the branches canmonly ascending, variably armed with light nearly : straight thorns 5-6 mm. long, often slightly deflexed but har curving, the base oval, 3 H mm. long, reddish and glaucous, the branchlets Glabrou & gx aS , leaves 6-12 cm. long, mostly ol : : pithaeda shear be the free tip 2-6 mm. long, mimbely w woolly and glandular, 5-9 usually 7, variabl f mostly oval or elliptical sanewhat narrower towards the base, rounded at both | ends, glabrate on the upper surface the lower finely woolly, sometimes glend= | 1-1.5 mm. tall; flowers often nunerqus, dima in corymbose clusters on vigorous; lateral branchlets, the bracts subfoliar, pedicels about 1 em. long, sepals 4 6-15 mm. long, usually non=glandular, lanceolate-acuminate » sanetimes enlarged : towards the tip, thinly woolly, more or less erect in fruit; petals rose-color, 125-2 cme long; fruit subglobose 1 em. lo 8-9 mm. wide, semetimes narrowed | toa short neck, bright orange color or orange-red, silky within, bearing abou c <0 narrowly ovate, silky=hirsute achenes 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. - Throughout our range in stream bottoms and along roadways, mostly in the open, usually below 3000 ft., The above description includes the following forms which have been accorded specific distinction; due to intergradation, their recognition in the field is difficult. O Fruits distinctly pear-shaped, attenuate above to 4 a distinct neck Re pyrifera O Fruits subglobose, the neck mostly wanting @ Stems nearly or quite unarmed Re salictorum 2 Stems distinctly armed 4 Prickles curved; fruits 8-10 mm. in diameter “Re puberulenta 4 Prickles straight; fruits 64g mme in diameter Asal tremontiiak j ~~ ary 4, Re acicularis Lindl, Prickly Rose, A low bushy shrub 0,5=1 m, tall, the stems and commonly the branches armed with rather weak slender straight Se ane and scattered prickles, without stipular or internodal prominent spines; leaves obovate in outline, the stipules broadly ovate, acute, glandular- ciliolate, the leaflets 3-7, oval or oval-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, iad iis rounded at the base, simply or doubly serrate, glabrous above, often al ia ta resinous~pubescent below, 2-5 om, longs flowers usually single, 5-8 om, broad, the calyx-tube pear~shaped, glabrous, the calyx-lobes lanceolate, now acuminate, now spatulate-dilated above, entire or few=-toothed, : persistent and erect upon the hips; fruit globose or ovoid, sometimes as much aS 2e0 cm. long, usually glabrous, Widely distributed, comprising several races differing in fruit and pubescence characters, but mostly of woodse 10, Rubus Le Armed or unarmed or prostrate samemmed sherbs with compound or Ss racemose, corymbose or solitary, perfect, dioecious or polygamous. Caly# 5-parted, without appendages, the tube saucer=shaped. Petals deciduous, white/ or rose-color. Stamens numerous, in- alyx-tube. Pistils few to many, inserted © forming fleshy drupelets at maturity . } a fleshy aggregate fruit simple leaves. Stipules present. Fl serted on a disc at the margin of the on a convex or cylindrical receptacle, which may be wholly cm or may Pray yet” anibe ee Leaves manlewlike, simple, the stems unarmed Leaves 3-5-foliolate Creeping herb with very slender threadlike, unarmed stems Shrubs, sanetimes prostrate, more or less armed Prostrate; petals white, twice as long as the sepals; fruit a blackberry Erect or the stems drooping, not prostrate Petals red, twice the length of the sepals; shrub weakly armed; leaves green and glabrate on both surfaces Petals white, subequal to the sepals; shrubs armed; leaves more or less canescent-tomentose beneath Prickles straight, weak, hardly expanded at the base; peduncles and calyx with stalked glands Prickles curved, stout, expanded at the base$ peduncles and calyx without stalked glands th {roid fo pee { J. Re parviflorus | 2, Re pedatus 3. Re macropetalus 4. Re spectabilis | 5 Re idasus 6. R. leucodermis aN RS Cael Bt Re porviflorus Nutc. var. scooulorum (Greene) Fern, Thimbleberrv, 1 1 rect, spreading, the stems unorned, slender, 1-2 m, highs branchlets erect, variously hirsute to subglabrous, lichtly glanduler, the leaves more or less cluster-d about ends of branchlets; leaves maple-like, thin=textured, longs> octioled, palmately 5-lobed, 10-25 cme Wide, the lobes acuminate, doubly serrulate throughout, clebrous or nezrly so on both surfaces; flowers 3=7 Bic me Rn ile Ei ae eet oo tee te eete pen ee Sania. Til stalcoant in an oven irregular penicle, the pedicels 1-3.5 em. long, thinly glandular} 4 hirsute, the glands mixed sepals ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, soft-villous and glendular-ciliate; petals showy, white, creve-like, ovate to oblanceolate, about 2 times as long as tne senals; fruit a rasyvberrv, separating from the receptacle, juicv cs. : 3 4: ae] Lt > r 9 J Py but insipid, low cepressed-zlobose, 1,.5=2 com. wide, the carpels numerous, Occasional in mois: shaded woods, at elevetions of 2500=300( feete ‘The ver. heteradenius Fern. differs in having the subsessile glends of the —— ra) peaicels snd sevals munerous, fuscous, ond of irrerular lencth.emd the Cay | ? Reeth cain ved ont ce eves. < faa : San ay ene fide csc as sande | ae a 1} San ni Loresccnces vend to be more consested. 10 apverenvciy occunies the same me habitats and best rerresents but a form, he ver, grandiflorus OaYWe >» 4 1 o 4-7 a 1, are a re ~ oad +. ]-~- a 1 ene » t+}, our soutsa rn voraers, Ciliers an srently only in having the SGholtete glands sube ual anc the sevals orodveed into a prominent tail-like ae Te ‘ : j » some stipitate others subsessile but always slender ed cc De en ate os Bee wert ‘ Nit g * * = (a— Re pedatus Sm. >A prostrate herb as ; : ; with creepi ‘ “ iferous stems; Jeaves on short erect branchlets Ping filifo A petioles 5-4 cm. long, the blades rotund-reniform Ey =. $s -he 6 5 <9 Be SH nk ae” FT r<¥ incised-serrate above the middle, ¢ 6 SRS : glabrous; flowers solitary or frequently 2, erect, one ey ee 4 Se the short lateral branchlets, peduncles longer than the leav. enlace. 0 Cagesictacipetntaaaiomae ties sepals oblanceolate or bia abides: pienso shortly acuminate, 8-10 em. long, | "ui soon se of xed erly petals white, 7-8 mm. long, oblanceolate; pistils 1-5, cherry-red et aaterigg 2 a and SEB 4-5 mme long, on short stalks; stone 2.5=3 mm. long, nearly Re Bae smoothe 3 ir en only in the Priest R. drainage, 2500-5000 feet woods, eeping ofer the duff or mossy windfall and stumps sae ai ee \ J prparate f * Re macropetalus Dougl. blackberry. Prostrate, the stems trailing, often q forming large mats, armed with slender recurved prickles 2-3 mm, long, niin or “leaucous; brenchlets erect, hirsute and glandular; supiexs—withtipntty gxmed leaves 3-5-foliolete, the blades broadly ovate, 8-10 cm, long, leaflets annroximate, distinct, almost sessile, obliouely ovate, or the median pair oval, rounded or lightly cordate at the base, mostly acute or acuminate, th hirsute end lightly erned on the veins, the margins irregularly double-serrat the teeth cus-idate, retioles 2-3 cm, long, the rachis somewhat shorter, bot hirsute, glandular and lichtly armed, the stipules subulate 5-6 mm, long$ leaves ov the flowering breanchss s-foliolate, 5-4 cm. long, the leaflets mostly obtuse; flo.rcrs dioecious, 2-5 in each corymb, the pedicels hirsute : and slandular with stalked glands end armed with slender prickles; sepals 6-8 mm. longs, cblong-ovate, cusvidate, vubescent and glenduler and sometimes c armad; vetals white, ellintical or oblanceolate, 1-2 times as long as the sepals; fruit « blackberry, not separating from the receptacle, cylincrical, 1-3 om. long, glebrous, the carpels numerouSse Soci Frecucont around the vooer vert of Lake Pend Oreille; edible, of sine cs A Naas SRC ia al Dele cal AT, « wad aS ary) i Shall Nt ati Bt Re spectabilis Pursh. Salmon Berry. —>4 weakly armed shrub } “§ | dtirmimenhmmeinns 1-3 m. tall, the bark mahogany color, the. ichlets lig ‘ Re idasus Le. var aculeatissimus Regel & Tiling. Raspberry. A low straggling shrub, -often resting on herbage antwindfall, the stems .5=-2 m. brown, sparingly silky, becaning glabrous, the prickles 2-3 mm. long, t straight, expanded at the base, abundant only on the sterile shoots; le trifoliolate, the petioles somewhat shorter than the blades silky; the% about 8 mm. long, filiform, silky, blades 5-6 om. long at anthesis, Sma / @e_double this size at maturity, ovate in outline, : attra ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base or subcuneatey shortly stipitate, the _ lower oblique, all doubly and sharply serrate, acuminate » Sometimes shallowly once or twice lobed, glabrous above, paler and sanewhat Silky along the veing beneath, the veins rather prominent; outer bud scales » brown, smooth, thickish, ‘the inner silky; flowers solitary on Silky pedicels 3-4 om. long; spals ovate, “the lower di remote, the terminal leaflet about, twice as large, all broadly ve aa Goaficts) 7-8 mme long, appressed-silky, acuminate, petals about 12 mm. long, bright red subrotund, narrowed at the base; +5~20—Remméne—e- \r 1a brous _raspberry-li ru ~atmeturcieys red or yellowish, 15-20 mne Jong, the stony coa rupelets . alveolate, 4 mm. long. er t Lake, Piper 3690 ; Known jammin our region only from Se 5 che description is drawn partly from coastal specimens as to habit, corolla and fruit. = e long or more, light brown, armed with weak, straight prickles 2-3 mm. long; “new growth reddish or whitish, glandular-strigose, the prickles soft to the touch; leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate, often yellowish green, the blades 6-12 cm. long, broadly triangular in Outline, lateral leaflets sessile, obliquely lanceolate-ovate, the terminal ovate, often obscurely S-lobed, even d-parted, all rounded, or rounded=-cuneate at the base, acuminate, doubly serrate, the upper surface sreen, glabrate, plicate in younger leaves, lower surface minutely and densely canescent, becoming green, but paler than the ACE ati Sy-5 cm. long, glandular-strizose, the stipules filiform; S 2cenosé uegmmarewee; she bracts subulate or : S glandular with stalked glands and pubescent, 1-2 cme long in fruit; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, both surfaces pubescent and glandular with stalked glands; petals white, elliptical, subequal to the sepals or shorter; fruit a raspberry 8-10 mn. broad, bright red and juicy, the carpels.2.5-35 mm. long, covered with a mimte red pubescence, readily separable, the receptacle bluntly conical, 3 mm. long, the hypanthiun : reflexed in fruit, the stones 2 m. long, lightly alveolate. », Common throughout our region, usually in open places, often on talus slopes or among rocks. Re leucodermis Dougl. Blackcap. ~ An erect shrub Le 2 tal a Te branches drooping gracefully, very glaucous, amed with stout. | Sore atihed: et. prickles 2~4 om. long, which are patently expanded the base; -ne glaucous and thinly silky, soon glabrous similarly arme 3; leaves p (rarely 7) foliolate » the blades 6-12 om. long, broadly triangular in out the lateral leaflets btipitate, the stipes on vigorous shoots sometim long, obliquely ovate, the terminal broadly ovate, frequently 3-lobed ur all rounded or lightly cordate at the base, acuminate, doubly serrate;the w surface green, thinly Silky, becoming glabrate » the lower 5s tomentose; petioles 3-6 om. long, pubescent and armed. not glandular, the stipules filiform; dteemevander) ticorminalScorymbs, the Uracts subfoliar, much _ reduced, the peduncles armed, pubescent, 1=1.5 om. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, ‘| 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, both surfaces pubescent; petals white, elliptical 4 shorter than the sepals; fruit a black raspberry 8=12 mn. in diameter, the carpels 2-225 mm. long, covered with a minute pubescence, adhere but«sep readily on masse, the receptacle bluntly conical, 3 mm. long, pubegcent, the stones 2-2.2 mm. long, shallowly alveolate. Throughout our region 2500-4500 feet, mostly in stream bottoms and moist but rather open woods. The fruit is of good flavor. Hl. Dasiphora Raf. Shrubby Cinquefoil, Say Shrubs with pinnate leaves and sheathing Scarions stipules, with soeed Tie apne ScParted, the tubs Seucer-shaped, the sepdle af: with sepal-like appendages. Petals 5, yellow, orbieular, soak dl i inserted upon a disc in a single series, the filaments thread) ike. R r opts hemispheric. Styles clavate, attached near the middle of the ovary. rai cluster of achenes, pe Fru 1. D. fruticosa(L,. ) eb e aemetemeiete small much branched, ] shrub 50-100 cm. tall, the bark cinnamon brown, flaking away; leaves moscip~ clustered on dwarf branchlets, softly hirsute, es brate in age, the Stipules thinly membranous ,3-= blades 1.5-2.5 om. long, pinnately 5 (3-7) foliolate oblong to oblanceolate, Sessile entire; flowers in the - Cisabebbond on hirsute pedicels 1-1.5 om, lanceolate, acute, submembran » the leaflets 1-2 om. long, > » Commonly more or less revolute, the margins long; calyx lobes 8-9 mm. long, broadly triangular. ous, the appendages linear, somewhat longer, green; petals bright yellow, about 1 om. long, narrowed to a short Claw; stamens 3 mm. long, the filaments even; achenes numerous gabout 1 mm. long, Silkye> { Pisieesere-neasapheria.cecepteniepnimecematinaissi sc) : #4 ‘Occasional on gravelly subalpine slopes, rarely as low as 3000 feet. A a A a ry 362 ‘42. Sibbaldia L. deev=seated A low tufted mat-forming perennial herb with rootstocks and ternate leaves. Stipules present. Flowers in a terminal cymee Calyx 5=parted, the tube shallowly hemispherical, the sepals alternate with sepal-like appendages. Petals 5, yellow, obovate or oblanceolate. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx tube, the filaments filiform. prisiilinieiy-ehpd styles attached laterally. Fruit a cluster of achenes. e 1. S. procumbens L. - stems cacspLltcse, ehethed with tp persistent brown leaf bases; leaves tufted, the petioles i-o ca. long, hirsute, the blades trifoliolate, the leaflets obovatess cunsiform, e5-1.5 cm. long, both margins lightly convex, entire, the apex truncate with usually 3 short teeth, both surfaces Silky hirsute ‘wa green; ¥ flowering stems erect, 2-10 om. long, hirsute, the bracts leaflike; flowers—> | i ; eer pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx campanulate, | the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, 2 mm. long, the appendages oblong, shorter; petals obovate, about equal to thé appendages or shorter, yellow; stamens 5, shorter than the petals; pistils severet> glabrous, the style subequal to the ovary; achenes shining, subglobose, 1.2 mm. in diameter, elevatéd on slender pilose stipes about as long, surrounded by the somewhat enlarged persistent calyx, the lobes of which are 3 mm. in fruite Occasional in moist spots at the tops of high peaks. ——7 Summit of Mt. S. of Fish Lake, 7000 fte, Epling and Houck 9559; Snowy Top Mt., 7000 ft., Warren 278; Roman Nose, 7000 ft., Epling. = (2 some vhat blue Pe ~ 49 Horkelia Cham.& Schlecht. ‘f faa 3 ; : anes aes, Perennial herbs with short rootstocks and pinnately canpound leaves. — Flowers in cymose panicles. Calyx 5=parted, the tube campamlate to : . ~ saucer-shaped, the sepals alternating with sepal-like appendages. ‘Petals white or cream-color, mostly obovate or oblanceolate. Stemens 10, insert d on the throat of the calyx-tube, the filaments dilated, subulate, persisten Receptacle conic or hemispheric. Styles Slender, attached at the apex of | the ovary, deciduous. Fruit a cluster of achenes. 4 An odorous (Gusoa subspo) de H-\capitate(Lindt.) cect ee herb with short stout rootstock; oe basal leaves several, 30 om. long, the petiole equal to the blade, glanduls leaflets commonly 7 pairs, the lower 2-2.5 em. long, oval or orbicular, : rounded-truncate at the base, Sharply toothed and incised, the uppermost coj fluent, wedge-shaped, all subglabrous or the upper surface sparingly hirsut flowers in a densi hemispherical cluster, 3-4 om. in diameter, the bracts foliar, the bractletj subequal to the calyces; calyx-lobes about 6 mm. long, narrowly lamceaplees triangular-lanceolate, very acute, hirsute, purplish, the appendages subula the tube hemispherical, half ag long; petals wedge-shaped, about 7 mm. long; white; stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the calyx, the filaments trians lar-subulate, 2 mm. long; pistils numerous, the styles about thrice the leng of the ovary. ; i is, saa te hae fon oat oi Forks of St. Marids R., 3250 fikg, Leiberg 1120. Se EY re /4,Ivesia T. & G. PORES 80d. a Perennial tufted herbs with short rootstecks and pimately compound leaves. Flowers few in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the tube c to saucer-shaped, the sepals alternating with sepal-like appendages. Petals ea mostly obovate or oblanceolate, white or yellow. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx-tube, the filaments not dilated. Receptacle hemispheric ie to flat. Styles slender, attached at the apex of the ovary. pee ® ) A i. I. Ivecdyi Rydbe .. ———+ >A compact qemedunigl herb with a “s thick woody root, the stems very short, covered with old leaf bases; leaves chiefly basal, 8-10 -m. long, oblong-linear in outline, about 1 om. broad, glabrous or sparingly hirsute, the leaflets about 15 pairs, 365 lobed, the lobes again often lobed, the ultimate segnents oblanceolate-linear, blunt; flowering branches numerous, 10-15 cm. tall, somewhat glandular, bearing Z 1-2 reduced leaves; flowens—cotered-in-e—bermine abe pus bracts lobed (flora similar to the leaflets; calyx campanulate, 5 mm. long, the lobes triangular lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, hirsute, the appendages half as long; petals e yellowtm&, obovate, somewhat exceeding the sepals; stamens 5, inserted in th 4 ¥ “ye ead see rvs =e throat, the filaments even, somewhat longer than the anthers; pistils several, with long hairs at the base, the styles slender. ‘ Otherwise knovm only vrom the eR slove of the wecmaeen 2850 fte Divide between the St. Joe and Clearwater ne, Gee Pot ber 1198. ; SOTO Tn | ed Srieaess ee oo Perennial herb 40-60 cm. tall or more, } eg erect, the stems branching only in the inflorescence, Sparingly clothed with g?: 4 stiffish ascending hairs; leaves trifoliolate, the basal ones soon withering, smaller than the cauline, those on stiffish-hirsute petioles 5-10 cm. long, » the stipules subfoliar, 1-1.5 om. long, toothed like the leaves, joined only towards the base, leaflets mostly elliptical or oblong-elliptical, the termin- al one larger, the laterals somewhat oblique, all singly and rather coarsely =; toothed, thinly hirsute on both surfaces; flowers numerous in terminal rather congested cymes, the bracts subfoliar, the branches and pedicels villous]? hirsute, the latter .5-1.5 om. long; cal yx-lobes 5-4 mm. long. in flower, ovate acute, thinly hirsute, becoming 5-6 mn. long in fruit and chaffy, the append- ages similar, more oblong, about half as large; petals pele yellow, obovate, truncate, 3 mm. long; stamens 1.5 mn. long; receptacle $3 mm. long in fruit, hispid; achenes .8 mn. long, wrinkled, straw-colored. ee “ In meadows and low ground, usually below 3000 feet; infrequent. - rivalis Nuttall. ~——>An annual herb 50-40 cm. tall, branching, Gy, Zeca ascending, softly hirsute, leafy; leaves trifoliolate, 1-5-5 om. long, or the lowermost with an additional pair of ee petioles slender, hirsute, 2 om. long toward the base of the plant, sing in the upper parts; stipules foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mn. long, mostly entire} leaflets oblanceolate-cuneiform, 1-2 om. long, the margins serrate w with about 7-9 teeth above the middle, both surfaces ashy-green, thinly and softly hirsute; flowers numerous, not showy, axillary even to the base of the plant, the pedicels slender, as much as 2 Cin « long, hirsute; calyx» lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 mm. long in flower, increasing to 4 mm. in fruit, thinly hirsute, the appendages similar, somewhat smaller; petals 1.5 mm. long, spatulate, light yellow, often apparently wanting; stemens 2 mn. long, receptacle conical at maturity, hirtellous; achenes glabrous; straw=> colored, obovate, .6-.7 mms long, not wrinkled. Marshy ground at low elevations; Port Hill, Epling 10479; Granite Station, Epling. oF flabellifolia Hook. ——> A perennial herb with a stout scaly root- stock; leaves chiefly basal » the blades trifoliolate, the middle leaflet ., obovate, the lateral leaflets obliquely oval, all more or less dentate, the teeth mostly acute, both surfaces glabrous, the petioles 5-10 om. long; flowering stems 15-25 cme tall, camonly with 1-2 reduced but similar leaves, the bracts subfoliar; flowers 2-3 in a loose cluster, the sepals ovate-lanceo- late, 8 mm. long, acute, the appendages nearly as long but triangular-lanceo- late, very acute, both sparingly silky-hirsute; petals yellow, broadly obovate notched, about twice the length of the sepals; : 3; Stamens 5 mn. long, the filaments Slender; achenes numerous, the style Slender, more than twice as long as the achene. S200 A = ae wy Divide between the St. Joe and Clearwater 2 SaesE ne 1251. i 7 diver sifolia | — : oe > iene var. glaucophylla igi poe Jake 1, the leaves palmately 5-foliolate, riecead Perssias yi how 10-20 om 5-4 mm. in diameter, clothed with persistent brown ], 8.881 '’s Gal petioles 5-8 om. long, at first silky hirsute, veseatag cabin tr “. ules scarious, brown, acute, adnate half their length or more? leaflets coal gsi oblanceolate-cuneiform, 2-4 om. long, 7-9 toothed most) above the niddle now glabrous on the upper surface, now thinly silky the lower surface sil ky hirsute, both commonly glabrous in age, and rather zl aucous; flowers several n a cyme, Re 15-20 om. tall, at glabrous and glaucous, bearing one or two reduced soatiteuiseae tovneel | tilpebeterm, pedicels 2-3 om. long in fruit, silky; calyx-lobes Seakex lanceolate, 5-4 mm. long in flower, silky, 5-6 mm. long in fruit, the prend . ages about half as large; petals obovate, yellow, 5-7 mm. 1 ° Mireed 4 mme long; receptacle villous, 2.5 mm. long in ages achenes Hes 1 ase long, smooth. (P. glaucophylla 3 (‘ata ee oie Bee Among rocks on high peaks. - + $435 + —> Summit of Stevens Peak, B@M@um., Leibe 2 Epling 5915, 7245, On Aine ’ Ae » 72) r a4T8; Snowy Top Mt., 7400 ft., V U Gp P. argentea Le >A perennial herb about 30 cm. tall; stems numn- ) rous, ascending from a rather woody crom which is clothed with old leaft> . soft short closely pressed hairs, the lower surface white-woolly with close i dense hairs ghereertine—laaves simile 2 9 En esti tah deh terminal cymes, the bracts subfoliar but smaller, the pedicels slender, 1-1-5 Gme long, clothed like the stem, not at all glandular; calyx lobes 1.5 mm. long in flower, 35 mm. long in fruit, ovate, acute, the appendages 1-5 mm. long, both with woolly and short soft hairs; petals bright yellow, 2-5 mm. long, obovate, stamens 1 mm. long; receptacie subglobose at maturity, 1.5 mn. long, woolly; achenes tan color, lightly wrinkled along the veins, *7-.3 mn. long. . Naturaliaged from Surope Areas 2.) ONS a dry gravelly highway between Wallace and Kellogg, Epling and Houck 10]13. -gracilis Dougl. ————->A perennial herb with sometimes sever ns epee ios a stout, branching caudex, covered with old le 0-60 om. tall, branching only in the inflorescence, siliy-hirsute ith fing 7 hairs, the hairs pointing upwards and more or less pressed to the atem; leave ee mostly ina tuft at the base, palmately 9-9-foliolate, the petioles slender, 5-15 om. long or more, clothed like the stems, stipules joined about half = their length, the free tips green and herbaceous, linear or linear-lanceolate, clothed like the leaves, blades rotund in outline, 5©12 om. or more in diameter the leaflets oblanceolate in outline or narrowly oval, 3-8 om. or. more long, cut on each side nearly to the midrib, less commonly only halfway into 5-6 similar linear spreading lobes 1-3 mm. wide, acute, upper face green thinly covered with soft silky hairs, the lower surface . : . Te » wie é 3 inflorescence openfand graceful a@ et maturity, the bracts herbaceous, comnonly 3-lobed, the pedicels hirsute, not, ' glandular; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long in flower, 7-8 mm. long in fruit, the appendages less than half as large, both Silky; corolla saucen> shaped, the petals bright vellow, darker at the base, overlapping, conspicuous, obovate-orbicular, notched, 7-12 mm. in diameter; stamens 3 mme long 7, 20 in 3d unequal seriesf,the anthers 1 mm. long; receptacle 2 mm. long at maturity, woolly; achenes 1.2 mm. long, smooth/, the veins hardly apparent. le | Throughout our range, along roadways and in sunny open places, even in subalpine situations$ halk variable i 4, t Ase4ik., parry anit ° P._tuttallii Lehm. —- yA perennial herb 30-60 cm. tall, or more, the rootstock woody, 5-8 mm. in diameter, often branching, clothed with old leaf bases, stems ascending, nearlv clabrous or Sparsely clothed with stiffish Spreading hairs, not at all silky or woolly, branching only in the inflores- cence; basal leaves ina tuft, the petioles twice the length of the blades or more, as long as 30 cm. in robust Specimens, clothed like the stems, blades 5-10 cme in diameter, subrotund in outline, palmately o-7=foliolate, the leaflets oblanceolate, the margins coarsely toothed, but rarely halfway to the midrib, the teeth salient, acute, the inner margin of the tooth usually concave or sometimes straight, the outer margin convex, both surfaces freen, sparingly clothed with short stiffish hairs > 3 ° flowers numerous in an open graceful cyme, the bracts mostly entire, the upper minute, the branches and pedicels slender, sparsely woolly and sometimes glandular; calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, 3mm. long in flower, 5 mme long in fruit, the appendages linear, 3 mn. long, Scarcely lwn. wide, both thinly hirsute; petals bright yellow, 6-7 mm. long, subrotund, notched; stamens 2 mm. long; receptacle 2 mm. long at maturity, thinly hirsute; achenes 1 mme long, smooth. ‘a In openings in the woods and meadows and along roadways at lower elevations; | not seen in the north. POrogr=nde Cres Pierce; Cleorkia; OS spe AN CORE yoo tA /@. Drymocallis Fourr. Pinnately Compound leaves. Stipules present. Flowers in open corymbose cyme tube mostly hemispherical, bearing small sepal-like appendages which alter- nate with the sepals. Petals 55 rotund, whiti Stamens 20-350, arranged in a sing the filaments linear. Styles Spindle-shaped attached near the base of achenes. O Petals white or Cream=-color; branches of the inflor- escence nearly erect, tending to form a narrow 4 Mata: plants viscid o Petals yellow, sometimes pale but clearly yellow; branches of the inflorescence ascending, usually 4 gracefully, forming an Open cyme; plants more or less glandular but not viscid A Petals often pale, 4-6 mm. in diameter 2, D. oregana 2, Petals usually bright yellow, 7-10 mn. in diameter - Plants not markedly pubescent, infrequently 4 more than 40 om. tall, the leaflets tending to PAs, ee thic i sh g. D. fissa A Plants softly hirsute, the leaves not at all glandular, stems commonly 60 cm. tall or a (ore, infrequently as low as 40 cm., the leaf lets thin and soft, oate, rounded at the base 4. De valida De convallaria Rydb. _—___34uupesngumetert erb commonly 60-100 cm. tall with an often branching rootstock 5-6 mm. in diameter or more, clothed with persistent leaf-bases; stem erect, viscid-glandular throughout with spreadin hairs; basal leaves 15-25 om. long, pinnately 7-9-foliolate, oblanceolate in outline, the petiole exemMOdnTite unevesemy subequal to the blades or longer, the terminal leaflet largest, obovate-rhomboidal even suborbicular, coarsely toothed and incised, especially above the middle, the lateral leaflets gradually smaller, obliquely ovate or subrotund, all thinly clothed with glandular hairs on both surfaces, the lower surfaces paler, the cauline leaves etmbbemy sharply once-toothed, 5-foliolate, the upper 3-foliolate and sessile, the stipules all membranous, green, more or less toothed, joined mostly toward the base; flowers - rather numerous, the inflorescence tending to be corymbose with erect branches, forming often a rather crowded cluster, the bracts subfoliar, the pedicels vis- cid, 2-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes 7-8 mm. long, 8-10 mm. in fruit, the appendages 5-6 mme long; petals nearly white, obovate-orbicular, 7-8 mm. long, hardly notched; stamens 2 mm. long; receptacle narrowly ovate, hispid; achenes glabrais, | at first smooth. Frequent at lower elevations on dry hillsides. I, De convallaria " oo ‘ aha, et & _D. oregane (Nutt.) Rydb. ——~tenpamoantised> herb : a Fepcbing Feakeetels B-6 mn. in diameter or mors, ciacaee > ee 39, Stone eB leaf bases; stem’erect, sanetimes two from the Some Crown, glandu aS cae ext a villous with fine hairs throughout; basal leaves 5-15 om, a — Yt Ayes ad 4 SS i a in outline, the petiole aim : Pe bina ag 4 the blade, the terminal leaflet largest, obovate-rhomboidal, j=% « 4 and entire below the middle, coarsely toothed above he" Bir yer cota epee "7 lets sume obliquely ovate, similarly toothed, all rather ne thi sat clothed with straight hairs on both surfaces, ¢he—emrtinn paie green, nly ; ‘ the stipules of all membranous, gr entire, joined most of their length; flowers few ina See ascending branches, the bracts subfoliar, the pedicols glaniera eee poe ome with hong; calyx-lobes oblong, 4-6 m. long, rather obtuse, glandular-hirsute besanth ; as much as 8-9 mn. long in fruit and then chaffy, the &ppendages similar, abeaal one third as large; petals pale yellow 4=6 mm, in diameter, obovate; atenend 7 - 2-2-5 mme long; receptacle ovate hispid; achenes eb = rou mM 4 smooth, then finely wrinkled along the veine. 3 ‘a7 tong 0% first f Common throu h 4 3000 feet. Bnout our region in meadows and open places usually below “ee w De. fisse Rydb. S thet ae 50-40 cm. tall with well developed branching rootstocks; stems and petioles sparingly glandular-pubescent; basal leaves 10-15 cm. long, oblanceolate in otline, the leaflets commonly 7, the termi‘al leaflet rhambic-obovate, 2-3 om. long, cuneate and entire below the middle, the lateral leaflets similar, the lowermost smaller, the petiole some= é what shorter than the blade, all irregularly doubly serrate, sparingly glandular of stem leaves similar, the uppermost sesSile, trifoliolate,their stipules ovate- lanceolate or ovate, 6-9 mm. long, usually toothed; flowering stems somewhat glandular-villous, slender and gracefully branched; flowers few on pedicels 1-3 cme long; sepals ovate, mostly obtuse, 5-6 mm. long ém—pihemew, nearly 10 mn. in fruit and more obtuse, the appendages oblong, 2.5-4 mm. long; petals bright yellow, 8-10 mm. in diameter, subrotund, exceeding the sepals; stamens 20-30; achenes pear-shaped, acute, 1-1.2 mm. long, smooth. Ridges south fran Wiessner's Peak, Leiberg 1388; Hope, Epling. Apa ae as ° wee! i etiam pid pes ~ te Aces Le 0 4. De valida (Greene) Piper. -———>srect wemmmlilm herbs 40-90 cm. tall, with stout rootstocks; stems and petioles spreading hirsute with somewhat glandular — hairs but not viscid; basal leaves 20-30 cm. long, oblanceolate in outline, the blades about equal to the dilated and clasping petioles, the lowermost En pairs of leaflets much reduced; terminal leaflets 4-6 cm. long, ovate or obovate. — somewhat rhomboidal, narrowed below the middle, but usually toothed to the beset the lateral leaflets broadly ovate, rounded at the base but oblique, obtuse, subsessile, all doubly incised-serrate, both surfaces softly hirsute with non- glandular hairs; stem leaves eguuimmmg smaller, the upper triternate, sessile, stipules subfoliar .5-1 cm. long; flowers @jmpimpaa in ample cymes with grace- fully ascending branches which are sanewhat glandular with short spreading hairs but not viscid; sepals ovate, abruptly and shortly acuminate, 5-6 m. long umifmwsr, increasing to as much as 10-12 mm. in fruit, the appendages mostly oblong, 2-4 mn. long, somewhat longer and broader in fruit; petals bright yellow, 7-9 mm. in diameter, longer than the sepals; achenes 1.2-1.5 mn. long. Common at lower elevations in the drainage of the N. Fork of the Clear- water River in burns and open woods, as well as on the plateau above the canyon of the Clearwater River in meadows. | a canmemniee naiautsete ee all Roa catemameniaanill 17. Argentina Lam. Silver “Weed, numerous leaflets and sieetking detoutan, Flowers axilla A Calyx 5-parted, the tube very shallow, the sepals 5, alternate with sepal© like appendages. Petals yellow, orbicular. Stamens about 20 in 3 series, ~~ the filaments filiform. Receptacle hemispheric. Styles filiform, laterally — attached to the ovary, subpersistent. Fruit a cluster of achenes. le Ae Anserina (L.) Rydb- ————>>A perennial creeping herb with slender brown glabrate stolons; leaves in tufts at the nodes, 10-20 cm. long, oblanceolate in outline, pinnately 11-13-foliolate, the largest leaflets at r the apex, the smallest toward the base, with smaller, often entire intermedi-. ate ones, all sessile, the uppermost subdecurrent; stipules sheathing the stem, scarious, or those of the first leaves on the stolons bearing linear green lobes, leaflets 2-3 cm. long, now elliptical, now oblanceolate-cunsi- form, the margins coarsely toothed with 11-13 teeth, the upper surface dull green, thinly silky, the lower silvery silky; flowers on slender, hirsute s 5-G cme long} calyx lobes lanceolate, 5 mm. long in flower, the appendages oblong-linear,somewhat longer, both silky hirsute; petals bright yellow, broadly oval, 5-S mme longs; stamens 2.5 mm. long; achenes smooth. — Occasional in meadows below 3000 feet. Pritchard; Sandpoint. i no @ 48 Comarum Le liarsh Cincuefoil. Peremnia, herbs with elongate, creeping rootstocks, rooting in mud and water, @™e leaves odd-pinnate Flowers few in a terminal cyme. Calyx 5-parted, the tube saucer-shaped, the sepals alternating with sepal-like appendagese Petals 5, purple. Stamens about 20, inserted near the base of the receptacle. Receptacie hemispheric, enlarging and becoming somewhat Fruit a cluster of achenes. spongy in fruit. Styles slender, even, attached near the middle of the ovary : 1. Ce palustre Le —>A perennial herb with branching reclining stems 1 me long or more, forming mats, the upper part erect, glabrous and glaucous, the internodes longer than the leaves; leaves mostly towards the base, the petioles 3-6 cm. long, clasping, expanded towards the base into membranous stipules 2-3 cme long, the blades subequal to the petioles, pinnately 5-7-foliolate, the lower pair of leaflets smaller and more remote, the leaflets oblong-elliptical, 5-6 cm. long, mostly obtuse at both ends, subsessile, glabrous on the upper surface, bes lower thinly ee glaucous, the margin sharply serrate; < : wai raduaad,_tha-peddeete-+-¢-ary-Sngy -bereeteracinpelatabany eal pana and green, the lobes ovate-lanceolate,sl0-12 mm. long, scu@inate, enlarged in fruit and enclosing the achenes, the appendages half the-4 eh or less, both thinly hirtellous; petals oval or elliptical, 4-5 mn. long, shortly acuminate, a rich purples stamens 3 mme long, deep purple, arranged in 2 series, the receptacle hispid, lengthening to 5-6 mm. in fruit; ovaries glabrous, half the length of the purple style which is attached at thei base, becoming sub- globose in fruit, 1.2 mm. in diameter, the receptacle globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, hairy. ———>(Potontilla palustris Scop.), Occasional in marshy ground of river bottoms or wet meadows throughout QP our range. ee Sate Se ee {9. Fragaria L. Straw berry. Low perenhial herbs with leaves in a basal tuft on scaly rootstocks, bearing slender rooting stolons. Leaves 5-foliolate. Flowers white, borne in few-flowered cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the tube almost flat, the sepals alternating with 5 sepal-like appendages. Petals 5, subrotund. Stamens about 20-40 in 2 or 3 series, seated at the base of the receptacle. Pistils numerous, borne on a subconic receptacle. Styles attached near the middle of the ovaries. Fruit a red, fleshy accessory fruit, formed principally from the enlarged juicy receptaéke. 0 Leaflets pale greyish-green, the margins convex |. Fe glauca —, Leaflets bright green, the margins cuneate and 4 straight below the middle, not convex g, Fe americana —_—_— 1. Fe glauca (Wats.) Rydb. —— >Rootstock scaly, the stolons slender, 30-40 cm. long, silky-hirsute; leaves several, the petioles silky-villous, commonly 10-20 cm. long, leaflets pale greyish green, appearing glaucous, the upper surface glabrous, appressed-silky on the lower surface, the blades of the lowermost oval, usually entire in the lower half, the margins convex, not wedge-shaped, the upper obovate, tapering gradually and often entire two thirds of its length, all rounded at the apex, even, somewhat truncate, 3=7 cme long, commonly half as broad as long, the margins coarsely toothed at the apex, the teeth ovate, mucronate; flowers several on slender silky© villous peduncles about equal to the leaves,soon reflexed, sometimes bearing a unifoliate bract at the base of the cluster and smaller toothed bracts above; calyx-lobes 5-6 mne long, ovate-lanceolate, appressed-silky, the appendages similar, usually about as long; petals white, plane, nearly orbic- ular, 5-9 mm. in diameter, commenly rotate; stamens 50-40 in 5 irregular rows, very unequal, the anthers 1.3 mm. long, styles 1 mm. long; fruit oval, 10-15 mme long, the calyx-lobes spreading; achenes 1 mm. long. lt Common throughout our range at lower elevations, growing in situations similar to those of F. americana and with that species, from which it may readily be distinguished in the field by the shape of the leaflets but especially by its pale glaucous foliage. Intermediate forms do not seem to occur in our region. 4 had, s is F F. | _ RRL Pe 2.Fe americana (Porter) Britt. ———»Rootstock scaly, the stolons slender, as much as 50-60 cm. long, thinly hirsute; leaves several, sane persisting two years, petioles thinly silky-hirsute, jaeniOOPRUliiOn.s 5-10 cm. long, in very moist rich soil sometimes much longer, leaflets yellowishe green, thinly silky hirsute on the upper surface, rugose from the lightl impressed veins, hirsute beneath and paler, but both surfaces a een, 3 lower leaflets obliquely wedge-shaped and entire #@ the lower third, the upper | sometimes wedge-shaped in the lower half, all rhomboidal » varying in length ‘fran 2.5-7 cme but the breadth always more than half the length, the margins coarsely toothed, the teeth ovate, mucronate; flowers several on hirsute slender peduncles about equal to the leaves, usually bearing a unifoliate bract at the base of the cluster and smaller lanceolate bractlets above; calyx _ lobes 4-6 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, Sometimes toothed, appressed | silky, the appendages usually similar but seller, usually half as long, rarely longer; petais white,somewhat crinkled, nearly orbicular, 6-7 mm. in diameter, | commonly not rotate but forming a shallowly cup=shaped flower; stamens about | 20 in two rows, anthers «7 mm. long$ styles .8 m. long; fruit oval, 10-15 mm e long, generally sparingly pilose, the calyx-lobeg Spreading; achenes 1 mm. long. (F. bracteata Heller; F. Helleri Holz.). Common throughout our range at lower elevations in open gravelly places in the forest and in burns or on Slopes of low hills toward the grass- land or in meadows. ee ee Perennial herbs with rether stout rootstocks, amd mostly basal ais pinnesce lesewes, the tcrminal lobe of which is much larger than the lateral Lobes, and conspicuous stinulese lowers few in terminal corymbs, Calyx a ced, Uc tube shallowly campanulate; sepals alternating with 5 senpale> } Like appendages fetals 4, yellows. Stamens numerous, seated on the glandul AY : Taewesn of the calvxetube, .istils numcrous, the styles not volumose, sharply ’ 1 twisted near tne midcle, the portion above the twist deciduous ot maturity a a ei lt leaving the styvleenroncr hooked. Yruit a beaked achene, lightly hooked at the apeXe le Ge macrophyllum ‘illd, herb harshly hispid throughout, the basal leaves] 1Q-c0 em, lons, she terninal leaflet subrotund, 5-10 em. broad, cordate, ral lesflets very uvnecia] © La al oO a 4 ‘ be H ie) la) ) —_ fe) O cr? ©) “” ge | Qo p 1? ~~ a. 14) 5 ) a } ) 2 ~ » oval or rotund; tte flovcring stem$30=-90 em, tall, branchins only in the intlorescence, bearing several nearly sessile ee - eg es | Nero, Rees ere Fo tr eee a oe ‘ ! leaves? ped is finely glendulear-puberulent, clonzating to several centi=- | | meters in irnits sevals oveteeacuminste, mubescent, soon reflexcd, the i ; ye Sen a 2 4 ‘ax ears { rT? saints x om eo a ae ae oe aE po 2 am = = A petels oroiculs: g omf Whe IM Galameter3 stamens « Mine lon H hip ab ke lobose cluster cme in dismoter, the recentacle mie long, 1 mm, wide, the acieneg r = + | c Aa | c a ~ in, long, inky hispi XC irtcllous, che styles 5=6 mm, lone, redcish ae | heal ‘ ae 3 and ¢lanculaz SLOW Gre tw Stes a4, Sieversia Willd. Whiskered Avense Low perennial herbs with pe®aemeacontberootehoeberend basal pinnately divided leaves, usually with smaller segments alternating with the larger o and rather conspicuous stipules. Flowers smeg,, SOlitary or few in a corymb. | Calyx 5-parted, the sepals alternating with sepal-like appendages, the oaleae tube shallowly campanulate. Petals 5, yellowishe Stamens numerous, seated on en in of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, the styles plumose, elongate | in fruit.) Fruit a tailed achene. | 1. Se ciliata (Purshx) G. Don. An igtiewetinawikt ashy-green plant with several’ leaves arising from a stout hairy rootstock covered with old leaf-bases, var-) jable in size and aspect, 10-50 cm. long, oblanceolate in outline, 5-5 cme proad, pinnately divided into numemis rhomboidal leaflets, 1.5-3 cm. long, thi uppermost confluent, the lower distinct and sessile, smaller, all mimtely | glandular and sparsely hirsute, irregularly 3-lobed, the lobes again incised, the ultimate segments lanceolate, 3-6 mn. long, rather obtuse, the petiole abg half as long as the blade; flowering stems 2-3, branching only in the inflore} cence, 15-40 om. tall, elongating to as much as 60 cm. long in fruit, finely | 22.52n vwisorba Le Burnet, early glabrous or sisbrous herbs with chiefly basal pinnete leaves, end. stort reststreeke, 2 marcined, deciduous. fFetals none. Stamens 2? or S» Pistil 1,. the stvles terminal, sruit an echene, enclosed in the persistent calyx-tube, O Leaflets 1-2 em, long, pinnetely divided; svikes 1+3 em, 4 long le S. annua | OS _—_ StS ceo em. lons, serrate; svikes 5-8 en, long Ze Se sitchensis | snovnenmmenerabieiackaee ne 1. S. snnua tuct. A leafy erect annual, 20-40 em. tell, with a stout f. L ie Vey ae ay y ee aA ‘be om ~* — s) ae = vap=-root, the stem branchins leaves 4-12 om. long oblanceolate, she learlcts obovete-oblonz, somewhat oblicue, 1-2 cm, long, innately the midrib into 9-15 narrowly oblon: scpments, 4-10 m, as long, searccly 1 mm. wide, obtuse, the midrib sporingly villous; leo cm. long, 7-S 11. wide, on ocauneles 2-3 en, lone; calyx-lobes 2-2,5 rm, 4 spot ae 1 a4 one hy a hay } — yA A Z prosdly ovate; stamens 43 stigmas brushlike; achene brovm, ovoid, & me long, 4-anrled, minutel: vitted on the faces. (Poterium annuum Nutt.) A weedy olant accearing in oven and waste vlaces at low elevations abunucat locelly but not vory freonent., thetuna hills, S000 ft.3 forks of 1 Fae i a) OU cr al fate Wer HEL Les tteg UviloO Le